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 THEIR PEOPLE, 
 
 INSTITUTIONS, 
 
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GENERAL CO^^JVIITTEE 
 
 ►OF- 
 
 THE COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION 
 
 FOR THE CITY OF HAMILTON 
 
 ADAM BROWN, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 ALEX. McKAY, Mayor, 
 HON. JAMES TURNER, 
 THOS. ROBERTSON, M. P., 
 F. E. KILVERT, M. P., 
 J. M, GIBSON, M. P. P., 
 WM. HENDRIE, 
 E. MARTIN, Q. C, 
 
 A. T, WOOD, 
 
 R. M. KENNEDY, 
 J. M. LOTTRIDGE, 
 GEO. ROACH, 
 JNO. G. POCOCK, 
 JNO. HOODLESS, 
 J. H. TILDEN, 
 JNO. BURNS, 
 J. A. BRUCE, 
 
 E. A. DALLEY, , 
 ALD. J. J. MASON, 
 ALD. P. C. BLAICHER, 
 W. H. GLASSCO, 
 
 J. E. PARKER, 
 
 ALD. W. J. MORDEN, 
 
 R. A. LUCAS, 
 
 T. H. MACPHERSON, 
 
 C. E. DOOLITTLE, 
 
 JNO. FIELDS, 
 
 DR. MACDONALD, 
 
 REV. DR. iMOCKRIDGE, 
 
 B. E. CHARLTON, 
 H. C. BAKER, 
 GEO. E. TUCKETT, 
 R. FULLER, 
 
 ALD. JAS. STEVENSON, 
 
 F. W. FEARMAN, 
 W. E. SANFORD, 
 REV. DR. BURNS, 
 A. A. ALEXANDER, 
 
 C. R. SMITH, 
 
 Secretary, 
 
 REV. V. GEN. HEENAN, 
 ALD. MAJOR MOORE, 
 J. H. KILLEY, 
 
 B. J. MORGAN, 
 H. B. WITTON, 
 M. W. CONWAY, 
 
 E. WILLIAMS, 
 JNO. PROCTOR, 
 JAMES WALKER, 
 JNO. KNOX, 
 
 A. E. CARPENTER, 
 ROBT. EVANS, 
 ALEX. TURNER, 
 JNO. SMITH, 
 ALEX. GARTSHORE, 
 
 F. C. BRUCE, 
 MAJOR GLASGOW, 
 ANGUS SUTHERLAND, 
 WM. BERRY, 
 
 ALD. JAS. DIXON, 
 J. M. BURNS, 
 
 C. J. HOPE. 
 
 V. E. FULLER, 
 F. F. DALLEY, 
 W. J. COPP, 
 C. B. SNOW, 
 JNO. TUNSTEAD, 
 WM. MARSHALL, 
 JNO. HARVEY, 
 ALEX. HARVEY, 
 THOS. BARNES, 
 GEO. H. GILLESPIE, 
 A. T. FREED, 
 H. F. GARDINER,, 
 REV. S. LYLE, 
 J. H. PARK, 
 JAMES WATSON. 
 
Chairmen of Sub- Committees : 
 AGRICULTURE, ■ - J. M, LOTTRIDGE, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS, • - "vv. E. SANFORD. 
 
 HISTORICAL, - . - DR. MACDONALD. 
 
 ARTS, . . - J- M. GIBSON, M. P. P. 
 
 LITERARY, - - - H. B. WITTON. 
 
 Members of Parliament for City of Hamilton : 
 F. E. KILVERT, M. P. | THOS. ROBERTSON, Q. C, M.P, 
 
 Member of Legislature for City of Hamilton : 
 J. M. GIBSON, M. P. P. 
 
 Members of Parliament for County of Went^vorth : 
 T. BAIN, M. P. I DR. SPRINGER, M. P. 
 
 Members of Legislature for County of WentwortH : 
 N. A. AWREY, M. P. P. | D. McMAHON, M. P. P. 
 
 City of Hamilton Council of 1886: 
 
 AL1.X. McKAY, 
 
 JAMES MATHEWS, 
 THOMAS BRICK, 
 WILLIAM MORGAN, 
 P. C. BLAICHER, 
 R. CRUICKSHANK, 
 GEO. S. PAPPS, 
 J. J, MASON, 
 C. L. THOMAS, 
 WM. NICHOLSON, 
 W. J. MORDEN, 
 
 Mayor. 
 
 Aldermen : 
 
 THOS. DIXON, 
 WM. DORAN, 
 JAS. KAVANAGH, 
 J. S. LILLIS, 
 JAMES O'BRIEN, 
 JOHN CARRUTHERS, 
 MAJOR MOORE, 
 JAS. DIXON, 
 THOMAS ALLEN, 
 J. KEN RICK. 
 
 JAS. STEVENSON, 
 
 Wentworth County Council for the year 1886 : 
 J. W. JARDINE, 
 
 Warden. 
 
 Councillors : 
 
 GEORGE BAKER, 
 LEOPOLD BAUER, 
 DAVID BELL, 
 HENRY BICKFORD, 
 A. J. BINKLEY, 
 JOHN DICKENSON, 
 ROBERT FERGUSSON, 
 J. I. FLATT, 
 W. G. FLETCHER, 
 J. W. GAGE, 
 OBED HOWELL, 
 
 THOMAS LAWRY, 
 WILLIAM MENZIES, 
 VALENTINE MOTT, 
 G. H. MULHOLLAND, 
 MURRAY PETTIT, 
 C. D. POTTS, 
 J. L. ROBERTSON, 
 JOSEPH SNASDELL, 
 M. B. THOMAS, 
 T. A. WALKER. 
 
EXHIBITORS FROM HAMILTON 
 
 AT THE 
 
 COLONIAL AND INDIAN 
 
 EXHIBITION. 
 
 GURNEY & WARE, 
 
 ORR, HARVEY & CO., 
 
 ONTARIO ROLLING MILLS CO. 
 
 COPP BROS., 
 
 REID, GOERING & CO., 
 
 ONTARIO CANNING CO., 
 
 JAMES WALKER, 
 
 ONTARIO COTTON MILLS CO., 
 
 JAMES STEWART & CO., 
 
 HART EMERY WHEEL CO., 
 
 T. MITCHELL, 
 
 HAMILTON WHIP CO., 
 
 J. M. WILLIAMS & CO., 
 
 STRATHROY KNITTING CO., ■ 
 
 BURN, ROBINSON & CO., 
 
 F. W. FEARMAN, 
 
 HOODLESS & SON, 
 
 B. GREENING & CO., 
 
 J. & R. KILGOUR, 
 
 R. M. WANZER & CO., • 
 
 D. C. WHITE, 
 
 HURD & ROBERTS, 
 
 W. F. COCHRANE, 
 
 MORGAN BROS., 
 
 HAMILTON VINEGAR WORKS, 
 
 IMPER'L MINERAL WATER CO. 
 
 L. D. SAWYER & CO., 
 
 HAMILTON FORGING CO., 
 
 DOMINION HAT CO., 
 
 JOS. HOPKINS, ^m^ 
 
 M. MATHEWS, 
 
 WESLEYAN LADIES COLLEGE. 
 
THE 
 
 CITY OF HAMILTON 
 
 AND COUNTY OF WENTWORTH. 
 
 THEIR PEOPLE, INSTITUTIONS fiND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 THE CITY OF HAMILTON. 
 
 Hamilton is a city of the Province of Ontario, in the Dominion 
 of Canada. It is situated on the south shore of Hamilton (formerly 
 Burlington) bay, the western extremity of Lake Ontario. It lies just 
 east af the 8oth degree of longitude, and just north of the 43d 
 parallel of latitude. It is somewhat farther south than Marseilles 
 and Florence — almost on the same line with Toulon and Leghorn. 
 
 Hamilton occupies an alluvial plain lying between the bay and 
 the escarpment which forms the outer rim of the lake basin. This 
 escarpment — locally known as " the mountain " — is the height over 
 which the Niagara plunges at the Falls. The rock strata of the 
 Hamilton escarpment belong to the '^iddle Silurian geological 
 system. Counting from their base upwards, they form three well 
 defined groups known as the Medina, Clinton, and Niagara forma- 
 tions. Good building stone is found in both the Medina and 
 Clinton groups, though a great part of the Medina series is a friable 
 shale, the detritus of which mainly forms the fine fruit growing 
 lands between the escarpment and Lake Ontario. It is through the 
 Medina formation that the Falls of Niagara have cut their stupen- 
 dous gorge, and in feeble imitation each streamlet falling over the 
 escarpment cuts through these pasty shales a gully of considerable 
 size. From its summit a magnificat view may be had The city 
 lies immediately below, the squares in the centre as distinct as those 
 of a chess board, while in other parts the luxuriant maples with 
 
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5 
 
 which the streets are lined almost hide the dwellings from sight. 
 The broad blue waters of Lake Ontario stretch away to the eastern 
 horizon. To the northward the view is closed in by a continuation 
 of the height on which the observer stands. The plain is covered 
 in all directions with fruitful farms a id dotted with thriving villages. 
 The spires of Toronto may be dimly discerned on the north side of 
 the lake, forty miles away ; and on a clear day the smoke of Niagara, 
 at about the same distance, may sometimes be seen. 
 
 The agricultural productions of the country surrounding Hamil- 
 ton are rich and varied. Besides all the cereals grown in temperate 
 climates, maize is produced in considerable quantities. All the 
 vegetables known to the British market are grown abundantly, and 
 some which do not ripen in England are plentiful and cheap. At 
 the proper season tomatoes are sold for from one shilling to two 
 shillings sterling per bushel. Fruit is grown in wonderful variety 
 and profusion. Apples, cherries, peaches, plums, pears and grapes 
 are the most common. Last autumn very fine grapes were sold in 
 the Hamilton market, in quantity, at a half-penny a pound, but 
 that is materially below the ordinary price. 
 
 At the opening of the present century the ground on which 
 Hamilton now stands was covered with forest. A dozen years later 
 it was occupied by farmers, and gradually a hamlet grew up at the 
 spot which is now the center of the city; but it was not till 1833 
 that a municipal organization was effected. In 1836, just fifty years 
 ago, the inhabitants numbered 2846, and the assessed value of 
 property was less than ^35,000 sterling. Ten years later the 
 population was found to be nearly 7,000, and a city charter was 
 obtained. The growth of population since that year is shown in 
 the following table : 
 
 1851 14,112 
 
 1861 19,096 
 
 1871 26,716 
 
 1876 31,708 
 
 J88i 35,961 
 
 1886 (estimate) ....41,000 
 
 The assessed value of property last year was ^^4,000,000 
 sterling. 
 
 Hamilton is in direct railway communication with all parts of 
 the province, while she has by the great lakes and rivers water 
 communication from Chicago, Duluth and Fort William at the west 
 to the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
The city is represented by two members in the Dominion 
 Parliament, and by one in the Ontario Legislature. It has two 
 daily newspapers. Its local affairs are managed by a city council 
 composed of a mayor and twenty-one aldermen. It is amply 
 supplied with excellent water from Lake Ontario. The present 
 consumption is at the rate of about 80 gallons daily to each 
 inhabitant. A police force of 50 men is found ample to preserve 
 the peace ; and a highly efficient fire department has been able to 
 save the city from serious loss by fire. The streets are partly 
 lighted by gas, and partly by electric lamps. It is no exaggeration 
 to say that in all material interests Hamilton is now more prosperous 
 and its progress more rapid than at any former period. 
 
 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF HAMILTON. 
 
 No other Canadian city has won for itself the industrial celebrity 
 that Hamilton has attained. The city is often called the Birming- 
 ham of Canada, and though comparison with the world's great 
 workshop in the English midlands is presumptuous, it is not 
 altogether unwarranted. A place, within the memory of living men 
 transformed from the wilds of a forest, can necessarily in but few 
 things be compared with Birmingham. In one point, however, such 
 a comparison may not be unseemly. Hamilton resembles the 
 larger and older hive of industry in her thrifty application of skill 
 and capital to widely diversified industrial operations. This has 
 been her distinguishing characteristic for at least a generation. 
 Within that period, manufacturing establishments on a scale and 
 with equipments in keeping with the latest demands for cheap and 
 efficient production, have successively sprung up within her limits. 
 Her increasing workshops have^ steadily added to her population 
 and enhanced her wealth. Scarcely an important branch of industry 
 is left altogether unrepresented. 
 
 Her factories, equipped with modern machinery and the latest 
 labor saving devices to minimize the cost of production, maintain a 
 daily output of innumerable articles of the metal, wood, and leather 
 
industries, of textile fabrics, and of glassware, pottery, and clothing. 
 The curing and packing of meats, and canning of fruits and vege- 
 tables, are also carried on in accordance with advantageous methods 
 peculiar to the western side of the Atlantic. 
 
 The last census of Canada, taken in i88r, shews how various 
 the industries of Hamilton are, and gives a clear view of their 
 relative importance in comparison with the manufactures of the 
 whole of Canada. The capital invested in the industrial operations 
 carried on in Hamilton is nearly one thirty-fourth of the whole 
 capital invested in manufacturing industries throughout the whole 
 Dominion, and the proportion of finished goods is nearly in the 
 same ratio. The average annual wages of each person employed in 
 Hamilton industries amounts to $345.93. This includes the boys 
 and girls as well as the adults employed, and is in excess of the 
 average earnings of similar employes, taking the whole of Canada 
 into account. Including the whole manufacturing population of 
 Canada, the average yearly earnings per person employed amount to 
 $233.11. The exact returns of the Dominion census for 1881 are : 
 
 
 
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 Capita 
 
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 Dominion of Canada .... 
 
 $165,302,623 
 
 254.935 
 
 $59,429,002 
 
 $179,918,593 
 
 $309,676,068 
 
 City of Hamilton 
 
 4,825,500 
 
 6,493 
 
 2,246,127 
 
 4.303,693 
 
 8,209,489 
 
 The same ofificial census of the Dominion Government gives an 
 analysis of the trades and industries thus summarized. The list of 
 the Government is printed here just as it appears in the official 
 census report. It is well worth perusal, and has a value apart from 
 its relation to Hamilton, for it pictures, better than words, the daily 
 life of a medium-sized Canadian city standing in fair repute with^ its 
 neighbors for enterprise. 
 
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 The Bureau of Industries of the Government of Ontario, publish 
 particulars regarding the earnings of 2,853 employes in the chief 
 cities of Ontario. Their figures in all essential features agree with 
 the returns of the Dominion census. 
 
 Many of the industries of Hamiltcn have made favorable 
 progn,'SS since 1881. Several new factories and workshops have 
 been built, and additions and improvements made to some of the 
 old ones. 
 
 In textile industries, a cotton factory has been established 
 running twelve thousand spindles. The mills and plant of this 
 company cost $475,000, and their output last year was nearly two 
 millions and a quarter yards of cloth, and a quarter of a million 
 pounds of yarn. These mills employ 390 hands, their annual pay 
 list being $104,000. 
 
 In iron working also, a new rolling mill was established last year, 
 The capital outlay of this company is $50,000 ; number of employes, 
 30 ; and the estimated value of annual output $175,000. 
 
 New and larger shops have been erected for the chief engine 
 works of the city, and a new factory has also been built by the 
 Wanzer company for the manufacture of their sewing machines. 
 The making of sewing machines has been for some years, and still 
 is, an important industry in Hamilton. The Wanzer company 
 recently invested, in extending their works, $100,000 additional to 
 their capital apcount. Since 1861 that company has made in 
 Hamilton one million and a half of sewing machines. Their 
 business, small and restricted at first, has become immense, and 
 extends to all countries of the world. Every machine sold by the 
 Wanzer company has been made in Hamilton. Their output of 
 machines has reached 1,500 per week. For years their distributing 
 house in London, England, has advertised their machines in more 
 than twenty languages, and their wares go wherever English com- 
 merce finds its way. 
 
 Numerous other improvements might be referred to, but enough 
 has been said to show that the manufacturing industries of Hamilton 
 possess a healthy vigour. '' ". .- • ' . 
 
 THE TRADE OF HAMILTON. 
 
 % 
 
 
 The situation of Hamilton at the head of Lake Ontario affords 
 special facilities for communication with western Canada, with the 
 
i'l- 
 
 19 
 
 Great Lakes of North America, and with the River St. Lavrence. 
 Such advantages for commerce the pioneer traders of Canada were 
 not slow to appreciate, and through their foresight and energy, and 
 the industry of their successors, Hamilton has become an important 
 centre of Canadian trade. 
 
 The merchants of Hamilton organized a Board of Trade in 
 1845. That body, from its inception, has exercised a salutaiy 
 influence over the mercantile affairs of the city, and has been on 
 the alert to promote the construction of railways, canals and other 
 works, for opening up the resources and trade of the country. The 
 list of Hamilton merchants is an interesting, if not a long one. 
 Several stand in the front ranks of Canadian trade, and some have 
 won more than a Canadian reputation for *heir public spirit. If 
 personal references were admissable here, an account of the early 
 merchants of the city and their experiences would be an instructive 
 story. 
 
 The following official returns correctly show 1^" trade of Hamil. 
 
 ton for last year : 
 
 Imports of Free Goods to Hamilton for 1885 $1,180,635 
 
 Imports of Dutiable Goods to Hamilton for 1885 2,914.397 
 
 Total Imports for 1885 $4,095,032 
 
 Of the more important articles included in the imports of the 
 
 year were : 
 
 Tea 2,430,764 lbs. 
 
 Coffee 86,868 " 
 
 Dried Fruits, (chiefly Raisins, Currants, etc.) 1,998,884 " 
 
 Soda Ash, and Caustic Soda 493.101 " 
 
 Cotton (raw) 1.953.795 " 
 
 Raw Leaf Tobacco 2,966,694 " 
 
 Pig Iron 10,000 tois. 
 
 Manufactures of Wool (value) $821,065 
 
 Earthenware and China (value) 60,933 
 
 Tin Plate (weight) 49,074 
 
 Settlers' Effects (value) $57,548 
 
 No portion of the official returns of the trade of Hamilton 
 
 furnishes a more interesting illustration of the growth of the city 
 
 than that relating to the consumption of coal : 
 
 In 1876 the amount of coal consumed in Hamilton was 26,493 tons. 
 " 1880 " " " " " 58,962 " 
 
 •• 1885 " " •« " " 110,914 " 
 
 The coal consumed in Hamilton last year, as by these official 
 returns, was more than four times that used in the city in 1876, and 
 was nearly a fourteenth part of the amount consumed in 1885 in the 
 
13 
 
 Province of Ontario, v, ch by the Governmental returns was 
 1,560,000 tons. This increase is due in part to the gradual substi- 
 tution of coal for wood as domestic fuel, and in part to the extension 
 of manufacturing operations in the city. 
 
 MONETARY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Banking is carried on in Hamilton by the Bank of Montreal, 
 Bank of British North America, Bank of Commerce, Merchants' 
 Bank, Molson's Bank, Traders' Bank, and Bank of Hamilton. The 
 Canada Life Assurance Company was organized in Hamilton in 
 1847, and its head offices are located there. Neither the position 
 of these offices nor the handsome building in which they are 
 situated is surpassed in the city. The latest returns of the Dominion 
 Government show that this company assures at present 14,877 lives 
 for insurances amounting to $34,890,225 ; that its revenue last year 
 was $1,336,680, and its expenditure for that period was $632,781, 
 
 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS BODIES. 
 
 Hamilton is the see city of the Diocese of Niagara (Church of 
 England), and of the Diocese of Hamilton (Roman Catholic). 
 
 There are in the city six Anglican churches, viz.: Christ Church 
 Cathedral, Church of the Ascension, St. Thomas' Church, All 
 Saints', St. Mark's, and St. Luke's, the latter two being free and 
 open churches. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have two large churches, one of brick, 
 (St. Mary's, which is the Cathedral church), one of stone called St. 
 Patrick's, and one smaller church of wood known as St. Joseph's 
 church, used chiefly by Germans. 
 
 The Presbyterians number six churches, designated the Central 
 Church, McNab Street Church, St. Paul's, Knox Church, St. John's, 
 and Erskine Church. 
 
 The Methodists have nine churches, called the Centenary, 
 Wesley, First Methodist, Zion Tabernacle, Simcoe Street, Gore 
 Street, Emerald Street, and the American Methodist Episcopal 
 Ch;irches. 
 
 The Baptists have one large and handsome stone church in the 
 centre of the city with a mission church in a remote portion of it. 
 There is also a Baptist church for colored people. 
 
 Besides the above religious bodies there is a Congregational 
 Church, a Reformed Episcopal, Brethren of the One Faith, Believers, 
 
»4 
 
 Evangelical Lutheran, Plymouth Brethren, and Salvation Army ; the 
 latter having just completed a handsome building of brick, called 
 •' the Barracks." 
 
 There are also in Hamilton a Jewish synagogue, a branch of the 
 British and Foreign Bible Society, and a Young Men's Christian 
 Association. 
 
 Many of the churches of the city are commodious buildings, 
 chiefly of stone and brick, and more or les. ornamental in design. 
 The churches are all in their own way active in promoting the 
 spiritual welfare of the commur^ity. The efforts of all are zealously 
 directed to imparting religious instruction in Sunday schools, many 
 of which are in a flourishing condition. 
 
 The Census Returns of 1881 give the following figures as the 
 numerical standing of the various religious denominations at that 
 time: 
 
 Church of England 9,605 
 
 Methodists 8,317 
 
 Presbyterians 7i879 
 
 Roman Catholics 7)134 
 
 Baptists 1 ,066 
 
 Lutherans 618 
 
 Congregationalists 472 
 
 Not designated 339 
 
 Jews 177 
 
 Brethren 175 
 
 Disciples 98 
 
 Reformed Episcopal 31 
 
 Unitarians 21 
 
 "Protestants" 20 
 
 Univcrsalists 5 
 
 Quakers 4 
 
 SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. 
 
 The school system of the city of Hamilton comprises the public 
 schools and the Collegiate Institute, together with a Model School 
 and a Training College for teachers. 
 
 In the public schools the course of study, beginning with the 
 Kindergarten, comprises reading, writing, English grammar, com- 
 position, English literature, history, geography and arithmetic. 
 
 In the Collegiate Institute, which pupils enter at the age of 
 about 14 years after having completed the public school course of 
 study, preparation may be had for entering the Universities, the 
 Medical schools, the Law schools, etc. 
 
 In the public schools there is an average attendance of 5,000 
 pupils and more than a hundred teachers, and in the Collegiate 
 Institute and Training College there is a yearly attendance of 
 between 500 and 600 students, presided over by a staff of 15 
 masters and teachers. 
 
 The schools are managed by a Board of Education consisting of 
 
15 
 
 twenty members, fourteen of whom are elected by the people, and 
 six appointed by the Board of Aldermen. 
 
 In Jie public schools each pupil is required to pay from one 
 dollar to two dollars a year, in return for which the School Board 
 furnishes him with all the books, stationery, etc., required through- 
 out his course. No charge is made tor tuition. 
 
 In the Collegiate Institute the fees range from two dollars and a 
 half to ten dollars a year, and students supply their own books. 
 
 The teachers employed in the different charitable institutions of 
 the city are appointed and paid by the School Board. 
 
 In addition to the above public schools, there are also five 
 Separate Roman Catholic schools in Hamilton. The average num- 
 ber of pupils attending these schools is 823, and the number of 
 pupils on their books is 1626. A ladies' school of high grade is 
 also conducted by that denomination, and is held in high esteem. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists also control a ladies' college in Hamil- 
 ton, devoted to the higher branches of education for young women. 
 It has been in existence several years, and attracts pupils from 
 . various parts of Canada. 
 
 The Hamilton Association is an incorporated society for investi- 
 gating the natural history, botany, geology, and Indian antiquities of 
 the district. It has about one hundred and fifty members who hold 
 monthly meetings. During the thirty years of its existence numerous 
 papers relating to the fauna, flora, and rock conformation of the 
 country surrounding Hamilton, have been published under its 
 auspices. 
 
 Besides the public schools of the city, there are private insti- 
 tutions for commercial and business training, and for art tuition. A 
 public Art school has also been established. 
 
 THE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS OF HAMILTON. 
 
 Foremost amongst these are the National and Benevolent 
 societies. They are, the St. George's, St. Andrew's, Caledonia, 
 Irish Protestant, Catholic Mutual Benefit, and Emerald associa- 
 tions. These societies seek out and relieve cases of necessity and 
 affliction. They render good service to the community, and receivie 
 corresponding appreciation and support. A 
 
 The other charitable institutions comprise a Boys' Home, a 
 Girls' Home, a Home for Aged Women, a Home of the Friendless, 
 
PT^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 i6 
 
 an Orphan Asylum, a House of Refuge, and the St. Mary's Orphan 
 Asylum. These have suitable commodious buildings, the outcome 
 of private benevolence, and are sustained by voluntary contributions. 
 The St. Mary's Asylum is in charge of Sisters of Charity, and the 
 other homes are under the direct management of committees of 
 ladies. The inmates of these homes are well cared for, and the 
 children educated and instructed in the way to make for themselves 
 a respectable living. Donations to these charities include, besides 
 money, flour, meal, meat and vegetables. At Christmas, luxuries 
 are not lacking. Last Christmas one home received fifty turkeys 
 for its ninety inmates. 
 
 The number of inmates at present in these charitable homes is : 
 Boys' Home, 95 boys, aged from 5 to 14 years; Girls' Home, 72 
 girls, ages from 3 to 13 years ; St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, 86 girls ; 
 Aged Womens' Home, 24 aged women ; Hamilton Orphan Asylum, 
 28 boys, 4 girls ; House of Providence, 98 boys, 45 aged men, 60 
 aged women. 
 
 Hamilton possesses an hospital for the sick and injured. It was 
 built a few years since at a cost to the city of $53,685, and can 
 accommodate 150 patients. The pavilion slyle of construction was 
 adopted, with approved methods of obtaining a copious supply of 
 light and air. Last year 673 patients were admitted. It is sustained 
 by the city, aided by an annual grant from the Provincial Govern- 
 ment, and by contributions from such patients as can afford to pay 
 for maintenance. Last year the Government grant was $7,458, and 
 the amount paid by patients $1,573. The management of the 
 institution is under the direction of an Hospital committee ap- 
 pointed yearly by the city council. Gratuitous attendance is 
 rendered by the medical practitioners of the city. 
 
 THE COUNTY OF WENTWORTH. 
 
 The first settlement was made in the County of Wentworth in 
 1786, just 100 vears ago, and the population now, exclusive of that 
 of the City of Hamilton, is 28,886, of which 24,237 is designated as 
 rural. There are 274,348 occcupied acres in the county, with an 
 assessed valuation of $12,161,463 for the real property, and 
 $827,104, for the personal property. Of the occupied land 210,384 
 acres are cleared, there are 47,467 acres of woodland, and 17,181 
 
I? 
 
 acres ot swamp or waste land. Situated at the head of Lake 
 Ontario, the climate of Wentworth County is well adapted to the 
 production of fruit, and large quantities of apples, peaches, pears, 
 plums, strawberries, cherries, raspberries, etc., are produced for 
 sale in the Hamilton market, and for disposal to the northern 
 portions of the Province, which are easily reached by railway. The 
 native woods are maple, beech, pine, cedar, oak, butternut, hickory, 
 black walnut and chesnut, for all of which there is a large demand 
 for fuel, furniture or building purposes. In 1884 the fall wheat 
 raised in VVentwoith County was worth $689,400 ; spring wheat, 
 $84,137; barley, $180,874; rye, $11,238; peas, $121,156. The 
 estimated value of farm land was $13,272,700 ; of farm buildings, 
 $4,434,557; of implements, $1,106,687; ^"^ "^ ''^^ stock, 
 $2,018,067. The 30,542 acres sown with fall wi.eat produced 
 856,398 bushels ; 5,047 acres produced 103,363 bushels of spring 
 wheat; 11,185 acres, 337,451 bushels of barley; 29,261 acres, 
 1,311,771 bushels of oats, 1,157 acres, 18,824 bushels of rye; 8,295 
 acres, 188,131 bushels of peas; 4,239 acres, 339,120 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 617 acres, 11,723 bushels of buckwheat; and 169 
 acres, 4,129 bushels of beans; 4,441 acres produced 687,543 
 bushels of potatoes; 442 acres, 222,472 bushels of mangold wurt- 
 zels; 225 acres, 91,607 bushels of carrots ; 1,862 acres, 868,791 
 bushels of turnips ; 43,357 acres, 73,707 tons of hay and clover, and 
 there were 44,379 acres in pasture, and 9,340 acres in orchard and 
 garden. Wentworth produced 28 bushels of fall wheat to the acre 
 in 1884, when the average production for the Province of Ontario 
 was 24 bushels ; her barley crop was 30.2 bushels, when that of the 
 Province at large was 27.3 bushels, and her hay crop was 170 tons 
 against 139 tons for the Province. The County had, in 1884, 
 6,768 working horses ; 1,880 breeding mares ; 2,913 unbroken 
 horses; 244 working oxen; 12,453 milch cows; 5,097 store cattle 
 over two years old, and 13,568 young and other cattle, among 
 them some valuable herds of thoroughbred Ayrshire Shorthorns 
 and Jerseys, There were 28,650 sheep, 5,953 pigs, 8,238 
 turkeys, 8,590 geese, and 89,062 other fowls. The total wool 
 produced was 101,877 pounds. The rent per acre for leased 
 farms was $3.29, and farm hands received $164 per year, with 
 board, or $257 per year without board. Female domestics 
 received $1.49 per week, with board. The rate of taxation 
 
r^f 
 
 i8 
 
 for municipal and school purposes is $2.80 per head of population, 
 or $5.60 per $1,000 of assessed valuation. 
 
 Lying within easy reach of a manufacturing city of 40,000 
 inhabitants, the farmers of Wentworth have a profitable market for 
 perishable produce, and the roads throughout the county are kept 
 in a good state of repair. The farmers are generally prosperous, 
 and not a few old men of 70 were born on the farms where they now 
 reside. Annual fairs for the exhibition of farm products and 
 manufactures are held in Hamilton, and in each Township of the 
 County ; and for many years the wheat produced in Wentworth 
 County has taken the first prize at the Provincial Fair. 
 
 FRUIT GROWING. 
 
 In addition to the reference already made to fruit growing, it may 
 be as well to particularize some of the main features of this rapidly 
 grovving industry. Strawberries are grown in the open air in every 
 part of the County, and large quantities are shipped annually to the 
 leading cities of the Dominion. The berries begin to ripen about 
 the middle of June, and yield from 4,000 to 10,000 quarts per acre. 
 The market price varies from 2d. to lod. per quart, the latter price 
 being obtained for the early ripening varieties. No sooner has the 
 strawberry season reached its height than the black and red raspber- 
 ries begin to ripen, and following immediately in the wake of these 
 is t"'e blackberry, better known as the thimble berry. Raspberries 
 yield from 2,000 to 5,000 quarts per acre, and sell readily at 3^d. 
 to 1 2d. per quart, while the blackberries sell at from 6d. to i5d. per 
 quart. As high as ;^36o per acre have been realized as gross 
 receipts, but this was an exceptionable case. Large quantities of 
 currants and gooseberries are grown, and a ready market is found. 
 In fact the demand for these latter fruits is greater than the supply. 
 
 Besides these small fruits, grapes are extensively cultivated. 
 Fully 100 different varieties are grown in the open air, Large vine- 
 yards that were planted a few years ago are now bearing abundantly 
 and are proving to be very profitable investments. The market 
 price varies from i J^d. to lod. per pound, according to kind and qual- 
 ity. Fully 400 tony were shipped last year, besides large quantities 
 that were used in making jam and wine. The Niagara, Concord 
 and Delaware are the leading varieties. Grape growing and the 
 cultivation of small fruits are yet in their infancy in this County. 
 
19 
 
 The quantity grown, and the area of land devoted to these purposes, 
 are increasing from year to year with amazing rapidity. Experience 
 has shown that there is no part of this Province in which both soil 
 and climate are so well adapted to fruit growing as that section of 
 country that surrounds the head of Lake Ontario, and extends along 
 the southern shore. Every facility for shipping is furnished by the 
 railway companies, and this industry bids fair to become a very 
 profitable one. 
 
 Of the large fruits, apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, apri- 
 cots, nectarines and quinces are successfully grown, the three latter, 
 however, being more for home use than for market purposes. On 
 every farm there is an orchard, varying in size from one to twenty- 
 five acres, and containing apple, pear, plum and cherry trees. These 
 orchards are found to be quite as profitable as any department of 
 the farm, for after supplying all the fruit required for home use a 
 large supply is left for which there is always a ready market. Large 
 quantities are shipped to foreign markets. The apples grown in this 
 section of country being superior in color and flavor, command the 
 highest market price. Peaches can only be grown profitably in 
 favored localities. The best peach district lies east of Hamilton, 
 along the southern shore of Lake Ontario. When the locality and 
 season are favorable they are very profitable, as they can always be 
 sold at remunerative prices. Orchards in the prime of bearing yield 
 a profit per acre of j^zo and upwards. 
 
 Another fruit that can be very profitably raised is the melon. 
 All varieties of this delicious fruit can be successfully grown in the 
 open air. Enormous crops of the finest quality, both m regard to 
 size and flavor, are harvested annually. The demand is good and 
 the prices remunerative. 
 
 Hops have been cultivated successfully for upwards of a quarter 
 of a century in this County, and the soil and climate have been 
 found by experience to be particularly well adapted to their cultiva- 
 tion and growth. The principal market so far has been the home 
 one, but large shipments have been made to the New York and 
 English markets, and the prices realized have been as high as those 
 received for the best American hops. The average profit per acre 
 makes this a very desirable addition to the list of profitable farm 
 products. 
 
20 
 
 
 \m 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 For educational purposes the County of Wentworth is divided 
 nto 73 school sections, in each of which is situated a comfortable 
 and commodious schoolhouse. Of these schoolhouses, 43 are brick, 
 16 stone, and 14 frame. They are so situated that no child has to 
 travel more than two miles to reach one of them. The number of 
 pupils enrolled is 6,250. These are taught by 92 teachers, giving 
 to each teacher an average of 68 pupils. The school year consists 
 of 220 teaching days, and the average time the schools are kept 
 open varies from 210 to 215 days. The salaries of male teachers 
 average ^90, and of females ;!^6o per annum. Pupils are regularly 
 instructed in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, gram- 
 mar, composition, history, music and drawing, object lessons, lessons 
 on useful knowledge, temperance and hygiene, while drill for boys, and 
 calesthenics for girls are taken up as occasional subjects for instruc- 
 tion. Nor is the moral education of the pupils neglected; each 
 teacher is required to inculcate, both by precept and example, those 
 principles which underlie a well formed character. Scripture 
 readings are used daily. These schools are supported by a grant 
 from the Ontario Legislature, a grant from the Mun-cipal Council of 
 the County, interest on invested funds, and a tax levied upon the 
 assessable property of each School Section. The average annual 
 cost for education in the Public Schools, which comprises tuition, 
 and the necessary schoolroom accommodation, is ;^i, 7s., 6d. per 
 pupil. Books and stationery are not included in this amount. All 
 the teachers employed have attended either the County Model 
 School, or one of the Normal Schools, and are therefore trained to 
 the work of teaching. In 18 of the 73 sections, two or more 
 teachers are employed, one as head teacher and one or more as 
 assistants. The pupils attending these schools are well grounded in 
 
 1 
 
 the elements of an English education, and possess sufificient know- 
 ledge when they have passed through the Public School course to 
 enable them to transact the ordinary business of life, and discharge 
 the duties of citizenship properly. Those who desire it are prepared 
 for admission into the High Schools and Collegiate Institutes, and 
 from them they pass into the University. All of the Public Schools 
 are under the supervision of the County Public School Inspector, 
 whose duty it is to see that the law and regulations are properly 
 observed and the schools conducted in accordance therewith. 
 
21 
 
 THE TOWN OF DUNDAS 
 
 Is situated in a beautiful valley, about five miles to the west oi 
 Hamilton, and is noted for its extensive manufacturing industries, 
 the principal of which are : The Dundas Paper Mills, the Drop 
 Forging Co.'s Works, The Gurney Agricultural Implement Works, 
 The Wilson Foundry and Engine Works, McKechnie & Bertram's 
 Tool Works, Maw & McFarlane's Foundry, Wilson's Axe Factory, 
 Lennard & Sons' Knitting Factory, The Dundas Stove Co.'s Works, 
 The Screw Factory, The Dundas Cotton Works, Bowman's Planing 
 Factory, and the Wentworth Flour and Oat Meal Mills. These give 
 employment to a large number ot mechanics and laborers. 
 
 The different religious denominations are well represented, and 
 the Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists and Roman 
 Catholics have comfortable and commodious churches In educa- 
 tional matters, the town is fully abreast of the times, for it 
 supports a High School, with two teachers, a Public School, 
 with nine teachers, and a R. C. Separate School, with three 
 teachers. The Public and High School building is one of the best 
 in Ontario, and is well lighted, heated and ventilated. There are 
 upwards of 600 pupils enrolled in the Public Schools, between 70 
 and 80 in the High School, and about 200 in the Separate School. 
 In the Public Schools the foundations of a good English education 
 are laid, and pupils are prepared for admission into the High 
 School. Pupils in the High School are instructed in Classics, 
 Modern Languages, Advanced Mathematics and Higher English, as 
 well as being trained in a Commercial Course. The Separate 
 Schools do about the same work as the Public '. chools. There are 
 two weekly newspapers published in the town, the True Banner and 
 the Standard, both of which circulate in the surrounding country. 
 The town is lighted with gas, the streets are well paved, and com- 
 fortable sidewalks are provided. There is a station on the main line 
 of the G. W. Div. of the Grand Trunk Railway at which all trains 
 stop. The Hamilton and Dundas Street Railway connects it with 
 Hamilton. Its population is estimated at about 4,000, and there is 
 an excellent library of nearly 8,000 volumes in connection with the 
 Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 WATER DOWN 
 
 Is an incorporated village, lying about six miles to the north of 
 Hamilton. It is beautifully situated upon an elevated plateau, and 
 
I- , 
 
 aa 
 
 !i; 
 
 commands a fine view of Hamilton and Lake Ontario. The country 
 surrounding it is an excellent agricultural district. This village is 
 famous for its good High and Public Schools. The pupils from 
 this School have won distinguished honors at the Departmental 
 Examinations, and the people have just reason to be proud of its 
 record. There are some 300 pupils attending these Schools, and of 
 these about 80 are in the High School Department, the balance 
 being in the Public Schools. There are four teachers in the Public 
 School Department, and two in the High School. The Public 
 Schools prepare pupils for admission into the High School, while 
 the High School gives instruction in Classics, Modern Languages, 
 Advanced Mathematics, Higher English, and the rudiments of Com- 
 mercial education. In the village are half a dozen churches 
 owned by the leading religious denominations. Situated on a fine 
 stream of water, and within the limits of the village is the Robson 
 Brothers' Flouring Mill. This mill has a capacity for turning out 
 ICO barrels of flour per day. A short time ago the proprietors 
 fitted up their mill with improved roller machinery, for producing 
 flour of the finest quality. There is also a Rake Factory along the 
 stream, from which rakes are sent to all parts of the Province. 
 
 The sketch given in these pages outlines the more salient fea- 
 tures of one of the older settlements in Western Canada. Though 
 but a sketch it is accurate and trustworthy. In it the statistics of 
 the Dominion and the Provincial Governments are faithfully fol- 
 lowed, and it fairly illustrates the resu!'« of a century of labor in 
 Canada. 
 
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i 
 
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 ; Robson 
 
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 roducing J 
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