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 From the Trnmactions of the iSoyfi Scotinn Institute of Natural Science, Vol. 
 nil, Part 111, (1888-89). 
 
 *li:J{ I 
 
 Art. VI.— The Stone Age in Nova Scotia, as illustrated by 
 A collection of relics presented to Dalhousie 
 College.— By the Rev. George Patterson, D.D., 
 New Glasgow. 
 
 During the last few years I have t^mbraced any opportunities 
 afforded me of collecting relics of the Stone Age in Nova Scotia, 
 and have now concluded that the purposes of such a collection 
 will be best served by presenting it to Dalhousie College, to form 
 part of the museum of that institution. In handing it over, I 
 desire, through the N. S. Institute of Natural Science, to place on 
 record any points of interest noted in my explorations, or sug- 
 gested by the articles discovered. 
 
 In older countries, these relics have been obtained principally 
 from four sour^ ,:s : — 
 
 1. Burial mounds and old cemeteries. 
 
 2. Kitchen Middens, or the shell heaps and refuse heaps 
 which mark the site of old encampments, 
 
 3. Cave dwellings. 
 
 4. Lake dwellings, as in Switzerland. 
 
 Nothing of the nature of the last two has ever been found in 
 Nova Scotia, and there is no probability that there ever will. It 
 is therefore to the first two of these that we are indebted for any 
 remains of this primitive state of society found among us. As 
 to the first, I have only in one instance come across a genuine 
 prehistoric cemetery. It was situated on the Big Island of 
 Merigomish, on the farms of Donald McGregor and James 
 McGlashan, near the shore and close by the line between their 
 farms. Attention was first directed to the place by Mr. McGre- 
 gor, while ploughing up a portion of his field in which the 
 vegetation was i anker than usual, turning up a human skull, 
 pierced in front by a stone arrow-head, which still remained in 
 its place. This interesting relic unfortunately was not taken 
 care of, and has been lost. I did not hear of this discovery till 
 
 / ^ 
 
 (i, L>i 
 
2.S2 
 
 THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA.— PATTERSON. 
 
 some time after. In the meantime the place had been examine,] 
 by other parties, and a number of stone axes and arrow-heads 
 had been taken away. Uy first visit to it in 1874 was the 
 commencement of my Archjui))o(Tical investigations. I did not 
 examine the place with the same intelligence that I would have 
 done since, but the circumstances just mentioned excited my 
 curiosity, and on this and subsequent visits I examined the 
 ground with some care, and with results of some interest. 
 
 At the spot where the transfixed skull had been turned up, 
 though the ground had been a good deal disturbed before my 
 visit, I found over a circular space of over six feet in diameter 
 and to a depth varying from fifteen inches to two feet, a loose 
 brown mould, mixed with fragments of bone, so decayed that 
 not a complete bone could be found, and what remained could be 
 crushed between the fingers. Below this I found fragments of 
 birch bark in which the Indians were accustomed to enclose their 
 dead, and below that wus a hard subsoil, which plainly had 
 never been disturbed. The soil around was also entirely dif- 
 ferent in color and composition. 
 
 There could be no doubt that this dark mould was from the 
 decay of animal matter, and that the place formed a sort of 
 pit into which a number of bodies had been thrown, t'r-oir. 
 the ground having been thoroughly dug over before my visit, 
 and the fragmentary condition of the bones, it was impossible 
 to ascertain anything of the order in which the bodies had 
 been arranged, but the transfixed skull with the other cir- 
 cumstances, seemed to indicate that these were the remains of 
 those who had fallen in some battle, which had been here 
 heaped together, " in one red burial blent." The shallowness 
 of the pit shows that it must have been used previous to the 
 arrival of Europeans, when sharpened sticks were perhaps the 
 only instruments of digging. The same appears from the fact 
 that no articles giving evidence of intercou»Ne with civilization 
 were found among the remains. Wheth'-.i ..nere had been any 
 mound formed over them could not be ascertained. If there ever 
 had it could have only been a very small one, and whatever 
 
THE STONE AGE iN NOVA SCOTlA. — PATTERSON. 
 
 ^33 
 
 there was had been levelled by the repeated ploughings the 
 ground had undergone. 
 
 A number of stone implements had been found before my 
 arrival, and taken away. But on close examination I found 
 more, — a small axe, evidently a war axe, which seemed freshly 
 ground to a sharp edge, probably immediately before the en- 
 counter in which the owner had lost his life, some stone arrow 
 and spear-heads, some fragments of rude pottery, some small 
 copper knives, an imperfect bone fish spear-head, and a stone 
 pipe. 
 
 On exploring around, I discovered that the ground toward the 
 shore, within a circuit with a radius of from forty to fifty feet, 
 and sloping gently towards the south-west, had been an old 
 cemetery. In spots at irregular distances, but from two to four 
 feet apart, on digging down I would find, at a depth of from six 
 to ten inches, a layer, perhaps about two inches thick, of a rich, 
 dark, velvety mould, intermixed with fragments of bones. In 
 some cases this extended a length of less than three feet, with 
 a breadth of, perhaps, half as much, indicating, as I judged, the 
 grave of a single body ; but in at least one instance the layer 
 was of much greater extent, as if the remains of several bodies 
 were joined together. The bortes were so decayed that, though 
 this might have been owing to my ignorance of anatomy, only 
 in a few instances could I recognize what they were. There was 
 only one case in which I could trace the position in which the 
 body lay. That was on its side, in a crouching position. In 
 this case the skull remained in fragments, and had I known the 
 modes now adopted by Archst^ologists for joining the fractured 
 portions of skeletons, I might have gathered them and restored 
 it, so as to show its original shape. As it was, I was struck with 
 the great thickness of the pieces, and brought some of them 
 away ; but I have since learned that this is not uncommon among 
 barbarous tribes. 
 
 In all these cases, with a single exception, I found prehistoric 
 implements, stone axes, knives, arrow and spear-heads, portions 
 of bone spear-heads, small copper knives, with fragments of pot- 
 tery. It thus appeared that the people to whom these remains 
 
234 
 
 THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA.— PATTERSON. 
 
 belonged had the practice, common among so many primitive 
 races both in the old and new world, of burying with the dead 
 the implements which they were accustomed to use when in life. 
 But I found one exception to this, which otherwise was curious. 
 In this case instead of the mould referred to there was a layer 
 almost entirely of ashes, with fragments of bone seemingly burnt 
 and none of them an inch long. This covered a smaller space' 
 than in the other cases, being of an elleptical shape, and speaking 
 from recollection, scarcely two feet in the longest diameter, and 
 a little over half as much in the shorter. In this there was nothing 
 in the shape of a prehistoric implement except a fragment of a 
 broken stone spear-head. In explanation of these circumstances 
 I could only suppose that we had here the remains of some poor 
 captive who had been burned. 
 
 In connection with this I observed -n my digging indications 
 of fire for some unexplained purpose, ashes, small pieces of char- 
 coal and burnt earth. Possibly this might have been caused 
 by white men burning the wood in clearing the land, but I 
 observed also stones, which seemed to have been subjected to 
 fire for some time, as the stones in a chimney or a hearth. I 
 regret that I did not carefully examine into this point. I may 
 observe, however, that I picked upon the ground a number of 
 stone flakes such as are formed in the making of arrow-heads, 
 and such as I have always found on the sites of old encampments.' 
 This would indicate that the place had been occupied after the 
 interments, and perhaps by another race. This would account 
 for some of the stones having the appearance of being acted on 
 by fire, perhaps from their having been used as hearth stones. 
 
 The stone implements found in this cemetery present no par- 
 ticular diflference from those found elsewhere. The arrow and 
 spear-heads are generally well made. Some of them are of jasper 
 or other fine grained mineral, such as are found in the trap rocks 
 of the Bay of Fundy, and they exhibit a varietv of forms exactly 
 resembling those found in other collections both in the old and 
 in the new world. There are also what I regard as knives 
 intended to be grasped in the hand and drawn to the person as 
 is done by the Mic-macs to the present day. There is one curious 
 
THE STONE AGE IN NOVa SCOTIA.— PATTEUSON. 
 
 235 
 
 implement of which I have seen nothing similar. It is four-sided 
 and rectangular, each side at the broadest being a little over one- 
 fourth of an inch, from which it tapers to a blunt point. Part 
 of the larger end is broken off, but what remains is 3^ inches 
 long. The use of this I cannot determine. It may have been 
 intended as a perforator, but this does not seem probable, as it 
 is carefully polished into a quadrilateral, which would rather tend 
 to render it unsuitable for such a purpose. 
 
 The copper knives found here deserve notice. It is known to 
 all Archseologists that the Indian tribes bordering on the Great 
 Lakes had learned to use the native copper, which is found 
 abundantly in the neighbourhood of Lake Superior for knives 
 and a variety of other implements. It is also known to our 
 geologists that native copper existed in small quantities in Nova 
 Scotia, particularly in the trap rocks of the Bay of Fundy. But 
 this was the first case in which it was found that the Aborigines 
 of this Province had learned to turn it to practical use. The 
 implements consist of small knives formed by hammering, which 
 also served to harden the metal. There are three specimens in 
 the collection beside pieces of copper hammered out as if intended 
 for the formation of similar ones. A few others I have given to 
 other collections. About the same time, articles of copper of 
 prehistoric origin were found in Lunenburg County, principally 
 however what has been supposed to be small needles or piercers, 
 and beads. I believe, however, that more copper knives have 
 been found in this cemetery than in all the rest of Nova Scotia. 
 
 The bone fish spear-heads are of interest. One nearly perfect 
 was taken from the pit which I have described. Both ends have 
 been broken off, but a length of 3io inches remain. It is flat, 
 about one-eighth of an inch thick, and in width from half an inch 
 tapering to a point. It shows very delicate workman.ship. On 
 one side are cut three notches in a descending direction, so narrow 
 and even, that it is difficult to understand how the old workmen 
 could have done it with any tools they possessed. The points 
 at the lower edge of these would form barbs, taking the firmest 
 hold. Between these notches the edge is very finely serrated, 
 which would .serve to give the implement additional holdino- 
 
2Sli 
 
 TIIK STONK AOE IN NOVA SCOTIA.— I'ATTKII.SON. 
 
 power. The others nhow care and skill in the formation of the 
 barbs. But a point of special interest is that ne.r the, lie til 
 
 Tl> : r""",''"'" ''" ">'' ^"» »«-'-l « ^trin^Vh ch 
 doubtless ha. a float at.aehe.l ,„ the other enj. Wher he 
 
 ftsh was struck the head beca.ne detached f,on, the .haft and h! 
 ^•ent oH-with the line. But the lloat would ret ,, 1^ nr ." e " 
 and exhaust h„„ or perhaps bring hin, to the surface, wife 
 fisherman could by it easily f„|low bin. up This ,„n 1 .' 
 turing the denizens of the iep is still ^'ctise ' l^ "t E l°I 
 anci he,- barbarous tribe,,. There are 'son.e other'^^peeiu en "of 
 bone, horn or , very, the use of which I a,n unable to d rmine 
 Iron, their being ,o rnueh decaye,l or being in fragments 
 
 Ihe pieces ol pottery found here did not oxhib^ any feature, 
 of special interest. Some of then, are blaekene.l as J UcyhZ 
 been suspended over a firo ^ 
 
 cHIHng Of the bowl, a ho^e is ,lHde7in":r;& , ^ e^ht 
 he three-s,xteenths of an inch i„ diameter for a length of Larlv 
 wo mches. A ong the upper surface at each side a fine "ZJe 
 
 ha.s been c„,. I fancy that any of our modern meehan cf wi h 
 
 w ,f ■ Bjtrtor""^"^ "°"'^ '' P"^^'°^ '° ^^ - 
 tln.d Ti, f !, """ "''™n'"''n'=e remains to be men- 
 
 z^s^, t:;d:V'fir ;s:::' ;;k:iif tr '-t h 
 
 the collection nf .i,„ c -.L ''.»'' """""n the accouut of 
 me collection ot the Smithsonian Institution, but Sir Wi'li.m 
 Dawson directed my attention to a collection of relt ma i u ' 
 the Ot awa purchased for McOill College, in which were se tml 
 pipes if not exactly the .same in shape vet nkinl^Tf h 
 type. It may be worth noting that' •./:: f td" tdTn": 
 thing like wampum, so frequently found in Indian grave, ^ 
 
 Some of these circumstances raise the r,i,P«ti„„ i 1 , 
 
THE STONK AOE IN NOVA SCOTIA. — TATTKIISON. 
 
 237 
 
 itnperfect, but each in its .small size and tlioslifrlitdivor«,nngan<jle 
 of tlie .sides stands in contrast witli the true Indian jaw. Thi.s 
 would HU^'gest a people of small size like the Eskimos. It is now 
 believed that this race formerly extended much further .south in 
 America than they now do, occupyinj^ indeed UK.eh of the New 
 England coast. It is also a received opinion that the AlgoiKjuin 
 race of which the Micmacs are the tribe farthest to the North 
 and East, came from the South West, and the traditio.i of the 
 latter is to the .same effect. In such a migration they must have 
 come into collision with the Eskimos, and driven them before 
 them. Charlevoix in the map accompanying his work sets down 
 the land to the North of the St. Lawrence as "Pays des Esqui- 
 maux," he mentions also that they were to be found in summer 
 on the coast of Newfoundland, and describes the Micmacs in his 
 day as maintaining a constant warfare with them, and these 
 remains may be memorials of some such conflict. It is worthy 
 of note that though I made .several trials I found no evidence of 
 any burial further from the shore than the pit, where was formed 
 the transfixed skull. It really appeared as if the race who used 
 this cemetery had here depo:uted their warriors dead, and 
 returned to the spot no more. 
 
 The evidence of these remains being of a previous race I 
 admit to be scanty. But the point is worthy to be kept in view 
 in future explorations. 
 
 The chief source, however, from which in this country we 
 obtain relics of the .stone age, is the kitchen middens (Kjokken 
 moddings, as they are called in the North of Europe) or those 
 collections of shells and other refuse, which mark the .site of old 
 encampments. These are to be found in every part of the Pro- 
 vince. Indeed, judging from those places I have had the oppor- 
 tunity of examining, I believe that every harbor and the 
 embouchure of every considerable river will be found to exhibit 
 to a greater or less extent such evidence of having been occupied 
 by the people of the stone age. Thus, on the north shore, I 
 have found them in Pictou Harbor, on both sides of the mouth 
 of the East River, and at Middle River Point. In Merigomish 
 Harbor there is scarcely an island or a point on which such 
 
238 
 
 Ti.K .ST.mK AOK m KOVA »<.OT,A.-.An„,soN. 
 
 -.1 on the .hoJ;J; "IXt"; r"n'^ 
 
 Millar. Fanhm- vSlV 7 , ° '"'''" "' "'" K<iv. A. P 
 
 '.eard of .s„cl, at Wallace Onls ^» ""'"g"""''"- «nd I |,avo 
 . place on what wa, uZr. ^s^JZ^'^'Z^'"-'' 1^ "' ^'' " 
 County, which had all the apperan'e of h '.L" ''""""^"^S 
 ancient arrowhead nmnufactorv R,!, f, l"'"*-' "" "'^ "^ «" 
 found on the LaHave nZ I T '°''™ "''''''"»" I have 
 
 i" the ,a„,e Co nty r a,n t'tfTV ""'^ *' ^"^^ '««1>^V. 
 at Port Joly and o^M N t t'lld il'^l'^ "'■"^" "" '"""^ 
 I have myself oKserved then, », , 1 ^'"'"™'n« "a'-bor, and 
 
 ton. On^ivor, nU\ti ! X^t" Th ''"'"*' "'^^'"^'- 
 oKserved two one a Iini« ok "°°"^^"'^ ^ 'lave parfcicuIarJv 
 
 Hiver, on the' ;::;„'" GoZ Met it "' "',' '"^ ''• »'"^^ 
 I.eq„ille River, Annano h c3 T ' "'"' "'" ""'"■■°" ""> 
 
 Hoyt. ThesiiuatioTof^le'lt'.;:/:/:™."^"^^-^^ 
 reasons of their solpnfm^ , ^'^^ similar, and the 
 
 below fall,, o pi :'r, :,rah"^^- "''''="'''• ^""' "« J"»t 
 the bet positionCcantXthr =". "'^ ''^''' «"'' ""■' '" 
 or descent. Both are on loTI T'« P"'"""'"'''^ '» 'heir ascent 
 
 and backed by ^"ll::JZJ;':Z:^ Z^' f' 'T 
 Winds. auorueu .shelter from the 
 
 Where the coast is not indented by harbnv. fl. • w 
 naturally resorted to places in the inf u ' '"^^bitants 
 
 borders of rivers, navigable Z 1 srio'eT T'' ^" ^ 
 Bay of Fundy, where thpra io *^, . canoes. Thus, on the 
 
 don to Digb/oufc we fi d h fr'T' "f "' '™P f™"' ^^i"""- 
 eaux River, and I'hl-e heard of f T "' "'^'' "" "^^ «"»?- 
 where. So in Cape Bretorl fin '"'T''"" ^'"^ '"""^ <''««- 
 the people of the'ston "^ It Lat A'in:r "'/'f ""''P''"''^ ''^ 
 on the Bras d'Or Lake L I . f '' *"'' "' ""'o"' Points 
 
 sr -" -- -;s rr ;■■:'-: 
 
 winter, and encampingr on the borders 
 
THE STONK AUK IN NOVA SCOTIA. — PATrKKSON. 
 
 239 
 
 of lakes. Such places will now bo found so overgrown with 
 troGB and buslies that no traces of their occupancy will be dis- 
 cernable. But alontf the rivers when the land is cleared stone 
 implements are picked up at various points. Thus I have 
 obtained them on the St. Mary's River, near the Forks, and on 
 both the East and West Branches. On the Roseway River, 
 about fourteen miles from Shelburne, the stream divides form- 
 ing an island, on which have been found a number of implements, 
 principally goudges. I have seen a number, some of them rather 
 singular, which were gathered on the Musquodoboit ; and [ 
 have heard of a place on the Shubenacadio, not far below the 
 railway station, which has yielded a number of such articles. 
 But except at such chosen spots as those I have mentioned near 
 the embouchures of the Lequillo and St. Mary's Rivers, so far as 
 I have observed, the relics found in th interior have not been 
 in such quantities as to indicate continued occupancy. 
 • The kitchen middens on the sea coast are in most cases easily 
 distinguishable by the quantity of shells which they contain. 
 Up the rivers they are usually known only by finding implements 
 1^ oH the stone chips left in the formation of arrow heads«. Even 
 of that which I have mentioned on the Lequille River, though 
 Mr. Hoyt has picked up on about three-quarters of an acre of 
 ground between fifty and a hundred implements, yet the soil does 
 not differ in appearance from that around, though its present 
 occupiers notice a greater fertility in it which is retained through 
 successive croppings. But on such places on the coast we will 
 generally find on the surface a distinct layer, varying from two 
 or three inches to fifteen or twenty inches in depth, composed 
 sometimes almost entirely of shells of edible mollusks but gen- 
 ally mixed with soil formed by the decay of the other refuse from 
 their camps. In no place that I have seen does there appear any 
 thing like the quantities, shown in other countries, where accumu- 
 lations almost entirely of shells to the depth of two, three or even 
 more feet, will be found extending over acres of ground. What 
 I have seen might more properly be called refuse heaps, of 
 which shells formed an important part, and they covered but 
 very limited areas, the largest not exceeding three-quarters of an 
 
240 
 
 THE STONE AGE ,.V NOVA SCOTU.-PATTER.iON. 
 
 acre, and 1 have seen instances where snoh « u„„ r . 
 than two or three inches deen ZTZ , ^ "^ "'"' """•« 
 
 not more than twentyoV t^J" f;"l' '=<>.™".»"" " --"* of 
 had been occupied by'a sin^ ca^p"''' *"' "" *"-'-■ ^ '^ '' 
 
 to «nd reiics o. n.an i^l'itlt S t^ut; trafhif 
 existence previous to the glacial age, and many European Archt 
 
 :r rt^r^dTriT^whTtS:^ -r '-^ ^-^^ 
 
 .hese countries or not inlvlsco i "^""^""^ """"" ^ '" 
 ed out, the remains hav" alwayetrn found "T"''" P"'"'" 
 ciea,ly showed that they were not o" ill, , ^"l"; -'^'io"^ «» 
 
 th^vicinity of d.po=its^of thi3rj,f :r2f ..,?rf7em ■■" 
 Arrt^isr;:;: r'n'Ttu'rif^r "/^^ °■""- 
 
 and their position when discoteed. hav diJwT The"'\ '°""'' 
 mto two periods, distinguished b-- the use of Ihl f f°V .'=" 
 -one implements, and Lown ^^Z::^':^^^^ 
 th.c Some Amencan students, carried away by tl e .„th„!- 
 of their names, have sought to find the same^n A """lO'^y 
 
 believe that American A rch,eolo!ists .r """'■ ^"" ^ 
 
 to the conclusion tha. in the ne^w .Id t"::^"""'"^' "?'"« 
 such a distinction. We have always thonlhtthrir °"-™"' *°'' 
 m itself. Instead ofther-akin^.,!,-,,'^"' "™'ional 
 
 a .simple act, which owre^rd'hrb'^ °"P'""^' '"''"« 
 of development and nrll 1 ^°."°?"''^ ''y ''""gs in a low state 
 
 sun ^e^ufrinratrrtt c7 rtX™::! ^ "^ "^"' 
 
 :::^ist!;:f5:f:l^^'--,-Se;;:ub:[:;;i.t 
 (- No, I.;:- '.reir: rrmX':fa':^i::::r:;.' °^ 'S-"' 
 
 considerable skill so much s., ti, * ^^ow-head is a work of 
 
 how it was dona from slvactr b ^r sO '"" °"'^' '''"-'• 
 At all events, in Nova Scotll he rJdl "b „'1P"'=!'!^'' /''"^ -'• 
 and the perfectly farmerl , r, I .^ , .'''""'^"^ o"' implements 
 found to^Lthefi'^ a way that n f, T" ""' P^'-'^l-od. are 
 the product of dUrXas. ' ' "'" ""* '"^* "' ">-• "^^S 
 
THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA. — PATTERSON. 
 
 241 
 
 Coming more particularly to our Nova Scotia kitchen mid- 
 dens, it must be noticed that in no case, so far as I am aware, 
 have they been jxarained with the care with which scientific 
 men have treated +.hose in other countries. Besides, the ground 
 has in most cases been ploughed over, in some instances fre- 
 (juently, thus changing its condition from what it was when 
 abandoned by the Indians. But they will still amply repay 
 investigation. The majority of the implements in my collection 
 have been obtained from one to which I wish more particularly 
 to refer. 
 
 It is situated on the farm of the Rev. A. P. Millar, Merigomish, 
 in the rear of a point projecting from the south side of the har- 
 bor. One has only to look round to see that the spot has been 
 selected with a skilful reference to the circumstances and wants 
 of the people of that time. It was close upon the waters of the 
 harbor then teeming with fish, and not far from the open Gulf. 
 The creeks and small islands around swarmed with wild fowl, 
 while behind them was the forest abounding in game. The 
 point has an elevation of perhaps 40 or 50 feet. It has been 
 wearing away, and was probably higher in former times. Being 
 also then covered with wood it would still better serve as a shel- 
 ter from northerly winds. From the point the ground slopes 
 gently to the south till it is little above high water mark. On 
 the face of this slope over a space of perhaps three quarters of 
 an acre are found the shells and other refuse of a Kitchen mid- 
 den. At the foot there is a little stream, which would have 
 afforded fresh water. Where it reaches the shore a little cove 
 makes in, which would have suited admirably for drawing up 
 their canoes, and it may be observed that in digging at the point 
 there was found pieces of partially decayed birch bark, which 
 had been covered by earth washed down from the higher ground. 
 
 The layer of shells and lefuse referred to is on the level only 
 from six to eight inches deep, where the ground had been cut 
 out by a small run of water from twelve to fifteen, and it thins 
 out to nothing at the outer edge. The shells were mostly if not 
 entirely the common oyster (Ostrea Virginiana) the quahog 
 (Venus purpurea), the clam (Mya Arenaria) and the mussel 
 
242 
 
 THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTU.-PArrEBSON. 
 
 (Mytilus edulk). I confess I did „ot look for other. Mv atten 
 
 ja. ._.e . .. .nee^^ertt^a-r Z„^ 
 From this place have been obtained abo t b«lf ^h. u- . • 
 
 thus exhibit, thoriflat the T , "T "' '^°^"' ^'»^™''' 
 can he done b/theriX:;;^™ l;;^::^*"- -J-as that 
 
 par e r^; e New Hebl^^ ">e West Indies and 
 
 tinned till very Lentfv »^. *'' "'""'^ ""^ ^'°°^ »g'= «<"- 
 
 yet passed ary""^'""" °" ""^ "* "^ich it has scarcely 
 
 I.— STONE. 
 
 A.— FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE 
 
THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA. — PATTERSON. 
 
 243 
 
 the action of the waves rolling them against one another, just as 
 they are found at the foot of the cliffs there, or partially operated 
 on, besides a great variety of stone chips and flakes from differ- 
 ent places, (Nos. 124, 170, 225.) 
 
 2,3. Irregular fiahes of obsidian, etc., produced by a single 
 blow, and two edged narrow flakes of obsidian produced by pres- 
 sure, etc. We have nothing to represent these from Nova Scotia 
 but there is in the collection a piece of a small obsidian knife 
 from Mexico, (No. 173.) 
 
 4. Uvjinisfied Arrow and Spear-heads. — Of these the col- 
 lection affords an abundant representation, (Nos. 99, 114, 115, 
 
 150, 246.) 
 
 5. Arroiuheads. — The collection contains over sixty specimens 
 from Nova Scotia. The majority of these are from Merigomish 
 Pictou County, but there are also some from St. Mary's, Antigon- 
 ish, Annapolis, and particularly Lunenburg County. In the 
 material of which they are composed, there is a difference be- 
 tween those obtained on the North shore of the Province, and 
 those from the South and West. The former are generally 
 composed of hard flinty slate, felsite, quartzite, or other of the 
 rocks found in the metamorphic rocks in the mountain range in 
 the interior, and occasionally white quartz. The latter are 
 generally formed of the agates, jaspers and other fine grained 
 minerals found in the crevices of the Trap Rocks on the Bay of 
 Fundy. The action of the weather brings these down to the 
 foot of the cliffs, where being rolled together by the action of the 
 waves, they form nodules of from two to four inches in diameter. 
 These seem to have been a favorite material for the formation of 
 arrow heads. In some respects they are very suitable for the 
 purpose. They are hard, fine grained, and in cleavage form 
 sharp edges, but not being stratified they are apt in splitting to 
 break into short pieces, so that the implements formed of them 
 are generally small, though sometimes very pretty. 
 
 These are found of all shapes that are represented in other 
 countries, some being leaf shaped, with base rounded or point- 
 ed, some triangular, some straight-sided with base more or 
 less concave, some notched near the base, some are stemmed in 
 
244 
 
 THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA.— rATTEIlSON. 
 
 considerable variety of forms, and some are barbed as well as 
 stemmed. There is a piece of one from Yarmouth County (No. 
 174) which is interesting as giving evidence of having been 
 wrought into a spiral form. There is what is set down as a 
 spear-head from Michigan (No. 105) which shows the same 
 peculiarity. Such implements have been regarded as showing 
 that the aborigines had discovered the principle of the rifle gun. 
 Besides the specimens from Nova Scotia are several from Mas- 
 sachusetts and New .Jersey, (Nos. 158-164), one from CoUing- 
 wood, Ont., (No. 165), and one from Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 
 (No. 166), which will show the similarity of the workmanship of 
 the people of the stone age in widely separted countries. 
 
 6. Spear-heads. — These are of the same forms as the arrow- 
 heads but larger. Some fine specimens are in the collection, some 
 leaf-shaped with rounded base and some stemmed (Nos. 100-104.) 
 Some instruments passing under this name may have been used 
 as cutting or scraping tools. 
 
 7. Perforators. — Two implements in this collection, both from 
 Annapolis, are set down under this name, but both have the 
 points broken off. One (No. 282) has a broad base, but shows 
 evidence of having been worked to form a point. The other 
 (No. 278) though having something the appearance of an arrow- 
 head, appears really to have been intended as a perforator. 
 
 8. Scra'pers. — Thick flakes of flint, &c., worked at one extre- 
 mity, sometimes at both, into a convex or semi-lunar edge. Such 
 aie still used by the Eskimo in cleaning skins, and in scraping 
 and smoothing horn, bone, wood, &c. Two specimens, both from 
 Annapolis, (Nos. 283, 286.) But a number of others probably 
 also served the same purpose. 
 
 9. Cutting and sawing implements. — There are several 
 implements of this kind from Nova Scotia (Nos. 91, 249.) But 
 a crescent shaped one from New Jersey is worthy of special 
 notice (No. 106.) 
 
 10. Dagger-shaped implements. — N(jt represented. 
 
 11. Leaf-shaped implements. — "Perhaps mostly used for 
 scraping and cutting. Some may be unfinished tools." A num- 
 ber of such in the collection (Nos. 94, 97.) 
 
THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA. -PATTERSON. 
 
 245 
 
 12. Large flat instruments usually ovoid in shape, supposed 
 to have been used as spades or hoes. One fine specimen from 
 Merigomish, 7| inches in the longest and 3| in the shortest dia- 
 meter (No. 8/5.) 
 
 B. — PECKED, GROUND OR POLISHED STONE. 
 
 1. Wedges or celts.—ThevQ is a great variety of these, though 
 in the catalogue they are generally named axes. They are from 
 different parts of the Province, though the majority are from 
 the kitchen midden at Merigomish, previously described. Our 
 weather, with its frequent freezing and thawing in winter, seems 
 to act severely upon them, when on or near the surface of the 
 ground, so that they become rough or fretted, and portions spall 
 off. So that we do not generally find them with the fine polish, 
 that we see in many from other countries. They are formed of 
 various hard rocks, which may bt- found among the older Geolo- 
 gical formations in Nova Scotia, or fragments found in the drift. 
 Their shape seems in many cases to have depended on the origi- 
 nal form of the stone, (see No. 36.) In one from Merigomish 
 (No. 12) we see the simplest workmanship, where theie has been 
 only a little rubbing or grinding at one edge, and the stone 
 otherwise left in its original condition. But others have been 
 carefullj' and laboriously brought into a regular shape, (No 50, 
 from East River of Pictou.) They are of all sizes, from an inch 
 and a half to seven inches. A number are two edged, show- 
 ing that in use they were to be hafted as axes, (No. 22, Merigo- 
 mish ; 55, Bauch man's Beach ; 268, South Pictou.) 
 
 Some are flat on one side, and are known as fleshers or bark 
 peelers, (No. 65, Merigomish.) 
 
 There are also one from Scotland (No 60), two small but finely 
 polished ones from Trinidad (Nos. 61, 62), several from the New 
 Hebrides (Nos. 57, 58, 59). They show the similiarity of form 
 of these implements in widely separated countries, that from Scot- 
 land bfing scarcely distinguishable from one from Erromancra. 
 There is one hafted according to the mode customary till recently 
 on that island, (No. 179.) 
 
 2. Chisels. In the collection some are set down as axes 
 
246 
 
 THE STONE AGE IN NOvA SCOTIA.— PATTERSON. 
 
 i I \ 
 
 that others would set down as celts or wedges. No 269 answers 
 the description given, though it is thought more likely to have 
 been used as a stiiker or pogomakunn. Under this title perhaps 
 also may be classed a peculiar implement from Lake Ainslie, 
 C. B., (No. 79). It is about 8 inches in length over all. In the 
 front it is brought to an edge, but the rest is about ^ of an inch 
 thick throughout. At the base, it is Sfe inches wide, but gradually 
 decreases almost to nothing. 
 
 3. Goudges.— These are of three kinds : 1. Those slightly 
 hollowed out at the cutting part, as No. 73, 1()| inches long from 
 Aneiteum.and Nos. 74and 75 from St. Mary's, 13J and 14 inches 
 long. 2. Those which have a concavity, of which there is a 
 beautiful specimen from Lake Ainslie, C. B., (No. ). These 
 were probably hafted and used as adzes and employed in hollow- 
 ing out wooden vessels, fire having been first applied. This one 
 is partially grooved transversely seemingly for this puroose. And 
 3. Those hollowed out through their whole length. Of these 
 there are one from Shelburne, one from St. Mary's, and one from 
 Cape Breton, besides one from Massachusetts. These seem to 
 have been used for tapping and gathering the sap of the maple 
 trees. Some of the axes have the cutting edge ground in a 
 slightly goudged form (No. 263 from Antigonish County). 
 
 4. Adzes. — None of the implements are marked as such, but 
 probably some were hafted and used in this manner. 
 
 5. Grooved Axes. — I have obtained but one specimen of these 
 (No. 52 from St. Mary's.) It is 7^ inches long. 
 
 6. Hammers, including hammer stones and hammer heads. 
 The collection contains a number of stones of hard composition, 
 which on their edges show that they have been used as such, 
 (Nos. 50, 167). Others show that they were manufactured and 
 perhaps were intended to be hafted as the axes, (Nos. 67, 70.) 
 
 7. Drilled Ceremonial Weapons. — No specimens. 
 
 8. Gutting Tools.— Some are marked as knives that in other 
 collections might be marked as celts, because from their shape 
 they are fitted and seem intended to be held in the hand in 
 the manner the Mic-macs hold their knives to the present day, 
 drawing them towards them, (No. 8, Merigomish Cemetery, No. 
 
THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA.— PATTERSON. 247 
 
 80, Sherbrooke;. But besides these there are quite a number of 
 implements undoubtedly intended for cutting (Nos. 10. 81, 84, 
 107, etc). One crescent shaped one from St. Mary's (No. 27G),' 
 deserves particular notice. 
 
 9. Semper and spade-like instruments.— Th^vQ are no imple- 
 ments in the collection like those represented under this title. 
 
 10. Pendants and smZ:er8.— Besides those pendants supposed 
 to be intended as ornaments there are two of the class supposed 
 to have been used as sinkers for nets, one from Shelburne 
 County (No. 88), and one from Annapolis (283.) 
 
 11. Discoidal stones and implements of kindred shape.— 
 There are no stones here exactly of the form figured in the 
 Smithsonian report, but stones in their natural state have been 
 picked up on the site of old encampments in the shape of flat- 
 tened spheres, which seem to have been sought after for some 
 purpose (No. 168, Lunenburg, and 169, Merigomish). But besides 
 there is a large stone from Cape Breton (No. 264), ground to a 
 perfect oblate spheroid, 5 inches in the longest diameter, and 3f 
 in the shortest, seemingly a chung-ky stone. Another from the 
 same quarter, more flattened, partly ground, but not brought to 
 such perfect shape, may have been used for the same purpose. 
 But both may have been used for grinding meal. 
 
 12. Pierced Tablets.— Oi this class the object of which is 
 not quite certain, there is one specimen from Green Hill Pictou 
 County (No. 86). 
 
 13. Stones used in grinding and polishing.— There are no 
 stones with grooves such as figured, but we have in No. 66, from 
 Merigomish, a good specimen of an instrument with a smooth 
 even surface, like a flat iron, probably used for polishing or as a 
 mulier for grinding pigments, and probably some of the other 
 implements were used for the same purpose. 
 
 14. Stone vessels. — None. 
 
 15. Mortars— Have found none yet, but it is evident that 
 they must have been used. 
 
 16. Pestle8.—There is here one specimen fi-om Barney's River, 
 Pictou County, (No. 72) weighing 8| pounds. This stone is' 
 almost in its natural state, but has a distinct groove cut round 
 
 I 
 
248 
 
 THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA. — PATTERSON, 
 
 the upper end for suspension, probably to be used with a sprino- 
 pole. 
 
 17. Tubes. — None in this collection, but it may be mentioned 
 that there is one in the Provincial Museum, showing that in 
 whatever way they were used by other tribes, the Mic-macs had 
 the same practice. 
 
 18. Pipes. — I have not found many pipes in Nova Scotia and 
 none with sculptured figures upon them, as is common farther west, 
 but I have heard of some being found by other collectors, and 
 there is one in the collection from CoUingwood, Ont., in which 
 the bowl forms the representation of the head of an animal (No. 
 178). Besides the one already described from the cemetery on 
 the Big Island of Merigomish, there are two from Nova Scotia 
 and one from Metapedia, N. B. One from Big Island of Meri- 
 gomish is simply a bowl roughly formed of sandstone, and is pro- 
 bably modern. The other two, one from Tatamagouche (No. 
 176), and the one from Metapedia, N. B. (No. 287), exhibit what 
 I regard as the typical Mic-mac pipe. It is known that each 
 tribe of Indians has its form of canoe, snow shoe, etc., and I 
 believe also of pipes. It consists of a round bowl upon a ridge 
 like a keel from one and a half to two and a half inches long, 
 from one end of which a hole is bored to the bottom of the 
 bowl. This ridge is on the lower side again cut out so as to 
 form a narrower keel, which is pierced with holes, probably for 
 the receiving of a string by which it might be suspended from 
 the neck. Of the pipes which I have seen both in Nova Scotia 
 and New Brunswick, so large a majority were of this form that 
 I believe it to be representative. On the ridge of the one from 
 Metapedia there is delicately incised ornamental work, in wavin» 
 lines and other shapes. 
 
 But there is an interesting stone found at Annapolis (No. 
 281), out of which the manufacturer had begun to make a 
 pipe. He had drilled through what he intended as the stem, 
 and also from the top, till the two perforations met, and had 
 partially drilled the bowl. But the stone had split from some 
 cause and was rejected. It also shows marks of attempts to cut 
 it by sawing. The holes drilled are about three-sixteenths of an 
 
 
i 
 
 
 THE STONK AQE IN NOVA SCOTiA t.A^r 
 
 «uvA h(OriA. — PATTEItSON. 249 
 
 an.U.erw«,. e..e ,J. the J^^'u^lJ^^^^' ^-'"■ 
 
 probably intenCed as breast L^Z^ ZyZtToTZ;"' 
 on to la,,t a flattened oval with rou„de,I o^ T 1 t" fv" 
 fonnod and beautifully poH.hed, Iron. Lake AinsH , C ^ "^ 
 ^0. bculpfiives. — None. 
 
 In addition to the,se them are a nun.be,- of article, which o«n 
 noM,e c assed under any of these head,. I notice LZtZl'- 
 J— A fire stone" from Meriaomish CNo 51771 „ i 7- ' 
 
 pyrites, used in striking fire T-1 ,In «»7 . ^ '""" 
 polis rNo asni „„ ? .u ^'" "'»"'' *'■'"" Anna- 
 
 polis (INo. 280), one and three-quarter inches long by one and a 
 
 ha^ w,de, w.th a series of s.nall notches along one e'^^e of'ach 
 
 ser e, „n ^'^ Z '"" ''"""""" "' "^'■' """'^ l"^ for n.aking a 
 
 mi"h /Nr/cs^ ■ "^r^- '-^ "8"^^ f^-' Upper MiTa 
 
 over her he^]^The''sr "".'"""''^ * "°""'" -''^ a. shawl 
 er ner head. The stone is in its natural state, but exhibits one 
 
 of those curious forms sometimes found and which ignorant tribe, 
 
 are ten disposed to invest with saeredness. From the re^^ 
 
 !5Cone usea by their old Shamans 4 T„rr> «^«; i, i , 
 
 one broken from Merigomish c" netery Jo ^m^^t^T 
 
 J^m West Cornwallis (No. 89), whi^h'Tave 'btn St 
 
 their present shape. As we can discover no practical use which 
 
 II.— COPPER. 
 
 Native copper is found in small ,|uantities in Nova Scotia and 
 the people of the stone age had learned that by hamme Lh 
 
 ould be formed into small knives or other implements, Tnl in 
 Uie process become hardened. Besides the specimens f;om the 
 ±!ig Island cemetery already described (No. 227-230) there are 
 
 rom B,„ehman's Beach, Lunenburg County, what appear, o 
 have been intended as a piercer, with some smaller piece., perhap." 
 
250 
 
 THE STONK AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA.— PATTKUSON. 
 
 intended for beads or ornaments (No. 2.SI). Thus that period 
 was in a measure a copper n<,'e. 
 
 III.— BONE AND HORN. 
 
 To these we must add ivory. The walrus frequented the 
 Nortliern coast of Nova Scotia till a recent period, and its tusks 
 afforded excellent ivory, which the people of the stone age formed 
 into various implements. Few implements of this kind have been 
 collected in Nova Scotia, partly from their perishable nature, and 
 partly from their not havin<,' engaged the attention of collectors. 
 But this collection contains several that are quite interesting. 
 
 1. Bone pierccvH (Nos. 199-201, 274), from Merigomish. 
 Unfortunately all these have the butt ends bioken off, so that 
 we cannot say whether they had holes in them like an eye for 
 fastening the string. 
 
 2. Bone fish spear heads. I have already referred to those 
 from the Big Island cemetery (No. 211-214), but these are 
 portions of several others from Merigomish (No. 204-207). 
 
 3. Two ivory harpoon jwints from Merigomish (No. 107, 198), 
 similar to those used by the Eskimo at the present day for taking 
 seals, walruses and even whales. One end has a slit transversely 
 to receive the stone point (for which the Eskimo have now substi- 
 tuted iron). At the other end is a hollow for the reception of 
 the ends of the shaft, and a projecting point on each side to 
 serve as a barb, in the centre is a hole. By a cord from 
 this it is attached to the shaft in such a manner," that it can be 
 disengaged the moment it strikes the animal. When it started 
 off, the pressure upon the centre of the implement caused it to 
 turn at right angles to the direction of its entrance, like a toggle, 
 and Capt. Parry tells us that no barb could hold as firmly. "The 
 Eskimo attach an inflated seal skin to the other end of the line, 
 which serves to bring the animal quickly to the surface of the' 
 water, and doubtless our stone age men used a similar device. 
 Indeed these implements show either that the Eskimo then in- 
 habited the Northern shore of Nova Scotia, or that tlie Micmacs 
 had the same mode of hunting the larger sea animals. 
 
I 
 
 THE WONE A„E m NOVA SOOT.A.-,.ArrElts„N. 231 
 
 4. A'e««mi ImplemenlH of which the use h u.nm-lain n„. 
 
 iro.„ a mussel bed (HO callo,!) in Mcrigo.nUh H.ZZm 
 
 and two fro,,, the cemetery referred to (No 200 2lo\ h i 
 pieces of ivo,y (No. 2ie,) ^ ' ''^' ^'"'^"' 
 
 (iNo, ISS.) It IS e,ght inches long, flat in the centre where it is 
 
 hve eighths of an meh w,de at its greatest b,eadth, and taperin,. 
 at the one end to a blunt point, and at the other for.ninTa 
 rounded edge. It may have been used as an ice chisel ® 
 
 K. I here aie th,-ee ivstriimenls of walrus ivory for,ned br 
 saw,„g the tusk longitudinally fron, both sides, (Nos' IS "^^ 
 They seem to have been used as p.essersin forming arrow-head, 
 but ,t ,s possible that they ,nay have been used ^s diners bv 
 being attached to a handle, or even as sfikers. With tTem is a ' 
 tusk unmanufacture,! (No. lOo), which I take to be the to^th of 
 a spermaceti whale. This animal was formerly found at C as 
 an occasional visitant in temperate cli,„„tes, and its captur^by 
 the Micmacs is of interest. ^pmre t>y 
 
 C 
 
 IV.— SHELLS. 
 
 aro^nTh/^.' r ''"" '"^'""'"'^ " ^^^'^ ^-^•'^' ^ut there 
 are m tl e collectK)n some very noticab!e shell adzes from the 
 New Hebrides, (Nos. 180, 183.) 
 
 v.— CLAY. 
 
 For some time it was believed that the Micmacs made no pot- 
 tery m p,e h,stonc times. But though no perfect vessel'has 
 been found, yet considerable quantities of fragments have 
 been discovered, sufficient to show the state of the art among 
 them They are fully represented in this collection. The first 
 
 Xo SslT'l '1 'n ^''-"I't'''^ ^^•-^->' - Merigomish Island 
 1 At ^'« " ^^^"^^'^'^''^ fragments were found in kitchen mid- 
 dens (No.. 223) later still larger quantities were found at aTpot 
 on the Lahave River above Bridgewater, in Lunenburg County 
 where there seems to have been a regular manufactory (Nos. 251,' 
 
252 
 
 THK STONK A(i|.; IN NOVA .SCOTIA. 
 
 -l'ATTKll.S«)N. 
 
 2ri^). These are of rod or hrowriisli •riov rn]nr Ti i • 
 
 to have ,,oo„ .on.pere,. ,,, p I,..., :Ztr, ■ J, :7::ri: 
 
 They vary .„ thickness .■,.«,„ th.ee .i.te,.,,.,. u, I l^ ' ' 
 
 i hoy show thai tl,o ve.s,ols were p.„„,.„lly „t tl,„ ,.„„H shZ' 
 hou,.h one p,eco espeeially shows ,|,at the l.tton, hi, Tjen p 1 
 on«e,l to „ „„t point. Po,,i„„s of the n,o„th show so na i^s 
 « hp ver^eally stmi.|,t, l,„t in ,„o„, instances it is c, ™ " t 
 
 ou,, the hie. I|,erc ,s cons„h..,.al,le onwunentation on tl o ont 
 ■sKleon the „ppo,.part, hut 1 have not been ahlo to t aCanv 
 'los.Kn ,n the „,a,ks. They consist son.e.ime, of rows "dots 
 ."a,le ,y .son,„ sharp pointed instrun.ent, and a-aTof ,t 
 
 .nge.. ,Son,et„nes they were n.ade l,y an instrnnn-nt ahont two 
 nchcs long w.th sn.all teeth, with the points of wld h „ 
 .mpress,on was made in one row, then tl,e one end wl „n" 
 around, and a second made at an angle with it, then the othef 
 end .as n,oved in the san.e way, an,l thus a .i«.a. L 1 
 So,netnnes two Imos were drawn „p an.I ,lown me,.tin " a a 
 ^harp angle at the top s,,,«esting the shape of th wi:.wL: 
 
 Of course those are all coarse and do not in any respect con, 
 pa..w.ththe specimens found in n,any parts of'thXZi 
 
 With these from Nova Scotia are exhibits specimen, f,on. 
 Hochelaga, the site of the present Montreal (No 224) a b „a 
 .allow vessel from the New Hebri,les (No. L ^ p",' : 
 o one of gourd shape from the san.e quarter, tho,,,-!: Sb " 
 
 vr.— WOOD. 
 
 -Nova ...:.A,u, so tar as known to me. (),„ din.ato wo„l<l in n.ost 
 insfc.ace.s l. fatal to the preseivation of them.