HMMIHMHI BMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT»^3) 4p 1.0 I.I liilM 12.5 U> lii 122 m .... 11112.0 IL25 III 1.4 6" ^ ^. '/ ><^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN S^ktr. WHSTER, N.Y. I4S3Q (716) S72-4S03 '^ A^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 7h( to The Institute has attempted to obtain the boat original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which msy be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of. the images in the reproduction, or which may significantiv change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur r~~] Covers damaged/ D D D D Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculAe I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) nn Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli* avec d'autres documents r~7\ Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion ie long de la marge intirieuro Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ 11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas M filmies. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exempiaire qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exempiaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibiiographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage sont indiquAs ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages sndommagies □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pelliculdes I ~| Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Th( poi of fiinl Ori be] thi sio ot» firs sio or Pages dicoiories, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ditachies r~T' Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualiti inigale de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire □ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Th( shi Tl^ wh Ma dif ant be^ rigl req me D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont it6 filmies A nouveau de facon i obtenir la meilleure image possible. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires: Irregular pagination : [6], [3]- 10. [131-114, [11-87. [11-94. [21. [1]-96p. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est fiimi au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X aox 24X 28X 32X ils u lifier ne age 7h« copy filmad h«r« has bMn rsproducad thank* to thw genaroaity of: Univeriity of British Columbia Library Tha imagas app<>aring hcra ara tha bast quality possibia conslJs.-ing tha condition and lagibility of tha origina< copy and in Icaaping with tha filming contract apacif ications. Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or Hluatratad impras- aion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or iilustratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iilustratad imprassion. Tha last racordad frama on each microfiche shall contain tha symbol —^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. L'examplaira filmA f ut reproduit grioa A la gAnAroaitA da: urmversity of British Columbia Library Lea imagas suivantas ont 4t* raproduitas ■««€ It plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at da la nattetS da rexemplaira film*, et tm conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Las axemplaires originaux dont la couvartura an papier est imprimis sont filmfo Ski commanpant par la premier plat et en 43rminant soit par la darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinta d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second plat, salon la cas. Tous les autres axemplairas originaux sont fiimts en commenpant par la pramiAre page qui comporte une Jampreinta d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon la cas: la symbola -*> signifie "A SUIVRE", la symbols V signifie 'FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent itra filmAs h des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche i drolta, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. ita lure. ] 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 TO ALL PARTIES WISHING WOOD-CUT IL.L,rSTRATIO]¥S. The Subscribers linve now in successful operntion Price's Patent process of Phntogrnpb- injf directly upon tlie Wood JJlock, iiisteiul of the old slow, tedious, expensive, nnd iiinccu- rule process of llnnd-Urawiuj,'. PERFECT AGGURAGT, CHEAPNESS, AND DISPATCH, ARE ITS PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS. We nrc rendy to furnish, nt the shortest notice, llliistriitive Cuts of all kinds of INrnnu- fiictured Articles, MiinuliKitories, ^'tores, Dwellings, Lnndsoapes, Portraits, «fec. AVe are u->ing this process in every department of Wood-Cut lliusirations, nnd shall be pleased to show our patrons PROOFS OP ITS PERFECT SUCCESS. Parties wishing work done, bj- leaving or sending their orders, will be promptly waited upon. Anibrotypes, Photographs, l>agucrreotypes, elM, Snit Rlicnni, aiiil nil oilier ■kin dis- e:iM>a, indlcjiltt [tn|mrt^ lildiitl. The Oillline It rtM4(>lies Hiiil netllriiUres till) poison in l1m vtjiiiA, wtiilt) tht3 I*i:U lire iniarnnteuil n ccrlnin I'lire for DyKi>t'psiit, Uv('r C'ojii- Sliiliit, Htiux. ivinclnimd. For W. W. HAMER & Co/s AUVKKTl.SK.MKNT (IP GRINDING MILLS, Sea Part I., between pp. 78 & 79. THE WORLD IN 1859. liKITISlI COMMERCIAU Lll-'K IITSURANCE CO. London & America. UmlabUiiltetl 18 3 0. Capital, $3,000,000, AND A LVRon Acc'.iniulaird l>t:rrlu8. Tills ('ojiipciny l):is heuii iii siicnCBMul (iptuatimi i.u.irly 4i) yanrs, mul 1ms piiitl i'tir clnims»l.i()0.(imi. Ni) i.'xira rhiirgo foreross- ini tlio Atliiritic. Lciaiisrrrnntuil on I'ollcles. I.nrtro lloniiscK >ni t*uiicles on Participat'ngSralo. Frazer lllver, Ciililonvia, and special rislis takon. C/tif (yffice m America^ edWaUSt., NcwYork, GEO. M. KNSVITT, General Agent, For U. S. mil Cminila. BILLIARD TABLES. Improved Billiard Tables and Combination Gnsnions. Protected by Letters' I'litcnt, dated "^ Feb. 19, 1856 ; Oct. 28. 1856 ; Dec. 8, 1857 ; Jan. 12, 1858. ^^ The recent Imprnvemcnls In IticM- TaliliM ni;ilic tlieni nnslll•|la^s^.•(l In tlie woiM. They are nnvr ofTered to rlie scieiillHc Hllllard plavers as conilpinini,' spuL'il wild tnitli, niniM- liefiiri' iililiiliie'l in any 1111- Uard Table, hale-noo-iis, Nos. 7SG and T^S l)ii)ail\vii\ , New Vnilc. .Maiinriclnrv, No. it-\ Ann Street. O'OONNER 8l COLLANDER, Sole Manufacturers. TTxmianrtmtsiT^mM mmmmmmmmmm «m w ■■»*«n. THE BREVOORT HOUSE, FIFTH AVENUE, CORNER OF EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK, Strictly upon the European plan, furnishing meals at all hours, guests paying only for what they call for. ALBERT CLARK, Proprietor. Clarendon Hotel, UNION PLACE, COR. OF 18TH STREET, NEW YORK. ' ^ ^^ This Hotel is delightfully situoted near the Union Park, Academy of Music, and other places of attraction. Tlie apartments, from the single room to the suite of any number desired, are amply provided with Bath Rooms, and all the modern conveniences. It is conducted on the Table d'Hote system, or meals are served in rooms. The cuisine is under the directions of one of the first chefs in the United States, Terms: %9.S0 per day. No ctaarfife for Baths. KEENER &. BIRCH, Proprietors. LAFARGE H O U S~E , BROADWAY, Opposite Bond. St., N'e'w "^ork:. This new and elegant Hotel is located in the most fashionable part of Broadway, and is furnished with all the modern improvements, rendering it the most desirable Hotel in the Metropolis. HENRY WHEELER, Proprietor. W. W. HILL, (formerly of the Irving House,) Superintendent. W. CHASE & SON, MANtTFACTDBERS OF SCHOOL FURNITURE, OF VARIOUS DESIGNS. Chase's Patent Iron Back Chatr, Office Desks, and new design of Settee; a supply kept con- stantly on hand at 198 SEVENTH STBEET, BUFFALO, N.T., and 194 Lake Street, Chicago, HI. WYLIE & LOGHEAD, BUCHANAN STREET, Glasgow, Scotland. lUiistrated OtUiloguea sent by applying as ab<»)e. ! mmfm THE MERCANTILE AGENCY, 314 & 316 BROADWAY, SUB OFFICE, 111 BROADWAY, TBOTITY BlJiliDINO, NEW YORK. B. DOUGLASS & CO., PROPRIETORS. Eaiahliahedy June^ 1§41. This establishment supplies (to subscribers only) all necessary information as to the standing, responsibility, &c., of Merchants, Traders, Manufacturers, Public Companies, &c., throughout the United States, their Territories, and British North America. Also makes collections and attends to legal business generally. It is the oldest and by far the most complete and extensive system ever organized for the accommodation of Banking and Mercantile interests, and for the general promotion and protection of trade. BRANCH AND ASSOCIATE OFFICES. nr THE UNITED STATES. B. DOUGLASS OTUIU^ PSIIITMS AMD BT««IOTrna8, N, NORTH WILLIAM BTRRIff. TO THE READER. As this work Is designed to be useful and interesting to readers on both sides of the AN lantic, the author, in compiling it, has endeavoured to present it in such a manner as will meet that end. Whilst it may be correctly supposed that the illustrations given of Amer- ican and Canadian cities and scenery will be new to readers generally, in Europe, still it is believed, that even in America there are thousands to whom many of such scenes will be new; and that, whilst the articles, entitled " Things as they are in 1869," are more im- mediately connected with matters with which every resident in America is supposed to be conversant, yet, from the introduction of information having special reference to the same subjects as they exist in Britain— and by a comparison of these as they are in the two countries— it is hoped that American readers will find such articles both interesting and in- I structive. In the opinions expressed, or descriptions of " men and things" given, the author does Dot lay claim to either infallibility, or any great literary merit ; but to a sincere desire to present such in an intelligible, unbiassed, and disinterested manner; and where he has liappened to err as to any particular facts — or differ from any in the opinions expressed — lie claims that such may be attributed to error in information received, and in judgment — ban to error of intention, to gratify any personal, or prejudiced preconceived notions. In attempting to describe and illustrate so vast a territory as this work embraces, it has [been found impossible— even with considerable assistance rendered him — for the author to produce original descriptions of every place noticed in time for this edition of the work ; consequently, he has availed himself of extracts from some of the most reliable authori- ties having reference to the districts not yet visited personally by him. Amongst these, I he mentions Lippencot's and Hay ward's Gazetteers, the Cosmopolitan Art Journal, Francis's Gu'de to New York; and Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, and to a work by Mr. W. P. Smith of Baltimore, on the "Railroad Celebration of 1867," for information pertaining to the [states, and " Lovell's Directory" and " Key to Canada," as regards Canada. Any other I sources of information are mentioned where extracts from them occur. By this means, [the Information, given as a whole, is rendered more complete. It is, however, the inten- Ition in future editions of this work, to bring the information respecting parti'^ilar districts [down to later dates, from personal observation and experience. HP 6 TO THE READER. The author has confidence in submitting the illustrations for public approval, as he hat endeavoured to secure the best at command where already in existence, and also by hav- ing others engraved from photographic and pencil sketches taken specially for this work. To preserve, as far as possible, all the truthful details of the photographic views, they have been . e-photographed upoix wood by Messrs. Waters & Co. of New York, by Price's patent process, and engraved from such by them, so that the illustrations presented from these, faithfully illustrate each scene represented. A few typographical and clerical errors occur here and there, which were not observed till after being printed off; these, however, will be rectified in future editions, which, . is intended, to extend and improve. The work has been divided into parts, each part containing one class of matter and an index to contents, so that readers may all the more easily find out any particular informa- tion or illustration, they are in search of. ^ .r < ■•■ r. ■■ -V. , .■ • .'' fMl \ it .' ■ . , 1 ;. . .■ \r > ■ . « . *v ■ /w.^'...-.U'UI:;jsi?yt^'f 't ^■,-'^: » 1*'" , ' : . '.'it 1 > •» \' ,'.'? >;«v.vj Ki '■■ '■ ,- • * '.. ' ■-■ ■ ■' ^' . ...-V,,;V^-..^ '■' C ■'' '' TT ■ > -'i V, ■V,.:, ...-. ,;.;:•!:. S ■ '.• . ' '- \ : I ■■•;, ;i t <;, r. I not observed 18, •which, - is GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS, ARRANaED IN PARTS. natter and an sular informa- C0NTENT8 OF PART I. PAOK Baltimore, City of. 5U Boston, Citv of. 50 Brief Account of U. States. 17 BuAFhIo, City of. 87 Ciiicago, City of. 93 Cincinnati, City of 75 City of Baltimore 59 " Boston 50 " Buftalo 87 " Cincinnati 75 " Chicaao 98 " Cleveland 84 " Detroit 92 " Madison 100 " Milwaukee 96 " New York 25 " Philadelphia 52 " Portland 01 George Washington 10 Hon. James Buchanan 22 New York — View of City 25 Broadway 27 Park and: City Hall 28 University 20 Halls of Justice 80 Custom House 30 Merchants' Exchange., .. 31 Free Academy 82 Private Residence 83 The Cooper Institute. . . . 88 The Hospital 84 LaFarge House 85 PAO( City of Pittsburg 71 " St, Louis 78 " City of Washington 47 Detroit, City of. 92 Elevations, in America 18 George Washington 16 Government of u. States. . 21 Hon. James Buchanan 22 Illinois, State of. 101 Iowa, State of 103 Madison, City of 100 Michigan, State of 106 Milwaukee, City of 96 Minnesota, Territory of. . . .112 Missouri, State of 109 Mountains in America 17 Mouut Vernon 50 nXTTSTBATIOira OF PABT I. New York — Trinity Church All Soul's' Church High Bridge— Aqueduct. Buiik of ti}e Republic. . . . Phclun's liitliai'd Rooms. Washin'gton— Tiie Capitol. The Patent Office Baltimore'— View of City.. New Orleans- View of Canal Street. . . . The French Cathedral . . . Avenue in the Cemet«ry. Ohio River — Susp. Bridge. . Wheeling, Virginia PAoa New Orleans, City of 68 Patent Office, Washington,. 61 Philadelphia, City of 63 Pittsburg, City of 71 Portland, City of 91 Presidents ot United States 22 Rivers in America 18 St, Louis, City of 78 The Capitol at Washington, 48 The Great Lakes 20 United States. Account of,, 17 United States Government, 21 United States' Presidents.. 22 United States' Gov. Depart's 28 Washington, City of. 47 Wheeling, Virginia 70 Wisconsin, State of. 104 Pittsburg— View of City... 71 Cincinnati — View of City, 80 Third Street 77 Foi^ith Street 80 Masonic Temple 78 National Theatre 81 Cleveland — View of Superior Street. 85 Buffalo- Looking up Main Street. 83 From the Creek 89 Detroit— View of Cit;r 92 Chicago- View of City . , . . 96 Milwaukee — View of City., 97 Madison, View of. 99 CONTENTS OF PART II. Albany, Scenery between New York and 64 Alleghany Mountains, The. 7 Altutnount, AUeghanies..., 18 Avon Springs 62 BallstonSpa 01 Baltimore to Cincinnati.... 7 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 22 Reaiiharnois, St. Lawrence. 45 Bottom lands in Missouri.. 2S Breezes > .i the Prairies.... 29 Burning Snringg, Niagara. . 77 Canadian boat-song 79 Canandai gua Lake 62 Cape May 48 Cassidv -' Ridge 1,') Catskih Jloun tains 53 Caughnawauga, St. Law- rence 45 Cedar Rapids, St. Lawrence 4.'i Crooked Lake 52 Chaudori'.' Falls, Ottawa. . . 82 Cheat River and Valley , , , . 18 Cincinnati to Columbus... 19 Clarksburg 17 Clitton Springs 61 Climate of Missouri Valley. 29 Cohoes Falls 48 Columbia Bridge Susqueha. 28 Columbia Springs 62 Columbus to Cincinnati . . . , 19 Oolumbiis to Baltimore..., 21 Columbus to Philadelphia. . 21 Columbus to New York. . . , 21 Cranberry Summit 18 Cumberland, AUeghanies.. 12 Davenport, lo wo 80 Descending the Rapids..,, 48 Fulls of the Chauderie 89 'I, ■A. GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. PAOB Falls of the Rideau 82 Falls, Little 62 FallsofCohoes 48 Falls of Genesee 60 Falls of Kauterskill 55 Falls of Minnehaha 89 Falls of Men tmorenci 87 Falls of Niagara. 72 Falls of the Passaic 61 FallsofStAntheny SI Falls of Trenton 4« Genesee Falls 60 Geneva Lake 62 Grafton Junction 15 Great Columbia Bridge. . . . 23 Harper's Ferry, Virginia. . . 10 Hudson River 64 Indian Lake. . . 62 Indian Mound, Moundsville 17 Iron Bridge — the largest in America 16 Iron Mountain, MissourL . . 25 Islands, the Thousand 43 Jefterson's Rock 10 Junction to Wheeling and Parkersburg 15 Juniata, Scenery of the.. . . 28 Kansas and Nebraska. 27 Kauterskill Falls 55 Kingwood Tunnel.. ,. 15 La Chine, St. Lawrence .... 45 Lake Canandaigua.... 62 Lake George 51 Lake Mabopoc 62 Lake of the Thousand M'ds 43 Lake of the Two Mountains 80 Lake Pepin, Mississippi 35 Lakes Pleasant and Crooked 52 Lake Sarunacs 62 Lakes Geneva and Seneca. . 62 Loke St. Francis 46 Lake Superior 40 Lake Svlvan. Catskill Mf ns 54 Lake Winnipiseogee 50 Lebanon Springs 01 Little Falls 62 Little Miami Riv'randVal'y 19 Long Sault Rapids. 43 Lumber in Missouri.... 29 Maiden Rock, Mississippi. . 35 PAOH Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. 48 Miami Vallev and River 19 Minnehaha I^alls 89 if ississippi B'dge,Rock Isl'd 80 Mississippi Trip on Upper. 81 Missouri, Mineral Resour- ces of 25 Missouri, Valley of the 27 Monongahela and Tygart's Valley Rivers 16 Montraorenci Falls 87 Montreal to Ottawa, per Rail 83 Montreal to Ottawa,perRiv'r 79 Mountain, the Iron 25 Mount Vernon 49 Nahant 49 Nebraska and Kansas 29 New Lebanon Springs 61 Newport, Rhode Island .... 52 New York to Albany 64 Niagara Burning Springs. . 77 Niagara Falls 72 Niagara Falls, Routes to. . . 78 Niagara Suspension Bridge 70 Niagara to Thousand Isl'ds. 46 Ottowa River, Trip np the. 79 Parkersburg 18 Passaic Falls 61 Patapsco River, Scenery of. 8 Philadelphia to PiUsburg.. . 23 Pictured Uocks, Loke Sun'r 40 Piedmont, Alleghany Mt ns 12 Pittsburg to Philadelphia.. 21 Platte River and Valley .... 28 Plymouth Rock 49 Point of Rocks 9 Potomac Valley and River. . 10 Prairies, Breezes on the .... 29 Prairies in Missouri 28 River Hudson, Scenery of. . 65 River Hudson, Source oL . . 63 River Juniata, Pa 24 River Mississippi 31 River Missouri 27 River Ottawa 79 River Passaic 61 Kiver Pntnpsco 7 River Platte, Missouri 28 River Potomac 10 River Saguenay 85 PAOI River St. Lawrence and Rapids 42 River Susquehanna, Pa. . . . 23 River (Upper) Ottawa 84 Rochester 46 Rockaway Beach 49 Rock Island Bridge 80 Rondout Creek 69 Saguenay River 85 Saratoga Springs 49 Scenery of Alleghany Mt'ns 7 Scenery of Catskill Mt'ns. . 58 Scenery of the Potomac .... 9 Scenery of White Mount'ns 57 Scenes and Scenery 5 Scottish and Am. facenery.. 7 Sharon Springs 60 Shooting the Rapids 43 Sleepy Hollow 66 Soil of the Missouri Valley. 27 Source of the Hudson 68 Springs & Watering places. 48 St. Anthony, Minnesota.... 87 Steaminj; up the Mississippi 31 Steaming up the Missouri. . 28 St. Francis' Luke 45 St. Lawrence River, Rapids. 42 St. Paul, Minnesota 85 St. Paul to St. Anthony's Falls 87 Superior Lake 40 Suequehftnna River 23 Svlvan Lake 54 Tip-Top House 59 Trenton Falls 46 Trip up the Ottawa 79 Trip up the Saguenay 85 Trip through the Thousand Islands 43 Trip up the Upper Miss'ppi 31 Tupper's Lake 62 Turk's Face, on the Hudson 68 Upper Mississippi River. . . 31 Upper Ottawa River 84 Vafiey of the Missouri 27 Watering Places 48 White Xiountains 57 White Sulphur Springs.... 50 Willey House 58 Winnipiseogee Lake 50 AUegliany Mountains. Viaduct across the Pa- tapsco 8 Scenery at Elly«ville and IronBridge 7 Harper's Ferry 10 Point of Rocks 9 Mountain View, Cranber- ry Grade 18 Grand Potomac Valley View 11 Scenery on the Potomac River 11 The Cheat River Grade.. 14 Cheat River Valley. 14 Grafton Junction and Iron Bridge 15 Piedmont — " Foot of the • Mountain" 12 ' Tygart's Valley and Mo- 'nongahcla Rivers 16 Indian Mound, Mounds- ville 17 nXUSTBATIONB OF FAST H CaUhiU Mountmng. Scene in the Mountains. 53 The Kouterskill Falls.. 55 View down Sleepy Hollow 56 Sylvan Lake 54 City of St. Paul, Minnesota. 36 Clifton Springs Water Cure 51 Genesee FaUs 60 Jun iata, Scene on the 24 Lake Superior. The Pictured Rocks 41 LifiU Miami liicer and Valley. View neor Fort Ancient . 19 Miamiville 20 Minnehaha Falls.., 88 Mnntmorenci Falls 87 Newport, Rhode Island 52 JS'iamra Falls. Suspension Bridge, full view 70 Railroad Track on Sus- pension Bridge 72 Terrapin Tower 75 Nianara, Falh. Tlie American and Horse- Shoe Falls 73 Table Rock^ 75 Burning Springs 77 Passaic falls, New Jersey. . . 61 River Hudson. Source of the Hudson,... 63 The Palisades 64 The Turk's Face 68 Rondout Creek 69 Interior Hudson Steamer 65 Jiiver Mississippi. Steaming up the Missis- sippi 31 View between Lake Pepin and St. Paul 34 The Maiden Bock 33 Bridge across the Missis- sippi 30 River St. Lawrence. Descending the Rapids.. \^ The Thousand Islands... 43 \ GENEBAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 9 rial Biv«r St. Zawenet. Shootine the Long Sault Kapids 42 Steaming up th« MUtouri. . . 88 St. Anthmgi FaU» 88 PAOI Siuqufhanna, View on the. , 28 T/te Iron Mountain, Musouri 26 li-enion Folio. TbeHighFalls 47 PAM. Trenton FaU». The Cascades 47 White Mountains. Tip-Top House 69 The WUley House 68 CONTENTS OF PART Mi. Addington Rood, free lands. 87 Agriculture of Canada 84 Banks in Canada and as'ts. 42 Banks in G. Britain and Ire 42 Canada, gener'l information 81 Consuls at Montreal 16 Climate 84 Conditions of, free lands. . . 89 Crown land asents 89 Canadian banks and agents. 42 Crops, rotation of 35 Distribution of in test, est's. 45 Expense of a family 86 Emigration gov. officers... 41 Free lands of government. 37 Free lauds, cocditions 89 Quebec 7 Montreal — The entire City 12 Great St. James Street. . . 15 Place d' Amies 15 Beaver Hall 15 Bonsecour's Market 15 Victoria Bridge 14 Game of the country 87 Government free lands 87 Government land agents.. 89 Government emigt'n otfic'a. 41 Hamilton, C. W 26 Hastings Road, free lands. . 87 Income k expend, of prov. 88 Kingston, C. W 28 Laws, Municipal Institution 82 Log house, cost of 85 London, C. W 26 Land agents, government. . 89 Lands, wild, cost of cl'riug. 35 Montreal, C. E 11 Money-order office system. , 44 Naturalization 81 I miiBTSATioira or past to. Toronto.— The entire City . 22 St. Lawrence Hall 22 The Normal Academy ... 24 King Street 28 Trinity College 24 Yonge Street 28 Crown Lands' Office, and Mechanics' Institution. 22 Ottawa, C. W 17 Offices held by settlers 86 Postal regulations in Can. , 45 Quebec 7 Rideau canal and locks .... 21 Religion 84 Settlers, information for. . . 86 Sale and occupation of lands 40 School lands for sale 41 Toronto, C. W 22 Trinity College 22 Taxes payable 86 Victoria Bridge 18 Wild beasts, it troublesome 87 Wages to agriculturists.. . , 89 Work during winter 86 Ottawa. — Lower and Central Town. 18 Upper Town 19 Locks on Rideau Canal. . 21 Kingston 28 Lonaon 27 Hamilton 86 CONTENTS OF PART IV. 1 American Auction Rooms.. 80 {American Bank Notes 23 American Banks, Banking. 19 kmerican Hotels 11 American Houses 66 American People, Degenc'y 62 ? American Railroad Cars. . . 41 American Railroad Conduc. 45 American Railr'd Locomo. . 43 American Railroads 40 I Amusements and Sports. . 59 Attendance at Church 49 Auctioneer, the American. . 31 Auctitn Rooms in N.York. 80 Automaton Oven 33 Bakeries, Mechanical 33 Ballot Voting in America. . 76 Bank-Note Reporters 24 Bank Notes of America. .. . 23 Banking Lit'ture, Cur'ties.. 25 Banking, Wild-Cat 21 Banks and Banking 19 Billiards and Chess 61 Bookseller, The Railroad. .. 45 I Booksellers' Trade Sales. . . 81 Broken Batiks 28 I Business, Past, Present & Future 88 i Canada, Trade with 32 Cars on American Railr'ds. 41 Cars, Railroad Sleeping.... 48 Church Attendance 49 Churches in America 49 Church Psalmody 50 Citizenship 64 Clergymen in America 72 Clothing and Dress 49 Commercial Agencies 17 Commercial Colleges 29 Commercial Retrospect. ... 88 Comparative Time Indicator 85 Consumption of Ice 40 Curiosities in Bank Lit'ture 25 Cutting Ice on Rockl'd L'ke 88 Debt Collecting 19 Declaration of Intentions. . 64 Degeneracy of Am. People. 62 Difference in Time, Canada. 86 Difference in Time, U. 8. . . 85 Distances from New York. 92 Distances from Quebec .... 95 Domestic Servonts 71 Dress and Clothing 49 Drinking Customs 86 Drinking. Water 86 Drinks, Refreshing 88 Educational Inst, of Am. . . 74 Elections in America 76 Exchange and Ex. Offices. . 22 Exemption Laws of U. S.. . 83 Express ! 55 Express Companies 56 Extracts from Bk-Note Rep 24 Failures in 1857 and 1858. . 90 Fares from New York 92 Fares from Quebec 95 Farmers in Winter Time,. . 68 Fire Engine Establishment. 58 Fire Engine, Steam 55 Fruit, Prices of 70 e Manufacturing.. 88 o.'s Print. Machine 7 Furniture Hoe & Co.' Hotels in America 11 Household Affairs 67 Housekeeping, Expenses of. 68 Ice Trade 88 Indicator, Time 86 Intentions, Declaration of. . 64 Interest, Legal 28 Laws, Exemption, of U. S. 83 Laws, Usury 28 Leviathan I'rint. Machine.. 7 Locomotive. The Amei'ican. 43 Lumber ana Lumbermen . . 51 Meat, Prices of 70 Mechanical Bakeries 33 Mercantile Agencies 18 Newsman, The Railroad. . . 45 New York Auction Rooms. 30 Peter Funk Auction Rooms S3 Printing Mach., Hoe & Co.. 7 Professional Men in Amer. . 71 Protection to Trade 17 Psalmody in Churches 50 Pushing'Trade on the Cars. 46 Quaker Settlement 79 Railroad (Am.) Locomotive 48 Railroad Cars 41 Railroad Conductor 45 TT 10 GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. PAOB Railroad Rofkresbment Sta- tions 47 Railroad Sleeping Cars.... 48 Railroads iu America 40 Railroad Newsman 45 Rapids, Rails running 61 Rerreshing Drinks 88 Refreshment Stat'ns in Am 47 Reporters, Bank-Note 24 Shakers, The 79 Sleeping Cars on Railroads. 48 American Locomotive 44 American "Backer" 80 American Railroad Car.... 42 Hoe & Co.'s Print. Machine 6 PAM Sleighing in Winter Time. . 67 SportA and Amusements... 69 Steam Fire Engine 65 The Shakers 79 Time Indicator 86 Time in Europe and Amer. 86 Trade Sales 81 Trade with Canada 82 Trade Protection Societies.. 18 Trotting Matches 59 "Two Forty" 60 nXUSTBATIOlIB OF PABT IV. Ice-cutting at Rockl'd Lake 89 Running the Rapids 62 Shaker Costume 80 PAOI Usury Laws of America. . . 28 Vegetables, Prices of 70 Voting by Ballot 76 Water and Water Drinking SO Wayside Refresh. Station.. 48 Who are Yankees 1 35 Wild Cat Bonking 21 Winter Evenings 68 Winter Time in America . . 57 Worthy of Credit 18 Yankees, Who are? 86 Shakers Dancing 81 Steam Fire Engine 65 Time Indicator 86 ■ ADVERTISEMENTS AND BUSINESS DIRECTORIES Will J)6 found, on reference, aafollovaa: — PAOI Baltimore 62 Buffalo 90 Canada, generally 78 Cleveland 88 Cincinnati 74, 78, 79 Chicago 98 Detroit 92 Grand Rapids 100 Hamilton, C. W 26 Kalamaxoo, Mich 100 PAOI London, C. W 16 Milwaukee, Wis 98 Montreal, C. E 16 New Orleans 68 New York 46 Niagara Falls 78 Ottawa, C. W 20 Prairie du Chien 100 St. Louis 78 St. Paul 100 t ,■ ■..;.,.; ./:..\ r ^' ■■ *. . . , f !art Jfirst. UNITED STATES. I <^> I CITIES ON THE SEABOAED, AND NORTH AND NORTHWESTERN STATES. 11! i» % :- n;. : ,♦;.*■ v'i':i ■■■. .X -r'-r ■I '- s -ir OOIfTEN^TS OP PART I. rxam Baltimore, City of, 69 Boston, City of 56 Brief Account of United States 17 Buffalo, City of, 87 Chicago, City of, 93 Cincinnati, City of, 76 City of Baltimore 69 ' Boston 56 ' Buffalo 87 ' Cincinnati 75 * Chicago 93 ' Cleveland 84 ' Detroit 92 ' Madison 100 ' Milwaukee 96 ' New York 25 ' Philadelphia 52 ' Portland 91 ' Pittsburg 71 ' St. Louis 73 ' City of Washington 47 |Detroit, City of, 92 "Elevations, principal in America 18 jreorge Wasnington 16 Tovernment of United States 21 Ion. James Buchanan 22 TXUM Illinois, State of, 101 Iowa, State of, 103 Madison, City of, 100 Michigan, State of, 106 Milwaukee, City of, 96 Minnesota, Territory of, 112 Missouri, State of, 109 Mountains in America, principal 17 Mount Vernon 50 New Orieans, City of, 63 Patent Office, Washington 61 Philadelphia, City of, 62 Pittsburg, City of, 71 Portland, City of, 91 Presidents of United States 22 Rivers in America, principal 18 St, Louis, City of, 73 The Capitol at Washington 48 Tlie Great Lakes in America 20 United States, Brief Account of. 17 United States' Government 21 United States' Presidents 22 United States' Government departments 23 Washington, City of 47 Wheeling, Virginia 70 Wisconsin, State of, 104 Sllnstrations. Pi OB \ George Washington 16 j Hon. James Buchanan 22 I New York, View of City 25 " Broadway 27 Park and City Hall 28 " University 29 " Halls of Justice 30 " Custom House 30 " Merchants' Exchange .... 31 " Free Academy 32 " Private Residence 33 " The Cooper Institute 33 " Thellospitnl 84 " La Farge House 83 " Trinity Church 36 All Souls' Church 37 7SW " High Bridge — Aqueduct.. 41 " Bank of the Republic 42 Phelan's Billiard Rooms . . 42 « Washington— The Capitol 48 PAOII Washington— Tlie Patent Office 51 Baltimore — View of City 60 New Orleans — View of Canal Street. . . 64 " The French Cathedral . 66 " Avenue in the Cemetery 67 Ohio River — Suspension Bridge 69 Wlieeling, Virginia 70 Pittsburg— View of City 71 Cincinnali^View of City 80 Third Street 77 Fourth Street 80 " Masonic Temple 78 " National Theatre 81 Cleveland — View of Superior Street . . 85 Buffalo — Looking up Main Street 88 " Fi'om tlie Creek 89 Detroit— View of City 92 Chicago— View of City 96 Milwaukee — View of &ity 97 Madison, View of 99 ^'if 5^ \\ . [ GEORGE "WASHINGTON— FIRST AMERICAN PRESIDENT. ■ "the FATUEU of I1I8 COUSTRY." George Washixoton wna born nt Bridge's Creek, Virginia, Feb. 22J, 1732. At tlie age of 19, he was appointed one oftlie adjutant-generals of Virginia. In 1754, ho joined the ex- pedition of General Braddock, who was killed, when the command devolved on Washing- ton, whose masterly conduct of tlie retreat is celebrated in history. lie was soon appoint- ed corainander-in-ehief of the forces of Virginia, and in 1758 led the expedition to Fort Du Quesne, (Pittsburg,) which repelled the French from the western frontier. In 177-1, he was sent to the Continental Congress, and was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ameri- can army, and served through the Revolution, refusing to receive any pay for his service?, and only reimbursement of his expenses. In 1787, he was appointed a delegate to the national convention for forming the Constitution, and was chosen its president. In 1780, he was unanimously elected President of the United States for 4 yonrs, and unanimously re-elected in 1793. He declined n third re-election, and issued his farewell aduicss. After Mr. Adams's inaugurotion, he retired to Jlount Vernon, near Washington City, D. C, whero he died on the Uth of December, 1799, in the 68th year of his age. Ilis virtues and patriotism have won for liini the imperishablo title throughout the world ■ of " The Fother of liis Country." ... .... rhout the worlJ BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES. TiiK United States, u confederacy of sovereign States, and the most influential Republic »f the world, occuines the middle portion of North America. This confederation, consist- llng originally of thirteen Stuies, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and sev- eral territorial appendages, lies between the parallels of 24° and 49° north latitude, and the (lerldians of 10° east and 48° west from Washington, or 6"° and 126° from Greenwich, ex- Itending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the British colonies on the north, to the Republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on the south. Tlie wholo extent of this boundary is now definitely settled by treaty. The greatest width of this country, from east to west, is 2900 miles, and the greatest depth, from north to south, 1730 miles. Its urea may be estimated at 3,260,000 square miles, Including California, Texas, etc., recently ncqulred. It has a frontier of about 10,000 miles, of which 4400 Is sea-coast, and 1500 lake- coast. Its shores are washed by three seas, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico 9n the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Tlie principal bays and sounds on the Uhintic border are Passamaquoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the Jritlsh province of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod ; Long Island Sound, between Long Island aud the coast of Connecticut ; Delaware Bay, ifhleh sets up between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, separating tlie States of New Jersey and Delaware ; Chesapeake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, extending In a northern direction for 200 miles, through the Btatea of Virginia and Maryland ; Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound, on the coast of forth Carolina, There are no large bays or sounds on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. )n the Pacific coast, however, there are several excellent bays, but the principal and only bne necessary to mention Is the Bay of San Francisco, In the State of California. It is one M the finest bays In the world, and capable of containing the navies of all the European ttowers at one time. MOUNTAINS. • . ■ ■ • •• I Tlie territory of the United States Is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the illegbanles on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. These divide the ^untry into three distinct regions, the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the cllvlty from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. [ The Alleghanles are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several bains of mountains or hills, separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. East of the Hudson tile mountains are chiefly granitic, with rounded summits, often cov- ered at their tops with bog and turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any narked direction. Some peaks of the Green Mountains in Vermont, and the White Moun- alns In New Hampshire, rise to the height of 5000 to 6400 feet above the sea. After past- ing the Hudson, the structure of the mountains seems to change. In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying In lielght from 2500 to 4000 feet, and occupying a breadth of 100 miles. In North Carolina the highest culmination Is 6476 feet ; but in the northern part of Jeorgla and Alabama, where they terminate, they again lose the form of continuous chains, »nd break Into groups of Isolated mountains, touching at their base, some of which attain . considerable elevation. Tlie Rocky Mountains are on a much grander scale than the Alleghanles. Their base is feOO miles In breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered with everlasting snow, rise to the aelght of 10 to 14,000 feet These vast chains may be considered as a contlnuatlc i of the 3ordiUera? of Mexico. They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 600 to 600 miles, but between them and the coast, several minor ranges intersect the country, of wlilch the Mari- ime Range Is the most conspicuous. 18 ELEVATIONS AND RIVERS. CXJA'ATIONH MORK TIUN 1000 FEIT ABOVE TUB LEVEL OF THE BEA. Feet. Rocky MountainB 14,000 Sierrn Nuvada 7,200 South Pans 7,0Hfl Santa Fo fl,HOO Mount WuifhinKton (White Mountains) . . 0,234 Mount Adams 6,7ft0 Moi'nt Jcfl'erson 5,6fi7 Mount MadJHon 6,41B Mount Monroe 5,849 Mount Franklin 4,8fi0 Mount littfayutto criOO Mount Sfarcy (Adironducks) 6,4(J7 Mount Maclntyre. " 5,188 Mount McMurtin.. " 5,000 Dial Mountain " 4,900 White Face . . . (Adirondacks) 4,866 4,000 4,000 4,279 4,188 Mount Howard Mount Lyon.. " North I'uak (Oreen Mountains). .. Camel's Humn " Shrewsbury Mountain South Peak . " Killington Peak... " K(iuinox Mountain. " Ascutnov Mountain " . Peaks or Otter ( Allcghanies) 4,260 Catskill Mountains 8,800 Blue Ridne 1,500 Sources of the Mississippi 1,400 4,086 8,983 8,924 8,924 8,820 RIVERS. The principal rivers of the United Staies may be divided into four clnssef. First, the Mississippi and its wide-spread branches, which drain the waters of the whole country in- oluded between tlie Alleghany and Rocky Mountains ; tecmid, the rivers east of the Alle- ghany Mountains, which, rising from their eastern declivity, woter the Atlantic ploln, and hence flow into the ocean ; third, the system of rivers flowing Into the Gulf of Mexico, which may be subdivided into those flowing from the southern slope of the AUeghanles, and those having their source in the north-western highlands of Texas; and, /oury three branches, called Jefferson's, Madison's, and | GoUatin's Rivers, all of which lise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. Tlie whole length, i from the highest point of Jefferson's River, to the confluence with the Mississippi, Is, by actual course, about 2500 miles, and to the Gulf of Mexico about 4350 miles ; during the | whole of which distance there Is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, \ RIVERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 19 pi, and, running ^ 3 Falls of St An- ^ le, after a south- i [except at Great Foils, which are above 2000 miles from the Misalssippi. At these falls the Iriver descends, in the distance of 18 miles, 362 feet. The principal tributaries of the Missouri (are the YoUow Stone, wliioh rises In the Uocky Mountiilns, and joins It after a north-east- Jly course of «(»(» miles; the Nebraska or Platte, which rises also In those mountains, and, (after an easterly course of 800 miles, joins the Missouri in latitude 41° north; and the I Kansas, whlcii joins It near ktltude 89° nortli, after an easterly course of more than 600 Imlles. Probably no district In the United States will shortly be attracting the attention of [settlers, if not already doing so, than portions of the vast region connected with the Mis- [souri River and Valley. Tlie opening of the great Pacific mall route last October, will tend [very materially to the development of that portion of the country, which is found to be (suitable for colonization. The route referred to now joins St. Louis (Missouri) with Sau iFrancisco, (California,) or in other words, forming a continuous chain of rapid oommunlca- Ition from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to those of the Atlantic — the great barrier of the iocky Mountains, and the dreary wastes of Its " bad lannK, ' forming no longer any Impedl- dent to the determination of American enterprise. The time occupied by the mall route feferred to is 25 days. t * I' 4. Tlie Arkanstis, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and pursuing a south-easterly Burse, forms, for some distance, the boundary between the Indian Territory and Texas; after which, Its course lies principally In the State of Arkansas, till it joins the Mississippi |n 34° north In^itude. Its length is more than 1300 miles. 6. Tlie Rec iver, which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante ¥6, and, after a Kiuth-easterly course of more than 1000 miles, falls into the Mississippi, in latitude 81° north. The principal rivers east of the Alleghonles are : — 1. The Connecticut, which rises In the highlands separating the United States from Can- ada, and, running southerly, divides New Hampshire from Vermont, and passing through lassachusctts and Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for sloops for lO miles to Hartford, and, Viy means of canals and other improvements, has been rendered assabic for boats 250 miles further. 2. The Hudson, which rises west of lake Champlnin, and pursuing a southerly course of pore tlian 300 miles, falls into the Bay of New York, after receiving numerous affluents. I is navigable for ships to Hudson, 130 miles, and for sloops and steamboats to Troy, 40 ^les farther. It is connected with Lakes Champlaln, Erie, and Ontario, by means of canals am Albany, and with the Delaware by a canal from Rondout [ 3. The Delaware, which rises in New York, and flowing southerly, separates Pennsyl- jnia from New York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware Bay, after a course of 300 fciles. It is navigable for ships of the line 40 miles, to Philadelphia, and for sloops 36 miles arther, to the head of the tide at Trenton Falls. 4. The Susquehanna, which also rises in New York, and, pursuing a southerly zig-zag jurse through Pennsylvania, falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay, near the north-east fcorner of Maryland. During the last 60 miles the navigation is obstructed by an almost bontinued series of rapids. 6. The Potomac, which rises in the Alleghnnies, and after forming, during its whole bourse, the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, falls into Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable for ships of the largest dimensions to Washington, the federal capital, about 200 nlles from the ocean ; bet in the upper part of its course there are numerous obstacles, Qany of which, however, have been overcome by canals. 6. James River, whicli rises in the mountains, and falls into the southern part of Chesa- peake Bay. 7. The Savannah, which forms the dividing line between South Carolina and Georgia, ^nd falls into the Atlantic in latitude 32° north. It is navigable for large vessels to Savan- nah, 17 miles; and for boats to Augusta, 130 miles farther. The principal rivers which rise south of the Alleghanies, and fall into the Gulf of Mexico, Bre ; — 20 RIVERS IN AMERICA. 1. The Appalaohioola, which disohargoi iUelf into Ap&lauhee Bay, in Florida, It ii formed by the union of the Chattahooohe and Flint rivera, the former of which rite* in the northern part of Ueorf^u, and (lowing «outh, receives tlie Flint at the w)iilli-we»t extremity of the State. During the latter part of ita course, the Chattahuuuhe forms the l>oundary between Georgia and Alabama. 2. The Mobile, which discharges itself into Mobile Iky. It is fonned by two large rivers, the Alabama and Tnmbigbee, which unite near latitude 81° north, after having pursued each a separate course of many hundred miles. There is another system of rivers flowing into the Uulf from the highlands of northern Texas, consisting of the Habine, Trinity, Brazos, etc., whic'ii need only be mentioned here, as the geography of Texas will be minutely <.h - scribed elsewhere. The rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains to the Paoiflc, consist of: — 1. The Columbia, which rises near latitude 66° north, and, running south-west, falls Into the ocean in latitude 40° 15', oftcr a course of 1600 miles. Its principal tributorles are Clark'H River, Lewis' River, and the Multnomah or Willamette, all of which join it on its left bank. This river was discovered in 1702, and settlements were made in the neighbour- hood by Americans in 1810. The mouth of the river is obstructed l)y flats, but vessels of 300 toiiH can ascend to the distance of 126 miles, and large sloops further. 2. The Sacramento and 8an Joaquin, emptying into the Bay of San Francisco. 8, The Buenaventura, i-ising in the coast range of the California Mountains, empties into Monterey Bay. 4. The Colorado, and River Gila (which separates Mexico from the United States), flow from the mountains near Santa F6, and would, if not received by the Gulf of California, empty into the I'ncifie; they belong, however, to the some system of rivers. 5. The St. Lawrence. Particulars regarding this river, wiiich forms the boundary be- tween the United States and Canada, will be found in another portion of this work. OK TUK niVKIW ABOVE 300 MILES, WE ANNEX A LIST. Missouri 2,r)00 " [with Lower Mississipj)!] 4,8.')0 Mississippi I Upper] 1,1182 " [Lower] 1,210 Arkansas l.sriO Del Norte 1,650 Ohio [with Alleghany] 1,050 Oregon or Columbia 1,400 Red River 1,000 Ottawa 800 Nebraska or Platte 800 Des Moines 800 Mileit. St. Lawrence 750 *' [including Great Lakes] 2,800 Tennessee 720 Susquehanna 6S0 Kansas , 600 Yellow Stone 600 Connecticut 350 Delaware 350 Hudson 820 Potomac 810 James 31U Showing a total of 26,238 miles in all, and only of th« rivers above 300 miles long each. THE GREAT LAKES. , With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of North Amer- ica lie wholly within the territory of the United States ; the others are on the northern boundary, where they form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 1200 miles. The first in the chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Few persons are really aware of the magnitude of these great lakes ; they are truly inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 to 16 miles wide, and discharges its waters through the Sorel into the St Lawrence. It is computed that the lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water — a quantity more than five-sevenths of all the fresh water on the earth. Tlie extent of country drained by the lakes, from the north-western angle of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including alsp the area of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 835,516 square miles. LAKES — GOVERNMENT OF UNITED 8TATE8. 21 The following Is a tnbulnr statement of the extent of these fresh-wator som, with the mean depth of their waters, and tlieir elevation a'ove the sea ;— Ifamt*. MMit ItngtK Mean Rrtadlh. Ar*a. Mmn Depth, Lake Superior 400 miles ho miles 82,000 sq. m POO feet. " Micliinan liiio " 70 " aii,400 " 1,000 " " Huron ii»0 " HO " 20,400 " 1,000 ", " (Ireen Uuy . . . 100 " 'i» " 2,000 " 1,000 " " Krio 240 " 40 " ll,HOO " H4 " " Ontnrio iHO " 8.^ " 0,800 " BOO " , " 8t. Clair 20 " U " 860 " 20 " JCttv, ahovt S*a, fiOfl feet. ftflS " 578 " fi78 " Bflfi " 282 " 670 •• North Amer- the northern of more than water on the they are truly 3e8 which are ranean. g, and from 1 wrence. It is ity more tiian rained by the ; also the area GOVERl^MENT OF UNITED STATES. Tim government of the United States is a federal democratic Republic. It la based on the Constitution of 1787, and amendments thereto. The electors of the most numerous branch of the several State Legislators nrt- qualified electors in the States respectively for all elective officers of the general government* Ail legislative powers are vested in Congress, which consists of a Senate and liouso of RuprcBentativca. The " House of Representatives" (occupying the position of " House of Commons" of Britain) is composed of members chosen, every second year, by the people of the several States, and In number in accordance with the population of each, and in order to ascertain the number each State is entitled to, a census is taken every ten years, excluding from the enumeration for this object two-thirds of the slaves, and all Indians not tnxod. linch State is entitled to at least one representative. Vacancies are filled by intermediate elections. The House chooses Its speaker and other officers. No person under 26 years of age, who lias been less than seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of the State electing him, is qualiPed for representative. The Constitution provided for a specific number of representatives from each State to compose the House until the ascertainment of the population under the census of 1700 ; but since then legislation has decennially fixed the number to be elected. From the 3d of March, 1793, the apportionment was one representative to every 33,000 of the representa- tive population ; after 1808, one to every 38,000 also; after 1813, one to every 86,000; after 1823, one to every 40,000; after 1833, one to every 47,000; after 1843, one to every 70,680; ond after 3d of March, 1863, 233 representatives to be divided p-o rata to the sev- eral States. In addition to these representatives from States, the House admits a delegate from eacli organized territory, who h"' the right to debate on subjects in which his territory is inter- ested, but cannot vote. California has two members by a special act The " Senate" (or Upper House) consists of two members from each State, elected by the Legislotures thereof respectively for six years. One-third the whole body is renewed bien- nially, and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis- lature of any State, the executive of such State makes a temporary appointment until the next meeting of the Legislature, which fills such vacancy. Senators must be at least thirty years old, must have been citizens of the United States for nine years, and be residents of the State by which cnoscn. Each senator has one vote. The Vice-President of the United States is ex officio President of the Senate, but a president pro tempore \i elected by and from among the senators, who, in the absence of the president, acts in his stead. The Constitutional government went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789, but a quorum of the first Congress, which met at the city of New York, was not formed until the 6th of April, nor was the first President of the United States inaugurated before the 80th of April. Besides Its ordinary legislative capaeitj', the Senate is vested with certain judicial func- tions, and its members constitute a High Court of Impeuchmeut No person con be con- victed by this court unless on the finding of a majority of senators, nor does judgment ex- \ 22 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. tend further than to removal from office and diBqualification. Representatives have the sole power of impeachment. The Executive Power is vested in a President, who is elected by an Electoral College, chosen by popular vote, or by the Legislature of the State, the number of electors being equal to the number of senotors and representatives from the States to Congress. His term of office is four years, but he is eligible for re-election indefinitely. Tlie electors forming the college, are themselves chosen in the manner prescribed by the laws of the several States. A majority of the aggregate number of votes given, is necessary lo the election of President and Vice-president, and if none of the candidates has such a majority, then tho election of President is determined by tho House of Representatives, and that of the Vice- President by the Senate, from among the three candidates having the highest number of electoral votes, and in doing so, the vote is taken by States, the representatives of each State having only one vote, which must, of course, be determined by a majority of their number. No person can be President or Vice-President who is not a native-born citizen, of the age of thirty-five years, and who has been a resident of the United States for fourteen years. The President is commar .er-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service of the Union. ""Yith the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate, he has the jwwer to make treaties, appoint civil and militory officers, levy war, conclude peace, and do all that rightly belongs to the Executive Power. He has a veto on all laws passed by Congress, but so qualified, that notwithstanding his disapproval, any bill becomes a law on its being afterward approved of by two-thirds of both Houses of Congress. The Presi- dent has a salary of $25,000 per annum, and " the White House" at Washingion for a resi- dence, during his official term. The Vice-President is ex officio President of the Senate ; and in case of the death, resignation, or other disability of the President, the powers and duties of that office devolve upon him for the remainder of the term for which the Presi- dent had been elected. In case of the disability of the Vice-President, the President of the Senate ftro tempore takes his place. The present President is the Hon. James Buchanan. .; ,' ' ^ •:• ; , Annexed is a list of Presidents from the adoption o' the Constitution in 1789, to the pres- ent " reign" of the Hon. James Buchanan, now Presidf at of the United States : — PKESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. A'ames. When Born. I Inaugurated. Continuance \ in office j Died. Native of George Wivsliington. J().. Jul, 4, 1827.. , June 28, 183(5. , July 4, 1831 . . Feb. 23, 1848.. June 8, 1845.. jl month.... April 4, 1841. 3 years and ) ,11 mouths f 4 years 1 yr.4 mos. . 2 years and ) 18 months. ) ,4 years {At present.. Virginia. Mass. Virginia. Mass. S. Carolina. New ">'ork. Virginia. June 15, 1849. N. Carolina. July 9, 1850.. Virginia. New York. New Ilamp. [Penn. "^ Tlie administrative business of the nation is conducted by several officers, with the title of secretaries, etc., who form what is termed the "Cabinet." These are the Secret^iry of State, the Secretary of War, the SecreUiry of tlie Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Poatmuster-General, the Secretary of the Interior, and tlie Attorney-General — the last being es have the 9, to the pres- THE HON. JAMES BUCHANAN, PiiESIDEN'i' OF THE UNITED STATES. Having given ft portrnit of tlie grcntflft amongst the departed of America's public men, we subjoin wliut is considered to be an excelleut likeness of tlie greatest man in political standing at the present time, wo mean the Hon. ilames Buchanan, who now fills the presi- dential chair of the United Stiites, and who previously held the position of umbassauor to Great Britain, during the General Pierce administration, up to 1856. Mr. Bueluman is about 66 years of age, and, although his head is of snowy whiteness, he seems to bear his oge rmmrkaMy well. He has never been married. His vital tempera- ment is predominant, and all the elements of hcaltli and longevity are very apparent. He is not a man of intensity and enthusiasm, like Jackson and Clay, but is cool, self-possessed, careful, non-committal and prudent, like Van Buren; more disposed to go with circum- stances than to step forth and Ciutrol and mould them on the basis of his own will. He was born in the county of Frai;klin, IVniisylvaniu, of comparatively humble, but honest and industrious parents. Although he ohtained a classical and academical educa- tion, ho may be called tlie architect of his own fortune. Ho studied for the profession of the law in Lancaster r unty, Pennsylvania, whidi has ever remained as his home, and whore he rose to u liigli ))i)sition in the legal profession. He remained as a meml)er of Congress for 10 years, from 1820 to 1831 ; afterwards he filled, witii great ability, the post of ambassador at the Court of Russia, and was instru- mental in securing for his country the commerce of the Russian ports in the Baltic and Black Seas, After his return from Russia he was elected to the Senate, to which he was twice re-elected, ami, in 1845, filled the first seat, as Secretary of State, in the Cabinet of the Polk administration. After returning from being ambassador ut Great Britain, he w«j elected President of the United States on the 4th of March, 1857. y .'■ '* ■'Vf ^ * > OU^Wv -^ii . » M UNITED STAITES GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 28 the official law authority for advisement in administrative aifaira. Each of these presides over a separate dapartment The " Department of State" was created by an Act of Congress of the 16th of September, 1V89; by a previous Act of the 27th of July, 1789, it was denominated the Department of Foreign Aifairs. It embraced, until the establishment of the Department of the Interior in 1849, what in some other governments are styled the Department of Foreign Affairs and Home Department ; but the duties now being divided, it confines its operations almost en- tirely to foreign matters, and hence its original title might, with propriety and convenience, be restored. The Secretary of State conducts all treaties between the United States and foreign pow- era, and corresponds officially with the public ministers of the government at foreign courts, and with ministers of foreign powers, resident in the United States. He is intrusted with the publication of all treaties with foreign powers, preserves the originals of all treaties and of the public correspondence growing out of international intercourse ; grants passports tu American citizens visiting foreign States, etc. He has charge of the Great Seal of the United States, but cannot affix it to any commission until signed by the President, nor to any instrument without authority of the President. Salary of Secretary of State, $6,000 per annum (£1200 stg.) This department has subject to it the Diplomatic Bureau, and the Consular Bureau. The United States are represented by Ministers Plenipotentiary at the Courts of Great Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, Spain, Mexico, Central America, Brazil, and Chili ; by Commission- ers at the Court of Pekin (China), and at the Sandwich Islands ; by a Minister Resident at the Sublime Porte, and to the Swiss Confederation, and at other courts by Charges des Af- faires ; and United States' Consuls are stationed at all the important commercial ports in the world. Foreign Ministers accredited to the Government of the United States, arc En- voys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary from Great Britain, Russia, the Argen- tine Republic, France, Spain, Chili, New Grenada, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru ; Ministers Resident from Portugal, Prussia, and Belgium ; and Charges des Affaires from Denmark, Austria, Holland, Sweden, Naples, Sardinia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. Foreign Consuls from all commercial nations reside in the several collection districts of the Union. The " Department of the Interior" was established by an Act of Congress of the 30th of March, 1849. The Secretary of the Interior is intrusted with the supervision and management of all matters connected with the public domain, Indian affairs, pen- sions, patents, public buildings, the census, the penitentiary of the District of Columbia, the expenditures of the Federal Judiciary, etc. Each of those interests is managed in a separate bureau or office, the immediate head of which is styled Commissioner, Superin- tendent, or Warden, as tiie case may be. Salary of Secretary of Interior, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Department of the Treasury" was created by an Act of Congress of the 2d of Sep- tember, 1789. Tlie Secretary of the Treasury superintends all the fiscal concerns of the gov- ernment, and upon his own resiwnsibility recommends to Congress measures for improving the condition of the revenue. All pi.blic accounts are finally settled at this department; and, for this purpose, it is divided into the office of the Secretary, who has the general Buperiutendance, the offices of the two Controllers, the offices of the six Auditors, the office of the Commissioner of Customs, the Treasurer's office, the Registrar's office, the Soli- citor's office, and the office of the Coast Survey. Assistant Treaturers' offices are also es- tablished at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, New Orleans, and St, Louis. Sal- ary of Secretary of the Treasury, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Department of War" wos created by an Act of Congress of the 7th of August, 1789, and, at first, embraced not only military, but also navul affairs. Tlie Secretary of War superintends every branch of military otTairs, and has under his immediate direction the Adjutant-General's office, the Quartermaster-General's Bureau, the Paymaster's Bureau, the Subsistence Bureau, the Medical Bureau, the Engineer Bureau, the Topographical Bureau, the Ordnance Bureau, etc., and the department has the superintendence of the erection of ^€^ I 24 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. il fortifications, of making public surveys, and other important services. Salary of Secretary of War, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) • .: The " Department of the Navy" was created by on Act of Congress of the 30th of April, 1798. The Stcretary of the Navy issues all orders to the naval forces, and superintends na- val affairs generally. Attached to the Department arc — a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards, a Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, a Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs, a Bureau of I'rovisions and Clothing, a Bureau of lledical and Surgical Instru- ments, etc. ; and the National Observatory at Washington is under the control of the Navy Department. The ministerial duties of these several Bureau.x were formerly exercised by a Board of Navy Commissioners. (Salary of Secretary of the Navy, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Department of the Post-Office" was established under the authority of the Old Con- gress. The Postmaster- Oeneral has the chief direction of all postal arrangements with for- eign states, as well as within the federal limit". The general business is managed by three Assistant Postmasters-General, who preside respectively over the Contract office, the Ap- pointment office, ond the Inspection, etc., offices. Salary of Postmaster-General, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Attorneys-General," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who are the constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the greatest acquirements in their profession. Salaries of Attorneys-General, $4000 per annum (£800 stg.) The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in such other inferior courts as Congress may, from time to time, establish. The present judicial estab- lishment consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. ; The "Supreme Court," the highest judiciol tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief- Justice and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-General, a Reporter, and Clerk. Tiiis court is held in Washington, and has one sesfion annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. Salary of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, $5,000 per annum (£1,000 stg.) The appointment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with the advice of the Senate ; and the judges hold their several offices during good behaviour, and can be removed only on impeachment. Their compensation is fixed by law, ond can- not be diminished during their period of office. The foregoing account of the United States, for the most part, is from " Coltoii's Gazetteer of America." mi NEW YOEK. ''■-■f In our description of the great city of the western world, we shall avoid, as far as possi- ble, all statistical matter, regarding which am- ple information may be had in works exclusively devoted to such details. "We prefer giving a brief account of the citv from the earliest to the present time, and, with the views given of its magnificent streets and buildings, we hope to in such other (licial estab- w's Gazetteer \ convey to our readers at a distance, an idea of its importance as the most populous city on the whole continent of America. As may be known by many, New York was discovered "in 160ii, by an Englishman named Henry Hudson, at that time in the service of the Dutch— and in 1618, the settlement of the Island was commenced, under the title of New Amsterdam. In 1021, a 26 CITY OF NEW YORK — LOCALITIES — BUSINESS, ETC. Dutch West India company commenced opera- tions upon it, and in 1826, purchased the whole island from the Indians (the Manhattans) for the paltry sum of |25, (£5 stg.) the exports alone that year amounting to ;j!l900. It was thus held till 1664, when it was taken by the English. Charles the 2d, then king, changed its name to that of New York, in nonour of James the 2d, who then bore the title of Duke of York and Albany. In 1686, James the 2d, then king, abolished the represcutative system, and, as alibrding one of the numerous proofs of his kingly bigotry, took it into his head to pro- hibit the use of the printing-press. It was retaken from the English by the Dutch in 1673, retaken again in 1674 by the English, and held by them till the Revolutionary period of 1776-1783, when it was finally evacuated by the British army, thus ending British rule on the 25th November, 1783. In 1812-13, another war broke out between Great Britain and Amer- ica, but not leading to New York chancing hands once more. Notwithstanding, therefore, wars, fevers, fires, great commerciS disasters, cholera, etc., etc., the city has gone on progres- sively, from a population of 23,614 in 1786, to upwards of 600,OUO in 1859. New York is situated upon what is called Manhattan Island — a strip of land 13j miles long, by one mile and three-fifths average width. Greatest breadth, at 83d street, is two miles and one-third. In all, about 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres. It rises gradually above the level of the water around the sides, whilst the greater part of it is level, or been rendered so. It is very compactly built upon for about 5 miles, in straight lines from the point at the Battery end of it. The streets, for the most Sart, are laid out in a convenient and easily un- erstood plan. The streets commencing at Houston street, (one mile from the City Hall,) are classed into 14 regular "avenues," as they are called, which are crossed at right angles by 156 streets, numerically desiguated. Some of the streeta are crooked and narrow, but gene- rally speaking, they are wide and spacious- ranging fi'om 60 to 120 feet wide. The greatest fault a stranger is likely to find with the streets is the filthy state the most of them are in — as if there were neither scavengers nor paviours in the cit_j'. New \ ork is bounded on the north by the Harlem River — which separates Manhattan Is- land from the mam land ; on the east bv the East River, which separates it from Long Island ; on the south by the harbour, and on the west by the North, or Hudson River, which sepa- rates it from New Jersey. The width of the East River is from one-third to half u mile, and that of the North River from 1 to 1^ miles. Navigation is open throughout all the year. There can be no doubt but that the harbour of New York is one of the most beautiful in the world — presenting one of the finest spectacles on a fine day — wiui its piers crowded with ships of all nations — the numbers of clean-looking steamers passing up and down, and the beauty of the scenery on the opposite shores, and on every side. The defences are placed at the Narrows — on Long Island side, and on Staten Island— and in the East Kiver at Throg's Neck ; whilst within the harbour are batteries on liedloe's and Ellis Islands, Governor's Island, Castle William, and South Battery— commanding every point of en- trance. We may safely say, that nearly every branch of manufactures is carried on in New York, excepting in the great items of cotton and wool— whilst its commerce extends to ev- ery corner of the American continent, as well as all over the world, wherever the natural Eroducts of the earth, or manufactures, are to e bought, sold, or exchanged. The public buildings are very numerous. We annex a list elsewhere, together with engravings of a few of the principal ones, together with a list of such places of mterest and amusement as the stran- ger will be pleased in visiting. The streets where the private residences are, are elegant in the extreme. We allude more particularly to such as 4th and 5th Avenues, and Union and Madison Squares, where the most stately mansions will be found, finished off in first-rate style, mostly built of a brown- coloured stone. In summer, with the rows of trees along each side of the streets, their hne appearance will at once attract the admiration of the stranger. The principal street for bankers, insurance offices, etc., is Wall street — the Lombard street of America. For wholesale dry goods stores — Pearl, Wil- liam, Broad, Pine, Cedar, Liberty streets. Col- lege Place, and Vesey street. For wholesale grocers, and commission and shipping merchants — Water and Front streets. i or heavy dry goods and variety stores. Grand and Catharine streets. For hardware — Beekman, Flatt, John and Pearl streets. For booksellers and publishers, binderies, etc. — Nassau and William Streets. For Jewellers — Maiden lane, Courtland street, and Broadway. For boot and shoe materials. Ferry, Jacob, and Gold streets. Whilst Broadway, like Cheapside in London, contains an omiiinm gatherum of all sorts — from the selling of a cup of coffee in a restaurant, to a ship load of " Yanlcee notions." The wharves extending all round New York nearly — the vessels placed with their bows all pointing towards the city, and so situated very conveniently for loading and unloading, and when ready for sea, have only to drop into the stream and are carried down and out to sea, the magnificent river and bay aflTording no ob- structions in the shape of bars, etc. The stranger, however, who has been accus- tomed to look at the shipping in the stupendous docks of London and Liverpool, will at once discover the poor accommodation New York affords in comparison with the facilities afforded for the harbouring or dockage of vessels in Great Britain. Notwithstanding this, however, the immense shipping business of the port of New York is carried on somehow — the ingenuity of the Americans finding ways and means to clear their vessels with promptitude and ease. Broadway is the great main artery of the city, through which people, omnibuses, wag- ons, and carriages, rush in one incessont stream, surging backward and forword, from the earliest liour in the morning, to the latest hour at night. A walk along Broadway will disclose pictures of society— men and things, in all conceivable variations and degrees. There, the slouching "loafer" will be seen, close to the "Broadway swell"— the successful miner, iust arrived from the Calif'ornian diggings, alongside of the wealthiest and most liandsomely dressed lady in New York, who is out for her walk on that ikT'iinr i NEW YORK — BROADWAY AND CITY HALL. 27 sidences are, allude more th Avenues, I, where the iind, tiuisbed of a brown- the rows of ts, their hne e admiration :a, insurance uibard street imission and ?ront streets, stores, Grand (, John and '8, binderies, irtland street, I a restaurant, been accus- e stupendous will at once 1 New York itiea afforded of vessels in lis, however, f the port of the ingenuity nd means to dc and ease. ,rtery of the ibuses, wag- le incessant irward, from to the latest great "vanity fair"— the newly -arrived emi- grantv from Great Britain, as he goes gaping along at what he sees, whilst he is almost stupefied with the bustle and confusion around him. It is entirely different from any one of the great thoroughfares of London, whilst it com- BROADWAY, NEW YORK. bines the features of all — the bustle and throng of Cheapsido, in its incessant strcom of omni- buses and voliicles of all sorts — of Regent street, witli its fasliionable promenade anahori ton of society— of Oxford street and Ilolborn, with middle-class stores, as well as elegant ware- houses, including the exclusively wholesale stores of a St. Paul's cliurch-yard, as well. "The other chief artery of the city is that of the Uowery — partaking "very much of Holborn, with a mixture of the Whitcchapel of London — where a large amount of retail business is transacted. "The City Hall op New York— from its central position, and classic marble frontage— is one of the finest and most prominent buildings in the city. The front and two ends ore of white marble, and the back, which is never shone upon by the sun, of brown sandstone. The City Hall contains a gallery of historical art, involuoble to the lover of Knickerbocker times. In the Governor's Room, enjoyed by the public only on reception days, are tlie portraits of all the governors of the State, from the time of Lewis, and of the mayors of the city, with several of the presidents, painted by artists of national reputation. There may be seen Henry Hudson, Columbus, and hosts of other worthies, while the archives of the city contain a vast amount of information of great interest to the historian. Besides the rooms of the aldermen and common council, there was in former times a noble banqueting boll foi'the city magnates." m i ! 28 THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. H'S'S** THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. Adjacent to the City Hull is the old Debtor's Prison, now the Hall of Records, the old Alms House, entirely appropriated to governmentol use. In the Park arc held public meetings, and in front of the City Hall ore planted cannon, which are fired by the respective political parties, on the achievement of any party victory, as well OS on other general public rejoicings. The Park forms o great resort for the citizens, and in the hot months of summer, forms, hy its trees, a delightful shady retreat. Last year, the City Hall took lire, and a large portion of the upper part of it was destroyed. It is now being re-built, however. The New York University, situated between Washington Place and Waverly Place, fronts Washington Square towards the west, forming a noble ornament to the city, being built of Westchester marble, and exhibits a specimen of the English collegiate style of architecture. The building is 180 feet long, and 100 wide. It was founded in 1831. " In front, this oblong is divided into five parts — a centrol building, with wings flanked by towers, one rising on each of the four corner's of the edifice. This central building or chapel is superior to the rest in breadth, height, and character, and is somewhat similar to that of King's College, Cambridge, England— a master- piece of pointed architecture, and a model for succeeding ages. It is 55 feet broad, and 85 feet deep, including the octangular turrets, one of which rises at each of the four corners. The two ends are gabled, and are, as well as the sides, crowned with an embattled parapet. The chapel receives its principal light from o win- dow in the western end. This window is 24 feet wide, and 50 high. From the central building, or chopel, wings project right and left, the windows of whicn have square beads, with two Lights, a plain transom, and the upper division trefoiled. The principal entrance is under the great western window. The doors are of oak, richly panelled, and filled with tracery of open work, closely studded with bronze. " The institution has a chancellor and eleven professors. It has in its collegiate department 150 students, and a valuable library and philo- sophical apparatus. Connected with it is an extensive grammar school, and a flourishing medical department. The whole number of students is about 700. Commencement, third Monday in July. (See next page for engraving.) NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. 29 m ^' \ UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. , height, and ir to that of d — a inaster- a model for -oad, and 85 turrets, one jrncrs. The well as tho larapet. The , from a win- rindow is 24 the central ;t right and iquare heads, ,nd the upper entrance is The doors 1 filled with tudded with r and eleven e department y and i)hilo- vith it is an flourishing ! number of cement, third r engraving.) "The chapel is probably the most beautiful room of the kind in America. It is open to the Eublic, on Sundays, for religious worship. The ibrary and rooms of the New York Historical Society are in the building. The building is accessible to the visitor at all times." "The Tombs occupy the space between Centre, Elm, Leonard and Franklin streets, the site of an old filthy pond, which had its outlet through Canal street. The Halls of Justice is a mucn-admired specimen of modern- ized Egyptian architecture. It is built of light granite from Hallowell, Maine. It is 253 feet long, and 200 wide, and occupies the four sides of a hollow square, with a large centre building within the area. The front is approached by eight steps, leading to a portico oi tour massive Egyptian columns. The windows, which extend to the height of two stories, have massive iron grated frames, surmounted with lornices, orna- mented with a winged globe and serpents. The two fronts on Leonard and Franklin streets have each two entrances, with two massive columns each. The gloomy aspect of 4his build- ing has won for it the general name of " The Tombs." It is occupied by the Court of Ses- sions, a police court, and some other court- rooms, besides a prison for male and female offenders awaiting trial. The open court within the walls is used as a place of execution for State criminals. Persons can gain .admittance on application for a written permit, at the keepers room, between 10, a. m. and 3, p. m." In the fore-ground of the view will be seen one of the " City Railroad Cars," noticed else- where. Custom House. — The lower engraving on the following page, represents the Custom House of New York, situated at the corner of Nas- sau and Wall streets. "The Custom House has the form and solidity of a Greek temple, and is as enduring as the pyramids. The edifice, of white marble, is 200 feet long, by 90 in width, and 80 feet high. Some of the blocks weigh 30 tons. The two fronts have 8 Doric columns, nearly 6 feet in diameter; the sides, 16 heavy pilasters. A flight of 18 steps from Wall street, brings the visitor to the main entrance. The Rotunda is 60 feet in diameter, and the dome, under which the four deputy collectors have desks, is sup- ported in part by 16 Corinthian pillars. In the little room of the treasurer, near at hand, is re- ceived two-thirds of the revenue of the country. The Custom House was erected between the i niniif III iM Ui':: HALLS OF JUSTICE, OB THE TOMBS, NEW YORK. CUSTOM-HOUSE, WALL STRKET, NEW YORK. MERCHA>rT8' EXCHANGE. 81 l.y*»"" MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE, WALL STREET, NEW YORK. ^'■^ rV-x ■^ m h' ' /^ isfc ^ ^ ■■? r:^ *P years 1834-1841, and cost, including the lot, ifi,i'.tr),ooo." The amount of accommodation provided for the tninsnctions of the Custom House, appears to be totiilly inadequate to the immense amount of business furnished by the port. Merchaxts' Exchange. — The above engrav- ing represents one of the most beautiful and costly buildings in America, and surpassing any other in the city in size and solidity of construc- tion. "It occupies a whole souare of ground, and has a front of 200 feet on Wall street, with an average depth of 160 feet ; is 5 stories high, inchiding the basement, and tire-proof through- out, the iToors and roof being entirely of masonrv aud metal. The principal material is brick-faced, with massive blocks of granite, chiefly from the inexhaustible quarries of Quincy, Massachu- setts. The most remarkable features of this huge building are its graceful portico, present- ing to the eye a facade of 18 Ionic columns, each nearly 40 feet in height, and upwards of 4 feet in diameter, the shafts of whicn are each a sin- gle stone (wrought in the most perfect manner, at a cost of $3000,) and the Rotunda, or Ex- change Room, which is 100 feet in diameter, with a double dome of brick, surmounted by a vertical sky-light, with movable sashel, which allows thorough and complete ventilation. The dome is supported partly by 8 massive Corinthian columns of Italian marble, weigh- ing 41 tons each, in very large sections, inaported expressly for the purpose." The floor is nagged with the same materiol, and altogether the room is one of the finest in America. M NEW YORK FREE ACADEMY. "The Free Acadbmy is on LexinKtnn avenue, corner of Twenty-third street, unn mny eiisilv be reuclied by takinf^ a Broadway and "Fourth avenue omniBus, or tlie Harlem rail-cars, oppo- site the Astor House. The building is 80 feet wide, by 125 feet deep, and is intended to accoinmbdate 1,000 pupils. It is in the style of the town-halls or tne Netherlands, and" is well adapted for its purpose, besides being a conspicuous ornumeut to the upper part of the city. The cost of the ground was ?37,ftl0, of the building, l>75,000, while the various appliances of apparatus and furniture have cost |126,S67. The only requisites for admission are a knowl- edge of the branches taught in the public schools; it being also required that the appli- cant should have been a pupil in one of tiiese schools for at least one year. It may be added that the graduates of the col- leges can pass the final examination at the Free Academy. ■ .ysii.^ •;■*•• " j- CORNER OP FIFTH AVENUE AND FIFTEENTH STREET, NEW YORK. rflrj!^3^5ns=!Sg:4 H37,810, of the 3US appliances 5 cost 126,867. n are a knowl- in the public that the appli- n one of tliese ates of the col- ion at the Free PETEK COOPER INSTITUTE, NEW YORK, i 'ff 0W NEW YORK HOSPITAL. ■ ifi-i- 'T laii: I.Hi" '^':nS -^ 'iwr-:- '^*./ . 11/ ' -jg^— ,: ..-IS' ■ NEW YORK HOSPITAL, BUOAUWAY. On the prccedina; page we ^ive m . ilhistra- fion of a private residence in one of the princi- i)ai streets in New York, viz., the Fifth avenue, n this street may be seen some of the larj^est and handsomest ot' the private residences ot the New Yoric merchants. In summer, when the trees which line each side of the avenue are in full biooni, the street then has all the appearance of a beautiful grove. The green blinds, outside of the windows, when closed, which they generally are, detract very much from the elegant appearance of the houses. The custom of Keeping; the blinds so much closed, ia very common in New York, and often, we think, unnecessary, when there arc no rays of the sun to occasion such an infringe- ment, in that respect, on one of the greatest Ik^rg of liealth. The Cooper IssTiTfTE. — This institution de- sen'es a place among our illustrations of public buildings of the city, not only on account of the magnihcencr of the editice, as a building, but •8 8 r-eraento of 'i most princely net on the part of •• New York 'nercliant — Mr. Peter Cooper — who, out of his wealth, has built this house with tb" view of founding an institution to bo called "The Union," for the moral, social, and physical improvement of the youth, not only belonging to the City, or State, but of any part of the world. The sum donated to such a noble p\iri)ose, amounts to ?300,(.m:m) (£()0,000 stg). "Tlie building is in Astor Place, opposite the new Bible House. The edifice is six stories high, occupying a space equal in extent to eight full lots, each 25 feet by 100, or 20,000 S(iuai'o feet. In the basement is a commodious lecture- room, 1."!") feet long, and in the upper story an observatory. The Union provides free courses of lectures* a free library, rooms for debntiiii; and other societies, and an office for the benefit of persons seeking literary employment, "vherr their names and wishes may be registereti, anil application for their services received. ' The School of Design, for females, linvi' rcoins in this building, amp y supplied with the materials for instruction." Mr. Cooper is a mo nnfacturer of Isinglass, by trade — one of the most noted men in the city for public spirit and benevolence, and a leadiiii: member of the Swedenborgian denomination. ' The New Yohk Hospital is one ol tho principal benevolent institutions of New York. which the stranger, as he walks aloii^ Broadway, cannot fail to notice, standhiL' ! back f;'oni oil' the strcan of the great thorough- LA FAKGE HOUSE, BROADWAY. 85 I ;*' but of any part to such a iiobk' (iO.OOO atg). ce, opjiosite llip is SIX stories extent to ciglit !20,000 sqiiiire loilious lecture- upper story an h'i free courses IS for debntinn lor tlie benetit lovineiit, 'vhore rcj^istered, unit L-eivod. females, Imve supplied with of Isinglass, liy ncn in t'le city ', and a leadiuL' ilo;ioininiition. is one ol ilu' s of New York, walks ttloint otice, standini! j;reat tUorougli- i LA FARGE HOUSE, BROADWAY. fiire, and in summer beautifully shaded by the Hues in front of it. '* This institution, located in Broadway, between Duane and Worth streets, was founded in 1771, by the Earl of Dunmore, at that time governor of the colony. The institution has an annual revenue, from various sources, of about $80,000, which is expended in the support of the estab- lishment, riu hospital buildings, to which larae and costlv additions have recently been made, are fitted up in excellent style tor the accommodation of patients, who can have the best of medical attendance, and the convenience (if nursing and medicine, for iji:i a week. Re- spectable persons, without funiiL^.., will find this a very desirable asylum during sickness. I'aticnts cu » have single rooms if they desire them. In cases of sudden accidents, patients arc received here, and their wants inimediatuly attended to. Medical students arc permitted to the rounds with the attending jurgoons fur the annual fee of J8. Annual lectures are given by all the attending physiciar.:: und surgeons. The buildings will accommodate 3.50 patients. Application for admission must be made at tlie ofHco within the Hospital. Thorj are ten attending und consulting physicians and sur- geons." La Faroe Holsb. — One of the mamm h- sized 'lotels of New York. R has a magnificent white marble frontage of 200 feet on Broadway, and stands out in strong relief with all tlie buildings in the vicinity. It is fiUed up for fully 400 guests, in a comfortable and gorgeous manner, and is convenientl/ situated for busi- ness, as well as pleasure, being in the vicinity of the Astor Library, and the Reading Room of the Mercantile Library Association, which are free to strangers. The La Fargo House is kept by Mr. Wheeler, on tUe American plan. 86 TRINITY CHURCH, BROADWAY. I lU '' " Situated on Broadway, fronting Wall street, with its portals invitingly open every day in the year, stands TriniU- Church, a beautiful temple of worship. It is the third editico of the kina erected upon the spot, the first having been de- stroyed in the great fire of ITTO. The entire length of the building is losO feet, of which 45 are due to the ch.'.noel. Width of nave, 54 feet ; of chancel, 38 feet. Height to eaves, 50 feet, and to ridge, DO feet, with a fine open roof. The inside walls of the church are of Caen stone, brought from Normandy in France — a material of an agreeable colour, and easily worked, being soft enough to be cut with a saw or knife. The windows are of richly stained glass ; ♦he ceilings pointed blue, and the roof tini- btr<4 covered with polychi'omatic decora- tions. The floors are' tiled throughout, with tasteful ornamental patterns in "hancel. Tlio Duilding will seat about 8iK), its cost hating been ., t-'00,UOO. The architect of this snlendid church is 5Ir. Upjohn, a cele- brated Scotch architect. "The lofty spire of the church is the Pompey's Pillar of New York — the most prominent object that first arrests the at- tention of the stranger, as ho aijpniuches the city from tilt' Atlantic. The ▼iew from the top of the s'-"o is wit,./iit doubt the finest to be had in the city." TRINITY ClIUKCU, BROADWAY, NEW YORK i^.^-- CHURCH OF ALL SOULS, NEW YORK. This ■..;>! ''(■ei ■> building, recently erected, is remarkable architecture— being built in the style of lian churches of the middle ages — of brick, ano L. -. i.-coloured stone, alternately. Adjoining the church is the parsonage, situated on Twen- fietii street. Included in the design for this church, is the magnificent spire, or campanile, 300 feet high, the foundation only of it being at present built. The church, inside, is fitted up elegantly and most comfortably, in small and large pews, to suit the families of members. The peculiar hue of the paint on the walls, the magnificently stained glass win- dows, partially obscured bv a huge arch, lacing the equally grand-looking, and powerful organ in the gallery opposite, the light streaming down from the cupola, behind the pulpit — the well- planned position the congregation occupy for seeing and hearing— the rich and gay di'esses of the vast crowd of hearers— form Stogether a coup le marble building, with a beautiful cha- pel — mediaival Gothic. (See engraving.) Columbia College. — Park Place, near Broad- way. A president, 10 professors, and 150 stu- dents. Free Academy. — Corner Lexington avenue and 23d street. (See engraving.) Union Theological Seminary. — University Place, near Washington Square. Six profes- sors- loo students. Bible House. — An immense building, occu- pying one entire triangular block, near the junc- tion of 8d and 4th avenues, with a frontage of 700 feet. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS — BUILDINGS — MARKETS. in the city, we , between Fu! 3ove Tenth st. ne street, near le, near 80th st. 3. Six profes- GkXBRAL TnEOLOOICAL SuMINARr.— 20th St., comer 9th avenue— Episcopal. University Medic, l School. — 14th street, near Sd avenue. Bxteu.iive and well-arranged apparatus. College or Pht8ici.\ns and Surgeon's. — 4th iivctiue, corner 23d street— Medical Museum. New York Medical College. — East 13th street. Five months' course. Pathological Museum, and Laboratory for the practical study of Analytical Chemistry. SCIENTIFIC AND LITEBART INSTITUTIONS. Amekicax Institute.— 349 Broadway. For the general advancement and application of sci- ence. Admission free. Holds an Annual Fair at Crystal Palace, and a Cattle Show. Mechanics' Institute.— 20 4th avenue. Gives popular scientific lectures. Mechanical Mu- seum and reading-room — schools attached. Cooper " Union." — Astor Place, opposite Bible House. Built by Peter Cooper, Esq. Free lectures, library, observatory, debating rooms, and literary employment office. (See engraving.) New York Society Library. — University Place, near 12th street — 36,000 volumes — vis- itors admitted. Lyceum of Natural History. — 14th street, near 4th avenue. Appropriate library and cabinet. New York Law Institute. — City Hall. Very complete collection of 4500 volumes. New York Historical Society. — University Building — 20,000 volumes, cabinet of coins, etc. Apprentices' Library. — Mechanics' Hall, Broadway, near Grand street — 40,000 volumes. FINE ART INSTITUTIONS. National Academy op Design. — 58 East 13th street. Spring exhibition of the works of liv- ing artists only. Much resorted to. DussELDORP Gallery.— 548 Broadway. Good collection of the Flemish and German schools. Bryan Gallery. — Corner Broadway and 13th street. Some fair originals and excellent copies. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. City Hall and Park.— (See engraving.) Custom House. — Corner Wall and Nassau. An exquisitely pure Doric building of white marble, modelled from the Parthenon. (See engraving.) Admission free. Merchants' Exchange. — Wall street. Ele- gant Ionic exterior. (See engraving.) Halls op Justice. — Centre Street — popular- ly known as the " Ibmbn." (See engraving.) RAILROAD STATIONS IN NEW YORK, Hudson River Railroad. — Depots : comer Warren street and College Place j Canal street, near Washington; West street, near Christo- pher; Thirty-First street, between Tenth and Eleventh avenues. The time is marked for Thirty-First street depot — difference from others, 26 to 30 mfuutes. Long Island Railroad. — Depot : foot of At- lantic street, Brooklyn. New Jersey Railroad.- landt street. -Depot : foot of Court- New York and Erie Railroad. — Depot : West street, foot of Duane street. New Jersey Central and Steamboat Linb. — Office— 69 Wall street. •PUBLIC BUILDINGS. PosT-opFiCE, (Nassau street.)— Proceed to 146 Broadway, and east through Liberty street. Custom House, (Nassau, corner Wall street.) — Proceed to 86 Broadway, and east in Wall street. (See engraving.) Assay Oppice, (Wall street.) — Proceed as above for Custom House. Merchants' E.xchanoe, (Wall, corner William street.)— Proceed as above. (See engraving.) City Hall, (in the Park.) — Proceed in Broad- way to 260, and east in the Park. (See engrav- ing.) Board op Education Rooms (Grand, corner Elm street). — Proceed to 458 Broadway, and east in Grand street. Free Acacemy, (23d street and Lexington avenue.) — Take a 3d or 4th avenue car to 23d street. The Academy is located between those avenues. [See engraving.] PUBLIC MARKETS. Fulton, (South and Fulton streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 208, and east in Fulton street to the river. Catharine, (South and Catharine streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 222, and east in Park Row, Chatham "street, and East Broadway to No. 15, and southeast in Catharine street to the river. Washington, (,Fulton and West streets.)— Proceed in Broad-.,'ay to No. 207, and west in Fulton street to the river. Centre, (Grand and Centre streets.) — Proceed to No. 458 Broadway, and east in Grand street to No. 162. Essex, (Grand and Essex streets.) — Proceed in Broadway to No. 458, and east in Grand street to No. 334. Tompkins, (Bowery and 6th street.) — Proceed to 698 Broadway, east in 4th street to No. 394, and north in Bowery to No. 395. Jbfperson, (6th and Greenwich avenues.)— Proceed to No. 769 Broadway, and west in 0th street to No. 1. Spring Street, (West and Spring streets.)— Proceed to 527 Broodway, and west in Spring street to the river. ^ w i 'KM I! ■■ 40 PLEASANT DRIVES — LINES OF TRAVEL. HocsTox Street, (Pitt and Houston streets.) —Proceed in Brondwny to No. 608, and east in Houston street to 174. PUBLIC PARKS. Battery, (Foot of Broadway.) — Proceed to No. 1 Broadway, and cross Battery Place. Park, (corner Chambers street and Broad- way.)- Proceed to 271 Broadway. Wasoington, (Fourth and Wooster streets.) — Proceed to O'JS Broadway, and west to Wooster street. Union, (14th street.)— Proceed in Broadway to No. 802. Madisox, (23d street.)— Proceed in Broadway to No. 1148. Tompkins, (Avenue A.) — Proceed in Broad- way to No. 754, and east in Eighth street. Central, (."ituh street.)— Proceed in Broad- way to its junction witli 8th avenue — or take a 2d," S'}, cr i."ii uvcuiie cur to 86th street, end procded west. PLEASANT DRIVES. To High BuinnE, viaBloomingdale. — Proceed n jrth in Broadway, through Bloomingdale road, iixto the Nuith avenue. To High Bridoe, via McComb's Dam. — Pro- ceed nortli in Broadway to No. 948, and north in Fifth avenue to Uariein River ; after crossing the river, proceed west. To Fort Washinoton. — Proceed north in Broadway, through Bloomingdale, Manhattan- ville andCarniansville, along the King's Bridge rond to n.ith street, and west to the river. To Jamaica, via Cvpress Hills' Cemetery. — Proceed to No. 458 "Broadway, east in Grand street to the river, cross Division avenue ferr^ , pass througli South 7th and South ilth streets and Broadway, oast into Johnson street, which leads to the plank road. To Fn'sniNO, via Green Point and Newtown. — Proceed in Broadway to No. 784, and east in Tenth street to the river ; cross the ferry, and proceed east along the plank road To Patersov, via Hoboken. — Proceed to either' No. 227, 417, or 769 Broadway, and west th;ougli Barclay, Canal, or Ninth and Christo- phei streets to the river, and cross the ferry — taking tlie plank road to the west. OBJECTS OF INTEREST, HiOH BninoE, (^ovcr Harlem River.)— Drive out Broadway and Bloomingdale road, and into the nth aveniio beyond Bloomingdale -or take a car to Harlem, from 4tli avenue and 27th street, and tlicn take stages west from Harlem. (See engraving.) DisTHiBi^TiNo Reservoir, (5th avenue and 42d street.)— Take a Broadway and 42d street, or a 5th avenue stage, or a 6tli avemie car from Broodway and Vesey or Canal street, to 42d street. Receivinq Reservoir, (86th street.)- Take a -2d, 3d or 4th avenue car to 86th street, and pro- ceed west. Greenwood Cemetery, (South Brooklyn.)— Proceed to 208 Broadway, and east in Fulton street to the East River ; cross the ferry, and take the Court street cars, which go to the Cemetery gate. HoBOKBN AND Elysian Fields. — Procccd to either 227, 417, or 769 Broadway, and west through Barclay, Canal, or Ninth ond Christo- pher streets to the river, and cross the ferry. HOW TO LEAVE NEW YORK. For PniLADELPniA, via New Jersey Railroad Depot at Jersey City.— Proceed to 171 Broad- way, thence to the foot of Courtlandt street, and cross the ferry. For PniLADELPniA, via Camden and Amboy Railroad. — From Pier No. 1 North River. Pro"- ceed to No. 1 Broadway, and west in Battery Place to the river. For Boston, via Stonington and Providence. — From Pier No. 2 North River. Proceed to No. 1 Broadway, and west through Battery Place to the river. For Boston, via Fall River and Newport.— From Pier No. 3 North River. Proceed to No. 1 Broadway, and west through Battery Place to the river. For Boston, via Norwich and Worcester.- From foot of Courtlandt street. Proceed to No. 171 Broadway, and thence through Courtlandt street to the river. For Boston, via New Haven Railroad. — Depot 27th street and 4th avenue. Take a 4th avenue car, which starts from the Astor House, or a Broadway and 4th avenue stage, north to 27th street. For Albany, via Hudson River Railroad.— Depot, Warren street and College Place. Pro- ceed to 260 Broadway, and west in Warren street to College Place. For Albany, via Harlem Railroad. — Depot 27th street, corner 4th avenue. Take a 4tli avenue car, which starts from the Astor House, or a Broadway and 4th avenue stage, north to 27th street. For Albany, via People's Line Steamboats.— From foot of Courtlandt street. Proceed in Broadway to No. 171, and west in Courtlandt street to the river. For Albany, via Merchants' Line Steam- boats. — From foot of Robinson street. Proceed to No. 2.)7 Broadway, and through Park Place west to the river. For Bitfalo or Di'nkirk, vi.i New York and Erie lliiilroad.— Depot, foot of Duane street. Proceed in Broadway to No. 303, and west in Duane street to the river. For New Haven, by steamboat.— From Peck Slip. Proceed to 2ii8 Broadway, and cast in Fulton street to the river; thence northeast! two blocks. psey Railroad 171 Broad- idt street, and 1 Providence. Proceed to )ugh Battery d Newport.— roceed to No.; ttery Place to Worcester.— 'roceed to No. ;h Courtlundt Steamboats.— ;. Proceed in in CourthuuU Now York and j Uiiane street. 3, and west in HIGH BRIDGE, HARLEM. 41 THE HIGH BRIDGE, CROTON AQUEDUCT. Ilifiii Bridor. — Connected with the water sup- ply of New York, we give the above engraving of the Aqueduct, over which the water is brought in pipes into the city to the great reservoir at Siith St., from Croton River nearly 40 miles off. By this means, New York is supplied by an abun- dant, and never-failing stream of the best water which can be desiredT It is brought to a re- ceiving reservoir, on York Hill, about 5 miles from the City Ilall. The quantity capable of being supplied and distributed, is 00 miU'wns of yalbna in one, day. The Bridge, represented above, crosses the Harlem Valley and River, and is 1450 feet long. There are 8 arches, with a span of 80 feet each, springing from i)iers '20 feet wide, at the spring line, which is GO feet above the surface of the river, at high water. There are several other arclies, springing from the ground, of 50 feet each. The whole works, in connection with bring- ing tiie water bv this means to the city, has cost upwards of igl5,000,000 (£2,400,00u s'tg.). On the next page will be found illustrations of one of the banking establishments of the city, as well as of the celebrated billiard-table rooms of M. Phelan, the largest establishment of tlifi kind, we believe, in the United States, where thirty magnificent tables are fitted up for play, all tlie manufacture of Messrs. O'Con- nor & Collinder, of New York, the largest bil- Ilord-tuble makers iu the couotry. BROOKLYN. Across the East River is the suburban citv of Brooklyn, where thousands of the New York merchants, and others, reside. The ferry-boats cross every three or four minutes. From Brook- lyn " Heights," some of the finest views of New Vork and neighbourhood are obtained. Brook- lyn is governed by a mayor, and a board of 18 aldermen — publishes daily nev^spapers, and has about it all tne characteristics of a city, although it forms, in reality, only a suburb oif the great " Gotham," with which it is so closely allied. The population is about 08,000. Strangers will find the Rev. H. W. Beecher's church (named Plymouth Church) in Orange street, between Hicks and Henry streets. Take the ferry foot of Fulton street. Brooklyn has nearly 80 churches in it, of all denominations, and tneuce has been styled the "City of Churches." GuEENWoon Cemetery, the largest public burial ground in the world, is situated on Gowanus Heights, about 24 miles from South Ferry. Tlie various avenues in the ground extend for about 15 miles— and, with its hills and dolls, forms a scene of great beauty, whilst the mag- nificent monuments, and the eminent individ- uals buried there, render it a place peculiarly interesting. , 1 \ ; 1 ■.■rmi TE7j bank of the republic, BROADWAY. »ii m M. PHELAN'S BILLIARD-TABLE BOOMS, BROADWAY. JOSEPH OnXOTT'S STEEL PE]^S. A LARGB STOCK OF THKSB FOFULAE F31T8 Constantty on, hand, FOR SALE TO THE TRADE, At the Manufacturer' » Warehouse, 91 John Street, New York. HENRY OWEN, AGENT. A. W. FABER'S LEAD-PENCILS, Sold at Retail by all Stationers, AT WHOLESALE ONLY BY EBERHARD FABER, SOLE AGENT, 133 William Street, N. T. 131 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. Renl Estttto, City nnd Country (the srowinpr West included), IxniRht, sold, ond oxehanRcd. Ilnnscs, Stom, and other property in tlio City and vic'inity of New York, Lot and the Rents collected ; or I.onsod for a term of years, and the Rents guiiranteed, when sufTlcient inducements are offered. Landed, Personal, and other Estates taken in custody, as Agent or Attorney. Money invested in Stocks, or loaned on good City Donds and MortenKes. Interest, Dividends, and other incomes collected. Prompt returns in all cases.— Reference satisfactory. — Commissions moderate. N.B.— Fifteen years' experience in the above line of business, in the City of New York, will, it is liopcd, justify an early application us above, by parties who may have any need of such ussistunce or service. COMMISSIONER OF DEEDS. Mannfaotnrer of Brau and Iron Wire Cloth, Sieves, Biddies, Coal and Sand Screens, Bird Cages, Nursery Fenders, Fire Guards, Wire Window Shades, Garden Wire WorW, and Wire Work of every description made to order. 41 FULTOX STREET, COR!VBR OF PEARL, NEW YORK, J. J. REHBACH'S CELEBRATED LEAD-PENCILS, AT ALL THE LEADING STATIONERS. IMPORTED BY WILLY WALLACE, 131 WiUiam Street, N. T. 17 CEDAR S' ' Ni;W VOHK. PAPER WAREHOUSE MAHUFACTURtRS OF ROPt,CORDACt,TWINlS* THRtADS THADDEUS DAVIDS & CO., MmHtifaelur*r» of WRITING INKS, LIMPID FLUID, SEALING WAX, WAFERS, MUCILAGE, &c. 127 and 129 William Street, N. T. (Washington Stores, Between John & Fulton sts.) Mannfaotory eitablished 182S. Our STEEL BLACK INK wai tntni by the Mechnnlrs' Insti- tute in 1SH6 with twu oUier well-huown Inks, to show th«tr I'oniitar- attve qualities for pprinanence. The result shows our Ink to Ik* legible, while the others are faded. Dr. Clillsou'a teat, matte In 18;n, en|fnive«l fat'-slmlles of which can be seen at our otflce, proves conclusively that our Ulack Ink Is better adapted for State and Coi nty Refortli*, and for all purposes where It Is iinportaot that the writ.nK should be legible tifty years hence, than any other \-\ now before the public, THADDEUS DAVIDS. BEN'JAMIX POMEttCT. Extracting Teeth by Electricity WITHOUT PAIN. DR. 9. B. SMITH'S Crjstal Battery Magnetic Machine Is now being extensively used hy the Dental profession for the above purpose. For Medi- cal purposes, this instrument Is unrivullcd. It gives out both a DIUECT as well as a To-and-Kro Current, which no other Magnetic Machine does. It Is only the Direct Current that can prevent pain ; a To-and Fro Current cannot possibly do it, as I have demon- strated in a printed circular, which I send by mail to any who desln it. The Zincs never require cleaning. Expense of running It four cents a month. Price fl'i. Bent by express to all parts promptly. Address Dr. S. B. SMITH, 822 Canal St., near Church st., N.Y. ^ i WILDER'S PATENT SALAMANDER SAFES, Secured with the best Patent Powder & Burglar-Proof Locks. B. O. WiLDRR A Co., Buerits for the Patentee and MnnuAicturerf, Depot lid HroBilway, corner of Dey ffreet, New Ynrk, and 111? South Water Street, Clilcago, IlllnoU. Manufuclory, Third Avenue, corner of lUth Street, lironklyn. NoTicK. — Tlti» celebrated Fire Proof Sii/e U no htuger mniie and sold hy Silas O. Iltrring, his liceitces /laeliiff expired. W. J. SHARP'S IMPHOVEn Billiard Tables, llolinan's Patont licflcviblc Cushions. S XJ I> B n I O K, TO maiiiifactor)'— 148 Fulton Strrot, New Yoi-k I'dtiiittd, Mdf/V/i, ISM. -A. osr Y asr o -w^ i nsr tr s b ]lall». Cues, TrhninlngH, iSlC, constantly on hand. THOMAS H. BATE, Manufacturer of ****Vfctt j-juMC llOl»ll * *^ ITSEDLSS, Fish Hooks dc Fishing Tackle, 7 WARREN STREET, (First Store from Broadway,) NEW YORK. CLERK, GREEN 6c BAKER, (Successors to J. & T. Warrln,) 48 Maiden Lane, New York, Manufacturers and Importers of J. WARRIN'S CELEBRATED NEEDLES, DRTLLED EYED AXD COMMON^ XEEDLES, Bael's Patent Spinning Bait, FISH HOOKS, FISH.IN6 TACKLE, &C., Razors, Scissors, Steel Pens, Pearl Buttons, &c. Andrtw CUrk. Wm. F. CfcrA.l J. F. Green. Wm. Baker. H OF F M A N Ik F E B slir SHOW CASES, Slade in every style. No. 44 Chatham Street, City Hall, New York. WIH. II. GRIFFITH, raiLUAmiO) TAIBILIS MANUFACTURER, 140 Fulton Street, New York. Where he offers for sale Mnrlde and Slate Ileil Tables, 20 per cent, less tliim can he houKht el.«enhere ; with hU correct and reliable Cuinblnutlon Cushions, now preferred to all others. m, HOI. i7a c 11 El«r, 10 NORTH WILLIAM ST., N. Y., MANlKACTtBKn OK ALL KINns OF In Melal, Brass, Rosewood, Muhogany, Black VVulniil ami .SiYirr. Kroi>s oonstniitly on hand n Innto assortment (if the nbdvo named articles. Country Merclmnts are particularly sohritcd to call ami exanniio iiis Ktix;k. Orders prnmptly eiceuled, at short notice. American & Foreign Patent Agency« THOMAS D. STETSON, AGENT FOR Procuring Patents, Ko. .'■i TRYOX ROW, NEW YORK. A Circular, with InfornrBtlon, sent free by mail. P. H. DECKER, Dealer In all kinds of j NORTH RIYER BLUE AND BROBON STONE. Yard — Bridge and Plymouth Streets, (Near the Kerry,) BROOKLYN. 'r. *" GLOBE HOTEL, Cor. TTT'illiam and Frankfort Streets, NEW Y .' ? K . Comfortable single rooms may be had at this estab- lishment (which is situated In the busiest part of the city, and close to all the railroad termini, ferries, omnibus routes, and places of amusement), at '25 cts. to H7 cts. per day, or at still lower charges l)y the week. An excellent Restaurant In conneiHon. HOTELS IX THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. Tlie follotpififf form a few of the moat rcuprclnhle homen in their re»ptetive localiiie». Whtrt the tivmu per day nrc not iiirntiimed, the;/ are f/eiieralti/ J2 to §'i.50 per day, and all con- ducted upon the American plan — excepting where stated otherwine. AIBANY— DEI.A VAN HOUSE, Drondrny. * BALTIMOBE—IIAKNUM'S CITY HOTKL, Monument Squane. BOSTON— 'l'"K AV "KICAN IIOUSK, 42 lliiuovcr Mrtet. Tin; ADAMS HOL'SK,«TnVn.Hlilngton»lri'(;t. BUFFALO, N- Y.— the CliAUENUON llOTEr, is " .irsl-clnM house, In one of the flneit 8ltu»tlon§ In tb« I'lly, nnd cun be coiiflilenlly rccomnicniU-il to all who wUh a repectublo and comfortable flnV- rliisa house. Terms, |'2.Sl) prr (hky. t^ituiited In Miiln street. THE WESTEIIN HOTEL, Tcrruce, is a respectable $1 per day house, situated In an airy part of the clly. THE LOVEJOY HOUSE, Terrace, Is a |1 per day house. Situated close to the Western. THE McINTYKE HOUSE, corner of E.Ychunge and Beak streets, and not far from the Erie Rail- road .Station. $1 per day. THE UENNET TEMl'EUANCE HOTEL, Main street. Is an exclusively Temperance House. A comrurtablu and economical house, kept by Mr. N. 0. Thorp, Conveniently situated. |1 per day. I CHJCAOC—AMEUICAN HOTEL, Lake street. ' BKUiO'S HOUSE, Uandolph street. TUEMONT HOUSE, Lake street. BAKKEIl HOUSE, 80 llnndolph street, $1.50 per day. ENGLISH HOTEL, 201 Kcnzio street. I CIBCINNATI.— THE MADISON HOUt^E, Main street. A comfortable, well-conducted, and much-frequente>l house. Very convenient for either steamers or rail. $2 |)er day. [CLEVELAND, 0-— THE AMEHICAN HOTEL, Superior street. One of tlie largest llrst-clttsa houses In the city ; situated In a central part for business. $'2.50 per day. THE ANOIEIl HOUSE, corner of Bank and Water streets. A large, flrat-clnss house ; situated In a more retired, yet convenient situation. $'2.50 per day. THE JOHNSTON HOUSE, Superior street, U a smaller house than either of the foregoing, but doing an excellent biijilness, and comfortable. $I.CO per day. THE fOM.MEUCIAL HOTEL, Seneca street, for a cheaper house still. $1.00 per day. I DETROIT.— HIDDLE HOUSE, Jefferson Avenue. -- WESTEIIN HOTEL, ITS and 1S2 Woodbrldge street, at Michigan Central Railroad depot. I KAIAMAZOO, Michigan.— nUIJDICK HOUSR Acker & Son, proprietors. I MILWAUKEE.— NKWHALL HOUSE, $2 per day. AMEUICAN HOUSE. jMONTilEAl.— DON A(i ANA'S HOTEL, Notre Pame street. I NEW YOEK.— THE UUEVOOUT HOUSE, Fifth avenue, corner of Eighth street. Is a llrst-class house, fitted up for lllO guests. The situation Is In the "Belgravla" of New York, very comfortable and quiet, and well adapted for families wlio prefer the European plan, upon which It Is conducted, exclusively. Largely i)atrt)iil7.e(l by Engllsli families. Has a magniflcent " coffee room," where all me.'ils are Hcived. THE CLAltENDON HOTEL, Union Square, has long been known as a first-class house. In a pleasant, airy situation. Parties can choose between the American and European plans, and be accnnimoilaled comfortably. In elegant apartments. Suites of rooms are to be had nil together. No less than 8;) lintli rooms in this house. Tariff, $2.5(), or IIM. (stg.), per day. European tariiraccordliiv; to accommodation. Long frequented by English visitors. LAt'AK(iK HOUSE, Itroadnay, opposite to Bond street. One of the most magnlticent white inaible fronted hotels in New York, elegantly furnished and filled up, and conveniently situ- ated for those on pleasure or business. Only a few yards from the Astor Library and the Mer- cantile Association Lil)rary, to which strangers are admitted free. FULTON HOTEL, 144 Fulton Street. On the European plan. Uooms, from $2 to $3 {8». to 12«. Jtg.) per week. DKV SI'UEEl' HOUSE, 54, 50, and 6S Dey Street. On the European plan. GLOItE HOTEL.— Conierof Noiih William and Frankfort streets. 25 to 60 cents (1». to 2». stg.) per iii;ilit. On the European jilan. INIAQABA 'ALLS, (American side).— INTEHNATIONAL HOTEL, Ira Osborne and Co., proprietor!. MONTEAOI.E HOTEL, near Suspension Bridge. CLIFTON HOUSE, (Canaila side). GKE.Vr WESTEIIN HOTEL, at Suspension Bridge. lAWA, C. W.— CAMPBELL'S HOTEL, Sparks street. PHILADELPHIA.— THE OIIIAKD HOUSE, Chestnut street. PEAIEIE DU CHIEN.—MONDELL HOUSE. Accommodation for 250 guesto. aUEBEC — UUSSELL'S HOTEL, Palace street, Upper Town. BARATOGA springs.— UNION HALL HOTEL, opposite Congress Spring. BT. CATHERINE'S, C W.— THE STEPIl^^'«£ON HOUSE. BT. LOUIS, Mo.— BAKNUM'8 HCi'EL, corner of Second and Walnut streeU. r, PAUL, Xiirn.— THE FULLEK HOUSE, 8. Long, supurluteiident. w ■m ^ J. SEXTON, Jl:R€HITE€T, Xo. 121 Nassau Street, NEW YORK. RICTI^ UPJOIIN "Ife'lcO, AR€HITK€T8, Trinity Building, No. HI Broadway, Xh'W YORK. RICIIAlin rPJOIIN. llltll.Ulli M. UPJOHN. D R 7 J OH N S C O T T, IG Bond Kfrrot, !V. 1'., Elect rO'Maisiiellc IMiysician, Cancei-i and I'ilc* penimin'iilly cured witlidut tlif kiilfir. All foniplalnis nf Hem I, llioiisl, and Spine; iiNi) Illieuinatlo and oilier clu.inlc dlneases treated with perfect sneees'.H, lleitt i^f reference in almost every State in the Union. Tin: VITAL WANT SIPIMJKI). Kvery ninllier tier own 1Mly^i(■|an. Tlinnsands of children are lieiiiK saved l»y tin' tlin"ly and sncce-nfnl usi' nt Harden 'a Famiiy Medicine*, th« most pic, nam and eltloient. I'm np In cases of W ilnltlen, Willi dlreclinn.H l> r treatlnu over !!(lil enniplalnis, for |5. ( Irculars on application. Adihesn H. BAEDEN, M. D.. Park B'lildings, .\'i>. fl Ileekmnii Stn-ef, S'ew 1 •>/■/■. T. SI^AIOHT, Manufacturer of PATBITT PADLOOZB, For Itaili'dail Switilii'.i, Mert'tiuiidisc Cur.M, Ston'.H, Ci'iMclciii's, Iron f<»ti'M, Ac. No. Ill and 113 Railroad Avenue, IVKWAItK, IV. J. _^ mmk WA\ mm'l iKiARliGiiTEiis MAI>l':an<|Uare paiilehoani lioxe.H. ANo, Kainily MatclieH, perfunieil and no xiil- pliur or other oll'ennlve anil unhealthy odorH. Wilk 'j'jiperH In round wooil hoxes. Clftar liiRhlaand I'rnlrle .Matche.i, lnextln)(ulKlialile Malelies. Made and ticdil liy Charle.i I'artridKe, l'J5 Mai OO.'S SHERRY WINES. The above Wines, liavlnR tlie largest sale and best reputation of any In England, (the iiropristors, Me9.srs. Pud", (inrdon .t Co., heinu one of the largest shippers to the United Kingdom, i the undersigned would freely recommend them to the Trade, I'roprietors of Hotels and Connoisseurs, as being the best and purest Sherry Wines ollered In this countrv. and, having constantly on hand all the dllferent grades usually shipped to this market, are confident that i ben a trial has lieen given them, they will lie preferred to any others. The ceUbr.ited "Queen Victoria" Sherry Is particularly recommended to Connoisseurs and Clubs, ns lielng a mo.^t delicious and superb article. Urders taken for any uf the dilTerent classes of the above Sher- ries, delivered on board vessels at Cudiz, or In tills market, by CIALWCV, CASADO & TELLER, Agents & Importers, 104 P«!arl Street, New Tovk. JSAMUEL J. AUSTIN, j ^OOKBIIVDGR I AND BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURER, 74 Fulton Street, New York. Music, Maga- C. G. WESTL.AKE, BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURER, AND PAPER RULER, 74 FXJLTON" STREET, Two Doors from Gold St., NEW YORK. nooks Itnled and Bound to order, fines, &c., hound with neatness and dispatch. ^ur lllitstratfb Jfamilg lonrnals. FowLKB AND Wki.1.8, 008 Broodway, New York, publish tho following Populor and Scieiititic Journals, whicli afford on oxcolloat opportunity for bringing before the public ull subjects of gonoralinterest. \-, vr-' * _ ,',"1 ' Life Illustr A.TKr> : ! A F'lRSTCLAss ^Pictorial "Weekly I^ews- PAPER, devoted to News, Litekatuke, Science, and the Ama ; to Enteutain- MKNT, Improvement, and Proobebs. Designed to encourage a spirit of Hope, Manli- ness, Self-Reuancb, and Activity among tho peoj)le ; to point out the means of profitable economy ; and to discuss and iLLtrsTRATE tho leading ideas of the day ; to record all signs of progress ; and to advocate political and industrial rights for all classes. One of tho best Family papers in the world. PBICE BT THE TEAB. Single Copy, one year t2 00 FiveCopiei, " 7 00 TenCopiea, " 10 00 PBICE FOB HALT A TEAB. Single Copy, half year tl 00 FiveCopiee, " 4 00 TenCopiei, •• 5 00 "Water-Cure JouRisrAL: Devoted to Hydropathy, its Philosophy akd !E*Ri* ■'lOE : to Physiology and Anatomy, with Illustrative Engravings ; to Dictet orcise, Clothing, Occupations, and those Laws which govern Life and Health. A. uolished Monthly, in convenient form for binding. -^ PBICE BT THE TEAB. Single Copy, one year tl 00 FlveCopies. " 3 00 TenCopiei, " ' 6 00 PBICE FOB HALF A TEAB. Single Copy, half year 90 60 FiveCopiee, " 160 Ten Copies, " 2 60 PHRENOLOQICAIL JoUR^sTAL: A Repository of Science, Literature, and G-ENERAL iNTELIilGENOE: devoted to Phrenology, Education, Psychology, Mechanism, Architecture, and to all those Progressive Measures which are calculated to Reform, Elevate, and Improve Mankind. Ulustrated with mimer- ous Portraits and other engravings. PBICE BT THE TEAB. I Single Copy, one year tl 00 FiveCopiee, « 3 00 TenCopiea, " 6 00 PBICE FOB HALF A TEAB. Single Copy, half year tO 60 Five Copies, " 160 Ten Copies, ** 2 60 Life Illustrated will bo sent to new subscribers three months, in clubs of twenty [copies for twenty-Jive cents each. Subscriptions commence at any time. Please address FOWLER AND TVELLS, 308 Broadway, New York. t^" $3. — Fob Three Dollars, in advance, a copy of Life Illustrated (weekly), I The Phrenological Journal, Mid The "Water-Curb Journal, -will be sent a year to lone address. Now is the time to subscribe and form Clubs, ' mm EVERY BUSINESS MAN SHOULD HAVE THEM!!! HODGES' JOURNAL OF FINANCE & BANE REPORTER, TJie he«t, most reliable, and cheapest Bank-Note Reporter ever pullished HODGES' NEW BANK-NOTE SAFEGUARD. THE ONLY WOBK EVEK PUBLISHKD CONTAINING Fac-Similea and Descriptions of every Genuine Bank Note in the United States and Canada. These two works combined are invaluable to business men, because ther are infall.'ble in detecting ^1 kinds of bad money, and caution the public in advance of Bank Failures. A>« eA Fennsylvania Railroad, <^^ FROM -^ PTnr.ADET.PHIA TO PITTSBURG, AND THENCE BY CONNECTING BAILBOADS TO L..'^. WheeliHg, Steubenville, Kansas, Cincinnati, Ciiicngo, Burlington, liOUisville, Indianapolis, St. Paul, St. fiOUis, Cleveland, Nebraska, AND ALL OTHER POINTS IN THE GREAT WEST. The completion of the Western connection of the Pennsylvania Eailroad to Chicago makes this ilie shortest line between the Bast and the Great Northwest. Close connections are made with this railroad line at Philadelphia by all the passenger lines running westward from Boston and New York. The rates of fare are always as low, the time as short, ani accommodations at least equal to any other route. This company also maintains an Emigrant Accommodation Line, by I which parties emigrating westward enjoy a cheap and comfortable ' mode of conveyance. The rates of freight to any point in the west by the Pennsylvania Eailroad are at all times as favorable as are charged by other railroad companies, and for speed and safety this line is not excelled by any in the United States. i Ij^IFTY-THIRD VOLDMK, beginning with the January Number, 1889. Locis Gayi.ord Clark and Dr. Jamks 0. NoYEs, Editors. Arrangements have been made with the following popular authors for con- tributions to the succeeding Toliime of the Knickerbocker, comprising, we believe, a greater amount and variety of talent that have ever been enlisted for any magazine In the country. Flt« Greene HiiUeck, Donald U. Mitchell, Park Benjamin, Rev. F. W. Shelton, Dr. J. W. Palmer, Gullan C. Verplanck, H. T. Tuckcrman, George W. Curtis, John G. Saxe, Alfred B. Street, Prof Edward North, Manton M. Marble, Fitz James O'Brien, T. B. Aldrich, James W. Morris, E. h. Godkin, John Phoenix, A. Wilder, Mrs. E. Key Blunt, Dr. J. W. Francis, Miss Caroline Cheesebro. " The oldest and best established of American Magazines." " The Blackwood of America." Every Number of the Fifty-third Volume will have a steel plate engraving. Terms : — Single Copies, One Year, $3.00; Two Copies, $5.00; Three Copies, $6.00; Single Numbers, 2S cents. An extra copy sent to any one who will mak e up a club of ten subscribers, at $2.00 each. JOHN A. OBAY, Publisher, 16 & 18 Jacob Street, N. T. ,' 1 •;, ,; IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF ' ... r , life aiii ^^ffltorsteir Jfringts, §mp, Corbs, Cassels ; AND LADIES' DRESS TRIMMINGS. 401 BRoanfw^ar-^ cor. or VrMtLER^ NEW YORK . '__ J. R. HA-MILTONT"" ARCHITECT, (416 BROADWAY, oor. of CANAL STREET, I^e-y^ York. ^-^-'-- '- W I Ii L I A M h7~R A N LETT, Editor of Builder's Register, and author of " The Architect" and " City Architect." l^o. SH JOHM STREET, IVEW YORK. The subscribers are prepared to execute all kinds of Drawing and Kngravlng on Wood promptly, and In every style of the art, upon the most reasonable terms. All kinds of Book Illustrutiotis, Magazine Covers, Views of Buildings, Machinery, Land- scapes, Ac, Portraits, Societies' Seals, Druggists' Lal)el8, Newspaper Heads, Bill Heads, Check and Knvelope Plates, Tntjiicco and other Stamps, Illus- trations for Printing in Colors, 4c., Ac, drawn and engraved in the best manner, N. ORB & CO., 62 John Street, New York. JAMES CONNER & SONS, 29, 31 & 33 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. GEORGE A. FRINGE & CO., mani;kaotuueu8 ok TnE> IMPROVED PJ1T31TT IIBLODBON, 87 riTLTON* SXREET, ISTISMV "STORK;, BUFFALO AND CHICAGO. NEW YORK BUSINESS DIRECTORY. ;le Copies, One Architects. J. Skxton, 121 NasRdii st. J. H. Hamilton, :j(i Wiill st. lliciiAni) Ui'jonx & Co., Ill Broadway. W. 11. Kanlktt, i>2 Jolni st. GiiouoE J. PENCHAim, "JSU Broudwaj'. Attorney and Counsellor at Law. C. llAi.NDiiiDnE S .Ti!, ii()2 Bfoudwaj', corner Warren st. Edward J. Asderso.v, 2S9 Brond»'';;y, room ly. Abkam T. Dettexhaepfer, 23'.! Broadway. Bank Note Reporter. J. T. Hodges, I'ub'ishor, 271 Broadway. Billiard Tables. M. I'liELA.N, 7^0 and 783 Broadway. O'Connor & Collkxder, 53 Ann st. W. II. Griffith, 140 Fulton st. W. J. Sharp, 148 Fulton st. Bookbinders. G. Westlake, 70 Fulton st. S. J. Austin, 74 Fulton st. Building Stone. P. U. Decker, Bridge and Plymouth sts., Brooklyn. Burr Millstones. Roger I-ils & Co., 4 Broadway. Morris & Cumings, 02 Kobinson st. Candle Manufacturers. Colgate & Co., 4 Dutch st. Allan Hay & Co., 44 Broad st. J. C. Hlll & Son, los Clill" st. Civil Engineers and Contractors. George A. Buckingham & Co., Insurance Building, 51 Wall st. Cutlery Manufacturers. Meriden Cutlekv Co., 45 Beekman st. John Sellars & Son, Franklin sq. W. Sanderson & Sonj, 7 Gold st. Cutlery, (Importers.) BiiUFF, Brother & Seaver, 44 Warren st. Crookes & Clark, 5 Gold st. C. S. Little & Co., Broadway. Smith &, Payne, bj & 87 John st. Daguerreotype & Photographic llat?riala. ScoviLi, Manufacturing Co., 30 Park Row, 4 Be -knian st., and 143 Nassau st,, niauu- facturers. DriiKs, H'lialeiiale. A. B. & D. Sands & Co., 141 William st. Fire Works and Fancy Ooods. George Parsons, successor of Osuau Jolly & Co., late of ISO William st., cor. Spruce, Importer of Fancy (ioods and Toys, asrcnt of J.-W. HadfieI.d's (irst ])reniiu!u Fire Works, 24 John st., between Broadway and Nassau sts. Fringe and Tassel Manufacturer. William Heylin, 401 Broadway. Furniture. Elton Demino & Co., 179 Canal st. Phelps & King.uan, 120 Chathuiu st. Warren Ward, 277 Canal st. Glass Manufacturers. ^ Bay State Glass Co., 191 Pearl st. II. J. Bak'^r & Brother, 142 Water st. J. W. C0U..1ES & Co., 32 Dey st. Heaters and Ranges. Tompkins & Sthatton, proprietors of the yEtna and Rural Heaters, and Vesuvian Range, 7 Front St., Brooklyn. Hotels, Brevoort House, corner of 8th st. and 5th Avenue. Clarendon Hotel, Union Square, corner of 18th St. Fulton Hotel, Fulton st. Globe Hotel, cor. William and Frankfort sts. Lafarge House, Broadway, opposite Bond st Dey Street Hotel, B. K. Sharijetts, pro- prietor, C. V. Clickener, manager, 54, 50, and 58 Dey st. Insurance (Life) Company. British Commercial Life Insurance Com- pany, George M. Kxevitt, 05 Wall st. Iron Works, (Arvhitcrhirnl.) Jackson & Throgmortos, 55 & 05 Goerck st. Iron Founders. Allaire Works, 400 Cherry st. BoARDMAN, Holbrook & Co., foot of Sth st. J. L. MoTT, Iron Works, 'J04 Water st. WoRRAL & Co., 20 Elm st. Lead Pencils. A. W. Fauer's. Eberiiard Faber, sole agent, 133 William st. J. J. Rebach's. Willy Wallacus, 181 Wil- liam st. Leather Dealers. HoYT, Brothers, 28 Spruce st. K. Evans & Sox, 1 Jacob st. I). Moffat &, Co., 5 Jacob st. Loolcing Glasses. Williams, Stevens, Williams & Co., 353 Broadvvnv. B. W. Merriam, 130 Chatham st. D. 1). EcAN & Son, 438 Canal st. Machinists. Duncan, West A Sharp, 51 Beekman st. Hoe k V,a., 31 Gold, and Broome, corner of Sherid' st, Rogers's Works, 44 Exchange place. II, ife J. McCoLLUM, 40 Eldridge st. Manufacturing Jewellers. Matthews k Holbrook, 173 Broadway. .VlarMc Workers. E. Price k Sox, 20 Maiden lane. See & Mapes, ."<"<0 Hudson st. Matches, Tapers, &c. Charles Pahtridge, 125 Maiden Lane. 3Iclo(icon Manufacturers. George A. Pkince & Co., Manufacturers of the Improved Patent Melodeons, 87 Ful- ton st,. New York, and at Buil'alo and Chicago. NEW YORK BUSINESS DIRECTORY. Mercantile Agency. B. Douglass & Co., iil-i nnd 316 Broadway. Needles, Fish Hooks, &c> Thomas II. IJatk, 7 Warren st. C'laiik, Urbkn ii Uakuu, 4S Maiden Lane. Oil Mannrnctiirprf). J. Macv & Sons, ISO Front st. Metallic Oil Co., 81 Beaver st. Paper Dealers— ( Wlioh'sah). (Jyims W. FiKLi) & (;o., 11 ClitTst. ,_. _ WiLLARi), Hakvky & Co., 84 Jluiden Lane, "^ow Cases Saw Mannfaotiirers. I R. IIoi: k Co., L'ii (iold st. ; work.s at .Slicrifi; liroonu', and ('oliiinbia .sts. Macmnciikv & Bitow.v, la Railroad Avenue, I Xowark, N. J. Sccclsiiien. J. M. TnoiixBLRX & Co., 15 John st. Sewing Machines. AtwatiM-'s lii'st preniiiim «;2.") Family Sewing Maeliiiie, \V. 1). Atwatkh, 403 Broadwav. and 17 Cedar st. L. T. Valkxtixi;, commission paper ware- lionsp, 4'> Bt'okiiiaii st. Bi'LKLKV, BiioTiiiiu k Co., .").") BeckniHii st. Camphkij,, Hall & Co., 110 Nassau si. CowDix, LocKWoou &. Co., 17 Boekniaii st. I'aprr ilinilnzfi. CiiiiisTV, CoxsTAXT & Co., 48 Murray st. Sasilkls, Coxodox & Co., olo Broadway. Patent Agent. Thomas I). Stetson, American and Euro- pean, h Tryon Row, Patent ]>Iedicincs, &c< Thomas IIollowav, so Maiden Lane, (tayi'tty's Medicated Paper 41 .Vnn st. Barilen's Family .Medicines, ti IJcekman st. Patent Padlocks. T. Si.AicHT, Maiuifacturer, 111 and 110 Rail- road Avemu', Newark, N. ,J. Patent Teeth Extractins; 3Iachinc. By Klecliieity. I)i'. S. B. Smith, :j-l-i Canal 3 one Yard. j Schmidt Buothkhs, 5 North William st. M. IIoi.i.AciiEii, 111 Norlli William st. I Iloi'KMAX & Fkksii, .14 Chatham st. W.M. BiiixxKii, I'^'i Bowery. Silver Plate and Brass Finisher. S. R. CuooKiii!, isi Atlantic st., Brooklyn. Skirt !>Iainirnc'orv. DoiCLAs A SlIKIi^vo(^D, 34.3 Broadway. J. P. MouAx A Co., Canal st. .""leel ^Inniiracliirers. Wm. Jessop Broadway. Railroad Agents. Daums Clakk, agent for New York Central II. R., 17;) Broadway. Railroad (Mtlres Bai,tim:).'e k Ohio, 220 Broadway. Camiiex k .Vmiiov, 7 Battery place. (iuEAT Wksteiix OF (,V\XAi)A, 17;! Broadwav. HiDsox RivEii, lis Wai len st. New York ('KXTitAi., 101 k 2o7 Broadway. New York k Fitii:, 17") Broadway. I'exxsvi.vaxia Ckxtral, 2 .\stor House. Watertowx k Rome, 107 Broadway. Real Estate Agents. K. 11. Biiowx, 121 Nassau st. J. C. Maver, ^ Wall St. B. M. Fowler k Sox, ll.'i4 Broadway. J. S. Baker, :!."> Wall st. \V \i. Sevmoi'r, 10 Nassau st. Saddlpry— ( VVAo'rm.'c ) T. Smith k ('o., ."it Beekman st. MoRiiisox, llriii) k Co., '.)■> Clianiber st. Safes Firo and Burglar Proof. B. G. WiLUER k Co., 101 Broadway. 1'. II. Decker, Briddle and Plymouth sts., Brooklyn. Tclosni h «flle;'s. Amkricax Teleoraph Co., 10 Wall st. Natioxal Tei.kiirapii Co., 21 Wall st. Type Founders. I James Coxxer k Soxs, 20, .31, and 0.3 Beok- inaii st. U. S. Navy Contractor for Clothing. Isaac C. Noe, 112 Clicrry st. House, JU i 7tli Avenue. Wlillf Lead ManuriotureiN Ati.vxtic White I,i;ad Co., 2^7 Pearl st. j Natioxal White I,i:\I) Co., 22i) Pearl st. Wines. ) Dri-f, Ooiiiios- it I M V .'^lieny Wine.— Agents and Iiiipni uts, Galwev, Casauo i k Teller, 104 Pearl st. Wire Works, &c. '< JoHx W. llowAiii), 41 Fulton st. Wood Engravers. N. Our iV Co., .".2 John st. Wati:iis it TiLTox, oo Fulton st. W. liniiERTs, J'.il licckniaii st. J. S. I'attersox, Tribune Buildings, Spruce street. Writing Inks. TtiADDEi s Davids it Co., manufu' uirers, 127 and I2'.i William st. Tnlnei, Ititre, niid ('iirda;!* WiLi.Aiin, Harvey k Co., 81 Maiden lane, and 17 Centre st. NEW YORK STREETS — CORPORATION AND POLICE. 48 iind 03 Beek- NEW YORK STREETS AND CORPORATION. One of the worst tilings connected with New York, whicii strikes a stranger at once on Ilia coming either from Great Britain, or such a city as Philadelphia or Boston, is ll)e abominably disgraceful state which the public streets are in, for the most part. It matters not whether it is fine a day or foul day, there the gutters reek with stagnant water and filth to such an extent, that we are only surprised that the mortality is not greater than it is in New York, although, who can doubt but that that has something to do with the great mortality which takes place among young children, compelled as they are, to in- iinle the poisonous miasma from stagnant dirty water, etc., before the doors. Again, ill the paving of the streets, they are equally bad. With the exception of such as Broad- wnj', there is scarcely a street in New York, but in driving along which you have to be very .careful, or either the springs of your machine will snap, or you will be pitched out, owing to the ruts, holes, and stones laying about. The condition of the public streets of New York — as regards scavengcring and paving — are at present, and we believe long have been, a standing memorial of an effete, or disgracefully disregnrdless corporation. Ask any one, high or low, rich or poor, as to why it is so, and you will get the one universal answer — " We are swindled out of the money which ought to keep the streets in better order. Instead of paying to do that, it finds its way into the pockets of a corrupt corporation." We could scarcely believe such to be possible, but " what every body says must be true." We are so far glad, however, to be borne out in these remarks by a quotation which we make from the New York Daily Herald, the editor of which paper (20th September, 1858) appears to be indignant, when, in referring to the enormous taxation of the city, he says: — " In return for the vast expenditure of $10,000,000, the citizen gets comparatively little advantage ; over 3,000,000 of it goes into the pockets of ft set of thieving ofiicials, small politicians, rowdies, and fighting men ; filthy streets, with the germ of pestilence in every gutter; schools so inadequate to the population, that 10,000 children are refused admittance in one week ; a police department so grossly mismanaged that life is continually in danger, and property almost wholly unprotected ; a city government more abominably corrupt and inefficient than any other on the face of the globe — these are the benefits which the citi- zens of New York get for all the money that is squandered and plundered every year. And such comments will remain true of the condition of this city until its government is taken out of the hands of dishonest politicians." And again, talking of the taxpayers, says : — "They are the sufferers from all our corporation corruptions — they are the parties who are fleeced by the robbers and jobbers of all the rotten cliques and parties in the field ; and tlie wrongs of the taxpayers can only be righted by themselves. They can clean out our treasury suckers if they will, and a half dozen men may put the ball in motion. Will no- body take the hint, and move in this important matter of reducing the fees and perquisites of our corporation sharks and jobbers to the extent of $'2,000,000 or $3,000,000 a year ? Can any man enumerate the loafers and vagabonds now subsisted out of the pockets of the tax- payers, but who would be driven to honest labour, or driven out of the city, if our corpo- ration expenses were cut down to the extent of some $2,000,000 or $3,000,000 a year ? POLICE OF NEW YORK. From what we have seen and heard of this body, their efficiency or discipline is very questionable, when compared with the well-regulated system of any of the British cities. The policeman of New York is apparently a very gentlemanly man, and will be found i now and then at corners of streets, etc., dressed up with blue frock coat, and white pants, vvilh blue cloth cap (in summer). If you ask him ft question, regarding your way to any particular point, perhaps 44 POLICE OP NEW YORK — DINING SALOONS. he will withdraw the cigar from hi» mouth, and give you a quiet, civil answer; or he will answer you with the cigar stuck in the corner of his mouth, as he stands enjoyinf; his " weed," and it may be, he answers not over civilly, and rather carelessly. It is, how- ever, in the catching of pickpockets, for example, where we have seen him shine, to posi- tive disadvantage — when in having some " rowdy" pointed out to him to secure, he woul.l (cigar in mouth) give chase, and possibly run after his game for probably 100 yards — when, either fancying it too much trouble, or from some other cause, he would give up the chaB«, and be laughed at by the by-standers, as well as by the scoundrel he was in pursuit of. We need not say what the effect of such an exhibition must be, upon the more vicious members of society, when they see such laxity in apprehensions. Compare this with the determined vigilance, courage, and perseverance of a London policeman, who, in such cir- cumstances, would chase his man from Hammersmith to Bow, rather than be defeated, once he had started in pursuit The case we have mentioned, as regards New York police- men, is only what we have borne witness to, (in what is termed the " mayor's squad,'') and is a sample, from what we hear, of the efficiency of the protectors of the public safety and peace — who are elected to their situations, it is affirmed, more to serve private or political Interest, than with an eye to the efficiency of the p\iblio service. The inefficiency of the police of New York cannot be better illustrated than by reference to the fact of murders, robberies, burglaries, assaults, etc., taking place, daily and nightly, without the offenders being brought to justice — together with the fact, that almost the whole of the large stores and factories are obliged to have private watchmen, during the night, to protect their property. Notwithstanding all the wealth, intelligence, and experience which exists in New York, we are surprised that such a want of protection to person and property exists, in the sys- tem, at preserit, which assimilates to that in existence in London 100 years ogo. IM DINING SALOONS, ETC. , No city is better off than New York for the conveniences it affords for men of business and the thousands of assistants of all kinds, as well as strangers, getting a good, comfort- able, and economical dinner. Much as Manchester may boast of its " Merchant's," in Ma^ ket street; London, of its "Gresham," in Aldermanbury ; Glasgow, of its "McLeary's" or " Pippett's ;" or Liverpool, of its " Anderson's" or the " Crooked Billet," the stranger, when he becomes acquainted where to go, in New York, can dine better there, for less money, than in any of the cities referred to. The dining saloons are conducted on the same style I as those in Manchester, where the system of tickets are given by the waiter, stating the amount you have to pay as you retire. There are printed bills of fare, and an immense variety of eatables and edibles are there mentioned, with the price stated opposite each, For example, you cau have a plate of sonp, roast mutton, potatoes, bread, butter, pickles, and pudding for 29 cents, or Is. i^d. — information, perhaps, worth knowing by tiie stranger I who has not much money to spend. Strangers, on arriving in New York, will do well to bear in mind, that it matters not I how finely furnished or expensive-looking the restaurant or dining saloon may be — such are as economical as the meanest places of the same sort. Emismnts, arriving in New York, make a great mistake in that respect, by going to second and third-rate dining rooms — at I the request -.i "nterested parties — near the wharves, which are the most e.\i)ensive and most unsatisfactory of any. They should go to a firstrclass restaurant, or to a hotel on tli« European plan, and by going into the coffee room, they can have what they want, of the I verj- best description, and at the most moderate charges. The fittings of some of these dining stiloons exceeds any thing of the kind we e> er put I in Great Britain, and what with plate-glass all round the walls, rich and expensive drapery, carving and gilding, with marble tables, all in a style of palatial magnificence nowhere I excelled, and yet, as ve have said, the charges at such, are as low ns at many vtry iu ferior places of the same kind. STORES — STREET RAILROADS. 45 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL STORES. TrtK retail stores, in extent and character, range from the roughest and most primitivtt '■ shanty" to the most gorgeous marble palace situated in Broadway, The wholesale stores, in general, occupy only floors (called " flats," in Scotland). In one block of building, from 30 to 40 feet wide and 200 feet long, there will be found 8 or 4 wholesale storekeepers. There are scarcely any colossal establishmen* s, such as Moi-rison, Dillon & Co.'s, Cook, Sons anies interested Iti these cars. Each one has a separate route, and keeps to its own, running back and forwards, day after day, every day in the week. The men who are conductors and drivers are employed 15 to 16 hours per day, and are required to keep their time to a minute, in arriving and departing from each terminus, wliieh they do every 2 minutes. Tiic horses are employed only about B hours per duj-, running in that time 18 to 20 miles per day. On the ringing of the bell, they are so train- ed, that they understand to pull uj) and start, as the case may be. One line of these cars belongs chiefly to one of the most celebrated men in New York, an American by birth, named George Law, the son of a Scotchman, who is said to be one of the most successful speculators in the United States, and a man who has always work- ed, like many of his countrymen, more with his head, than his hands. To see the stables lielonging to him, where the horses belonging to his line are housed, is one of the sights of New York. There nearly 800 horses are to be seen, all well cared for and made comfortable. The feed for them is laid in, on the best terms, and machinery assists in cutting and bruising it to render it as profitable as possible. 46 NEW YORK: STREET RAILROADS. We fancy that Wilson, of the " Favourite" line of buasea in London ; Greenwood j >/ t'. ,<■ CITY OF WASHINGTON. CITY OF WASHINGTON. 47 ivho attends to , " Washington, the Copital of the United States, is beautifully and conveniently situated on tlie north bank of the River Potomac, District of Columbia. The city is nearly surrounded by a fine amphitheatre of hills of moderate elevation, covered with trees and slirubbery, and commanding from many points picturesque scenery, and extensive views of the " River of Swans," which, descending from the Alleghany Mountains, and winding its way for nearly 400 miles through a fertile and most attractive country, expands into Chesapeake Bay. The environs of the city abound in elegant villas and country seats. "Lat. 88° 66' 48" north, ana long. 77° 1' 80" west from Greenwich. It is the first meri- dian of American geographers. "The site has a gently undulating surface. The city extends N, W. and S. E. about H miles, and E, to 8. about 2|- miles. The public buildings occupy the most elevated nituations. The streets run N. and 8., and E. and W., crossing each other nt right angles, with the exception of 16, which point to the States, of which they severally bear the names. The Capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania avenues ; the President's House, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New York, and Connecticut avenues, and all these different intersections form 1170 squares, Pennsylvania avenue, which stretches in a direct line from Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, passing the Presi- dent's House to the Capitol, is 4 miles in length, and 160 feet wide between those edifices, and beyond them 130 feet. The streets are from 70 to 100 feet wide. The v.nole area of (he cuy is about 8016 acres, and its periphery about 14 miles. "Tiie city was founded, and the corner-stone of the Capitol was laid, with masonic honours, on the 18th Sept., 1793, and the city was first occupied as the seat of government in 1800. "Tiie public buildings of Washington are the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the State Offices, Treasury Buildings, War Offices, Navy Offices, Offices of the Secretary of the Inte- rior, Patent Oliice, Post-office, Office of the Attorney-general, National Observatory, the Arsenal, Navy Yard, Smithsonian Institute, National Medicol College, Columbian College, Coast Survey Office, City Hall, Notional Institute, numerous churches, the hotels, and mony (ithers devoted to a variety of useful, literary, and benevolent purposes. " Public SguAHES and Parks. — We condense the following from Miss Lynch's description of Washington : " The open waste lying between the Capitol, the President's House, and the Potomac, is about to be converted into a national park, upon a plan proposed by the lamented A. J. Downing. The area contains about 150 acres, and the principal entrance is to be through a superb marble gateway, in the form of a triumphal arch, which is to stand at the western side of Pennsylvania avenue. From this gateway a series of carriage drives, forty feet wide, crossing the canal by a suspension bridge, will lead in gracefully curved lines beneath lofty shade-trees, forming a carriage drive between 5 or 6 miles in circuit. The grounds will include the Smithsonian Institute and Washington's monument The parks round the President's House and the Copitol have already been mentioned. Lafayette Park, on the north side of Pennsylvania avenue, in front of the executive mansion, is laid out and planted with shrubbery, etc., and contains, as we have elsewhere stated, a bronze equestrian statue of President Jackson. To avoid the unpleasant angularity, caused by the peculiar intersection of the streets, open spaces are to be left at these points, which are to be laid out and planted with trees, etc. There are extensive grounds ai-ound the City Hall, called Judiciary Square. ' "Objects of Interest in the Vicinity. — Fifteen miles south of Woshington, on the Poto- ninc, is Mount Vernon, once the home, and now the tomb of Washington. Thirteen miles above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the Potomac, thought by many to equal, in wild- ness dud picturesque interest, any in the country. The Little Falls, which descend 15 feet perpendicularly, are only 3 miles above Georgetown. The latter was a favourite fishing resort of Daniel Webster. Measures are being taken to supply Washington with water flora one of these falls. 48 THE CAPITOL OF iHE UNITED STATES. I i. 1*1, CITY OF WASHINGTON. 49 a m I, a .S u I S g c5 .|^ " "o a S " la 11^ Jim ^ C .01 ^. .a B ifl = .2 E o CO = 4) a rt 8 >>e5 « cs '^ "a f^ 2 <« 5 4> - b' 4f O 3 I I S o a ♦^ >-, a r '^ 2 ^ -^ 5 S £ ■^ :2 "= C a o .S 3 13 « « A « - 1 1 -s " S Z' - o 4) •- a i a -^ S *is a i s ^ JS "^ 'I i S ^ - 5 • -i "a -S c >> a 'a i 2 > -f " "=0 = 3 C C 2 .5 „ .^ -5) i = 1 ■« ,a « 1 ■ s; 1 '-^ tfi 5 L''^ a « = 5 = .S .- ■!: -c c 1.^ .?<3 S.-B 'i I § '" 'i ■s ■=■"-£ n c. a S e ^ fc. o s a ^ — 5 "o ■- - * S ! 2 "S o "u S « a C > I* m * '• noinely loid out, rtml planted with trecH and shrubbery, presentlug, during the (pring and Bunimer, ft scene of ex(jui8ite benuty. The extensionB will eoinprehend two wings, 288 by 140 foet, which «ro to be surrounded on three sides by colonnades, ond to conimunicate on the fourth by corridors 44 feet long, ond 60 wide, with the main building. The whole will be 761 feet long, and cover an area of 3^ acres. The grounds around the Capitol embrace froni 23 to 30 acres, forming an oblong on three sides, and a semicircle on the west. '•The ruErtiDENT'a Mansion has a front of 170 feet by 80 feet deep, is 2 stories high, and liiillt of freestone, pointed white, hence, we presume, it is named the " White IIouso," The north front has a portico ornamented with 4 Ionic columns facing Pennsylvania ovenue, imd 3 at the sides; under this, carriages drive to deposit their visitors. The Potomac fioiit lifts ft circular colonnade of (5 Ionic coli, ins. In the some enclosure with the Exe- cutive Mansion are the edifices opproprhited to the State, Treasury, Wor, ond Navy De- piutimnt:*. The State and Treasury buildings are directly east of the President's House, mid those of War and Navy west of it. i..rj i. ii.n ^; j.: . ' '." "The State Dei-ahtment is a plain, biiok structure, 160 feet long, 66 wide, i(tid 2 stories liisili, ill wiiieh are emploj'ed 19 clerks, 2 messengers, ond 6 watchmen. Tiie department coiitftiiis a loricn biiiit by the interest nccumiilatcd up to timt time, viz., ;|^242,129. Tho fund yield* an annual in- come uf more than |i:<(i,OOU. Tho will makes no rostriotion as to the kind of knowletl^u to 1)0 promulgated. Wurka on ethnology and antiquities have already been published by the institution. "Tub National OusERVATOBY, one of tho institutions most creditoblo to tho government, occupies a cuinmnnding site on tho banks of tho I'otomac, south-west fmm tho I'resident'n House. Tho Observotory is under the direction of Lieutenant Miiury, of the Navy. Re- sides the astronomical observations constantly made here, chronometers, for the use of the navy, are thoroughly tested, researches made as to tides, currents, etc., and longitudes de- termined with greater accurocy by tho aid of the electric telegraph. "TiiK AiwKNAL, on (Jreenleafs Point, at tlie junction of tho Eastern Branch with the Poto- mac, is out: of the principal arsenals of construction in the United States. "About 1;^ miles north-east from the arsenal, and the same distance south-east of the oap- itol, on tlie East Branch, is "Tub Navy Yaud, which covers about 20 acres, enclosed by a woll. This is one of the most extensive yards in tho Union, and employs more than 400 hands in tho manufacture of anchors, chain-cables, steam-engines, and boilers, pyrotechnics, in brass and iron foun- dries, etc., etc, "The National Cemetery, or Congressional Burying-ground, is situated obout 1 mile east of the onpitol, on an elevation commanding fine views of the surrounding country, t \\e\\ is beautified with trees and shrubbery, llere have been deposited, for a short time at least, the remains of some of the most distinguished men in the nation, and here ore erected cenotaphs to all members of Congress dying while in office. "The buildings of the Coast Survey do not, in themselves, deserve any notice, but the operations carried on here, under the superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache, a name well known to science, are of the most important nature. "The resident population of the city is about 65,000, but much more when Congress is sit- ting, by a large influx of strangers and others connected with the national affairs." FROM THE BAST TO WASHINGTON AND MOUNT VERNON. Passengers destined for the tomb of the immortal hero of Independence — "Washington- take the cars at the Camden Station at Baltimore, and proceed direct to Washington Cit}'. Next, proceed in u steamer boimd for Mount Vernon, passing on the way the Washington Navy Yard : in about an hour and a half reaching the wharf of Mount Vernon. From there any one will point out the road to the tomb, which is close at hand. Mount Vernon, once the home, V)ut now the tomb, of Washington, is 15 miles south from the City of Wasliington, on the River Potomac. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has a branch from the city to BaUimore, and connect- ing with all points north and east, \ PATENT OFFICE, WASHINGTON. (SX> with the Poto- i8t of the cap- is one of tlie 10 manufacture and iron fouii- notice, but the Bache, a name -Washington— '■ashington City. the Washington Vernon. From niles south from ire, and connectr g s^s ? The jnera tent ousai id al Paten il Pos and : ndsof so th< ™ I- B r " Office (De office, and agnificene nventions ■ cabinets o partment , when fin e. There which hav if natural ^■Z ±'^^ 1-^=2.? .1 C I-' ' <* is nea lext to 1 models he inve d by tl: ^ ft B o •?• "^ H the eCa f .-.11 live exp 1 a >< . r-t n difice of the itol itself in the countless ankee brain, iring expedi- 1 t—i H ft "O N) P S. H P^ P O B S >ns, as d the subo rtly o ePart ■■■I 5 well prese rdina f mar henoi ^ o* ST B ., p 1- !? S- g X ^ > ".^ g 2. S H any for ■e e TOf thei C g S 3 £• 3 -• ■« CL, < 3 c^ P * 'V '^ eresting r rnments. The bui nd 170 fei s of 10 CO H-t a> ^- fb lies 1 Upw ding t dee umns jf Wash ards of is part p. The in a do (t. 1 o S" „ C "^ n 2 ^ _ onderou9 " Gazetteer," — with their floors janmied full of cases being packed to send off to enlighten the natives is well as foreigners, in all quarters of this mighty continent. Young men would be seen labelling immense cases of goods for the chief cities in tiit" west and soutli, and even east, as far as Boston ; carters loading and unloading every con- ceivable kiiiil of package, all bet<)kening an amount of business, despatch, and bustle, which made us begin to consider whetlier we were in New York or Philadelphia. Entering some of the innnense factories in iron work, the large letterpress printing es- PHILADELPHIA. 58 I states. But tablishmeutB, both book and newspaj-xir — seeing them throwing off their dailies by their tens of thousands, as fast and as clicap as human skill can accomplish — the immense bind- I'rit's, and many other large and busy hives of industry — we found the same magnitude of operations going on, all clearly letting us know that we were in one of the largest mana- fucturing cities in this country — questioning if it was not likely some day to rival its more populous neiglibour — New York — in manufacturing enterprise. If the stranger should happen to visit Philadelphia about the time we did, (August) or, in fact, at any time du- ring the summer months, he will find the scene we have endeavoured to portray. Wiiere there are so many spacious streets in the city, filled with elegant stores of all kinds, it is difficult to mention any one in particular ; but Chestnut street appears to be the principal main street, and forms the " Broadway" of the city — in which some retail stores are situated, which, for size and elegance, are not, we believe, excelled by any city in the world. The streets generally are clean and in good order, and in that respect forms a pleasing contrast to tliose cesspools of filth which characterize tlie streets of the " Empire Citj'." The houses in many of the streets in the cUy are neat, compact, brick houses, re- sembling very much those to be seen in the neighbourhood of London and Manchester — but instead of being built in rows all joined together, many in Philadelphia are detaclied along witli a piece of ground, and all particularly clean and tidy in appearance. Tiie suburbs of Philadelphia are studded with neat cottoges, villas and stately mansions, beautifully situated, surrounded by pleasure-grounds, and inhabited, for the most part, by tlie manufacturers, mercliants, and commercial classes who are engaged in business in the city. From " Lippencott's Gazeteer" we quote the following information. "Tliere is but one park (Independence Square, in the rear of tlie State House) or public square in the dense part of the city (besides the five 'Qumerated in the general plan) of much importance. In the immediate vicinity of Fairmount water-works (tiiemselves form- ing a tine promenade, witli an extensive view from the .basin) is Lemon Hill, formerly Pratt's Garden, and once the residence of Robert Morris, of Revolutionary fame. These iirouiuls are very extensive, covered with fine old trees, possess great variety of surface, and descend on the west and south-west by steep banks to tlie Schuylkill River. The squares witliin the city cover each an extent of from 5 to 7 acres, are enclosed by tasteful iron rail- ings, are beautifully laid out, and jlanted witli a great variety of trees. Squirrels, pea- fowls, and deer are domesticated in tliem. Five of these squares are named Washington, Hitteuliouse, Penn, Logan, and Franklin. The latter has a fine fountain and basin, with 40 jets of water." In public buildings, the city can boast of some unsurpassed in elegance and in histdrical interest. • Indhpknoknce IIai.l, Cliestnut street, should be visited by every stranger. In that vener- nble edifice was held tlie Convention whicli framed tlic Declaration of Independence, and also tlie Constitution of the United States — the veritable desk and chair of Wasliington iind I'ninklin standing as they did on those moinorable days; the old bell, witli its procla- mation of lilierty upon it, — " Proehiim liberty tlirougliout this land, to nil the inlinbitaiits thereof," and the steps from which tlie Declaration was signed, on the 4th of July, 1770, from wliieli AVashington delivered his " Farewell Address," on his retirement fnmi public life. Fi'oin tlie top of tiie steeple, a most inagnirtoent view of the city is obtained, giving a stranger the most adequate conception of tlie inngnrtudo and importance of the city. GiiiAnit CoLT.EOE, — Philadelphia possesses in (iinird College, situated about 2 miles north- west from the State House, the finest specimen of Cirocian architecture in the United States, if not of modern times. It is in the Corinthian ptyle of architecture. The entire cost of bmldings, wall, and ombellishnients of the grounds was f 1,9S3,821.78, or $00,000 loss than was donated by Stephen (iirard for the erection and endowment of the institution. Mr. Girai'd, who made this mngnifieent bequest, was a native cf France, who came poor and friendless to Philadelphia in boyhood, and by industry and good management accumulated 8 fortune of several millions, the greater portion of which he left to the city for the erection and endowment of Oirard College for Orphans, and for improving the city in various ways. 64 PHILADELPHIA. The Custom House, on Chestnut street, is a magnificent marb')' building, in imitation of the Parthenon of Athens, and a splendid sample of the Doric style of architecture. The Merchants' Exchange, fronting "Walnut, Dock, and Third streets, is also u marble building, of fine proportions, with a semi-circular j)ortieo of Corinthian columns. The United States Mint, in Chestnut street, is a handsome edifice of brick faced with marble, in imitation of a Grecian temple of the Ionic order. Our space prevents us from noticing more of the many other magnificent buildings in tiie city. Philadelphia appears to be well supplied with churches — there being upwards of 230 iu the city — embracing all denominations. The city long preserved great simplicity in her church orchltecture; but of lote a gradual change has taken place in the style of the relig- ious as well as of the privote edifices of the city. Recently, a number of costly and highly ornamented churches have been, and are now being, erected. Cemeteries. — The environs of Philadelphia abound in places of sepulture, among which, for beauty of position, are the two principal cemeteries of North and South Laurel Hill, dituatcd on the Schuylkill river, 4 miles north-west from the State House. Water Works. — Fairtnount Water Works, situated in the district of Spring Garden, ou the Schuylkill River, about 2 miles north-west of the State House, were, previous to the erection of the Croton Works iu New York, the envy of the other cities of the Union — Phil- adelphia having been for a long time the only city in tlie United States supplied with water in this way — and are still justly the pride and boast of Philadelphia, not more for their utility than for the picturesque attractions of the place. It would, perhaps, be diflScult to point out anywhere a spot concentrating in the same space so many elements of the beauti- ful and picturesque. Libraries, Colleges, Schools, and Literary Institutes. — Philadelphia had long the hon- our of possessing the largest library in the United States. But now the Philadelphia Librory, to which we allude, is surpassed in this respect by the library of Harvard College, and the Astor Library in New York. It occupies a plain brick edifice iu Fifth street belo^? Chestnut, and was founded, through the influence of Dr. Franklin, (whose statue adorns a niche in front,) in 1731. The Philadelphia and Lognnian Libraries are in the same building, and owned by, and loaned to, the same stockholders. They have, united, about 70,000 volumes. The income of the library is f 0,300. Strangers are allowed the use of books while in the building, but they are not to be taken out except by stockholders, or on deposit of their value. Among a host of other libraries, may be mentioned the Athenaeum Library and Reading Room, occupying a beautiful building of ligiit sandstone, in the Italian style, on Sixth street, opposite Washington square. It has about 12,000 volumes on its shelves, and is extensively supplied with maps, charts, and periodicals. The Mercantile Library, situated in Fifth street, opposite Independence square, was es- tablished in 1821, for the benefit of merchants' clerks and other young men. The Apprentices' Library has over 14,000 volumes; loaned in 1862 to 037 boys and 670 girls. The Friends have an extensive library in Arch street above Third, and one in Race below Fifth. The Academy of Natural Sciences, IcJcated on Bond street, near Chestnut, has the largest museum of natural history in America. Professor Agassiz pronounced this institution the best out of Europe in its collections of subjects of natural history. The Franklin Institute, for the promotion of manufactures and the useful arts, occupies a largo building with a marble front, in Seventh street, above Chestnut. It holds an annual exhibition of American mouufoctures. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, located in Chestnut street, is the oldest institu- tion of tile kind in the United Stiites, and was established in 1807. The Art Union, an association for the promotion of art, has rooms open to the public, where are exhibited annually about 1,000 paintings. PHILADELPHIA. M In medical science, Philadelphia Btands first of the cities of America, and her medical schools are attended by students from not only every portion of the Union, but even from Canada, Mexico, and South America. There is a homoeopathic hospital, at which the stu- dents attend clinical lectures. The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded in 1849, has had a very prosperous commencement — 52 students attended the class of 1851-2. Public Schools. — The number of buildings occupied for schools — many of which are fine structures, and b-ilt with especial reference to complete adaptation for places of instruction —is 180, of which 73 belong to the comptrollers, and 107 are rented. Philadelphia abounds also in private schools of o high character. History. — Philadelphia wos planned and settled by William Penn and a colony of English Friends, or Quakers, in 1682, after a regular purchase from the Indians, ratified by treaty in due form under an elm-tree in the present district of Kensington. The name of Phila- delphia (brotherly love) was given by Penn, both in reference to the ancient city of that name in Asia Minor, and from its embodying principles he had so much at heart. Philadelphia supports from 12 to 15 daily newspapers — one of which, we believe, has the largest circulation of any newspaper in tlie United States. If further evidence is wanting to give evidence of the commercial importance of this city, we append a list of the railroads centriug in Philadelphia, showing also the cost of these : — RAILROADS CENTRING IN PHILADELPniA. Miles Cost. Reading 93 $19,004,180 Baltimore 98 7,979,466 Columbia 80 5,277,278 Media 13 600,000 Morristown 17 4,791,548 Germantown 7 1,719,812 North Pennsylvania 64 5,106,342 Rochester 33 $1,348,812 Miles. Cost. Camden and Amboy 63 $5,950,592 Philadelphia and Trenton .30 1,000,000 West Jersey 200,000 Campden and Atlantic . . .60 1,738,171 Total 567 $53,716,201 Stg. £10,743,200 4». Wliilst New York constructed only 34 miles of road during 1856, Philadelphia shows an increase in 1856, of 426 miles, and in 1857, fully 500 miles. The cost of carriage of a bar- rel of flour from Elmira to Philadelphia is 50 cts., whilst it is 69 cts. from Elraira to New York, showing a large margin in favour of Philadelphia as a port for the disposal of that article from the lake ports, which are the chief feeders of such as New York and .other cities on the seaboard. The canal navigation in connection with Philadelphia amounts to 330 miles, in different directions, and was formed at a cost of $24,000,000. (£6,000,000.) Everj' year, but particularly of late, have the capitalists of the city '. oen widening the facilities afforded by its natural position, so as to secure a much greater amount of traffic witli the lake cities than ever it has enjoyed, and there appears great probability, from the new routes opened and connections formed with the west, that they will succeed in accom- plisliing their object* Tlie banking capital of Philadelphia is $12,000,000 — a comparatively small amount when compared with the city of New York, with its capital of $56,000,000. So long as Phila- delphia is thus hampered with such small means for carrying on — far less enlarging — a trade, for wliich she forma naturally so favourable a nucleus, together with her rate of in- terest being one per cent, lower than New York — by which means large amounts of money tiiul their way thither instead of to Philadelphia — it seems reasonable to suppose, that the (Juukcr City never will attain that commercial position for wealth, commerce, and every thing that conduces to the greatness or prosperity of a large city, till she adopts a different line of commercial policy, and enlarges the sphere of her banking institutions. Judging from the diarncter of her manufacturers and merchants, we shall be surprised if such an alteration is not effected before long. To Pliiladelpliia belongs the credit of making the first move for the abolition of the absurd and hypocritical working usury la>vs. In the State of Pennsylvania, parties can borrow and lend money u])on any terms or rate of interest agreed upon between borrower and lender, and certainly the only rational plan. :1 :4 i ,' 'i' 56 ,/v BOSTON. CITY OF BOSTON. '.( J''; U The city of Boston is the third in commerciul importance amongst tlto leading cities of the United States. It consists, properly speaking, of three divisions — viz. ; Boston IVoper, East Boston, and South Boston. " The streets of Boston were originally laid out upon no systematic plan, and being ne- eoinniodttted to the uneveqness of tlie surface, many of them are crooked and narrow ; hiit these defects have of late been remedied to a considerable extent, so that now the princi- pal thoroughfares are convenient and spacious. Washington and Tremont streets are the fashionable promenades. Although Boston Proper i» circumscribed in its limits, it contains one of the finest public parks — the Common — that is to be found in any city of America, Known to the earliest settlers by the name of " Tower Fields," and occupied afterwards n» a town cow-[)asture, Boston Common has since been set apart, ornamented, and carefully ju'eservod for the common benefit of the citizens in all coming time. Nearly 50 acres arc included within its boundaries, embracing ahiiost every variety of surface, from the level plat to the gentle slope and abrupt ascent. Towering elms, some of which are a hundred years old, enclose the borders, while within, graded walks, beautifully shaded, intersett each other in every direction. Near the centre is a small pond, where a fountain of Cocliit- uate sends up its crystal stream, wliirling and s|)arkling, GO or 70 feet into the air. The en- tire grounds are surrounded by a costlj- iron fence, 1977 yards in length. The northern portion of the Connnon, occupying the sontliern declivity of Hoiieon Hill, affords a fine view of Charles Kiver, and the country in that direction. The space towards the wc«t, between the Common and Charles River, is occupied by a botanic garden, covering abont 25 acres. Other public grounds have been li.id out in the newer portions of the city, some of which are beaulifuUy ornamented, and Ir '-e fountains in the centre. "Boston harbour opens to the sea between two points nearly 4 miles distant from enoli other — Point Alderton on Nantasket, and 1 oint Shirley in Chelsea. It is sheltered freni the ocean by the peninsulas of wliich these two points are the extremities, and a lari;e number of islands, betw"-. which are three entrances. The main passage, which is about 8 miles S. K from the navy yord, ond so narrow as scarcely to admit two vessels to piiss abreast, lies between Castle and Governor's islands, and is defended by Fort Independence and Fort Warren. A passage north of Governor's Island is also protected by Fort War- ren. A new fortress, of great size and strength, now nearly completed, on George's Island, guards the entrance to the outward or lower harbour. The entire surfaee included within Point Alderton and Point Sliirley is estimated at 75 square miles, about half of which affords good anchorage ground for vessels of the largest class. It is easy ef access, free from sand-bars, and sehlom obstructed with ice. The whole is thickly studded with islands, and is the reservoir of several small streams, among which ore the ilystic, Chorles, Neponset, and tiie Manaiiquot Rivers. "Among tiie public buildings, the Stjite House, from its position, is the most conspicuous. It stands on the summit of Beacon Hill, fronting the Common. The view which is atfonled from the cupola is unsurjjassed by any thing in tiie United States, if not in the worhl. On the nortli towers Bunker Hill monument, marking the place where the first great battle of the Revolutiim was fought. On the entrance-floor stands a fine statue of Washington, hy Chantrcy. The representatives' hall is in the centre on the principal floor, the senate- chamber in the east, and tlie governor's and council chamber in the west wing. The old State House is still standing at the upper end of State street, on the site occ\ipii!d as the seat of government in Massachusetts 140 years. Faneuil Hall, the " Cradle of Liberty," AS it is called, is an oliject of much interest, as being the place wlierc the orators in tiio days of Hancock and Adams roused the people to resistance against British oppression. Faneuil Hall Market, immediately east of Faneuil Hall, on Dock street, was at the time of its erection the linudsomcst market house in the United States. It is upwards of M •CITY OF BOSTON. 57 feet long, 50 feet wide, and two stories high, with a dome. The second story, called Ciuincy Hall, is so constructed that it can be occupied as severol apartments, or thrown into one, as occasion may require. The building was erected in 1826, at a cost of about $150,000. There are several other markets in the city, besides those at East Boston and South Boston. The Custom House is near the head of Long Wharf, fronting both on Com- merce street and on the harbour. It is built of granite, in the form of a cross, ond sur- mounted by a dome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground. The foundation rests ujion 3000 piles. Its length is 140 feet; width, including the projections of the cross, 96 fceti Each front has a portico of six Doric columns — each a single stone, costing about $5,000. The entire cost of the building was upwards of $1,000,000. The Merchants' Ex- clmnge is a magnificent fire-proof building, situated on Ihe south side of State street. It has 76 feet front, and extends back 250 feet to Lindall street, covering 13,000 feet of ground. Tiic front is composed of Quincy granite, with four pilasters, each a single stone 45 feet high, and weighing about 55 tons. The roof is of wrought-iron, covered with galvanized sheet-iron. The great central hall, 80 feet by 58, is occupied as the Merchants' Exchange and reading-room. In the bosement is the city post-office. The building was finished in 18-12, and cost, exclusive of the ground, !|1'75,000, The City Hall, a granite building, con- sisting of an oct-agon centre with wings, is located on a plat of ground between Court square and School street. The Court House, also of granite, is in Court square between tlie City Hall and Court street. It contains the rooms of the city, county, and United States courts. Tlie City Prison, consisting of a centre building in the form of an octagon, with four wings extending in opposite directions, is near the foot of Cambridge street. Mnsoiiic Temple, in which the Freemasons have a lodge, is on Tremont street, fronting the Common. The new Tremont Temple, erected on the site of the one burnt in 1852, is on Tremont street, opposite the Tremont House. The Boston Music Hall, completed in 1852, fronts both on Winter street and on Bumstead Place. The length of the central hall is 130 feet ; width, 80 feet ; height, 65 feet. " In Boston there are nearly a hundred churches of the various denominations. ^ "The wharves and warehouses of Boston are on a scale of magnitude and grandeur sur- passed by no other city of equal population. Tiie north and east sides of Old Boston are lined with wharves and docks, which, taken together, make up an aggregate length of over 5 miles. " Institutions. — Boston contains a great number of literary, scientific, and educational in- stitutions, among which may be mentioned the Boston Athentcum, incorporated in 1807, situated on Beacon street. The Massachusetts Historical Society, organized in 1790, pos- sesses a library of 7000 bound volumes, and about 460 volumes of manuscripts, together with an extensive collection of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and other relics. The Bos- ton Library Society, founded in 1792, have o hall in the Tontine buildings, and a library of over 12,000 volumes. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences has a library of 8000 volumes. Excepting the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, this is the oldest organization of the kind in the United States, having been founded in 1780. The Mercantile Library Association, instituted in 1820, has a collection of upwards of 13,600 volumes. The first Mechanics' Apprentices' Library Association ever organized was estab- lished in Boston in 1820. Tiie oriu;in of tills class of institutions is traced to Dr. Franklin. Efforts are now being made to establish a Free City Library, towards wliieh the contribvi- tions have been very liberal. The Lowell Insiitute was established by John Lowell, jun., who bequeathed to it a legacy of ^250,(100. The bequest provides for regular courses of free lectures, to be given upon natural and revealed religion, physics and chemistry in their iipiilication to the arts, and niunerotis other important subjects. There are also many other siiniliir societies, such as the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, the Boston Society of Natural History, the American Oriental Society, tiie American Statistical As- sociation, the Boston Lyceum, the Handel and Haydn Society, the Musical Educational Society, and the Boston Academy of Music. " Closely identified with the history of Boston is her system of public instruction. Ever 58 CITY OF BOSTON. oherislieJ with nmtcrnal care, her schools have long been ornaments to the city, and the pride of New England. As early as 1635, the town records bear evidence to the estab- lishtnent of a " free school," and from that hour to the present, no interest hos received more earnest attention than the subject of education. The system comprises four grades — primary, grammar, high, and Latin schools. There are about 190 primary, and 21 gram- mar schools. The high and Latin schools are exclusively for boys. The school committee consists of the mayor of the city, the president of the common council, and 24 other per- sons chosen for the purpose. "The benevolent institutions of Boston are numerous and well endowed. The Massachu- setts General Ilospital occupies a plot of four acres of ground in the western part of the city, on the right bank of Charles River. The building is constructed of Chelmsford gran- ite, 274 feet long, and 64 wide. Thirty thousand dollars have been contributed since 1843 for the support of this institution, by a single individual, the lion, William Appleton of Boston. The McLean Asylum received its name from John McLean, Esq., of Boston, a lib- eral benefactor of the Central Ilospital. The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asy- lum for the Blind occupies the fine building formerly known as the Mount Washington house, in South Boston. In addition to other contributions, it receives $9000 annually from the State. The average number of pupils is about 100. There are also located in South Boston, the Boston Lunatic Hospital and the Houses of Industry and Reformation. In the western portion of the city is the Boston Eye and Ear Infirmary, ond in the southern part the New England Female Medical College. "There are issued in Boston about 100 periodical publications, treating of almost every subject, whether of news, art, literature, or science. Of these, more than twelve are dai- lies. Among the others, are comprised several of the most distinguished literary and sci- entific journals in the United States. "Commerce, Finance, etc. — In commercial importance, Boston is among the first cities of America. Her foreign commerce has always been great, and e.vtends to almost every na- tion on the globe. Her coast trade is always immense. Along the wiiarves, in every di rection, and at all times, may be seen forests of masts, and vessels from all parts of the world. "There were, in December, 1852, 30 banks in Boston, with an aggregate capital of 3*24,060,000. Several other banks have since gone into operation. There were, also, 18 insurance coinimnies. "The want of river advantages is supplied to Boston by railroads, of which seven great lines terminate in this city. There are lines of railway, recently eom|)leted, opening com- munication with the St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg in New York, and La Piiiirie in Canada, and another through Maine, to Montreal. "Tlie peninsula on which Boston is situated furnishes large quantities of excellent water. "The first blood shed in defence of American liberty was shed in Boston, and throughout the entire war no peoj)le contributed more largely towards its support. Boston continued a town until its population had increased to nearly 45,000. In 1855, the population was 162,629." ,'*' BALTIMORE. 59 CITY OF BALTIMORE. Baltimore, the " Monumental City" of the United States, ranks amongst the most im- portant commorcial cities in the Union, " The city is admirably situated both for foreign and internal commerce. The bay around wliich it is built, aflfords a secure and spacious harbour, and it has communication by rnil- wny not only with Philadelphia and Washington, but with Winchester, Annapolis, Cum- berland, Frederick City, York, Lancaster, and Harrisburg. The limits of the city comprise about 10,000 acres of land, extending about four miles and a half from east to west, and three and bnlf from north to south. It consisted originally of more than fifty elevations or Iiills, separated by abrupt valleys, or ravines, and, in a few instances, by formidable niorshes, while, nearly in the centre, it is divided by a rapid stream of water known as " Jones's Falls." This stream has several times oveiflowed its banks, causing loss of life, as well as occasioning a great damage to property. The city authorities have in consequence been at great pains to remove all obstructions from its bed, and have taken care that the numerous bridges by which the stream is crossed, should be constructed with a single arch, and of such a height as to remove all further danger from this source. The city east of Jones's Falls is divided into two parts — Fell's Point and the Old Town. The Point is the most easterly portion of Baltimore, and has the advantage of greater depth of water at the wliftrves than the upper harbour contains. It is the resort of seamen and immigrants, and tlio place where the greater part of the shipbuilding and manufactures of the city are car- ried on. Old Town lies north and west of this, ami is principally inhabited by mechanics and labourers. The portion west of " the Falls" is likewise divided into two parts, the City Proper and Spring Garden section. The former is the centre of trade, and contains moat of tlie residences of the more walthy citizens. Spring Garden section is the extreme south-western quarter, and is inhabited chiefly by mechanics and labourers. From the number and prominence of its monuments, Baltimore has been denominated the Monu- mental city. Tlie most remarkable of these is the Washington Monument, which stands on an eminence at the intersection of Charles and Monument streets, about 150 feet above high water mark. Its base, 20 feet high and 50 feet square, supports a Doric column 167 feet in height, surmounted by a statue of Washington 13 feet higi). Ti»e shaft, 20 feet square at the base and 14 at the top, is ascended by means of a winding stairway witliin. The wliole is composed of white marble, and cost lj!200,000. Its summit coUimands a beautiful and varied prospect. " Battle Monument, at the corner of Calvert and Fayette streets was erected in 1815, to the memory of those who fell while defending the city from the attack of the British, Sep- tember 12, 1814. "The Armistead Monument, a beautiful spocimen of sculp' ure, near tlie city fountain, was erected to the memory of Colonel George Armistead, the conuuander of Fort Mcllenry, wlieii bombarded by a British fleet, in September, 1814. " Among tiie public edifices of Baltimore, may be named the City Hall, oi: Holiday street, occupied by the city council and public offices. The Court House, a commodious edifice at the corner of Washington and Lexington streets, contains the rooms of tlie city and county courts. The State Penitentiary, at the corner of Madison and Forrest streets, consists of three separate buildings besides the workshops. A short distance from the Penitentiary stands tlie County Prison, a handsome building, surmounted ii\ n cupola, and ornamented with a tower at each end in the form of an octagon. The Exeliange, in Gay strett, near Water, is a spacious structure, 225 feet in front, 141 in depth, am) three stories liigh above the basement. The south wing, fronting on Lombard street, and entered from Water street, is occu|)iod as a Custom House. Among the first objects that strike the attention of one approaching the city, are the shot towers, one of wliich — the Merchants' Shot Tower, is the higliest in the world, having on elevation of 250 feet. The most imposing cliurch edifice in Baltimore is the Roman Catholic cathedral, on Mulberry street, between Charles and Bei m ^Pi ,iA' ^/■^ f 1 Wm. GRANGE A: CO., Shipping & Commission MerchantSi 3 Exchange Place^ Baltimore. Superior Rye WhUky, French and Domestio Brandies, Gins, Wines, Cider and White Wine Vine- gar, Cigars, Bone Dust, superb Phosphate of Lime, 0UU.-10, &e., constantly on hand at lowest prices. JAiflES H. BOsEeY, COMMISSION MERCHANT, 124 & 126 North St., Baltimore, Solicits consignments of all kinds of Country Produce, rTpROM &~co., COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 08 South Gay St., Baltimore. ADAM BNIVELT. 8. W. COOKB. SNIYEL.Y A COOKE, COMMISSION MERCHANTS, fi Ctommeroe Street, Baltimore. P. SAUERWEIN & SON, Floor and deneral Oommission Mercbants, 101 Vorth Howard St., Baltimore. BROTHERS BONiNQER, OFFER FOR ?ALE FOREIGN EXCHANGES ON all the Principal Cities of Germany, on Paris, and on Amsterdam, 22 GERMAN STREET, upstairs. PHELIP GOVER & CCKi CORNER or Baltimore ft Harriaon Sti., Baltimore. GEO. U. RU88UM, TBOS. U. KEMP, JR. KUSSUM & KEMP, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, DENTON, MARYLAND, Will practice In Ca.ollne, Talbot, and Queen Anne Counties, and will give special and prompt attention to the Collection of Claims. REFERENCES. Baltimore. FREELANO, OUASE ft Co., Wbitelt £ros. AStome, Mitchell, Sears & Co., Ddvall ft loLKUAirr, J. C. Sellman ft Son. DowELL ft Cochran, FiCKET ft Son, Hurst ft Co., T. T. Martin ft Bro., £. M, ) OSLEY. HOWARD FIRE INSURANCE GOMPANT, OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, Make Insurance of every Description of Prop- erty within the limits of tne City. OFFICE— SOUTHEAST COE. HOWAKD & CLAY STS, ^jrnREWT MlEESEf President. DIRECTORS: James M. Pouder, Charles W. George, Samuel R. Smith, William Ortwlne, Aaron Fenton, George P. Thomas, Charles Hoffinau, H. J. Werdebaugh, Augustus Shrlver, Matthias Benzlnger, Wm. G. Power, Elisha H. Perkins. GEORGE HARLAN WILLIAMS, Secretary. CHARLES D. DEFORD & CO., Tobaooo Commission Merohants, And Importers of Havana Cigars pnd Leaf Tobacco, 37 South Gay Street, Baltimore. JOSHUA l¥AEKERi COMMISSION MERCHANT, 110 North Howard Street, Baltimore. Dealer In Flour, Feed, Hay, &c. BROWN BROTHERS & CO., 152 Baltimore St., Baltimore, ISSUE CREDITS FOR COMMERCIAL AND TRAVELLING PURPOSES, JtatlabU Ih tuty Part of th« World, WM. W. LAWRASON. CBAS. r. SMITH, LAWRASON & SMITH, STOCK AND BILL BROKERS, No. 8 FRANKLIN Buildings, North Street, Baltimore. J. B. M'OINN. J. B. p. BOULDEN' mcGIlWN & BOrEDEN, STOCK AND BILL BROKERS, No. 6 FRANKLIN Buildings, North Street, Baltimore. NOAH WALKER & CO., CLOTHIERS, WASHINGTON BUILDINGS, BAL- tlmore Street, between Light ft Calvert Streets, Baltimore, Maryland. ARMSTSONG, GATOR & CO., 237 BALTIMORE ST., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. RIBBONS, BONNET MATERIALS, PLUMES, RUCHES, STRAW BONNETS, &c., Comprising a complete stock of MILLINERY GOODS. A very large stock of New Goods now on exhibition. F. W. BRIINE & SONS, ARYLAND STEAM SUGAR REFINING COM- ItX pany, O'DonncU's Wharf, Baltimore, Manufac- ture all kinds of Refined Sugar and Syrup. M^ i.(-'. 4W Wll. B. BLARBT. WM. 0. BOBOLIT, JR. WM. B. BLANET & CO., Commission IMIercliants, BALTIMORE. REFERENCES : Messrs. M. Field, P'owler ^Zj Commission Merchants, 60 COMMERCE 8TKEET, BALTIMORE, HD. Mtftr to Ohauncey Brooki, Esq., President of the B. A 0. R. R. Co., unci MVstern Unnk, llnltlmore. Dantel Miller A Cu., Dry Unoda Merclmnt, Ilaltlmoro. John Coatt'8, Ksq., Lumber Mercliinit, Baltimore. Godfrey Konntz, Ksq., Caihter of Central Bank, Frederick City Md. A. 11. Ilerr, E«q., Harper's Ferry, Virginia. UoD. Edward Ball, ZaneavUle, Uhlo. Consignmenti Solicited. >'owiitf«« 1T04. Chmrltr J'trptltml, OHtee, JVio. tO /fouth titrttt. THE BALTIMORE EQUITABLE SOCIETY will Iniure Houses and Furniture from Loss or Damage by Fire, at very cheap rates, on the Mutual or Beneficial plan, and grant Carpenters' Risks, on pleasing terms. Owners of property insured in the Eqi'ltable Office, (on the mutual principle) have no further ro- sponsibility than the amount of their deposits, ind on the explnitlon of policies, they are entitled to receive a cash dividend of twenty-eli, 30 LICJHT STREET, BALTIMOBjG, MARYLAND. T\rE are now prepared t • present greater attractions and inducements to *' purchasers than this establishment ever oul.''ed before, basing the as- sertion upon the following facts : 1st. The variety, beauty and excellence of our patterns 2d. The unsurpassed smoothness of our castings. 3d. The thorough manner in which our Stoves are mounted. 4th. The quality of metal used in their construction. 5th. Our ability to supply old castings, to repair any stove ever made in this establishment. 6th. Our determination to recommehd nothing but what has been tested and found good. 7th. The cheapness of our goods as compared with their quality. We name in part our various excellent and handsome patterns : Re-Improved Old Dominion, Gas Cooicing A Heating: Stoves, Hatiiaway's and otlier Cook Stoves. Also, a Large Assortment of Agricultural Boilers, Scott's liittle Giant Corn & Cob mills, A liVilUams's <' Patent" Carriage Check Springs. ii,' hi BALTIMORE. 61 Cathwlrol streeta. It ia a nwBaive granite structure, 190 feet long, 177 brood, ninl 127 from the f^Touiid to tho top of the cross surmounting tlie dome. The Unitarian Church, at the corner of Franklin and C'harlcs strccUi, ia much admired for its architecture. It is 108 feet loll" mid 78 wide, with a dome 66 feet in diameter, supported by 4 arcliea, enoii 83 feet spun. It i» 80 feet from the ground to the summit of tiie cupola. St. Paul's, an Episcopal church on the corner t. Smotogu and Charles streets, the First Presbyterian Church, corner of Nortli and Fayette streets, tlie l''ii'st Paptifl Ciiurcli, nt tlie corner of Loinbanl and Siiarp streets, Olid tiie Geniinn lleformed Cluircli, in Second, l)etween Gny and Belvidcre streets, arc all distinguished eitlu r for elegance or their style of architecture. At tiie last census, Baltimore contained D9 churches of tlie variou;* denominations. "Institutions. — The educational, literory, and benevolent institutions of Raltimore are nu- nionius. The Medical School of tlie University of Maryland was founded in 1807. Wash- iiii,'ton Medical College was founded in 1827, and has '25 students and six professors. The University of Maryland, founded in 1812, is situated on Loniliord street, between Green and Paca streets : connected witli it is tiie Baltimore Eye and Ear Infirmary, where stu- dents liave an opportunity of attending lectiiies and witnessing operotioiis. Tlie Maryland Institute occupies a suite of rooms in the Atlienroum, nt the corner of Lexington ond St Piiul streets. Its oiiject is, tho diffusion of useful knowledge and the promotion of the me- cliiinie arts. It possesses an extensive chemical laboratory, and a very complete pliilosoph- ical opparatus. The building is n noble brick edifice, 112 feet by 50, ond 06 in licight. It was completed in 1848, at a cost of over $28,000. The vorious opart lueiits, besides tliose ui proprialod to the use of the Institute, are occupied l>y tlie Mercontile A-^sociation, who have a well-selected library of 8000 volumes, ond on amjile supply of the choicest magazines and papers of the day ; the Baltimore Library Ccnipan}-, possessing a valuable lila-ary of 14,000 volumes; and the American Historical Society, whose library numbers iil'oiit, 15,000 volumes, consisting, for tlie most part, of atatistieal ond historieiil works. Tlie City I.ilirary, designed for the use of tlie stockholders, the Apprentices' Library, and the Exchange Reoding-room, are all important institutions. The Exchange Reading-room is siippoi'ted by siilisoription. Strangers and masters of vessels, however, liave oeeess to the pi riiidicals ond newspapers, free of expense. The Baltimore Hospital, in the iioith-westeru suburb of the city, consists of a centre building, four stories high, flanked with wings tliat cniincet witli two otlier buildings, which form the ends of tlie vast pile. The entire struc- ture cost $150,000. It occupies a commanding elevation, overlooking the city, the bay, and a wide extent of country. The interior arrangements arc upon the most approved plan. The Almshouse is on the Franklin road, about 2 miles \. W. from the city : the building, consisting of a centre and two wings, has !!75 feet front, and is surrounded with spacious grounds. The Baltimore Monual Labour School for Indigent Boys has connected witli it a tract of land, on whicli, between the hours of study, the pupils ore occupied in labour, thui< combining useful employment with healthful exercise. The Baltimore Associa- tion for Improving the Condition of tlie Poor is under the direction of those whose duty it ia to visit and inquire into the circumstances and character of the persons relieved, with a view to discourage indiscriminate and injudicious almsgiving. Tlie other prominent ben- evolent institutions are, the City Di-pensary, corner of Holiday street and Orange alley, tlie Eastern Dispensary, corner of ^Market street and Hartford Run avenue, two Orphan Asylums, and tlie Indigent Sick Society, composed of ladies, who visit the poor and minis- ter to their comforts in sickness. "Enui'ATioN. — The system of public inslructiiMi in Baltimore has, within a few years past, been much improved, and is now rapidly increasing in public favour. "Commerce, Finances, etc. — In commercial importance, Baltimore ranks among the first cities in the United States. Its position is such as to render it a great centre of trade. Sit- uated near the head of Chesapeake Bay, it enjoys superior advantages for foreign commerce, while tlie numerous lines of railway, that here have their termination, invite to it the ag- ricultural and mineral wealth of a vast interior. The recent completion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to Wheeling, is a most important event, and destined to exert an immense 62 BALTIMORE. influence on the conomerolnl activity of tiii» nn-nt omporium. In the eloquent langnnge of ono of her citizens, " We hnvo reached the threshold and eteppinjc-stono of our true com- luorcial greatnesM, and there \f nothing now that can turn us hack. The wide and far Wc! Pa- tapsco to an observatory in the Exchange. " About 25 newspapers are issued in Baltimore, of which 6 or 7 are dailies. Population, about 200,000." 4 ih NEW ORLEANS. e8 I.I NEW ORLEANS, (THE CRESCENT CITY.) The city of Now Orleang forms tho groat commercial cnpitnl of the southern ntnteB, and uccupics tho position of tho greatest cotton market in the world. "Tho city is built around a Lend in tho river, from wliicli circumstance it has been de- nominated tho ' Crescent City.' Tlio wite inclines gently from tho margin of tlio Mississippi towards the marshy ground in tho rear, and is from 2 to foot below tiio level of tlio river (it tlic usual spring freshets. To prevent inundations, an embankment or levoe, about 16 fi'ct wide and feet high lias been raised, extending 120 miles above tho city, and to Port IMiKiueniino, 43 miles below it This forms a delightful promenade. In consequence of tho clmiige in the course of tlie river opposite New Orleans, lai-go quantities of alluvium, swept from tho north and held in suspension by tho current, ore hero deposited. New formations from this cause, in front of that portion of the quay most used for the purposes of com- merce, have been so rapid that it has been necessary, within a few years, to build piled whnrvos jutting out from 60 to 100 feet into tho Mississippi. Tlie loveo here has also been gradually widened, so tliat an additional block of worchousea has been erected between the city and tiie river during the past year. " Here may be seen what New Orleans was before the appllcotion of steam to novigation. Hundreds of long, narrow, black, dirty-looking, crocadile-like rafts lie sluggishly, without moorings, upon tlie soft batturo, and pour out their contents upon tho quay — a heterogeneous compound of the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. There are rafts, or flat-boots, OS they ore technically called, each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from $3,000 to $15,000. Twenty years ogo, and these were the only craft on the river 1 nor hiis their number been decreased since the introduction of the steamboot. Not less charac- teristic of New Orleans is the landing of the lotter closs of croft. The quay is hero nil oc- tion, and the very water is covered with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom, which acknowledge none of tho powers of oir, and woit no tide. One is weighed down to the guards with cotton, a freight of 3,000 bales — $180,000 1 Twenty more lie side by side laden with the same commodity. Uuge piles, bale upon bole, story above story, cover the levee. Pork without end, as if the Ohio had emptied its lop at the door of New Orleans ; and flour by the thousand borrels rolled out upon the quay and heoped up— a large area is covered with these two products of the up-country, ond still oppeors seemingly undiminished, although tlie seller, the buyer, and drayman aro busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted with lead from Galena, and another brings furs and peltry from the head waters of the Missouri, 3,000 miles to the north-west I The Illinois, the Ohio, the Missouri, the Arkansas, and Red River, all ore tributories to this commercial depot, and send down to its wharves merchantable materiol of the annual volue of $100,000,000, more or less. Nearly 20,000 miles of inland navigation is tributary to this city. The quay appropriated to the foreign and coostwise shipping presents another and a different scene. Uere the cotton bale, tobacco hdgghead, pork and flour barrel, and the whisky cosk, yield to bales of foreign ond domestic manufactures, pipes of wine, and crates of wares. The shipping stretches owoy ns far as the eye con reoch, two miles or more in extent, three tiers deep, with their heads to the current curving with the river — a beautiful crescent. Tlie English, the French, the Spanish, the Dane, the Russion, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here commingled, and compete for the commerce of the teeming West. The old city proper, originally laid out by the French, is in the form of a parallelogram, 1320 yards long and 700 yards wide. Above this ore what were formerly the faubourgs of St. Mary, Annunciation, and La r'ourse ; be- low, Marigny, Dounois, ond Declouet ; and in the rear, Trfime and St John's. Lofoyette, till recently under a separote government, is immediotely above the city. In 1836, New Orleans wo" livided into three municipalities by act of the assembly, eocli with distinct municipal -^'..wers. Agaiti in April, 1862, these and Lafayette, with the faubourgs and other dependencies, extending from 6 to 7 miles along the river, and about 5 miles bock to Loke Pontchartrain, were consolidoted under one charter, the city assuming the debtsi .n't .f;^:r,..,:,(j v^:::r. ;''"S\: i i THK FRENCH CATHEDRAL, NEW ORLEANS. 65 THE F1U:XCII CATHEDRAL, .sEW OUEEANS. Tlic streets of New Orleans nre of convenient brendtli, well paved, fnicl usually intevseet oncli other nt vii^lit nnirlo!*. rmiiil street, (of wiiich we ii;ive nn illustration,) is the l)roailost street in tlio eity, liciiitf over 100 fi^et in width, with a c;rass plot in the eentrc iihout 25 feet wide, oxtemliiujt tlirouij;Iiout its entire leni^tli. Most of the liuildini^s are con- slriii't<f the 80 school-houses, 17 belong to the city, and 28 are rented. The amount appropriated for school purposes tlit> past year was $188,020. " About 20 newspapers are published in the city, 9 or 10 of which are dailies. Several are printed in the French language. " CoMMEiicE. — New Orleans possessses unrivalled natural advantages for internal trade. The Mississippi River and its tributaries afford not less than 15,(ioo miles of navigable wa- ters, communicating with a vast extent of country, illimitable in its resources, exhaustless in fertility, and embracing nearly every variety of climate. Every description of craft is employed in transporting the rich [iroducts of the upper regions of the " Father of Waters"" to this great southern emjxirium. At one portion of its levee may be seen hundreds of flat-boats grounded on the " batture," and filled, some with fat cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep ; others with hay, corn, potatoes, butter, cheem-, apples, and cider. The quay here is piled with lumber, pork, flour, and every variety of agricultural produce, as if the (ireat Valley had emptied its treasures at the door of New Orleans. "The total value of Americf. \ produce exported from New Orleans during the year, ac- cording to the custom-house records, was $06,344,569, of which amount, $48,076,197 was to foreign couutiies, and $28,268,327 coastwise. The value of foreign merchandise ex- ported during the same period, was |44,780, making a sum total of $76,389,349. CEMETERY, NEW ORLEANS. 67 ed to public H __-^ AVE.NLi;- JN THE CEMETERY, NEW ORLEANS, WITH 8EPDLCHKI»t ABOVE GROUND. " Any description of New Orleans would be incomplete witliout some notice of its ceme- teries, many of which are unique in plan and method of interment. ' Each is enclosed with a brick wall of arciied cavities, (or ovens, as they are here called,) made just large enough to admit a single coflfin, and raised tier upon tier, to a height of about twelve feet, with a thickness of ten. Tlie whole inclosure is divided into plats, with gravelled paths, intersecting each other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs built wholly nbove ground, and from one to three stories high. Tliis method of sepulfuro is adopted from necessity, and burial under ground is never attempted, excepting in tlio " Potter's Field," where the stranger without friends and the poor without money find un uncertain rest ; tlie water with which the soil is always saturated, often forcing the coffin and its con- tents out of its narrow and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch of heaven.' Above we give an illustrnltnii uf niie nf the aveniics tii Itie Cemeti'ry, engraved froth n pliotograpli taken then' last year, tiiiowing Itic F('|iiili'hri'S above ground. "Algiers, a flourishing village, or rather subiii'ii of New Orleans, is silunled opposite to the city, with whicli it is connected by a ferry. It has severol ship yards and mauufacttir iug establishments. " Gas was first employed to light the city in 1834 ; and during the same year, water was introduced from the Mississijipi. It is raised from the river by steam to on elevated res- ervoir, whence five or six millions of gallons are daily distributed to various parts of the city. " From itb low situation and warm cliniate, New Orleans is subject to anna;ii visitations r I IL 68 NEW ORLEANS. of the yellow fever, wJiich liave had the effect of greatly retarding the growll. and pros- perity of the place. Statistical tables show that of those who are born and reared in tlie city, as largo a proportion live to old ago as of the inhabitants of other placi j ihat are generally deemed healthy. But the yellow fever is particularly fatal to the unaccliinateJ, and especially so to those who have been from infancy accustomed to a northern climate. This circumstance operates as a formidable check on the influx of strangers, to which our great commercial cities owe so large a proportion of their population and activity. Du- ring the winter and spring, New Orleans may be regarded as a healthful residence for nil, whether natives or strangers ; and hopes were entertained that with the improvements in the sanitary regulations, there would be a gradual ond steady advance in the liealth of the city during the warm months ; but the past year has disoppointed those hopes, the epi- demic having appeared in a form as malignant as it is in general. Its introduction, how- ever, it is said can be traced to an infected vessel from South America, where a fever of an unusually fatal character has prevailed. " Perhaps no city of the Union is so diversified in its population. Tlie sunny isles of the Antilles, Me.xico, Central America and South America, Fronce, and Spain, and the other States of Eurojie, and the sister Stotes northward, have each representatives among the in- habitants. The colored races, however, preponderate, ond slave or free make up one-half ht least Of the white races, the American, French, and Spanish constitute the larger por- tion, and in these classes are found what may be denominated the aristocracy. The Irisli here, as in other quarters, though forming a large class, are but " the hewers of wood and drawers of wntei-" — the laborers and levee-men, respeetablo only oi. olection day, and among themselves. The English and Scotch are few in proportion, and an chiefly con- nected with the foreign commerce, as merchants or factors, seldom remaining longer in tiie city than is necessary for the transaction of tiieir particular business; or remaining only during the healthy months of spring and winter. This admixture of races is in some degree embarrassing; so many languages, various customs and manners, and in habits so ditferent, no thorough amalgamation can take place ; and it is even necessary to support newspapers •and periodicals of ditferent languages, each of which, in its opinions and ideas, is at variance with tlie other. " New Orleans is famous in history as the place designated to become the seat of the nmn- archy intended to have been established by tiie treoson of Aaron Burr. During the nioniji of January, 1804, the citizens were in a state of continual alarm : volunteer companies and oilier trooj)s constantly i)atrollcd tlie streets, ready to suppress the tir»t attempt at insur- rection. That year it was made a port of entry, and the next (1805) New Orleans was in- corporated as a city. The population is estimated at 175,000. " Distance from New Orleans to the mouth of the Jlississipjii, 100 miles. Southwest from New York, 1(503 miles. Southwest from Wasiiington, 1437 miles. Southwest by west from Charleston, 779 miles. South southwest from Pittsburg, 2(125 miles. South by west from Cliicago, 1028 miles. Soutli from St. Louis, 1200 miles. South by east from St. Antliony's Falls, Minnesota, 2000 miles." '5- ;1.: •■;.;;/•'.- '• i^i 11%,! t' 70 WHEELING, VIRGINIA. WHEEFJNG, VIRGINIA, li The view given above represents one of the numerous busy and enterprising towns situ- a'f.l in the h.art of a beautiful country. Wheeling forms an important juiiotion for several railways diverging to and from it in iiU ilirecti.ms. Tlie chief objict of attraction about the town is the magnificent Suspension nri.lii.— tlie largest of the kind in tlie United States, and one of the largest in the world, .rected at a cost of *210,0CK) : length of span, I'HO feet ; luight above low- water mark, ',i7 feet ; height of towers on Wheelijig side, 153 feet : supported by 12 wire cables laid in pairs— 3 pairs, 1 each side of tlie flooring, each of which is 4 inches in diameter— composed of 550 strands of 1380 feet long. It has a carriage-way of 17 feet broad, with a sidewalk of iii feet on each side. (See engraving on preceding page.) viirious branches of manufacture are carried on— such as glass, stones, nails, all kinds of iron manufactures, some woollen and cotton goods, witli one silk mill. The hills in the immediate vicinity contain inexhaustible supplies of coal, which supply fuel at a small cost to the various manufacturing establishments in Wheeling. The city is approached by the Ohio lliver from Tittsburg and Cincinnati, whilst rail- way communication is to be had from all points to it— from the west as well as aeaboanl fdiMiiiiig as it dues, one of the leading junctions. Wheeling is one of th« termini of the 15iiltimore and Ohio Railroad, 380 miles Ion?, and linislu'd in 1853. Distant from Wheeling, 'Xi miles; Cincinnati, 3ti5 miles; and 35(1 miles iiortli-west of Uichmond, Va. Besides the cunty building, there are some 15 churches, several academies, 2 banks aii.l several newspapers. Population, in 185(t, 11,391. Location— capital of Ohio County, Va. : l.it. 40' 7' X; Ion. 8u' 42' W. It is situateil on a high bank of the River Ohio, along wliich it strctclii'S for about 2 mil.'s. I c. , '.^ Ml > Uii , ,f «i HI M ii ■J f • '1 ' 'i ll t 1 t ' 1 1 1 ;i I' i ( ftl ■f ' 1 1, II *'? ' .1 1 4 f) « 1 i 1 ?-• 1 J 'ii; 72 PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. CITY OF PITTSBURa I Id The traveller acquainted with the neighbourhood of the " Black Country," between Birmingham and Walsall and Dudley, in Staffordshire, (England,) will, on his visit to the City of Pittsburg, at once discover the striking resemblance, in many respects, to the dis- tricts alluded to. Tl)ere are the same red brick houses and workshops, the same smoko, the same uneven streets — from the heavy weights drawn over them — and at night, the glare of the iron furnaces at work. Tiie picture is, in many respects, complete, even to the poor soil of the hilly country around each — ^a peculiarity observoble in all surfaces where un- derneath is rich in minerals. On the stronger's first visit to Pittsburg, therefore, ofter visiting either the cities on the seaboard, or, perhaps, the "Queen City of the West," " the Forebt City," or the "City of the Lakes," Avhei'e not a vestige of smoke scarcely is to be seen — he may be disappointed at the first sight of Pittsburg. Viewed from the hill opposite Pittsburg Proper — exactly opposite the Monongahela House — the city is seen to greatest advantage — witli its 5 bridges (and new one building) stretching across the Alleghany and Monongahela — which together at this point form tlie Ohio — whilst it can be seen wending its way down the beautiful valley which bears its name. Either from Alleghany City, or the point mentioned, an excellent view is obtained — being far higher than the city on the Pittsburg side of tho river. Tiie houses in Pitts- burgand Alleghany City are built close up to the very tops of the hill-sides, ond presenting something of the appearance which tlie old town of Edinburgh does when viewed from off either the Calton Hill or Arthur's Seat there. Three of the most impi)rtant suburbs are, Alleghany City, Birmingham, and Manchester. To quote from a notice of this city, tlie writer says: — " The site of the city is a natural amphitheatre, being environed on all sides by beauti- ful hills, rising from 400 to 500 feet above the level of the Oliio, and filled with coal, iron, and limestone, the working of wliich into articles of utility constitutes the chief occupa- tion of the inhabitants. These hills are not, except in a few instances, precipitous, anJ from their slopes and peaks, afford a series of rich and varied landscapes. " Pittsburg and its suburbs contain about 90 churches, of which upwards of 50 are in the city proper. Many of these are choice specimens of areliitectural beauty. " The manufactures of Pittsburg are immense, and capable of being extended almost in- definitely. Indeed tliere is no known limits to the elements necessary to their augmentii- tion. Wood, coal, ores, and agricultural resources, all abound in the utmost profusion ami at the greatest possible convenience. " Tlie annual produce consists of bar, rod, hoop, boiler, and sheet iron, sheet steel, bar steel, nails, spikes, rods, shafts, anchors, and axles. All the works for these are operatiil by steam power." Tuere are also in IMttsburg, large foundries, manufactories of glassware, white lead fac- tories, large cotton factories, copper-rolling mill, copper-smelting establishment, vial fur- naces, manufactories of locks, coffee mills, scales, etc., and several for the production of various articles of steel manufacture, such as springs, saws, axes, anvils, and vices; and others for makinsr gun-barrels and agricultural utensils. Gas, manufactured from bituminous coal, is furnislied at a comparatively trifling cost, for lighting the city. The Alleghany Cemetery, on the Alleghany River, 2 miles above Pittsburg, is one of the inort beautiful places of the kind in the world. It comprises 110 jM'res, tastefully adorned, and enclnsed by a Avail of stone masonry. As may !>*• well known, Kttsburg was named in honour of the celebrated British prime minister, Wiiiam Pitt. It was founded in 1765. The subursMin districts of Birriiingham together with Alleghany City, form tho largo mad rapidly-increasing city of Pittsburg. In 1863, the population of city and suburbt was 110,2*1, although it must be considerably increased since then. ij Manchester. of 50 are in It"! ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. f ■ .... » CITY OF ST. LOUIS. 73 &r, Louis occupies the first place amongst the western cities situated on the Mississippi — the great " Father of Waters" — and from its central position, the inexhaustible supply of mineral wealth within easy distance, the important railroad connections already opened up to the east, and the last greatest transportation triumph acliieved only last October — viz. : opening of the great Pacific mail route from St. Louis to San Francisco, tlius joining the Mississippi with the Pacific Ocean by overland journey — will all contribute to advance the interests and commercial importance of St. Louis to an incalculable extent. "The site of St. Louis rises from the river by two plateaux of limestone formation, the first 20 and the other 60 feet above the floods of tiie Mississippi. The ascent to the first platr eau, or bottom, as it may be termed, is somewhat abrupt ; the second rises more gradu- ally, and spreads out into an extensive plain, affording fine views of the city and river. St. Louis extends, in all, nearly 7 miles by the curve of the Mississip])!, and about 3 miles back ; the thickly-settled portion, however, is only 2 or 2-J miles in length, following the river, and about 1^ miles in breadth. The city is well laid out, the streets being, for the most part, 60 feet wide, and, with but few esceptions, intersect each other at right angles. Front street, extending along the levee, is upwards of 100 feet wide, and built up on the side fac- ing the river with a range of massive stone warehouses, which make an imposing appear- ance as the city is approached by water. Front, Main, and Second streets, parallel to each other and to the river, are the seat of the principal wholesale business. The latter is occu- pied with heavy grocery, iron, receiving and shipping houses. Fourth street, the fashion- able promenade, contains the finest retail stores. The streets parallel to Front and Main streets are designated Second street. Third, Fourth, Fifth, and so on ; and those on the right and left of Market street, extending at right angles with the river, are mostly named from various forest trees, similar to the streets of Philadelphia. Large expenditures have been made from time to time in grading and otherwise improving the streets and alleys of St Louis. "St. Louis is handsomely built, especially the new portion of the city : the principal ma- terial is brick, though limestone is employed to some extent. " It may be doubted whether any city of the Union has improved more rapidly than this in the style of its public buildings. "Institutions. — Among the benevolent institutions may be mentioned the City Hospital, the Marine Hospital, 3 miles below St. Louis, the Sisters' Hospital, the Home for the Friend- less, and the Orphan Asylums. The Home for the Friendless, designed for the benefit of aged indigent females, and opened October 4th, 1853, is situated on the Carondelet road, about 4 miles from the court house. The edifice, formerly " Swiss College," consists of a stone centre, 75 feet in length, and two frame wings, eacli from 30 to 40 feet in length — the whole two stories high, The premises comprise about 8 acres of ground, variously diversi- fied with walks and shade-trees. About $40,000 have been raised for the support of the institution. Tlie City Hospital has long been distinguished for the excellent accommoda- tions which it affords to the sick, but of late has been found inadequate to the wants of the rapidly-increasing population. A new edifice, intended as a House of Refuge, has been completed. The building formerly occupied as the " Smallpox Hospital," situated on land in the St. Louis Common, known as the Old County Farm, has been fitted up for the recep- tion of a juvenile reform school. "The literary and educational institutions of St. Louis, have, considering their recent ori- gin, attained a high degree of excellence. , "St Louis has about 25 publication offices, issuing newspapers and other periodicals. Seven or eight newspapers are published daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. Four or five are printed in the German language. The press is generally characterized by ability, and sev- eral of its issues have a wide circulation. "The water- works, which in 1529 were of very inconsiderable importance, now embrace 35| miles of pipe. 'I ' t,' :«' !;f! M ! f ll!' 74 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. "The Levee, which, twenty years ago, w(\g a mere mud bank, with transverse ways to the water's edge, has since undergone very important changes. Great t-.vpenditures have been made in filling up and otlierwise im|troving it directly in front of the city. "SniPi'iNo, CoMMKUoE, ETC. — Each stream wliich contributes to tlie commerce of St, Louis has its regular pacltets, and, for the most part, a separate place of landing. The Missouri, tlie Illinois, and tliu Uj)per Mississippi have as fine craft as float on tiio Western waters, while the down-river, or New Orleans traders, are s7 Maifl st [See adver- tisement] Express Company— Valentine's, Third st [See advertise- ment J Flour Mill Manufacturers— J. H. BuRK ws & Co., Second st, between Elm and Plum. [See advertisement! W. W. Hamec. ^ 7 y^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14580 \l\>. ^ "^^4 '<* ''b ^4 o^ CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY. Grist Mill Manalkctnrer*— J. H. BuKBows & Co., Second 8t, between Elm and Plum Hts. [See advt] W. W, Hameb & Co., corner of Second 8t. and Western Row. [See adver.] Grocers and Commission Merchants— Clabk & Cash, 29 Walnut st Wm. Glknn & Sons, corner of Walnut and Columbia sts. [See advertisement.] Tbaber a Aubehq, 1 Public Landing. Tweed & Sulet, (Produce and Commis- sion,) 40 Walnut st West & MoDouoall, 23 Walnut st [See advertisement] Hardware Merchants— Hauskr & Merna, 192 Main st Latdier, Colburn & LuFTON, 74 Main st. Tyler, David3ok & Co., 140 and 142 Main st J. L. Wayne & Son, 124 Main st and 23 Hammond st [Soe advertisement] Joseph W. Wayne & Co., 196 Main st [See advertisement] Hotel— Madison House, Main st, between Co- lumbia and Front sts. [See adver.] Jewellery Establishment— DuHME & Co., corner oi Fourth and Walnut sts. [See advertisement] Kitchen Ranges— K B. Blunt, 224 Main st |^See adver.] Van a Barbinoer, 197 Main 3t [See advertisement] Lithographers— Ebbgott & Forbrioer, Carlisle's Block, corner of Fourth and Walnut sta. [See advertisement] Machinery- W. R. DuNLAP <& Co., corner of Front and Laurence sts. [See advertisi-ment] J. dc E. Greenwald, 190 East Pearl st [See advertisement] Miles Greenwood, Eagle Foundry, 394 Walnut st, corner of Canal st [See advertisement] J. A. Fay & Co., cor. of Front & John sts. Thomas Smfth, 216 West Second st [See advertisement] Oyster Depot— . n . A. S. Stewart, 166 Vine st, above Post- office. Photographer— R C. Hawkins, 106 Fourth st [See od- vertiaement.] Plongh Mannfactory— Gabreit & CoTTMAN, 9 Seventh st Railroad Companies— Little Miami Railroad, Cincinnati to Columbus, & East [See adver.] Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, Cincin- ' Dttti to St Louis, and West [See ad- vertisement] ■ Real Estate Broker— Samuel A. Sargent, 8 Apollo Buildings. [See advertisement] Saw Mannfactnrers- WooDBOuoH & MoPabun, 16 Walnut st Works at Hamilton, Ohio. [See adv.] Scale Mannfactnrers— John Kistneb, 894 Vine st [See ad- vertisement] J. W. Wbight a Co., 10 West Second st [See advertisement] Shirt Warehouse- Jame8 Richabdson, 100 West Fourth st [See advertisement] Show Cases— ScuMiTT & Bbothers, 77 West Third st [See advertisement] Stereotype Fonn ies— Fbanklin Fou: ,168 Vine st, F.. Al- lison. Superintendent [See adver- tisement] Hills, O'Dbiscoll & Co., 141 Main st [See advertisement] Stock and Note Brokers— Bradley & Kelsey, 80 West Third st. [See advertisement] Stove Mannfkctnrers— Miles Gbeenwood, 394 Walnut st. Eagle Iron Works. [See advertisement] E. B. Blunt, 224 Main st [See adver- tisement] Dr. Mubobave, Gas Cooking, 272 Sixth st [See advertisement] Van & Babbingeb, 197 Main st [See advertisement] Theatre— National Theatre, John Bates, Proprie- tor; Louis Baker, Lessee; Wm. Rey- nolds, Acting and Stage Manager; Sycamore st Venetian Blinds— W. H. Hessiler, 147 Sycamore st advertisement] Watch Cases— Francis Doll, Corner of Fourth and Walnut sts. [See advertisement] Wire Cloth Goods— a G. Burnett & Co., 27 Walnut st [See advertisement] Bromwell & Mellish, 181 Walnut st Writing Fluid— James J. Butler, 89 Vine st comer of Commerce st [See advertisement.] J. C. Pare & Co., 564 and 666 West 'i^.rth st Wood Eugravers— Davenport & Thompson, comer of Fourth and Walnut sts. [Sco ndverlisenient] George Stillman, 25 West Fourth st [See GENERAL FURNISHING EMPORIUM. JAMES RICHARDSON, MANUFACTURER OF Shirts, Stocks o*f-o0ie(, ClnetHHaU^ Ohio* E. A. THOMPSON. A. 3Sr D O O liL B O T I O 3SX OP T. A. NESMITH. OFFICE THOMPSON & NESMITH, 25 West Third Street, Cincmnati, Ohio. J, R. Jaffriir ft Sona Neu Ymt Piielps, llli«k & Co " A. Joitriieny. Jr.,ft Co " CIupp, Kent it. Btjckley " Cftrvv, Howard & Stinger ** Imi; Biillerfield, E«q " i .Maion Bros, " Smith k Payne " K. S. Wlnstiin, Eiq " S, HoiiBinnn & Co " J. M. Beebe ft Co Boilm. T. ft E. BateCour«ey. Lafourcatie A Co. . . " Karnham, Kirkttam A Co " Mason A Co " Faaltt ft Co. . ; PliiMrlpHa Alex. Murdock ft Co Baltimore CushlnfES A Bailey *' Kinf^, Corwln A Co Cineinnaii Gideon Burton, Esq " E. O. Webster A Cc " Jones Bros. A Co " Jno. SlmpkiosoD A Co " J. AJ. Slevln " Shaw, Biiell A Barbour *' J. W. ElllsftCo " Day ft Matlack " OoUections made throughout the U. S. Drafts and maturing paper collected at Bankers' rates. E. A. Y. is Notary Public, and Commissioner for all the principal Slates. CLAIMS PROVED. — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEPOSITIONS CAREFULLY TAKES. 1¥1?I. H. KELSEY, %Mm at f ato i ioterg |«blic. Master Commissioner of the Superior Court. COLLECTIONS ATTENDED TO PBOHFTLT. OFFICE, 80 WEST THIRD STREET, Oinoinnatl, Ohio. ClLVn BBADI.IY. W. H. KELBKy. BBADLET & EELSET, Stock and Note Brokers and General Agents. REAL ESTATE BOUGHT & SOLD. Money Loaned and Collections Made. 80 WEST THIRD STREET, CINCINNATI, O. JOHN KISTNEB, Manufacturer or ALL KINDS OF SCALES, 304 Vine St., BET. CANAL ft 12TII, Cincinnati, O. SAMUEL S. CARPENTER, ATTOMEY AT LAW I NOTARY PUBLIC, Also, COMMISSIONER for DEEDS, DEPO- SITIONS, and AFFIDAVITS for every STATE in the UNION. N. B. — Commissions to take testimony executed with promi>tness and accuracy. Offloe, 23 West Third Street, Cincinnati, 0. SAMUEL A. SARGENT, REAL ESTATE & STOCK BROKER, 8 APOLLO BUILDINGS, Corner of Fifth and Walnut Streets, CINCINNATI, O. TllOa. W. WRIGHT. JULIUS TOBSO. T. W. WRIGHT & CO., MAM'FAtrrUBERS OF ALL KINDS OF SCALES, BEAMS, TRUCKS & HOISTING WHEELS, 10 West Second Street, Cincinnati, 0. F- iR, ^ isr K L Y isr TYPE, STEREOTYPE, & ELECTROTYPE FOUNDRY. AND PRINTBRS' FXTRNISHINO WAREHOUSB. We desire to infonn Printers, Booksellers, and others, that we are now prepared to furnish every thing used in, or in any way connected with printing, in any of its branches : our Moulds, Matrices, and Machinery, are all duplicates of those of L. John- son & Co., Philadelphia, the most extensive Type Fouuders in America ; and we assure the trade that the quality and admixture of our metals will at all times 1>e of the best materials, and our manufacture of them in the highest style of the art. It will be our aim, under all circumstances, to compete with the very best Foundries in the country, both in style and finish. Having recently made large additions to our stock of Moulds and Matrices, we are now prepared to furnish, in any quantity, the most approved faces of Book, News, and Job Type, and fit out Printing Offices of any size on the shortest notice. Our Composing Rooms are well stocked with the latest and most ap- proved styles of Book and Job Type, of all sizes, and we Stereotype or Electrotype Books, Music, Jobs, Medicine Labels, etc., etc., on short notice, and at Eastern Prices. Pattern and Brand Letters of various sizes and styles always on hand. Type that has been used in Stereotyping for sale at Reduced Prices. Agents for Hoe & Co., Adams, Gordon, and Ruggles' Presses. American and English Inks constantly on hand. Also, Printers' Glue of a superior quality. 168 VIHE STREET, (bet. Ponrth & Fifth Sts.) CINCnnrATI, 0. Jl. JIjMtMSOM'i, SttptHmttmdtmt, D. HILLS S CO. C. ». O'DBIaCOLL. STEBEOTTFE AND ELECTBOTTFE FOUNDBT, XQ-O. 141 ^a:A.XTiT STIISSST, OZXTOISTXT..A.TZ, OHIO. HILLS, O'DRISCOLL & CO., STEREOTYPERS & ELECTROTYPERS, Also, dealers In Type and Printing Materials, generally. Leads, Cases. Galleys, Brass and Metal Rules, Quoins, Furniture, etc., always on hand. Stereotyping of all kinds, Books, Moslc. Pamphlets, and Jobs of every description done at short notice and in the best manner. Electrotyping of Cuts, Jobs, etc., done c. short notice. BOBERT CLARKB. B. D. BARNET. J. W. DALB. BOBEBT CLABKE & CO., Sncoesson to H. W. Derby & Co., Law Pabliihers ft Bookaallen, Stationers, Importer! tc Dealen in Theological, Scientifle, Sdhool and MifleellaneonB Books, Ko. 66 West Fomth Street, Cincinnati, 0. The attention of the legal profession and the trade is invited to the following valuable Law Books, pub- lished by them : Ohio Reports, 26 vols. McLean's C. C. Reports, 6 vols. Johnson's Chancery Reports, 7 vols, in 3. Swan's Statutes op Ohio, 1 vol. Swan's New Treatise, 1 vol. McDonald's Treatise, 1 vol. Nash's Pleadino and Practice, 1 vol. Nash's Digest op Ohio Reports, 1 vol. GWVNNB ON ShBRIPPS A CoRONGRS, 1 Vo). Holcombe's Equity Jurisprudence, 1 vol. Barto.n's Suit in Equity, 1 vol. Their assortment of general Law Books Is large and various, and their facilities for procuring the publi- cations of other houses are such, that they can sell at the lowest Eastern rates. The Theological and Miscellaneous Departments will be found supplied, In addition to recent English and American publications, with a choice stock of old, rare and valuable works, seldom met wKIi in this country. Foreign Books, old and new, In Any language, imported with the utmost care and dls|>atc.>), thr-ir business connections in London and Kdlnburgh being such, as to afford great facilities for the collection of old rare works, and sucli modern books as are " out of print." Subscriptions received for foreign periocicais. The publications of the following houses kept constantly on hand : — Harper A Bros., Derby A Jaclraon, Robert Carter A Brc, New York ; G. Koutledge & Co., T. Nelson & 8on, 11. Bullli^re, London ; Blackie & Son, Glasgow ; T. A T. Clark, Edinburgh, Ac, Ac. Trade supplied with Harper's Magazine and Weekly. I lined, etc. CHA1ILK« OllAHAM. ROBBAT ORAHAU. VALENTINE FREIGHT EXPRESS COMPANY. CINCINNATI OFriCE, No. i EAST THIRD STREET. John S. Dunlop, Supt. E. H. Valentino. Asst. Supt. Ooo, B. Cooper Pres., St. Louis, Mo. Time Contracts Kivon for Shipment of Freight from New York, Boston. Philadeiphia and Baltimore to St. Loii'o, Cincinnati, Chicot, and all points Went. Throuih Roroipts nveii to all parts of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and to all points on the Misso uri Ri ver. Fur Contracts call at our Office. B. i. HULL, Agent. JHmrk Oooit VmltHUmt Mm. So. 6 East Third street, Cincinnati, 0. WILIilAJtt MOREHOUSE & CO., ~" S. E. cor. of Fifth ft Flam St3., Cincinnati, 0. Superior Spiral-Sprinn and Curled Hair MiiltreBses, Feather Beds, and all othnr articles in the line, in store and nindo to oTier at Short notice. N. B.— Curtams and Carpets made up, Church Pews CHAS. OBAHAM & BBO., MACHINE BLACKSMITHS, 2T7 West Front Street, Cincinnati, 0. ifanufacturers of BrMge-BoUn and all kinds qf BUickmnithing. E. C. HAWKINS, PHOTOGRAPHIST, 106 WEST FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI, OHIO. PATENTEE OF THE PATENT HELIOGRAPHS. RIGHTS FOR SALE & INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN. J. D. DAVENPORT, J. THOMSON. DAVENPORT & THOMSON, » Successors to Mi. C. Cirosvettor^ N.E. CORNER OF FOURTH & WALNUT STS, i^^ CINCINNATI, OHIO. ALL ORDERS EXECUTED WITH NEATNESS AND DISPATCH. ANDERSON, GATES &, WRIGHT, A ' FXJBLISHEI^S, WHOLESALE AND EETAIL BOOZSSLLSES A IT D S T A T Z IT S B. S^ PRINTERS, AND MANUFACTURERS OP : SUPERIOR BLANK BOOKS. 112 Main Street, bet. Third and Fourth, Cincinnati, Ohio. , 'V W. O. HYNIIMAN, (SacMMor to S. R. Harollton), nianufarlurcr of ninrksmlth's Bel- lowi mid ImprOTSd Portable Forite, (Pnlenled November, 1857.) Manufiutory, 41 Sfoond StiMt, Ixtween Syuunora and Broadway, ClAdnnAtU PETER 8M ITH, IMPORTER AND DEALER IN DAOUEBREOTTPE, AMBIIOTYPE & MELAINOTYPE STOCK, Sntitl) anb American J^iatea, PLATS GLASS, FRAMES, CHEMICALS AND CASES, Gerinaa and Amerioan Cameras, General Agent for the supply of Daxnerreotype and Ambroivpe Apiiaratu«nr]ent of the other, a« many may be used at one time Asiirisiied. This apparatus Is capable of cook1nf( for a family of twenty peisons. Tne price Is $76, Including about |10 worth of cooking utenfllls. The same Malioghany Stand with three Stoves, without cooking utensils. Is fSO. The common Stove ware will do. The WU may enable persons to nelert and order what tbey wish. For further information address the pHtentee. A slnfflo Stove will do every variety and kind of cooking, several will save time, two or three Stoves for four or five persons. It takes abwit the same amount of s^ to cook on three or lour Stovet as one, it belnf( In proportion to the anrtount cooked ; and not so liable to wastajje, as wood fuel. Where gas Is $2.50 per 1,000 feet, it costs about two and one-half cents per day for each person. A man and wife can cook for five cents a day, and five c-ents a week for Ironing, The Stores will work on a common washstaud, table, or shelf m any room or story. Dr. H. B. ]I1V8GRAVE, andnnati, O. Or Call at No. 272 Sixth Street. BLVNT'S ORIGINAL All llMi, ftom 3 feet t» 20 feet. Steam oiid hot water supplied witli any size if required. MRnufticturetl by E. B. Blunt, 224 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. WarrHiited to give satielaction. J. W. GARRISON, F. P. CAHILL. NEW MADISON HOUSE, GARRISON & CAHILL, PROPRIETORS. 3S^-A.IlSr STIiBBT, BETWEEN COLUMDIA » Uriws Work, Itept oonstanlly on hnnd lit Knatem Prices. Also, Hniss Cnslings nnd anti-friction Metal made to order. S. G. BURNET & CO., MANUFACTURER3 OF ' , Sieves, Riddles, ' WOODEN k JAPANNED BIRD CAGES, CHEESE & MEAT SAFES, &c. 37 1¥ALNVT STREET. CINCINNATI, O. BVT1.ER'I§ MERCANTIIE, RECORD & COPYING Excelsior Fluid Inks! MANUFACTURED BY JAMES J. BUTLER, AGElVr. 3© -VIITE STUBET, COR. OF COHUERCE, CINCINNATI, 0. In Use by 10,000 Merchants and Bankers of the East, South and West. For sale by 600 leading Sta- tioners and Merchants of the South and West. JOSEPH W. WAYNE, DEALER IN TRUNK-MAKERS' STC^t, SHEKT ZINO, TIN PLATE, WIRE, HOOP I30N, PUMP CHAIN AND FIXTURES, AND GENERAL HABDWARE. 196 MAIN ST., (UNCnVNATI, O. ~~J. L. WAYNE & SON, DEALERS IN Ploih, Hair Cloth, Sofa Springi, LOOEINa-aiiASS PLATES, MANCFACTURBRS OF PLANES AND EDGE TOOLS. 124 JHaln & 23 Hammond Streets, CINCINNATI, OHIO. J0«. WOODBOUOM. Mica*L mVablim. BINBTO. DONN. WOODROUGH & MTARLIN, SAW MANUFACTURERS, Patent around Oironlar Saws, (works AT HAMILTON, O.) W*arehou8e, 15 Vff^alnuf Street, CINCINNATTI, O. Casting! of all kiacU made to order. JOHN NASH, MANUrACTVRER OF CAR 1¥HEE1.S, 243 A 246 EAST PEARL STREET, OlNOmNATI, OHIO. WHEELS WARRANTED. THOMAS 8. SMITH, Iron Perforating Establishment, 216 WEST SECOND STREET, BET. PLUM AND WESTERN ROW, Has always on hand, and make» to order I^^LT KILlSrs, For all sort of Grain, Com Shaken, Smnt Haohlnce, Soreeni and Window Onarda. MskM to ordtr, uid hu tlwayi on hand, all sUn of WroaEht Iron WonluTd, Burri and Riveting Rings, wholesale and retiiil. Tinned Washers for Ihilts and Iloee: Lathe Chain Links of all sIks; Stove and other small Nuts; R. R., S. B., Bridge and Baggage Checks; Perforated Iron Tree Boxes, and Fancy Flower Fencing. Cimelnnati, OMo, UAAO OBBBNWALD. I2BA OBItNWALD- I. & E. GREENWALD, Foundry and Machine Shop, Steam Engines ft Mill Hachinety. No. 190 EAST PEARL STREET, (Near Miami Canal,) OINOINNATI, OHIO. JAMES W. McLAUGHI IN, ARCHITECT, ODD FEIiliOH^S' BriLDIN«, Comer of Walnut and Third Streets, CINCINNATI, OHIO. EHRGOTT & FORBRIGER, -v PRACTICAL LITHOGRAPHERS, Carlisle's Block, S. W. cor. of 4th & Walnut Sts., '"'""^ ■ ROOM No. 2, THIRD FLOOR. ^ ' CINCINNATI, OHIO. Every kind of work in their line, such as Maps, Bonds, Drafts, Notes, Checks, Diplomas, Landscapes, Portraits, Show Cards, etc., in Black and in Colors, will be executed with the greatest promptness, and in the very best style. LITTLE MIAMI & COLUMBUS & XENIA RAILROAD, Exclusively a Through Route. THREE DAILY TRAINS. niriet ConnteUoHi mr» matf«« rtm Cl£VEliAND— With Lake Shore, New York and Erie and New York Central Railroada, to and from Baffalo, Dunkirk, Albany, Boston, New York, etc. CRBSTIilNB— With PeunsyWonla Railroad at Pittsburg, to and trom Harrlsburg, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, etc. STECBEIWILLB— With Penniylvania Railroad at Pittsburg, to and trom Harritburg, Philadelphia, New York, WklEELING— With Baltimore and Ohio and PennsrWania Railroads at Wheeling and Pittsburg, to and from Baltimore, Washington City, Richmond. Wilmington, N. C, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, etc., etc. Makes close connections at Xenin for nil points West and Northwest ; also nt Cincinnati for all points West and Southwest. To and from Cleveland, Pittsburg, and Wheeling, without change of Cars. Tickets for Sale at all the Principal Railroad Offices in the East and West. J. D1JRAIVD, Snpt. onroiNirATi KAOHnnB wo&Ka Manufacture Stationary and Portable STEAM ENGINES, OF ALL SIZES, CYLINDER, FLUE AND TUBULAR BOILERS, All Klnda of Mill Machinery, Portable Flouring Mills, with Bolts, Elevators, IND ALL THB MACHINBRT COMPLETB. Bum, Boiling Cloth., Smut Mill., Bran Duilers, Klnman Cele- bniled Flour Pnoker, MnUy, Sa«h, ami Circnlnt Saw Mill., Parker Wster-WlicoU, Knmhnm's Doulilo-Aollng Lift and Force Pumps, llydraullc Kami, Juduin'a Patent Governor Valve. Ornamental CasUIron FoantainSy BSASS A IRON CASTINGS OBNBBALLT. W. R DUNLAP & CO., Oor. Front tc Lawrence Sti., Oinoinnatl, O. Mammoth Steampower Billiard Table Manufactory OF J. K BBUiraWIOK ft BSO. Mann &ctorv— Situated on N. E. corner of Elm k Caniil Stre«t«, Offlco and Warehoute— No. 8 Sixth St., bet. Main and Walnnt Sts. Cincinnati, O. Best Combtnatlon Patent Ciuhlon ever Invented. Patent obUlned December 8, 1857. All the modem Improvements In style and bt'st mathemntlont nc- caracy of workmanahlp, untMtunlled by any other liouse either in tlio United States or Europe. Our latest Coniblnalion Patunl C'usliions, which are unequalled In elasticity and correctness In nnsles, have received the ^^reatest attention of ell the scientific Bllllanf Pluyera, and gives our Tables tlie greatest perfection now in existence. Relying upon a practical knowlwlge and experience of many years In litis branch of builnew, and having applied all the benefidui inacbineriea for tteam-power, we call especial attention of llotul or Saloon Keup- ers. in general, to furnish their rooms with our tirst-olaw UlUliinl Tanlee, made of Rosewood or Mahogany, either with Marble, Slate, or Wooden Beds, because we are enabfeil to offer our gocils at re- duced prices, from 30 to 35 per cent., and as we possess ample means, we offer also the most suitable terms for any number or quality of Tables. Especial attention will be given for repairing and recuslilonlng old Tables with our new Combination Patent Cuulons of superior elus* tlclty and correctness In angles. iitmem^, Tuehe BiUiard TahUt Manufactured wetklff. Agents fbr the above are Geo. W, iMlllngs, St. Lonis, Mo. ; E. Brunswick, ISl Randolph Street, Chicago, III. ; A. tV. Uerriam, New Orlaans, La, ; J. B. Harper, LouUvllle, Ky. J. H. BURROWS J. H. BTJREO^W^S' PATENT A. KIMBALL. AND PIiAIVTATIO]\ CORN MILL Ml Orders should be tlddressed to J. H. BUMlROJW*S If Co., Second Street bet. Elm, If Plum, ClnclnnaM, O. Proprietors of the Columbia Foundry, and Manufacturers of Steam Engines and Machinery, for Grist and Saw Mills, Distilleries, Tanneries, etc. Also, French Bun- Mill Stones, of all sizes ; Montgomerie's Double Grinding Bark Mill and Corn Crush- ers ; Haviland & Tuttle s Saw-Mill Water-Wueels, and Castings of every description. Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths, Plaster of Paris, etc. :lf! GUNDRY'S MERCANTILE COLLEGE, N. W. COR. OF FIFTH AND WALNUT STREETS, Omoiixna.'ti, Ohio. A THOROUGH AND PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF BOOE-KEEFIXG, PENMANSHIP, &o., May be obtained during the Evening Winter Co' tion being afforded as in the day time. Those wi tion without delay. The large number of Students of this Institu* Business Men and Accountants in this city, is de< its merii«. TERmS FOR FULL tURS? he same facilities for instruc- attend should make applica- cupying the first positions as ufficient recommendation of BTT DOIiL.AR8. GUNDRY, Principal. COMMERCIAL COLLEGE, Comer Third and Walnut, Cincinnati, 0. O? One time is as good as another to commence. O" For particulars, call, or address the College. Entered Recording to Act of Connross. in the ycur law. Ivy H. M. nAUTT-ETT, in the Clorlt'a Office of the District Court or the United Stntui for the Sonthcrn District of Ohio. | e TO n a" n O 3 SI 3 i r DiHMB A Co., S. W. corner of Fourth and Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, Importers, wholesale and retail dealers in fine Watches and Jewelry of every description, Silver and Silver Plated Ware. Watoh Tools and Katerials for the Trade. GOLD PEN MANUFAOTURER, ROOM 16, APOLLO BUILDING, Cor. of Fifth and Walnat Sts., Oinoinnati, 0. Mr. Lumly wftrnintt bU Peiu to be m ftood, If not tnperior to any other* nuMle Ejut or W«.-t. Clurkt and Uook-k«ep«r« who have uiod, and are »tUl oilng hli Pens, can teetity to their auperlority over oil othen. Pani Rv^red to Order. W. H. HESSELER, VENETIAN BLIND MANUFACTURER, 14T Sycamore Sireeiy BErW£E:4 FOURTH AND FIFFH, WEST SIDK. CINCINNATI, OHIO. Keeps always on hand and makes to order, Venetlnn Blinds of every dfiorliillon, at low prices for rjuh. Old Blinds repainted and trimmed to look equal to new. SHOW CASES. A LAKOE ASSORTMENT OF Silver Plated, Oerman Silver, Rose- wood, Mahogany, Black Walnut, Satin, and Finewood, at SCHMITT & BROTHERS, T7 WEST THIBD ST., CIHClllllAXI, AND 5 IV th WilHam Street, New York. FRANCIS DOLL, Manufacturer of Gold & Silver Watoh Cases, Orders from all parts of the country attended to with prompt- ness. Corner of 4th and Walnut Bts., over Duhme'a Jewelry Store, Cincinnati, Ohio. WH, GLBNN. Jia. M. OLBNN. E. bYHOKD, JB. O. T. OI.BXM. WM. GLENN & SONS, Wholesale Grocers, NORTH-EABT CORNER OF WALNUT A COLUMBIA. STS. onTonrNATi, o. lUAO I. WBBT. CHU. R. MCDOOOAL. WEST & MbDOnOAL, GROCERS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS, No. 23 WALNUT STREET, CINCINNATI, OmO. QUEEN CITY BANKING AND EXCHANGE OFFICE, DEALS IN UNCURRENT BANK NOTiS, GOLD & SILVER. 91 MAIN STREET, Tnut kJmmtpmmff MuUMngy Ctmetmrnrnttt O, E. N. SLOCTTM, Agent. CINCINNATI. 76 CINCINNATI, THE QUEEN CITY OP THE WEST. AnER leaving tlio seaboard, no city in tlie United States is likely to surprise the stranger so mucli ns Cincinnati. From nn lu'oount of Dr. Charles Maekay's visit to it lust year, we expected to find in it another rittsl)urg (ronnsylvania) or Manchester (Eni^fland) for smoke; ond on proceeding from the " Forest City" (Cleveland) wo looked forword to find- ing Cincinnati under a cloud, with the anticipation of unpleasant odours from Its famed pork-killing establishments. On our entering the city, by the Llttlo Miami Valley railroad, tlw beauty of that line was only excelled by the charming view presented as the train crept round the curves, opening to view the exquisitely beautiful scenery of the Ohio, both on the Kentucky and Ohio side of the rlvor. Our visit to Cincinnati, therefore, In July last, was one of unmlngled pleasurable disappointment; with a blazing sun overhead, all vegetation In Its gayest attire, and not a particle of smoko to be seen, excepting from a solitary steamer, perhaps, getting ready for Its voyage to Louisville or the Mississippi. Ascending to the top of Mount Adorns, to get a view of the city and surrounding country, we looked in vain for smoke; so that should the gifted author of "Voices from the Crowd" poy his friend Nicholas Longworth another visit at Cincinnati, and that any time during the spring or summer montlis, he will, we think, leave It with a different Impres- sion, and similar to what he experienced in the cities visited, where the total absence from smoke formed one of the peculiarities of American city life. As may be well known, Cincinnati is the most populous city of the Western States, and the fifth In size and importance throughout the union. It is beautifully situated in a volley of about 13 miles In circumference, with the Ohio River intorseeting It from the State of Kentucky, environed by o range of hills, thus forming a beautiful basin with one portion of the city in the centre, but the greater port of it rising by terraces, on which Third and Fourth streets form two of the most prominent. For 3 miles, at least, the city extends along- side of the river, thOt j)ortion being lined, for the most part, with stores and shipping- places of business, and where from 80 to 40 steamers may be seen engaged in the river trnfiie, soiling up the river to Pittsburg, 460 miles, ond down to ports on the Mississippi, 660 miles distant, corrying, for the most port, goods, but thot only when the state of the river permits, and business nfl'ords sufficient trolfic. Both in the city ond in the vicinity some elegont privote residences ore to be seen, but more porticulorly in the suburbs of such OS Mount Auburn, where there ore some beoutlful country seats, with vineries in the open air ottoched to each. One of the finest public buildings of Cincinnoti is the Court House, on immense block of buildings built of white marble, but, to o certoin extent, obscured from being seen to great odvontage, on occount of the other buildings being built in too close proximity with It. In churches Cincinnoti con boast of hoving as fine somples as ore to be found in the "West. Its literary, educatlonol, scientific, ond medicol colleges and instit'itions, ronk with any thing In tlie United Stotes; in fact, from the public school up to the mostodvoneed literary ond scientific ossociotion, Cincinnati is excelled, we believe, by no other city. The Mechonics' Institute, for exomple, occupies a prominent ploce amongst the mony valu- oble Institutions with which Cincinnati has great cause to be proud of. It is a lorge, squore, massive building, built in the Elizobethon style, on the corner of Sixth ond Vine streets. Its librory contains 15,000 volumes, besides having, in nn odjoining department, on excel- lent selection of newspopers and periodicals. It is under the management of the Centrol Board of tlie Trustees and Visitors of Common Schools, two delegates from each ward in the city being part of the monogement. Rufus King, Esq., a nome well known in Americo, is president. At present it numbers 4323 members. Average delivery of books during the lost 7 months, over 6500 volumes per month. Total circulation for 7 months, 36,000 volumes. At the lost time when the books were called in i^e revision, only 8 volumes were wonting 76 mechanics' institute and mercantile libraby. out of a total circulation of 87,000 volumes, a fact which speaks well for both members and management. Even this small number missing was made up by the parties who had become security for those who had got out the books. All young men under age, and not known, are required to get a guarantee from a known citizen, who becomes responsible for any loss the institution may sustuin, by giving out books to such party applying for them. The library is made up of the books formerly belonging to the Public School Library and Mechanics' Institution, now joined into one library. From the State, it now — from its connection with the Public School Library — receives $8000 annually'. The terras of admission to all are — free. It may appear almost invidious to mention the name of any one donor to this noble in- stitution, but we think that Mr. Greenwood's beneficence should e well known, if for no other reason, than that others in different parts, may imitate his example. Besides many subscriptions to the institution, and all along taking an active part in its establishment and welfare, he was, we believe, the principal means of preventing the institution from going down. Amongst its difficulties, it was due Mr. Greenwood no less a sum than $18,000 (£.3,600 stg.) for material he had supplied to the building, etc., from his foundry. Tliat entire sum he mcde them a present of, from which date, the institution has spread its benefits all around, and engraven the name of Miles Greenwood indelibly in connection with its hitiory, and thot of the welfore of the working classes. Again, we may notice another of the reading-rooms and libraries in the city, worthy of all commendation, viz. : the Young Men's Mercantile Library and Reading-room, in Walnut street On one floor of a building 140 feet long, by 100 wide, there will be found a library of 19,000 volumes, in all the departments of literature, occupying fully one-half of the aportment In the other end of it there will be found the best assortment of newspapers, magazines, and periodicals we have seen anywhere. The natives of almost any part of the world will there find the paper of his own neighbourhood. Of course the Thunderer of Printiiig-House square (London) will be found tliere on regular file. On the opposite frames — the Scotsman — the worthy representative of " Auld Reekie," (Edinburgh, Scot.,) and the Dublin Evening Post and Nation, of Ireland, take their stand ; the Welshmen are repre- sented in tlie Carnarvon Herald; the Frenchmen, with the Journal des Debats, La Presse, Charivari, L' Illustration, and Galignani ; the Germans, with Zeitungs plenty ; the Austra- lian, with the Melbourne Argus ; whilst t'ne United States is represented with sheets of all sorts and sizes, from Maine to California, and not forgetting the well-printed sheet of the Pioneer and Democrat, all the way from St. Paul, Minnesota. Canada papers are also found in abundance. In going over this room, and seeing such a host of London weekly papers, and monthly magazines and quarterly reviews from England, Scotland, and Ireland, a stranger from Great Britain is apt to fancy himself in some of the Exchange rending rooms of Liverpool, Manchester, or Glasgow, or the Waterloo News Rooms in Edinburgh, rather than on the banks of the Ohio. The quarto and imperial weekly sheets are secured to tables across the room, at which porties may sit and read, some of the most popular London weekly papers showing good evidence of being well perused. The tattered and torn appearance which the Illustrated London News, and that philosophic, philanthropic, and stinging little sinner Punch pre- sented, showed that they afford as great a treat to the numerous readers there, as these two publications do in enriching the coffers of some American publishers, who depend largely upon them for their excellent illustrations, as, no sooner do they reach this side of the At- lantic, than they are reproduced without the slightest acknowledgment as to their source, far less in a pecuniary respect. The magazines are all numbered, and can be taken and read in any part of the building. After perusal they are returned to their proper pigeon-holes in the desk, where they re- main open for perusal. The library contains 19,000 volumes. The reading-room, 240 different newspapers, and 120 magazines and reviews are received as soon as possible after publication. THIRD STREET, CINCINNATI. 77 The terms of entry are only $3 (12». stg.), with f 1 entry-money. At present it numbers SOOO members. The reading-room is most comfortably fitted up. On the floor, for example, there is a magnificent tapestry carpet, and the newspapers mounted on elegant iron frames of chaste design. Altogether, it appears a model institution of the kind, and we congratulate the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association in having such an institute. We had forgot to mention, that the library is adorned with a beautiful marble statue of " Sabrina," and another of *' Eve listening to the Voice," as well as busts of some of Amer- ica's most accomplished public men. In one respect, this institution differs from any of the kind we have seen in Britain, via., that of ladies visiting the reading-room, and perusing the books, newspapers, and periodi- cals, with apparently great interest, besides forming a large proportion of the visitors to tlie Young Men's Library, for books. < C The finest wholesale stores in the city are situated on Pearl street, where they arrest at- tention, from their solid stone built appearance, and general excellent design. The other principal streets for the wliolesiile trade, are, Walnut street, Main street, and Public land- ing, from which tens of thousands of dollars' wortli of goods change hands weekly. 1] 78 NEW MASONIC TEMPLE, CINCINNATI. Third street forms also one of the finest streets of the city. At the corner of Third and Walnut street, the Masonic Temple will stand, when completed (see our engraving of the same), ^n Third street, are situated the greater proportion of tlie banking houses and offices of the exchange brokers and lawyers in the city. The buildings there also being cliaraoterized by that solid magnificence, which well cut and tastefully designed architec- ture always portrays. Our view of Tliird street, as given in the preceding page, repre- sents some of the finest buildings in the street, the first one on the left hand, being the premises built and occupied by the celebrated Ohio Life ami Trust Company, a banking institution, which failed in 1867. , 1 " i^TT '■ nil 'iiiiiii n]'!TiWiiF" Tins splendid structure, an engraving of which we present, is one of the most striking I)uilding8 yet erected, we believe, in the United States, and will show more strongly, than per- haps any other we could have selected, the amazing rapidity of growth of the western cities of America. On the site where tliis Masonic temple rears its commanding form, among other costly and palatial stone edifices, in the business centre of the " queen city" of the West, men, still in tlie vigour of life, assure astonished strangers that they can remember wlien, on the very spot occupied by these palaces, the primitive log-huts of the first settlers were embedded in the forest ! The Nova Cesaria Harmony Lodge, No. 2, under whose auspices this temple is being erected, was instituted in 1794, and is the oldest lodge in Cincinnati. The ground was E-i O H » GRINDING & BOLTING FLOUR MILL, CORIV AI%D FEED IVIIL.L.S OF ALL. ISIZElS, BOTH UPPER AND UNDER RUNNERS. A complete Mill is furnished for $700. This comprises 3 foot French Burr Stones, Bolting Chest 6 feet high and 20 feet long, with an improvement for adjusting the Reel, which is 3 feet in diameter and 20 feet long, with genuine Dutch Anker Boltmg Cloth fitted to it ; two pairs of Cooling Conveyers ; two sets of Elevators, with gearing, belting, &c., all ready to attach to power. The Mill is so arranged that any portion of middlings or fine flour can be returned to the eye of the Burrs, and reground, or can be rebolted, without any rehandling. We also build smaller sized Flour Mills, Bolts, &c., all complete. A 24 inch Burr and 10 foot Bolt, $350 ; 30 inch Burr and Bolt, 16 feet long, $550. The $700 Mill we guarantee to grind and bolt 60 barrels of flour per day, making the best extra flour, and a yield equal to the best and most costly Mills in use. They have been gotten up with a view of meeting the wants of the people. As to oconomy of expense, power, and space, and in durability, simplicity, efficiency, they are unrivalled. They can be set to running in any kind of building where power is used, or in Saw Mills. Our Corn and Feed Mills are also put up in strong Iron Frames, (cast solid ). A 24 inch Mill, ready to attach to power, costs $180; 2^ feet, $175 ; 8 feet, $225. Smut Machines, Flour Packers, Com Shellers, W. W. HAMER & CO., SOLE MANUFACTURERS, TV. E. cor. of Second iSt. and IVestern Roir, CINCINNATI, OHIO. I nrs JM,so rvRJvisH to oruxb Portable ic Stationary Engrines & Boilers of all sizes, Circular, Jflnlcy and Sash Saws & mill Gearing of all kinds. CONSTANTLY ON HAND MILL PICKf^, HOISTING SCREWS, GRAIN SCALES, &C., &C. Ccnuine Dutch Anker Brand Bolting Cloth at Lowest Prices, Leather & India Rubber Belting. N. B. — Wo have 3 Mills constantly running at our Factory, grinding flour, corn, meal and feed. Persons wishing to purchase can thus determine the superiority of our Mills, Circulars, giving particulars, sent upon application with postage stamp. tmm MILES GREENWOOD'S WORKS, EAGLE FOUNDRT, CINCINNATI. 1 •I NEW MASONIC TEMPLE AND FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI. 79 donated by Wm. McMillan — now deceased. As a building designed expressly for Masonic uses, it is a question, if, not only in Amei-ica but in Europe, any temple of the kind haa heretofore been erected more complete and convenient in its arrangements, or richer in graceful and symbolic architecture, than the one now under notice. It is being erected entirely of the beautiful freestone, for which Cincinnati is so celebrated, and stands on the north-east corner of Third and Walnut streets, occupying a frontage on Third street of 200 feet, and 100 feet on Walnut street. The style is Byzantine, exhibiting strongly tho«e bold and massive features so cbaraoteristio of many of the best buildings of northern Italy. It will be 4 stories high, with a basement, and flanked by three lofty tow- ers ; the one at the corner of Third and Walnut streets being 82 feet square at the base, and 186 feet from the base to the vane. In the centre of this tower, on the third siory, and fac- ing Tliird street, is a niche designed to receive a life-size statue of W. McMillan, the liberal donor of the property. The upper portion of the tower will have a large town clock, with 4 illuminated dials 1 feet diameter, which will be visible on each face of the tower from a great distance. The first floor, as well as basement, will be used for banking houses and exchange brokers, the second floor for business offices, while the third and fourth floors are devoted exclusively to Masons and Masonic meetings. On the third floor, which is 18 feet 6 inches high, are the chapter room, the library, (lit by a projecting Oriel window,) royal and select council room, a spacious banquet room, an encampment asylum, a royal arch chapter room, and a Persian court, all for the use of the knights and templars. At the western portion of this floor, and facing Third and Walnut streets, a commodious suite of rooms form the residence of the janitor, isolated from the remainder of the building, but in convenient juxtaposition. The fourth story, which is 22 feet high, is subdivided into 3 splendid lodge rooms for the entered apprentices, fellow-crafts, and master-masons of N. C. Harmony Lodge, No. 2, and a grand lodge room designed for use only on extraordinary occasions. This fine room is 70 feet long, 42 feet 4 inches wide, and 28 feet in height, lit by the large and beautiful rose window which forms so conspicuous a feature on the Wal- nut-street elevation. The attitude of the temple will be 86 feet from the pavement to the cornice, 106 feet to the ridge of the roof, and 112 feet to the cornice of the great tower. The roof is a Mansard shape, terminated where visible, by a rich iron railin:?, and having its surface relieved by seven picturesque dormer windows. The entire cost is estimated at $150,000 (£80,000 stg.). The architects of this building — which reflects the highest credit upon their artistic taste and skill — are Messrs. Hamilton and McLaughlin, whose cards will be found elsewhere. Mr. McLaughlin is still a resident of Cincinnati, but Mr. Hamilton (formerly of London) has recently removed to New York. The engraving, given in another page, has been exe- cuted for this work, by two young and very promising wood engravers in Cincinnati, Messrs. Davenport and Thompson, and we have only to refer to tiiis specimen of their work, to show what they can do, for them to be entrusted with drawings of the most intricate character, as the foregoing view was engraved from the architect's drawing, and the manner in which they have preserved every detail correctly, reflects great credit upon their ability as first-class engravers. In our engraving of Fourth street, will be seen a representation of some of the finest blocks in the city, and among the many splendid stores with which it abounds, none show to more advantage than the magnificent jewellery establishment of Messrs. Duhme & Co., situated in Carlisle Block, corner of Fourth and Walnut streets (the first large block to the left in the engraving on the next page.) This establishment rivals. In that particular depart- ment, any thing in New York, or any where else, we believe, in the United States, and stands pre-eminent as the Hunt A Roskills (London) of Western America. Tlie visitor there will be struck with the large amount of valuable stock which Is to be seen, consisting of the manufactures of some of the best makers in England, France, and Switzerland. In the same block stands, also, one of the finest, if not the finest, bookstore In the city, viz., Messrs. Robert Clarke & Co.'s (late Derby A Co). This store is handsomely fitted up, and filled with a large stock of rare and valuable works In all departments of literature 80 rOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI. and Bcicnce. BesidoB being publishera of several works, Messrs. Clarke & Co. import direct from the publishing houses in England and Scotland. In the same street (Fourth street) a little further west, is now completing a very magni- ficent block, intended as the opera house for the queen city. When finished, it will form probably, the finest block in the street, if not in tlie whole city. Its proportions and de- sign are elegant. ii5 a a a E-i m a f- a o Still further west, in Fourth street, stands the new post-office, custom house, and other government offices, all in one building, of a very chaste design and classic character. Tlie only regret is, that so fine a building should have been obscured or buried in oppearnnce, alongside of tlie high towering stores l)uilt close to the westward of it. Only the front portion of the post-ofllce will be seen in the above engraving, with the national flag waving from the top of it. On the opposite side of Fourth street stand some very elegant BtoresAlso, and a visit to Mr. Richardson's outfitting establishment, opposite the post-offiee, will give an idea of their internal extent and magnificence. We should say that Fourth street bids fair to be the street of streets in this beautiful and wonderful city, and that a few years will see it lined, from end to end, with buildings of the same palatial character. NATION.VL THEATRE CINCINNATI. 81 Amongst the many handsome buildings in the city, few show a flue.* exterior or more substantial appearance than the National Theatre, on Sycamore street, built by Mr. John Bates. It presents, as will be seen by our engraving of it, a very hondsome exterior, ornamented with some -very finely-executed sculptor work. Whilst the exterior shows to such great advantage, the interior is tastefully decorated and fitted up. After the old tlifHtre was burned down, we understand a company was formed to build a new one, but as sometimes " too many cooks spoil the broth," it was likely to prove bo in this instance, when Mr. Bates stepped forward, and single-handed, provided the citizens with as comfort- able and elegant a theatre as will be found in the Uni'. dd States. The house is built in the most substantial manner, and in that respect, as well as regards ventilation, is every thing that is possible to attain. It is seated for 8000 people, and stands on a lot 100 feet front and 206 feet deep ; height of house 90 feet. The architect is Mr. Hamilton, who is also THE PORK TRADE — THE EAGLE IRON WORKS. Architect of the Masonic Temple, a view of which will be found on another page. The thea- tre was built under the personal superintendence of Mr. Bates, who watched its process from the digging of the foundation to lighting up the gas on the opening night, on 4th July last. Under the Icsseeship of Mr. Baker, the house, on our visit, was certainly " drawing" well Every thing was put on the stage promptly and creditably, making the stranger forget, al- most, that he was witnessing " La Trnviata" on the banks of the Ohio. There is scarcely any branch of manufactures but what is carried on, more or Iku, extensively in Cincinnati. Its ffreat trade, however, consists in the article of pork, Ho much so, is this the case, that the city is pretty well known as the pobkopolib of Amer- ica. In the winter season droves of pigs may be seen, being driven along the streets on their way to the killing and packing-houses, where they are killed, plotted, cut up, pickled, and packed, with a rapidity that is scarcely conceivable. Along the roads, the animals are to be seen reaching the city from neighbouring villages, whilst the railroad vans are loaded with them from all parts of the west. To Cincinnati the pork and provisiuu dealers iu Belfa. (Ireland) find their way once a year, to make purchases and oontr«ct« for their supplies, and to there, as well as ports in England, immense shipments are made during the course of the year. Besides what is killed in the city, Cincinnati finds a market for a large amount of pork and bacon — in bulk. Thus we find, in one year, tiie quantity to be over 460,000 hogs, 17,000,000 bbls. of pork in bulk, and 11,000 hogsheads of bacon, as received into the city. The total amount of which was estimated at $6,600,Ouo, or £1,100,000 sterling. In connection with the manufactures of the city, lard and oil forms important articles. In the articles shipped from the city, a large proportion is ir -k, bacon, oil, lard, whiskey, wine, furniture, and machinery. Amongst the large nianufhcturing establishments connected with the city, the Eagle Foundry of Miles Greenwood, must take the first place. It is one of the largest of its kind in the United States, and an establishment, where, probably, a greater variety of articles are manufactured under one roof, than can be named in any other city. There will be found articles varying in size and weight, from 800 pieces in a lb., to 10 tons for one piece, verifying, almost, the popular saying, of every thing from " a needle, to au anchor." In the manufacture of one article alone — thot of stoves — no less than 2500 tons of iron are used annually. Butt hinges are made in enormous quantities, and with a stock on hand, apparently, sufficient to hinge all the doors in the States. Until the manufacture of this article by Mr. Greenwood, America was dependent upon Great Britain for them. Tliere is scarcely an article in the iron or hardware trade but what is, or can be manufac- tured at this establishment, extending, even, to music, and other sorts of stools; liat-stauds, tables, etc., of tasteful design and finish, and even articles of delicate manufacture — such as planetariums — are manufactured, as we noticed. The establishment is divided into several departments — each under efficient superintendence — two of the principal departments being under the mana^i^ement of Mr. Folger, and Mr. Yates, who are associated as partners with Mr. Greenwood in what pertains to their own departments. Amongst the heavier description of work turned out, are those of basement-fronts for stores, as well as for entire fronts of stores and houses. The beautiful front with Corin- thian pillars, on Carlisle's block in 4th street, are from Mr. Greenwood's establishment, al- though now that tlicy are painted and sanded over, it is impossible, almost, to tell the dif- ference between them and the stone of which the upper part is built. Mr, Greenwood is an excellent example of the many self-made men with which this country abounds, and we are only paying a well-earned tribute, when we say, that for public spirit, energy of character, and large heartedness, we question if the queen city has his match. The read- er is referred to our notices of the fire-engine establishment, and mechanics' institution for ii few practical samples of Mr. Greenwood's character. At present, when trade is dull every where, there are only about 400 men employed at the works. In ordinary good times, fully 500 are employed. One of the most gratifying facts connected with this eataljlish- mcnt is that during the long period of 26 years, it has never stood idle for a single day— although nearly the whole concern vaa burned down in 1845. WINE QROWINO AND TRADE OF OINOINNATI. 88 8trangen In the queen city will be much gratified with « vltlt to this mammoth estal^ llthment, where they will be moat courteously recelred, and ihown over the premtsca. In the single article of grist mills, large quantities are manufactured, two of the princi- pal houses engaged therein, being Messrs. W. W. Hamer & Co., and J. H. Burrows A Ga ' At Is well known, Cincinnati has already earned a world-wide notoriety for Its wines — and judging from the rapid Increase In the cultivation of the grape, and manufacture of wine, there Is every likelihood of Its becoming a rival even to the trade In purk, in Its Immensity. In connection with the wine manufacture, one of the most notable things connected with this city. Is the establishment of Mr. N. Longworth, the celebrated wine-grower. A visit to his wine cellars will astonish the stranger. There will be found upwards of 800,000 dozens of bottles of the Catawba wine, maturing till ready to be sent out. The cellars consist of two vaults, 90 by 120 feet, In two tiers, the lower one being 28 feet below ground. One cask, alone there, holds 4,^76 gallons of wine. Mr. Longworth has spent many years and a large amount of money, in bringing the Catawba grape to Us present state of per- feotioo. In this respect he miiy be considered the father of the wine trade, there, as well as one of the " City Fathers." His wines find their way all over the United States, to Eng- land, Mexico, Brazil, Russia, etc. The " Sparkling Catawba" is very like champagne, and the uninitiated In such articles would scarcely know the difference. The wine made there contains about 11 to 12 per cent of alcohol. As long as Cincinnati lasts the name of Nicolas Longworth will be intimately associated with it, and hundreds of the very lowest and most degraded of the population will, some day, miss his extraordinary benevolence— which reaches In one form alone, In seasons of distrcsa — the free distribution of from 800 to 600 loaves of breod every week to the most necessitous poor. In the distribution of his charity he Is peculiar, if not eccentric. Many stories are told of him in this respect. As one which we have not seen published, and to give an Idea of the man, we may mention, that when lately called upon by a deputation for his subscription to assist the " Lord's poor," his reply was, that he had enough to do In taking care of, and looking after, the " Devil's poor," It being, as we have said, the most degraded whom Mr. Longworth makes his peculiar choice. He not only gives away largely In bread, etc., but provides houses actually free of rent, to many who are not able to pay for them, and yet such tenants are more trouble to him than those who pay rent He is, altogether, a self-made man. He commenced his career in a very humble capacity, and now, although said to be the mlllionare of the city, has, apparently, not a particle of pride about him. His house Is a princely dwelling, adorned with some gems of art In sculpture and painting, of great beauty and value. For example. In his drawing-room is to be seen the first specimen of sculpture ever executed by the celebrated Hiram Powers, and a gem it is. The turn-out of wine in Mr. Long worth's establishment is about 160,000 bottles per an- num. Other firms in the city are now engaged in the mannfiicture of wine. A large German population, now inhabiting the hills around the city, as well as parties on the Kentucky side of the river, are engaged in the cultivation of the vine, and scarcely an inch of ground is to be seen on the hill-sides but what is covered with vines, growing. The population of Cincinnati is about 200,000. One of the finest views of Cincinnati is to be got from off the top of one of the hills on the Kentucky side of the river, especially any of those a little further west than the city. ,13 M CLEVELAND, OHIO. CLEVELAND, OHIO. Cliycland, one of the most Important cUiot of the we§t, ia ittuated on an elevated plateau, To feet above the level of Lake Erie, and form* one of the citlee on that lake. It ii decidedly one of the most beautiful cltlei In the Staten, and remarkable for Its fine pub- lic and private buildings. It Is built upon a gravelly plain, and from it a magniflcent view of the lake is wen. The chief business streets are Superior street, Water street, Bank street, and River street Tl»e three former are situated on the higher part of the )ity, whilst River street Ig between Cleveland proper, and what was formerly ♦ rmed ' .l.io City, (on western side of the River Cuyahoga,) but which is now incorporated with Cleveland. Next to Cincinnati, It is the most important commercial town in Ohio, and, from its nat- ural position on the lake, forms an important centre for business to all points, and from lu manufacturing and commercial enterprise and establishments, it seems destined alwaye to hold a high position amongst the cities of the Uiilon, Prom the quantity of trees and shrubbery growing Jn all parts of the city, giving iti streets the appearance of groves rather than any thing else, and the garden-plots around the private dwellings, it has been very appropriately termed the " Forest City." To the stranger, who enters it for the first time, he will be forcibly struck with its re- markable beauty, and spacious streets, averaging as they do, about 120 feet wide. As an entrepot of commerce, it is one of great importance. A large direct trade with the western cities is kept np by railroad and steamers. The latter ply, during the summer ees- son, up as fur as Lake Superior, touching at the most northerly ports of that immense mining region. From thence, iron and copper are brought In great abundance, and at Cleveland these meet with the coal of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and transported by canal and railroad to Rttsburg, Philadelphia, and other cities on the seaboard. Two very handsome and substantial freestone buildings are in course of erection at the north side of the public square, one of them the United States Government buildings, is in tended for custom house, post-office, etc. — erecting at a cost of about $126,000 (£26,0U()), 60 feet by 100 feet, 62 feet elevation being three stories high. Builder, Mr. W. J. Warner. Government architect, Mr. A. B. Young. At another corner — on same side of square — is erecting the County Court House, at the expense of the State of Ohio. Builders, Me«9r«. Smith & Pannell. Architect, Mr. J. J. Husband. When finished, these will form two of the most important and beautiful buildings in the city. Freestone, of which these two public buildings, and many of the private houses are built. Is found in great abnndance at Amherst, I^rain County, Ohio, and also at Independence, 12 miles from Cleveland. The chief street, for handsome mansions and villas, is named Euclid street, and contains many equal, in magnificence, to those in the suburbs of London, Manchester (Eng,), or Edinburgh or Glasgow (Scot.). All of them are surrounded by beautifully laid out gar- dens, with the houses placed from 30 to 40 yards from the road-side, and altogether form a continuation of private dwellings, which, for beauty of design, substantiality, and elegance, are scarcely to be surpassed. As regards health, Cleveland is considered remarkably favourable. Situated as it is, the atmosphere, in summer, is delightfully cooled by the breezes from Lake Erie, so that, even the hottest days of July are tempered by refreshing winds, experienced in few other, excepting lake, cities. Altogether, Cleveland possesses within itself all the elements, not only of progressing towards being a much greater city, but all the conveniences, comforts, and luxuries of life. In educational matters, its public schools are large and airy — (and, of course, all free)— whilst it possesses private academies and high schools for the higher branches of educa- tion. Of colleges, it possesses both allopathic and homoeopathic — whilst it has 2 or 3 celebrated water-cure establishments. CLEVELAND, OHIO. 86 "0 3. B t-i: o 5 i» ?ll B a Si a 2.8 e s B » o ^1 ?• i ^ - r IT B ;i 1 -<» (3 ri^- 5 3? a. 5"^. w 3 a • ^ 5- S - S » imple- d bol- nuton- ? 'J ? »* - s rt» _ 5 — 1^1 fr 86 CLEVELAND, OHIO. J. Tait). There is no mechanics' institution in the city, but this establishment answers much the same purpose. Here, for $2.00 a year, young men can enjoy the advantages of a library of 5000 volumes, (and fast increasing,) besides newspapers, periodicals, etc. The public square occupies about 10 acres of ground, fenced off for public recreation. Foot-paths cross in all directions. In the centre a graceful fountain plays all day, forming a beautiful object On certain evenings of the week, a very first-rate brass band plays on a raised platform, gnituitously, for several hours, during which time (in the evening) a large turn out of the inhabitants is to be seen, some sitting on the numerous seats pro- vided, and some promenading ai)out This squa, e, and its appropriate " fixings," is one of the most attractive features of the city, and reflects no small credit on the inhabitants who secured it for its present purpose. On the west side of the river, are situated a most eflSeient system of water works. Two immense stationary engines pump the water up from the lake to a large reservoir, from which the city is plentifully supplied. On same side of the river, a very large population is scattered over a great surface of ground, consisting in part of several very neat cottages. A large proportion of the work- ing'"'38ses live on that side of the river ; and a stranger cannot but be struck, in summer time, with the neat and comfor<^able appearance of the dwellings, the most of them being all owned by the irhabitants, and the gropes growing in profusion in the open air, every one being living proofs, in reolity, of " sitting under his own vine, and none daring to make him afraid." A large trade is done in wool, bought by the Cleveland merchants, and sent by them to all parts where woollen goods are made. The wholesale and retail warehouses (or stores), are, for the mosi part, spacious buildings — running 100 to 200 feet back ; and in the retail stores — in every description of trade almost — goods of the most superb and costly charac- ter, OS well as the most useful and plain, are to be seen. Property now rents very high in Cleveland, so much so, that many are of the opinion that but for the high rates demanded by land-owners, the city would have made greater progress than it has done, and so long as the present high prices are demanded, it must materially affect the progre'j of the city in its manufacturing and commercial prosperity, Omnibus Line. — An excellent line of omnibuses is established at Cleveland, by which passengers, arriving per rail, can be set down at any address in town, including luggage, for 25 cents (1«. stg.). Mr. Stevens, the proprietor, ha. .pwards of 60 horses employed on it, and, altogether, conducts it in a very satisfactory manner. His " busses" call at the hotels for passengers, before the <" portur'- of the trains. The baggage is conveyed in a 8eparc*3 conveyance, thus avoiding all trouble and annoyance with it. Previous to the arrival of the t»%' at Clevelond, passengers will be waited upon by the baggage-agent, who passeS througn the cars; by giving him their baggage checks and 25 cents, he, in return, will give them an omnibus ticket, which will entitle them to one seat in the omnibus, and the conveyance of one or two trunks to any part of the city. Tliis iine of omnibuses ply to different parts of the city as a city line, on the same plan as the omnibuses in New York.' By purchasing tickets at the office, residents get con- veyed, from one point to another, for about 6^ cents each trip. Present population of Cleveland is estimated at about 60,000. CLEVELAND BUSINESS DIRECTORY. Banks and Bankers— Commercial Bbanch, State Bank of Ohio- William A. Otis, President; T. P. Handy. Cashier ; E. L. Jones, Assistant Cashier. Hehdman & Co., 11 Water street. [See advertisement.] Markland & Co., River street. [See ad- vertisement.] Whitman, Stanoart & Co., Superior street. Booksellers— Cobb, J. C. A Co., Superior street. Inqham & Bragq, Superior street. [See advertisement.] Boot and Shoe Store— Masubt, Dole & Co., 23 Water street. [See advertisement.] Boiler Mannfncturer— McQabry, T. J., Centre street. China and Glass Store— Tago, Ensworth & Co., Importers of China, Glass and Earthenware, corner of Su- perior and Seneca streets. Coffee and Spice Merchants— ' ' Frisby & Stephens^ Manufacturers and Wholesale Dealers in Coffee, Spices, etc., Hewitt's Steam Block. Commission Merchnnts- Gates, H. N., River street. [See advertise- ment.] Roberts & Ensworth, River street. [See advertisement.] Scott, M. B., River street. [See advertise- mmt.] Spraoue, Geobge, Commission Merchant and Grocer, 4 and 5 Oviatt's Exchange. Walton, Thomas A., River street. Clothing Stores— Daviks, G. a. & Co., 345 Water street. Is VACS, J. A., corner Superior and Union streets. [Sse advertisement.] Robinson, M'. S., 88 Superior street. [See advertisenie.it.] Sonneborn, J. & Co., 156 Superior street. [See advertisement.] Coal merchants — Price, CiiAWFoar) & Morris, Government i(icr. [See advortis.ement.] Dry Goods Store— Alco^t & HoRTON, 21 Water street, ndvertisement.] Drug Establishment— Mackenzie, C. S., iJ4 Superior street, adverti.^cincut.] Foundries— Oaudn"i, G. S. West street. [See [See & Co., Union Foundry, Hardware Merchant— Worthinoton, Gborok & Co., corner Su- perior and Water streets. Dentists & Teetu Manufacturebs — ^M..L. Wright & Co. Hotels— American, Superior street. [See advertise- ment.] Anoibb Hocsb. [See advertisement.] Commercial Hotel, Seneca street. Johnson House, Superior street. [See ad- vertisement.]' Union Hotel, H. L. Coon, corner of Water and Johnson streets. Insurance Agents — -^ Brayton a Mason. [See advertisement.] Cob, S. S., No. 1 Oviatt's Exchange, foot of Cuperior street. Iron Works— Blish, Gablick & Co., River street. [See advertisement.] Loan Office— Wagneb, W., No. 3 Water stieet. [See ad- vertinement.] Machinist and Engineer— Manning, Thomas, West street. Newspaper Offices— Herald Office, Bank street. Leadeb Office, Superior street. PlaindeaTjEb Office, Building foot of Su- perior street. Review Office, Water street. Plnmbing Establishment— BoBN, C. p., 41 Water street. [See adver- tisement.] Photographers— C. N. Stimpson, 253 Superior street. W. C. North, Superior street. Saddlers— WniTELAW & Marshall, Superior street. [See advertisement.] Sash and Door Mannfactnrers- Ransom, Cobb & Co., Corner Columbus and Centre streets. [See advertisement.] Stave Dealer— Harbeck, John S. ' Stove Manufacturers— WooLsoN, Hitchcock & Cabteb. [See ad- veiiisement.] Stove Dealer— Whitaker, S., No. 33 Water street. [See advertisement.] Vinegar Manufacturers— Roberts & Ensworth, River street. [See advertisement.] Wool Merchants— Goodale & Co., Nos. 37 and 39 Bank street. [See advertisement.] Sexton, D. B., No. 43 Bank street. [See advertisement.] Wine and Liquor Dealers— Ubackett, Rkminoton & Co., No. 52 Water street. [See advertisement] I'l ||;nl 'M L. ALCOTT. B. W. HORTON. ALCOTT &. HORTON, WHOLESALE DBALKRS IN STAPLE & FANCY DRY GOODS, YANKEE NOTIONS, Ac. 21 WATER STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. Particular attention paid to Merchant Tailors' OoodB and Trimnilngii. JOSEPH MASCRT. WM. A. DOLE. L. W. FROUTT. MASVRY, DOLE & CO., Wholesale Dealers in BOOTS, SHOES & BUBBERS, 28 WATER STREET. CleveUnd, Ohio. BRAYTON & MASON, CLiEVEIiAND, OHIO. Agents for some of the best New Tork end New England INSUEANCE COMPANIES. Jlto— Agents for Black Star, and Black Bull Lines, Liverpool Packets, and New Ycrk. and Liver- pool Screw Steamship Company. Sight drafts on England, Ireland, Scotland and Continental Europe sold, nud Passage Tickets from Liverpool to Cleveland. Also, General Agents for the Western States of responsible Fire and Life Insurance Compa- nies. INGHAM & BRAGG; PVBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND STATIONERS, 67 SUPERIOR STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. Wholesale Dealers in all kinds of School Books. Special Agents for Pelton s Outline Mans, and the Publications of Hickling, Swan & IJrewer ; Crosby, Nichols & Co. ; Little, Brown ic Co., Boston. D. Appleton & Co. ; Methodist Book Concern ; Shelaon, Blakeman & Co., New York. H. Cowperthwait & Co. ; Sower & Barms; Sunday School Union, Phila. Fublbhera of Hillard'c Readera, Worccsler'a Die- llonaries, Pay* 4c Dunton'8 Wrillng Books, and Parley*! H itoriea. MARKHAM & CO., SuccMtors to tartness, nUldbCo., B ^ isr k: E Pt s , CliEYELAIfDt OHIO. PROMPT AnENTION GIVEN TO COLLECTIONS. BtftrenctB : J. L, Everttt. Cubier Broadwny Bank, Now York ; T. P. Hand r, Esq., Casliler ComU BrtlUli Uank, CItiveland; Messrs. rarpanterU Verniilye, Bankers. New York ; Messrs. Sandford h Co., Uankert, Buffalo, N. Y. ; Metsn. Carey, Howard A Sanger, MerchntiU, N.Y. ; Messrs. Green it Sewell, Itankurs, N. V. ; Messrs. tiwynneft Day, Bankers, N. Y.; Messrs. H. L. A J. H. Stevens, N. Y.; Mt*88rs. Cook A Sargent, Bankers, Davenport, Iowa; Messrs. Mar- shall and Usley, Bankers, Milwaukee, Wis. -, Messrs. Hoffman A Gelpcke, Banken, Chicago, 111. \ Messrs, Philips, Sampson A Co., Boston. European Exduuiga for lale, on London, Paris, etc., in sums of jC6 and upwards. J. HERDMAN & CO., 11 Water Street, near Superior, Cleveland, 0. Dealers in Gold and Silver Coin, Exchange, Uncurrpnt Money and Land Warrants. Collections made and re- mitted for at Current rates of Exchange. Interest allow- ed on deposits. Drafts on Germany, France, Great Brit- ain and Ireland, for IttrRe or small sums. Passage cati be secured by the regular Packet Ships and Steamers from Great Britain, France, and Germany. CLEVELAND WOOL DEPOTT^ For Receiving, Grading, and Selling ■W O O r.. Our grades are S, XX, X, 1, 2, 8, 4, and 6. S, rep- resents finest ; No. 6, coarest. Liberal Advances made on Consignments. GOOD ALE & CO., 37 & 39 BANK STREET, CLEVELAND, 0' c. p. BORrV, 41 Water Street, (south of Fost^)ffice,) CLEVELAND, OHIO. PLUMBING ESTABLISHMENT, Beailer in all kinds of Stoves, and Manufacturer of all kinds of Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper work. WAGNER'S LOAN OFFICE, (E»taUi»htd\%f>\.) 3 Watp; ijtreet, (corner Superior,) CLEVELAND, OHIO. Money loaned on Watches, Diamonds, Jewelry, etc. Also, on Keal Estate. Watches and Jewelry con- stantly on hand and for sale at great Bargains. J. C. WAGNER, Supt. WM. WAGNER, Prap'r^ H. L. WmTMAN. N. M. 8TANDART. C. W. 8TANUART, WHITMAN, STANDART & CO., B ^ IST K E Pt S , AND DEALERS IN FOREIGN & DOMESTIC EXCHANGE, No. 7 Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio, 11. S. A. We draw direct on London, and can give sight or time drafts for any amount that may be desired, paja- I ble at all the principal points in England, Ireland, Scotland, France, and Germany. RKFER TO Commercial nm.nrh nnnk, MerrhanU* Branch Dank, City Hank, and Hankers, K«nerally, Ctaveland ; Van Vlerk, Read A Prrx'l KiMaai it Tnylor, Hcail A LBthrop, Clarke, Doitge A Co., lrro A Co., Lafayette, Intl.; rIttsliurK Tntst Co., Pttl«liiir.'. Pa.; Clo|)p, Fuller A Un^wne, Clark, ChiMiey A Co., Spenref, Villa A Co., O. Dutton, Esq., Boston; Marino Bank, Geo. B. JaMniin. B^., Providence, K. I. : llolTiiian A Uelpcke, ChicafTo; Abraham Bell's Sons^ New York: Itctcliester Bank, Koctivster, N. Y. ; Aiitiim Exrhanse Bank. Auhurn, N. Y. ; Maiiclieitor A Bicli, Dann A Bnrtls, BuflTalo, N. Y. ; J. U. Morton A ('•>., Ceo. S. Wrl((li( A Co., (in- clnnatl,0; Dnrkee A Bullock, St. Ix>nU, Mo.; Wright A Bro., I,. B. OiU A Co., Cliliwo, 111.; Alex. II. D«y, C. A A. Ives. Detroit. Mich. ; City Bank, Toledo, (>. ; Mlohliran Ins. Co., Detroit; Sweeny, Rlttenkouse, Fant A Co., Wa«hlti)(|oii, 1>. C. ; John aiirl KdwarJ Corderoy, W Toolt-y Street, Lomion, Kn^land. 30., iCo., FIS, o. ILLECTIONS. irkiT.P.Hnnd.f, :un. Carpenter ti d it Co., Bunken^ ^nger, Merchant*, Vleurt. UwynneJk Stevens, N. Y.; ATA', Messrs. Mar- iessn. Hoffman 6l , Sampson Jt Co., t, et£., tn turns o( Vleck, Read A TIm'l art McColluin, Brink' |ilelpMa;S. A. YUv'"- ru Trust Co., PiluLnfi Junk, Geo. B. Jiwlnmi. ■^lu'M.-r, N. Y.; Avil";ra S. Wrlnlil A C"., I in- C. A A. Ives. IM"'"' C. i John and KdwuJ W. w. BOlIBTf. *. l!IiWO»IH. BOBEETS ft EHSWOBTH, COMMISSION MERCHANVB, AND MANUFACTURERS OF PURE VINEGAR, Cider Vinegar, and Plokles. Every variety of PIrkles. In jan, bar- rels ami half barrels, constantly on hand. Our facilities arfl un- equalled by those of any other establishment In the Unit«d States, Cspaclty of vlnef^ apparatus, 10,000 barrels per year. No. 176 (Merchants' Block) River Street, CLEVELAND, OHIO. RBraRiNcia.— T. P. Handv, Cashier Com. British Bank ; Mark- bam A Co., Bankers ; Wm. Bingham A Co., Geo Worthington A Co - Gorham A Alpin ; Bradbum & Fisher ; Bishop, Rosa A Co. ; Edwards* Iddlngs; L. A. Pierce, Oon'l Ag't M. C. R.R. ) W. W. Chandler, Gen'l Fr't Ag't C. A P. R. if. ; A. Hills, Gen'l Fr't Ag't C. C. A C. K. R.; Husaey A McBride; A. P. WInslow, American House: S. Mercha.it, Angler House; Geo. P. Rots, Wcddell House, Cleveland, Ohio ; Hinckley A Vilas, Com. Mer- chants, Chicago, Illinois. Clbvkland Mid. Collkoi, lt( July^ 1858. I have made a thorough chemical examination of vinegar, manu- factured by Messrs. Roberts A Ensworth, and find It entirely free from mineral acids and all deleterious matters — containing from 13 to is per cent, acetic add, being 9 to 10 per cent, more than Com- metvial Vinegar, consequently allowing of larga dilution with water. Their apparatus planned and erected by E. C. Stephens, operates on scientinc prlnclpiea, and is well adapted for obtaming a pure and healthy vinegar. J. L. CASSELS, M. D., Prof, of Chemistry. M. B. SCOIT, cojajaissioj^ merchjjvt. Dealer in Produce, Salt, Fish Water Lime, etc. Special attention given to Consignments and purchase of Grain Biid Produce Renerally, CLEvaLiNo, Ohio. Fire-Proof Warehouse and Steam Elevators. Insur- Diice two-thirds less than any other Grain Warehouse in the cUy. Liberal cash advances ou produce in hand. XLIBRA 0. BLIRH. BDWABD C. OABLICK. CLEVELAND IRON WORKS. BLISH, GARUCK & CO., Manufacturers of Marine, Stationery, and Portable Engines and Boilers, Stoves and Hollowware, Oas and Water Pipe, Building and General Castings, Tin, Copper and Sheet Ironware. Works— On Meadow Street, opposite Oas Works. OrFick AMD SALsaROOii — Cor. River and Lighthouse StreeU. CI.£VELAND, OHIO. THOMAS MANNING, MACHINIST & ENGINEER, And Manufacturer of Steam Engines and Machinery of every description; alio Jack Screws, BoUa for Bridges and other uses, Iron Grating and Blacksmith In t; f^nerally. Noi. 5 and 6 Hewlu'i Block, West Street, CLEVELAND, OHIO. Second-hand Engines taken in Exchange for new work, or sold on commission. Jobbing and Repairing promptly attended to. BRACKETT, REMINGT0N"& CO., (SucctMon to BISHOP, REMINGTON & CO.,) Importers and Wholesale Dealem in 1¥I]VES Sc L.IQVORIS. C2 Water Street, CLEVKLAND, 0. HN. GATES, Storage, Forwarding and Commission Merchant, • second WarehouM below foot of SUPERIOR STREET, froDtin^ on River and River Streets, Clkviland, Ohio. Dealer In Farmers' Produce of all kinds. Salt Ftsh, Sandusky Water Lime, White Lime in barrels. Plaster, Berea, Berea, Jr., and lodependence Grindstones, at Wholesale and Retail. WOOLSON, HITCHCOCK & CARTER, Manufacturers of all kinds of STOVES. OFFICE : JUNCTION OF VINEYARD AND OHAM- FLAIN STREETS, Cleveland, Ohio. WILLIAM I. PRICB. LEMUEL CRAWFORD. DAVID MORRIS. PRICE, GRAWrORD & MORRIS, (SuccflMon to CRAWFORD, PRICE k CO.,) DEALERS IN Briar Hill, Mineral Bidge, and Chippewa Coal, By the Cargo. Office : Government Pier. CLEVELAND, OHIO. D. B. SEXTON, COMMISSION MERCHANT, For the Purchase and Sale of WOOL, HIDES AND FELTS. Orders for the purchase of the above articles solic- ited. Cash advanced on consignments. 43 BANK STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. sTwhTtai^r, DEALER IN Cook, Parlor, & Plato Stoves, Manufacturer of Copper, Tin, and Sheet Iron Ware. Agent for the sale of Cornelius & Baker's Chande- liers, I'endants, Brackets, etc., etc. Also, Plain and Ornaincntai Oas Fitters. 33 Water Street, Cleveland, Ohio. I Pearl Street, NEW YORK. S. Q. Remington, H. Rogers, William E. Adams, Cleveland ; James Brackett, New York. EANSOMrCOBB~&rCO., MANUFACTURERS OF PLANED LUMBER, WINDOW SASH, Blinds, Doors, Fence Pickets, Lath, and PacLing Boxes. Centre Block, comer Columbus and Centre Stre.?t8. Cleveland, Ohio. THOMAS J. MoOARBT, (Successor to H. C. MORRIS,) Manufacturer of all kinds of STEAM BOILERS. SHEET IRON WORK, &g. CLEVELAND, OHIO. Repairing also promptly attended to. C. S. MACKENZIE, Wboleiale and ReUU Dealer tn DRUGS, MEDICINES, FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND AMERICAN CHEMICALS, Ferfumeiy, Toilet Articles, etc. 84 SUPEBIOB STREET, CLEVELAin), OHIO. CLEVELAND WHITE LEAD WORKS. HEWITT'S BLOCK, Or. GARY & CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO. QKO. WHITELAW. OIO. F. MARSHALL. WHITELAW & MARSHALL, SADDLES, BRIDLES, HARNESS, TRUNKS, AND SADDLERY HARDWARE, 20 Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio. H' YOUNG AMERICA CLOTHING HOUSE, J. SOMEBORN & CO., Wholesale Dealers in eady-Made Clothing, ETC., ETC., 156 Su perior Street, C l eveland, O. Miinu/actiurer and Wholesale and Retail Dealer in READY-MADE CLOTHING And Gents' Furnishing Goods. 88 SUPERIOR STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. ISAAC A. Isaacs; Jflanufaeturer and Mtealtr In Ready-IVIade Clothing, AND FURNISHING GOODS, Importer and Jobber of Cloths, CauimenB, Vestings & Tailors' Trimmings, UNION HALL, Cor. of . Superior and Union Streets, CT.EVELANI), OHIO. GEO. A. DAVIS & CO., MANUFACTURERS & JOBBERS OF CLOTHINQ, 84ft Water 8t, ft S2 ft S4 Superior St., CLEVELAND, OHIO. Eitabllihtd In IMT. ThU li one of the Urgeat ManuCactoring uid Jobbttiff CluUiing HouMS In Uie great Weet, Its buelneee being largely extended throughout the Western Statea And Canada. OIO. X. DAVIS. B. F. ^FSIlCOTro. S, rilXOTIO, e^\CAN Ho^ A. P. WINSLOW, Proprietor, CLEVELAND, O. ANGIER HOUSE, SILAS MERCHANT, PROPRIETOR, CLEVELAND, O. JOHNSON HOUSE, JOHN R. STJBBRUG, PROPRIETOR, CLEVELAND, OHIO, TertiHa, $1.50 per day. COMMERCIAL HOUSE, 24, 26, & 2S SENECA ST., SOUTH, CLEVELAND, O. LEWIS FREXCH, Proprietor. Board, One Dollar per Day. The beat Stahles and Yard in the City. FArRBAMS, BENEDICT & CO, 10 BANK STREET, {Oppogite Weddell IToiue,) Printers, Bookbinders, AND STATIONERS, AND PROPRIETORS OF THE CLEVELAND DAILY HERALD. Arc nn-paped, -with evtry facility, to do nil klnda of FrintlDK «iiJ Kiiiillug uaiid by Coianierclal Men, Ruilroad and liuuianixi Ceni- pniiies, ilanka, etc. Wu are running mven nraaeea by Sleani, and have a large swrt- ment of Stock and Malerlula. The Herald I. one of the oldeit papera In Ohio, and haa the larg- eit clpcuhiCnn of any paper In thia aectlon, making It a desirable nmlluni for advi'ptliwra. CimlanJ, Ohio, Jul), 1B8S. IMPROVEMENT IN DENTISTRT. M. L. WRIGHT & CO., ABE MANUFACTURINO j Partial Sets, Half Sets, and Whole Sets of Superiority of their Method of Prodacing Artificial Teeth over any other known Method. lit. 8lmplicUv>— One piece chemically united in all its partii, and of the same quality of material. 3d. Solidity.— That cumpela nature to adapt herself to the model of her own impression. This adaptation once attained— comfort and utility ever after. 3d. Purity.— The entire Plate and Teeth are impervious to the action of any known acid : and hence, in disease or health, proof against the corrosive ani'. offensive secretions of the mouth, common to Gold Plate work, and other known methods. 4tll. Color.— Bright, lively, and a good imitation of nature. N. B.— Any method of producing Sets of Artificial Teeth, chemically united in one piece, that will not pass the ordeal of this digest, is a counterfeit of true Porcelain. Patronsce.— Since April, 18j.i.we have inscitcd Seven Hundred Cases. Of this iiumber, One Hundred and Sixty^one persons who have used gold plate sets, have laid them aside, and given preference to the porcelain. IVrms.- According to the nature of the case, and given after examination. Payment.- Upon receipt of the order, or on delivery. Persons having Qold Plate can apply their plate in part Qiiaranty.— ^tisfaction ; provided the terms of payment and special Instructions have been complied with.— Persons wanting information, reference will be given to those in constant use of our work. TEBIHEOmAlJS Ain) befebencbs. I have observed with much Interest, for the last two years, the above method of producing Artificial Teeth, and believe the statements of tlAs Circular correct. T. OARLICK. I have investigated with care, in the last three years, the above method of making and applying Artificial Teeth in the Laboratory of Dr. Wright, and also in use, and can say, with confidence, that his plan Is the best one, and en- tirely successful when made under his observation. The superiority of this kind of dental work over gold or any kind of metallic plato, cannot bo questioned, and the statement in Dr. Wright's Circular of the number of cases where his work has taken the place of gold plate, is true. Much of this gold plate has been furnished by the best dentists in the coontrv. I am not conversant with the success of Porcelain work in the hands of others than Dr. Wright, m me couniry. i um uui, uoi ^^ ACKLEY, late Professor of Surgery, Cleveland Medical College. Prof. H. CowLES, Oberlin, Prof. 8. B. Hunt, Ed. Buff. Medical Journal, Thos. Browm, £d. of Ohio Farmer, Wm. W. Richards. Dan. p. Rhodes, Ex-Mayor Castle, E. T. Stubtevart, Rev. Mr. McQiLL, Cleveland, Alex. Clark, "Ed. Visitor," Cleveland. M. Jackson, H. L. Whitman, J. K. CUHTISS, Prof. Dascomb, Oberlin, Prof. J. P. KIBTLAND, Prof. Oatchell, THE SEMI-WEEKLY REVIEW, AND Independent Journal, PUBLISHED EVEItY TUESDAY Weekly, $2.00 per annum. ^" The moat eatensive Steam Job Printing Office in the Northwest is attacMd to the Plain Dealer establishment. w. c. north7 PHOTOGRAPHER, SUPERIOR ST., CLEVELAND, OHIO. ' ■'! ;jj j <| 1 kl 1 (l il :IJ ■I ; I f..i i 1 // -^ BUFFALO. 87 CITY OF BUFFALO. This is one of the niosi important cities ^vest of New York. It is situated in Erie County, State of New York, at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, about 8 miles from the com- mencement of tlie Niagara River. Latitude, 42* 53' N., Longitude, "78* 66' W. The site of the city gradually rises from the water's edge, for about 2 miles, till it becomes about 60 feet above the level of the lake, thus affording, in the higher portion of the town, extensive and beautiful views all around. The lower portion of the town is occupied with merchants' stores, manufactories, etc, and is intersected in different parts by canals. Possessed of a harbour, formed by Buifalo Creek, as it is called, vessels drawing from 12 to 16 feet of water can lay at anchor and discharge and load cargoes, which is done with astonishing rapidity by the steam elevators in operation alongside of the creek. The chief business street is Main street, running in a straight line for about 2 miles, and composed for the most part of spacious and lofty business stores, of every description. Looking from the foot of the street, upward. Main street presents one of the finest com- mercial streets we have ever seen. It is 120 feet wide, and there being a gradual ascent all the way up, it is seen to great advantage. Some of the stores in Main street, such as De Witt C. Weed & Co.'s hardware store. Woodward's fancy silk warehouse, and Barnum's variety store, are equal in point of elegance and size to many of those in the Strand or Re- gent street, London, Bold street, Liverpool, (Eng)., or Buchanan street, Glasgow, (Scot). The streets where, the private dwellings of the upper classes are situated, are of a palatial character, more particularly those of Delaware and Niagara streets. Such streets as these run from 1 to 2 miles, in a straight line, 120 feet wide, with pavement 16 to 20 feet wide, with trees alongside, forming an extensive and beautiful view from either end, whilst a walk along such as Delaware street arrests the attention of the stranger in the magnificence of tlie, dwellings and grounds attached, which are almost all owned by their occupants. Tliere are 3 public squares — Niagara, Franklin, and Washington. At Niagara Square, no less than eiglit streets all meet, forming a magnificent " Eight Dials," each street running off, from this centre, having its trees on each side, and forming a fine vista in every dirt'otiou. Tlie commerce of Buifalo is immense, although not so great as it was before the passenger steamboat traffic, on the lake, ceused. At present, it is the greatest grain ond flour entre- pot on the lake, through which the productions of the great west pass. Here the grain from Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, etc., arrives in vessels carrying from 15,000 to 18,000 bushels each, and is transhipped, by means of the elevators, into canal boats and railroad cars, and sent to all parts of the States, but chiefly to New York. Consequently, as a grain market, Buftalo stands as amongst the most prominent in the States. The natural position whi ,', Buffolo occupies must, of necessity, render it an important Commercial city. About 25 miles off, per rail, is Canada. A large Canadian trade is done, wliilst the railways from Buffalo, in all directions, render it a convenient centre for business to any particular section of the country. The manufactures of Buffalo are important ; and some large concerns in the manufactur- ing of stoves, agricultural implements, machinery of every description, besides foundries, tanneries, etc., etc. Several daily and weekly newspapers are published, amongst which are The Daily Ex- presK, Daily Cmirier, Daily Republic aiid Times, and Aducrtiser, nil having job-printing otfices attnclied, and turning out some of the best specimens of typography we have seen in the States. A large amount of printing for the railway companies is- done in the course of the year — whilst the specimens of wood engraving, executed by such as Mr. Wightman, are eqnnl to any thing we have seen onywhere. Tlie station of the New York Central Railroad, at Buffalo, contrasts very favourably with those of New York and other large cities — more resembling the spacious station at New i : c t-l p o O O 5S i PS s a, D o fa "'ifi in; 90 CITY OF BUFFALO. •treet, Birmingham, (Eng.,) than any we have seen elsewhere. Waiting rooms, and every convenience, with spacious suites of offices, are attached. The station for the Falls, Canada, etc., is situated in the lower part of the town, wliilst that for New York, and the Lake Shore Road, to Cleveland, Cincinnati, etc., is situated in Exchange street, off Main street. As regards health, Buffinlo stands pre-eminent, on account of the general good sewerage throughout the town, the breezes enjoyed from off the lake, in the heat of summer, gene- ral cleanliness of the streets, and the excellent water supplied to the town. The public free schools of Buffalo have long been distinguished for their excellence and efficiency, and from a visit we jiaid to one of them, (No. 8, under the management of Mr. aiade,) wo can bear testimony to the very excellent arrangements, and system, and the decorum which prevailed throughout — specimens of writing, etc., of girls and boys 7 years of age, we saw, and difficult questions in mental arithmetic we heard answered, in such a manner, as showed the superiority of the system pursued, and the adeptness of the scholars, very pleasing to a stranger, more particularly when so excellent an education is oi)en to all, free of charge. For the support of public schools, of which there are 83, Buffalo Bptnda $108,000 per annum; of that, |(26,000 is drawn from the State; the remainder, from tftxes imposed for that purpose, There are several other educational establishments, of a higher onler, besides literary and benevolent institutions, and excellent public libraries. The transportation trade of Buffalo has lately suffered, in its passenger traffic to the west, the magnificent line of steamers, which was wont to run to the ports on the western lakes, being now withdrawn. A few emigrants still go with the freight propellers, but the majority of emigrants and others, bound west, from the seaboard, go via the Suspension Bridge, or via Dunkirk and Cleveland. The establishment of railways, therefore, has irierfered materially with the passenger traffic tlirough Buffalo, as formerly it was the route .through which most passed westward. The conveyance of grain and provisions, which forms so largo an item in the trade of Buf- falo, from the west to the east, and south-east cities and towns, was also in danger, from the railways being likely to monopolize the trade, by carrying it from Chicago and Detroit, via Toledo, Cleveland, and the Lake Shore Railroad, direct to New York and the east. The ingenuity and enterprise of the " Buffi»lo boys," however, was at once set to work to secure and maintain their city as the chief entrepot for grain, in its passage from west to east, by establishing a line of screw propellers on the stupendous canal, which extends from Buffalo to Albany, getting that canal deepened, and carrying grain and provisions at such low rates, as to beat the railroads out of the field. At the time we write, the first experiment has been tried on the canal with great success. In a future edition, we shall chronicle the further development of this gi-eat undertaking. During the year 1858, from the opening of the trade to the 15th of June, we find the imports of some of the leading articles to be as follows, which will give some idea of the large trade done at this port : — 1857. 1858. 1857. i»r,?. Lake opened, May 13. April 5. Lake opened. May 13. April a. Flour, bbls. 118,948 425,629 Oats, bushels. 218,381 834,01)3 Pork, " 12,149 15,760 Barley, " 252 87,420 Beef, " 16,514 14,936 Rye, 7,805 21,385 Ashes, casks. 718 1,524 Lumber, feet. 11,104,591 9,402,SU Whisky. " 8,992 20,401 Staves, " 4,490,436 8,908,409 Bacon, lbs. 8,468,465 8,302,360 Wool, bales. 484 615 Lord, " 213,200 2,492,100 Hogs, number. 14,453 43,250 Wheat, bushels. 1,016,6.50 2,801,274 Sheep, " 4,362 7,117 Indian Corn " 761,772 850,052 Cattle, « 8,256 8,497 Reducing flour to its equivalent in wheat, and classing all kinds of grain in one, wo find a total, received to June 15, of 6,092,778 bushels this season, against 2,619,000 last — being 4,073,778 bushels more than the previous season. ■. In the other articles, a corresponding increase will be observed. From the ports on Lake Michigan, the receipts were, up to above date: flour, 166,436 bbls.; wheat, 2,136,958 bushels; Indian corn, 421,700 bushels; oats, 448,171 bushels; bar- ley, 37,644 bushels. From ports on Lake Erie — flour, 259,193 bbls.; wheat, 664,316 bushels; Indian corn, 428,352 bushels; oats, 386,331 bushels; barley, 19,776 bushels; rye, 21,385 bushels. From Canada— lumber, 3,816,178 feet; staves, 59,000. The remainder were from American ports, as well as almost the whole of the other arti- cles enumerated. Population of Buffalo was, by last census, 74,214. BUFFALO BUSINESS DIRECTORY. Agricnltaral Warehouse— Geo. V. Nksduah, 20U Main at. See adT't. Bankers — Manciikstbr a Rich, corner of Main and Hcneca streets. See advertisement. Booksellers and Pnblitihera— I'liiNNKr & Co., Main street. Brewer and Distiller— Hugh Bovlr, (Star Brewery,) St. Paul st. Chemist— Richard Jbnkkr, 4.38 Main street City Steam Turning Works— Joseph Suor, Mechanic street. See adrer. Civil and Submarine Engineers— Parkinson & Smith, 7 Brown's Buildings. See advertisement. Counsellor at liaw— VV. fi. Mkech, corner of Pearl & Tuppersts. Engraver on Wood — U. U. WioHTMAN, ir)6 Main street. See ad't. We have much pleasure In recommending Mr. WIghlman to the notice of all who require wood en- graving done. The work which he haa done for ua— an seen In the views of the t'lty of Toronto— are aufll- cleiit |)roof, were any wanting, of hia ability In hU profession; besides, we have found him prompt. Gas Fitters and Plumbers— Hart, Ball & Hart, '257 Main st. See ad't. Hardiker Sc Toy, corner Eagle and Moin streets. See advertisement. DoLAN i Sklpkrt. corner of Pearl and Seneca streets. See advertisement. Glasgow House— Ronald McUouoax, 17 East Seneca street. Hams, Slioulders, Bacon, Ac- Job Alberoer, cor. Terrace and Franklin streets. See advertisement. Hair-cutting Saloon— Eugene W. Smith, i East Seneca st. See ad't Hardware— De Witt C. Weed & Co,, 222 Main street. See advertisement. ■ '. i ' Hotels— Bennet Temperance Hotel, 85 Main street. See advertisement. Clarendon Hotel, Moin street. See adver. Mclntvre House, corner of Exchange and Beak streets. See advertisement. New England Hotel, corner of Canal and Michigan streets. Robert Sully. Lovcjoy House, cor. of Pearl and Terrace streets. See advertisement. Western Hotel, corner of Pearl and Terrace streets. See advertisement. Insurance Agents — Pickering & Otto. See advertisement. John A. Gardner, Merchant's Exchange. Harvey Hutchins, 4 West Genesee street. Davis W. Andrus, 1 Harvey's Building, corner of Swan and Main streets. Iron Railing Works— George Jones, cor. of Terrace &, Henry sts. Marble, Slate, &o.— Geo. 0. Vail & Co., Wholesale Dealers in American and Italian Marble and Roofing Slate, Washington Dock, foot of Chicago street. Mechanics* Tools, dec— L. A I. J. White, 82 Ohio street. See ad< Tertisement. Melodeons— O. A. Princr a Co., Manufacturers of the Improved Patent Melodeons, Buffalo, New York, and Chicago. Native Wine Mannflictnrers— Gibbons & Hagbr, 57 Exchange street. See advertisement. Turner Brothers, at New York, Buffalo, and San Francisco. Newspapers — BiiffiiU) Courier, 192 Washington street, James H. Sandford, Proprietor. See ad- vertisement. Bvffalo RepuUio and Times, 182 Washing- ton street, C. C. Bristol, Editor and Manager. See advertisement. Bufah Morninff Kxpreu, Main street, A. M. Clapp k Co., Proprietors. See adver. Land Agent & Intelligence Office — John Adams, 25 East Seneca street. Lard, OH, and Candle Factory— : M' H. V. MoHEY, Caroline street. Oil Manufticturer— F. S. Pease, 61 Main street. Oysters, Fruits, dec- W. Rows, 107 Main street. See adrertise- ment. Physician— Dr. E. B. Mclntyre, corner of Beak ond Ex- change streets. Cancers successfully treated. Cures warranted. Produce Commission Merchants— Cobb k Co., (C. Cobb k A. Cobb,) 20 and 21 Prime street. Whiting 4 Annin, (D. W. Whiting k J. V. W. Annin,) 9 Central Wharf. Shipping and Insurance Agents— Pickering k Otto. See advertisement. Storage, Produce, and Coale— Chas. W. Evans. The Evans' Ship Canal- See advertisement. Straw Goods and Millinery—. W. H. Woodward, 287 and 289 Main street. See advertisement. Tea and Coffee Dealers— Bradford k Chase, 271 Main street. Tin, Copper, and Iron Ware— F. C. Hill, 209 Main street. See adver. Variety Store, Fancy Goods— S. 0. Barnum, 211 Main street. See odver- tisement. Wholesale Grocers— John & Thomas Sully, 42 Main street. Wholesale and Retail Grocer — Alexander Sloan, 82 Main street. Wines and Liquors— Murray k Brother, 7 Terrace street. See advertisement. Woolen and Clothing Store— Altman k Co., 40 Pearl street. ) M m -ri !l BARNUM'S QREAT VARIETY STORE, 211 Main St, Buffalo, N. Y., Ini|Hirti!r niiil Dnalar In FnrnlKn anil Doinniitlo Fancy Omiilii. KldiinK Tacklfl. Tuy>, llnrim WiiratiMl, Nllkii, TlirniulH, NnocllPK, Mniimhaiim Plpoa, Military and HRKn- llii Trlninilnco. Drina Trlniinlnga, lluttoiiii, (%>raetii, Nkirta, I.imlliur DroMiMK Caiea, lio. Ilaakota, t'ani, Indlaii OikhU, Ciinai, Willow and Wixxlen Warr, Cutlery, Pirr, Hiibbar and Uutia Parrlia Uouda, and Yniikea Niitiiiiia. fcc. 8. O. RARNITM. WM. H. WOODWARD, UVtoUtnh tt Btlmtl IttmUr in Straw Goods, Arliflcial Flowers, BIBB0V8, BILX8, BATDn, VELVETS tt MILLINERY GOODS, 387 &. 280 MAIN 8T., BUFFALO. Corntr of Kmf lt% OTlFHAPWARE "STORE, BatabUahed In 1818. DE WITT C. WEED & CO., tiaa inain street, corner Swan, (At Iht Sign of the Mill S»w,) ■BXTFFAJIuQy KT. TT., DKALEns IN KVEBY VARIETY Or AMERICAN, GERMAN & ENGLISH HARDWARE. DK WITT 0. WIED, OEO. SEALS, WM. 1. AMDERSOII. " Wpfaio MECHANICS' mwoil" X5- V ''." OH 10 S"t . CORNER INDIANA, Mannfactnre Warranted OOOFERS', OAAFENTERS', SIIII>-BXTILIDBI*S» AND JO I N ERS' TOOLS; >f/«o — Fl2uiln{;, Tobaoed, Shingle, and Machine Knives, WHk a pradioal experience of over 32 years. LEUN'ARU WHITE. I. JKWETT WBITB. GIBBONS 8l HAGER, MANDrACTURIIIS Of GINGER WINE, NATIVE WINES, LEMON SYRUP, 8A1WAPARILLA SODA, .#/•« • tttntrmt J*tortm*nt of H/frupt^ 57 Bzonanga St., Buffalo, N. 7. Orduri reaped fully auliuUed and promptly attended to. T. MtlRRAT. U. MDRRAT. MURRAY &. BROTHER, Importert Jb WKdtsale Deiiltrn in 1¥I]VE» AMD I.l<|UORN, (Between Main Ik Henri atx ) Bulfmlo^ J\\ t\ Alan , AventB for Tnnier'a Dlnirer Wine, Syrupa, kc. C7* Ordura promptly uttundeil tu. (rORMERLV ROWE AND CO.,) Wholesale &, Retail Dealer in OYSTERS, FOREIGIV FRUIT, Sardines, Sauces, Fiokles, HERMETICALLY SEALED GOODS, &o., Ito., 197 main St., Buffalo, N.T. JOB ALBERGER, Wholesale ar the corner of Terrace,) B-LrFF-A-HiO, 3sr."5r. Newel Posts, Bannisters, Tcn-p!n Balls nnd I'lns constnntly on hand, or made to order. Also, all kinils of heavy TunilnR, Wlndliissos, Ac, for Boat work. All work done in the neatest manner and warranted, EUGENElvrSMrTn, Shaving, Hair Gutting, AND BATHING ROOMS; 4 EAST SENEOA ST., BUFFALO. NEW SEED AND AGRICULTURAL HOUSE FIELD, OABDEN ft FLOWER SEEDS Of choice, fresh American and Imported VarieticH, (.SVc dutnloguet.) A.OrlECI.OXJXjTTJTt.A.X, Sc K:0IIT10XTLTTJI*A.L TOOXiS Of the latest and most approvc-> the crop. The great inTentlon of the age. fff (hinlenfrit ami Dealers wiU do well to favour m« with their orders. Liberal admnc«m«nt» made on conniiinment* of dnmeMk teedn. GEO. F. NEEDIIAIVI, Buflfalo, IV. Y., 990 main Street. ENGRAVING G. D. WIGHTMAN, 156 Main St., (Up-stairs,) BUFFALO, N. Y. C'i e Book Illustrations, Drawing and Enffraving Portraits, Landscapes, Views of Hotels, Stores, Steam- boats, Machinery, Societies' Seals, Business Cards, ORNAMENTAL BILL HEADS, CERTIFICATES, LARGE OR SMALL, Show Bills, in Colours, Engraved to order. STEREOTYPES OR ELECTROTYPES FURNISHED, IF REQUIRED. Orders from a Distance must be accompanied hy Drawings or a Dagwrreotype of the object required. \ :'r! . 'if ni f n I ;.! m liV 1 CLARENDON, MAIN STREET, BUFFALO, N. Y. E. BICKGORDS, Proprietor, BEIVIVET TEMPERANCE HOUSE, 85 MAIN STREET, BUFFALO, mW TOBK. 'Hie Subscriber, bftvinj? leased tlie above house for a term of years, and newly fitted and furnished the snine, is prepared to ac- commodate all who may favour him with a call on the moitt reasonable terms. This house is conveniently located, beini; between the Eaatorn and Western depots, and convenient to the Steamboat landing. Our beds ar<» of the l>eut quality. Rocms airy and Hgiiu Tern. . |1.00 per day. Wr. B. THORP, Proprietor^ MoINTYIlE HOUSE, TrriN*, ft ptr nmffy Gor. Exchange & Beak Sts., Ten rods from tlie Gu ■»t Union Railroad Ddpot, BUFFALO, N. Y. J. L. BATES, '■'.iop'B. WESTERN HOTEL, Cor. Pearl Street & Terrace, BUFFALO, N. Y. D. B. HULL, Prop'r. Tertna^ f l>9ft P*r day. rOVIEJOY~HOUSE, ISAAC E. PUTMAN, Prop'r, Cor. Pearl & Terrace Streets, Sear the Depot and Sttamboat Landing, BUFFALO, N. Y. Board, One Dollar per 0»v< GAS & WA'nsk. The Cna«'il thf Intertst of T. S. UAMl'TOy, in the old e.^tiil.lithec' GAS FiniNG AND PLUMBING Bl'SINESS, ON TlIK 1 ORNKR OF Pearl & Seneca Streets, Buffalo, Bff \vn\« to osU the attention of thoir frirnils nnd |«lrons, and the pulilif ai'ijorally, to thi'ir splrnilid nxcor' nient of tjiis Kutiiri's. m the liilost luid most pty ns ONK YKAR. We would wnK mp'MMfully solirit a sliore of pnblir |>atruiuigs. AOLAH ft SELPEBT, {SueceMto, n to T. S. Ilampto '.) F. O. HILL, MANUrACTURER OF TIN, COPPER & SHEET IRON WARE. DEALER IN Stoves, Hollow and Britannia Ware, OISTERN-PUMFS, «to. AOKNT FOR not-Wat«r, Hot-Air, k VentilatiD^ Furnaces, Portithle Furnaee». Ifetienhura I/eatert, I'lmiact /iegintei-ti, Veiittlfitorn, (\iok'lii(//{, itc. Particular attention paid to WaruiiiiK nnd Venliiutini Private and Puhlln Buildliipca. Halvaiilzed Gutters, Cur- nicos, and all kinds uf Job work made tu order. see x«£.A.zKr btxiest, OPPOSITE THE CHURCHES, BuflTalo, New York. HART, BALL &, HART, MANUFACTURERS OF PLUMBERS' GOODS, HotAir ft Hot-Water Fornaeu, 257 Main Street, Buffalo, N. Y. HAKDIKER ~& TOYi PLUMBERS, GAS & STEAM FITTERS, Furnaces built and repahed, Tin, Copper, and Sluel Iron Work. All work warranted, CORNER EAGLE ANb MAIN STREETS, Under St. Jamea's Hotel, BUFFALO, N. Y . BANKING HOUSE i MANCHESTER & RICH, Cor. Main & Seneca Sts., BROWN'S BUILDmaS, BUFFALO, N, T. | StocAi>j Sondu, lytu and Coiintg Orden, Xotfi, Laud }iiirraiit«,and other securitien negotwied. Draft* for »ale on the priticipal Cities of the United States and Europe. i)orrvapondrnla. London— The General Hank o'' Switierland. i^flcfn— The General Bank of SiritEerland. />H/jKn— Messrs. David La Touche i Co. \ £eifa»t—ilr. Herbert Dale. i BEN. D. PARKINSON. I,T. W. S. SMITH. PARKINSON & SMITH, CIVIL & SUBMARINE ENGINEERS, No. 7 Brown's Buildings, Buffalo, K. Y. 'V^ hold onrsolvcs in rrndiness at nil times to itivi' im- nv .into attention to all kinds of Hallroad and ('Hnnl Kn- frineerinit, nnd to thu removal of sunken vessels niul rorks ly the latest nnd niopt approved methods. CHARLES W. EVANS;^ Storage, Produce, & Coal merchant, drain Elet -tor. and VTarehmtSL ■ on the . ^an'« Ship Canal, BIIFFAI.O, N. Y. Attention Kiven to the purchase and shipment of craiii, and to keepiiu; differon* qualities thereof separate; and to the drrini; of wet or dainp Rrain : also to srrcenini; ami rlo&niUK Kmin. PIOEERING & OTTO, Shipping, Insurance & General Commission Agents, Brokers for the Purchase and Sale of Bonds and Mortgi^es, Stocks, Land Warrants, and Real Estate, in this and in all the Western States, Houses rented, Money securely invested, Loans, and Foreign and Domestic Exchange negotiated. Oold and Silver bought and sold. Rcnittiinces made to England, Irelanu, Scotland, and the Continent of Europe. Agents for the " Glasgow and New York Steamship Company." Collections made throughout the United States and the Canadas, All busineiis entrusted to our care shall receive prompt attention, EDGAR P. PICKERING & JOHN OTTO, Buffalo, N. T. REFERENCES: JASPER CORNING fe SON, Bankon, New York. EDWAKD CORNING b CO., Importers. Now Yurk. THOS. OTIS LEKOY it CO., Mercliantg, New York. ANDREW J, RICH, President Bank of Attica, B"Tttlo. JOHN S. GAN80N, Prei. New York & Erie Bk. Buffalo. JOHN L. KIMBERLY, Pres. Buffalo City Bk., Buff^alo. H. HOWARD, Eaq., Sec'jr Buffalo Savings Bk., Buffalo, ROBINSON L CO., Bankers. Buffalo. THE BUFFALO DAIL7 SEFTJBUC & TIMES PRINTiNG ESTABLISHMENT Invite the attention of Railroad Superintendents, Steamboat and Vessel Owners, Express Companies, Forwarders, Bankers, Lawyers, Mechanics, Business Mer , to the facilities offered in the line of Printing, Ruling, Uindmg, and every thing pertaining to the Printing and Pub- lishing business. It tias one of the LARGEST JOB OFFICES In the State, superintended by competent mechanics, and is enabled to execute all manner of PLAinr, FAN€¥^ & ORIVAIIIEIVTAL PKINTING, Railroad Circul'.rs, Cards, Posters, Coupon and Local Tickets, Trip Sheets, Embellished and Embossed Show Bills, Programmes, Bills of Fare, and all and every manner of Printing, in a style equal to any establishment in the State. The Daily " Rbpublio and Times," is published at the same office, and delivered to mail sub- scribers, at Six Dollars pet year, {'2is. stg.) payment in advance. O. O. BRISTOL, Editor and Manager, Repnblio Buildings 182 Washington Street, Buffalo, N. T. A. M. CLAFF & CO, PUBUSEJiaiS & FROFBIETOBS OfthefoUotoing leading Jfi mpapira in WetUm I^^ab York : BUFFALO MORNING EXPRESS; Daily, at |6.00 per annum. Having the largest circulation of any Daily West of New York, it offers the best medium for advertising of any Paper in the city. BUFFALO TFJ-WEEKLY EXPRESS; $3.00 per annum. Gives all the Reading matter of the Daily, and has a large country circula- tion. AU New Adv:>'*Uemcnts pullUhed in' the Daily are inserted in the Tri- Weekly without charge, BTJITA-IiO -SVEEICIiTr EZFXiESS, $1.00 per annum. This Paper has a very large and increasing circulation in this and adjoin- ing counties, and in the Western States. TKE BXJF-iP^LO OOUPtlER,, JAMES H. SANDFORD, Proprietor, Office, 192 Washington St., DuflFalo, N. Y. The Daily Courier, . . $6.00 per annum, in advance. The Tri- Weekly Courier, $3.00 " The Weekly Courier, . $1.00 " Therf^ is connected with the Publishing Office, an extensive BOOK AND JOB PBINTINO OFFICE. All orders addressed to the Proprietor will receive immediate attention. JAMES H. SANDFORD, Buffalo, N. T. a i' . 1.4! i •, m: ! il '■%i iv. ^1 PORTLAND, MAINE, 91 i CITY OF PORTLAND, (MAINK) [Dlitant from Montreal, Ki ; Boston, 107 ; Quabw, 810 ; Toronto, 695 milu.] During the winter season, when the ice in the St. Lawrence prevents access to Quebec and Montreal, via that route, Portland then forms the link in the chain of communication between Great Britain and Canada for steamers and sailing vessels, as at Portland passen- gers and cargo are landed, and forwarded, per rail, to their destination. It having been decided that the Great Eastern Steamship will sail between Portland and England, we annex the following particulars which may prove interesting: — Portland — although not the capital — is the principal town in the State of Maine — the most easterly State in the U Aon, and adjoining the British Possessions. It is beautifully situated upon a peniusula, rising at the northern and southern extremities into eminences about 200 feet above the level of the sea, and surrounded by Casco Bay, which forms a natural, safe, and spacious harbour for the largest shipping, completely land-locked, except at the entrance, which has been " scooped out by the hand of the Almighty," but is only defended by two artificial fortifications, called Preble and Scammel. Promenades 160 feet in width, two for walking, and another for riding, run round the extremities of Mount Joy and B'*amhall Hill, furnishing splendid opportunities for " constitutionals" as well as mag- nificent views, especially from the Observatory of the town, harbour, shipping, islands, and Burroundipg country — on the one hand, stretching right away towards the blue peaks of the White Mountains in the west, and carrying the eye of the spectator right onwards into the azure depths of the blue sea of immensity in the east. When we state that 24 churches and 16 schools, in addition to numerous edifices belon^ng to public associations and private parties, have been erected in the town, the tourist must be prepared to anticipate no ordin- ary amount of architectural decoration, most prominent amongst which, is a magnificent, marble-fronted hotel in course of erection ; the post-office, constructed of blue granite, and several other elegant structures. The wharfage is extensive and commodious. The Mon- treal Ocean Steamship Company's vessels, ac well as others bound in a northerly and south- erly direction, are easily found, during the winter, at their respective wharves. The Grand Trunk Railway Depot stands convenient for the reception and transportation both of pas- sengers and freight to Upper and Lower Canada, while another line of railroad carries the traffic southwards to Boston and New York. Wharves have already been appropriated to the "Leviathan," or, as it has been lately designated, the "Great Eastern," which is ex- pected to sail between some port in England and Portland, and the arrival of which will undoubtedly constitute an epoch in commercial enterprise. The population of Portland has nearly doubled itself within the last thirty years; consequently, the number of deaths, which was only 1 in 10 fifteen years ago, has increased to 1 in 44 — a fact which is generally at- tributed to the great influx of foreigners since the establishment of the Grand Trunk Rail- V y ; for the site of a town more conducive to the health of its inhabitants could scarcely ;'• H".d within the limits of the American Continent, in evidence of which, we must not ou ■' to add that it forms most suitable sea-bathing quarters (access to which may be had at a reduction of fare by the G, T. R.) in summer, to Americans as well as Canadians, who can extend their trip with the greatest facility to Lake Champlain, the White Mountains, etc. Population 28,000. Fare to Boston, $2.60 (10«. stg.); to Montreal, $6 {24«. stg.). rW [;,: m DETROIT, MICHIGAN. CITY OP DETROIT, (MICHIGAN.) . , , , [DIatant from Quebw, 1U ; New York, 680 ; Suipeniion Bridge, S89 ; Milwaukee, 939 1 Chicago, 984 milei.] " Detboit, a flourishing city and port of entry of the State of Michigan, and seat of jus- tice of Wayne County, on Detroit River, 18 miles above the head of Lake Erie. It k beautifully situated on the W. bank of the river, which is here about half a mile wide, and forms one of the finest harbours in the United States. The part of the city contigu- ous to the river is built on a rectangular plan, extending 1200 feet back from tne shore; the space beyond this is divided into triangular sections by a number of avenues, which converge to an open area called the Grand Circus. These avenues vary in width from 120 to 200 feet. The principal buildings and public offices are situated on Jefferson and Wood- ward avenues. The city is adorned with several public squares, one of which is named the Campus Martins. Jefferson avenue, one of the finest streets in the city, is well paved, witli brick and stone sidewalks. Woodward avenue, crossing the first at right angles, is the principal business street Congress street is also distinguished for its fine appear- ance. Among the remarkable edifices may be mentioned the old State House, a commodi- ous brick building, 90 feet by 60, with a dome and steeple 140 feet high, which commands an extensive view, embracing the city with its environs. Lake St. Clair and the Canadian shore; the City Hall, which is a brick building 100 feet by 50, and the Bank of Michigan, a substantial structure of stone, in the Grecian style, which cost about ^0,000. Detroit has a well-organized system of public schools. It contains 23 churches, 4 bonks, a muse- um, theatre, and two orphan asylums. The railroad company have a large brick freight house, about 600 feet long by 100 feet wide. Ten or eleven newspapers are published in Detroit, three of them daily, and the others tri-weekly, or weekly. The city is lighted with gas, and also supplied with wat«r of the purest quality from Detroit River. " Detroit is admirably situated for commerce, and its importance is greatly enhanced by its intimate and extensive relations with a region towards which a prodigious tide of emi- gration is flowing. By its position on the great chain of lakes, and by means of the con- necting rivers and canals, it has a ready communication with the principal centres of trade. " Tlie manufactures of the city are extensive and important, consisting of steam-enginee and various other kinds of machinery, mill-irons, stoves, ploughs, cabinet ware, Ac. Brewing and tanning are also carried on to a considerable extent At the different steam saw mills here in operation, about 10,000,000 feet of lumber are annually turned out " The trade of Detroit is Immense, Population about 60,000." J R, NICHOLS. BDW, LE KAVOUR. NICHOLS & LEFAVOUR, Munxifacturers -A.TE3SrT JS^IBXiOXJEOIT, 110 Lake Street, Chicago, III. ; Buffalo, N. Y. ; and New York City. BARKER HOUSE, (FORMEniiT doty's hotel,) Gapt. CEAS. W. BABEEB, Frop'r, 80 RANDOLPH STREET, (Bet. State & Dearborn,) CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. This House, having been newly fitted up and fur- nished, is now open for the reception of Ouests. Being centrally located, the Proprietor hopes, by every attention being shown to Guests, to receive from the public his share of patronage. Board, $1.50 per Day. POST-OFFICE BOX, 4464. THOMAS P. JACK, ENaLISH HOTEL, 201 Kenzle St., Chicago, HI. A. WRIGHT TURNEE, Sole Agent for NEW YORK OIL COMPANY, Manufacturers of LUBRICATING & LARD OIL For all kind of Machinery. Warranted not to con- geal In cold weather. Also, Dealers In Sperm, Whale, Fish, Linseed & Tanners' Oil, 48 Water Street, N. Y. OfBce, No. 241 South V ater Street, (Corner Franklin Street,) CH ICAQO, ILLINOIS. t'0 ""M: Vi a o 'O XI Yean. 1853. . 1854., 1855. 1856.. 1857.. To quote "The in portant. ' been about Working a or less dire " There h country tha tend over ft CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. - . / CITY OP CHICAGO, (ILLINOIS.) • I; . • . i : [DUUnt from 8t. P>ul, M8 i N«w York, 966) Montratl, 88« ; MIlwaukM, 89 mllM.] ' ' • '• " ' '_ ' ^ Prfvious to 1831, this great commercial emporium of the north-west, wag a mere trad- ing post amidst the wigwams of the Indiats, since which time it has reached a population of upwards of 180,000, having doubled itself every 4 years. The city is situated on the soulh-westevu side of Lalce Michigan, and is intersected into 3 divisions, by the River Chi- cago, up which trading vessels ascend for nearly 6 miles. To its central position, with the most extensive means of communication by land and water — having been continued all the way to Liverpool, (Eng.,) without transhipment, via tlie Welland Canal and River St Lawrence— may be attributed one great cause for its rapid rise and progi-esa. The ground on which the city stands is an extremely level plain, sufficiently elevated to prevent inundation, and extending many miles towards the south and west The adjacent country consists of beautiful and fertile prairies, interspersed with groves, and diversified by gentle slopes. From a recent published account of this city we quote ; — " The city is laid out in rectangular blocks, with streets extending nearly north and south, and east and west The shore of the lake, and the northern parts of the city, are occupied with the finest residences, but the principal business is transacted on the south side of the river, the banks of the south branch being lined with docks and large warehouses. Many of the streets are paved with planks and lighted with ga& Michigan avenue, which is, perhaps, the most beautiful street in the city, extends along the shore of the lake, and is bordered with shade-trees. Next to, and parallel with this, is Wabash avenue, adorned with double rows of trees. " The most remarkable public buildings are the new Court House, the Merchants' Exchange, the Marine Hospital, the Medical College, and the Second Presbyterian Church. The Court House is a splendid edifice of Lockport limestone, having a prison on the first floor, the county ofiioes on the second, and a court room and town hall on the third, with a cu- pola and roof of galvanized iron. The Marine Hospital is a spacious and handsome build- ing, of Milwaukee brick. Tlie Second Presbyterian Church, at the corner of Wabash and Washington streets, in the Gothic style, with a steeple about 200 feet high, is perhaps the most beautiful edifice of its class west of New York. It is built of a kind of pitchy stone, in which black and white are mingled, and presents a nngular and striking appearance. Chicago contains several banks, and about 30 printing offices, from which numerous daily and weekly journals are issued. Tlie public schools are well organized, and are accommo- dated with excellent buildings." Regarding the population and valuation of property in the dty, during the last 6 years, we annex the following table :• — . ■ .„ ,- POPULATION AND VALUATION OF CraOAGO. Real Estate, Personal Property, Yean. Valuation of. Valuation of. Total. 1853 60,652 13,130,677 8,711,154 16,841,881 1854 65,872 18,790,744 5,401,495 24,394,239 1855 88,509 21,901,204 5,521,000 27,422,204 1856 110,000 26,771,181 5,717,959 81,489,140 1857 ; 180,000 29,018,196 7,248,058 86,256,249 To quote from a writer on the commercial progress of Chicago:— " The influence of railroads upon the development of business, has been direct and im- portant The amount of money expended in Illinois, and the neighbouring States, has been about $180,000,000, the disbursement of which has aided in settling, stocking, and working a vast extent of country, the products of which are carried over these roads, more or less directly, to Chicago. " There has been put in operation 1,500 miles of roads, which have extended the area of country that pours its wealth iuio Chicago. The projected connections of these roads ex- tend over four thousand miles more, making 8,000, and their ultimate ramifications em- !tll|| M CHICAGO. brace every section of the Union. Every extension of railroads forms a centre, embracing tlie breadtli of land which feeds that centre, as the square of the distance. From every point of the compass these lengthening roads run from Chicago over the most fertile country. It is therefore not to bo wondered at that Chicago is the greatest grain depot in the world." In the year 1888, only 78 bushels of wheat was exported from Chicago. The following table will give some idea of its extent during the last 6 years :— BHTPHKNTB OF OBAIM ntOlf OmCAOO FOB FIVK TKARg. Total, bnahelt. 6,412,181 12,982,820 16,688,700 21,588,221 18,082,678 Regarding the prices of grain and flour for the same periods, we And them to be as fol- lows; — Wheat. Com, o«t», Barlev, bushele. bnshoii. Tmh. busheli. buihels. buaheli. 18S8... 1,680,098 2,780,268 1,748,498 120,276 82,162 1854... 2,644,860 6,887,899 8,289,987 148,421 41,158 1855 . . . 7,115,270 7,517,678 1,888,588 92,082 20,182 1856 . . . 9,419,865 11,129,668 1,014,547 19,051 690 1857... . 10,788,292 6,814,615 416,778 17,998 .... AVXRAQE rniCKS OF OBAIN AND FLOUR. Yean. 1858.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. Winter Spring Wheat, Wheat, Per Bushel. Per Bushel. 85 1 80« 1 55 1 27* 1 17» 60 1 09 1 81 1 05» 98 Flour per Barrel. 8 76 a 6 26 6 98 a 7 48 7 12* a 8 14» 4 91 a 6 26 6 05i Com, Per, Bushel. 47 48* 62 86 53 Oata, Per Bushel. 88 80 831 28* 89* ffir :r. P " With the year 1867 commenced not only a marked revival in the foreign trade for grain, mo8i\v wheat, but a large expenditure of money, amounting since to $180,000,000 for the construction of those railroads which have drained the surrounding grain country into Chicago, and have also aided its sales. In Chicago, during the last five years ending with 1860, when there were no railroads to bring wheat into the city, wheat averaged 75 cents per bushel. In the last five years it has averaged $1.23 per bushel. Corn has aver- aged 60 cents, against 83 cents at former periods. The effect of these prices has been the immense increase in the grain supplies, particularly corn. The |1 80,000,000 which has been spent in the last-named period for the construction of railroads has, to a large extent, become capital in the hands of cultivators who have produced the grain. The value of the wheat and corn brought to market at these two periods was as follows : — . . , Five years to 1851 , ' ' Bushels. Price. Value. Wheat..... 9,708,611 75 $7,278,709 Corn 1,524,986 88 508,212 , Five years to 1858 , Bushels. Price. Value. 81,643,785 |1 23 $89,554,781 85,080,118 60 17,540,056 Total 11,228,247 $7,786,921 67,728,898 $57,094,787 " Thus the value of these two grains alone, received at Chicago, has been equal to an in- crease of nearly $60,000,000, or $10,000,000 per annum. This trade has been developed during the season of high prices abroad, and while the railroads have not operated fully. The corn has been received one-half by the canal, and the remainder by the railroads The wheat has come to hand nearly altogether by railroads. The teams in the last year brought in about 200,000 bushels, and the canal 880,000 bushels, together 10 per cent, of the whole. " It is obvious that the business of Chicago has been based on a solid foundation ; that the natural products of an area of «^t least 200 miles diameter, intersected at every point by railroads, has been drawn ito her warehouses, and the fast-settling country has required merchandise in return. The operations for a moment has encountered a check, but cannot be lasting. Prices of grain may decline for the moment, but the general trade cannot but increase. The whole machinery 1b now in operation. If railroad expen- CHICAGO. 96 diture it) lesSi the attractions of the land are greater, and vast tracts still invito settlers tu add to the future resources of Chicago. " At this moment, the machinery of production and transportation, in and around Chi- cago, indicates that it is just now entering upon Its career. The prices for grain for the moinant are dull, owing to good harvests abroad, but the Western country can now sell and deliver cheaper than ever. The railroad expenditure is to bo run down for the present ; but it follows that the local demand for food is also less in proportion ; that while the whole industry of the ccction is turned to production, it depends upon the foreign market only for the sale of its surplus. The earnings of the railroads indicate the immense development of business they have occasioned." Tlie number of vessels which arrived at Chicago during 1867 was 7,567, with a tonnage of 1,763,413. " Chicago, as a lumber market, has for many years stood pre-eminent. Its rise and pro- gress is only equalled by the rapid development of the city as a centre of the territory west of the great lakes; and, in importance, this branch of its commerce is second perhaps to no other. The river banks are lined for miles and miles with the immense piles of lum- ber which is shipped to Chicago from the pineries of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada, and it is perhaps the best criterion that could be adopted to comprehend the magnitude of the trade. The capital invested in the lumber business is immense. Not to speak of the property owned by merchants in mills and woodlands, the wealth which is invested in stock, in docks, and in real estate in that city, cannot be less than ten or a dozen million dollars. The fleet of lumber vessels alone did not cost less than a million and a half of dollars ; and the number of hands employed in the business, one way and another, cannot fall short of ten thousand. " With these leading features of the large commerce which is carried on in Chicago, in receiving the produce of the fast-settling prairies, and supplying them with lumber and goods, a large manufacturing business has grown up in the city. The capital and hands employed are as follows; — : : . y } MANUFACTURES OF CHIOAQO. , Vnliio of Capital. Hands. Maniifnctures. Iron works, steam-engines, Ac $1,703,900 2,808 $3,887,084 Stoves 185,000 70 238,000 Agricultural implen.>;nts 597,000 575 1,134,300 Brass and tin ware, Ac 257,000 851 471 ,000 Carriages, wagons, &c 806,000 881 948,160 High wines, beer, ale, &c 497,000 105 1,150,320 Soap, candles, lard, &o 296,000 100 528,021 Furniture 354,000 504 543,000 Stone, marble, Ac 617,950 843 896,775 Pinning mills, sashes, doors, &c 445,000 554 1,092,397 Musical instruments 13,200 81 37,000 Leather 832,000 126 432,000 Barrels, wooden ware, &c 178,700 171 357,250 Brick 300,000 500 712,000 Flour 825,000 78 630,569 Chemicals .• 15,000 15 82,000 Harness, saddles, &c 82,900 220 271,000 Sheet and bar lead 25,000 75 100,000 Glue and neat's-foot oil 20,000 15 25,000 _ Starch (estimated) 15,000 25 75,000 Daguerreotypes, ambrotvpea 75,000 75 100,000 Engraving, <6c .' 11,000 80 ' . 29,500 Cigars 8,000 26 . 10,800 Whitelead ' 50,000 10 7,200 Types, &c 20 Boots, shoes, clothing, & other manuf's, est. 500,000 1,750 750,000 Miscellaneous (reported) 439,700 502 1,044,697 Total *7,7o9,400 10,573 |:15,515,003 £1,551,880 stg. £3,103,012 stg. iiife .-"^MA i- it' A M. i I 96 MILWAUKEE, STATE OF WISCONSIN. CITY OP MILWAUKEE, (WISCONSIN.) [DUUnt flnm Mootn*!, 18T ; Ntw York, 1040 1 ChlMiD, M I St. P»ul, 431 mllta.] " MiLWAtKKX, tlio largest and most important city in the State, and, after Chicago, the must tlourisliing on the lakes, is situated on tlie west sliore of Lalcu Michigan, and on buth Bides of Milwaultee River. It is pleasontly located, partly on the flots bordering the river, and on tlie bluffs rising abruptly from the lake to the height of some 100 feet The river, running nearly parallel to the lake in a southerly direction, is navigable for the lurge«t steamboats over two miles from its mouth. " As the commercial capital of Wisconsin, its situation demands particular attention. The laws which govern trade and travel are, by the improvements and spirit of the age, reduced to two: — 1st The shortest route to market; 2d. The quickest and c/uapest nioJe of trane|x)rtatioD. The products of the Nortliwest seek a morket upon the Atlantic coast. Heretofore, New York and Boston have monopolized the trade of this region. They will always retain a large share of it ; but the recent improvements in the Canadas, and tlio«e projected, are rapidly diverting trade to the valley of the St Lawrence. Business rela- tions are bein^ established between the cities of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Hamilton, on the one hand, and the Western Lake ports on the other. As regords New York and Boston, Milwaukee holds the most favourable position of any port on the western shore of Lake Michigan. Taking Buffalo as a common point on all the lines of trade between tiie»e ports and those markets, it will be seen : 1st That Milwaukee, by woter communiuiition, has the odvantog« tor time ond distonce over any place at the south. 2d. For the nuist direct rouio to Bulfnlo, either by land or water carriage, Milwaukee (ro soon as the direct communication by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad is opened) presents the most natu- ral centre for all the trade ond travel between the Northwest and the East " As the general direction of Northwestern trade and travel is coinciden* "ith the pa rallels of latitude instead of those of longitude, and as Milwaukee is in the degree as the great Eastern markets, it can be easily seen that all the contemplated i^rcssing improvements must make it the natural centre or most ovailable common point in the Northwest, whether by the semi-inland route, through Michigan and Canada, or around the Lakes. Tlie advantages of this position will be very strongly developed, so soon u the direct route east, via Grand Haven and Detroit or Port Huron, is opened, ond our sys- tem of railroads to the Mississippi completed. Its business radius will then extend from below Savanno, 111., in the Mississippi valley, to the extreme Northwest, sweeping in the trade of Northwestern Illinuis, Iowa, and Nebraska, in addition to that of our own State. " The harbour of Milwaukee is one of the best on the Great Lakes. The river widens at its mouth into a semi-circular bay, 6 2-33 miles from point to point, and 2 1-32 miles across. At the point of approach to the lake, an artificial channel is in progress of con- struction. " This new harbour entrance is 260 feet in width, and will soon be excavated to a suffi- cient depth to accommodate the heaviest tonnage of the Lakes, ond, when completed, will make it the most accessible and capacious on Lake Michigan. The facilities presented by the old harbour — in improving which the United States expended, in 1844-5, |50,000— •will still be preserved. For over five-eighths of a mile between these two entrances, the river is both wide and deep. Nothing but the grossest and most ruinous neglect, on the part of the city and of the United States Government, will ever permit this old harbour to fill up or become useless. " Milwaukee contains 7 public schools — and for educational purposes, spent about $15,0)0 last year ; in addition to which it has a University and Female College in successful opera- tion. " Built upon the ',igh bluffs of Lake Michigan, and the picturesque slopes of the Mil- waukee River, this city is unrivalled in beauty of location by any other in the Northwest, It is a rare circumstance to hear of a, person of delicate health leaving it on account of I BRIDOE BROTHERS, Exeliange and Banking Office, I 166 EAST WATER STREET, Cor> of Michigan, (under State Banlc,) MILWAUKEX, WIBOONBIN. PRICE, FARMER & CO., BANKERS, DEALERS IN EXCHANGE, No. 10 MICHIGAN STREET, MILWAVKBB, WISCONSIN. O. SOHLET, Land & Money Agent, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, Draler in City Property, Fnrmii, Wild Lnnd, Land War- riiiUs, liDndH, MurtKnKc3a, Knilrciiul Sto<;l(fi, Himda and Kuriu MdrtRnffCH, lie. Tiuea paid for nun-roiiidcnta, and thuir interests protected. City Property and Landa ez- cliunKod fur RAilroad Securities. AMERICAN HOUSE, p. KANE & SON, Frop'ra, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. This Home liavinv lioon lately robnllt and refiinilslmd thronxliout, tlin pnlilio inny liii wmiirid that tlio accoin- niodations of the Anixrican Khali not l>e surpasMMl hy any houne in the my. Tins ia the most conrnninnt House to the Post-offices, Busiiioas Huuaas, uul Railroad Ueputa. CHARLES S. BELL, CiTil Engineer, Surveyor REAL ESTATE AGENT, ROOM No. 8, LAND'S BLOCK, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. CHARLES LORENZEN, GENERAL LAND AGENT AND COMMISSIONER, Notary Public, &c., MADISON, WISCONSIN. LAW & LAND OFFICE OF WILLIAM McNAIR, STEVENS'S POINT, WISCONSIN, Will Practice in the Courts of the 7th .Tudicial Circuit, make Collections and secure Claims. Will give prompt attention to the sale of Hoal Estate, Investment of money in Government Lands or otherwise; will locate Land Warrants on selected lands. Pay Taxes, attend to Pre- emption Claims and all other business with the United States Land Office. Also, Land Warrants for sale for cosh or on time. Reference*. Ocn. A, ELLIS, Receiver, Stevens's Point Land Office. Hon. A. BRAWLEY, ReRister, " Messrs. HUYSSEN 818CHEFFER, Bankers, Stevens's Point. Hon. M. M. STRONG, Milwaukee. F.H.BENSON & Co., Chicago. Eagle Steam Foundry, Koc 294, 296, 298, 300, 302, & 304 WEST WATER STREET, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. The Oldest Establishment in the City KEAN & RICE, Proprietors. T)ie Largest and most elegant Houso in the Northwest. Transient Gtueats, $2.00 per day. JOHN W. LEDYARD, 161 EAST WATER STREET. I am daily in receipt from New York, of every thing in the way of fiii Family Groceries, which will always bo offered at W! usalo and Retail, at reasonable prices., and sent to any |>art of the city fVoe of charge. WM. H. PABTVTAT.TTE 8l CO., DEALERS IN CHOICE Family Oroceries, 31 WISCONSIN STREET, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. JOHN PLANKINTON & CO., HANVFACTVRERS OF SOAP & CANDLES, WEST WATEIR STREET, (Near the M. A M. R. R. Depot,) MILWAUKEE. JOHN OODEN, Manti/acturer and Dealer in CARRIAGES OF ALL KINDS, Repository on Spring Street, (Between Sd and Sd streets,) MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. J. o'brier, c. lb dboit. JAMES O'BKIEN, OROAN BVIIiDER, CORNER OF Milwaukee & Michigan Sts., MILWAUKEE, WIS. Mi 'ill II If 1:1 mi !'• a t ' .- -f' -'■ V-' ■^'' ■■ . * .. 1 ■■'■■■' ',, : '■ ..... i ■ 1 . \y .- ■ ■ , ■■ '* ■' " v,^r;:v : :l 1 < ■ ' "i ,■ . '■. •-- -- -'■ ^ /' - , ' ■ '■ ^^ "-■■- "'~^' '• "" ." i..','' * ■■' . V -. »!■ ^ : . ' , .'^ ' • ; ;. . . - ^.^y. ' ^'-^ ■ i 4-' ' ■ ' . * . ' > * " : ■ . . "i -.^- . ■> . ^ • ■ ■ '> ^ -f- ■ ' ■ y ^ • • , - -.-,-"• I ■ ' ' ■ , E :^ \.- 4'i (;■-'- "-^ .-^" ,M ''.:^:-- ;.-v\i'-,t- I 1 fc( . .^ 1-.- - ^ ».- - ; ' »■ 1 t > . . ■ ' * i J -— ■ . • ' "'" * ' I J ■ • .\ V! .-_■„ . -■ ■> .{1 ■ ;■,• i '■ ; t 'lliii 1 • V iH ii ,ij|P i 1 Ui H' '1 98 MILWAUKEE. i '( difficulty of acclimation. On the other hand, instances are numeroua of people coming here with tendency to diseases of various kinds, who liave, after a few years' residence, en- tirely recovered. In summer it is not subject to the excessively hot and sultry weather of low towns, and in winter there is not the same intensity of cold — the lalce being colder than tlie atmosphere in summer and warmer in winter. " The population in 1853 was 25,000 ; 1856, 82,000 ; and in 1867, 45,000. " During the year 185'7, buildings to the value of $500,000, (£100,000, stg.,) were erected. " Milwaukee is celebrated for the manufacture of a peculiar kind of brick, of a delicate eream or straw colour, agreeable to the eye, and unafTected by the action of the elements. The appearance of the houses, chiefly built of this material, is very striking, and to a stranger visiting the place for tlie flrst time, presents an admirable and remarkable eight. Few cities in tlie country (if, indeed, there are any) have the materials for building more at hand, or of finer quality, than this. Not only quarries of beautiful, light-coloured stone, within the limits of the city, and adjacent to the railroads, but also lime in abun- dance for home consumption and exportation. "As to lumber, the pineries of the north supply the city with 100,000,000 feet annually. " From the same authority we find it stated that the receipts and exports at this place, the present season, exceed tliose of Chicago, and there is no reason to show why they may not for the future. " Milwaukee is one of the largest grain-markets in the world. Probably nine-tenths of the surplus wheat (the staple) of the State, is shipped from her port. So high has Wis- consin wheat stood at the Eastern and European markets, that its merchants have been able to sell it for eight to ten cents per bushel above the prices for Illinois and more south- ern States. This fact has turned the attention of farmers to raising it, to the exclusion of other grains; and, while the wheat crop, since 1850, has increased at the ratio of fifty per cent, per annum, the crops of rye, oats, barley, and corn, have remained stationary, or ad- vanced only with the home demand." The number of arrivals and departures of vessels during the year 1857 were 4,'?20, with an aggregate tonnage of 2,009,826. The tonnage of Milwaukee in 1856, was 21,497.60. The manufactures of Milwaukee, are, comparatively speaking, in their infancy — although it shows signs of grcai, extension in several departments. In 1856, there were 26 breweries in operation, brewing chiefly lager beer — to supply the German population in the city and country. Of the 75,000 barrels manufactured, about 80,000 were sent out of the city. In the manufacture of its celebrated bricks, fully 300 are employed regularly. Flour mills, beef-packing establishments, boot and shoe making, clothing and ship-build- ing, make up, for the most, the list of manufactures at present. " Milwaukee is connected by railroads with every section of the Union. The Milwaukee and Mississippi, the Milwaukee and Watertown, east and west, connecting the lakes and the Mississippi River. The La Crosse and Milwaukee, and the Chicago, St. Paul, and Fond du Lac Railroads, each connecting her with Lake Superior. The railroad from Green Bay, through Milwaukee, to Cliicago, commonly called the (Michigan) Lake Shore Road, is to her what tlie Hudson River railway is to Troy and Albany, in the State of New York," The foregoing notice of Milwaukee is copied, for the most part, from "Wisconsin as it is," by F. Gerliard. IP m m m '^ii 100 MADISON. — CAPITAL OF STATE OF WISCONSIN. MADISON.— CAPITAL OF WISCONSIN. " Madison, the capital of Wiaconsin, and seat of justice of Dane, the largest and most productive county in the State, is situated on a rising ground, between two lovely lakes, and is the most magniricent site of any inland town in the United States. On the north- west is Lake Mendota, nine miles long and six wide ; on the east Monona, five miles long and three wide. The city is celebrated for the beauty, health, and pleosanthess of its loca- tion ; commanding, as it does, a view of nearly every characteristic of country peculiar to the West — the prairie, oak opening, mound, lake and woodland. The surface of the ground is somewhat uneven, but in no place too abrupt for building purposes. The space between these lakes is a mile in width, rising gently as it lecves their banks to an altitude of about seventy feet, and is then alternately depressed and elevated, making the site of the city a series of gently undulating swells. On the most elevated ground is the State House, in the centre of one of Nature's Parks of fifteen acres, overlooking the ' Four Lakes' and the surrounding city. From this the streets diverge in every direction, with a gradu- al descent on all sides. " To the west, about a mile distant, is the State University, in the midst of a park of 40 acres, crowning a beautiful eminence. On the south side of Lake Monona is a spacious Water-Cure establishment, surrounded by an extensive grove, and presenting a very strik- ing appearance on approaching the city. Around Madison, in every direction, is a well- cultivated, undulating country, which is fast being occupied by pleasant homes." Bayard Taylor, in an acco\mt of a visit to the west, thus writes, regarding Madison :— " For natural beauty of situation, Madison surpasses any Western town I have seen. It is built on a narrow isthmus, between the Third and Fourth Lakes. On the summit of a mound stands the State House, in the centre of a handsome square of fourteen acres, from which broad, smooth streets diverge, with a gradual descent on all sides. To the west, and about a mile distant, stands the University, on the summit of a hill, or mound, of about equal height. The Madisonians count seven hills, but I could not make them all out distinctly, nor do I think it necessary to the beauty of the place that it should have a forced resemblance to Kome. In one respect it is equal — in a soft, beautiful, cream-colour- ed stone, which furnishes the noblest building material. Many of the business blocks and private houses display architectural taste." The real estote and personal property is estimated at |8,000,000. " There are twenty -five wiigon-roads, seventeen diff'erent mail stage routes, diverging in every direction from Madison. Over seven hundred loaded teams have arrived here in a single day, bringing from ten to fifteen thousand bushels of wheat to market, with large quantities of other produce. Nearly 700,000 bushels of wheat alone were marketed here in a single year. " It is, pre-eminently, the great railroad centre of Wisconsin, and enjoys, in an enviable degree, oil those peculiarJv favoiirnlile advantages. Four great lines diverge here: the Milwaukee and Mississippi : the Milwaukee, Watertown, and Madison ; East and West, con- necting the lakes with the Mississippi River; and the La Crosse and Land-Grand Roads, running from Madii^i'n to Lake St. Croix and tiio City of Superior, at the head of the lake. " The system connects with the Chicago, Fond du Lac, ond Superior Road, on the east and north, and the Beloit and Madison Road on the soutli. " An ..u.mdnnt supply of building-material is found hero. The most beautiful stone, easi- ly quarried and cut, abounds in its immedinfo vicinity. Bricks wiay be had to an unliniit ed extent, and timber of all kinds can be comnuuidod whenever needed for use." In the public libraries of Madison, there are 18,000 volumes. , A sum of $400,000 was estimated to be expcn -it ' I T-^ fit ! .1 ih ! \ 110 STATE OF MISSOURI. ■\i I ill! 'i ■ ■' Bouri River, and forms a good building stone. Marbles beautifully veined and crystalline are found in parts of the State ; also gypsum, sandstones, red and white, porphyries, sienitc, saltpetre, sulphate of baryta, kaolin, and inferior clays. The red sandstone is of too coarse and loose a texture for architectural purposes, but the white, found near St. Genevieve, makes superior glass. Porphyries of a red ground interspersed with crystals, admitting of a liigh polish, are found 8. of the Missouri River. Coal. — Bituminous coal, much of it cannel coal, exists in vast beds in the N. of the Stnte, and has also been found 40 miles up the Osage River. The great cannel conl-bed .'n Cal- laway County consists, in one place, of a solid stratum 24 feet, and in another 75 feet in thickness, and is believed to be the largest body of cannel coal known. Rivers. — Missouri enjoys the navigation of the two greatest rivers in the United States, if not in the world. By means of the Mississippi River, which coasts her entire cuiitern boundary, siie can hold commercial intercourse with the most northern territory of tlie Union, with the wiiole of the valley of the Ohio, with some of the Atlantic Stnt js, and with the Gulf of Mexico. By means of the Missouri, her other great riviT, she niiiy ex- tend her internal commerce to the Rocky Mountains, besides receiving the products timt may be furnished in future times by its multitude of tributaries. The Missnuri River coasts the N. W. of the Stat<%for about 200 miles, (following its windings,) and tiien dnrts across the State in a direction a little S. of K, dividing it into two portions, of which about a third is N., and the remainder S. of that river. Objkcts ok Intkuestto Toi'KisTs. — We shall hardly be able to do justice to Missouri in tliis respect, in the present state of our knowledge of the interior, as there are doubtless, in lier mountain recesses, gorges, waterfalls, and caves whose fame has not yet reached us. To the geolo'^ist tlie State already possesses ample inducements for a visit; while the lover of fine scer'-ry will find much to interest him in the wild bluffs l)oth of the Missouri and Jlis- sissippL Rivers, which rise to an elevation varying from 50 to 300 feet. Climate. — The climate of Missouri is very variable ; in the winter the thermometer finks below zero, and the rivers are frozen so as to admit the passage of heavil}--laden veliidos. The summers are excessively hot, but the air dry and pure. In the autumns, bilious and remittent fevers are common on the river bottoms. Pulmonary complaints, however, to such a degree as to ternunate in consumption, are infrequent. Soil and Productions. — The soil of Missouri, speaking generally, is good, and of grent agricultural capabilities; but the most fertile portions are in the river bottoms, which are a rich alluvion, (in some cases, however, mixed with sand,) and in that portion N. of tlie Missouri River, except in the R, where a findy soil prevails. South of the Missouri there is a greater variety in the soil, but much of it is fertile, and even in the mountains and mineral districts there are rich valleys, and about the sources of the White, Eleven I'oints, Current, and Big Black Rivers, the soil, though unproductive, furnishes a valuable growtii of yellow pine. The marshy district of the S. E. part will, when the population shall have become sufficiently dense to justify the expense of drainage, be probably one of the most fertile portions of the State. The great staple of Missouri is Indian corn, and more lioiiip is produced than in any State except Kentucky: the other great products are wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, fruits, butter, cheese, pork, hay, flax, honey, and beeswax ; considerable rye, buckwheat, market products, grass-seeds, maple sugar; and some rice, barlej', wine, hops, silk, and molasses. Forest and Fruit Trki^x — " Tiie river bottoms are covered with a luxuriant growtli of oak, elm, ash, hickory, Cottonwood, linn, and white and black wiilnut. In the more barren districts are found white and pin oak, and sometimes forests of yellow pine. The crab- apple, papaw, and persimmon are abundant; as also the hazel and pecan." There arc three species of wild grape ; and apples, pears, peaches, apricots, and nectarines yield well. Commerce. — St. Ijouis is the great centre of internal commerce of the Missifsippi and its tributaries, which must greatly increase as the settlements on those great rivers extond themselves. The exports of this State consist mainly of lead, pork, flour, wheat, tobacco, MISSOURI, OR NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. m and live stock. MisBoiiri has long been the principal seat of an active caravan trade vrith Santa F6. Education. — Missouri has a school fund (in 1862) of $676,668, and another fund of f 100,000, called the seminary fund. The interest ^f the former is distributed among the counties in proportion to the number of scholars in each. In 1860 there were 59,927 chil- dren in tiie State, of whom 89,983 were in the schools. Annual expenditure for school pur- poses, $88,124; number of volumes in school libraries, 6200. Every sixteenth section of public lands is devoted to common schools. , . .; , , ., MISSOURI, OR NORTH-WEST TERRITORY, Missouni, OR North- West Territory, an unorganized territory occupying the vast region lying between the White Earth and Missouri Rivers on the E., and the Rocky Mountains on the W., and (with the exception of a small tract in the S. E., belonging to the Indian Territory) between the Platte River on the S., and British America on the N. It lies be- tween about 40° 80' and 49° N. lat., and between about 97° 45' and 113° W. Ion., covering an estimated area of about 587,664 square miles, or space enough for five States larger than Illinois. This vast tract would include the proposed territory of Nebroska. Population. — We have no census returns from this wild region, which has been appro- priated as the abode of different Indian tribes, among which may be mentioned the Crows, Blookfeet, (a very warlike and cruel tribe,) Minnetarees, Kiccarees, Puncahs, and Pawnees. Face of the Country. — The greater part of this territory, as far as is known, seems to consist of a high prairie land. A chain of highlands, called the Black Hills, runs from nenr the Platte River in a N. E. directiou to the Missouri River, which they approach in about 102° of W. longitude, dividing the waters running into the Yellowstone from those flowing into the Missouri below its great south-eastern bend. On the W., the Rocky Mountains rear their lofty summits, in some instances above the snow line, and send out spurs into Missouri. Fremont's Peak, the loftiest known in this chain in tlie United States, is on the S. W. border of this territory. Rivers and Lakes. — ^This extensive tract is traversed by the Missouri, one of the most important rivers in the world, which rises near its south-western border, runs for about lOno miles in a N. E. direction, to 48° 20' N. latitude, receiving a large number of afflu- ents from the N., one of which, the Yellowstone, is 980 miles in length, and a njuUitude of sub-tributnries from the S. From the lat"*ufle named obove, it flows off to the S, E., form- ing tiic eastern boundary for perliaps lOuO miles. In about latitude 43° 30' the Missouri makes a grand detour, called the Great Bend, " where the river makes a circuit of 30 miles in advancing 2000 yards in a direct course." A number of important streams flow into the Missouri, within this territory, below the bend alluded to, so tliat this region is well watered, and gives promise of being more suitable for settlement than the country below riatte River. Tliere are some small lakes in the S. W., and perhaps others yet to be (li^^.'overed and described. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — ^The Great Falls of the Missouri, and the gorge b;low, enclosed with perpendicular rocks 1200 feet high, claim the first place among the striking natural objects of this territory. AsiMAiA — Tiiis country is the paradise of the hunter and trapper. Vast herds of buffa- lo roam over its prairies, though now rapidly dirninisWng in numbers. Lewis and Clark have i-tated that at times the Missouri was backed up as by a dam, by the multitude of thc?e animals crossing. The grizzly bear, Rocky Mountain goat, sheep, and antelope in- fest the slopes of the Rocky Mountains ; and tlie beaver in former times existed in great numbers, though the trappers are now fast thinning them out Panthers were met with by Lew's and Clark ; also black bears, elks, and wolves. CoMMEHCE. — ^The fur and peltry trade constitute the commerce of this vast region. Steamboats ascend tlie Missouri above tlie Yellowstone, and up the latter river 300 milea. l^ '111 If. 112 MINNESOTA, MINNESOTA. Minnesota, a territory of the United States, is bounded on the N. by British America, E. by Lake Superior and the State of Wisconsin, S. by Iowa and Missouri Territory, and W. by Missouri Territory. The Lake of the Woods, with a chain of small lakes and their outlets, form a part of the Northern boundary ; the St. Croix and Mississippi a part of the eastern, and the Missouri and White Earth Rivers the western boundary. It lies between 42° 30' and 49° N. lat., and between about 89° 80' and 103° 30' W. Ion., being about 650 miles in extreme length from E. to W., and 430 from N. to S., including an area of nearly 16(5,000 square miles, or 106,240,000 acres. Face of the Country. — Tliough there are no mountains in Minnesota, it is the most elevated tract of land between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay, and from its central heights sends its waters to every point of the compass, but mostly to the N. and S. The position from which the Red River of the North ahd the St. Peter's take their opposite courses is almost exactly in the centre of the territory, and elevated about 2000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico, A plateau, called the " Coteau des Prairies," or " Prairie Heights," about 200 miles in length, and from 16 to 40 in breadth, runs through the middle of the southern part of Minnesota. Its greatest elevation is about 1916 feet above the level of the sea, and its average height about 1450 feet. The northern portion, which is the highest, is about 890 feet above Bigstone Lake, which lies in its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's or Minnesota River, we come upon another range of heights, known as the " Coteau du Grand Bois," or the Wooded Heights, which extend for more than 100 iiiiles nearly parallel with the " Coteau des Prairies," Thia ridge is jiostly covered with an extensive forest of hard wood. Through the middle of the triangle which occupies the N. E. portion of the ter- ritory, runs a third range of heights, called the " Hauteurs de Terre," or " Highlands," which extend W. by S. about 800 miles, and form a dividing ridge, whence flow the waters that seek Lake Superior and the Mississippi in one direction, and Hudson's Bay in the other. A range of less altitude than the " Coteau des Prairies," but continuing in the same direction, forms the watershed of tlie streams flowing into the Missouri on the W., and those flowing into the Red River on the E. The rest of the country generally alternates between sandhills and swamps, and river bottoms and prairies. In the N., on the Red River, are extensive Savannas, level as a floor, while the central region and the portion between that and Lake Superior is much of it occupied with marshes, separated by hills of drift. West of the Coteau des Prairies, and Red River, the country has been but little explored ; but that portion of it between the Riviere d Jacques and the Missouri is represented as com- posed of high rolling prairies. Minerals. — ^Tlie indications, from geological surveys of Minnesota, do not favour the hopes of groat metallic weolth within its borders. Copper has been found, but in most instances it is not " in place," but appears to have been carried thither by the drift and boulders. The probnliility is that, of richer metallic ores than iron, this territory will not afford (ex- cept near Luke Superior) sufficient quantity to repay the labours of the miner; for if tliey exist at all, they probably lie at great depths. The indications are equally unfavourable to there being any large deposits of coal. A lead vein, 4 inches in thickness, was discovered on the Waraju River, l)y the geological corps of Professor Owen. The most renmrkable mineral in this territorj' is the red pipestone, of which the Indians moke their pipes, and which is believed to be peculiar to Mie region of the Coteau des Prairies. Salt is reported to exist in vast quantities between 47° and 49" N. lat., and 97° and 99° W. Ion. Lakes and Rivers. — Minnesota is, perhaps, even more deserving than Michigan of the appellation of tlie " Lake State," as it abounds in lacustrine waters of every size, from lakes of 40 miles in extent, to small ponds of less than a mile in circuit. These beautiful slieets of water give origin to rivers flowing N., S., and E. ; some finding their way to the Atlantic through the mighty Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico ; others through the grcot lakes, Niagara, and the St. Lawrence; and others, again, pass off to the N., and seek the ocean MINNESOTA. 113 through Hudson's Bay and Straits. The largest of these lakes, with the exception of Lake Superior, are the Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, Red, Minni-Wakan or Devil Lake, Leech, and Mille Lac, or Spirit Lake. These generally have clear, pebbly bottoms, and are well stocked with fish, among which are the white fish, pike, pickerel, maskelonge, sucker, perch and trout Wild rice grows on the borders of many of them, especially at the North. Devil Lake, which is on the 48th parallel of N. lat., in the N. W. of Minnesota, is about 40 miles in length, by 15 in breadth, and its waters, which are brackish, have no visible outlet. Red Lake, on the same parallel, E. of Red River, with which it communicates, is divided into two portions, united by a strait of 2 miles in width, and covers about the same area as Devil Lake. Lake of the AVoods, and Rainy Lake, (the former a largo sheet of water, perhaps 100 miles m circuit,) are both on the N. E. boundary of the territory. Lake Pepin, a beautiful sheet of water, is a mere expansion of the Afississippi in the S. E. of this territory. The rivers and large streams of Minnesota are almost as numerous as its lakes. The far-famed Mississippi takes its humble origin from Itasca Lake, from whose peUucid waters it issues a rivulet of but a few feet in width, and first meandering in a N. E. direction through a number of small lakes, to receive their tribute, it turns to the S., and pursues its lordly way to its far distant exit in the Gulf of Mexico, laving in its course the shores of nine States and one territory. About 800 miles of its length are included within Minnesota, of which 500 are navigable, 200 below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 300 above. The Rum and St. Croix, tributaries of the Mississippi, drain the S. E. portion of the terri lory, and tlie Red River the northern, passing off into Hudson's Bay. It is tlie outlet of Traverse, Ottertail, Red, and several smaller lakes. It has a course of about 500 miles within Minnesota, though it does not flow directly north more than 200 miles in that dis- tance. The Lake Superior slope is principally drained by the St. Louis and its bronches, and by the outlets of that series of small lakes that form the N. E. boundary of Minnesota. The great valley formed by the slopes of the Coteau des Prairies and the Coteau du Bois is drained by the St. Peter's and its tributaries. This river runs first in a S. E., and then in a N. E. course, with a total length of from 400 t o 500 miles, and is navigable for steamers, during high water, 56 miles above its mouth in the Mississippi, and 60 farther for keel-boats. Its principal branch is the Blue Earth or Mankota River. The St. Peter's, with tlie Crow Wing and Crow Rivers, are the principal tributaries of the Mississippi from the West. The Riviere & Jacques (re6 ve-air' ah zhak) and tlie Sioux are the principal affluents of the Missouri from this territory. They both have an almost directly S. course, the former being about 600, and the latter 850 miles long. Nearly the whole western houndary is washed by the Missouri, which opens the western part of the territory to the commerce of the great Mississippi valley. The rivers of Minnesota abound in small falls and rapids, which, while they interrupt navigation, furnish extensive water-power. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — If we except cataracts of the first magnitude and high mountains, Minnesota presents as great a variety of natural objects of interest as any por- tion of our widely extended domain. Minnesota shares with Wisconsin in the falls and rapids of the St. Louis River, another picturesque and romantic display of nature's works. Tlic rivers of Minnesota are filled with picturesque rapids and small falls, and often bordered with perpendicular bluffs of lime and sandstone, or gently sloping hills that gracefully recede from the water. This region is the paradise of the hunter: its prairies and forests are the home of many wild animals, and in its rivers and lakes swim great varieties of fish. Climatk. — The climate of this territory is severe, especially in the northern part. At the l'eml)ina settlement, under the 49th parallel of latitude, the cold is frequently so great as to freeze quicksilver. Minnesota, in some parts, is too severe for Indian corn, but the drj'- liess and steadiness of tiie cold favour wheat and other winter grains. 8oiL AND Productions. — Tlie soil of Minnesota vario'- greatly. In the valleys of the rivers it is mostly excellent, especially in those of the St. Peter's, and of the Mississippi and its tributaries in the soutli-east of the territory. Above the Falls of St. Anthony, with the exception of the river alluvions and some prairie land, the country is generally covered O I , i Msa viJ 114 MINNESOTA. with drift, interspersed with marshes, too wet for cultivation ; but the elevated portion is often much of it of tolerable fertility, though inferior to the calcareous lands of the river bottoms, and not unfrequently covered with dwarf timber. Forest Trees. — Parts of Minnesota are densely timbered with pine forests, and the ridgea of the drift districts with small pine, birch, aspen, maple, asii, elm, hemlock, fit's, poplar, and basswood. In the swamps between the ridges, the tamarack, cedar, and cypress are found; while the river bottoms fui"',3h a good growth of oak, aspen, soft maple, basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, linden, and elm. Much of this timber on the poorer ridges, and in some of the marshes, is rather of a dwarf character. On the Rum, St. Croix, and Pine Rivers there are extensive forests of pine, of good, but not of the largest growth. Accord- ing to Professor Owen, "a belt of forest crosses Minnesota in lat. 44° 80', which is remark- able for its unusual body of timber, in a country otherwise but scantily tim.. v '." Taken as a whole, therefore, Minnesota can scarcely be called a well-wooded country. But here, as in otlier parts of the West, when the prairies are protected from fire, a growth of young timber soon springs up. Animals. — Minnesota has always been a favourite hunting-ground of the Indians, and vast herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and other game still roam over the plains west of the Coteau des Prairies and the Red River. Deer, black bear, antelope, wolverine, otter, mnskrat, mink, martin, wolf, and raccoon abound, and the moose and grizzly bear are occasionally met with. The prairies are frequented by grouse, pheasants, and partridges, and the streams by wild ducks and geese. The other birds are hawks, buzzards, harriers, owls, quails, plovers, larks, and a great variety of small birds. Among tlie water fowl are the pelican, tern, hooded sheldrake, bustard, broadbill, rufHe-headed duck, wood duck, teal, wild goose, and loon. Both the golden and bald eagle are occasionally met wit'i The rivers and lakes abound in fine fish, among which are the bass, cap, sunfish, pickerei, pike, catfisli, wliitefish, sucker, maskelonge, and trout. Manufactures. — There- are great capabilities in the innumerable rivers of Minnesota, with their falls and rapids, for manufacturing establishments. At present the conversion of her pine forests into boards, scantling, etc., constitutes the principal manufacture of this nevt and fiourisliing territory. The best lands of Minnesota are on her two great navigable rivers, the Mississippi and St. Peter's ; and tlie first acts of internal improvement needed by this territory will be tlie removal of some obstructions in tiiese streams. It is among the probabilities that the great Pacific railway may traverse this region, as engineers are now examining the feasibilities cf a northern route. Commerce. — Minnesota has the advantage of two outlets for her productions ; one bv way of the Mississippi, to every portion of the Mississippi valley ; and the other by way of Lake Superior, with the Lake States and with tlie East The great export of tliis territory is her lumber. j Education. — Minnesiota has a public system of free schools, which are under the general direction of a superintendent of common schools, and the local supervision of trustees. Every township containing not less than five families is eonsidci-ed a school district. "An act to incorporate the University of Minnesota," was passed February 25, 1861. Tiiis insti- tution consists of five departments, namely, of science, literature, and art; of laws; of medicine; of agricidture; and of elementary instruction. Twelve regents, appointed by the legislature, manage its affairs. It is located at St. Anthony. The proceeds of all lands granted by the United States go to form a perpetual fund for the support of tlie university. Tlie information contained in the notice of the State of Wisconsin is copied from "Wis- consin ns it is," by F. Gerhard, and that pertaining to the other States, from "Lippincott's Gazetteer. In a future edition the information will be brought down to a later period, in orticles now preparing specially for this work, , '. d portion is of the river il the ridges fii-s, poplar, cypress are B, basswood, ridges, and ix, and Pine h. Accord- h is remark- -'." Taltcn . But here, fth of young »r the general n of trustee', istrict. "An This insti- ; of laws; of appointed by poceeJs of all .upport of the J art ^ftfliib. SCENES AND SCENERY. // CONTENTS OP PART II. Albany, Scenery between New York and 64 Alleghany Mountains, The 7 Altamount, Alleghanies. 13 Avon Springs. 62 Ballston Spa 61 Baltimore to Cincinnati 7 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 22 Beaiiharnois, St. Lawrence 46 Bottom lands in Missouri. 28 Breezes on the prairies 29 Burning Springs, Niagara 77 Canadian boat-song 79 Canandaigua Lake 62 Cape May 48 Cassidy's Ridge 16 Catskill Mountains 63 Caughnawauga, St. Lawrence 46 Cedar Rapids, St. Lawrence 45 Crooked Lake 62 Chauderie Falls, Ottawa 82 Cheat River and Valley 13 Cincinnati to Columbus — Scenery 19 Clarksburg 17 Clifton Springs 61 Climate of MiHsouri Valley 29 echoes Falls 48 Columbia Bridge, Susquehanna 23 Columbia Springs 62 Columbus to Cincinnati 19 Columbus to Baltimore 21 Columbus to Philadelphia 21 Columbus to New York 21 Cranberry Summit 13 Cumberland, Alleghanies 12 Davenport, Iowa 30 Descending the Rapids 43 Falls of the Chauderie 82 Falls of the Rideau 82 Falls, Little 62 Falls of Cohoes 48 Falls of Genesee 60 Falls of Kauterskill 55 Falls of Minnehaha 39 Falls of Montmorenci 87 Falls of Niagara 72 Falls of the Passaic 61 Falls of St. Anthony. 37 Falls of Trenton 46 Genesee Falls 60 Geneva Lake 62 Grafton Junction 16 Great Columbia Bridge 23 Harper's Ferry, Virginia 10 Hudson River 64 Indian Lake. 62 PAOI Indian Mound, Moundsville 17 Iron Bridge — the largest in America. . . 16 Iron Mountain, Missouri 26 Islands, the Thousand 48 Jeiferson's Rock 10 Junction to Wheeling and Parkeraburg. 16 Juniata, Scenery of the 23 Kansas and Nebraska 27 Kauterskill Falls 66 Kingwood Tunnel 16 La Chine, St. Lawrence 46 Lcke Canandaigua 62 Lake George 61 Lake Mabopac 62 Lake of the Thousand Islands 43 Lake of the Two Mountains 80 Lake Pepin, Mississippi , 35 Lake Pleasant and Crooked Lake 62 Lake Saranacs. 62 Lakes Geneva and Seneca 62 Lake St. Francis 46 Lake Superior 40 Lake Sylvan, Catskill Mountains 64 Lake Winnipiseogee 50 Lebanon Springs 61 Little Falls. 62 Little Miami River and Valley 19 Ijong Sault Rapids 43 Lumber in Missouri 29 Maiden Rock, Mississippi 35 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky 48 Miami Valley and River 19 Minnehaha Falls 39 Mississippi Bridge, Rock Island 30 Miasissippi, Trip" on the Upper 81 Missouri, Mineral Resources of 25 Missouri, Valley of the 27 Monongahela and Tygart's Valley Rivera 16 Montmorenci Falls 87 Montreal to Ottawa per Rail 83 Montreal to Ottawa per River 79 Mountain, The Iron 25 Mount Vernon 49 Nahant 49 Nebraska and Kansas 29 New Lebanon Springs 61 Newport, Rhode Island 62 New York to Albany 64 Niagara Burning Springs 77 Niagara Falls 72 Niagara Falls, Routes to 78 Niagara Suspension Bridge 70 Niagara to tne Thousand Islands. . ..... 46 Ottawa River, Trip up the 79 Parkersbnrg 18 M'"i 'Eli CONTENTS OF PART II. PIOR Passaic Falls 61 Patapsco River, Scenery of the 8 Philadelphia to Pittsburg 23 Pictured llocks, Lake Superior 4U Piedmont, Alleghany Mountains 12 Pittsburg to Philadelphia 21 Platte River and Valley 28 Plymouth Rock 49 Point of Rocks. 9 Potomac Valley and River Scenery 10 Prairies, Breezes on the 29 Prairies iu Missouri 28 River Hudson, Scenery of the 66 River Hudson, Source of the 63 River Juniata, Pennsylvania 24 River Mississippi 31 River Missouri 27 River Ottawa 19 River Passaic 61 Riv -^r Patapsco 7 Rivt r Platte, Missouri 28 Ri', er Potomac 10 River Saguenay 86 River St. Lawrence and Rapids 42 River Susquehanna, Pennsylvania 23 River (Upper) Ottawa 84 Rochester 40 Rockn way Beach 49 Rock Island Bridge, Mississippi 30 Rondout Creek '')9 Baguenay River se Saratoga Springs }9 Scenery of the Alleghany Mountains ... 7 Scenery of the Catskill Mountains 53 Scenery of the Potomac 9 Hot Scenery of the White Mountains 57 Scenes and Scenery 5 Scottish and American Scenery 7 Sharon Springs uq Shooting the Rapids of the St. Lawrence 43 Sleepy Hollow, Catskill Mountains 51; Soil of the Missouri Valley Source of the Hudson 63 Springs and Watering Places 4ti St Anthony, Minnesota 37 Steaming up the Mississippi 31 Steaming up the Missouri 28 St Francis' Lake 45 St Lawrence River, Rapids of 42 St Paul, Minnesota 35 St Paul to St Anthony's Falls 37 Superior Lake 40 Susquehanna River 23 Sylvan Lake, Catskill Mountains 54 Tip-Top House, White Mountains 69 Trenton Falls 4(1 Trip up the Ottiiwa 79 Trip up the Saguenay gj Trip through the Thousand Islands 43 Trip up the Upper Mississippi 31 Tupper's Lake di Turk's Face, on the Hudson 68 Upper Mississippi River 31 Upper Ottawa River 84 Valley of the Missouri 21 Watering Places 43 White Mountains 57 White Sulphur Springs 5ii Willey House, White Mountains oB Wiiinipiseogee Lake 50 JUnstrations. PAGE Alleohant M0U.<'fAISS. Viaduct acr JS9 the Patapsco 8 Scenery ut Ellysvllle and Iron Bridge T Harpc 's Ferry 10 Point of llockB fl Mountain View, Cranberry (irade 18 G.and Potomac Valley View 11 dcenery on tiie Potomac 11 The Cheat Klver (irailp 14 Cheat Ulver Vf.M^y 14 Gr.ifton Junct'oi and Iron M>!dge IB Plelmont— ' foot of the Moun.'xin" 12 Tygart's V':iley and Monongahelu Klvers 16 Indian Taound, MoundsvUIe 17 Catskill Mount .ins. Scene in the Mountains S8 The Kauteiyiill Falls 66 View down Sleepy Hollow 66 Sylvan Lake 64 CiTT or St. Paul, Minnesota 36 Cliftos Sphinos Watkb Cdre C\ Genesee Falls 60 JcNiATA, Scene on the 24 Lake Superior. The Pictured Rocks 41 Little Miami Kiver and Vallbv. View near Fort Ancient 19 Mlamlvllle 20 Minnehaha Falls 88 hontmohenci falls 87 Newport, Ruode Island 62 Niagara Falls. Suspension Brioge, full view Knllroad Track on t>uBpension Bridge The American and Horse-Shoe Falls. . Terrapin Tower Table Kock Burning Springs Passaic Falls, New Jersey River Hi;dson. Source of the L Ison The Palisades The Turk's Face Kondout Creek Interior of Hudson Steamer PAGI .. rn . 7.1 , V , CI . 6'i , (U CS . & (15 River Mississippi. Steaming up the Mississippi View between Lake Pepin and St. Paul. The Maiden Rock Bridge across the Mississippi River St. Lawrence. Descending the Rapids Shooting the Long Sault Rapids The Thousand Islands Steaming up the Missouri St. Anthony's Falls Susquehanna, View on the The Iron Mountain, Missouri Trenton Falls. The High Falls The Cascades White Mountains. Tip-Top House The Willey House .a . « . 26 fV V/IJ. ( SCENES AND SCENERY. Did you ever henr the anecdote of the Italinn and the American, who were discusring the merits of the scenery of the Old and New World, in thf vicinity of Niagara Falls? N'Importe. The Italian wound up his animated description cf the beauty and variety of European landscapes with the climax: "An eruption of Moui;t Vesuvius, with the Bay of Naples in tlie distance, forms the most brilliant spectacle in the universe !" " Fetch it hcri", sir,'' said the American, with that sang froid characteristic of one of Uncle Sam's fam- ily, " and ni put it out in five minutes !" That retort reveals the general contrast that characterizes the scenes and scenery of the Old and New World — the eclipse which is thrown on the former by tlie latter, by their natunil vastness, grandeur, and sublimity, as might easy be illustrated by a detailed study of their physical geography. Tlie surface of Europe is partitioned, bym 'iges of lofty mountains, into petty nationalities, decorated with pretty gems of beautiful landscapes; the vast basin of the Mississippi forms an immense theatre, walled round by the Kocky Mountains and Alleghanies, fringed with nodding pines, for the reception of an universal brotherhood of humanity. The cities cf Europe are centres of civilizotion, art, science, and ii . ohitectural beauty. Tlie cities of America are rather foci of commerce, sites of extensive d6p6ts, stores, and hotels, periodically wrapt in flames, and rising, like the Phojnix, more stately and beauti- ful from their ashes. Tho rivers of Europe drain thoir surplus waters in their rocky channels, and bear a few light craft upon their swelling bosoms, from the ocean. Floating palaces, the commercial navies and merchandise of the wide world, are borne thousands of miles into the interior of America by the great " Father of Waters." Tlie lochs and lakes of Europe sink into insignificant pleasure ponds beside the " Inland Seas'' that form the Mediterranean highway between Canada and the Uniteil States. Tlie very grass is grazed to European cattle with difficulty; whereas, herds of wild buf- faloes scamper the waving pi-airie grass like leviathans through the " vasty deep." Bands of plantations, clumps of trees, and roads winding their devious ways over hill anil dale, variegate the European landscape ; not so throughout the length and breadth of the boundless Continent nf America. Roads run right away in interminable slraight lines, crossing each other at right angles. Vou may wander for miles, with cultivated fields on each side; but the primeval forest, for the most part, forms the perpetual horizon, and you are compelled to dive into it, on foot, railcar, or buggy, and emerge, not always dry-shod, from its lofty wodden walls. Take your passage on board a steamer, at the mouth of the Mississippi, you will sail through all the zones of climate and vegetation between tlie trop- ics and the poles. Start by the railroad car, from New York, you will steam right away, f >'< vm "f % SCENES AND SCENERY. thonsanda of miles, through buth and prairie, over lake and river, and find, on your arrival at St Loui>, engineers going ahead towards the Pacific. Tlie traveller accustomed to enjoying the mountain scenery of Orcat Britain ond Ireland, and finding so much of it within the " Sea-girt Isle," is apt to feel disappointed in travelling over perhaps thousands of miles in America, that he does not find a proportionate amount of scenery of the same character, and that in many long journeys in particular scvtloDs of the country, the scenery becomes monotonous, yet we have failed to meet with the traveller who cannot find within the limits of the American Continent, a variety and extent of scenery suflicient to satisfy the greatest reveller in the beautiful and grand in noture, and her works. Variety forms the characteristic of the scenery of the New, as well as of the Old World— although variety arising from the existence of different climates within the vast extent of the North American Continent. Take up your position on the Grampians, in Scotliind ; behind you frowns the bleok and barren summits of the Highland hills ; before you gleams the lovely and ferHIe Carse of Gowrie, extending towards the German Ocean, oil within the circle of a few miles in circumference. Perch yourself upon the Rocky Mountains, the blue waters of the Pacific mirror the blue expanse of heaven towards the far west. There, your eye will wander right across an intervening continent of numberless hills and valleyB, all richly clothed in their coronation robes of sumL.er, only to be changed for others more variegated, but none the less beautiful, when tipped with the first touch of the opproaching winter's blast : whilst again, from off some of the highest points in the Alleghanied, the eye rests with unmingled satisfaction as it stretches down the cultivated green swards and waving corn-fields of Pennsylvania, along the charming scenery of tiie Potomac, and the Susquehanna— on towards the suburbs of the great cities on the eastern seaboard — or on the other hand, again, as you turn towards the mighty west, ond there catch the first glimpse of that gi-eat western world, as it lies teeming with life, on and beyond the Ohio— about to take another start, ere long, in its extraordinary career — ^in the progress of its development. And be it remembered, when we speak of North America, we mean our remarks to bear equal reference to Upper and Lower Canada, which claims the better half of the sublimest scene exhibited to the spectator upon the American Continent, viz., the Falls of Niagara, The American boasts of the sail to Staten Island and the Bay of New York, and up the Hudson River; the Canadian, of the sail down the St. Lawrence, threading the Tliousand Islands — shooting the Rapids, and up the Ottawo, outrivalling Lomond's silver loch, stud- ded with its islet groves; but both stand, in union, dumb with awe, in silent admiration and contemplation of the perpetual motion of the watery avalanche that has continued to shoot the lofty Rapids, from time immemorial, and will continue to proclaim to the whole world, with its voice of many waters, the unity in variety of the great stream of life that has been incessantly coming out of, and going into, the depths of eternity. In the following pages of this section of the work, we have availed ourselves of a few of Bome of the choicest scenes in the country, for illustration, and hope that they may some- what assist to convey to readers at a distance from such scenes some idea of their beauty and character, which we have no hesitation in saying have only to be visited be highly enjoyed and appreciated. ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. THE SCENERY OF TIIE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. Route from Baltimore to Cincinnati, via Marietta. — If evidence were wanting to con- vince tiie most sceptical, aa to the beauty and grandeur of the wcnery in America, we tliinic we liave only to refer to the engravings in the following yu^ei—oi a few views of tome of the wildest and most romantic mountain scenery — whicl. it has been our fortune to witness, anywhere. Tlie tourist who has probably climbed Ben Lomond and other points of Scotia's charm- ing Bceneiy, will find in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia a great similorlty — only, that the eye In reaching to the top of the mountains in that portion of the United Htates — the hills will be founded densely wooded to their very summit. In the summer time tlierefore, it niiiy easily l)e imagined the groat difference in looking up toward the tops of those hills on the Susquehanna and Potomac, and how much more agreeable to the senses the effect must be, than gazing on the snow-capped summit of Ben Nevis— or Ben Moo- dhiii (Scotlond). We candidly confess that our previous ideas of Scottish glen ond moun- tain Boenery which stood par excellance in our estimation has somewhat been upset — when visiting the route in question, and that the scenery of old Scetia must talie its rank only ttlongside that of the Susquehanna and the Potomac. On that account, therefore, we have devoted a greater amount of space thon we originally intended to this region of the "mountain and the flood," simply to Induce If possible, tourist* In search of nature's grandest works, to pay these districts a visit — before they return home. By their not doing so, they will lose a great treat, and be, comparatively speaking, Ignorant of the beauties of American scenery — a matter on which we fear there is a considerable amount of ignorance and error amongst many who consider themselves even great travellers in the "old country" — as well as many even in America. Tliese districts now being thoroughly opened up — the tourist — the painter — and the sportsman, has every facility (accompanied with moderate expenditure) for enjoying them- selves — to their hearts content — without let or hindrance, and the sportsman without be- ing obliged to have his game license—and pay smartly for "liberty to shoot over the grounds." Leaving Baltimore, you proceed on for 9 miles to Washington Junction, at which there Is a handsome and substantial stone bridge. (See engraving.) Near to this point, the Patapsco breaks through the rocky gorge, and finds its way to the Chesapeake — whilst the hill-sides in the vicinity are studded with the country seats of the Baltimore merchants. Ml VIEW OF THE IRON BRIDGE AND SCENERY AT ELLYSVILLE, TWENTT-ONB MILES FROM BALTIMORE. -=:t' m id a. 2 SCENERY ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 9 A few miles on, you cross the river at the HcheBter Mill, in a very rugged part of the val- ley — crossing the Patterson viaduct, and shortly reach the town of Ellicott's Mills — situated prettily on the face of the hills. Five miles further on, you arrive at EUysville, where there is an iron bridge, 840 feet long, which spans the river. (See engraving of -it — and scenery in the neighborhood.) Further on, you cross the Patapsco by another iron bridge of 50 feet span — dash through a tunnel 100 feet long. Passing the pretty village of Sykesville, you are now in the heart of the mineral region. After that, the train pro- ceeds past Parr's Ridge — from the top of which a magnificent view is obtained. Tlirough the Monocacy valley, you cross the famous " Carroll Manor" land, between the Catoctin and Sugar Loaf, on towards the " Point of Rocks," of which we give a view. The marble — POINT OF ROCKS, WITH THE BALTIHORB AND OHIO EAILROAD AND CBESAPKAKB AND OHIO CANAL— SBVBNTT 1IILI:9 FROM BALTIHOBB. of which the variegated columns of the old National Legislative Halls at Washington are built — is found in a cut which you pass on approaching this spot. Passing the Potomac, and along the base of the hills, you pass the villages of Berlin and Knoxville, and the " Wever- ton" factories in the yiass of South Mountain — shortly reaching tlie far-famed scenery of " Harper's Ferry," of which the renowned Thomas Jefferson said, that the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge was " one of the most stupendous scenes in nature, and well worth a voyage across the Atlantic to witness." Here the beautiful River Shenandoah joins the Potomac immediately below the bridge. (See our engraving of Harper's Ferry.) :•:,*, i i.-i 1; : ! i^i " U ii 10 harper's ferry, VIRGINIA. HARPER'S FERRY. FBOU THE MARYLAND 8IDR OF THB POTOMAC AT THB CONFLCBNCB OF THAT BITBR WITH THB SUBNANDOAH. The bridge which you here cross is 900 feet long — of 6 arches of 180 feet — one of 75 feet over the river, and one of 100 feet span over the canal. The national armories are located here — and occupying so much ground, the inhabitants are obliged to build their dwellings high up on the face of the hilL The beauty of the scenery here is of the finest order — language failing to give an adequate idea of it. One of the chief points is that of Jefferson Rock — a great, overhanging cliff — so balanced as if threatening to fall down — liko some destructive avalanche. (See engraving.) Leaving Harper's Ferry, and the Potomac River, jou pass up the ravine of the Elkbranch — arriving shortly at the rolling table-land of the " Valley of Virginia." Passing onwards, the crossing of the " Opequan" Creek — the open valley of Tuscarora Creek, you arrive at Martinsburg. Leaving there, you cross Back Creek, opening up again the valley of the Potomac, with magnificent views of the North Mountain And Sideling Hill. Passing Fort Frederick, of 1756 history, you reach Hancock, the station for Berkley Springs — a favorite watering resort. Proceeding westward, you shortly enter a tunnel 1200 feet long — papsinf; along the base of the Warm Spring Ridge — and the termination of the Cacapon Mountain. opposite to a remarkable eminence calkd the " Round Top." You then cross the Great Cacapon Ri er, over a bridge 300 feet long. Passing along, you enter the gap of Sideling Hill — until the tunnel at Doe Gully is entered, and from there to Little Cacapon Creek, 2^ miles from Cumberland — at which point some very fine views are obtained. (See eo- gmving of Potomne scenery — between Berkley Springs and Cumberland.) Passing on through some of the riohest bottom land on the river — and through some ex- quisite mountain scenery — yon reach Patterson's Creek. Shortly after which, you cros? the Potomne again, by an iron bridge, 7oO feet long, carry ng you out of Virginia into Maryland, whioh you left at Harper's Ferry. The " Mountain City" of Cumberland is 11 : Kj '■> y GRAND POTOMAC VALLEY VIEW. FROM THE CELKBRATED JEFFERSON ROClf— EIGHTY-ONB MILES FROM BALTIMORB. SCENERY ON TUE POTOMAC-bet.v .k m%^^.t,J svmms and cum»e UERLANO. tl I'i M ^ ■ ! f 1 1 1 »! i s k ^ k 12 PIEDMONT, "FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIN." retched, after which yon proceed on through some of the most picturesque scenery towards Rcdinont, 28 miles distant. Cumberland is situated most beautifully in a '"flrfect amphitheatre, fonned by the sur- rounding mountains which there seem to have expanded themselves into extended curves, with the view of giving room, in their lap. for the town, i-equired for the great coal trade naturally centering there. From Cumberland to Piedmont, (28 miles,) the scenery is remarkably picturesque, and elicits many enthusiastic expressions of wonder and delight, as you skim over the gradually ascending level along the North Branch of the Potomac, between the western slope of Knobly and the eastern feet of Dan's and Wills' Mountains. One of the finest of the many views is had near the crossing of the Potomac, 21 miles from Cumberland, where the rail- road, after passing through a long and deep excavation, spans the river by a bridge of iron and timber, on stone abutments and a pier. The view from this point, up and down the river, is well worth attention. For the last 6 miles before you reach Piedmont, the river courses its way by a deep chasm, cut by its own torrent, through the mountain base. After crossing the bridge, the road wound, by easy curves, through romantic scenery, passing Queen's Cliff, Thunder Hill, and Dan's Mountiiin, until you reach the " foot of the moun- tain" at Piedmont (See Engraving.) This remote town lies upon a flat of limited extent on the Virginia side, opposite the ancient Maryland village of Western Port, at the moutli PIEDMONT, "FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIN." ON TUB BALTIMORB AND OHIO RAILBOAD, 207 HILBS FBOH BALTIMORE. I. of George's Creek. It is a thriving and prosperous town already, although created simply by the necessities of the Roilroad C<\, who found an eiigine-stAtion here desiraWiv It con- tains extensive engine houses, each one being arranged to hold 16 K)comotives. Hero, too, are located very extensive shops for the repair of engines, cottages for woikmen, etc. Pied- mont is the dividing station between the second and third working divisions of the road, being 208 miles from Baltimore, and 108 from Martinsburg. MOUNTAIN 8CENEBY. 18 Proceeding on and winding your way round curves — and passing through, as it were, impenetrable passes — you cross tlie Potomac again, at Bloomington, where the Savage River boils, in all its fury, down the western shoulder of Savage Mountain, finding its level 200 feet below the railroad line. You then pass on to the mouth of Crab-tree Creek — reach Altamont, 2,620 feet high, the greatest elevation on the route, and the highest jjoint of the Alleghanies. Tliis region is famous for excellent butter, mutton, abundant venison and other game — innumerable trout streams, alive with spotted beauties. You proceed on to the " glades," or natural meadows, till you reach Oakland — nestled in the centre of these — 232 miles from Baltimore. Leaving there, you pass the falls of the Snowy Creek, and shortly ai-rive at Cranberry Summit, 2,550 feet high, and enter upon the grades, to descend the western slopes, towards the Ohio, getting the first glimpse of the " western world," and some of tlie finest views of mountain scenery, as you pass along. We give an engraving' DISTANT MOUNTAIN VIEW. FnO.M TUB CHANDBRRY GRADE, TWO HUNDRED AND THREE MILES FROM BALTIUORE. of one of those, from the " Cranberry Grade." Descending for 11 miles, you arrive at the cclobriited Cheat River; see engravings of this wonderful region — " View on the Cheat Kivor Grade," and " Sketch of the Clieat River Valley." For a description of the remaining part of this ro\ite, we cannot do better than quote fidiii a work by Mr. W, P. Smith, an intelligent officer of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroatl " Clieat River is a nipid mountain stream, of a dark coffee-coloured water, which is sup- posed to take its luie from the forests of laurel, hemlock, and block spruce in which it has i's rise. The road crosses the stream at the foot of Cranberry Grade by a viaduct. This is I'lmipo.sed of two noble spans of iron, roofed in on abutments, and a pier of solid freestone taken from a neighbouring quarry. Arrived at this point, you enter the ' Cheat Rive- Valley,' which presents by far the grandest and most boldly picturesque scenery to b<- fmmd on tlie line of this road, and one of the finest series of railroad views on this conti- nent. For several miles yon run olong the steep mountain-side, clinging, as it were, to the trigantic cliffs, the cars like great cages suspended — though upon the safest and most solid i)f bods — midway, n« it wore, between heH - • ' (t 5 C •« i, S » <* 3 ^. X ^« 3* >-*i o 3 « O f-l £ i-i D > f ^-^ S 5- EL 2 2. . -Si."' t « t« 2. g) ^ ^ ^. £L & "' —. p- cr* c i ^ ^ 2. S' 1 2 i"* i 05 o ? '^ 5 a P'-Ai-fTiW'^ ,U SS[. "; , 5 % T. ^ -^ -i !2 " * sr a o — "^ z .H' o tf «» * ^ £ ^^ a o •-.an • 5-^ "T. - £-5 •-*■ 5^ ^ H, 3 ^ SS ~ —^ 3 ? S." '^ c "1. j. -. t, 5= ^ 1 .-► c - C (t B — 3 ^ i.' C a" ^ O e C* 3 P p 3 (-»• '^ 2 r* p I r Cf5 Zi r- 'h ^ '' 1.0 110 M 12.5 ■^ 1^ 12.2 Ui Hi 1.1 l.-^Kg Jj. 1.25 III 1.4 L6 ^ 6" ► V] /] / f .%:^.^' ^J>.^- /^ "V^v' V .'^ "■y Hiotographic Sciences Corporation i? WQST MAIN STR503 ^ ^ :\ 6^ > 20 THE LITTLE MIAMI BIVER AND BAILROAD. .a •13 O O H3 ^ .2 ® 00 *© 8 '3 a •E . ^ § :5 .!3 be rs •c -s is S S 53 S »>" ^ s .S3 .S ft S EG 8) g O > 0) 'O P C3 ^ 09 1^ n a J •Mi 4> P § r « I •" "^ J « 2 f< .s 2 rj p * *^ *^ § ^- ^ ° « 5 - s .5 c c .t: c « n-^ U 4) « 2 » Eh a H I- o ^ o « _ <» .9 « ;i. > B g:? 13 V Z 5 c? <^1 > .s g £ § □ ?. 5 = mo SI" 3 O -* ^ C3 5 § O pS " *S C 03 JS! « 173 I Si .2 d &j ± 5 1lg 5 'Z = - O — 3 2 - 11; C P E E S X »C p^ •^^ T C •iS 9 n a ,5 .x: ■^ M •«^ i tn 1 01 E Q> TS C a. •c »: Qt> 1) V r* 5 « s e i. s 03 c ft: •4^ «M ti r) >. c 3 -M t g p o b -§ 'al cs "S a h ^ < ■^ ,^ « (/, a *« 1 <>; o c 1 1 Oi ■4J "E. 'J y, o <9 ? S 1- 2 & ^ « ^ ^ e ■*^ •+J k; S ■«^ r* p c •s K C V •4^ £ J^ I E Z 'Z z § the river, until it finally reaches the far-famed " Queen City of the West" (See Cincinnati.) Omnibuses wait there upon the arrival of every train, to convey passengers and bag gage to any address in the city. COLUMBUS TO BALTIMORE, PfflLADELPHIA, AND NEW YORK. Passenoebs desirous of leaving Columbus for either of these cities, can do so by various routes, ns can be seen by our Table of Distances, etc., in connection with Columbusw Presuming you wish to go to Baltimore, you proceed via the Central Ohio Railroad, which extends to Newark, through a partially cleared country, with no features of particular interest Thirty-three miles distant you reach Newark. The Sandnsky, Mansfield, and Newark F»ailroad, running from Sandusky City, on Lake Erie, here intersects the Central Ohio Rail- road, nnd gives it a connection with north-west Ohio and beyond. The Steubenville and Indiana Railroad also terminates here, and connects at Steubenville with the Ohio River Road to Pittsburg. From Newark, 26 miles' progress brings the train to Zanesville, the county seat of Muskingum, one of the richest counties in Ohio, embracing in its area the volleys of the Muskingum and Licking Rivers, which have their confluence at that point, and abound with mineral and agricultural advantages. The city has a population of about 18,000, and is a neat, well built, and prosperous place. An hour's ride from Zanesville, through the fertile Leatherhead valley, brings the train to the ancient town of Cambridge, situated at the crossing of the old National Turnpike Road, over Wills' Creek. For many miles on each sids of Cambridge, the Central Railroad runs close to, and parallel with, the National Road. From Combridge the Centrol Ohio Road continues its course for fifty miles through a rich, rolling country, the agricultural features of which, its richness of soil, abundance of heavy timber, and large herds of stock, will al- ways arrest and gratify the eye of the traveller, until you reach Bellaire. At Bellaire you proceed by steamer on the River Ohio across to Benwood in Virginia. Started in the cars from there, you proceed swiftly past Moundsville, Cameron, Welling Tunnel, and other places of interest, and finally opproach the western slope of the Alle- glianies. You soon approach to the Monongahela River, above the beautiful towns of Fairraount nnd Palatine, with the picturesque wire suspension bridge uniting them. The great 620 foot iron bridge, too, by which the railroad crosses the Monongahela, a mile east of Fairmount, stands out as a remarkably strong and beautiful structure. The views along the Tygart's Valley River, between the Monongahela and Grafton, for twenty miles, with the "Valley River Falls," are among the objects most admired, so far, upon this route. Passengers for Pittsburg go by rail from Bellaire to Steubenville, and thence to Pittsburg, Passengers for Wheeling go by rail from Benwood thence. After leaving Benwood Station you reach Grafton, thence proceed ou to Cumberland, Martinsburg, Harper's Ferry, on to Baltimore. Passengers from Cincinnati or Columbus, for Philadelphia or New York direct, and de- sirous of seeing the scenery of the Alleghanies, and Susquehanna River, proceed via Wheel- ing or Pittsburg, thence to Philadelphia and New York direct The journey from Pitts- burg to Philadelphia should by all means, if possible, be made by daylight A description of the route from Grofton to Baltimore, and views of scenery on the line, will be found given elsewhere, in connection with the trip on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road from Baltimore to Cincinnati via Marietta. 22 THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. TiiK Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first line which was opened for goods and passengers in the United States, and consequently may be termed the Father of railroads in this country. It has proved also a sort of nursery for rearing railway assistants, for all the other roads in the country. It extends from Baltimore (Maryland) to Parkershurg on the banks of the Ohio — hence the name Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. We subjoin a few particulars respecting this line of rotd, which may be found interesting : , - » - EXTENT AND GENKRAI, CHAEACTKRISTICS OF THE ROAD. \ '' '■ Length of Line. Mite». Main line of road— Baltimore to Wheeling 379 Washington Junction (nine miles from BaJtlmore) to Washington City 30 Mount Clare Junction to Locust Point Shipping i^tatlon, at Baltimore 3 Monocacy Station, on the Main Stem, to Frederick City 8 Grafton, on the Main Stem, (279 miles from Baltimore) to Parkersburg, on the Ohio RiTer 104 Total length of first track 619 Length of second track (including 196 sidings) on the Main Stem 212 Second track In sidings upon the Washington Branch T Second track In sidings upon the Northwestern Virginia Road T Total length of track owned and worked by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company 74S To this add the following exclusive tributaries — ' « - ' * Winchester and Potomac Railway from Harper's Ferry, on the Main Stem, to Winchester, Va 82 The several lateral roads traversing the coal regions, nnd uniting with the Main Stem at Cumberland and Piedmont 45 Total length of road 822 Heaviest permanent grade per mile 116 feet. Heaviest temporary grade, worked with locomotive 620 " Longest continuous grade, (from Piedmont to Altamont,) 17 miles. Greatest altitude of road-bed above tide-water 2,620 feet. Weight of rail per lineal yard, on main and second track B8 to 85 lbs. Number of locomotive engine-houses and shops 57 Aggregate number of stalls for locomotive engines 230 Number of machinery and car repair stations 12 Number of repair shops 33 Number of water stations, (on the Main Stem, 79; on the Northwestern Virginia Road, 11; on the Wash- ington Branch, 4,) 94 Number of telegraph stations 30 Number of freight and passenger stations, (Main Stem, 62 ; Washington Branch, 8 ; Northwestern Vir- ginia Road, 16,1 86 Number of tunnels between Baltimore and Wheeling 14 Total length of tunnelling 12,604 feet. Length of tunnelling solidly arched with stone. Iron or brick, 12.604 " Number of bridges between Baltimore and Wheeling 196 Total length of bridging 16,088 feet. Length of new Iron railroad bridges completed, mostly with double track 8,710 " Length of stone bridges completed 6,240 " Length of wooden bridges completed 4,038 " Number of tons of freight hauled In 1857 895,401 Number of tons of freight hauled one mile In 1867 202,852,401 Number of officers and employees 4,960 SCENERY IN PENNSYLVANIA. 23 ' THE SUSQUEHANNA AND JUNIATA . ^1 . BOCTE FBOM PHILADELPHIA TO PnTBBURO, AND THE WEST. / The nnture of the country along this route is similar, in some respects, to tlio preceding (iiic, 1 portion of the scenery pertaining to the same range of mountains, viz., the Allegha- nies. Throughout the entire route, however, taken as a whole, the scenery on the Pennsyl- vania line, is much more subdued in character, and does not present so largo a proportion of wild, romantic scenery, as is to he seen on the Baltimore and Ohio Road. The Pennsylvania route is one of the great highways, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Western States, and is one of the best managed, and best made lines in the country. The scenery pertains chiefly to the beautiful Rivers Susquehanna and Juniata, and their tributaries, whilst along their banks, as well as in the Wyoming district, views of the wildcat mountain, and finest landscape and river scenery, are to be met with. The Susquehanna is the largest river in Pennsylvania, rising in Otsego Lake, State of Xcw York, and runs through the entire breadth, from north to south, of Pennsylvania, through the windings of the valleys of the Alleghanles, and the coal districts, until it reaches the ocean, in all about 600 miles long. THE GREAT COLUMBIA BRID.GE ACROSS THE SUSQUEHANNA. It is impossible, in our limits, to do any thing like justice to the beautiful scenery of thia route. To represent such, we have selected a view of the magnificent Columbia Bridge, which crosses the Susquehanna, near Columbia village. This bridge, which is more than a mile long, crosses the river at a spot where the scenery is particularly pleasing. The river there is studded with numerous islands, reposing, as it were, in a magnificent basin, which, with the lofty hills wooded to their tops, presents a scene of great beauty. Through a portion of the same district flows the beautiful Juniata, an engraving of which we give from a drawing by Jesse Talbt)t, an American artist. Few rivers in the States afl'ord a finer field for the tourist, or artist, than the Juniata. This river is about 200 miles in length, and takes its rise at the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, and flowing for about 14 miles, falls into the Susquehanna at Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania. The country th- ,ugh which it runs, is diversified by limestone valleys, and mountain ridges, in which iron and coal are abundant. The scenery along its course, is in the highest degree picturesque. 24 SCENE ON THE JUNIATA. SCENE ON THE JUNIATA. ^ < - - " From oil we hear, the beautiful scenery in the State of Pennsylvania, and, in fact, tlie whole mountain range of the Alleghanies, and the rivers traversing the vnlloys, aro, com- paratively speaking, unknown. Now, however, that the communication to and from tliose districts is so frequent and easy, and that the accommodation for tourists is every year in- creasing, we have little doubt but that such scenes as above represented, will bo more tlion ever visited by all in search of the beautiful in nature. Bayard Taylor, the celebrated American traveller and writer, tlius speaks regarding the scenery of the Juniata :— "At the commencement of Juno, when the leaves are fully expanded and retiin their fresh and beautiful green, the warmth, brightness, and richness of the landscapes of this region are the very embodiment of the spirit of summer. The forests are piled maesfs of gorgeous foliage, now stretching like a rampart over the hills, now following sonic winding water-courne, and now brni^en into groves and clumps, dotting the undulations of the grain and grass fields. In the trim and careful beauty of England, and the broad gar den of the Rhine plain, one sees nothing of this prodigality of bloom and foliage— tbii luxury of nature." MINERAL RESOURCES IN STATE OF MISSOURI. 26 MINERAL RE«e prairies of the Missouri show clear evidence of having, some centuries ago, been under cultivation, the fields, etc., being clearly traced. They are found in the best- watered and richest sec- tions, and extend from one to three hundred acres in area. LcMBKR. — In respect to forests, south-east- ern Nebraska and Eastern Kansas have a great advantage over Illinois and Iowa. In the latter States we may travel for miles with- out seeing a single tree within sight. In the central valley of the Missouri, the cotton- wood, willow, and poplar spread them- selves in great abundance and oeauty along the bottom lands, and on the blutfs are found the oak, elm, cedar, and the black walnut, thus providing abundant material on tlie spot for building and fencing. Climate. — Between the Missouri Valley and the same range of latitude towards the east, the advantages, so far as evenness of temperature is concerned, are with the latter. Both in Kansas and Nebraska the thermom- eter ranges from 16 degrees higher in sum- mer, and 15 degrees lower in winter, than in Virginia or Pennsylvania. It is not uncom- mon for the mercury to sink to 30 degrees below zero in the one season, and to keep (teady in the other, even as far north as Omaha City, at 110. It is an error to seek the causes of these extremes in the as yet un- settled condition of the country. They result from the fact, that as we receae further from the sea-coast, both heat and cold become. In their degree, greater, as can be explained on philosophic grounds. Two features, however, tend grcotly to soften these extremes. The winter is relieved by the crisp dryness of the air, as compared with the piercing sharpness of the Atlantic seaboard, or the raw, damp, cold atmosphere of Great Britain. The Breezes on the Prairies. — The sum- mer — to those who can take refuge in the shade — has nearly all its terrors removed by the cool and powerful breezes by which the prairies are incessantly swept It is in these breezes, in fact, that consists one of the main charms of prairie life. In their uniformity, their bracing purity, their vigour, they rival those of the sea. They are greatly preferable, in these respects, to those that traverse the eastern Alleghany slopes. There, the wind is fractured into puffs, or slit into threads by the forests, gorges, moantain crags, and ravines, through which H passes. But the breezes of the prairies pass i. ward in one grand and unbroken sheet. They blow with the evenness and continuity of the eastern trade winds, which may always be relied on, and in summer, at least, is as far from sinking at one time into a calm, as from rising into a hurricane. In winter the wind then covers the prairies with a cold and heavy weight, whose very uniformity aggra- vates its severity. But fn the summer, the delicious coolness and the unfailing regular- ity of the prairie winds are blessings to which all travellers will bear a grateful testimony. In connection with this subject, we quote from a writer in Colbiirn's New Monthly Mag- azine for July, 1858, who, on an excursion to the " Great West," and close to the Missouri, says ; — " The west of America must be a healthy country, except where the land is low or near sluggish mud-banked rivers, for there inter- mittent fevers prevail as well as elsewhere. There seemed in the midst of the excessive heat, a power of exertion, a springiness, not at all like the faint, relaxing sensation of a very hot English summer's day. I speak of the dry prairies of the west. The air was always clear, dry, exhilarating beyond idea." I ,,'*! ^ I ..J V f n to MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD BRIDOB, IOWA. iiiiMiM l^m.. TRIP ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. ai 'O «! a S a 9 2i=i I. 01 '3 U •s 1 ° I If!? a « j: J 5, g -^ a ^ i 3 « «i: fe a bo tu 3) —" -J o a a 1^ 01 » « §a .2 S 3 SS "S fS -^ 4 c |l 3 J 1. - « ,-J i ^ 3, c e! ■ 1) ■i 'J TRIP ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI, FKOM PB&IRIB DU OniEN AND ST. PAUL. A CORRESPONDENT, wlio made this trip last Bummer, has furnished us with the following notes, which we have illustrated with several sketches of some of the most important places and objects of interest on the route. He thus writes: — It may be as well to say, that tourists, bent on this trip, cai take the railway cars from either Chicago, Milwaukee, Madison, or any of the principal points of rail terminating at Prairie du Chien. At 11.80, A. M., therefore, we left Milwaukee (Wisconsin) by the train, on a most lovely day, a fresh breeze tempering the blazing heat of old Sol, which rendered his rays more agreeable. After whirling along pretty rapidly and smoothly, we found ourselves at a station called the Y station, a little beyond the town of Milton, and the junction of the line from Chica- go, where the tourists and travellers, going to Prairie du Chien and North, meet with those from Milwaukee. Started from this point, we bowled along over the beautiful sward of what is considered up there the unrivalled rock-prairie. Gliding swiftly along, we in course of time, (4, p. M.,) reached Madison, the capital of Wisconsin. (See Madison.) Started from Madison, we pursued our journey down the valley of the Black Earth — named so, we presume, from the rich, black soil of the valley — whose richness, some say, will never wear out, and never require manure. After passing through the ever-varying landscape of that beau- tiful valley, we soon reach Mazomaine — where there is an excellent refreshment saloon. .< fa IE.", II MM mmmm j2 UPPER MISSISSIPPI — SUNSET. Prom this stopping-place, we proceeded on, with the shades of evening beginning to close upon UB, till we reached the valley of the Wisconsin, and through some neat villages which the rail has called into existence. The Wisconsin, wliich flows here — the cars crossing it 3 times — is something of the character of the Missouri, rather shifting in its course, render- ing, by its sand barks, the navigation rather difficult By and by, we arrived, at about 9, p. M., at Prairie du CAerx. (See Prairie du Chien.) Having alighted from the cars, ^e soon found ourselves on the bank of the mighty Mis- nssippL Arrived, therefore, at Prairie du Chien, the tourist will find his way on board the " Mil- waukee," or some other steamer in waiting — unless it be that some of last year's steamers have " gone up in a cloud of smoke," or down into the " fearful abyss," in a determined heat with some opposition boat, since last July. On board the "Milwaukee," however, we found ourselves, a little after 9, p. m., bound for the " Far West," still scarcely realizing any thing particular, but that we were embarking on board at Gravesend on a trip up the Thames to London, only that the splendid steamer, and her comforts, (unknown in river navigation in Great Britain,) brought us to our recol- lection that we were, as some Americans would say, "considerable" from home, being at Prairie du Chien, aboub 1300 miles from New York, and some 4800 miles from London, (Eng.,) and with other 800 miles up the Mississippi before we reached St. Paul. First tning to do, was to secure a state-room for the night, which being done, we soon found ourselves in the upper part of the vessel, seeing what we could all " by moonliglit alone." Nothing, however, was to be seen but the mighty river stretching far in front and behind us. As we were not to start till next morning, we were soon compelled to seek the retirement of our state-room for the night , Next morning found us at an early and excellent breakfast, after which we were on deck. At 9, a. m., the night mail train, from Milwaukee and the East, brought up the mnih and passengers, which, after being all safely on board, we started off on our way north. Having formed the acquaintance of some pleasant company, on board, we soon found our- selves sometimes playing at draughts, hearing music, or admiring the beauties of the river scenery, and so morning, noon, and evening, passed away. The scenery on the river is truly fine ; in some parts the little islands fom>'.ng, with their green-clad vegetation, a miniature " Thousand Islands." The sides of the river were covered, for the most part, with their summer attire of shrub- bery, the high bluffs showing forth in bold relief. By-and-by we reoch La Crosse and Wenon;i, two of the best looking, and busiest towns on the Upper Mississippi. Between these two towns and Trcmpeleau, the scenery became very fine, and what, with a beautiful sunset, (sunsets scarcely known in Britain,) beamed forth a perfect blaze of ricli crimson light, tinting the islets on the river, and the tops of the bluffs on each side, altogether forming a panorama beyond our powers of de- scription. Gradually the sun departed in the western horizon, and withdrawing witli him the glorious scene before us — till at length it disappeared — leaving us only the very short interval of twilight, before we again found ourselves in the saloons, all liglited for the enjoyment of tlio night Any one who has the good fortune to see such a sunset on the Mississippi will never forget it It is different from the sunsets, even in Canada, New York, and on Lake Erie, but still more different, from what may be seen from off Hampstead Heath, when the loud hum of the day's bustle in London, (Eng,,) is dying away toward the close of the doy — from off Edinburgh Castle, when the sun is receding behind the hills in Stirlingshire, sending his lurid glare of liglit down the Firth of Forth, till it touches the Inchkeith Lighthouse, and lighting up the whole of tiic new town of Modern Athens, (Edinburgh, Scot.,) and gilding, with his rays, the tops of the hills in Fifeshire, Perthshire, and other portions of the highlands of Scotland — or when he would be bidding. farewell to the day, as he tinted up the tops of the high hills, between Taymonth Castle, and the pass of Killiecrankie, sending a flood of light down the glens and valleys of Loch Tay, {ind Einloch Rannoch. Sublime as these sunsets are, the tourist j^ .1 '.'Ml J^"" THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI — ST. PAUL — MINNESOTA. 85 will find in the sunsets of the " far west" a greater richness and vividness of colouring— and being over a different character of country — the wide-sweeping prairie o-i the one hand, and the bluffs on the river on the other — such as cannot fail to strike him at once with admiration as to their extent and beauty. That evening we went up the Mississippi ; there was a very gay and happy company on board, so towards evening, the music brought some of the company to their feet to dance, till at last it ended in a regular ball The time flew rapidly past, as may be supposed, smidst such excitement and hilarity, till at length the " wee short hour* on the other ride of 12 announced it was bedtime. Some of the party sat up on the upper deck all night, to enjoy the scenery of Lake Pepin (which we had now approached) by moonlight Lake Pepin is 86 miles long, 2 to 6 miles wide, and from 60 to 100 feet deep. Sometimes it blows hard on this lake, so much so, that the river-boats, not being constructed to stand either a " sou'-wester" or a " nor'-wester," sometimes lay-to all night, till it is safe for them to venture further. On this occasion, it was a beautiful night, so we went a-head on its placid waters^ About 2, a. u., we passed the " Maiden Rock," on the lake, and shortly afterwards we were again on the river, the lake forming a large expanse of the river, similar to the lakes on the River Ottawa, C. W., forming in succession as they do that beautiful river. Tlie town of l^escott was next reached. Situated at the mouth of the St. Croix River, it is the most north-westerly town of Wisconsin. The location is a very pretty one, and we understood it continues to be a fast rising town. By-and-by, about 9, a. h., we descried the " city" of St Paul " looming in the distance." After passing the business portion of the town, we landed at the wharf there, and set foot on the terrritory of the far-famed Mnnesota, and in its capital, St Paul. 'Mlw>''i mm ST. PAUL. -. *- On our visit, St Paul, like every other place, was affected with the prevailing epidemic, of "hard times," which had checked the ardour cfsonie of her speculative citizens quite as much as it had done those of older cities. Consequently the town was dull, and also most of the people in it All, however, with plenty of pluck, confident, that ere long, the little north-west city must of necessity go a-head again, and not stop till she is up sides with some of her south and easterly sister cities. Unlike most American towns, the streets of St, Paul are narrow, which we fancy will be regi'etted ere long. The streets, moreover, like those of New York, were dirty, and in bad order, but no doubt that in time will be rec- tified. The suburbs of St Paul, however, are very beautiful, and many of the private resi- dences, on the higher parts of the town, are very handsome and attractive. The population of St Paul is variously estimated at from ten to fifteen thousand, of which a large propor- tion—probably a third — are foreigners ; it contains a capitol and other public buildings, seven or eight churches, among which are two Episcopal, two Roman Catholic, two Pres- byterian, and one or two Methodist and Baptist The Romanists are also putting up a fine college, decidedly the handsomest public building in the place. The limestone, with which the whole town is underlaid, affords an admirable building stone, being very durable, hand- some, and distributed in layers so as to be most conveniently worked. There are three daily and three weekly papers published, which seem to have a large circulation, and to be ably conducted. Tliere are also two German ftnd a Norwegian paper, and one or two other small publications. The principal street fronts the river for about two miles, and is lined with large stores of all kinds, to supply the increasing trade of that north-westerly region. The principal hotel is the Fuller House — a magnificent house, erected at a cost of |100,000, and fitted up with every modern comfort and convenience. There are five railroads in this State, just commencing, or in course of completion : the Minnesota and Pacific — running from St Paul to a point on the Missouri River; the North-western— from St Paul to Lake Superior; the Cedar Valley and Minneapolis— ■m. 73 CO CD I— I o !zi W 50 1— I O w o I— ( CQ r t-H 7J » C g M CO o SUSPENSION BRIDGE AT ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS. 87 from Minneapolis to Iowa line; the Transit and Root River— coming from Prairie du Chien ; and the other from La Crosse, uniting at Rochester, and then continuing to St Paul. These roads are all in progress, and Minnesota will soon have her network of rail- ways, which will develope her resources, and give her a proud position among her sister States. (See View of St. Paul, next page.) En passant, we may mention, that some of the merchants of St. Paul, who import their goodd from Britain, do so direct from Liverpool via New Orleans, thence per steamer on the Mississippi. Tiie saving is such, that the whole cost of transportation from Liverpool to St. Paul is very little more than the mere charges of transhipping at New Yofk, and the freight from there to St. Paul. We Iiave no doubt many importers on the other ports on the Mississippi and the Missouri will be following the example of the St. Paul merchants, the inland carriage from the Atlantic seaboard being extremely heavy on goods bound for the west and north-west provinces. n n '! T ^ II I ■i:) jy .i:; 1 ' 88 TALLS OF ST. ANTHONY AND MINNEHAHA. ST. PAUL TO ST. ANTHONY AND FALLS OF MINNEHAHA. Engaqinq a horse and bnggy at the Fuller House Hotel, we soon found ourselves en route for the falls, and a moat delightful drive it is, over fine rolling uplands, covered with the precious staflf of life, ond waving and surging under the gentle breeze, ripening for the mower, and then to be sent abroad, perhaps thousands of miles, to feed the hungry In some of the cities in the east, or even Great Britain. On both sides of the road the landscape is beautiful, now and then showing glimpses of the Mississippi in the distance. At length we reached St Anthony, Much as we have heard of the situation of St. Anthony, as the site for a manufacturing city, we did not expect to see so good a location for that purpose, and were, therefore, agreeably disappointed. The water-power is unlimited and inex- baustible — the great desideratum for a manufacturing city. The surrounding country is very fertile and the climate salubrious, in fact, similar to the more northerly portions of Canada West, with hot summers, tempered by the breezes from the west, with a very cold but dry atmosphere in winter. MINNEHAHA FALLS-" THE LAUGHING WATER." TALLS OF ST. ANTHONY AND MINNEHAHA. 89 At St Ant'aony, the Miseiseippi has a perpendicular fall of 18 feet — ^the first 'which oconra in ascending the river. The Bite of the village is on an elevated plain, and commands a fine view of the Falls, and is distant about 8 miles by land from St Paul. The University of Minnesota is established at St Anthony, bedides which, it contains 5 or 6 churches, about 80 stores, 2 newspaper offices, and several saw-mills, and other manu- facturing establishments. The post-office is named St Anthony's Falls. Population, about 2,600. Opposite to the town of St Anthony, is Minneapolis, on the opposite side of the river. At night we stayed at St Anthony. Next day we set out on a visit to Fort Snelling and Minnehaha. After crossing the suspension bridge, we soon found ourselves in Minne- apolis, and at the celebrated Falls of Minnehaha — " the laughing water" — " the smile of the great spirit" — which will be found the prettiest little fall imaginable, complete in all its parts. A clear, sparkling stream comes rushing along the prairie, until it suddenly takes a leap of 60 feet over the precipice, and is lost in a deep dell, the sides of which are covered with shrubbery of luxurious growth. The rock over which the stream leaps, has been worn into an arch, and one can pass to and fro underneath, between the falls and the rock, with little or no inconvenience. The recess behind the fall extends back nearly 60 feet, and, from that point, an extraor- dinary beautiful view of the fall is obtained, as the sun shines on the outside of it The tou- rist cnn pass in at one side behind the fall, and find egi-ess at the other side.' From the world-wide known Indian poem of Hiawatha, by Longfellow, we annex a few verses, descriptive of the scene now under notice: — " Only once hia pace he slackened, Only once he paused or halted — Paused to purchase heads of arrows Of the ancient arrow-maker, In the land of the Dacotahs, Where the Falls of Minnehaha Flash and gleam among the oak trees, taugh and leap into the valley. " There the ancient arrow-maker Makes his arrow-heads of sandstone, Arrow-heads of chalcedony, Arrow-heads of flint and Jasper, Smoothed and sharpened at the edges, Hard and polished, keen and costly. " With him dwelt his dark-eyed daughter, Wayward as the Minnehaha, With her moods of shade and sunshine; Eyes that smiled and frowned alternate, Feet as rapid as the river, And as musical as laughter ; And he named her from the river, j^rom the waterfall he named her Minnehaha, Laughing Water. " Was it here for heads of arrows, Arrow-heads of chalcedony. Arrow-heads of flint and Jasper, Vhat my Hiawatha halted In the land of the Dacotahs t " Was it not to see the maiden, See the face of Laughing Water, Peeping from behind the curtain ; Hear the rustling of her garments From behind the waving curtain, As we see the Minnehaha Gleaming, glancing through the branches, As one hears the Laughing Water From behind Its screen and branches ?" Altogether, it is a beautiful sight, in a most romantic spot, and should not be neglected by the tourist when at St Paul. About 2 miles from the Falls, is situated Fort Snelling, Bitting on the crest of a bold promontory, between the Mississippi and Minnesota Kivers. See Fort Snelling.) Before leaving St Paul, the tourist will find a cave about 2 miles from the town, worthy of a visit It is a subterranean curiosity in its way. Through it flows a stream of water, pure as crystal. The rock overhead is quite soft To penetrate it, one or two guides are necessary with lights. Near the further end of it, there is said to be a small waterfall, and all in search of the wonderful underground should visit it to its utmost extremity. Start- ing from Milwaukee on Tuesday forenoon, we thus spent that night on board at Prairie du Chien, Wednesday night on board on Lake Pepin, and landed in St Paul on Thursday morning at 9 o'clock. Saw all about St Paul on Thursday ; went to see the Falls and Fort Snelling on Friday, and returned to St Paul on Saturday ; Sunday, went to a neat little church there (Episcopal). On Monday afternoon, at 4 o'clock, we started on our return trip, accomplishing the distance from St Paul to Prairie du Chien, 802 miles, in 17 hours, being fully 7 hours less time than we took to go up— the stream, of course, being against U8 on our upward trip. 40 LAKE SUPERIOR AND PICTURED ROOKS. LAKE SUPERIOR One of the trips now enjoyed by hundreds every year, from different parU of the Uni- ted States and Canada, is that mode by the splendidly appointed steamers which sail from Cleveland (Ohio) to the head of Lake Superior — touching at Detroit ond Mackinaw. Passengers will aleo find steamers from Chicago for same points. Tlie distance for the whole trip round is about 2000 miles. Time occupied about 8 days. Fare, $44 (£8 16.v., Btg.,) including tiie very best accommodation and meals. In the summer season, it is one of the most delightful and invigorating trips which can be taken. The commerce of the Lake Superior districts, as is well known, consists chiefly in copper and iron, from the mines situated in different part£. The value of copper shipped in one yeor, from Ontonagon — the largest mining depot, and second town in size on the lake — exceeded $1,000,000 (£200,000, stg.), From Marquette, it was expected that 200,000 tons of iron would be shipped last year. The other mining establishments are at the towns of Eagle River, Eagle Harbour, Copper Harbour, Bayfield, Lapoiut, Bay City, Ashland, Grand Island City, Du Luth, etc., etc. The City of Superior, situated on the Bay of Superior and Nemadji River, at the head of the loke, is the most important town. It was laid out in 1868. The population in January, 1857, was over l,6it0 — with 840 houses. In addition to being approaclied from Cleveland and Chicago, it is also reached from St Paul, Minnesota, via the St Croix and Brul6 Rivers, per canoes. With regoru to the climate of the Lake Superior country, many erroneous impressions are entertained. Professor David Dale Owen, the government geologist, in his report, says: — " The health, even of the more marshy portions of this district, seems better than, frcni its appearance, one might expect The long, bracing winters of these northern latitudes exclude many of the diseases which, under the prolonged heat of a southern climate, tlic miasm of the swamp engenders. At the Pembina settlement (in latitude 49°), owned bv the Hudson's Bay Company, to a population of five thousand there was but a single pliy sician, and he told me, that without an additional salary allowed him by the Company, the diseases of the settlement would not afford him a living." AnothiM- writer says: — " None of the American lakes can compare with Lake Superior in health illness of climate during the summer months, and there is no place so well calcu- lated to restore pressing miasms of the fever-breeding soil of the Southwestern States, This opinion is fast gaining ground among medical men, who are now rocommending to their patient* the healthful climate of this favoured lake, in preference to sending them to die in enervating southern latitudes. " The waters of this vast inland sea, covering an area of over 82,000 miles, exercise « powerful influence in modifying the two extremes of heat and cold. Tlie uniformity of temperature thus produced is highly favourable to animal and vegetable life. The mosl delicate fruits and plants are raised without injury, while four or five degrees further soutii they are destroyed by the early frosts." Amongst the exports from there, we find " 10 tons of Rospberry Jam," consigned to a porty in Clevelond. THE PICTURED ROCKS, LAKE SUPERIOR. The subject of the sketch on the next page, is one of the most extraordinary natural cu- riosities which tlie region of the far nortn districts of America present The " Pictured Rocks" are situated on tlie eastern shore of Lake Superior at its outlet nt St Mary's River. The author of " Wisconsin as it is," in his description of Lake Superior, says; — " But its greatest attraction is the ' Pictured Rocks,' which commence at this point and extend east about ten miles, and are so called from the various forms and colours presented by the rocks forming the shore of the loke. These rocks are of fine laminated sandstone, rising from 150 to 300 feet above the water level, and received the name of 'Pictured' from the brilliant colours formed from the oxides and sulphurets of metals, and vegetable fungi, which, by combination, form the most various pictn'-os, and which, by the least imagination, assume the forms of ancient temples, religious processions, prairies, buffalo hunts, portraits, humorous scenes, until one is almost persuaded he is looking upon the magnificent masters, and not of nature. Among these, cataracts, falls and rivuLts ara pitching down in mighty volume, or dissipating their torrents into smoky mist" 42 DDSCENT OF THE RAPIDS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. DESCENT OF THE RAPIDS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. One of the most exciting trips, we believe, to be enjoyed in America, is the descent of the rapids of the St Lawrence, in one of the steamers which now ply between To- ronto, Kingston, and Montreal, affording a treat of no ordinary description, so far at the rapids are concerned — even in themselves — ^but doubly so, when, in the same trip, the far-famed scenery of the Lake of the Thousand Islands may be seen to great ad- vantage, as the steamers, which descend the rapids, pass through them. For a descrip- tion of a descent of tlie rapids we copy the following from Hunter's Guide to the St. Lawrence; — ! I ( > 1» i I 1 The »t.c«n lide chortly iilands appoi them, l« «« 1 barred nil and ho ontor erable — now a strait so na either ^ulu ae and again he handful of ci edge, and di[ its air of enc heoven — onlj the rushing s fleeted lis in i but the head sweet Bcene the Lake of tl amid its laby glance which through, — the the majeeMo r As the Btca: time, will 8oo wide circles, ( roar around a white-crested again you arc upper rapids- thing remark! rushes down t This is a c usual passn^e formerlj cons] now descende such is the v( 40 minutes. This is the ofthj"Long the vessel ent by the force ol of the ocean ii ing and tossin and is, in fact, gination by th und precision t the course of ( LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS AND RAPIDS. LAKI or THK THOUSAND ISLANDS. , The iteamer, »fter lenvinfr Kingston, C. W., or Capo 8t Vincent, on the Amerioiin ride chortly after appronclioa tho far-funie >. This is the name of that expansion of the St. ^wrence which begins near Cornwall and St. Regis, and extends to Coteau du Lac, a distance of 40 miles. Tlie surface uf this lake is interspersed with a great number oi small islands. The village of Lancaster is situated on the northern side, about midway, of this lake. Coteau du Lao is a small village, situated at the foot of Lake St. Francis, The name, as well as the style of the buildings, denotes its French origin. Just below the village are the Coteau Rapids. Cedabs. — ^This village presents the same marks of French origin as Coteau du Lac. In the expedition of Gen, Amherst, a detachment of three hundred men that were sent to at- tack Montreal, were lost in the rapids near this place. The passage through these ra- pids u ^ery exciting. There is a peculiar motion of the vessel, whicli, in descending, seems like settling down, as she glides from one ledge to another. In passing the rapids of the Split Rock, a person, unacquainted with the navigation of these rapids, will almost invol- uutiirily hold his breath until this ledge of rocks, which is distinctly seen from the deck of the steamer, is passed. At one time the vessel seems to be running directly upon it, and you feel certain that she will strike ; but a skilful hand is at the helm, and in an in- Btant more it is passed in safety. Beauharnois is a small village at the foot of the Cascades, on the south bank of the river. Here vessels enter the Beauharnois Canal— ^with 9 locks — and pass around the ropids of the Cascades, Cedars, and Coteau, into Lake St. Francis, a distance of 14 miles. On the north bank, a branch of the Ottawa enters into the St Lawrence. The river again widens into a lake called St. Louis, 24 miies long. From this place a view is had of Montreal Mountoin, several miles distant. In this lake is Nun's Island, which is beautifully cultivated, and be- longs to the Gray Nunnery at Montreal. There are many islands in the vicinity of Montreal, belonging to the different nunneries, and from which they derive large revenues. La CiiiNE. — This villoge in 9 miles from Montreal, with which it is connected by railroad, Tlie La Chine Rapias begin jusi below the town. The current is here so swift and wild, that to avoid it, a canal has been cut around these rapids. This canal is a stupendous work, and reflects much credit upon the energy and enterprise of the people of Montreal. At La Chine is the residence of l?ir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, and of the officers of this, the chief post of that corporation, it is from this point Ihat the orders from head-quarters in London are sent to all the many posts through- out the vast territory of tiie company; and near the end of April each year a body of (pained voyagenrs set out honce in large canoes, calk J maitres canots, with packages and goods for the various posts in the wilderness. Two centuries ago, the eomponions of the explorer Cartier on airiving here, thought they had discovered a route to China, end ex- pressed their joy in the -jxclamation of La Chine ! Hence, the present name, or so at least mys tradition, Caugiina'.vaga. — This is an Indian village, lying on the south bank of the river, near the entrance of the La Chine iiapids. It derived its name from the Indians that had been con- verted by the Jesuits, who were called " Caughnawagan," or " praying Indians." This was probably a misnomer, for they were distinguished for their predatory incursions u|ion their ueiglibours in the New England provinces. The bell that now hangs in their church, was ♦ » l|i 'iin 46 ROUTE ON ST. LAWRENCE — TRENTON FALLS. the " proceedB" of one of these excursions. The Indians at Caughnawaga, subsist chiefly by navirating barges and rafts down to Montreal, and in winter by a trade in moccasins, snow- shoes, etc. They are mostly Roman Catholics and possess an elegant church. The village of La Prairie is some seven miles below Caughnawaga, or Village of the Rapids, after which the steamer sails on for a few miles, and reaches the city of Montreal. (See Montreal.) ! i NIAGARA FALLS TO THE LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. BY STEAMER ON AMERICAN SIDE OF ST. LAWRENCE. ' From the outlet of the Niagara nt the Fort of that name to the boundary line 45°, the entire littoral is in the State of New York, and comprises in succession the counties of Ni- agara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, the northern corner of Cayuga, Oswego, Jefferson, and St Lawrence. The last, along its entire western frontier, and a half of Jefferson county, are bounded by the river. From Fort Niagara to the mouth of the Genesee River, in Munroe county, a distance of about 85 miles, the coast presents an almost undeviating level under the primeval brush-wood, relieved by a few scattered clearances. Should the tourist, on ascending the Genesee to Carthage, which is the port of Rochester, resolve upon visiting tliis city, he will find enough to engage and gratify his curiositv till he resumes his journey by the next steamer. Tliis large commercial and manufacturing town owes its greatness mainly to the " water privileges" which the proprietors on the banks of the Genesee here possess. For i considerable way above the Upper Falls, the banks are on both sides surmounted by a great variety of mills. Its proximity to Lake Ontario, and the passage of the Erie Canal through its principal streets, contribute ma- terially to its prosperity. Oswego, the principal commercial port on the American side of the lake, is pleasantly situated at the mouth of the river of that name. The principal part of the town is on the western bank, and has a neat and stirring appearance. On the opposite bank are some large mills, and here terminates the Oswego Canal from Syracuse, distant about 88 miles, and the railway from the same place. About half-way betwixt Carthage and Oswego is Great Sodus Bay. At the eastern extremity of the lake, on the south side of Black River Bay, lies, in a very sheltered situation, Sacket's Harbour. Tliis was the naval station of the United States on the lake during the last war with Great Britain. After reaching Cape St Vincent and proceeding onwards, for about 20 miles, the steamer reaches French Cri,ek, after which the vessel will stop at Clayton, and Alexandria, from which points excellent views of the " Thousand Islands" will be obtained. (See Lake of the Thousand Islands,) 'A\ TRENTON FALLS, STATE OF NEW YOUK. r'.,. The tourist proceeding from New York, by the New York Central Railroad from Albany on his way to Niagara, will find himself well paid by a visit to the Falls of Trenton, which are" situated on th-» Utiea and Black River Railroad, and 15 miles N. by E. of the Town of Utica, in the Coi .ty of Oneidn. Trenton Falls consist of a series of 6 f'alls within the distance of two miles, with an aggregate fall of 312 feet, and present a sight more re- markable for the wild ond romantic situation in which they are, than for their great vol- ume of water. The name of the stream on which these falls are, is known as West Canada Creek, which flows through a densely-wooded country — particularly near the falls — of which no sign is to be seen till the tourist comes upon them at the edge of the gorge where they are situat- ed, ond down which the water rushes with great violence, as it comes from the falls, only to be lost to sight in the dark recesses of the wooded ravine. In one place, the height of the embankment is 140 feet perpendicular. At the upper falls the descent is 20 feet, from which the water rushes on to the second falls, called the Cascades. (See engraving.) The third fall is named tlie Mill-dam, and, a little below, are the High Falls, which has a perpendicular fall of 109 feet. (See engraving.) Sherman's Falls — named so after Rev, Mr. Slierman, who lost his life there — form the fifth fall, with a descent of about 40 feet, un- til the last of this exquisite series of falls is reached, named Conrad's Falls. ^■^ "^^. THE HIGH FALLS. TRENTON FALLS. ,own is on the )ank are some bout 38 miles, ind Oswego is f Black River val station of reaching Cape French Cr».ek, ints excellent and Islande.) ■1»^ ■ ■»5^SS-?»*-. ^m~^"^t: # (^ *i ^-! 'qjiTWi mm A-Av lich no sign ii V/ -*. >^. THE CASCADES, TRFNTON FALLS. : I itl 48 SPRINGS AND WATEKING-PLACES. SPRINGS, AND WATERINQ-PLACES. For tlio information of tourists we annex particulars of a few of the most celebrated sum- mer resorts, compiled from extracts derived from the most reliable sources, to which we have added such information as we possess from our own acquaintance with the various localities and routes which, together with the views presented, neatly engraved from photographs taken Inst year, will, we trust, be of some assistance to the stranger who wishes to become acquainted with some of the most celebrated localities in America. " CAPE MAY, N. J.— This place, situated at the mouth of Delaware Bay, on the N. E. side, has, for a number of years past, be- come an attractive watering-place, much fre- quented by the citizens of Philadelphia and others. During the summer season, a steam- boat runs from the city to the Cape, and af- fords a pleasant trip. The bench is unsur- passed as a bathing-place, and the accommo- dations for the entertainment of visitors are of the first order. Distance from Philadel- phia. 102 miles." COHOES FALLS are situated ou the Hiver Mohawk (State of New York,) about 2 miles from its mouth, and close to the rail- road from Troy, passing along which a glance can be liad of them, pouring down a perpendicular rock 70 feet deep. "MAMMOTH CAVE, KY— Tliis stupen- dous wonder of nature is situated in Edmon- son county, about 90 miles S. from Louisville, and about equally distant, in a N. E. direc- tion, from Nashville, Tenn. The tourist leaves the stage road about tt miles from the en- trance to the cave, and passes through some of the most romantic and beautiful scenery. It is only within a few years that this cave has been very extensively explored ; and it is still supposed that but a small part of it, in comparison with the whole, has ever been trodden by the foot of man. It has been es- timated that the length of all the different avenues and branches, when added together, would make more than 600 miles. As far as known, there are in the cave 246 avenues, 47 domes, 8 cataracts, and 23 pits. The darkness, deeper than that of the blackest midnight, which pervades these subterrane- an recesses, and which is little more than rendered visiljle by the torches wliich the visitors carry with them, renders it difficult for the spectator to form any thing like an adequate idea of its vost dimensions, its groat heights and depths in the different opurtments, and of the singulnrity and beau- ty of the natural decorations they contni'-, " It is a curious fnct that fish without eyes have been caught in the rivers of this cave. They have been dissected by skilful anato- mists, it is said, who declare that they are without the slightest indication of an organ similar tx) the eye, and also that they po-i- eess other anomalies in their organization in- teresting to the na.,urali3t. These flshes are from 3 to 6 inches in length. " The waters of the cave are of the purest kind ; and, besides the springs and streams of fresh water, there are one or two sulphur springs. There are streams, lakes, and wa- terfalls of sufficient width and depth to com- pare with the world above ground. Some of these rivers, as they are called, are navi- gated by boats of sufficient size to cnrry 12 persons; and one of them, called the Echo, is said to be broad and deep enough, nt all times, to float the largest steamers. The rivers of the Mammoth Cave were never ■•rossed till 1840. Some of them flow in Jeep channels, the sides of which rise hisfi above their ordinary level. After heavy rains, they are sometimes swollen so as to rise more than 50 feet. At such times the streams, and especially the cataracts, of the cave, exhibit a most terrific appearance. Great exertions have been made to discover the sources of tliese streams, and where they find their outlets : yet they still remain, in this respect, as much a mystery as ever. " It would be impossible, within the limits of this article, to describe in detail the many objects of curiosity and scenes of grandeur which are to be found in the apparently in- terminable recesses of the Mammoth Cave, The names of some of the principal apart- ments, are Giant's Coffin, the Labyrinth, the Cascade, Gorin's Dome, the Bottomless Rt, the Winding Way, the Bandit's Hall, Grent Relief Hall, River Hall and Dead Sea, Na- tural Bridge over the River Styx, (80 feet high,) Pass of El-Ghor, Crogan's Ilnll, City of the Tombs, Saint Cecilia's Grotto, Silli- man's Avenue, Great Western Vestibule, Martha's Vineyard, Snowball Room, the Ho- ly Sepulchre, Cleveland's Cabinet, Serena's Harbor, Fairy Grotto, Paradise, and others of a hardly less remarkable character. " To selec*. only from this list of wonders for the conclusion of our descriptioMs, we would offer the remarks of an mtellis^ent clergyman, who lately paid a visit to the cave, upon that splendid hall known by tlie name of Cleveland's Cabinet. " Tlic most imaginative poet," says this gentleman, " never conceived or painted a palace of snoii exquisite beauty and loveliness as Cleve- land's Cabinet. Were the wealth of princes SPRINGS AND WATERING-PLACES. 49 bestowed on the roost skilful lapidaries, with a view of riralling the splendours of this sin- gle chamber, the attempt would be vain. The Cabinet was discovered by Mr. Patten of Louisville and Mr. Craig of Philadelphia, ac- companied hy Stephen, the guide, and ex- tends in nearly a direct line about 1^ miles, (the guides say 2 miles). It is a perfect arch, of 50 feet span, and of an average height of 10 feet in the centre — just high enough to be viewed with ease in all its parts. The base of the whole is carbonate (sulphate) of lime, in part of a dazzling whiteness and per- fectly smooth, and in part crystallized, so as to glitter like diamonds in the light. Grow- ing from this, in endlessly diversified forms, is a substance resembling selenite, translu- cent and imperfectly laminated. Some of the crystals bear a striking resemblance to brandies of celery ; others, a foot or more in length, have the colour and appeurance of vauilla cream candy; others are set in sul- phate of lime in the form of a rose ; and others roll out from the base in forms re- sembling tlie ornaments of a Corinthian col- umn. Some of the incrustrations are mas- sive and splendid, others are as delicate as the lily, or as fancy work of shell or wax. Tliink of traversing an arched way like this for a mile and a half; and all the wonders of the tales of youth — Arabian Nights, and all — seem tame, compared with the living, growing reality. Here and there, through the wliole extent, you will find openings in tlie sides, into which you may thrust a per- son, and often stand erect, in little grottoes, perfectly incrusted with a delicate, white substance, reflecting the light from a thous- and diff'erent points." " It is quite impossible to give in a brief notice such as this, any thing like an ade- auate idea of this, one of the greatest won- aers of the world. It must be visted to be appreciated. " The route from Louisville, Kentucky, is by mil to Muinfordsville, and thence per stage for 21 miles. Time from Louisville to the cave, 15| hours. The train at Mumfords- ville connects also with the railroad to Nash- ville. Superior hotel accommodations is to be found close to the cave, with guides, etc. Tlie charges are very moderate. " MOUNT VERNON.VA.— This venerated spot, where once resided the fatlier of his country, and wliere his ashes now repose, is universally regarded with a sacred interest. It is on the W. bank of the Potomac, 15 miles S. from the city of Washington, and 8 from Alexandria, General Washington's mansion is still in a good state of preserva- tion. The new tomb into which his remains were removed in 1830, and subsequently placed in a marble sarcophagus, is in n re- tired situation a short distance from the house. It is a plain but substantial structure of brick, with an iron gate at the sarcophagi of white marble, in which slumber, side by side, the mortal remains of that great and good roan and of his amiable consort. " The old tomb, in which the remains of Washington were first deposited, and wiiich is now going to deccy, is upon an elevation in full view from the river. " A glimpse uf this interesting spot rnay be had from the Potomac steamer, on its way from Washington to the railroad terminus at Acquia Creek. But to visit the place, it is necessary to stop at Alexandria, and take a private convej-ance to Mount Vernon. The grounds are open to the public." NAHANT, MS.— This is one of the oldest and most celebrated watering-places in New England, and a place to which many of the wealthy citizens of Boston, having provided themselves with pleasant cottages, resort in the summer months with their families. " It is only 10 miles N. E. from Boston, by the steamboats continually plying in summer months. At this place are good fishing and fowling, and excellent accommodations; the ocean scenery is exceedingly beautiful in fair weather, and truly sublime in a storm." PLYMOUTH ROCK, MS.— One of the most interesting spots connected with the history of America, being the point in New England where the Pilgrim Fathers landed from the Mayflower in tlie year 1620. The Rock is denominated " Forefathei-s' Rock,' is now buried under a warehouse with wharves around it. The town of Plymouth, in which the Rock is, is 37 miles from Boston by rail. " ROCKAWAY BEACH, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. — Thit* fashionable watering-place is on the Atlantic shore of Long Island, about 20 miles from New York. The principal hotel is the Marine Pavilion, which is a splendid establishment, erected in 1834, upon the beach, only a short distance from the ocean. There is also another hotel, which is well kept, and several boarding-houses, where the visitor or the invalid may enjoy the invigor- ating ocean breezes with less of cost and dis- play than at the hotels. The most conveni- ent route to Rockaway is by the Long Island Railroad to Jamaica, 12 miles from New York, and thence 8 miles by stage to the beach." SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y,— This cele- brated watering-place and summer resort, occupies the same position in America, as Hnrrowgate does in England, whilst the. characteristics of both places are alike, in many respects. "They are the most celeorated springs in the United States, and the annual resort of visitors — from all parts of the world — who flock there in search of health, pleasure, and excitement. " Large and splendid accommodations are f)rovidedin the various hotels and boarding- louses, which, in the season of company, are often thronged with visitors, presenting an animated scene of gravity, luxury, and dis- play. ».', i til »■■> M 50 SPRINGS AND WATERING-PLACES. " The village, which is in the N. part of the township of Saratoga, is pleasantly situated on a sandy plain, in part suiTounded by a lieiiutiful grove of pines, having its princi- pal street upon the W. margin of a narrow vnle in which the springs are found. The hotels are large and numerous. " Passengers for Saratoga from New York, take either the 'Hudson River or Harlem Railroads, or the steamboat to Albany or Troy ; from Albany, via Albany, Vermont and Canada Railway ; from Troy, via Rensselaer and Saratoga Railway, from Boston the traveller takes the Western Railway to Albany, Troy and Saratoga. Passengers from the West by the Central Railway stop at Schenectady. The route from tiie North is via Lake Champlain, and Whitehall and Saratoga Railway. " SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y., are in the town of Sharon, in Schoharie county, about •i,5 miles west of Albany by the Cherry Val- ley Turnpike. They are also reached by stages from Canajoharie, on the Utica and Sclienectady Railroad, from which place they are distant about 12 miles in a S. W. direc- tion. They are pure and clear, and have been found to be highly efficacious in cutane- ous, dj'speptic, and rheumatic complaints. They have an exhilarating effect upon the spirits, invigorating the system, and purify- ing the complexion, and in some respects possesses medicinal and healing properties unsurpassed by any in the country. " The prospect from the Pavilion House to- wards the N. is almost unlimited, and by many considered harly inferior to that from the Catskill Mountain House. Its elevated situation, always securing a pure and brac- ing atmosphere, conspires with the use of the watei-s to render the residence of vis- itors here in hot weather delightfully sulu- brious and refreshing. " Tourists proceed from Albany via New York Central Railway to Palatine liridge, 56 miles, thence per stage for 10 miles over plank road. " WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA.— These are the most celebrated and most gen- erally visited of all the mineral springs of Virginia, and are to tlie south what Sarato- ga is to the north. They are situated on a branch of the Greenbrier River, in the coun- ty of the same name, on the western declivi- ty of tl»e Alleghany ridge, some ft or 8 miles from the summit of the mountains. They are in an elevated and beautifully pictur- esque valley, hemmed in by mountains on every side. Thousands resort to them annu- ally efther to enjoy the benefit of the wa- ters, or in pursuit of recreation and amuse- ment. " There are numerous routes to the Virginia springs, all of which within a few years have been greatly improved. One of the plcasantest and most expeditious routes from Baltimore is by the railroad thence to Har- per's Ferry ; .thence by railroad to Winches- ter to Goslien. From Staunton there are two routes, one directlyacross the mounlaiim. to the warm and hot springs; the otiier, via Lexington, to the Natural Bridge, and thence to the White Sulphur Springs. These springs are 304 miles W. of Baltimore. " Parlies from the South proceed to Wil- mington, North Carolina, to Richmond, pro- ceeding from Richmond to Lynchburg and thence by stage. " WINNIPISEOGEE LAKE, N. H.— This lake possesses singular charms. However romantic and beautiful Lake George, the charmer of all travellers, appears in its ele- vation, the purity of its waters, its depth, its rapid outlet, its 365 islands which besranjjle its bosom, its mountain scenery, its lisli, its mineralogy, still, in all but its historic fapie it has a rival at the east, in the Winuipisco- gee of New Hampshire. " The lake is in the counties of Belknap and Carrol. Its form is very irregular. At the west end it is divided into three large bays; on the north is a fourth ; and at the east end there are three others. Its general course is from north-west to north-east; its length is about 25 miles, and it varies in width from one to 10 miles. " The waters of this lake not only serve as a lovely ornament to the scenery of this re- gion, and as a means of recreation and.aniuse- ment to the multitude who pass and repass upon them, but answer nu important purpose MS a great reservoir of power for the e.\ten- sive manufacturing establishments at Jlan- Chester, Lowell, and other places whii'h are located on Merrimac River, its outlet to tlie sea. The fall of this immense body of wa- ter, in its passage to the ocean, is so i^reat that its power for manufacturing purposes can hardly be computed. " The Indian name of Winnipiseogeo, signi- fies ' The smile of the Great Spirit.' " (See White Mountains.) . ' . ' 1 / f \t L| I CLIFTON SPRINGS AND LAKE GEORGE. 61 ■:1 ; m t WATER-CURE ESTABLISHMENT, CLIFTON SPRINGS. About halfway between Lakes Geneva and Canandaigua is situated the celebrated Clifton Springs, which are much resorted to, forming as they do one of the most pleasant nnd retired watering-places, within easy distance of some of the finest scenery in the Northern States. Situated at those springs is the celebrated water-cure establishment of Dr. Forster. The house, although a very large one, yet is generally filled with patients, one of the best proofs of its excellent standing. The charge for board varies from $7 to $11 per week. " LAKE GEORGE, sometimes called LAKE HORICON.— This lovely sheet of water, basking in tiie rays of tiie sun, rippled by the breeze, or reclining in the shadows of twilight, still presenting a lovely aspect — famed in song and story, and its counterpart oci'upying a space in innumerable annuals and books of travel — is 230 feet above tlie Hudson River, lying partly in Warrt . and Washington Counties, having its outlet into Lake Clianiplain. Its shore contains the re- mains of several old forts, memorable in the French and Revolutionary wars. This beau- tiful mountain lake of New York is 36 miles in length, varying in breadth fromf to 4 miles. The water is remarkably transparent, and in some places is more than 400 feet deep. Scarcely any thing can be imagined more beautiful or picturesque than the scenery along its banks. The romantic effect of the prospect is greatly enhanced by the multitude of islands of various forms and sizes, which meet the gaze on every side. A popular notion prevails that their number corresponds with that of the days of the year. Twelve miles from the south-west ex- tremity of the lake there is an island of about 200 acres, called, from its position. Twelve Mile Island. A mile further north there is a high point, or tongue of laud, called Tongue Mountain, west of which projects a small arm of the lake called North-west Bay. Here the narrowest part of the lake com- mences, and continues 7 or 8 miles. Near the west end of the Narrows, on the eastern side of the lake, is Black Mountain, the sum mit of which is the highest point in the im- mediate vicinity of the lake, having an ele- vation of 2,200 feet above its surface. About 12 miles beyond Black Mountoin there is a rock about 200 feet higli, rising almost per- pendicularly from the surface of the water. During the French war. Major Rogers, being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down this deep declivity, and safely landed on the ice, leavmg his pursuers petrified with aston- ishment at the daring exploit they had wit- nessed. From this circumstance the rock has been namecV Rogers' Slide. Just beyond is Lord Howe's Point, where the division of the English army under Lord Howe landed previous to his attack on Ticonderoga." 52 NEWPORT, LAKE PLEASANT AND CROOKED LAKE. NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND. The above sketcli represents probably the nearest approacli, both in appearance and situation, to Scarborough, (England,) of any seabathing quarter in the United States. Newport is located on the S. W. side of the rlcli and fertile State of Rhode Island, lying within the mouth of Narraganset Bay, 5 miles from the ocean. " Its harbour, one of the finest in the world, spreads W. before the town, which is built on a gentle declivity to the shore, and appuara beautiful as it is ap- proached upon tiie water. Its insular situa- tion gives to Newport the advantage of a cool, refreshing sea-breeze from almost every point of the compass; so that in nil the hot months it is one of the most comfortable places of residence any where to be found. On tliis account it has long been a favourite place of fashionable resort, especially for visitors from the south. Within a few years past, a number of large and splendid hotels have been erect- ed, affording the best accommodations tlint could be desired for all who come ; so tlint, in this respect, Newport is now tlie rival of Saratoga itself." Steamers ply daily, during the summer season, between Newport and Provideticf— with which the communication by railrond and Bteapiers is frequent. 167 miles from New York — 70 miles from Boston, " LAKE PLEASANT.— Thissmall but love- ly lake, is i favourite and enchonting resort for the ' sciples of the angle and the gun, the waters teeming with trout, etc., and deer and other game are abundant in the forests. It is a delightful summer home for the stu- dent, and may be pleasantly ond satisfnctori- ly visited by ladies. The wild lands and waters here are a part of the lake region of northern New York. The Sarannc region is connected with Lake Pleasant by interme- diate waters and portages. To reach Lake Pleasant, and the ac^oining waters of Round, Pisced, and Louis Lakes, favourite summer resorts, take the Central Railroad from Al- bany to Amsterdam; thence by stage to Holmes' Hotel on Lake Pleasant, SO miles." " CROOKED LAKE, situated in the west- ern part of New York, is included in tlie limits of Steuben and Yates Counties, is 18 miles long, and 1^ miles at its greatest breadth. At the north end it is divided into two forks or branches, one of which is 5 and the other 9 miles long. Its surface is 487 feet above Lake Ontario, and 718 feet above the level of the Atlantic. It usually freezes over in the winter ; at other seasons a steamboat leaves Penn Yan, at its N. N. E extremity, for Hammondsport, at its S. \y. extremity. The scenery along the shore is extremely picturesque and beautiful. The outlet which flows into Seneca Lake hasu descent of 271 feet in 7 miles, affording valu- able water power." the west- id in the Aes, 13 18 greatest divided which 19 surfaee !» 718 feet It usually • seasons . N. N. E its S. '^V. shore is iful. The ake has* ding valu- SCENERY OF THE 0AT8KILL MOUNTAINS. 58 SCENE IN THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. One of the most agreeable trips for the tonriat, when at New York, is for him to visit the famous scenery of the Catskill. There, a variety of wood, river, and mountain scene- ry will be enjoyed, not to be met with in most places. The trip there and back, can be made in 3 or 4 days from New York, and at not much expense. The charge at the Mountain House is |2.60 (or 10»., stg.,) per day — although cheaper accommodation is to be had as well. Near the Mountain House is said to be the site where Mr. Washington Irving located the scene of his celebrated novel of " Rip Van Winkle." Few places of summer resort are more frequented by tourists, whether as artists in search of some charming scenery to study, the invalid in quest of bracing air, or the gen- eral traveller in search of all the " lions" in America. K ^^'i 54 SYLVAN LAKE, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. I A go(Hl, general view of these monntaini is obtained from the deck of the Bteamers which pass up and down upon the Hudson. Strangers talte eitlicr the Albiiny steamer, from New York, or AUinny, to Cotskill, on the Hudson, (111 miles from New York) or the Hudson River Riiilroad to Oukliill St4»tii>ii, thence per ferry across. From Catskill Village, passengers ore conveyed per stage to tlio Mountain House, 12 miles distont, but the roud being very steep, it takes 4 hours to go that distance. The first view we present, " Scene in the Catskill Mountains," is from a pointing by J. F. Kensett, an American artist, the only objection to which wo have is, tlio Introduotion of two of the aborigines— of the district, we presume — o fault rather common, we tliink, amongst American artists, to give effect in pictures, whilst such figures can now only be introduced with truth in such districts aa Minnesota, or the Red River. THE UPPER OR SYLVAN LAKE-CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. The other engravings which follow are without any such additions, being from photo- graphs, taken last year of the scenes represented. To quote from n writer who has visited this locality : — "The ride to the foot of the mountain is not specially Interestinpr; but the ascent, byn very circuitous route, from every successive opening and turn of which some new nnil more extensive vista is presented to the eye continually, is in a hisrh degree inspirinc: nnd delightful. And when at length the lofty eminence is reached, there opens, from the front of the noble edifice, a prospect of vast extent and beouty ; embracing an apparently end- less succession of woods and waters, farms and villages, towns and cities, spread out aa in a boundless panorama, over which all Inequalities of surface are overlooked. Tlie beauti- ful Hudson appears narrowed in the distance, with numerous vessels scattered along its sil- i i KAUT11.R8KILL FALLS, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 66 very line, diwcmcd an far as the eye can reach, by their canvn!< gleaming in Iho bud, and with tlie trailing cloud of emoko from steamboata almost coimtHiiliy in siglit. ■■ Tlie view embraces an area of about 70 miles north and south. Far in the eastern out- line rise the Taghanio Mountiiins, and the highlands of Connecticut and Massnchusett^ To the left are seen the Green Mountains of Vermont, stretching away in the north till their blue summits are blended with the sky. At otlior times all the prospect below Is enveloped in a rolling sea of mist ond cloud, surging with tlio wind, ond presenting ever new and fan- ciful forms to the sight Thunder storms are not unfrequently seen passing below the jpectator, while the atmosphere is deliglitfuUy clear and cool around him." Tlie preceding engraving represents one of two lakes of great beauty, which lie close to- gether, overlooked from the north mountain, and a short way from the Mountain House Hotel. All who are acquainted with this beautiful sheet of water, will at once recognize it in the above sketch, which we have had engraved from one of the series of photogrnplis taken there last year. For a pleasant walk alongside its shores, a row on its waters, or for practising the " gentle art" with fishing-rod and line, few spots present greater attrac- tions. KAUTERSKILL FALLS. The Sylvan Lake, already alluded to, is the source from which proceed the beautiful KftutersMU Falls, represented above, as also the source of the Kauterskill River, which finds its way into the Hudson, at Catskill Village. The falls are situated about 2 milea m SLEEPY UOLLOW, CAT8KILL MOUNTAINS. from tho lilountaiii IIouic. Cooper, tlie novelist, In hi* novel of t.ho " Pioneer," thm men- lionn tlieni :— " Thn wntor comos croaking nnil wlnJlnf? nmonp; tho rocks, flrnt, go slow that a trout nil^lit Hwiiii iiilo it, tinn Htnrtiii^ and running liko any creature tliat wanted to nmk«> n fair spring, till it m-ti to wlu-rc tlie mountain divideit, like th« cleft foot of a deer, leaving a dfcp liollow for the l;rook to tumlilo into. TIim firxt jiiteh is nigh 200 feet, and tlie wiitit look)* like flakes of snow before it touches the bottom, nnd tiien gathers itself togitlior ngtiiu for a new start ; nnd muybe flutters over SO feet of flut rock before it fulls for another loo feet, when it juni])s from shelf to shelf, llrst running this wny nnd that way, striviii); to get out of the hollow, till it fiimlly gets to tho plain." VIEW DOWN SLEEPY HOI.LOW-CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. As another view of one of the cascnles, we present one taken from the ledge of rooks over which the water rushes silently but jwiftly over the precipice, down into the beauti ful gorge of "Sleepy Hollow." THS WHITE MOUNTAINB. 67 WHITE MOUNTAINS, NEW HAMPSHIRE. The Rccompllthed author of " America rdi] the Aniericnna" tliu» writes regarding this portion of the Unlt«'d iStutPs: — "ThlsTs one oftli*! wll(k-«t regiuiu in the United Htntcs, From tlie top of the gtage wo have a wide nrospt'ct over forestn, paatoi al volleys, ravines, and dingles; Mount Lafavette rising iieforo us in solemn majesty, and behind us, far as the eve can reach, an undulating country, ttretohing away towards the frontiers of Oanndft. For the first 8 miles the drive lies throiij;h a tangled wood, and up an ascent BO steep that our team occasionally pauses. The road is so narrow that the trees touch the carriage on both sides at the same time, aiul »o rougli that passengers hold on firmly fur their lives; yet the coachman drives his six in hand with the utmost cage and skill." During nine . or ten montlis of the year, the sumniite of the mountains arc covered with snow ond ice, giving them a bright and dftziling appearance. On every side are long and winding gullies, deepening in their descent to the plain below. These mountoins are situated in the county of Coos, in the N. part of the 8tate. They extend about 20 miles, from 8. W. to N. E., and are the more elevated parts of a range extending many miles in that direction. Their bnae is about 10 miles broad, and are the highest in New England ; and, if we ex- cept the Rocky Mountains, and one or two peaks in Nortli Carolina, tliey are the most lofty of any in the United States. Although these mountains are U6 miles dis- tant from the ocean, their snow-white mm- wits ore distinetlj- visible, in good weather, more than 60 miles from shore. Their np- peanyice, at that distance, is that of a sil- very cloud skirting the horizon. The names here given are those generally appropriated to the different summits : Mount Wmhngton Is known by its superior eleva- tion, and by its being the southern of the three highest peaks. Mount Adams is known by its siiarp, terminating peak, and being the north of Washington. Jeffersmi is situ- ated between these two. Madinon is the eastern peak of the range. Monroe is the first to the soutii of Washington. Franklin is the second south, and is known by its level surface. Lafaiielte is known by Its conical shape, ond being the third south of Wash- ington. The ascent to the summits of these mountains, though fatiguing, is not danger- ous ; ond the visitant is richly rewarded for his labour and curiosity. In passing from the Notch to the highest summit, the travel- liT crosses the summits of Mounts Lafayette, Franklin, and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he must pass through a forest, and cross several ravines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are they discovered ot a great dU- tance ; for tlijB trees fill them up exactly even with the mountain on each side, mxA their branches interlock with eacli other in siichtt manner that it is very difficult to paw through tiiem, and they are so stiff and thick as olmost to support a man's weight After crossing Mount Franklin, you pass over the eastern pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of Mount Washington. Here Is a fine resting-place, on the margin of a beau- tiful sheet of water, of on oval form, cover- ing about lliree-fourths of on acre. Tlie waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep. Not a living creature is to l)e seen In the waters at this height on the hills ; nor does vegetation grow in or around them, to ob- scure the clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they rest. A snmll spring dischnrgea Itself into this pond, at Its south-east angle. Another pond, of about two-thirds Its size, lies north-west of this. Directly before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington rises with majestic grandeur, like on Immense pyramid, or some vast krcmlln, in this mag- nificent city of mountains. The pinnacle is elevated obout 1500 feet above the plain, and is composed piinclpnlly of huge rocks of granite and ^'ueiss, piled together, pre- senting a variety of colours and forms. The ascent is made on horseback. In ascending, you must pass enormous masses o' loose stons; but a ride of half an hour win genera'!;, i .irry you to the sumnut. The view from this jioJnt is wonderfully grand and picturesque. Innumerable moun- tains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns, and vil- loges meet the delighted eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters olong the eost- ern horizon. To the north is seen the lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson ; and to the east, a little detached from the range, sup- ported on the north Iry a high ridge, which extends to Mount Jefferson ; on the north- east by a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur, extending far oway in that di- rection ; east, by a promontory, which breaks off abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose ; south and south-east by a grossy jdoln, in summer, of more than 40 acres. At the south-eastern extremity of this plain a ridge commences, which slopes gracefully away towards the vale of the Saco, upon whlcii, at short dis- tances from each other, arise rocks, resem- bling in some places, towers; in others, rep- resenting the various orders of aroldtec- ture. ,1 1 ; if N '5 58 WILLEY HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 3 THE WILLEY HOUSE, WHITE MOUiS'TAINS. The abore house stands upon a spot which will ever rema'n memorable in the history of the White Mountains, as having been the scene of a fearful ci-lamity which overtook a family namtJ Willey, residing there, who were all LuricJ beneath an avalanche, or slide, from the mountain, which occurred during the year 1826, a year remarkable for a great flood in these mountain regions. Leaving Willey House, the tourist, who is desirous of ascending higher, will find him- self in the vicinity of the " Notch," as it is called. " The Notch of the White 3fountains is a phrase apjiropriated to a very narrow d-jfile, extending two miles in ler.gtli, between two huge cliffs, apparentiy rent asunder by some vast convulsion of nature, probably that of the deluge. " The scenery at this place is exceedingly beautiful and grand. About half a mile from the entrance of the chasm is seen a most beautiful cascade, issuing from a nu)un- tain on the. right, aix»ut 800 feet abovt the subjacent valley, and about two miles dis- tant The stream passes over a series of rocks, almost pTpeii-Ticular, with a course so little broken as to preserve the a)>pear- avio of a uniform current, and yet so fnr disturbed as to be perfectly white. This beautiful stream, which passes down a 9tu- tho pendous precipice, is called by Dwight tl Silvr Caneadey it is probably one of tli most beautiful in the world, and has been thus described ; — " The stream is scanty, but its course from among the deep forest, whence its springs h sue into light, is one of singular bciiuty. Buried beneath the lofty precipice of tlie gorge, after ascending *hrough Pulpit Rock, by the side of the turbulent torrent of the Saco, the ear is suddenly saluted by Tne soft dashings of the sweetest of cascades; niidn glance upward reveals its silver streams issu- ing from the loftiest crests of the mountain, and leaping from crag to crag. It is a beau- tiful vibiou in the midst of the wildest and most dreary scenery."' Mount Wanhinffton House, capuble of ac- commodating 100 guests, is situated about i miles fron' tho Notch. The Notch House is at the head of tlic Sii- CO lliver, and about 9 miles from tho top of Mour*-, Washington. The Willey Home, alluded to above, is about 2 miles below the Notch. The C mcford Horn. , in the valley of tiie Saco, is about 8 mLes below tlie NotcU, these, together with the Olm Home, will be found in every respect desirable, for stopping a;. Partimilurs of Tip Top Home will be found on next pngc As already ei forms the higlirt Mountains, 623^ We present i a photograph ta Mount Washing "Tip-Top Hous ambition of all tempt to climb f the range m tli and liio flood." Tip-Top IIous under most difli without groat ri; 111 Ti]vTop H( moduted all nig sii'ous of witnes! nnd being up in iiig, can aceoni| the aftornoon, si retui'ning ne.\t iii «ponnioMt, if f; '",?, will be cer fi'ouble. ,l{e!,'araing the tins dizzv heiirJit , "ini.'edayl,; I wnequalled perim iNorth American .. confused masses "Ppeoranco of a. , cooled whilst its p commotion. On rim of silver li.rh •io miles distant ] TIP-TOP HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 69 I' P 4 i- If TIP-'^OP HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS, As already explained, Mount Wes^ington forms the highest of the range of the White Mountains, 6234 feet above the sea. We present above, a sketch made from a pliotogrnph taken of the highest point of Mount Washington, known by travellers as "Tip-Top House," to attain to which is the ambition of all tourists who make the at- tempt to climb to the apex of the highest of the range in this region of " the mountain and tlio tlood." Tip-Top House is a rude built inn erected under most ditiicult circumstances, and not without gri'at risk of life and property. In Tip-Top House, tourists v\n be nccora- modiitcd all niglit, so that any who are de- sirous of ■witnessing the sotting of the sun, and being up in time for sunrise next morn- ing, can accomplish both, by ascending in the afternoon, staying tliere all night, and returning next morning. Those who try the expennu'ut, if favoured witli a clear morn- ing, will be certain to be repaid for their trouble. Regarding the view from the summit of this dizzy height, we quote: — "If the day be clear, a view is, afforded unequalled perhaps on tlie eastern uide of the North American continent. Around you are confused masses of mountains, bearmg the appearance of a sea of molten lava suddenly cooled whilst its ponderous waves were yet in commotion. On the S. E. horizon gleams a rim of silver light — it is the Atlantic Ocean, 65 miles distant, laving tlia shores of Maine. Lakes of all sizes, from I^ake Winnipiseogee to mere mountain ponds, and mountains be- neath you, gleam misty and wide. Far off in the N. E. is Mount Katahdin. In the western horizoii are the Green Mountains of Vermont, while the space is filled up with every kind if landscape — moi^. tain and hill, plain and valley, late and river." It would be \ nin in us to attempt a descrip- tion of tlie varied wonders -which here as- tonish and delight the beholder. To those who have visited these mountains, our de- scription would be tame and uninteresting; and he who has never ascended their hoary summits cannot realize the extent and mag- nificence of the scene. These mountains are decidedly -if piimitive formation. Nothing of volcanic origin has ever yet been disci ver- ed, on the most diligent research. Tney have for ages, probably, exhibited the same unvarying aspect. No minerals are here found of much rarity or value. Tlie rock which most abounds is schistose, intermixed with greenstone, uiioa, granite, i.nd gneiss. Tliore are several routoc to this highland district; amongst the principal, and those which will please the tourist best, we name from Portland, Maine, per Eastern Railror 1, or from Boston to Plymouth, thence per coach to the Flume House, thence through Franconia Noieh — about 150 miles. Another route, and said to be the fines*:, is via Lake Winnipiseogeo, 180 miles. Proceed from Boston per Boston and Maine and Cocheco Ilailroad. (See AV inuipiseogee Lake, N. H.) *i«;! 60 GENESEE PALLS, NEW YORK. VIEW OF GENESEE FALLS, NEAR PORTAGE, STATE OF NEW YORK, The name of Genesee is one of the liousehold words of Great Britain aa well ns America, From the Genesee distr'i; thousands of barrels of flour, made from its world-renowneil wheat, finds its way to England every year, the best proof of the well-known richness of tlio soil of the Genesee Valley, of which the above engraving represents one of its most striking features. The Railroad Bridge, seen in the background, is a magnificent structure, for t'.ie piirpo«« of enabling the Bufialo «fe New York City Railroad to cross the valley. Situated about a mile from the village of Genesee Falls, this bridge spans the valley by its entire length of 800 feet, with a height, from the bod of the river, of 234 feet The precipices in tlie vicin- ity are, in some places, 400 feet high. Genesee Falls consist of a series of falls situated at different points. Near Rochester, they are about 100 feet high. Whilst another fall is about the same height over the moiitli of the river. Tlie point we have selected for engraving from a photograph, represent) one (jf the scries of falls — from one of the most picturesque spots in tlie G.-nesee Valley- vijs., above the saw mill, near Portag" Genesee Falls are much visited by tourists every year. Rochester is one of the leading stations, leading from New York to Suspension Bridge and Niagara Falls, so that tourists can easily visit the Falls of the Genesee on their way to the Falls, par excellence. THE PASSAIC, BALLSTON SPA AND LEBANON SPRINGS. 61 i I ilM THE PASSAIO, AT PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. . r; The nbove engraving represents one of the most picturesque scenes in the State of New Jersey. The Fulls of the Passaic are situated near the town of Paterson, which owes its significance to the water-power afforded by the river, and these falls, which foil 70 feet perpendicularly over the rocks, forming, when the river is full, a very imposing sight, in a most ronantic situation. The Passaic River rises in Morris County, is 100 miles in length, and si't*>;"» Newark Bay, 3 miles below Newark. Paterson is reached by rail from New York, •v!uoh it is 17 miles distant, on the New York «fe Erie Railroad. "liAii. '0 . ?■'?>, acharming village, and capital of t .. (-••si County, New York, on the Saratoga p.uu Schenectady Railroad, 80 miles N. of Albany, 7 miles Aiv. of Saratoga Springs, and 175 miles N. of City Hall, New ^ork; enjoying a wide-spread celebrity on aocount of the excellence of its mineral vnters. From inclination, and also from v.,j overflowing of the Saratoga hotels, the Spa, (luring the summer solstice, is constantly thronged with visitors. There are several i'"''";htful promenades and drives in the '•ourhood, and a person may very de- . ;b'"l'ypass away a month or more in por- t;''>'\,. of tl p wiiters, and enjoying the fresh, uit oouiitrv oir. The Spa is reached from 'toy by the Troy an J Schenectady Railroad." iS " NEW LEBANON SPRINGS VTLLAGR — A beautiful village of Columbia County, New York, 26 miles S. E. of Albany, much frequented on account of thu medicinal prop- erties of its waters. The hotel accommoda- tions are ample ; and the place also contains a Water-cure Establishment, pleasantly lo- cated on a hill slope, overlooking a beautiful valley. The celebrated Shaker Settlement and New Lebanon Village are within 2 miles of the Springs. Reached from New York by the Hudson Rivci H^'lroad to the City of IL 'Ison, thenco by the Hudson and Berk- shire, and the Albany and Boston Rail-oads, or by the Harlem itailroad, and its connec- tions witu the above routes, or per steamer from New York to Hudson, thence by rail," rp 62 SPRINGS AND WATERING PLACES. I " AVON SPRINGS, Livingston Co>ui ^v, New Yorlv, delightfully situated on the ri^'.t bank of t^he Genesee River, on an elevated terroce 100 feet above the water, commanding a beautiful and varied prospect. In the im- mediate vicinity are two celebrated mineral springs, which are the resort of tliousands during the summer season. The waters are esteemed efficacious in cutaneous affections, rheumatism, and indigestion. The place con- tains several excellent hotels, four churoiies, and a number of factories. Reached by Cen- tral Roilroad from Albany to Buffalo, via Rochester, from which city they are distant 20 miles. " COLUMBIA SPRINGS have of late years grown into popular favour. They are easy of access, lying 4 miles from the City of Hudson, and within the town of Stockport, Columbia County, New York. The view ond grounds are highly picturesque and varied, stretch- ing delightfully from hill to dale, from forest glen to velvet lawn. In the immediate neigh- bourhood there i- . '. '.rge stream, offering all the country charw -''ing and fishing. There is a well-kef • at the Springs, and prices moderate. ohed by Hudson River Railroad to Hudsuii, thence by stage or carriage, 4 miles. ••LAKE MAHCPAC lies in the western part of the t«wn of Carmel, Putnam County, New York. It is one of the principal sources of supply to the Croton. Its quiet waters, its pretty wooded islands, the romantic re- sorts in its vicinage, the throngs of pleasure- seeking strangers, the boating and fishing, and otlier rural sports, make it a delightful place for cither o visit or permanent resi- dence. Tliere are two excellent hotels here, besides good boarding-houses, should visitors prefer. Reached by Harlem Railroad to Croton Falls, 49 miles, fare $1.35 ; thence by stage, 6 miles, fare 25 cents. " CANANDAIGUA LAKE.— This beautiful lake, with a charming villn£,e situated at its north end, is 14 miles long-, and from 1 to IJ- miles wide, and, with its highly-cultivated shores, jiresents many line views. Tiie water is remarkably clear, and abounds with excel- lent fish, very communicative with the im- gler. lis outlet flows into Flint Creek, then into Clyde River, and thence into Seneca River, the common outlet of a cluster of lakes. Cananduigua Village, built with neatness and Uiste, presenting many desira- ble situations, is tne capital of Ontario County. The surface consists of gentle hills, beautiful plains, and a fertile soil. Months may be pleasantly passed at this jxipular summer resort the railroad from Elmira, on the New York and Erie route to Niagara Falls, passes through the village. '•GENEVA AND SENECA LAKE.— This lovely village is beautifully situated in Seneca Township, Ontario County, at the north end of Seneca Lake, on the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 60 miles E. S. E. of Rochester. It is handsomely built, and contains a number of churches, a bank, three newspaper offices, and about 50 stores, besides several mills and other establishments. The Episcopal Church is a fine Gothic edifice ; cost $25,000. Here is the Hobart Free College, under the direc- tion of the Episcopalians, founded in 1823 ; in 1854 it hoa 5 professors, 67 students, and a library of 5400 volumes. The Medical In- stitute of Geneva, founded in 1836, has 6 pro- fessors ana about 80 students. The General Union School is attended by about o\,"i^- ,piid, Steamboats ply daily between Geneva oud Jefferson, at the head of the lake. The lake abounds in fish, and the woods are alive with game, affording excellent sport for the loiter- ing tourist. " TUPPER'S LAKE, situated in the S. W. part of Franklin County, New York, is 6 miles long and 2 wide. The shores, head- lands, and islands are especially bold and picturesque. Deer abound in the forest, and the lake is filled with trout and other fish. "SARANAC LAKES.— These wonderful links of fhe great chain of mountain waters in upper New York, are about a dozen in number, large and small. These lakt)s ie principally in Franklin County, and may be most readily reached by stage from Westport or Keesville, about midway on the western shore of Lake Champlain. All these lakes abound in trout anu other fish ; and the forests, which are on the farthest bounds of civilization within the State, are alive with deer and feathered game. " INDIAN LAKE lies in Hamilton County, New York, surrounded by a wild and moun- tainous region, the peaks of which are from 1500 to 2000 feet above the surrounding country. It is 4 miles long and 1 wide, and abounds with various kinds of fish. " LITTLE FALLS is remarkable for n bold passage of the Mohawk River ond Erie Canal through a wild and most picturesque moun- tain defile, where the river descends 4"2 feet in 1 mile. The scenery, with the river rapids and cascades, the locks and windings of the canal, the bridges, and the glinipse* far away of the valley of the Mohawk, is especially beautiful. The Falls are in Her- kimer County, New York, by the side of the Erie Canal and Utioa and Schenectady Rail- road. The village is situated on both sides of the Mohawk. The Erie Canal has a feeder which crosses the river in a fine aque- duct 214 feet long and 16 wide, with wiill- 14 feet high, upheld by 1 arch of 70 feet span, and 2 others of 50 feet each. Tlie canal passes tiie brow of a mountain here which reaches to the border of the river." THE SOUKOE OF THE RIVER HUDSON. 68 H '■ CO o o »*1 a w o § O O o © t OQ The view here presented is a scene in the Adirondack mountains, in the vicinity of, and west of Lalce Champlain. Some of the peaks of these mountains (Mount Marcy) rise as high as 5464 feet above the level of tide water in the River Hudson. Up in that moun- tainous region does that noble river take its rise. From there it proceeds almost due south, for about 300 miles, until it enters the Atlantic, through the harbour of New York. The Adirondacks are famous as a deer-hunting country. 64 THE RIVER HUDSON. THE HUDSON, NEW YORK TO ALBANY. As explained elsewhere this noble river tftkes its rise nearly 300 miles from New York, in the Adirondack Mountains. (See ensTavinj», Source of the Hndson.) The Hudson forms one of the great leadin.^ routes for all classes of travellers bound for the north or north-west, nliko eitlier for the tourist in search of pleasure, the invalid for health, and the emigrant from the old world in quest of a home in the new. Up the Hudson the great stream of travellers go ; so that, for general in- formation, we purpose noticing the chief features of this magnificent trip, wliicli.if mnde by a day boat from either New York or Albany, cannot fail to astonish and de- light the traveller. The trip is cnjoyeii, nl?o, by mnny by night, starting from 1 either terminus about 6, p. m. Tlie time oooupiod on the journey is from 8 to 10 lioiin i Emigrants generally leave New York by the night boat, which starts about 6, p. m., nrrivin? in Albany in time for the trains via the New York Central, and other railroads for the | north and north-west, whicli run in connection. For size, comfortable accommodation, anl Internal magnificence, we believe the New York and Albany steamers to be unequalled br I any river boats in the world. Tourists can have their baggage checked on board the Albany steamers in the saiw I manner as on the railroads, on application to the baggoge-master on board. The fare to Albany is from f 1 to f 1.60, (4s. to Sk. stg.), depending upon the accommodation required | The meals supplied on board are most excellent and very moderate. TRIP UP THE HUDSON. 65 V lit STATE-ROOM SALOON OF TIIE "ISAAC NEWTON." Thk River Hudson has been named after its discoverer, Henry Hudson— an Englishman, then in the service of the Dutch— and who, in an ex- ploring expedition, about 250 years ago, was the first to discover this magnificent river, and as- cended it as far as the village of Verplanck's Point— in his ship called the " Half Moon." The Indian name of the Hudson was the Shatemuck, in later times it has been termed the River of Mountains, the Great River, the North River, and the Rhine of America. In the year 1807, Robert Fulton, who con- structed the first steamboat in America— if not in the world — started the steamer " Clermont" on the waters of the Hudson — from New York to Albany. The engine which worked the Cler- mont, was brought from England for the pur- pose. Although we have stated that the time Ia 66 SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. J taken for this trip is from 8 to 10 hours, jet the entire distance of 150 miles baa been run in 6 hours and 50 minutes. As an illustration of the interior of a river steamboat, we give the prefixed engraving of an interior view of the state-room of the " Isaac Newton," one of the night boats which runs be- tween New York and Albany. Destined for a trip up the Hudson, we shall briefly notice a few of the chief points on the route, although no description, whatever, can convey to the reader a just idea of this trip — which should be made by all tourists— if at all possible — as the scenery of the Hudson, for river scenery, is not equalled by that of any other river on the American Continent, which we are acquainted with. Started from the wharf at New York, the first place we pass is HoBOKEM, one of the lungs of New York, to which great numbers resort every Sunday to enjoy a drink of water from the Sybil's Springs there, and a walk through the pleasant £lysian Fields, or from there to Weehawken, or Bergen Heights. Passing on, the next prominent point reach- ed, is Fort Lee, which is the commencement of the far-famed Palisades. These bold precip- itc us rocks resemble, in some respects, the ap- pearance of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. The height of the Palisades ranges from 20 to 600 feet, and being fringed with brushwood on the top, and at their base, with some neat little cottages at the water's edge, form a very fine appearance as the steamer skims past them. On the opposite side, will next be seen Manuattanvillb, situated on the island on which the City of New York stands, and prettily embosomed amidst woods and hills. On a height above the town is Clermont, once the residence of Joseph Bonaparte, and other celeb- rities. Manhattanville is also the resting- place of Audubon, the great naturalist. Fort Washington — celebrated in the Ameri- can Revolutionary annals — is now in sight. To capture this fort, the British lost 1200 men, be- sides having the ship '* Mercury" so riddled with shot, that she sunk. Spuyten Duyvel Creek is about 2 miles further on — passing which is YoNKKBS, a thriving town on the east bank of the river — 17 miles from New York — in the vicinity of which are several neat villas, and fine panoramic scenery. Amongst other resi- dences may be seen Fonthill, once the residence of Edwin Forrest, the celebrated tragedian. Hastings, about 3 miles from Yonkers, is next reached, and 2 miles further on that of Dobbs' Ferry, on the same side of the river. On the opposite shore is Piermont, where the New York and Erie Railroad commences. In the immediate vicinity is SuMNTSiDB— one of the most celebrated places on the river— being the residence of Washing- ton Irving— a spot of great beauty, almost hid- den from view by the dense shrubbery in which it is enveloped. Sunnyside ought to be, one would suppose, one of the quietest and moit retired nooks extant, but we fear that the fame of the author of " Rip Van Winkle" is such, together with the exquisite situation of Sunnyside, that the intrusion of fr iids aud tourists are too frequent for him to secure that retirement, which literary men, in the prosecu- tion of their labours, require, and like to enjoy. Further on is the village of Nyack — whilst di- rectly opposite is Tarrttown, a place replete with many at- tractions of a pictorial and historical character, and where some beautiful residences have been erected by New York merchants. In the neigh- bourhood is Sleepy Hollow, one of the most beautiful dells in the whole route. Passing on- ward, we reach the wharf for SiNQ SiNO, 83 miles from the city, at one Oi" the broadest points on the river. At Sing Sing is the celebrated State Prison, an object of great interest for visiting, with cells for upwards of 1000 prisoners. Almost 2 miles from Sing Sing, the Croton River rises, from which water is conveyed to New York. Opposite tq S'ng Sing is Yerdriteges' Hook, a high headland, ue- hind which, on the same height, 250 feet above the river, is Rockland Lakh, from which the denizens of New York receive their chief supply of ice— an engraving of which will be found in another portion of this work. The lake is about 4 miles in circumference. Proceeding onward, we come to Haterstraw Village, on the same side of the river, 36 miles from New York. Here are the old forts Clinton and Montgomery— cele. brated in Revolutionary history. On the opposite, or east side of the river, is Vbrplanck's Point, celebrated as being the spot at which Henry Hudson anchored the ship "Q-'.i Moon" on his first voyage up the Hud- son. The surprise of the Indians in those dajj may be imagined at seeing, for the first time, a vessel of such proportions opposite their homes. One writer records the following incident, which followed that event : — " Filled with wonder, they came flocking to the ship in boats, but their curiosity ended in a tragedy. One of them, overcome by acquisi- tiveness, crawled up the rudder, entered tlie cabin window, and stole a pillow and a few arti- cles of wearing apparel. The mate saw the thief pulling his bark for land, and shot at and killed him. The ship's boat was sent for tbe stolen articles, and when one of the natives, who had leaped into the water, caught hold of the side of the shallop, bis band was cut off bj a sword, and he was drowned. This was tbe first blood shed by these voyagers. Intelligence SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. 67 of it spread over the country, and the Indians hated the white man ever after." Leaving Verplanck's Point, the river now nar- rows considerably. On the opposite shore is Stony Point, with a light-house upon it— once the scene of a sharp engagement between the British and Americans in 1779, when the latter took possession of it by storm. Beyond this point is Haverstraw Bay, where the celebrated Highlands of the Hudson commence. On the east shore is the pretty little town of Peek- skill, fronting Dunderberg, or Thunder Moun- tain. At the foot of which lies Caldwell's Landing. As the steamer proceeds up the river, the tourist accustomed to sail up Loch Lomond (Scotland) will be forcibly struck with the similarity in appearance which the Hudson here presents to it, as the steamer proceeds on- wards. At one time, you will be sailing past islands possessed of all the beauty of Ellen's Isle on J^ch Katrine (Scot.,) with high hills wooded to their tops on each side, whilst pro- ceeding onwards the channel of the river ap- pears completely blocked up, till the steamer, in approaching, takes a turn round the base of one of the hills, only to open up another scene of great magniflcence, and reveal the Highland beauty of hill and dale, clothed in their brightest summer foliage. The Highlands —as they are well named — extend over an area of about 25 miles, along the course of the Hud- son, and during the whole trip, no portion will be better enjoyed till the steamer reaches about the last height near Newburg. On rounding Dunderberg Mountain, will be seen Anthony's Nosb, 1128 feet high. Two miles further on. Sugar Loaf, 806 feet high — whilst on the west side of the river BuUermiUc Falls will be seen descending over the face of the hill. In some of these Highland passes, in the river, are sometimes to be'found numbers of wind-bound vessels — tacking about — and forming, often, a beautiful sight, as they are to be seen endeavour- ing to get into a broader part of the river. West Point forms one of the stopping-places for the steamer. Here is situated the United States Military Academy, where cadets are edu- cated. It is beautifully situated, and visited by many tourists. From there we proceed on to Cronest, 1428 feet high, of which the poet, G. P. Morris, writes : — " Where the Hudson's wave, o'er silvery sands, Winds through the hills afar, And Cronest, like a monarch stands, Crown'd with a single star 1" After passing this romantic locality, we reach Butter Hill— or, as it has been re-christened by Mr. N. P. Willis, SioEM Kino— 1500 feet high, and the last high range of hills on that side of the river. Cold Sprmg and Undercliff are now approached — the latter where Mr. Morris resides. We are now 54 miles from the City of New York — be- yond which point is Bbacon Hill, 1888 feet high, ftom off which some of the finest views may be had— passing which, we reach Cor s WALL Landing — above which is the seat of Mr. N. P. Willis — named Jdlewild — surround- ed with all the natural romantic beauties which we fancy any poet would delight to dwell amongst. Shortly after leaving which, we reach the important town of Newbubo — with its 12,000 population — nice- ly situated on the face of the hill. To tho south of the town is the spot which once form- ed the head-quarters of Washington, during the stay of his army at New Windsor, not far off. Opposite, on the other side of the river, is Break-Neck Mountain, which was supposed to have a resemblance to a Turk's Face, and can be easily seen from the deck of the steamer when approaching Pallopel's Island. " The story goes, that some Irishmen were quarrying for granite once, when one of them put a blast of powder before the Turk's face, saying he thought the old fellow would like to have his nose blowed. And the nose was com- pletely blown away ; while the admirers of the curious and beautiful think that the Irishman, who was shortly after killed, was hurried from the world for his barbarity to tho works of Na- ture." (See engraving.) Opposite to this spot is FiSBKiLL, the scenQ of many of tho incidents related in Cooper's novel of " The Spy." Pro- ceeding on, we reach New Hamburg, Mar- borough, Barnegat; and, passing which, the pretty and retired town of PouaHKBBPSiE — 75 miles from New York — is reached, and one of the largest towns between New York and Albany. It has a population of upwards of 15,000, and is the centre of a rich agricultural district, which sends large supplies of farm and dairy produce to New York. Founded by the Dutch 150 years ago. Oppo- site Poughkeepsie is New Paltz Landing. Htdb Park and Placentia are 6 miles be- yond, situated on the east side of the river. Placentia is the residence of the veteran author, J. K. Paulding, and from which is seen some of the finest views of the river and country round about, as far up as the Catskill Moun- tains. Passing Staatsburg, we shortly reach the wharf for Rondout and Kingston. (See engraving on page 69.) Kingston is a town of considerable importance, with a population of 13,000, and, probably, the most important town on the route. It was founded in 1663 by the Dutch, and burned by the British in 1773. There the first Constitution of New York was framed. Vanderlyn, the eminent painter, was born in Kingston, where he also died in 1853. As III !,■■ I f, l^ w "TSi? 68 SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. > I VIEW OF THE TURK'S FACE, ON THE HUDSON. the stoamor passes Siuigerties, Tivoli, and Oer- mnntown, the Catskill Mountains and Sliawan- giink range of hills apjjcar in sight, and tour- ists for the Catskillsmay now prepare to disem- bark at Catskill, opposite to Oukhill, on the Hudson River Railroad. Catskill, the point of debarkation for the Mountains, 112 miles from New York, and 40 from Albany, is at the mouth of Catskill Creek. For description and views of the Catskill Moun- tains, see preceding pages in this part — or in- dex. As the steamer passes the mouth of the Creek, and onwards towards Hudson Citj', an excellent distant view of the Catskills is ob- tained, with the Mountain House, like a spec on the top of a ridge. The distance to the Mountain House is about 10 miles from the Creek. Time of stages going, 4 hours— on ac- count of the ascent in the road. Hudson, on the other side of the river, is about 4 miles further on, beautifully situated on rising ground, and opposite to the classically- named town of Athe.ns. A visit to Hudson will repay the tourist. From it u trip can be mode to Columbia Springs, 5 miles distant, with the Chiverack Falls some 8 miles otf. Tourists destined for Lebanon Springs ("li miles off) take the Hudson and Berkshire cars. Thk Shaker Villaoe, at New Lebanon, is about 6 miles from Lebanon Springs, and it' the tourist has time, n visit to the interesting vil- lage of the Society of Quakers, will well repay him for the expense and trouble. At Hudson, you are now within 34 miles of Albany. The route now begins to lose much of its Highland character — but still, in many i)lncej, hilly. The next village, after Athens and Hud- son, is Stockport, 4 miles onwards ; then Cos- sttckie, 3 miles ; Stuyvesant, 3 miles, to Kinder- hook Landing — a few miles from which is tlio village of Kinderhook, the birth-place of Mar- tin Van Bureu, Ex-president of the United S'ntes. /•.Tier a few miles sailing, yon reach Scho- dack, 17 miles, and Castleton, 14 miles from Al- bany, which will shortly appear in sight, nud, soon after, you will reach the capital of the State of New York— the City of Albany. SCENE ON THE KONDOUT. SCENE ON KONDOUT CliEEK, STATE OF NEW YORK. The above view represents a scene on tlie Ptnnll strenm of the Rondout, which takes its rise in Sullivan county, N. Y., about 100 miles from New York, and enters the Hudson at Eddyville, near Rondout, 00 miles from New York. The Delaware and Hudson Canal fol- lows the stream all the way throucjh the valley in which the Rondout flows, Rondout, a village on the Hudson, tnkcs its name from the creek, and is the stopping- place for the steamers between Now York and Albany, for Kingston, three miles distant, tlie most important town between these two cities. Tlie view given above was engraved from a photograph by ]). Huntingdon, and portrays n scene of great beauty. A writer on this scene says: — " In it we have the constituents of many pictures which reproduce our elmrncteristie land-features, viz. : repose, grace, richness of foliage, softness of sky, gentle flow of water — all harmonizing to produce a very inspiriting sensation in the mind." ' 4 H J; 1'^ ;'l li ^11 'I. i .'' I ■ ' I I •1 :l ^1 70 THE NIAQABA SUSPENSION BBIDQE. Pd Pi pq o l-H CO QQ The above sketch representB the great Internfttionnl Bridge, which spans the Niagara, and joins the United States with Canada. Its length, from tower to tower, is 821 feet 4 inches. Erected at a cost of about |400,000 (£80,000 stg.). The lower floor or road-way is used for foot passengers, corriages, carts, etc., same as any ordinary road. The upper floor is for railroad traflSc exclusively. Across this bridge, the trains of the Great Western Railroad of Canada and the various railroads of New York State, travel, each train drawo very slowly, by a light pilot engine. From a report, by Mr. Roebling, Engineer, on this gigantic structure, we copy the fol- lowing particulars; — "The base and towers on the New York side, contain 1350 cubic yards, which weigh about 3,000 tons. Add to this we'ght of the superstructure of 1,000 tons, and we have s total of 4,000 tons, in a compact and solid mass. " There are 4 cables of 10 inches diameter, each composed of 8640 wires of small No. 9 NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 71 p^nnge, 60 wiros forming ono Kjniiro inch of boHiI section ; making the solid section of ench cal)lo 00.40 Kquare inches, wrapping not Included. " Each of the four large cables is composed of seven smaller ones, which I call utrandt, Eiicli strond contains 620 wires. One of these forms the centre, the six others are placed around it — the fi20 wires forming one strand of endless wire, obtained by splicing a num- ber of single wires. The ends of the strands are passed around and confined in cast-irou Bho<>H, which also receive the wrought-iron pin that forms a connection with the anchor chaiui>. "The wire measures 18.81 feet per pound, and the strength, therefore, is equivalent to 1640 lbs. per single wire, or nearly 100,000 pounds per square inch, " Assuming the above average strength, the aggregate strength of the 14,660 wires com> posing the four cables, will be 28,8*78,400 pounds. But their actual strength is greater, because the above calculations are based upon a minimum strength of the individual wires. We may assume their aggregate ultimate strength at 12,000 tons, of 2,000 pounds each. " Both ends of the bridge rest upon the cliffs, and are anchored to the rock. As far as supported by the cables, I estimate its weight at less than 1000 tons, which includes the weiglit of cables between the towers, and the pressure of the river stbys below. " There are 624 suspenders, each capable of sustaining thirty tons, which makes their united strength 18,720 tons. The ordinary weight they have to support Is only 1000 tons. A locomotive of thirty-four tons weight, inoludlng tender, spreads its weight, by means of the girders and trusses, over a length of no less than 200 feet Of course the greatest pressure is under the engine, and Is there supported by no less than twenty suspenders. If, by any accident, a sudden blow or jar should be produced, the strength of the suspenders will be abundant to meet It. "A change of temperoture of 100° causes a difference in the level <>f the floor of two feet three Inches. The lower floor, or river stays have enough of b1; ic, or deflection, to adjust themselves under these changes. The only difference will be, that they are tighter in winter than In summer; consequently, that the equilibrium of the bridge will be less affected by passing trains in cold weather than In warm. " Droves of cattle ore, according to the regulations, to be divided off Into troops of 20, no more than three such bodies, or 60 In all, to be allowed on the bridge at one time. Each troop is to be led by one person, who Is to check their progress In case they should start off on a trot. " In my opinion, a heavy train, running at a speed of 20 miles an hour, does less injury to the structure, than Is caused by 20 heavy cattle under a full trot. Public processions, marching to the sound of music, or bodies of soldiers keeping regular step, will produce a still more Injurious effect" The charge for passing over the bridge, on foot, Is 26 cents — going and returning. Car- riage ll.OO, with 26 cents for each passenger Inside. The promenade, during a hot day, on the foot-path of the bridge, is dellclously cool, from the breeze which generally blows up or down the gorge of the river. The views looking towards the Falls, from different points on the bridge, are also exceedingly good< presenting to the stranger the picture of Niagara Falls, as they are represented in many engravings which are given of them, and even the best of them, after all, only can give a very faint idea of the great reality. ^i.-, 'v:..,A ;,,.,■ ■.'.-•4 ti-t ; 1:11 II i ,' : :; i'l iM ^K ■^B i m. 72 SUEPSNSION BRIDGE, FALLS OP NIAGARA. KIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE — BAiLBOAD TBACK VIEW. THE FALLS OF NIAGARA. [Dlatut (Vom Ni«r York, 440; QutbM, (8S; FhlladelphU, 441 ; Boltjuore, 639; Toronto, tO; Buffitlo, 99 niOM.] To attempt to convey the faintest impression of the unspeakable magnitude and magnificence of the Falls of Niagara almost borders on pre- sumption. They have been clad with a brilliant liulo of imagination since we first heard of their existence, at school. The pen, the pencil, and photography, have all been laid under contribu tion, for the purpose of describing and illustrat- ing the miglity cataract. The powers of word- painting have been wielded by the literateur, the preacher, and the poet, to furnish suitable representations of the " world's wonder." Fu- tility and failure have been written upon every attempt. The thunder of waters is inexpressi- ble by human language; but yet, to be admired it needs only to be seen; and the deep impres- sion that is stamped upon the mind of every spectator that stands before the stupendous scene of Niagara, will never \i? erased from the tablets of memory. Who shall ever forget that moment when he leajit from the cars, bounded, with all the impatience of a cur'osity cherished from earliest infancy, down the declivity, and the Bublime sccue burst upon his astonished vision? The eye wandered up and down " the Rapids," rushing, for a mile above the Falls, in tumultu- ous madness, fretting and eddying, whirling and twirling, rumbling and tumbling, pell-mell, in precipitate confusion ; fell then upon the pure, pellucid waters, that soothed themselves into a solemn sweep as they moved, with the majesty of irresistible might over the lofty precipice, with the deafening roar of gratulation at their safe descent ; and last, not least, upon the beau- teous bow that capped and crowned the glowing scene resplendent with magnifioence and re- dolent of transcendent sublimity. But instead of straining the capabilities of language, by heaping metaphor on metaplior, in a listless endeavour to describe the inde- scribable, let us act as cicerone to the tourist, and leave him to drink inspiration from the voice of the living waters themselves. We may here notice that the Falls are formed by the United waters of Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie, which J.! n:cet in the River Niagara, at the eastern ex- tremity of Lake Erie, from which it pursues its CO •^ I 74 NIAGARA FALLS. coune for about 22 miles, where it is divided, by Goat Island, into two falls — the one forming a fall ii; a straighl, line, called the Ambricak Fall, as it falls on the United States side of the River, and the other in a sort of semi-circular form, or, as it has been called, the Hobsb-Shob Fall, on the Canada side of the river. The American Fall is about 900 feet wide, with a descent, in one unbroken sheet, of 163 feet per- pendicular. The Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall is about 2000 feet wide, with a fall of 168 feet. The total descent of the water irom Lake Erie to Lake Ontario is d84 feet. Such is the great action of the water upon the precipice over which it falls — as well as upon the embankments upon both sides of the river — it is estimated that about one foot is worn away annually, and that the falls have receded during the course of ages — es- timated by geologists at 87,000 years — from Quoenstown, 7 miles below, to where they are at present. With these preliminary remarks, we shall proceed to describe the most important objects of interest, addressing ourselves as if the reader were on a visit there. As ono very common route for strangers who wish to " do" the Falls in the most methodical and particular manner, we subjoin the follow- ing, which can be adopted, either in whole or in part, by the tourist, as he may feel disposed. Supposing, then, that you are on the American side of the river, you proceed to Goat Island. Id proceeding thither you cross the bridge of 3 arches, which spans the river, to Bath Island, from ofif which you get an excellent view of the Rapids, as they come rushing along, as if bent on sweeping away the bridge, and ever/ thing on it, before them down the stream and over the fall. Arrived across the bridge, you enter a cottage, register your name, and pay a toll of 25 cents, (1«. stg.,) which will admit you to cross and re- oross during the whole season. Passing on, you may observe, to your right hand, the paper works which were burned down last autumn. Passing them, you cross another small bridge, and then enter upon the beautiful grounds of Goat Island. Turning to the right hand, you proceed to the " Hog's Back," and across a small bridge to " Luna Island," which divides a small portion of the American Fall. An excel- lent view is there obtained of the American Fall, and scenery up and down the river. After leaving Luna Island, you proceed through Goat Island, keeping oi; t.he walk nearest the river, towards the Canadian Fall. Before reaching there, however, you descend Biddle's Stairs (named after Mr. Biddle, of Phi- ladelphia, who built them) to the Cave of the Winds. Cavb of thb Winds. — Reaching the bottom of Biddle's Stairs you proceed by a narrow foot path towards the American Fall, behind which the Cave is situated. There you are provided with a waterproof dress, and obtain a magnifi- cent view of the Fall as it thunders down from above and in front of you. Charge foi loan of dress, |1 .00 (is. stg.). The Cave is 180 feet high, 100 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. Retracing your steps to Biddle's Stairs, but be- fore reascending them, you can have an excel- lent view of the Horse-Shoe Fall, as seen from the edge of the river. After regaining the top of these stairs you mry be disposed to rest. Plenty of seats are to be found close at hand, where you may rest and admire the scene around and in front of you. Proceeding from there, you now follow the path towards the grandest point of all, the Terrapin Bridge, (Terrapin signifies Turtle,) and Prospect Tower. (See engraving.) Tbrbapin Bbidob, and Prospbct Tower.— Arrived at the edge of the river, as it sweeps rapidly past, you proceed along the wooden bridge, which extends to the base of the Tower. At every step, you may be apt to pause and ad- mire the grandeur of the scene. From the base of the Tower a magnificent view of the river and rapids are to be seen ; but you now ascend to the top of Prospect Tower, up through a narrow spiral utaircase, and, once outside oi the top, it is then and there, in our opinion, that the true grandeur of the Horse-Snoe Fall is to be seen, as its mighty volume of 670,000 tons of water comes rushing along every minute, and falls With a continuous roar over the precipice of 158 feet deep,. down into tho gorge below, where the river has been estimated to be 250 feet deep. The vast volume of water— the mognificent view down the river to Suspen- sion Bridge — the rapids coming down the cata- root behind you — together with the scenery on every side — will all combine to entrance you to the spot with admiration and delight, and ren- der you almost unwilling to leave a scene so grand and inspiring. Retracing your steps towards Goat laiand, you next proceed to the Three Sisters— three islands which stand out in the river, and named, respectively, " Moss Island," " Deer Island," and " Allan's Island." Between the fii-st of the Three Sisters and Goat Island is the " Hermit's Cas- cade," named after a religious hermit, who be- came BO enamoured with the spot that he took up his abode and lived there for some time, in Robinson Crusoe fashion, till one day he was non est, it being supposed he had ventured too far upon a particular log of wood, which cap- sized him into a watery grave. The wiilk around Goat Island will be highly appreciated. Some charming nooks of great beauty are there, whilst from the head of the Island is to be seen, ik miles up the river, Chippewa; and, four miles from there, Navy Island, belonging to Canada, which was occu- pied by the Canadian patriots of 1837-8. From there, also, the steamer Caroline which vu ) provided a magnifi- lown from 'oi loan of ) feet high, lirSfbutbe- 'e an excel- iseen from g the top of eat. Plenty I, where you und and in re, you now sst point of lin signities engraving.) T TOWEB.— ks it sweeps the wooden if the Tower. lause and ad- rem the baao of the river 1 DOW ascend ip through a e outsid^ 01 our opinion, irse-Snoe Fall ne of 670,000 along every JUS roar over own into tho leen estimated me of water- ier to Suspen- lown the cats- he scenery on itrance you to ght, and ren- ve a scene so Goat Island, Sisters— three er, and named, er Island," and •st of the Three Uermit's Cas- ermit, who be- ot that he took gome time, in lie day he was id ventured too od, which cap- will be highly looks of great he head of the up the river, m there. Navy tiich was occu- '1837-8. From ine which w>« 76 NIAGARA FALLS. conveying provisions and ammunition to the rebels, was cut adrift and sent afloat down the river, and over the Horse-Shoe Fall. Near the head of the Island the point may be seen where — before any bridges connected the Island with the mainland— Stedman, the occupier of the Island, crossed with his goats for pasture, hence the name Goat Island. Fort Schlosser may be seen further up the river, also on the American side, where La Salle, the great explorer, first founded a trading post. This fort has changed hands, first from the French to the British, and next from the British to the Americans. About this spot the vessel, (named the Griffin,) which first navigated the river and lakes, was built. A Father Honnepin is said to have been the first white man who visited Niagara and saw the Falls, and who, like many who have succeeded him, published a very exaggerated account of them. In wandering round Goat Island you have now reached the starting-point on it, viz., the Bridge at the Rapids, which you re-cross, and make direct for Point View. Point View is situated close to the edge of the American Fall, and on the very brink of the precipice. From this point you get an excellent view of both Falls, but more partic- ularly a distant view of the Horse-Shoe Fall. In the ferry-house at Point View there is a railway, down an incline of 1 in 31 feet. The cars are worked up and down by water power, and are completely under the control of those in charge. The fare for going up or down is 5 cents. At the bottom of the incline is the river, where boats may be hired td take you across to the Canada side of the river for 20 cents. Alongside of the railway incline, there are steps, up and down which parties may go free. The depth, to the edge of the water, is 280 feet— 291 steps in all. In the summer season a small steamer, called the " New Maid of the Mist," sails from the foot of the ferry stairs, up as near us possible to the base of the Horse-Shoo Fall. On proceeding on board you put on an oil-skm cloak and hood, which envelopes the whole person, excepting the face; and, thus clad, you stand on deck, viewing the Falls, as -the steamer niiikos hci speedy trip, and as she rocks about miiid the agitated water. Certainly the view is excellent, unless when the sun is shining nut very strong, then much of the sight is lost, owing to that and the spray from the Falls falling so thickly upon the face and eyes. The sail is one only of a few minutes, nevertheless we recommend all to take a trip on board the little craft. Great vigilance and care is necessary in steering round the huso of the Fall. When it has reached the middle of the Full the steam is shut off", und then the boat is swung round and carried down by the current, when steam is put on, and she is turned round to the luuding-point, ready to take on board another lot of passengers. Fare for the trip 50 cents, (2«. stg.). In the ferry-house a beautifully clear stream of water, from the rock, is kept running con- tinually, with tumblers provided for the use of visitors. The Messrs. Porters, to whom the property belongs, have done much lately to improve the appearance of the place all around, and added greatly to the comfort and convenience of visit- ors, by providing seats, etc., etc. Having spent some time at Point View, you may now proceed down the incline we have mentioned, cross the river in a small boat, and land on the Canadian side, near the Clifton House, on your road to a curiosil/ 'n its way— the Burning Springs — shown to strangers by an old native of Aberdeenshire, (Scotland). Before reaching there, however, you will pass Table Rock — a view from off which will interest you. Table Rock, of which we give an illustration, is situated on the Canada side of the river, near the angle where the Horse-Shoe Fall pours over. It is a crag, which projects over the edge of llie precipice, and is about 160 feet above the river. It is now much smaller than in former years, large portions having fallen away from it at dif- ferent times. Near Table Rock there is another staircase, which you may descend and get a view from behind the great sheet of water which falls over the Horse Shoe, from off a narrow ledge of rock, called Termination Rock,* which, together with the ground all about it, shakes with the immense power of the water pouring down upon it. It is only, however, when the water is not very full, that this sight can be seen. A favourite time with many for visiting the falls is at sunset, about which time some most beautiful phenomena are to be seen. Again, tlie view by moonlight is considered to bevery hne, and presenting totally different features from any thing to be seen during the day. lu winter time also, we understand, the Falls, together with the scenery around them, present sights well worth being seen by every tourist. To reach Burning Springs it is a considerable walk round from the Clifton House, so that iiiost parties engage a conveyance thither. The inclestrian, however, will enjoy the walk very much. The charge at the Burning Springs is 2") cents each. Bun>MNO SpniNos. — From the sketch we give, readers at adistance will see an exact represent- ation of where the Spring is exhibited, in an old wooden " shanty," pitch dark, but lighted up by the attendant, as he applies a light to the I, AS n it?en, ' ♦ Since this 'vii written, wc understand that Ter- mination Uock i been washed iiway— tlms, wcfer, depriving ail in future of obtaining the view here al ludeil to. NIAOABA FALLS. 7T. or the itream g con- use of roperty ove the I ndtlod of visit- iew, you ve have )oat, and 3 Clifton its way— era by an , will pass II interest lustration, river, near lours over, edge of the e the river, met years, )m it at di'- e is anothei' and get a water which ff a narrow och,* which, it it, shakes iter pouring iv, when the jight can be visiting the e some most Again, the be very line, laturcs from . In winter together with sights well considerable trnse, so tlmt thither. The he walk very \g Springs is Icoteh we gi«i lact represent- Ihibited, in a" but lightctl 1 a light to the Ltanil that Tel- l_ thus, «■«'*"• fche view here »' y THE BURNING SPRINGS, NIAGARA. gas, as it issues up through an iron pipe fixed in a barrel, which is placed amidst the water 3 or 4 feet underneath. The water, which is charged with sulphurated hydrogen gas, rises in the rock close at hand, and forces its way up through the bed of the stream, which is there. Sometimes it burns much brighter than at other times, the water emitting a strong smell, similar to that of some mineral springs When at Burning Springs, another and different view from any hitherto seen, is presented of the River Niagara, as it comes down from Lake Erie, and, in sum- mer, the scenery in the neighbourhood of the Springs is beautiful in the extreme. Leaving the Burning Springs, you may new proceed to the battle-ground of Lnndy's Lani). There a wooden tower is erected, for the benefit of those who wish to ascend and obtain a majt- nificent view of the country. On the top of this tower one of the heroes of the Battle of Lundy's Lane will be met with, in the shape of an at- tendant, who will be glad to point out to you all the points of interest connected with the fight- ing between the Americans and the British, on those very fields you will there survey. If you happen to be a British visitor, the faithful at- tendant will not wound any national prejudices you may have regarding who was most success- ful on particular occasions during the struggle, but rather flatter them by leading you to under- stand that, of course, the British came off vic- torious. You will, however, perhaps, be in some doubt, after all, as to that, if you take the ijme dixit of this military chronicler, when you leorn that the American, who preceded or fol- lowe'd you on your visit, was parted company with on the same terms, and with an equally flattering account of how the Americans licked the British, and, of course, also won the battle! On the way to Lundy's Lane, you may pass through the pretty little village of Drummond- ville, named after General Drummond, com- mander of the British forces ot the battle refer* red to. From Lundy's Lane you may now proceed on to the Suspension Bridge and the Whirlpool. Particulars respecting the Suspen- sion Bridge will be found annexed, with illus- trations of it. The Whiklpool can be seen from the Canada side of the river. When at the Suspension Bridge you proceed along the top of the em- bankment, through fields and brushwood, fol- lowing the course of the river, till its course turns at a right angle on towards Lake Ontario. It is at this angle of the river where the whirl- pool is. An excellent view of the river and scenery along its banks, and around the whirl- pool, is to be had from the Canada side imme- diately above it, and the beauty of the scene there moy tempt you to prolong your rest on the wooden seat erected there for the wearied trav- eller. The visitor who expects to see an immense whirlpool will, we think, be disappointed, as the Whirlpool, so called, consists of a series of eddies in the rapid stream as it reaches the end of the gorge at the angle of the river — more remarka- ble for being raiued up in the centre of the 78 NIAGARA FALLS AND ROUTES. stream, than for any great similarity to an im- mense whirlpool, which many expect to see. The best view, however, of the Whirlpool is to be had at the edge of the river, on the American side, exactly opposite to the point mentioned above. To reach there, you proceed across the Suspension Bridge, turn to your left, and walk along the public road till you reach Devaux's College — which you cannot but observe as you go along. There you turn from off the pub- lic road, and follow a narrow road through a dense wood, until you reach a small wooden house, where you will find parties ready to give you all information respecting the path down to the edge of the river below. You there pay 25 cents, which goes to the support of Devaux's College — a college established, at a cost of $154,000, by a Frenchman named Devaux, for the free maintenance and education of 100 boys. You will, in all probability, be pleased with your visit to the Whirlpool. Whilst there, you may proceed to the Devil's Hole, a short way down the river, on the same side, and which consists of a chasm of about 200 feet deep on the bank of the river. The small stream which pours over the precipice above there, is called Bloody Run — named so in consequence of the colour given to it on one occasion by the blood of the British troops mixing with it, during an en- gagement with some Indians and French dur- ing the war there in 1768. Brock's Monument forms one of the "lions" of Niagara, which tourist?, in approaching from Toronto, per steamer and rail, will observe to great advantage, as they proceed in the cars from the town of Niagara to Suspension Bridge. It stands on Queenstown Heights (Canada side). Erected to the British general. Sir Isaac Brock, who fell in the engagement fought there in 1812. On the top stands the statue of the gallant officer. Although a considerable distance from the Falls, (about 7 miles,) yet if the tourist has time, the visit to it will repay the time and trouble, as a most magnificent view of the river, country round about, and Lake Ontario is there obtained. Opposite Queenstown, on the River Niagara is Lewiston — famous for its stupendous suspen- slon bridge — even longer than the one further up the river, being 1046 feet long. Niagara Falls.— In addition to the name of the celebrated Falls, the town in the Immediate vicinity takes also the name of Niagara Falls- situated in the State of New York. As is well known, it is the fashionable resort of all who desire to make their residence on the American side of the river. The hotels are on the largest scale, and characterized by great magnificence and comfort. Trains arrive at and depart from the station at the town, to and from which omnibuses run in connection with the principal hotels. The town on the American side, at Suspen- sion Bridge, Is known by the name of Niagara City. Travellers for the Falls should check their baggage to " Niagara Falls," if they Intend resid- ing on the American side ; and to " Suspension Bridge, Clifton," if on the Canadian side— on which side there are excellent hotels also. The large Illustration of the Falls given in the accompanying page, was taken from what is considered the best point for seeing both the American and Canadian (or Horse-Shoe) Fal's together, viz., near the Clifton House, on the Canadian side of the river. This view was taken by photoi^rcph, by M. Hanungel, Photo- grapher, Broaav-'py, New York, last summer, and is decidedly the best and most correct view of the Falls we ever sow oh paper. To pre- serve, as far as possible, in the process of eu- grovlng, all the details of the great original, we have had M. Hanungel's immense photograph re-photographed on a reduced scole on wood, by Price's patent process, and engraved, so that we con, with confidence, refer to the accompany- ing vie w of the Niagara Falls as correct in every particular. The other illustrations presented have also been engraved from photographs taken there last summer. ... ROUTES TO THE FALLS. - •• There are several routes from the Atlantic seaboard, the best of which we give, with the distances and fare, as near as can be ascertained ; as also one from Quebec through Canada : — raOM NSW TORK. Ko. L Miles. Cost. Steamer, from New York to Albany 150 ...$1.6n Rail, from Albany to Rochester. 229. .. . 4.5S Rail, from Rochester to Niagara Falls ... 76 .... 1 .52 Total 45,'5....|7.60 £1 lO*. 6d. stg. Frora New Tork to Albany the Hudson River Rail- road can be taken ; distance, 144 miles ; fare, $8.00. Ho. 2. Miles. Cost. N. York and Erie R. R. to HomellsvUle . . 888. . . .$0.76 Rail, from HornelUviile to Buffalo 91 . . . 2.10 Rail, from Buffalo to Niagara Falls.... . 22.... 0.60 Total 446.... $9.48 £1 ISw. stg. O'. pcv New York and Erie Railroad to Rochester an Buffalo direct, 298 miles, thence as above. FROM NEW YORK. No. 8. Miles. (;o8t. New York and Erie Railroad to Elmlra.. 274....$6.llO Rail, from Elmira to Niagara Falls 166.... 4.10 Total ... 440. ..$10.10 £2 0». M. «tg. VROM QUEBEC. Ho. 4. Miles. Cost. Rail, to Montreal 171.... $6.00 Rail, from Montreal to Toronto 833 .... lO.OO Rail, from Toronto to Niagara Falls 81 . . . . 1.!>S Total 685. ..$1788 £3 lis. M. lis. Frora Toronto the steamer can be taken to Niagara, (86 miles,) on Lake Ontario ; thence rail (14 miles) to Suspension Bridge. Total distance, from ToroDto, about 60 miles ; cost, $1.60 (6«. stg.). R. M. GODDARD & CO., BANKERS, NIAGARA FAI^LS, N. T. B. H. OODDABD. DANIBL II0B8B. Importers' k Traders' Bank, New York, Exchange Bank, Lockport, New York, Brown « Keep, Bankers, Buffalo, New York. Deposits received ; Exchange on New York, Albany and Boston ; Oollectlons made at current rates, and promptly remitted on day of payment. Uncurrent money bought and sold. Honey remitted to Great Britain and all other parts of Europe. Land War- rants bought and sold. Also, agents for the sale of passage ti ckets to and ft-om the principal cities in Kurope. ^T" K. M. GODDARD, Notary Public for Niagara County. The Six Nations Indian Store, FALLS ST., NIAGARA FALLS, (OPPOSITB INTBBMATIONAL HOTEL.) JKepf by MPLS. ID^VY, ▲ large Aacortment of INDIAN BEAD UTORK, MOOSE HAIR & PORCUPINE QUILLS, And other Fanoy Goods and Indian CuxloaitleB, manhfaotcbkd bt Indians on the prehise8. L. H. F. HAMII4TON, a-XJIIDEl, WILL CONDUCT PAKTIES AND GIVE INFORMATION CONOKRNINO ALL POINTS Of DTIJEREST Around IViag^ara Falls. Refers to the Officers of the sereral Hotels. JAMES DA¥T & RR0THER8, (rOBHBBLT OniDBS,) HAVE ALWAYS IN READINESS CARRIAGES, TO CONVEY PARTIES TO ALL THE POINTS OF INTEREST IN THE VICINITY OF NIAGARA FALLS. y. B. — Being long residents of this place, can give strangers all desired information. Inquire at the Six Nations Indian Store, opposite International Hotel, Falls Street, or at the Niagara House, Main Street. GREAT WESTERN HOTEL, SUSPENSION BBIDGE, CANADA SIDE. PROPRI ETOR. 1^ Trains arrive at, and depart from, the Eailroad Station opposite tlie Hotel. O.A.XlX%Z.A.a-SS TO TXXS F-A-IiZiS, AND DRIVES IN THE VIOINITT. 1 :u i K ill* ■'■'! I -» '.<• •;fc t < r. r ,rf^: TRIP FROM MONTRE/.L TO OTTAWA. 79 MONTREAL TO OTTAWA, 0. W. This beautiful route may be traversed either by rail from Montreal to P'-e'wnvt Junction, and thence by rail to Ottawa, as described elsewhere ; or it may be taken by wi y of rail to Lachine, steamer from Lachine to Carrillon, rail from Carrillon to Grenville, and Gren- ville to Ottawa by steamer again. By this route it will be seen that there ftre several changes to be made, which cannot be avoided, on account of the rapids on the nvcr, which cannot be " run" by the steamer. This route is one so little known, that, notwithstanding the disadvantages which chang- ing so often presents, we have thought it advisable to give a brief account of the trip to Ottawa, as made by us last June, addressing ourselves as if the reader were going. Pri<- ceeding in cab or omnibus to Griffintown — 1^ miles from post-oflBce, Montreal — you arrive and book at the Lachine Railroad Depot ; fare through to Ottawa, first class, f 3 ; second class, $2. Strange to say, no baggage is " checked through," on this route as via Grond Trunk railroad, or the other lines in the United States. Started on the cars, therefore, with a string of tickets to and from the different points on your way, you soon reach Lachine, nine miles oflF. At Lacliine you change cars, and step on board the steamer " Lady Simpson" in waiting, and once under weigh, you get a fine view of the mighty St. Lawrence, with Lake St. Louis close ar, hand. Not long after the steamer starts, breakfast will be announced, which may be partaken of, if you had not got it before you started from Montreal. An excellent breakfast for is. 10|(i currency, (Is. 6d, stg.,) or 37^ cents. If a fine morning, you will be delighted with the sail, as the steamer skims along the shore of the Island of Montreal, till she reaches St. Anne's, at the extreme corner of that island. At St. Anne's, the steamer leaves the St. Lawrence, and passes through the looks there, dnd is then on the bosom of the Ot- tawa. You will scarcely be able to imagine it to be a river ; in reality, it forms the Lake of the Two Mountains, being one of the numerous lakes which the Ottawa may be said to be a succession of. At St. Anne's you will get an excellent view of the substantial stone bridge of the Grand Trunk Railway, which here crosses the Ottawa, and which forma a striking contrast to the mistaken policy of the railway companies in the United States in building so many " rickety" wooden bridges — with their warnings up of fines of so much if you trot a horse over them — and which in going over so many accidents have occurred. Here, possibly, you may observe, against one of the piers of this bridge, a portion of a large raft, which, in "running" the rapids last season, became unmanageable and dashed up against the bridge —scattering the raft in all directions — to the great loss of the proprietor of it Some of tlie logs may be seen yet, resting up against the pier of the bridge, as if trying to clear all before them, and the gigantic pier standing up, in its mighty strength, as if bidding them float quietly past. St Anne's is the spot where the poet Moore located the scene of his celebrated Canadian Boat Song. CANADIAN BOAT SONG. BT THOMAS HOORE. Faintly as tolla the evening chime, Our voices keep tune and our oars keep time ; Soon as the woods on shore look dim, We'll sing at St. Anne's our parting hymn. Row, brothers, row, the streaii. runs fast, The Kaplds are near, and the daylight's past. Why should we yet our sail unfurl? There Is not a breath the blue wave to curl ; But when the wind blows ofif the shore, Oh 1 sweUly we'll rest our weary oar. Blow, breezes, blow, the stream runs fast, The Rapids are near, and the daylight's past. I • 1^: %=!• If I 80 TBIP UP THE OTTAWA. Ottawa's tide I thl« trembling moon Shall gee ui float orer thy lurgei loon. Saint of thli green Ule I hear our prayen, Oh I grant lu cool heaveni and favoring ain. Blow, breetei, blow, the itream runs fait, The Rapid! are near, and the daylight's past. Started from St. Anne'i yon shortly reach n beantiful expansion of the Ottawa — which forms here what is called Tbb Lake of the Two Mountains — named from the two moun- tains which are seen to the north, rising four hundred to five hundred feet high. After sailing a short time, and with your face to the bow of the steamer, yon will ob- ■erre, to the right, where this great river — coming slowly and silently along — is divided by the Island of Montreal j the one fork of the river which you observe to the north-east, wind- ing its way past the island, after which it makes its acquaintance with the St. Lawrence, to the north-east of Montreal The other fork, or division on which you have just started from, at St Anne's, meets the St Lawrence there ; although, strange to say, the waters of these two immense rivers — as if not relishing the mixture of each other, and thus forming one — continue their separate and undivided distinctness for miles, till they meet with such rough treatment, from either torrents, wind, or waves, that they join issue, and form at last, one immense river in the St Lawrence, in which the beautiful but majestic Ottawa ia swallowed up. In the last report on the Geological Survey of Canada, the following remarks on the com- ponent parts, and other peculiarities, of the Ottawa and St Lawrence occur : — " The water of the Ottawa, containing but little more than one-third as much solid mat- ter as the St. Lawrence, is impregnated with a much larger portion of organic mcltttr, derived from the decomposition of vegetable remains, and a large amount of alkalies uncom- bincd with chlorine or sulphuric acid. Of the alkalies determined as chlorids, the chlorid of potassium in the Ottawa water forms thirty-two per cent, and in that of the St Lawrence, only sixteen per cent.; while in the former, the silicia equals thirty-four per cent, and in the latter, twenty-three per cent, of the mineral matters. The Ottawa drains a region of crystalline rocks, and receives from these by far the greater part of its waters; hence the salts of potash, liberated by the decomposition of these rocks, are in large proportion. The extensive vegetable decomposition, evidenced by the organic matters dissolved in the water, will also have contributed a portion of potash. It will be recollected that the proportion of potash salts in the chlorids of sea-water and saline waters, generally, does not equal more than two or three per cent As to the St Lawrence, although the basin of Lake Superior, in which the river takes its origin, is surrounded by ancient sandstones, and by crystalline rocks, it afterwards flows through lakes whose basins are composed of paloiozoic strata, which abound in limestones rich in gypsum and salt, and these rocks have given the waters of this river that predominance of soda, chlorine, and sulphuric acid which distinguishes 11 from the Ottawa. It is an interesting geographical feature of these two rivers, that they each pass through a series of great lakes, in which the waters are enabled to deposit their suspended impurities, and thus are rendered remarkably clear and transparent" The two rivers thus not mixing at once, is owing, we presume, to the specific gravity of the one being much heovier than that of the other. Tlie two are distinctly seen flowing down together, by the difference in their color. The lake you are now upon — if a fine morning, and in summer — will be as calm as a mill- pond, and, with its wooded islands, and nicely-wooded country round about, forms a scene of the finest character. Each turn the steamer takes, it opens up with it new beautiei Sometimes, however, the lake, now so placid and beautiful to look upon, is raised like a raging sea, rendering its navigation not so easy, as many a poor raftsman has found to his cost, whilst navigating his treasure of lumber to Quebec or Lachine. You may, possibly, see some of these rafts of lumber as you pass along. Nowhere in the whole of America, we believe, will you see such magnificent and valuable rafts of lumber as on the Ottawa, The raftfi on the Delaware, Ohio, and Mississippi, which we have seen, are nothing to com- TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. 81 pare to them— either in lize or in the value of the wood of which they are oompoeed. (See Lumber and Lumbermen.) Pasebg onwards on the lake, you will observe The Indian Yillagi:, at the base of the Two Mountains, There reside the remnants of two tribes, the Iroquois and Algonquins, On the sandy soil behind the village, the Indians have their games, foot races, etc., etc. After passing there, the steamer will probably stop at Vaddbxui, at the head of the Lake of the Two Mountains. Proceeding on firom there, the steamer will steer for Point Anglais, (English Point,) and from there cross over to the settlement of Reoavd, and a hill of the same name, on the river Le Graisse. After enjoj^ng the beauties of the scene on every side, yon will shortly find yourself at Carrillon, Opposite Carrillon is situated Point Fortune, the station which leads per stage to the Caledonia Springs, unless passengers wish to go there horn L'Original, which you will reach, by-aud-by, by taking the cars at Carrillon, the point you have now reached. At Carrillon you will leave the steamer, walk up to the train which is in readiness to convey you from there to Grenville. On alighting from the steamer, look after your bag- gage — see it placed on the cart which is to convey it from there to the train — and then see it placed on the train. You will have a few minutes to wait at Carrillon, during which time you can be survey- ing the beauties of the scene around you — and get a peep of the rapids which here pass from Grenville to Carrillon, where you are. "All aboard," as the conductor says; the bell on the engine rings, and yon are on the high road to Grenville, This road passes through farms in all stages of clearing — ^the numerous shanties betoken- ing that they are held by their original proprietors, who are struggling to see them all cleared some day, and present a very different scene from what they do at present. Pass- ing through, therefore — dismal enough swamp— some good land — farms cleared and un- cleared — you arrive at Chatham Station (C. E). You will remember that you are now in Canada East — the other side of the River Ottawa, all the way up, nearly to its source, being Canada West ; you, no doubt, are aware that Canada East is inhabited chiefly by French Canadians, (Roman Catholics,) and Canada West chiefly by British, or descendants of such, (and mostly Protestants,) the Scotch people forming a large portion of the population in Canada West Passing Chatham Station — and a good many cleared farms in its neighbor- hood — you shortly reach Grenvill'" where the train stops, and you take the steamer "Phoenix." Here again look after your baggage, and see it on board. At Grenville, you cannot fail to be forcibly struck with the beauty of the scenery now disoloBcd to your view. Not being of a poetical disposition, we regret our inability to do it that justice, in our description of it, to which it is entitled. From this point, the steamer tnms round, to start on towards Ottawa, 68 miles ofiF (6^ hours). To our mind, this is the finest scene on the whole trip. The Ottawa here forms a sort of bay, with exquisitely beautiful scenery all round it — on one side a range of hills, stretching along as far as the eye can carry, wooded to their tops. The scenery reminds us of the vicinity of Ellen's Isle, on Loch Katrine, (Scot.,) only, that on the Ottawa, at this point, the hills are wooded — whilst those of the Scottish lake are barren— or covered only with pasture and heather. Passing on from this charming point of view, the steamer now goes direct up the river for Ottawa City, making several stops by the waj : the first is Hartwick's old landing, next, L'Original, with its excellent pier, and pretty, quiet little town in the distance. Proceeding on, you will pass, on the right hand or north side of the river, the lands of the Papineau Seigniory, belonging to L, J, Papineau, of 1837 Canadian rebellion notoriety. This gentleman, we believe, still strongly adheres to his republican opinions, and is not a member in the Canadian legislature, at present. Before the rebellion alluded to, Mr. Papi- neau held the office of Speaker, and at the time of the rebellion, it is said government was due him about $4,000, which, on the restoration of peace, etc,, he received on his return from exile, notwithstanding that he had been one of the leaders in that movement, in 18S7. TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. The seigniory extends for about 16 mllci, and ii conaidcred one of tlie poorert in Canada. As you pasa on, you will observe the beautiful range of hllU, to the north, which, from the diflferent sizca and shapes they aBsume, present, with their shrubbery, a beautiful fringe work, to the seono all around. Tlicse hills form part of the chain, which range from lAbrador, all the way to the Rocky Mountains. Pairing tlio stopping point of Montebello, you will observe Mr. Papineau's residence, embosomed amongst trees and shrubbery of beautiful foliage. It is called Papineau's Castle — Cape Bt Mario. At tliis point, the steamer turns to the left, leaving the hills referred to, beliind you. From Mr. Papineau's house, a most magnificent view of the river, and surrounding country, must bo had — occupying so prominent a position, at thA bend of the river, which there forms a sort of bay. Proceediug on, you will now observe that the scenery assumes rather a different aspect, but still beautiful in its character. You sail past little islands wooded all over, and on be- tween the banks of the river — which in some places become very flat, with the river ex- tending in amongst the forest. At a more advanced season of the year, the river is lower, consequently, much of the water previously spread over a great portion of the country, re- cedes during the summer months, and before the winter season sets in, a heavy crop of hay is reaped. For nearly eight months in the year, however, the ground is thus covered with the swelling of the river, and of course only fit for cultivation during the hot seaitun of about four months' duration. You are now approaching to a place about twenty-eight miles of Ottawo — called Thurso — which presents nothing particular but an immense yard full of sawn lumber, belonging to the greatest lumbering establishment in the woi-ld — Pollok, G.imour & Co., of Glasgow, (Scotland,) being one of the many stations which that firm have in Canada, for can'yiii^' on their immense trade. From off immense tracts of land, which they hold from government for a mere trifle — situated in different districts on the Ottawa — they have the lumber brought to wharves on the river, made into rafts and then floated down ; that intended for the ports on the St Lawrence and United States, to the west of Montreal, going via La- chine, wliilst the greater proportion goes via the route you have been travelling — over tbe rapids and down to Lake St. Peter's, on the St. Lowrence, till it finally reaches Quebec. There it is sold or shipped by them to ports in Great Britain, large quantities of it finding its way to the Clyde (Scotland). Opposite to Thurso, will be observed what is called Foxe's Point. An English family of that name have settled there, and to this day they appear not to have forgot their taste for neat, well-trimmed grounds, fences, etc., exhibit- ing many of the characteristics of an Englishman's home. Passing on, you next stop at probably the whorf for Buckingliara, (C. E.,) 17 miles inland. Opposite to this landing is Cumberland, (C. W.) ; passing which, you will shortly reach Gill's wharf, 6 miles from Ot- tawa, and the last stopping-place previous to reaching there. In half an hour or so, you will observe the bluffs of Ottawa in the distance, but no ap pearance of the city, it being situated on ground high above the level of the river, where you land at To the left you will notice the beautiful little waterfall of the Rideau— a Niagara in miniature — with its Goat Island between the horse shoe and straight line faU. It falls about 30 feet, and forms one of the prettiest little falls to be seen almost anywhere. On the right hand, you will observe a cluster of wooden shanties, at the mouth of the river Gatineau, which there joins the Ottawa, and, as you stond admiring the beauty of the scenery before, behind, and around you, the steamer touches at the wharf of Ottawa City, From the deck of the steamer, you will have an excellent view of the suspension bridge and the Chauderie Falls in the distance, with the rapids and the falls, throwing up the spray all around, forming a white cloud over the bridge. At the wharf you will find vehicles waiting to convey you to any hotel or address you may wish to go to. Oj reach- ing th^ top of the steep incline from the steamer, you will then obtain a first sight, per- haps, of Ottawa City, which was to have been the seat of the Canadian Government — and which may be yet — should the whim or interest of the members of the provincial parlia- ment not decree otherwise. The I Shcppai ^^ The 8 (2». stg., will be French-) Partie from Ot one of th just desc Now Yor faction tc For bo: the Uppci —extendi TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. 88 The Btcnmer " Lady Simpson," from Laohlne to Grcnvillo, is partly owned by Its captain— Shcppard. . f Tiio Btcamer " Phoenix" — on board whleii you will find an excellent dinner for fifty cents, (2». stg.,) — is commanded by a very civil and obliging Scotchman named McLachlnn — who will be glad to point out to you the beauties of the river. From Orenvillo to Ottawa — a French-Canadian pilot takes charge of the steering of the vessel. Parties who go to Ottawa City — by rail, via Prescott — as described elsewhere, can return from, Ottawa by the route now described, and we have no doubt they will be pleased with one of the finest river trips we have experienced in America. The scenery of the Ottawa, just described, is by no means so bold in character as that of the noble river Hudson, from New York to Albany and Troy — still, it is one which cannot fall to afford the highest satis- faction to the tourist For bolder scenery, and the highlands of the Ottawa — see next page for account of the Upper Ottawa — being a continuation of tlie same river from Ottawa — away north-west —extending to parts as yet untrod by few, if any, white men — far less by tourists. MONTREAL TO OTTAWA, 0. W. ^ ^ \ VIA ORAND TBUNK BAILROAD, Takk the cars on the Grand Trunk Railroad from station in Griffin Town, 1^ miles from post-ofiice, Montreal. Started from the station, you proceed, getting a fine view of the St. Lawrence on the left, the mountain on the right, and the fine landscape stretching beyond, till you reach Point Claire — 16 miles. Leaving there, you proceed on through a beautiful country tin you reach the magnificent bridge which crosses the river Ottawa at St. Anne's, going over which you get a hasty glance of the Ottawa stretching far beyond to the west, assuming the appearance of a magnificent lake, situated in a basin, surrounded by finely- wooded hills In the background, andr Ichly-wooded country on every side of It. Immedi- ately under this bridge you may observe the rapids rushing along, and also the locks V ' TO the steamer for the Ottawa River, from Lachine, passes through to avoid these — cnlled "St. Anne's rapids" — from the name of the village close by. I'ou pass on to Vaudreuil, 24 miles; Cedars, 29 miles; Coteau Landing, 37 miles ; River Benudette, 44 miles; Lancaster, 64 miles; Summerstown, 60 miles; Cornwall, 68 miles; Moullnette, 78 miles ; Dickinson Landing, 77 miles ; Aultsvllle, 84 miles ; Wllllomsburg, 92 miles; Matilda, 99 miles; Edwardsburg, 104 miles, to Prescott Junction, 112 miles from Montreal. At Prescott Junction, you change cars, and take those on the line from Prescott to Ottawa, 64 miles distant, stopping at eight stations between these points. The stranger, if newly arrived, either via Quebec, or New York, from Great Britain, or continent of Eu- rope, will, on this line, get the first glimpse, most likely, of " bush life," of " shanties," and "cleared," or "partially cleared" lands. The line being a succession of dense forest, swamp, and partially cleared farms, presents few or no interesting features to the tourist farther than those mentioned. Between the last station (Gloucester) and Ottawa (11 miles off) the country presents a much more cleared appearance, and a few well-cultivated farms will be seen along the line of railroad, untU It arrives at the station, close to New Edinburgh, on the one side of the Rldeau River, with Ottawa on the other side, about a quarter of a mile off. You will find vehicles in waiting, which will convey yourself and luggage to whatever hotel you please. Campbell's Hotel, Ottawa, we can recommend. For description of Ottawa, see elsewhere. After you have visited Ottawa, its river above the town, etc., etc., you can return to Montreal, via steamer on the River Ottawa, via Grenville, Lachine, etc., (see Montreal to Ottawa, via Lachine and steamer,) or the way you came. • '11 •' t;::, 84 THE UPPER OTTAWA AND TRIBUTAEIES. UNITED STATES TO OTTAWA, 0. W. Pbescott JuNcrnoN, on the Grand Trunk Railway^ 112 miles from Montreal, is the nearest point for tourists and emigrants from the United Statea Prescott is approached by steamer from Ogdensburg, opposite side of the river. Or via rail to Cape Vincent, thence steamer to Kingston, and rail to Prescott. Or via steamer all the way, viz.. Cape Vincent, passing through the Thousand Islands, past Brockville on to Prescott. Or via steamer to Brockville, thence rail to Prescott Junction. From Prescott to Ottawa proceed per rail, as mentioned in preceding route. See "Mon- treal to Ottawa," par Grand Trunk Railroad. From Suspension Bridge or Niagara Falls, per Great Western Rail to Toronto, and thence Grand Trunk Railroad to Prescott Junction ; thence, rail. Or steamer from Lewiston or Nia- gara to Toronto, and thence, steamer on Canada side, or by the American line of steamers from Lewiston and Niagara direct to Brockville V, Ogdensburg. THE UPPER EIVER OTTAWA. A DESCRIPTION of the lower portion of the Ottawa we have given elsewhere, in a trip from Montreal to Ottawa, leaving the river on reaching the town of Ottawa, Fc BL uibentio description of the upper portion of this wonderful river, we annex pa^ ticulars regaiding it, from a report made to the House of Assembly, some time ago. The description of the river which follows, commences at the source of the river, and proceeds on towards Ottawa, till it reaches the point we left off at : The length of the course of the Ottawa River is about TSO miles. From its source it bends in a south-west course, and after receiving several tributaries from the height of land separating its waters from the Hudson's Bay, it enters Lake Temiscaming. From its entrance into this lake downward the course of the Ottawa has been surveyed, and is well known. At the head of the lake the Blanch River falls in, coming about 90 miles from the north. Thirty-four miles farther down the lake it receives the Montreal River, coming 120 miles from the north-west. Six miles lower down on the east, or Lower Canada bank, it re- ceives the Keepawasippi, a large river, which has its origin in a lake of great size, hither- to but partially explored, and known as Lake Keepawa. This lake is connected with an- other chain of irregularly-shaped lakes, from one of which proceeds the River du Moine, which enters the Ottawa about 100 miles below the mouth of the Keepawasippi, the double discharge from the same chain of lakes in opposite directions, presents a pheDom- enon similar to the connection between the Orinoco and Rio Negro in South America. From the Long Sault at the foot of Lake Temiscaming, 233 miles above Bytown, and 360 miles from the mouth of the Ottawa, down to Deux Joachim Rapids, at the head of the Deep River, that is for 89 miles, the Ottawa, with the exception of 17 miles below the Long Sault, and some other intervals, is not at present navigable, except for canoes. Bc' sides other tributaries in the interval, at 197 miles from Ottawa, it receives on the west side the Mattawan, which is the highway for canoes going to Lake Huron, by Lake Nipis' sing. From the Mattawan the Ottawa flows east by south to the head of Deep Giver Reach, 9 miles above which it receives the River Du Moine from the north. From the head of Deep River — as this part of the Ottawa is called — to the foot of Upper Ailumette Lake, 2 miles below the village of Pembroke, is an uninterrupted reach of navi- gable water, 43 miles in length. The general direction of the river, in this part, is south- east. The mountains along the north side of Deep River are upwards of 1000/e« ?ii 86 RIVER 8AGUENAY. stunted trees, spruce and maple, and birch, growing •wherever they can find crevices t« extract nourishment : and the bare rootK of the oak, grasping the rock, have a resemblance to gigantic claws. The base of these cliffs lie far under water, to an unknown depth. For many miles from its mouth, no soundings have been obtained with 2000 feet of line, and for the entire distance of 60 miles, until you reach Ila-ha Bay, the largest ships can sail with- out obstruction from banks or shoals, and on reaching the extremity of the bay, can drop their anchor in 80 fathoms. " The view up this river is singular in many respects ; hour after hour, as you sail along, precipice after precipice unfolds itself to view, as in a moving panorama, and you some- times forget the size and height of the objects you are contemplating, until reminded by seeing a ship of 1000 tons lying like a small pinnace under the towering cliff to which she is moored ; for, even in these remote and desolate regions, induf try is at work, and, although you cannot much discern it, saw-mills liave been built on some of the tributary streams which fall into the Saguenay. But what strikes one moat, is the absence of beach or strand ; for except in a few places where mountain torrents, rushing through gloomy ravines, have washed down the detritus of the hills, and formed some alluvial land at the mouth, no coves, nor creeks, nor projecting rocks are seen in which a boat could find shelter, or- any footing be obtained. The characteristic is a steep wall of rock, rising abruptly from tho water — a dark and desolate region, where all is cold and gloomy ; the mountains hidden with driving mist, the water black as ink, and cold as ice. No ducks nor sea-gulls sitting on the water, or screaming for their prey ; no hawks nor eagles soaring overhead, although there is abundance of what might be called ' Eagle Cliffs ;' no deer coming down to drink at the streams ; no pquirrels nor birds to be seen among the trees ; no fly on the water, nor swallow skimming over the surface. It reminds you of - , ^ . ''.■•■■' ■•■ ' ■■ ■»♦■';•■ , ' That lake whose gloomy shore Sky-lark never warbled o'er.' * ,' 'i One living thing you may see, but it is a cold-blooded animal ; you may see the cold seal, spreading himself upon his clammy rock, watching for bis prey. And this is all you see for the first 20 miles, save the ancient settlement of Tadousac at the entrance, and the pretty cove of L'Ance a I'Eau, which is a fishing station. "Now you reach Cape Eternity, Cape Trinity, and many other overhanging cliffs, remarkable for having such clean fractures, seldom equalled for boldness and effect, which create constant apprehensions of danger, even in a calm ; but if you liappen to be caught in a tliunder-storm, the roar, and darkness, and flashes of lightning are perfectly appalling, At last you terminate your voyage at Ha-ha Bay, that is, smiling or laughing bay in the Indian language, for you are perfectly charmed and relieved to arrive at a beautiful spot where you have sloping banks, a pebbly shore, boats and wherries, and vessels riding at anchor, birds and animals, a village, a church, French Canadians and Scottish Highlanders, and in short, there is nothing can remind one more of a scene in Argyleshire. " Tlie day is now half spent; you have been ashore, looking through the village, examin- ing into the nature of what oppears a very thriving settlement ; the inhabitants seem to be all French and Scotch, understanding each other's language, and living in perfect amity. You hear that Mr. Price, of Quebec, is the gentlemen to whom all this improvement is due, Tliat it is he who has opened up the Saguenay country, having erected many snw-mills, each the nucleus of a village, and that a trade in sawed lumber is carried on to the extent of 100 ship loads in the season. The river is navigable for ships as far as Chieoutimi, nhoiit 70 miles from its mouth. An extensive lumbering establishment is there, and the timhcr is collected in winter through all the neighbouring country, as far as Lake St. John, which is 60 miles further up, and is the grand source of the Saguenay. " After lioving seen and heard all this, you get on board, weigh anchor, pass again down the jiver, reviewing the solemn scene, probably meeting neither vessel, boat nor canoe, through all the dreary way, and arrive at the mouth of the river iu time to cross to River THE FALLS OP MONTMORENOI. 87 vices to nablance th. For , and for ail ■with- !an drop 111 along, ou some- inded by vlnch she although •y streams or strand ; ines, have mouth, no er, or. any J from tho ins hidden ;ull9 sitting 1, although ?n to drink 5 water, nor \ le cold seal, all you see nee, and the ging cliffs, :ffect, -which be caught in appalling, bay in the eautiful spot ds riding at lighlauder?, age, examin- a seem to be ;rfect amity, ment is (iu«. ly saw-mills, the extent »utimi, ahout „ the timher John, wliich again down t nor canoe, ro99 to River du Loup, where you again find a safe harbour for the night. Next day you again pass up the St. Lawrence, stopping for a short time at Murray Bay, a beautiful grassy valley on the north shore, surrounded by wooded mountains, and much frequented by Quebec fam- ilies, as a bathing place. Tou arrive at Quebec in the evening, thus taking just 3 days for your excursion, at an expense of about f 12." V\, •^ FALLS OF MONTMORENCl, NEAR QUEBEC. Few strangers visit Qaebec without going to seo the Falls of MontmorencL These Falls, which are situated in a beautiful nook of the river, arc higher than those of Niagara, being more than two hundred and fifty feet ; but they are very nar.-ow, being only some fifty feet wide. This place is a very celebrated focus of winter amusements. During the frost, the spray from the Palls accumulates to such an extent as to form a cone of some eighty feet high. There is also a second con- of Inferior altitude, and It Is this of which visit- ors malie the most use, as being less dangerous than the 1 gher one. They carry " tobogglns," — long, thin pieces of wood — and having arrived at the summit, place themselves on these and slide down with immense velocity. L&dies and gentlemen both enter with equal spirit Into this amusement. It requires much skill to avoid accidents ; but sometimes people do tumble heels over head to the bottom. They generally drive to this spot In sleighs, taking their wine and provisions with them ; and upon the pure white cloth which nature has spread out for them, they partake of their dainty repast and enjoy a most agreeable pic-nic. One does not feel In the least cold, as the exercise so thoroughly warms and invigorates the system. The distance of these Falls from Quebec Is eight miles. m w% m 1 #.• LO art CljirU UPPER I'i m ' * ..j; ;{■?; AND LOWER CANADA 1 3- .!«*;■■■' .. /, OOJSTTENTS OP PART III. l-lf •? ( PAOB Addington Road, free lands 37 Agriculture of Canada 84 Alphabetical list of cities, towns and vil- lages : 46 Banks in Canada and agents 42 Banks in Great Britain and Ireland. ... 42 Canada, general information SI Consuls at Montreal 16 Climate 84 Conditions of ocoup3^g free lands. ... 89 Crown knd agents 89 Canadian banks and agents 42 Crops, rotation of 86 Distribution of intestate estates 46 Expense of supporting a family 86 Emigration government oiBcers 41 Free lands of government 87 Free lands, conditions of occupation. . . 89 Game of the country 87 Government free lands 87 Government land agents 89 Government emigration officers 41 Hamilton, C. W 26 Hastings Road, free lands. 87 Income and expenditure of province ... 88 FAOIt Kingston, C. W 28 Laws and Municipal Institutions. 32 Log house, cost of. 36 Land agents, government 89 Lands, wild, cost of clearing 86 Montreal, C. E 11 Money-order office system 44 Naturalization 81 Ottawa, C. W 17 Offices held by settlers '. . . 86 Personal intestate estate 46 Postal regulations in Canada 46 Quebec 7 Rideau canal and locks 21 Religion 84 Settlers, information for 86 Sale and occupation of lands 40 School lands for sale 41 Toronto, 0. W 22 Trinity College, 22 Taxes payable 86 Victoria Bridge 18 Wild beasts, u troublesome 87 Wages to agriculturists 86 Work during winter 86 Jilnetrationo. PAOB Quebec 7 Montreal. — ^The entire City 12 Great St. James street. 15 Place d'Armes 16 Beaver Hall 16 Bonsecour's Market 16 Victoria Bridge 14 Toronto.— The entire City. 22 St. Lawrence Hall 22 The Normal Academy 24 King Street 23 Trinity College 24 Yonge Street 23 Crown Lands' Office, and Me- chanics' Institution 22 Ottawa,— Lower and Central Town. ... 18 FAQH Ottawa. — Upper Town 19 " The Locks on the Rideau Canal 21 Kingston ; 28 London 27 ILLUSTRATIONS OF CANADIAN SCENERY Will be found, on reference, as follows: Montmorenci Falls. Part IL 87 Rapids of the St Lawrence. Part II. . . 44 The Thousand Islands. Part II 48 Descending the Lost Channel. Part U. 42 Niagara Falls. Partll 78 Suspension Bridge. Part II 70 Burning Springs, Niagara Falls. Part H 77 'I , ■ml it Ml: I: s • UP In the foil to Canada, c( vations. As a large inducements : (jtlier parts o idea of -what We may h for almost am ever much so been disappoi ble that it can ly from the e£ offer as great i In future e already given, dition of the been termed, t riUMiMM liifi i iHriJi i i i i NOTES UPPEE AND LOWE^ CANADA. In the following pages of this part, will be found information and illustrations relating to Canada, compiled from different sources of information, as well as from our own obser- vations. As a large amount of information bearing upon the present position of Canada, and the inducements it piesents for emigrants, together with sketches of Canadian life, appears in (jther parts of this work, readers are referred to them, so that they may form a proper idea of what Canada ia — in 1859. We may here remark, that although Canada does not at present offer inducements for almost any description of emigrants, excepting those of the agricultural class, and how- ever much some parties have — through ignorance of the country and its requirements — been disappointed by emigrating there, under circumstances like the present, it is impossi- ble that it can be long before Canada, like other sections of the world, will recover entire- ly from the effects of the late panic, and present depressed state of things generally, and offer as great inducements for emigrating thither, as ever as it has done heretofore. In future editions of this work, we purpose adding considerably to the information already given, and will then have opportunities of publishing, from time to time, the con- dition of the country, and what inducements there may be for emigrating to what has been termed, the " land of hope, not to be disappointed." f J; ■ • ' tl j ' f 1! QUEBEC. CITY OF QUEBEC— CANADA EAST. AssooiATitD aB Quebec is with bo mnny Bcenes of military glory, of sucoeBB as well n* defeat, it must at all times posseBs a peculiar interest to almost every one. On its fields, and around its bat- tlements, some of tbe bravest of tbe sons of Great Britain and Ireland, America and France, have fallen, and around itit cita- del, some of the Most daring ex- ploits have taken place. Standing on a bold and precipitous pro- montory, Quebeo has not inappn- priately been called the " Gib- raltar of Ameri- ca," with which the names of the brave Wolfe, Montcalm, and Montgomery must ever re- main connrcted. The citodel stands on what is called Cape Diamond, 3 5 feet above the level of the sea, and includes about 40 acres of ground. The view from off the citadel is of the most picturesque and grand character. There will be seen the majestic St, Lawrenee, winding its couiso for about 40 miles, whilst the background of the panoramic scene is filled up by extensive plains, running backwards to lofty mountains in the distance, with Point Levi opposite, and the Island of Orleans in the distance, whilst the jnnction of the River St. Cliarles, and the Great River, form that magnificent sheet of water, where numerous vci'-'els are to be seen riding at anchor during the summer season. A walk around the ramparts of the citadel will well repay the stranger, by a magnifi- cent ciiauge of scene at every turn he takes, The city itself bears all the resemblance of a If M III" m 8 t QUEBEC, PLAINS OP ABRAHAM, ETC. strongly fortiflod and ancient city, and, In that respect, so very different from the newly sprung-up cities, westward. Tlie streets are generally narrow, and, in some parts, very steep, in walking from Lower Town to U|>pcr Town, more particularly. Lower Town in where all the shipping business of the port is carried on, chiefly lumber — in export — and every description of goods — in import. At Quebec, the greater portion of the immense lun-.bcr-district of the Otlawa finds a market; vessels coming to Quebec, in ballast and cargo, return with the logs, staves, and deals of the up country. The population of Quebec is largely infused with French Canadians, and in passing along its streets, nothing, almost, but the French language is heard. In the Quebec Exchange, there is an excellent reading-room, well supplied with BritiHJi, American, and Canadian papers, and which a stranger may visit for a short time, free of charge. The tourist will find a cheap and useful little guide to Quebec, published by Mr. Sin- clair, bookseller, there, in which he will find ful' details of all matters of interest worthy of being visited In und around the city. From it we avail ourselves of the following extract: — " A morning's rann)lo to the Plains of Abraham will not fall to recoil historical recollec- tions and to gratify a taste for beautiful scenery. On leaving the St. Louis Gate, let tlie traveller ascend the counte'-carp on the left, that leads to the glacis of the cltAdcl ; and hence pursuing a direction to the right, let him approach one of the Mnrtcllo Towers, whence he may enjoy a beautiful view of the St. Lawrence. A little beyond let him ascend the right bank, and he reaches the celebrated Plains of Abraham, near the spot where General Wolfe fell. On the highest ground, surrounded by wooden fences, con clearly be traced out the redoubt where he received the fatal wound. He was carried a few yards in the rear, and placed against a rock till he expired. It has since been removed. Within an enclosure lower down, and near to the road, is the stone well from which they brought him water. The English right nearly faced this redoubt, and on this position the French left rested. The French array orrlved on tlie Plains from the right of this position, as it came from Bcauport, and not from Quebec ; and, on being defeated, retired down tiie heights by which it had ascended, and not into Quebec. In front of the Plains from this position stands the house of Marchmont. It Is erected on the sight of a French redoubt that once defended the ascent from Wolfe's Cove. Here landed the British army under Wolfe's command, and, on mounting the banks, corrled this detached work. The troops in tlie garrison are usually reviewed on the Plains. The tourist moy fortlier enjoy a beautiful ride. Let him leave by St. Louis Gate and poss the Plolns, and he will arrive at Marchmont, the property of John Gllmour, Esq. Tlie former proprietor, Sir John Harvey, went to considerable expense In laying out the grounds in a pleasing and tasteful manner. His successor. Sir Thomas Noel Ilill, also resided here, and duly appreciated its beauties. Tlie view in front of the house is grand. Here the river widens, and assumes the appear ance of a lake, whose surface Is enlivened by numerous merchant-ships at anchor, and im- mense rafts of timber floating down. On leaving Marchmont he will pass some beautiful villas, whose park-like grounds remind one of England, and from some points In wliieh are commanded views worthy of a pointer's study. Among these villas may be mentioned Wolfesfield, Spencer Wood, and Woodfield. The last was orlglnolly built by the Catliolic Bishop of Samos, and, from the several additions made by subsequent proprietors, liad a somewhat Irregular, though picturesque appearance. It was burnt down, and rebuilt in a fine regular style. It Is now the residence of James Gibb, Esq. " In this neighbourhood is situated Mount Hermon Cemetery. It Is about three miles from Quebec, on the south side of the St. Lewis road, and slopes irregularly but beautifully down the cliff which overhangs the St. Lawrence. It is thirty-two acres in extent, and the grounds were tastefully laid out by the late Major Douglass, U. S. Engineers, whose taste and skill had been previously shown in the arrangement of Greenwood Cemetery, n""" New York." QUEBEC, LAKE ST. CHARLES, ETC. 9 Leaving thi* beautiful locality, the walk continues to the woods, on the edge of the iMiiks rising from the shore. The tourist, instead of returning by a rond conducting through a wood Into St. Louts Rond for Quebec, would do better by continuing his ride to the Church of 8t. Foy, from which Is seen below the St. Charles, gliding smoothly through n lovely valley, whose iildet T\*e gradually to the mountains, and are literally covered with habitations. The village* of I.orette and Charlosbourg nru conspicuous objects. Before entering th« suburb of Stk Juiin, on the banks of the Hi Charles stands the Ueneral Hospital, desigi.ed, as the name implies, for the disabled and sick of every description. A day's excursion to Indian Lorctte and Lake Bt. Charles would gratify, we doubt not, innny a tourist. It will be necessiiry to leave by 6 o'clock, a. m., ond to take provli^ions for tlie trip. After leaving the Palace Gate, the site of the former intendant's palace ia puKKcd. Mr. Bigot was the last lnt*>nd .■■ M 4 . m 10 QUEBEC, rORTIFICATIONS, ETC. passing splendour. Tlie city, being defended on its land side by its ramparts, ia protectod on the other sides by a lofty wall and parapet, based on the cliff, and commencing near the St, C( ies at the Artillery Barracks. These form a very extensive range of buildings, the part with' a the Artillery Gate being occupied as barracks by the officers and men of that distinguished corps, with a guard and mess room. The part without the gate is used as magazines, store-npuses, and offices for the ordnance department. The circuit of the fortifications, enclosing the Upper Town, is two miles and three-quarters; the total circumference outside the ditches and space reserved by government, on which no house can be built on the west side, is about 8 miles. Founded upon a rock, and in its highest parts overlooking a great extent of country — between 300 and 400 miles from the ocean — in the midst of a great continent, and yet dis- playing fleets of foreign merchantmen in its fine capacious bay, and showing all tlie bustle of a crowded seaport — its streets narrow, populous, and winding up and down almost mcuntainous declivities — situated in the latitude of the finest parts of Europe — exliibitiiig in its environs the beauty of an European capital — and yet, in winter, smarting witli the co'' )f Siberia — governed by a people of different language and habits from the mass of ■ population — opposed in religion, ond yet leaving that population without taxes, and in the full enjoyment of every privilege, civil and religious. Such are the prominent features which strike a stranger in the City of Quebec!" MONTREAL. U CITY OF MONTREAL, C. E. The stranger, on approaching Montreal, either from Quebec by the steamer, or crossing over from the opposite side of the river, in coming from the States, will at once be im- r)i-t'8sed favorably with the situation of the city, the business-like oppearance it presents, and the picturesque scenery by which it is surrounded. Montreal is tlie most populous city in Canada, and in every respect must take the first rank in the province. It is situated on the Island of Montreal — which is represented as the garden of Canada, be'ng tlie richest soil in the province — at the head of ocean steamship navigation, and beyond which no large sailing vessels go, although smaller vessels pass on, via the canals and St. Lawrence, tO the west. The city is built of a gray limestone, having very much the appearance of Aberdeen gninite, with buildings of great solidity and excellence in design. The chief business street is that of Notre Dame, whilst Great St. James street exceeds it in handsome buildings, be- Bides being much broader. (See engraving.) Tlie wholesale stores are situated on the wharves ale \ :dd*i the river, and streets running parallel therewith. Montreal is the port at which arrives the great bulk of the importations from Great Britain and other places abroad, being there either re-sold or transhipped to all parts of Canada East and West ; consequently a large wholesale trade is carried on at Montreal in all descriptions of goodsw In the conglomerate mass of buildings there concentrated, are stores, churches, groceries, and nunneries, all intermixed with each other, whilst in the streets may be seen the manu- facturer's cart driving alongside of the Catholic priest in hir, " buggy," the merchant's clerk hurrying on past a sister of charity or nnn at large, and Frenchmen, Scotchmen, Germans, and Americans, all elbowing each other in the busy streets of the city par excellence. No better .•^inple of this heterogeneous gatheriiiu; is to be seen than by paying a visit to the Rue Notre Dame, or Bonsecours JInrket, where, on a Saturday night, a mixture of English, French, German, and broad Scotch, will fall upon the ear with peculiar effect, Alth'.nigh one of the finest views of t lie city ia obtained from off the mountain, undoubt- edly the most extensive one is to be had from the top of the Catholic cathedral, in the Place d' Amies. By pnj'ing l.v. stg. you will be conducted to the top, and, if a fine day, the view is such as will well repay the ascent. There are some very handsome churches in Montreal. At Beaver Hall, St. Andrew's Church (Presbyterian), and the Unitarian Church there, form two of the most prominent ill the city, situated as they are on a considerable elevation, on rising ground. The public buildings of Montreal are substantial and elegant, and consist of — PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The New Couht House, on Notre Dame street, and directly opposite to Nelson's Monu- ment, is of elegant cut stone, in the Grecian Ionic style. The ground plan is 800 feet by 125 ffot ; height, 70 feet. The New Post-office, on Great St. James street, is a beautiful cut stone building. The Mekciiants' Exchange IlEADrxo Room, situated on St. Sacrament street. The Mechanic!*' Institute, a very fine building, situated on Groat St. James street, of piit stone, 3 stories high, built in the Italian style. The Lecture Room is 60 by 80 feet, height 18 feet, ncafly and tastefully finished. Tin: Mehcantile Liuhauy Association, Odd Fellows' Hall, opposite the above. The Bank ok Montreal, Place d'Armes, St. James street, opposite the Cathcdrol, an elegant cut stone building of the Corintliian order. (See engraving.) The Crrv B A^K, next to the above, in the Grecian style, of cut stone and worthy of note. The Bank of British North America, Great St. James street, next the Post-ofRco, is a handsome building of cut stone, and built in the composite style of architecture. :i,ii. 1? ■ A MONTREAL — VICTORIA BRIDGE. 18 (See The B0N8ECOUR8 Market, on St Paul and Water streets, is a magnificent edifice, engraving.) The St. Ann's Market, opposite the Grey Nunnery. The Grey Nun.nery is situated on Foundling street, designed for the care of foundlings and infirm. The Hotel Dieu Nunnery, on St. Joseph and St. Paul streets, designed for sick and dis- eased persons. The Convent op the Sisters of the Saorko Heart is situated at St Vincent de Paul, 9 miles from Montreal. Academy of the Sisters of the Congrkoation de Notre Dame, now Maria Villa, about 3 miles from Montreal, was formerly the residence of the Governor-General. The MoGill College. — This is an institution of very high repute, founded by the Hon. Jnmes McGill, who bequeathed a valuable estate and £10,000 for its endowment. The buildings for the Faculty of Arts are delightfully situated at the base of the mountain, and command an extensive view. The Museum of the Natural History of Montreal, is situated in little St. James street, and is free to strangers. The New Cnr Water Works. — Th»«e works tap the St. Lawrence at the J^chine Rapids, some 6 miles above the city, and will cost, when fully completed, *«»rly $1,000,000. The 2 receiving reservoirs, for supplying the city are about 200 feet above the level (A the river, and hiM 20,000,000 gallons. The Jail, — This is a substantial stone building, surrounded by a high wall, and is worthy of a visit. It has recently been erected, at an expense of $120,000. The General Hospital, on Dorchester street, is a fine out stone building, and is one of the many prominent institutions of the city. The St. Patrick's Hospital, at the west end of the same street, is an elegant structure, and occupies a commanding position. The Protestant Orphan Asylum, situated in Catherine street, is a well-conducted charity, sustained by the benevolence of private individuals. T«e Ladies' BK-xjcvoLENr Institution, for the relief of widows and half orphans, is a large three-story building in Berthelot street It is managed solely by a committee / ladies. Nelson's Monument, Jacques Cartier square, Notre Dnme street. The Laohine Canal is among the public works worthy of note. Place d'Armks is a handsome square, between Notre Dume and Great St. James streets, opposite the French Cathedral. As a place of beauty and pleasure, the ride from the city to Mount Royal will attract the traveller at all times. The distance around it is 9 miles, commanding one of the finest views of beautiful landscape to be found in North America ; and in returning, entering the city, a view of the St Lawrence and of Montreal, both comprehensive and extended, that well repays the time and expense. Mount Royal Ckmetkuv, about 2 miles from the city, on the mountain, is o:k . 33 J a it i f ■J % O f w 6< SOOTH SIDE OF GREAT ST. JAMES' STREET. The first building on left side of the street Is the Oen- eral I'oatoSce— 64 by 100 feet— built in the Italian style. The third building In view la the Bank of Brit- ish North America — which, with the Post-office, forms two of the finest buildings in the street. Still further on, is the Mechanics' Library, a subtantiul, plain, square block, with an excellent reading-room, library, anil hall for lectures, etc. NORTH SIDE OF GREAT ST. JAMES' STREET. The building with the beautiful fluted columns of the Corinthian order, represented above. Is the Bank of Montreal— one of the finest buildings In the city. The next building to It is the City Bank of Montreal, an establishment with a much plainer exterior. In the Grecian style. 81111 further on, are some very elegant etorei*, with the Wesleyan Chapel In the distance, near- er the far end of the street. B0NSE00UH9 MARKET. This Is the largest, and one of the finest buildings In "le city. Krei;ted at a cost of ♦287,81)11. TstHl us ii l'nl>llc irarkct for the most part, where are sold an ex- traordinary quantity of provislont, VRMlHbles, fruit, Wi, lieside.s c'othlng, "Yankee NdtlniiiiV" and an vm '"«w (/(itherum of almost every thing ref|ulred for il'jinestic imrposes. One porllnnofthe liu.lding isused »s a police sinllon, im well as olllces connected with the iiiumdpul Kovernment. Il is situated close to the river I *iiie lluilt in ih« (irecUn-Uoric style of archlli-'ulure. IIAVMARKET AND BKAVER HAM,. The above view represents the Haymarket, with lleavcr Hall In the back rising ground, which. In Its number of handsome churches, presents one of the finest views In the city—more parllciilarly In «umnier— with the niouiii Un rising up behind, and llUViig up the back ground of the picture with the luxuriant foliage of its shrubbery. Tli> church with the highest spire in the abnvj engraving, is that of St. Andrew's ((!hurrh of Scotland). The one sf-eii in the i . ■■ .^r to the righ;. Is a very handsome churc!., imw completing for itie Unitarian congregation. Ill I Mi 16 MONTREAL, VICTORIA BRIDGE, ETC. The current < i* the river is very rapid — with a depth of from 4 to 10 feet, excepting in the main channel, where it is from 80 to 86 feet deep. In the winter, tlie ice in formed into a great thickness, and frequently immense piles accumulate — as high as 80 to 40 feet Thus piled up in huge boulders, the water rushes through them at a fearful rate, driving the blocks of ice along, and crushing all before them, The bridge will consist of 24 strong piers, standing 242 feet apart, excepting the centre span, which is 889 feet wide. They are all perpendicular on three sides, and slope down to the water-edge against the current, so as to withstand the force and action of the float- ing masses of ice, on its breaking up. Each pier is estimated to withstand the force of 70,000 tons of ice at one time. Resting on these piers, and running from abutment to abutment, is the bridge, which consists of a hollow iron tube, 22 feet high, and 16 feet wide. The centre span is to be 60 feet above the average level of the water, thence sinking to- wards each end 1 foot in 180, thus making the height of the abutments about 37 feet; The estimated cost is about £1,250,000 stg. The weight of the iron in the tubes will be 8,000 tons, and the contents of the masonry will be about 8,000,000 cubic feet. The whole will be completed in the autumn of 1869 or spring of 1860. As is well known, the engineer of this greatest bridge in the world is Mr. Robert Stephenson of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The whole of the views of Montreal, as given in the accompanying pages, were taken for this work by Mr. Notman, photographer, Montreal, and the clear and sharp photogriiplis supplied by him for the purpose of engraving from, affords the best evidence of his being a first-class artist The two illustrations given of Montreal em1)race the entire city, and presents a bird's-eye view of it as seen from the mountain. Being engraved from photographs, we have every confidence in saying that they faithfully represent Montreal as it is in 1869. To understand the position of the city as it is, the stranger will cast his eye to the left-hand corner of tlie upper engraving in the page, and poss on to the right. The lower engraving forms a con- tinuation of the upper, continuing from left to right THE FOREIGN CONSULS AT MONTREAL. For Belgium — Jesse Joseph. For United States — C. Dorwin. For Denmark — Thomns Ryan. For Sardinia, Hanover, Spain, ond Prussia — Henry Chapman. Vice-Consul for Norway and Sweden — H. Chapman. Vice-Consul to the Oriental Republic of the Urii- guay— J. M. Grant NATIONAL SOCIETIKS AT MONTREAL. The St George's Society. — H. Buhner, president ; R. Birks, treasurer. St Andrew's Society.— Willijim Murray, president ; George Templeton, treasurer. Thistle Society. — Alex»nder Smith, president ; William Reid, treasurer. Caledonian Society. — John Fletcher, president ; J. Craig, treasurer. St Patrick's Society. — Dr. Howard, President ; J. E. Mullin, treasurer. St. Jean Baptiste Society. — Hon. J. B. Meilleur, president German Society. — Ernest Idler, president ; G. Rheinhardt, treasurer. New England Society. — H. Stepnens, president; P. D. Brown, treasurer. 1 PHOTOGRAPHY. TT. ISTOTM^Isr, ARTIST, 11 DE BLEURY STREET, MONTREAL. First Prize for Photographs. First Prize for •Imbrotypea. PHOTOGRAPHS, UNTOUCHED OR COLORED, IN OIL, WATER COLORS, OR CRAYONS, FROM FULL-LKNOTH UF£ BIZE TO THE SMALLEST PRODUCED. AmbrotypeB Colored for Frames or Cases, Miniatures of every description for Lockets, Brooches, or Rings. Daguerreotypes and Paintings copied in all the various styles, and increased or reduced to any size required. Stereoscopic Portraits and Groups, in cases or pper slides. Views Stereoscoped, and otherwise, to order. Portraits taken and finished in Oils or Water Color without the aid of the camera, if required. Artists and Amateurs supplied with Stock and Apparatus, and the Art taught Speoimens to be seen at Mr. Notman's Studio, 11 De Bleury Street Observe tlie Address ; no Specimens exhibited autside. B. DAWSOJSr & SON, BOOKSELLERS Al^D STATIOI^ERS, GREAT ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL. JA^MiES STA-RKE & CO., ST. FRANCIS XAVIER STREET, MONTREAL. EDWIN H. LONGMAN, LoisriDoisr, o. "v/-. ARTIST AND PROFESSOR OF MUSIC, Organ, Piano Forte, Flute, Violin, and Singing; ALSO, DBAWING AND FAIKTING. Photographic Views and Portraits taken in every variety of style ; and every branch of the Art taught on reasonable terms. A variety of Views of the city constantly on hand for sale. TAYLOR & WILSON, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, LONDON, C. W. f s'* f< t,i i't- ■id .n, 'V* v'i"*- ••• r" ^ > V' "N ft- i^ V..4 t A ,.» . a . I,? )»- . X' . >,.. .( », > "> ll - il 1 's-xyf," OTTAWA. OTTAWA, CANADA WEST. .17 TiiK notoriety which this city, in embryo, has received lately, first as being fixed upon as the sent of government for Canada, and then decided against as such by the provincial legislature, — although it had been acqiuesced in by Her Majesty as the most advisable locality — has invested it with a significance which, otherwise, it would not, in all proba- bility, liave obtained. Ottawa is the new name given to the town of Bytown, by which it has long been known, as the centre of the immense lumber district of the River Ottawa. It is situated on that river, where the Rivers Ridea and Gatincnu, and the Rideau Canal, all meet. The town is intersected by the Rideau Canal and bridge, and forms three districts, viz, : that of Lower Town, on the east; Central Town, on the west; and Upper Town, on the north-west; all of which, however, are on the south side of the River Ottawa, and in Canada West, the River Ottawa, as is well known, forming the boundary line between Canada East and Canada West. The town was laid out under the command of Colonel By of the Royal Engineers, who constructed, also, the Rideau Canal. Hence tlie original name of the town being called Bytown — although now called Ottawa, after the magnifi- cent river on which it stands. The streets are all wide and regularly laid out, and, so far, reflects great credit on the engineering skill employed. Lower Town is the most important portion of the town, and, in uU probability, will become the chief business part, as the population and business in- creases. The two principal streets of Lower Town are Rideau street and Sussex street. In Rideau street there are several substantial, stone-built stores ond dwellings. In Sussex street there are also a few ; the majority, however, are wooden erections, both old and new. In Central Town tlic buildings are almost all of stone, presenting one excellent street, called Spark street; whilst Upper Town exhibits a mixture of both stone and wooden buildings in its Wellington street. All the buildings in the town are exceedingly plain, but substantially built, and, being built of gray limestone, resemble very much in np- poarance some of the streets of Montreal, as well as in tlie granite city of Aberdeen (Scot- land). On " Barrack Hill," the highest elevation of the town, are situated what are termed the government buildings — the remains, however, we should say, rather than of actual buildings. There are a few small out-housos and offices — whieli certainly do not deserve the name of government buildings — with sundry small cannon, taking their ease on the ground alongside of carriages, which have evidently seen service of some sort. Tiicse are the "dogs of war," which are intended, we presume, to protect the town against all invaders. On Barrack Hill is, however, also the residence of tlie chief military authority of the place. Tlie " location" of these buildings and the " gun battery" alluded to, is certainly one of the finest we have seen any where, either in Conada or tiic United States — equal, in some respects, even to the famous citadel of Quebec. In the rear is Central Town, whilst Upper and Lower Town are completely commanded by it on each side, whilst in front is a pre- cipitous embankment running down, almost perpendicular, to the river, several hundred feet, thus completely sweeping the river and opposite shore, north, cast, and west; so that, in a military point of view, Ottawa certainly occupies one of the finest natural positions any where in Canada; and, in that respect, is the key to un immense temtory of back country, valuable for its wood and minerals. The strnngcf, on visiting Ottawa for the first time, is apt to be disappointed that he does not find a larger " city," and one more advanced, in many respects; but it must be recollected that it has been forced into ]>ul)lic notice from the cause we have already al- huled to, and obtained a publicity, witli which parties at a distance are apt to connect wrong or exaggerated ideas; and if the town is not larger than it is, the fault rests as much in the imaginations of individuals, as with the inlmbitnnts, generally, of the town itself, who, in the short time, since Bj'town became a place of note, have boon doing their utmost to make it "go a-head." In the desire to do so, however, some of the Inndlioldcrs there, we fear, by putting very high prices on their lots, and landlords refusing to give •'■'iH , M: !1 o H H >■ > as o >■ I d H O Jz! O O O W H o 6- ■< M U OS Se; cs 11 J' I v^i : ^ M r-« ^^S «■■ «' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1^12^ ||2.5 ^ IM III 2.2 £ I4£ 12.0 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^= =^ ^ ^ 6" ► V] 7] ^> > w s y .-^s^ I m Photographic Sciences Corporation >.>>. '0-..V ^f^ ^^<^ 23 WEST MAIN STRElST WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 ■ A* ^0 \ \ 20 CHAUDIEBE FALLS — BIDEAU FALLS, ETC. leases at reasonable rates, have only tended to defeat the very object Trhich they, and all the inhabitants ought to have in viev, viz., giving every facility in their power, and offer- Ing every inducement they can, for parties at a distance to locate amongst them. In fact, the idea that Ottawa was selected as the headquarters of the government, has had any thing but a beneficial effect so far, in some respects, upon the town; but there is the conso- lation, that whether it is to be the seat of government or not, there is no doubt, thr'^ of necessity, it is destined to become — it maybe gradually — the centre of a much more exten- sive trade, a town of much greater importance than it is at present, and the point, round which radiate a number of other towns, and extensive agricultural districts, of which Ot- tawa is the capital and centre, and, in all human probability, always likely to remain so. From it, a large wholesale and retail trade is, and must always, be done — with the districts round about ; whilst, as is well known, it is the centre of a district, which, for extensive forests of fine lumber, has no superior in America. The scenery around Ottawa is far beyond what we had any idea of, and the view from the Barrack Hill, is one of surpassing grandeur and extent, combining in it a trinity of river, landscape, and fall scenery, which few places can boast of. Looking to the west — (see engraving)^at the west end of the town are situat' the celebrated Chaudiere Falls, which fall about 40 feet, and the spray of which may bu i-n a long way off, ascending iu the air. In the early part of the season, {say in May,) these falls are not seen to so much advan- tage, the river then being, generally, so much swollen with the immense volume of water from the upper lakes and the tributaries of the Ottawa. Then they partake, in some re- spects, more of the character of huge rapids. Farther on in the season, however, they ap- pear more in their real character of " falls," and are a sight worth seeing, although they are being very much encroached upon, by lumber establishments. An excellent view of tlie falls, as well as of the rapids, is got from off the suspension bridge, which crosses the river quite close to them At the eastern suburb of Ottawa, again, called New Edin- burgh, there is a little Niagara, in miniature, in the Rideau Falls, and one of the prettiest little falls to be seen any where. Although only of SO feet fall, they present features of interest and great beauty. The town of Ottawa is supplied, in many parts, with gas. Its markets afford an excel- lent supply of cheap provisions, whilst the purity of the air, from its elevated position, renders it one of the healthiest towns in Canada. Emigrants, in looking to Ottawa, will do well to remember, that it is only the agricul- tural labourer, or farmar with capital, to whom its locality offers inducements at present. Amongst the schemes for connecting Canada East with the Western States, is the Ot- tawa Ship Canal, via the Ottawa and French Rivers to Lake Huron, which, if successful in being established, will render Ottawa, more than ever, one of the great entrepots of that route and traffic. The communication between Ottawa and Montreal, is by rail via Prcscott; also by river, per steamer to Qrenville, rail from Grenville to Carrillon j thence, steamer to Lachine i thence, rail to Montreal. To Canada West, on the St. Lawrence, via rail. To Ogdensburg, via roil to Prcscott, and steamer across the St. Lawrence, Distances : — from Montreal, 126 miles; Quebec, 296 miles; Toronto, 223 miles; Kingston, 96 miles; Prescott, 66 miles; New York, 460 miles; Boston, 486 miles. Population, about 12,000. For the information of emigrants proceeding to the newly-opened districts, where free lands are to be had, full information regarding these, with routes and fares, will bo found in another portion of this work. The views of Upper Town, and Lower and Central Town, as given elsewhere, are from pencil drawings made for this work, by Mr. Eastman, artist, of Ottawa. All who know Ottawa will be able to attest to the very faithful manner in which they are c.>ne, and that the engravers have preserved all the truthfulness in detail, in enabling us to present, for the first time, we believe, complete and accurate views of Ottawa, Canada West OTTAWA BUSINESS DffiEOTORY. , and all id offer- In fact, had any iie conBo- ;, thti of re exten- at, round vhich Ot- emain so. B districts extensive rievr from trinity of nat' >ybc the . on ich advnn- e of water n pome rc- jr, they ap- lough tlity ent view of crosses the New Edin- tie prettiest mt features 'd an excel- id position, |thc agricul- ,t present. |b, is the Otr mccessful in tots of that I by river, lo Lachine; kgdensburg, ontreal, 126 L 56 miles; ■where free 611 bo found Ire, are from who know Le, and that l8ent,forthe Agricultural Implementi. Hat, (vv jjtGK, Sparks street Attorneyt and Barristers. Clkoo, WnxiAM, Rideau street. Mabsan, J. B. C, Rideau st (See adv't) Rnio & O'Connor, Sussex street. Bookseller, Brobib, Jahes, Sparks street, (See adv't). Builder and Carpenter. Lano, Edward, Sparks street. Central (See advertisement). Commissiot* Mercluxnta. Heubaob, Geohoe, Rideau street. Maeett, Fbedebick, Rideau street, Confectioner and Baker. Scott, Alexander, Sparks street Dry Goods. (k.rsvuQBAU, Barclay -'ij,jw; CITY OF TORONTO, W. Toronto forms the Metropolis of Upper Canada, (or Canada West,) the second city in commercial importance in the entire province, and at present is the seat of the provincial legislature. It is pleasantly situated on the west shore of Lake Ontario, and h&s a much more prepossesang appearance when viewed from a steamer on the lake, than when ap- proached by railway. From the large quantity of trees and shrubbery interspersed througli many of the streets, it may well lay claim to the title of the Forest City of Canada. Sit- uated as the city is, on almost a dead level, it presents no particular features further tlian being plentifully studded with graceful spires, which, with the wooded hills situated in the background, completes the picture of a beautiful city. The street along ude of the shore of the lake — recently very much improved — is termed the Esplanade, along which the Grand Trunk Railroad runs, and where it has its terminus. CnOWN-LANDS OFHCE AND MECHANICS INSTmiTE. In one portion of the obove building are the offices of the Crown-land Department, where all business connected with the "Woods and Forests" are concjucted. In another portion is the excellent Mechanics' Institution of the city, situated at the cor- ner of Church and Adelaide streets. BT. LAWRENCE HALU The above forms one of the most imposing buildings in the city. The basement and first floors are occupied as stores, whilst up- stairs there is a large, well-lighted, and neatly done-up public hall, where meetings, concMs, etc., ore held. St. Lawrence Hall is situated at the east end of King street. King St in the citj with its z ings, form the largest street, viz.. House. As in most out at right The prin lington stre business of i We may i all the stree The Provi cluster of re residence of Majesty in C The public have engrave Trinity Collt situated the I one of the fin JielA Beside new General western extrei Toronto ma elegant structi tliedral and tl present that g none, we shoul dationofthel Toronto has ordinary good "on, and the re 'ion, affording «" over the coi wmm TORONTO, CANADA WEST. 28 KINO 8TBEEI (W£ST). King street is the principal thoroughfare in the city. It is fully 2 miles in length, and with its many handsome stores and huild- ings, forms the chief promenade. Two of the largest buildings in the city are in King street, yiz., St Lawrence Hall, and the Bosain House. TONGB STREET (nOBTH). Yonge street rivals King street, in its busy bustling appearance, and although the stores are not so elegaat as some in King street, yet a large amount of retail business is trans- aoted in the section presented above. As in most cities in the United States, the streets of Toronto are long and spacious, and laid out at right angles to each other. The principal streets for wholesale stores are the lower end of Yonge street and Wel- lington street, whilst Upper Yonge street and King street are the chief streets for retail business of all sorts. Vfe may mention that, with the exception of spaces here and there, the pavements in all the streets are of wood — plunks laid across, and nailed down to sleepers. The Provincial Legislature holds its meetings in Toronto, in the government buildings, a cluster of red brick buildings situated at the west end of the city, close to which is the residence of the Governor-General, Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart, representative of Her Majesty in Canada. The public buildings of Toronto are numerous, and some of them very handsome. We have engraved, from photographs, four of the principal buildings, viz. : St Lawrence Hall, Trinity College, the Normal School, and Crown-lauds Office, in which building is also situated the Mechanics' Institute. Osgoode Hall, in Queen street, when completed will form one of the finest buildings in the city. There the Superior Cour^ of Law and Equity are held. Besides those named, the other public buildings of any note are the Postroffice, the new General Hospital and the Lunatic Asylum — the latter an immense building at the western extremity of the city. Toronto may well boast as being the city of churches in Canada, from the number of elegant structures it contains, of all denominations. The two largest are the English Ca- thedral and the Roman Catholic Cathedral, but both, being without spires as yet, do not present that graceful apDcarance which even some of the smaller churches do, although none, we should suppose, exceed the rich and handsome interior or comfortable accommo- dation of the English Cathedral, as a place of worship. Toronto has several manufacturing establishments, some of them extensive, and which, in ordinary good times, turn over a large amount of business ; the city, from its central posi- tion, and the ready means of land and water carriage, now extended almost in every direc- tion, affording great facilities for manufactures as well as merchandise finding their way all over the country. 24 TORONTO AND HAMILTON, CANADA WEST. TRINITY COLLEGE. The above building if« one of the most im- portant in the city, whether as regards its character as an educational institution, or the magnificent style of the edifice, which, when completed, will certainly be one of the finest in the city. TUB NOBlfAL AND MODEL 8CH00L& The above building, in the Italian style o architecture, is devoted to the establishment known as the Normal and Model Schools, and which forms the head of that invaluable system of public education pervading the whole province. As we have said, Toronto forms the second commercial city in Canada, and, until ihe panic of 185Y set in, enjoyed a large and steadily increasing trade. Its merchants were of the most enterprising, active, and " go a-head" character ; consequently probably no city in America has experienced the efi^eets of the panic more than Toronto. With the general revival of business, we have no doubt, it will assume its wonted activity, although it may be gradually. The railways centring in Toronto are : — The Great Western, to Hamilton ; Supension Bridge, (Niagara,) and Windsor, opposite Detroit, (Michigan). Tiie Grand Trunk, to Montreal and Quebec, (east,) and to Stratford, (west). The Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron, (now called the Northern Railroad,) to Collingwood. .:■» fftm-) \ im Li I 26 LONDON. LONDON, CANADA WEST. LuB ita nnmeiake, the great Babylon of England, London, 0. W., is in the County of Middlesex, and also on the River Thames, with streets and bridges named yfter those of the great city. There, however, the similarity ends. It possesses some excellent publio build- ings and churches, and is situated in the centre of an extensive and rich agriouliural dis- trict, which furnishes it with a large amount of trade in grain and other agricultural pro- duce. Previous to the late commercial panic, few places showed greater sip" ojf progress than London ; in fact it went ahead too fast, like many other cities and U isequently it has felt the revulsion all the more — and every department of buai -^arly, Imi suffered — to revive again, we hope, when business becomes more buoyant lly. The town is lighted with gas, and supports as many as six newspapers, and fi< . agencies. The streets are wide, and laid off at right angles. London nne of the 'ul statioDs on the Great Western Railroad of Canada, on the section fro Tamilto ndsor, with a branch to port Stanley, on Lake Erie, from which there is u communica- tion with Cleveland, Ohio. The soil in the immediate vicinity of London, it is true, is sand j o country almost a dead level, as far as Windsor ; but you cannot travel many miles iu u northern or soutti- ern direction, until you meet with an undulating country, and productive farms, whose proprietors, of course, betake themselves to London for sale and purchase— for mart and market Our representation of London is from one of several photographs, supplied to ya by Mr. E. H. Longman, of London, C. W., and, from the excellent ma Mer in which the^ ^re executed, we feel pleasure and confidence in saying, that the photographic art is well re- presented there by Mr Longman— judging from the specimens he has supplied to us. HAMILTON, 0. W. Hamilton, one of the cities of Canada West, is situated at the sonth-westem extremity of Burlington Bay, an inlet at the head of Lake Ontario, and terminus of lake navigation. The site on which Hamilton is built, occupies gradually rising ground for about a mile and a half from the shore of the lake to the base of the hill, called the Mountain, which rises np in the background. It wos laid out in 1818, and has spread with wonderful rapidity — faster than almost any other town in Canada. In 1841 the population was only about 8500, while in 1860 it had increased to 10,312, and now has reacned to nearly 80,000. Hamilton is the centre of one of the most extensive and best agricultural portions of Canada, and in its vicinity are to be seen some of the best cultivated farms, not long re- claimed from the primeval forest As in most American cities, the streets are laid out at right angles, and present a fine, spacious appearance. The public buildings, banks, churches and hotels, whicn are amonsr^t tne finest in the province, are built of stone and brick. Some of the merchants' stores ex> I any thing of the same sort in Toronto, or even Montreal, and are carried on by some of the largest importers in Canada, who do an extensive business throughout the country. The chief business streets — named King, John, James, York, and McNab streeUJ— are situated a considerable distance back from the shore. The Gore Bank of Canada has its head-quarters in Hamilton, in addition to which there are five or six other Bank agencies. The finest and certainly most extensive view of the city is to be had from the Mountain. DRUGS. JWINBR A CO.. Importers and Wholeiale DrugRiiti, receive eonitantly, direct from the lourcei • of growth and manufacture, all the staple Drugi, (.'hemlcals, Perfumery, Toilet Soaps, llrushvs. Combs, Surgical and Dental Instruments, Glassware, etc., etc. Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Naval Htorvs, Dye- ituSli, Spices, etc., etc. J. Winer A Co. are proprietors of Mott's Febrifuge Vvine and Garden's Worm Tea, and also keep all other Patent Medicines in stock, at miinur»cturers' prices. Particular attention paid to keeping articles of flrst quality. loney Broker, Insurant, and fleaeral Agent, KINO STREET, HAMILTON, C. W. M. KIT. UTARTniAN, D. D. 8., CORNER OF KINO them I complete of the kind In Canada— comprising the following Departments, viz : — Book and Job Pbintimo, including the publication of the national series of School Books, as well as the I execution of every variety of plain and fancy letter-press printing; Bookbindino, (this department carried off the flrst prlie at the Provincial Fair In 1857,) including Blank Bool< manufacturing, and ruling and puglng by the most Improved machinery ; Lithoorapiiino and Coppbr-Platk Enqbavino and Phintino, embriielng : I Invoices, Cards, Maps, Plans, Aiilngraphs, Ac, jcc, with every variety of Mercantile and Bank Forms; Staiionbrt, enitirai'lng a stk'ct and vn -tcd Stock of British, American, and Canadian made papers, &c., &c. ^" Ordn» In the above departments executed on the shortest notice, and at reasonable charges. Spkciator Offick, J O-IIjIjESI'TZ" Ss HOBBHTSOX^T, Hamilton, 0. W. ) rubliahtra tf Proprittor; Daily per annum, $6.00 per copy. Semi- Weekly " " 8.00 Weekly " " 1.60 of the Spectator also beg to direct public attention to the other branches of business n at the " gPECTATOB" ESTABLl.<«HMUNT, which Is one of the largest and most THS 8T. OATBSIIZITS'S OOITSTITUTIOITAL, An Independent Weekly Conservative Journal, 18 published every Wednesday, at the Proprietor's Office, St. Paul Street, at the low price of $2 a year, In advance. Having a large and Influential circulation. Business Men will find It a most desirable adver- tising medium. Plain and Fancy JOB I'UINTING, of every description, executed In the best style of the Art, at the cheapest rates, and on the shortest notice. Superior facilities for Book, Handbill, Circular and Card Printing. JAMES SETMOUR, Editor & Proprietor, St Catherine's, C. W. ^^J fi: ., t-l o o .^ Xlt-l^*-^i ■^ -^T' ,vtj :ii- M-^i:4 28 KINGSTON, CANADA WEST. e i? £ «^ 2 t 4) S 5^ ^ t! "SI & -^ -« s -« :5 -o .2 "3 § &• § ^ § V. o «r 2 •:. is - bJ3 Tin '^ i-( (» «5 J2 •5 s ^ -^ I -3 I g> 2 S) o B ? b « " s -n i .a E E- s 1 8 -I .a IS ^ a PJ * "^ >i a R 9) « a3 O ^ S •" ^a a 'O o a 6 M a 5 " (» ^ O H C5 o .S p ',- ■- « -2 :a -H .9 'S o 3 « a -^ f ■g -S^ 1Z S. •= -2 £ i^ B g i .2 « s g : > 2 — i i « « 3 ^- t ?* g =^ '-" I- ?c 3 1 E a *; - "" k** 'S v O . -^ 3 a >, tn * « .ii .5 i o i - « f* .3 S fc . § .i > fi ■'' % 'C " 1' -o « *■ i B 3 3 - . 't 3 a I ^ -^ •'^ « g d " p- ® -c z « -t: 2 « 3 o c u t8 r3 B ■" 2 c5 ^ i5 -s d OS 1. ^ '^ "^ -ij' i "^ ® O «2 -5 o ~ ti . "o '*^ "^ 3 - .. - ^ B ^ « c-a = f KINGSTON, CANADA WEST. 29 * 5 c S 5 a Cj o c •f "3 i c g =;! §.5 S 5 2 O — f view of the surrounding country is obtained. Tliese buildings, besides the immense Hull, which is used on all public occasions, and for concerts, etc., contain the common council chambers, city offices, commercial news room, agency of the bank of British North Ameri- ca, temporary post-offico, wholesale stores and warehouses, together with numerous other offices, etc., which will give some idea of its proportions. Its average cost was one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The new " Court House ond Joil," now completed, stands next in order, and is, indeed, an ornament to the city, the front elevation, with its six mag- nificent pillars, being in Grecian Ionic style, and the design extremely chaste and elegant. Its length is 208 feet, width 54 feet. The average outlay in its construction was nearly ninety thousand dollars. The lower story is designed for public offices, above which are the court and council rooms, consisting of the assizes and county court, tlie division court, and county council rooms, etc. In rear are the JaU and jailer's dwelling, forming nn extensive wing to the main building. The other buildings of note are, tlie Koman Catholic Cnthe- dral, and Regiopolis College; the General Hospital, Queen's College, the Grammar School; St. George's, St. Paul's, and St. James's Protestant Churches; St. Andrew's Church, Irish Free Church, Chalmer's Church, Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist Cliurches, Con- gregational Church, Baptist Church, Apostolic Church, and tlie old French Roman Catho- lic Cliurch, now used as a nunnery. The new Custom House and Post-office, recently com- pleted, would be an ornament to any city. Tlie chief public institutions are, the General Hospital, House of Industry, Hotel Dieu, Mechanics' Institute, etc. There are two daily newspapers — "The British Whig," the first daily published in Canada West, and "The News ;" one tri-weekly in the Roman Catholic interest, the " Herald ;" and four weeklies, the " Chronicle and News," the " British Whig," the " Commercial Advertiser," and the " Tribune." One thing must not be overlooked in mentioning the lions of the city — the Public Park, which, in a few years, will be a chief source of healthful recreation to the citizens. Kingston has long been known for its safe and capacious harbour, which is well adapted to shelter a large fleet of vessels, besides having over twenty wharves, some of them very extensive, and furnished with capacious warehouses and accommodations for the forwarding trade. The shipping trade has long been a chief feature of the place. In addition to the ship yards at Garden Island, opposite, and at Portsmouth, at tlie extreme west end of the city, there is the noted Marine Railway of John Counter, Esq., from all of which have been launched the greatest number and largest tonnage of Canadian vessels in Canada West Kingston, in this particular, being only second to Quebec. A branch railroad has lately been made across a portion of the bay below the Catara- qui Bridge, to connect with the city from the main depot, coming in at the foot of Onta- rio street, at the Tdte du Pont barracks, and passing thence along the harbour to Shaw's wharf, where the branch or city depot is to be established. Kingston has, also, her Crys- tal Palace, at the outskirts of the city, in wliich the County Agricultural, Horticultural, and other shows are held, and in which will be held tlie Provincial Association's great An- nual Sliow for 1859. This is a large, handsome, and commodious building, which speaks favourably for the public enterprise of the Kingstoneso, and the y»?omenry of the county of Fronteiiftc. Not the least remarkable evidence of tlie prosperity of the farming com- munity, is the large markets in Kingston — larger, perhaps, than any others in Canada, and attesting greatly in favour of the superiority of the land in tlie vicinity. Kingston is well defended, judging from her martello towers, market battery, and ex- tensive and commanding fortifications at Fort Henry and Point Frederick. Towards the west end of the city are numerous handsome private residences, fronting on Lake Ontario. Still further on is tlie private Insane Asylum, at " Rockwood." The Penitentiary, situated on the lake shore, is a great attraction to strangers visiting Kingston. It is surrounded with walls 30 feet high, with flanking towers, the whole covering an orea of about twen- ty acres. Inside the walls, the first building seen is of a cruciform shape, in one wing of wliich is the hospital ; in another, the dining-hall ; above these, the chupcl ; and under- neath, the asylum for the insane. Tliw north part is the dwelling-hoase of the Warden and other officers, with a beautiful garden attached ; the remainder being occupied as cells for the convicts, Avho are all well car;' for, and have, with their own hands, erected the walls, workshops, sheds, cells, etc. . A{> the back, and next the lake side, are ranges of workshops, where the surplus labour \i let to contractors. On the whole, Kingston seems to ke.>p the even tenour of her way amongst the cities of Canada West, with a creditable steadiness and perseverance; is said to be one of the most healthy localities in the province; with a population of about 13,000. Kingston is repre- sented in th? Upper House by the Honourable Alexander Campbell, and in the Lower House by t'.io Honourable John A. Macdonnld, the ex-Preniicr ; the member for the county being the Honourable Henry Smith, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. The station of the Grand Trunk Rnilioad is about 2 miles from the city. Omnibuses ply to ond from it, in connection with the hotels. < UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. Thk following infonnation is compiled from the authorised publioatloni of the Oanadlan goTernment, official doomuents, and private information received ;— GeooraphiOal Position and Extent. — The provinoe of Canada embraoei about ARO,000 iqunre miles of territory, independently of its north-western possessiong, not yet open fur sottlemont ; it is, consequently, more than one-third larger than France, nearly three timei as large ai Oreat Britain and Ireland, and more than three times as large as Prussia. The Inhabited, or settled portion, covers at least 40,000 square miles, and is nearly twice as large as Denmark, three times as large as Switzerland, a third greater than Scotland, and more than a tliird the size of Prussia. Prior to the year 1840, Canada was divided into two distinct provinoos, known as Upper and Lower Canada, possessing separate legislative bodies, or parliaments, for the local government of each. In 1840 these provinces were united, although, for some purposes, the old territorial divisions still exist. Upper Canada is that part of the now united provinces which lies to the weat of the River Ottawa ; Lower Canada embraces the country to the east of that river. Tliis extensive province is bounded on the north by the British possessions, at present In the occapation, or guardianship, of the Hudson's Bay Company ; on the south and oust, by the states of the American Union, and the British province of New Brunswick. The western boundary of Canada, west of Lake Winnipeg, is yet undefined. The River St, Lawrence, and Lukes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting rivers, form the division between Canada and the United States. FoRH OF QovERNHBNT. — Canada is a colony of Great Britain, but is as {too and unfettered on an independent nation. The mother country has entrusted to the Canadians the munagoment of their own affairs. The Governor of Canada, who is also Governor-general of British North Amer- ica, is appointed by the British Crown, and is its representative in the colony. He nominates an executive council, who are his advisers on all matters. There are two legislative bodies, called the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council, the membL/a of which are elootcd by the people. The Legislative Council was formerly filled by the nominees of the crown. The system of government is that of legislative majorities and responsibility to electors, in imitation of, and as similar as possible, to that which exists in Great Britain, All pnblio oflloes and seats in the legislature are open to any candidate possessing the confldonco of the people, and liolding a certain limited amount of property, and being, at the time, a British subject, The elective franchise is nearly universal. Every man paying an snnual household rental of 00 dol< lars, (£6 stg.) in the cities and towns, and 20 dollars, (£4 stg.) in the rural districts, Is entitled to vote. Naturalization of Aliens. — Under the provisions of the 12 Vict, cap, 107, sect 4, as amended by the 18 Vict, cap, 6, foreigners can become naturalized after a residence o{ Jlv* j/eivn in Can- ada, by taking an oath as to such residence, and the oath of allegiance, before any Justice of the Peace of the place of bis residence, and afterwards obtaining a certificate of rcMldunoo fVom such v^ustice of the Peace, and causing it to be presented and recorded in any one of the courts mentioned in the sixth section of the 12 Vict. cap. 197, upon which a certificate of naturalization will be granted by such court. Before they are naturalized, we are informed that foreigners can hold and transmit real otftate the same as natural-born subjects; that they have a vote at municipal elections, although not at elections for members of the provincial legislature. The British government maintains a small force in Canada and the neighboring provinces, for protection against foreign invasion, and for the maintenance and preservation of the furtllloa- tions of Quebec, Kingston, and other places, in the event of a foreign war. Character of the Population, — Canada was once a French colony, and, until it was ceded to the British, possessed, exclusively, a French population. In that part of the province which lies to the east of the Ottawa River, and which is called Lower Canada, the people ore olilolly of French extraction. West of the Ottawa, or Upper Canodo, is essentially British, The popula- tion of the province now exceeds 2,500,000, In some parts of Upper Canada there are large colonies of Germans and Dutch, and it is probable that not less than 80,000 Germans and Dutch are settled in different parts of the upper or western half of the province. 82 POPULATION — LAWS AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. POPULATION OF CANADA FOR 1856-1857. Names of Counties. Brant Elgin Prescott Russell Lambton Stormont Dundas Qlengary Carleton Leeds Orenville Norfolk Lanark Renfrew Frontenac Lennox Addington Hastings Prince Gdward.. Haldlmand Northumberland.. I Durham ) Peterborough Victoria ::[ Total estimated Pop- ulation up to Jan. 1. 1866. 18S7. 26,872 80,416 1 14,028 I 6,184 ■ 17,796 [18,044 17,844 22,886 80,S40 [89,064 I 26,4.'56 27,834 128,824 I 18,684 21,684 9,148 I 18,688 ' 41,616 22,6S6 21,660 I 86,124 [88,466 I 20,276 I 16,762 29.65T 88,461 16,422 6,802 19,669 19,844 19,624 26,119 88,694 42,970 29,101 80,672 81,706 14,814 28,852 10,062 20,666 46,777 24,921 28,826 89,736 42,801 22,008 18,427 Names of Counties and Cities. Brought forward... Ontario York Peel Slmcoe Wentwoith Halton Grey Wellington Huron Bruce Perth Waterloo Lincoln Wellaud Oxford Middlesex Kent Essex City of Toronto City of Hamilton . . City cf Kingston... City of Ottawa City of London . . . . Carried up 56,632 62,006 Total estimated population of Lower Canada, adding one-scTen- teenth for one year's increase Total population of Canada in 1866 and in 1857 | 2,880,881 Total estimated Pop- ulation up to Jan. 1. 1866. 56,682 86,520 61,572 27,568 86,712 81,644 21,592 [16,680 [84,584 [ 82,684 I 8,000 26,562 84,824 188,700 I 21,060 40,908 40,161 28,800 26,040 46,500 20,400 16,160 11,060 18,600 1,228,128 1,162,703 1867. 62,006 40,172 67,720 80,824 89,288 84,698 28,761 18,288 88,088 86,942 9,240 29,207 87,766 97,070 28,166 44,993 44,167 26,180 28,644 61,000 22,440 17,789 12,155 14,960 1,860,928 1,220,514 2,571,487 Laws and Municipal Institutions. — The laws of England were introduced into Upper Ci d- ada in 1791, and prevail, subject to the various alterations made, from time to time, by the local parliament. The laws of Franco, as they existed at the conquest of Canada, by Britain, prevail in Lower Canada, subject also to the alterations effected by the local parliament. The criminal and commercial laws of England prevail there, as in Upper Canada. The parliament of Canada have, and exercise, entire control over the province ; the imperial government never interfere now, unless (which scarcely ever occurs) some great national interest is involved. The municipal system of Upper Canada is admirably adapted to the exigencies of a young and vigorous country ; its success has been complete. In order to comprehend it, it is necessary to state, that Upper Canada is divided into counties, forty -two in number ; each county is divided into townships; so that, on an overage, each township is about ten miles square. The inhabit- ants of a township elect five " councillors," the councillors elect, out of this number, a presiding officer, who is designated the " town reeve ;" the town reeves of the different townships, form the " county council," this Council elect their presiding officer, who is styled the " Warden." Tlie town council and county council are municipal corporations, possessing the power to raise money for municipal purposes, such as making public improvements, opening and repairing roads and bridges. Repayment is secured by a tax on all the property in the township or county where the debt is incurred; but no by-law for raising money can be enforced, unless it has been previously submitted to the electors or people. Each corporation possesses the power of suing, and is liable to be sued, ond their by-laws, if illegal, are subject to be annulled by the Superior Courts of the province, at the instance of any elector. Each township council has the power to provide for the support of common schools under the provisions of the school law ; to construct roads, bridges, water-courses, etc., to appoint path-masters or road-inspectors, etc. The county councils are charged with the construction and repairs of goals, and court-houses, roads and bridges, houses of correction, and grammar schools, under the provisions of the schooi-law ; to grant money, by loan, to public works, tending to the improvement of the country, ond to levy taxes for the redemption of the debts incurred, subject to the proviso before mentioned, namely, the vote of the people. Villages not having a popula- tion over 1000, ore govcrued by a board of police, and ore styled police villages; possessing over 1000 inhabitants, they become incorporated villages, ond are governed by a council of five, whose reeve is a member of the county council, ex officio; os soon b.6 a village acquires o population exceeding three thousand, it becomes a town governed by a mayor ond council, and is represented in the county council by a town reeve, ond deputy town reeve. When the number of inhabit- CANADA — INCOME AND EXPENDITURE — EDUCATION. 38 ants exceeds 10,000, it may be created a city, and is governed by a mayor, alderman, and coud- cilmeu. All town reeres, wardens, mayors, and aldermen, are, ex officio, justices of the peace. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE FOR 1856. Revenue, 1856. . £ Customs 1,028,906 Excise 20,532 8 Revenue from Public Works. M,T65 7 Territorial Z^MO 6 Bank ImposU 22,142 14 Casual Revenue 89,604 12 «. d. 2 8 e 9 2 7 -Total Currency £1,288,666 18 4 Expenditure, 1856. £ ». d' Interest on Public Debt 225,228 Ifi 7 Civil Government 56,080 10 8 Administration of Justice.. . 114,254 8 6 Provincial Penitentiary 13,939 11 2 LegUlature 117,444 17 4 Education 97,514 1 6 Agricultural Societies 17,955 18 8 Hospitals and other Charities 88,756 18 10 PuhUc Works 92,787 16 6 Militia 86,107 14 11 Maintenance of Lighthouses 27,994 4 1 Emigration 6,888 18 7 Pensions 9,820 8 Indian annuities 8,755 Sinking Fund, &c 6t),84S 14 S Miscellaneous 126,897 11 Total Currency £1,060,714 18 9 Educational Institutions. — Upper and Lower Canada enjoy separate school laws, adapted to the religious elements prevailing in either. Each township in Upper Canada is divided into sev- orcU school sections, according to the requirements of the inhabitants. The common schools are supported partly by government, and partly by local, self-imposed taxation, and occasionally, by the payment of a small monthly fee from each scholar. The total amount expended on educa- tional purposes in Canada, during 1856, was £97,514 1«. 6i., currency. In long-settled rural dis- tricts, each school section is now distinguished by a handsome brick school-house, furnished with nitips, authorized school books, and elementary philosophical apparatus. The salaries of teachers vary from £130 stg. to £40 stg. in country parts, and from £280 stg. to £75 stg. in cities and towns. All common-school teachers must pass an examination before a county board of educa- tion, or receive a license from the provincial normal school, empowering them to teach, before they can claim the government allowance. The provincial normal school is a highly effective and useful institution, for the training of teachers, and annually sends forth from 1J)0 to 150 young men and women, who, having been uniformly instructed in the art of conducting a school and communicating knowledge, are grad- ually establishing, in Upper Canada, a system of common-school education of great promise. The free school system is gaining ground in many parts of Canada ; the principle it involves implies the support of common schools, open to all, by a general tax, and the non-exaction of fees. Any school section may adopt it by the vote of the majority of its inhabitants. Separate schools for Roman Catholics are sanctioned under certain regulations. Tlie grammar schools are 65 in number, with 3720 pupils. They are intended to form a con- necting link between the common schools and the universities. Teachers must be graduates of some university; they receive an allowance from government in addition to fees. The ac^a.nt raised for grammar-school purposes, in 1855, was £12,000 sterling. Besides a richly-endowed provincial university, supplied with a complete staff of highly com- petent professors and lecturers, there are several other universities and colleges in Upper Can ada, in connection with d-^'—pnt religious denominations. The standard of education adopted in some of the Canadian universities, assimilates, as closely as possible, to that established in the time-honoured institutions of Great Britain and Ireland, and the ranks of the professorial staffs arc generally supplied from tiie same unfailing sources. All the expenses of a full uni- versity course in Toronto need not exceed £00 sterling per annum, board and tuition included. To the Provincial University, and to the University of Trinity College in connection with the Clnirch of England, scholarships are attiiched, which vary in value, from £18 stg. to £40 stg. per annum. These are awarded (at annual examinations) to successful candidates competing fur them. In Lower Canada a system of education in some respects similar to that which has just been described exists, and is rapidly obtaining favour among the people. The superior schools there, however, are of a very high order, and many of the seminaries attached to religious houses are well endowed, and omply provided with eflicient professors and teachers. I n't » ■ i4 'Jj Si RELIGION — ^AGRICULTURE — CLIMATE. Rblioion. — Among Canadians there is perfect toleration in religious matters. While, how- ever, all religions are respected by law and by the people, there are strict distinctions jealously preserved between churches of different denominations. The prevailing religious denominations may bo thus classified, according to the census of 1851, from which an idea nmy be formed of the present strength of each leading religious body: —Church of England, 268,S92 ; Church of Scotland, 75,587; Church of Rome, 914,571 ; Free Pies byterians, 93,885 ; other Presbyterions, 82,783 ; Wesleyan Methodists, 114,839 ; Episcopal Metho- dists, 49,443 ; all other Methodists, 52,449 ; Baptists, 49,846 ; Lutherans, 12,107, etc., etc. In Upper Canada the Roman Catholics form about one-sixth of the whole population, and in Lower Can- ada about five-sixths. AoRicuLTURAL CAPABILITIES OP THE SoiL. — In the vallcys of some of the larger rivers of Upper Canada wheat has been grown after wheat for thirty years; the first crops yielded an average of 40 bushels to the acre, but, under the thoughtless system of husbandry then pursued, the yield diminished to 12 bushels to the acre, and compelled a change of crop, which soon liiul the effect of restoring the land to its original fertility. But this system of husbandry has ef- fected its own cure, and led to the introduction of a more rational method of cultivating the soil. Years ago, w'hen roads were bad, and facilities for communicating with markets few and far be- tween, wheat was the only saleable produce of the farm, so that no effort was spared to cultivate that cereal to the utmost extent. Now, since railroads, macadamized roads, and plank roads have opened up the country, and agricultural societies have succeeded in disseminating much useful instruction and information, husbandry has improved in all directions, and the natural fertility of the soil of the old settlements is, in great part, restored. The average yield of wheat in some townships exceeds 22 bushels to the acre, and where the least approach to good farming prevails the yield rises to thirty, and often forty bushels to the acre. On new land fifty bushels is not at all uncommon ; and it must not be forgotten, that Canadian wheat, grown near the city of Toronto, won a first prize at the Paris exhibition. It may truly be said, that the soil of what may be termed the agricultural portioi. of Canada, ^v'.iich comprises four- fifths of the inhabited portion, nnd a vast orea still in the hands of the govern- ment and now open to settlement, is unexceptionable; and when deterioation takes place, it is the fault of the farmer, and not of the soil. In Upper Canada the yield of wheat one year con- siderably exceeded 20,000,000 bushels ; and the quality of Canadian wheat is so superior, tliat the American millers buy it for the purpose ot mixing with grain grown in the United States, in order to improve the quality of their ttour. The most erroneous opinions have prevailed abroad respecting the climate of Canada, The BO-called rigour of Canadian winters is often advanced os a serious objection to the country, hy many who have not the courage to encounter them, — who prefer sleet and fog, to brilliant skies and bracing cold, and who have yet to learn the value and extent of the blessings conferred upon Canada by her world-renowned " snows." It will scarcely be believed by many who shudder at the idea of the thermometer falling to zero, that the gradual annual diminution in the fall of snow, in certain localities, is a subject of lamentation to the farmer in Western Canada. Their desire is for the old-fashioned winters, with sleighing for four months, and spring bursting upon them with marvellous beauty at the beghi- ning of April. A bountiful fall of snow, with hard frost, is equivalent to the construction of the best macadamized roads all over the country. The absence of a sufticient quantity of snow in winter for sleighing, is a calamity as much to be feared and deplored, os the want of rain in spring. Hoppily, neither of these deprivations is of frequent occurrence. The climate of Canada is in some measure exceptional, especially that of the peninsular por- tion. The inlluenue of tho great lakes is very strikingly felt, in the elevation of winter temper- atures, and in the reduction of summer heats. East and west of Canada, beyond the inllueiice of the lakes, the greatest extremes prevail, — intense cold in winter, intense heat in summer, ami to these features may be added their usual attendant, drought. Perhaps the popular standard of the adaptation of climate to the purposes of agriculture, is more suitable for the present occasion, than a reference to monthly and annual means of tem- perature. Much information is conveyed in the simple narration of fad's bearing upon fruit cul- ture. From the head of Lake Onti»rio, round by the Niagara fronti-er, and all along tlie Canadian shores of Lake Erie, the grape and poach grow with luxuriance, and ripen to perfection in the open air, without the slightest artificial aid. The island of Montreal is distinguished even- where for the fine quality ot its apples, and the island of Orleans, below Quebec, is equally cele- brated for its plums. Over the whole of Canada, the melon and tomato acquire large dimensions, and ripen fully in the open air, the seeds being planted in the soil towards the latter end of GF»-iSRAL INFORMATION FOR SETTLERS. 85 April, and the fruit gathered in September. Pumpkins and squashes attain gigantic dimensions; they have exceeded 250 pounds in weight in the neighbourhood of Toronto. Indian corn, hops, and tobacco are common crops, and yield large returns. Hemp and flax are indigenous plants, and can be cultivated to any extent in many parts of the province. The most striking illustration of the influence of the great lakes in ameliorating the climate of Canada, especially of the western peninsula, is to be found in the natural limits to which certain trees are restricted by climate. That valuable wood, the black walnut, for which Canada is so celebrated, ceases to grow north of latitude 41° on the Atlantic coast, but, under the influence of the comparatively mild lake-climate of peninsula Canada, it is found in the greatest profusion, and of the largest dimensions, as far north as latitude 43*. The following information is from the pen of Mr. E. Widdcr, Commissioner of the Canada Company, and will be found to contain some information of interest and utility to SETTLERS AND SHALL FARMERS. Prick of Clearing Wild Lands, and how Clearbd.— The clearing of wild land is always to be understood as clearing, fencing, and leaving it ready for a crop, in ten-acre fields, the stumps and roots of the trees alone being left to encumber the operations of the farmer. The price va- ries greatly, according to circumstances, but may be quoted at present, as £5 cy., per acre. The payment is always understood to be made in cash, except a special written bargain to the con- trary 18 entered into. Timber is now becoming scarce and valuable in some locations, and near the railway, the value of the timber is equal to the cost of clearing the land. Rotation of Crops, etc. — As wheat (the boast of Canada) succeeds best on a new fallow, (newly cleared and burnt laud being so called,) it is always the first grain crop. Farmers with capital, seed the fallow down with grasses, and wait five or six years ; but the farmer with lim- ited means, puts the land into crop the next year, either with potatoes or spring grain ; then follows wheat again, every alternate year, until he has power to clear enough new land for his wheat crop each year, — when the old land is laid down in meadow, and otherwise cropped, with- out much attention to the usual general rules of good farming, until the stumps rot sufficiently to admit of the free use of the plough. The best English and Scotch farmers then adopt the customary three or four field system, or otherwise wheat, and winter and summer fallow, each alternate yeor. The first crops are always put in with the harrow alone. It is, however, almost impossible to speak positively in regard to this question, as it seems to be quite a matter of con- venience, or perhaps, caprice, as to the manner in which the cultivation shall proceed. We have farmers from all parts of Great Britain, Ireland, Europe, and the United States, and each person assimilates bis practice, as much as possible, to the customs to which he has been used — or thinks best for the country. Produce of Crops. — The produce, per acre, of all crops varies much from year to year in Canada, owing to the late and early frosts. It is, however, generally considered, that the follow- ing is a fair average of ten years, on all tolerably cultivated farms : — Wheat, 25 bushels ; barley, 80 bushels ; outs, 40 bushels ; rye, 30 bushels ; potatoes, 250 bushels per acre. Swedish turnips, mangel wurtzcl, and other roots of a similar kind, are not generally sufficiently cultivated to en- able art average yield to be given ; but it may very safely be said, that, with similar care, culture and attention, the produce will not be less per acre than in England. Flax and hemp are now coming rapidly into notice, as an additional resource to the agriculturist, — the quality of both articles is excellent, and the quantity obtained affords a profitable return — the climate and soil being well adapted for their growth. Tobacco has also been raised in considerable quantities, particularly in the western extremities of the province. Land Carriage.— That is, the hire of a team of two horses, wagon and driver, which will take 18 cwt. of load, may generally be reckoned at 8d. per mile, to the journey's end — supposing the team to come back empty ; cheaper land travelling than this, can, however, often be obtained by making a bargain. LoQ House, or Shanty. — A comfortable log house, 16 feet by 24, with two floors, with shin- gled roof, £18 ; log barn, 24 feet by 40, £15 ; frame house, same dimensions, £80 ; do. barn, £100, suitable sheds, etc., £40. Tables, 10». to 17«. 6d; stump bedsteads, 10» to 20«. each; chairs, per dozen, £1 5». Boilers, saucepans, kettles, knives and forks, etc., etc., about 50 per cent over the usual sterling retail prices in England. It must be borne in mind, that the settler very seldom spends money in erecting his buildings, they being generally built by himself, with the assistance of his neighbours, and added to, as his wants and increasing prosperity may from time to time require. The cost of household furniture, or rather the quantity required, varies 86 WORK DURING WINTER — PRODUCE— WAGES — FOXES, ETC. with the ideas of almost every tamily. In most cases, the household furniture of a new settler will not be found to exceed in value £15 ; sometimes, not half that sum ; and is often manuluu- tured by the settler himself. Frost— WHEN it Comes and Goes.— The time of the setting in of the frost, and of its deporl- ufe, varies in Canada extremely in different years. But no prudent man ought to calculate on being able to do any thing in the open field after the middle of November, or much before the first day of April. Fodder must be provided for cottle sufficient to last till the middle of Miiy, 08 although a surplus may be led, owing to the early setting in of spring, yet cases have been known of great distress prevailing from want of proper attention on this head. Farmers' Avocations during Winter. — The new settler's avocations during the winter months arc generally confined to taking care of his cattle and chopping, — that is, felling and cutting up the trees ready for burning in the spring. The underbr\ish must be cleared off before the huow fulls. The fiimily, when industrious, find their time fully employed in spinning, and otiicr female occupations ; and, when it is considered, that in the newest settlements almost every ar- ticle of convenience or luxury must be made at home, or dispensed with, by poor settlers, it may easily be imagined tliut the duties of a farmer's wife and grown-up daughters arc numerous and unceasing — for in proportion to their industry and abilities will bo their domestic comfort and happiness. In the summer, from the scarcity of labour, all assist in the fields— the child of even five years old being usefully and healthily employed in some occupation befitting his ago and strength. Amongst too man}' Canadian farmers, however, the winter is a season of idleness and enjoyment — a great portion of it being spent in amusement and visiting, to the manifest neglect of their farms and impoverishment of themselves and families. The Descriptions or Fruit and Garden Produce in Canada West. — All the fruits generally found in England thrive remarkably well in Canada ; but the plum, apple, strawberry, rasp- berry, and melon, attain a luxuriance of growth and perfection unknown in England, The melon, planted in the open ground, in most years produces excellent crops. In many;]),acc3 vines prosper well. Peaches are indigenous south of the parallel of iH', or, if not absolutely indigenous, grow rapidly from the stone, and bear fruit within u few years ; although good and rich flavoured, grapes and peaches are seldom met with, owing to their culture being neglected. The same observations apply to all garden produce, which will attain a degree of luxuriance un- known, perhaps, in Britii'n, with fur less care and culture. Wages of Male and Fkmalb Servants, and Prices of Job Work, such as Carpenters and OTHER Tradesmen. — These have varied considerably, but the average wages are as follows:— Form servants per month, with board, £4 ; ditto, without board, £5. Female servants, £1 and £1 5«. per month. Day labourers, is. to 5«. — in harvest, 10». without board. The wages of car- penters and other tradesmen vory considerably according to the ability of the workmen ; they all range, however, between G». Sd. and 12". Qd. per day — taking these as the lowest and hijjliest prices. These are the rates of wages to servants and workmen who are experienced in the work of the country. Newly-arrived emigrants do not get so much.* Taxes payable by the Settlers, and Offices they are liable to be called on to srrve.— Great alterations have lately been made in the laws relating to assessments — the power being now vested in the municipal councils, elected by the people, to impose what rates they please. Each county, township, town, or incorporated village, elects its own council, and may, therefore, be said to tax itself. All the taxes raised by the council ore expended within the several local- ities. There is a small tax for the provincial lunatic asylum, and some other public buiidinss, imposed by the legislature. It is, perhaps, useless to go into particulars, as almost every mu- nicipality varies in the amount of taxes imposed. The ollices which settlers are liable to be called on to serve are numerous, but are much sought after, as they are considered to confer distinction, and frequently emolument on the holders, who may be said to be members of a local government, in which is vested the levying of taxes, and administering the moneys collected froiii the settlers, for all purposes connected with their welfare, viz., the roads, bridges, schools, and improvements, and its other municipal affairs, in none of which does the provincial government now interfere. TnB probable Expense of supporting a Family of five or six grown Per.sons, until thet COULD GET SUFFICIENT FROM THE Land TO SUPPORT TiiEMSKLVES. — Information from several per- sons has been received on this head ; the amount must necessarily vary according to tlie wants and usages of the family. Many persons will do with one-half of what others require; and it is * NoTg.— The wages, at present, fSeptember, 1SJS8,) are only about one half of the above rates, on account of the general depression In commerce, and the low prlcea obtained by farmers for grain. — Ed. CANADA — THE GOVERNMENT FREE LANDS. 87 impossible, therefore, to gi^e any decided information on this point ; — the prices of produce and provisions given, will enable each individual to judge for himself. Support for a family israrelj required for more than twelve months, in which time, an industrious family should be able to raise a crop for themselves. Arb Wild Bbasts TrooULKSOiiB to New Sbttlbhs ?— No. Some severe seasons, wolves in remote settlements, may annoy the farmer, but to a small extent. Sheep are, however, in the more settled districts, generally protected by a fold ; and the farmer may, now and then, lose a stray hog by the bears — but many men have been settled for ten years in the province, without seeing either wolf or bear. All wild animals are getting scarcer every year, as the country be- comes settled. The common Game or the Country. — The game in some parts is plentiful, and consists of deer, wood grouse, (called partridges,) quails, rabbits, (called hares,) and a great variety of wild ducks and geese. Wild turkeys are numerous in the western section of Canada. Fish are also most abundant in all the lakes and rivers, and excellent of their kind ; but an observation mtide by an old farmer and weolthy settler, may be added to the answer, aa it is a very true one, viz : —That a new settler can earn a quarter of beef, in the time which it takes him to hunt for a quar- ter of venison. GOVERNUENT FREE LANDS. The following information is compiled from a circular issued by the Canadian govern- ment, as well as from a pamphlet issued by Mr. F. P, French, the government land agent, on the Opeongo Road : — The Provincial Government have recently opened out THREE GREAT LINES OP ROAD, now In course of completion, and have surveyed and laid out for settlement the lands, through, and In the vicinity of which those roads pass. The roads, as advertised by the agents of the government— appointed to the respective localities to afford Information to the settler— are known as " THE OTTAWA AND OPEONGO ROAD, " THE ADDINGTON ROAD," and "THE HASTINGS ROAD." , . THE OTTAWA AND OPEONGO ROAD Commences at a point on the Ottawa River, known as " Perrall's," a little above the mouth of the Bonchere River, and runs In a westerly direction, passing through the northerly part of the County of Renfrew. This road, and the country through which It passes, now open for settlement, Is easily accessible, and the agent for the granting of lands In this district, la Mr. F. P. French, who resides at Mount St. Patrick, near Renfrew, on the Opeongo Road, a few miles from the lands which are to be granted. To reach the section of the country under Mr. French's charge, the settler must go from MONTREAL up to the Ottawa River, to A place called Bonchere Point, and thence by land some twenty-flve or thirty miles westward to the township of Grattan, in which Mount St. Patrick Is situated. The distance from Ferrall's Landing to the village of Renfrew Is but 7 miles, and a stage Is on this road In summer, which conveys passengers for about 2«. 6rf. each. Thus, from Quebec to Renfrew, a distance of 807 miles, may be travelled at a cost of £1 in. 6d. sterling. At Renfrew, the emigrant la within 16 miles of this agency, (Mr. French's,) and he will have no difficulty In procuring a mode of conveyance to take him there, and hence along the Opeongo Road, should he be unable or unwilling to walk. The first of the free lots Is 20 miles from the Ottawa River, and as the entire length of the Opeongo Road Is 99 miles, it thus leaves 79 miles upon which free grants are being given. This road commences at Ferrall's Landing, on the Ottawa, crosses the Bonchere at Renfrew, and then taking a north-westerly course. It runs midway between the Bon- chere and Madawaska Rivers on to Lake Opeongo. It Is Intended to connect this with a projected line of road known as " Bell's Line," leading to the Lake Muskako, and Lake Huron, by a branch which will diverge from the Opeongo Road, In the township of Brudenell, at a distance of about 53 miles from the River Ottawa, forming, with " Bell's Line," a great leading road, or base line, from the Ottawa to Lake Muskako, 171 miles In length, passing through the heart of the Ottawa and Huron territory, and opening up for settlement a vast extent of rich and valuable land. The Bonchere and Madawaska Rivers — between which this road runs — are important tributaries to the Ottawa, and contribute a large quota of the very best timber that annually passes down that river to the Quebec market. Over 40 miles of the road are now good for wagons, and as the remaining portion will be repaired next spring, settlers can easily take In their families and supplies at all periods of the year. For some years past, settlers have been occasionally locating themselves on the wild lands of the Crown, in the neighbourhood of this road, and as there are besides over 120 of the free lots at present conceded, those who come In future will experience no dilBculty in obtaining prompt gratuitous assistance to erect their shan- ties, and temporary accommodation while they are being put up. Twelve men can build a good shanty in a day— the timber of which It Is constructed being always to be had on the spot. The best possible feeling prevails among the settlers, and no kindness that any one of them can render is ever denied to the stranger, no matter from what country he halls, or at what altar ho kneels. Settlers are permitted to select their own lots, those coming first having first choice. The lots are all posted and numbered. '■I ! 88 THE ADDINGTON AND HASTINGS ROAD FREE LANDS. Ai jtt, the n«krMl TlllkgM to the road are Renfrew, Douglai, and Eganville. Renfrew U dlitant 18 mllei from the flnt free lot on the ewt end. Some 18 mllet further up— that la 26 mllei weet of Renfrew— Douglat b within 12 miles; and again, 14 mllet farther weat, Eganville U ntxteen mllei from the road. At each of theae villagea there la a poat-ofllce, and alao mllla and atorea, where all neceaaary auppllea can be obtained. In Renfrew, there la a Catholic church, a kirk, and a free church, (I'reabyterlan,) In each of which there la iervlce once a fortnight. In Douglaa, a Methodtat minlater realdea, and hu hoi prayer* there and at Kgan- rllle each alternate Sunday. There la alao a Catholic church two milea from Douglaa, and another at Kgan- TlUe ; in the former the clergyman oflSclatei once a month, and at the latter twice a mouth during the nuro- mer, and once a month during the winter. At Mount St. Patrick, and 8 mllea from the eaat end of the road, there la alao a poat-ofllce and a Catliollo church : a clergyman atteada once a month. The free lota on the eaat end of the road, for 12 mllea, lie within the recently organized townahlp of Qrat- tan, which la already pretty well aettled. No achoola have as yet been cstabllihed on the road, but there U no doubt that, ere long, churchoa will be erected, and achool sectlona defined, In thU province, the " Volun- tary System" obtains In regard to all churches, but the achoola are liberally aided by the govemment. THE ^ '^OINGTON ROAD, Commencing In the township of Anglesea, In the northern part of the county of Addlngton, near the village of Flint's Mills, In Kaladar, runs almost due north to the River Madawaska— a distance of 86 miles — and la to be continued thence for the distance of 26 miles, till It Intersects the Ottawa and Opeongo Road. The agent for the granting of the land in this district is Mr. E. Perry, who, for that purpose, is now resi- dent at the village of FLINT'S MILLS. The outlines of five townships of very superior land are already surveyed and ready for settlement within the limits of the agency lying north of lake Masaanoka, and be- tween it and the River Madawaska. The townships are called, respectively, Ablnger, Denbigh, Ashley, Effing- ham, Angleaea, and Barrte. The direct route to this section is by way of KINGSTON, Canada West, thence to NAPANEE, either by rail or steamboat, and thence north to (he township of Kaladar, and the village of FLINT'S MILLS, where Mr. Perry resides. ; . i. , THE HASTINGS ROAD. < The government agent ia M. P. Hayes, who resides at the village of Madoc, from whom we have received the following particulars respecting the district : — The Hastings Free Grant Road commences on the northern boundary Une of the townships of Madoc, 13 miles from the village of the same name where my office Is. The latter is distant from Belleville, 80 mllei ; the road ia good between these points, and there is a stage carrying the mail each way, daily. Fare 11.00. The stage leaves Belleville every morning at 8 o'clock, and arrives at Madoc at 4 In the afternoon. The tract of country through which the first forty miles of the Hastings Road runs, presents a very varied aspect. It la. In general, hilly and stony, with patches of good level at intervals. The soil Is a sandy loam mixed with clay In some places, and In others with vegetable mould of more or less richness. This portion of the road Is now pretty well settled, and a large number of the lots in the township, on both sides of the road, are being taken up by actual settlers. The crops of the present season were most excellent all along the road, the wheat having, so far, in these back settlements, esce.ped the ravages of the " weevil," which has of late been so destructive to that crop in other townships. Continuing along the Hastings Road in s northerly direction, through the tract of rough land to which I have Just referred, we have a fine level, or rather, gently undulating country, between the ^'jranches of the Madawaska River, emptying Into the Ottawa. This tract of good land extends for a breadth of 18 or 20 miles in a north and south direction, and extendi east and west to a considerable distance. The timber, chiefly hard wood. Is large, straight, and thrifty. The soil Is a mixture of vegetable deposit with sandy loam, and the crops, of every description, have been satis- factory for the last two seasons. This tract is Intersected also by a new line of road, opened by the govern- ment during the present season, and connecting the Hastings Road, at the Junction of the townships of Wicli- low and Monteagle, with the Opeongo Road, a distance of 46 miles. The climate of this part of Canada is decidedly healthy, probably the most so of any part of the conti- nent of America, and this consideration should enter very largely into the account on a comparison with other territories. The country is rapidly filling up with a good class of settlers, and in the ordinary course, the lands which are given free this year, will be worth four or Ave dollars an acre In the course of four or five years. In addition to the free grants on the Hastings Road, the government is opening a range of townships, fourteen in all, namely seven at each side of the road. These townships are ten miles square, and contain each about 600 lots of 100 acres. Two townships are already open for sale at eight cents per acre, and the remainder will be brought into the market very soon. Emigrants should put themselves Immediately in communication with the govemment agent. From him they will always receive valuable and reliable advice. In order to facilitate the settlement of the country, and provide for keeping In repair the roads thus opened, the government has authorized free grants of land along these roads, not to exceed in eacli case, ONE HUNDRED ACRES, upon application to the local agei^ts, and upon the following conditions:— CONDITIONS OF OBANTINO FREE LANDS IN CANADA. 8tf OONDITIONa That t))e lettler be eighteen yean of age. That he take poiacwion of the liiriil allotted to him within one month, and put in a atate of oultlTatton, at leaat twelve aorea of the land In the courae of four years— build a houae, (at leaat 20 by 28 feet,) and realda on the lot until the condltlona of aettlement are duly performed ; after which accompllahment only ahali tht bCtllcr have the right of obtaining a title to the property. Famlllea, comprlalng aeveral aettlen, entitled to lands, preferring to reside on a single lot, will be exempted from the obligation of building and of residenoe, (except upon the lot on which they live,) provided that the required clearing of the land be made on eaoh lot. The non-accomplishment of these condltlona will cause the immediate loaa of the assigned lot of land, which will be sold or given to another. The road having been opened by the government, the settlers are required to keep It In repair. The local agenta, whoae namea and placea of abode have already been given, will furnish every Informa- tion to the Intending aettler. The LOU-UOUSG required by the government to be built, is of such a description as can be put up In four (lays by Ave men. The neighbours generally help to build the log-cabin for newly-arrived settlers, without charge, and when this la done, the cost of the erection is small the roof can be covered with bark, and the spaces between the logs plastered with clay and whitewashed. It then becomes a neat dwelling, and warm as a stone house. The lands thus opened up, and offered for settlement, are, in sections of Canada West, capable, both aa to ■oil and climate, of producing abundant crops of winter wheat, of excellent quality and full weight, and also, crops of every other description or farm produce, grown In the best and iongeat cultivated districts of that portion of the province, and fully as good. There are, of course, In auch a large extent of country as that referred to, great varieties In the character and quality of land— some lots being much superior to others ; but there Is an abundance of the very beat land for f. -^ Do. Do. Do. and Dorcheiter. ThaHf the folloi The pri itilment and contl Ant Ave J •orved un thereafter cenae of o •attler to t aorea to b« All emlgr of Canada, direct amtg •etllera Info In any part SOUTH or RIVBR IT, LAWRENCE AND EAST Or RIVER CHAUDIERB. Andrew Ron Frampton Part of Megantio, Dorchester k Belle- ' 8. V. Larue St. Charles, River Boyer R. Bnyer Apart Bellechaaae. [chaiue. Pran^nU Tttu St, Thomas L'Islet and part of Bellechaaae. Florence Degulae Ste. Anne La Pocatlire Part of Kamouraaka. J. B. Lepage Ulinouakl Part of Kamouraska and Gaapd. Louis N. Oauvrean lale Verte Part of Kimouakl. Joa. A. La Bel New Carllale Bonaventure. K. _„ ..,. John Eden GaspS Basin Partof Gasp6. ] P" *"'• > TERMS OP BAI.B AND OCCUPATIOK. NOTICE Is hereby given that future sales of Crown lands will be at the prioa* and on the terms specified In the respective localities mentioned Oelow : — West of the counties of Durham and Victoria, at seven shtUlags and sixpence per acre, payable In ten an. nual Instalments with Interest, one tenth at the time uf aale. last of the county of Ontario, within Upper Canada, four shtlUngs per acre. — :••,.- - In the county of Ottawa, three shillings per acre. "' "■ From thence, north of the St. Lawrence to the county of Saginaw, and south of the St. Lawrence In the district of Quebec, east of the Chaudlire River and Kennebec Road, one shilling and sixpence per acre. In the district of Quebec, west of the River Chaudlire and Kennebec Road, two shillings per acre. In the district of Three Rivers, St. Francis, and Montreal, south of the St. Lawrence, three ahllllngs per acre. In the district of Gasp^ and county of Saguenay, one shilling per acre. In all cases payable In five annual instalments, with Interest, one-fifth at the time of aale. For lands enhanced In value by special circumstances, such extra price may be fixed as His ExciuiKOr THE GovBRNOB'GiiiKRAL In Council may direct. Actual occupation to be Immediate and contlnuoua, the land to be cleared at the rate of five acrea uana- ally for every hundred acres during five years, and a dwelling house erected not less than eighteen feelb; twenty-six feet. The timber to be subject to any general timber duty that may be Imposed. ^ . ■ . The sale to become null and void In case of neglect or violation of the conditions. The settler to be entitled to obtain a patent upon complying with all the conditions. ~_ ' ' Not more than two hundred acres to be sold to any one person. CANADA LANDS FOR SALE — KMIORATION OFFICES. 41 ■OHOOL LANM roR HALB. 11 The Hchool l»ndi In tha oounUw of Ilruoi, Ony, and Huron, ar* now open for Mi« to MtutI Mttlon on the following tcrnii, rli. :— The price to be ten thllllngi per acre, payable In ten equal annual Initalmenti, with Intereat : the flnt In- italment tn b« paid upon receiving niilhorlty to enter upon the land. Actual occupation to be Immediate and contlnuoui ; the land to be cleared at the rate of Ave acres annually for every hundred acre* during tlM flnt Ave yean ; a dwelling houie, at leait eighteen feet by twenty-ilx, tn he erected ; the timber to b« re- lorved until the land hae been paid for In full ami patented, and to be eubjeol to any general timber duty thereafter ; a llcenie of occupation, not aulKiiitl)le without permlulon, to be granted ; the lale and th* II- cenie of occupation to become null and vuld In ca>« of neglect or violation of any of the condttlnni ; the ■ettler to be entitled to obtain a patent upon complying with all the condltlona ; not more than two hundred acres to be lold to any one perion on thue termi. All emlgranti who require Information as to the beat routea and cheapest ratea of conveyance, to any part of Canada, ahould apply to tha emigrant agenta atatloned at Quebec, Montreal, or Torc.-ito, who will also direct emigranta, In want of employment, to placea where they may obtain It, Tha agenta Will also glre lettlera Information aa to the beat and safeat mode of remitting money to their relations or friends residing In any part of Qreat Britain or Ireland. 4 I'D BOUTI TO TBI! GOTERNMBMT TREB tAVDB ON TIIS OPBONOO KOAD. raoM. Hontreal . Ottawa City , Aylmer OORVKTANOa. Ottawa City, I Grand Trunk Railway (Lake Uytown.) ) ..... Steamer and Railway Aylmer Stage or wagon Onslow. FItsroy Arnprlor Bristol Sand Point lionuhere Point. .. Ferrall'a LaniUng . Portage du Fort . , Pembroke Htaamar Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. and Stage MILM. BTO. 181 8«. II 6«. 9 2«. 34 88. 80 8«. 40 4f. 41 4». 6d. 4A 4». M. fiO B». ta 6«. 60 6«. 90 e«. |3.flO 1,60 0.50 0.S0 0.78 1.00 1.191 I.19{ 1.1» 1.20 1.00 1.80 'i j M '■[% I specified In ten so- ■ence In th* Ir acre. Icre. hUUnp P«' ExcBU-M"" lacreaiMO- Iteenfeeltir Portage du Fort. Fltzroy and Arnprlor. Bonchere Point, or Fcrrall'i Landing. To Townthlpa of Onalow, Brtatol. and Clarendon Land at Onslow. " Litchfield and upper townahlps on the north side of the Ottawa " Fltaroy, Huntly, Packenham, Ramitay, McNab, Renfrew, Bromley " Ilorton, Bagot, Admaston, or to Mount St. Patrick, In ' the townahip of Urattan, the residence of Mr. French, the agent for the Opeongo Road, 88 miles from Fer- rall's Landing , The newly-surveyed townships of Sebaatopol, Brudenell, Algona, and Rolph, each 10 miles square, are now open for settlement, dlstn-ve about 20 miles from Mount St. Patrick. Emigrants proceeding to any of the above placea, will receive every Information respecting the lands open for sale In these respective localltlei, ttom the following Crown Land Agents : — At CLARENDON MB. P. B. HEATH. CALUMBTTB " F. X. BA8TIBN. ALUMETTE •' JOHN LYNCH. RENFREW " WM. HARRIS. MT. ST. PATRICK " T. P. FHENOH. GOVERNMENT EMIORATION OFFICERS IN CANADA. '. " QDRBEC A. 0. BUCHANAN, Chief Agent. ' MONTREAL A. CONLAN. , .• OTTAWA CITY FRANCIS CLEMOW. KINGSTON ALLAN McPHEUSON, Crown Land Agent. TORONTO A. B. HAWKE, Chief Emigrant Agent, Upper Canada. HAMILTON T. C. DIXON. Who will furnish emigrants, on application, with advice as to the rouf ;s, distances, and rates of convey- Mce, also respecting the crown and other lands for sale, and will direct emlgi'ants In want of employment to where It may be procured. 42 BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND, AND CANADA. BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, ■.4 5 With their agents in Canada, upon whom they draw, and grant letters of credit. Bankers in Britain. Draw and give Utters of credit upon London, Glyn, Mills & Co Bank of Upper Canada and agents. " City Bank Bank of Toronto and agents. " Joint Stock Bank Commercial Bank mid agents. " Union Bank Montreal Bank aiiu agents. " Glyn, Mills & Co Quebec Bank and agents. " " " " City Bank of Montreal and agents. " " " " Gore Bank and agents. " Bosanquct & Co Niagara District Bank and agents. " Glyn, Mills & Co Bank du Peuple, Montreal, and agents. " " " " Ontario Bank and agents. " British North America Otu branches and agents. Liverpool, Bank of Liverpool Montreal Bank and agents. Edinburgh, British Linen Cjinpany Bank of Upper Canada and agents. " " " *' Montreal Bank and agents. " Commccial Bank Commercial Bank of Canada and agents. " Union Bank Gore Bank and agents. Glasgow, British Linen Company Montreal Bank and agents. " Clydesdole Bank Commercial bank of Canada and agents. Dublin, Boyle, Low, Pim & Co " " " " " " National Bank of Ireland City Bank of Montreal and agents. By reference to the above, and also to the List of Banks in Canada with their Agencies, it will at once be seen with whom the banks in Great Britain and Ireland have correspondents, in dif- ferent parts of Canada, and through whom money can be remitted or received. BANKS IN CANADA. WITH THEIR AGENCIES. For Banks in Great Britain and Ireland, who are agensfor the following, set List of Banks in Great Britain and Ireland, preceding this. PlAl ritrt nop Port Stnn, I'resicott . , Qite/iec . . . Sarnia ... , Snidt St« Jk Slieibrooke .^imcoe SmUhamptc Stdnnteaa . St. Catharij (t iSt. Mary's. . St. Thomas, 'itratford. . . Three River Toronto . Tienfon., ly/iitl'!/ ... n'vodatock. Wiiulsor . . , PLACES. KAMES OP BANKS. OFFICERS. Barrie Upper Canada K. Lally, Agent. " Toronto Angus Uussell.Agt. Belleville Upper Canada E. llolden, Agent. " Commercial A. Thompson, M'r. " Montreal O. McNlder, M'r. Berlin Upper Canada u. Davidson, Agt. Bowmanville Ontario I). Fislier, Cashier. " Upper Canada O. Mearns, Agent. " Montreal G. Dyett, Miiniiger. Bradford City Dank A. McMuster, Agt. Brantford 11. N. AmericaJ. C. Oeddes, M'r. " Upper Canada T. R Sl.'ortt, Agent. " Montreal A. (irier, ManHger. BrockviUe Upper Canada H. ¥. Church, Agt. " Commercial J. llancroft, M'r. " Montreal F. M. Holmes, M'r. (Jhatham U|)per Canada G. Thomas, Cash'r. " Commercial T. McCrae, Agent. " Ciore A. Cliiirteris,Agent. Chippeirn Upper Canada. I. Macklem, Agent. Gohvnrg Montreal C. H. Vnrgan, M'r. " Toronto J. P. Wallace, Agt. Cormcall UpperCanaila J. F. I'ringle, Agt. " Montreal W. Mattlre, Agent. Dniii/dH H. N. America Wm. I.asli, Agent. £ll/in Zimmkkman'h J. W. Dunklee, Ca. (Jiilt Gore .1. Davidson, Agt. " Commercial W.Cooke, Manag'r. Goderich Upper Canada. I. McDonald, Agt. " Montreal Jl. .McCutchon, Ag. Gurlph (lore T. Sandllands, Agt. " .Montreal R. M. Moore, Agt. Ifamilton GoiiK W. <). Crawford, C. " Upper Canada A. .Stow, Cashier. " li. .\. America O. II. Taylor, M'r. " Montreal A. Mllroy, Manag. " Commercial V.'. U. Park, M'r. FLACES. HAMR8 OF BANKS. TJ XERS. IngersoU Commercial W. ni. Sage, Agent. " Niagara Dist't, C. K. Cliadwiek, Ag. Kingston Co.mmkrciai C. S. Ross, Cashier. " Ur ler Canada W. G. Hinds, Cash. " D. N. Americas. Taylor, Maniig. " Montreal A. Drummond, .M'r. Liiidfij/ ",)per Canada J. M^Kibhon, Agt. London pper Canada J. Hamilton, Cii.sh. " 13. N. America T. Christian, M'r. " Commercial J. G. Harper, M'r. " Montreal W. Dunn, .Manager. " Gore C. Monsarratt, Ag. Montreal Montrrai, D. Davidson, Cash. " City Dank F. McCulloch, Ca. " i)c Pedplb D. H. Lemoine, Ca. " Molson's W. Saelie, Cashier. " Upper Canada E. T. Taylor, M'r. " B. N. America R. Cassels, Manag. " Commercial T. Kirby, Manager. " Quebec Bank du Peuple, A, " Provincial J. D. Nutter&Co.,A. Neicva^tle Toronto S. Wllmot, Agenl. Niagara Ui)per Canada T. McCormlck, Ag, A'irolet Quebec I.. M. Cresse, Agl. Onk-ritle Toronto J. T. M. Burnslde, A Onhtntti Ontario J. B. Warren, M'r. Otttnca Upper Canada K. S. Cassels, Agt. " B. N. America A. C. Kelly, Agent. " Montreal P. P. Harris, M'r. " Quebec H. V. Noel, Agent. Paris Gore J. Nimmo, Agent. Peith Commercial A. Leslie, Agent " Montreal J. Mclntyre, Agent, Peterbro' Commercial W. Cluxtoii, .\genl, " Toronto James Hall, Agent, " Montreal R. Nicholls, Agent, Plcton Montreal J. Gray, Agent. Between any t' I'repayment On letters dep. sanie place, . Is \d. ftuni Canada t( (t lOWBIl PROVISCKS ^'en Brunswick ^uva Sc.jtia . . rriiice i;,|. isin, ^e»■fo^n(lland !\vment opti JlntLsh steamer spi!cl.ally so add'] Wanijw of til.' and Iiirf., for ti„ clia-ied at the pri 1° tlu. p,-l„.,i "le Province ar railway m,ii| d.. "ifices" can h,. , '"""len'-e as m^u' ".;• inuniier. U "ll'-e ear can 1 "'""ps, no rail, ""lect postage, „ BANKERS IN CANADA — POSTAL REGULATIONS. 43 FLAOm, NAMES OF BANKS. OFFICERS. rec }i*i POSTAL REGULATIONS IN CANADA. Postage Rates on Letters. Between any two places in Canada, M. per \ oz. — Prepayment optional. On letters deposited at an offlce for delivery in tiie simie place, called Drop or Box Letters, the rate Krom Canada to United States, 6rf. — Prepav't op'iial. " California 9(7. do. " Oregon 9rf. do. LOWKK PROVlNCHn. Via ] Qir'Ik'i' nnii 'Itilifiix. PortlHnd aiid St. Jul 1,. New Urunswick . . . | XovaSciitia Priijce I'M. Island . | Xcwfoundlniid . . . 8(7. 8'?. 8rf. 8(/. Via liosl'ii A ll'i Ciiimrd St'r, ^''■ 'ix.^^l- _ P.i.\Tnent optional. Letters to be forwarded by BrilUh steamer, from Boston or New Y^ rk, must be spdciiilly so addressed. Ptiiinps of the denomination of 1^7., 3(f., 6(f., 7i''., and lil(/., for tlic prepiiytr' o of letters, can be pur- cliii. £1T 10» 1 9 £20 0« 8 LAWS BEGAKDING THE PROPERTY OF INTESTATES. Over £20 0«. not exceeding £22 10« « £22 10«. " £26 " " £28 OS. " £80 " £80 0». " £86 « £86 0«. " £40 « £40 0«. " £46 0« .... 8 o« .... 8 o« .... 8 o« .... 4 0« .... 4 «. d. 8 6 6 6 45 I. A Over £40 0«. not exoeading £A0 0*. . . ; ffhui far for ordeiii on ilrat uiiil HKcnnd-olui offlcet, and by additional oninniUaloiii or il'^ Ixitween every £6 from £60 up to £1UU (or ordart uii lliit-olau offloas only. N. B. No half-pence to be Introduotd lu the orders, M ,.\.'' I ^ _,, . ,;,/ i' (,.:■■' ■ >''.i ^ -/j -• ■' "*'' ;!'•■'■■• '' ' ,i'-' ■''■■ 'D '.,"''1 . >'!'.(..:> DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL ESTATE OP INTF,STATIW. [accordinq to thx lawi or oanada wrst,] If the intestate die, leaving wife and child, or children — his personal repraaentatlvei take thui : One- third to wife, rest to child or children : if children dead, then to their repreaentatlvei, (that l«, their lineal de- fendants,) except such child or children (not heb^ at law) who had estate by settlement of Intestate, In his lifetime, equal to the other shares. Wife only— half to wife, rest to next of kin in equal degrees to Intestate or their legal reprtKiituttve*, No wife or child — all to next of kin and to their legal representatives. Child, children, or their representatives— all to him, her, or them. Children by two wives— equally to all. ' If 110 child, children, or representatives— all to next of kin in equal degree to tntestat*. Child or grandchild— half to child, half to grandchild. ^i : , Husband — whole to him. . . , ,, , .^ Father and brother, or sister — whole to father. ' ' ' . , Mother and brother, or sister — whole to them equally. Wife, mother, brother, sisters, and nieces— half to wife, residue to mother, hrotlier, sUleri, and niMes, Wife, mother, nephews, and nieces — two-fourths to wife, one fourth to mother, and oiio-foiirlh to nephews and nieces. Wife, brothers or sisters, and mother— half to wife, (under statute of Oar, II,) half to brothers and tlsters, and mother. Mother only — the whole (It being then out of the statute). Wife and mother — half to wife, and half to mother. . " Brother or sister of whole blood, and brother or sister of half blood — equally to both. Posthumous brother or sister, and mother — equally to both. Posthumous brother, or sister and brother, or sister born in lifetime of fathei-— .equally to botlk Father's father and mother's mother — equally to both. Uncles' or aunts' children, and brother or sister's grandchildren— equally to all. ' • Grandmother, uncle, or aunt — all to grandmother. ^ Two aunts, nephew, and niece — equally to all. Uncle and deceased uncle's child — all to uncle. Uncle by mother's side, and deceased uncle or aurt's child — all to uncle. Nephew by brother, and nephew by half-sister — equally per capita. Nephew by deceased brother, and nephews and nieces by deceased sister — eaoh In equal ihtrM ptf oapUa, ViiuoX, per stirpes. Brother and grandfather — whole to brother. Brother's grandson, and brother or sister's daughter — to daughter. Brother and two aunts — to brother. Brother and wife — half to brother, half to wife. Mother and brother — equally. Wife, mother, and children of a deceased brother (or sister) — half to wife, one-fourth to mother, one-fourtli per utirpes to deceased brother or sister's children. Wife, brother or sister, and children of a deceased brother or sister — half to wife, one-fourth to mother, ot sister per capita, one-fourth to deceased brother or sister's child per stirpes. Brother or sister, and children of a deceased brother or sister — half to brother or sistes ptr oilpitd, half to children of deceased brother or sister per stirpes. Orandfather and brother — all to brother. Non.—PcrBonal property is held hyman mid wifo in common. This community exiita l>y law, unlouthmtt)rtAiitArrln|{itron1rnci,ol(0out«il before tlie miirrliiRe, which expreialy itipulntea that there shall b« no community,— TVtad'ii on M« law of Mitrriagt in Zowir Vanaiia, tf Janti AriMlTong. Mi h* ' - -f ■!: I "**:.li 1 46 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. : CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES, "^'' IN UPPER AND LOWER CANADA, Alphabetically arranged, witli name of Town or Village firat, then the County (Co.) it is in, followed by the name of Township (Tp.). Thus, for example : — •' Abehfoylk, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Piislinch." Jg^ C. K denotes Canada East. C. W. " Canada West. Ca " County. Tp. " Township. G. T. It, " Grand Trunk Railroad. G. W. R. " Great Western Railroad, Towns having Money Order Offices may be known by their names being printed in black letter thus, ALUANSVILLE. All the places mentioned have PosT-0FFICK^^, unless where mentioned to the contrary. In addressing letters to parties in any town or village, they should be addressed — 1st Christian and Surname in full. 2d. Name of Township. 8d, Name of County. 4th. " Canada West," or " Canada East," which is, of course, synonymous with " Upper Canada" and " Lower Canada." For rotes of postage to and from Canada, see elsewhere in this work, headed " f ostal Regulations." 51^" To find out the distance of any one place fiom another, on the lines of the G. T. R, (Grand Trunk Railroad), G. W. R. (Great AVestern Railroad), Buffalo and Lake Huron, and Ontorio, Simcoe, and Iluron Railroads, see the Distance Tables of these lines, given elsewhere. A. ABBOTT'S CORNEK, C. E., Co. Mlsslaqnol, Make for " Conipton" on the (1. T. K. Populatldii about KM). ABHOTTSFORl), C. E., Co. Uouvllle, St. Ilillalre on the (i. T. U. is the Station best uvaliable. I'opula- tion about KM). ABERCKOMBIE, see St. Adele. ABEKCORN, C. E., Co. Brome, Conipton on the G. T. K. is the nearest ytalion. I'opuhition about 50. ABERDEEN, see Rapides des Jnaclilius. ABERKOYLE, C. W., Co. Weliington, Tp. I'usllnch. Uo to Guelph, a main Station on the (!. T. R. I'op- ulalion about llX). ABINODO.V, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Cnlstor. Be- tween tlie Great Western an(i tlie BulTiilo an. T. li., and thence bv Goderich Stage. Asill ItOVK, V. W., Co. Hallon, Tp. Kstpiesing. Pro- ceed from Georgetown, a Station on G. T. I{. Pop- ulation about 60. ASPUOUEL Tp., C. W., Peterborough. Make for Cobourg, on 0. T. R. Thence for Peterborough by the Junction Railway, and Passage Uoat on Rice Lake. ATHELSTON, C. B., Co. Huntingdon. Rouse's Point I.", the nearest Railway Station on the Soutli, and Montreal on the North. It lies between Lake St. Francis and the Champlaln and St. Lawrence Rail- way. Population about SO. ATHKRLEy, V. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Mara. Book by Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway for Belie Ewart, and on by steamer, direct. In winter, go to Barrle, and thence by stage to Orlilla. Population about 70. ATHLONE, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Adjala. Try Maiton Station, G. T. R., and on by stage to Mono. Population about 820. ATHOL, C. W., Co. Glengarry. Go to Lancaster Sta- tion, en 6. T. R. Population about 100. AUBURN, C. W., Co. Huron, T-> Colborne. Go to Stratford on G. T. R. Also on the Bulfaio and Lake Huron, and go on by Goderich Stage. AUULEY, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. " Port Huron," and " Frenchman's Bay," on G. T. R., are nearly equl-dlstant Stations. AUGHRIM, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Eiipbemia. liook for Glencoe Station, on G. W. R. Population about 25. AULTSVILLE, C. W., Co. Stormont, Tp. Osnabruck. Make for " Dickenson's Landing," a Station on the G. T. R. Population about 150. AURORA, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Whitchurch. A Telegraph Station on the Ontario, Simcoe and Hu- ron Railway. Population about 450. AVON, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. N. Dorchester. Go to " E(lwardsburg," a Station on the G. W. R. Population about 50. AVON BANK, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Downle. Get to Stratford Junction Station of the G. T. R., and Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. AYLMER EAST, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Hidl. On north shore of River Ottawa, connecting point for Upper Ottawa District willi Ottawa City. Take ticket for Ottawa tMly, connected at I'rescott with G. T. R., and thence on by stage to Aylmer. Pop- ulation about 1500. AYLMER WEST, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Malahide. On London and Port Stanley Railway, connected at London, C. W., with the G. W. R. Population about 600. AVLWIN, Tp., C. E., Co. Ottawa. North of Ottawa River ; Steamer direct from Montreal. Population about 100. AYR, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Dumfrie.s. Go to "Gait," now connected by Branch Railway with G. W. R., and UuCTaio and Lake Huron Railways at Paris — which see. Population about 1000. AYTON, (!. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Normanby. Go to (iuelpli, and on bv Stage through Fergus, Elora, Mount Forest. Guelph U on the O. T. R. B BABY'S POINT, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Sombra. Reached from Chatham Station, on the (K W R. BABYVIiiLE, C. E., Co. Naiderville, Tp. Sherrington. Which is a Station on the .Montreal and Plattsburg Railway, H2 miles from Montreal. BADEN, 'C. W., Co. Waterloo, South Riding, Tp. Wil- niot. In the same township as Petersburg. St"tlon on the G. T. R. BAGOT, C. W., Tp. In Co. Renfrew. North of Perth, on llneof Brockville and Arnjirior Extension. Pres- ent nearest Station, Ottawa City, on Branch Rail- way, connected at Prescott with the G. T. R. BAGOT, C. E. See (irande Bale. BA(ilOTVII,LE, C. K, Near Chicoutlmi, on the Sague- nay R. Go by Steamer Saguenay, from Quebec, or St. Thomas, C. E,, the Eastern Teriniims of the G. T. R., below Quebec, thence by same Steamer. BALLINAFAD, C. W., Co. Wellington, South Riding, Tp. Erin. Go to Georgetown Station on the G. T. R. BALLYCROY, C. W. See Athione, both being in Tp. of Adjala. BALMORAL, C. W., Co Ilaldimand, Tp. Wiilpole. Near Cook's Station, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron R'ilway. BALTIMORE, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Ham- ilton. A Station on the Cobourg and Peterborough ■ ■ (■ ."V; 'f Ik^l mi r^^:A UU 46 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Railway, which ia connected at Oobourg with the 0. T. K. S miles from Cobourg. BANDON, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Hullott, Go to Stratford, by tlie liuffulo and Lake Huron, or O. 1. R. BARFORD, C. E. See Coaticook. BARNETT, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Nlohol. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. K. BAUNSTON, C. K. A Tp. In Co. Stanatead. Near Coallcook Station, on the G. T. R., bordering on Vermont Stale. BARRtE, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Frontenae. Nearest - Poat-ofttce at Kaladar, the adjoining Township. This Township is now being settled. It Is best approach- ed from Napanee, a Station on the 0. T. R., Mon- .treal and Toronto Section. The price of the land is 4a. per acre. See Crown Lands for Sale, BARRIE, C. W., Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Vespra. County Town and Main Station on Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway from Toronto to Colllugwood. C6 miles from Toronto. Population about 2600. BARTON, C. W. BARTONVILLE, 0. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Barton. Near Ontario Station on the G. W. R, BATH, C.W.,Co.Addington,Tp.Erriestown. Wliich is a Station on the 6. T. R. Population about 600. BASTARD, C. W., Co. Leeds, containing the Villages and Post-offices, Delta, Forfar, PblllpsviUe, which gpp ]*cgp6CtlV6lv BATISCAN, 0. E.' A Tp., Co. Champlaln. On the River St. Maurice, which bisects the St. Maurice Territory from Its confluence with the St. Lawrence below Lake St. Peter at Three Rivers, at which Port the St. Lawrence Steamers call. The Government have formed a road from Three Rivers to the Grand Plies, on the St. Maurice River, whence Steamers ply for the Upper St. Maurice, touching at Butlscan. BATISCAN BRIDGE. Higher up the St. Maurice than B&ttsCAIl wlllcll 8fi6 BATTEUSEA, C. W., Co. Frontenae, Tp. Storrington. Try Kingston City, as nearest Main Station, or Kingston Mills and Gauanoque, all on the G. T. R. Population about 100. BAYFIELD, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Stanley. Go to Stratford Station of Buffalo and Lake Huron and G. T. R. Population about 800. BAYIIAM, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Elgin, on the shore of Lake Erie. Go to Port Stanley, connected by Rail- way Branch with G. W. R. at London, C. W. BEACHVILLE, C. W., Co. Oxford, West Riding, Tp. Oxford We.st. A Station on the G. W. R. ^S miles west of Hamilton City. Population about 600. BEAMSVILLE, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Clinton. A Station on the O. W. R. 22 miles from Niagara. BEAR BROOK, Co. Russell, Tp. Cumbcriand. Goto Gloster Station on the Ottawa Railway, which con- nects with the O. T. R. at Presoott. BEAUHARN0I8, C. E. An Electoral District on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence, nearly opposite the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Cedars Station, on the G. T. R. BEAUMONT, C. E., Co. Bellechasse, on the South Shore of the St. Laurence, opposite the Isle of Or- leans, below Quebec. Nearest Station, Point Levi, on the G. T. R. BEAUPORT, C. E., Co. Quebec. East of Quebec City. Nearest Station, Point Levi, on the South Short of the St. Lawrence, Terminus of the G. T. R. BEAVERTON, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Thorah. Go to Belle Ewart, on Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railroad, from Toronto, and thence by Steamer on Lake Slmcoe. In Winter by Hallwsy from Port Hope to Lindsay, which connects at Port Hope with O. T. R. BECANCOUR, C. E., Co. Nlcolet. On South Shore of the St. Lawrence, opiiosite Three Rivera, which Is the nearest Steam Packet Station. BECKWITH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Lanark, South Riding. See Carleton I'lace and Franktown. BEDFORD, C. E., Co. Mlssisquoi, Tp. Stanbrldge, JIake for River Richelieu by Steamer from Montre- al. If by Rail by Rouse's Point ou the Champluin and St. Lawrence R. BELFAST, C. W. See Ashfleld. BELFOUNTAIN, C. W. See Caledon. BELLAMY'S MILLS, C. W. See Ramsay. BELLE RIVIERE, C. E., Co. Two Mountains. Near confluence of Ottawa River with the St. Lawrence. Qo by Ottawa Steamer '.'om Montreal. BELLEVILLE, 0. W., Go. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. County Town. Main and Telegraph Station on G. T. R. Section. 220 miles from Montreal, and 118 from Toronto. Population about 7000. BELL EWART, C. W., Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Innlsfll. A Station of tlie Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway, and for the Lake Slmcoe Boats. &0 miles from To- ronto. Population about 600. BELL'S CORNERS, Co. Carleton, Tp. Nepean. Try "Gloster," or Ottawa Stations on the Railway Branch from Prescott, on the G. T. R. Populatiou about 70. BELMONT, 0. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. South Dorchester. Go to Edwardsburg, a Station on the G. W. R. BELMORE, 0. W.", Co. Huron, Tp. Turnberry. Go to Stratford, present Terminus of G. T. R. and BulTulo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about 140. BELtEIL, C. E., Co. Vercheres. On South Shore of St. Lawrence. Try Longuiel or St. Hyacinthe Sta- tions on the G. T. R. Population about 800. BENMILLER, C. W. See Auburn. BENNIE'S CORNERS, 0. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Ram- say. Try North Gower Station, on Ottawa and Prescott Branch from the G. T. R. Population about 75. B E NTI NC K , C. W. A Tp. In Co. Grey. Go to Col- Itngwood by the Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Rail- way, and thence by Canadian Steomer to Owen's Sound, and down l»y Stage ; or to Guelph, on the G. T. R., and up by Stage for Owen's Sound. BERKELEY, 0. W Co. Grey, Tp. Holland. For Route see Bentinck. BERLIN, C. W., Co. Waterloo, North Riding, Tp, Waterloo North. A Telegraph Station on the G. T. R. 64 miles from Toronto. BERTHIEU EN BAS, C. E., Co. Montmagny. A Sta- tion on the G. T. R., Quebec and St. Thomas Sec- tion. 42 miles below Quebec. Population about 1600. BERTHIER EN HAUT, 0. E., Co. Berthler. On the North Shore of St. Lawrence, at head of Lake St. Peter. Reached by Quebec and Montreal Steamers. BERWICK, 0. W., Co. Stormont, Tp. Finch. Go to Dickinson's Landing, a Station on G. T. R, Popu- lation about 160. BERTIE. See Fort Erie. BERVIE, C. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. Kincardine, which see, BEVERLEY, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Wentworth, con- taining Copetown, Rockton, Sheffield Villages and Post-offices, which see. BEWDLEY, C. W., Co. Northumberiand, Tp. Hamil- ton. Go to Port Hope, a Main Station on the G. T, R. ; also a Lake Port, frequented by the Steamera. Population about 100. BIC, C. E., Co. Rimouskl. A Port on the Lower 91. Lawrence, on the South Shore, opposite Island of St. Ceclle. Population about 8000. niDDULPII. See Adare. BINBROOK, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Wentworth, near to the Jordan Station on the G. W. R., Hamilton and Niagara District. BIRMINGHAM, C. W., Co, Frontenae, Tp. Pittsburg. Kingston City and Kingston Mills are the Stations, the latter only a Flag Station, both on the G, T, li. Population al)out 200, BISHOP'S MILLS, C. W,, Co. Grenville, Tp. Oxford. Go to Oxford, a Station ou the Ottawa and Prcacott Branch of the G. T, R, BLAIN VILLE TERREBONNE, C, E, See St, Thcrese de Ulalnvllle. BLACK CREEK, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Willoughby. Go to Rldgeway on the BufTalo and Lake Huron Railway. BLANDFORD, C. W., Co. Oxford, See Woodstock, Ratho, etc, BLANDFORD, C, E., Tp, in Arthabaska Co, Go to Somerset Station on the G, T, R. BLANSHARD, C. W. See Fish Creek, St. Mary's, lilanshard. BLESSINGTON, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Tyendluaga, where there is a Station of the G. T. R. BLOOMFIELD, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Halle- well. Situate on Bay of Qulnte, and readied by Steamer daily from Kingston and Belleville, both Stations ou the G. T. R. BLOOJISUURG, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townscnd. Go to Onondaga or Paris, both Stations ou the liul- falo and Lake Huron Railway. CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 4» Go to Popu- Lower St. Islaud of 1 St. Therese WiUoughby. Lake Huron Woodstock, Co. On '» St. Jlary's, Tyendinaga, rt, Tp. Hallo- reached by Ueville, both Townscncl I ou the But- BliYTHHr, 0. W., Co. Huron. North of Stratford Ter- minus of G. T. R. BOBOAYGEON, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Verulam. Go to Port Hope, on the G. T. K., and thence by Branch Railway to Lindsay. Population about 200. BOLTON, C. W. See South Bolton. BODMIN, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Morris. North-west of Stratford Station, on the G. T. K. Population about 80. BOMANTON, 0. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Ham- ilton. Go to Port Hope on thu G. T. K., and thence by Lindsay Railway, open to Omemee. BOND HEAD, C. W., Co. Slmcoe, South Riding, Tp. Tecumseli. Go to Bradford on the Ontario, Slm- coe, and Huron Hallway from Toronto. Population about 250. BOUGARD'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Marysburg, on Bay of Quinte. Take the Steamer from Kingston or Belleville on G. T. R. Population about 30. B08ANQUET, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Lambton. Go to Stratford ou G. T. R. B08C0BEL, C. E., Co. Shefford, Tp. Ely. Go to Dur- ham Station on the G. T. R. Population about 100. BOSTON, C. W. A Village In Townsend Township, Norfolk Co. See Bloomsburg. Population about 180. BOTHWELL, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Zone. A Station on the G. W. R., Hamilton and Windsor Section, about 40 miles west of London, 0. W. Population about 500. BOUCHEKVILLE, C. E., Co. Chambly. Go to Lon- gueil Station on the G, T. R., close to Montreal. Popiilation about 800. BOUKG LOUIS, C. E., Co. Portncuf. On North Shore of St. Lawrence — no nearer Station than Point Levi, the Quebec Terminus of the G. T. R. ; may be reached by Montreal and Quebec Steamers at Portneuf, on the River St. Lawrence. Population about 100. BOWEN, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Richmond. Go to Napanee on the G. T. R. Population about 260. BOWMANVILLE, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Darling- ton. A Slain Station on O. T. R. 48 miles from To- ronto. Population about 4000. BOWMORE. See Nottawasaga. BRADFORD, 0. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. W. GwilUm- bury. A Main Station on the Ontario, Slmcoe and Huron Railway from Toronto. 42 miles from To- ronto. Population about 600. BRAMPTON, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chinguacousy— County Town. A Main Station on G. T. R. 22 miles from Toronto. Population about 2000. BRANCHTON, C.W., Co. Brant, Tp. Dumfries, (south.) Go to Paris by the G. W. R., or Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about 100. BRANT. An Inland County In Canada West, Inter- sected by the G. W. R. and the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. The G. W. R. skirts it on the North, and the Buffalo and Lake Huron bisects into nearly equal halves. Wentworth County bounds It on the East, Oxford on the West, Waterloo and Oxford on the North, and Norfolk and Haldlmand on the South. BRANT, C. \V. Tp. In Co. Bruce. Go to Guelph by 6. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Section, thence by Stage. BRANTFOUD EAST, C. W. See Calnsvllle and Rose- bank. BRANTFORD, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Brant. A Main Station on Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. 8 miles from Paris Junction of the G. W. R. Popu- lation about 8000. BRESbAW, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Waterloo. Go to Berlin on the G. T. R. BRKWEU'S .MILLS, C. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Pltts- Imrg. King!4ton Mills Station Is nearest Kingston City, and the p^ost frequented. Both on G. T. R. Population a 'lui 150. BRKWSTEK, C. ."'. A Post-offlce lu Bruce Co. See Hay. BRIBGENOUTH, C. W., Co. Peterboro', Tp. Smith. A little North of Peterborough. Go to Cobourg on the G. T. K., and thence by Railway to Peterbo- rough. Population about 50. BUIDGEPOllT, C. W. A Village In Waterloo Co. See Petersburg. Population al>out 500. BRIGHTON, e. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Mur- ray. A Station on the G. T. K. Population about 1500, BRITONVILLB, 0. E. , Co. Argenteull, Tp. Morin. On North Shore of Lower Ottawa, reached by Steamer from Montreal. BRISTOL, 0. E. A Tp. , Co. PonUac. On North Shore of Ottawa above Aylmer East, (which see,) reached by Upper Ottawa Steamers. Population about 80. BROCK, 0. W. A Tp., Co. Ontario. Equl-dlstant from G. T. R. at Whitby, and from Bradford and Holland Landing on the Ontario, Slmcoe and Huron Railway. BROCK'S CREEK, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Aldborough. Go to Newbury on G. W. R. BROCKVILLE, 0. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. EUzabeth- town. County Town. A Main Station on G. T. R. 129 miles from Montreal. Population about 5000. BROME, 0. E. An Electoral Division. Nearest Stft- tlons. Ascot and Sberbrooke, G. T. R. BROMLEY, C. W. A Tp., Co. Renfrew. See DouglW). BROMPTON FALLS AND BROMPTON, C. W., Co. Richmond. Station on the G. T. R. This Is the Station for St. Francis Mills. Population about 40. BRONTE, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Trafalgar. A Sta- tion on the G. W. K. IS niiles iiom Hamilton. Population about 500. BROOKE, 0. W. A Tp., Co. Lambton. Go to Glen- coe on G. W. R. BROOKLIN, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Whitby. Go to Whitby or Oshawa on G. T. R. Population about 600. BROUGHAM, 0. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. Go to DulBn's Creek or Whitby (as the main Station) on the G. T. R. Population about 150. BROUGHAM, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Renft-ew. See Mount St. Patrick. BROUGHTON, C. E. A Tp., Co. Megantlc. Go to Somerset on the G. T. R. Population about 800. BROWNSBURG, C. E., Co. Argenteull On North Shore of Lower Ottawa. May be reached from Montreal by Steamer. Population about 100. BROWN'S CORNERS, C. E. A Post-offlce in Picker- ing Tp., which see. BROWNSVILLE, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Dereham. Go to Ingersoll by the G. W. R. Population about 160. BRUCE, C. W. A Tp. In County of same name. Go to Guelph, thence North by Stage from Guelph Sta- tion G. T. R. for Saugeen District. BRUCEFIELD, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Stanley. Near Goderlch. Go to Stratford Terminus of G. T. R. Population about 200. BRUCE MINES, 0. W. On Lake Huron. There is a Post-oHlce, and In Summer a Steamer from Colllug- wood from the Terminus of the Ontario, Slmcoe and Huron Railway, from Toronto for the Sault St. Slarle. Population about 500. BUCKINGHAM, C. E. A Tp. on North Shore of Ot- tawa River, Co. Ottawa. Nearest Station, Ottawa City, connected by Branch Railway from Prescott with G. T. R. Also a landing on Ottawa River. 17 miles from landing. Approached by Steamer. Pop- ulation about 250. BURFORO, 0. W. A Tp. In Co. Brant. Go to Princeton, a Station on the G. W. R. About T mil"" "'est of Paris. BUHGiC^-'VILLE, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Norwich. Try Woodstock on the G. W. R. BURNBRAE, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Sey- mour. North of BelleviUe, a Main Station on G. T. R. BURNSTOWN, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. McNab. Reached by Ottawa City, which is connected with G. T. R., at Prescott, by way of Upper Ottawa Steamers from Aylmer East, which see. BURRITT'S RAPIDS, C. W., Co. Carieton, Tp. Marl- borough. Go to Oxford, a Station on the Prescott and Ottawa Branch Railway, from the G. T. R., at Prescott, or Kingston, thence by the Ridean Canal Steamers through Smith's Falls, etc. BURY, C. E. A Tp. in Compton. For Post-office, etc., see Robinson. BUTE, C. E., Co. Megantic, Tp. Somerset. Go to Som- erset on G. T. R. Population about 100. BUTTON VILLE, C. W. See Markham. Population about 50. BUXTON, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Raleigh. Go to Chat- ham on the G. W. R. Population about 500. BYRON, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Westminster. Go to London on the G. W. R. I I • >4 50 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. o CACOUNA, C. B., Co. Temlscouata. On South Shore of Lower St. LHwrence. Tlie Siiffneimy Steamers touch liere durlnK aunimer, to and from Quebec, St. Thomas ; the Eastern Terminus of Die G. T. It., below Quebec, Is the nearest Railway point. COfSARKA, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. I'artwrlght. North of Ilowmanvllle. Go to Uowmanvllle on the 6. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section. OAINSVILLB, 0. W., Co. Brant, Tp. East Brantford. A Station on the BuDTulo and Lake Huron Railway, 9 miles from Paris Junction. OALNTOWN, 0. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Yonge. Go to Mallory Town on G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section. CAI8T0R, C. W. ; CAI8T0RVILLE, 0. W., Co. Lin- coln, Tp. Calstor. Go to Reamsvllle on the O. W. R., Hamilton and Niagara District, or to Cook's Station, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Rallwa.v. CALAHOGIK, C. W.,Co. Renfrew. Anew I'ost-offlce. CALEDON, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Peel. Go to Bramp- ton or Georgetown, both Stations on the O. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Section. CALEDON EAST, C. W. A village In Caledon town- ship, which see. CALEDONIA, C. W. A Station on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, 24 miles from Paris Junction. See Canboro'. CALEDONIA FLATS, C. W. CALEDONIA SPRINGS, C. W., Co. Prescott, Tp. Caledonia. (Jo to Lancas- ter Station on G. T. R,, Montreal and Toronto Sec- tion. CALUMET ISLAND, C. E., Co. Pontlac. An Island on Upper Ottawa River. See Aylmer East, for Railway and Steamer connection. CAMBRAY, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Fenelon. Go to Port Hope by G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Sec- tion, and thencu to Lindsay, by way of Omemee. CAMBUIDtiK. See Casselman. CAMDEN EAST, C. ^V. A Tp. in Co. Addlngton. Go to Napanee, a Station on the G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section. CAMPBELLFORD, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Seymour. Go to Belleville, on tlie G. T. R., or to Trenton, on same Hallway Section. Population about 176. CAMPBELL'S CROSS, a Tp. of Chlng-aacousy, Co. Peel, near Brampton, which see. Population about 200. OAMPBELLVILLE, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Nassaga- weya. Go to Rockwood on the G. T. R. Popula- tion about 200. CANBORO, C. W. A Tp. In Haldlraand. Go to Cale- donia, a Station on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Rallwav. CANFIELD, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Cayuga. Station on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, for the Town of Cayuga, about 30 miles from Paris Junction. Population about 50. CANESTOGA, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Woolwich. Go to Berlin on the G. T. R. OANNIFTON, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. Make for Belleville on the G. T. R. Population about 9()0. CANNING, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Blenheim. Go to Princeton or Paris (v the G. W. R. Population about 2.')0. CANNINOTON, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Brock. North of any Railway Station ; Whitby on the G. T. R. Is the nearest point at present. Population about 1.50. CANTON, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Hope. Omemee on the Port Hope and Lindsay, connected with the G. T. U. at Port Hope, the nearest Railway point. Population about 200. CAPE COVE, C. E, Co. Gasp^, Tp. Pcrc6. On the En- trance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, below Oasp6 Bay, reached by trading vessels. Population about 400. CAPE RICH, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. St. Vincent. The Steamer from Colllngwood (which see) touches there daily. Population about 100. CAPE ST. KINACE, C. E., Co. Monfmagny. Oo to St. Thoraa,s on the G. T. R., present Eastern Terminus Quebec. Population about 2Si)0. CAPE SANTE, C. E., Co. Portneuf, Tp. Portneuf. Below Three Ilivers on the north shore of St. Law- rence Rlrer, between Montreal and Quebec, and reached by Steamers on that route. CARILLON, C. E., Co. Argenteull, Tp. Chatham, on the East shore of Lower Ottawa River, reached by Steamer from Montreal and Ottawa City. Poimla- tlon about 2,50. CARLETON, C. E., Co. Bonaventure, Tp. (^irleton. On the Bay of Challeurs, opposite New Brunswick Coast; traders from (Juebec. Population about lodil. CARLETON PLACE, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Iletk- with, will be bisected by Brockvllle and Arnprlnr Railway. Go to Perth, connected with Brock villc, a Main Station on the G. T. It. Population about mi CARLINGFORD, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Pullarton. (!o to Stratford Terminus of the G. T. R. Populatlun about 50. CARLISLE, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. East Flam- boro. Flamboro Is a Station on the G. W. R., neiir Hamilton. Hamilton and Windsor Section. Popu- lation about 1,50. CARLOW, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Colborne. Oo to Stratford Terminus of the G. T. R. Population about 1(H). CARLUKE, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Ancasttr. Go to Dundas on the G. W. R. CARRADOC, C. W. A Tp. in Middlesex Co. See Mount St. Brydges anil Strathroy, etc. CARP, C. W., Co. Carleton, Tp. Huntley, near south shore of River Ottawa, above Ottawa City. Popu- lation about 100. CARRONBROOKE, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Logan, on line of Buffalo and Lake Huron Extension to Ooderich. Population about 100. CARTHAGE, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Mornlngton. Lies north-east of Stratford, which may be reached bv Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, or O. T, 11. CARTWRIGHT, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Durham. Situ- ate north of Bowmanvllle on the G. T. R., '^lontreal and Toronto Section. CASH EL, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Markham. Reaoheil by Stage from Scarboro' Station, on the G. T. K., or hv Stage from Toronto dallv. Population about SO. CASHMERE, 0. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Mosa. (io to (ilencoe on the G. W. R. Also called Cauton. Population about 100. CASSELMAN, C. W., Co. Russell, Tp. Cambridge, fio to Dickinson's Landing, on the O. T. R. Canibriilgc Town.shlp lies north. CASTLE BAR, C. E., Co. Arthabaska. Go to .\rtlia- baska, on the G. T. R. Population .ibout 100. CASTLEFORD, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Horton, on the south shore of Ui)per Ottawa River, In neigh- bourhood of Ottawa and Opeongo Road, See Ajl- mer East, for best route. CAS TLEMORE, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Gore of Toronto. Oo to Weston or Malton, on the G. T. U. (Ilrst Sta- tions out of Toronto). CASTLETON, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp.Cr.im- ahe. Go to Brighton, on the G. T. 11. Population about 600. CAUGHNAWAGA, C. E., Co. Lapralrle, Tp. ?ult St, Louis, on south shore of f^t. Lawrence, opjiosite Mon- treal, near Terminus of Champlain and St, I,«w- rence Railway. An Indian Village, i) miles from Montreal. Population about 1200. CATCHCAKT, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Burford. (ioto Brantford, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron, or Princeton, on the G. W. K. CAVAGNOIL, C. E., Co. Vandreull. Go to Viindreuil Station, on G. T. R. Population about Tioo. CAVAN, C. W. A Tp, in Co. Durham, north of Port Hope, on line of Lindsay Railway, conmited at Port Hope with G. T, U. Population nt)inil '.Till. CAYUGA, C.W, A Tp. in Co. llaMimanil, Ian- field Is the Station frequented, on the liiijlalo ami Lake Huron Railway. Population about "ml, CEDARtiKOVE, C, W., Co. York, Tp, Maikliiiin, do to Scarborough, on the G. T. R. Population about 100. CENTRE AUOCSTA. See Augusta. CENTREVILLE, C. W., Co. Addlngton, Tp. Camdtn East. Go to Napanee, on the G. T. K. Population about 800. CHAMHLY, C. E,, Co, Chambl,v, Tp. West Clianibl.v, near LoMgucil,tlie Canada Terminus of the O.T. li. Population about 000. CHAMPLAIN, C. K,, Co, anil Tp. at the head ofVM Champlain, near the Boundary. Go to .Vocri oanada: cities, towns, and villages. 51 See '. of Toronto. U. (.first Sta- rforil. Ooto ;e Huron, or , to Viimlreuil it r>iin. fiorth of Port 1 ooniii'i'tecl lit nliiuit -I'A iimiiii'l. fan; lliilViilo ami lout 7i«>. Iliirklium. fio luliitiou about ^ Tp. Ciuiii'tii ' I'oinilalion i'oit Cliaiiiljlj'i lofllieO.T.l'' ■ headoflaks |Uo to Moern Junction, 47 miles from Montreal, on the Montreal and PattBbiirg Line of Hall, ropulutlou about '2000. ClIAULESnOUllO, C. E., Co. Quebec, on North Shore of St. Lawrence. Oo by Ht. Lawrence Stearaera to Quebec, or by Uall to Point Levi, on the U. T. K. Pouulallnn about 2&(M). niAKLKSTON, t;. W., Co., Leeds, Tp. Eacott. Go to Lan(l»downc, by G. T. U. CIl.VllLEVILLE, Oo. (irenvlUe, Tp. Augusta. Go to I'leHcolt, on the G. T. It. Population about 100. Cll AKLOTTENWUKG, C. W. A Tp. In Glengary Co.. but not a Pust-olUce, skirted by the G. T. U., and containing Sumnieratown, Martintown, and St. Ha- iihael We»t, Villages with Post-olBces, which see. njlAKLOTTEVlLLE, C. W. A Tp. In Norfolk Co., but not a Post-ofllce, on Lake Erie, with KorrestvUle, Normandale, and Silver lUU Villages, and Post- ollices within It. Refer to either. ClIATEAUOUAY, C. E. A Co. on South Shore of St. Lawrence, bisected by the Champlain and St. Law- rence Uallway. Go to Montreal. Population about Goo. CHATEAU RICHEIl, C. E., Co. Montmorencl, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, within the Island of Orleans. Go to Quebec by Steamer, or by Uall from Point Levi, G. T. U. Population about IWO. CHATHAM EAST, 0. E., Co. Argenteull. On North- east Shore of Lower Ottawa. Iluached by Steamers from Montreal and Vandreull, both Stations on the 6 T. K. Population about ilUOO. CHATHAM WEST, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Ualelgh, on the G. W. R. Population about tllWO. CHATSWORTn,C.W.,C( Grey, Tp. Hollaad. Goto CoUlugwood by Ontar! j, Slmcoe, and Huron Rail- way from Toronto, and thence to Owen's Sound by Canadian Steamer, or to Guelpli, on the G. T. R., and thence by Stage north. CHELSEA, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Hull. See Aylmer East. Population about 800. CHELTENHAM, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chlnguacousy. Situated north between Urampton and Georgetown, both on the G. T. R. Either will do. Population abou. 200. CUEKKY CREEK, C. W., Co. SIracoe, Tp. Innlsfll, Craigvale, or Belle Ewart, are the nearest Stations on the Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway. The latter preferable. Population about 125. CllEUTSEY, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Montcalm. On North shore of St. Lawrence, on the River du lac Oudreau, about 40 miles north. This River unites with the Riviere L' Assumption, which flows Into the St. Lawrence a little east of the Isle of Montreal. Go to Montreal. Population about 800. CllKSTERt'IELD, 0. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Blenheim. Oo to Drumbo Station, on tlie Buffalo and Lake Huron. Or to Paris, the junction point of that Railway and the G. W. R. CHICHESTER, 0. E. A Tp. In Co. Pontiac. On North-west shore of River Ottawa, within Ahimette Isliind. See Aylmer East, route to Upper Ottawa. CHltOUTI.Ml, C. E. District of the Saguenay, 08 miles above the confluence of that River with the St. Lawrence, and the farthest point of steam com- munication up f^e Saguenay. The Steamer plies from Quebec. Population about lOilO. CIIIN'GUACOUSY. A Tp. in Co. Peel, comprising the town of Brampton, Campbell's Cross, Chelten- ham, which see. CHIPPAWA, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Stamford. Is tlie Terminus of tlie Erie and Ontario Railway, con- nected at Niagara witli tlie G. W. R. Population about 1200. CHURCHVILLE, C. VV., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Go to Mimico or Port Credit Stations, on the O. W. R., also by Stage from General Wolfe Inn, Toronto City via Etobicoke, etc. Population about 250. CLAUEMONT, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. Go to Port Union, on G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section. CLAHENCE, ('. W. A Tp. in Co. RusseH, on South shore of Ottawa, below Ottawa City, reache CLAKEVIEW, VV., Co, Addlngton, Tp. Sheffield. North of Napanec ; choose that Station or Klngstoa City, both on the G. T. R. Population about 70. CLARKE, C. W. A Tp. In the c:o. of Durham, In which U Newcastle, a Station on the G. T. U. CLAUDE, C. W., Co. Peel. CLEAR CREEK, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Houghton. On North Shore of Lake Erie, Port Staidey U the nearest Station now connected at Loudon, 0. W. with G. W. R. CLEARVILLE, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Oxford. Go to Bothwell, on G. W. R. Population about 100. CLIFFORD, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Mlnto. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R, Stage communication from Guelph. CLIFTON, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Stamford. Go to Clifton UoDse Station, on the Erie and Ontario Railway, connecting with the G. W. R. at Suspension Bridge. Pop\ilation about lOOO. CLINTON, C. W., a Tp. in Lincoln Co., but no Poit- oflice, for which see Beamsvllle. CLINTON, 0. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Tuckersmlth. Go to Stratford by the BulTalo and Lake Huron, on G. T. R. Section, and take Godcrlch stage, which passes near. CLOVER HILL, Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Essa. See Essa Wr CLUNAS, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Dorchester, Sou Go to London or Ingersoil, as the best frequented Stations, if not the nearest, both on the G. W. R. COATEICOOK, C. E., Co. Stanatead; a Telegraph Station on the G. T. R. Population about 800. COBDEN, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Ross. On south bank of Upper Ottawa River. On line of Brockville and Arnprlor Extension. See Aylmer East for Upper Ottawa route. Population about 75. COBOURG, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Ham- ilton. A large town, and main and Telegraph Sta- tion, on G. T. R., connecting point for Peterborough Branch Railway. Population about 7000. CODUINGTOX, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Brighton. Go to Brighton, a Station on the G. T. R. Population about 75. COLBORNE, a Tp. In the Co. of Huron, but no Post- ofllce, comprising the following villages, with Post- ollices, which see, viz. : Auburn, llennmller, Carlow. COLBORNE, C. W.,Co. Northumberland, Tp. Crama- he. A Station on the G. T. ]{., 14 miles east of Cobourg. Pojmlatlon about llOO. COLCHESTER, C. VV., B Tp. in Essex Co., on the shore of Lake Erie. By way of Detroit River, the Terminus of the G. W. R., at Windsor, may be readily reached. COLDSPRINGS, 0. VV., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Hamilton. Go to Cobourg on the G. T. R., and thence by the Peterborough Branch. Population about 1200. COLDSTREAM, C. VV., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Lobe, In which Is Komoka, a Station of the G. W. R. COLDWATEU, C. W., Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Medonte. In summer go to Belle Ewart, and thence by Steamer to Orillla, 14 miles distant. In winter go to Barrle ; Belle Ewart and Barrle are on the Ontario, Slmcoe and Huron Rail, from Toronto. COLEBHOOK, C. W., Co. Addlngton, Tp. Camden East ; the Railway Station Is Napanee, on the G. T. R. Population about 125. COLERAINE, C. VV., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto Gore. Go to Mlmlco or Port Credit, on the G. W. R. Popula- tion about 50. COLINVILLE, C. VV., Co. Lambton, Tp. Moore, In the Port Sarnla District, London being the nearest Rail Station on the G. W. R. COLLINGWOOD, C. VV., Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Nottawasa- ga. Terminus of the Ontario, Slmcoe and Huron Railway, 97 miles from Toronto. Population about 2000. COLLINGWOOD, C. VV. A Tp. in Slmcoe Co., west of Nottawasaga. Not a Post-office of itself, but comprising Cralglelth, which see. COLLIN'S BAY, C. W., Co. Frontenao, Tp. Kingston. A Station on the G. T. R., 7 miles west of Kingston. Population about 100. COLUMBUS, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Whitby. Go to Whitby on the G. T. It. Population about 850. COMBER, C. W., Co. Essex, Tp. Tilbury West. Go to Baptlste Creek, on the G. VV. R. Populatlou about 60. '' ! Mil 52 CANADA ; CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. OOMRn'8 MIMA 0. W., Co. Adillnnton, Tp. BriiM- 1 town. (Id to Kriieatowii ur NHpaneu, on the U. T. R. I'ntuilntloii Hhuut 'i«M). COMPTON, ('. K. A Tp. *iul Rl«ctnr»l Dtvlilon, apil niiilii ICnIlway Htntlon on tlio (). T. K., 110 nillvi I from MiiiiliDitl. I'opiilHtlim uhout 'ittyl I CONt'OUl), C. W,, «'o. York, Tp. Vaiinhan. Oo to I Thunililll .Station, on the Ontario, HImcoe and Huron Railway, from Toronto, CONRY, I'. W., Co. I'erth, Tp. DownlB. Oo to Strat- fbril on the (), T. R. CONSKCON, f. W., Co. I'rincc Fdward, Tp. llllller, on I.Hkc Ontario. Oo to Murriiy Carry tug I'laoe, Nfari'Kt 8tiition, llrlghton, on the (1. T. K., with wliloh ntn^ea connect. Population aliout (MMI. CONKrANCK, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. llullett. Oo to 8trntroril on tlu- O. T. It., nnil nUo the Termlnua of the lluITalo und Lake Huron Rail, whence the ex- tenalon to Ooderlch through this townahip will ahortly he ooinpleled. CONTKKCiKMU, C. K. A Tp. In Co. Verchurei. On the aouth Kliore of the ft. I>Hwrence, Jual below Montreiil, where g. Tecu meth, Oo to Holland Landing, on the Ontario, 8imcoe and Huron Ridl, from Toronto. Population about lAt). COOKSVILLK, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Dally itage from Oeneriil Wolfe Inn, City of Toronto, through Kloblcoke; also atage from Port Credit Sta- tion, O. W. R. Populatl•)(). CRA.MAIIK, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Northumberland. For Po»t-otnce8, see Caatleton. For Rail Station, aee Brighton. CREDIT, V. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Go to P St. Maurice District, near the head of the Aasumpllon Ulver, wiilch (lows Into the St. Lawrence, near tin Isle of MnntreaL Go to Montreal. Poiiuiatlnn abiliit KSIM. DAILLKVILLK, C. K., Co. Argenteull. Rear nf Chatiiam Tp. On Lower Ottawa District. Norlli- eaat Sliore of that River. Steaniera from Moutroiii touch at front of Chatham. Populatii:n about i(Ml. DALHOUSIK, 0. W. A Tp. In (lo. Laiuirk. For Post- otllce, etc., aee McDonald's Corners. DALHOITSIK MILLS, V. W., Co. GluiiKar.v, Tp. Lochlel. Go to Lancaater, on G. T. R. Populatiuii about IfiO. DANVILLE, 0. E., Co. Richmond, Tp. Shipton. Richmond Junction of the G. T. R. Is In Shipton Townahip. Population about 'ifM. DARLING, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Lttinirk. For Po»t- olllce, etc., see Tallock. DAKLlSiGTON, V. W. A Tp. In Co. Durham. For Poat-olllce and Hallway Station, aeu Bownuiiiville. DARTFORD, 0. W., Vo. Northumberland, Tp. l'erc.v. Go to Harwood or Gore's Landing, on PcterborouRh Branch from Cobourg, on the G. T. R., thence by Passage Boat on Rice Lake to Dartford. Popula- tion about 76. DAWN, 0. W. A Tji, In Co. Lambton. For I'ost- olBce and Station, see Croton. DAWN MIU,S, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Gore of Cam- den. Try Thaincsvlile, on the p. W. R. Popula- tion about 200. DE'AIITECIL, C. E. A Tp. In Co. Portneuf. For Poat-ofllce, see Ecureulls. DEALTOWN, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Raleigh. Oo to Chatham, on the G. W. R. Population about .V). DECEW8VILLE, 0. W., Co. Ilaldlmand, Tp. Cayufjii. Go to CanHeld, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron It. Population about lOt). DELAWARE, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Middlesex. Lon- don Is the main point, or Komoka, both on the 0. W. H. Population nl)0ut i2.^0. DELTA, C. W., Co, Lee. T. K. At wlilcli nlnn all Lnku Untartci mill Hi. LHwrt'iiou HIiMiiiiont tiiiicli. DKKAMHAV, 0. H. A T|i. Ill llngot Cu. Hue 8t. Sliiiiiii ilu YttiiiiuikH. UKIIA.MWAY, 0. K., Co. Jnllutto. Heo DiUlUlioiit. UKKHY, 0. W. A Tp. In Oo, Oroy, Hfo Kllnyth, for I'.iKt nlllrc, oto. DEREHAM. A T|i. In Oo. Oxforil, 0. W., South nf liiK'Taoll, n Htntloii on the (I. W. It. DKimV \VK«T, C, W., Co. I'eel, T|). Toronto. Try I'.irtCrcillt, iiiitlif (>. W. II. l><>|iiilntion ithoiit t(NI. UM( IIAMHAUI.T, 0. K. Tp. In Oo. I'lirtlivuf. *)n the North Hhoru of Ht. LAwrencu. Hi-o Do Autcull or lit'i Kcnroulla. I'opiiliitlon ahoiit IHIHI. DKVUN, 0. W., Oo. Huron, Tp. Oahorne. Hinitroril, on tlio It. T. It, UKWITTVlLLlJl, C). K., 'Ju. Iluntlngilon. 8outli Hliore of Ht, Lnwrenvu, opponlto T. U. do to On the OotUAU Population Go to Oo to Oo On the lianilliiKi u Station on the O. HlldUt 2IHI. DICKKNHON'H I,ANI)INO, 0, W,, Co. Htormoiit, Tp. Uanahriick. A Stnlinn on the O. T. H. 77 inllcn from Montreal. Population about noo, DlNdl.K, 0. W., ('o. Ilriii'c, Tp. Huron, (io to Htrut- ford, from tliunco tliu llulfnlo ami l<»ke Huron Kx- teiiHlon to (loilerlch will aiiHlat. DIXUN'H OOKNKIIH, 0. W., (d. Uundaa, Tp. Matilda, III whloh la Matilda Htatloii, on the 0. T. K. DONKOAIi, (!. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Kliiiii. Htratford Termlhua of Ihu O. T. K. DOON, 0. W., Oo. Waterloo, Tp. Waterloo. I'eteraburK, on the (J. T. K. DOK(!IIK.>y lip- fier Uttawa HteHiiien — fur which lee Ayliiier KuHt. ■npulatlon kbonl 116. K(ll,lN(lTt)N, C. W , «'o. York, Tp. York. Five miieB frcirii Tnniiilo City, up Viinne atrect, do liy Thorn- hill or-^il Toll (Ltlii Oiiiiilhiiii. EU.M()NI>VII.I,K, » . W.,(,'o. Huron, Tp. Tuckemmllli. Uii to Htruiroril Junction of the llutritio huiI Luke T. K. Huron Hnil (I EtJItKMONT, 0. W on lliu (I. T. It (. of Williams. FAKMKHSVILLE, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Yonge. Ljn or Mallory Town, on the G. T. K., are the neari'»t Stations. Populatiiin about MtH). FAKNHAM, C. E. See Katt Farnliam, Adamsvlllc, etc., for Post-offlces. FARNHAM CENTRE. See East Farnham. Faridium Centre has a Post-olllce. Population about loii. FENELON, 0. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. For Poat- olllces, see Cambray, Fenelon Falls. FENELON FALLS, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Fenel.in. do to port Hope, on (1. T. R., thence make fur Lindsay by Railway, partly open as far as Omeinuo. Population about 150. FENWICK, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Pelham. Oo to Jordan, on the G. W. R. FERGUS, C. W., (Jo. WeUlngton, Tp. Nlchol. Dully Stage to and from Ouelpli, a main Station on llie G. T. R. Population about 1000. FERGUSON'S FALLS, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Drum- niond. Go to Perth. Daily Stage from Urockvllle, a main G. T. K. Station. Extension Railway In progress. FERHALL'S LANDING, C. W. On the South ghnre of River Ottawa, near the mouth of Hiver llmi- chere. This is reached by Steamer from AyliiuT East, and is the Point for the Ottawa and Opeongu Road Settlement. See Mount St. Patrick. Popula- tion about fit). FEHMOY, C. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Bedford. Goto Kingston City, on the 0. T. R. FINCH, V. W. A Tp. in Stormont Co. For Poll- otfice, etc., see Berwick. FINGAL, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Southwold. Go to Port Staidey, on Lake Erie, connected with Lon- don by Branch to the G. W. R. Population about 6lK). FISH CREEK, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Blanshard. Oo to Stratford G. T. R. FITCH BAY, C. E., Co. Stanstead. Go to Ooatlcook, on the O. T. R. FITZALAN, C. E., Co. Argenteull, Tp. Arundell. On North Shore of Lower Ottawa, near Montreal, nlilcb FITZROY HARBOUR, 0. W., Co. Carleton, Tp. Kllz- rny. On Upper Ottawa. See Aylmer East, whenoe Steamers plv to and fro. FLAMBOKO EAST, C. W. A Tp. In Wentworth Co. For Piwt-oflice, see Carlisle. FLAMBORO WEST, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Wentwortli. For I'list-oflice, etc., see Strabane. FLINT, C. W., Co. Addlngton, Tp. Kaladar. The Post-ofllce under this name, in this newly-setlkil District, hn» been discontinued. Napanee U the Station 1... the G. T. R. Montreal and Toronto Wj- trlct by 'vii! :li this place is reached through Nc»- bur-„ ( ml'.ts, Keller's Comers 9 miles, Canidon ami Shellie?d iload 1 mile, Tamworth 5 miles, wliitli l» about ' t ndlea from Kaladar Town.«hlp, whero the Addlngion Road Free GrantJi of Land commence. FLOHENt E, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Eupheniiu. Uo to Bothwell, on the G. W. R. FLOS, C. W. A Tp. in Simcoe Co. Go to Barrle or Sunnldale, both Stations on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto. KOXTIIILL. A Po.st-onice in Pelham Tp., Co. Wel- land. See Fenwick. FORCASTLE, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Thorah. Make for Beaverton by Belle Ewart, on the Ontario, Sim- coe, and Huron Railway, and thence by Steamer. FOHESTEK'S FALLS, 0. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. RosJ. On Upper Ottawa River. For Steamer, see Aylmer East. Population about 25. FORESTVILLE, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Chnrlottevllle. On shore of Lake Erie. No Hallway Station can be named as adjacent. Try Port Maltland on ine BuBfalo and Lake Huron Line. Population about 100. KORPAH, 0. Lansdowne, Illation Hbiii KOIll'COCLti I'll North SI ."er Aylmer KOIir ERIE, < anadlaii Ti Hall, oppiinli KOUT WILLM liH-y, above i fOHT WIUAJ .North Shore For route, ae KOIK.VIEH, •ill to Cornw Ion. F0.\ UIVKR, ( Hay, near di fniiii (Quebec. FO.x.'JAMBAUL'l Niirili Shore i "f liiicliec. a KIIA.MITON, C. CralK's Road ( FKA.NKFOHD, ( to llellevllle oi FKANKTOWN, Back from Pe K.\lenalon to A Piifiulatlon abt FIIA.NKVILLE, i Kllley. See Fr niKDEKICKSUL For Post-olUce, KKKDKRICKSHU I'osl-olllce. do FREE QRANT! merit Free Lant. I'KKKLTON, C. W, (io to Dundas i ISii. f'HKMUJHfl, C. W to Ilei'lln on the KltKLKillSBURG, mands. Neartli adjacent Statloi iipproxlinate. 1 t'KK.VCH VILLAd •cy. (io to Dai about 2r>l). i'lmt VILLAGE, '" Kiclimond on lions. Populatio HIXAKTON, C. W fold on the 0. T. Fl'U'O.V, C. VV., (irliasby on the CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNH, AND VILLAGES. bii FOItrAK, 0. W., Co. Le«. Uiintiird. Back of I.itii»cl(iwne, wlilcli li It Htal Inn uti the (>, T. K. Pop- uliitliin hIidiiI fio. KOIir (;()|;|,()N(1K,<'. K., Cn. I'onlUo, Tp. Maiinflclil. On North Hliiiro of OtiHWn. itliiivr Culiiiiiet Ulmiil. Ser Ayhnrr K»»t. I'cipulntidii nhiiiit 'r>. lOlir KUIK, C. \V., Co. Wflliiiiil, Tp. llcrll.'. The Citiiiiilhiii Teriiiliiiiii of the lliill'iih) hikI l.nke lliiiDn Hull, oppoHlle, hikI !I iiiIIcii finin, lliiiralo l>y riteiimer. Kllltr Wll, 1,1AM. Kii route fur lluiliioirn Uay Tunl- lory, iiliovtf Hiiult £*t. M«rle. KdUT H ll,l,IAM, 0. K., Co. I'onlUc, T|>. K»her. On North Shore of Upper Ottiiwu, froiilliiK the river. K'jr route, see Aylnier Kiist. FOlllNIICIl, C. >V., Co. I'rencott, Tp. I'lHfitii((etiel. lio to CoiDwull on the U. T. It. I'upulutlon about 1(111. F0.\ KIVKR, C. K.. <;o. Oaipe. Klows Into Uaape lliiy, neikr Uulf or Ht. Lawrence. Tradint; veaaeln from iliieheo. Population almut XHI. FO.SXAMUAULT. A Tp. in I'orlneuf District. On Niirih ^4llor« of 8t, Lawrence, uhout 2U miles went uf Hiiehec. Sec 8t. CalherlneV, ('. K. KUA.Ml'TON, C. K. A Tp. in Dorchester Co. «o to ('raid's Uoail on the (I. T. K. FKANKKOUD, C. W., Co. llaatlnKS, Tp. Sidney. Oo to llellevllle on the (i. T. K. I'npuliitlon about ((.%(). FIIANKTOWN, C. VV., Co. l.utiark, Tp. Ileckwilh. lluck from Perth. On the line of the llrockville Kxlenslon to Arnprlor. See Perth and ilrockvilie. Population about IM. FKANKVU.LK, C. W., Oo. Leeds and (Irenvllle, Tp. KItley. See Franktown. Population about UN). FUKDKUrCKSIlUKU, C. W., V». Norfolk. A Tp. Fur Poat-olllce, etc., see Windham. FKKDKUICKSIIUUG, C. \V., Co. l,ennox. A Tp. and I'ost-olllce. Go to Krnestown on the U. T. It. FREE GRANTS OF LAND, C. W. See Uovern- iiii'iit Free Lanit and lloutes. FKKKLTON, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. W. Piamboro'. Uu to Duudas on the U. W. it. Population about 1511. FIlKIUUllO, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Waterloo. Oo lo Iterlin on the U. T. It. Population about 100. FItKMCillSlllJlttt, C. E., Co. Mi».fi8(iuoi, Tp. St. Ar- m»nMiatlon a')ont )!(H(. GRKNVII,I,i;. ('. K. A Tp. In Argcntculi. On Lower Ottawa River, near .liinclion with St. Lawrence. Go to Vanilreull, on the G. T. R. Section, or to Montreal City for Steamer, Population about "Oil. OKKV, I'. \V. A Tp. ill Co. Huron. For Route, see Greenock above. GKIER:"ILLE, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. St. Vincent. Go to Mealor I hy Canadian Steamer from ColUng- wood, by Ontario, SImcoe, anil Huron Railway from Toronto, t' ipniatlon about .'>(). GRIMSBY, C. W., Co, Lincoln. A Tp. and Station on the G. W. R. S.'.-t! m. Population about intHI. GROXDlNEl', '■. E. A Tp. in Co. I'ortncuf. On North Sliore of St. Lawrence, Ketween Three Uivers uni! tjueb' c, at whiili the Steamers and Tnidei.-. touch. i'oi)ulatlon about IKK). OROVESKNI), C. W., to. Elgin, Tp. Malahlde, front- ing Lake Erie. G.i to London ami to Port Stanley bv liraMch Railway. Lonilon is on :'. \V. R. GUELPH, C. W., Co. Welllnglon, A Town, Town- ship, and Main Station, with Telegraph, on G. T. R. Toronto and Stratford Section. From Toronto 47, and Hamilton III) miles. Popnl.ition about .'^(MK). Gl'YS^nORO', C. W., I o. Norfolk, Tp. Houghton, fronting Lake Erie. Port Sarnia is nearest Railway point nbic!; !■ connected with G. W. R. at London. GWILLIMHCRY WEST, C. W. A Tp. in SImcoe (South). See Unidfonl. OWILLIMBCRY EAST, C. W. A Tp in \ork. See Holland Landing, Newhind, (Jue^nsville, and Slia- ron, GWILLIMRIRY NOIf.f, C. V.' A Tp. in York, fronting Luke Sinicue. See K jwlck. HAGERSVII,LE, C. W., Co. HHldlmBnd, Tp. Oneida. Trv Middii'port, on the Bull'alo and Lake Huron Railway. HALDIMAND, C. W., Co. Norihiunberland. A Tp. In which is Grafton, a Station on tlie (i. T. R. HALIFAX, C. E. A Tp. in Megantic. Go to Arthn- baska, on tlie G. T. It. HALLOWELL. A I'l). fronting the Hay of (Julnte. For principal Village ai.d Post-oHlce, see Itloom- fleld. HALL'S MILLS, C. \V., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Westmin- ster. See London. HAM, C.E. ATp.inWolfe. Goto Danville. G. T. R. HAMi;i"R(l, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Fredericks- burg. (!o to Napaiiee, on the (i. T. R. HAMILTON, C. W. A ( lly In the Tp. of Barton aioi Co. of Wenlworth. The Main Station and Cblef Ollice of the (ireat Uistern Railway to and from Toronto, Suspension Hrldge, and Windsor from the West. HAMH/ro.S, C. \V. A Tp. In Co. Northumberland, for which see Coliourg, ll.'iilimore, llewdley. Cold- springs, and Harwoods, Towns, Vlllaires, and Post- ollices ,'iluated wilbin it. HAMPTON, C. W,, Co, Durban;, Tp, Darlington. Go to Ilownninville, on the G, T. U. Population about 6lM). HANNON, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Ghinford, which HANOVER, 0. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Bentlnck, which see. Population about too. HARLEM, C. W,, Co, Leeds, Tp. Hastard. Go to Mai- lory Town, o i <0N'S CORNERS, 0. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Eiiillv, wliieh see. HENRVVILLE, V. E., Co. H)ervllle, Tp. Saliicvok Go to Rouse's Point. Tills Village lies east of River Richelieu. Po|mlatlon about (ioo. HEHk.MAN'S corners, 0. E., Co. Huntingdon, Tp, Hiiu'Iiinlirooke, between St. Lawrence and Kivt'i' Richelieu. See Denlston. HKREKORD, C. E. A Tp. In Compton. Go io Coall- cook, on the G. T. R. HIllllKRT SeeCromartv. HKillLAND ('I;EEK, C."W., Co. York, Tp, Scarl")' rough, in which is Scarborough Statioi , ontheU.T. R. Population a' out 25(1. HILHER, C. W. A Tp. in Prince Edward. Oo to Trenton, on the t(. T. R. I'opulation about I'W, HILLSltOlU), C. W., Co. Lainliton, Tp. Plynipton, near Port Sarnia, connecte I with G. T. R, t Striitlonl, I to which place proceed. J'opiiiation M.iait HHJ, ' HILLSIICUG, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Krln, C* ■ to Acton, on the G. T. R. Population about O'lO. I HILTON, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. llilfc'lil"". I in wliich is a Station (Brigliton), on the t. T. I' I Population aboi » (iO. 1 HINCHINBROOKE, C. E. A Tp, in Huntingdon, lor Post-ofll lierdiiia HOLLAM route, se also Post HOLLAN limbury. Huron R ronto. I- HOLLEN, ( Go to Gin IIOL.MESVI HOLVllooi Lake Hur see. HOPE, 0. W ton, Perri Post-ollice HOPETOWiN Shore of I, East, for n HORNBY, C. Acton, on ( HOirrtJN, 0, River Ottav Post-onices, IIOl'tillTON Lake Erie. Station, will HOWAltD, (J Ih-idgetown, HOWKK, C. ville, on the Population i HO WICK, C. a Post-oliice, IIL'IIBKI.L'S F III'LL, C E. Ottawa, on t »■«, C. \Y. I liLI,l,ETT, V. ' Ihaiidon and INDIANA, C. W [0 Middleport oi ■'"pulation aboi IMILIN REsKUV Tp,, of which which see IXDUN RKSERVI Sm-oe, Tyendin INDL'STliy, ('. K »f a Lawrence flows ii^o the S( , Jlontrcal, p„„„ INGERSOLL, ('• Popiilalion about Parilculans. .^,^ CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 57 Poflt-offlccfi, VIllaRCR, etc., see Athdston, Dcnlston, IlfnIiuiui'H (.■"niers. HOI.I-ANI), »'. W. A T|i. In tlie Co. of (iicy. For rmiti', Hce Owuii Smiiiil, Ik'i'kuley, uiid t'lmtNWortli, also I'lwt-ollicfs 111 Tt). HOLLAND LANDING, Co York, Tp. I':iist (hrll- llinlmry. A Stiilloii on the Ontario, Sl'iu'iie, iind Huron llallwiiy I'miii Toronto. )54 mill's rroiii To- ronto. l'o|inlatio:) aliont IKHI. HOI-LKN, 0. W., Co. Wi'llliigton, Tp. Miirylioroiigli. Oo to (hiulpli, on (K T. K., and tliunci; by Huge. IIOLMESVIIJX See (iodriieli. IIOI.YIIOOD, V. ^V., Co. Itrucf, Tp. KInloss, nuar Lakt; Ihiron. About 'iOmlk'S from (Joderlcli, which HCL'. HOl'K, 0, W., Co. nurluim. A Tp. In which arc Can- ton, I'errytowM, a'ld Kll/.abellivUle, [Villages and I'ost-olllccs,] which (ce. HOl'KTOWN, C. W., Co. Lanark. A Tp. near South Shore of Upper Ottawa, near Kltzroy. See Aylmer East, for route. Population about i(K). HOKNUY, V. W., Co. Ualton, Tp. Ksqueslng. Go to Acton, on O. T. K. Population about 100. UOItTON, C. W. A Tp. fronting South Shore of Kiver Ottawa, In wlilcli are Uenfrew and Castleford, I'ost-olllces, which see. IIOlKiUTON, V. W. A Tp, In Co. Norfolk, fronting Lake Erie. Port Stanley la the nearest Hallway Slallnii, which see. HOWAKU, C. W., Co. Kent. A Tp. in which is llridgctown, wlilrh see. HOWICK, C. E., Co. Chateanguny. Go to Napler- vllle, on the Plattsliurg and St. Lawrence Railroad. Population about loi). HOWKK, C. W., Co. Huron. A Tp. in whlct Is a I'osl-oflice, Llsadell, which see. HUIIUEI.L'S FALLS, (^).Carleton. See Aylmer East. HULL, C. K. A Tp. and I'osl-olllce of Itself. In Co. Ottawa, on the oi)poslte side of the Kiver at Otta- WR, C. \V. Populiilloii about i'jl). HLLLEI'T, C. W. A Tp. In I'o. Huron, in which are lli'iiiMlon and Constance, us I'ust-oQlces, etc., which IIULLSVILLE, V. W., Co. llaldlmand, Tp. Walpole. (io to Caiiboro uu liuifalo and l/iike Huron Uall- wav. IIU.MBEH, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Etoblcoke. Oo to Miinico on (). \V. It., also Conksvllle stage from Wolfe inn, Toronto. HU.MUEKSTONE, C. \V. A Tp. In AVelland Co. near Welland Canal, (io to Uldgewuy on UulTalo and Lake Huron Kallway. IIU.NTEIM'OWN, C. E. A Tp. In Maskinonge. On North Shore of I-ake St. Peter, (St. Lawrence,) be- tween Jlontreal and Three Itivers, reached by sleiiiners. See St. Maurice District. HUNTINGDON, C. E., on South Shore of Lake St. Francis, nearly opposite the Coteau Landing Station of the (i. T. II. Po|)ulatlon about 7(10. ULNTlNtiDON, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Hustings. For I'ost-ollice, etc., see Ivanhoe. UUNTlNliVlLLE, V. E., Co. Klchmond, Tp. Ascott, wliich Is a station on the t!. T. U. Population about lIH). IIUXTI.EV, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Carleton. Oo to Ot- tawa City by Ih-anch Hallway, from Prescott, on the (i. T. II. Population about ItMI. HUSTON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Maryborough Oo to ijuelph on the O. T. K. Population about 75, INDIANA, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Seneca. Oo to Miililleport on IlnlTalu and Lake Huron Ualiway. I'lpulation about 3(H). INIllAN UEt-EUVE, (^o. Olengary. The name of a Tp., of which Athol Is the Vili'iije and Post-ollicc, which see 1XDI.\N UE.XERVES. See Mara, Rama, etc., on Lake flm"oe, Tyendinaga, on the (i. T. K., etc. The In- ilian De|):irtnient have an olTlce in Toronto. INDUSTRY, C. E,, in County Jolllet, on North Shore of ,''cte(l with the G. T. K. at Prescott. Population about l;i50. KKNI1.XV01JTH, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Arthur. Go to Cuelph on the (i. T. R., and thence by Stage. KKN.MOKK, <' W., Co. Kus.scll, Tp. Osgoode. Go to Osgoode on the Ottawa Hallway, from Prescott on the (i. T. K. Population about 50. KKNNKIIKC, C. W., Co. Kroiitenac. A Tp. adjacent to KreeGrpnts and Crown Lands for sale, which see. KKNVON, C. W., Co. Glengary. A Ti.. north-west of Lancaster, to which go by G. T. U. KKPI'KL. See Indian Lands. KKKTCII, C. W., Co. Laud>ton, Tp. Plympton. Oo to London on the G. W. It,, or Stratford, beiif on the Port Sarnia Section. KKSWICK, C. \V.,Co. Simcoe.Tp. N.irth Owillimbury. (it) to llnidford or Holland Landing, on the Ontario, SliiK'oe and Huron Hailway from Toronto. KKTTLKHY MILLS, C. W., Co. York, Tp. King. Go to Newmarket on Ontario, Siincoe, and Huron Itail- wav. KILItHIDK, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Nelson. Oo to Ilrciute or Oakville on the 0. \V. It. Population about L'MI. KILDAHK, C. E. A Co. In J(dlette, on North Shore of St. Lawrence. See St. Maurice D'atrict. Popu- lation about 25(M). KILLAHNKY, C. W. On North Shore of Lake Huron. No regular communici. Hon. XILKI':nNY, C. K. a \'\>. in Montcalm, on North Shore of St. Lawrence. Oo to Montreal. Sec St. Maurice district. Population about S(M). KII.MAHXOCK, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Montague, near Itiileau Canal. Go to Smith's Falls from Urock- vil!-! o;< G. T. K. KIL-Vi'll, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Derby. Go to Col- llngwood by Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Hallway from Toronto, and llience by Steamer to Owen's Sounil. KILWOUTH, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Delaware. Go to Konioka on tlie G. W. It. KlNItlllN, ('. W., Co. Carlelon, Tp. FItzroy. Popu- lation about SI). KINCARDINE C.W. A Tp. in Bruce. A Money Order Ollice, (formerly Penetangorc,) fronting Lake Huron, do to tiuelph, and thence make for Sau- geen. Guelph Is on G. T. U. KING, C.W. A Tp. In York. Go to King on Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Hall from Toronto. KINtiSKY, C. K. A Tp. in Drumniond Co. Oo to Danville on G. T. It. Section. KINGSEY FALLS. A Post-onice In Kingsey, which see. KINGSTON, C. W. A City, the Capital of Frontenac. Go to Kingston by G. T. It., or by Steamers from Montreal, Hamilton, Toronto, and Hay of (Juinle, and Hideau Canal ; also from Cape Vincent on United States side. Population about l!JlH)(). KING.'^TOX MILLS, C. W., Co. Frontenac. A Station on th G. T. K. (near Kingston City). Population about l'>l). KINGSVILLE, C. W., Co. E«»ex, Tp. Gosfield. Go to Haptiste Creek or Belle HIver on G, W. U. Kr.KOIlA, C. \V., Co. Perth, Tp. Ellice. Go to Strat- ford by tlie G. T. K., or by Uuifalo and Lake Huron liallwuyi. Population about 60. KINL0S8, C. W., Co. Bruce. A Tp. about f ^ ■~>\e^ north of Goderich. Go to Stratford, See Kh... KIXSALE, C. \V., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. Go i,„ Port L'nion or Frenchman's Bay on G. T. It. KIXTAIL, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Ashfleld. Fronting Lake Huron. Go to Stratford, as before. See Ivio- kora. Papulation about <5(). KIPPEN, V. W., Co. Ilurnn, Tp. Tuckersmlth. Go to Stratford by G. T. K., thence by Goderich Stage. KIKKTON, 0. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Usborne. Near Itlanchard, St. .Mary's. Go to Stratford on G. T. It. KlitKWALL, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. Go to Harrlsburg on the G. W. It. Pojmlatioa aliout 70. KI I'LKY, C. W. A Tp. In Leeds and Orenville. For Post-olllces and Villages, see Frankville, Toledo, etc. KLINEBCKG, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Vaughan. Go to Kichmond Hill on the ^ntarlo, Slmcoe, and Huron Hail from Toronto. Population about 8l)ll. KNOWLTON, C. E., Co. Brome. Go to Compton on G. T. It., .Montreal and Portland Section as nearest Station, but the distance is considerably east of Brome. Population about '20<). KNOWLTON FALLS. A Post-office in last-mentioned Tp. KO.MOKA, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Lobo. A Sta- tion on tl e G. Vf. It. Population about 700. LA BAIE, C. E. A Tp. In Y'amaskf,, on South Shore of Lake St. Peter, (St. Lawrence,) near confluence of the Hiver St. Francis with St. Lawrence, wlilch Hows from Hichmond, the diverging point of the (1. T. It. to (Jnebec, east, and Montreal, west, from Portland In the south. Go by Steamers between Montreal and (Quebec. Population about .'!>U0. LA BEACCE, C. E., Tp. St. Marie, Co. Bcauce. On lliver Chaudiere. Go to Becancour on tlie G. T. It. L'ACADIE, C. E. A District In St. Jcdni's, on lliche! leu Itivcr : also, a Station 1.5 miles from .Montreal on the Champlain and St. Lawrence Hallway. LACHINE, C. E., Co. Jacques Cartler. The lir.-t Station by Montreal and Plattsburg Hallway, 9 miles from Montreal. Poimlation ab(mt '2500. LACHUTE, C. E. A Tp. in Argenieuil, on Xorlli east Shore of Lower Ottawa. Go by Steamer)' fiDin Montreal, or from Vaudreull on O. T. It. I'opula tlon about 500. LACOLLE, C. E., Co. St '=hn's. A Station on tlie Champlain and St. Lawrence Hallway, 8S ndles fiom Montreal. Population about (100. LACOHNE, C. E., Co. Terrebonne. On North Shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Isle of Jesus. See Maurice District. Go to Montreal. LAFONTAINE, C. M'., Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Tiny, on e,i.t of (Juebec and Kichmond Section of G. T. H. War- «ick and Danville may be named as nearest Sta tlons. Population about 700. LANARK, C. W. A Tp. In Co. ..annrk. North f Perth, to which go by Brockville Stage from th' x Prescott, Tp. Hawkesbury. On South Sliore vi Lower Ottawa. Go to Montreal, and thence by St' ; \' '■• , I,', Tp. Innisfil. A Station L , BT i lluron Railway. Pop- ' , i'n. Sydenham. Go to . , f m Colllngwood, on On- in >aii fr'^m Toronto. Pop- LEFKOY, C. W., C on the Ontario >■ Illation aliout '. .k, Tp. Whitchurch. Oo to Aurora or Newmarket, on the Ontario, Sim- coe, and Huron Rail from Toronto. Population about '200. LEXXO.V, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Fredericksburg. (io to Napanee, on G. T. R. LENNOXVILLE, C. E. ATown of Sherbrooke Dis- tiii't. A S. ition on G. T. R., 09 miles from Montreal. Population about 2.50. LES EllOULEMENS, C. E., in Charlevoix. On North Sliore of St. Lawrence below Quebec, opposite Isle of Conilres. Steamers ocoaslonall.v call. LES E('l'nEH.^' C. E., Co. Portnenf, Tp. tVAuteuli. On North , : • r- of St. Lawrence above Quebec, where go. I.ES ESCOl ' MyM, C. E., Saguenay. On North Shore of Si. 1 .i • cnee. bi- o,v Quebec, to whicli go. l.ESKAlll), C. 'V v'v ; url.am, Tp. Clarke, (io to -Newcastle, on (i. T. R., 40 miles from Toronto. l'o|mlatlon about 250. Mt'EOilD, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Manvera. Go to .Newcastle as for Leskard, which see. LINDSAY, 0. W„ Co. Vlutoria, Tp. Opu. The Ter- minus of the Port Hone and LliiilK.iy Itallway, con- nected with the G. T. U. ul I'ort Hope. Popi'datlon about 1100. LINOWICK, 0. K. A Tp. Ill Compton. For Po«t- ollice, see Gould, do to Complon, on (I. T. R. LIPPENCOTT, C. W., Co. York, Tp, York, (io to To- ronto. LISADEL, C. W., Co, Huron, Tp, Howlck. Go to Stratford Junclloii of llumilo and Luke Huron and (i. T. H. l'opulutU>n about M), LISBON, C. W., Co, I'erth, Tp. Norlh Easdiopu. Oo to Stratford as for LlHadel, which Kfe, L'ISLET, C. E. An Electoral l)l«trlct and Town on South Slu)rB of St, Luwrenci', a few miles east of St. Thomas, Terminus if G, 'l', U, LISTOWEI.L, C. W,, Co. I'urlli, Tp, Elma. do to !. rutford Junction of lIulTalo tind l.uku Huron and G. T. R. LICHFIELD, E. A Tii. In I'onllao Co. on North Shore of Uiiper Otiiiwa; for route, nee Aylmer East. LITTLE BRITAIN, 0. \V..Co, Vleliirla.Tp. Marlnosa. Go to Lindsay by llraneli llallwiiy from Port llope, on the G. T. R. Population Mbout IIHI. LITTLE KIDEAU, (!. W., Co, I'r.'scolt, Tp. Hawkes- bury by Montreal and Ottawa Hteamers, Popula- tion about 200. LLOYDTOWN, C. W., Co, York, Tp, King, do to King or Newmarket, on llie Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway from Toronto, LOBO, C. W., Co. Middlesex, A Tp, In which Is Ko- moka Station, on the G, W, R, LOCHABEU, C. E., (,'o. Ottawa, A Tp. fronllng the North Shore of Ottawa, do by Hteuiners between Ottawa City and Montreal, LOCHIEL, C. W., Co. (ilengary, A Tp. Norlh of Lancaster, on the d, T. R. LOCKTON, V. W., <'o, I'eel, Tp, Albion, Go to Brampton, on the d, T. R. LOtiAN, C. W., ("o. Perth, A Tp, 111 which are Post- oflices and Villages, Carronbi ke, and MItclieli, which see. LONDON, C. W., capital of Mhliilei-ex, on the 0. W. R., also Jiincllon of l.oinlon and I'ort Stanley Rail, 114 miles west of Toronto, l''(U' View of Lon- don and further \ iforiniilloii, hcc preei'illng paget. LONG ISLAND LOCKS, C. W., Co, Carleton, Tp. Nejiean. do to dioueesler or North Ocgoode, on the Ottawa Railway, eiunieeted with the G. T. R. at Prescott. LONG POINT, C. E. In Me of Montreal (lloohelft. ga). Go to Montreal by G, T. It, ur Steamer, Pop- ulation about 1(1(1(1, LONGUEIL, C. E. In Chiunbley. The Station of the G. T. K., on South Shore of St, Lawrence for Quebec and Port land, 2 iiillet. from City, to be united by Victoria Bridge with Ncu'tli Shore of St. Law- rence. Population about KOIHI. LONGUEIL, C. E, .See SI. Jolm'n and St. Luc, on Champlaiu and SI. Lawrenee Rallwa.v. LONSDALE, C. W., Co. Ilasllngx, Tp. Tyendlnagn, which Is a Station (Ul (I.T. I(. l>o|iuliilloii about 185, LORETTE, C. E. See Anclenne l.orrette. t L'ORIGINAL, C. W., Co. Prescott, Tp, .VllVeil, Asslne I Town. On South Shore of Ottawii, Ho liy Ottawa I ami .Montreal Steamers. Population about TOO, LORRAINE, C. W., Co. Slmioe, Tp, Mono, do to Malton, on the G, T. 11., and tlienee by Stage to ! Mono Mills. LOSKY, C. W., Co. York, Tp, King, which see. LOTIilNIEItl';, C. E. A Town and Electoral District, fronting the South SIkU'c of St, liliwreln'e, opposite Portneuf, betwien Three Itlvers anil t^uebec. Go bv S* liner from Montreal or (^iieliec. LOUt. ..ilOllO, C. \V. A Til. Ill I'Vonlenac. Go to Kingston City, on tlie (1, T. II, LOUISVILLE, C. W., Co. Kent. A Village In Chat- ham Tp.,iii which Is Clialliaiii Station, on llie G. W. R. Piipiilatliui about 2110. LOUTH, C. W. A Tp. Ill Co, Lincoln. See Jordan, a Village and Station on the d, \V, It,, III llils Town- ship, 2(1 mill, troiii llanillton, C, W. LOW, C. E. A Tp. Ill Ottawa Co, l^i the (latineau Uiver, North of River Otiiiwa, do to Ottawa City bv Kail fi-oin Prcsco ', on the tl, T, It, LOWER IRELAND, C.E. In .Mcganlle, do to War- wick, on tiled. T, It. Quebiciiiid llli'liinoiidSecllon, 24 miles North-castor lllchmoiiil Jiiiiition. LOWVILLE, C. W., t; 1. llallon, 'I'p. Nelsmi, Go to i>! 1 i'i h t ' 'X i 60 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Wellington Squar", on the Q. W. R. Population about 150. LUTON, (,\ W., Co. Elgin. A new I'ost-offlce. LYN, C. W., Co. Leeds, T|). Kllzabetliti'.vn. A Sta- tion and Mcme.v Order Olliee, on the G. T. U., nep.r Brock lille, 4 niiled west of UrockvlUe. Population iil>i>ut 40(1. LYSDKN, 0. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. lleverle.v. A Station on the (i. W. K., Ki miles west of Ilu>nllton Clt.v. Population about 350. LYNDlIt'liST, C. W., Co. Leeils. In Lansdowne, in which Township Is Lansdowne Station, on the 0. T. R. I'opulation about "o. LYNEDOCH, ('. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. C'.iarlottevlUe. Go to teel, Tp. Albloi. to Brani]>ton or Malton, on the G. T. R. Pop.,i,aion about 50. MACIIICHK, C. E. On the St. Maurice District. See Yamuchlclie. MAOOC, C. W., Co. Ha.stlng», Tp. Madoc. Go to Belleville by the G. T. R., .Montreal and Toronto Section, and thence by Dail.v Stage. Mailoc is tlie nearest Town to the Free Grant Settlement on the Hastings Road. MAI) RIVER MILLS, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. O.sprey. Go to Nottawasaga or Sunnidale, both on the On- tario, Siincoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto. MAtiDALEN ISLANDS, C. E., Co. Gaspe. Near South Sliore of the St. Lawrence at Cape Magda- lene, before entering on the Gulf. Traders from Quebec. MAGOG, 0. E. A Tp. in Stanstead. Try Coaticook or Compton, on the G. T. R. See Georgeviile. Population about 250. MAIDSTONE, C. W. A Tp. In Essex Co. Go to Windsor or Puce, on the G. W. R. MAITLAND, C. W., Co. Grenville, Tp. Augusta. A Station on the G. T. R., between Bruckville and Pres- cott. Population about 150. MALAIIIDK, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Elgin, in which is Aylnier West, which sec. See also St. Thomas West. MALAKOKF, C. W., Co. Carleton. A Post-ollice in Marlboro Tp. See Burritt's Rapids, adjacent to Rideau Canal, and near Keniptville, on the Ottawa Junction from Prescott, on the (i. T. R. MAI-DEN, C. W. A Tp. in i:asex. For Post-office, etc., see Amherstburg. MAL BAIE, C. E. For Post-offlec, see Point St. Peter, which divides Gasi>e and Mai Bale, near Gulf of St. Lawrence. MALLOKV TOWN, C. W., Co. Leeils, Tp. Yonge. A Station on the G. T. R. Population about 2oO. MALTA, C. W., :iITOWANING, C. ^V. On the Great ManitouUn Islanil on Lake Huron. Steamers in Summer from I CoUimpvood, which see. An Iinlian Settlement, ' with resident Minister of the Church of England. MANMNGVILLE, 0. E., Co. Huntingdon. Go to Hcnmilngford on the Montreal and Pliittsburgltail- I ''ay, 41 miles from .Montreal. Population about 200. M;iNSFIELD, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Pontiac. For Post- olhce and route, see Fort Coulnngo. MAN VERS, C. W. A Tp. in Durham Vo., near line of Llinls-ay, Brancli from Port Ilojie, to whicli go by G. T. R. MAPLE, C. V,'., Co. York, Tj). Vaughan. Go to Rich- mond Hill by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto. MAPLE GROVE, C. E., Co. Megantlc. Tp. Ireland. Go to Warwick on the G. T. R. MAPLETON, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. On London and Port Stanley Branch from London on G. W. R. MARA, C. \V., Co. Ontario. A Tp. usually coupled with Rama as Indian Territory. Get to Orillia (from Barrie by Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway), and thence by Stage direct. See Orillia. MAliBLKTON, C. E., Co. Wolfe, Tp. Dudswell. Go to Sherbrooke on Uxe G. T. R. .MARIPOSA, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. For Post- ollices, route, etc., see Little Britain, Manilla, and Oakwood. MARCH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Carleton, fronting South Shore of River Ottawa, oi)posite Aylmer East, which see. Population about 50. MARKHAM, C. W., Co York. Go by Stouirville Dally Stage from Toronto, or by G. T. R. from Scar- borough, and tlience by Stage. Population about looo. MARLBOROUGH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Carlton. See Burritt's Rapids and Jlalakolf for Post-offices and route. MAltLOW, ('. E. A Tp. In Beauce at the very extreme of the province on the confines of the State of Maine at the head of Uiver ( luiudiere, which Hows in a direct line to the St. Lawrence. Chaudiere Junction and Chaudiere on the G. T. R. Quebec and Hichmond may be named as Stations, but are about 03 miles distant. MARMORA, C. W., Co. Hastings. A Tp. in which are the Iron Works, north of Belleville, tu which go by G. T. R. Population about 4110. MARSHVILLE, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Waintleet, in which is a Station of the Bull'alo and Lake Huron Rail. MAKTINTOWN, C. W., Co. Glengary.Tp. Charlotten- burg, in which is Summerstown on the G. T. li., S miles east of Cornwall, and Oo from Montreal. MARTINVILLE, C. E., Co. I'oinpton, Tp. Clifton. Go to Com|>ton on the t). T. It. l'o|)ulation about 15. MARYSHURtJ, C. W. A Tp. in Prince Edward to. For Villages, Towns, and Post-oltices, see I'ictou, Bougard's Corners, and Port Milfonl. MARYSVILLE, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. TycndlniiKa, In which is a Station of the (i. T. R. Poiiuliitiou about 101). MARYDORO, C. W. A Tp. in Wellington Co. See Huston. M ASCOUCHE, C. E. A Tp. in L' Assumption, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, just below Montreal, to which go. MASKINONGE. A Post-office Village, and also name of Electoral District on North Shore of St. Liiwieiice In St. Miiiirice District, sitiuite about 20 uiiics wesl of Three Itlveis. Po|iulalion about 4000. MA.XSAWIPPI, C. E, Co. Stanstead, Tp. West Ilalli'.v. Go to Compton on the (i. T. R. Population about 200. MAT.\NE, C. E. A Tp. In Riniouski, on South Shore of St. Lawrence, fronting the River below the mnulh of the Saguenay, reached by vessels from Quebec. Population about 1,5oO. MATILDA, C. W. A Tp. in Dundas Co. ami Station of the same name on the (J. T. It., ft miles cast of Prescott .lunctlon, and l(t4 from Montreal. MATTAWA, on a Uiver which runs into the (lllinvii about ilo miles above Pembroke, near Luke M|il«- sing. Pembroke is reached by Upper Ottawa Ste:imeis from Aylmer East, which see. MAVKIEl.D, t!. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chlnguacousy. flo to llrami>toii on the name iwreiice es west lliilley. 1 iibout h Shore ! nioulh Quulii'C. Station eiist "f Oltaff.i Ni|.U- Ottawa «v. Go out Ml. to Kul- larton, mllway bettreen Stratford and Goderlch, by i'taK'-* from Stratford Junction, G. T. K. MKAU0\VVA:.K, C. W., to. I'eel, Tp. Toronto. Five niilen from Ui.Miipton. Topulation about -lOil. ■ MKUONTK, ('. \V. A Tp. hi .sliucoe, bt'tween OrllUa uuil C'oldwater. (io by Coldwater .''tage from Orll- liii, wlilcli U reached by Ontario, ,>^imcoe, and Huron Haihvay from I'oronlo, Helle Kwart, and thence by .-I earner. In winter, go by Mage from llarrle to (li'inla, which see; see also Ooldwiter. .MKhANCTIlON, C. \V. A 'I'p. hi Co. (irey. Go to Uradford, and by road, west, to Mono, If Ontario, .y (i. T. II. Population about 15U. Jlli)l)bKPOUT, C. W., is a Station on the BulTaio and Lake Huron Hallway, between Caledonia and Onon- duKa, (Post-olllce, Tuscarora,) In miles south of ilninttord, and Itf of Paris Junction. Population aliout mil. MIDliLKVIl.LK, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Lanark. Go to Perth from Brockville liy Stage from O. T. It. Mll.l'OHl), V. \V., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Marysburg, oil l!ay of (iuinte. Go to Helleville from the west, and Kingston from the east by steamer Bay of (Jiiiiiie. Uolh Uelluvllle and Kingston are Stations on the (1. T. It. SlIl.llANK, C. \V., Co. Perth, Tp. Mornington, north of Stratford, do to Stratford by Buffalo and Lake Huron or G. T. KaiUays. MILLimOOK, ('. W., Co. Durham, Tji. Cavan. Go to Port Hope by G. T. It., and thence liy Lindsay Itail. I'opulatlon about UIOI). MILLKS ISLES, V. E. In Argenteuil, on North Shore of Lower Ottawa, near Vundreuil, on the G. T. 11. Steamers from .Montreal. .MIM.KS VACHES, C. E. In Saguenay Co., north of St. Lawrence, near conlluence of Saguenay and St. Lawrence Klvers. Steamers from Quebec. MILL (iltOVE, C. W'., Co. Wentworth, Tp. West Flam- lioro. Go to Dundas on G. W. It, MILL HAVEN, C. W., Co. Addlnglon, Tp. Ernestown, whu'li Is a Station on the G. T. K. JIII.L POINT, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Uichmond. Go to Napaiiee on ti. T. U. MILNKSVII.LE, ('. W., Co. York, Tp. Markliam. (io by Stage to Thornhill from Toronto, or to Thornhill Station l)y Ontario, Siincoe, and Huron Uail from Toronto. Population about lllO. MILTOX EAST, C. E., Co. Slielford. Go to Acton on the (i. T. It. Population about UK). MILTOX WEST, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Trafalgar. lio to Oakville, on tiie G. W. U. Population about I'lllO. MIMICO, (". W., Co. York, Tp. Etobicoke. Go liy Street>ville Stage from Toronto dally at 2, P. M., fi Ilie (it'iicral Wolfe, In ( hnrch Street, or by G. W. li. to Mlnilci) Station. Population iiliout iillO. MINTO, ( . W., Co. Wellington. See Clifford, Harris- ton. Teviotiliile. 51111KKVIL1,E, C. W., Co. Greuvllle, Tp. Wolford. Oo to Brockville, on G. T. R., 29 miles from Mirlcic- vllle. Population about 1000. MITCHELL, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. I jgan, between Stratford and Goderlch. Go to Stratford Junction of tiie Buffalo and Lake Huro'. and G. T. liaiiwayg. Population about lOUO. MISSISQUOI BAY, V. K. Connects with Lake Cham- ]>lain. Go to House's Point, Champlain and St. Law- rence Hail from Montreal. MISSISQCOI, C. E. For Towns herein, see Philipa- burg, Bedford, Stanbridge East, and Cowanville. MOHAWK, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. West Brantforrt. Go to Brautfurd, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Uailway. MOIHA, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Huntingdon. North of Belleville, to which go by O. T. K. Population about I&O. MOLESWOKTH, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Orev. North of Stratford, (io to Stratford by G. T. K., or by Buffalo and Lake Huron UiiiL Population about 50, MONO, C. W. A Tj). in Co. SInicoe. See .Mono Mills. MONO CENTUE, C. VV., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Mono. See .Mono Mills. MONO MILLS, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Mono. Go to Malton by G. T. U., and iliunce by Stage. Popular tlon about ISO. MONOIK, C. E. A Tp. in Houvilie. See Mount Johnson, St. Urigide. MONTAKVILLE, C. E. In Cliambly. See St. Bruno. MONTCALM, C. E. A Town in Tp. of Uawdou, Oo. Montcalm. On North Shore of St. Lawrence, in the St. Maurice District. Go to Montreal. MONTE BELLO, C. E.,Co. Ottawa, Tp. Petite Nation. On North Shore of Itiver Ottawa, near Grenviiie. Go by Ottawa and Montreal Steamers. Population about 100. MONTMOUENCI, C. E. See Chateau Iticher. MONTMOUENCl FALLS, C.E. S miles below (Juebea Go to Quebec by O. T. K. from Kichmond and Mon- treal, or by Steamers from Upi)er (Canada and Mon- treal, thenco across the St. Charles Kiver by road MONTREAL, C. E. For Views and full Information, see preceding jiortion of this work. MOXTKOSE, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Stratford, which is a Station on the Erie and Ontario Kail (Niagara to Cliippewa). MONT ST. HILLAIUE, C. E., Co. UouviUe, Tp. St. HlUaire, which Is a Station 17 miles from Montreal, on the G. T. K. JIOOUE, C. W. A Tp. in Lambton Co., in Port Sar- nla District, fronting the St. Clair Kiver. Go to Windsor by the (i. W. 1!., and thence by Steamers or Boat. Population about •200. MOKliAXTOWN, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Erin, (jo to (ieorgetown, on the (i. T. H. Population about lot). MOHIN, C. E. In Argenteuil. See Brltonville. Pop- ulation about 4IHI. MOUNINGDALE .MILLS, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Morn- ington. (io to Stratford, on the (}. T. K., or by Buf- falo and Lake Huron Uail. Population about 100. .MOKNINtiTON. A Tp. in Perth Co. For Post- ollices, etc., see (.'arthage, Miibank, West Corners, and Mornliigdale .Mills. MORPETH, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Howard. (!o to Thamesvllle, on the (J. W. U. Population aliout 5.")i). MOUHIS. A Tp. hi Huron Co. For Tp., see Bodmin anil Morrisbank. MOKUISHANK, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Morris. Go to Stratford by G. T. H., and tiieuce by road, or by Butfalo and Lake Huron Uailway. MORRISBURG.C. W., Co. Bunllas, Tp. Matilda, in which is a (i. T. K. Station. Population about 000. MOKUISDALE, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Grey. Oo as for Morrl.stmnk. Popidatlon about 50. .MOItUlSTON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Pusllnch. Go to Giieliih, on the G. T. U. Population about 400. MOUTIMEH, C. W., Co. (irey, Tp. Osprey. Go to Nottawasaga, on the Ontario, Siincoe, and Huron Uail from Toronto. MOUTON, C. W., ( o. Leeds, Tp. South Crosb.v. Go to Gaiiauixpie, on the (i. T. U. Population about •i.'iO. .MOUVEN, ('. W., Co. Addington, Tp. Ernestown, which is a Station on the G. T. K. Population about lIM). MOSA, C. W. A Tp. In IMlddiesex, formerly a Station on the G. W. U., Imt changed to Newbury. For Villages and Post-olUces, see Newbury, Cashmere, Wardsville, and Strathburn, all iu the Township. ' l! ij \i lil 'I CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. MOSCOW, C. W., Co. Addlngton, Tp. East Camden. Go to Napiinee, on the G. T. U. P"p. about :?0||. MOL'LINETTK, C. W., Co. Storincuit, Tp. Cornwall. A station on the (i. T. K. Population about lUO. MOULTON, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Haldlmand. See Dunnvllle, a Railway i^tation on the UulTalo ami Lake Huron, with Post-olllee within the Township. MOUNTAIN, C. W. A Tp. In Dundas Co. Go to Ma- tilda, on the (i. T. K. MOUNT ALBION, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Barton. Go to Ontario, on the G. W. K. PopiUation about KM). MOUNT BUYD0E8, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Cara- doc. A Station on the O. W. U. Population about 180. MOUNT ELGIN, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Dereham. Go to Ingeraoll, on the G. W. K. Population about 150. MOUNT FOKREST, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Ar- thur. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. K., and thence by Stage. MOUNT HEDLEY, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Oneida. Try Middleport, on the BuQalo and Lake Huron Rail. Population about lUO. MOUNT JOHNSON, C. E., Co. RouvlUe, Tp. Monolr. Try St. HlUalre, on the G. T. R. MOUNT MURRAY, C. E. In Charlevoix. See Mur- ray Bay, Port au Persil. MOUNT PLEASANT, 0. W.,Co. Durham. SeeCavan. Population about ftOO. Mdl'V"' Li». LOUiS, C W., Co. Simcoe. .♦» new Post- office. MOUNT ST. PATRICK, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Brougham. See Kree Grant Lands. MOUNT VERNON, C. W., ( o. Brant, Tp. Brantfo'd. Go to Brantford, on the BulTalo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about 201). MULMUH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Simcoe. Go to Bar- rie Station, on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway from Toronto, MUNCEY, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Carradoc, lu which la Mount Brydges Station. MUN8EL, V. W., Co. Orenville, Tp. Wolford. Go to Brockville or Maitland, on the G. T. R. MURRAY, C. W. A Tp. in Northumberland Co., in which is tlie Town a. id Station of Trenton, on the G. T. R. Population about 2(K). MURRAY BAY, C. E. In Charlevoix. On North Shore of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec, SO miles down. Go by Saguenay Steamer from Quebec. MURVALE, C. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Portland. Go to Ernestown, on the G. T. R. Population about 125. N NANTICOKE, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Walpole. Go to CainsvlUe, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. NAPANEE, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Richmond. A Telegraph Station and Money (Jrder Office, on the G. T. K., 20 miles west of Kingston. See preceding pages for fu-ther Information. NASSAGAWt.y*, C. W. A Tp. 1.1 Halton Co. Goto Rockwood, jn ihe U. i. U., Toronto and Stratford Section, r. to Wellington Square, on the G. W. R. NELSON >^. W. A Tp. in Halton Co., in which la Wellington Square, a Station on the G. W. R. I'op- uluion about 200. KifiPEAN, C. W. A Tp. in Carleton Co. For Post- offices and Villages, see Bell's Corners, Long Island Locks etc. NEW ABERDEEN, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Water- loo. (Jo to Berlin, on the O. T. R. Population about 200. NEWARK, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Norwich. Go to Woodstock or Princeton, on the G. W. R. NEW BLISS, C. W., Co. Leeds and Grenville, Tp. Kitlcy. Go to BrockvlMc, o.i the G. T. R. NEWBORO, C. W., Co. LeeI!^ Tp. North Crosby. A Money Order Office on th,. Uldeau. Go to Kings- ton, and thence by Steamers or the Kideau Canal, or to Gananoque. Both Kingston and Ganaiioque are Stations on the G. T. R. NEWBURG, C. W., Co. Addlngton, Tp. Camden East. Go to Napanec, on the G. T. K. See preced- ing (lagcs. Population about 900. NEWBURY, C. W., ( o. Middlesex, Tp. Mosa. A Station on the G. W. K. NEW CARLISLE, 0. E. On South of Gaspe, fronting the Bay of Chaleurs, in Cox Tp. Fi-e(iuent tradein from Quebec. Population about 5O0. NEW CARLISLE, C. E. A Tp. in St. Maurice Terri- tory. Not a Post-office. See St. Maurice Territorv. NEWCASTLE, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. ( larke. A Station on the G. T. R. Sec ))rece(ling pages. NEW CREMORE, C. W. See Nottawasaga, of which Tp. New Cremore is a Post-office. NEW DUNDEE, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wllmof, In which Township Is the Petersburg Station of Ihe (1. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Section. Popuiatiim about l&O. NEW DURHAM, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Burford. (io to Princeton, on the G. W. K. Population about 125. NEW EDINGBUROH, Co. Carleton, Tp. Glouce.ster. A Village or Suburb to Ottawa, C. W. On Ihe Prescott and Ottawa Railroad, of which it is the Terminus. Population about 500. NEW GLASGOW, C. E. North of Isle Jesus, opposite Montreal, to which go, either by Steamer from (Ig- densburg or Kingston, or by the G. T. R. Pojmla. tion about 1800. NEW GLASGOW, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Aldebnrough. From Morpeth 15, London 85, Chatham 87 miles. NEW HAMBURG, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wilmot, In which Township is Petersburg Station of the 0. T. R. Population about 1100. NEW HOPE, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. North Waterloo. Go to GueFlih or Berlin, on G. T. R. ; also to Gait and Preston for Junction Railway. Population al)Out "(iii. NEW IRELAND, C. E. In Megantlc. Go to Artha- baska, on the G. T. R. Population about 200. NEW LAND, C. W., Co. York, Tp. East Gwlllimhury, in which is the Holland Landing Station on tlie On- tario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway from Toronto. NEW LIVERPOOL, C. E. In Levi District, Tp. Liiw- zon. Go to Point Levi (opposite Quebec), the 'i'ur- minus of the G. T. R. Population about lsl)i'. NEWMARKET, C. W., Cc. York, Tp. Whitchurch. A Station on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rull- wav from Toronto. NEWPORT, C. E. A Tp. In Compton. Go to Coui|)- ton Station, on the G. T. R., Montreal and Porllaml Section. For Post-office, see and address Sawjur- viUe. NEWPORT, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Brantford. In which is the Main Station of Brantford, on the Buf- falo and Lake Huron Rail. NEW RICHMOND, C. E. A Tp. in Bonaventurc, South Oa9i)e, fronting the Bay of Chaleurs. Tra- ders from Quebec. NEWRV, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Manvers. Go to Newcastle, on the G. T. R. NEW SARUM, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. In which is the Yarmouth Station of the London and Port Stanley Railway, which connects with the (j. W, R. at London. Population about 50. NEWSTADT, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Normanby. fioto Guelph, on the G. T. R., and thei.oe by Owen goiinJ Stage. NEW TOWN ROBINSON, C. W. A Village with Post- office, in Co. Simcoe, Tp. Tecumseth. (io to llriul- ford or Newmarket, on the Ontario, Simcoe, uiul Huron Rail from Toronto. Popuhitlon about liHl. NIAGARA, C. W., Co. Lincoln. Separated l)y the Niagara River from the State of New York. Uoliy Steamers from Toronto, or G. W. R. via Hamilton. NICOLET, C. E. A Town in District of .Mcnict, skirting tlie South Shore of the St. Lawrence, nearly opposite Three Rivers, to which go by Montreal iiml (Juebec Steamers. The nearest Station apjieais to be Arthabaska, on the (i. T. R., Quebec and itlch- niond Section. Population about 1000. NICHOL, V. W. A Tp. in Co. Wellington. For Post- offices and Villages, see Barnet and Cumnock. NILESTOWN, C. W., Co. .Mlddlese.v, Tp. Dorchester, North. Go to Edwardshurg, on the (i. W. H. NISSOURI, C. W., Co. Mlddk'..ex, Tp. N'issiuirl West. Situated on the Junction of the (J. W. H., between London and St. Mary, Blanshard. Go to Luiulon bv the G. W. R. NITHBURG, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. North Easlhnpo. Go Io Shakespere as the nearest, but to Strulfonl .function as the most convenient Station, both on the G. T. R. NOBLETON C. W., Co. York, Tp. King. In which Is King Station of Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Itall ftom Toronto. CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 63 NORHAM, 0. W., Oo. Northumberland, Tp. Percy. Uo to Belleville, on tlie (i. T. R., or to Brighton, on the same Railway Section. NOKMANBY, 0. W. A Tp. In Grey Co. On the Uuelph and Suugeen Road. Uo to Uuelph on the {J. T. R., and thence by Stage. NOHMANDALE, 0. W., Co. Norfollt, Tp. Charlotte- ville. On the Shore of Lake Erie. Oo to Paris or llrantford, thence Stage to Simcoe, and on by hired conveyance. NORMANTON, 0. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. Saugeen. Go to Guelph, and thence by Stage, or to Windsor Ter- minus of the O. W. R., and thence by Steamer direct. NORTH ADJALA, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Acljula. (io to Malton, on the G. T. H., Toronto and Strat- ford Section, and thence to Mono by Stage, or to Bradford Station, on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Hu- ron Railway from Toronto. NORTH ARTHUR. See Kenllworth. NORTH AUGUSTA, 0. W., Co. OrenvlUe, Tp. Angus, ta. Go to Prescott, on the G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section, which Is in the same Township, and also Junction of Ottawa Rail. Population about 280, NORTH CROSBY, 0. W. A Tp. in Co. Leeds. For Post-offlce, Town, etc., see Newboro'. NORTH DOURO, C. W., Co. Peterborough, Tp. Douro. Go to Peterboro', the Terminus of the Junction Railway from Cobourg, on the G. T. R. NORTH ELDON, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Eldon. Go to Lindsay from Port Hope, on the G. T. R., by Port Hope and Lindsay Railway. NORTH ELMSLEY. A Tp. in Lanark, In which Is Smith's Falls, which see for Post-office, route, etc. NORTH ELY, C. E., Co. Shefford. Go to Durham, on the G. T. R. Population about 100. NORTH GEORGETOWN, C. E., Co. Chateauguay. In Beauharnois Pariah. On South Shore of St. Lawrence, opposite St. Anne's Station on the G. T. R. NORTH GLANFORD, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Glan- ford. Go to Middleport on the Buffalo and Lake llui'on Railway. NORTH OOWER, 0. W., Co. Oarleton, Tp. South' Gower. Go to Kemptvllle or Osgoode on Prescott and Ottawa Railway from Prescott Junction of the 0. T. R. NORTH MONAGHAN, C. W. A Tp. in Peterborough Co.. in which is the town of Peterborough, which see for Post-offleee, route, etc. NORTH PELHAM, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Pelham. Oo to St. Catherine's, on the G. W. R. NORTH PORT, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Sophias- burg. A Port at which the Hay of Qulnte Steamere touch dally, to and from Belleville and Kingston, l)oth Stations on the G. T. R. Population about UO. NORTH STANBUIDQE, 0. E., Co. Misslsquoi, Tp. Stanbridge, east of the River Richelieu. Go to St. John's, C. E., by the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railway, and cross River Richelieu, or go by Richel- ieu Steamers which ply to and from Montreal. Pop- ulation about 5U. NORTH STUKELY, C. E., Co. ShelTord, Tp. Stukely. Oo to Richmond on the (i. T. R., where the G. T. R. diverges to Quebec on the north-east, Montreal on tlie north-west, and to Portland on the south-east. l'o]iulatlon about I'itt. NORTH SUTTON, C. E., Co. Brome, Tp. Sutton. Go to Compton or Coatlcook on the G. T. R. NORTH WALSINGHAM, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Wal- slnjfham. Go to Paris on the U. W. R., or Brant- ford on BulTalo and Lake Huron Railway, and thence to Simcoe by Stage, NORTH WATERLOO, C. W. A Tp. in Waterloo Co. For Villages and Post-office, see New Hope. NORTH WILLIAMSBURG, C. W., Co. Dundas, Tp. Williamsburg, In which is the Williamsburg Tele- graph Station, on the G. T. R. Population about •i5il. NORTON CREEK, C. E., Co. Beauharnois. On South !erland Co. For Post-olllce, etc., see Norham. Population about 4(MI. PEHUYTOWN, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Hope, (io to Port Hope, on the G. T. 11. Population about I(K|. PERTH, c;. W., Co. Lanark, 'I'l). Drumniond. A County and Assize Town. On the itrockville anil Arnprlor Hallway now forming. Go to Brockvilli', on the G. T. H,, .Montreal and Toronto Section, mid theiu!e by Stage through Smith Falls, about 44 miles good road. Population about '2r>00. PETERBOROUGH, C. W., Co. Peterborough, Tp. North .Mixiiighan. The County and Assize 'J'own of Peterborough County, do to Cobourg, on t^ie (i. T. K., and thence by Branch Hallway to I'elerliorougli. See preceding pages. Popidatlon about 4(Mi(i. PETEIt.SBUIUl, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wilmnt. A Station on the G. T. H., tiS) ndles from Toronln. Population about 8. Cartwrlght. Go to Uowmanvllle on the G. T. K., 48 miles from Toronto. Population about 100. PORT HOPE, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Hope. A main and Telegraph Station in the G. T. K., (i'J miles from Toronto ; a leading Port on Lake On- tario, at which the Itoyal Mail Steamers regularly call dally ; also Steamers for Rochester, N. Y. llrancii Kailway from hence to Lindsay. See pre- ceding pages. Population about 5lillO. POKTLAND, C. \V. A Tp. in Frontenac Co. For Kuute, Villages, and Pust-oUlces, see Harrowsmtth and Murvale. POKTLAND, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Bastard. Go to Landsdowne on the O. T. It., 155 miles from Mon- treal. Population about 15<). POKT MAITLAND, C. W., Co. Ilaldlmand, Tp. Sher- bruoke, a port on Lake Erie. (!o to Dunnviile Sta- tion on the BulTalo and Lake Huron Kail, 45 miles from Paris Junction of the G. Vi. It., and 7T miles from Stratford Junction of tliu G. T. K. PopuUtloD about 511. POUT MILFOKD, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Marysburg. Mllford fronts Lake Ontario ; but the Steamers call at Plcton, on Bay of Quinte. See Pic- ton for direct route. POKT NELStJN, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Nelson. A Port on Lake Ontario. Go to Wellington Square, a Stathin of the G. W. It., in the same Towusldp, T miles from Hamilton. POKTNEUF, C. E. A Port in Co. Portneuf, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, about :jll iiiiUs above Que- bec. Steamers pass near Cape Saiite. Population about 751). POKT PEKKY, C. \V., Co. Ontario, Tp. Reach. Go to Whitby, on tlie ci. T. It., about lit) miles from Toronto. PORT ROBINSON, C. W., Co. Weliand, Tp. Tho- rold. A tliriviiig business place. .Money Order Olllce. Go to Tliorohl, a Station on tlie G. W. K., about tU miles from Hamilton C'ilv. PORT ROWAN, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. VValslng- iiaiu. A Port on Lake Erie. Go to Simcoe by Brantford Stage from Braiitford Station of the Buf- falo and Lake Huron Kailway. Population about 450. POKT IIOYAL, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Walsingham. See Port Rowan. PORT KYERSE, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Woodhouse. A Port on Lake Erie, South of Simcoe, the County Town, to wliicli go by Stage from Brantford Station, on the liutfaio and Lake Huron Railway. PORTS.MOCTII, C. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Kingston. A Suburb of tlie City of Kingston with daily Stage coniiection. (io to Kingston City by Steamers from Montreal, Toronto, and Cape Vincent, or by G. T. R. Population aliout (iOO. PORT ST. FRANCIS, C. E. In Nicolet. A Port on the South Shore of St. Lawrence, at the East end of Lake St. Peter, 8-3 miles below Montreal, a usual place of call for the (iuebec and Montreal Steam- ers, about '25 miles distant from Arthabaska, on the G. T. U. PORT SARNIA, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Sarnla. The Port on Lake Huron, destined as the Terminus of tlie Cr. T. It. and Ct. W. U. Go to Stratford by the Uufl'aio and Lake Huron, or by the G. T. It., Toronto and Stratford Section. A Branch of St. Mary's from London, on the G. W. R.,is near com- pletion. PORT STANLEY, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. A leading Canadian Port on Lake Erie for tlie City of London, with which it is now connected by Branch Railway. Go to London by G. W. It, Steamer from here to Cleveland, Olilo, 3 times weekl.v. PORT UNION. A Station on the O. T. R., 17 miles from Toronto City, between Scarborougii East and Pickering. (No Post-oUice under that name.) Pop- ulation about 80. . li ;..'', i I. ' 1 ■■ , '1 66 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. PORT TALBOT, C. W., Co. Elglii, Tp. Dunwloli. Go to Kkfrlil, III! the U. W. It., about 05 m\h» from Hanilltuii City. POTTON, V. K. A Tp. In Brome Co. Sue Houtli I'uttdii, PRESCOTT, 0. K., Co. Gronvllle, Tp. Aiigunta. A Muiii 1111(1 Telt'graph SiHtloii of tliu (1. T. It. nml Jlinutloii of the Otiitwii Itiiilwity, M iiMvs rrniii Ot- tiiwii I'lty, 2l;l iiiilea rniiii Montreal, anil 'i'.f(l iiillea from Toronto, opposite OKdeiishurK, which U the Terminus of the Northern Kuilwuy from Itouse'H Point; iilHO Port on St. Lawrence, at which all Canuiilan tituamers call, tjee preceding pages. Population about 4(H10. PRESTON, C. W.,Co. Waterloo, Tp. Waterloo. Go to ParU by the G. W. It., or by tliv llull'alo ami Lake Huron, anil thence by G. W. It. Ilranch for Pre.ston and Gait. Population about 18(10. PUICKVILLK, 0. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Artemesla. In the centre of the North-west District or Hue of pro- poaeil Central Itailway from Toronto to Gwen'H Sound. No station at present adjacent, but Col- f llngwood or Nottawasaga, both on the Untarlo, Sinicoe, anil Hurou Hallway from Toronto, would prove moat eligible. PKINCKTON, V. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Blenheim. A Station on the G. W. K., about 7 ndles from Paris Junction of G. W. It and UuD'alo and Lake Huron Railway. PltuyPKOT, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Beckwlth. Go to jSmith's Falls by Itideau steamers from Kingston, C. W., or by Stage from Brockvlllc, on the G. T. K. Population about 75. PllOroN, C. W. A Tp. In Grey. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R., and thence by i^tuge North. PUSLINCH, C. W. A Tp. in Wellington, close to Guelph, to which go by G. T. K. Q QUEBFC, C. E. For description, sec elsewhere. QUKIIFX' COUNTY, C. K., with Quebec, City as the Capital — fronts the St. Lawrence on the South — Is bounded on the North by Chlcoutiml, and the un- settled district of Lake Qulnquamacksls, on the West by County Portneuf, and on the East by County Montmorencl. QUEENSBOitOUGH, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Elze- vir. Go to Madoc by Stage from Belleville, which Is a Main Station on the G. T. It. Section, tM miles from Montreal. QUEENSTON, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. NlaRara. Go to Niagara by G. W. R., about 4i< miles from Ham- ilton, and thence by Erie and Ontario Railway to Queenston, 8 miles, or go by Steamer Zimmerman from Toronto. QUEKNSVILLE, C. W., Co. York, Tp. East Gwlllira- bury. (io to Holland Landing, which is a Station in the same Township on the Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway from Toronto. n RAGLAN, C. W., Co. Ontario. In Whitby Township, In which Is the Port Whitby Station of the G. T. R. Population about 8U0. RAILTON, C. W., Co. Frontenac. Go to Khigston by the G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section, or by Steamers from Eiuft and West, and across from Cape Vincent. Population about lIU). RAIMIA.U AND RAINllAM CENTRE, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, both in Rainhaiu Tp., fronting Lake Erie. Go to Caiuville or llunnville by the BuBalo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about 21)0. RAPIDES DES JOIACHI.MS, C. K., Co. Ponllac, Tp. Aberileen. Above Pembroke, with communication from Ayliner East (which see), by tlie Upper Otta- wa Union Forwarding Company. Population about 60. RAi'HO, C. W., Co. O.vford, Tp. Blandford. (io to Princeton, on the G. W. It., or to Plattsville, on the BulMo anil Lake Huron Railway. RAVENSWOOU, C. W., Co. Lanibton,Tp. Bosanquet, fronting Lake Hurou, in Port Sarnia District. Itail- way Incomplete. See St. Mary's, Blanshard, or Stratford. RAWUON, C. E. A Tp. in Montcalm, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, In St. Maurice District. Go to Montreal by G. T. R., or Steamers from Quebec and Toronto. Population about 'A'>iKl. RKACII, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Ontario. Go to Port Whitby, on the G. T. R. READlNtI, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Garufraxa. Go to Itockwood, on the G. \V. R., or to Guelph, and thence by Garafra.\a Gravel Road. Popula- tion anout '20. REAR OF CHATHAM, C. E. A Tp. In Argenteull. For route, etc., see Dalesvllle. REDNERSVILLK, C. W., Co. Prince Edward. In the Tp. of Auiellusburg, which see. Population about loo. RENFREW, C. W., Co. Renfrew. A rising Vllliigo in a new-settled District, with .Moniy Orilir Olliie, etc., in the Township of Horton. (io to Firrall's Landing or Bonne (here Point on Ijiper Ottawa. For route, see Aylmer East ; see also " Free (Iraiit Lands, named as tlie Capital Town for the County Renfrew. Population about ^Vl. REPENTIONY, C. E. In L'Assumption. On North Shore of the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, to wliich RO- RESTIGOUCHE, V. K. At the upper end of the Hay of Chaleurs. For Post-olllce, etc., see Cross Point. RU'EVILLE, C. W., Co. Prescott, T|i. Plantagenet, widch see. Population about lOO. RICHMOND, C. W. A Tp. In Lennox. For principal Town and Railway Station, see Napanee ; also, for Poat-otllces, see Itoblln, Selby, and Bowen. Popu- lation about 2'20O. RICHMOND HILL, V. W., Co. York,Tp. Vaugliim. On the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rnil. Stiigej also run from Toronto daily, e.vcept Sundays. Pop- ulation about i)00. RICHMOND WEST, C. W., Co. Carlelon, Tp. (inul- bornc. Go to Kell.v's Station or North Osgoode by the (Jttawa and Prescott Railway, from the (I. T. It. at Prescott, or by Rldeau Canal Steamers tliat ply between Kingston, Smith's Falls, and Ottawa. Pop- ulation about (iOO. RICIIVIEW, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto Gore, do to Malton by the G. T. R., Toronto and Stratforil Section, or to Mlndoo, on the (i. W. It. The 'I'onn- Bhlp being in the vicinity of Toronto City, betwein the two Railways mentioned. Po)>ulation about 4i>. RlCinVOOD, 0. W., Co. 0.\ford, North Kiilin).', Tp. Blenheim, (io to Drumbo, on the IluH'alo ami l.akt! Huron Railway, U miles from the Paris Junction uf that Itailway and the G W. R. Population aljuut 150. RIDGETOWN, 0. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Howard. Oo to Thamesville, on the G. T. It. Population about :!oii. RIQAUD, C. E. A Tp. In Vandreuil, between tlie Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. Go to Vainlreuil, on the G. T. it. Population about ■'iOO. RIMOUSKI, C. E. A Town and Tp. in Co. liininu- ski, fronting the St. Lawrence, below the conlluoiice of the Saguenay, on the proposed continuation of the (r. T. it. from St. Thomas to Nova Scotia. Vts- sels from Quebec. Population about .^OOli. RINGWOOD, C. W., Co. Whitchurch, Tp. Whiti hurcli. In which are Aurora, Newmarket, both Stations on the Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway from To- ronto. Population about 'JOO. RIVER DAVID, C. E. A i'o.it-otrice In Yaniaslii Near a Tributary to the River St. Francis, wlilili (lows into I.,ake St. I'eter (St. liawrence), lietwocii Montreal and Three Rivers. I'opulation ahoul ."KliK). RIVER DESERT, C. E., Co. Ottawa. On the Xorlh Shore of Ottawa River. Go to Petite Nation 1)/ Steamer from Montreal. RIVER ST. LOUIS, C. E. In St. Louis, Co. Boaulmr- nols. On the Soutli Shore of the SI. Lawreiue a little above Montreal, opposite St. Aim'.s, to nhlch go by ((. T. R. RIVERSDALE, C. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. (Ireenocli. Near Saugeen. Go to (iuelpli by tlie (I. T. I!., and thence North bv Stage. I'oiiiilatloii about '>>>. RIVIERE AU.V CANARDS, C. E. In ( hiiiievul.'C. On the North iore of tlie St. Lawrence, lunr llie continence of ■.„■ Saguenay, about 00 miles beloff Queliec. Steamers pass. RIVIERE DES PRAIRIES, C. E. In Isle of Montreal. On the St. Lawrence, dividing the Isle of .le.sui from Isle of Montreal, (io to Montreal by .Steamer or (J. T. R. Population about MO. RIVIERE DU LOUP, en bas, C. £. A favouritu Watering : rence, In T In wlilth, I Saguenay, Saguenay i (Juebee, 'I Telegraph of II, .• Cai the,*- ; rlve RIVIERE Dl onge DIstrl rence, forii the country above Thri .Montreal SI RIVlfeRE 01 South Slior below St. Tl T. It. from I HOUINSON, I the East of s alforils best IIOIILIN, C. V Napanee, oi UOCIIESTER, Puce, on tilt minus (it Wl ROt'KKORD, ( to ilrantford way, and tin IIOCKTON, C. to Diindas, c of Hamilton. HOCKWOOD, A Stallon on and 8 miles f nohPii, c. w ollice, route, ROLPII, C. W., gouth of the soil Station o lion, and '29 ^ ROCK PORT, C Mullory Towi HOMNEV, C. >V Erie. Go to .'Stations on tli ROXDKAU, C. Cliathani, on RO.SKDANK, C. llnmlford, on RO.SKTTA, V. \ Brockville, on Population ab ROSKVLLK, ( . North Dumfrl falo and Lak lalion about i ROSM.V, C. W llellevllle, on RO.S!<, C. W. A Shore of the of Railway fi present route, ROTIISAY, 0. H Go to (tuelpli O'.Vell's Stages ROUGE HILL, I Oo to Frenchir the (J. T. it. ROUOKMONT, Go to St. mill about 250. ROUVILLK, C. E St. Oiesaire. 1 triot elsewhere ROWAN MILLS, liaiH. Near La to ilrantford, o tlience by stagi ROXUO ROUGH ] adjoining Town „ Willi, on the G. RO.VTON, 0. E., which see. RO.XTON FALLSj Go to Acton, 01 treai. Populuti Rl'SSUL, C. W Oo to Hit aid. II tlie iiiidreuil, liininu- iilliitiice latiiin lit Vcs- cliiircli. timis on Hill To- niiiskii. , wliii'li lelwecii KlUt.VIIH). le North ili.ui by iri'i'nook. K., lui'l : rio. iiirli'vois. ■Ill- llic ts lielovf favourito CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 07 Watering Plncc on the Soutli Shor« of the St. hnvr- reiici', III Ti'iiilxcoiiiitii; wlieru tli« Itlvvr Ih 'JII inllvK in width, lii'lni; iiuiirly niipiiHitc thi.' iiKiiith of the BugiK-im.v, lilil iiilli's hfliiw (Jiii'licc. (in by the yuKiii'iiay anil l.mvt'r St. i,ii«reiici'. Sti'nim'r« from QiU'hcc. Tlil.'i In the pri'Mt'iit Ti'iinliiiiH of Klci'trio Teli'ifriiph coinnmiilciitloii, from whence the arrival of tl. ' (lanudlim Mall Sti'iiiners 1» iinniiaiK'eil, ati tlii'.V : rive friiiii !,lver|iool. I'opnlatloii about ilKM). RIVIEKK 1)U U)U1' KN HAUT, 0. E. lu M'..'„ln- oiige Dl.^trlct. On the North Shore of t'.c- St. Uiw- reiice, forming part of the St. Mauiiee Seetlon of the country, fronting Lake St. I'eter, iiliout U iiiUes Hliove Three Ulvera; u Port for the ({uehec unil Montreal Steamers, which UHually call there. mVlfcKK OUKhLK, V. K. In Kiiniouriwka. On the Houth Shore of the St. Liiwreiice, about Till iiiUeii below St. ThoniHB, the KaHtprii Ternilniis of the O. T. K. from (iuebec. Population about AHlKI. ROIUN'SON, C. K., Co. t'oiiipton, Tp. Hiiry. flo to the Kast of Sherhrooke, which Station on the O. T. K. nllords best coinmur.lcatlon. Population about IIMI. KOllIilN, 0. W., Co. Leniio.t, Tp. Itlchmonil. Oo to Napaiice, on the (1. T. U. ROCIIKSTKK, C. W. A Tp. In Essex Co. Oo to Puce, on the O. W. K., about Ul miles from the Ter- minus at Windsor. ROCKKOUD, 0. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townsend. Go to llrnntford, on the liulfalo and Lake Huron Rail- way, and thence by Slmcoe Stage. ROCKTON, C. W., Co. Wcntworth, Tp. Heverley. Go to Dundas, on the ii. T. K,, -4^ miles from the City of Hamilton. Population about l.'si. ROCKWOOl), C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Eramoaa. A i^tatlon on the G. T. U., 42 miles from Toronto, and a miles from Guelph. Population about 4(HI. ROLPII, C. W. A Tp. In Uenfrcw Co. For Post- oIlicH, route, etc., see Point Alexander. ROhPlI, C. W., t;o. Norfolk, Tp. Mlddleton. Lying South of the G. W. K. some 'JO miles. Try Inger- soil Station on that Hallway, 1!) miles east of Lou; (Ion, and '2!1 West of Paris Junction. ROl'Kl'OKT, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Escott. Go to Mullory Town, on the G. T. K. ROMNKV, C. W. A Tp. In Kent Co., fronting Lake Krie. Oo to Belle Klver or Uaptlste Creek, both Stations on the G. W. U., near Wliidsm-. RONUKAU, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Harwich. Go to Cliatham, on the O. W. K. ROSKUANK, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Brantford. Oo to llrnntford, on the Bulfalo and Lake Huron Railway. ROSKTTA, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Lanark. Go to Brockviile, on the G. T. U., and by Stage to Perth. Pii|)Ulatlon about (ill. ROSKVLLK, C. W., Co. Waterloo, South Uldlng, Tp. North Dumfries. Go to Paris Junction of the Buf- falo and Lake Huron and G. W. Hallways. Popu- lation about T5. ROShIN, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. Go to Iteilevllle, on the O. T. R. RO.SS, C. W. A Tp. in Renfrew Co. On the South Shore of the Upper Ottawa, on the projected line of Railway from Arnprlor to Pembroke, For present route, see Aylmer Kast. ROTIISAY, 0. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Maryborough. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R., and thence by O'.Neli's Stages for all places North-west. ROUGK HILL, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. Oo to Frenchman's Bay, 21 miles from Toronto, on the G. T. R. Population about 50. ROUOEMONT, C. K., Co. RouvUle, Tp. St. Ca>saire. Go to St. Hlllttlre, on the G. T. R. Population atiout 2.50. ROUVILLE, C. E. See Abhotsford, Rougeraont, and St. Oiesalre. Villages and Post-ollices in the Dis- trict elsewhere noticed. ROWAN MILLS, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Walsing- hiiiii. Near Lake Erie, South of any Railway. Oo to Brantford, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron, and thence by Stage to Slmcoe. Population about IMO. ROXllOltOUGH AND ROXBOUOUGH WEST. Two adjoining Townshli)8 in Co. Stormont. Oo to Corn- wall, on the G. T. R. Population about 25(H). ROXTON, C. E., commonly called South Roxton, wliich see. ROXTON FALLS, C. E., Co. ShefTord, Tp. Roxton. Go to Acton, on the G. T. R., 41) miles from Mon- treal. Population about 500. RUSSELL, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Bi'SscU. Go to Dick- enson's Landing or Cornwall, both Statloni on tho 0. T. R. RUSSELL TOWN, ('. E., Co. Chateauguay. Go to Sherrington Station, M2 miles Irom Montreal, on the Montreal and I'lattsburg Hall. RYCK.MANS COHNEKS, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Olanford. (ii> to .MiddUport, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Hallway. s ST. ADELE, C. E., Co. Terrebonne, Tp. Abercromble. North of Isle Jesus, opposite Montreal. Oo to Montreal by Steamer or O. T. R. Population about 14(H). ST. AGATHA, C. W., Co. Waterloo, South Riding, Tp. Wllniot. Go to Petersburg, on the G. T. R. Pop- ulatlim about Tno. ST. AI.ME, C. E., Co. Richelieu. Oo to Sorel, on the St. Lawrence, at the conlluence of River Richelieu and St. Lawrence, by the Steamers that ply between Montreal and Queliec. Po|iulatlon about 5llU. ST. ALE.XANDRE, C. E., Co. Kamouraska. On South Shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec about 70 miles. St. Thomas Station, 44 miles below Queheo, on the O. T. R., is the nearest Railway point. Pop- ulation about IDOO. ST. ALEXANDRE, C. E., Co. Iberville. Go to St. John's, on opposite Shore of River Richelieu, on the Chaniplaln and St. Lawrence Railway, 21 miles from Montreal. Population about 2iM). ST. ALEXIS, C. E., Co. Montcalm, Tp. St. Sulpice. In the St. Maurice Section, North of the St. Law- rence, nearly opposite Montreal, and near Assump- tion, to which go. Population about 15(10. ST. ALPHONSE, C. E., Co. Jollette, North of St. Law- rence, in the St. Maurice district, at the back of Berthier en haut, which see. Population about 1700. ST. ANDRE, Co. Kamouraska, fronting South Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Murray Bay, to which go by Steamers from Quebec. Steaiuera usually call at Kamouraska. ST. ANDHE AVELIN, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Petite Nation. On North-east Shore of Lower Ottawa. Oo by Steamers from Montreal. I'opulation about 125. ST. ANDREW'S EAST, G. E., Co. ArgenteuU. Railway projected. On North-east Shore of River Ottawa, near conlluence with the St. Lawrence, •steamers touch on the way to and from Montreal. Population about 1250. ST. ANDREW'S WEST, C. W., Co. Stormont, Tp. Cornwall. Go to Cornwall, on the G. T. R., 08 miles from Montreal, 7 miles from Cornwall. ST. ANGELKJUE, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Petite Na- tion. On North-east Shore of Ottawa River. Go by Steamer from Montreal. ST. ANICET, C. E., Co. Huntingdon, In Godmanches- ter, which see. ST. ANNE BOUT DE L'ISLE, C. E. In Jacques Car- tier, Isle of Montreal, on the St. Lawrence. A Sta- tion on the a. T. R., 21 miles from the City. ST. ANNE DE LA PARADE, C. E. In Chiimpiain. Oo to Mooer's Junction, on Montreal and Platts- burg Rail, 47 miles from .Montreal. ST. ANN DES MONTES, C. E. A Settlement. In Oaspe or Cape St. Anne, on South Shore of St. Law- rence, near Cape Chatts. Oo liy Steamers or Tra- ders from Quebec, about 170 miles. I'opulation about 13000. ST. ANN DES PLAINES, C. E. In Terrebonne, on North Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Isle Je- sus. Go to Montreal by Steamer or G. T. R. Pop- ulation about 20110. ST. ANNE LA POCATliiRE, C. E. In St. Anne's Bay, in Kamouraska. A Settlement on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence. Steamers touch at Kamouraska, and occasionally at St. Anne, from Quebec ; and St. Thomas Station of the O. T. R. is about 25 miles distant. ST. ANNE'S, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Oainsliorongh. Go to Beamsville, on the G. W. R. Population about 1.50. ST. ANSELME, C. E. In Dorchester Co. Go to Craig's Road Station of the O. T. R., 15 miles from Point Levi. Population about 3000. ST. ANTOINE LOTBINlfcRE, C. E. In Lotblniire, on South Shore of St. Lawrence, 15 miles above V V\ ':'r 68 CANADA : 0ITIK8, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Quctipo, to wtilch (?!> Iiy Hli'itmcr or liy (1. T. K., to C'ralg'x Itniid Sliitlun, I.N iiiilin fniin I'lilnt tiivi. 8T. ANTOINK, lilVKll ItlCIIKMKIJ, ('. K., to. Vcr- chiri's. (Ill Ihi' Himlli nf 8t. Liiwri'iu'«, hclciw . Moiitrnil. (in ti) St. Illlliilrf by thu (I. T. U., 17 mill's friim Monlii'iil. 8T. AKMANK CKNTIIH, C, K, In MlsslfKiuol, on the Iwrilirn of the Slate of Vermont, (io to Ooni|itoii, on the (). T. It., Montreal iinil I'urtliind Section, 110 mllea from Montreal, tlienee to (hiirleston f) inilex, to Stanxtead Plain U inllvH. VX. Ait.MAND'S. See Krellekulinrg iinil 8t. Armiinil Centre. I'opnlitllon ulxint lllil. BT. AltSKSK, C. K. Ill TeiiiUeonatii Co., near Cn- couna, where the Sleamerii toiieli from (Jiieliee, anil where there U acei>iiiiiioilatlon. i'opiilatiun of l*iirl«ii ■iliotit 2riiM». ST. ATIIAN ASK, C. V.. A Tp. In Iberville. Oo to St. John'M Stutliiii, on tin' (.'haiiipliiiii anil St. Lawrence, 81 inilex froiii Montreal, ami cdsk Itlver Klchelleii, Poiiulatlon aliout \-m. On Lower Ottawa, near eonlluence with St. Lawrence. Oo to Montreal or St. Anne'», on the Ir. T. U., .VIontreal anil Toronto Sertl m. ST. HAKNAllK, C. K. A Tp. In St. Mauri -.. On North Shore of the St. Lawrence, (io t^ Three Klvern ii8 the nearext Port nt which Steamers touch between Montreal anil Quebec. Population about nil II). ST. HAIINABK, C. K On Itlver YaiiiaiikO, In St. Ilva- clnthe Co. do to St. lllllalre, on the (I. T. K., Mon- treal ami Portland Section, about 17 milea from Montreal. Population about til). ST. IIAKTIIKLA.MK IN IlKKTIIlKlt, C. K. On the North shore of tlie St. Lawrence, o|>posite Soril, at whieli Port the Quebec and Montreal Steumeis touch. Population about •Um\. ST. BA/ILK, C. v.. In Portneuf, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, between (Quebec and Three Klvei's, at whk'li Port the .Montr.-ul and (iuebec Steamers call. I'o|mlatli>n about Iihhi. ST. IlKXOIT, C. K. Ill Two .Mountains. frontiuK the eonlluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, oppo- site Isle of JcauB. (io to .Montreal b) Steamer and Kail. Population about lI'KH). ST. ilKUNAKI), C. K. In Co. Dnrchesiter. (Io to CralK's Uoad Station, on the G. T. K. Population about b'lDl). ST. KKKilDK, 0. E., Co. Iberville, Tp. Monoir. Oo to St. llillaire, on the O. T. K. Population about 7f). ST. UUL'NO, C. E. In Co. Chambley. Oo to Lon- geuil, on the (i. T. K. Terminus. ST. CASI.MIK, C. K. In Co. Portneuf. See St.Bajlle. ST. CATllAUINE'S EAST, C. E. In Co. Portneuf, Tp. Fossamliault. On Klver .lacques Cartler, about !• miles from Lea Ecuriels (the Port at the continence of that Klver and the St. Lawrence), which Is Vift miles above Quebec. Population about 5U. ST. CATHARINE S WEST, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. (Irantham. A Steamer from Toronto, or the (i. W. U. from llainilton ami Niagara to St. Catha- rine's Station, 11 J miles from Niagara, and 82 from Hamilton. See preceding pages. ST. (JELESTIN, C. E. In Nlcolet Co., fronting the St. Lawrence, on the fiontreiil. A Station nii the iMontreul and Plattsburg Railway. Poimlatiuu about '2."iO. ST. ELIZAKETII, C. E, In .lollette Co. On lliver Hayonne. Oo to Uerthler, on the North Shore nf St. Lawrence, opjio.site Sorel, at the head of Lake St. Peter. Po|)nlatlon about •-'.'lO. ST. ELOI, C. E. In Tcinlsconata, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite the mouth of the Saguenay. Oo to Klvlere du Loup, which see. ST. ELZEAR, C. E., Co. Ileauee. do to lUack liiver or Craig's Koad .stations, on the ({uebee and Iticli- mond Sections of the (i. T. It. Population about ■.'."mil. ST. ESPRIT, I'. E., Co. Montcalm. On North Shore of the St. Lawrence, below Montreal. Go to .Mon- treal iv Steamer or Rail. ST, ETjKNNE, C. E. In .«t. Maurice. On Hiver llatiscan, about 21) miles below Three Klver.", In which go by the Steamers that ply between .Mon- treal and Quebec. Po|iulatlon about 'Jooo. ST. EUSTACHE, C. E. In Two Mountains. A considerable Lumber Station on projected Line of Montreal and Ottawa Railway, (io to ."^t. Ann's, on the (\. T. It., or to Montreal. Pop. about '.'■iiiO. ST. KAUIKN, C. E. In Rlmouski, a few miles west of Ric, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence. See Itlc. Population about IlilO. ST. KAMILLE, 0. E. In the Isle of Orleans, In Mnnt- morencl Co., on the River St. Lawrence, l"lmv Quebec. (Jo to Quebec by the (i. T. It. or Steam- ers. Population about 900. ST. FELI.X DE VALOIS, C. E. In JoUette. See Do Ramsay. Population about 8001). ST. FEKEOL, C. E. In Moiitmorencl Co. On North Shore of St. Lawrence, below ({uebec do to (iuelicr ST. FLA VIE, (■. E. Khnouskl. Go to lilc, which see. Population about 'iOOO. ST. FOV, C. E., Co. Quebec, near City of Quebec, to which go by Steamer or O. T. R. from Montreal uiiil Porlbind. ST. FKASCIS, C. E., Co. Yamaska. On the lliver 'Jt. Francis, which unites witli the .St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter. Sluaniers from .Mon- treal touch. Population about *I0. ST. FRANCIS MILLS, C. E. Some of the liirge^t and most complete In Canada, on the St. Friimi?, near the liroiiijiton Fall's Station of the d. T. It., ill) rollca from .Montreal. CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAUKS. 69 1 Slii>ry i)f the I'ilvor ■.'."iiiii. ."liore - Mdii- Hlvcr L'l-S, to Moil- A ,int' of Aiui'.", ■.'."mil. ,VC'.Sl lif 1 Mont- iM'llHV gceDe I North wliich •liec, to ■111 iiiiil llivcr flLCC II' HI Moll- lurRO^t ■'rim'i'i .U.,1IU ST. KUAN'tOIfl (MontmiiKnl>, C. R. In MuntmBijnl l'(). (Ill to Ht. TliniiiiiH Ternilliiiii (if llif (I. T. II., 44 riillcit liulow (lui'liiT. l'u|>iilatliiii iif I'lirluli hIkiuI ill If ID. HT. KKAN(;oi8 I)'()ltl,EANH, ('. K. On Inlo of Or- It'UiiH, ill Miintmoruni'l Co., on the (pulation iiliout 8(1(111. Hi. IIEl£\R, C. E. In Karaouraska. See Kamour- askii. ST. 1IEL*;N'E, (DE UAOOT,) C. E., Co. Dagot. Oo to I'plon on tlie (i. T. It. Population of parish about 2(11). ST. HELEN'S, 0. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Wawanosh. Oo to Htralford Junction of the IlulTHloHnd Lake Huron anil 0. T. It., Toronto and Stratford Section, and thence by Stage to doderlch, 44 miles. ST. II^NKDINE, 0. E., In Co. Dorchester. Oo to ('liamli6re, 8 miles from Point Levi Terminus of Quehec and Richmond Rallwoy. Populotlon of parish ahout 18(10. ST. IIEXIII. C. E., in Lauzon, Co. Levi. Go to Point Levi Station, opposite Quebec, and thence to St. Henri, a Station on the O. T. R., Quebec and St. Tlionms Section. Population of Parish about 8200. .''T. lIKitMAS, C. E., In Two Mountains, opposite Mon- treal, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, near con- fluence of Ottawa and St. Lawrence. Oo to Point Cliiire on O. T. R., 15 miles from Montreal. Popu- lation about 1600. ST. IIILAIRE, C. E., In Co. Rouvllle, a Tp. and a Sta- tion on the O. T. R., 17 miles from Montreal. Pop- ulation about IGOO. ST. IIUGUES, C. E., Co. Dagot. Go to Upton on the fl. T. U. 48 miles from Montreal. Population about 45(1. ST. HYACINTHE, C. E. A Town In St. Ilyacinthe Co., and a Main and Telegraph Station on the O. T. R., 80 miles from Montreal. Population about 6000. ST. lUENEE, C. E. In Charlevol.v, on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence, In Murray Hay, 80 miles lielow Quel)ec. Oo by Lower St. Lawrence Steam- ers from (Juehec, now a favourltt place of summer resort. Population about 200. ST. I.SIDOHE (DORCHESTER), C. E. Go to Chau- (lli:ie on the G. T. R., Quebec and Kichinond Sec- tion. Pojiulation of parish about 2000. ST. I.1ID0UK (LAPRAIRIE), C. E., Co. Lapralrle. A Station on the Montreal and Plattsburg Railway, 21 miles from Montreal Population about 200. ST. IVES, C. W. Co. Middlesex, Tp. West Missouri, do to ,xt. Mary s, lllaiiKharil. Iiy Stage froiii Lmidon on the d. W. It., iRiiiiivay Itninch now forintng,) or by Stage frniii Htrairoril Teriiilnus of the d. T. It., Toronto hiiiI Stratforil Section, and of the llufTalo mill Lake Huron Raliwav. ST. JA( (MI'S, C. \V., Co. Waterloo, North Itldliig, Tp. Wiiolwli'h. do to llvrlln on the d. T. R. Popula- tion Hboiit 4INI. HT. JACQI'KS, V. E., Co. L'AsHUniptlon, Tp. St. Hul- Iilie, on North Sliore of St. Lawrence, below Mon- treal, do to Miintreal, and tlience by Steamer or Trader. Population of parlnh about 8111111. ST. JACtjUKS LE MINKI K, ('. E,('o. Lapralrle. do to St. Uliiore on the Montreal and Platlnburg Rnll- way. Population about 2.MI. ST. JANVIER, V. E., Co. Terrebonne, Tp. I)n Ulaln- vllle. do to Montreal by Steamer or Railway, and cross from Isle Jesus to opposite shore. Population of parl^'h about iilDil. ST. JEAN IIAPTISTE, C. E., Co. Rouvllle. do to St. Hlliiire on the (I. T. R. ST. JEAN CHKYSOHTOME (CHATEACflUAV), C. E., Chateaugiiay. do to St. Isidore Station on the >loii- treal and Plattsburg Railway, 21 miles South of Montreal, Population about OiHl. ST. JEAN CHRV.XO.-^TO.ME (LEVI), C. E., Co. Levi, Tp. Laiiion, do to I'oint Levi, the d. T. It. Ter- minus of (Juehec and Richmond Section for Quebec. Populatii>n of parish about 18110. ST. JEAN DKS CHILLONS, C, E,, Co. Lotblnlftre, do to Somerset on tlic d. T, R., (Juehec and Rich- mond Railway, 49 miles from Quebec, and 47 from KIcliinond Junction. ST. JEAN U'(JRLEANS, C. E. Isle of Orleans, on the River St. Lawrence, Just below the City of (Juehec, to which go. ST. JEAN, PORT JOLI, C. E., Co. L'Islet. Oo to St. Thomas Termlniui of the (1. T. It., 49 miles east of Point Levi, and then a distance of 2(1 lulic^ (<>- road ; or by Steamers from (Juehec, it being a I I on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence, al liich Ihcy usually call. Population of parish about ;!S(io, ST. JEROME, ('. E., Co. Terrebonne. Opposite Isle Jesus, Nortli of Montreal, to which go l)y Steamer or Rail. Population of parish ahout l.'ioo. ST. JOHN'S EAST, C. E., I'o. St. John's. Oo by Champlain and St. Lawrence Railway to St. John's Station, 21 miles from >lontreal, situated on the West side of the River Richelieu. Population about 4600. ST. JOHN'S WEST, C. W., Co. Wetland, Tp. Pelhnm. Go to Thorold on the G. W. R. Population about 160. ST. JOSEPH, 0. E. A Tp. In lienuce. do to Somer- set on the G. T. R., and then by Itond east about 22 miles. The Chaudl^re River flows through the Tp., and Chaudl^re Junction Station, on the same Sec- tion, is about 25 miles distant. Population of par- ish about 8000. ST. JO.IEPH nV LAC (TWO MOI'NTAINS), C. E., near the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. Oo to Montreal or .St. Anne's on by O. T. R. Population of parish about 125(1. ST. JOSEPH'S ISLAND, C. W. Lying in St. Mary's Straits, on Lake Huron, 10 miles above Point de Tour, running east and west 20 miles, and about 18 miles wide. Steamers call from Saulte St. Marie and Coilingwood, 97 miles from Toronto, on the Simcoe, Huron, and Ontario Railway. ST. JUDE, C. E., in Co. St. Hyacinlhe. Go to Ilya- cinthe on the O. T. R. Population about 25(). ST. JULIE, 0. E., Co. Vercheres. See Heloceli. ST. JULIENNE, C. E., Co. Montcalm, See Rawdon, Chertsey, etc. Population of parish about 1500, ST. LAMBERT, C. E., Co. Levi, Tp. Lauzon. (Jo to Point Levi on G. T. R. Population of parisli about 1100. ST. LAURENT D'ORLEANS, Co. Montmorenci. On the Island of Orleans on the St. Lawrence, just be- low Quebec, to which go by Steamer or O. T. it. Population of Parish about 1000. ST. LAURENT, C. E., Montreal, Co. Hochelaga, on the Isle of Montreal. Go to Montreal by Steamer or Raliwav. Population of parish about JiOOO. ST. LAZARE, C. E., Co. Ilellechasse. Go to St. Henri from Chaudl^re on the Junction, a Station on tha Quebec and St. Thomas Railway, 17 miles from Point Levi. Population of parish aliout 1800. ST. LEON, C. E., Co. Moskenonge Dumontier. On m <■ \i n I t{ I, ii 70 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. North Shore of St. Lawrence, Lake St. Peter) See Ulvidre du Loup en haut, which flows llirougi. Tp. Duinontier. ST. LIOOUKl, C. K., Montcalm. On North Shore of St. Lawrence. See L' Assumption and St. Maurice Territory. ST. LIN. See L' Assumption. ST. LOUIS, ktse Uiver St. Louis. ST. LOUIS DK UOUZVOUE, C. E., in Beauhaeols, fronthiK the South Shore of tlie St. Lawrence, op- posite Cedar. Oo to Cedar's Koad Station, iid miles west of .Montreal, on the O. T. U. ST. LUC, 0. K, In St. John's. See St. John's East. ST. LUCE, C. E., Co. Itiniouslji, which fronts tlie South Shore of the St. Lawrence below the confluence of the Sa^uenay, a the G. T. R. ST. VICTOIivC;, C. E., Co. Richelieu. Go to St. ll.va cinthc, on tlieG. T. R. ST. VINCENT, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Grey, fronting the Nottawasaga Bay. Steamer from Coliliig«oi«l touches at (ape Rich and Meaford en mute fm Owen Sound. Road Stages in Winter. Go to Coi- llngwood by the Ontario, Siincoe, and Huron Hail, 97 miles from Toronto. Population about fioii. ST. VINCENT DE PAUL. In Isle Jesus, wliiili .«ie. ST. ZEPHIRI.M, C. E., Co. Yamaska, Tp. Couival, near the St. Francis River. Go to Port St. Fniiicis, on Lake St. Peter, by (Juebec and Montreal Steir.ii era, 8^! miles below Montreal. ST. ZCTIQUE, C. E. In Soulanges. On North Sliore of St. Lawrence. Go to Cedars Road Station, i') miles west of Montreal, on the G. T. R. SAIIREVOIS, C. E., Co. Iberville. For Postoffloo, see llenryville, on East Shore of River lliolitliiii Stott's .>*tation on the west side of the River t'liiim- plain and St. Lawrence Railway is the nearest point. SAGUENAY DISTRICT, C. E. This is re.iclied 1.) Steamer " Saguenay" from (Juebec and Tailousiif, on the North-ttesl Shore of the St. Lawrence, IJ" miles lielow (Juebec. SALEM, (.'. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Malahide. Go to St CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. n outing tlie U. tllf !^l. tht Niirlli I St. llya fnmting l)ilin(,'«i)ml raiilt' fill Go tn Ci'l- rnii Hail, : .'•"II. vliicli H'l'. I'durviil. it. KniiK'i*, eal ftca-..i :ortli i*lii)fe stali'in, i'J Post-offioe, Itiolu'lliii' .vcv I'liii'ii- irest iiiilnl. eiiclieil liy Tmlousiii', freiicc, 1-t" Go to St Thomas, on the Ijondon and Port Stanley Railway, which connectH with the Q. W. R. at London. Pop- ulation about 400. SALFORD, 0. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Dereham. Go to Ingersoli, on the O. W. R. Population about 8U0. 8ALTFLEET, C. W., Co. Wentworth. A Tp. For Post-oSice, gee Ontario, which is a Station in same Township, on the Or. W. R., Ill miles from Uamil- ton City. BANDUILIi, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Albion. Go to Mal- ton, 16 miles, or Brampton, 22 miles from Toronto, on the O. T. R. Population about 100. SANDPOINT, C. AV., Co. Renfrew, Tp. McNab. On Upper Ottav.a, South Shore. Qo to Fitzroy Har- bour. For Upper Ottawa Steamers and route, see Aylmcr East. SANDWICH, C. W., Co. Essex. A Tp. fronting the St. Claire River, 9 miles below Detroit, Michigan. Stages from Windsor, on the G. W. R. ; also Steam- ers from Windsor and Detroit. Population about 1100. BARNIA, 0. W , Co. Lambton, Tp. of Sarnia. Situ- ated at the upper end of River St. Clair, near its Junction with Lake Huron. Population about 1300. SAUQEEN, C. W. A Tp. in Bruce Co. A Port and Harbour of Lake Huron. There are one or more projected Railways to connect it with Toronto. At present go to Guelph, a Main Station on the G. T. R., 50 miles from Toronto, and thence by Stage through Elora, Fergus, Mount Forest, Durham, etc. SAULT AU REOOLLET, C. E. On the Isle of Mon- treal. Go to Montreal. Population about 2C00. SAULT STE MARIE, C. W. About 26 miles from Lake Superior. A Steamboat Landing and place of Summer resort on St. Mary's River or Straits. The Americans have a Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Go to Colllngwood, 07 miles from Toronto, by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail, and thence by Steamer. Population about 400. SAULT ST. LOUIS, C. E. In Laprairie. Go to Caughnawnga Station, 16 miles from Montreal, on the Montreal and Plattsburg Railway. SAWYEllVILLE, C. E., Co. Compton, Tp. Newport. Go to Compton, on the G. T. R. Population about 100. 8CAKB0R0UGH, 0. W. A Tp. in Co. York. A Sta- tion on the G. T. R., 13 miles east of Toronto. Population about 60. SCHANTZ, C. W. In Co. Waterloo, North Riding. A Station between Guelph and Berlin, 67 miles north-west of Toronto, on the G. T. R. SCOTCH BLOCK, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Esqueslng. Go to Georgetown, 80 miles from Toronto, on the G. T. R. Population about 30. SCOTLAND, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Oakland. Go to Paris Junction of the G. W. R., and of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. SCOTT, C. W. A Tp. in Ontario Co., North Riding (Post-office discontinued, Aug., 1857). This Town- ship is best reached from the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto, either from Holland Landing or Newmarket Stations. BEBASTOPOL, C. W. A new Township, north of Anglcsca and Barrie, In Frontenac Co. See Free Grants. Population about 100. 8EBUIN0VILLE, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Downie. Be- tween and adjacent to Stratford and St. Mary's Blancliard. Go to Stratford by the G. T. R., or by the Buffalo and Lake Huron, which unites with the G. W. R. at Paris. Population about 120. SEELEY'S BAY, 0. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Leeds. On the St. Lawrence, near Gananoque. Go to Ganano- que, a Station on the O. T. R., 11 miles east of Kingston, on the G. T. R. SELBY, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Richmond. Go to Napance, in same Township, a 5'.tation on the G. T. R., 19 miles west of Kingston. Population about 180. SELKIRK, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Walpole. Go to GanQeld, on Buffalo and Lake Huron Hallway. Population about 250. SENECA, C. W., Co. Haldlmand. A Tp. on the Orund Klver. Go to Mlddleport, on Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail. SEYMOUR EAST, 0. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Seymour. Go to Belleville, on the G. T. R., and thence north by ytuge. Population about 100. BHAKSPEARE (late Bell's Corners), C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. South Easthope. Go to Stratford by the Buf- falo and Lake Huron (with Junction at Paris with the G. W. R.), or by the G. T. R. Population about 600. SHANNONVILLE, C. W. A Tp. In Tyendinaga, Co. Hastings, South Riding. A Station on the G. T. R., T miles east of Belleville. Population about 1000. SHARON, C. W., Co. York, Tp. East Gwillimbijry. Go to Newmarket, 84 miles from Toror.to, on the Onta- rio, Simcoe, and Huron Railway. Population about 260. SHEEN, 0. E., Co. fontlac. A Tp. on North Shore of Upner Ottawa, fronting the River. S, i Ouiseau for Post-ofBce, and Aylmer East for Upper Ottawa route. SHAWENEGAN, C. E. On the River Shawenegan, above Grand Piles, in the St. Maurice Territory, which see. SHEFFIELD, 0. W., Co. AJ '"ngton. A Tp. For Route, Post-offices, and Villages, see Clarevlew, Erinsville, and Tamworth. Has no Post-office under head of " Sheffield." SHEFFIELD, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. A Post-office and Village. Go to Copetown, a Station of the G. W. R., in Beverley Tp. 8HEFF0RD AND SlIEFFOKD MOUNTAIN, 0. W. Go to Sherbrooke, on the G. T. R., Eastern Town- ships, 96 miles from Montreal, and 121 from Quebec. SHERBROOKE WEST, C. W. A Tp. in Haldlmand Co. For Post-offices, see Port Maitland. Go to Wainfleet, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. SHERBROOKE, C. £. In Ascot Go to Sherbrooke, on the O. T. R., Montreal and Portland Section, 121 miles from Quebec, and 96 from Montreal. Steam- ers to Lake Memphramagog ply all the Summer. Population about 8000. SHERIDAN, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. The Tp. of Toronto is the western vicinity of the City. Pop- ulation about 100. SHERltlNGTON, C. E. A Tp. in NapiervlUe, and a Railway Station on the Montreal and Plattsburg Rail, 88 miles from Montreal. Population about 150. SHIPTON, (J. E. A Tp. In Richmond. See DannviUe for Post-office, also for Dannvllle Station, on the G. T. R., S miles from Richmond, on Quebec and Rich- moml Line. SILLSVILLE, C. W., Co Lennox, Tp. Fredericksburg. Go to Ernestown Station, 8 miles west of Kingston City, on the G. T. R. SIDNEY, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Hastings. For Post- office, see Frankford. Go to BellevUle, on the G. T. R. SILVER CREEK, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Esqueslng. Go to Georgetown, on the G. T. R. Population about 50. SILVER HILL, 0. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Charlotte- vllle, near the Shore of Lake Erie. Go to Brant- ford, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, 8 miles from the Paris Junction with the G. W. R., and thence by Stage to Simcoe dally. SIMCOE, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Woodhouse. Dally connection by Stage with Paris and Brant- ford. Go to Brautford by the Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail. Population about 2000. SINCLAIRVILLE, C. W.,Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Seneca, wlllctl S66 SLIGO, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Caledon. Go to Bramp- ton, on the G. T. R., 22 miles from Toronto. Popu- lation about 60. SMITH, C. W. A Tp. in Peterborough C , joining Oavan and North Otonabee Townships on ' iie South, and surrounded by the Otonabee ard tributary Rivers which separate It from Ennl. more on the West, Harvey on the North, and Douro on the East. For Village and Post-office, see Bridgenorth. SMITIIFIELD, C. W., Co. Northumberland. In Brighton Tp., which is on the G. T. R., 22 miles west of Belleville. Population about 400. SMITH'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. Northumberland Tp. Murray. Go to Trenton or Belleville, on the G. T. R. SMITH'S FALLS, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. North Elmsley. On the River Rideau, with steam cora- munlcption from Ottawa and Kingston by the Ri- deau Canal Steamers, and by Stage (32 miles) direct from BrockviUe, ou the G. T. R. Population about 1600. SMlTHVILLEj 0. W. (Hastings), Co. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. Go by Belleville, on the G. T. R. Pop- ulation about 160. SMITHVILLE (Lincoln), 0. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. 1^ ■" I. f n CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Orimsby. Grimsby Station on the Q. W. R., 17 miles South-east of HumUton, on Lake Ontario. Population about 6S0. 80MBKA, 0. W. A Tp. In Lambton Co., fronting River St. C'luir, between River St. Clair and Lalce Huron, about 20 ml'.ds North-west of Chatham, a Station on tlie Q. W. R. Population about 100. BOMEUSET, C. E. A Town and Township In Megan- tic Co. and a Station on the O. T. R., Quebec and Richmond Section, 47 miles from Richmond Junc- tion. SOPlilASBURO, C. W., Co. Prince Edward. One of the principal Townships in this County, two sides of which are surrounded by the liny of Qulnte. It contains some of the finest land in Canada, and is exceedingly prosperous. Tiie Steamers from Belle- TiUe from tlie West, and Kingston on the East — (both Kingston and Belleville are Stations on the G. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section) — touch at Nortliport dally. For Villages and Post-offices, see Demorestvillc, Gilbert's Mills, and Northport. SORABA, V. E., Co. Bagot, Tp. Upton. Go to Upton, on the G. T. R., 48 miles from Montreal. Popula- tion about 160. 80REL, C. E. See William Henri. Populatio i about 4000 SOULANGES, C. E. A District fronting North Shore of the St. Lawrence, ac^olning Glengary in Canada West. In Soulanges is the Cedars Road Station of the G. T. R., 29 miles from Montreal. SOUTHAMPTON, C. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. Saugeen. Southampton forms as yet only the nucleus of a town, situated at the mouth of the River Saugeen. Two or three hotels and stores, surrounded by several flue houses have been planted upon the Bandy slope, still studded with stumps, rising gently from the shore of the lake. The sand, however, disappears before a richer soil, as you retire into the interior of the country. A Flour Mill and two Saw Mills stand upon the banks of the river. The Fltherles furnish lucrative employment for several boats' crews, particularly during the fall of the year. Beyond the river lies an " Indian Reserve," and an Indian Village, consisting of a few frame houses, inhabited by a remnant of " mild-eyed and melancholy" Red Indians, pensioned by Govern- ment, and monopolising a crescent eminence upon the banks of the meandering Saugeen, with roman- tic dells and sylvan scenery scarcely surpassed even by " winsome Yarrow." Opposite the town, and about a mile distant from tl\e shore, lies Chantrv Islund, or rather Islet, on which a Lighthouse has lately been erected, and In the lee of which might be constructed a harbour of refuge for a whole navy, a scheme which rumour says, has been pro- jected in connection with a new line of railroad from Guelph, and urgently demanded by the inac- cessibility of this north-west corner of the province. But considering the dangerous nature of the navi- gation through the Georgian Bay, there cannot be the least doubt that It will withdraw the traffic, at least, to the West from the Northern Railroad to Collingwood, and conduce, therefore, to the pros- perity of "The Morning SUr," as Southampton may be designated from Its position. 70 miles north of Goderich, 82 miles from Owen Sound. Stage dally to Owen Sound. Population about 060. SOUTH BOLTON, 0. E., Co, Browne, Tp. Bolton. Leave the train at Compton, O. T. U. Go through Charleston and Stanstead Plain — In which is George- vllle — cross by Steam Kerry to Bolton, shore of Magog Lake, ami go by Stage to Bolton, one of the Eastern Townsldps, proverbial for fertility of soil, salubrity of climate, and the singular beauty of their scenery. SOUTH CAVUGA, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. South Cayuga. Go to ( 'anfleld Station, on the Bulfalo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about lIH). SOUTH CROSBY, c:. W. A Tp. in Leeds Co. For Post-offices, Route, and Villages, see Elgin and Morton, SOUTH BOURO, C. W., Co. Peterborough, Tp. Douro. Go to Peterborough by Ruiiway from Cobourg, on the G. T. R. Population about 50. SOUTH DURHAM, C. S., Co. Drummond, Tp. Dur- ham. Go to Durham Station, on the G. T. R.. 61 miles south-east of Montreal. Population about 100. SOUTH EASTHOPE, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Perth. In the vicinity of the Stratford Junction Station of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway and G. T, R, For Post-office, see Shakspeare. SOUTH ELMSLEY, C. W. A Tp. in Leeds Co. On the Rldeau River. Go to BrockvUle, on the G. T. R., and thence by Smith's Fulls Stage, Population about 60. SOUTH ELY, 0. E. See Ely, A Tp. in Shefford. In the vicinity of the Richmond Junction of the G. T, R. Population about 100. SOUTH FINCH, C, W., Co. Stormont, Tp. Finch. Go to Dickenson's Landing, on the G. T. R., a Station 9 miles west of Cornwall, the County Town. Pop- ulation about 100. SOUTH GLOUCESTER, C. W , Co. Carleton, Tp, Gloucester. Go to Gloucester, a Station 11 miles from Ottawa, on the Prescott Branch from the G. T. R. at Prescott Junction. SOUTH GOWER, C. W. A Tp. In North Riding of Co. Grenvllle. Go to Kelly's or Osgoode Station, on the Ottawa Branch from the Prescott Junction of the G, T. R, SOUTH GRANBY, C, E. A Post-office for Grnnby Tp., Co. ShefTord. Go to Acton, on the G. T. R. Population about 100. SOUTH HINCHINBROOKE, C. E., Co. Huntingdon, Tp. lUnchinbrooke. Go to Hemingford, 41 miles from Montreal, a Station on the Montreal and Plattsburg Railway. SOUTH MARCH, C. W. A Post-office in March Tp., Co. Carleton. On South Shore of Ottawa River, opposite Aylmer East. Go to Ottawa City from Prescott Junction of the G. T. R., by Ottawa Kail- way. SOUTH MONAGHAN, 0. W, A Tp. In Co. Northum- berland, West Riding. Go to Trenton on the ti. T. R. SOUTH MOUNTAIN, 0. W. A Post-office in Moun- tain Tp., Dundas Co. Go to Matilda Station on the G. T. R., 9 miles west of Kingston and ld4 east of Montreal. Population about 100, SOUTH POTTON, C. E., Co. Brome, Tp. Potton. For route from Compton Station of the G. T. R. See South Bolton. SOUTH ROXTON, C. E., Co. ShefTord, Tp. Ronton. Go to Acton on the G, T. R., 49 miles from Mon- treal. SOUTH WESTMEATH, C. W,, Co. Renfrew, Tp. Westmeath, fronting the River Ottawa, South Shore, adjacent to Pembroke. The Pembroke and lirock- vllle Railway will Intersect the Tp. Go to Ajlmer East, and see Aylmer East for route. SOUTHWOLD, C. W., Co. Elgin. A Tp. skirted on the west by the London and Port Stanley Rallwa.v, and fronting Lake Erie on the south. Go to St. Thomas West, which see. For Post-offices within the Tp., see FIngal and Talbotvllle Royal. SOUTH ZORRA, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Zorra. Go to Woodstock on the G. W. R,, about 47 miles west of Hamilton City, SPARTA, C, W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. In the vicinity of London and Port Stanley Branch Rail- way from London, G. W. R. Go to St. Thomai West. SPENCER COVE, C. E., Co. Quebec, In vicinity of the City. Go to Point Levi Terminus of the 0. T. It. Po))ulatlon about 2000. SPENCERVILLE, 0. W. A Village and Post-office la Edwardsburg, Co. Grenvllle. Go to Edwardsburg Station on the G. T. R., 9 miles east of Prescott Junction. Population about 150. SPIKE'S CORNERS. See Harrowsmith. SPRING AKBOUR, C. W., Co. Norfolk, T|). Waking- ham, on Lake Erie. Go to Simcoe. See .Sinicoe, C W., for route. Population about yoO. SPRINGFORD, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Norwich. Go to Woodstock on the C V. R. SPHINGVILLE, t;. W.. Oo. Durham, Tp. Cavan. Go to Port Hope on die G. T. R,, G'i miles west of To- ronto, and then<-e by Port Hope anil Lindsay Kiiil- wav, partially open to Omeniee. Population aboiii KM). STAFFORD, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Renfrew, adjaceni I to Pembroke, on Upper Ottawa, South Sliore. fc Aylmer East tor route. The Railway to Pembroke will pass very near this Township. STAMFORD, C. W., Co. Wetland. Co. Town andTp In Nl->gara District. A Station on the Brunch Rail- way from Niagara to Chippewa, 10 miles from NUj- I ara, and 7 from Chippewa, CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 78 For See nth. In the aiich Kail- t. Thoiiiai 'ost-olTiceiii ;ilwav(lsburg of I'rescoll _ , Waking- i' r^iracoe, C. orwlch. Co Ciivan. (i» west of T'>- ,lii(l?ay M- lalion about BW, adjaceni Shore. S« to Pembroke own and Tp. Branch Rail- IS from Sl»g- STANBUIDGE EAST, C. E., Co. Mlsjlsquol, Tp. Stan- hrldge. Go to C'ompton, 0. K., on U. T. H., Mon- treal and Portland Section, or to St. John's on the Ohainplaln and St. Lawrence Hallway, between which two Stations there Is a line of Stages three times a week through Stanbrldge, Dunham, Brome, Ilolton, and Georgevllle. Population about 250. STANliltlDGE, C. £. See Stanbrldge East and Bed- ford in same Tp. STANDON, C. E. A Tp. In Dorchester, on Eatt Shore of the Chaudl^re lUver, bordering Bellechasse Co. The Chaudi^re Junction on O. T. K. Is about 86 miles distant. Population about 200. STANFOLD, C. E. A Tp. in Arthabaska: a Station on the G. T. K., 65 miles from Point Levi (Quebec), and 41 miles from KIchmond Junction. STANLEY, C. W. V Tp. in Co. Huron, of which Bay- field is the prii .pal Post-ofBce and Village. See also Brucefield. STANLEY'S MILLS, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chlngua- cousy. Go to Brampton on the G. T. U. Popula- tion about 150. STANSTEAD, C. E. A Tp. and Town in Co. of same name, containing llatley, Barnston, and Stan- stead, on the Borders of the State of Vermont, three of tlie best Townshios in the Eastern Province. Go to Compton on the G. T. U., 110 miles south-east of Montreal. STEPHEN, C. W. A Tp. in Huron, fronting Lake Huron. The Goderich Stage from London, C W. ; Hamilton and Windsor Line, and the St. itiary's Blanshard, which see, offer the best mode of com- munication. For Post-ofHce, see Exeter. STEVENSVILLE, C. W., Co. Welland.Tp. Bertie, near shore of Lake Erie. Go to Port Erie, Canadian Ter- minus of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Uallway. Population about 150. STIRLING, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Rawdon. Go to Belleville on the G. T. R., 113 miles east of To- ronto and 280 west of Montreal, and thence by Stage. Stage also from Madoc. Population about 10(10. STITTSVILLE, C. W., Co. Carleton, Tp. Goulburn. North OsRoode, on the Ottawa and Prescott Junc- tion, 16 miles from Ottawa City, appears to be the nearest Station. Go to Prescott Junction (for Ot- tawa Railway) on the G. T. K. Population about 50. STOCO, C. W., Co. Hastings, North Riding, Tp. Hun- gerford. North of Napanee and Tyemlonaga on tlie (i. T. R., Montreal and Toronto Section. Nap- anee most eligible for Stage connection. Popula- tion about 50. STONEUAM, C. E. A Tp. In Quebec Co., north-east of the City about IS miles. Go to Point Levi on the 0. T. R. STONEY CREEK, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Salt- fleet, on Lake Ontario. Go to Ontario Station, about 11^ miles south-v/est of Hamilton, on the G, W. K. Population about 200. ETOHNOWAY, C. E., Co. Compton, Tp. Winslow, about 35 miles east of Richmond Junction of the G. T. R. Sherbrooke is the most eligible Station for f-tii);e connection. Population about 100. STOItKINtrTON, C. W., Co. Frontenac. A Tp. north of I'lattsburg. Go to Kingston City on the G. T. R., and thence by Rideau Canal Steamers or Plattsburg Stage. STOnVILLE, C. E., St. .John's. Try St. John's, 21 miles from Montreal, on Cliamplain and St. Law- rence liailwav. Population about 50. STOUFFVILLE, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Whitchurch. Go by Stage from Toronto City, at 2J P. .M. daily, from Black Horse Inn, front St., or by Stage from Scurboro Station at 4J. Stoulfvlile is also within 12 miles east of the Ontario, SImcoe, and Huron Rail- way, Aurora, King, or Newmarket Stations. Popu- lation about 600. STRABANE, C. W., Co. Wentworth, North Riding, Tp. Klamboro West. (Jo to Hamilton on the G. W. it. Population about 2t)0. STttAl'FOIlDVILLE, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Bayham. Near Lake Erie, about 20 miles west of St. Thomas West, on London and Port Stanley Junction of the 0. W. R., connecting at London, C. W. Population about 400. STRATFORD, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. South Easthope. Tbe Terminus of the G. T. R., 81) miles north-west of Toronto, 82 miles from the Paris Station, on the O. W. R., ai well fti on the IIiiIThIo nnd Lake Huron Kail, Stage oonnuclluii with Goderloh, Ut. Mary's, and London, V. W, STRATIUIURN, 0. W,, Co. Middlesex, West Riding, Tp. ftliisa. Go to Ekfria Htallui) on the G. W. R,, 20 miles west, 0, W. 8TKATHR0Y, (J, W., Co, MlddloKcx, Tp. Oarradoc. Go to Mount Bryilues In mimu Township, a Station on the G, W, It,, 16 iiillon wcat of London, 0. W. Population about 400. STREETSVILLE, C, W,, Vn. \'w\, Tp, Toronto. Go by 8 age direct from Toronti) City (General Wolfe Inn) dally, at U P, M,. or by Htage from Port Credit Station, on the G. \V, R,, ly milca west of Toronto. Population alinul viMlO, STUKELY, 0. E, A Tp, In HIiulTord, About 12 miles west of Sherbrooke Htiilloii, on the G, T, R,, 26 miles south of Rlchniniid Jiitiotloii, SULLIVAN, 0, W. A Tii, In Co, Grey, Go to Col- Rngwood by the Ontario, Hliiicnv, and Huron Rail- way from Toronto, and tlioiioc by Canadian Steamer to Owen Sound, and tliviiuu iiy Stage about lit miles south-west, SUMMERSTOWN, 0, W., Co. {llDngftry, Tp, Char- lottenburg, A Stittioii iiii tliii G, T, R,, 8 miles cast of Cornwall, and (10 frnni Moiitrval. Population about 50, SUMMERVILLE, C, W., ("o. Poul, Tp. Toronto. In the vicinity of Toronto City, Go to Port Credit, 12 miles on the Hamilton anil Toronto Section of G. W. R., or by CooksvlUo Htago, dally from Toronto. Population about IIIU, SUNNIUALE, C, W. A Tp, mid Htalloii on the Sim- coe, Ontario, and Huron Kallwny, 70 miles from Toronto, SUTHERLAND'S CORNKRH, 0. W,, On, Lambton, Tp. Eupheinia, Go to Newbury, on tiiu G, W. R,, Ham- ilton and Windsor Suction, about HO mllci west of London, C. W. SUTTON, C, E, A Tn, In llniim), Stngoi run from Compton, on the (I, T, U,, by way nfUeorguvlUe. Population about 150. SWEABURG, C. W,, Co. Oxford, North Hiding, Tp. West Oxforil. Go to Iiig.iMoll, on Iho (1. W R., Hnnillton and WlniliKir Huutloii, iiliout 2S miles west of Paris Junction of G, W, It, uiid Uulfalo nnd Lake Huron. SWEETSBURG, C, W„ Co. Mlnnlsquol, Tp. Dunhnm. Go by the name Stage rmilo fi'om (Joinpton, um the G. T. R., Mnl^treal anil Torcmto Suction, by way of Georgevllle, as fur Boltoii, Hiittnn, Ilromo, I'tc, SWITZERVILLE, C. W,, Co, Addlligt(Mi,Tp. Eriiri.ton. Go to Erncston, on tiin (I, T, U.. ' ll-s west of Kingston City, Population uboit SYDENHAM, (!. W. A Tp, III Gr(, vhl.-M is Owen's Sound, the principal Town, I .ml I'.ist- ofHce of tho District, Go by Ontiirlii, Mmcnc, and Huron Hallway to ('ollliigwood from Toronto, and thence liy Canadian Htoami'r, or by (luolph, on il G. T. R., and thoiico by Stages. SYDENHAM, 0. W. A 'I'p. Ill Ri-iifrcw, on the South Shore of the Upper Oltawii Hlvi'i', near I'eiiibroke. For route, see Ayliiier East. (Not a I'ost-oMlci',) SYDENHAM PLACE, 0. K,, Co. Drunimond, Tp. Kliigacy. (io to Dannvlllu. on llio (I. T. K., (Jucbeo nnd Richmond Section, 12 iiilUw from Richmond Junction, SYLVAN, C, W,, Co. MlcldlcHcx, West Hiding, Tp. Williams. In Port Sariila Dlntrlcl, West of (Strat- ford, on inleniled (I. T, 11, E.Ntelinlon nt present. Go to London, 0. \V,, by tho G, W. R,, anil about 16 to IS miles north-west by Road. Population about 00. 'J' TADOUSAC, C. E. In Tadousno Co, On North-enst point of the coiilliiciu'c of tlio HIvcrs Sagnenayniid St. Lnwreiici', Un nillcs lieliiw (Jili'bec, The Hagiie- nay Steanu'i-a usually call, Nnli'il as a Stiitliui of the Hudson's Bay Company, witli Its Hag stair and cannon. Noted also for a "' fatlioiiilrns harbour, where the French S(|uailron found a seciirii retreat at the Slcgo of (Juebuc under Guneral Wolfe, Pop- ulation alinut 400. TALIIOTTVILLK ROYAL, 0, W., Co, Klgln, West Hiding, Tp, Soutliwold, Go to St, Tlioiims (West), on the London auil Port Stanley KuUwuy, whlon fli S!'!i: ■l ^■t hI 1 ' m ill i|< ' iH Ft 74 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. connects at London with the d, W. R. Population about 800. TAMARACK, C. E., Co. Megantlo. A new Poet-office. TAMWORTH, C. W., Co. Addlngton, Tp. Sheffield. See "Free Grants." Tamworth is one of the places on the route from Kingston to Napanee, on the O. T. R. Population about 400. TANNERY WEST, C. E. On the Isle of Montreal (Hochelaga Division). Go to Montreal City by G. T. R. or Steamer. TAPLEYTOWN, 0. W., Co. Wentworth, South Riding, Tp. Saltfleet. Go to Ontario, on the (i. W. R., about 11^ miles f^om Hamilton City. Population about 80 TATLOCK, 0. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Darling. About 20 miles north of Peru, to which go by Stage from Brockville, on the G. T. R. The Arnprior Railway will open this district, and is now In progress. TECUMSETH, C. VV. A Tp. in Simcoe, South Riding, about 6 miles West of Bradford, to which Station go by the Ontario, Simcoe, and iluron Rail from Toronto. TEESWATER, C. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. Culross. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Sec- tion, and thence by Garafraxa Road North. TEMPLETON, 0. E. A Tp. In Ottawa Co. Opposite the City of Ottawa, on the North Shore, near con- fluence of Gatineau and Ottawa Rivers. Oo to Prescott Junction, on the G. T. R., and thence by Ottawa Railway. TEMPLETON, 0. E. James Hogan, Postmaster, Inn- keeper, and Trader. Gatineau Point. TEOUAUTA, C. E. In Selgnory of Beauhamois, on South Shore of St. Lawrence. Go to Lachine and cross to Caughnawaga or Beauharnois ; is about 10 miles west of the Railway (Montreal and Platts- burg Line). TERREBONNE, C. E. A Town and Selgnory op- posite Isle of Jesus, on North Shore of the St. Law- rence. Oo to Montreal, and thence about 20 miles. Population about 1400. TETE DU BOULE, C. E. A Mountain Peak 800 feet high, about one mile from Tadousac, from whence may be seen one cf the most wild and magnificent views the Saguenay affords. TEVIOTDALE, C. W., Co. Wellington, North Riding, Tp. Minto. Oo to Guelph, on the G. T. R., and thence North by Stage. THAMESFORD, C. W., Co. Oxford, North Riding, Tp. East Missouri. Go to Edwardsburg, on the G. W. R., 10 miles east of London, C, W. Population about 600, THAME8VILLE, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Camden. A Station on the G. T. R., 49 miles west of London, C. W. Population about 800. THISTLETON, 0. W., Co. York, Tp. Etobicoke. Go to Weston, on the G. T. R., 9 mUes out of Toronto, Toronto and Stratford Section, or by Stage at 2 daily, from Wolfe Inn, Church street, which goes through Etobicoke. Population about 100. TH0MA8BURG, C. W., Co. Hastings, North Riding, Tp. Hungerford. Go to Napanee, on G. T. R. THORAH, C. W., Co. Ontario. A Tp. in which are Beaverton and Forcastle, elsewhere referred to, which see. THORNBURY, C. W., Co. Grey,Tp. Colllngwood. Go to Colllngwood, on Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway, 95 miles from Toronto. Population about 160. THORNHILL, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Markham. Daily Stp.ge from Toronto City, Best's Bay Horsi , Yonge street, at SJ P. M., also Railway by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron. From Toronto 14 miles. Pop- ulation about 700. THORNTON, 0. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Innlsfil. Lefroy and Cralgvale are both Stations ii ilsfll Tp., on the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway. Popula- tion about T5. THOROLO, C. W. A Town and Tp. in Welland Co. A Station on the G. W. R., 9J miles from Niagara, and about 84^ from Hamilton. Population about 2000. THORPVILLE, C. W., Co. Wellington, North Riding, Tp. Nlcol. Oo to Guelph on the 6. T. R. THREE RIVERS, C. K. Nearly half-way between Montreal and Quebec ; a Town at the mouth of the 8t. Maurice from the north, and the Becancour on the South, situated on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence. A Tp., Corporate, and Electoral District. This wai formerly the seat of gorernment. The Cataract of Shawtnnegamme is about 25 miles up the St. Maurice, and is an object of great interest, as are the lumbering establishments sprung up of late with the opening of the St. Maurice country. Go by Steamer from Quebec or Montreal. Popula- tion about 7000. THURLOW, C. W. A Tp. In Hastings Co. Go to Belleville on the G. T. R. THURSO, 0. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Lochaber, on the North Shore of the Ottawa River, fronting the river, about 20 miles below Ottawa City. Go by Steamers from Montreal. Bee cjso Ottawa City. Population about 200. TILBURY EAST, 0. W. A Tp. in Kent. Go to Bap- tlste Creek on the G. W. R., 81 miles east of Wind- sor. Population about 50. TILBURY WEST, 0. W. A Tp. in Essex Co. For Post-ofllce, route, etc., see Comber and THbury East, (adjoining Township). TINQUIOK, C. E. ATp. InArthabaskn. GotoDann- vllle on the G. T. R., 12 miles fi-ora Richmond. TRING, 0. W. A Tp. in North Riding of Simcoe Co., fronting the G eorglan Bay. For Towns, Post-offices, and route, see Penetanguishene and Lafontalne. TOLEDO, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Kltley. Go to Brock- ville on the G. T. R. Population about 175. TORONTO GORE. See Gore of Toronto. TORONTO, C. W., Co. Peel. A Tp. in vicinity and west of Toronto City. See Credit, Cooksvllle, Sum- mervllle, Streetsvllle, Sheridan, and DeiTy West for Post-offices, etc. TORONTO, 0. W., Co. York, Upper Canada, and seat of government. For full information and views of Toronto, see elsewhere. TOWNSEND, C. W. A Tp. In Norfolk Co. For Routes, Villages, and Post-offices, see Bioomsburg, Boston, C. W., Hartford, Rockford, Villanova, and Waterford. TRAFALGAR, C. W. A Tp. In Halton Co. Oo to Bronte In the same Tp., a Station on the G. W. R., 13| miles from Hamilton City. TRECASTLE, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Wallace. Go to Stratford on the G. T. R. Wallace Tp. lies about 28 miles north. THENHOLM, O. E., Co. Drummond, Tp. Klngsey. Oo to Dunnvllle on G. T. R. TRENTON, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Mur- ray. A Station on the G. T. R., (near the mouth of the River Trent,) 12 miles west of Belleville and 101 east of Toronto. TRING, C. E. A Tp. in Beauce, about 25 miles east of Arthabaska Station on the G. T. R, 82 miles from Richmond Junction. TR0I8 PISTOLES, C. E. A Tp. in Temiscouata. A Port on South Shore of St. 'iawrencc, about 110 miles below St. Thomas East. The Intended Termi- nus of the St. Andrew's (New Brunswick) and Wood- stock Railway, forming a direct line by connection with the (>. T. R., from Quebec to the Atlantic, en- tirely through British Territory. Population about 8000. TROIS SAUM0N8, 0. E., Co. L'Islet. See St. Jean Port Joll. TROY, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. Go to C'opetown Hf.illon, on the G. W. R., 18 miles Vfest of Hamlltoi ity. Population about 200. TUI.I.AMORK, W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto flnre, (1(1 to Weston 11 Malton, on the G. T. K. Popula- tion about loo. TURNBKRRY, C. W. A Tp. In Huron Co. In which is Belmore Post-office, (io to Mitchell by Stage from the Stratford Junction of the O. T. U., and Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail, and thence north through Logan and Grey, or to Guelph, on llie U. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Section, and tlience through Arthur, Mount Forest, ilc, by Stage. TUSCARORA, C. W., Co. Brant, KH»t Ri'llng.Tp. On ondaga. Go to Onondaga Station, on the HulTalo and Lake Huron Rail, 16 miles south of Paris Junc- tion. TWEED, C. W., Co. Hastings. North Riding, Tp. Hungerford. Go to Napam-i r T.vciiillniigB, on the G. T. R., and then north Population about 800. TWO MOUNTAINS, C. E. Opposite the Isle of Mon- treal, on the St. Lawrence, in which are Point aux Anglais, St. Benolt, and .m. Joseph du Lac. TYENDONAGA, C W, A Tp. in Hastingd Co., m CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 75 whlcb are Blenlngton, MaryBTlUe, and Melrose Vlllagcii. nlth Post-offices, which see. Tyendlnaga is a Station on the d. T. K., 84 miles west of Kings- ton, and 18 miles east of Belleville. TYKCONNELL, 0. W., Co. Elgin, West Riding, Tp. Dunwich. A Village and Port on Lake Erie, about 12 miles west of Port Stanley, to which go by the a. W. R. to London, and thence by Branch Rail direct. Population about 500. TYRONE, 0. W., Co. Durham, West Riding, Tp. Dar- lington. Qo to BowmanvUle, (In same Tp.J, a Main Station of G. T. R., 44 miles east of Toronto. Population about 250. U UNION, 0. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. Go to St. Thomas West in same Tp. Go to London, on the G. W. R. , and thence by London and Port Stanley Line. Population about 800. UNIONVILLE, 0. W., Co. York, East Riding, Tp. Harkham. Go by StouffviUe Stage flrom Toronto. See Markham. UPTON, C. E., Co. Bagot. For Post-office, see Soraba. A Station on the G. T. R., 48 miles south-east of Montreal. U8B0RNB, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Huron. For Post- office, see Devon. Go to Stratford, on the G. T. R., or by the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. UTIOA, 0. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Reach. About 20 miles north of Whitby and Oshawa, both Stations on the G. T. R. Population about 60. UXBRIDGE, C. W. A Tp. In Ontario Co. North of Pickering. Go to Port Whitby, 29 miles east of To- ronto. Population about 600. VALCARTIER, 0. E. A Tp. in Quebec Co. Go to Point Levi, Quebec, G. T. R., on South Shore of St.. Lawrence. VALLENTYNE, 0. E., Co. Ontario, Tp. Brock. About86 miles north of Port Whitby, to which go by G. T. R. VALLEYFIELD, 0. B. In Beauharnois. Go to Caughnawaga, opposite Lachine, by Montreal and Plattsburg Hallway, and Ferry, thence west. Pop- ulation about 400. VANKLEEK HILL, 0. W., Co. Prescott, Tp. Hawkes- bury. On South Shore of Lower Ottawa River. Go by Steamer to and from Ottawa and Montreal Population about 500. VAUENNES, C. E. In Vercheres. On South Shore of St. Lawrence. Go to St. Hilalre, on the G. T. R., IT miles from Montreal. Population about 1000. VANDHEUIL, C. E. A District bounded by Sou- langes on the west, and by the Rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence at their confluence. In which Is Van- dreull, 0. T. R. Station, Montreal and Toronto Sec- tion, 24 miles west of Montreal. Pop. about 600. YEKULAM, C. W., Co. Victoria. A Tp. north of Emily. Go to Lindsay by Port Hope Railway, from Port Hope 62 miles west of Toronto, on G. T. R. For Post-office, etc., see Bobcaygeon. VERNONVILLE, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Haldlmand. Go to Grafton, on the G. T. R., 7 miles east of Cobourg. Population about TO. VESPRA, C. W. A Tp. In Slracoe, In which Is the Co. Town of Barrle and Apton Post-office. Go to Bar- rie, which see. VICTORIA CORNERS, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Reach. Go to Whitby, on G. T. R., 29 miles east of Toronto. Population about 60. VICTORIA SQUARE. C. W., Co. York, Tp. Markham, which see. Pnpniai. on about 200. VIENNA, Co. Elgin, East Riding, Tp. Bayham, near Shore of Lake Erie. Qo to Paris Junction by G. W. R., or Buffalo and Lake Huron, and thence by road to Norwich. Population about HOO. TILLANOVA, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townsend. Go to Brantford, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail- way. Population about 100. VITTORIA, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Chariottevllle. Go to Slmcoe by Stage from Brantford, on the Buf- falo and Lake Huron, and on by road. Population about 6U0. VBOOMANTON, 0. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Brock. Bee Brock. Population about 50. w WAINFLBET, Co. WeUand. A Tp. (with Marshvllle cd WainSeet Centre for Post-offices), bordering Lakt Erie, and a Station on the Buffalo and Lake Huron liailway, 26 miles North-west of BuOblo and Fort Erie, and 69 miles from Paris Junction. Popu- lation about 60. WAKEFIELD, C. B. A Tp. In Ottawa Go. On the North Shore of the Ottawa River, near the Gatlneau River, about 20 miles from Templeton, which see. See also Ottawa for route. Population about 100. WALLACE, C.W. A Tp. in Co. Perth. GotoGuelph, on the G. T. R., and thence by Garafraxa Road — lays on the left of Artbni Tp., about 50 miles north of Guelph. WALLACBBURG, 0. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Sombra, Chatham or the G. W. B. is the nearest Railway Station. The Tillage is situated on the " Chenall Ecarte," the name given to the Channel which separates the Walpole Island from the main River at the Mouth of the St. Clair River, at the head of St. Clair Lake. Population about 600. WALMER, C. W., Co. WelUngton, Tp. Peel. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R. Population about 76. WALPOLE, 0. W. A Tp. in Haldlmand Co., In which are Balmoral, Nanticoke, and Selkirk Villages and Post-offices, which see. WAL8INGHAM, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Norfolk. Goto Slmcoe by Stage from Paris or Brantford, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron 'Railway. WALTER'S FALLS, 0. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Holland. Go to Owen's Sound by Steamer Canadian, or Stage from Collingwood, on Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Railway, 95 miles from Toronto. Popula- tion about 60. WARDSVILLE, 0. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Mosa. Go to Newbury In same Tp. A Station on G. W. R., 86 miles west of London, 0. W. WARKWORTH, Co. Northumberiand. A new Post- offioe. WARNER, 0. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Calstor. Between the G. W. R. and Buffalo and Lake Huron Railways. Try Grimsby, on the G. W. R., Hamilton and Ni- agara Section, and Canfleld, on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. WARSAW, 0. W., Co. Peterborough, Tp. Dur mer. North-west of Peterborough Terminus of branch Railway from G. T. R, at Cobourg, by which go. Population about 150. WARWICK, 0. B. A Tp. in Arthabaska, and a Sta- tion on the G. T. R., 24 miles from Richmond Junc- tion. WARWICK, 0. W. A Tp. in Lambton, on the Lon- don and Port Sarnta Extension. Go to London by the G. W. R. Population about 800. WASHINGTON, 0. W., Co. Oxford, North Riding, Tp. Blenheim. Go to Drumbo, a Station of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway In same Tp., about 9 miles frcrm Paris Junction. Population about 100. WATEROOWN, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Flam- borough East. Waterdown is 4 miles east of Ham- ilton. A Station on the G. W. R. Population about 1000. WATERFCnU, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townsend. Go to Paris or Brantford by the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, and thence by Stages, which pass through. This place being haif way between Brantford and Slmcoe, the County Town. Popula- lation about 800. WATERLOO, C. E., Co. Shefford. Go to Acton, on the G. T. R., Montreal and Portland Section, 49 miles from Montreal. Population about 2lX). WATERLOO, C. W., Co. Waterioo, Noi'h Riding, Tp. North Waterioo. Go to Bertin, on the G. T. R., 64 miles from Toronto. Population about 1500. WATERLOO SOUTH, C. W. See Preston, C. W. WATERLOO (Kingston), 0. W., Co. Frontenac. In the vicinity of Kingston. Go to Kingston, on the G. T. R. Population about 250. WATERVILLE, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Compton. A Station on the G. T. R., 106 miles from Montreal. Population about 200. WATFORD, C. W., Co. Lambton. See Warwick. Population about 60. WATSON'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. Lanark, North Riding, Tp. Dalhousie. Go to Perth by Stage from BrockvlUe, on G. T. R. Population about 60. (f 1 \\\ p )i ■>i 1^ 'Ml' '^ 76 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. WAUBUNO, 0. W. A Station (no Fost-offlce) on the Q. W. K., Hamilton and Windsor Section, In Mid- dlesex Co., 5^ miles east of London, 0. W. WAWAN08H, 0. W. A Tp. In Huron Co., north of Qoderich, to which go by Stage from Stratford Junction, or by Bulfalo and Lake Huron Railway. WEEDON, C. E. A Tp. In Wolfe Co. About 20 miles east of the Junction Station at Richmond, Or. T. K., Quebec and Richmond Section. WEIMAR, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wellesley. Go to Berlin, 64 milts from Toronto, on the Q. T. R. WELLANO PORT, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Gainsbo- rough. Go to Beamsvllle, on the O. W. R., about 28 miles from Hamilton City. Population about 2U0. WELLER'S BAY, C. W. On Lalce Ontario. See Cou- secon. Prince Edward Co., C. W. WELLESLEY, C. W. A Tp. in Waterloo, North Rid- ing, in wlilch is situate Berlin, a Station of the G. T. R., 64 miles from Toronto City. WELLINGTON, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Hil- Uer, fronting Lake Ontario. Go to Brighton, on the G. T. R., and thence by Stage to Consecon. Popu- lation about 600. WELLINGTON SQUARE, 0. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Nelson. Situated on the open Lake outside Bur- lington Bay. This place forms the Winter Port for Hamilton ; it is a Station on the G. W. B., 7 miles from Hamilton. Population about 760. WELLMAN'8 CORNERS, 0. W., Co. Hastings, North Riding, Tp. Rawdon. Go to Belleville, on the G. T. R., and thence north of Sidney Tp. WEST ARRAN, C. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. Arran. A 'J \. I ■ I 'A'' » f i. i !»>!* GALT, GODERICH, GDELPH, 0. W. GALT, 0. W. ■ An incorpr rated town in the Township of Dumfries and County of "Waterloo. It is de- lightfully situated on either side of the Grand River, where it receives the waters of Mill Creek. The town possesses iffmense water power, which is fully employed driving the machinery of numerous manufacturing establishments, flouring, and otlier mills. Distant from Berlin, the county town, (with which it will be soon connected by a railway leading from Hamilton, through Gait and Preston,) 12 miles; from Hamilton, 26 miles; and from Toronto, 70 miles. Daily mails. Population about 8000. Business Directory. Barrister and Attorney. — John Miller, North Water street. Commission Merchant. — ^David W. Frazer. Druggist, Wholesale and Retail. — R. S. Young, Main street. Dry Goods, Millinery, etc. — J. S. Fisher, Com- mercial Buildings. Dumfries Reformer. — James Young, Editor. Gait Reporter. — Jeffrey & Son, Publishers. Grocers and Leather Mei'chants. — Fleming L STAGE HOUSE, Cor. of Tliamcs dc Cliarles Sts., IjyaMHSOMjJLi c, w., H. BBARX7, Proprietor. Visitors will find the arrangements Rood, and clmrces A good Livery Stable attached. Doily St!m» " id ( "■ moderate to TilsonburR Vienna, and Port Harwell, and to St lory's OTonuays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. [7* An omnibus to oud from the caii iroe of charge. Is situate blocks of fr 3 brick hou plan, is ext directions, ; favoured wi Mariposa, oi by steamer enlargement worthy of s vineial, but prints of th( sportsman, t bush, will at From Port I Attorney at Barrister an^ Course, K« Bookseller a Kent st Bnrrisler at Boot and Sh( Cabinet Mak liara Ft Dry Goods ai Leary, Ker Dry Goods, G and 0. Big Grocer and i Silverwood General Merc General Merc General Mercl Importer and Lehane, Kii KINCARDINE, 0. W., Is a small town situated upon the shore of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the River Penetangore, upon an acclivity extending, in a ridge of no groat height, along the beach in both directions. It occupies the centre of a beautiful bay, forming a crescent, terminating in northern and southern pinepoints. Tlie principal street, studded with respectable-look- ing stores and hotels, (the North American, so fur as regards attention and a good table, will bear comparison with its namesake in Toronto, minus the niggers,) runs parallel to tlio Bhore for half o mile at least; and, like other towns situated upon the eastern shore of the I/ike, though minus a railroad at present, and possessed only of a quay for lading and un- lading small schooners, it is competing for the honour of the principal port for the trans- portation of passengers and the transshipment of freight across the lake to the "Far West." Government has voted £1,500 for the dredging ond enlargement of the harbour, and as the LINDSAY AND MILL BROOK, 0. W. 87 channel of the river forms a natural basin, covered with shnllow dopoHlta of sand, Kin- cardine will soon offer a safe harbourage to vegsels of largo dlmoiiHlonH, and, ttioroforo, bids fair to prove no mean rival to Goderich and Saugeen. 80 inllos nortli of Uodorloh. Popu- lation about 1000. [See i Sts., :or. , charges 1 to St charge. LINDSAY, W., Is situated upon the banks of the River Scugog, and is composed, ns yyt, of only a few blocks of frame houses, stores and hotels, grist and lumber mills, wltli the oxcoptlon of 2 or 8 brick houses on each side of the river. The site of tho town, nooordliig to tho original plan, is extensive ; but as individuals have selected spots for their houses in oil different directions, Lindsay presents a straggling appearance tp an old-jountryiiiaii, But as it is favoured with railroad communication to Port Hope on tlie south, and st4igo to Manilla and Mariposa, one of the richest agricultural townships in the province, 8 miles to tlio west, and by steamer to the Falls, Bobcaygeon, etc., on the north, wo may rousonably anticipate the enlargement of the town, as well as the increase of its trade, at no distant date. It is worthy of special notice that an excellent reading-room is supplied not only with the Pro- vincial, but with American and British newspapers and magazines, as well as with the re- prints of the principal British Quarterlies; and, wo may add, for tho Information of tho Bportsman, that fisliing in the river and lakes, as well as doer shooting In tho surrounding bush, will at once recruit his health and amply repay his pleasing tolls, Population $2000. From Port Hope, 42 miles. Fare $1.26. Business Directory. Attorney at Law. — F. B Greene, Kent st. Barrister and Notary Public. — Anthony La Course, Kent st. Bookseller and Druggist. — W. J. Stoughton, Kent st. Barrister at La^v. — T. A. Hudspeth, Kent st. Boot and Shoe Maker. — A Bright, llidout st. Cabinet Makers. — Matthie & Anderson, Wil- liam Et. Dry Goods and General Merchant. — Richard Leary, Kent st. Dry Goods, Groceries, Boots, Shoes, etc. — S. and 0. Bigelow, Lindsay st. Grocer and Confectioner. — Wm. Alexander Silverwood, Kent st General Merchant. — Wm. Kewin, Kent st. General Merchant. — John Kennedy, Kent st. General Merchants. — Keenan & Lenihan. Importer and General Merchant. — Thomas 8. Lehane, King st Jewett's Hot .\— B. Jowott, Proprietor, Kent street, Lindsay Flour Mills, — Dealer In Wheat, Flour, etc., Robert Lang, Proprietor; ofHce, Kent Lindsay Tannery,— W, McNeil, William st. Lindsay Aduocate. — Edward 1>. Hand, Pub- lisher. Merchant and Carriage Mnnufiioturor. — John Thirkhill, Kent st. Martin's Hotel, (lato Walsh's),— J. Martin, Proprietor, Kort st, Merchant. — Janio , AVatson, WllUum st. Merchant — Charles Brltton, HIdout st. Staple and Fancy Dry Onods Merchant. — Thos, Bronghalf, Knowlson's Block, Kent st. Victoria Herald — Henry John Walte, Editor, Publisher, and Proprietor, William st. Watchmaker and Jewellbr,— H, 0. Clarke, Kent St. %\' I , . River each in innting e-look- table, to the of the nd un- > trans- West." , as the MILL BROOK, 0. W. A flourishing village, situated in the Township of Cavan, and County of Durham, Has a local trade of some importance. A station on the Port Hope and Tjlndsay Railway Is half a mile from the village. Distant from Port Hope 18 mllea. Dully nuUl, Population about 1000. Business Directory. General Merchant, — .Tames Kelly, Kell st. Grocer, Baker, and Confecllonrr. — James A. Johnston, Corner of Cuvan «fe ICcU st. Clerk of Division Court, Conveyancer, etc. — James M. Brodie, Kell st. Dispensing Chemist-E. Gregory, Railroad st. Dry Goods Merchant and General Grocer. — Samuel James Howell, 50 Main st. Dry Goods Merchant. — Richard Howden, Uailroad st. Millhrook MitHHenifer, — .Mfrcd Edwin Hayter, Editor and Proprietor, Uaili-ond st. Wellington Hotol.— (Irunvllle Ulohardson, Corner of Railroad &. Mill its. 1 M 88 NAPANEE, NEWCASTLE, AND OSHAWA, C. W. NAPANEE, 0. W. .v'-f-ii^' '•»• Napanee is a pretty Tillage, situated on a river of the same name, and which may, probably, be selected as the county town of Richmond Township. The river is navigable by small schoon- ers, and offers lirst-rate water privilege, in addition to the four saw-mills, which cut 9,000,000 ft. of lumber annually, two flour mills, two foundries, a woollen factory, plaster factory, cabinet fac- tory, planing mill, brewery, tannery, etc., which stand upon its banks. The Grand Trunk Kailway Station stands immediately to the north of the village. Napanee is possessed of no ordinary advantages, and is evidently destined to extend at the expense of other inland villages. If the traveller wishes a comfortable house, he should visit the Commercial Hotel, Napanee; and if the sportsman is anxious to prime his "pocket-pistol," by all means visit Mr. Johnston's distillery at Clark's Mills, where a Scotchman distils " mountain dew" as pure and spirit-stirring as any that smells of " peat-reek" and the Highlands of Scotland. Population, 2000. Distant from Kingston, 25 miles; Toronto, 134 miles. Business Directory. H. Ambrotypist and Photographist.— Henry Carman, Dundas st. Amos S. Bristol, M. D. Baker, Ac. — J. Worthington, Dundas st. Barrister and Attorney, Notary Public. — B Davy, Dundas st. Commercial Hotel.— S. R. Shaw, Dundas st. Druggist and Dealer in Paints, Oils, etc.— Jas. C. Huffman. C. General Assurance Agent, Treasurer Mechanics' Institute. — Robert Easton, Town Hall, Mar- ket Square. Manufacturing Miller, Conveyancer, Ac- Jas. F. Bartels. Napanee Standard.— Alex. Campbell, Editor and Publisher. Solicitor in Chancery, Attorney-at-law, Notary Public. — Robert S. Henderson, Dundas st. duce of th( tories, also, which all t daily stage, Albert, Bore Daily mail. Barristers an Wilson. Christian Ol Published Druggist. — M General Gro Luke A W: General Groc OSHAWA, 0. W. A flourishing incorporated village in the Township of Wliitby and County of Ontario, 2i miles from Sydenham Harbour, on Lake Ontario. A large business is done in the pro- OAKVILLE AND PETERBOROUGH, C. W. 89 duoe of the country, and the place is especially celebrated for flour. Several large fac- tories, also, have been established, and the Grand Trunk Railway has a station here, at which all trains stop. Distant from Toronto 33 miles, and from Montreal 300 miles. A daily stage, carrying the mail, runs north from Oshawa through Columbus, Raglan, Prince Albert, Borelia, and Port Perry, to Beaverton, on Lake Simcoe, distant 50 miles, fare f 2.50. Daily mail. Population about 8000. Business Directory. Barristers and Attorneys-at-law. — Billings & Wilson. Christian Offering and Oahawa Vindicator, Publisheaby Luke & Orr. Druggist. — Mark Robinson, King st. General Grocers and Provision Dealers, — Luke A Wood, 2 King st.. East. General Grocers and Wine Merchants. — Burk & McGaw, King st. General Merchants. — W. H. Gibbs & Co., Kingst -. • . . - McElroy's Hotel. — John McElroy, King st Oahawa Mills. — John Warren, Merchant and Proprietor. Postmaster, Bookseller, and Stationer.— Gavin Burns. Produce Dealera — Gibb & Brother, South Oshawa. Solicitor. — S. B. Fairbanks, King st. Surgical and Mechanical Dentist, and Mon- treal Telegraph Agent. — C. N, Vars, Cor. King & Simcoe sts. ., , , , . y ^i' • OAKVILLE, 0. W. " An incorporated town in the Township of Trafalgar and County of Halton, on Lake On- tario, at the mouth of the Sixteen-Mile Creek, which forms an excellent and land-locked harbour, of easy access. Oakville is advantageously situated for ship-building purposes, and a number of first-class vessels are built here every year. It is the outlet for the ship- ping of flour and other products to the American side, besides being the wheat market of the County of Halton. The Station of the Great Western Railway is on the outskirts of the town. A daily line of stages runs to Stewarttown, through Postville, Ashgrove, and Horn- by. Tlie steamers plying between Montreal, Hamilton, and other ports call here. Distant from Toronto 26 miles, from Hamilton 20 miles, and from Milton, the County Town, 16 miles. Fare to Milton 87^ cents, to Hamilton 50 cents, to Toronto 50 cents. Daily mail. Popula- tion about 2000." Business Directory. Canadian Hotel. — John Williams, Navy street. General Dealer in Groceries, Wines, Liquors, etc. — ^T. D. Johnstown, Colborne st. General Merchant and Insurance Agent. — James Reid, Colborne St. Hardware Merchants. — ^William Robertson J'icton, 26th May, 186T. (' I'! PORT HOPE, 0. W. Port Hope is beautififlly situated upon the-western shore of Lake Ontario, on an accliv- ity, the summit of which is capped with beach and pine, and clothed with villas, embow- ered amongst the trees. The principal street runs from the harbour to the top of the hill, and is crowded with large and lofty brick stores, houses, and hotels. The Town Hall and Montreal Bank form prominent objects to a spectator, placed upon the quay. And the graceful curve of the viaduct, resting on piers of solid masonry, over which the Grand Trunk Railway is carried, tends only to enhance the picturesqueness of the view. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural country, diversified by hill and dale, wood and stream, the evidence of which is the number of wagons crammed with quarters of beef, mutton, and poik, turkeys, geese, chicke.is, ^ggs, butter, and vegetables, crowding the town-hall square on Saturdays. Communication by railroad is already extended to Lindsay, 40 miles to the north-west, as well as to Peterborough, to the north-east ; and steamers, moreover, ply regularly, during summer, bet :veen Lindsay, Fellon Falls, and Bobcaygeon, 20 miles further, in a northern direction, on Lahe Sturgem. Distant from Cobourg 7 miles, from Tor- onto 62 miles (fare $2.13), from Peterborough 29 miles, from Lindsay 42 miles, from King- 6ton 98 miles. Population about 8000, Business Directory. Accountant and Commission Merchant, Con- veyancer, House, Land, Insurance, and General Agent. — R. Maxwell, south side of Walton St. Accountant and General Agent. — Robert Davidson, Walton st. Attorney and Solicitor. — George Brogdin Walton St. Barrister-at-law. — J. Forster Boulton, Wal- ton St. Barrister and Attorney-at-law. — Nesbitt Kir- chaffer, Walton St. Book and Job Printing Office.— Geo. A. Coul- wn, Mill St. Ansley, Bookseller and Stationer. — Jas. C. Walton st* Chemist and Druggist. — John S. Tomlinson, Walton st. Civil Engineer. — A. W. Sims, Elgin st. Commission Merchant.— F. Murphy, Walton st. Commission, Shipping, and Forwarding Agents, Lumber Merchants, etc. — ^Albro :; treih^on, o. w. An incorporated village and port of entry, prettily situated on both aides of the mouth of the River Trent, at the head of the Bay of Quint6, in the Townships of Murray and Sid- WINDSOR AND WHITBY, 0. W. 98 ney, and Counties of Northamb«rland and Hastings. Two steamers start twice a week for Montreal, fare f 6 and $2.60, and is near a station of the Grand Tronic Railway. Distant from Belleville 12 miles, and from Toronto 101 miles. There is a small island two miles east of the village, called Mill Island, with two steam mills for lumbering purposes on it Daily mails. Population about 1600. Business Directory. Attorney-at-law, Solicitor in Chancery, etc. — Daniel R. Murphy, South Side Dundas street. B»Ver. — ^ William Diclcens. Coroner.— J. P. Patrick Gilbert Fergus, M. D., Surgeon. Doctor of Medicine. — H. W. Spafford, Dry Goods, Groceries, wharfinger, etc — Jesse T. Henderson. Druggist. — Albert D. C. Hawley, Bridge st Merchant. — David Roblin. Merchant. — John N. Thompson. Merchant Tailor. — John Stuart, Water st. Railroad Hotel. — Lewis Cruickshank, Water street. Saddler and Harness Maker. — J. R. Wert, corner of £lgin dc Water sts. .{ r 1 . , . -v. ... WINDSOR, 0. W. .V . ' V- -:-.; •>-..: .. '% .■■< Is situated at the western frontier of the Province of Upper Canada upon the banks of tlie River St. Clair, opposite to Detroit, in the State of Michigan. It forms the terminus of the Great Western Railroad, the seat of a Custom-house, and the site, at least, of an embryo city ; but as the steamer connects the Great Western with the Michigan Railroad, at the other side of the ferry, which is only about a quarter of a mile broad, no great extension can reasonably be anticipated for this frontier town, placed, moreover, as it is, in suoh close proximity to the large and flourishing town of Detroit Population about 8,000. ■?i I Business Directory. Barristers, etc.- (See Card.) -Macdonell, Stuart lii; Trew, I Vinegar Manufactures, — ^Wm. I (See Card.) Windsor Saloon.— Wm. Stratton, Proprietor. C. Bagley. MACDONELL, 8TPART, & TREW, ■ BARRISTERS, Attorneys, Solicitors, Notaries Publie, k, WINDSOR, C. W. 8. 8. MACDONBLL. J. SlUART. IT. H. TREW. WM. C. BAOLET, Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in PURE TABLE WHITE WINE & CIDER VINEGAR, WHITBY, 0. W. ._ — John warding cer and iss, 1, 2i e mouth »nd&i<3- An incorporated town in the Township of Whitby and South Riding of the County of Ontario. It is the chief town of the county, and a station on the Grand Trunk Railway. Distant from Toronto 29 miles, fares $1 and 76 cents. Daily mails. Population about 8600. Business Directory. A YK^- Ambrotypist and Photographist. — James A. Clark, Brock st Bamster-at-law. — A. G. Ham, Brock st. Barristers and Attorneys.— Macdonell & Dart- nell, Court House. Chemist, Druggist, and Perfumer. — Geo. A. Bannister, Dundas st. Dealer in Dry Goods, Groceries, Stationery, etc. — Joel Bigelow. Dealer in Stoves, Copper, and Sheet Iron Ware— John Trotter. Dry Goods, Ready-made Clothing, and Gro- ceries. — Robert Campbell. General Dealer in Groceries, Provisions, etc. — Joseph Mansfield. Importers of Dry Goods, Groceries, and Seeds. — Hamilton & Roberts. Importers of Dry Goods, Groceries, Hard- ware, etc. — Gibson & Yarnold. Importers and General Dealers in Dry Goods, Groceries, etc. — Lowes & Powell. Ontario Timet. — Wm. McCabe, Publisher. 94 WOODSTOCK, 0. W. I I Stationery. — George Tnle, Jr., Agent for Telegraph Company. Tin, SHeet, Iron, and Copperflmitli. — Jolin Bryan, Brock st. Watcii Maker and Jeweller.— ThocQallaglier, Brook Bt Whilbi/ Chronicle.— Vr. H. Higgin*. Editor. Whitby Foundry. — Lynde i Post, Brock street. Whitby House Hotd.— Tlios. Nelson Scrip- true, Dundas at. "WOODSTOCK, 0. W. The chief town of the county of Oxford, situated between tlio North and South Ridings, and forming one of the municipalities of the latter. Its location is very healthy, being on the height of land of the Western Peninsula, and surrounded by an exceedingly fertile country, renowned for wheat growing and cattle raising. The River Thames skirts the northern limits, and Cedar Creek passes through the southern part of the town, supplying 2 grist mill water privileges. Its principal business is various manufactures and commerce, especially the forwarding of wheat, etc. On the south side is a chief station of the Great Western Railway. Tlie principal buildings are of brick. There are 3 first-class hotels, 1 churches, 2 spacious school ) ouscs, and a county grammar school, and a substantial market- place and town hall. A tnagnlficent five-story steam grist mill wos set In operation in 1866, at a cost of |40,00C. The Canadian Literary Institute is in course of erection, at tlie east end of the town, estimated to cost |80,000. Distant from Hamilton, 48 miles ; from London, 29 miles; from Niagara Suspension Bridge, 91 miles; and from Paris, 19 miles. DaUy mall east and west by railway, and north and south by stage. Two malls are made up for England weekly. Population in 1852, 2,112, increasing in 1867 to 4,746. .. U Business Directory. Attorney, Conveyancer, etc. — John Greig. (See odvertisement.) Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemist. — RoDcrt Stack. Barrister and Attorney. — Hugh Richardson. (See advertisement.) Bookseller, Stationer, and Bookbinder. — ^W. Warwick. Cabinetmakers and Upholsterers. — Gumett & Piggott. Dry Goods Merchant. — ^W. A. Woods. Dry Goods Merchants. — Packer A Hood. Grocer and General JViBrchapu. — Edward Blomely. Groceries, Wines, Spirits pt^. — J. W. Hughes ACo. Groceries. — W. A. Reid A Co., E'unda? st Iron Founder and General Man\ifacturc r. — Homer Pratt Brown. JOHN GEEIG, ATTORNEY, Oonveyanoer, «Sz>o., WOODSTOCK, C. W. Merchant. — Thomus Oliver, West End. Produce and Commission Merchant. — John Ferguson. Physicians and Surgeons. — ^Drs. Turguand A Cunynghame. Railway Hotel. — Robert Bickle. Surgeon Dentist. — John G. Brown, Dundas st Shoemaker and Tanner. — Wm. Wilson. Tin, Iron and Copperplate Worker and St ve Dealer. — George Boditch. Telegraph Operator. — Henry Jozard, Jr. Wotchmaker. — John Dingwall. Wine and Spirit Merchants. — Henry & Gor- don. Wnodntock Sentinel. — John W. Whinnie A Son, Proprietoi-s. Woodntoci: I'imcs. — Alex. RiggsMcClenegbuu, Editor and Publisher. , HUGH RICHARDSON, BARRISTER & ATTORNEY AT LAW, Notura Pnblic, OONVEYANOER, &o., WOODSTOCK, C. W. ■ f\ TOWNS IN CANADA WEST. ' NIAGARA, C. W., Ib one of the oldest toviiB in Canada, situated on a point formed by the mouth of the River Niagara on the east, and Lalce Ontario on tlie north ; surveying it from the deolc of the steamer whi \ plies between Toronto and Niagara, you would imagine that you were gaz- ing upon one of the seaport towns in the south of England. Snow-white mansions peep out of umbrnguous woods; glittering spires reflect the beams of the setting sun, and mas- sive forts raise their front to the storm ; but step ashore, and you soon discover you have been looking upon a " dissolving view." It is true, a few houses wear all the aspect of re- spectable retirement, but they are lodges in a vast wilderness, the footfall of the solitary passenger re-echoes in the deserted city ; the frame buildings betray all the symptoms of decay : pride and poverty dwell next door to each other. Potatoes are planted In Fort StGeorge ; Fort Massasauga is dismantled, the mud enr bnnlf ments of which are washed away at the rate of 3 feet annually, and it is sentinellei by a solitary old pensioner, and last, not least of the ills to which Niagara is heir to, a i"odern railroad carries the majority of travellers over the scenes of ancient bloodshed, and past the lofty, memento of civil war — Brock's Monument — to tiio Falls, 14 miles from the town of Niagara. Fort Ontario, on the American ride, is maintained in a good state of preservation, but fsnkee invention has transformed the warlike into a peaceful and useful structure, by sur- mounting it with a light-house. Tempora mulantere, et no» tnutamu* in illia I Population about 8,000. Distant from the Falls, 14 miles. SUSPENSION BRIDGE, C. W. Suspension Bridge is a station on the Great Western Railroad running from there to Windsor, opposite Detroit, and also to Hamilton, C. W. Jimi'irants, passing through to tlie West, generally wait here 4 to 6 hours, and have baggage re-ciiecked Tliere is an emi- grant refreshment room within tho station, conducted by a German, where good, whole- some provisions, and tra and coffee are supplied at the lowest rates. The economical Ger- man emigrants, for the most part, patronize it. There is also another excellent refresh- ment saloon at the station, where meals are to be had on the arrival of every train; whilst for a respectable and comfortable hotel at the Bridge, we name the Great Western liotel, kept by Mr. Kavanagh, who is very attentive to strangers. Parties passing through, can leave their baggage at either the station, or hotel — have time to walk as far as the Falls — fully one mile up the river side ; whilst parties who have time to stay, will find Sus- pension Bridge convenient for arrivol and departure of trains to the West, or to Buffalo and Lake Shore Railroad, or to New York and eastern cities. Distant from BufTnlo, 22 miles; Windsor, C. W., 229 miles; Hamilton, 43 miles; Toronto, 81 miles, via rail — and about 50 miles, via rail to Niagara, and thence steamer across Lake Ontario. ST. CATHERINE'S, 0. W. St. Catharink's is celebrated for its mineral springs, to which great numbers resort every summer. Hotels of the largest size, and well appointed, are established for accommodating visitors ; the largest of which is the Stepehenson House, named after its proprietor, Mr. Ste- phenson, who has done much to bring the virtues of St. Catherine's Springs prominently tefore the public. St Catherine's is situated on the Welland Canal, which connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, in one of the best agricultural districts in Canada West. It is a station on the Great Western Bailroad. Distant from Toronto, 75 miles ; Hamilton, 39 miles ; and Niagara Falls 12 miles. ■I ', It ii " TOWNS IN CANADA WEST. SOUTHAMPTON, 0. W., Forms, as yet, only the nuclous of a town, situated at the mouth of tl»e River Haugeen. Two or three hotels and stores, surrounded hy several frame houses have been planted up- on 'he sandy slope sllll studded with stumps, riaing gently fi-om the shore of the lake. Tlie sand, however, diHappenrs before a richer soil as you retire into the interior of the country. A flour mill and two saw mills stand upon the banks of the river. The fisheries furnish lucrative employment for several boats' crews, particularly during the fall of the year. Beyond the river lies an " Indian Ueserve," and an Indian villoge, consisting of a few frame houses inhabited by a remnant of " mild-eyed and melancholy" red Indians, pen- sioned ity government, and monopolizing a crescent eminence upon the banks of the me- andering Haugeen, with romantic dells, and sylvan scenery scarcely surpassed even by " Winsome Yarrow." Opposite the turn, and about a mile distant from the shore, lies Chantry Island, or rother islet, on which a light-house has lately been erected, and on the lee of which might be constructed a harbour of refuge for a whole navy — a scheme, which, rumour says, has been projected, in connection witli a new line of railroad from Guelph, and urgently demanded by the inaccessiliillty of this north-west corner of the provineei But, considering the dangerous nature of the navigation through the Georgian Bay, there cannot be tlie least doubt tliat it will withdraw the traflic, at last, to the west from tho Northern Railroad to Collingwood, and conduce, therefore, to the prosperity of " tho Morning Star," as Southampton may be designated, from its position. Population al>out 060. 70 miles N. of Godorlch — 32 miles from Owen Sound. Stage daily to Owen Sound. . V ST. MARY'S, 0. W., Twelve miles S. W. of Stratford, is a town which has risen into existence within the last few years, and is beautifully situated upon the banks of the River Thames. The Grand Trunk Railway is carried across a valley on the north, and a branch to London on the east, on viaducts which adorn the town by the lightnesw and elegance of their struc- ture. The point of junction has been removed, on account of the intervening volleys, about two miles from the town, a distance which proves a serious inconvenience to the trader as well as to the tourist; but the rapid progress which is evidently destined for St Mary's, by its situation as a market town and Its limestone quarries, midway between Stratford and London, will probably overcome the natural obstacles by the extension of its limits to the vicinity of the station. Stage connection with Stratford, Ingersoll, and London daily. Population, 2,600. STRATFORD, 0. W., Forms the junction of the Grand Trunk Railway to Port Sarnia on the River St, Clair, and the Buffalo and Huron Railway, and Is sltuoted upon the banks of the River Avon. It is a straggling, irregular town, following the windings of the river, and the un- dulations of the rolling country on which it is built. The intersection of the town, more- over, by three lines of railway, the erection of two station-houses and sheds, the assump- tion of an eminence by several churches, not to speak of tho dilapidated state of several tenements forsaken by their Inmates, all adds to the general disorder and confusion pre- sented by tills once flourishing town; for since the railway has been carried through to Goderich It has been threatened — like several other towns placed in similar circumstances— ■with a severe collapse. Notwithstanding, Stratford lies in the centre of an extensive dis- trict of tlie " Huron tract," noted, as everybody knows, for its productiveness, anil will al- ways, therefore, prove a steady, if not an increasing attraction to the farmers in the sur- rounding country. Population, 3,500. Distant from Toronto, 89 miles ; Sarnia, 80 miles; London, 39 miles ; Goderich, 45 miles. I art Jf0mt|. THINGS AS THEY ARE IN 18 5 9. h- '-p^it CONTENTS OF PART IV. i f I i PAGB American Auction Rooms 30 American Bank Notes 23 American Banks and Banking 19 American Hotels 11 American Houses 66 American People, Degeneracy of the ... 62 American Railroad Cars 41 American Railroad Conductor 45 American Railroad Locomotive 43 American Railroads 40 Amusements and Sports 59 Attendance at Church 49 AMctioiieer, The American 31 Auction Rooms in New York 30 Automaton Oven 33 Bakeries, Mechanical 33 Hallot Voting in America 76 Bank- Xote Reporters 24 Bank Notes of America 23 Banking Literature, Curiosities of. 25 Banking, Wild-Cat 21 Banks and Banking 19 Billiards and Chess 61 Bookseller, The Railroad 45 I'rfoksellers' Trade Sales 31 Biukon Banks 28 C'liiuuki, Trade with .... 32 tars (111 American Railroads 41 Cars, Ruih'oad Sleeping 48 Cluireh Attendance 49 Clmroiifs in America 49 Ciuireli I'salmody . . .■ 50 Citizenship 64 Clt'riiymen in America 72 Clotliing and Dress 49 Conuucreuil Agencies. 17 Connnerciai Colleges 29 Comparative Time indicator 85 Consmn|ition of Ice 40 Cui'iositips in Banking Literature 25 Cutting Tee on Rockland Ijike 38 I'olit I'dlleeting 19 iWnration of Intentions (M l>L'gi;ncracy of the Amoriuin I'eople. ... 62 Difference in Time in Canada 86 Difference in Time in United States .... 85 Domestic Servants. . . 71 Dress and Clothing 49 Drinking Customs 36 Drinking. "Water 36 Drinks, Refreshing . 38 Educational Institutions of America. ... 74 Elections in America 76 Exchange and Exchange Oftices 22 Exemption Laws of the United States . . 83 Express ! 65 Express Companies 56 Extracts from Bank-Note Reporters .... 24 I'amicrs in Winter Time 58 Fire Engine Estahlishment 53 Fire Engine, Steam "iS Fruit, Prices of 70 Furniture Manufacturing 82 Hoc & Co.'s Printing Machine 7 Hotels in America 11 Household Affairs 67 Housekeeping, Expenses of 68 Ice Trade 38 Indicator, Time 86 Intentions, Declaration of 64 Interest, Legal 28 Laws, Exemption, of the United States.. 83 Laws, Usury 28 Leviathan I'rinting Machine 7 Locouiolivc, Tlie American 43 Lumber and Lumbermen 51 Meat, Prices of 70 Mechanical Bakeries 33 Mercantile .\gciicics 18 Newsman, The Railroad 45 New York Auction Rooms 30 Peter Funk Auction Rooms 32 Printing Machine of R. Hoc it Co 7 Professional Men in America 71 Protection to Trade 17 Psalmody in Churehos 50 Pushing Trade on the Cars 46 (Quaker Settlement, New Lebanon 7'J iii : If J nip CONTENTS OF PART IV. Railroad (American) Locomotive. 43 Railroad Cars 41 Railroad Conductor , 45 Railroad Refreshment Stations. 47 Railroad Sleeping Cars 48 Railroads in America 40 Railroad Travelling Newsman 45 Rapids, Rafts running the. 61 Refreshing Drinks 38 Refreshment Stations in America 47 Reporters, Bank Note 24 Shakers, The 79 Sleeping Cars on Railroads, 48 Sleighing in Winter Time 67 Sports and Amusements. 69 Steam Fire Engine 55 The Shakers 79 Time Indicator 86 Time in Europe and America 85 Trade Sales 31 Trade with Canada 82 Trade Protection Societies. 18 Trotting Matches 59 " Two-Forty". 60 Usury Laws of America 28 Vegetables, Prices of 70 "Voting by Ballot 76 "Water and "Water Drinking 36 "Wayside Refreshment Station 48 "Who are Yankees ? 36 Wild Cat Banking 21 Winter Evenings 68 Winter Time in America 57 Worthy of Credit 18 Yankees, Who are ? 35 JfUnstrations. PAQE American Locomotive 44 American " Racker" at fully " Two-Forty" 60 American Railroad Car 42 Hoe & Co.'s Leviathan Printing Machine 6 Ice-cutting at Rockland Lake. 89 PAOS Running the Rapids of St. Lawrence ... 62 Shaker Costume 80 Shakers Dancing 81 Steam Engine? 55 Time Indicator. 80 iii:; THINGS AS THEY ARE I IST 18 5 9. In the preceding parts we have endeavonred to present aomo of the physical features of America, and with the engravings illustrative of such, trust, tliat to soino oxtjnt we have done 80 successfully. The articles contained in the following pages refer to the scioliil halilin, commerce, man- ners, customs, and, in fact, to the every-day life of the Amorleanit, noticing, at the same time, a few of lfc« more remarkable inventions which illustrate tho prosperity, comfort, and genius of the peojAe. Some of the «ibject8 noticed, have already been treated by t)tbers with greater ability than we lay claim to, and, although perhaps known to many, wo notice them lioro as the record of our own observations, to render the work as complete an poHslble, and by the in- troduction of articles on subjects not generally noticed by wrltorn on America, wo trust, that, taken as a whole, they may prove worthy of perusal. No particular arrangement lias been studied as to the order in which they appear, but on referonco to the Index pre- fixed, any one of the subjects noticed will be found at once. |(t [1 i-i 'ji IIM ■• I One of tl printing ma ninchine ro( ing. There can coninian work; throv come from o are ten mer sheets, ready machines we To descril printing mac appreciated, and, with th< it You wil and a half fe fourth of the adapted to n ing table." ( it The dian order that tli ing. The inli it is taken by cylindrical di continuous ro The large c ried to ten co around it, wh cylinder, by n occupj'.) Th( For each im uting surface when they a^ detached segn; stitutes the " I are termed " cylinder, and i advertising, ai the column ru centre of the c rules are held length, and sli grooves, betw( fitted, the out< Ijoing cut awa 8t ihe end and lylinder as th« 'h* oylindor w then position, Tho strange] *ork, is at on< ;:rt;at whir of HOE & CO.'S LEVIATHAN PRINTING MACHINE. u I e 'C i 1 One of the greatest sights, in our estiination, for the stranger who has never seen a printing machine throwing off slieets at the rate of 20,000 per hour, is for him to visit a machine room in one of the Daily Newspaper offices, where they are to be found work- ing. There are generally elevated points in the machine rooms of such, from which you can command an excellent view of this wonderful mammoth of engineering skill, busy at work; throwing off, and laying down of itself with mathematical nicety, the sheets as they come from off the cylinder, at the rate of 20,000 copies per hour. On this machine there are ten men feeding the sheets on, whilst, as we have said, the " flyers" lay down the sheets, ready for folding — the machine working with less noise than some single cylinder machines we have seen, when they were laboring away at 1200 to 2000 per hour. To describe this machine so as to convey a proper idea of it to parties not versed in printing machinery, is not, we fear, very easy, and after all it must be seen at work to be appreciated. We shall, however, as far as possible, describe its construction and operation, and, with the engraving which we give in another page, the reader may have some idea of itk You will, therefore, try to conceive before you, a hi^rizontal cylinder, of about four (ind a half feet in diameter, mounted on a shaft, with appropriate bearings ; about one- fourth of the circumference of this cylinder constitutes the " bed" of the press, which is adapted to receive the " form" of types, the remainder is used as a cylindrical " distribut- ing table." On this table is distributed the printing ink, by means of rollers passing over it. The diameter of this portion of the cylinder is less than that of the form of types, in order that the distributing portion of it may jiass the impression cylinders without touch- ing. The ink is contained in a fountain, placed beneath the large cylinder, from which it is taken by a "ductor" roller, and transferred, by a vibrating distributing roller, to the cylindrical distributing table before alluded to. The fountain roller receives a slow and continuous rotary motion, to carry up the ink from the fountain. The large cylinder being put in motion, the form of types thereon is, in succession, car- ried to ten corresponding, horizontal, impression cylinders, arranged at proper distances around it, which give the impression to ton sheets, introduced, one at each impression cylinder, by men who are termed " feeders." (See our engraving for the position they occupy.) These ten men " feed" the machine with the sheets to bo printed. For each impression cylinder there are two inking vdllors, which vibrate on the distrib- uting surface while taking a supply of ink, and at the proper time pass over the form, when they again fall to the distributing surface. Each page is " locked up" upon a detached segment of the large cylinder, called by the compositors a "turtle," and this con- stitutes the " bed" and " chase." Tlie rules seen on newspaper pages between the columns, are termed " column rules," These " column rules" run parallel with the shafts of the cylinder, and are consequently straight ; while the " head," that is, the title of the paper, advertising, and dash rules, are in the form of segments of a circle. A cross-section of the column rules would present the form of a wedge, with the small end pointing to the centre of the cylinder, so as to bind the types near the top. These wedge-shaped column rules are held down to the bed or " turtle" by tongues, projecting at intervaU. along their length, and sliding in ^ '-ated grooves cut crosswise in the face of the bed, the space in the grooves, between the column rules, being filled with sliding blocks of metal, accurately fitted, the outer surface level with the surface of the bed, the ends next the column rules being cut away ui\derneath to receive a projection on the sides of the tongues, and screws at the end and side of each page to " lock" them together, the types are as secure on this cylinder as they can be on the old flat bed, or, in other words, are so tightly fixed on to the cylinder with which they revolve en maiim, that they are as little linMe to shifting IVoni then' position, as if they formed a [)ait of llie eylindur ilfolf. Tho stranger, on seeing this monster of pr'-nting power, yet exquisite in execution, at Work, is at once almost a])palled, as he catches the first glimpse of it in operation. Tb# iipoat whir of wheels at work — rollers inking — luon feeding on with clock-work exact- 8 LEVIATHAN PRINTING MACHINE. ness — tlio pure wWto ghoets bolng nippod Into the oinbrnons of its internal mnoliinnry — nnd boforo yon can connt ont>, n nhoot Imu reoolvoil tlio iniprossion of tlioumnndH of letters and nftorwarda unbosoinod, nii it wo.o, and laid down with mnthenintioal exnotnoHH; all toji[t>tlier, rlvoting tho attention of the beholder as It fllcb along, whll»t he «tands tranntixed alinoat, in uniazeineiit and delight. Look at it as it " goes nhea<1," throwing off its three hundred to four hnndred sheets every minute, continuously for days and nights in tho largo cities of tlds country, and in mighty London and Monehester, in Knglond. Whot is it, when wo think of its perforni- ancb every day in tho civilized world, carrying, by its means — to millions of hearts ond homes, in tho mansion aa well as tlie cottage, daily intelligence— to the gay an well a« to tiie mourner — a giant viultum in a miniature pnrvo — tlio collected csscncu of tlio stales- man, philosopher, mcrelmnt, and schoolmaster, in all parts of tho world, in one I But wlio can caleulato its powers ¥ Wo pay it a humble tribute, if wo say it is a machine which h one of tlio njost glorious triumphs of modern niechanieal skill, which is as yet tho crowning glory of the printing profession all over tho world and — of tho " fourth estate" of Uritoln— ft nmehine of which every printer ought to feel proud, and firo Idm with ambition to he possessed of — that machine which renders still more sacred the power it reposes in the hands of those, who, by wielding it, control and guide — on both sides of tho Atlantic — flic destinies of tlie world. All honor to tho noble craft, towering above all other professions, which wields that power. All honor to the men who have placed such a machine in tlioir hands. If Uiehard M. Hoe and his brothers had never invented another machine buttlmt one, it of itself would entitle their names to be engraved on tho pages of history ns amongst the greatest benefactors of their race. The fact of these inoeljines having free scope to scatter thoir millions of sheets weekly brondcost over the world, from the presses of liritain and America, is of itself a powerful standing rebuke to that power which has trampled upon its liberty and gagged its power, in one of the most refined cities of continental Europe. It will bo a glorious day for Fronce when sho is once more at liberty to erect such a machine as that, and regniii the fo(>ting it was ai)out to j>lnnt on her soil, when its jirogress was arrested by a (luestioiirtblc power. Had Louis IMiilippe been on tho throne of tVanco to doy, these presses would, in oil prol)nl)ilify, have been sowing there also, seeds, tho fruits of which must follow wherever the printing jiress has free liberty to work. Our previous conception of this machine, before seeing it in operation, was, tlmt from the grt'ut increase of printing p«)wer and speed, it nmst l)e very complicated in its eim- struction, after seeing the old presses '■!,' Fish. — Mackerel, trout, and white fish. ' " . ' i ' ' > i ' ' Boiled Dishes. — Hum, tongue, and chickens. Roast Dishes. — Beef and lamb. Vegetables. — Potatoes, (boiled and roasted,) turnips, green peas, cabbage, beetroot, let- tuce, onions, Fiench beans, squash, pickles, etc. Pastry. — Apple pie, rhubarb pie, Indian corn pudding, (like ground rice,) wheaten bread pudding, floating island, sponge cake, cheese, biscuit, etc. Tea — or supper, as it is called — consists of the same as at breakfast time, with an addition of sponge cake, jellies, jams and pastry, suflUcient for the sweetest of teeth. At every meal, there is universally set down a tumbler of cold water. In fact, that accompanies every sort of meal in America. Considering that the foregoing fare is provided in hotels where you are boarded and lodged for $1 per day, you ask yourself the question. How is it done, and where in Great Britain could you get such fare, for any thing like double the amount of money ? In the $2 60 (or 10«. stg.) per day houses, of course the meals are more sumptuous still, there being magniiicent desserts placed on the table after dinner, consisting of the most tempting of home, as well as tropically grown, fruits. In connection with the meals at American hotels, we confess we have failed, like Mr. W, Chambers, to see much of that fast eating attributed to Americans. We have seen quite as much of that in England, as at any hotel in America. At first-class houses, in the large cities, we have many times considered them decidedly slow at meot. We have seen instances of some finishing their meals quickly — but we have seen that excelled many a score of times, in " coffee rooms" and " commercial rooms" of hotels in England, where either not being called in time — meals not ready when wanted or ordered — the unfortunate traveler was often obliged to " bolt" them at a rate about as fast as the approaching loco- motive he was anxious to be in time for. As a general rule, people here do not sit so long at their meals as they do at the tables In the hotels in Great Britain, greatly owing, we think, because the drinking customs are not indulged in so much here. At toble, there is not so much ceremony and formality, and dining does not generally occupy so long time — whilst at some tables, a proportion of the guests may be men in business, who allow themselves only a certain time for meals, and na soon as done, are desirous of perusing a newspaper, in the reading room, before returning to business. The bedrooms of all hotels almost, in America, have one great advantage — they arc lofty and clean, as a general rule; the first-class houses scrupulously clean. The most gorgeous apartments of first-class hotels — or, as we moy call them, the $2 or $2.60 (8«. to 10».) per day, houses — are the ladies' parlors, drawing-rooms, and reception-rooms. Visitors, on calling, are received in the reception-rooms, which are little drawing-roonis of themselves. The public sitting-rooms are really gorgeous apartments, and such, we fancy, as many on the Brilisli side of the Atlantic have little idea of. Let the stranger enter one of these magnificent, lofty rooms, even although he has been accustomed to the Great Western at Paddington, the Euston, or any of the fashionable hotels in St. James or Albemarle street, London, (Eng.,) or Douglas's in Edinburgh, he will be met with splendor he scarcely reckoned on. On whatever point the eye rests, it is only to be dazzled or pleased. If th8 dining-halls at the walli the cornicei- tlie rarest ai softest and i: (Eng.,) whic the exquisiti for luxurious ture; whilst intricate woi earnest in oi Queen of the need fear th< American Iiol Tlie ladies' and for gentl Single gent however, are prefer to sit i where the nei Single gent inmotes of it, allowance is n versation, and The fastidio time — may tur system adopte stager on sorat crack house al best bedroom— on l/is arrival- clean, stands ri lined host appi difference in ar First of all, saving here. James's hotel, porters. Your even in your " 1 «nd better cour ^Vel], you can I in sitting down with the eompa unknown guest Here you will s «ven by tlie pol a well-bred and a stranger from It is true, that i nne end, and yc much as you 1 Mil even for yo you will feel " leasts as is usua! Ik HOTELS IN AMERICA. 19 dinlng-hnlli were hanquetinp^-hallg, truly these nre ely^uims of ease and grandeur. Look at the walls, and they are touched off with cxcellem taste, in white and gold, (n rimpsj the cornicei — the richest and most intricate efforts of the plasterer ; the windows — hung with the rarest and most costly dni|'orlea of Tournay or Bradford ; the floors — covered with the softest and most beautiful velvet-pile carpets of Urii^ht, of Roolidale, or Crossley, of Halifax, (Eng.,) which have found their way here, to add comfort and splendor to th« apartment} the exquisitely-carved rosewood furniture — sofas and easy chairs of all imaginaMo shapes, for luxurious ease and elegance — and the superb grand pianos, of America's best manufac- ture ; whilst the splendor of the mirrors, and the gas-fittings, and chandeliers — by their intricate workmanship and beauty, finish off the gorgeous aportment. We are in sober earnest in ou it-marks, as all will know who have seen thc>, full allowance is made for the error, and, most probably, some of the ladies will open iij) a con- versation, and thereby make the stranger feel at once at home. The fastidious Englishman — when he enters a hotel on the American plan for the first time — may turn up his nose at some things which he sees, simply owing to the difference of system adopted here. If he has been a commercial travelkr, for instance, who, as an old stager on some favorite ground in Britain, and as well known as the village clock at every crack house all along his rou —where the chambermaid will be sure to put him into the best bedroom — where the boots * ill be like to break his neck, and his back, too, in assisting on liis arrival — while the oily waiter, with his crimson countcnurife in white choker so dean, stands rubbing his hands, with a towel under hi* left arm-pit, and the sleek and well- lined host approaches to shake the arrival by the fist — *' h a gentleman will find a migt.'y 'ifference in an American hotel. First of all, let us remind him that, in the considerav of expen* -, there is a great saving here. You can live her^ at a hotel equal in maunifioenee to a Mivart's or a St. James's hotel, for 10». (stg.) per day, and no fees to chambermaidf", wnit<>rs, Loots, or porters. Your meals will comprise delicacios with which you never have i/«en favored, even in your "best house on the road ;" so that if a different course is pursued here, different and better courses ar« laid before you. But you may -* -h to dine by yourself, as at hiirn^. Well, you can be accommodated at the hotel, on the Eumpean plan. Only remember, that in sitting down nt the public table of a hotel here, on tlu American plan, you will meet with the company of the most accomplished ladies as well a» gentlem<-'i, the former b'-ing unknown guests at your "commercial room" tables in old England, Scotland, ov Ireland. Here you will see ii deference, respect, and attention paid to ladies', exceeded nowhere — not even by the politest people said to be in the world — the Parisianc. If you are found to be a well-bred and true gentleman, it will r a very difficult matter, particularly to you, a stranger from Britain, to get introdu^uO i ■ I'le drawing-room to the best of its society. It is true, that at the public dinner-tabl- V'm ■" ill miss your accustomed " president" at the one end, and your "vice" at the other; you will miss your bottle or two of wine, or as much as you have been accustomed to " pui uway." But here we are wrong. You may call even for your wine or spirits, and get any thing of that kind supplied ; but if you do, you will feel " all alone in your glory," and be left to propose and respond to as many toasts as is usual, from " the Queei., and God bless her," down to " absent friends ;" but this IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) c ^ /. ^/ yA^ ./-^.«. *•" ^^% I/. s 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^ 1^ 1112.2 2.0 ■ 40 1.8 1-4 IIIIII.6 V] /: '>^''^^^y /A '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation V iV -■^ \ \ ^and-fork work, from ore end of the table to the other, and the rich and good things set before you, will all combine to make you forget the com- forts even of the " Hen and Chickens," the " Red Lion," the "White Horse," the " Stork," the " Buck's Head," the " Guildhall," and any and all of the favorite houses yon have left on the other dde of the water. Finished your dinner, for example, instead of a bill of 2<. 6d sterling (62 cents) for din- ner — and, to say the least, other 2«. 6d., but oftener 6<. (|(1.26), for wine alone, making, as you well know, from 6«. to 7<. 6dl (stg.,) anJ sometimes as high as 10«. to 14«. each, when you have had an extra "heavy go," for dinner-bill alone — here you have had all you could desire in eatables, for from 1«. to 28. (stg.), depending upon the house you stop at. In connection with this subject, we would refer yon to a letter in the London Ihnts of July 10, 1868, wherein a gentleman complains of a tel at BrigfatoUj (iiot, however, the " Clarence,") at being charged in a dinner-bill, as fo. . s: — Bov^, two chops, pease, pota- toes, cheese and bread— only (?) '7*. sterling; and with half a pint of sherry wine, 38. ; in all, 108., or $2.60 — exactly the price of one entire day's board and lodging at one of the tip top houses in New York. If you should, however, think some of the company rather plebeian, we would have yoa to recollect, that at the dinner-table here, as well as everywhere else in America, " Jac!i is as good as his master ;" and if you happen to have got an engagement in a store, yoa will meet your employer here at table, and he will meet you in a very different spirit, nud with very different feelings, from what some " old governor," you once had, would have met you at the dinner-table — ^if he had ever met you there at all. If it should so happen that you have not got such a nice bed-room as you would like at the hotel, all you have to do is to give the clerk the hint, in a quiet, gentlemanly, and affable manner, and he will meet you in the same way, and give yon, most likely, the first room he can for the better. The clerks at hotels here, are obliged, as thry are generally found to be, civil, obliging, gentlemanly men ; bred, m'Mt likely, as you yourself were, otherwise they could not occupy the post of book-keeper and cashier, and in many cases speaking three or four languages. If, however, you " try it on" with them, in the style of '' born to command," so usual in hotels in Britain, you will find yon make one of the greatest mis- takes you are apt to make in this country, for want of not knowing better how to go •bout matters. Some of the ]MinciDal hotels in all large cities in America, are open all night ; in fact, they are never shut from the morning the honse is opened by the tenant, till it ia closed forever by him. A fresh clerk, with fresh servants, go on duty at night, and relieve each other with the name regularity as the soldiers relieve each other at the Horse Guards. One great advantage of the American hotel is, that, being open all night, as we have •aid, and that you arrive, say at four o'clock in the morning, you will meet with the same attention and promptness as if you had arrived at twelve at noon ; and in some of the hotels, where there is a bar always open, you can have meals at any hour of the night or morning, just as promptly as at one o'clock in the afternoon. On your arrival at a hotel in America, you will not be saluted by a waiter or two in white cravat, black cloth suit, etc., and with an immense deal of bowing and humbug from either waiter or landlord. Instead of that, you enter the hotel, perhaps unseen ; go right up to the desk at the office ; ask for t'-.o visitors' book, (where you enter your name, and where you are from) ; tell the clerk you Ii iVe some luggage, (or baggage as it is invari- ably called,) when he will summons one of the porters of the house to bring it from the door, if there. You apply for a bedroom, the clerk presents you with the key of a room of a certain number ; the porter, who has brought in your baggage, ia desired to ascend with HOTELS m AMERICA. 15 you to your room, and tbere you will find it all ready for your reception; and let you ar- rive whenever you will, the bedroom you are Bent to is certain to be in that state, and none of the hurry-eourrying which is to be seen someumes in hotels in England and Scot- land, when a room is not in order for a fresh guest to enter it. Your baggage laid down in your room, it will be better for you to peruse the rules and regulations of the house, which you will frequently find printed on a placard and hung up in your room. The key which you got from the <>krk is intended to be used by you by day as well as by night. That is to say, keep your door always locked during the dey, and when not in your bedroom, either keep the key in your pocket, or what is general, return it to the clerk at the office, who will hang it up ; and whose duty it is to receive it from, and de- liver it to you, whenever you like. Any complaint you may have to make ; any thing not exactly to your mind ; any change you may want; stamps, wafers, etc. ; inquiries as to post-office, or any thing else pertain- ing to the town ; any washing requiring attending to, there is only one man to talk to about these and all such matters, and that is, the clerk or book-keeper in the office. It is no use tolking to servants; they will pay no attention to you, further, than tell you to apply at the office. Of course, at any time, you may ring the bell is your room, and the clerk will dispatch a porter to see what you want One of the most important assistants about a hotel here, is the clerk or book-keeper; he is, in fact, the factotum of the establishment, and who is to be found in close attendance, as we have said, at the desk or in the " office" of the hotel — the latter a department almost unknown in hotels in Britain. Wiih the clerk you make your terms for board and lodg- ing on entering. Whatever terms you make, it will be so much per day or per week. In many hotels, where the charge is $2.00 per day, you will find, by making a bargain per weeifc, it may not cost you much more than half that sum per day. In the same way with houses whose charge is $1.00 per day, you may board and lodge for $3.00 or $4.00 per week ; and whether you bargain by the week or by the day, the bills of fare are the same — your patronage is esteemed just the same Tor a day, as for a week, and you can stay as long as you like, or go when you like. Only there is this to be remembered, that you had better ascertain the hours for meals, as, if you are not there at meal-hour — and lose meals —there is no reduction made in the rate per day, it being all the same whether you take meals or not Boarding in hotels, as a regular thing, is quite common by yorng men in situations, and young married couples, who have not the means probably to furnish and keep up a house as they would like, or who do not wish to have its cares and troubles. Families, however, who have any idea of residing permanently in a town, furnish at onoe, if they have Uie means. We have met many young men in situations — in towns in the States — who bdmg unmarried, board and lodge in the hotel, and do so very respectably and comfortably, for f 3 or $4 per week, and feel convinced they live better, and are more comfortable than if in private lodgings. Workmen, again, with and without families, who are strangers in a town, seek out a respectable hotel, where they find it very convenient and economical, until they get either private lodgings, or rent a house of their own. We have met with several work- men in the northern and western states, who, earning their $8 to $10 per week, live regularly at the hotel, paying $3 to $4 per week for board and lodging, such as is un- known to the working classes in Great Britain, who have the same amount of wages, viz. : 82«. to 40«. per week. Half an hour or so before each meal, a huge gong is sounded through all parts of the house, with noise sufficient to waken the dead, were it possible^ On the sound of the Becoml gong, it is to intimate that every thing is ready, and you are desired to take your Beat at table. The top, or head end of the table, is always reserved for ladies, and gentle- men with kdies, seated all tc^ether. The single gentlemen take the first seat they lay hands on. American hotels are owned or leased by sometimes only one party, and in other oases by f :!h !\> !^« l-f:''2«Ktb' i..> n." ^..■1.' -tirituns 16 HOTELS m AMERICA. two or three in partnership. Sometimes a man is a partner in a hotel, and a manufacturer or merchant at the same time. He will invest his money as a speculation in a hotel, just as soon as in a cotton mill, a railroad, or a bank. Again, there is one man in the States, who is leseee of no less than fire of the largest houses, in different cities. The conducting of a hotel, in America, is reduced to a system as methodical and perfect as the carrying on of a cotton mill, or conducting a garrison, and hotels here are just as un- like some of the hotels in Britain, as a country draper's shop is to a mammoth sized warehouse, in Manchester or London. The hotel proprietor is generally a shrewd, active, gentlemanly man of business, who works more with his head than his hands. In the offices attached to some hotels are two or three clerks or book-keepers, whose duty it is to answer all parties calling. When about to leave a hotel, give all your instructions to the clerk at the office. If yon leave word any where else, it may be forgot. If you leave it with the clerk, it is almobt certain to be punctually attended to. Near the clerk's office, there is generally a washing room, where you can wash your hands, etc., without the trouble of going up to your room to do so. All hotel keepers have skeleton keys to the bed-room doors, so that in leaving your room locked, it is better to leave all your baggage locked up. Those keys are necessary to enable the servants to ole^ir up the room in your absence. Regarding the hotels upon the European plan, we may observe that in some of them there is a " coffee room," similar to that department of a British hotel, where the guest may take meals at a table by himself; or again, where the meals are served up in the pri- vate rooms engaged by guests. We may here remark that the European plan of hotel keeping is gaining ground in the large cities, amongst the first-class houses. The hotels on the European and American combined, are conducted, in every other respect, same as an exclusively American hotel, excepcing in the serving of meals. It is in having a coffee room — and meals supplied at separate tables there, or in private apartments — in what the difference consists. Frequenters of first-class hotels in England, will find themselves suited in America equally as well, and, we suspect, immensely cheaper than at hotels in Britain, and with all the comforts of the elite of the houses in " Bel- gravia" or " Modern Athens," or in the " Hotel du Louvre." Suites of private apartments, with bath rooms, and every modern convenience, can be engaged, fitted up in regal magnificence, either in the exclusively European, or semi- American and semi-European plan, with the best attendance— carriages, horses, and every thing which is generally attached to first-class houseik By an ingenious contrivance, all the nois« of ringing of bells in the house is avoided. An instrument called an " annunciator," is placed in the clerk's office. At a given signal from any particular room, the number of the room is indicated upon the dial-plate of the instru- ment, by one stroke of a call-bell, when a servant is dispatched to the room to ascertain what is wanted. Connected with every hotel there are numerous bath-rooms, and a barber's shop. Judging from the numbers who frequent the latter, and the time spent under the peruquier's handa, and in the washing-rooms attached, the Americans appear to be very particular as to their cleanly personal appearance and comfort Parties are recommended not to be over-communicative with strangers they may meet staying at hotels, as almost all hotels are infested with a set of prowling " loafers" and sharpers, who are continually on the look-out after strangei-s, on whom to practise variuiia descriptions of imposition and robbery. One may be officiously polite in offering to show you the " lions" of the city or town ; another will assume to be a perfect stranger like yourself, in visiting such ; whilst a third will pretend he is travelling to the same place you are going to, and offers to take you to the proper plooe for obtaining a ticket to your destination — whilst he is only an employ^ of a " bogus" or swindling ticket-office, after all Some strangers, who consider themselves very " smort" at home, have found, to their cost, smarter fellow-companions in strangers in such cities as New York. WORTHY OP CREDIT — TRADE PROTECTION. 17 round in th« ies in " Bel- PROTECTION TO TRADE AND DEBT COLLECTING. A ooMifEBoiAi, traveller acquaintance of ours, once was desirona of opening an account with a very good and safe man, but such was the nature of the oustonier he had to meet, that the traveller was for some time at a loss how to approach him, as, from all he had heard of him, he was one of those purse-proud, ignorant, and contemptible men who are to be met with sometimes behind a retail shop or store counter, by travellers " on the road." There was only one way to make the attack, as he was determined to let him understand that the obligation of doing business between individuals, was mutual, so he resolved to " take the bull by the horns." Walking into the shop, with parcel of patterns in hand, and an utter stranger, although not unacquainted with the peculiarities of the man he bad to deal with, thus addressed him: "I have called, sir, to pay you one of the highest compli- ments which one man can pay to another," delivered with all that suavity of manner and perfect coolness with which some accomplished travellers are largely endowed. The cus- tomer was taken aback from so unusual a salutation, and was brought to inquire, " Indeed, sir ! In what respect ?" " Simply, sir," said the traveller, " that the house I have the honour to represent, considers you worthy of credit." The result was, that between what the cus- tomer considered the audacity of the traveller, and that he felt the truth of the compliment, it led to business between the two. We mention this anecdote briefly, to illustrnte how difficult it ie to do business with some men, however good value may be placed before them, but more particularly, that the man who, although at one time in the hey-day of prosperity — and whose position is one of undoubted good credit, with every one more anxious than another to do business with him — may not always remain in that excellent position, but who, a few years afterwards, may afford as good reasons why the commer- cial traveller should be as desirous of avoiding his acquaintance as our friend was of mak- ing it, and hence the necessity and utility of one of those " institutions" in America, called " Commercial" or " Mercantile Agencies," connected with which, is that of Debt Collecting. The system of Trade Protection Societies, as carried out in Great Britain is in its infancy when compared with the system in operation in America. Where is the protection society there, for example, that can produce in its office a record of the commercial standing of every man in business from Penzance to John CGroat's, or from Ballycastle to Dundrum Bay. It is true, that such as Messrs. Perry of London have a register of all London traders only, and may procure information, perhaps, regarding men at a distance ; or it may be that a Trade Protection Association in Manchester oi- Leeds can give information about parties in those districts to their members writing to, or calling at their ofSoes, but if infor- mation is wanted about a man in Wick, (Orkney,) Enniskillen, (Ireland,) or Truro, (Corn- wall,) or other more out of the way places than these, they have to write and procure the information, and ten chances to one if they nave correspondents there from whom they can get any information at all. The mercantile or commercial agencies of America are conducted by private firms — whose standing can be easily ascertained by parties desirous of employing them — thus doing away with the objections to boards of directors about such establishments. They are carried on upon an immense scale, with agents and correspondents raraificating throughout the whole of the Union and Canada, and now we understand they are extend- ing their business to Great Britain, Ireland, and the continent of Europe. Their register of traders extends to every man engaged in business in every town and county in all the states and territories of America, as well as in Canada. This may be termed their " Trade Protection" department. In this department sets of books are kept, in which is entered the name, trade, and address of every man who is in business, whether that is in New Orleans or Nova Scotia, in California or Canada, In a certain folio in a ledger, every man's n»"ne is entered, followed up by a variety of particulars, such as when he commenced bueiness, what means he had, what was his moral character and business abilities, his mar- riage or family connections, etc., etc., so as to present a complete history of every trader from the date he started in business. Thus far, then, every roan's character and oircum- w MERCANTILE AGENCY SYSTEM. Btances are "posted up" into one of the ledgers of the firm. At the end of every six months, a fresh entry is made at Ids folio in the ledger, detailing any fresh circnmstances which may have arisen to alter the private or business character of the trader. Thus, for example, if he began ten years ago, there is an entry made at the end of every six months, shoving all the ciroumstances attending his career down to the pref&nt day ; at all events, so far as has been possible for the mercantile agency to get to know. Tlius, then» Mr. John Smith may have been in good standing when he started business, went on all right, and made money. At the end of the first year, stood reported in the agencies' books ; " perfectly trustworthy" at the end of the second year, however, the report stood that he was " given more to his rifle and dogs than to industry ;" at the end of the fifth report, or six months after the last, " seen frequenting drinking saloons too often— caution necessary in giving credit ;" whilst after other two reports, or at the end of other twelve months, the report stands, " accom- modation paper going freely between him and another house — credit fast on the decline ;" at the end of the next six months, the report says, " soM out to Mr. A. B., who has re-sold out to Mr. C. D.," evidently a swindle, thus putting a very fatal report upon his future career, During the last two years or so, houses who have been desirous pf knowing something of Mr. Smith, with the view of trying to do business with him, or others who have been doing business with him, have got uneasy as to reports they have heard respecting him, so that Messrsi Cotton, Cloth ib Ca, or Messrs. Brandy, Wine & Co., and many others, being mem- bers of the agency, send to inquire what report it has as to Mr. Smith's character, when they are furnished with his whole career, as embodied in those reports. When these houses make inquiries aa to his position, that fact also is entered in his folio in the ledger, BO that when the report is received that he has " sold out to Mr. A. B., and who has re-sold out again to Mr. C. D.," a note is dispatched by messengers, if in town, or telegraphed to a distance to the houses, who had made inquiries some time previous, to call at the agency, when they are shown the information just received, regarding Mr. Smith ; upon receiving which, they at once take steps to recover. In the course of men's business lives, a variety of oircumstanoes transpire, some of which have very injurious effects upon their commer- cial standing. All these, so far as can be ascertained, are recorded. We have given the foregoing illustration to show the modus operandi of the system, which is similar in some respects to the Trade Protection Societies in Britain, but we think, with this additional nd- vantage, that, as we have said before, whilst a society located at Glasgow or Edinburgh has no record of houses at Gal way, or St Ives, or Clonakilty, or Abergavenny, they are obliged to write to their correspondents in those towns if they have any, before they can get an- swers regarding parties there, when inquired after. Here, however, the name and stand- ing of every trader is kept " posted up" on the premises. Tliey have no occasion to write. A member calls, and gets to see at once the position the man holds as there recorded, which is undoubtedly in advance, and superior, in our opinion, to the system at present in exist- ence in Great Britain. Again, the firms who conduct these agencies have no interest but to give faithful representations to all their members alike. The records in their ledgers are ' open to their members, respecting their customers, wherever situated, and the information there recorded, is obtained by correspondents, residing permanently or travelling, going over particular sections of the country. Another means, however — and as far as it goes, one of the best means, of knowing the " paying" position men are in — is in the vast amount of business these agencies get to do, in the way of collecting debts. This brings us to the other department of their business, viz.. Debt Collecting. The Trade Protection Societies in England and Scotland sometime ago annexed this branch to their inquiry, or protectiou to trade department, for the use of their members, and we believe have worked it very suc- cessfully, often recovering debts, when the principals could not get one penny by direct application. In this department of the mercantile and commercial agencies, debts are col- lected for the general public as well as for members, which all the more extends their facil- itijs for acquiring busincAs information, and makes the department of great magnitude in the amount of business transacted. In such an extent of country as this is, it will at once be seen the great advantages which DEBT COLLECTING — ^BANKS AND BANKING. a9 inch agencies present to meroantile men, say in New York or Philadelphia, who can get their aceounts collected for a trifle through this means, although fifteen hundred or two thousand miles distant, these agencies having correspondents or agents every where, and besides their regular con'espondents, they have intimate connections with banks— the officers of which communicate freely with them — expecting like faoillties in return, when their business may need them, They have also correspondence with attorneys, who keep them advised of suits, encumbrances upon the real estate which parties may possess, and other information derivable from the public records. They have thus, abundant means of "checking" the information furnished by regular correspondents — and avoiding injustice, which might be done by misrepresentation, if entire dependence was placed upon reports from one source — as most men, however good and reliable, upon the whole, have their own interest to take care o£ Indeed, such information must always, of ne- eesBlty, be strictly guarded, and, to a certain extent, it must be secret— one merchant writ- ing to another on such subjects, always expecting and enjoining secrecy — and would think himself badly used if his injunction was disregarded. Little, we think, do some of the small store-keepers consider that their moral and busi- ness character is so narrowly watched, so carefully recorded, and taken such good care of, in a regular debtor and creditor account of their virtues and successes, placed against their vices and misfortunes, and those carefully added up every six months, and the balance then struck as to what the report should be in the books of the commercial or mercantile agencies. But so it is. As an institution, these agencies may be objected to by some ; but, taking any little disadvantages they may appear to present, we think, on the whole, that in the hands of respectable men, they are calculated to assist very materially every man ia avoiding — what every man is anxious to avoid — making a bad debt ; or if, after goods are sold to a doubtful customer, they prove of value in assisting in the recovery of the money, or getting security for the debt ^^ .^(f"" There is no doubt but that the system is an inquisitorial one in some respects, but not more so than is in operation by some London and Manchester houses, who keep such i-egis- ters of all their customers, and the amount they are worthy of credit for, and who, by means of their travellers covering the ground, and their own private " bailiff" — as a depart- ment of the counting house — who is retained to look after all long-winded customers, and who holds himself in readiness to be despatched at any moment of night or day, with the peremptory orders in his pocket of— cash — SKCOTtm — or bankruptcy, to fire red hot into the unfortunate customer who has a screw or two loose, or even fancied to be loose. The sys- tem of commercial agencies is only that, carried out for the whole business community, what many firms do on their own account. Members pay a certain amount yearly, and are furnished with replies to any inquiriea they may make respecting the circumstances and character of traders. Some of these establishments have branch offices in the principal cities all over the States and Canada. One of them, the oldest and largest, (B. Douglass & Co.,) having as many as 19 offices in different parts, and employing in the aggregate nearly 400 clerks — over 130 being em- ployed at the chief oflSce in New York alone. a^i'^n i>'.n h^!>j.M-. BANKS AND BANKING. ■:« Ja^» .'ft<.S*^>r!» i»<* In America there is no "Bank of America," as one institution — similar to the old lady in Treadneedle street, London — who, in a fit of the fidgets, or an aflfection of spasms, occa- sionally spreads her effects through the veins of the commercial body throughout the whole world, cramping up and levelling, in one day, all the paper-houses and castles in the air of the most wide-a-wake speculator, or who, some other day — when she feels inclined to be liberal — from the fact of having more gold in her coflfers than she knows what to do with — will open her purse, as well as her heart, and discount more freely at a low rate, aflFording relief to the distressed broker with settling-day not far ofif, and in fact to every 20 BANES IN AMEBIOA. one — even flrom Roth8chl'.>, who may have heen negotiating a loan for some "foreign power," who is not powerfui enongh to malce ends meet— down to the poorest workmen out of employment, who when life, activity, and confidence has emanated from the old lady referred to, Is again in the receipt of weekly wages. In England the system cen- tres in one, alike in banking, as well as in government. In America it is in banking as in govecnment.thorough republican, all upon one footing. In some of the Western States, all can issue notes, from the best and wealthiest joint stock concern, who affords to its customers the security of the State, down to the speculative " Wild-Cttt" banker, who does not trouble himself about anybody's security and safety but his own, and who, in the issue of the notes of hi» bank, or, as they are termed, " Shin- plasters," trusts to a long-eared public taking them as fast as those of any other bank. To give any thing like an adequate idea as to the banking system, in America, and the different methods on which it is conducted in different States, would require a volume, so we can only merely glance at some of its features, at present. Any man, or body of men can open, and carry on a bank, and issue their own notes, the law requiring, that to be a legitimate banking institution, affording the greatest possi- ble security, it should deposit, in the hands of the comptroller of the State in which it is, government stocks to the value of its issue. For example— a bank is started with $600,000, (£100,000,) and out of that capital, an issue of notes to the extent of $100,000 is wanted. The proprietors go and purchase State stocks to the value of the $100,000 and take these to the comptroller of the banking department of the State, who, having received these State stocks, countersigns the bank notes, (or "bank bills," as they are called,) for those parties for that amount of stocks which they have pledged, or deposited with him. Tlie safety to the public, who take these notes, consists in having the notes secured in the manner stated. The public holding such notes in the event of such a bank suspending payment, have recourse upon the comptroller, who " winds up" the concern, and pays the note-holders, the omount of the notes, snbject to a deduction for expenses incurred in winding up. In such cases, the note-holders have to wait some time, before the matters of Bnh concerns are settled, ond hope for as near 100 cents to the dollar, as possible. No such bank can issue more than the quantity they have given pledges for, because every note bears on its face, the signature of the comptroller, and he will not sign his name for more than he has received value for. Banks, whose safety to the public are thus secured, have on the face of their notes the words printed — "Skcubkd bt the pledge of public stocks," and in addition to having tliesig- natures of the president and cashier of the bank, the note is stamped thus in oval form, generally, " Countersigned and Registered in the Bank Department." Then follows the signature of the comptroller, specifying, also, of what State. Thus far, then, as one sample — as to the issue of legitimate paper, or bank bills, or notes. Depositors have no recourse, as in Britain, upon the shareholders of any joint stock bank. They have to take their proportion of a dividend out of the estate of such — as in any other ordinary suspension or bankruptcy. This was illustrated in the case of the Ohio Life and Trust Company of Cincinnati, which was a banking institution, and, previous to its suspen- sion in October, 1857, enjoyed the greatest amount of public confidence, and was looked npon as safe a concern as the Bank of England itself. Those who had deposited their funds there, had no recourse against the individual members or shareholders of that company. It may be remembered, that it was the very first to succumb to the pressure, of either mis- management or some other cause, and the concern which sounded the first key-note of dis- trust, suffering, and want of confidence which has spread all over the world, and which, even now, is far from having recovered from it. An immense amount of banking is carried on by men who issue no notes, and who as- sume the title of banker, and who are just as ;ped to New York to buy bonds ; and for every dollar so lost we get a paper dollar In return. And, Intelligent (f ) people, Influential bankers see this living outrage on honest labour and legitimate banking going on, and stand Aeedl**!, a* if paralysed before the evil. The only safety, the only permanent relief, will be fbund In putting a check on the expansion of an Irre- deemable paper eurrencv In the Mississippi Valley. i-f> '■very bank note that circulates be forced to recog- nlie the specie basis In St. Louis and In Chicago. ''" a merchant In St. Louis wants eastern exchange, and has |fi,000 or $10,000 In Illinois or Wisconsin he may go to the Clearlng-lluuae of such money, and get the gold or the exchange. Ho will not be 1, as now, to sell his currency, lose a part of it by discount, get Missouri note* In return, and thei I and obtain gold flrom the Missouri banks. Although Great Britain cannot boast of that the events of the late co'nmercial pai to be found eren among tht 'iking fr and impetuous Ireland ; a fra -^ity, ^ somewhere in the region of the as recent events have proved, it» ... at" bankers in name, it must be confessed developed the fact that " wildcats" nre of wealthy England, cautious Scotland, way, which is popularly believed to exist en of honour, morality, ond infallibility, but .tre only mortal after all, and who are as liable to err, morally as well as criminally, . ae young and rising merchant, whose bills they may be desirous of discounting, so long as it answers the purpose of manager or directors, until he is cast off, and launched suddenly into the slaughter-house of some accountant, in whom the banker may be specially interested, or otherwise into the court of bankruptcy. The doings, however, of such wildcat banking establishments, have not the same facilities in Britain and Ireland, as they hove 'n some districts of America, in so far as the issue of notes is concerned, whilst the unlimit.ed liability of shareholdership secures for the note- holder, at some time or other, 20». in the £, or 100 cents to the |. Upon the whole, therefore, it is only just to say, that whilst the banking system of America is as we have endeavoured to give samples of, it can boast of men in the profession of as high standing, not, perhaps, in means, but in integrity of purpose, and commercinl financing abilities as what Great Britain can do, and her first-class bankers in such os New York, Philadelphia, and elsewhere. Inherit the confidence of the public as much as any joint stock bank, or even the Bank of England itself, does in England, Scotland, or Ire- land, ''^''-'■'i '^t''-<'" i< «'» !:-i7iJt»i;| ;..KJir."j .T iL'.j i.T -,'r^j ■'-.•■u : •■ '\"y;L: itii -.ii Las, 'TIS EXCHANGE AND EXCHANGE OFFICES. *''i This branch of the banking business is supposed to be a very speculative, and sometimes a very money-making one, that depending upon the nature of the exchange business done, and the qualifications of the operator. Some bankers purchase the notes of " broken banks," or banks which have suspended — and the affairs of which uru still uiisellled. Tliey pay BO much per dollar upon the bills or notes of such — and take their chance of getting more than they pay for them. Their knowledge of the position of all banks which are being " wound up," and what prospect there is as tu u dividend, r-nables them to speculate accordingly — pretty safely — and obtain a good margin. Again, sometimes a panic is raised about the stability of some one or more banks In certain districts ; the public who hnve tlio notes of such banks, getting to hear of it, become frightened, and go to these exchange- bankers or brokers, who offer what they like for them ; the said banker, in some cases, knowing perfectly well that the bank is all right, and thus pockets perhaps 25 per cent by the transaction. Such reports as to the standing of perfectly good banks, are sometimes got up by interested parties, to the great profit of the brokers, who buy up the notes from 5 to 26 per cent discount, as the case may be. The whimsicalities of banking, and confidence in certain bank-notes, was curiously illns- trated last July, when the brokers took into their heads to " throw out" the notes of nearly all the banks of the State of Wisconsin, whilst, at the same time, it was followed by an an- liounoement from the railroad companies Uiere, that the notes of these very banks wonld THE BANK NOTES OF AMERICA. 28 ihe trad* of emand tlit itate bondi, lotea of thli ore specie to I filled with thlpped to stemgentC?) D, anditBDd 1 of an Irre- id to recog- n exchange, luch money, a part of It baoki. e confessed ildcats" nre I Scotlasd, ed to exist liblUty, but re as liable ) bills they )r directors, jountant, in Bankruptcy, ne facilities the issue of ir the note- g system of le profession commercial such as New inch as any land, or Ire- be token at par, or full valne. If there was no " dodge" somewhere in that, it certainly looked like it So far, therefore, as regards broken banks, and buying notes under raluo, • The legitimate exchange business, however, consists more in the exohanglng of the bank* notes of ope State for those of another State, or paying their value In gold or silver. Thus, for example, if a £1 Scotch bank note Is taken to London, (Eng.,) no London banker will take it as worth 20« stg., if he takes It nt all. To get It converted Into silver It must i)e taken to some silversmith or Jeweller, who is In the habit of exchanging money of that sort, or to a " bullion broker," whose business is that of exchanging the money of any foreign country for that of England, or vice vena. He is the English " exchange banker or broker." On going to him with a Scotch one pound-note, he would give only 19«., or 19<. and 6<£ for it; thus charging 6(£ or Is. fbr " exchange." Such is the prin- ciple here, only that, sometimes, the notes of one State are more valuable 1000 miles from the plaee where issued, than the notes of those you wish to exchange them for, as we will endeavour to explain. Thus, for example, the notes of a first-olass New York bank ar« more valuable in Chicago, than the notes of • Chicago bank are there, because the bankers and merchants in Chicago can send, say a $6 New York note, to New York, and get credit for $6 In full ; but if they were to send a $6 Chicago bank note, the parties In New York receiving It would deduct, perhaps, 1^ per cent, or equal to 7^ cents, off that note., as Chicago notes in New York are not worth so much there, as New York notes are, although the Chicago note is good enough, and worth $6 In full in tbo State where Issued, The difference, therefore, between the value of a $6 Chicago note .; Chicago, and in New York, Is 1^ per cent, or *l\ cents, on a $6 note. That difference is called the " difference of exchange," or, that Chicago notes in the New York Market are 1^ per cent below par, or fall standard value. Thus, a $5 Chicago note is worth only f 4.92^ — (four dollars and ninety-two and a half cents) in New York. o«uivil.i>:ii j.uf^.ii-! . As a general rule, we think we may say, that after a note of any State almost, except- ing New York and the New England States, travels out of the State where it was issued, it loses in value the further it travels from home, as it were, (In the same way as the Scotch pound note does, when It goes to London,) and is subject to a deduction to a small extent, if you wish to convert It Into gold or silver. As we have said, this applies to almost all the notes of banks issued in every State, excepting those stated ; from the fact of New York being the centre where money is due, and having to be paid there, it is cheaper to pay with New York notes than any other, as we have already stated. In travelling, therefore — if you are a stranger — see that you are carrying no notes of one State into another State with you. The best money for you to take is gold— in 1, 2i, 8, 6, 10, and 20 dollar pieces. They will go anywhere for full valu& All exchange oflSces are not always what they profess to be. In many places they par- take of the character of gambling-houses, and such like. Respectable exchange oflSces, who can be trusted with business safely, are in every city and town, and are easily foand out « At many places, the sign of " Exchange" is put up, when it means a pawnbroker's shop, a drinking saloon, or where farm produce is bartered for dry goods, groceries, etc., so that this is one of the many things which takes time for a stranger to thoroughly understand tin-i to discriminate between the different kinds of "Exchange" p^-ces of business there are, and pick out the "wheat from the cha£" ■■'■■' 'isa ..v-:!.! f THE BANK NOTES OF AMERICA. The bank notes— or bank bills, as they are called— both of the United States and Canada, are different, in many respects, to those of Great Britain. They have all one great and good feature about them, viz., they are all one size, and neither like the dumpy £1 uole of Scotland, the broad sheet of Ireland, nor yet like the " promise to pay" of Mr, Matthew Marshall, of the Bank of England. In one respect, however, they are like the £1 notes of Scotland and Ireland— they are used till they become quite as filthy, greasy, dirty. 24 BANK NOTES AND REPORTERS. ragged-looking remnant* of belter days. Like the Bootoh and Iriah banks, we preinmo, the American banks tlilnk it too muoli of a good thing to follow tlie example of the Bank of England, who, every time its notes oome back to it, are never sent out again, although they were issued only the day before. They are not so prodigal with their paper, in that respect, as the " old lady of Threadneedle street" is ; besides, it might be sometimes rather inconvenient to be issuing fresh batches of notes, seeing that, for the most part, they end in amount whore Dank of England notes begin, viz., £0, or $20, and not only so, but the well-thumbed, " all tattered and torn" dollar note begets confidence in its very rugs and length of service, and thus it goes, from hand to hand, till its flimsy form evaporates somewhere, or finds its way back, perchance, to be " paid on demand," if it is in a condition capable of being read. The American bank note is about 8 inches deep, and 1 inches long, exquisitely engraved, with all the minuteness of the engraver's art, and signed and decorated with all the para- phernalia attendant on such representatives of public confidence and wealth. They are issued from $1 upwards, running 2, 8, and 6, and from that to lO's, rising 6 each time. From f 10, they rise to 20 and 60, by lO's, and from that to $100, and from (bat, by lOO's, on to $600, and from that to $1000. They are made, generally, of thin, greyish-white coloured paper, with sometimes sundry glaring-coloured stamps, etc., upon them. None of them, when new, which we have seen, have the appearance of a new, snow-white Bank of England note, but resemble in appear- ance the Scotch bank notes, when new, but the paper not half so thick or tough as they are. Tellers, in British and Irish banks, may judge of what the counting and sorting; of notes, value 4«. each, must be, and the number of banks about 2000. We can fancy noth- ing that could possibly rufile the temper of some of the methodical gentlemen in the Bank of England, or the fast-looking gentlemen in some of the London private banks, so much 08 having only a couple of thousand pounds' worth, of a miscellaneous lot of American bank notes, to sort and pay out. If they thought the paying out of their bran-new 6 pounden a bore, we fancy th'-y would perfectly revere the sight of them, ever afterwards. After all, however, as one gets accustomed to even the $1 notes, they are preferable for carrying, compared to a lot of gold or silver, in the pocket. As ,% means of distinguishing good notes from bad ones, publications called " Bank Note Repor'.er3" are used, a few particulars regarding which we annex. ■t! n^/' ,i ': BANK-NOTE REPORTERS. AiioNOBT the literature of America, a perfect host of publications, all under one title, is issued, which, so far as we are aware, is almost unknown, and, we may also add, perfectly unnecessary in Great Britain and Ireland. The publications we refer to are small news- paper-looking periodicals, termed " Bank-Note Reporters," or, in a few cases, " Bonk-Note Lists." Tliey are issued, generally, of about 82 pages of the imperial size, closely printed with very small type, and some giving wood-cut engravings of all the known coins in cir- culation throughout the world, and their relative value. In every place of business, — whether it be at the office of the largest hotel, the largest wholesale or retail store, down to the old woman who retails out 8 cents' worth of sugar- candy — the bank-note reporter is to be seen hung up at hand — in cities, towns, villages, and even in a solitary shanty in the woods, so be that any thing is sold there. Bank-note reporters are issued by the exchange bankers or brokers, and contaiii lists of every bank in the United States and Canada, and profess to give their read- ers a correct idea of the position and standing of every bank, as well as all who have failed, been closed, or are at a low discount, and how much below par their notes are, if any — whether they are " shin-plasters," or " counterfeits," or " imitotions"— what is the correct current value of " broken banks," and all " uncurrent money," ond, in fact, every particular by which yon can tell a good note from a bad one, when it is pre- sented, whether it be a $1, or a $500 note, or bill. 0UKI0SITIE8 OP BANKING LITERATURE. 25 ;>rMumo, 16 of the It again, Ith their It niiglit b, for the 930, and Sdence in nity form I," If it li engraved, the para- lO'i, rising and from net sundry have seen, in appuar- gh a« they 1 lorting of fancy noth- n the Banlc ks, BO much erican bank 6 pounders u'ds. After or carrying, Bank Note one title, is Id, perfectly small news- ' Bonk-Note sely printed I coins in oir- [, the largest th of sugar- fns, villages, land contaia their read- as all who |w par their Imitations"— ley," and, in len it is pre- Tliese publications are a public necessity, and the busin.ss of the country could not be carried on safely without them. Wore they to go out of existence to-morrow, the whole country would, most likely, bo flooded with counterfeits and imitations of the notes of banks in cxistonco, ns well as the notes of bunks which had no existence, except on paper. In all the cities, these rejwrters are issued in largo quantities, and as every exchange broker has one set of corresjwndents in other large cities, he gets the value of stocks cor- rected by these correspondents in their various localities, and thus presents, probably, I itho " Reporter" the prices of stocks in each of the leodliig cities, in addition to his quoto- tions respecting the character, and value of all bank-notes, in the city where ho pub- lishes his reporter. The reporters are published daily, trl- weekly, semi- weekly, ond weekly, so as to suit nil clnssps of purchasers — the old woman alluded to, probably, being content to carry on her business by getting " posted up" weekly, at a cost of 4 or ti cents — whilst the larger operators wish to be " posted" daily, on the some subject. It will at once be seen how necessary it is, that such publications should bo conducted by men of undoubted Integrity, and who ought to have no interest, other than in ren- dering their publications as trustworthy as the quototions of stocks is considftrod to be in u London or any other first-class newspaper. Wo have no doubt some of them ore con- ducted by men of high moral principle, who state the exuit standing of every banking concern in the whole country, as they believe it to be, and ibat their opinions and quota- tions may bo perfectly correct. Whilst wo admit that freely, we hove every reason to be- lieve, that bank-note reporters ore issued, in some Instances, from very different motives, and who do not state the facts as to the position of nil bonks, tn tbfuUy and feorlessly. In some cases it Is well known, that unless a banking concern, will/ee and bribe the publish- ers of certain bank-note reporters, they will quote the sold banks lower than they ought to do, and by such meons create a fania or prejudice ogoinst them, no doubt to some extent injurious to the banks thus assailed, by this species of block-mail, which is levelled against them. Tliot is in the case of perfectly good bonks. On the other hand, again, there is no doubt, that that class of reporter publishers are guilty of quoting "wildcat" bonks ot prices they are not entitled to, and by other means puffing the notes of such into circulation, on receiving o hordsome douceur for their trouble. Such bank- note reporters arc, of course, any thing but reliable ; the only difficulty is, how you are to tell one from another — seeing that they ore all published by exchange brokers, who cull themselves bankers. As we said before, there is no doubt, whatever, that there are respecta- al)le ones omongst them — those guilty of such practices os olluded to being, we believe, the exception — yet it is only by a long residence in the town where they are published that you will be enabled to discriminate between the real and the doubtful of these sofe-guords of the public pocket. Tlie circulation of some of the most respectable of them, averages, it is said, 100,000 copies each publication. Presuming you wont to know if bank is good, you have only to refer to the olphobeti- cal list of all bonks published In the reporter — and if you do not find It amongst that list, you may conclude it is bad — or you may find it amongst the list of " Broken Banks." The banks in every State are alphabetically arranged by themselves, so that there is no difficulty in finding out the nome of the bonk you wont. Any one who has to do with money, and the receiving of It — in notes, to him — a bank-note reporter is indispensable. They abound in oil large cities. , ' CURIOSITIES OF BANKING LITERATURE. As we have no doubt there are many who ore not aware of the existence of a few curi- osities in banking literature, which are to be found in America, we think we will be con- fening, perhaps, some information, as well ae ..musement, if we give a few extracts from one of the " Bank-Note Reporters," before alluded to. These public informants present a few features, we think, quite unknown by many of even the banking population of Great 26 EXTRACTS FROM BANK-NOTE REPORTERS. Britain, as well as by the great maas of the people there, consequently, we annex a few ex- tracts from one, as exhibiting illustrations of " Wild-Cat" banking, and the amount of in- genuity there must be at work in the lithographing and engraving world, to produce the hosts of counterfeit or bogus notes there are in existence. The first sample we will present, is a piece of advice tendered to the Carroll County Bank, N. H., to see that its notes are better printed in future. Fancy one of the small publications of London talking to the Bank of Scotland, perhaps, in the following strain 1 " We would call the attention of the Legislature of New Hampshire to the miserably en- graved issues of the Carroll County Bank, Sandwich. We have seen several of their is- sues, and took particular notice of them. The bank ought to be indicted for getting out such abominably engraved notes, as the temptation tt counterfait them will be almost ir- resistible." It is quite evident that the Bank-Note Reporter has the public welfare at heart in its magnanimous advice, as quoted. The next intimation is of a very gratifying nature, when it says, with regard to the State Bank of Indiana, that " it is now demonstrated that the State of Indiana will realize about $2,000,000 clear profit, through its connection with this bank and the Sinking Fund." Talking of a certain bank in Litchfield, (the name of which we do not give,) the Re- porter is again solicitous after the safety of the public, in talking very much as if it was hunting up a " wild cat," when it says : — " This institution has been under investigation for some time, and, to quote from a Con- necticut journal, it is a "sort of a fast and loose" arrangement, which was " of no use to any one but the owner ;" and like a certain horse navigator, who, once upon a time, took a ride on a Jersey road, and gave the steed too much headway; the bank, like the horse, was too much to manage, and went its way accordingly." u We next find an explanation of marks and letters which are inserted after the names of particular banks. Thus it says ; — " The figures on the line with the bank expresses the discount on its notes. " The descriptions under each bank are of counterfeits or alterations on the bank. " The letter (F) on the line with the bank shows it to be a free bank, with notes secured by a deposit." Where the letter ( Bank of America, Cape May closed. Bank of Cape May Co., Cape Island, Cape May Co — That the counterfeits on some banks are numerous, may be inferred from the fact, that on the " State Bank of Ohio," alone, we count no less than 33 different descriptions of coun- terfeit notes on it. When a new bank is started, it is laconically announced, for example, thus : — " The Manufacturers' Bank, at Elizabethport, N. J., has just commenced business, with N. P. Saris, as president, and James Wilson, as cashier." "The directors of the Fayette County Bank, at Uniontown, Pa., met and organized on Monday last. Alfred Patterson, Esq., was elected president of the bank, and William Wilson, Esq., cashier." We advise all who have 6 cents to invest, to get a " bank-note reporter." It may not be long before it proves its worth, to be equal to its weight in gold. . • ' THE USURY LAWS. As one of the peculiarities connected with American finance, we append a list, showing the rates per cent, which can be legally claimed for the loan of money in the respective States, and the penalties incurred for exacting more than is legal. It will be seen that the " crime" of usury has a wide margin, ranging, in most cases, from 6 to 10 per cent In the State of Minnesota, we believe it is 16 per cent The penalties, however, attached to charging a higher rate of interest, act as a dead letter, it being well known, to use a common saying in this country, " It is an easy matter to whip the devil round the post," or, in other words, evade the law, by various modes. Nothing is easier, by those who are so disposed. It is now four years ago (5th Au^., 1864) since the usury laws of England were repealed, and from the tone of some influential journalists in America, we shall be surprised, if such absurd and powerless laws should be much longer deferred in being repealed there also. . .,. States. / Legal Interest. Penalties for Charging more than Legal Rates. Maine. 6 per cent Loss of excess, and interest, and law costs. ^ New Hampshire. 6 " " Loss of 3 times excess of interest Vermont 6 " " Loss of excess of interest USURY LAWS — COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. 29 Siatet. Legal Interest. MassitchuBetts. 6 per ( zent. Rhode Island. 6 U tt Connecticut. 6 it tt New York. 7 u tt New Jersey. 6 u it Pennsylrania. 6 tt tt Delaware. 6 it It Maryland. 6 n tt Virginia. 6 « it North Carolina. 6 tt tt South Carolina. 7 tt «* Georgia. 7 tt a Alabama. 8 tt tt Arkansas. 6 it tt Florida. 6 tt a Illinois. 6 tt tt Indiana. 6 tt tt Iowa. 6 tt tt Kentucky. 6 tt tt Louisiana. 8 tt tt Michigan. 7 tt tt Mississippi. 6 tt it Missouri. 6 tt it Ohio. '■■ 6 tt tt Tennessee. 6 tt tt Texas. 8 tt tt Wisconsin. 12 tt tt California. 10 tt tt PenaUktfor Charging more ihan Legal Rates. Loss of 8 times the whole interest and law costs. Loss of excess of interest. Loss of all interest. Forfeiture of contract, and, in criminal action, fine not exceed- ing 11,000 (£200 stg.), and imiprisontnent not exceeding six months. Contract void, and principle and interest forfeited. Excess of interest only forfeited. Principal and interest forfeited. , Loss of excess of interest. Usurious contracts void. Principal and interest forfeited; and, if usury is paid, double the amount of principal and interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. 10 per cent, allowed on contract, and loss of interest if ex- ceeding this. Loss of five times the interest. 10 per cent, allowed on contracts, forfeiture of excess of in- terest. Loss of interest. ^^. Loss of interest. ■••''• ■ - ' '■ Same as Iowa. ";.»'.■ Same as Iowa. ''.,.. , Same as Iowa. ' " ' ' Same as Iowa. -■ • - ' Liable to an indictment for misdemeanour. Forfeiture of usu- rious interest, and fined. 12 per cent, allowed on contracts. Forfeiture of all con- tracts. Loss of interest. No penalty. The Territories are not subject to any usury laws. The State of Pennsylrania hof been the first to pronounce in favour of free trade in money mat- ters in this respect. Some European readers may be reminded, that the difference of rates in the States, is owing to the fact that each State frames its own laws, and what may be justice according to law, in one State, may not be considered so in some of the other States in the Union. In Canada the legal interest has been at the rate of 6 per cent, but by a law, passed last Bession, individuals may exact any rate of interest which may be agreed upon between them. Banks, however, are prohibited from exacting a higher rate of discount than 7 per cent., and are prohibited from paying interest upon deposits. COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. As we have stated elsewhere, the commercial education of the Americans is in genernl far more varied and more generally useful than that enjoyed by young men in commercial circles in Great Britain. The education there terminates too frequently with a boy obtain- ing at school n slight knowledge of book-keeping and accounts, so that by the time he goes abroad into the world, he knows about as much respecting such matters, as if he had never heard of a day-book, bill-book, or ledger. Until some years ago, the same state of things existed in America, until institu- tions of an exclusively commercial charactei were established, called " Commercial Col- leges." Such establishments are carried on by teachers on their own account, in a great many of the large cities in the United States, but not in Canada, so far ns we are aware. Such an institution generally consists of one or more immense large rooms or halls, hung round with blackboards, diagrams, and superb specimens of caligraphy, and filled with 8 large supply of tables and chairs. Students attend there, varying from 16 to nearly 60 years of age. The students sit apart from each other, so that one student is not aware as to the state of proficiency of the one nearest to him. Scholars of all ages are to be seen listening to the teacher from 80 COMMERCIAL COLLEGES — AUCTION »OOMa the black-board — working out their accounts — or, perhaps, trying to improve their handwriting. In this way, tlie man of 30 years of age, who finds his commercial edu- cation in some respects deficient, is taught in such a way as not to display his ignorance of such matters to the young lad of 15 or 16. The course of instruction is so arranged, that students can enter and commence their studies at any time, and receive from the instruc- tions of the teacher the advantages of a class, all commencing at one time. There is no special attendance insisted upon, but the system is so worked, that every student — young and old — at once feels it to be his interest to attend regularly and work diligently, as, until he reaches a given point of perfection, he is refused the diploma of efiiciency, which is given only to those who attain the standard fixed upon by the proprietor of the college, the particulars of which every student is made aware ot We had the pleasure of seeing one of the^e institutions in full operation at Cincinnati (where they are carried on most efficiently), and were very much pleased with the method pursued, and forcibly impressed with the value which such an education must prove, in advancing young men in coniinercial positions afterwards, as well as enabling them to take situations in a counting-house or office of whatever description. Tliey are taught not only the every-day affoirs of how to keep books by single and double entry, make out accounts, calculate interest, draw bills, understand commission business — ond the whole by a regular system of books throughout — but the information conveyed extends to insu- rance, railroad business, shipping, monufacturing, and banking operations. On particular days each week, lectures are delivered to the whole school en maaee, by one of the pro- fessors, on certain commercial subjects. We had the pleasure of attending one of these lectures (by Mr. R. M. Bartlett, of Cincinnati,) and were highly gratified by the lucid explana- tions he gave of banking operations — how conducted — the nature of such as the deposit- ledger, discount-ledger, and the various other books used in banks, and the relation eacli assistant has to particular books — all conveyed in such language that the dullest student could comprehend it. The system, altogether, of commercial colleges, is an excellent one, and must tend great- ly to the advancement of the students who attend them. So much are they now in use, and so highly valued, that one of the best credentials a young man can produce of his com mercial ability, is to present his diploma from a well-known commercial college. The requirements at some colleges are greater than others, and hence the difference in the accomplishments of their members, as well as in the standing of different colleges. The periods to which the course of instruction extends, depends entirely upon the stu- dent himself. Some will finish in 8 or 10 weeks — others, again, will take double tlitit length of time ; and in neither case do they get their diploma till they have reached the standard of proficiency fixed upon. In the wcitern cities, many who attend such colleges are the sons of farmers, who, not having had the advantages of acquiring information on such matters at the public schools, repoir to these colleges to complete their commercial cdueotion, so as to fit them for com- mencing in their first situation ; others, again, as we have said, much older in years, attend these colleges, to perfect themselves in branches they found themselves deficient in. One of the peculiarities of the colleges referred to, is, in summer weather, to find every student, with scarcely an exception, studying without coat or jacket— one and all being iu their shirt sleeves— on account of the great heat. AUCTION ROOMS AND AUCTIONEERS. The auction rooms in America — such as in New York, for example — ore carried on in a style, and an amount of bond fide business transacted in them, which strangers to this coun- try have little idea of. Goods are exjiorted from Britain and the continent of Europe to be sold in the auction room, and also imported by many houses here, who take advantage of it as their regular and only means of disposing of their imports, whilst others again, who have over- imported into the i and "Fa parts, bu_ stationen storekeep Sale," as i London, I are, state At a book there mei quaintanc To give the trade i than nboa one house p. u., sho-w catalogue month pre At that sal at one-eigh Immense In no otl from all pi room. It 1 of such. If when all ar object. Ab< you will fin chatters on until he is ( and pencil i the New Y Montreal, ir souri and C pitted again blooded Me man; the q pered Frenc to put awtt; jealousy or his employei ploy being p hands and g The great ait; fastened, ees, and ribb the j[;oods nr( liaiifl— in shi vocal powers You need ntioii of the ( or expect to in order to as TRADE SALES — AN AUCTION BOOM IN NEW YORK. 8t imported, or with a bad prospect before them, or a lot of old stock on hand, throw them into the auction room to be sold for what they will bring, during the terms of the " Spring" and " Fall" seasons' trade. The best wholesale and retail houses in New York, and in all parts, buy at these sales. There are auction rooms for dry goods, others for books and stationery, others for hardware, and so on. Each auction room is filled with merchants or storekeepers interested in the respective classes of goods to be sold. Thus, at a " Trade Sale," as it is called, of books, for example, you will find books sent there by publishers in London, Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. The catalogues specify whose books they are, state publishing price, and how many copies there are of each particular book. At a book trode sale, all the leading booksellers in the country are drawn together, and there men meet who have not seen each other for 6 montlis or more, and sometimes ac- quaintanceships are renewed or formed for mutual pleasure and advantage. To give an idea of the extent of business done at these sales, we may mention, that ot the trode sale in September last, in New York, books were sold to the amount of no less than about $400,000, or £80,000, stg., out of 145 invoices. The largest amount sent in by one house being $20,000, or £4000 stg. The sale occupied 11 days, from 8, a. m., to 10, p. M., showing an average amount of about £7272 worth of books sold every day The catalogue of all the works sent in for sale is ready, and in the hands of the trade, about a month previously. The largest number of copies of any one book sold, was 4000 copies. At that sale an offer was made and refused for 200,000 copies of a particular spelling-book, at one-eighth of a cent less than the regular price. - -. Immense quantities of stationery are also sold at these sales. In no other congregation of individuals will be found such a heterogeneous mass of men from all parts of America, and belonging to all countries os is to be seen in the auction room. It has been often said that no place equals New York for its numerous specimens of such. If that be true, we should say that no opportunity for seeing such, is equal to that, when all are collected together in a dry goods auction sale-room, and all bent on the same object. About 1 1 o'clock in the forenoon, any day during the season of a fall or summer trade, you will find an auction room in " full blast," with the cry of the nervous auctioneer as he cliatters on the everlasting ditty of buy, buy, buy — up, up, up, up — in one incessant stream, until he is about gasping out his last breath. Around him, with memorandum-book in left, and pencil in right-hand, checking off the lots as they " go" and are " gone," you will find the New York wholesale storekeeper alongside of those from all parts, exteiding from Montreal, in Canada, to New Orleans, Louisiana, or from Massachusetts in the est, to Mis- souri and Chicago in the west — aye, even as far as the shores of the Pacific. There, all pitted against each other, you will find the business-like Englisliman alongside of the high- blooded Mexican trader, the cautious Scotchmen making a bid after the volatile French- man ; the quiet down-east Yankee alongside of the phlegmatic German ; the quick-tem- pered French Canadian beside the little wide-awake Jew, whilst Pat, honest fellow, assists to put away the lots as they are knocked down. There, between the cupidity of some, jealousy or ignorance of others, the auctioneer rests his hopes to realize a good price for his employer, the importer. There, day after day, the same scene is to be seen ; the same play being performed, and during the process, thousands of dollars' worth of goods changing liands and getting spread all over this mighty continent. The great factotum of the auction room, however, is the auctioneer. Upon him all eye? ait; fastened. There he mounts the counter, encircled amid o bower of silks, satins, la- ces, and ribbons, all hanging around him, suspended from the iron rods above, on which the floods are placed as they are knocked down. There he stands, with pencil and book in hand — in shirt sleeves — without collar and handkerchief, so as to have free scope for his voeul powers, in his everlasting prattle. You need not suppose that he is gifted with much eloquence, or that he is a fit represent- ation of the departed George Robins, of Covent Garden renown, in his descriptive powers ; or expect to hear that eternal " going," " once," " twice," " thrice," and waiting for a bid, in order to assist off tlie goods under review, and ending up with " going," and " gone." 88 THE AUCTIONEER— TRADE WITH CANADA. However great the volnbility of the American auctioneer, it is not spent on any snch super- fluities, or upon either ornamentation or praise of the articles submitted, bnt confined to one everlasting, breathing, gasping ditty on that almighty subject — dollabs and cents — and with only one soliloquy — and that, one incessant, scathing, soaring up and down cry from E flat to double bass, of up, up, up, up, up, up — and buy, buy, buy, buy, buy, buy. That is his Alpha and Omega — uttered with all the declamatory powers of a Demos- thenes—down to the quietest whisper, as he is about to stop, out of breath, to take in another supply of air, to fill his exhausted lungs — when he starts afresh again, with all his usual vigour, till he knocks down one article, and commences on another in the same breath. He has no time to descant upon the qualities of the black gros, hung up before you. He passes no opinion as to its being either good, bad, or indifferent; whether the moire antique there, has a cotton back or a silk one ; there it is ; judge for yourself; bid if you like, or be silent, it is all the same to him : his course is onward with his everlasting cry of buy, buy, buy, buy — and up, up, up, and upwards with the price, when he fancies he has got even the sixteenth part of a move of the head towards a bid. The New York auctioneer is one of those unique characters only to be met with in this coun- try, and a phase of business may be seen by the stranger, in a Now York auction room, never seen before. The same remarks apply to auction rooms in Philadelphia and such cities. Talk of your crack auctioneers, either at the Mart, Dabenham and Storrs, and all such well-known places of resort ! Tne British auctioneer- if he wishes to increase his vocal powers, in volubility — must come to this side of the Atlantic, and go under training in a wholesale dry goods auction room. We will warrant he will return, only to make Charles Matthews jealous, as a rival, in " Paicer versus Clatter." In the " Peter Funk" retail auction room in New York, again, the same ijenwi homo is to be seen and heard, in shirt sleeves, long flowing beard, with his clear, ringing voice, trying to get up the steam before his confr^es, and between them, by their mock-auction dodges, trying to decoy sueli as you into their trap — there, to have an opportunity of " selling" yourself, along with a watch of best Birmingham gold-plated make, for eighteen carat gold. The man who goes there without any thing valuable about him, and with a sharp look-out, may even be amused with that specimen of an auctioneer, and auction room. Such places exist in all large towns in Great Britain, where " Peter Funk" frequently performs with considerable profit Here, however, he appears to us to be more advanced in his education, and with vocal powers which would at once take the breath forever from his friend in tlie Poultry of London, or Trongate of Glasgow. THE TRADE WITH CANADA FROM THE UNITED STATES. That the trade from the United States to Canada is rapidly increasing, whilst that from Great Britain is on the decline, may be seen from the following abstract from tables which we give, drawn up by the Canadian government on the subject, which shows the extent and progress of the trade between Canada and the United States. In 1853 the total imports into Canada from all sources amounted to 131,981,436 Of which was imported — ', From Great Britain, $18,489,120; from United States, $11,782,144. The balance of imports were taken from other foreign ports. In 1854 the total imports into Canada amounted to 40,529,324 Of which was imported — From Great Britain, |22,963,823 ; from United States, $15,333,096. Balance of imports were from foreign ports. In 1855 the total imports into Canada amounted to 36,086,168 Of which was imported — From Great Britain, $13,803,460 ; from United States, $20,828,676. Balance of imports were from foreign ports. For the }rear past, ending Dec. 81, 1856, the total value of imports into Canada was. . 43,584,384 Of which was imported — From Great Britain, $18,212,932 ; from United States, $22,704,508. From this statement it will be seen that a steady increase in the imports from the United States hag continued us far back as 1858. TRAPE WITH CANADA. BAKERIES. 88 For the year 18RS the total amount of imports trom Great Britain amounted to 118,489,130 For the year 1856 18,212,988 Showing a falling off between {h« tvoo periods above mentioned of 2,761,188 Referring to the imports for 1858 from the United States, they amount to 11,782,144 For the year 1856 22,704,508 Showing an increase between these two periods, in favour of United States, of 10,922,864 Thu^ it will be seen that while the importation of goods from Great Britain into Canada has considerably diminished, the trade from the United States has increased enormously. The exports from Canada also keep pace with the imports, as will be seen by the following :— In 1853 the total exports amounted to \ 28,801,800 Of whii:h were sent to Great Britain, 11,465,404 ; and to the United States, 8,936,880. For the past year, 1856, the total exports from Canada amounted to 82,047,016 Of which was exported — To Great Britain, 10,467,744 ; to the United States, 17,979,762. Thus, in four years, there was a decrease of exports to Great Britain of. . . , 995,660 While our exports to the United States have increased 9,048,87 The following exhibits the value of imports at one port alone, viz., Montreal, for the past four years : — 1853 $18,526,156 I 1855 $12,256,244 l&o4 17,264,828 | 1856 16,144,696 The following are a few of the leading articles imported into Canada from the United States during the past year : — Paper $47,724 Paper Hanging 66,172 Parasols and Umbrellas 13,288 Silks 41,936 Straw Goods 138,672 Spirits of Turpentine 35,088 Articles not enumerated 305,404 Coffee 224,856 Cigars 75,740 Molasses 429,312 Wines and Spirits 540,620 Sugar, all kinds 1,673,732 Dried Fruits 140,760 Pimento, Allspice and Pepper 52,920 Cassia and Tea 1,968,952 Tobacco 503,684 Brooms 20,688 Candles 46,000 Carpets 28,968 Clocks and Watches $51,656 Clothes, ready made 103,824 Combs and Brushes 86,290 Cotton Manufactures 671,186 Drugs and Medicines 215,280 Fancy Goods. ! 146,870 Glass ... 23,620 Glassware 108,800 Hats and Caps, not fur 230,448 India Rubber 28,684 Iron and Hardware 1,401,948 Jewelry and Plate 86,436 Leather Boots and Shoes 359,948 Leather 66,980 Do. Tanned 264,832 Machinery 344,600 Musical Instruments 141,961 Oil 81,120 Oil Cloth 67,312 MECHANICAL BAKERIES. Sdch is the title given to wholesale bread manufactories, where the greater portion of the work is performed by machinery. As a most decided improvement upon the old system of men baking with their hands, and tramping the dough with their bare feet — not, per- haps, at all times so clean as they ought to be — has induced us to notice one of those establishments which we saw in ()peration whilst at Cincinnati. We may observe that Mechanical Bakeries are established in several of the large cities, and, although they may not in some cases, as yet, liave succeeded in turning out such great quantities of bread as their projectors anticipated, yet, we feel satisfied, they will extend, not only in increase of budnesB of those already started, but that every large city will, in the course of time, have 34 BAKING BY STEAM — THE AUTOMATON OVEN. them in operation, from wiiicli the public v/i\\ bo supplied with pure, wholesome, and un- adulterated bread, made of the best materials, and in tlie most unexceptionable manner. The establishment at Cinuinnati we may take to be a model one of its kind. It was started last July by, wo believe, a company of four gentlemen, viz. : two shrewd Americans, with two " canny" Scotchmen for partners, one of the latter being the practical manager. They have erected a handsome, square-built, brick building, more like a Manchester ware- house than a baking Cbtablisliment. The ground floor is chiefly taken up with the sales department, where broad is kept in large " bins" ond drawers, and sold retail as well us wholesale. Up stairs there are tiiree floors. On the highest floor is where the stock of flour and other ingredients for mixing are kept. After the ingredients are all mixed, they are emptied into the baking, or, rather, kneading-machine, which, revolving slowly, with its internal simple machinery, kneads the bread most completely. This machine is capable of kneading ten barrels of flour in twenty minutes. After it is thus made into dough, ready for being baked into loaves, it is allowed to fall out at an opening at the bottom of the machine, in quantities as wanted, into troughs, and from there taken to the floor below, where the dough is cut into quantities of two or four pounds each, weighed off, and formed into the shape of loaves, as wanted. During the whole of this process, tlie dough is only handled by the bakers when giving the small pieces a roll round and placiug them in the loaf-pans, ready for the oven. Thus far, then, a great saving of labour is effected, and the dough not once touched by hands or feet in the whole process of kneading, and only touched when shaping it into loaves, as we have stated. In the oven department there is not so great a saving of labour to be effected compara- tively with the kneading process, from the fact of there not being much labour required about ovens, further than merely putting in and drawing out the " batch," when ready. But that even, in the Mechanical Bakery, is done by machinery. After the bread is moulded into shape, and put into pans, they are placed on iron trays, each containing about thirty loaves. The tray is then placed on a carriage in front of the oven door, when, at a given signal, the door is drawn up, the tray, with its load, is carried into the inside of the oven on the carriage, and the door falls down gently — the whole done as if by magic. Regardini,' the oven — which is correctly named the Automaton Oven — we append the following de- scription of it and its working, as supplied to us by the superintendent of the establibhuent; " The oven is upright, it has its foundation and heating furnaces in the basement, and its doors in the first and second stories. Tiie dough is put into, and the bread discharged from them on both these floors when in full operation. The baking-cars, loaded on the iii'st floor, ascend through the oven, end discharge the baked bread on the second floor, and the cars loaded on the second floor, descend and discharge on the first floor. The oven coutaiii3 twenty-six cars, thirteen of which are ascending and thirteen descending at the same time, Each car passes through the oven in thirty minutes, when baking common-sized loaves; but the speed is regulated by the size of the loaf and the time required for baking. The capacity of one " baking car" is sixty loaves, weighing about a pound and a half each. The temperature of the oven is uniform, and is maintained at any degree of heat necessary, by dampers. Thermometers in the oven indicate the temperature to the attend- ants. The loaves are all baked precisely alike, and never either burned or under-done, Tlie temperature for baking in the automatic oven is more than two hundred degrees higher than can be used in the common baker's oven, without burning the bread to a cin- der ; because the hot air in a chamber without draft is strong and penetrating, and notrav and scorching like the heat in an ordinary oven, where the fire is in the oven itself, and acts directly on the bread while baking, besides exposing it to the impurities of dust, smoke, etc. The oven being uprifi;ht, with the car loads of bread in it, one above another, and having no draft through ii, all the alcoholic vapor arising from the fermented dougli is condensed on and absorbed by the cold dough, whereby the bread 13 improved in flavor, and its nourishing properties sensibly increased. The machinery which produces the automatic movements of the oars, is placed on the back of the oven, and may be seen best on the second floor." MECHANICAL BAKERIES. WHO ARE YANKEES. 86 Altogether it is a moet myBterloua-looking operation, and from the fact of no one handling or aBsisting the bread into the oven, or out of it, opening and shutting the oven doors, and travelling of the carriages — all moving as if by clock-work, and yet doing that perfectly by machinery which is not always done so by human hands — we think it well deserves the name of the " Automaton Oven." When in " full blast," the bakery can bake no less than 260 barrels of flour per day into bread. At our visit, the establishment had just newly started, but, even then, was doing a largo business, their bread being sold in shops in different parts of the city. With highly commendable straightforwardness, the company invite tlie public to call and see the whole operation — the quality of flour, which is tho best — and all other ingredients, go that they may have every confldence in what is supplied. One part of the arrangement, we understood, was not complete when we were there, viz. : that of cutting and weighing off the quantity of dough for each loaf. It was then done by hand and a pair of scales, but we understand that it will be, (if not by this time,) cut off and weighed by machinery also, so that matliematical precision in weight will be obtained, and greater speed in pre- paring the dough for the pans. Every description of bread is made, from "crackers" to large loaves. An inspection of the rules of the establishment, as to chewing tobacco, drinking, and cleanliness, show that the proprietors are up to, if not a little a-head of, the times. We observe that their price for a 28 oz. loaf is 6 cents, or about 2irf. (stg.), for Ccuh, for which only they deal. WHO ARE YANKEES? ' Many, we think, use the word Yankee, without knowing its exact meaning, whilst others apply it with reference to the whole American people, when they designate them, " Yan- kees." According to the last American authority, Webster, the meaning of the word Yankee stands thus: " A corrupt pronunciation of the word English by the native Indians of Ame- rica." From the fact that the English first landed in New England, tho word Yankee thus be- came applicable to them, and it still retains, to this day, its significance as a term applica- ble to all who belong to the New England States, and to them only. To apply the name of Yankee to all Americans, wherever situated, is an error. Just as well may the High- lander of Scotland, be considered a " cockney," or a " John Bull," as to suppose an inhabit- ant of the Northern States of America, to be a " Yankee." It is the New Englanders, alone, who are considered Yankees — although the term, altogether, is ono of a convention- al nature, and very often applied to any thing supposed to be of very speculative, doubt- ful, or dodging character. 86 WATER AND WATER DRINKING — DRINKING CUSTOMS. WATER AND WATER DRINKING. Wk hnve never, b» yet, met In thli country with nn inntAnce, »uch as wo onco met with in Miinchester, (Eng.,) wliero tlio cliildron of a fiiuiily Imd never tiisted water from tlie time tiiey were born, always l)oin« BupplieJ witli "l)oer," wlien tliirsty — a practice, wc fear, for too common in families in tho jnanufactiiring districts. From all wo have seen at public, as well as private tfli)leB hero, pure water seems to l)e almost the only beveruno — first tiling in the morning and tho lust at night, and, alto- gether, are inclined to believe tho Americans to be the greatest water-drinkers in the world. At breakfast, a tumbler of water is placed alongside of your cup and saucer — at dinner time, i» is tlicre — at tea, or supper, again it appears. Many we have Hi'en at tho tables of tho large ..atels who take neither tea nor coffee — but water only — along with their eatables, Tliese are, of course, exceptions — still wo have been surprised to meet with so many who do so. Some, again, take cold water and milk, mixed, instead of either tea or coffee. Whether it is tho nature of tho climate, tho heat of summer, and consequent perspira- tion, we know not ; but tho consumption of water for drinking purposes, is certainly enor- mous. In a counting-house, it would be thought as great a wunt to have no pens and ink- to write with, as to have no cistern full of water, and a tumbler, in a handy corner for the day's consumption. Workshops are similarly supplied. The quality of the water consumed differs in different localities. In New York, no bet- ter water could be desired than is obtained from the reservoir at the Croton works. In other cities, on tho sea-board, it is also generally good, and all spring water. Proceeding West, to the Ohio district, it is also good in many parts. At Cincinnati, liow- ever, for instance, the water used there is that from the Ohio River, and is frequently almost unfit to drink — unfiltered : but wlien filtered, and cooled witli ice, is very good. Pawing further West to the Mississippi, again, there tho water is of very doubtful quality, as well as purity. So much it' that the case, that strangers are advised to be careful in par- taking of it So powerful is it, in its effects, that we question if tho most staunch tceto- taller would not, for health's sake, be inclined to partake of tho light " lager beer" of the Germans, than run tho risk of quaffing out of tho " Father of Waters." All up and down the Mississippi it is the same. Of course, where spring wells are stationed in towns, the water is, in general, excellent ; and there is scarcely a farmer, or resident in tho country, but who has a spring well at his door, and who can easily supply himself with pure aqua. The tax for water, is, generally, paid by the landlord, and included in his estimate of rent The consumption of water, in summer, for watering the streets, either to lay the dust, or cool the ground in front of the houses, is also very great ; and a system of watering in thot respect — by means of hose, attached to the mains — is carried out, to an extent un- known in Britain. For hours men are employed every day, at different intervals, to keep a continuous stream of water playing upon the ground in front of houses and stores, for the purpose stated. That is in addition to woter-carts, perambulating the streets, watering them as they go along. In some cities, certain hours are fixed, after which no water is allowed to be used in the manner described. • DRINKING CUSTOMS. In the above remarks, wo have endeavoured to make clear, that the greatest drinking cus- tom in America, is in the consumption of cold water. It must not be supposed, liowever, that no malt or spirituous liquors are consumed. As a whole, we should say, that altliough a large amount of botli musv be consumed in this country, both from what is manufactured and what is imported, still the average consumption per man is a trifle compared with the THE DRINKING CUSTOMS OF AMERICA. 87 average amount consumed, in either Enf^land, Bcotlnnd, or Ireland. The drinking out- toniB, for the most part, are coniincd to drlnlcing wliiist standing at tlio bars of the hotels and drinlcing-saloons — Rrother Jonutliun performing that operation decidedly fast As a general rule, there is none of that sitting down to brondy and water, or " punch" and pipes, on an afternoon after dinner, or in the evening, which is to be seen in the snuggeries in London, nor yet those jollifications over whislcy-toddy, which are too common in 8cot- Innd, or over the grog or " potheen" in Ireland. Nothing of the sort. After dinner, Jonn- tlian goes off to have a sniolce and a read of the newspaper, and thence to business, with- out, as a general rule, tasting one drop of liquor. Ho has neither the time nor tlie inulina- tiun for it. After business hours at night, there is not thot amount of frequenting " howfs" or pot- houses, which is common, amongst young men in business, in the large cities and towns in Great Briaitn. They live, most probably, a good way otf, and are glad to got liorao m Boon as possible. If f'oy board at o hotel, they prefer tho billiord-room to the drlnlcing- snlonn. As we have said before, the Americans prefer to drinlt at the bur, standing. The; order what they wont, swollow it at one breath, and off they go. Tlie greatest cause which we can assign for the undoubted temperance of the Ameri- can people, as a whole, consists in the detestation with which they look upon drunkenness as a vice, and the care they exercise against indulging in it, from prudential motives. Employers are more particulor, probably, about the sober habits and steady conduct of an assistant than any other qualification — for what they term his being a " reliable man." If there is one thing more than another, which will make them doubt a man's copability to servo them faitlifuUy, it is hislnebriety of character, well knowing as they do, with drink being so cheap hero, that if a man gets to use it frequently, and begins to like it, he is going fast on the high road to destruction. Brought up with such ideas and habits themselves, and taught to look at the drinking customs with something like fear and trembling, and knowing how much a man's value consists in his being a strictly sober roan, they arc particularly careful in the selection and conduct of the aeiistants they employ, to see that they are of sober habits, and that they remain so. Men lose situations here, from no other cause than being known to frequent the bar, or a drinking-saloon, too often, although they may be steady enough at their busi- ness. There is no doubt, after all, that there is, probably, far too much drink consumed In this country, particularly in sea-port cities, where sen-foring men come in contact with the commercial classes, and also about the drinking-ealoons of the hotels, when salesmen or merchants meet their country customers there. As we have said elsewhere, lager beer, a light description of home-brewed beer, is the great beverage of the German population, and there is not a town or village but what has its " lager beer saloon." Tlie Germans sit down ot tables, and converse and smoke over their beer, consuming often large quantities before th'jy rise. It is, however, compara- tively speaking, harmless, when compared with the villanous " fire water," which is dis- tilled, in the shape of whisky, from Indian corn, rye, etc., and sold nt a mere trifle per pint Wholesale price, 86 cents (or Is. 6d, stg.) per gallon. Drink is not sold at the bar at so much per measure — but the bottle is placed for you to help yourself — into a tumbler — unless you wish any of the fancy drinks, such as " gin Bling," " brandy smash," " whisky skin," etc., etc. In that case, they are mixed up ready for you, and charged accordingly. As connected with the use of non-intoxicating liquors by the American people, we may mention as a fact — differing so much as it does from the customs in Great Britain, where beer, ale, "stout," or wine form almost indispensable adjuncts of the dinner- table — that, in America, nothing of that sort is ever to be seen, almost, at the dinner tables in private houses — but tea or coffee (generally tea) takes the place of malt or spirituous lii \H i :..J 88 KEFRESIIING DRINKS — THE ICE TRADE. llquora ; and a oiip of tea it liantled round the tnbln to each guest, Just a« ho would he a»- tinted to a glaas of ulu or wine. To tliu itrangor, from Britain, tliis Recma somowlint prcu- liar, yot, after nil, it tir wutor is the more rutioiwilhoveroije.and cortninly not liltely to lead to such con8e(jucnccs as follow sometimes from the appearance of the " l)ottle," on the family toble. KEFRESIIING DRINKS IN HOT WEATHER. TiiK stranger, in passing throngli any of the large "'lies in the United States, will find Iho •tores of the chenilHts crowded with parties, who, tliii Hy from licat and perspiration, fly to such places to quaff tlio deliciously cool L^.erages which ore there supjilied, at from 'A to 6 cents per glass. These consist of a mixture of soda water and a variety of native winea or uniiitoxicnting cordials, either of which, mixed with soda water, makes a cool, efferves- cing, and refreshing drink. It is surprising to see the number of ladies and gentlemen, and, in fact, all closses, who stand round the handsome marble fountains which are fitted up in such places, getting a tumbler thus filled up, drinking the contents at once, paying their 8 or 6 cents, and departing. Tlie consumption of such beverages is enormous, one lad in eacii chemist's store attending to the fountain alone. The soda water is kept in large vessels underneath the counter, from which it is led up to the fountain and there supplied through a silver tap into the tumbler containing the cordial to be mixed with it K THE lOE TRADE. R One of the many things which strikes the stranger from Great Britain, on his visiting this country for the first time, is the traffic which is carried on during the summer months in the article of ice— one as necessai'y in summer, as the fuel for fire is in winter. The trade is carried on by private individuals as well as by public companies. Tu every city and town, without exception, you will see the ice cart perambulating the streets in a similar manner to what tlie coal carts do whilst dispensing tliat ortiele in small quantities to the poorer classes in the cities and towns of Britain. In the cities of the seaboard, thi; ice trade is carried on " wholesale, retail, and for ex- portation." Some are engaged in the " shipping business" exclusively, sending sliip-londs of it to the West Indies and other tropical climates, where it is, no doubt, duly appreciated. In the cities, the carts go round with immense blocks, about 12 to 20 inches thick, and about from 22 to 27 inches in length and breadth. The carts have canvas covers over them to protect the ice from the sun as far as possible, but still it continues gradually '., vanish, notwithstanding. It is beautifully clear, and on a scorching hot day makes one al' most feel cool to look at it. Every morning, the men in charge of its delivery, visit their customers as regularly m the baker does with bread, and, carrying up a loaf of ice, deposits it at the outside of the door. The difficulty of handling the ice is got over by the use of a huge pair of calipers, which stick into the block on each side, and thus, lifted by a chain attached to them, it is carried up or down stairs. Tlius deposited at the door of the customer, it is left t'.ere at his risk, and if he does not look after it soon, may shortly afterwards find that it has gone into its original element, and run off. We may safely say, there is not a private family almost, not a counting-house, store, bonk, or any place of business whatever, but what has its de- livery of ice every morning, and put into the small cistern of water, which is placed in a cool corner of the premises, to supply the inmates for the day. The common supply for counting-houses and families is a piece about 20 inches square, for which they pay 10 cents (or 6d.). Only those who know what a hotsummer day is, in such as New York, can fully oppreciate the luxury of a tumbler of iced water. In the drinking saloons it is used in every sort of liquor, both malt and spirituous. In winter it is cut out in large squares from the frozen rivers and lakes, preserved, well 'At- CUTTING OUT THE ICE — ICE-HOUSE AT ROCKLAND LAKE. 89 covered u^ In ic« honsw, on the banks of river* genernlly, for the convenience of trun«[y'V atlon to the large oltlet liy water. Tlie nliove engraving represents a scono in winter at one of the largest company's depots, viz., Rockland Lake, which is situated about one mile distant from the River Hudson, al- though in a part of the country 250 feet above the level of that river. The instruments used in cutting out the ice, are termed ice planes, or cutters, and ice ploughs, with which the fields of ice are marked off and cut into squares, and from there stored in large " barns," or ice-houses, one of which will be seen in the above view. Some of those store-houses contain as much as 60,000 ton«, where the blocks are built up in regular order, and covered over with long grass, saw-dust, shavings, etc., to preserve it from the external heat of summer. The ice-house represented above was built to contain 20,000 tons. Some idea of this trade may be formed, when we state that about $10,000,000 is employed 'i I!;! 40 CONSUMPTION OF ICE — RAILROADS IN AMERICA. in it, in different parts of the States. From returns publisiied as to the consumption, we find that in one year it was estimated as follows : — Boston tons . 60,000 New York 800,000 Philadelphia 200,000 Baltimore 45,000 Washington 20,000 Charleston tons. 15,000 Mobile 15,000 New Orleans 40,000 St. Louis 25,000 Cincinnati 25,000 From Rockland Lake, the city of Now York derives its chief supply of ice. It is estimated that 40 men, with lli horses, can cut and stow away about 400 tons in one day. RAILROADS IN AMERICA. The British traveller, on going over the railroads in America, is apt to find more fault with the construction of the " plant," or road itself, than he is with the " rolling stock," such as cars, etc. He will miss all the well-made fences along the lines, that firm ballast- ing of the road, those solid st«ne or brick built station-houses, with locked gates — ^at which you can neither get out nor in till you are allowed ingress or egress — the array of porters in suits of oliv 3 green corduroy, and guards in suits of bottle-groen cloth, with chronome- ter and whistle slung over their shoulders. There is little of that to be seen in America. For the most part, the whole train dashes along through fields, over cross roads, through forests and swamps, with aU the freedom and independence characteristic of the country, If an unfortunate cow should happen to be taking an airing along the line," the " cow- catcher ' lifts her oflf her legs before she knows where she is, and tosses her into some soft ditch, perhaps, at the road side, with such a lesson as she will not forget in a hurry, if she happens to have the power of recollection left within her at all 1 Any one " on the tramp" along " the track" is warned of the approach of the train by the loud-sounding bell, which he will be very deaf, indeed, if he does not hear, letting alone the great, hoarse, unearthly cry from the locorjoti'^o, to get out of the way. The stranger is ojt to find fault, more particularly, in there being only one "track" or line of rails, on many of the lines — and few of them being, as we have said, so firmly made or ballasted as the lines in Great Britain. In "ime lines this is very apparent, and not only in the laying of the rails, but in the construction of vcy temporary looking wooden bridges — the bad policy of building which has been found out by this time. In such lines as the Grand Trunk of Ca.iada an,, the Great Central of Pennsylvania, (from Philadelphia to Pittsburg,) or the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, the case is different — such lines more resembling, in substcntiality, " iish made railroads. There is only one way, we think, of accounting for this difference in the solidity of the roads of *he two countries. If not mistaken, there is a difference of no less than £30,000 in the construction of every mile of railroad in the United States, compared with that in Britoin; that is to say, that the average ''ost of every mile of road (1853) in the United States was about £5,460, whereas every mile in Great Britain and Ireland averages the sum of £35,400 (inYjOOO), making, as we havo stated, about £30,000 per mile of difference in the cost of the railroads of the two countries. ' No doubt the single lines of road constructed here, together with the free grants of land, ought not to have cost any thing like what the double linos of rail in Britain cost, still it is quite evident that the American roads have cost a trifle iu comparison to those there, and hence, we think, the reason why American railroads are not so substantially built as they would have been, had the same proportionate amount of money been spent upon them as on those in Britain. The lands in Gi'eat Britain, tlirougl: which the lines pass, were a heavy item of expense in the construction of railroads, but tliat, again, is in some measure counterbalanced by the high rates paid for labour and the extra cost of much of the material in America, compared with what such was procured at in Britain. To cover the extent of territory they have done, we do not see how the Americans could COST OP BBITISH AND AMEBICAN BAILROADS. 41 have done otherwise. They were determined to open up their country, to give their peo- ple in distant parts the benefit of railroad locomotion, and if it was not to be had in so substantial a manner as in Great Britain, they appeared to make the most of their capital — whether it was borrowed or not. The construction of many of their bridges seems to be the greatest error they have made; but experience is now showing them, that the sooner they replace all wooden ones with iron or stone, the sooner will their lines pay better dividends, and afford more public confidence. In 1853, they had then in progress of completion, no less than 12,681 miles of railroad, in addition to which they had 18,266 miles actually in operation, the latter being close upon as many miles as was in operation over all Europe at that time — which was 14,142 miles. Since then, we find that, at the commencement of 1858, they had in operation, no less than TWENTY-SIX THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED AND T^.N MILES of railroad, the average cost of which per mile, is estimated about $35,000 (£7,000), and that the total coat of the 26,210 miles opened wos |919,990,516, or £183,998,103, or say, in round numbers, £184,000,000 sterling. Had they constructed their lines on the same expensive scale as those of Great Britain, it would have taken the sura of about £918,523,800 stg. — a sum, we presume, not likely to have been raised for the construction of railways, alone, in '.merica. Tlie conclusion, therefore, seems to us to be, that had the Americans not built their roads as they have done, thousands of miles of country now opened up, and thousands of acres now under cultivation, and yielding crops, would have been still dreary prairies or forests, with a poor probability of the country advancing as it has done. Taking, therefore, every thing into account — how they had money to raise — the distance they hud to bring much of their iron (in bringing it from Great Britain) — the high price of their labour — and the immense territory they have covered with the iron net work — it is only another proof of that indomitable, thorough going " go-ahead" character of the people, in accomplishing what they have done, and, considering all these things, will assist us to account, why it is that their roads are not so well built as those of Great Britain and Ireland. According '.'^ the American Railroad Journal, we find that "the total receipts of the roads will probably reach, $120,000,000 (or £24,000,000 sterling,) and that the net receipts will probably reach, at least, 6 per cent on their entire cost." One fact connected with railway travelling, in America, is that you may travel over some thousands of miles, and never pass through a solitary tunnel, the whole of the roads bt>lng chiefly laid in the valleys of hilly ports of the country. Amongst otiier officers connected with railways may be mentioned The Master of Transportation, who is intrusted with procuring and accommodating the trade and travel of the line with the rates of fares, the getting up of time tables, the running arrangements, atul other details connected witli the proper working of the line. The Master of Machinery, who has the full superintendence and control of all matters relnting to purchasinp", building, repairing of the locomotives and cars, and general rolling plant of the line. 7%e Master of the Road, who has the general charge of all matters relating to the metnls, sleepers, bridges, tunnels, and, in fact, all the buildings on the line — providing water — and otliti' duties essentially necessary for the efficient working of the road. Hiu'ng thus noticed the plant, construction, and management of the line, we will now notice a little of the " rolling stock," and its management First, then, we will notice the railroad carriages. RAILWAY OARS. The " carriages" of Great Britain are styled " cars" in America, Here they are dif- ferently constructed. Instead of the small compartments for 6 tirstrclnss, or 8 or 10 second-class passengers, as in Britain, the whole car inside is an open space, os a saloon- ■I % 42 THE AMERICAN RAILROAD PASSENGER CARS. carriage. Up the centre ther«) is a passage. The seats are arranged on each side of the pas- sage, and fitted up handsomely with crimson plush velvet seats and backs for 2 paseengers in each seat By an ingenious contrivance, the backs of the seats ere made to turn right over the seat, thus 2 passengers can sit with their faces opposite to other 2, which is very handy when 4 of a party wish to talk together, or have a game at cards, chess, etc., etc. Tlie whole interior fittings of the cars are good, with mirrors at each end. In the corner of all carriages there is a private retiring saloon, with water-closets, etc. On some lines there is one for ladies and another for gentlemen, in each car. Each car conveys from 60 to 60 passengers. Almost all the cars open at the ends, where there is a platform extend- ;, , ^ THE AMERICAN RAILROAD PASSENGER CAR. *' ' ing out about 2 feet ; thus the platform of one carriage joins that of another, and with the doors at both ends of the car, opening like the door of a room, a passage is thus formed from oue end to the other of the entire train. Along the ceiling of each car, there is a rope, which is attached throughout the whole train, so that the conductor, or any passenger, in any part of the train can stand up and— by pulling this rope — ring a bell which is placed at the side of the engine driver, and thus stop the train, if necessary. By this means, serious accidents are avoided, and passengers experience a feeling of sal jty, by having such means within their reach. This is rather an improvement, it must be allowed, on the boasted efficiency of some, of the English rail- roads, the trains of which have been known, sometimes, to catch fire, and have the wliole train flying along in a blaze, and passengers burned before tlie engine driver could be com- municated with. We allude more particularly to an occurrence of that nature which oc- curred on the Great "Western (of England) Railroad, some time ago. There } only one class of cars in the United States for all classes, excepting emigrants. Emigrai.:, cars are just like the Sd-class carriages in Britain, only that they are arranged in the same style inside, as Ist-class cars here. Tlie cars are much longer — say about half a length longer than the average length of carriages in Britain— or about the same length as some of the long carriages on tlie Glfls- gow and Greenock, or London and South-eastern lines of railroads there. The body of the car rests upon swivels attached to a sort of truck, or carriage of 4 wheels — (2 at each side). One of those trucks are under each end of the carriage ; there is thus a free space of about 30 feet between the fore and after wheels of the cars. The car thus placed on these trucks, and upon swivels, as stated, enables them to be run over curves with much greater case and safety than if constructed on the British plan. In fact, we do not think that the British railroad carriage could travel, with safety, so fast in this country as what the American car does, simply owing to the construction of the rond, ond the build of the car, with wheels so close to each other, and body having no room to " plaj. or swing round a little, in turning a curve. On the other hand, again, we fancy, that o car, built on the American model, would travel infinitely more easy, and much more sa!t ly, whe; some Br field, or Theej time, on( For ou some of 1 chances i windows beside yoi cars in thi sance whi might be, civil orag fer some o; stance, on ton, where one. Such London and the cars he them, are c however, wi agement, or heat their h( Whilst tra inside the ca pile of wood, of the body tl Wdden, a^ ir linppen when The railwa locomotive m America are ( of the body a ished iron, stc s^en in strong Jfewcastle or "ly thing but The most pror country, whici 08 the plain st (Scotland). T '"g wood, and •''' the top, by "«1. seen to vie gainly-looking fope in the har '"SP of roads. As an impro 'ion of driver , is most decided >- OARS OF AMERICA AND ENGLAND — ^THE LOCOMOTIVE. 43 ly, when going round some of those beautiful sharp curves which occur here and there on some British lines, or in "going over the stones" on such as the line from Penniston to Shef- field, or from Bishopstoke to Salisbury (Eng.). The external appearance of the cars are exceedingly plain — and, on entering for the first time, one is not prepared to find them so handsomely fitted np as they are. For our part we prefer these saloon-carriages, so well and comfortably fitted up, to even some of the first-class carriages in Britain, with their compartments of six each, where, ten chances to one, if you can get a seat, without being half suffocated with heat from windows being closed, or with tobacco smoke, from, perhaps, 2 or 3 cigars blazing away beside you. Whereas, to compare the best 2d-clas8 carriages in Great Britain with the cars in this country, is out of the question — setting aside altogether, the intolerable nui- sance which the non-smoking public in England feel, in being compelled to travel, as it might be, in a small, cramped-up smoking saloon, with, sometimes, the smokers not over civil or agreeable, even when females are present. For ourselves, we would rather pre- fer some of the emigrant cars here to such 2d-cla88 carriages as are to be found, for in- stance, on the London and South-Western Railroad, between Portsmouth and Southamp- ton, where an ordinary sized man cannot sit upright with his hat on, far less stand up in one. Such cramped-up dog-kennels as these, and some of the old 2d-class carriages on the London and North- Western, and other lines, are unknown in tliia country. The only fault the cars here have, is in the winter season when the stoves, which are then placed in them, are over-heated, sometimes, making them uncomfortable in that respect, a fault, however, which does not rest with the construction of the car, so much as in the misrat^n- agement, or over-heating of the stove, in the same manner in which the Amer'.jans over- heat their houses in winter, rendering them unconrfortably hot for British visitors. Whilst travelling on the cars here, strangers are cautioned to keep their arms and heads inside the cars, as, possibly, when exposing them outside, the train may pass a bridge, or pile of wood, where there is no room to allow for passing such with safety with any part of the body thus exposed. Standing on the platform outside, between the cars, is also for- bidden, as, in that case, the company will not be responsible for any accident which may Imppen when parties are standing there. 1 ■1; THE LOCOMOTIVE. The railway engine is, of course, similarly constructed to those of Great Britain, as a locomotive must be pretty much the same in all parts of the world. The engines of America are characterized by great expense being put on external painting and decoration of the body and finishing of the outward working parts. A large amount of bright pol- ished iron, steel, and brass-work is to be seen about all American-made engines, as can be seen in strong contrast on the Great Western Railway of Canada, for example, where some Newcastle or Manchester-made engines are running. Tlieir dirty, dark-green hue forms nny thing but a pleasing contrast to the bright polished vork of the American engine. The most prominent features in appearance, however, is in the chimney adopted in this country, which is certainly more useful than ornamental, and yet, it is about as hnndsorae as the plain straight up-and-down chimney pots on the engines of the Caledonian Railway (Scotland). The peculiar form of the American chimney is necessary, on account of burn- ing wood, and the quantity of sparks which fly up the inner funnel, but which are caught nt the top, by what is called the " spark arrester," which forms a part of the outside fun- nel, seen to view. So that, after all, there is utility if there is not ornament in the said un- gainly-looking funnel referred to. A bell is attached to all engines, which is rung by a rope in the hand of the drive as he starts, or is about to stop, or when passing over cross- ings of roads. Ab an improvement upon the " spectacles" of the British railroad engine for the protec- tion of driver and stoker from the wind and weather, the covering of the American engine is most decidedly superior, protecting on all sides, as well as from above, the driver and :l ;■ }; 44 THE AMERICAN RAILllOitli %id60M0TIVE. Btoker, and rendering them nearly as comfortable as if indde a dar altogether, and yet with light and room enough to perform their duty properly. The "cow-catcher" at the front— which takes theplao6 of the "life-guard" of the British engine — is a very formidable-looking affair, and carries in its triangled shape and huge iron bars, any thing but an idea of its benevolent intentions of saving the lives of all the •% «; V,' t H O o o o < o » O u sundry animals which come in its way. Yet so it is found, that where a cow, sheep, or ox, for instance, would be certain almost to be killed in coming in direct contact against the perpendicular front of the engine, when flying along the rails — the cow-catcher, on the other hand, catches them so that they are lifted at once off their feet, and rolled off on to either the one side or the other of the line, thus giving them a greater chance of escaping with life than otherwise. Sometimes animals are thus caught up and thrown on one side without any serious injury, although, at other times, they are killed on -he spot before THE CONDUCTOR AND NEWSMAN. 45 they are thrown off the cow-catcher. Such an article is more necessary in America, where the lines are not protected by fences as they are in Britain, and consequently much more subject to cattle straying about on them. ,t: THE RAILROAD CONDUCTOR. In attendance upon each train, there is a driver, stoker, one conductor, two or three bralcesmen, and an attendant in the shape of waiter — who acts also as travelling newsman, bookseller, and dealer in Yankee notions. The conductor on an American railroad is a smart, gentlemanly looking person gen- erally, and were it not for a very small badge which he wears either on his cap or coat breast, you could not tell him from any ordiu.'>ry gentleman traveller. He is — as he requires to be — a sharp, shrewd man o(^ business, with the eye of an eagle, excellent powers of dis- crimination as regards the various forms human nature takes, when passing under his re- view — thoroughly " posted up" as to all the " wild cat," " broken bank," and " uncurrent" notes in circulation — who can tell a counterfeit 25 cent piece by feeling, without troubling himself to look at it — and who, withal, is particularly attentive to ladies, in pro- viding them with seats in cars — where mostly ladies, or ladies accompanied by gentlemen are — and who, upon the whole, is civil, obliging, and attentive, with a sharp look-out after tickets, and those who have none. . '■;.,: . On a summer's morning, you will find him enter the car, as he gives the word " all aboard," dressed as if newly out of a band-box, in a suit of white, or unbleached linen, from head to foot, hat and boots included. For a rollicking bit of fun,. he will enter the carriage, giving some well-known passenger a " dig in the ribs," as he sings out his morn- ing salutation of " How are you, old feller 1" at the same time saying to the passenger, " I oal'clate you didn't see the calf we ketched upon the cow-ketcher." On the passenger pro- fessing his ignorance as to such an event having happened, but, being very desirous of get- ting " posted" on the subject, is eager for all the information he can get — the conductor, in return, still bent on a bit of fun to start the day's business with, then relates in his own peculiar fashion — which it is hopeless for us to describe, and more particularly regarding all the incidents connected with the catching of the animal referred to, and the variations, exclamations, emendations, and additions with which he garnished up his wonderful story — suffice to say that the story was well told, and ended by the conductor completely " sell- ing" his eager listener, when he told him, with a rich leer in the one eye, that the animal was on board, and he (the passenger) was the calf. With that, the conductor would bolt to the other end of the car, leaving the whole compony in a roar of laughter at the unfortunate wight who was so eager to hear something of the marvellous, which Brother Jonathan is always ready to supply, when he can meet with a proper customer who will take it in. Tliere is another character " on board" the car, however, it would almost be unpardon- able to omit noticing, namely, the attendant newsman. , , - ! \i li :W'l THE RAILROAD NEWSMAN ANT BOOKSELLER. In America, there are almost no book-stalls connected with the railroad stations, as in Great Britain, where newspapers, periodicals, books, etc., are sold in such vast quantities. It must not be imagined, however, that the railroad traveller is neglected, in that respect, ab will be found by experience on the lines, here. Started on your journey, you have not gone far before you are visited by the attendant newsman alluded to, " Morning paper, sir 1" " morning paper, sir 1" and thus he goes from one end of the train to the other, selling the morning paper for, perhaps, 3 cents — being one cent above publisher's price — ^but cheap enongh withal. After he thinks you have had time to "read, mark well, and Inwardly digest" all the 3 cents' worth, he visits you again, dispensing this time gratuitous literature, by handing to all ajid sundry a bill of 46 THE RAILROAD NEWSMAN- -" PUSHING THE TRADE." 8ome " heavier" article in the literary market — " Life and Times of Hugh Miller," just out, giving particulars regarding that publication — the great sale it has had — and if you wish to consider yourself a well " posted-up" man on such matters, you ought to buy a copy at the price of — the almighty dollar. You have just finished reading the prospectus, when he returns and picks up all the prospectuses, as he cannot afford to have them either wasted, or to give you one gratis. You wait to see " what next," when next he appears with an armful of books nicely bound, one of which he hands to every passenger. It is, " Life and Times of Hugh Miller." He thus passes through the car, and having given you an oppor- tunity of perusing prospectus and work also, he waits a little till you have begun to scan the pages over, and when you are nicely at work perusing some interesting story con- nected with the life of that excellent specimen of Scotland's self-made men, the attendant is at your elbow, and at your ear also, making the polite remark, " Only one dollar, sir ;" if you hesitate — " the greatest book out, sir." Still you are doubtful — " No man but thinks of having that book, sir;" and, at last, between the eloquence of the author and salesman of the book, you are minus one dollar, but an addition to your library of one volume. Thus you watch the tact and perseverance without many words, with which the newsman goes along, selling all he can of those he had left with the passengera He now disappears. By-and-by his next visit is in anotlicr character. By this time, he supposes you are getting thirsty — «e will not suppose, for a moment, on account of the matter being rather dry, that he had, a few minutes before, sold yon ; but, at all events, he appears now with a tin can full of iced water, which he dispenses in a tumbler to every thirsty person, gratis — handling both articles with some nicety — as the train flies along. Thus he supplies all who wish to drink. Having completed his journey in this line of business, he shortly appears again, loaded with another supply of books. This time, it is a " Railroad Guide." He leaves a copy of that also as before, and proceeds on. After you have perused it, you, probably, are inclined to be posted up as to the time of the railroad, as well as the time of day, and feel disposed to invest 25 cents for that — well-investeJ money as the newsman may tell you — " save many a train, sir." So on he passes, picking up those copies not wanted, and picking up the quarter dollars where they are to be met with. In this way does this attendant pass and repass, delivering, selling, and taking up copies of books of all sorts — magazines, illustrated newspapers, etc. — so that, between reading what you may have bought, and glancing over all those which are tlirown in temptation's way, the time on a railroad, in America, passes away very fast, even although you should be travelling without any acquaintance to converse with. After a lopse of an hour or so, and after he has exhausted his variety of good things for the mind, our industrious friend now appears with something approaching to " lolly pops" in appearance, but intended as food for the body. This is the veritable " pop corn," all done up in paper bags, at " only 5 cents opiece." ■ You have, probably, never tasted pop corn, you see every body else investing, and 80 goes another twentieth part of the said almighty dollar, for a bag of pop corn. From its starchy white look and appearance to some nice confectionary, you expect to get a sweet mouthful. However, you will be disappointed, whether agreeably or not, we do not say, ns that is a matter of taste. All we can «iy is, thot we like it well enough, and that it appears to be a great favourite, from the quantities you will see consumed on cors, steam- boats, in theatres, etc. It is the Indian Corn, subjected to heat, by some process, and blown up into a light confectionary-looking article, sprinkled over with salt, and a very healthy and, we dare say, nourishing article, for those who like it. Having left you to finish your stock of "pop corn," the faithful attendant is at your service once more, and if you were disappointed at his last visit, by not getting some " lolly pops," as you expected, you will now have an opportunity of investing another quarter of a dollar on some genuine "candy" of Mr. Somebody's excellent nmnufac- ture. There is no mistake this time, so you are inclined to speculate once more. But 26 cents' worth of candy, what are you going to do with uU that ? If you are at a THE NEWSMAN — RAILROAD REFRESHMENT STATIONS, loss, the attendant will at once give you a proof of his kindness, and afford you an opportunity to exercise yours, by suggesting that it will no doubt afford you pleasure to divide it with the " little dears" in the seat before or behind you, and if there are none actually so close at hand, he will find some in the train who will become the grateful r&- cipients of your benevolent kindness. Thus appealed to, you may be led to be generous ; or, if in stoical humour that day, in that respect, you begin to look at both sides of your quarter dollar, before you exchange it for the packet of candy, done up so inviting as it is in white and gold paper. The " pop corn," however, by this time, urges the necessity of something to allay the thirst which it created ; so you begin to hesitate, and, at last, make up your mind you will not spend 25 cents on candy then — it's too much. To eat it all, perhaps, would turn the equilibrium of your stomach, and, whilst in that mood, between hesitation and want, the attendant — faithful man — puts an end to your soliloquy by the information thot " Wall, I guess you can have a dime's worth." That will do — p borgain is struck, and you bond out your 10 cents, and he gives you a portion of a package, value one dime. Thus engaged, tlierefore, between allaying your thirst with the candy, and on- joying your invfstments in literature, you whirl along till you come to a station where the iron horse take* in fuel and water. " All aboard" again, and you are once more meditating upon some of the beauties of nature, which you are passing rapidly, when another attendant appears, with a great bundle of newspapers under liis arm. At the last stopping-place, the faithful attendant, who had so sedulously attended to your mental and material wants — with profit to himself and to you — has disappeared from off the stage — of the car, at all events — and you see no more of him. His place is taken by another, who has come up the line, perhaps 40 or 50 miles, with an up train, with the evening paper of the next large town or city you are opprooching. " Important news by telegraph ;" " News by the ocean telegraph ;" " To-day's London news." You are now hit home, perhaps, and in your eagerness to know what the news is, you inquire " What is it?" when you are brouglit to your senses by the doUar-and-cent laconic reply, " 3 cents, sir." You had forgot ; the newsman, however, had not; so you hand out 3 cents, and have it all before you. Between your morning paper, your evening paper, your one dollar volume, your Eail- roiid Guide, your pop corn, and your candy, and sundry drinks of water, you have been pretty well occupied during the journey, ond we are bound to think that you have not wearied any more with travelling only at the rate of 20 miles per hour, than you would have done if you had been on the Great Western Express, railing it at the punctual time of 60 miles an hour, with " Hell Fire Jack" as driver, from London to Bristol. The newsman on the railroad car is a character perfectly unique, and only to be met with on an Americon railroad, or steamboat sometimes. RAILROAD REFRESHMENT STATIONS. The great distinguicV.lng difference between the refreshment saloon at the railway sta- tions hero and in Britain is, that those in Britain are, for the most part, occupied with bars, for the sale of liquors of all kinds, and wretched tea and coffee, or soup — with the latter so scalding hot, however, that you have neither time nor patience to wait till it is cool enough to enjoy it In America it is just the reverse. The bar, where intoxicating liquors are sold, is scarcely to be seen at some stations. It forms a very secondary place in the establishment. The refreshment saloon proprietor finds it necessary to supply the best, most wholesome, and substantial victuals for travellers, whilst the railroad companies allow their passengers time to enjoy them. People in this country have no idea of travelling 300 or 400 miles, on an old fusty biscuit, or spunge cake, and keeping up the " inner man" with brandy and water, or pale ale — things all very well in their proper place, but not to travel upon for from 12 to 24 hours. DiNNEH. — In your journey along the line, we omitted to convoy you to the dining saloon. Wlicn, Uierefore, the bell on the engine has rung its last stroke of stoppage, you jump off the cor, and are informed — " 20 minutes here for dinner." You are now, probably, landed 48 A WAY-SIDE REFRESHMENT SALOON — SLEEPING gARS. at a Btation not far from a dense forest, or in the midst of a deep valley, with a range of mountains, perhaps, on every side, with nothing to be heard but the " iron horse" snorting till he comes to a stand-still, and the sound from his nostril reverberating through the val- ley, and re-echoed again and again. You feel disposed to disappointment in being landed at such a primitive-looking station, which presents, from all you see around you, externally, such scanty means of providing a good dinner, for you, who have tasted nothing very sub- stantial, probably, from 6 to 6, a. m., and now it is 12.80 or 1, p. m. Besides, there is not the magnificent refreshment saloon as in England, like the Midland at Derby, or Carlisle — with its ecclesiastical looking ceiling, and its baronial fire-place. If you have not that, you have, in just such a station as thot of Stafford, or at Bristol, a wooden refreshment-room, well stocked inside. You now enter the dining-room — take your seat — and we will guarantee you will gut a most sumptuous dinner, there and then, for 50 cents, (or 2«. stg.,) and have time to take it in comfort, compared with the " bolting" necessary at some of the refreshment stations in Great Britain, where you have to pay 62^ cents (or 2». ad. stg.). At this country way-side station, they are all prepared for your coming, every thing is ready to the minute the train is due. Most of the dishes ure cut up, all ready, and, between soup, delicious trout from the mountain streams ot hand, farm-yard poultry, mut- ton, beef, pork, vegetables, and pies and tarts innumerable, with, for dessert — in summer sea- son — water-melons, musk-melons, huckleberries, and several fruits we cannot name, to- gether with pure iced-water — we can vouch you have finished, most satisfactorily, 20 min- utes' good hard work in the use of knife and fork. You now retire, we will be bound to say, agreeably disappointed with the refreshment-saloon, even at a way-side station in the United States of America. At some stations, the charge is only 25 cents, and a very good dinner is got All the passengers, sit down ut an immense long table. There are no 2d-clus8 refreshment-room stations — all are 1 st-class, but at 2d-cla88 English prices. The conductor, driver, and all the attendants of the train, join at the universal table ; but none of them until they have washed themselves in the washroom adjoining the dlning-saloon. Bbjeakfabt. — Travellers who start very enrly in the morning, or who may have been travelling all night, will hail the arrival at the breakfast station, with its plenty of good cheer, in hot coffee, tea, toast, potatoes, ham and eggs, beef steaks, mutton chops, bread and butter, eggs, (boiled, poached, and fried,) etc., etc., etc., with a tumbler of iced-water. Charge for such varies froA 25 to 60 cents, depending upon localities, and set out Time allowed, 20 minutes. Tea or Suppkb. — Generally about 5 o'clock — unless near destination of chief terminus— the train will stop for tea or supper, allowing 20 minutes. The fare presented is similar to breakfast, with the addition of pies, tarts, etc., with all kinds of preserves. Charge, 25 to 60 cents. Of course there are no fees to waiters. At all the refreshment-saloons on the rail- roads here, the attendance is most efficient, with damsels which rivol, in every respect, the far-famed waitresses at such as "Wolverton, Stafford, Peterborough, or Swindon stations, in England. < ' = . i ■ i SLEEPING CARS ON RAILWAYS. Amongst the many improvements introduced in connection with comfortable locomotion, none of so important a character for travellers by night trains has ever been introduced as that of the sleeping berths fitted up for passengers in some of the railroads in Canada and the United States. On the Grand Trunk Railroad in Canada, the sleeping cars are the most comfortable of any we have seen ; almost in every respect like the berths of a first-class cabin in a steamer — all enclosed, with the conveniences and comforts of a good bed, washstand, etc. — so that travellers going between Montreal and Toronto during night can go to bed and rise in the morning at their destination much more refreshed than if they had sat up all night Tliis luxury can be enjoyed by paying $1 extra. On several lines in the United States cars are fitted up similarly, but not quite so completely nor so comfortable as those in Canada, al- though a great improvement so far. £.$tween Cleveland and Cincinnati, for instance, each 1'/: CHURCHES OF AMERICA — ATTENDANCE AT CHURCH. 49 car is fitted up for 66 berths, for which the extra charge is 60 cents each. Altogether, it is a move in the right direction, ond, we should suppose, might be adopted with advantage on the long line runs of such as the Great Northern and London and North- Western, be- tween London and Edinburgh, the night trains of which, for comfortable accommodation, are nothing to compare with the cars alluded to in this country. On the Pennsylvania Central Road, there are high-backed sofa seats, which one can repose upon very comfort- ably, at no extra charge. THE CHURCHES OF AMERICA. The elegance of the churches in the United States and Canada is well known to every American traveller. Whilst there cannot be, of course, such venerable edifices to be seen as the fine old cathedrols of such as Salisbury, York, London, and Westminster, (Eng.,) or Glasgow and Elgin, (Scot.,) yet we have no hfisitation in saying, that in modern churches, those of Canada or the States will compare favourably with any in Great Britain or Ire- land, either in artistic excellence in architectural design, as well as substantiality. We know of few towns in Great Britain, which, in comparison with its size, can show such a turn out of elegant places of worship as is to be seen, for example, in the city of Toronto. In one or two other towns, such as Montreal, the Catholi excel in the external beauty as well 08 size of their cathedrals, although internally they are nothing to boast of, some of them even betraying, in our opinion, very bad taste. The English Episcopalian cathe- dral ond churches, as well as those of the Congregotionalist and other bodies again, both externally and internally, show generally excellent taste, combined with great comfort. The Presbyterian churches, both English and Scotch, also present some very handsome edifices, excelling, as a general rule, we think, the buildings which the Scotch Free Church Presbyterians have been erecting lately in many of the Scotch towns, most of which, for- tunately, moke no pretensions to orchitecturol beauty of design. For the some amount of money which many of these churches have cost, if the Americans had had to build them, they would in all probability have erected neat and tastefully-designed churches entirely of wood, and by pointing them white, with green round the windows ond doors, and with their bright green Venetian blinds, would have presented, as they do in country districts here, churches ond chopels, that, however small, at once commend themselves for their ele- gance and neatness. In the large cities on the seaboard, such as New York, in the lavish expenditure of money which must have been spent on the magnificent edifices there, we should say, that the Americans have good reasons to be church- proud. (See New York, for engravings of such.) THE ATTENDANCE AT CHURCH. On visiting the churches in the United States and Canada, the stronger will find them well filled, generally speaking. In summer time, the ladies are to be seen going dressed in the most expensive mualins and laces, with bare arms, perhaps, under elegant mantillas of the most zephyr thinness, displaying easily the shape of the figure, be it handsome or otherwise. In the autumn or " fall," the most gorgeous silks, brocades, and velvets are worn. This being the age of " hoops," of course the ladies assume larger dimensions thon usual ; the use of that article in this country being carried to as great excess as we think it possible to be done. As generol rule, the congi-egations of oil places of worship ore exceedingly well dressed, and present, in summer time, some features rather different from those in Britain. In the summer time, ladies take fons with them to church — the value of that article ranging from a 5-cent dried palm-leaf, to every sort ond design of the most costly Chinese ond French manufacture. During the service, the fans ore kept in olmost constant motion in cooling their possessors, much, we should suppose, to the onnoyance of the speaker, seeing these waving back and forword before his eyes, at rates varying from 6 to 50 miles per hour. The gentlemen go in suits, some of black, some white, some drab, and some brown, just no 50 DRESS AT CUURCII— CHURCH PSALMODY. it luita their tante, convenienco, or comfort Mony witli wliolo auita of wliito llnon, ond being newly WHslied and "gotii])," with pure white niilrt-fronts, turn-down collara, and Binall ribbon fur noclc-tie, look uncommonly well, neat, and clean-loolcing, ond, in the hot weather, tlie most comfortable drcas of all. As we have sat broiling under our black coat, vest, and trowsers — all woollen — wo have many time* envied tliose gentlemen in white und fine linen. In the matter of hots, tw), the big black chimney pot is thrown aside by many, and the light straw or felt hat odoptcd in its place, so that, dressed up as now described, with a pair of thin patent leather boots or shoes, fit for a l)all, it will bo seen, that the American gentleman dresses so as to bo as cosy, light, and comfortable as he can. Little boys are similarly dressed os the gentlemen ; and girls — women in miniature — they must follow the fashion allotted to them, and are dressed and screwed up like bo many big dolls, but certainly with the most exquisite neatness and taste, and some of them at no BDioll cost. In the winter months it is just the very reverse of all this. Nothing can be too thick, almost, from the sole of the foot to the crown of the head, for ladies, gentlemen, and children. The working classes turn out to church exceedingly well dressed, ond if it was difficult to tell, at one time, the difference between a Manchester or Glasgow fuotory-girl from the doughter of o mill-owner, on Sunday, it is pretty much the cose now in America — Sally of the hotel or the private residence, as well as the well-paid workman's wife, being de- sirous of allowing off as well as those of the " upper ten" — not forgetting their fan, either, when they go out. CHURCH PSALMODY. On entering olmost any church, chapel, or meeting-house of any denomination what- ever, the stranger must at once be struck with the most excellent psalmody which he hears in the places of worship. Generally speaking, there is as great a difference between the psalmody and music in American churches, when compared with that heard in England, as there is between the sing-song, drawling, unmusical notes to be heard in some of tlie churches in country parishes in Scotland, when compared with the music in such os St Bride's, in Fleet street, or Rev. Dr. Binnie's, in Fish-street Hill, London. The reoson appears to us to arise from the study which the Americans, as a people, give to the art, commencing with them when very young ot the piano or melodeon, ond hav- ing thus early learnt it, become to like it, and carry it into their religious services. In the choirs of places of worship, as is well known, the wives and diughters of the most respectable families nssist, ond scarcely is there a choir, we should aoy, but what can boast of its prima donna, belonging to the upper classes, omongst its volunteer assistants. Struels, sometimes, with some porticulor tenor, towering above all the others, wo have found, upon inquiry, the voice to be thot of the lady of Mr. A., the importer, or hearing an ex- cellent boss voice, were told it wos Mr. B., the manufacturer. In some of the churches in the large cities is this particularly the cose, the singing being such as we fancy could not fail to arrest the attention, and pleose the mon who does not know even one note from an- other. In some congregations, tlie hymn books have musical notes printed in ; otliers, ogain, hove music books with airs only — consequently, a large trade is done in supplying congregations with socred music books, or witli liymn books set to music. We do not find, however, that the congregations, as a body, let their voices be liearil, any more than they are heard in many churches in Britain, They oppear to allow the choir and the organ to do the work, and in many churches they are mere listeners. As on exception to this, may be named such as Rev. Mr. Beecher's church, in Brooklyn, New York. Tliere the whole congregation oppeor to sing with hearty good will — in itself, a treat to hear. Every place of worship has a musical instrument of some kind, generally an organ, or melodeon. Even the small congregotion, in the large Scotch Presbyterian Church of St. Andrew, at Clifton, (Canada West,) appears to have been inoculated in favour of a musical Instrument, for without waiting, we presume, for authority from headquarters, (being a LUMBER AND LUMBERMEN. 61 Hcotch CBtablishod church) they have ttssertod the right In their adopted land— and being in close proximity to tlie " Innd of liberty"— to introduce a niilodiion to aitciat their psal- mody, ond with good effect in singing the good old-fuwiiionod puiiliuB and purupliragea of the " authorized vernion." A controversy is now going on in the church meetings, in Canodu, upon the subject of introducing instrumental music into clmrclics, similar to tliut wiiicli is going on In Scot- bud, amongst the members of the United Tresbyterian body there. ■",» '< LUMBER AND LUMBERMEN. The term "lumber," is meant to represent all kinds of timber, whetlier in logs, deols, spars, sliingles, or ony otlior description of cut or uncut timber. " Lumbermen" os those wlio are employed in cutting down the timber, preparing it for, and making it into rafts, imd " rafting" or sailing those rafts down tlie rivers to a port. Tlius a ruft is " rtm" or " roftod" down a river, when it is being token to market to bo sold. The term raftsmen is, therefore, synonymous with lumbermen, wlien conveying tlie lumber along the rivers. The lumljermen of Canada are chiefly French Canadians, and, in many respects, they lead a solitary, exposed, and hard-working life. In the Bunmier season these men arc engaged by large " lumber houses," owners of im- mense tracts of forest lands and swamps. Tiiey aro sent hundreds of miles up the country, to certain stations in_ the interior ; along with them they take a supply of pork, flour, nnd biscuit, and warm clotliing, sutficient to last over the winter season, and until the river navigation opens. When winter sets in, they are engaged "chopping," or felling down the trees, and preparing them into logs. Some do nothing but chop ; others, nguin, attend to the " logging," that is, yoking the bullocks and attending to them in drawing the logs out of the forest, to the nearest outlet of the river, or point, where they are prepared into rafts. Another is employed as cook for the party, who remuins ot liome nil day, preparing the food, and, perhaj)s, exercising himself in the use of the rifle, in bring- ing in some game so as to furnish an extra savory dish now and then. Thoy live in wooden "shanties," or log-houses, wliich, by plastering or the use of bark, are rendered as warm as ony stone house. Tliere, during the dreary months of winter, with snow and ice on every side, and a dense forest around them for many miles, do these hardy men exist, enlivening their evenings by games at cards, or probably reading the latest newspaper, if one, by any chance, should come in their way. The winter time, when every thing is frozen hard aroimd them, is frequently a more comfortable time for them than at other seasons, when in swamps they are obliged to stand in water and chop or log. In winter they wear suits of the heavy Canadian cloth, alluded to elsewhere, with long boots, of a very heavy ond substantial make. In Canada alone, it is estimated there arc upwards of 30,000 lumbermen regularly employed, chiefly in the Ottawa, and far north-west districts. They are engaged for the season, perhaps. They go to work, live in the bush, as described, during the winter, nnd, after tliey have got all their logs made into rafts, they aro prepared to " run" thera when the ice disappears. The running of rafts is, sometimes, a very dangerous opera- tion, particularly on such as the Rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence, where there are so many rapids; however, by the use of long oars, at each end of the raft — each oar acting as a helm to steer with — and experience, the practised lumberman gets along without much dan- ger, excepting where he gets into a wide expanse of the river wliere the small lakes are formed, and a storm coming on, he runs the risk of the raft being blown in different directions, and thus " wrecking" the raft, sometimes, beyond hope of recovery, and with lo3s of life often. On sucli a lake as St. Peter's, on the St. Lawrence, is this sometimes the cnse. We here give an engraving of rafts " running" the rapids of the St. Lawrence, at Cedars, Canada East, 36 miles S. W. from Montreal, which will give an idea of one of the most dangerous and exciting scenes during the voyage of a raft, on its way to market Ri i ■'! I I n 52 UAFT8 OP LUMBER RUNNING THE RAPIDS. In some diitrioU, the rafti are divided, and made to dcBoend the " dides" — where there are no rapldt, or other means of conveying them past locks or falls. H CO U a H >! O r/I <1 Q U H < Q b C4 eq o CO H On the rafts are erected temporary houses, or huts, and with a cooking stove, barrels of flour, pork, etc. Thus they may be seen, making their way for hundreds of miles down the rivers to various ports on the St. Lawrence, but particularly to Quebec, the greatest lumber shipping port in America. The lumbermen are engaged for so much per season, with victuals. When they arrive at Quebec with the rafts — the proceeds of their winter's work — they are then paid the amount due them, and are ready to engage for the next sea- son. Sometimes the lumbermen are very troublesome, in breaking engagements with their employers, and hiring themselves to others when they get up the country. Employers TUE LUMBER TRADE — FIRE-ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 58 complain of thin, ■whilst the men, on the other hnnil, complain of l>o(l trcntinent, or the tennB of the engngement not being noted up to. An attempt wan mnihs to esfaibllsh a registry of lumbermen in the Ottawa district, with the view of checking the evil alluded to, but nothing of a legislative ohoractcr hnn yet been done, to render any such measures legolly binding. The rafts on the Deluwore, may bo seen in similar manner, tlooting down to rhihidelphia, which is the nmrkct for iU lumber. All the large cities on the seaboard are more or loss lumber markets, and by the cheapness of this article, are the people kept in a supply of firewood, (the only fuel in most places,) as well as material for building, fitting up, ond furnishing houses, in doing which, the United States and Canada certainly do " lick all creation." To give an idea of the mognitude of the trode done at Quebec, in the single article of lumber, of Canodian growth, we annex the following statement : — An Ahgtraot of th« Numhtr qf Plecet of all Lumber {itquare timber eaceptetl) meaeured in Quebeo during the eeaaon of 1866. 1,618 m»st« and bowsprits; 1,008 spBrs ; 61,496 oars; 2,089 cords of lathwood; 1,878,178 standard pina deals ; Mli,402 staiidnrd spruce deals ; 888,^S6 standard pine and spruce deals, unculled ; 186,882 pine plank and boards, culled ; 16,110 pIno plauk and boards, counted ; 78,419 spruce plank and boards, culled; 14,086 spruce plank and boards, counted ; 1,839,082 standard staves ; 940,184 West India staves. Tlie total exports of timber of all kinds from Canada, In the year 1960, amounted In value to |10,016 888: and the value of ships built In Quebec and sold out of the country amounted to |1,218,070 ; making a total of wood goods exported of |U,188,969. The receipts by the Canadian government, were as follows : — During the year 1866 the gross receipts were — On account of Timber Licenses |214,012 00 1)0. Government Slides 82,788 90 246,801 80 Deducting charges of management, Timber Licenses 28,086 70 Do. do. do. Government Slides 1,896 69 84,981 8» Leaving a net of $211,870 41 V FIRE-ENaiNE ESTABLISHMENT. Who has not heard of this "Ini.*itution" — one so hallowed in the recollection of every American, from 16 to 100 years of oge { As to the regular paid firemen of Great Britain, the British public care no more about them, than they do obout their chimney- Bwceps, or street-scavengers, Tliey are nil men who are paid i'or doing their work, and are expected to do it well. If they do not do it so, some one else will be got, who will do it right, and so there is an end of it. Not so in America. The fire-engine of the Ameri- can is associated with his first breath of life, perhaps the toy of his childhood, till it reaches into manhood with him — growing with his growth — his first thought in the morn- ing, ond, too often, his lost thought and action at night. Grown out of a voluntary act, when towns were not able to support fire-engines, and pay men specially for looking af- ter them, the institution of the fire-engine, and firemen companies, have become a power, alas ! however, like all human greatness, destined to reach the summit of its greotness, and wane grodually till it disappears, at last, altogether from sight, or memory. To express an opinion against this institution at one time was tantamount to blasphemy — and to doubt their ciSciency, as a body, was downright infidelity. It may be osked by some, who and what are these firemen there is so much said and written about ? They are simply a body of men, generally young men and lads, who, in a porticular district of a city, form themselves into a firemen's company, with the laudable desire of assisting in putting out fires, and saving the property at such as much as possible. Tlie corporation furnishes them with an engine, engine-house, hose, hooks, ladders, etc., etc. They pay for the decoration and furnishing of their engine themselves. They are very particular about having their en- gine to beat every other engine already in existence, or which ever may come into exist- ence. It shall be more expensively painted and decorated. Its fittings of brass, copper, and silver-gilt, shall shine so as to dim the lustre of all others within eye-sight on a parade w i:' m 64 THE firemen's "KUN OUT." day. Its power shall be such as to throw a jet of water higher than the highest yet at- tained, and carry on its front, us a mark of its gallantry and strength, a pair of the horns of an ox. With all these beauties and qualifications, it must combine in it, all the ease, lightness, and grace of a fairy chariot, and none of the clumsy red and black painted wheels of an engine of Tilley's, or Mer-cweather's, of London. No ; the '• Nonpareil" fire-en- gine of the '00th district -'Nonpareil Company," with the "Knickerbocker Hook and Ladder Company," '.vith hose, and hose-carriage, is a paragon, to match which the world is challenged. When the awful sound of a conflagration is heard tolling, mournfully, it may be, over the city, with the news of the " devouring element" being at work some- where, it is then that the philantliropic fireman is to be seen in nil his excitement and glory — then, that his bowels of compassion to save life as well as property, urges hiui to the scene — it is then, that the " Nonpareil" engine, with the " Knickerbocker" hook and ladder, and hose, close behind, are expected to be at the fire first of all. Yonder you see it coming scampering down the hill, in full flight with Its 20 human horses in the traces, with red jackets and helmets, nearly cap-a-pie, rushing along, and clearing the streets iis they go, with captain in front, and as he runs, shouting out. his orders through his sil- •"f --gilt trumpet. Tliere they are in full cry, when behind them, another company with engine No. 1, wheels round the corner, and, in its attempting to pass the renowned "Nonpa- reil," gets jammed up against the first lamp post, and maimed for doing any more good or harm, for the remainder of that day or night. Tlie "Nonpareil" still holds on its trium- phant career, although it may have broken a leg or two of its members, in its encounter with No. 1. It arrives within half a gun shot of the scene of action, when another com- pany. No. 2, (liives up, before the redoubtable '' Nonpareil," and pitching into it, smashes its slender body, and all "the fixings," into smithereens, till at last No. 2, and a few others arrive nt the fire, and find i'.; — a false alarm, after all. What is the meaning of all this ? will be asked. Only — that the firemeu of one company had sounded the alarm of fire, .ond wanting a run for themselves, thought they would show how soon they could be at a particular spot, in advance of all their neighbours, and thus taks the "shine" out of them. In sober earnest, however, the foregoing is no exaggeration of a scene in going to an ac- tual or reputed fire. The scenes of rivalry which the system has engendered, the fights at fires, the loafers and scoundrels of all sorts which have lately got connected witii fire companies — whose only object is to get up fires for the sake of plunder — has led to the doom, as we believe, of the existence of volunteer companies in connection with fire-en- gines and fire-brigades. Public opinion, backed by the insurance companies, have now found out a remedy for reducing the number of fires, and also the amount of destruc- tion of jiroperty which follow them. That remedy is the establishing the steam fire-en- gine, and a regular paid staff of fireuien. The public in all the large cities almost, seem alive to the importance of adopting the new system, and appear to give it their hearty support, against the deadly opposition of the volunteer fire companies, who cannot but see that the day of their services is fixed — that their net fire-engines may be put in glass cases as relics of the past, as soon as tlioy like, instead of a run out with tlieir engine, and breaking sundry legs and arms— or turning out of bed now and then to actual fires, they will be able to spend their evenings more pleasantly and profitably in the mag.^ificent saloons and reading-rooms of their mer- cantile libraries, and sleep sound at night without giving themselves any trouble whoso propertj- is on fire, as the iron horde, will, ere long, cleir all before hin., and soon drown out the biggest fire which has evr iiappened, in a 100th part of the time it would tnke 60 volunteer fire-engines, however neat and truu they may be. THE STEAM FIBE-ENGINE. >H . » '1 § .r a;- ^:i ^« 03 73 to a i 11 1 «+o o •i s n to 03 I-H W) fc- •« •- s 4i S -S * fe S ® S 3) 60 <-i V ^ 01 X3 ?, a. e ■En O ^ PH- 4)_ <<- <-i ,3 a S 60 C9 ri3 _2 in -^ a o « V. J c 1^ ^ c< F— ( o T-H ee 1 rl S =1 OJ 93 .3 -d to 60 I a ■ a 1) a H a •^ :S a g):S I i ^1 ^ O . 5^-1 « 09 O ^ O P. m THE STEAM FIBE-ENQINE — EXPRESS. 65 '. c -^ 1 'J 1 9 S ! [s i^ ii c2 1 , . a) V c B ■^ ■ ^ 1) « > ^ h ^ ♦J ■ .". a -< "^ ^ 1 1 « ^ b "•'i I' THE STEAM FIRE-ENGINE. One of the greatest inventions of modern times, as connected with saving property from destruction and theft at fires, and for raising the dividends of fire insurance companies, is that of the application of steam to the fire-engine. In cities where these engines are in use, the dividends of the fire insuronce companies have risen about 6 per cent ; people sleep sound in bed at night, feeling confidence in the ])ower of the fire (steam) engine — putting all fires out quickly, and in doing so, respecting property — with very few fires taking place now, compared with what occurred formerly. These are some of the results of the steam fire-engine being established. To Cincinnati belongs the honour ""f first setting the worthy example in this respect, and to one man there, viz., Mi'es Greenwood, of the Eagle Foundry, belongs the credit, more than to any other man, for carrying it out, although frequently at the risk of health and life. When at Cincinnati, we had an opportunity of seeing these engines at work, at fires, and most admirably did they answer the purpose. First of all, it must be understood, that, as in the London brigades, men are at the fire- engine stations constantly, night and day. They have, moreover, towers at each, from the top of which a watch is kept all over the city, so that when a fire breaks out, it is seen at once. For each engine there are 4 powerful horses kept rtady harnessed. Each engine is kept filled with water and fuel, and all ready to fire up. No sooner is the alarm of fire given, '.han one man puts a match to the fuel, when it is burning in a minute — the horses are yoked, and in two minutes are on their way to the scene of the fire. The burning fuel in the engine is getting up the steam, and before six minutes has elapsed, steam is up to the required pressure, so that, on arriving at the fire, it is ready to work the en- gine, ond throw the water through the hose. If the steam is up before the destination is reached, it propels the engine forward, making it light work for the horses. At night, it is a novel sight to see the horses and steam-engine together, careering along the street, snorting up the steam and smoke as they gallop along, and making the fire-sparks fly from their heels. There is something positively grand and exciting in such a sight, and one can- not help, in this matter, admiring the go-ahead character of the people, in a most practi- cal direction. When they arrive at the scene of the fire, the horses are unyoked, and the firemen con- nect the main hose of the engine, with the water-plugs — these conveying the water into the fire-engine — and from there, it is pumped against the fire. There the engines stand quietly working away, as easily as possible, with the stoker behind adding fuel, and an engineer in front looking after the machinery. The power of throwing water through these engines is almost beyond belief. Since their successful establishment in Cincinnati, almost all the large cities have been supplied with them. It is supposed, because the steam fire-engine cannot eat, drink, and bribe, that it has not made much greater headway in some cities ; however, its advantages are compelling its adoption, and, ere long, we sliould suppose, its use will be universal in all largo towns. Tlie steam fire-engine is made, also, for 2 horses, and, cm some occasions, steam has been got up in 4 minutes, 46 seconds. EXPRESS. ThatV the word in America ! It is applied to every moving thing, animate and inani- mate — to movements of the stcomship, tlie locomotive, the body, as well as the mind. Every tiling anil every body is alive, and goes by express. The people live and think by express, as many of them acknowledge. From the forwarding a box of goods to their conclusions on the theory of human progression, all is express work. If you want to send a parcel 300 miles per " goods train," and expect it delivered in 16 or 18 hours, as in England, you must send it here per " express freight." In that case, however, you may be glad if you i'i 5-: I ! 56 EXPRESS PEOPLE AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. have it delivered thif distance off in 60 hours. If you wiBh to go 180 miles in 3 to 4 hours, as in England, simply per " express," you must here go by the " lightning express," and yop. need not fret your existence away because you are from 7 to 9 hours ou tho road. If, however, they cannot go by rail quite so fast as they do in Britain, with the or- dinary goods trains r.r expresses, they make up for it other ways. Although some " down easters" are said to take a long time to " calculate" what they are revolving in their mind, the nervous New Yorker, and even the grey and drab Philadelphian will think and act 50 to 1 compared with many. They are the living types of " express" people. They drive by express, they walk by express when the steam is up, they count their bills by express, drink by express, and, according to the opinion of the Hon. M. P. for Dundee (Scot.), they eat and spit by express. We say they drink by express; for whoer:; i,aw an American sit down and spend half an hour or more over his pint of beer or gill of whisky ? No, that is decidedly too slow. He stands at the bar of the saloon, and after the " cock tail," or " gin sling," or brandy and water is placed before him, the bottom of tlie tumbler ia reached at one operation. There is no sitting and " fuddling" over the drink, as a general rule. Down it goes at a mouthful, and off he starts to some thing or somewhere else. We have met many intelligent men, who deplore that fast working of the brain which is so prevalent. One consequence is, such people do not live to enjoy the robust health thf I prht otherwise do. Our remarks apply, of course, more particularly to men engaged in al L II business in the large cities. Some farmers, and many who live in the coun- try, may en, actually, one would suppose, trying how long a time they would take to d« nothing ; v inlst others, again, who have made a small independency, are satisfied to let the world wag as it likes — they purpose enjoying it, and its comforts and blessings, by taking thingH easy. In the rural districts as good specimens in that respect are to be seen as iu Farmer Giles, of Devonshire or Buckingham (Eng.). " Express companies," however, form a different feature of American commercial life, and which we may here notice. EXPRESS COMPANIES. The great carriers — such as Pickford, Chaplin & Horne, and Carver & Co., of England — assume the title of " Express Companies" in America — who send all their goods by " ex- press," as it is called. The heavy goods, to a great extent, are consigned to the railway companies, who for- ward them per " express freight" cars, which are proverbially slow in their speed, com- paratively — so much so, that unless for very heavy articles, the great bulk of the goods sent over the country are consigned to the care of express companies. Some of these companies — in the large cities — partake of tho character of the " parcels delivery company" of London, not extending their operations out of the city. Whereas the larger express companies extend their business, by agencies, over the entire United States to California, as well as throughout all Canada. With every express train, they have either half of a car, or an entire car, devoted to the goods they are conveying. They send a special messenger with each. At the other end of the same car, is generally the U. S. Mail, under charge of the mail guard. In the express companies' portion of the car, the messenger who has charge of the packages, delivers them out at their respective stations, and receives others to forward onward. A large and strong wooden box, and sometimes on iron safe, travels along with him, in which is deposited all letters, small and valuable packages, money-parcels, etc. They undertake the delivery of money and goods in any portion of America nearly. If you wisli to send $100 in money, to a man at Chicago, for example, you put it in an en- velope — give into the express office — and they undertake to deliver the package, although in their receipt, they do not acknowledge to have received that amount, but merely a par- ««1, " said to contain such." There are three or four companies who absorb the greater EXPRESS COMPANIES — WINTER TIME. f, portion of the trade, and one can scarcely credit tlie magnitude of their operations. Great as such a concern, as Pickford & Co.'s is, in Britain, it actually becomes a second-rate car- rying concern, when compared with the chief express carrying company here. One of these express companies, last October, opened, by contract, the great Pacific overland route from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, joining St. Louis (Missouri) with San Francisco (California), an overland journey of "6 days, with relays of horses at every few miles, and forcing a passage through the Rocky Mountains, carrying mails, treasure, goods, and passengers, not, however, without danger from the troublesome Indians on the route. Next to laying the ocean telegraph, it is the greatest achievement which has been accomplished for many years. It is more than probable, that all that line of road, will be shortly " located," wherever found suitable for settlement. In every arrival, for example, from California, thousands of dollars in specie, notes, etc., are consigned to their care by merchants and bankers there, for delivery to parties in New York and other cities in the east, and which is received and paid over with the greatest regularity. These companies, therefore, engross a very large amount of business, which the railroad companies would have to attend to ; but, with the express company, the rail- road company has only one account to keep, instead of thousands. In the delivery of goods several hundreds of miles off not being so expeditious as that experienced in Great Britain, the cause is attributable to the transit over the railroads, and not to the express companies, as their arrangements for expediting the forwarding of goods, so far as they are concerned, are most systematic and extensive. WINTER IN AMERICA. Residents in Great Britain are, we think, too apt to fancy that the people in the United States and Canada, with the thermometer at 20 below zero sometimes, must dress some- thing after the fashion of Laplanders, never be away from the fireside, and such as are to be pitied in a country, with nothing but fields of snow and rocks of ice on every side. To the poor man, who has not a sufficiency of warm clothing, fuel, and food, there is no doubt but that he feels acutely the winter in all its severity ; and more so than he does in Britain. The man, however, who can wrap himself well up when he goes out, and has food and fuel enough to keep him warm in doors, the winter presents to him even greater attractions than any other time of the year. , . SLEIGH DRIVING. Then that well-known gentleman, " Paterfamilias," the merchant, rigs out his sleigh or " cutter," as it is called, which has been idle for 9 months, gets on the harness, with all the paraphernalia of bells, etc., on his favourite "tit," yokes him, and with wife and children all seated cozily in their furs — robes of buffalo skins — and " dreadnoughts," start otf for a drive, with the sun shining from a cloudless sky over their heads. The bracing air tells upon man and beast, and what with that, the rattling of bells, and every one driving aa if on the road to the Derby, the scene on tlie public streets is exciting beyond supposition. There goes Paterfamilias bowling along, with a keen north wind blowing in his face, when up comes behind him, rattling along with another lot of bells — and in a twinkling, passing within on inch of his horse's nose — a pretty little sleigh drawn by a couple of bay spank- ing beauties, driven by, perhaps, another in human form, with a lady companion at her side. Old paterfamilias — fond as he is here of a bit of fast horse flesh — has too heavy a cargo on board, so that he has no chance with the fair damsels, whose occasional pitching up and down, and skilful use of the whip and ribbands, go ringing, rattling, and bounding along, the " observed of all observers." By-and-by, up comes another pair of Morgan greys, slashing along, making the snow fly from their heels, also driven by a lady, who, with a gentleman at her left side, are now bent upon disputing the right of road — at all events, as regards speed — with the two lady friends and the bays before them. Now they 58 WINTER TIME IN AMERICA. are abreast of each other. The horses understand what is to be up, so, without many words froni their fair drivers, off they set to test their powers at " 2.40" work — ringing and jolting — with the 2 little bays stepping out to double-quick time, with a fair and square good English step, whilst the greys go thundering along, rolling about in true " racker" style, with tiieir big Morgan heads nodding up and down as they go. There is a " clear aUge and no favour" then. At it they go. There the ladies sit, with a rein firmly held in each hand; they get excited, the horses are at it full swing, and thus they bowl along till the Morgans prove rather strong and long in the limbs for the bays, and, after a most exciting contest, they pass their gallant and pretty competitors, and with a merry and graceful lift of the whip handle, by way of salute, the lady drivers part com- pany, till some other party orives up to them with whom they may renew the race. In all the excellent broad streets with which America abounds, lady drivers, gent drivers, sleighs with 1 horse and sleighs with 16 horses, are to be seen ; and what with hallooing, shouting, ringing of bells, cracking of whips, snowballing as they go, and, perhaps, an up- set now and then, by way of a change, who will say that such people are to be pitied in winter time. If they do not indulge in Scotia's " roaring game," they have, we are bound to think, all the excitement of it. After the drive, what with the excitement and oxygen they have imbibed from the pure Rir_ they return home for the day, with a famous appetite for dinner, and in excellent trim for the reunion at friend Jones's in the evening. WINTER EVENINGS. In the winter evenings, more particularly close after New Years' Day, balls and par- ties, of one sort and another, follow in quick succession. Then the dry goods importer is careless about the solitary case which has got out by the last steamer, although it should not be opened for a week at least ; the agent for the go-ahead manufacturing company, whose headquarters are at New England, cannot mend the trade, there being no buyers, so he is at ease with himself and. the world in general ; the bank teller is not harassed and pestered with such lots of " shinplasters" and " uncurrent," or " broken bank" bills be- ing thrust across the counter to him ; the exchange broker can scarcely get a nibble of a shave, hcv.ever small — each and all making short work of their business for the day; and as for the captain of the river or lake steamer, he has been laid up for a month, and will be for other 2 months, so that all parties are then inclined — having little else to do^to go hunting up old friends and making new ones, giving and accepting invitations to the nu merous and pleasant little family meetings, which form so large and so pleasant portions of the winter evenings in American society, where the piano, the melodeon, the guitar, or the violin lend their assistance in one room, whilst the chessboard, or a game at penny whist, or " eukre" is being played in another, and thus, in a round of evenings spent mer- rily and happily, do the people pass the evenings inside the house, whilst the starry heavens above proclaim a dry and rarified atmosphere, unknown almost in Great Britain. If the winter is thus a scene of gayety and mirth in the large cities, it is doubly import- ant to the farmer and the country store-keepers. When the country is covered with snow, then the farmer loads his sleigh, and drives over fields and roads in as straight a line as he can, the whole country affording him a road in any direction where cleared. Thus laden with poultry, and all sorts of farm produce, he reaches the neorest town, and converts these into cash, or barters them for articles of domestic use, with which he returns home loaded. By this means, the whole country is opened up, every one finding a highway for himself. The trade of the country towns is naturally very much increased, and then the heart of the country store-keeper is light when he is doing the best part of the whole year's trade. In some of the more northerly portions of Canada the winters are very long, but all the time the farmers are not idle, as may be supposed, but busy in burning brusliwood, and other work they had partly pre WINTER TIME — AMUSEMENTS AND SPORTS. 59 pared during the summer months. As the weather decreases in severity, and spring be- gins to open up, then the farmer gets his seed into the ground, as soon as it is prepared, and although that may be far on in the year, compared with the seed-time of Great Britain, yet the seed is brought forward with extraordinary rapidity, arising from the moisture the ground has received, and the great heat of the sun, which then enables the farmer to turn his attention to other things. The farm produce brought into towns in winter, in the shape of poultry, etc., are all frozen as hard as ice itself, and in tliat condition they keep a long time quite fresh, so that large quantities of such are brought in that state, and kept in ice for months. When about to be used, all that is necessary is to place them in cold water, which at once reduces them to a proper temperature for cooking. Winter time in America, therefore, is looked forward to, by almost every one, with very different feelings from what many in Great Britain are apt to suppose. In the months of November and December, generally, there is little of that raw, damp, cold, muggy weather, so much experienced in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. In- stead of that, the sun beame forth in all his splendour, with, perhaps, a cold but dry and pure atmosphere, then termed the Indian summer part of the year, a time more enjoyed than any other by strangers from Great Britain. AMUSEMENTS AND SPORTS. m If horse racing can boast of being one of England's greatest national sports, that of trot- ting matches with horses in harness, may be said to be one of the great sports of America. There is, however, no great day as a " Derby day" of such interest as that day is with Englishmen, when it sets aside the more important duties of business, and even parliament itself. True, the Americans have a greater holiday, because more universal, viz., the cele- bration of Independence day (4th July), but that is of a totaly different character, being one of jubilee and rejoicing. Last year; the turf appeared to be making a little more headway, and the steam is to be tried to be got up to a point in future, when the " fashion course" of New York is expect- ed, some day, to rival that of Doncaster, Epsom, or Goodwood. A popular expressed wish Beems to be that some English blood horses should be brought over to try their metal on American soil, in return for the importation into England of " Prioress," and her com- patriots, on the English fields of horse racing. If the Americans cannot boast of such races as those of England, their trotting matches, and trotting horses, are, in our opinion far ahead of any thing of that kind in Great Britain. To give the British reader an idea of how a horse is yoked, equipped, and driven lu a trotting match, we give an illustration of one in full swing at fully " two forty." The machine drawn, is built very light, yet as strong as there is occasion for, with seat only sufficient for the driver. It will be seen that the horse is attired in a very light 6uit of harness, which, with the machine, or " buggy," presents a very slim appearance. Those horses, generally, have a peculiar gait, called " racking," hence they are called " rackcrs," or " pacing horses." The " racking," or trotting motion of the horse, is not the throwing of the body and legs of the animal straightforward, but a sort of rolling about motion, and, when going slowly, partakes of the appearance of a fast walk and a slow trot coml)ined. It is a peculiar motion, and not a handsome action of the horse, according to our ideas. On the saddle, however, we are told that the motion is particularly easy for tlic rider, and that many lady equestrians prefer a good " pacer," or " racker," to any other sort of horse, on that account. It is the ambition of many who keep horses, to be able to boast of how few minutes they will take to trot one mile. Those who can trot 1 mile in 2 minutes and 40 seconds are considered up to the mark as " fast" horses. From this has arisen the common remark of " 2.40," when applied to any thing which is done fast. Thus they have 2.40 men, 2.40 f^ K] tf O Sr TBOTTING MATCHES — BILLIARDS AND CHESS. 61 women, 2.40 steamboats, 2.40 workmen, same as there are 2.40 horses, and if we can be- lieve one common idea in England, it is that all America, every thing in it, and which is done in it, is 2.40. These trotting matches, generally, consist of matches of one, two, or fou" horses, and are just as exciting to the American, as a horse race, when ridden by jockies, is to an Englishman. The time for trotting is sometimes 2.31, and 2.32 for 1 mile. Tlie breed of horses considered the best trotters, are called the Morgan breed, with big, unseemly heads ; and are large-boned, and long-limbed horses. They trot along at a fear- ful pace, and as tliey pass, you are apt to expect to see the whole machine fly into a thou- sand pieces ; but no, it whirls along over the ground, as if it was a feather at the tail of the horse, the driver seeming to sit on nothing. To our ideaa of driving the driver will be seen holding his arms very far out, and much further than English drivers, we think, are accustomed to do, but we understand it is for the purpose of giving them as much " purchase," or power over the horse — some of the Morgan horses being very " hard in the mouth," and strong in the head to guide — when they get excited in the game they are playing. As drivers, we should be inclined to say, the Americans, as a people, have no superior, if any equal, in the world. When little boys, and able to hold the reins, they will be seen stuck in between the knees of the parent, and driving along with great ex- pertness, until they will be met with alone, or, perhaps, two together in a buggy, and try- ing the metal of their horse at " two forty" work, with all the relish and skill of men, and thus, in time, become excellent hands at handling the reins. Many ladies drive regularly, and in Cleveland, and some of the western cities, we saw some excellent " whips" amongst them. We may here remark, that in some cities of America, horse exercise is a good deal adopt- ed by ladies, and in one part of the country a lady teacher advertises as engaged in giving lessons, with many excellent reasons why it should be more practised by ladies than it is. Cricket is not engaged so much in as in England, but " base-ball " and " quoits" are very much played. The great pastimes — as games or amusements — however, are in-doors, and those are the sci- entific games of billiards and chess, but more particularly the former. Large as some of the billiard rooms in London are, they are only a few in number com- paratively, which are fitted up in that style of magnificence which characterize the bil- liard rooms of such as New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Buffalo. In these cities, the number of billiard tables is almost incredible. At night, the lager beer saloons of the Germans are filled by men playing — and few there are but what has its billiard table —even the very meanest-looking places have one. It is the great game with the German people, and hence its great enjoyment with them. In billiard rooms in Cincinnati we have counted 16, 18, and 20 tables in one establishment, whilst the billiard rooms of the cele- brated player — M Phelan, in New York — are fitted up with 30 magnificent tables, all of the manufacture of O'Connor & CoUinder, the largest billiard table makers in America. Mr. Phelan's rooms night after night, are thronged with gentlemen enjoying this game. Markers and attendants wait on each table, and altogether it appears an exceedingly well- conducted establishment In America, the playing of billiards is rendered more respecta- ble than it is in England. If it is right for billiards to be played in hotels and club-houses, and there conducted respectably — the game has extended itself amongst the people, and forms one of the greatest enjoyments of city life after business hours — and from all we could see and hear of it, throughout the country, it is conducted as one of the respectable and healthy recreations of the people — but, of course, like every thing else, liable to abuse. There is not a young man scarcely to be met with, but who understands the game, and wlio can play at billiards. Tlie apartments of billiard rooms are generally large rooms or halls —well ventilated and comfortably fitted up, both for the looker on and the player. In the autumn, or " fall," must be mentioned the " target excursions," as they may be termed — although an amusement of a decidedly practical character. From about the com- mencement of October, up till the end of November, never a day passes almost but what fl^E]M; 62 DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. a Bmall regiment of the employees of some large manufacturing or commercial establish- ment will be seen parading through the streets in militory uniform, on their way to some part of the suburbs — preceded by nn excellent bross band, with invarlobly a coloured Bttendont carrying the target in the reor, and the invited guests carrying the gold or silver articles as prizes, which are to be shot for — those going nearest the bull's eye obtaining prizes respectively for their skill. Parties of this sort, are to be seen numbering from fifty to hundreds, depending upon the size of the establishment or association. In general, they ore all neatly dressed in uniform, ond with their muskets — with fixed bayonets, shoulder high, present a decidedly military appearance. Previous, however, to their going out on such excursions, .they are regularly drilled in the use of fire-arms by a military official, and the target excursion may be said to be the review day — when each is called upon to attest his proficiency in the art of handling a musket, and in being a good marksman. They start off in the morning and spend the day in this monner, dine at some appointed house, where dinner has been prepared for them, and return home in the evening. In this way are the great majority of the male population proficient, to a certain extent, in the art of war — so that in case of emergency, an immense force of citizen soldiery can be calculated upon. ; . ^ THE DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. Ahonobt the many popular errors entertained in Great Britain respecting America and the American people, we find we must include that which has been promulgated in certain quarters, as to the decay or degeneracy of the Americans, in their physical strength and condition as a people. We confess that until we had visited the country, we were some- what of a similar opinion. From what we hiivo seen of the people, however, over a wide extent of country, we are led to a different conclusion. We think the. error has crept into British minds from the fact, that almost the only op- portunity they have of judging of the American people, is from what they see of them in the samples of Americans who visit Great Britain — as merchants, bankers, dry goods or hordware storekeepers — as buyers or sellers. There is no other opportunity of judging of them otherwise, excepting by coming over and travelling through different districts of the country. To take, therefore, the sample of Americans from the close, confined counting- houses of New York or Boston, as fair samples of a whole people, covering such a conti- nent as this, is, we think, hasty and erroneous. As well, in our opinion, may we take the people of such as Hampshire, in the south of England, and declare that they are fair sam- ples of the British people — when the size of their heads and breadth between their shoul- ders has only to be compared with those of the natives of Aberdeenshire, (Scotland,) or as a whole, with the stalwart Highlanders of Scotland, or the natives of Cumberland, (Eng.) to see the difference. Just as well, also, may we say that the hard-worked entry-desk clerk in a dry-goods warehouse in Wood street, or a banker's clerk in Lombard street, London, with tlieir bleached faces aud slender forms, are fair samples of, and the very personification of John Bull himself. We connot take, therefore, the commercial classes of the New England States or New York, and say that they are fair samples of the American people — whilst it is well known that the tall, big-boned native of Kentucky exhibits as great a difference from such, as there is in the cases we have cited as regards the British. If we are to take the descendants of Eu- ropeans as comprising the population of America — and we cannot do otherwise, as we are not treating of the aborigines of America — we osk, do the hundreds of thousands of the children of Germans, who form gi large a portion of the population of America, look like a people running to decay ? Or. again, do the hardy sona of Scotland, scattered all over America and Canada, bear out the truth of such a conclusion ? We are aware that there are local causes — such as fever and ague — and that the extreme heat and cold has an ener- vating effect for a time on the constitution ; but with proper care, and avoiding the causes ri DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 68 of Buch local dieeases, the constitution of the Earopean stands as healthy now, under the purer atmosphere of America, than ever it did amid, we think, the still more tryiug cli- mate of Great Britain, when taken as a whole. We may be met with the remark, that the American people do not look so fresh and healthy-looking, and so fat as those who enjoy the roast beef of old England, with tlieir " stout" and beer after dinner to their hearts' content. All we can say is, that both in Canada, and the northern and western States of Ameri- ca, we I'.avo found as fresh and healthy-looking, and as strong men as ever wo met in Bri- tain. We will admit, however, that the rosy colour on the cheek is not to be seen to such an extent in America as in the country districts of Great Britain or Ireland, nor tliat the people, as a whole, are so fat and stout-looking. But in reality, that does not matter so much of itself. What is wanted to constitute health and strength, is not by eoting enor- mously, and drinking porter, and being fot. What is wanted in a people is bone ond mus- cle, and we feel convinced that more muscle and real strength, and health, also, is to be found in the wiry frames of the moderately fat — or even in the thin timbers of an active ond healthy constitution — than in the extraordinary fat individual, as we presume it will be admitted, that fat forms a very small part in constituting the strength or enduring quali- ties of any animal, but rather an impediment to healthy action. If proof is needed of our remarks, we refer no further than to the agility and strength, ond liealth of the North American Indian hunters, who, to look at them closely, show none of that superabundant fat, or size, we are apt to give tliem credit for, and yet we will be bound to say, that for enduring fatigue — half shattered as their constitutions have been during many years with the whisky of the white man — they will equal ony average samples of British strength. We may here observe, that having hod an opportunity of meeting with about 40 repre- sentotives, or chiefs of tribes of North American Indians, last summer, on their way from Washington to their territories beyond Minnesota, we remarked, particularly, the small but nimble foot and leg of these men, some of them over 60 years of age, but moving along with all the agility of men of 20 or 30 years of age. They were, one and all, liter- ally skin, muscle and bone, and in that respect, rather upset our previous notions of what we expected to find amongst them. The great mistake, we think, seems to be, that Americans are looked upon as weak in constitution and p*vength, simply because they are not so blown up, and of such portly di- mensions 08 John Bull and his associates are represented to be. But if expertness, or agility and strength, are the essentials required, we have no hesitation in saying that as great on amount of these qualities will be found throughout America, as a whole, as in any port, either of Great Britain, or probably, in the world. Looking at the matter in the aggregate, therefore, we think that the very fact of what has been done in the country — the immense strides it has mode, with comparatively little money at command — the extensive trocts of forest converted into fields of waving grain, or pasture — the enormous cities they have reared — tlie roads they have made — and in com- paratively so short a period, speaks volumes for the physical energy of the people. It may be that the brains of commercial men in America, are overworked, perhat)? more than they are in London, for instance — although we doubt it — and that they su physically, in consequence ; but it is folly, we think, therefore, to say, that the whole peo- ple of America are degenerating, simply because a few merchants in their hurry to get rich, fritter away body as well as mind in the operation. Whoever sees an American thoroughly alive at his business, and having manual labour to perform, whether that is packing a bale of goods, chopping down a tree, swinging a tilt hammer overhead, or, above all, going to a fire, or working a fire-engine, will see nei- ther the want of will, nor want of power to do it. If he can invent a machine to do it for him, he will do so fast enough, and quite right, too, to make machinery work as much as possible for him. As connected with this subject in some degree, we would refer to the excellent practice kept up by many of the Scotch portion of the population in keeping up their national ■« ' ! T H DECLARATION OP INTENTIONS. giime* wherever practicable, and whoever witneued the Scottish f^nmea held in Jones'* wood, Now York, last September, will say, they never saw the " cubor tossed" or the " Uigliland fling" dunced, or the " putting of the stone," exeoutod with greater agility or strength on the sides of Kinloch Uannocli, or even Hracniar. It raoy be that In out-door sports the Americans would bo all tlio better, if tlioy had even more holidays than they have, where games and gymnastic exercises were encour- aged and indulged in, so as to improve their physical strength. In that respect, however, we believe they are quite alive to the importance of suoh. DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. Tnx emigrant who arrives in the United States with the view of becoming a permanent settler, and who wishes to enjoy all the privileges of native-born citizens, must go through the form of what is called the " Declaration of Intentions," as well as be a resident in the country for 6 years. The law requires such, before a vote at elections is extended to for- eigners — and also to entitle them to bequeath real estate property. Tlie intention to be- come a citi r.en must be notified at least 2 years before tlie naturalization papers are ob- tained, or, in fact, before the applicant becomes a naturalized citizen. The declaration of such intentions can be made before any state court, being a court of record, and having a seal and clerk, and common law jurisdiction ; before a circuit court, or district court of the United States ; or before a clerk of either of these courts. In New York, the office for declaration of intentions is situated in the City Hall, at the public {)ark. On going there, the emigrant will see a board up with " Naturaliaation Of- fice" painted upon it On entering the office, and stating that he wishes to declare his inten- tions, he is asked where he comes from, his name, age, etc. All such particulars are en- tered in a book, which states that on a particular day he has declared his ' ''entions of bo- coming a citizen of the United States. That book, with such dcclaratior inded to the applicant to sign. That being done, the clerk makes out a document, o we give a copy, so that parties from Great Britain and Ireland may bo aware of the terms upon which they are to expect the privilege they ask for. ., . .^ . The document referred to reods thus : — j ,1, .., !.' ;■■. ■■ I" ■> . ,1 .1 . , ; _^.^, ^^ _._ , ,^ , . (Copy.) ■■ ■'„/. ,,;v' ' ','./',..[ STATE OF NEW YORK. '",.,,, ., / /b the Court of Common Pleas, for the City and County of New York : '■ " ■ I, A. B., do declare on ooth, that it is bona fide my intention to become a citizen of the United States, and do renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty whatever, particularly to the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain ond Ireland, of whom I nm a subject. Sworn this day of month, 185 — . ,,(,.„),, i [Signed,] A B. Signed by C. D., clerk, in the clerk's office. Court of Common Pleos, for the city and county of New York. I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an original Declaration of Intention remain- ing of record in my office. In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed the seal of said court, this day of month, 185 — J ... .. y.M, 1 ,t, Signed hereby C. D., Clerk aforesixid. Previous to obtaining the obove document, the opplicant has to pay the fee of 25 conts. After the five years has elapsed from the day of the applicant's arrival in the country T w DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. eo and prcBumlng ho has dticlnrud hi« intentions in duo form ns elated, lio inimt prove l>y tlie oatli of two citizena of tlio Unitod States, tViat lio linit l)i'cii reoidcnt for Avo yt'iirH, und ose year vritliin tho State where tiio court is Iield, before he gets ids naturalization papers. Wo quoto tho following as what appears to be the law on the subject : — " If ho have been a minor, and sboU hove resided in the United States for three yenrs next before attaining Ids majority, ho may be admitted without such dcclomtion, on prov- ing by two witnesses tliat ho has resided five years in tho United States, three as a uiinor and two since he became of age, making tho declaration of his intention at the time of his admission, and declaring on outh, and proving to the satisfaction of the court, that for three years next precedhig it has been his bona fide intention to l)ccome a citizen. " The alien's country must, at the time of his admission, be at peace with the United State*. " If an alien die after having made his declaration of intention, and before his admission, his widow and children are citizens. "The minor children of any one duly naturalized, if dwelling in the United States, are citizens. " A foreign married woman cannot hold property in her own name, unless she be natural- ized, though site may after naturalization hold It separate and distinct from her husband," The feo for obtaining the " naturalization papers" is 60 cents, T6 cents, or %\ (2». 3a. or 4«.) according to the style of the getting up of the document, and ornamental printing of said papers. Wliatever may have been the reason which led to the adoption of such a law, before a foreigner could hold a legal title to real estate, we should suppose that the sooner it is wiped from off the statute book of the United States tho better, as, so long as it exists as it is, It presents no additional inducement for settlers to become purchosers of real estate in the country, whilst they are not placed on a footlns;; of equality with other purchasers, simply because they happen not to hove been 6 yeai in the country. We hove no doubt this law will be repealed ere long. In fact, the subject is beginning to be " ventilated," from an article we observed in the New York Daily Times of 18th Sep- tember last, in which tho editor soys : — " Tlie statutes in question are not required by any considerations of public utility, and ore founded upon the obsolete moxims of o by-gone oge. Why should it be necessory that an alien should file with the Secretory of State a declorotion of his intention to be notu- rnllzed, before lie can be authorized to toko and hold rcol estate ? Until such declaration is filed, he cannot take title to reol property, either by purchase or by will. Any devise to such ollen is void, and the property posses to the heirs-at-low. Now all such provisions ore entirely uncalled for. They couse trouble, ond, In some coses, defeat the intentions of testators. The general policy of our low is to make the acquisition of property open and full. If there is donger to our institutions from foreigners amongst us, that donger is cer- tninly lessened, and not increased, by tlieir becoming interested in the soil. We trust the leglsloturo, at its next session, may find time to consider this subject." -• ,v -'V* \ ! . •■ 66 AMERICAN HOUSES, AND MODES OF LIVING. AMERICAN HOUSES. ' The interior of the houses in the United States vesembl'^, in many respects, the neat, clean, and tidy appearance of a well-regulater English house. The houses of the upper classes are furni&hed in a style of great magnificence, partioa- larly as regards furniture — it being universally much cheaper here than in Great Britain. All the rooms are, generally speaking, very lofty, and airy. The dining-room of the Americans is generally on the basement floor of the house, on a lev6l with the kitchen. When the meals are announced as all ready and on the table, the family retire down stairs to the dining-room — generally a pl.iinly furnished apartment, compared with the other rooms up-stairs. After meals they retire at once up-stairs, and use the sitting- room, parlour, or drawing-room and library, as they feel inclined. It is the same after every meal. Ii\ very small houses, even, *'i\e inmates take their meals, generally, on the ground-floor alst.', and sit in a room up-s airs. By this means, all waiting until tables are " covered," "set," or " removed," is avoi led, besides being much more convenient for ser- vants, in having no meals and dishes to can y up and down stairs. The meals generally consist very much ^i the same dishes and viands as in Great Britain, with a few variations in the article of fisl , and additions in vegetables and bread, unknown in Great Britain, for example : — At breakfast and supper the Indian corn forms an excellent and favourite bread, like sponge cake in appearance, is very substantial, and allowed to be nutritious. It is also baked into " pancakes" — called " Indian corn cakes" — which, with the " Buckwheat cakes" baked in the same manner, are evidently enjoyed, from the enoi'mons consumption there is of them, at all breakfast and tea-tables, as they are served up, plate after plate, piping hot They are used along with butter and golden syrup, and are baked as light as possible. A breakfast or tea-table here, is considered ruite as incomplete without its buckwheat, or In- dian corn cakes, as a Scotch tea-table would be, without its jams, jellies, or marmalade. There are only thre-; meals a day — ureakfest, about 1 to 8, a. m. ; dinner, 12, to 1, p. u. ; and tea, (or supper, as it is called,) from 6 to 7, p. m. See our notice of hotels in America, for an idea what breakfast and supper consist of, which is a fair sample of an American table generally. As we have stated elsewhere, the almost invariable beverage appears to be cold water, with the addition of tea or coffee being supplied at dinner, in the great majority of private houses. From the abundance of various descriptions of fruits, the desserts, at the humblest dinner- tables, are such as are unknown in Great Britain, excepting at the dinner-tables of the wealthy classes. Even at the tables of the working closses here, we have seen magnificent apples, peaches, grapes, watermelons, muskmelons, etc., which are had most seasons, com- paratively speaking, for nothi-'^ ; whilst the cranberries, whortleberries, pumpkins, bram- bleberries, blackberries, currants, citrons, etc., afford excellent material, and assist to make up the immense variety of pies which are to be seen on every dinner and supper-table. We may here remark, that, in other respects, the tables of the working classes, os a gen- eral rule, are furnished in a manner enjoyed only by the very best paid workmen in Gieat Britain. In the country towns, almost all classes own the houses they reside in, it being the ambi- tion of every working-man even, to have a house he can literally call his own, and where, with a piece of ground attached, he can raise his own vegetables, fruits, and flowers. For tliat reason, one does not hear rents spoken about, so much in America as in Great Britain. The hcisos, for the most part, excepting in the large cities, are built of wood, and al- though to a stranger, accustomed to sec the substantial stone houses in Scotland, or brick houses in England, the w EXPENSES OF HOUSEKEEPING. Reoardinq the cost of living or housekeeping, it much depends upon the locality and the knowledge of individuals what the expenses are. In country districts, where parties raise their own butter, milk, eggs, pork, wheat, vege- tables, fruits, etc., of course the expenses are infinitely lower than in the large cities. Taking New York as the most expensive standard, we may safely affirm that, taking every thing into copsideration, living is net more expensive than it is in London (Eug.). To give an idea of the chief items of expenditure for housekeeping in New York, we an- nex the following particulars : — Bents. — A half house and use of kitchen, from £15 to £40 — all depending upon situation, size, and style of house, etc. Houses may be got even lower, and, of course, higher. The way to find out such, is for the stranger to consult the columns of the principal daily news- papers in all large cities, where he is almost certain to find houses, or portions of houses, advertised, which may suit, or he may advertise for the description of house he wants. We annex particulars of some houses of different sizes we saw advertised to let in New York, which will give an idea of the rents, accommodation, etc., there in December last. PART OF A HOUSE IN BROOKLYN, ONLY FIVE minutes' walk from the ferry ; house new, three story, flrst-class, and cost |7000 ; pleasant and healthy neighbourhood. Rent, to a respectable family without children, $6 (30*. stg.) a month. TO LET.— UNFURNISHED, TO A FAMILY OF two respectable persons, the third floor of the private dwelling, West Twenty-ninth street, consisting of three fine rooms, with large pantries, gas, bath, and Croton water attached. Monthly rent $12 (£3 stg.). TO LET, WITH ALL THE MODERN IMPROVE- raents. West Thirty-sixth street, five rooms on the second floor. Rent |12 (£3 stg.) per month. One family in the house. IN BROOKLYN, THREE MINUTES' WALK FROM South or Wall street ferry, a front parlour, bed- room, and pantry, second floor, comfortably furnished for two persons. Price $200 (£40 stg.) per annum, gas and flres included, attendance, etc. UNFURNISHED, AT WEST FIFTEENTH STREET, kitchen and three rooms, with all conveniences for housekeeping; hot and cold water,aud gas through- out, and bath. Rent $20 (£4 stg.) per month. TO LET TO A SMALL FAMILY, IMMEDIATE posse-'sion, the second floor, with attic bedroom, n house. Walker street, near Broadway. Rent $300 (£80 stg.). A LOWER PART OP A HOUSE TO LET, TO A respectable family ; six rooms, marble mantels, chandeliers, gas, bath, range, hot and cold water; rent $81 (£6 4«. stg.) per month. A small family in the upper part. A~ N ELEOANTlJAMILY CUPOLA COTTAGE TO let, furnished, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn ; splen- did chandeliers, bathroom, balcony, piazza, carriage- house ; location in a most beautiful avenue ; stages, eto. Rent $500 (£100 stg.) per annum. THE FOI'R STORY BASEMENT BRICK HOUSE, West Twenty-second street, pleasantly situated, and replete with modern Improvements. Rent, to a good tenant, $650 (£130 stg.). THREE STORY ENGLISH BASEMENT HOUSE, fitted with ail the modera conveniences. Kent $700 per annum. V E R V COMFORT ABLE~nion "FRONT^ AS& meiit, occupied the last twenty years as a doc- tor's oflice, unfurnished, for $10 per month. The house flrst-class, quiet, and respectable. BOARD. — A PLEASANT HOME CAN BE SE- cured for the winter in a flrst-class house near Broadway, in a central location. Gentlemen's rooms, with board, from $5 to $U (258. to 80«, stg.), with fire; also a sitting-room for gentlemen. A flne parlour, with bedrooms, on second floor front, for $6 to $T (•'il)«. to 86». stg.). Dinner at 6 o'clock. Reference required. Houses are rented by the month, three months, or longer if desired. When rented by tlie working classps, the rent is paid, very generally, monthly, in advance. (Jas is burned in the houses of thr wealthier classes only. A liquid, called " burning fluid," is used most extensively. It is somewhat similar to camphene, and gives a light equal to 2 good candles, for about 25 cents (or Is. stg.) per week. Coal, where used for fuel, is about 18«. stg. per ton — burns clean, with little waste, Wood, however, is the principal fuel used in most places — is sold at so much per " cord.' The expense is considerably greater than for coal. HOUSEKEEPING, BREAD, ETC. 69 In eatables we will first notice the great " staff of life," viz. : Bread, etc. The principal kind of bread used in the cities is wheaten, and the same grain forms the larger portion of that consumed throughout the northern States and Canada. Rye and Indian corn is used to a considerable extent, but oatmeal is confined to portions of Canada, and some of the New England States. Every good housewife bakes her own bread, cakes, pies, etc., and the former is raised •with yeast obtained in verious ways. " Salt risings," " hop yeast," and " yeast cakes," are used in the country, and t lese with brewers' yeast in cities. The cooking stoves are well adapted for baking. It takes usur lly some time for some emigrants to relish corn-bread, and this is also the case with rye. Bread made of half rye and half corn-meal, is both sweet and nutricious, but the methods of making all these are best learned from some good -cook, and the American women are always willing and ready to teach a stranger the mysteries of the kitchen, if properly re- quested to do so. Every American cookery book has a large number of these receipts, but a little practical knowledge is always essential. We find the following remarks published on the subject of Indian Corn Meal, and Indian Com Bread: , > " "A bushel of Indian com contains more nutriment than a bushel of wheat. Indian corn should never be ground fine. Fine meal may be eaten when fresh ground, but it will not keep sweet. The broken oil globules become rancid and bitter. " Corn cakes, made of meal and water, with a little salt, mixed into a stiflf dough, verv thoroughly, and baked on a board before a hot fire, or in a hot oven, or in little cakes on a grid,- dle, tilfentirely done, are very sweet, wholesome bread. " Corn and wheat bread is wholesome and nutricious, and easilv made — if you know how. Stir two teacupfuls of white meal in a pint of hot water for each loaf; free it of lumps, and let it stand twenty-four hours. Boil two or three potatoes, peel and slice, and mash in a pint of water, which thicken with flour until it is stiff batter, and then add half a teacupful of bakers' yeast. You will use about one-third os much meal, scalded as above, as you do of nour; knead the meal and yeast, and sponge, and add a little salt with the flour nil together, and work it well, and mould in pans to rise moderately, and then bake, at first, in a hot oven. This bread will be moist, and more nutricious, and more healthy than if it were all flour. " Buckwheat cakes are improved by adding corn meal, prepared in the same way, in about the same proportion as for bread. A little wheat flour may be added to advantage. Don't let your batter over-rise and sour, and never use saleratus if it does. "Corn meal pudding may be made of yellow meal, stirii'd into scalded skimmed milk, till as thick as gruel, and, when cool, add ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, and sweetening to suit the taste, and a little flne-cut suet, and some raisins, "i- dried peaches, or a fine-cut apple. It should bake an hour or more, according to size. You ^ l*a 75 6 a 8 87 a 50 4a 5 37 a 50 4a 5 75 a — 6a 8 18 a 25 12 a 18 31a 87 5a 6 ■■n a 87 Cabbage, new, per head Tomatoes, per bushel basket. Tomatoes, per quart Beans, per peck Lima Beans, per bushel , Lima Beans, per half peck. . , Cucumbers, per doz Parfley, per ounch Mint, per bunch Leeks, per bunch Garlic, per bunch Garlic, per doz Egg Plants, each "ail • " • Salad, per doz. heads. , Salad, per head Squashes, per bushel. Squashes, each Watermelons, each , . . Mushmelons, each..,. 4a 9cts 80 a 40 3a — 25 a 37* 62 a 75 12 a — 6a 9 2a 3 la — 6a — — a 10 — a 1.00 6a — 18 a 87 2a 4 81a 37 la 2 6a 37 la 6 Peoches, per basket $1.00 a 4.00ct8. Peaches, per quart Plums, per quart Citrons, each Grapes, hot-house, per lb Blackberries, New Rocbelle, per basket 16 a 18 The foregoing are all native growth. 8a 81 10 a 31 6a 8 60 a 62* Blackberries, Lawton, box — a 80 Blackberries, common, per qt.. 15 a 18 Whortleberries, per quart 12 a 15 Apples, new, per half peck.. ., 18 a 50 1 . 1-9, new, per basket |1.00 a 6.00 Piurs, new, per half peck 12 a 1.25 DOMESTIC SERVANTS — PROFESSIONAL MEN. 71 FoRKiON Fruits sell as follows : — Lemons, per box $3.00 ii S.SOcts. Lemons, per doz 12ia 87i Pine Apples, per doz. . 25 a 1.50 Pine Apples, each .. 8 a 15 Coacoanuts, per 100 2.00 a 8.25 Coacoanuts, per doz 81 a 50 Figs, per box 50 a — Figs, per lb 10 a — Dates, per lb 10 a — ots. Raisins, per lb 10 a 12 Raisins, bunch, per box 2.00 a 2.50 Currants, per lb 10 a 13 Preserved Ginger, per jar, about 6 lbs 1.00 a — Green Ginjzer, per lb 25 a — Oranges (Havana) per doz 62i a. $1.00 Dairy Produce, Egos, etc., sells as follows : — Butter, State, by the tub, per lb, 18 a 24cts. Butter, State, per lb 25 a 25 Butter, Orange Co., per lb 26 a 28 Butter, Orange Co., oy the pail, per lb 16 a — Butter, Ohio, per lb 16 a 22 Cheese, new, per lb 6 a 11 Eggs, seven ror 12 a — Eggs, fifteen for 25 a — Eggs, sixty-four for $1.00 a — Honey, pure northern, per bottle. 50 a 75 Mii.K. — Skimmed milk is seldom used by any one. Although a considerable quantity of milk is sold, known as distillery milk — (obtained from cows fed upon distillery slops) — the very finest milk is retailed through the cities, in carts, at 6 cents (3rf.) per quart. SuoAR, lump, 10 to 12 cents (5rf. to 6d.) per lb. Brown, 6 to 9 cents (3d to ^d.) per lb. Coffee, roasted and ground, from 9 to 18 cents, (4id to 9d.) stg. per lb. Tea. — ^There being no duty on tea as in Britain, excellent tea can be bought for 60 centi< (28. stg.) per lb., although it is sold lower and higher than that. The foregoing prices quoted, are the retail prices. For every cent reckon one-halfpennj'. The wages paid for all descriptions of servants are very high, it being one of the great characteristics of the country, that every description of labour is well paid, and even the humble washerwoman shares in the receipt of good pay, compared with what is paid to such in Britain. In New York, such women receive 75 cts. to $1 (3«. to 4s. stg.) per day, with meals, for 10 hours' work. Giving out clothes to be washed costs, on the average, 60 cents, (28, stg.) per dozen, and if ironed or got up, 75 cents to $1, (38. to 48. stg.) per dozen. Domestic servants are paid good wages, and although really good servants are scarce, very ordinary " helps" are paid from £12 to £20 per annum. Servants in America, for the most part, are either Irish or German, and we can assure ladies at home, that the " greatest plagues in life" are as abundant in America as anywhere, as on arrival here, girls who would be very civil and thankful to get £4 per annum in Ireland, will be found not over clever, tidy, or tractable, when receiving $60 to $75 (£12 or £15) per annum. After Irish girls have been in the country for some time, they improve considerably — their ideas of themselves, and the wagjs they ought to receive, expanding likewise. Servants are employed differently, in some respects, from what they are in Great Britain ; for example, in first-class houses no laundresses are kept. The table and bed linen is washed by the cook, on a particular day, and the body clothes are washed by the maid of all work and housemaid on anotho: day, of the same, or following week. '■'1 PROFESSIONAL MEN IN AMERICA. Ih the course of our travels through the United States and Canada, we were led to make an inquiry, as to the position which professional men occupied, and the remuneration paid to them. The answer to our first enquiry so surprised us, that, from curiosity — and also to ascer- tain if the answer to our first inquiry was general — we made further notes as we went along, on the same subject. As a few of these way prove interesting to many in Groat Britain, we annex them for general information — young men in the learned professions there being, in many cases, as ignorant concerning matters in America, as many of their less educated brethren are. As stated elsewhere, men engaged in some of the professions, find it absolutely necessa- ry to eke out an existence by acting the part of postmaster, reeve, general storekeeper, and magistrate. This applies more particularly to medical men. Fortunately for such, it 72 CLERGYMEN IN AMERICA. Is not considered, in Canada, or in country districts in the United States, infra dig, for them to exercise their abilities out of the regular path of surgery, and medicine, etc., etc. Clergymen, from their position, and the embargo which has been laid upon them in that respect, are left to exercise their ability in their own particular sphere, depending for their remuneration upon their talent, and, to some extent, upon the honour of the congre- gations who employ them. " The clergy are at a discount, in Canada, and no mistake," was the remark of a gentle- man — whom we met there — well entitled to speak upon the subject. " All the young men of promise," he added, " are studying, either for medicine, or for the bar." " Facts are stubborn chiels and winna ding," and facts and figures, moreover, bear out the assertion of our friend's observation and experience regarding the principal professions. " Tlie Clergy Reserve," as the grants of land originally appropriated by the Provincial Government for the support of the clergy of the Established Church of England and Scot- land, as well as of the Roman Catholic Church, were called, have been commuted ; that is to say, the lands have been sold, and the proceeds have been invested in lands, the interest yielded by which is managed and administered by the several churches for the support, or, rather supplement of the clergy connected with them ; and, of course, every addition to their numbers, reduces the general dividend. We cannot, therefore, vouch for the exact stipend paid to the clergj', either of the Established Churches of England and Scotland, or of the Roman Catholic Church. The salaries of the Presbyterian ministers, except in large cities where they rise to £500, range from £100 to £150 stg. As for the paltry pit- tance paid to Methodist ministers — unless we are misinformed — £30, in addition to his board in the house of some family where he is temporarily located, is doled out to " a young man without any encumbrances," and £50 to the man who carries, like Peter, " a wife, a sis- ter," along with him in his itinerancy, with the addition of a consideration for every child in his family. From published documents we find that the entire staff of clergymen of all denomina- tions in Canada, numbers somewhere about 2,270. Composed of as follows ; — Episcopal Church, 300 ; Roman Catholic Church, between 700 and 800 ; Established Church of Scot- land, 90 ; Free Church of Scotland, 150 ; United Presbyterian Church, 80 ; Wesleyan, New Connexion, Episcopal and Primitive Methodists, 600 ; Congregational, 70 ; Baptist, 180. " The pastoral tie is a very brittle one, in Canada, as well as in tlie United States," is a clerical, as well as a common remark. When a congregation hear a popular minister, a meeting is summoned, a vote taken, and if he offers no objection to the salary, board is provided instanter, and the Presbytery is requested to proceed with his ordination or inlro duction without delay. The process of dismission is equally summary. If he has dnred to attack some social vice, or giTen offence, no matter how, to the " sovereign people," a meeting is called, the resolution passed that Mr. 's services are no longer required, and he is accordingly, nolens volens, cashiered. Greater attention, it is true, is pnid to ec- clesiastical forms amongst the presbyterians in Canada, but demissions are very frequent, and perpetual change is the law that holds almost universolly, which cannot excite sur- prise to those who are aware that a congregational " promise to pay" of £100, to the min- ister, on his settlement, very often dwindles down to three-quarters, or one-half of the stipulated sum before the end of the year. " Why don't the clergy remind the people of their duty?" an old country clergyman would say. What do our readers suppose would be the reply when thus appealed to, to remind the "sovereign people" of their duty? " Have you the impertinence to tell me to my face, in my own house, that I hove not kept my word ?" roared out one of their number, to a minister of the gospel, when the aubjoct was complained of by a hard-working minister. " Walk out, sir !" and suiting the action to the word, he threw open the door. " Walk ont, sir I my house is my castle, niid I won't submit to be called a liar in my own house. Walk out, sir! you won't long remain in connection with the church, I guess, if you try that tack I Walk out, sir !" AVe must confess we were more astonished with the answer the honest minister got, than he was. Talking on ecclesiastical matters one day, a friend said, " Tlie Associate Reformed Congre- PROFESSIONAL MEN IN AMERICA. 73 gation at • • wl»hed to engage the Bervicca of the Rev. Mr. , who had demitted excite sur- o the niin- lialf of the people of pose would licir tlnty? e not kopl the aul)ject the ftction itle, niul I ig remain We must nn ho was. ed Congre- his charge in connection with the United Presbyterian Church, but they could not come to terms, and he ultimately left his own body and accepted the offer of the congregation in connection with the Established Church of Scotland at , where he is still ex- ercising the functions of the ministry." That was by no means a singular instance of a dissenting clergyman connecting himself either with the Established Church of England, or Scotland, both of which hold out the inducement, if not a permanent endowment at least, of the bait of a tolerable supplement to the stipend offered by the congregation. Again we were gravely assured that you may bid " good-bye" to your clerical friend, a plain Presbyterian, and shake hands with him on your return, hatted, gowned, and apron- ed, as a pompous Bishop in full canonicals. The story goes that a Scotch clergyman, who had undergone the above transformation, met his old friend — another Scotchman — a Pres- byterian worthy, in the street, laid his hand upon the lapel of his coat, and remarked that it was rather bare for a Doctor to wear, upon which the Presbyterian took up the corner of the Bishop's apron, and twirling it in his fingers, responded, " Very true, Johnny, man ; but I wadna sell my soul for a dadle !" (Scottice for an apron). From this it would ap- pear that the new world of Her Majesty's dominions has not escaped the tainted touch of degrading simony. Such being the ecclesiastical condition of Canada, the legal and medical professions, frequently, hold out the fairest prospects of remuneration and success, and sufficiently ac- counts for the fact that numbers of young men who have studied for the church, have ul- timately betaken themselves to the study of law, medicine, or the practice of teaching in the common or grammar schools of the province. Barrister's fees are no less in Canada than in Great Britain, and the medical tariff is prodigiously high ; consequently, med- ical men sometimes realize fortunes. It is said that the people are notorious for suing each other on the most trifling occasions, and if one may judge from the space allotted to puffing quack medicines — all of them, of course, " Infallible Remedies" for " all the ills that fiesli is heir to" — in the provincial papers, John Bull, junior, appears to be as guiiible as his portly papa in the old country. The same remarks apply, in a great measure, with regard to professional men in the United States. It was only in December last we met with an instance, where a clergyman, in connection with a Presbyterian Church, in Brooklyn, New York, had commenced to sue (for balance of salary) the managers of the congregation, who had dismissed him with- out assigning any particular reason. From a statement published some time ago, it appears that the salaries of some clergy- men in the United States (such as Rev. H. W. Beeeher, and Rev. Dr. Chapin, of New York,) reach as much as $5000 (£1000 stg.) per annum — and be it observed, on the " voluntary" principle — a proof that clergymen of sterling ability are as much appreciated, and as well paid by the people in the United States, as any other quarter of the globe. Medical men in cities in the States realize largo incomes, from the high fees they charge. We have met several surgeons, who have been practitioners in England and Scotland, and who have great reason to be satisfied in having transferred their services to the TTnitcd States. They are unanimous in announcing — much better fees, and fewer bad debts, than they were accustomed to in Great Britain. '■ '' 74 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF ABIERIOA. Look into the face of every child you meet with from Maine to Florida, or from New York to San Francisco, for aught yuu know you may be gazing upon the president of the United States in embryo. To be sure, it may be only upon the future governor of a single State. Be that as it may, the child is father of the man, and the American people are ag fully conscious of the fact, as they are aware that the diffusion of general knowledge is the sole preparative for the proper exercise of the rights, as well as the performance of the dutiefl of citizenship. And thoroughly determined as they are to perpetuate their political institutions to latest posterity, they have resolved to establish a system of common school education, well calculated to accomplish their noble and national purpose ; a brief outline of which is all that we can pretend to furnish within our narrow limits. Take the Consti- tution of any SUce }'ou please, you will find that it embodies an enunciation of the advan- tages and objects of education — provision for suitable school accommodation and furniture, as well as for the support of the teachers, the expenses of which are defrayed by revenues derived from lands appropriated for school purposes, and general taxation ; and the devolution of the general management upon a committee of gentlemen elected by the people. We can only point to the importance attached to the selection of a healthy site for the school-room to the attention paid to ventilation, temperature, and lighting ; to the wisdom displayed in the classification of pupils, and in their courses of study, as well as in the regulations of Bchools and committees, and must, therefore, refer the reader to the numerous volumes, reports, and blue books professedly published to diiTuse general info.mation regarding the management of the educational institutions of America. There is a regular gradation of schools — primary, intermediate, grammar, and high Bchools — through which the pupil passes during the course of instruction, preliminary and preparatory, to matriculation in the college. When a child arrives at 4 years of age, he can obtain admission into the priinary schools, which are generally taught by ladies, a class of teachers who " are considered by the peo- ple," as Miss Bremer correctly remarks in her " Homes of the New World," " as more skil- ful than men in the training of early youth," and receive a remuneration ranging from 300 to 600 dollars per annum. If pupils have been detained by sickliness, delicate iiealth, or by the negligence of parents, and other causes, from attendance at the primary schools for a length of time, they are sent to the " intermediate" schools, from both of which they nre drafted on the report of satisfactory progress, at 7 years of age, into the "grammar'' schools, where they remain under the tuition of a master, and a male and female assistant — if boys — until they are 14 ; and, if girls, until they have reached their 16th year. Lastly, the ** high" schools are provided for the instruction of those who have undergone a creditable examination, and aspire to matriculation in the college ; to whose charocter Sir Charles Lyell beare the following high testimony ; — " The high schools of Boston, supported by the State," says he, in his " Second Visit to the United States," " are now so well managed, that some of my friends, who would have grudged no expense to engage for their sons the best instruction, send their boys to them, as superior to any of the private establishments supported by the rich at great cosl.' " I was surprised to find," is the statement of the Hon. Mr. Baxter, M. P, for Dundee, " that the masters of the Latin and English High Schools in Boston, get each $2400 a year, or only $100 less than the Governor of tlie State." In New York, also, we have met with gentlemen largely engaged in mercantile nnd manufocturing operations, who prefer sending their children to the common schools of the city — free, although tliey are — feeling convinced of their superiority to any private acnde- mies they arc acquainted with. The enormous sum of £6,000,000 sterling has been contributed by voluntary taxation for educational purposes alone throughout the United States. According to a late account 20 schools of law, 40 schools of medicine, and no fewer than 200 universities, with 12,000 matriculated students, nnd 700 public libraries, containing 2,500,000 volumes, have been catablished throughout the Union. EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 76 A stranger, on visiting one of the public schools in any of t'i\e large cities, cannot but be struck with the excellence of the arrangements and wstem jjenerally adopted. In the olass-rooras of these institutions will be found the most complett attention on the part of all, the order and decorum, in all their movements, being equal in precision to that of a well-drilled regiment, as each little male and female pupil mavohes out or in, in regular file, to tlie sound of the piano, played by another young pupii of 8 or 10 years of age. There, instruction is made, as far as possible, a pleasure instead ot a task, whilst it is of a character which the most fastidious could not but appreciate. >Ve can attest to the superiority of the method by which information is conveyed, having he^rd scholars of 8 or 10 years of age answering questions, in mental calculations, which wouIg put thousands of individuals, three times their oge, to the blush in answering, Specimem. of writing and drawing, also, we have seen equally surprising. Whilst such an excellent education is afforded to all, free, it must not be supposed that no interest is taken whether scholars attend regularly or not If one should happen to be absent a single morning, a messenger is dispatched to the residence of the pupil to ascer- tain the cause for non-attendance, whilst equal strictness is observable in the pupils' punctual attendance at the proper hours. The foregoing remarks apply to the common or public schools of the United States. In Canada the common schools are similarly conducted, and also free, so that education is brought to the very doors of the people, not only in large cities, but in every section throughout the province, and altogether the educationol institutions of the province are alike creditable to the council which established, and the government that sanctioned them. Toronto is the seat of a university possessed of a talented staff of professors ; of a normal school, in which teachers receive a scientific training for their profession from efficient masters ; and, at the same time, of a model grammar and common school. The province is not only divided into counties, but is also sub-divided into townships (corresponding to a Scotch parish) and school sections, in the centre of each of which last sub-divisions a com- mon school is situated and managed by a local board of trustees. Grammar schools have been established in the principal cities and towns, in which classical and mathematical in- struction is communicated by a highly educated and intelligent class of teachers, in addi- tion to the elementary branches of an English education, sometimes combined with natural philosophy, taught in the common schools. Both grammar and common schools are ex- amined by inspectors appointed for the purpose, and the management of the system is entrusted, by the provincial gevernment, to a council of education. Rev. Dr. Ryerson at present being the general superintendent. A school-tax is levied by the trustees for the support of the teacher, from which a salary is provided ranging, in proportion to the wealth of the section and the number of the pupils, from £60 or £70 in the common schools, to £200 and upwards in the grammar schools; and the only defect discoverable in the system is, that dwelling-houses are not attached, as in Scotland, to the schools — a defect which will probably be removed by their erection in the course of the progressive prosperity of the province by the people. We have thus presented an outline — a meagre outline only, it is true — of the educational institutions of the United States and Canada; institutions which, notwithstanding the diversity of sentiment that exists on political as well as ecclesiastical subjects, have been established, and are supported with cordial unanimity ; from which, it must be evident to every intelligent reader, that they form at once the " foundation of the nation's greatness," and a fitting theme for the children's song and prayer: — , - ..; " Then blessings on our common schools : , Wherever they may stand ; '.' _ .. ' . They are the people's colleges, ' -, r The bulwark of the land. ' "*^* 'lis a happy theme ; like a golden dream its memory seems to be, "" • And I'll sing, while I have a voice or tongue, 'The Common School for me.' " «*•• 76 ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. RxADXBS in Great Brituin hove, no doubt, reod or heard of the Republican, or, it may be, the Democratic, or American " Ticket," in connection with elections in America. Dif- fering as the mode of electing members for Congress does from that of members for Par- liament, we subjoin a few particulars which may prove interesting to those unacquainted with the modus operandi of voting by ballot— or popular elections in the New World. First of all, then, we may explain that there is no " nomination day" in connection with elections in America — but the formation of what is designated a party " Ticket" appears to be the same sort of proceeding, only carried out differently. The " Ticket" consists of a list of say, four candidates, who are nominated at a preliminary meeting of some of the leading men of the party, and decided upon as " fit and proper persons" to represent the party and their principles faithfully in Congress, and are submitted for the support of the party. For example, the Republican party, meet and fix upon their men, and have their names printed on a small slip of white paper — not much larger than a railroad tickit — issue them to all true Republicans to support, and carry the election of one out of the four names chosen. Only one can be elected, but four are submitted for the people'tt choice, as, although all Republicans, electors may have their prodelictions in favour of a particular man — to any of the other three — consequently, the elector takes his choice and votes accordingly, for one man, scoring out the names of the other three, when he goes U> vote. The meeting referred to, is called — the " primary election" — and the list of names (which may be two, three, four, or six) is termed the " Republican Ticket" or the " Lima- cratic Tickit," as the case may be, the chief men in each party nominating or forming their ticket in the manner described. We moy here remark, that the party ticket, properly speaking, consists of a series of tickets, representing the different offices for the Legislature of the State, as well as for members for the Congress of the United States, and that nearly all such elections take place on the same day, so that the names which comprise the Republican ticket or tickets, as a whole, include the names of different candidates for the different ofiicea in the State Legislature, in the same manner as already described for the election of members uf Congress. An elector, therefore, has to provide himself with a series of tickets, suitable, to enable him to vote for the officers of State, and, if a Republican in politics, he will in all probability provide himself with Republican tickets throughout, and vote accordingly for the man he deems the best for each office to be filled. To simplify the matter in illustration of the electoral system, we will refer more par- ticularly to the election of members for Congress, the principle of election in all other offices being the same. When the Republican ticket (or list of names) is fixed upon, as already explained, the party at once set to work to secure, by every means in their power, the election of a Re- publican candidate over the Democratic one. The names of the candidates may be seen a week or two previous to election doy, printed on large, squore banners, which are sus- pended from the roofs of houses across the principal thoroughfares in the city, as a sort of standing advertisements of their claims for support ; so that for some time the streets pre- sent rather a novel appearance, from the number and variety of the banners thus ex- hibited. To keep alive the excitement, and advance the interest of the respective candidates, public meetings are held regularly, and in the open air sometimes, in the different wards oftliecity, which latter, present a few novel features. In the afternoon or evening, a small hustings- capable of containing from 50 to 60 persons — is erected in the street — in a square, or vacant place, convenient for the purpose. At about 8, f. m., the meeting assembles. On the hustings the friends and supporters of the party are to be seen. At one corner, on the platform, a pyrotechnist is placed, with a good supply of fireworks. In front, five or six large flam- beaux are kept blazing. Some dozen or so of paper lanterns are hoisted on long pules, ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. 77 each one having printed on tljeir Bides the names of the party candidates, in whose inter- est the meeting ia held. On the ground, at one end of tlie hustings, is placed a piece of ordnance, generally about a 12 or 16 pounder, which, with the speakers on the platform, and the people in front, form the component parts of a political meeting in the City of New York. Thus " fixed up," as the Americans would say, the speakers address the audience amid the smoke and glare of the burning flambeaux. Should there be disapprobation from any part of the meeting, the services of the pyrotechnist are called into play, who at once sends a few rockets whizzing up into the air. The variegated forms displayed by them ns they explode, has the effect of attracting the attention of the audience, and quiet is again r fored. By this means, the speaker proceeds as before, when, after a hearing for some time, another burst of opposition breaks forth — this time more powerful than previ- ously — the fireworks are once more put in operation, but this time with doubtful effect, when the artilleryman in charge announces a salvo of blank cartridge from his 12 or 16 pounder — the smoke and sound of which, repeated two or three times, at last silences the noise of all opposition, and thus again restores order. By such means the speakers are not kept waiting long until silence is restored. In this way the meeting proceeds, interrupted now and then by the dissentient part of the meeting, with other sundry displays of fire- works, and a little more harmless thunder from the " dog of war" at hand. The excitement and interruptions alluded to, as witnessed by us at a ward open-air meeting in New York, last November, were exceedingly mild from what we expected to meet with, and nothing in comparison with the scenes we have witnessed on " nomination" days in England and Scotland. As we have stated, the hustings were erected in the afternoon or early in the evening, the meeting is held at 8, p. m., and by 10, or 10 SO, p. u., it has separated, the hustings are taken down and cleared off, and not a vestige remained of what was a scene of excite- ment, only one hour before. Each party holds its meetings, in this manner, on different evenings in tlie several wards of the city, and pays its own expenses. The day of election, however, arrives, and brings with it much of the quiet appearance of a Sunday morning. All the liqupr stores are closed — by law — and many other places of business are not opened from choice. Men are not at work. Tiiroughout the early part of the day, there is a feeling of dullness in many parts of the city. Towards noon, however, things b.^'.n to appear more lively. In the different wards there is a polling booth, about the doors of which are congregated a small, and apparently listless crowd of on-lookers, with, perhaps, a couple of policemen in the midst. Inside the polling booth, ore stationed the " Inspectors of Elections." The voter who has obtained his ticket, and scored out the names of the candidates he docs not wish to vote for — leaving one name not scored out — proceeds to the polling place, and on entering is asked by tlie Inspectors of Elections his name, business, and ad- dress, all of which is written down in the books, in the possession of the Inspectors, which being done, the voter hands his ticket folded up, to the Inspector, who deposits it in the ballot box — in the presence of the voter — no one, not even the Inspector, knowing for whom the vote has been given. Thus ends a transaction, which, in the minds of some men, amount to a sort of mysterious bugbear, but which in reality is nothing of the sort, but the performance of a privii.iged duty executed in an exceedingly quiet and becoming manner. The reason why the inspector deposits the ticket in the ballot-box is, that on election day there are a variety of ballot-boxes in use that day — one for every officer of State, as well as for members for Congress ; so that when the voter gives perhaps six or eight tickets into the hands of the inspector, he arranges them, and places each one in its proper ballot-box. He knows which box each ticket is for, as although the tickets are given in all folded up, yet the denomination of the office is printed on the outside of the ticket or slip of paper, whilst the names of the cnndidotcs are printed inside, and unseen by him. Thus, therefore, the ticket for member for Congress has " Member for Congress" printed on the outside, see- 78 ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. ing which, the Inppector deposits It In lt« proper box, and so on with the ticket marked " For (Jovernor of State," or " For Comptroller of State," etc., etc., into their proper ballot- boxof. We have observed, that a small crowd is generally collected about the doors of the poll- ing-booths. Amongst such is recognized the " scouts" belonging to the opposition political party, who there watch the opportunity to challenge the vote of any one presenting a ticket who is not a voter. When a vote is challenged, the voter is sworn by the inspector of elec- tions ns to his having the right to vote, after which be is allowed to vote; but if it can be afterwards proved that he has sworn falsely, he is then handed over to be prosecuted for a serious misdemeanour. If it can be proved in the polling-booth that he has no right to vote, he is then, probably, handed over to the police who are in waiting. In the immediate vicinity of the polling-booths, outside, are erected two temporary offices on the pavement — one l>elonging to each of the two political parties. At such places elec- tors are supplied with tickets, if they have not been provided beforehand with them. The scenes which take place on election days in some of the wards in the city of New York are dangerous as well as disgraceful. These occur in some of tbe most rowdy or lowest wards in the city — where it is a notorious fact, the Irish largely predominate, ond to whom are attributed many of the riots which occur, and which sometimes terminate fatally. Whatever may be said, however, of elections in America, and voting by ballot there, in general, it is well that we should remember the wo king of the boasted electoral system enjoyed by the " free and independent electors" of Great Britain and Ireland — more par- ticularly in the " pocket boroughs" in England, the manufacture of " faggot votes" in Scot- land, and where honesty in open voting in Ireland, is often followed by agrarian despotism and outrage. And when we hear also of riots, and the free use of revolvers in some of the rowdy wards in the city of New York, we should recollect that these wards, all put together, form only, after all, a mere atom of sand on the great electoral shores of the vast continent of America. Readers who are in the habit of measuring their standord of electoral affairs in America commit a grave error in taking their cue from what passes in the city of New York in en nection with such matters ; and disgraceful as the scenes are even there, we question if they are excelled by what passes in manufacturing districts even in England, where the " bottling up" system is carried out occasionally under the auspices of some cotton, woolcni or worsted lord, where his workmen, or those of his committee, are engaged to play the puit of ruffians in securing the votes of needy or imbecile voters by the basest of means ; where voters are held ae prisoners in their own homes on the night of nomination day, and there filled drunk to overflowing, or forcibly bundled off in cabs to the head-quarters of the elec- tioneering camp, where the " bottled-up voters" are congregated like a herd of hogs ready for the butcher, and where, between the fumes of tobacco and the immoderate use of intox- icating drinks, they are secured, and half poisoned (and sometimes wholly poisoned) with liquor, and next morning, or election day, driven in cabs to the polling-booths to register their names in favour of a particular candidate, unless it be that they are considered not al- together " good men and true" by the previous night's debauch, — in that case they are driven off to the country for an airing, in the charge of keepers, till after the polling-booths close at 4, p. M. As well may we, with truth, apply the "bottling" system as applicable to all the elec- tions in Great Britain and Ireland, as we may those of brawling and riotous voters iu New York to the elections all over America. With all their faults, we believe that the Americans in general display a spirit of inde- pendence, and require the protection of the ballot a great deal less than it is required in Great Britain and Ireland, and that they are, in genera], above demoralizing influences, Buch as the " bottling up" system referred to, and that the American workmen who enjoy the franchise, will not be so easily bought over, by either the bland smiles or the hypocri^ leal despotism of an employer, and who, in the exercise of their electoral privilege, act a ELECTIONS IN AMERICA — THE SHAKERS. 7i more manly and independent part compared to ehopkeopers in country townn in Britain, who, in tendering their votes, act only the part of a sort of duor-mat, foot-stool, or lackey to the influential lord of tlio manor, or it may be to the manufacturing lord of the village, whose chief qualifications for a seot in the House of Commons are frecjuently only a heavy purse ond local influence, by means of which alone, such hove been known — however un- popular to the people — to succeed in defeating some of the mc>«t accomplished, popular, and valued of British statesmen. We selected New York as the pLc ; where we should see the systenj of electing by bal- lot carried out under the most disadvantageous circumstanceg, and, so for os our experience goes, we felt somewhat agreeably disappointed that it did not turn out more in accordance with our previous erroneous ideas of the nutter, and pleased that it is conducted in a mon- ner, upon the whole, vastly superior to the open voting system of Great Britain and Ireland — where bribery ond intimidation, in innumerable Instonces, defeat tlie ends of honesty and fair ploy. THE SHAKERS. ' " Shaker seeds and herbs," and " Shaker flannels," are amongst the multifarious signs exhibited at doors, and in the windows of retail stores throughout the United States — the excellence of these articles, as sold by a section of the Society of Friends in America — gen- erally known as " The Shakers" — having rendered them famous throughout the country. The stranger in America who is deeirous of seeing something of one of the " Institutions" peculiar to this country, may easily visit one of the Shoker villages when at New York, by toking the railrooa, or steamboat up the Hudson, to Hudson City, 118 miles from New York, ond thence for a few miles per roll to Lebanon Springs, in the County of Columbia, State of New York. In this trip, the tourist con enjoy the trip up the Hudson — visit Lebonon Springs, and the Quoker Settlement, two miles from there — the Cotskill Moun- tains, in the vicinity — noticed elsewhere — and all in the course of a few doys, at compar- atively little expense. Tlie Society whose establishment we at present purpose noticing, reside at the Shaker village of New Lebanon, as we have said, two miles from Lebanon Springs, in a beautiful and fertile agricultural district. The village is situated on the face of a hill, and com- mands a fine view of the valley in the vicinity and surrounding country. The village is exclusively tenanted by the members of the Community. The principal building consists of a large Meeting-House, where the devotional exercises are conducted, and in the summer time, on Sundays, in the presence of vast numbers of strongers who ore sojourn- ing ot tlie Springs. Tlie Extract House is another of the chief buildings. In it is the La- boratory, where the herbs, and tinctures from them, are pressed by means of crushing mills, vacuum pan, etc., under u skillful chemist, one of themselves. The estimation in which such are held, may be judged of from the fact, that in one year about 14,000 pounds' weight have been sold — the extracts of butternut and dandelion forming two of the principal ones sold. In onother part of the village is the Seed House, formerly the old Meeting-House, near which is the Tannery, Dairy, and workshops where wooden-ware, door-mats, etc., ore made. The Herb House, with its drying rooms, store rooms, etc., is another portion of the manufacturing premises. There, about 70 tons of herbs and roots — the produce of about 75 acres of their garden land — are pressed annually, by means of a hydraulic press of 300 tons pressure. In various parts of the building may be seen both men, women, and chil- dren busily engoged in the different processes of manufacturing the articles named, or packing them up ready for market Tlie Community at New Lebanon consist of about 500 persons, divided into eight fami- lies, as they ore called, each family being presided over by two elders and two elderesses, each of whom have an equal position in the management, and to whose orders the members yield perfect obedience. The management of the temporal affairs of the Society is entrusted to trustees, who are 80 THE SHAKERS — COSTUME, ETC. elected by the ministry and eldero, and 'who are legally in posBession of all real estate belonging to the community. The chief business trustee is a Mr. Edward Fowler, a man of about 66 years of age. The principles they profess are Christian, although their views of Christianity are pecu- liar. It would take up too much of our space to go into detail respecting these ; but we may briefly say that they believe the millennium has come ; tliat theirs is the millennial Church ; that marriage prevents people from being assimilated to the character of Clirist; thot the wicked are punished only for a seoson ; thot the judgment-day has begun in their Church being established ; and tliat their state of existence is the beginning of heaven. They entertain the doctrines of the spiritualists to a certoin extent, and profess to have had their regular " manifestations of tlie spirit" for many years past, and that, for instance, the hymns they sing — both words and music — are reveoled to them every week in time for devotional exercises on Sunday. In the Meeting-House they assemble at about half past 10 o'clock every Sunday morn- ing, and, Quaker-like, the sexes are seated separately, with the men and women facing each other ; all the men, excepting the elders, being in their shirt sleeves, and wearing blue cotton and woolen trowsers and vests, with calf-skiii shoes, gray stockings, and large turned- down collars, as seen in figure 1 in engraving of costume. The women wear, for the most part, pure wiiite cotton dresses, with white cotton handkerchiefs spread over their necks and shoulders, with a white lawn square tied over their heads, with boots similar in ap- pearance to the high-heeled boots lately in fashion — the fashion of the time when the .Society was estiiblisbed — and miide of a light blue prunella. See figure 1 in engraving of costume. SHAKER COSTUME. The above enp-avlng repre»ent» the various coitumes worn by the Shake™, both at home, and when from home. Figures 1 and 7 represent the worship costume, and attitude of man and woman. Figure 2, that of li field-labourer, or storekeeper's assistant. Figure 3, an elder. Figures 4 and 6, travelling costume, and Figure 6, a half-dress costume. i After sitting a short time in silence, the members from the extreme ends of the room approach the centre, when the scats are removed, and the wiiole congregation place them- gelves in marching order in serried rows, three or four men and women alternately. Whilst THE SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. 81 thus standing silently — the women with their eyes looking to the floor — one of the elders in tlie midst of them makes a few remarks, after which a hymn is sung to a very lively tune, the whole of the congregation keeping time with their feet After the hymn the worshippers commence a dance, an illustration of one of the move- ments or steps of which we give. The dance consists of a series of evolutions of different forms, presenting iu each all the precision of well-trained pupils, moving as if with only ono step. The illustration will give an idea of a backward and forward dance or march, with SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. them keeping time to the hymns they sing, at the same time, following the example, as tJioy say, of David, when he danced before the Lord with all his might. After this, and when all the seats are replaced, and the congregation seated as before, one of the elders delivers a discourse, when the seats are removed again to give place to another danCe of a different style, and to another hymn. This time the dance is of a more livdy character, with the action of the arms, thrown up and down, and clapping of hands in regular order. In this way are several hymns sung and danced to, and addresses delivered ; and however much parties, on reading the accounts of such, may be disposed to smile, no one can wit- ness the devotional exercises of these people, such as they are, without being impressed with feelings of the deepest respect and solemnity ; and however much they may differ from the Shakers in opinion, they will be ready to give them full credit for thorough conscien- tiousness, and faith in what they believe to be right. Occasionally the "spirit manifests itself" by one or more of the congregation getting lip and dancing or whirling round and round with extraordinary rapidity, and the parties iipparently being perfectly unconscious of every tiling passing around them. In this way will they continue to whirl and dance for nearly an hour without intennission. As may be well known, all property belonging to the Society is held in common by the members. All who join it do so voluntarily, after perusing the rules and regulations of the Society, whicli are submitted to all before they join. The Society is divided into throe divisions, or classes, viz. : the senior, junior, and noviciate class. The senior class 82 SHAKER SETTLEMENT, NEW LEBANON. dedicate themselves and all they are possessed of " to the service of God and the support of the pure gospel, forever," after they have had time for reflection and experience. After being thus admitted as partners in the Community, the relationship is binding forever. The second class of members are those who have no families, but who, in joining the So- ciety, retain the ownership of any private property they had when they entered it It is according to the laws that if any one leaves the Community they can take nothing with them but what they brought ; that they receive no wages for the services they may have performed, and cannot recover any property they may have presented to the Community. The noviciates, again, are those who, on joining the Society, choose to live by themselves and retain the management of their temporal affairs in their own hands. Such are received as sisters and brothers so long as they fulfil the requirements of the Society in every other respect. Every one — male and female — works, from the preacher down to the youngest child who is able ; and not a moment of the hours of labour is occupied but by the i)usy and attentive performance of their duties. Throughout their workshops, meeting-houses, dwellings, etc., the utmost order prevails, accompanied by the most scrupulous cleanliness of place and person. Although they have none of the anrieties of life, or that frightful spectre — the fear of want — ever before them, and with no personal or private ambition to carry out, yet all are willing, diligent, and faithful workers, and all appear to be cheerful, comfortable and happy. The Community at New Lebanon are, from all we can understand, a most intelligent body. They pursue the same system of education as that of the conunon schools of the United States, for although they lead a life of celibacy after they join the body, the children of those who come from the " outer world" are regularly taught and brought up in the doctrines and with the ideas of the Community, and from that source, as well as re- ceiving all orphan children who are sent to them, there is a never-failing supply of schol- ars. The children are dressed similarly to grown-up members. They possess an excellent library, and from the newspapers regularly received, the members are kept " posted up" as to whatever is going on in the wicked world around them. Their conduct and character, from all accounts, is of the most exemplary kind, living up, in a high degree, to the principles they profess. In their relations with the world around them their business character for honour and uprightness is most undoubted, whilst the articles they manufacture stand deservedly high in public estimation, the very term " Shaker" being a sort of guarantee that the article is genuine. They carry on their botanical and all oiher operations in the most scientific manner, and have machinery of the most improved description for enabling them to produce the arti- cles manufactured in the best possible manner. We may mention the somewhat singular fact, of this society, having taken root so far back as exactly one hundred years ago, in the City of Manchester (Eng.). In the year 1758, a woman named Ann Stanley, then the wife of a blacksmith, embraced the views of Shakerism from the disciples of some French religionists who held these, or similar views there, but suffering great persncution on account of her belief, she, along with a few others, emigrated to America, where she founded a Community at Niskaynna, (Watervliet,) near Albany, where the sect still have a Community. When she arrived in America, slie took her maiden name of Lee, and thus the name of Mother Ann Lee is devoutly remem- bered till this day by the sect, they looking upon her, as, they say, the revelation of the female nature of God to man, in the same way as The Christ was manifested in the person of Jesus, as the revelation of the male nature of God to man. During a great revival movement in 1780, large numbers joined Ann Lee's Community, and since then they have spread into different sections of the States — now numbering eighteen Communities — with a total of about 4,000 members, and affording a curious, interesting, and instructive feature In social economies. FURNITURE. 0> 83 FURNITURE. FuRNiTUBE and chair-making is in America what cotton manufacturing is in certain districts in England. The factories are upon an immense scale, equalling in size the Oxford Road Twist Mills, Manchester, or, in fact, any of the mills of Manchester or Preston, or Samuel Higginbotham and Sons' cotton mills at Glasgow (Scotland). Instead of employing girls, however, as in the cotton mills of Britain, all are men, mostly, who are employed in the furniture and chair factories in America, and chiefly Germans. In New York anc* Cincinnati alone, there are six or eight immense establishments in each, in " full blast," and whether it is turning a bed-post, or leg of a chair, carving out some exquisite scroll- work for some drawing-room piece of furniture, planing the rough lumber into the smooth table-top, or any of the other numerous matters connected with producing furniture, fit for either kitchen, bed-room, parlor or drawing-room — the saw, plane, turning lath, and mor ticing machine does all ; consequently there is not the number of hands employed which one would expect to find in one of these large mills. The great wonder is, where all the furniture goes to. Some of these factories turn out nothing but chairs, and whilst you stand looking at their great proportions, out pops a chair, newly put together on the first floor, with rope attached, and finding its way outside by pulleys, to the top floor of the mill, to be there finished off ; then another and another follow in quick succession. We do not think that any people in the world beat the Americans in the rich and handsome fur- niture they have in their houses. Mahogany is an every-day material in the better class of houses. The very doors in their lobbies and out side doors are characterized by great masaiveness of expensive wood, with great expense bestowed upon carving the same, giv- ing their door- way (with outer door open and inner one shut) a most palatial appearance with the handles, bell-pull, and name plate all silver gilt. Wild cherry and black walnut wood are generally used, although we have seen very little use made of the " black birch," (although an American wood,) so much used in Great Britain. In connection with furniture making, we have noticed at several cities a new style of furniture, made exclusively for schools. The youngest to the oldest scholar sits in a seat — in some cases, by himself, or along with another — with a handsome little desk before him. All are fixed to the floor, so that all are obliged to keep their seats in their proper places, and there is no shaking of desks when writing, etc. We saw a school in operation, so fitted up, and could not help thinking it was a very great improvement on the old-fash- ioned system of forms and long dei, vS. Places for holding books, pens, ink, etc., are fixed to the desks. Such furniture making is carried on as a separate business in several of the cities in the United States, and amongst others, at Buffalo, State of New York, by Messrs. Chase A Son, who have established an agency for its sale in Glasgow, where samples may be seen in the warehouse of Messrs Wylie iSe Lochead, Buchanan St. 84 EXEMPTION LAWS. EXEMPTION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, SBO^nNO what description of property is exempt from attachment and exocution for debt throughout the different States, aud the law, as applicable in oach one. ALABAMA. The homestead law exempts from execution real estate, not to exceed 40 acres, or In value |400, If re- served for the use of the family, and not situate within the limits of any corporate town or city. ARKANSAS. For all debts contracted since December 8th, 1852, 160 acres of land, or one town or city lot, with all im- provements, without reference to value, are exempt from sale under execution. A widow is entitled, as dower, to one-third of the personal property on hand at the death of her hutband, absolutely as against creditors; also to one-third of the real estate and slaves, and if no children, to one-half of both real and personal property, except choses in action. CALIFORNIA. The law exempt* from forced sale or execution, or any other final process from a court, for any debt or liability contracted or incurred after the Ist day of June, iSCl ; or if contracted or Incurred at any time. In any other place than in this State, the homestead, consisting of a quantity of land, together with the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, and not exceeding in value the sum of $5,000, to be selected by the owners thereof. This exemption does not extend to mechanics' or vendors' liens, or to any mortgage lawfully obtained. CONNECTICUT. Certain personal property is exempt from execu- tion. DELAWARE. Certain household goods of free white citizens are exempt fron; .ttachnient or execution ; also the li- brary, tools and implements of the debtor necessary for carrying on his profession or trade, to the value of $50. It Is provided, however, that all the articles exempted shall not exceed $100 in value. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. There is no homestead exemption. FLORIDA. Every actual housekeeper with a family may claim as exempt such portion of his property as may be ne- cessary for the supiiort of himself and family, to the value of $100, waiving all right to all other exemptions, •rhe defendant must make and sign a fair and full statement of all his property, verified by aflldavit, which must accompany the return of the process. A farmer owning 40 acres of land, of which he cul- tivates 10, can hold the same exempt, provided the property does not exceed $200 in value. Kvery owner of a dwelling-house In a city, town or village, pro- vided he actually resides in the house, and that it does not exceed $300 in value, may hold It free from execution, attachment, or distress. GEORGIA. The law exempts from execution, for every white citiien of the State, being head of a family, 50 acres of laud, which, including dwelllng-luiuse and improve- ments, must not exceed in value $200; also, 5 acres additional for every child under 15 years of age. If in city or town, lot not lo exceed $200 in value. The statute of this State provides, that the security on a note, or the endorser, can give notice to sue, and unless the suit is brought in three months after matu- rity, be released. Merchants selling goods to persons In Georgia, should reriuire notes in every Instance, for open ac- counts bear no Interest. INDIANA. Every debtor is entitled to .SOO dollars' worth of per- eonnl or real property exempt from execution, except for liibourers' and mechanics' ileus. Estates of dower are abolished, and in lieu thereof, the widow takes one-third of the real estate In fee simple, in (lejUanee of creditoi-n and the husband's will, unless the value of the real estate be more than $10,000; If more, then a less proportion. This is a bad provision, and endangers the collection of debts, in case of the death of the debtor. The widow Is entitled to 800 dollars' worth of per- sonal property, as against creditors, etc. Property taken in execution cannot be sold for less than two-thirds its appraised value, where the judg- ment was obtained upon an open account, or upon paper, unless the paper contained the clause, to wit: " Without any relief whatever from valuation or ap- praisement laws," which should always be inserted. The debtor cannot waive the exemption or stay laws in a binding form. On negotiable paper, (being bills of exchange and notes payable at a chartered haiU;) protested for non-payment, all parties thereto are jointly liable to suit. The notary should add to his protest a certi- ficate that notices of protest were duly sent to the several parties— naming them — which is, under the statute, all the proof thereof required. ILLINOIS. The law exempts from levy and forced sale, undei any process or order from any court In the State, the lot'of ground and the buildings thereon, occupied as a residence, and owned by the debtor, being a house- holder, and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Such exemption shall continue after the death of such householder, for the benefit of the widow and family, some one or more of them continuing to occupy such homestead until the youngest child shall become 21 years of age, and until the death of such widow ; and no release or waiver of such exemption shall be valid, unless the same shall be in writing, subscribed by such householder, and acknowledged in the same manner as conveyances of real estate. IOWA. The law exempts from judicial sale out of the prop- erty of residents, or of any person coming to this State with the intention of remaining, the customary articles necessary to the living of the family, including pro visions and fuel for six months' use ; also the earnings of the debtor for his personal services, or those of his family for ninety days ; and as a homestead, any quantity of laud not exceeding 40 acres, used for agri- cultural purposes, the dwelling thereon and appurten- ances, or instead thereol, a lot not exceeding one-half of an acre, being within a recorded town-lot, city, or village, the dwelling-house thereon, and the appur- tenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State, provided that such exempted homestead or town-lot, and dwelling-house thereon, shall in no case exceed in value $500. This exemption is not to affect any labourers' or mechanics' lien, or mortgage, law- fully obtained, which shall expressly stipulate that the homestead Is liable. A mortgage or conveyance of the homestead Is void unless johied by both husband and wife. The exemption descends to the surviving head of the family, or to their Issue. The debtor must select his own homestead, and have it marked out, l>lotted, and recorded In the homestead book ; or the oflicer having an execution must have it done, and add the expenses to the writ. KENTUCKY. About $100 worth of household and kitchen furni- ture is exempt from attacliment and execution. LOUISIANA. By the Act of 1850, widows and minor children were allowed $1,000 out of the decedent's estate, if left In necessitous circumstances. No homestead exemption laws In this State. MAINE. A few articles of household furniture, tools, pro- "%, w EXEMPTION LAWS. 85 ▼Islons, etc., are not liable to be taken on attachment or execution ; also, any one may have real estate to the value of |S00 exempted, provided he shall file In the registry of deeds. In the county where it Is situate, a certificate for that purpose, he being a householder In actual possession thereof. MARYLAND. The Constitution directs the Legislature to pass laws exempting from Judicial sales property not exceeding $fiQO, but DO Legislature has yet acted upon the sub- ject. MISSISSIPPI. The law exempts furniture, etc., of a head of a family, to the value of $500, the agricultural lmi)le- ments of a farmer, th"* tools of a mechanic, the library of an attorney, physician, or minister, to the value of $2fiO ; also, to the head of a family 160 acres of land, with the dwelling and improvements theron ; or, if in a town or city, the residence, not exceeding in value 11.800. Widows are entitled to the same amount of property out of the deceased husband's estate that Is exempt from sale under an execution against an insolvent debtor, which Is $500 worth of household and kitchen furniture, etc., and have as her dower one-third inter- est in all the lands of which her husband died seized and possessed. MASSACHUSETTS. The homestead of a debtor to the volue of $800, wearing apparel, certain articles of household furni- ture, in value say from $100 to $150 ; provisions, $50 ; the stock, tools, etc., of a mechanic or handicrafts- man, $200; books, $60; 1 cow, 6 sheep, 1 swine, 2 tons of hay, fuel $10. MICHIGAN. Household goods, furniture, etc., not exceeding In value $250 ; tools, stock, etc., to enable any one to carry on his occupation or business, not exceeding $260 In value ; library not exceeding $160 In value, and other minor articles usually enumerated, are ex- empt from sale on execution ; and the debtor cannot waive such exemption. The statute also exempts to householders a home- stead consisting of any c|uantity of land not exceed- ing forty acres, and the dwelling-house thereon, and Its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner there- of, and not Included in any recorded town-plot, or city, or village ; or. Instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of land not exceeding in amount one lot, being within a recorded town-plot, or city, or village, and the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of this State, (not exceeding In value $1500, by the tlonstltutlon of 1851.) Said homestead Is exempt during the minority of his children, and the occupation of his widow. Any person owning and occupying any house on land not his own, and claiming such house as his homestead, shall be entitled to the exemption. MISSOUUL The law exempts the usual articles of domestic use, and also property, real or personal, not exceeding in value $180, chosen by the debtor, if he is the head of a family, with the usual bedding, and other necessary household and kitchen furniture, not exceeding $26 in value ; lawyers, physicians, and ministers may select books necessary to their profession In place of other property, at their option, and physicians also may select their medicines. The husband's property is exempt from all liabilities contracted by tlie wife before marriage. NEW YOnK. In addition to the household articles usually enu- merated as exempt from sale under execution, and tlie tools of any mechiuiic, not exceeding $25, there is exempted to the value of $150, other furniture, tools, or team ; also, the lot and buildings thereon to the value of $1000, the same being occupied as a residence, and owned by the debtor, he being a house- holdiT, ami having a famil.v. Such exemption to be continued after tlie death of said householder, for the bencflt of his widow and children, some ov one of them continuing to occup.v such homestead until the youngest child becomes 21 years of age, and until the death of the widow. And no release or waiver of such exemption shall be valid unless the same shall be in writing, subscribed by such householder, and acknowledged in the same manner us convey- onces- of real estate are by law required to be ac- knowledged. To entitle any property to such exemption, the con- veyance of the same shall show that it is designed to be held as a homestead under thU act, or if already purchased, or the conveyance does not show such de- sign, a notice that the same is de8igne. VERMONT. The Homestead Exemption Law is for the value of tSOO. Mechanics have a lien. VIRGINIA. In the caie of a husband or parent, a few house- hold articles of furniture and provisions ; and in case of a mechanic, the tools and utensils of his tra .„ 11^ h 90 STATISTICS OF FAILURES. FAILURES IN AMERICA IN 1867 AND 1868. Thk following tables of Statistics regardin;; the number of failures which havo occurred in the United States and Canada, have been compiled by Messrs. B. Douglass & Co., of the Mercantile Agency, New York, from the immense mass of information, which the magn tudo of their establishment and business relations has placed them in possession of. Apart from the facts with which they are pregnant, they will form, in all time coming, interesting memento of a most eventful commercial epoch. STATISTICS AS TO FAILURES FROM DEO. 26, 1867, TO DEC 26, 1&68. ZocalUitt, Nbv York— N. Y. Citj (incl. Brooklyn and Wmsburg.). Albany Buifalo Oswego Rochester Syracuse Troy Utica Balance of State Pknnsylvania — Philadelphia Pittsburg Balance of State Ohio — Cincinnati Cleveland Balance of State Indiana MiCHIIAN — Detroit Balance of State Illinois — Chicago . Balance of State lOVA— Jub'ique £::'.'"ce of State Wisconsin — Milwaul;ee Balance of Statf. MiNNKSOTA AKP l ': 3 fc-- 1' No. ;!,- •1 No. Dols. Dols. 915 406 147,682 48,777 86 22 23,943 15,714 72 86 58,667 16,665 13 8 12,885 9,200 81 15 27,419 28,000 '2» 19 15,0;!4 21,500 24 10 66,958 27,857 2(» 10 29,250 21,222 447 840 15,188 12,698 280 109 117,093 91,765 28 22 42,250 27,761 226 232 10,102 20,088 96 51 40,608 26,383 80 17 20,438 15,000 220 214 10,714 7,817 139 127 11,, o9 9,092 34 27 44,580 38,812 98 120 10,246 14, .29 117 87 56,171 41,272 199 805 13,900 16,322 86 26 20,417 81,738 108 94 12,342 23,363 19 21 20,000 14 •'b 101 ];i7 12,816 17,V<9 63 90 27,063 15,176 20 46 13,050 6,025 o^j i23 162,095 38,975 230 128 11,852 15,139 35 17 180,400 22,000 4 13 26,250 21,071 61 89 18,508 24,870 81 61 13,087 10,591 70 87 13,257 10,896 57 40 8,299 6,968 86 60 13,279 12,930 58 45 108,862 77,000 5 13 49,200 26,300 49 22 112,694 35,590 29 29 14,931 21,000 58 76 55,275 32,140 41 92 17,683 5,663 •4 II Dols. 135,129,000 838,000 4,224,000 161,000 850,000 436,000 1,607,000 585,000 6,789,000 82,954,000 1,183,000 2,283,000 8,898,000 613,000 2,857,000 1,636,000 1,514,000 1,004,000 6,572,000 2,766,tOC 785,000 1,338,000 880,000 1,244,000 1,705,000 261,000 41,010,000 2,611,000 4,564,000 105,000 1,129,000 1,060,000 928,000 473,000 1,142,000 6,285,000 246,000 5,522,000 438,000 8,206,000 725,000 Dols. 17,778,462 846,708 599,940 78,600 845,000 408,500 27^.570 213,220 4,815,020 10,002,885 610,742 4,647,656 1,345,533 255,000 1,672,838 1,154,684 1,047,924 1,731,480 8,590,664 4,978,210 825,058 2,196,122 814,475 2,435,723 1,365,840 277,150 4,178,925 1,937,792 374,000 273,923 2,213,430 646,051 40:!,152 278,720 775,800 8,465,000 341,900 782,980 609,000 2,442,640 620,996 STATISTICS OF TAILURES. 01 BTATIBTIOB AS TO rAILUBU FROM DEC. 26, 1807, TO DEO. 26, 1868. [t'ontintted.] LoecUUiu. Ebntcckt — Louisville Balance of State. Virginia — Richmond Balance of State. Grorqia Arkansas AltABAMA Mississippi Tennesskb Texas North Carolina..., South Carolina — Charleston Balance of State. , Florida Total United States Canada West — Toronto Balance Canada West Canada East — Montreal Balance Canada East Nova Scotia and New Brusnwick. v2 19 81 80 90 82 7 16 11 40 15 6ii 31 24 7 4932 25 109 15 15 22 Total United States and British Provinces.. 5118 4537 ::! 18 2 244 71 17 48 3« 103 28 90 20 21 6 4225 16 211 89,842 80,859 82,484 11,000 20,033 10,011 28,906 '.4,143 1 18,437 40,455; 17,C.U0, 26,200 18,887, 19,965 8,950 19,933 43,500 43,474 29,250 15,505 16,694 16,060 29,742 28,909 12,708 11,900 85,715 23,740 108,500 28,961 19,026j 6,189 40 84,860 27,751 22; 84,466 28,035 23 1 62,500 44,428 i 1^ 757,000 1,007,000 7S1,000 882,000 925,000 809,000 295,000 445,000 712,000 898,000 1,171,000 922,000 805,000 250,000 291,750,000 2,714,000 2,172,000 523,000 1,267,000 1,375,000 655,462 682,000 499,125 2,183,800 1,415,243 739,500 2,038,752 1,053,000 1,597,015 467,432 1,499,400 578,180 249,900 142,440 95,749,662 383,376 1,305,879 1,110,040 016,770 1,021,844 299,801,000 100,187,571 states in which failures increased in 1858. Michigan 15 Illinois 76 Wisconsin 38 Minnesota ond Territories 27 Delaware and District of Columbia 26 Connecticut 28 Maryland 69 Kentucky , 30 Virginia '. 149 Georgio 39 Arkansas 10 Alabama 32 Mississippi 25 Tennessee 63 Texas 18 North Carolina. 28 Canada West 93 Canada East 32 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 1 states in wmcii failures decreased in 1858. New York City and State 720 Pennsylvania 171 Ohio 64 Indiana 12 lowii 24 Massachusetts 232 Rhode island , 9 Maine 20 New Hampshire 33 Vermont 17 New Jersey 26 Louisiana 6 Missouri 27 South Carolina 11 Florida 1 M FARES AND DISTANCES FROM NEW YOKK. DISTANCES AND FARES FROM NEW YORK. In the following table* will be found the fare* and dUtancea — as near as can be ascer- tained — from New York to the principal cities and towns, more particularly in the north nad north-west districts. The fares given, are first class, as well as emigrant fares per railroad all the way ; also, per railroad and steamboats, where the latter run. Although the fares from New York to the north and west, are profetnedly the same, by all the different routes, yet the railroad compaiiics object to publish emigrant fares, which renJ OS « >>i'-^ 9, 3 G-S-s c a g 2 .* o £ ■* « a a <0 053 's^ 41 I g 2 g a O OS c - ' «; e « '£ tti \J^ tC (fc 7. V" $0t8. COO 6 25 800 48T 660 8T5 4 12 6T6 a 12 4 62 626 a"3 «i 1 55 3! "fr, ■a Ofi