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Jiiliitos that tlio l-lvaii) Krilliiffc loinulalinn* of " skjxiriipi-r* " Iv I'liiK'tlili'il in loninli' ; ilu' iiiiu'r MirlaiA- o( llu' liollonis of sli'ol imMii>f-Har aii' prooliil at,'aiiisl rust h) ii.oaliiif: ot I'orllamI ivmi'iit mortar. In iM<)H, iho KxpaniK'il .Mital in sonic live or »ix ilniliT inmriMe lloors, laiil lise year- heforc, in ililferent Inilcil Slates litien svere examineil anil loiinil perleiil) preserved in every instanee. l>tlier conlirniiilorv iiises, eoveriiiK a vviik'r span (if linu' are v|iii>leil in " Slalil iMulMi-eii," I'll isl, iHiiJ, .mil elsettheie while Ihe same lesson, snrely iniulnsiie, is laii>,'hl h\ iron i ramps laiil in lemenl ioinis vvhiih helil IO({ether the linlels in the r.irlhenon, .is uell as h> ihe .ituliors emheihleil in llie lomrele ol Ihe I'olisenm walls, nnl.irnisheil when hronKhl li' view, I he uiii i/iiii 11,111 is Ihe lomplele eni.iseMunl ol Ihe iron or sleel in the lOiurete. EXPANDED METAL FLOORING. Ihe moilern theory >'( he.ims .is»nmes that .1 lo.nleil heam ot pi.ile, siip|i,Mleil .,1 Ihe eiuls. has .1 hi>ii/onlal pi. me, usiiallv ne.ir the eenlre, where Ihe parliiles are TUB T-uBr^av '" neither tension nor ei>mpression. .Ml particles ahove are in 1 nc I nllUKY . . , . ... . ■ , OF OUR lOMipression, below m lensum, the inlensily ol the stresses varying SYSTEM. \\'u\\ the illKlanee fri>m the neutral plane I'onerete, Ihonnh ex- cellent in compression, possesses lillle tensile slrcn),'th, while sUel is exactly the reverse The comhination ol the two materials, in the methoil ileilnceil from the beam theory, presents .in iileal lorm ol construction, as remark, ihle in results as in .ipplication vviile. Il is merely iieiessary to siipplv snlhcienl sleel al all poinis nl the slrncliire liable to leiisiim, as ilcinoiisiraleil bv llnrope.in experience li>r ihe past :i, years The most economical pi'siiiiMi is as near as possible ui ihc lower surface •'I' the concrete lloor pi. lie « hilsl rem, lining' lolally cmbeiUleil, ami where ils monieul ii( resistance is al a masimimi. The lApaiuleil Melal floor I'oiislriiction is ii lo(;ical oiilconu. as will be sein, i^( the modern steel Ir.iine melhoil ot biiililiii),'. Il "ere bellei 10 em|ihasi/e llu little appreciateil facts that the coellicient iif lineal espaiision. iiiulei hc.il .iciion, o\ steel is almost iilentically Ihe s.mie as tor ciMicrele ; while Ihe ajhesii'u oi concrele •o steel is t;realer lb. in Ihe tensile siren>;th I'^f Ihe concrele. The two substances, therefore, expaiul loj;ellier niuler heal, ami contract to^,'ellier with coUl such beiu),' true nol only ol concrele ami the embcJileil I'.xp.iiulcJ Melal. but ol the cuii- crete lloors and steel beams, etc . producing' no ill ellecis in either case There need be no i,;uesswork .iboiit ovu' lonstruclion. because lhi'rou|,'h autl elaborate tests, the proofs and p,irliculars t^i which are at l!ie disposal i>f eiery Canadian architect, have been j;one throuj;li al ^;re,il ex.'cnse. with the resnil that our eiiffineers eati assert with the conlidence of Ihe bridge or structural designer that any ^'iveii jjrade of ICxpaniled Mel.il, embedded in the manner heretofore si.ited, and aetiii),' as the tensile member in a concrete plale ol j;i\en ihickiusN and compo- sition, will produce irr/iiiii iiiiil ililiiiitr risii//s To state the case succinctly, the dislinclive feature ol' our lloor lonstruction is ^,'reat saving' m ilead loail allained, combined with maximum lire-resislinj; i|ualilies, as will be seen here.ifler. i'urlher. the (■■.\pandcd .Metal system si.iiuls alone as bein^ dcsij,'ued and constructed 10 suit each particular case o( load and span, l!e- tween a roof al Koeklord, III., with 5I1 feel span to take near-al-harul examples and the lloors o( the New \'ok Siiy.ir Kelinery. I.on^,' Island i'ilv , lin which two thicknesses iif (•Ixp.imled Mei.il were used, .mil which were tested with a load ol )ii,(>Hi lbs. oi\ a sin^'le si|u,ire loot without crack or serious delleclion) there would seem to be sullicieni ranj;e lo cover an) priibable conJilloiis. No oilier system can be conslrncleil at an hour's notice, on Ihe upper 01 lower llaiifjes of l-beailis as preferred, of ililleicnl dipllis, set al \.ir\iu^ levels, ,iud with dillerenl spacmj;. {•'or many purposes, such as lound.ilioiis, etc, broken stone lornis the "ai;(,'rc- ),;.ile" ol Portland cement concrele, but in our lli'oriuj; cle.iii furnace cindets are _ more desirable, beintr lighter and less liable lo inimical action Irom CONCRETE IN ,. . , ■ . . .11c . 1 , .1 EXPANDED '"^'' ^"•'' producing' k'c.iI slrenj^lh I'or lire-resrstm^ tprahlv, the METAL siibslilulioii ol cinders a m.ilerial alreadv L'one llnoiiyh the pro- FLOORS , cess of hriuj; for stone upon which licit h.is most destructive aclion is .1 \eiv import, ml l.iclor. Ihe usual proportion ;s one pari I'oill.ind cenieiil, Iwo parts sand, .iiid live p.nls cinders, >;ivin>,' a vvei^;hl when well rammed ol .iboul ,Sii poiiruls per cubic lool I lie ihickness ol the lloor plale v. tries w illi the .Ilea bclvvei'ti beams and loavl tii be i.tttied. but ; in. lies is etilirelv ample for .ill iirilitt.ttv IKhms, All . iMtcrele in our sv stems is l.iiil ott letiiporarv leiileriii}.,' or lalse lloors, and ..tit. iherr'fore, be /liiiniii:;lilv /niiif'iil hy I'ni r,iiiiiiiii\, j,'iv iii); unifi'rmily ihrouyhoitl and the harilness of ,1 pie.e ol stotie. All the anthorilies on concrete a>;tee that fliis /iiiiifr brivk. The iinmeiise sitpet tttril v , i«ii iiiativ scores, nl" the steel frame cortsliiiclion over tie old-fashioned one ol vv.iod yoes lot tiattf,'hl, considering; the risk from lire, if the web-work, however adei|tiale lo siresses imposed, be not as perfectly protected as possible. The failure of a sinj;le meiitber mac cause Ihe wreck ol ihe entire building', iherelorc the frame miist he covered with a laver ol incombustible and iioii-> onductint,' material of siillicieitl lltickness lo prevent Ihe Iransmissioti ol enou^'ll heal lo cause ihe l.iilitre of ihe steel. The critical nioment arrives when water is applied lo check the lire, .iiid many materials that resist lire lairlv well fail enlirelv under cold waler aclioii. No. 1 SYSTEM. 1 Designed for use in all classes, of biiliJi!;;,-^ It may he employed in a «ide variety of iron framin;,' hy virtue nf introduction of arch channels. This systein has been successfully adopted on spans lo ft. to 22 It , with No. I SYSTEM. the arch channels at such ctntres as the superimposed load demands. The arches indicated are formed by placin;,' in position steel channels, curved with the Han^res uppermost, 5 in. to H in., weifjhinf,' six to eleven pounds per foot, accordinj,' to requirements. I'pon these the concrete — forminj; a composite beam of fjreat strensflh is built up to floor levfl, flush with the floor plates of Expanded Metal and concrete, which they support, and which are built on centerinj: between and left ready for the carpenter. The floors can he made to sustain any desired load hy simply increasin^r or diminishini,'- the number, or weifiht, of the steel and concrete arches, and their rise. The cross-section shows the fjirders wiMi the curved channels in dolled lines, and tofjether with the lonfjitudin.-d section f. . .lescribes the system. The arched channels forminfr the soffits of the concrete arches, where there are lo he open ceilinjfs, are wrapped with Kxpanded Metal lath, ready for plaster like the lower flanjfe of the girders so that no steel work remains exposed. Cinder concrete haunches bear on the lower flany;es of the (firders, protect them and add lo their strenjfth much beyond the additional imposed load. The system affords the g-realesl head room of any known type of floor Ab/Mif zava/r^jO'A^/: '^'" desirahle in certain cases. The ceihn^'s are made of small inch channel irons hunfj from the bottom of the girders and to which is wired Kxpanded Metal lalli ready for ihe plasterer. (See under " Expanded Metal l.ath.") |.ol JiyiaK/e^AimiK^f .,^B»l^<{&^/^ .«*«»5W!C'«»!'^ No. 3 SYSTEM. This may be (icscribeil as the Hat system, having' the (loor plate earried from beam to beam. As shewn on sketch, it affurds a level ceilin;,' and can he safely einployed in spans of 8 ft. for office buildinifs, schools, hospitals, hotels or private houses. A excellent feature is the thoroujjh fireproof protection atTorded the iron beams. The method of suspendint,' the small channels to the girders, preparatory to wiring the Expanded Metal lath, is well indicated. ['>) ^^J3II|||||I .'^ caS9«U<.\^ sttSaOf sx k^sgSf^/sgiia^B^w.^c^*^M»^.^ tt3mij^s\»7fs»-5nyffvt; ic!ia;!i:M^^ eia^siM'/.-fi (uvse.v.-s^ Ec»Br c^ I I' . _l ^ara'/7>2mA!' SjT^zw No. 4 SYSTEM. Same as No. ,^, lacking only ihc concrete haunches on beam lines and the level ceiling's. In hiiildin^s, not occupied with lar^je quantities of combustible material to endanger the iron framin),', this system commends itsell for perfect safetv and low cost. It has been used without suspended ceiliirgs under conditions where urnamental effects are not desired, the iron work beinj^ neatly painted. No. 4. SYSTEM. b' LI I No. 5 SYSTEM, A duplicate of No. 4 without suspended ceiliuff and with room-line divisions on line with beam frainin^j ; and beams covered with Expanded Metal lath and plaster, in form and shape coved out and leavinj; an air space well adapted for wirinj,' and piping;, to make an ornamental ceilinjj. This is practicable in erection of dormitories, tenement houses and others where rooms are of uniform size. By this system only 4 in. to 6 in. of the height of a buildinff is taken up in floor calculation. This means a saving 01 at least 8 in. to 12 in. per P.oor, and just that economy on outer walls. The ceinent base is worthy of notice, being of one piece wilh the material used on the partitions. (See under " Solid Partitions.") >3l ' I ' ^v/ee/ee/ G//ie/&Jr • y&'yw/ at// 3um\p/^Aa'>w(rc^ M6f/ /^ No. 6 SYSTEM. za/y)S/r£. but with open ceilinjj. ^' ■-• — '---^ i i iii-i rrr i i ii r i V iiii f^-i ii - | fir-r i - I i l i i fi ■ r ,j...„.„.j.hi.ij| ■ ■ ' IIIMlIM /'irg/iKAitr 06097 jr%» /)/M/ifir /S«iik c/Tffsj Sjftrr/ff//. TT . -r^^r 'f P' ~ j n i r » j ei^^ ill I h, /^vfasW {Uniiir ife!K»>»5»fea^4>' <2»857?^ jA*W»y I. I'.'.' !. ' .. ' ■■.."■ ' .I i ;ii--/.'i, !iill!llll!l!lih,, III ^a/ya//3/£miz s/ir/^'oy. No. 7 SYSTEM. ^^Hi""^^"'^'] ['4l No. 8 SYSTEM. This system is applic:ible where liufht beams of from 4 in. to 5 in. are iise'i. The depth of the bea.n is filled with Kxpaniled Metal and concrete. Suitable to lijfhl construct'on as in house work, mezzanine iloors, stair landing's, proiectin(.r balconies, etc. No. 8 SYSTEM. Practically same as No. f>. Designed for open ceiling- and very wide spacinjfs. The concrete haunch is curved out onto the floor plate, increasing; No*. 9 and 10 '*'* strength the full width of the span, and relieving the SYSTEMS. sharp angles in the ceiling. Ciives a very desirable effect in ceilings for better-class warehouses, store buildings, etc. ayjy^/j_. A V v/wwm wmy.yy^- v/fw/un vj^m>a\^\.. vwf> ^wm ..\\^^ r//jf^jjjin .k^.^jmwm^^^^^^ y/gw^4 vkvjo^^^w^^ rw/wA Nos. 9 AND 10 SYSTEMS. All the systems illustrated herein may be modified to suit special require- ments, and we particularly invite correspondence regarding difficult or unusual problems in construction. I'S] SUPERIORITY OF EXPANDED METAL FLOOR SYSTEMS. The chief points for considoratioii as regards floors arc firo-resistiiiff quality, streiiffth, li^rhtness, rapidity of construction, durability, and low cost. Cinder concrete, tied tofjether with a network of Kxpanded JI^^fSSuT Y ^''■■'"'' '""■ P''"^'-'" itself the hest material known vinder combined, or successive, lire and water action. This was conclusivelv shown by the tests of the Birmintfham (ICnj;.) Corporation in i8()H, under Huildin); o, .veyor Price and Supt. T:violdale of the Kire Kri^ade. Hurninj; fuel was piled under a heavily laden floor until a temperature of ,i,ooo dejf. Khr. resulted, and in spite of the water applied it remained intact. The Haniburf; (Ciermany) Commission which superintended the most elaborate investi),'ations ever made into the fire-resistiiiff properties of concrete mixtures, aflirmed the pointed truth that i/Wcr (VimiviA- does not lose its coherence by exposure to fire, as may be the case with neat cement or with cement mortar in the joints of tile or brick work. Their tests (See Report, i8i)5, also abstracted in Johnson's " Materials of Conslrnclion") were upon actual concrete and consisted in exposin^' it to a fire of j,ooo° Fhr. for several hours and coolinj; suddenly in w.iter. I'nder like conditions "some bricks cracked" and the mortar becatiie "very tender and lost its binding power." Many subsei|uent experiments in various places attest the fact that the action ol fire and water on the coherence or teiisil . stren^fth of cinder concrete is less than on any other material used in the erection ol building's. .\s referred to in " I%nj,'ineerin),' News " ot .\pril 2Jnd and July i.,t, iHi}-, the Huildin;,' Department of New \'ork City conducted a series of tests under Mr. tins C". nenninjj, whose- dic'.mii is as follows " The sum " and substance of results of all these olVicial tests is this : concrete floors resist all " temperatures obtainable in ordin,ir> contlajjrations and are not maicrially " weakened by such fires ; tile floors, of whatever construcliou or make, fail and "are deslroved by temperatures slij;htly above those at which the clay, of which 'the tile is made, was baked or burned (or j,(xx>' Fhr. and above)." .\ddilional evidence of the jjreal resisti.iij qualities of cinder concrete floor conslrnclioTi is to he found in the " In-urance World " Supplement cif July 1st, 1K117, mntaininf,' the report of the Committee cl Insurance .Adjusters upon the disastrous fire at I'itls- burf,'h. May 3rd, i8<)7, involvinfj a properly loss of ne.irly two million dollars. The bcird of ICni,'ino"rs cnf:a(,'ed by the Committee cOTisisled of (iustave Kaufman, C.K., Consultin),' l';n|,'ineer. Chairm.in ; Kmil Swensson, C.l'., (ienl. Supt. Ke\stone Bridf^fe Works, Carne},'ie .Steel Co., Ltd.; and I'. I,, liarlinijhouse, C.l!., Chief Structural i;ni,'ineer, Jonc-. iV l.aui;hlins, I.td. From their report : " The most important lesson lauf,'ht w this fire was the lack of stren>,'th " developed by the fire-cl,iy fire-proofinj,'. Ihe building' was perm tted to move in " any direction without any material restriction by the fire-proot n^;. The floor " arches showed, by the scalinji ofl' cf the lower webs, that they vere unable to " oflTer any sufllcient force to counteract the tendency to Literal motion. The "column protection, alihou^'b composed of the very best obtainable kind of firc- " clay lile, was also not of suflicient strenj,'th." " In view of these important developments, it is our opinion that important " structures of this class should have a radically difl'erent method of fire-proofinjf. "The fire-proofinj; should be in itself slronfj and able to resist severe shocks, and "should, if possible be able to prevent Ihe expansion of Ihe steel work. There " seems to be but one material that is now known thai could be utilized to accom- " plish these results, and that is first-class coi\crele." In this connection it may be staled that, in Fn>;lanil, tile construction has been abandoned for all important tioveriuiienl building's. FIRE TEST IN LONDON, ENG. The tests of the Hrilish Fire Prevention I'ommittee whose summary of re|iort is here quoted in full, and which is avowedly indepeiuleut and exact - are arran(;ed on scientific lines to secure information of the broadest kind, not to meet any special circumstance. The Conunillee counts a membership of some V"*' architects, sur- veyors, enj,'ineers and others interested in fire pre\enlion, who j,'i\e their services gratuitously. The sub-committee of the Fxeculi\e which conducted the test con- sisted of Mr. Charles K. lioad, (.'.!■;., Member o( Canadian Society of Civil Kngineers ; Mr. Max Clarke, .\.R. I. H..\.; and .Mr. IMIis Marsland, District Sur- veyor, Cambcrwell. .\mong others present were II. Mulhesius (Technical .Attachi! to Ihe (ierman Fmhassy) and C'apl. H. Haden-IVwell (Scots Ciuardsl ; and on behalf of the Kxeculive, Sir .\rthur W. Hlomfield, M..\., \.K.\., F.S..\.; Mr. Kdwin O, Sachs, .\rchilecl ((.hairman); ami .Mr. Frederic U. l'"arro« . I'.K.I.H. A. " Teal 0/ K.\fijed iiilini; '.. in. /Iiirk:" •• Object of Test " - " W^ record Ihe elTecl cii a smo' liiering fire oi 15 min duration, of a "temperature mil exceeding ikx"' l-'hr., followed by a fierce lire of one " hour, gradually increasing 10 a temperalure of j.irk)' Fhr., followed sud- " denly by llie application of ', miii. ol a sireani o\ waler and the conse- " queiil rapid cooling. Note: The area of llie floor under invesligalion " was 10 be ii>o fl. superficial in ihe clear (10 II. x loll.) The floor was " to be loaded with 141) lbs. per square fl. Ihe lime allowed for Ihe con- " struction ami drying of floor was 10 be llirre nionlliN iwinlerl." " Summary of l!irecl " /'/((■ ft/iisltr tiiliii!; /ii/,i',r Ihf flmir nninixed iiilml uiilil ihe applica- " lion of water " There was a slight deflection \.t\ floor ai\d ceiling. " The concrete i.'^'i floor was slightly and sup.'rficialK cracked. " The fire did nut f>,i.s.< tlirin4i;li Ihe fi dor." Disregarding the lack of moral right in anv individual 10 conslrucl and main- tain a "fire trap," whether so wholly or in part, it should be realized that as a general thing the saving^ in insurance premiums upon a building and ils contents I x ■<-> STRENGTH. will piiy a handsome rule of interest on the extra cost of tireproofin^'. This extra cost over the orilinary combustible construction varies, accoril- in>f to the ilesi^fn anil location of the huiUlinj;, from lo to ,v> pc '■'<-'"^- Ti (,nve precise comparative fif;urcs is impossible without examination of the plans, but the broad statement holds true that the advanta>;es will fully compensate for the added cost. In days >fonc, timber was abundant and cheap ; buildin(,'s were quickly and inexpensively erected ; hence the custom of usin^f wood joists and studs as the framework, iuid the hijjhly inflammable wood lath as u plasterin){ base. The daily reports ot factory losses, to instance only one class of building, surely point a moral. The percentajje of tire resistini; buildiuffs, however, is increasiii); with coi ; iendab!e rapidity. With a proper lireproofuij; system, a fire mi|,'ht occur in any one room in a building and destroy everythiuff in that room without exiendinjf beyond it. As already elucidated, Hxpanded Metal and concrete floorinjf can be constructed lo carry any required load in addition actually stren^flhening the steel fra'nework it bein>; only necessary to use the proper amoiuil of the materials named. No very elaborate means of joiniiifj Kspanded Metiil sheets is necessary, for the very form of the steel mesh causes it to be held, when embedded in concrete, so (irmly that the steel will fracture before pullinj,' out. In other words, any Ifiven number of Kxpanded Metal sheets become a sinjjle one, simply by overlappinff the material by one row of meshes. Any reasonable number of holes for pipes, etc., may be cut neatly, quickly and cheaply and without detraclinfj from the floor streut^lh ; or wooden plu),'s of proper section may be placed upon the bare cenleriu^ and afterwards knocked out from the concrete. .'Ml vents may be hermetically sealed with cemeul around the pipes with ease, and any final doubt concerning the sanitary advanla>,'es of our floors a solid monolith from outer to outer wall SANITATION ■ disappears. (ierm distribution or ravaj^es of verniui are an impossibility. In many classes of buildinj,' a finishin>j wooden floor is unnecess:iry, a lop layer ^■'f ceiueni and sand, one-half inch lo one inch thick, or an asphalt finish, beller suilinj,' all purposes. Our illustralions show how wood floors are best laiil, nailiu),' strips beiuf,' partially embedded in the concrete before hard set If desired, the flooriu}^ may be nailed directly upon the concrete, a coat of far or asphallum beiny applicil hot to the top of the concrete. WEIGHT TEST OF EXPANDED METAL FLOOR.— Distributed load, 2,422 pounds per square foot. Resting upon a platform 1 2 x 4 feet. Tlie Floor in question was according; to our No. 3 System. l'7l I II WEIGHT TEST OF EXPANDED METAL FLOOR. Conc WEIGHT TEST OF EXPANDED METAL FLOOR. AppMrancc of Floor Plate after break, from below. A itill further test wai tlic dropping of a ram, 1 i z f i z 3 feet, from a height of 1 1 feet ; no further injury to Floor Plate wai apparent, although the blow was equivalent to 1,800 poundi. [.o| U0HTND8. Our iiyittini involct economy in ihv wi'IkIiI of hmmii, Klrtlam, coliimnH nnd founJnlionii— the laxl heliiK ii ciiimltlvriihU' lli-m in HIkIi biiildinK*. For •xHtnplf, «vvn in II live iilory utriicliire, lOvorlnK iin iircii 50 x 150 fl., u mivinjf of ji \h», per Nq. ft. in floor weight rcprvHvniN 11 pro- vision for 41 4' j Ioiik Ivnm of ilciiil wcIkIiI In foiniiliiliont iind NtriictiirHl ulcel, meiininK » iiirrcpoiulinjf Niivint; in llie coul of I'lirryiiiK Ihc loiiil. In order to attiiin llitf bent reNiillH lliv nu>i'\ work nIioiiM he liiid out to Hiiit Kxpanded Metal conNlriiclion, and archilvitii and cnKinver*) are iir^i'd to avail themaelvex of our vn);inver!i' Korvici-N. Wo are ulwayx ready lo di>Hi({n Ntriicltiral uteel worl< in connection witli Kxpanded Mclal iiin>ders are available an) where in hulk and, as a lar^e Niock of Kxpanded Melal \% alwiiyN kepi on hand, lo be delivered at the building' RAPIDITY OP '" ''''^'^'''* "'^ convenient Hitte ready for tme, It In •liny of corn- CONSTRUC preheiiNion why, in many Inslancex demanding npccd of erection, llie delerminint; I'aclor in favor of Ihe I'lxpanded Melal SvHleni huK been its facllily of conslniclinn, Kolary ciiiurele mixers, improved steam hoists, and other time-saving' devices are minor hut useful aids alon); this line. '\'o durabllily inucii space lias already been devoted, and attention ix direcli'd to pa^es 5 and l< for '.onclusive arffuments as lo the permanence of our system. The prudent owner balances carefully Ihe contract price of a n'wew material against Ihe extent to which its use will alTecl the cost of the complete structure. Kxpanded Melal and concrete lloors Niaiul for a combined saving' in weight anil space. Meiiif; only from one-third to one-half as heavy as any other form of lireproolln^, and perniitliii); greater spans, the cost of structural steel Is reduced from 15 lo ii< per cem. 'Ihe absence of side thrust on the beams obviates the use of lie-rods ; the Kxpanded ,Metal in the floor furnishes the lateral support, and precluiles failure of Ihe beams by bucklln);. It Is often economical lo use beams of dlirereni depths In the same floor ; with our system it is immaterial whether the beams are set flush at top or bottom, or with centres level. Fram n /; else Involved in a lateral section throu^'h the building' of Ihe helKhl stated ; to^'cther with the necessary annual repairs needed by the released materials. In addition he avoided, for the life of the structure, the power and time necessary to hoist and lower the elevators in the distance gained ; he lessened the foundation and wall estimates to Ihe extent of the load removed ; and the architect eventually discovered by actual tests that the thinner concrete floors were very much stronger than If built as originally contemplated. Kinally, the merit of our floorinj; as 11 foiimliilion for carefully liiid mid expeii- si7'e griiHolithic or mositic fin'tshcn nhoiM be underlined. No shrinka^fe, expansion, or settlement can ensue, and, consei|uently, no breaks are possible over the beams, such as often cause costly annoyance, where floors are laid which Involve arches formed of several or many pieces. .Arches of this description, both sejfmenlal ami flat, will open up, carefully built or not. .Amonn the hundreds of Kxpanded Melal floors with ornamental tile or mosaic ttnish we do not iiiow of u single one Ihiil exhibits 11 crnck to-day. To enter, now, into more detailed description of ceilin^js, partltluns, cornices, etc. heretofore only alluded to as comprised in our broad .system - it should be stated that Kxpanded .Metal was used by architects as the best possible inaterial for carryhi),' plaster lon^f before the floor systems were developed. Invariably, a sus- pended ICxpanded Metal lath ceillnjf was specified by many leading architects for use below the hollow tile arches, and this in order to avoid the stalnin),' through the plaster which Invariably occurs, sooner or later, with tile or wood. The most costly and elaborate decoration can be employed on our suspended ccilinffs, or the plastering' can be done directly on the concrete, without risk of stain or crack. jl j» ["] EXPANDED METAL LATH. Ill Kn^lanJ, wood liith is adopted only for cheaper j^rade d\vellin(,'s; in Canada, where it costs less, its use is all hut universal in siruetures of whatever nature. A PEK?ECT ""■' '"^^ .inderwriters know the rest of the tale. The tirst step KEY. towards improved building construction is taken by the substitution of a suitable metallic base for holdinij the mortar, the latter beinn one of the best non-combiist.ble .iiul non-conJuctinij substances. That architect, builder, plasterer or owiicr the wide world over who, each in his several capacity, wants a bond or key to hold his f>/ii.i/ic nniliriiil in /insi/iff am/ /dx/iiif,' />ii.si/iiin, will never fail to '. for l"n nded Metal, h'xpanded Metal lat!i is of the open net-work order, of hif^h qualit\ steel, and b^'comes entirely embedded both in front and rear, as the shape of the Tiicshes render it an impossibility for the mortar to act otherwise than pass freely throujjh the openinfjs and knit 10f,'etlier, to form a complete shield oi\ 'he othi ■• side. The detects of wire cloth and its substitutes are thus tot.illy overcome, as cni'ii(;h plastic material is applied to form this desirable lire-resisliiiff shield no more ; all woodwork is then so completely enveloped by the incombustible and 1 iRMi.v KFVKO plaster that the flames are elVectually cut olV and prevented from >preadinf,' until the ordinary methods of extint,'uishment can be applied. The second -tep to ideal construction lies in adoption of the I'lxpanded Metal solid partition, in which the use of wood is entirely discarded. .Additional benefits earned by the use o( our lathinfj material will become apparent from subsequent remarks under " False Work, lornices, etc.," and " Solid Partitions." Our Suspended Ceiliu|,'s ffo a lonj,' way as a (ire resistant in wood Irame construction, and are iiecessary under some of the lloor svslcms (as drawinjjs show I SUSPENDED where Hat ceiliufj c"^ 's are demanded. The method of suspension CPILINGS. is simple. Fur l'ar^ .it suitable centres, of small channel or bar iron, are secured by malle c clips to the bcims, and to these the Expanded Melal lath is laced with No. i8 copper wire, or fastened by patent clips. The ceilinj;s furrin).;, lath and plaster, complete have a weii,'lil ot not over ten pounds per square foot Their fire-resist iiif,' qualities are mos; thoroufjh ; they may be hunt; at any level, j,'ivini; any required space lor heating' pipes, etc. I'll; extension of these ceilinjjs to the sidewalls, with various artistic cove etTfC's, ha- developed into the eredion of false work in domes, arched halls, FALSE WOi^ !• alcoves, etc., etc., \ cry tjenerallv in non-fireproof striiclures. CORNICES, Etc. This false work consists of I';xpanded Melal lath laced on a skeleton trame preferably of iron — which receives the plastic application ,iiid painted decoration, and all very economical of execution. The diagonal direclion of the strautls oi our lath, when used in lart^e cor'iiices aii'l ornamental Ljiliiifjs, braces the turriii); to a m.irked deforce. This truss con- struction and the ^'reat strenf,'th of each sheet of material, without joint or seam ; the ease with which it may be bent to ,iny retained form; the extr.mrdinary hold its flat strands maintain in the plastic coat ; the entire freedom from expansion, contraction or warping; the complete envelopment oi the metal in the mortar (which niainlv is the fin^-resislinf; material); the necessarily IukIi K^ade of steel from which it is made these are some oi me reasons why architects elsewhere came , to realize the full measure of the possibilities of Fxpanded Metal as a material to create new effects, and to utilize in forms commonly known but too expensive for !,'eneral adoption. .\moii); the hundreds of thousands ol square yards in place to-day. in public and other buildinjjs, in the States alone, no/ ii sinfr/c compliiint has ever been made on the score oi crackinj; or otherwise. The material has been larf,'ely used in many of the Kiij^lish theatres, musical halls, hotels, banks, libraries, mansions, etc., for such or like purposes. The domed plaster ceilinj; of the maf^nilicent new Royal I'nited Service Institution, Whitehall, is formed and moulded on Fxpanded Metal lalh. The concussion ilue to discharj,'e of artillerv at Chatham, (iosport and Sandovvn, in the Old Country, and at (iibrallar. has proved unable to damajje Fxpanded Metal ceilings one whit. Its utility as a backf,'round to mosaic dadoes and ceiliiifjs, elaborate stucco work, etc., is unquestioned. .Architects imitate the niassiveness of heavy beams and panelled ceiling's, they secure the ornamental features of groined arches, coves, fluted pilasters and other inferior effects— having the appearance and durability of the most expensive construction at a cost relatively merely nominal. The proper covering of structural steel ready for plaster is usually a very simple matter (see cuts on pages ii and i^l but frequently quite diflicult problems are presented, and methods vary with almost every instance. COLtfMIsr"^ l'"or each, the peculiar ii.ifure of Fxp.inded Metal permits results COVERING. ill the way of special forms and shapes not so readily obtainable with ;iny other material. Fig. 3 describes various meiiiis pursued in columns. In fireproof construction iron furring only is accejited, though wood furring is often used. Why do men pay high prices ior ground which is carefully computed as available -p. ice and then, at great expense, construct walls to enclose it, but after- wards (seeniinglv in contr:idiclioii of the purpose thus far. deliber- SOLID PARTITIONS. '"''■''•^ ^m\i\ thick brick or wood partitions .ill through 10 destroy that space-' The introdu on in iKik> of the ICxpanded Metal solid partition was hailed by progressive architects as an event big' with possibilities; time has more than btinie if quality of the ICxpaiided Metal plan, comp.ire the result with (i-in. lo lo-in. tile parlitions, or with the old-fashioned wood Fig. 3. EXPANDED METAL IN COLUMN COVERING. 1^3) Fig. 4.-EXPANDED METAL SOLID PARTITIONS. Showing Framing Methods, Etc. 1^41 affair of equal thickness. Tlic nionolilliic cliaracter of '>iir svstcm, with its staunch and continuous network of sle 'I, protected hy pl.tster from corrosion absoUitely, con nuMids itself at once over any block or frafjmentary construction. Phero is no possibility of shrinkajfe, or the lallinfj otV or crmkinff of plaster. The weight is less thai 15 lbs. per si|. ft , complete. The u ft. hi),'i. partitions, of 2 in. thickness, adopted in New (.'ollei^e, Oxford, arc in the published opinion of the architect, as sound-proof as a c)-in. brick wall .\s to rigidity and stability, witness those in the London (ICn^'.) Hospital Medical C'ollej;e, which ranj,'e between i() .ind i<) ft. '11 heit;ht. Ordinary i;as pipes and electric wires can be run in solid pai'titions without diDicully. In kitchens, laund- ries, conservatories, bath rooms, closets, basements, etc., architects have found the sidistitution of a cement baseboard (see cut on pa(,'e i.il neatly moulded into position by the plasterer when linishlnj; up his work, a perfect cure for the dampness .and vermin lodf^ment of the ordinary wood baseboard. The method is simple and all housekeepers comprehend the boon conf'rred by this space, which can be thorouj^'hly scrubbed and washed, yet never is damp. The s.inilary beuelils from our system in the con- struction of hospitals, asylums :ind others of like class, are apparent at a j,'l mce ; absolute cleanliness of every nook and corner is ensured by the monolithic quality of our solid partitions. Kor solid p.irtitiou ad\auta).;es as a base lor expensive decorative plastic elKcIs, see under " Kalse Work " and elsewhere. l-"if,'s. 4 and 5 indicate plainly dilVerent methods of framinf,' in connection with Kxpanded Metal walls, and show no dilVuullies to arise from their DOOR AND , , . . WINDOW thinness, even when, lor mstance, cir- FRAMING. cumstances demand sliding windows in corridors. Other details, of course, may be devised 'o meet the jud(;ment or lasle ol Iht architect. \\ here lari,'e pipes or air ducts are necessary, double or //"//■>:!' part il ions can be used, consist iiif; of lif,'b' steel HOLLOW studdini,' with I'^xpauded Metal lath PARTITIONS, oil each side. She entire hickness lhrouf,'h, by suitably arrant,'int,' the chaiuiel studs, need not exceed J in. Such a partition possesses the advan- tatje of t,'realer warmth, and is applicable to the entrance vesiibules i>l KlVices, stores or residences. Clementine construction. Half-timber construction was common in the Middle Affes, and even in the time of Kli/abeth and the Stuarts. In Chester and York linger many examples of exterior oak and plaster, which have survived the ravages of wind and weather for 400 years. The new-fashioned half-timbered house will be popular, because cheaply built and of unlimited variety of detail. Hxpanded Metal lath is susceptible to a wide range of architectural treatment for the exterior of buildings, from factories to residences. In old structures the lath is applied to sieel or wood studding to form the base for fireproof cement or pebble dash work, inviting finish treatment of any imitative character desired and at a much reduced cost. Recently, the Pennsylvania Railroad .Station at New Brunswick, New Jersey, an unsightly afl'air, half brick, half frame was renovated by this method in tinted plaster. .'\ uniform and attractive appearance was thus inexpensively imparted to a rambling series of buildings upon which a sentence of demolition had been seriously debated. The Cementine system on wood frame structures consists in furring the diagonal sheeting outside the studs with '4' in. round iron rods, 8 in. to 12 in. centres, over which Kxpanded .Metal lath is stapled securely. Buildings accorded this monolithic trei:tment are lainii in it'iii/fr and tool in snnimir, are tight and dry, and iie^d no pa'.nting. .A pcrjccl key is afforded the mortar, as elsewhere explained, and the shape of the meshes is such that all expansion or contraction is taken up in each mesh instead of at the end of the sheet. The Ordnance Offices at Chatham, the Children's Home Hospital at Harnet, the Dublin (ias Co. Works, and St. .Andrew's Hall at I'ardifTiire some of the examples of cementine work in FCngland. The exterior walls are of cement mortar alone, plastered upon Kxpanded .VIetal lath. That temperature or climate oppose no hindrance to this modern construction, and that emphasis may be given to its wide range of utility, we would instance the extensive soap works of the VV. and H. Walker Co., Pittsburgh, or the Providence Oas Works — and the building of the .Anglo-African Trading Co., Hulawayo, Rhode.-iia. The first named, by the way, included five buildings; in roofs, walls, floors and partitions there were needed io_^,ooo square feet ot flooring material and 2t)7, (XX) square feet of lathing, ll m.iy be said in truth that there is no existing method other lli.in this whereby so much of substantial value can be presented for an outlay so small. Considering the resultant economy in decreased weight of foundations, the cost of cementine factory construction is about one-half that of brick. Space forbids anything further than .1 simple reference to the eminent suitability of fire-resisting cementine construclion for summer hotels iind residences, hospitals, theatres, hotels, school houses, insane asylums and other homes for helpless people ; in addition to the palpable benefit, as regards sanitation and safetv from fire, which would accrue from the ailoplion of Kxpanded .\Ielal construction throughout. "mv e -r\ ^ ' l .-.tJJl l ;. ;i.B .1J_* ^^^—nmf^w^ ■■^y. U^ ^ [»Sl Fig. 5, Quarter Scale— EXPANDED METAL SOLID PARTITIONS. Showing Door Framing;. MODERN FACTORY CONSTRUCTION. (See also under "Cementine Conslruclion.") This ti'iiii implies ilio ii>o ot stci'l frame lor llooi, loolaiul Wiills. ami l-^Npainloil Melal .mil eonerele sysiems in ci'iiiioelion llioiewitli a eomliiiiation lU'lable for simpi.eil ■. . ease of oreelion ,irrcspoeti\ o o\' ilinieultics iluo to site , iiu'omliiistiliiIit\ as to materials useil. !,Meal streiit;lli aiul permanent result. In no oilier line of I'.NP.ituieti Met.tl iipeT'ations has sueeess been more sii^nal, or popniaritx more reaiiiU won. l-'.>.onom\ ami ilurahilin alone snlliee lo assert, ami re-assert, its tiierit in t.ietories I m wet processes ; in print works, bleaclieries, (.l\e works, paper mills ami others ; , , lor e.Muerns in whieh buililini,'s eonstrnelei! o( woo.l. ete.. are sabjeet to rapiil deterioration. These iniiUlini,'s eaii be put up on briek, stone, or eonerete pieis. eovere.l in ami rooleil with suitable outer eoverini', with llnors of eimler eonerete iiiuar.mleeil to e.n'r\ an\ ree|uireil lo.iil) ami tre.ileJ in yram'litliie if any form, oiler no ilillieiiltv of treatment, beiiii; moilelleil in simultaneousli w ilh the roof ilsell. Che a\ei'aye roiit" is j ' ■ in- or _; in. tliiek, r»earint^ on purlins .S tt. between eeutres. l'"or i\H>lini; reservoir's, t.tnks. eli", spans up to rno leet eari he tri'.rteil aih ant.ri^e- oirsly bi v'ur lis^lit svstem OU I'oirntry examples of this use beir',, in eomieetiou with the Aeer irrj,Mon. Ilast l.orrilon, Pyee, New Klver, Worlhirrt; ami Wrexham Water t'onipanies, ami the Nottin^^ham se\\at;e tanks. SPECIAL LINES OF UTILITY. The resoureelulnesN oi arehiteets, ele.. ei ol\ es new ami lei;itimale irses lor eoru rete .rml einbeilileil I'.xpamleil .\lelal ilailv . W.' I.iek spaee exeepi lor bare enirmeratiori M .1 few o\ these. (.'o\ KKixi. Hoi \ik IH i rs. !'iRi;rKOor Smom SiviKs, l.oll.KK I oi mxi., L'oKK l1\ IX Mrii K-ia uxixi, Kri xs. W M.I. (.'oi'INi.. I'iKi: W M I s, S I MKs \Xli .S| lis, I'l mil I! \ I iii;oo\|s. I.WMom Pauiihoxs, Si IIOOI 111 M Kluumis, Till Miti. I'uosi i:xii \|s, SioK.M.i, KooMs .\xii \'\ri Is IX \iix-l'iiji:i'KO'i| Slur en uis, Hl-.A\\ W AKKIIOI s|; I'l.OOHS \\ I I HOI I I'sl o| li|.:\Ms, Ixoi xii Hoi sis, l-ii.iv .\ lOUs, I \XKs. \Ms, Ki lei; I I loi sr ... TiH.MUi SrMs Axn Kisius, l\X1IKIOl; (.'ONXII Is, III., Hm.i omi s, li Mil l;s VXIl I OW I Us. Uws, I'l \// \s \X11 I Ol I MXs, S I .M 1 \ in . I'ol X I MXs. 1'. Il .. I ll . I u . ^* ..* ..* m*mm:^^-'^c THE NEW ST. LAWRENCE MARKET, TORONTO. Architect : Mr. J. W. Siddall. Toronto. Furnished with Expanded Metal Flooring. EXPANDED METAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. After tlie experience in Kriinee and other Kiiropean countries over a long term ot wars, nothint; prefatory can be needed in direclinj; the attention of municipal, railway and other en>;ineers to the advanta);es of the heavier (;rades of Kxpanded Metal as a tensile adjunct to jjeneral cement construction. The monolithic idea, as represented hy masses of concrete strengthened and tied together by steel in its most desirable form, is fast asserting itself in many directions. .As a precaution against irregularities in the quality ^^( the concrete, and as a bond where concrete is liable to concussions or vibrations, the supplementary value of Expanded Metal can not be overrated. The fhfafti-fn'u^ of t'onfn'tc it'otk must win favor. (Juite commonly in the case of flat arch sewers, or where the topographical features of the district, or other local causes, make it impossible to secure sufficient room for filling over the sewer without going above grade the DUITS ETC. '"^'■'' '''"* '^'^'■"" reinforced hy the use of concrete, in which Kxpanded Metal is embedded. The metal is easiK h.'udled iii the trench and is comparatively inexpensive, adding little to the cost of stiffening and strengthening the arch. The city engineers ol Boston, to cite one instance, have utilized our pro- duct in this way. Sewers of concrete and Kxpanded Metal, throughout, possess Kuropean endorsation. The facility of adopting the main features of the Kxpanded Metal Kloor System lo bridge construction is apparent, and is extensixely in vogue outside of Canada. The attainable strength is unlimited. .\s regards the ordinary work of the city or county engineer, we would state that our methods will show th? necessity of using no more steel than is at present calculated to carry the wooden planking and furnish the additional opportunity for cheaply laying a permanent roadway. This feature is noteworthy when the question of bridge repairing is considered. BRIDGES. Expanded Metal as a binder to the concrete sub-pavcnient has been successfully tested in Chicago. The coefficient for expansion and contraction being identical in otntrmA. »... stccI and concretc, Mid the tensile reinforcement given when the SIDEWALKS ... AND former is bedded in the latter, secures lor llie combuiation immiuuty PAVEMENTS ^^^^^^^ cracks. The Canadian experience is that wherever asphalt or other roadway finish shows a crack, a corresponding and significant fr.iciure in the concrete below is inevitably found. Sidewalk pavenienis with granolithic or other finish come under tht> same category as regards the legitimate use of Kxpanded .\lelal. In both cases thi' minimum ^^f concrete can be figured on Kig. (1 indicates the uses of the material as well as thai in curb work. Special attention is drawn to the advantages in covering excavated areas under sidewalks (see Kig. 7) by an adaptation of our No. 1 System, ,is already installed by various architects in Toronto and Montreal. Our pa- emeni consists of \ in. cinder con- crete, J in. of stone concrete and finishing surface of 1 in. The cinder concrete, essentially a non-conductor, prevents sweating undernealh and makes assurance doubly sure of no surface cracking. A l.uxfer Prism sidewalk frame for lighting both the area and baseinent is shown. AN EXTENSIVE '^ '"^^^ other instances of the engineering adoption of Kxpanded ^^jNEERING Metal with concrete, .imong many, are subjoined : KoiNn.xrioxs, PlHKS, ClI.VKRTS, KORTIKICATION WoRK, Kll.TI-R >"aNKS, Dams, I^Nl'.lM' Hl'DS, .SlllWAVS, Ri'TAiNiNi. Walls, WiNO Walls, V. ILVRVKS, l.llUITIIOl'SKS, ROOKINI. AMI SlPl'ORTS IX .MiNlCS, UrLAKWATLRS, KTC, KIV. Jt J» ^! FENCING, Ri*JLINGS, ELEVATOR SCREENS, WINDOW GUARDS, ETC. KxPANDhi) Mktal Kencim. '.eeds only to be seen to be appreciated, being the ilu'iipist, strongest and most handsome on the market. Kxpanded Mel.d was employed exclusively for (iAi.LKRV AM) Staik Kailin\;s in all World's Kair build- ings al I'hicago. I'or Klkvalok I'ai.ks, Siri-in-., H mi stkadim,, Window Cii ARiis, Trkk (ii akiis, etc., its all-round suilahllit) and /i<;i' (.«/ will soon become proverbial. ^]y-';^A>^!U»:m*:^: ,^ Sct^/^f^"-/' Fig 6 -EXPANDED METAL iW ROADWAYS AND SIDEWALKS. Fig. 7. -EXPANDED METAL FOR AREA SIDEWALKS. 1^91 NATIONAL TRUST BUILDING. TORONTO. Architect : Mr. Gto. W. Gouinlock, Toronto. The Expanded Metal Fireproofing System in Roof, Floors, Partiticns, Gallery, etc. THE CANADIAN BANK OF COMMERCE. WINNIPEG. Architects: Messrs. Darling & Pearson, Toronto. Expanded Metal Floors throughout. I.>"l LA PRESSE BUILDING, MONTREAL. Architects: Messrs. Hutchison & Wood, Montreal. The Expanded Metal Fireproof System throughout. \.V\ ^ i :'i>*,A)li#4,^.,. THE DOMINION BANK, WINNIPEG. Architects: Messrs. Darling & Pearson, Toronto. Expanded Metal Floor and Lath.