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Les diagrammes suivents illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 '"« THE WORKS or HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. THE WORKS Of HUBERT HOWE BANCKOFT. VOLtJME XV. HISTORY OF THE xNORTH MEXICAN STATES AND TEXAS. Vol. I. Io31-1800. SAN FRANCISCO : . A. L. BANCROFT & CO.MPAXY, PUBLISHERS. 1884. KiitcreJ iiccordiiii; (o Art uf rDii^n-ss in tlii> \iar ls8l, liy HUIJKRT It. BANCROFT, III tlu! Ollki' of tlio Librarlau of Cougress, nt WusUlugton, All lihjhU ]l(.ii.ri-i'il. PPvEFACP]. TiiK territorial basis of tlio pn^soiit work, fourtli in tlio rompletc'd series, and eiititlrd ][istouy of thk XouTii ^Ikxican Statks, eorres])oiuls to tli atldcd to the ii'l'iTunces in loot-not L'S. Tl k IV woiK con- sists of two volnint's, of wliii-h tlio iiist l)rinifs tlio ifcord down to tlio ond of the t>icntli century. This territory has been treated on a t^cneral scale, as |)art of a j^reat nation, in a precedinj^ woik of ilie srries; l)ut. the j)laii i'e(]uir(>s a more minute ticat- ment of the noilhciii legions; and it is deemed butter to add two volumes of provincial aimals than to cor- resixmdiiM'lv increase the hulk of such matter in a national JIistoky of !^^l•:xIeo, ]t is not, however, solely to meet the re(juirements of an arbitrary ])lan that the north receives more attention than the south. The history of the former is not only more interestin«j; and imjjortant, but it has left records much more comjilete. And so nearly in parallel grooves ran the current of affairs in different Uisitano-American com- numities that southern provincial histijrv, unrecorded ibr the most i>art, may in many phases be studied in- directly yet with ]»roiit in that of the north. Y^vm here it is not possible to forni an iminterru[»ted chain oi" events in each pi'ovince and for each ])eiiod; nor is it desirable, ibr such a record would be bulky, weari- some, and unprofitaltle — an almost endless repetition of similar petty happenint^s under like conditions. But the inter-provincial likeness noted, wliilo it ex- cuses the historian I'rom ibllowing the thread of minor occurrences in all the provinces, also suggests the de- sirability of such minute treatment in one of them at least, in order that the record of one may reflect that of the rest, just as northern history in a sense throw s light upon the south. The suggestion is followed, but fur this purpose a country still farther north is PREFACK. vii chosen, rj)por Caliluinia, lor wliicli oriniiial (lata are InVoii'l all (.'omparison most I'opioiis, and wlioso liis- toiy w ill lit' (xtoiisivi'ly supjilciiU'iitL-d i»y local annals. Thus it is intended that the subdivisions of the iiis- torieal series shall not only he complete^ each in its own spluTc, hut that each shall he so conneeied with tlie others as to make ol'all a symmetrical whoh-. From the iK'ninninj^ these reL;ion.s attracted s|ieci.Ml attention I'roni the Spaniards, 'J'lience came to eaL^cr ■ars ne\ei'-ceasin^ i-eports of L,M'eat cities, civilized peoplts, iiiexhaustihle wealth, inleroceanic straits, and jiU the marvels of the Northern ^lysteiy. Thitlu-r i-tretehed the hroadest held i'or exploitation and ad- \intnre; and here were I'ound the richest deposits ol' 1 atural treasure. It was a country of hitter warfare and hloody I'evolts; hut there were ti'ihes tluit made a 1 eu\ial>le record for honor antl good i'aith as well as for hrax'eiy ; and evt'U the conquerors in most })arts n:arkeil their advance witli atrocities somewhat less lieiidish than in the south. This was ])reeminently tie mission iield of America, wJR're tin; .Jesuits and Franciscans made tlieir grandest eil'orts with the hest results, and where theii- system may he studied under the most iavoralde conditi(Uis. The deeds of explorer, soldier, and missionary advancing side hy side against a T'eceding I'rontier of hai'harism i'ui-nish material lor a story of rare interest. And the fascination of the topic to Anglo-Saxon readers is enhanced hv tlu: con- tiguity of the region imder consideration to tlu; great nortlu'rn re[)uhlic, from which a new industrial and jteaceful concpiest is heing pushed southward on iron routes. That tlie international honds may he drawn clo.scr for mutual henetit without taint of unreasoninif H viU PRKFACK. jircjiuruv on ono sl(l(>, or of filil)ust('rinjjf cncroaclinh'iifc on tlio oilier, nliouitl Ik; the di'sire (»t' every ^ood eiti- icen ol' tlio two r(>|)ul»li('s. 'J'lie antlior's resourci's lor writinij this part of the liistory are exceptionally ani[)le, as is shown hy the list ol'anthoiities prefixed to this volume. His Lihrary contains all the standard niissiunary chronicles on which foundation the o-cneral strnctun; must ri'>t, together with a very complete; collection of j^overii- nu'iit re[)orts, S[»anish and ^lexiean, and practically all the rint, thrie is no work extant in anv l;niL!Ua!jf(! which includes the entire histoi'V of any oiu^ of the seven provinces; much less a conipre- liensive history of the whole countiy. That the con- «.'C pt U)n o f tl U! WO rk and its introduction hero as a connectinrj link hetween the national history of the S( >u th and local annals of the farther north will 1 JO ajtproved is the hope and belief of the author. CONTEXTS OF TTTTS YOLmEE. CIIArTEll I. conrfe ON TiiK SIM Tir .si;.v coast?*. !.->•_> 1-1.-.;J0. TAdB Mot! ■• '. Xortli-wowtorn Discovery— Cosmnj^rniiliical TIk uri' d of the I'^'ifly SpaiiianlM -S(crct of (lie (Strait— lilcaa of If. man Corti's — I'lxtract.s ffiiiii liiK Lt'ttt'rs— llt'siiiiu' of Mvciits Knll^ tliu ('cm- (jiU'st — IVuiiico anil tlio (lulf (Aiaxt — llival ('iniiinistailmiN — 'I'Ik? Cliifliiiiuc (.'iiuntry — Ciiin|ii('st of Miclmucan— Sulijcctiun of Coliinu anil Cliiniallniacan — KxpoilitiouM of Alvarc/, (.'liico, Avalon, unil I'ran- risco Ciirti'H — I'ApIoraf inn to Ti'iiii'— Xortlnrn Woiiilcrs — A Town iinil Sliip-yanl at Zacatula — (Jortitson tlio rai.ili(,'("oa.st — llin I'loJL'CtH of Soiitli Sen l^JHcovcry — Ills LcttLTsi to the luniniror—lJclays ami Olist.ick'S — l>own tin; Coast, Xortliwanl — IiKiitiiy of \'r.sstls- Lo- uisa, ( !ucvara, and Saavudra —First \'oyat,'i; uji tlie Coast to Colinia — New Vessels — New rcrseeutions — Discouraycuient I CILVrTER U. NrSo m; (ifZMAN in sinaloa. 1530-1531. Guzman's Plans niul Motives— A Grand Army— Names of OfTicers— ' Mni'der of a Kinj;— Manli tIirimL,'li Miclioaiaii anil.Iali.si'o — Crossing ilie Itio Grandi— Mayor Ivspana— At Oniitlan and Aztatlan— Aii- thii'-ities — Advance to (.'liamctla — Man Qiu'zala Province— I'iastla — Ciguitan, Provinee of Wonic.i- On to ('ul'afan— Town of Colonilio — Local Explorations— Sauiani ■;,'o Itcixlies tlio Pi.tal'uin — Scaiili for tlic Sc -en Cities — Lopez Crosses the f •'•n i to I)iirau-o— Foiindinj; of tlic \ ilia de San Miguel le Cidim an— Site arid 'i ransfi is— Li.'t of l'ol)lailor.'s — (Juzman's Uctiua to Jalisco— I'Dundini.' of Chametla — Nucva (!alicia — Compostela, the Capital — Giuman (Governor- His Downfa U (ix) X CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. CORTES, GUZMAN, AND CABEZA I»E VACA. ir)32-1530. Voyage of Hurtado va,L'o of Ucccit;! .'iiid (iii j:il\;i — Mutiny of ■Jiiiii'iicz — Discoveries— I'lxpedition of ]Ici'ii;m ('mti's— .MMnli tlirougli Nueva Gulicia — Colony nt Santa ( 'iniz — Failure — Events at .San Miguel de Culiacan — ^'Hu'^eIy Itecoided ]]xj)lnrati(>n.s— Ofiate and Ani.'ulo — ICxiicdition of l>iego de the Struggle — ]'■ lire de Aharailo on the Coast — ^lixt(jn War — New Galicia to End of the Century 71 CHAPTER V. ANNALS OF NUF.VA VIZCATA. 1554-lGOO. Zacatecas !Mines— ^lerendo's Silver Mountain — Ibarra's Private Explora- tions— Mrndoza and tlie Franciscans — Ihaui'a as Governor — Province ot Nueva \'izcaya— Exi)edition — At San Juan — Founding of Nombre de l>ios and llurango — To Copala or Topia — firand l\e|)()rts — Ind(5 and Santa Piirbara Mines — March to Sinaloa — Villa of San Juan — 'J'oiM- in the Far North — City of Paginc — San Sebastian do Cha- nietla — Death of Ibarra — Progress iit Durango — List of (iovernors— Annals of Sinaloa — Murder of Friars — Villa Abandoned— Montoya's Expedition— liazan's I'aitratla — Sau Felipe de Sinaloa — Franciscan Convents — Four Martyrs — Arlegui's Chronicle— Jesuit Annals — la Sinaloa— The Amias— Martyrdom of Father Tapia — In Topia— Tepe- Iniane Missions — Santa Maria de I'urras — Exploration and Conijucst of New Mexico 1)9 CONTENTS, CHAPTER VI. VOYAGES TO THE NOKTII-WEST. 1540-1000. XI TAOB Introductory Remarks — Maritime Annals — Voyajjc of Jiiaii Rodriguez Calirillo and ]>;irti)loiiiij l-Vnclo — Death of Ca'irillo — Diseovcry of Alt:i California — Results — Ruy Lo]iez do Villalobos Discovers tlio Philippines — Lcgaapi Crosses the I'aeilic — Padro Andres Urdanifci Opens the Northern Route — Arellano's Trip from the West — Tiie Manila (lalleons — Piratical Cruise of Francis Drake in the M.-irdel Sur — Voj-ago of Francisco do IJali — Crniso of Tlionias Cavendish — Capture of the Galleon 'Santa Ana' — Apocryphal Kxpeditiona to Strait of Anian hy Loren/o Ferrer MaMonado and Juan do Fnca — Cenuenon's Voyage — The 'San Agu.stiu' in San Francisco Ray — Sehastian Vizcaino Explores the (iulf — Unsuccessful Attempt to tiettlu California — A Rattle and u Romance — Old Maps 130 CHAPTER YII. MARITIME EXPLOR^VTiONS. 1G01-1G3C. Vizcaino's Second Expedition — Outer Peninsula Coast — Up to Latitude 4.T — Later Projects — California an Island — Interest in tiie North- west — Vizcaino's Thinl Voyage — Ofiate at the Head vi the (iulf — Cardona's Contract and Voyages— Juan do Itin'l)e — Pichilingues on the Coast— Spilherg's Cruise — Memorial of Padre Ascension— Dutch Map — Arellano's Claim — Private Pearl Voj-ages— Melchor de Le- zania— Petition of Rastan — Views t' Salmeron— Three Expeditions by Francisco de Ortega — Third Colony at La Paz — Original Records — First of the Jesuits — Estevan Carbonel in the (.iulf — D'Avity'a Map loll CHAPTER Till. EXPLOUATIONS TO THK CVLV OF CALIFOIINTA. 1(J3C-17«0. Porter y Casanatc and Rotello y Serrano— Memorials and Contracts — Pretended Discoveries of Fonto — Cestin do Canas— Casanate s Ell'irts ami Misfortunes — Two Trips to California -I'iriaihro's I'earl-lishiug Expedition — Lucenilla in the (.iulf — Rojal Enthusiasm — A New Contract — Settlement of California by Otondo and the Jesuits — Fourth Failure at La Paz — Coh)ny at San Rruno— Rnecaneers and Piivateers — Swan and Townley — Dampier — W'oodcs Rogers, Court- ney, and Cooke — Victory and Defeat — Frondac'a Voyage — Shel- vocke at vhe Cape— Anson's Voyage 177 xU CONTEXTS. I CHAPTER IX. ^...'NALS Ol" SINALOA AND SONonA. 1G(K)-Iurj0. r Coast ProN-iiicrs — Chamctla, Cnpalii, Ciiliiicuii, Sinaloa, Ostimnri, Sonora, and riiiKTi'a — Villas of Sau Scliastiaii ami Saii MiLtucl — San .luan do ^lazatlan — San Fclipo ilo Siiialua — Cdiiiniamlants or (iovci'nnrH — The Jesuit Annas - ('a jitain lliiriiaidc's Ituli^— The flua/avos — I)(tcat of tli(! Snaiiuis — Chiefs llan^^cd — Ivxprditinn to ('luMiiia— Siiialoas Put to Death — Tehueco Cani]>ai^'n — Ocoroni Jlevolt— Conver-sions — Fuei'te de Montosclaros — Spaniards Defeated I)y the Yncjuis — Treaty of I'caec— llishop's Visit— Te|i-dMie('anipai','n — Mayo Missions — Con- version of the Yaijuis — Chinijia Missions — District of San Ignacio — Distrihution of I'adres — Deatli of llnrdaide — I'erea in Command — Murder of Padres Pascual and Martinez — Sonora Valley — l)istrict of San Franeisco Javier — Division of Province — Nueva Andalncia — Jesuits versus Franciscans— Padres and Statistics — Uibas' Triumjilis of the Faith— Condition of the -Missions :ii-' CnAPTEll X. ANXALS OF SONoriA AND SINAI.OA. IfioO-lTOO. Pulora in Sinnloa— Coast Events— Tajo Mine— Spanish Settlements — Missionary Annals in the South-Minor Items, Statistics, and Names of Jesuits — The CId Suncia Districts^The Name Snnoia — 'J'ables of KioS, KiTS, and KISS - 'rrouhhs with the I'.ishop — ('liini|)as District— Lai )0'-8 of Salvati(>rra- llevolls of KUIOand KIWT— Map— Conquest of Pimeria Alta — Father Kino and his lialnirs— At Uac and Cahorea, l(i'.)'J-;t — .Jirouzji in(^onnnanko Trotilile — A .Sccon CHAPTini XII. ANNALS OK NIKVA VIZCAYA. 10()0-1(MO. Govcrnniont — List of Itiilira — Sec of (Inadiana — TJishops — Oeographieal Lines and Distriets — Proj^ress in tlio Soutli-east — Superstition, Taniine, and liiglitconsness at I'arras — Acaxeo Missions of 'ro|)ia — lievolt— The Sal)ailK) liisiiop — Conveision and Itevolt of the Xixi- ines — Governor's Canipai^'us — 'I'ho Tepelnnine District— Jtevolt of l(ilG-17 — Massacre of Ten Missionaries mid Two Hundred Span- iards — Peace Kestored —Humes and Ilinas — Vi'rj,'en del llacl'azo — Ciiiliualiua Districts^Jesuit l)i!ginnin;^H in Taralnunara ]>aja — Fran- ciscan Kstaljlishnicnts — Report of l(i"22 — Concho ilissiou — Parral Founded — Couhuila. > 305 CHAPTER XIII. NHEVA VIZCAVAN lllSrollV. I (Ml 1 TOO. List of Governors and TJisliops — Snulhern Districts — A Tierra de Paz — Topia — Zapat'i's Visita — Laguna ]tegion — Secularization ami De- struction — Tepehuano Missions — Tarahuinara — Map — Franciscan Territoi-y — Tohoso Plaids — (.'onclio Pevolt — Murder of I'riais — Cerro Gonlo — Taraluunarc Itevolt — Canijiai^'na oi CaiTion, P>;irra;'a, and Fajardo — Villa de Afjuilar — Xew liebellion — Martyrdom of (iodinez and liasilio — S])anisli lieveises— Peace — Tliird Outlireak — I'.N tension of Jesuit Missions — I'ranciscan Pro.^ress^Casa.-! Grundes — Junta do los liios — Kl Paso del X'orte — .Jesuits versus Franciscans— Statistics of 1078 — Presidios — P.order Warfare — 'raialuimaro L'evolt of Itj'.K) — Martyrdom of Padres Foronda and Sanchez 3.'J7 CHAPTER XIV. NEW MEXICO, COAiniLA, ANU TEX.\."^. 1(jOO-17ideniic — Luyando Founds San Iguacio — Death of Piccolo — Visit of Echeverria — Founding f)f San Jo8(5 del Cabo — Death of Ugarte — Taraval Explores the North-west — Founding of Santa Rosa — Touching of the Manila Ship — Revolt in the South — Martyr- dom of Fathers Carranco and Tamaral— Yaqui Recnforcements — (.ioveruor Uuidrobu's Campaign — A I'residio at the Cape — Reoccifc- CONTEXTS. 407 XT pjition of the Mfssions — A Decade of Troiililes — F.piilcmic— Death of Captain Kstevan Lorenzo — Chanij;ea in I'atlrcs — (."onsiioada Com- manchmt — Coast Kxplu.-ation — Iluri-icnnc — Venegns' Map — Founil- ing of Saa Francisco do Rorja — Changes in Missionaries — Link's I'-xplorations — Founiling of Santa Maria — Trouhh's in tlie Soutii — Demand for AVomen and Secularizjition — ICxpulsJou of tiie Jesuits — Arrival of tiovernor TortoLi — Works of ISaegertand Ducrne — Miip — I'arting Scenes — List of Jesuit Missiouariiis — Coming of the Fran- ciscans — Ol)servante3 and Fernandinos — Names of tho Sixteen — Distribi '')n of tho Friars — A New System— Coining of Visitador General Galvcz — Reforms Introduced — Mission Changes — Towns and Coloniziition — Regulations — Mining— Traiist Tour in the North — Final Ellbrts and Disapp(jintment.>s — Death of Kino — Explorations by Campos — Ugarte on tiio Coast — Mo(iui Projects — Seris and Te- pocas — Mission Decline — Statistics — .lesuits versus Settlers— Polit- i ■:.' and. Military Alhdis - liule of Saldaua and Tuuon— Siualoa ceii — Conquest of Nayarit 4I)'J CHAPTER XIX. ANNALS OF SONOIIA AND SINALOA. 17:!l-l7.".l. Coast Provinces Detached from Nucva\'izcaya—IIuidrobo as Governor — Revolt of Yafiuis and Mayos — A Decade in Pimei-ia Alta — Keller and Sedi'lniair — Piolas de Plata, or Arizonac — Vildosohi's Rule — Letters and Quarrels — CJallardo as Visitador General— Proposid Re- forms — Parrilla Appointed Goveinor— Presidio (.'iianges — Seri War— ^lo(|ui Scheme Revived — Expeditious to the Gila — Sedehnair's Ex- xvi CONTENTS. »A«I plorntioiis — Roynl Orrlers — Rnlvador'a Consnltaa — Rccnlarization, Penal Colony, Colonization — .Jesuit Catalogue of 1750— Pima llevolt — Martynlom of llhucn and Tello — Itonia on the Siualoa Provinces. 5-0 CHAPTER XX. LAST OF TUE JESUITS IN SONOHA. 1 i-y^ -1707 A War on Paper — .Jesuits versus Governor — Investigations — Disculpa- tion of tiic .Missionaries — Rule of Governors Aroo and Mondoza — War with the 8eris — Mcndoza Killed — Apache Waifarc — Raids of Savages and .Soldiers — Missions of Piiueria Alta in the Last Years — No Progress — Padres, New and Old — Final Statistics —Rule of Cuervo and Pineda— From Bad to Worse — Campaigns — Recom- mended Reforms — Various Reports — Captain Caneio and his Let- ters— Mlizondo's Expedition Coming — Rosumii of Correspondence and Events — A IVriod of Suspense — Mission Statistics, 1700-7 — Expulsion of Jesuits — List of Jesuits Who Served in Sinaloa and Souora 5-18 CHAPTER XXI. NTKYA VIZCAYA, OR DUUAKdO AND CHini'AnrA. 1701-1707. r..)vernmont and List of Rulers — Presidios and Indian Warfare — Rivera's Tour — Rerrotaran's Report — Presidial Clianges — Mission Annals — Repartimieutos — The Jesuit College — Secularization of the Durango Missions — Statistics — Expulsion of the Jesuits — List of !Mission- aries— The Fi'anciscans — Secularization — Custody of Parral — Mis- sions at Junta de los Rios — Ecclesiastical AlFairs and List of Bishops — Taniaron's Visita and Report — Stfitistics of Population — Local Items in the South and Xorth — San Felipe el Real do Cliihua- bua and Mines of Santa Eulalia 5S1 CHAPTER XXII. TEXAS, COAIICILA, AND NEW MEXICO. 1701-1800. A Glance nt New Mexico — Coahuila or Nueva Estrcmadura — Government and Rulei-8 — (tcncral Progress and Statistics — Local Items — Chrono- logical Record — Militiiry and Mission Affairs — Texas, or Nuevas Eilipinas — Operations of St Denis — Ramon's Expedition — Missions Refounded — Governor Alarcon — Founding of Bejar and San An- tonio — French Invasion — I'Lxf lition of (Jovernor San Miguel de Aguayo — Villa of San Fernando — Reduction of Military Force — CONTENTS. XVI I PAi-.r, Qiicr(5tnro Friars Transfer tliiir Missions— Pniuli T'xmiidiiry Qufs- tion— Succession of (Jovcrnors — Apacliu Warfare -I Vnitcnt Li[)aiifM — Troubles (if the I'riarsMissioii.s of San .lavicr l!alKi},'i>".s I'lx- ccsscs-'Contrahand Trade- San Sali:i Presidio and Mission -Zeal of ("inde cle Itegla- A Massacre— I'arril la's Caniiiidirn liidi^ of ( )eonor nnd Uii>[)enld -Northern Ivstalilislmunts Al)aniloned - liucareli and TCacodoclieM — <,)iiaretaro Friars Jletire -I^ll'oi'ts of Me/.icres — Morrra Work — Lyical Affairs — Condition of the I'rovince — Ljist DecuJea of the Century OO'J u-18 CHAPTER XXIII. NCEVA VIZCAYA, PROVINCIAS INTEKNAS, INTENDESCIA OK DURANQO. 1708-lSOO. Government— Oi'ganiziition of Provincias Intcrnas— Caballero de Croix — Neve, ]lcnL,'el, and I'j^'arte in Conniiand — \'i<'eiegal ■hnisdiction — Division of the I'lovimias — The Kast and Wist— ( leneral I'edro do Nava — lieunion and Independence — (iovernors of Nucva Vizcaya — IntendiMuia of Durango — Uiile of Iiiteiidentt^s and SulidelegadoH — Indian Aliairs — Ueglaniento do Presidios — Changes in Sites— in- structions of Calvez — A New I'oliey— Results — See of l)urango — List of ])ishoj)s— Division of the ])i(iccse^Controversies — Bishop versus (General — Missions — Under Franciscana and Secular Clergy- Condition of the Fstahlishnients — Local Items — Plc ports of (juardian, Provincial, and Viceroy — Annals of Chihuahua — Annals of Durango — Pestilence — War ou the Scor^jions 036 hia- 581 lent Uo- Lvas lona lAn- de i;e — CHAPTER XXIV. SONOllA AN1> SINALOA. 1708-1800. Elizondo's Military Expedition — \ueva Andalneia— Noticia Breve — Original Corn-spondenee — I'nsuiccssl'ul Miiveuients on the (,'crro Prieto — llepredations of the Savages- -Arriviil of (Jalviz -I'arclon Offered — Revolt on the Rio Fuerte — New Advance on the Kihel Seris — Change of Policy — Final Success of Negotiations — Tin- Coun- try at Peace— Discovery of Cold Mines— New I'l-esidio RegMl.itions — Mission Annals — Secularization — IVanciscans of l^MuTitaru and Jalisco — Fate of the Fstahlishnients- ( iarci's on the (Ilia -Murder of President Oil— Reyes' Report of 177- -List of ( Iovernors -i'ro- viaciiis Intemas— ^irizpo the Capit;il -Hishopiic — List of llisliops — • Apache \\'arfaro — Peace at Last — More Revolt— iHstrnction of Magdalena— Anza.'s Expeditions to California — The Colorafl — Motives for the Concpiest — Portola's Exjiedition — At San Diego —To Monterey nnd San Francisco by I^md — Founding of Missions— Juni- pero Serra as President — Results in ]77'{ — Fagcs, Jiivera, and Auza — l)i8aster at Sun Diego — San Francisco Missinn and Presidio — (tovernor Neve at Monterey— Statistics for the First Decade — TronMo on the Colorado — (iovernor Fnges — Puehlos- Lasuen as Presid<;nt — La Perouse — New Foumlations — A Decade of Prosperity — Romeu, Arrillaga, and I'orica — Vancouver — Yanliee Craft — Fears of Foreign Aggrettuiou — End of the Century— Elements of I'rogress . . 743 AUTHORITIES QUOTED IN' THE HISTORY OF THE NORTH MEXICAN STATES. Aa (Pieter van c Natviii Novi Uil)is. Sahiiantica', I.">!S!I. Ailauis (.John (^iiincy), To thi^ linn. ,). (^>. Ailains and tho othcrtwcnty nu'Mi- 1)1 IS of Congiv.-i.i. [I)iitt;il Houston, (JctobtT "JO, l.S4l{.J [Washinglon, lS4;t.] Ailanis (.loscjjh T. ), Lectun; on the subjci't of re-annoxing Toxas. Xi-w-IUmI- fonl, l.S4.">. AkaiU'niio ilur W'isseiischafti'n, .*>itzungsbcriohte, Abhandlungcn. IVrlin, 1S.">!) L't SOI|. Alaman (Liicas), DisertftcioiK's. ^Mexico, 1H44-0. .'{vols. Alaiiim (Hernanilo), Ki'lationc th'lla Xavigatioiii'. In Raniusio, iii. .'{(i!*; Halihiyt'd Voy., iii. 42."); Teiiia\ix-Conipiui3 Voy., siTio i. toin. ix. •_'!•;•- 34S. Alaivoii (Ilernaiulo), and Ulloa, Relacion del Ai'nmda. In Col. Doc. Inoil., i\ . 'J 1 8. Alatiuu (Martin), Directorioo Instrticeionos. MS. In Texas, Doc. Hist. 'JiM. Alaiciiii (Martin), llelacion de los Kinpleos. M.S. In Texas, Doc. Hir-t. ;\\n-]:\. Albieini (Juan de), Historia do las Missionca de la Nueva Vizcaya. MS. d.ttiil Vaniupa, 10;{.'l. Aiceilo (Antonio de), Diccionario Geogrdtico Ilistorico. Madriil, 17S0-!». 5 viils. Alci\ ia (.lose MiGuad.), Cartas, 17.">7. MS. In Texas, Doc. Hist. .")!t7 ct sci|. Alegre i i''iancisco Javier), Historia de la Conipania do Jesiis. Mexico, l,s4l. .'J Vols. Allen (I.. ],. 1, Pencillings of Scenes upon the Rio Oranilc. Xcw York, 1S4S. Alniada (Baituloint! K.), Ksposicion ipic eh'va al .Supremo tJohierno solire ln.s liltinios acontcciniientos ile Sonora. Mexico, IS.'iti. Almanacs. A great variety of Almanacs and Calenilarios cited by name! and date. Alnianza (Miguel Javier), Cartas del Visitador 17'24. In Sonora, Mat. H'M; also MS. Alinonto (Juan X.), Noticiaestadistica sobre Tejas. Mexico, 1SH5. Alric (Henry J. A.), Dix Ans do R(5sidcnce d'uu Missionaire dans les deux Califoniies, etc. Mexico, 180(5. Altamira (Mai(pas), Puntos del Pareccr, 1744. MS. lu Texas, Doc. 491; Mayer MSS. Xo. 23. (xix) n AUTHORITIES QUOTKI). i; I ii , I Ah'nrndu (Tiinii ri.iiiti.-'t.i), lli>•_'. Alsai-t z (l;_'iiariii), Ivstiidio.i soliif La ili.itoiia (ii iicr.d dc Moxico. Zacatfcan, |n7.'>. ■"> \i>U. Ab'jiinii'iito du I08 Tarahiunnras, l(i4(i. In X. \'iz<"iya, Dm', iii. IT-; alsu MS, .'ilxjtir y Ranun/ {.fDMi'- Aiitoiiin), (laix'taa do Litcratiii'ad«i Mfxifo. Muxico, 17!l()-l. ;{ vols.; and I'u.Ma, l^:ii. I vujs. AiniM'iciin Antii|naiian Siniit\, I'loi-ci'din;,'-!. Wiii-cfstcr, IS'JO it hccj. AniiTiiim l''.tliniilii;;iial Sdcii'ty, 'I ransaitinns. Isl,") it sti[. Annrican <,iiiail» riy lli'virw. I'ldladil|iliia, INJT ot siij. Ann rii'an Stati! rapcrs. liDston, Isl7 I't .>.ei|. •Uidir.Hon (.\lc\. 1).), Till! Silvii' (Jouiitry, nr tiu! (Jiejit Soiitliwrst. Now \(irk. I.S77. Annals uf C'iin>.'ri'ss. f Ist to IStli ConKI■<'^ . 1 \A'asliinj.'t. '.(vols. An -tin (( Ilmii-;^!'), A \'oya;_'f nnnid tins World. Lonilon, 17"><>. Anna di I ('i.lij,'io di' J)nian;.;t(, 17l--r>l. In Ddi'. Jli.st. .Mox., 4Hi sir. tc>in. iv. 4S-,">ll. .\.nna.s dc la.s ^risioni's dc la C'tnnpafiia do Je.su.s on Sinaloa, l.V.H-lO'j;). .MS, In Sinali);i, .Mi^ni. lii.st. Anx.il (•! nan li.iuti-itai, I K'smduiinicnto do Sonoi-a ;'i Calil'driua, 1771. MS. Anza (luan J>.), Uiaiio dt; nna ixjiodic'on dcsdo .Sdnora a .S. I'r.iniisco, t'al., l77.'--(i. MS. An/a (.luan 1>.), Kxpi'diiion do Auza y Mnorto do "Cucrnu ViTiIc." Xiw M.xi.M), I77!>. MS. liilio. .\l)ai icio (.Manni'l Jlaniii'. /.), J..0S CunvoutoM sujiviniiilus in ^Ii'jiti). Mcxioo, JSOI. A|Misti)lio(H Afancs do la (^oni|iania do .Tosns. liariilona. I7.">4. .\i'i In r, ,S|i(Mili in I'. .S. Sonato I'or Anni'\atii>n nf 'I'lxa.s, Fob. 12S, 1845. Wasliingtiin, Is4."». .\riln\u del .\r/.iilii..i|iadci di' S. I'l-ancLsoo. MS. .T vols. Ai'cliivi) dt! Calitornia, l>(i(iinnuts in tlio I'nitoil Status Snrvcyor-geuorars Otiico nt San Fianci.sod. .MS. |n77-S. •J7;< vols. Ai'ddvo (ionoral do Moxion. M.S. ,'{2 vol.s. Ai'oiiivo do Santa i>iirl)ara. M.S. 11 vols. Arovali) (Francisco Sahagun do), Conipoadio do Xoticias Moxicanas. n.^l., n.d. Alias (.rosc])li), Iiiformo rcspceto il las niisionos do Rio Vorde '2'.i do Nov. du 17N7. MS. Ai'i/iR' {Ipiaoio do), Coiitestacion doKloljernadordoCualinilii. Saltillo, 1S41. Arizjio (Mi;,Mul Uanios di), .Moinorial on tlio natural, pcditical, and civil statu of till! rrovinco of < oaliuda. I'liiladi l]iliia, 1.S14. -AfloLiiii (.losi'i)li), Clironica ilo la I'lovincia do .S. Francisco do Zacatceas. .Mexico, I7;>T. Aiiiiicnta (!•'.), Ainintos para la llistoria do Sinaloa. ridiac.in, 1S77. folio. .\i ricix ita (.1. 1). ), ( 'roiiic.t Soratica y Aixistnlica. Madrid, 171>-'. folio. Ariillai.'a(.(osi'.loa(iuiii), Testiinonio doDiligoiicias. M.S. In .\rcli. Cal., I'rov. St.'l'ap., ix. (i-7!>. Aizo y Fortoria (Toinas) Informo al Ouardian, Misioncs do Coalniila, 17S7. M'S. A.scoiisidU (Antonio do h\). Rolaciou Brove on quo so cla Notioia dol Hoscubri- niiontd, lli()i'-:{. 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Ill Vi.i-tn. liiiv., xxvi. I Iv.i. ( alitiiriii'i, jvstalilt liiiiicuti) y I'rtij^ri'sin ili; las .Mi.sioncs tKi lu Aiiti^'iiit ( 'all- fii'ii.i. Ill 1) II.'. Hist. Mi'x., till Nt'i'. tiiiii. iv. ( '.ilil'iii'uia, Histiai^i ('riatiuim. Triitlucitla por l>. (?. .Mmliiil y ( )riiuu'i.'liuu. .Mi'Xici), iMit. Califiinii,!. Jts I'ant History; Its I'lfsiiit rositimi; Its I'lituio rrospucts. J-(iialoii. |S."i(). ('.ililiiniia, Mi mki ias paiii hi HiatDriu Nittiiral tlo Califtjraia, 1700. In l>uc. HI '*. .Mi\., 4ili :vv. tmii. iv. ( 'alil'iiniia Ni w s|uiiiiirt. ((.'it(.'il l>y naiiif and ilatc.) ( 'iilil'H iiiaii (Tin ), San FiaiKi.-.i'i(, |,SM>, it s^^n. ( aliliiiiiia.--, I ). sralniiiiii iitn, ll!.'!(>. .MS. ( alit'iiiiias, Xiilitiart ill- hi I'loviiiiia ilf, t-'ii tris fartiis. Viilt'iicia, 1704. ( alil'iMiiia'^, l;i','lanirntu pnivisional. I'liily 'J.'!, I77;>.J MS. (.'.ilit'ia-nii', IlisU.irt' Cliixtifhiiu. I'laiuy, Is.'il. Calk' (I nan l»itz tic la I, Mfiniiiial, y .Notifiad .Sacras, y llfiik's tUl Iiii|iri-io do hi.'4 liiili;i;4 Oci'iili'iitali's. n. |il., Ilill!. ( alvii (' 'li.irlisj, .\iiiiali'.s Hi.stidiniifs ilt' hi rtjvolution tlu lAiiuiiijuc lutinu. I'aris, t'tr., IfSli-l 7. •'• vohs. ( aKi) (' liai Irsi, Itciiuil ('i)ni|ilut tli':H 1'raitt'S. I'aiis, ISiiJ 7. I(i vuls. (.'aniaru'it (Uniiiiiu'i' M.), Hi.stt;iro tie la iU'piililiiiue ili; Tlaxfalhiii. In N'onv. Aniialc!) tlfs V'liy., \t„'ix. \\1U. Caiiiiiii tit! .Vfajiii'.i \1 l'iil)lict), Kxposition 1 >iiL'uiiit.'iitaila tlf hi .Junta Hiriutiva. .Mi\it'ii. I SI,"). ('ani|iaiL:n in Xni'llurn Mixico. New York, lS."i.'!. ( ',uii|ilicll, .\ Cdiiiso Hi.itory of S|i;iiiis!i .\incriia. Limilun, 1711. Canipi', Histiiri.i tU'l |)t stiilniiiiii'iitt) y ( 'onuni.stiulo .Anuiica. Matlrid, ISOIJ. ;! v.ils. ; .Mf\ii.i>, 1S.V1; Miulliil, IM.). Cainii'.s ^'far-l!i)ok, Isiill. ( anil laila (fiiaii Lnptv), Riiina iK; la Xucva l']-.iiafia. C.'iiliz, Isll. 4tn. L'aiK'ii) (L'lii'ii/.ii, Cartas, 17iiii-'.t. In Sin. y .'siin. Caitas. l.iS ;!IU; N'i)ticia8 Satailus ilo lus -Vutos, I7. In .Sniiura .Mat., i. ll.i-SJ; aisu MS. ( 'andisi.li, Sfiu'ijis-'l'iii^'ton. Jn .\a. tmu. xx. < 'apnai (h^. S.), IHstury of ( 'alifmiiia. lioston, 1S."(4. I arhajal l•]■il>inll^'il ( Kianrisi'i)). Histniia ilc .Mi'xiin. Mixico, ISCi'J, "J vols. ( '.inliina (Niiuhis), Muumrial .solav tli'sciiln iiiiiiiitnsint 'aikluriiia. In I'ai-lu.'cn and ( Vndtnas, C'ul. Hue., toin. ix. 4J; iJilaiinii licl 1 >t' -i nliiiiniiiiti) dil liL'iii') dc la C'alifiii'iia. In rai'licLO and ( '.inlriias, ( 'ul. l)iii'., ix. I!i> 4"J. (/art) (llainon Martini;/.), Viidadira idia tic la I'l iincia Canni.ma th; Tcjas. Mexico, 1S.'!7. ( 'ailicntir (W. ^V.), Truvchs and .Vdvcntuic.-. in Mcxiio. New \'iak. 1S.")1. ('ari:ui;'.a (I'fdro dc), Urlacion sukrc' hi .luiii.ida ijui.' liizo Xnno tic (lu/nian. In Paclu'co and C.irdcnas, Col. Doc. xiv. ;J47. Carrciin (Rafael), Vindicacioii. 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Clavl;.'('ro (IVaiici.^co Savcrio), llisti ria do la .Viiti^^r.a li l!aja California, etc. M I'Xieo, ls.>: ClavigeiM (I'Vaiieisco Savcrio), History of Mexico. London, 17>'i7. -It uls AUTIIvOrJTIES QUOTKI). XXV Ul'. Aw. ani- S.-.(»; ■rra. .pi. Una, 'uei- mA i. i\. I' to. navi"cro (Frnncisco Snvoiio). Lower ralifoniin. San Francisco, n.L'; Fiapida Ojiadii snKiv l.i yu UUT; Si 'uu ColillLti'.! ]! l;:il.iila()jo:i(la. Mcx., iSi: (la part.. ;>r. J-oii(luii, l.S()l.'-;>4. 07 vols. Cocke (William M.), Spcccli ia U. S. lloiisii of Rep. ^ifay IS;, 1,SIS. Wa.-I in-toii, 1S!S. Coc('ispi.ra (.Santiago) Til) (Ic Misioa IS-J-J-S. MS. In i'iiiart, O.l. I'ii All Coll do D i;;4-J-7;i. :,!) vo'.s. icntoH Iiu'ilitos para la Ilistoiia do F-iiafia. ^ladrid. Colon y ]. '.i (Fclix^, Juzg.ailos Militarcs d~.\ Iv^pafia y hus India.H Madrid, 17.'-i!-J-'J7. i> vol^ Condiicr (!'.), \'oynf;c an (Julfu do (^alifornic. Pari.s n.il. ConiitWl'Arc!'. (■'ulOLrio ArncTiL'ainc, Aniuiair(! dn. 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Con.sjj) do llcjjnci I do I'J paila (j Indias a la America i>:iipaii ila. C:idi/, Isll; also ?,Icxico, 1;>1(). f(j!io. Ci)n:iidc:';,til; (\'ictor), iau'oDcaii (' donization in Toy u. Xc\\' Vorl;, l.So.'). Cei:.' tilr..,ir:i: 1 (I^l). Jlcxico, l!:44 et .M_'(p ('i)niin>'nt:d (Kl). Culiacan, iSf-l ot .-0(1. Ci rdeio (Antoi.ii)), Xotici.'cu'c'.ativa;-! a la \aci'>n A]x-ic!io 17I^'i. ^IS. ( y,rd(jv:v (.1. dc), TexaM. llcr ]!(Monrc(.'.-! and i'uldic.M' ;i. I'hiladc'^diia, I'^.'.S. Coronado (i'ranciseo Vas(]ncz dc,) Letter to tlio Jimpcror (.)^t. '2), \'>i\. hi I'j'clicco and Ca.'dcnu'', Col. Doc, toiii. iii.; Id., torn, xiii.; 'iVrnaux- Cuinpi'.ns, V(iy., Ki'rio i. toni. ix. Coronado (l"r;;nci.3C0 Vustiiicz de), l.ettcr to Viceroy. Aug. .'!, 1.710. In lia- nn;sio, ^■ia;^,•i, toni. iii.: Ilakhiyt s Voy., vol. iii. Coronado (Tr-.-.u-i^co Va.S(jnez dc), INdacioii d.d s'.r-o dc la Jor;ia(ki, In I'lurida, C il. Doc, toni. i.; I'aclicco ami (.Virdi nas, Col. \k)C., t(jm. xiv. 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"Jm'Is.; The 'I'liu' llist'irv of the Ciniiui'st of Mexico. Eoiiilon, IMIlt; S^Jcni, iSO.'t. vol.s. ; \ rllillilili: Hist, :ciMon:: m lU'iucto ilo la N'oiiv< llt.'-E.s|iii;.;iic. I'aiis, l.s7S-!». "J vols. I Univcisal (Ic lliitoriii y tlo (ifoyralia. Mexico, |S,");{-,"((i. Ito. 10 M:i(lri(l, ls4lJ-.".(». 4to. H vols. 11 (lolm It.), SpcLM-lics, ('onv.si)onik'n(c, t-'tu. Niu S'l^ilv, IS'iT. - vol.s. ]»i ])it/ iK; 1,1 Cjillc (.Inan). See ('alio. ]>ii'/iiiivi (ki Jnilias. A collection. I'iilou (.v.), Jicautc.s (le rili Ui.iie du Me\i.|iu\ I'aris, IS: Hi ( 'oni(iio.--.t of M iv lleniiiii ( 'urtc's. n.| il.s, M .1. .1. >>. and jin it. (; vol.. l)i.s]ici.ici iiic.i V'ai'ias. A ( '"llcclion nf I)iici ])ol)l).i (Ai'tliar), Account of tiio (.'oimtricj adjoining ti> llnd.-^on's Bay. (loll, 1711. Doeniiontoi pira l.i Ili.-itori.i de, Mexico. Mexico, lSolJ-7. 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ACTS from iiis Leiters — Resitme of Events Follow- ing THE CONQI'EST — PaNTCO .iND THE GuLF CoAST — RiVAL CoNQflS- TAiHiREs — The Chichimec Country — Conquest of Mi('hoa(,'ax^ Subjection of Colima and Chimalhuacan— Expeditions of Alvarez Ciiico, Avalos, and Fran isco Cortes— Exploration to Tepic— X(ii:thern Wonders — A Town and Ship-yaiu) at Zacatula — Cortm ON THE I'aCIEIC CoAST — HiS PROJECTS OF SoU 111 SeA DISCOVERY-^ His Letters to the Emperor — Delays and Obstacles — Down the Coast, Northward- iDENrri'Y op Vessels —Loaisa, (Juevara, and SaAVEDRA — I'iRST VoYACiE UP THE CoAST TO COLIMA — XeW VESSELS— New Persecutions— Discouragement. From the tlay whcn^Icxico Toiioclititlan siibinlttcd to the arms ot" Spain, an idea often u[)perni()st in the mind of the conqueror, Ilernan Cortes, and hardly less prominent in the minds of his com[)anions and those who succeeded him ia power, was that of west- ern and north-western discovery, tlie ev[)]oration of the South Sea with its coasts and i;Ja!)(ls, and the finding of a northern passage l)y water Irom the Atlantic to the Pacific. The realization of this idea, or the progress of more than three centuries toward its realization, involving tlic exploration by land and 1 ! 2 CORTtS OX THE SOUTH SEA COASTS. Avatcr, the conquest and conversion, the settlement and ])ermanent occupation by Europeans of the great north-west, is the subject to which the present and later subdivisions of this history are devoted. In order to comprehend clearly, and consistently to ac- count for the idee Jixe alluded to, we have to glance brieiiy at the geographical notions prevalent at the time respecting the regions which have been finally named America. Thus may be readily dispclleJ the shade of mystery M'hich, in the popular mind at least, has ever obscured this matter. When Columbus undertook his grand enterprise, the learned few, cosmographers, navigators, and merchants engaged in foreign trade, had a vaguely correct knowl- edge of the Asiatic coast, of India, China, and even of Japan. This knowledge was derived from over- land trips of traders and priests, directed to the east in quest of merchandise and proselytes, especially from the travels of Polo and Mandeville. The Asi- atic coast was laid down on maps of the time, and that with a degree of accuracy in its general features.. The Portun'uese were straining; every nerve to reach India by water by way of Ca[)e Good Hope, a ])roject in wliich they succeeded a little later. The s[)]ierical form of the earth was understood; the feasibility of reaching Asia by sailing westward was maintained by some; Columbus became an enthusiastic believer in tlie theory, and resolved to apply a practical test. ]3y reason of imperfect methods of computing longitude, Columbus, like others of his time, greatly underesti- mated the distance across the Atlantic to Asia; l)ut he started, sailed about as far as he had expected to sail, and found as he had anticipated a coast trending south-westward— in fact, as he believed and as all of his time and of nuich later times believed, lie reached the Asiatic coast. The discovery of land where all knew before tluit land existed excited little surprise or enthusiasm; it was the fin new aim, however, by no means diverted attention from the primary design, that of coasting Asia south- westward, sailing of course between the main and the new-found island, and linallv arrivino: at India. The firm l)elief on the part of Cokunbus, and of those who I'ollowed him, that they had reached the Asiatic coast, and had only to follow that coast to reacli India and the 8[)ice Islands, together with their idea — and a vt-ay natural idea it was — that in passing down the coast they nuist sail through the strait, or channel, between the island and the main, furnishes us a key lo all that is mysterious in the subsequent progress of north-western exploration, as well as to the "secret of the strait," wliit-h tlio Spaniards so zeahjusly sought to penetrate.^ The ofi'ort to solve the mystery was not at first nor for many years a search for a passage through a new continent to the South Sea, but a, passage between new lands and the well known Asi- ' I nin aware that tliprc is nothing oriiiinal in tho statement that Colnmliua th(Hi;,'!it hy hail anivnl in Asia. Must ufiliTs state t!ie fact; hut few if any in sahsrHjiK'nt speculalions sjifak a« if tlicy really helievi: it, or fully nmhr- Btaml ]\n\Y slowly this iilea of Coiunilms' was inoililieil, how eh^sely it was conni'et( (1 with the ' secret of tlii^ strait,' how loath were uavi;,'ators to",'.'ive r,[) the views of tlip ancient eosino,L;i-a pliers, how sli^,'htly the itle;-. of Cohinihr.s hiid heen uiotlilied in the time of (Jortes, or how many years i>asse(l hcfore the itlea was altojji.'theraltantloneil. For nioro cletails, with copiea of old maps, bee lli-t. Ciiit. Am., i. chap, i., Summary of Voyai^cs, this Kcvies. 4 CORTES ON THE SOUTH SEA COASTS. atic main. Tliis ignis fatints of navigators did not originate in wild cosmographic theories," but in natu- ral conclusions from what were deemed accurate reports of prior discoveries. On making the attempt, however, from both direc- tions, to sail down the China coast, no passage was I'ound, but only land — instead of a strait an isthmus, which was crossed by Vasco Nunez do Balboa in 1513. This unexpected result caused not a little confusion in cosmogr.aphical reckonings; but it left to thinking men, acquainted with the progress of maritime disc(n'ery, only three theories or reasonable conjectures. Charts of this and subsequent periods^ agree with one or another of these conjectures, which are the following: first, that the passage actually existed in the region l)etwcen Cuba and South America, but being narrow had escaped the attention of navigators; second, that the newly found regions were all a south-eastern pro- jection of the Asiatic continent, not separated from the main by any body of water; and third, that the j>assage was to be found north of the explored regions, ihose rcfjions all belono-iniif to a hitherto unknown continent, distinct, but not distant, from Asia. Such were the geographical theories prevalent in 1521 when Cortes first had leisure to give his attention to new discoveries; but the tendency of the times was .strongly in favor of the third, or that of a northern jiassage. Cortes deemed it yet possible that the strait which was to admit his Majesty's vessels to the Indian Spice Islands might be found in the south. This is shown by his expeditions in that direction, either car- ^ 'European scholars could not believe, that Nature had worked on a pliiu po ri'iiugnant, apiiarcntly, to the interests of liuiuiUiity, as to interpose, throui^h tlie whole Icnjith of tlic great continent, such a harrier to conununieation between the ar<>- ;d from hat the •o<.;ions, iknown ilent in :tention [lies was orthcru lie strait Indian This is her car- ll on a plan fse, thri)U;:li limuucalii'ii IT'J. Tlase I'lably Intel" Iruli'.ig icU-a ' viiuafios ossiblo that there should not be discovered very large and rich lands where your C'a'sarcan Majesty may be much served, and the kingdoms and seigneuries of your royal crown be greatly extended. . .May it iilease Our Luvd that tho iirmada accomplish the object for whicli it is prepai-ed, wliicii is to discover the strait, because tliat would bu best; and in this I liave strong faitii, since in the rcyul goo