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J^OVA SCOTIA Since the Settlement, Jw;/^ ^^749^ till Auguji xlic^xh^ ^75 ^i In which the Nature, Soil, and Produce m of the Country are related, with the particuiar Attempts of the Indians to diflurb the Colony, By J O H N JV I L S O h\ Laic Inspector of the STORES. ' LONDON: Printed and fold by jf. Henderfon, J. Fox^ B. fToviy, 1VefiminJler-Hall\ J. Robinfon^ Ludgate-. Street \ J, James^ and H. Cook, at the Roj^aL Exchange, ( Price Sixpence,} y^. ) '■ i m\\ i II III rfa I r,-Nrj''< Ui'.ry I. \ . ■:! f -r *»N *• * • K >- 'i^ r ,* ^ A N ACCOUNT O F T H E f • ,t Colony in Nova-Scotia, S Nothing tends more to the Welfare and Happincfs of a Nation, when Peopling a Colony, than to be well- informed of the Nature, Produce, and Genius of the Climate, the Treatment and Encourage- ment of its firft Settl'^rs, and the Probabi- lity of encreafing the Advantages, and fur- mounting the Difficuities that mud appear at firft fetting out j fo I think that a faithful Narrative of the Soil, Climate, and Produce of Nova-Scotiay in order to open the Eyes of thofe who are fo fond of Novelties, as to leave a well-cultivated Place, abounding not only with the Ne- A z cffTaries /i rs^" n' [ 4 ] celtaries, but likewife the Delicies of Life, for one quite different. And in order to do thi?, I fliall obferve the Rule of Ppba- goras, upon the Door of whofe School, was written thislnfcriptionin Gr^^^ Charaders, ** Let no Pcrfon enter this School without '* the Knowledge of Geogriipby" Then to begin with the Defaiption of HallifaXy the Capital of Nova^ Scotia, It containti dight Streets in Length, as many in Breadth j and about 66ooHoufes. Itlies inLatitude43°j in a cold Air, for v/hich various Rcafons are afllgned,T72;. The freezing Eaft Winds, which hlow in tlie fame Diredlion with the general Motion of the Sea, flriking upon Cape Sabit\ propagate thro' the Strait that runs between the Peninfula of Acadia^ and the Continent ; the vaft Number of Woods tending to make the Air damp and ^^^ggy? ^"^ \kizit chilling by means of the Winds, that employ their iierceft Breath from the Inftant that they are driven from the Ice that lies towards the fSlortb Pole, and is mnre cold than the Parts which lye in the fame Parallel of Latitude in Norway^ and Nova-Zembla, The Reafon of this terrible i. en terrible Cold is, that the Land in North America is not fo broad, nor yet is it fo far extended as that in the Northen Paris of Mufcovy, Tartary^ and Norway. The Infant Colony, have not yet be- , gun to manure the Country, which on the 27th of June 1749, the Day of the fleet, under the Command of Commodore Roajl^ arrived at it, was but one continued Wood, reaching in fome Parts within two Feet of the Water Mark. The Trees at our Arrival were much taller than any ever I faw, either in England^ or Scotlandy both of which I have traverfed j they are generally Pine, 6ircb, ivhiie Beach t black Beach, which laft, is a good firm Wood, fomewhat refembling Maho'- gany, being a hard clofe Timber, and fo firm, that if a Ball was to ftrike upon it, a Hole might be made, but the Timber would not rend. There is Napple Wood, which refembles pretty nearly the Englijh Oak, but is more yielding and snoift ; and what Oak is there, lyes at a vaft Dirtance u{i in the Country. There is a coarfe kind ©i Timber called Hemlock, which is ufed for i^i I ■MMIM timltm % ! !^ \ ,1 [6] for Firing, but makes fuch acracklini; and Noife, and difperfcs into fo many Splinters ^s makes it difagriecable and dangerous for Ufc ; but of them all the Pine is the tal- left, and at the fame Time thick^ being 1 6 Inches Diameter,very fit for making Marts; fcveral of whichi were carried over to Pprtfmouth for that Purpofe, in the Osborn Galley, Captain 4Pt^^^^^y Maftcr, which i was launched at Hallijax^ in July 17 5 r. The Harbour at Ballifax, \i a large Bay, that propagates from the Ocean for near an 100 Miles, between two Necks of Land, which lye five MileS from the Town. It is in fome Places three Miles broad j the Sea abounds with Fifli,fuch as Mackrely Eels, Haddocks, Flounders, and Hollow-butts, which laft refembles a Flotin- aer, is very large, fome weighing thirty Pound : is very good Eating, only re- quires a vail deal of Butter to make them relifli The other Fifli are larger than thofc in the North of Scotland, and are fully as delicious and palatable. But Cod which, abounds from the Beginning qi May till the End of OSlobtr^ are only caught in the Ocean J H % [7] Ocean ; are not fo long as thofe in Scofhnd, nor yet fo firm, or fo rclifhing, but agree very well with the Salt, and are tranfportcd in great Quantities to Cadiz in Sfain^ where they are frequently fold by the Quintal, i. e. 112 Pound Weight for i/. or a Guinea. There are fome fine Salmon about theHead of the Part called the Bafon, nine Miles from Hallijax^ but thefe are vaftly rare ; 1 remember that upon our Arrival fcveral of our People were fickly, but the Fifh madei and properly prepared wifh Broth, difFufed fo mufcilaginous arid ge- nerous a Juice, as in a fhort time to render them perfectly whole j there arc fome Par- tridges, wild Duck, and wild Cttit^ which are as large and as delicious as ours ; Eagles, Hawks,and Swans are far up in the Woods, Laft Augufty when I left HalliJaXy the Woods were for the Space of a Mile every way cut round it 5 while the Town and Suburbs extend along the Shore, about three Miles, where they are clofcd by the Woods. There are feveral Gardcris, and Enclo- fures made in the Spaces that have been cleared, I m [8] V cleared ; Potatoes Carrots, Turnips, Cab-i bage, Peafe and Beans, Onions, and Parflcy have been fown in them ; but a Ve- nomous Infcdt, called the Orub-fForm, damages them as Toon as they begin to appear, and pry into the very Heart of the Vegetable. The Soil is of a brownifli Hue, of a very crumbly Nature, whirli may be owing to the vail Number of Leaves that fall from the Woods, and impregnate with the Snows -, and like a Scurvy, cover the Ground, and io very far from being acid, that there has not been a Piece ot Clay found thro' all the Tradt that has beea fought ; and the only Grain that feems to flourifh among them, is lndia?t Corn, of which one Crop appeared in Q£lober 1750, and its not doubted but the fan;e may be repeated this Sealbn. Lafl Summer five Acres of Land were given to every one of fixteen Perfons, who petitioned the Governour for that Purpofe ; he granted their Requeft, but then it was witli thisexprefs Injundion, to bring it to Perfection, and render it produdtivc as foon T fbon as poHiblti but really its my Opinion that fcvcn Yrais will pais before they can clear it of the Trunks of llic Trees that have been cut. In a Word^ I cannot in- dulge myfelf in any fanguine Expectation as to the Succcfs of this New Colony, from the above Confiderations, and from others more terrible and difcouraging, that now 1 begin to relate. About March the 2otb, the Spring begins to fucceed a very (harp and rigorous Winter, which lalh from about November the loth, for four Months and near an half, and is much more terrible,with dreadful Showers of Snow, that lometimes continue violent for two Days, and cover the Country, making the Ground three Feet higher than before. Thefe Showers come from all Points of the Compafs, but thofe which proceed from the N. W. and N. W. by N. arc the moft piercing, it being; im- poflible to endure them. If the Winter in Nova Scotia be as mild as it was terrible in Scotland m the Year 1740, the Seafon is teckofied temperate arid good. B Many TM'^- I ; [ xo ] Many unfortunate Prople died of Cold the firft Winter after their Settlement. This indeed, may be imputed to the Want of Houfcs, v'hich only fuch as could build were able to obtain $ and to fee the vaft Flakes of Snow lying about the Tents of thofe who had been accuftomed to warm Fires about Nrwca/ile and London^ was enough to move the Heart of Stone, i Time would fail me to reprefent the difmal Spedtacle of Veffels coming from Bofion in New England^ having their Stem and Head, their Decks and Main-yard covered with Snow, and Pendules of Ice hanging upon the Ropes and Rigging. The Harbour is frozen from every Side, but the Ice terminates before it meets, leaving as much Space as to allow a fmall Veflel pafs to with Eafe •, but indeed, few yifit the Colony in lime of thofe Storms j [and laft Winter, a Loaf of Bread, con- taining three Pound eight Ounces, was fold for Sixpence 5 Beef lells at Sixpence pef Pound 5 Mutton at Seven-pence ; but Pork is a little more reafonable ; the Method of buying thefe, is thus: The Creature m siwntoM«f*n^-» ^''uuxiwivcraQiii ii C II] Creature is put alive into a Scale, with it's feet tied} and according to its Weight it is fold, moft frequently at Two-pence half-penny />^r Pound ; the other Creatures are flaughtered in the Market-place, but moft frequently fuch as are capable chufe to buy them on their Feet, and have them flaughtered at their own Houfes : With all thefe, as aHo Liquors, vi^y Rum, Brandy, and Beer, they are fupplied from New England ; which likewife furnishes Fowls, and thefe are fold at the following Prices : A Hen is fold at two Shillings and Sixpence 5 a Goofe at three Shillings and Sixpence ; a Duck at three Shillings ; and a Pint of Milk cofts one Shilling j the Hay, on which the Cowes feed, is brought from Boftoti in New England, J In a Word, if the Country were not fup* plied with Fi(h, there would be no living for the Poor : Add to all this, that the Poor Inhabitants are under continual Alarms from the Indians^ who are fpirited up by the French, who have fettled at Menis and Pi/gel\ they arc made to be- lieve the ftrangcft Stories concerning the B 2 Englijh, 1 ..^ i1 i Englijhy and among other Things, that *« They, viz. The People o{ Great-Britain^ " murdered our Lord J ejus Qhrifty They are furni(hed by them with Mufkets, Han- gers, and large Knives, but no Bayonets, or Cannon, nor yet are they taught the Man- nual Exercife of regular Troops. The new Colony is terribly afraid of them j for they comedown about the Dawning of the Day,' fculk in the Bufhes, and there wait for their Prey ; they are very dexterous and ^Icrt at Firing, and can frequently do Exe- cution at the Diftance of loo Yards; they cop;e upon Houfes, which they alarm with* their Shot i if they meet with Reiiftance and a fuperior Force, they fly to the Woods, and if purfued, like the Parthl- ^«iof old, they turn about and difcharge, then fhelter themfelves behind theThickcts, whence they let fly Volleys of Shot, and Showers of Arrovys. In OBober lafl, about eight of the Inhabitants of ^^////^>:, among whom was Mr. Br own y the Governor's Gardner, another of that Name, an Irijh- man, Boakcejer to Capt. Clappam^ went to lake their Diverlion ; and as they were Fowling mnfJ^-^'"' [ 133 Fowling, they were attacked by the In*' titans, v/ho took the whole Prifoners ; fcalp'd the Gardener with* a large Knife, which they wear for that Purpofe, and threw him" into the Sea, whence he was caft upon the Ground about eight Days after; the other was deftroyed, fo far as never to be heard of fince. The remaining fix were con* duded Prifoners to the French Settlement at Menis, where they underwent great Hardships for want of proper Bed-cloaths, and the Neceffaries of Life, receiving no- thing in the Twenty-four Hours but alittle Barley Meal drained thro* the Water •, and on Sunday were allowed a Piece of Beef without Salt. In this Condition they con- linued five Months, till relieved. But bsforc I quit this Part of my Narrative, it will not be forreign to my Purpofe to give an Ac- count of their Manner of Scalping, that fo the Reader may both have an Idea of the Savage, and barbarous Tempers of thefe in- human Cannibals, and at the fame Time, be invited to fet a proper Value upon a Country that is now civilized j and which before the Romans came into it, was a Pro- i verb ' i ii * 1 .t L '4 3 verb, and Bye- Word, among the Nations j far fuch was their Brutality, that they MTOsuId, like Lycaon, Kill and ferve up their Lodgers at their voracius Entertainments. Thefe Indians chain the unfortunate Prifoner to a large thick Tree, and bind his Hands and his Feet, then beginning from the middle of the Craneum, they cut quite round towards the Neck ; this being done, they then tear ofF the Skin, leaving the Skull bare; an Inflammation quickly follows, the Patieats fevers, and dies in the moA exquifite Tortures. In this, Situatio n was Poor Brown found, while his Comrades were thought to have undergone the fam& Hardfhips, they not having been heard off, till accidentally fome Butchers going up to Mems, to buy Cattle, got Intelligence of the Matter, and informed Governor Corn" wallis J he immediately wrote to the Com- manding Officer of a little Fort, belong- ing to Great-Britain, in the Neighbour- hood of Menis, and recommended to him to make Reprifals, to the Intent that the Engli/b Pri (oners might be redeemed. A P^rty was accordingly fent out, and ordered tq it '< I.v '4 r-*«>«*>i«m»-»f"rw'««» C 15 ] to feize upon any of the Inhabitants of Menis they might meet with. The De- tachment having gone a little Way, came upon a French Prieft as he was hunting in the Woods, laid hold of him, and con- dudted him to the Fort, whence he was fent under a ftrong Guard to IJalli/ax^ where he was confined to the Governor's Houfe, but met with quite different Ufage from that which was given to our Country- men. The Governor diredly wrote a Letter to the French Commander slI Menis, demand- ing a Reftoralion of the Prifoners, and proffering to deliver up the Prieft in their Room, which was complied with, Tho* this might ferve to illuftrate the the horrid Barbarity of the Indians^ and to (hew what little Confidence is to be put in our neighbouring Colony ; yet, I have fomething equally furprifing to relate. Oji the 27th of May laft, a Party of thefe /«- diam furprized Dartmouth, a fmall Town oppofite to Halli/ax, a little before four in the Morning ; they all at once ap- peared, fired thro* the Windows and Doors, and, >U fc -»' - ' [id ] n i\ I: 1'- M ji fs*i;; i I* I r V h ■ "and killed fifteen Pet Tons, including Women and Children ; wounded feven, three of whom died in the Hbfpital ; lix Men were carriM away, and never heard of fince. The P^irty quartered there, being alarmed by theNoile iri the Morning,were inftantly drawn up by Lieutenant Clark^ of Colonel Warburtons Regimbnt, who com- manded there j they marched in hafte to the Indians^ who difcharged fomfc Shot, killed a Serjeant dead upon the Spot, and wounded the fuperior Officer iti the Leg ; the for- mer being very brave, riirt before the others, where he was attacked, and got feveral Wounds; his right Hand was cut ofeand the Thumb and Ring-finger of his Left-Hand ; he was miferably mangled by their Hangers and Knives j three Soldiers were wounded. The Indians^ after difchargingone Volley run off with Precipitation, not waiting the Arrival of our Troops, and giving them an Opportunity of firing when juft at their Breafls with the Muzzle of their Guns, as the Commandant vainly imagined : They were not purfued for fear ah Am- buih, as the Officer gave out j tho* I am apt [ 17] apt to believe that his not purfuing, was rather owing to the little Confidence he had in the Troops over whom he cdm- manded ; and here, I proteft, that in my humble Apprehenfion, it's no good Policy to fend raw and undifci»^lined Forces, I mean Soldicrs,who have not been accuftom- ed with Battles, to make good fuch de- fperate Settlements j and I can well remem- ber what a poor Figure Coi. Lafcelle\ Re- giment, now ftationed in Nova Scotia^ made at the Battle of Frefion-pam in 1745 ; b?.t as this is too delicate a Point, I (hall not further enlarge upon it. 'Tis eafy to imagine what a mighty Con- fternation was raifed in Halli/ax ^upon hear- ing the Report of the Guns about the Dav/n of the Morning j every one got up and run to the Beach, i. e. the Sea-Shore, while forty or fifty Men, twenty of whom were Grenadiers, were put on Board of three large Boats under the Command of Captain Murray, and Lieutenant Auchterkny ; their Paflage was abundantly quick, but not fo quick as to intercept the Maroders,vvho had plied their Heels and cfcapsd j the Troops C followed m, ii . [ i8 ] followed for fome Miles into the Woods, but all to no Purpofc. It was a difmal Spedacle to behold the Hulband lying weltring in his Blood, and clafp'd in' the Arms of his Spoufe ; nor lefs terrible to fee the Spoufe breathing her' iaft, and repofing her Head upon the Arm of her Hufband ; the weaned Child was lying dead in the Nurfe's Arms, and the lucking Child ftretched on the Bread of his Mother. During this Confufion, the Lieutenant was carried over to Hallifax^ and by pro- per Remedies in fix Weeks Time he was able to go abroad in an armed Chair, car- ried by two Soldiers, and on the 5th of Au^ giifl, when the Osborn Galley fet Sail, he was capable of walking upon Crutches. In the mean Time all imaginable Care was ta!:en for Defence of Dartmouth -y the Command was reinforced, and they arc now bufy in Walling in the Town after the Manner of Hallifax ; /. e. Trees Gi half a Foot Diameter are driven into the Cround, iiMiaMM^MPiaUiU'-'' .*■■.,;. [ 19 ] - Ground, and thefc again croflcd by others for rendering the Defence more fecure. But, before I quit this Part, I muft trouble my Reader with the Account of a Boy of about eight Years of Age, whom I frequently have ften and converfed with at Mr. Orpin's Houfe in H^illifaxy whofc Spoufe is a Scotch Woman. Upon the Morning of the a 7th of May^ when the In- diam made the Attack ' upon Dartmouth, the Boy*s Father was one of the fix wha were carried away ; the Child who had been out of the way at the time of the Af- fault, miffing his Father, went into the Woods in Quefl of him, and having gone too far, one of the Maroders feized upon him, and taking out a large Knife, held him v/hile another fcaiped him, amidft the moft piercing Groans, and then made off leaving him as dead j here he con- tinued in this Situation tiU next Morning, when, being recovered a little, he knew not where he was, or where to go ; however hearing the fignal Gun at HallifaXy and then the T/vj^/A', /. e. the Drams beat, he diieded his Rout by the Sound, and C 2 being I n f i [ 20 ] being but two Miles off, he came into the Town, where he exhibited, in his own Perfon ' as terrible a SpccHiacle as any I have been defcribing. The Mother of the Boy, with two other Children, one of whom fucking upon the Breafl, diredlly embarked in a Boat for Hallijax, and applied to the Governor, who afTigned Mr. Orpins s Houfc as moft convenient for one in his difmal Situation, it adjoining to the Houfe of Mr. Grants the Surgeon of the Place, who applied Linnen Clothes, plaifter'd over with Greafc; and afterwards covered with warm Flannels ; in this Situation he continued for a Month, and began to recover by degrees,to the Aflo- nifhment of all who faw him. I thought it my Duty thus far to oblige my Country with a faithful Narrative, in Order to prevent their being impofcd upon by a Parcel of News Writers, who trump, up chimerical Stories, and publifh them after- wards in Books, to the great Detriment of honeft Men ; and fo render for ever Mifer- able, fuch as defervc better of their Country, than to be enticed to go to a Place, whofe chilling SSSSaSSSiS L ii ] chilling Colds in Winter muft benumb the Ssnfes, and whofe hazy and thick Foggs in Summer mufl raife Confumptions, involve in Mifery, and an ill State of Health. Let then the PofTeffors of t^ew England, fo much enraged at the giving up Cape Breton^ that they threaten a Mutiny, people this New Colony, and ftand upon theDefen- five for their own Prefervation ; but let not thole oiOldEnglandyOV even Old Scotland it- felf, expofe themfelves to fuch an unwhole- fome Climate, where Money is very fcarce, and everyThing cxtreamely dear j where the Prices of Work are as great as in London^ and where every Hour of the Day they may be in Danger oi falling a Sacrifice to a robuft, vigorous, and favage Set of Mortals, who are incenfed by a Party, naturallyEnemies to the Britijh Ifle. FINIS.