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/4^

THE De LOTBINIERES.

A BIT OF CANADIAN ROMANCE AND HISTORY.

I. J. GREENWOOD.

il.

,t 'a, i/'XU"i f-'^^'^-dA^

[Reprinted from the New-England Hist, and Gen. Register for January, 1896.]

D. Clapp fc Son, Printers.

291 CONORBSS STBBBT, Bo^ON.

THE DE L0T3INIERES.

The evening carillon was trembling on the summer air, and Stockbriflge
street was all aglow with slanting sunbeams, when I was aroused from mus-
ing by my host* of the Red Lion Inn placing in my hand a small roll of
time-stained manuscript. " A bundle of old French letters, containing an
autograph of Moutcaira," he remarked, knowing our congenial tastes, and
I, delighted at the prospect of an evening's agreeable occupation, was soon
at work over the treasure-trove. How well the trouble of straightening
out and arranging the crumpled papers was repaid, the following notes,
somewhat extended from memoranda jotted down at the time, may give an
idea.

There were in all fourteen letters, evidently part of the family archives
of the De Lotbinieres, a race which had reached Canada, about 1046, in the
person of Louis-Theandre Chartier de Lotbiniere, who became " Lieutenant
General Civil et Criminel de la Prevote de Quebec," in which city he was
buried Sept. 1 1 , 1 690, aged 78. To his earliest progenitor, born about
1320, as we learn from Tanguay, his line of descent ran back through nine
preceding generations, as follows: Rene-Pierre,* Alain.' Pierre,'' Alain,*
Clement,' Cesar,* Alain,' Philippe.' and Joseph,* of Dijon. Pierre, a son
of Clement, lK)rn about 1490, and a Councillor to the Parliament of Pans,
was the first to adopt the suffix of De Lotbiniere, which became the fitmily
name in the eighth generation.

Louis-Theandre,** who had married at Paris, Aug. 16, 1041, Marie-
Elizabeth d'Amours de Clignancourt, had two children : Rene- Louis, born
1642, and Marie-Frangoise, who was five years youiiger. Tlie latter
married, Oct. 17, 1672, Pierre de Joybert, Seigneur de Mar9on et de Soul-
anges, Commandant en Acadie, and their daughter Louise-Pjlizabeth, b.
Aug. 18, 1673, at the River St. John, Acadie, bapt. in Quebec, June 15,
1 675, became the wife, Nov. 21, 1690, of Philippe de Rigaud. Chev.de
Vaudreuil, Gov. of Montreal. De Rigaud, subsequently the Marquis de
Vaudreuil, Was, in 1703, Gov. of New France, and died in 1725, aged 82.

Rene-Louis Chartier de Lotbiniere," b. 1642; King's Councillor 1674,
and, like his father, Lieut.-Gen. Civil et Criminel; as lieutenant of a
militia company of Quebec, he was present, Oct. 17, 1666. when the Sieur
de Bois took possession of Andaraque and other posts of the Iroquois ; and
as Col. of the Quebec Regt., he was at Fort Frontenac in the summer of
1684, in the rear-guard of the French expedition against the Senecas. He
married Jan. 24, 1678, at Quebec, Marie-Madeleine Lambert, and was buried
June 4, 1709. Of his otxis: Eustache Chartier", bapt. Dec. 15, 1688, m.
April 14, 1711, Marie- Franfoise Renaud, who d. April 25, 1723, aged 30.
He had been an Ensign in the troops, been recommended May 6, 1719, by his
kinsman, the Governor, to fill a vacancy in the Superior Council, and continued
to hold that office uuti' his decease. The vacancy had been caused by the

• Mr. C. H. Plum?).

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recent <leatli of Claude de Herman, tlie aged Sieur de la Martiiiiere, Judge,
Counsellor, and Lieut.-Gen. Civil et Crim. This latter diHtinction, lield by
the Sieur de Lotbinicre's family through two generations, had been bestowed
by the King upon Martin, Sieur du Lino, against which choice Etistache
made bold to protest and apply for the position himself. The reply, being
No. 1 of the documents I had tlie pleasure of examining, is dated Paris,
Sept. 1, 1719, and was written by Victor Marie, Due d'Kstrees, Mareohal
de France. The services of Lotbinieie's father and grandfather, in behalf
of their King and the Colony, are acknowledged, but the applicant is ad-
monished not to regard certain ollices as family heir-looms; to endeavor,
rather, to render himself worthy of preferment, &.C., &,c.

After his wift^'s death, in 1723, the young man turned his mind to more
serious occupation; was ordained a priest, April 14, 1720; became Archdea-
con and Dean of the Quebec Cathedral, and was there buried Feb. 14,
1749. 1 1 is youngest child was:

Michel-Alain", Chartier de Lotbiniere, bapt. April 12, 172.3; cadet
(marine), 17.j(); ensign. 1742; made the campaign of Acadie 1740; and
was Captain 17")7. The (iov.-Gen., the Marquis de La Galissoniere (the
same wiio afterwards de'eated Admiral liyng, before Minorca), writing
from Quebec, Oct. 20, 174.S. to the Minister of Marine, states that he has
employed the Sieur de Lotltiniere as assistant engineer. I^etters Nos. 2
ami 3 were from (lalissoniere to Lotbiniere; the first, dated Paris, Mon-
day, Sept. 24, I7.')2, stating that the writer is about sending 1200 livres
for the benefit of iM. de Lotbiniere, M. des Essaits. and INI. de Lusignan,
and counts upon their standing by each other like good comrades. The
oilier, ad(lre^se<l to M. de L., Royal Kngineer at Quebec, is from Paris,
Feb. 19, 1754; along, friendly, interesting letter of six pages, touching
principally on military matters and the fortilications at Quebec and Louis-
. bourg. The writer also observes that " the mouiitinir for the electrical
globe, which you left me, is not sent because, as you remarked on the
paper in which it was wrapped, it was necessary to send, at the same time,
a pneumatic machine (air pump), and, as you know, they never have what
you want, I thonglit best to send you instruments which might be of use."

Meanwhile the young engineer had married, and Col. FraiKpiet, who h;>d
been at Louisboiirg since the summer of HOO, writes him (No. 4) from
that point, .Ian. 4, llni). confirming his (Franquet's) recent appointment
as Director of Fortifications in North America, and presents his respects to
Ma<lam de Lotbiniere.

No. 5 is a letter fnun the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Gov.-Gen. of New
France, dated Montreal, Sept. 15, 1756, to " M. de I'otbiniere, ingenieur
a Carillon," better known to us as Fort Ticonderoga. The writer assures
his kinsman (they were second cousins) that he alone has the principal
direction of the woiks at Carillon, and urges him to press them forward at
his best ami to the satisfaction of M. le Marquis de Montcalm; that Madam
de Vandreuil thanks him for his kind remembrance, &c. Portion of a seal
impression in red wax is attached to the letter, being a lion rampant on a
plain shield, with a lightly draped winged figure to the left as a supporter,
while, pendant from the shield, hangs a military order, consisting of eight
cannons Joined together as a star. The writer, Pierre-Fran9ois, Marquis de
Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, b. 1G9S, was the third son of the former Governor
General, to which position he himself attained in 1755; the last to hold that
position under the French.

Nov. 2, 1750, Lotbiniere ai)p1ied to the Minister of Marine for the posi-
tion of Engineer-in-Chief of the Colony, as iield by his late father-in-law

De Lcj^v. and some two years later, writing to Marslial de Belle L e, he
says, " I (latter myself, my Lord, that you will he pleased to have the
Cross of St. Louis conferred upon rae. 'Tis a favor, I dare say, I have
merited by the zeal I have evinced on all occasions " The Marshal's
comments upon him as an olRcer can be seen in the New York Col. MSS.,
vol. X. 880.

No. G, from the Marquis de Montcalm, is in answer to a demand for sixty
carpenters. From Portage Camp, August li), 1757, the Marquis slates
tliat he st'iids what he can from the various regiments, &c.

In No. 7 we have tiie most interesting manuscript of the series, being
the " Continuation of a journal from duly, 1758, to M. de Lotbiniere's
return, .Ian. 10, 17G1, to Paris," according to the heading. Unfortunately
the twenty-four pages preserved terminate with the 22d of May, 1759. lie
had left Carillon, .July 15. 1758, he writes, suffering from inflammation of
the lungs, brought on by his exertions; but a few months' rest at Quebec,
and a milk diet, had about restored him to health. Uumors were continu-
ally reaching them as to the designs of the Knglish for gaining possession
of Canada; Louisbourg, &c., are already in the hands of the enemy.
Feb. 7th he sets out for Montreal, where he arrives five days later, and,
with De Vaudreuil, discusses plans for the approaching campaign; he also
learns from the Governor the defensive plan of Lieut.-Col. M. de Pont-le-
roy. Kngineer-in-Cbief for Quebec, a plan which embraces the district from
the Falls of Montmorency to the river St. Charles, "not dreaming," says
the writer, "of occupying the heights before Quebec, and totally neglecting
that portion comprised between Sillery and Les Anses des Mers, deeming
it impregnable;" whereas, he informs the Governor, this point should not
be overlooked, since he remembers bow, as a school-boy, he had scaled
these heights r:i[)idly and with no great difficulty. He then proceeds to
unfold his own plan of defence. Having returned to Quebec, he notes that
fVoni the 20tli to the 21st of May it froze to the thickness of two crowns.
Here he finds the defensive works progressing on all sides, without any
special duty having been assigned to himself, according to promisv. The
chief engineer " told me, with quite an embarrassed air, that he was much
obliged to me, but that he couhl dispense with causing me any fatigue, three
engineers having come to him from France," and yet, a few days later, ho
sees that work had been given out to several officers of the line, for which
they were evidently unfitted; "this proceeding, on the part of M. do pout
Leroy, does not sur|)rise me, having seen, from the moment of his arrival
in Canada, that he regarded rae with jealousy, &c." That a state of ill
feeling existed between the parties is further confirmed by Pontleroy's own
letters to the Minister of Marine, referred to in the report on Canadian
Archives for 1887 (pp. 216 and 271 ) ; April 24, 1758, he makes complaii.ts
against AL de Lotbiniere, who evidently thought himself better fitted than
M. de L(5vy for post of chief engineer. Towards the close of July he finds
fault with Lotbiniere's work in the construction of Carillon, and, later on,
hints at his too lavish expenditure; and, December 1, writes that " M. de
Vaudreuil desired to secure the appointment of his relative, M. de Lotbiniere,
as chief engineer, and he, Pontleroy, when he arrived, was looked upon as
an intruder, and difficulties were put in his way. lie asks that M. de
Vaudreuil and the Intendant be instructed to give him their support in the
discharge of his duty."

Tills friction, to call it by no worse name, continued in the department of
Royal Kngineers till tlie enemy cast anchor before their city ; all errors and
oversights, so apparent to some, aud to which others continued perversely

i I

blind, remained uncorrected; the very heights which had been ignored were
scaled, the decisive battle was fought, and five days later, on Sept. IH. 1769,
Quebec surrendered, and the English became masters of Canada. The two
leaders, Wolf and Montcalm, had both fallen, the one departing victorious
and in honor, the other in the bitterness of chagrin and defeat; both sacri-
fices to a monarch's glory. " Heureux le general, s'il n'eiit pas niepris^
encore sous les murs de Quebec les sages instructions qui lui donna Vaud-
reuil, il y a un m^moire detailld des operations par unf otficier du genie qui
donne droit au Marquis," writes Bibaud, Jeune, in his " Pantheon Cana-
dien," alluding, may we presume, to the missing portion of De Lotbiniere's
diary.

Returning to France, the Governor was thrown into the Bastille, and,
though exonerated from all blame and finally released, lied long after, bur-
thened with poverty and years. No. 8 is a letter from his nephew, Le
Chey. de Vaudreuil at Rochefort, April 27, i 762, to " M. delLotbiniere,
officier du Canada, rue des bons enfans, chea A!''" A':;lry, pres Be la porte
du palais Royal, d Paris." It discusses some money niiittersfthen states
that Canadians are arrested dail ', as the testimony of all who have returned
from that country is wanted; "happy are those who have not been mixed
up in any aflfair of government. I am quite impatient to hear the end of
this matter, persuaded that it cannot terminate otherwise than advantage-
ously for my uncle."

Two years later, Feb. 28, 1764. the same party writes from " Paris, run
garniere," to "Mons. de Lotbiniere, chez M. M. guinaud negociants, jI
Londres." This letter. No. 9, states that the Chevalier's brother would
return from St. Domingo about June; other matter, of a private nature, is
referred to, and M. de L.'s son is mentioned. A small SkjiI in black wax
is attached; device same as noted in No. 5, save that the supporters are dif-
ferently arranged, and that the shield is surmounted with a jewelled coronet
of three strawberry leaves, and that the military order is omitted. The
brother alluded to was undoubtedly Joseph llyc. Rigaud de Vaudreuil,
Governor of St. Domingo.

As early as 1764 Lotbiniere made application to the Lords Commission-
ers for Trade and Plantations desiring confirmation, in his favor, of two
concessions of land, and in 1772 he was in Kngland pressing his claims.
One tract, called Alainville, granted him in 1758, by Governor Vaudreuil,
lying partly on Lake George, partly on Crown Point River, with a front-
Hge of over four leagues, and a depth of about five ; the other tract of simi-
lar extent, lay opposite Crown Point, and was purchased in 1763 from the
grantee, M. Champagne de Ilocquart. These lands at the head of Lake
Chaniplain had been annexed to the Province of New York, soon after the
conquest of Canada, and set off to reduced officers of the British army. It
is, perhaps, just here that No. 10 of the series comes in .connection. It is
written from Portmansquare (London), Feb. 6, 1774, by the Count de
Belgivioso, who regrets being out when M. de L. called, and invites him to
chocolate, next Monday, after lOj a.m., as a conversation is desirable pre-
vious to an interview with the Minister, Lord Rochford.

Finally, Feb. 13, 1776, the Lords of Trade sent their opinion of the sub-
ject to the Committee of Privy Council, advising that, by way of compensa-
tion, a tract of 1 15,000 acres be granted the applicant in the Province of
Quebec, otherwise he to pursue his claims by due course of law. That the
land was accepted, the writer is not certain; his Letters Patent state that,
having made a reclamation on the British government, he obtained a pen-
sion of 400 guineas, which, at the outbreak of the American Revolution,

he gave up and offered liis services to France, a step which debarred his
ever returning to Canada as an English subject; and that he was, in 1776,
sent to HoHtou on a miHsiun, '' which he fulfilled with that zeal which had
ever characterized his operations."

Having reached the French colony of St. Pierre de Miquelon, off the
coast of Newfoundland, he sailed thence in a schooner, with two domestics
and a post-chaise, and arrived, early in November, 1776, at Chatham, on
Cape Cod. Proceeding to Boston, he endeavoured to open correspondence
with Dr. Franklin, who had sailed for France, and with the President of
Congress. lie says, '' At the time I left France, the commission I accepted
of could not be granted without a reserve of disowning me in case things
did not succeed in the maimer expected," and speaks of himself as " under
the doubh risk of being disowned by your Congress, or by the Court which
has secretly employed me, as one who may, and they know can be, of the
greatest service to you by his knowledge of war and politics, as well as with
the local of this Continent." That he might not be regarded as a presump-
tious pretender, he continues: "The whole system of defence in that
country (Catiada), after the defeat of Baron Dieskuu, until the close of
1 7,58, was solely my own, and that it ceased to be pursued only in the cam-
paign of 1759, in which the Sieur Pont le Roy, a much older engineer than
I, and who arrived in the summer of 1758, determined absolutely, in his
mode of defence, to pursue the reverse of all that I hud planned, &c." He
writes also to his son, then a prisoner-of-war; chides him for espousing the
side of England, and would like to take his place, temporarily, and send
him to Canada tor his mother and sister; adding "all my letters from
France give me the title of Marquis. You run no risk in conforming to it."*

He returned to Paris, and No. 1 1 is a note from M. de Pont le Roy (so
signed), about 1779, who writes that M. le Chev. de T^evis doubts not but
that M. de L. is certain as to the height of the ramparts of Quebec, and so
desires me to ask for him the height of that part &c.

About this time, again in quest of the Cross of St. Louis, M. de Lotbi-
niere wrote to M. de Sartine, Minister of the Marine. In a letter (No. 12)
from Versailles, Jan. 21, 1779, the Chev. de L^vis (afterwards Duke and
Marshal) informs him that he is likely to get only a polite reply ; that he
should make out a memoir and sign it, stating his services in detail, and
that he (L^vis) will present it to tlie minister and urge the suit. As
Lotbiniere favors " the qualification of Marquis, he had better so style him-
self in his memoir, that the reply sent him may be so addressed. Not to
ask for more than one favor at a time, 'twere well to make no mention of
the rank of Colonel, and frankly he would never get it, since he had never
been employed on any expedition, and I do not see that they are disposed
to do anything for Canada."

The next year brings a new minister, in the person of the Marquis de
Castries, who, in No. 13, writes M.de Lotbiniere, from Versailles, Nov. 14,
1780, thanking him for the complimentary letter on his recent appointment.
The minister would like to do something for him, but the times are so
unfavorable that it is something more to be wished than hoped for. Per-
severance, however, met with its reward at last, and, in recognition of his
services and those of his predecessors, Michel- Alaine Chartier de Lotbiniere
was made a Knight of St. Louis, and raised to the rank of Marquis, by the
King of France, June 25, 1784, Letters Patent being filed in Paris, April
2 1 St following; the only case of a native Canadian who attained that title.
He died in New York, from yellow fever, in 1799, aged 76.

• Force's Am. Archives, 8. III., 642-6, l07»-80.

Ilis wife, whom he married in Quebec, in 1747, was Louise-Madehiine,
(laughter of Gaspard Chaussegros de L«'vy (or I)e Lery), Kn{?int'er of the
Marine, and Knight of St. liouis. De Levy, who ditMl in Marcli, 17.'>(), had
a s(»n. Gaspard-.IoHeph, also an eiigini^er, wlio, at the age of ;i2, in SeptenilH-r,
17 "),'{, married Louise-Martel de Hroinige, some sevt-ntLM^i years iiis junior;
thiH, ?ne first Canadian couple presented at the English Court, drew from
his Royal Majesty the c()m|)linientary remark that if all Canadian ladies
re8(!mbled M""" de Levy, he liad indeed made "une belle concpiete."

The Maiquis's son, who inherited the title upon iiis father's decease, was
Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbiniere, born Aug. HI,
1748, who now held the Seigneury and Chateau of V'audreuil, witli tho
Seigneuries of lligaud and BeMuiiarnois. He was at first a cadet in the
2d company of artillery, Capt. Azemard de Lusignan, in Canada, and, at
the outl)reak of the American Revolution, served as a captain at the IJlock-
house of St. John: as a prisoner-of-war he had an allowance from Congress
of two dollars per week from Nov. 2, 177.').* The last letter of the collec-
tion (No. 14) is addressed to him by Gov. Tryon, dated New York, Feb.
2H, 1777, 9 A.M.; the Governor presenting his compliments and inviting
Capt. Lotbiniere to an interview in half an hour: " D'jeuner est pret. —
Note Le Governeur sorte de sa maison A dix lieure." In duly, 1788, Capt.
L. was placed by Lord Dorchester on a list of those worthy of recompense
for their services, his award being 700 acres in the parish of I-'Assomption.
During the last war with England he was colonel of the militia of Vaudreuil.
He was prominent as a Canadian statesman; was elected to the Chamber of
Assembly, and unanimously named speaker in 17y.'{; four years later he
was called to the Legislative Council, and it was through his efforts that the
French language was retained in the Legislature, and a larger share in the
administration of affairs secured to the French Canadians. Dying in 1821,
at the age of 73, the male line of tho race became extinct. His youngest
daughter Julie Christine, b. June, 1810, m. Gaspard-Peirre-Gustave Joly,
one of whose sons, M. de Lotbiniere Joly, was killed at the assault of Delhi
in Se|)tember, 1857. The family name is still retained in that of a county
of 735 square miles, and its seat of justice; Lotbiniere having been repre-
sented, in 1861, in the Canadian As:?eml)ly, by Henry Gustave Joly, b.
Dec. 5, 1829, the Premier of 1878, afterwards leader of the opposition, and
recently knighted.

The Chateau Vaudreuil, purchased by the first Marquis de Lotbiniere in
1767, from his kinsmen (the family of the original founder), became subse-
quently the College de St. Raphael. Destroyed in later years by fire, there
was found under the foundation-stone, at the southeast angle, a leaden plate
stamped with three fleurs de lys, and bearing this inscription, " Cette pierre
a ete posee par Dame Louise Elyzabeth de Joybert, femme de Haut et
Puissant Seigneur Philippe de Rigaud, Chevalier, Marquis de Vaudreuil,
Grand Croix de I'Ordre Militaire de St. Louis, Gouveneur et Lieutenant-
General poisr le Roi de toute la Nouvelle-France Septentrionale, en 1723,
ce 15 Mar."t.

* The Rev. M. Louis Lotbiniere was appointed by Gen. Arnold, in Jan., 1776, as Chap-
lain to Col. James Livingston's Regt., and, after the retreat from Canada, was continued a
Chaplain in the pay of the U. S.

fin the roll of papers were two printed articles; one, a notice of services on Monday,
MiMch 19, 1784, at 4 p.m., in the Church of tho R. R. P. P. Th^atiA, for the benefit of the
Eiifiins-Trouv^s; Sermon by the Abbe Rousseau; «bMibto be sent to Dowager Duchess
de Cosse-Brissac; the other an Enlistment-Blank, 179 (•), for a private In the Infantry of
the United 8tates, during " the existing differences" with the French Republic ; to be sworn
to before u Justice of the Peace.

afmf

1 Monday,
eflt of the «/
r Duchess •>•»•♦
nfantry of
o be sworn