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C.E., EXECUTIVE GOMMISSIONEIl. LONDON: PRINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAJVI SPOTTTSWOOiyE, PBINTEK8 TO THE QUBEN's MOST EXCELLENT MAJESIf. FOR HEB, MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 1878. Price Is, 8d, T QIC3 AI CHAIRMAN. THE HONOURABLE 0. A. P. PELLETIER, MINISTER OB' AGRICULTURE. HONORARY COMMISSIONERS. Sib JOHN ROSE, Bakt., K.C.M.G. J. GORDON BROWN, Esq. GUSTAVE DROLET, Esq. J. R. DUFEUS, Esq. CHIEF EXECUTIVE COMMISSIONER. THOMAS 0. KEEFER, M. Inst. O.E. Dr. S. p. may, -1 ^ Jos. PERRAULT, Esq.J''^"'^^ Secketaeies. ALFRED R. 0. SELWYN, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., Dirbcioh of the Geological Survey, Canada. H141. 6000.— 9/78. Wt. 4155. A 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION Canada at I'hiladclphia . - . - CANADA Boundaries. Area. Confederation. New Provinces Territorial Governments ... GEOGRAPHY Physical features. Drainage system. St, Lawrence Valley. Great Lakes . - - . CLIMATE : Extremes of cold. Beneficial effects of snow and ice. Temperature of Prairie and Forest regions. The Honourable David A. Wells on the climate of Canada AREA AND POPULATION : Provinces and TciTitories. Religious Creeds - - \ Increase of population from 1784 to 1871 • -J CONSTITUTION : British North Ainerica Act, 1867. Executive Govern- ment. Privy Council. Parliament. Senate. House of Commons. Naturalization Laws. Electoral Quali- fications. Dominion Military - - - . ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNMENT - PROVINCIAL CONSTITUTIONS : Parliaments and Administrations. Debts. Annual Subsidies. Public Lands. Legislative Powers DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE : Currency, Banking restrictions. Issue of Notes Banking capital. Insurance Companies ... Permanent Building Societies .... Revenue. Expenditure and Public Debt DEPARTMENT OF CUSTOMS : Commerce. Imports and Exports ... DEPARTMENT OF TOSTMASTER GENERAL : Postal system. Money Orders. Postal Cards. Savings Banks ..-...- DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS - - - Canals. ExjDcnditure on, before and since Confederation Hon. Wm. Thurston on Canadian Canals Western trade ...... Improvement of Navigation between Montreal and Quebec ----..- Railways. Progress of Construction. Miles in opera- tion. Canada and other countries ... Capital investpd in Canadian Railways. Government and Municipal loans and bonuses ... Canadian Pacific Railway and Telegraph Telegraph Companies . - - - . Page 7-11 7 13 13 13 13-15 15-18 18 19 19-21 21-23 23-25 27-29 29,30 30 30-32 32-36 36,37 37-51 37 40 42-44 44,45 45-47 47-49 49-51 51 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR : Dominion Lands, Indians. Geological Survey - 51-68 DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES : Dominion Marino. Merchant Bervice. Merchant ship- ping of the world in 1876. - - - - 59, 60 Lighthouses. Fisheries - - - - - 60, 61 Fish protection and culture - - - - 62, 63 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE : Exports of agricultural produce - » - - 63, 64 DEPARTMENT OF MILITIA : Active and Reserve forces .... 64, 65 EDUCATION ....... 65 Provincial systems. Expenditure. Number of schools, colleges, pui)ilH, and teachers . - - . 65-70 MUNICIPALITIES 71,72 LUMBER TRADE 72 MANUFACTURES 72,73 APPENDICES. A. The Lake and St. Lawrence River route - - - 75-77 B. Comparative ])ractical results from large and small vessels navigating the Lakes ..... 77-80 C. Terminal charges at the seaboard ports of export - 80, 81 D. Improvement of the navigation of the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Quebec . - . . 81-83 E. The Harbour of Montreal ..... 83-85 F. Statement showing mileage of Railways in operation ; capital. Total cost of road and rolling stock. Go- vernment and Municipal aid, floating debt, &c. - 86-89 6. Statement of mileage of Canadian railways under con. struction, with details of Government and Municipal aid, &c., from ofiBcial returns - . - . 89-91 K. Statement of Railways owned by various Coal Mining Companies --.... 92 I. Petroleum - - - - - - - 93 K. Sources of Supply of Breadstuff's for Great Britain - 94 L. Table of Imports of Canadian Barley into the United States .......95 Page - 51-58 )• 59, CO 60, 61 62,63 63,64 - 64,65 65 1 65-70 - 71,72 72 - 72,73 la :e 76-77 77-80 80,81 81-83 83-85 86-89 89-91 92 93 94 95 FiklSLI 3^ Universal Exhibition 18/ a. ""^ -'«U.,u„ £i„„,^ 1 1 ^A-- ^ l!, m^ /Ah Ik- ■ %^w\ HANDBOOK and OFFICIAL CATALOGUE mm INTRODXJCTION. Canada does not exhibit at Paris in the Machinery Gallery, having had no space allotted to her there. On account of the distance and the intervening ocean, she does not send her horses, cattle, sheep, or swine for competition with those of Europe; and for the same reason she sends no perishable articles, no dairy products, fruits, or vegetables. It may on this account be permitted, in order to supplement her exhibit of 1878, to refer to what she did at Philadelphia in 187G. At the Centennial, Canada occupied a space of 24,118 ft. in the Main Building, 10,387 ft in the Agricultural Hall, 5,000 ft. in the Machinery Hall, 5,000 ft. in the Pomological Hall, 3,000 ft. in the Dairy Hall, 1,015 ft. in the Carriage Annexe, a complete room in the Memorial (or Fine Arts) Hall, besides a section in the Women's Pavilion. Colonel Sandford, the British Executive Commissioner, in his official report, states that Canada made at Phila- delphia " a display of fine arts, raw produce, manufactures '• in all departments, horses, and cattle which excited the " astonishment of even Canada's immediate neighbours." John Anderson, Esq., LL.D., in his Keport on Machine Tools, &c., says : — " Great Britain and Canada occupied the best position in the Machinery Hall. If we were to take the Canadian exhibition in connexion with the British, and consider them as one, in the same manner as was done in the united German Empire, then, indeed, the extent was greater than all the rest of the world, exclusive of the United States. England had seven distinct exhibitors of machine tools, 8 INTBODUOnON. four of the number having but one machine. This paucity of tools from the nation which has hitherto taken the lead, both in devising and making, is a painful circumstance to mention, but the truth must be told. Fortunately Canada made a good display in tools, which to some extent veiled over the shortcomings of the mother country. There were 30 exhibitors of machine tools from Canada, and no other country produced a stronger feeling of surprise by the extent and excellence of tlie general machinery exhibit than did that colony. " The Canadian exhibition, when considered in relation to the number of its pcpulation and to the comparatively short period tliat has elapsed since she gave herself reso- lutely to engineering, was truly noble. Although one of the youngest competing nations in mechanical tools, yet it contained many admirable specimens which would have done honour to any country. " Canada was fortunate at Philadelphia, in having her position assigned at the chief entrance to the Machinery Hall, where the majority of visitors had to pass through the space containing her products. " For some unexplained reason no collection was more freely commented upon or had any apparent fault pointed out so repeatedly as the young competitor, and it may be safely added that no nation has derived more benefit from the practical teaching of that great educator, the Centennial Exhibition, than did that country. Canadian machinery has a character of itn own ; unlike some of the Continental nations, theory has not gone before practice, from the p'rcumstance thai her engineering knowledge and expe- rience, have not reached the foundry and smithy through the technological college, or the classroom, but rather through the tea..hings and promptings of necessity, and from con- tact with the mother country and her immediate neigh- bours. Hence it is that the style is a mixture of English and American, but more of the latter than the former, the machine tools for metal resembling the English, thos e for wood being rather American, h.v, with a consider- able trace of original thinking interspersed throughout al ml ful 01 lis! mI fii Cc^ toJ ral INTRODUCTION. 9 is paucity I the lead, istance to [y Canada ent veiled here were no other e by the [libit than I relation jaratively rself reso- ;h one of 3ls, yet it uld have ving her [achinery through '■as more pointed may be fit from ntennial achinery itinental om the expe- )ugh the through )m con- neigh- Eoglish former, tlios e msider- Jgh out all. Besides, there is a freshness and youthful vigour manife^jted both in design and execution that foretell the future giant." « # * * * " In the finer department of machine tools, Canada came out nobly, and in some measure made up for the brief list from the mother country. One firm in particular, McKechnie and Bertram, of Dundas (Ontario), made a fine exhibit both for metal and wood. Coming from Canada, it took all nations by surprise. The machine tools for metal were mostly after the English style, inclining rather to Leeds than to Manchester. Perhaps their most perfect tool was a large slotting machine of fine proportions, most consistently carried out in all the details, with every part in good keeping with the other, which is a rare virtue, and seldom manifested by those makers who can only imitate." John Coleman, Esq., in his report on Agricultural Machinery, says : — With few exceptions the Exhibition of Agricultural Machinery was confined to the United States and Canadii, The Canadians exhibited a number of ploughs, some of excellent design, made very much after the Englisli model, only stronger in the mould board. The Canadian reaping machines, principally formed on American models, were both numerous and highly creditable, espe- cially with the exhibits of L. D. Sawyer and Co., of Hamilton, Ontario, which the judges considered of high merit. Reaping and mowing machines have reached a high state of perfection in the States, and it is satisfactory to find that Canada is not behind. Canada, following the English patents, takes a decided lead in chaff"-cutting machinery ; some excellent machines both for chafl-cutting, pulping and slicing, were shown by John Watson, of Ayr, Ontario, which, both for size and useful variety, are most creditable. David Maxwell, of Paris, Ontario, was also a successful exhibitor ; nor must I omit to mention a very effective hand-cutter, without wheel or gearing, of Mr. A. Anderson, London, Ontario, which commanded an extensive sale. 10 INTRODUCTION. l.i In the above report I have endeavoured to describe some of the more important exhibits, which in the American and Canadian sections were particularly admirable. In the report on cattle by Thos. Duckham, Esq. — after showing the entries of all kinds to have been in the following proportions, United States, 475 ; Canada, 99 ; England, 6 — he goes on to say : " My report would not be complete were I to omit a special notice of the superior excellence of many of the short-horns from the Dominion of Canada, as being of the highest order of merit." Mr. Owen C. Richards, in his report on sheep shows that out of the 62 exhibits from Canada, 25 obtained awards. Mr. G. W. Baker's report on swine shows that out of a total of 27 Canadian exhibits, 23 obtained awards. According to the Canadian Commissioners' Report, out of 68 horses exhibited by Canada at Philadelphia, 52 car- ried off prizes ; of 72 horned cattle, 33 took prizes ; out of 56 sheep, 24 took prizes ; and for 27 grown animals in swine, 29 received prizes, some taking more than one prize. In poultry and pigeons, of which Canada exhibited 300 specimens; out of 133 Canadian exhibits (not including pigeons) 129 received the highest mark of merit. 51 prizes were obtained for Canadian poultry, but each one was for an exhibit comprising more than one bird. In cheese, at the Centennial, out of 100 awards, 49 were given to Canada, 45 to the United States, the remainder to other countries. In manufactures and machinery of all kinds Canadian exhibits took 170 prizes at Philadelphia in 1876. A distinguished American pomologist from Illinois, writing of the fruit exhibition at the Centennial in 1876, says : — " Decidedly the best show, taking into consideration " variety, quality, number and taste, is from Ontario, " Canada." A writer in the New York Graphic of Oc- tober 11th, 1876, says, "Probably the finest show of various " fruits is made by the Fruit Growers' Association of " Ontario, Canada." INTRODUCTION. 11 This exhibit occupied two tables extending the entire length of the hall, which was about 200 feet long, and comprised not less than 1,480 plates of apples, 200 plates of pears, 290 plates of plums, 173 plates of grapes, 26 plates of peaches, 86 plates of crab-apples, and some 20 plates of miscellaneous fruits, nuts, &c. General Hawley, President of the Centennial Commis- sion, on the occasion of a public reception of Canadian Schoolmasters, said, « Canada had done more for the success ■" of the Centennial Exhibition than any eight States " of the American Union, with the exception of New Jer- " sey and Pennsylvania." The [number of Centennial medals taken by Canadian exhibitors was 564 in aiL mm wmmim. 13 CANADA. The Dominion of Canada, w^Mch now extends from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific oceans, a breadth of over 3,000 miles, comprises all that portion of the continent of North America between the United States and the Arctic Ocean, except Alaska ; or the whole of British North America, with the exception of the Island of Newfound- land — which has not yet become a member of the Canadian Confederacy. The continental area of Canada is upwards of 3,000,000 square miles ; in territorial area being only exceeded by the Russian and British empires, China, the United States of America, and possibly Brazil. The wheat zone of Canada exceeds one million of square miles, or over 600,000,000 of acres. Of the total area of the Dominion, upwards of 2,000,000 square miles are agricultural and timbered lands, and of these the wheat zone occupies about one half. The re- mainder has been but partially explored, but is known to contain valuable minerals, fur-bearing animals, and fisheries. The Dominion was constituted in 18G7 by the voluntary confederation of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, all having legislatures and a government responsible to the people. At the same time provision was made for the admission of the other British North American colonies in like position, two of which, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island, have since become members, leaving Newfoundland the sole represen- tative of the old colonial system in British North America. Under the Dominion the vast extent of land claimed by the Hudson's Bay Company has been acquired, and out of a part of it the new province of Manitoba has been organired upon the basis of self-government. For the remainder of this great area, territorial governments, all the members of which are appointed by the Dominion Govern- ment, have been established. GEOGRAPHY. The physical features of Canada embrace an extensive navigable lake and river system, forests of valuable timber, fertile prairies, mountains rich in minerals, and waters abounding in the best descriptions of fish. ^Pf»«?' 14 CAJfADIAN HANDBOOK. The drainage system of the Dominion is eastward to the Atlantic, westward to the Pacific, and northward to the Arctic Ocean and Hudson's Bay. The valley of the St. Lawrence penetrates the continent by a navigable route to a distance of about 2,000 miles from the ocean, giving a coast line of inland navigation for the export of its productions of at least 5,000 miles ; and, notwithstanding this length, it nowhere attains a high elevation, Lake Superior being only COO feet above sea- level. The Pacific slope, with only one third the length, attains three times the height of that of the Atlantic. This great basin of the St. Lawrence covers an area of 400,000 square miles, exclusive of lakes and rivers, wliich, including the gulf, have an area of 130,000 square miles. About 70,000 square miles belong to the United States, leaving 330,000 to Canada, 280,000 of which is upon the north side of the St. Lawrence, embracing not ordy some of the finest agricultural and timbered lands, but also the great northern hill region^ or Laurentian system, the oldest known rock foi-mation of the globe, rich in iron, copper, lead, silver, phosphates, plumbago, mica, barytes, asbestos, &c. Between the two ocean watersheds the Dominion pos- sesses the great northern basin of the Saskatchewan, the elevation of which is so low as to give a milder winter climate as well as a more fertile soil than obtains in regions hundreds of miles to the south of it. I cov ^ foil wes The great lakes, the largest and purest body of fresh water in the world, have an area of 90,000 square miles, a depth of from 100 to 800 feet, with elevations varying from 200 to 600 feet above tide, as follows : — Length. Breadth. Depth. Elevation above Sea. Area in Sq. Miles. Miles. Miles. Feet. Feet. Superior 460 170 800 600 31,500 Michigan 330 90 700 576 22,000 Huron 260 110 700 574 21,000 Erie - 250 60 200 565 9,000 Ontario 180 60 600 235 6,400 The calculated discharge from the upper lakes b}'- the Niagara river is over twenty millions of cubic feet per minute, and as chis does not represent more than half the rainfall upon the drainage area of their basins, it is assumed that the evaporation is equivalent to the volume discharged by the outlets to the sea. "W" 'm^m CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 15 iward to the \rard to the le continent 2,000 miles .vigation for miles; and, ins a high above sca- the length, antic. an area of vers, which, [uare miles. Lited States, 3 upon the i ordy some ut also the , the oldest opper, lead, istos, &LG. ninion pos- ;hewan, the der winter 3 in regions y of fresh ire miles, a rying from )n Area in ja. Sq. Miles. • 31,500 22,000 21,000 9,000 6,400 es b}'- the feet per a half the s assumed Uschargcd The lake system of the prairie region is low in altitude, <( covers an area of over 13,000 square miles, and is as I follows: — I Sq. Miles. Feet. Winnipeg area 8,500 ; above sea, 650 Manitoba ,, 1,900 „ » 670 Winnepegosis - „ 1,936 „ „ 692 Cedar Lake „ 312 „ „ 688 Dauphin Lake „ 170 „ „ 700 The four principal rivers on the eastern, northern, and western watersheds of Canada are — Miles. Sq. Miles. St. Lawrence length, 1,500 ; drainage area, 330,000 Saskatchewan"! ■. >^^ ^taaaa and Nelson J " ^''^^ " " ^^^'^^^ Mackenzie „ 1,200 „ „ 440,000 Frazer „ 450 „ „ 30,000 The western portion of Canada, between the Eocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, is a high and moun- tainous region, some 800 miles in length, parallel with the coast, and 400 miles in breadth. The coast range of mountains, which hugs the sea, is separated from the " Rockies " by a wide elevated plateau, holding mountain and valley, timber and prairie land, with rivers whose sands give gold. CLIMATE. If the climate of a country is to be measured by its productions, then Canada, either in the quality of her timber, grains, fruits, plants, and animals, not excepting man, must be accorded a front rank. Her extremes of cold, though of short duration, and her invaluable winter covering of snow, have given her an Arctic reputation — acquired in the past when the fur trade was her only export, and when the savage was " lord of the soil." Furs are suggestive of cold and snow, and these have obliterated from memory the heat of the Canadian summer, whereby the range of production is extended, in grains, from barley to maize, in fruits, from apples to peaches, grapes, melons, nectarines, and apricots ; in vege- tables, from turnips, carrots, and cabbages, to the egQ plant and tomatoes. Snow and ice, however objectionable they may be in other countries, are no drawback to the Canadian winter. 16 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. To Canada they mean not only protection to her cultivated acres, almost as valuable as a covering of manure, but the conversion of whole areas, during several months in the year, to a surface upon which every man may make his own road, equal to a turnpike, in any direction, over swamp or field, lake or river, and on which millions of tons are annually transported at the minimum cost,— whereby em- ployment is afforded for man and horse when cultivation is arrested by frost. Intensity of winter cold has little effect upon the agri- culture of a country except the beneficial one of pulverising the soil where exposed. High spring and summer tempera- tures, with abundance of rain, secure the certain ripening of maize and the melon in Canada. On the other hand (for the continent of America), on the lines of latitude where frost and snow cease, malignant fevers commence, and in the tropical zones the trees become dwarfed by a rank growth of vegetation. In a country so extensive as Canada there is a great difference in climate on the same lines of latitude, which is due rather to longitude than to elevation above the sea. Like Europe, the western coast is the warmest, and for the same reason, — warm winds and waters from the adjacent ocean. The difference between the mean annual temperature of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada for the same latitude is stated to be 25 per cent., and thus wheat is raised with profit in lat. CO N., long. 122° 31' W. In lat. 48° Sr N., long. 93° 28' W., wheat is sown in May and reaped the latter end of August, after an interval of 120 days. The great prairie region of Canada has a mean summer temperature of 60°, with abundance of rain ; the winters cold and dry ; climate and soil similar to that part of Russia where large cities are found. This region is free from pulmonary complaints and fevers of every type. In lat. 51° 30' N. (Touchwood Hills) cattle remain in the open air all winter, finding pasturage under the snow. Locally, the climate of interior Canada is very much influenced by the vast extent of her lake system. Thus the water at the surface of Lake Superior is usually the same as the mean temperature, 40° to 42° Fahrenheit, but at GO feet below the surface the temperature is in- variably 38°. While the deep and therefore cold waters of Lake Superior cool the surrounding heights, the shallow waters of the Winnipeg Basin become warm in summer, and verj- " c " c "g " c " ]i " i] " t mm^m^ CANADIAN nANDBOOK. 17 r cultivated ire, but the itlis in the Y make his )ver swamp of tons are hereby em- iltivation is )n the agri- pulverising er tempera- ,in ripening :ica), on the malignant the trees ion. In a t difference ich is due sea. Like 3r the same icent ocean. )erature of the same s wheat is W. In lat. May and nterval of an summer he winters t of Russia free from min in the snow, ^eiy much 3m. Thus isually the mheit, but ire is in- of Lake ow waters , 8.11(3 very sensibly influence tlie temperature of the low level prairies adjacent thereto. The forest regions of Canada temper the northern winds and with their extensive lake reservoirs regulate the discharge of the numerous streams, preventing those destructive freshets which prove so disastrous in many countries. The great lakes never freeze, but the numerous and shallow ones of the prairie and woodland regions are made highways by the ice in winter, the freezing and thawing of which act as a brake upon the temperature, preventing, by the alternate setting free and absorption of heat, early frosts in autumn and the too rapid development of vegeta- tion in the spring. The severity of the winter climate, as well as the short summers of the Atlantic coast, north of the St. Lawrence are little felt in a district which is a mineral and timber region rather than an agricultural one ; both are more than compensated for by the great wealth of the fisheries, which is due to the cause that produces this exceptional local temperature, viz., the Arctic current, which, loaded with fish food, hugs the coast, and thus makes it the summer resort of an inexhaustible supply of the best commercial fish in the world. Even the elsewhere useless or injurious ice, is here the raft upon which millions of seal, valuable both for their skins and oil, are brought within easy reach of the hunter. A distinguished United States writer, the Hon. David A. Wells, thus vindicates the climate of one pf.rt of Canada in the " North American Review" for Sept. irf77 : — " N'^rth of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the river " St. Lawrence, east of Lake Huron, south of the " 45th parallel, and included mainly within the present " Dominion province of Ontario, there is as fair a country " as exists on the North American continent, nearly as " large in area as New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio " combined, and equal if not superior to these states in its " agricultural capacity. It is the natural habitat on this " continent of the combing wool sheep, without a full, " cheap, and reliable supply of the wool of which species the " great worsted manufacturing interest of the country " cannot prosper, or we should rather say exist. It is the " land where grows the finest barley, which the brewing " interest of the United States must have if it ever expects " to rival Great Britain in its present annual export of " over ,$11,000,000 of malt products. It raises and grazes H 141. B 18 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. " the finest of cattlo, with qualities especially desirable to ** make good the deterioration of stock in other sections, " and its climatic conditions, created by an almost encircle- '* ment of the great lakes, specially fit it to grow men. " Such a country is one of the greatest gifts of Provi- " dence to the human race better than bonanzas of silver " or rivers whose sands contain gold." AREA AND POPULATION. The last census, taken April 3rd, 1871, stated the total population of the Dominion to amount to 3,G02,59G. This IS exclusive of Indians, who then numbered 102,358, and is divided as follows : — Table showing the Area and Population (exclusive of Indians) of what now constitutes the Dominion of Canada, viz. : the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, Manitoba, the North-west Terri- tories, and British Columbia. Provinces. Area in Square Miles. Populiition in 1871 (tho date of the last Census). Ontario .... Quebec - _ . _ Nova Scotia - - - - New Brunswick . _ . Prince Edward's Island Manitoba - . - - North-west Territories British Columbia - - - 107,780 193,355 21,731 27,322 2,173 14,340 2,750,000 220,000 1,620,851 1,191,516 387,800 285,594 94,021 12,228 10,586 3,338,701 3,602,596 It is estimated that the total population in 1878 is, in round numbers, 4,000,000. The population of the four provinces forming the Do- minion at the census of 1871 consisted, to the extent of more than four-fifths, of natives of British North America. These numbered 2,900,531, of whom 1,138,794 were natives of Ontario, 1,147,664 of Quebec, 360,832 of Nova Scotia, 245,068 of New Brunswick, 405 of Manitoba and British Columbia, and 7,768 natives of Prince Edward's Island and Newfoundland. Of alien born inhabitants the most numerous at the census of 1871 were 219,451 natives of Ireland, 144,999 of England and Wales, 121,074 of Scotland, 64,447 natives of the United States, and 24,162 natives of Germany, I CANADIAN IIANDHOOK. 19 iesirable to 31* sections, at cncircle- ' nion. of Provi- 18 of silver d the total 596. This 358, and is of Indians) da, viz. : the Brunswick, -west Terri- l)uliition in 1871 tho date of tho lost Census). 1,020,851 1,191,516 387,800 285,594 94,021 12,228 ' 10,586 3,602,590 1878 is, in Ing the Do- extent of h America, 'ere natives |ova Scotia, md British Ird's Island the most natives of )f Scotland, natives of Tho number of members of each religious creed in the Dominion was as follows at the census of April 3rd 1871 :— Roman Catholics Presbyterians - - - Anglicans _ - _ Wesleyans and other Methodists Baptists - . _ Lutherans _ . - Congregationnlists Miscellaneous creeds Of " no religion " - - No creed stated - - - Total 1,492,029 544,998 <94,049 567,091 239.343 37,935 21,829 65,857 5.575 17,055 3,483,761 Table showing tho Increase in the Population of the Dominion from 1784 to 1871, the date of the last Census. I B I17&1 1806 18U4 184 1 1851 1861 1871 lo.ono 70,718 321,14.5 556,662 !)32,004 1,396,091 1,620,851 I tfi i. 4) jS ll.S,012 250,000 570.000 697,084 950.000 1,111,666 1,101,510 30,000 64,000 190,000 223,000 276,854 330,857 887,800 35,000 119,157 160,000 193,800 252,0 17 285,59t c» »1 ^ a; 9 "?- i 1'^ ^^■1" s i'£ -sl fS3 1 1^ ^ s 'A n sew a, S By terms of Union. Prince Edward's Island - 6 J The Governor-General has power to dissolve the House before the five years term has expired. The census, on which representation is based, is taken every 10 years, the last being taken in 1871. Bills for appropriating any part of the public revenue, or imposing any tax or impost must originate in the House of Commons, but no such bill can be introduced except recom- mended by the message of the Governor-General. The privileges and immunities of the House of Commons are regulated by themselves, but must not exceed those enjoyed by the Imperial House of Commons Sittings are yearly and there is a new Parliament every five years. The voting for the election of members is by ballot. The Naturalization Laws are as follows: — 1. Alien women married to British subjects become ipso facto naturalized British subjects. 2. Aliens after three years' residence bringing certificates of good character, on taking the oath of residence and allegiance before a judge, commissioner, or magistrate, and causing the same to be registered in a Court of Record, can 111 CANADIAN IIANDHOOK. 81 ing of the I a Lower for life by rn Quebec, jk, 2 from 3 in Prince 's of age, a )roperty in if ;i{4,000. number of )ointment3 not to be number is lers, elected )ulation for entative to ilation. on. the House d, is taken revenue, or LC House of 3cpt recoin- Commons ceed those Sittings tive years. )allot. ecome ^jxso certificates idence and strate, and Jlecord, can have a cortificatc of natunilization given them and enjoy all privileges of British .subjcets. The fpialiticatioiis for voters in the diflerent provinces are as follows (Indians excepted) ; — III Ontario and Quebec. — The voter must be a male subject. In cities and towns the owner, occupier, or tenant of real property of an assessed value of /5^30(), or of the yearly value of $*M ; and, in country districts, of the assessed value of lf^'20(), or yearly value Df ;f.'20. In New Brunswick. — Possession of real estate to the value of ,1^100; or personal estate to the value of ^400 ; or ;{<40 annual income. In Nova Scotia. — Heal estate of the value of ^150, personal estate of the value of ^400. In Manitoba. — Any male British subject after three months' residence in his electoial district and being the owner of real estate to the value of ,(i{10(), or yearly tenant of premises of the value of ;f^2()(), or paying ;$20 rent. In British Columbia. — Any British subject after 1 2 months' lesidence in his electoral district. In Prince Edward's Island. — Owner of either freehold or leaseliold property, or both, to the value of |lf(400, and after 12 months' residence in his electoral district. There is no State Church. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNMENT. The business of the country is transacted by the members of the Cabinet, each of whom presides over a Department. These Departments are as follows : — (1.) The Governor-General's Office. (2.) The Privy Council Office, with charge of State papers and records of Council. (3.) The Department of the Minister of Justice and Attorney-General, or Crown Law Office, including the management of penitentiaries. (4.) The Dei)artmcnt of the Minister of Public Works, over Dominion canals, railways, and public buildings. (5.) The Department of the Minister of the Interior, including — rt. Management of Indians. b. Dominion lands. c. Geological Survey. 22 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. (6.) The Department of the Secretary of State, includ- ing— a. Official correspondence with the Governor-General's Office and the LieuteTiant-Governcrs of the Provinces. 6. The printing and publishing of the Official Canada Gazette. c. The registration of all public legal documents. d. The Government Stationery and Queen's Printer's Office. e. The mounted police. (7.) The Department of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries : including, construction and maintenance of lighthouses ; river police ; revenue coast guard ; quaran- tine ; protection of fisheries ; and fish culture. (8.) The Department of the Minister of Militia and Defence : including, militia ; fortification ; and military schools. (9.) The Department of the Minister of Finance : includ- ing, treasury board ; Government savings bank; and audit. (10.) The Department of the Minister of Customs. (11.) The Department of the Minister of Inland Kevenue: including, collection of the excise; canal and "timber slide " tolls , ferry dues and fees for timber cutting (Do- minion lands) ; and the carrying out of the Acts relating to the inspection of food, gas, weights and measures, &c. (12.) The Department of the Postmaster- General, in- cluding Post Office Savings Banks. (13.) The Department of Agriculture and Arts : includ- ing, the Patent Office ; Census and Statistical Office ; as also immigration. By the Act of Union tlie Dominion Government has control of all matters which by that Act are not specially delegated to the Provinces. It has power generally to make laws for the peace and good government of the whole Dominion, as also to regulate — 1. Public debt and property. 2. Trade and commerce. 3. Indirect taxation. 4. Borrowing on the public credit. 5. The postal service. 6. The census and statistics. 7. Militia and defence. 8. Salaries of civil and other officers. 9. Lighthouse service. 10. Navigation and shipping. 11. Quarantine. ipppppip CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 23 te, includ- f-General's inces. ial Canada ts. 3 Printer's [arine and ienance of [ ; quaran- (lilitia and ,d military ce: includ- and audit, cms. d Revenue : id " timber itting (Do- pts relating ires, &c. reneral, in- s : includ- ce; as also nment has ot specially 3nerally to the whole I 12. Fisheries. 13. Currency and banking. 14. Legal tender and coinage. 15. Weights and measures. 16. Bankruptcy and insolvency. 17. Invention and discovery. 18. Naturalization. 19. Marriage and divorce. 20. Penitentiaries. 21. Criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction but including procedure in criminal matters. 22. Ferries, railways, canals, or telegraphs between two provinces or a province and any foreign country, or any work not entirely within the limit of one province. It may also declare hy Act of Parliament that any such works, although entirely in one province, are for the public general good, and so to be controlled by the Dominion. PROVINCIAL CONSTITUTIONS. The Government of Canada appoints] a Lieutenant- Governor for each of the provinces, whose sabry is paid by the Dominion. Each province has its own elective parliament and administration, with full power to regulate its own local affairs as set forth by the Confederation Act ; to dispose of its revenues and enact such laws as it may deem best for its own internal welfare, provided only that such laws do not interfere with and are not adverse to the legislation of the Federal Government. The Dominion Government assumed all the debts of the : provinces existing at. the time of confederation, agreeing at i the same time to pay the provinces an annual subsidy in [lieu of the customs revenues (or the right of indirect taxa- tion) surrendered bj' them to the Dominion. The debts assumed are for — Ontario and Quebec (the old pro- vince of Canada) Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia Prince Edward's Island - 73,000,088 10,741,035 8,176,080 551,447 1,916,284 c. 84 00 00 00 00 4,701,050 00 Total - ^99,092,584 84 24 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The subsidy is based upon an annual grant equal to 80 cents per head of the population of the four provinces originally forming the Dominion as ascertained by the census of 18G1, except in the case of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where it is to be based upon the census of each succeeding decennial until the total population of each should amount to 400,000. The subsidies payable contain other items beyond the 80 cents, per head of the population. Tlius — $ c. $ c. Ontario, 80 c. on population of 1861 ... - 1,116,872 80 Allowance for government - 80,000 00 1,196,872 80 Quebec, 80 c. on population of 1861 - - - - 889,252 80 Allowance for government - 70,000 00 Nova Scotia, 80 c. on population of 18/1 - - - - 310,240 00 Allowance for government - 60,000 00 New Brunswick, 80 c. on population of 1871 - - - - 228,475 20 Allowance for government - 50,000 00 Do. for export duty - 150,000 00 British Columbia, 80 c. on esti- mated population of 60,000 - 48^000 00 Allowance for government - 36,000 00 Do. for land - - 100,000 00 Prince Edward's Island, 80 c. on population of 1871 - - 75,216 80 Allowance for government - 30,000 00 Do for land - - 45,000 00 Manitoba, 80 c. on estimated popu- lation of 17,000 - - 13,600 00 Allowance for government - 30,000 00 959,252 80 370,240 00 428,475 20 183,000 00 150,214 80 43,600 00 Besides these sums, which may be considered tlie sub- sidies proper, each province was authorised to enter con- federation with a definite debt, \v^hich, in the year 1873, was further increased ; and for any amount by which the debt fell short of the amount authorised, interest was to be paid to them with the semi-annual subsidy. All the provinces, except Ontario and Quebec, liad such an unusel balance of the authorised debt, so that the sums actually paid as subsidy were, in ] 87G-7, to Nova Scotia ;$520,44'i 40, to New Brunswick ;f(ol 1,320 21. Manitoba is peculiarly situated. It also was allowed a debt which it might increase, and, as it had none, it drew CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 25 t equal to ' provinces the census and New sus of each n of each ^0 cents, per c. )6,872 80 39,252 80 "0,2-10 00 28,4/5 20 B.3,000 00 50,214 80 43,600 00 3(1 the sub- ™ enter con- year 1873, ' which the rest was to y. All the an unuse 1 ctually paid 520,444 40, 8 allowed a ne, it drew the interest of this with its subsidy, making in the first year a total of about ^67,000; but as its expenditure increased it drew against the authorised debt till it reduced the annual receipts so much as not to be able to meet its expenditure. Under these circumstances it was ordered that, pending increase of subsidy, which would take place ir 1881, and the question of what allowance was to be made to it for lands, the annual payment should not fall short of ^90,000. The total amount paid is always ^90,000. The provinces have retained possession of the lands belonging to them before confederation. They also appoint all the officers required for the administration of justice with the single exception of the judges. They regulate — 1. Education. 2. Asylums, hospitals, charities, and elemosynary institu- tions. 3. Common gaols, prisons, and reformatories. 4. Municipal institutions. 5. Shop, tavern, and other licenses. 6. Local works. 7. Marriage. 8. Property and civil rights. 9. Administration of justice so for as the constitution, maintenance, and organization of provincial courts of both civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the a.ppointment of magistrates or justices of the peace are concerned. Emigration and immigration are subjects of both federal and local legislation, but local laws on this subject must not conflict with federal enactments. The general principles of the Canadian Constitutions are, representative governments by ministers responsible to the people, a Federal Government having charge of the public general good, and Provincial Governments attending to merely local and ])rovincial interests. The provinces have not, like the states of the American Union, any power to organize and maintain a provincial military force. Nor have they final legislation, the Dominion Govern- ment possessing the power to veto any act which is ultra vires. 26 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. The Minister of Justice is the chief Crown Law Adviser, and advises the Governor-General in the exercise of the prerogative of mercy. The Supreme and Exchequer Court of Canada, presided over by a chief justice and five puisne judges, five of whom constitute a quorum, is the only one exclusively maintained by the Federal Government. This court has an appellate civil and criminal jurisdiction within and throughout the Dominion, it has also original jurisdiction in exchequer matters, in disputes between provinces, and power to decide on the constitutionality of acts of Provincial Parliaments, if called in question. The province of Ontario has the only Court of Maritime and Admiralty Jurisdiction over all Ontario waters, and this court exercises the same jurisdiction as the Imperial Admiralty Court would have if it were extended to these waters. The Admiralty Courts in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick are Imperial ones. The judges of all the courts except the Probate Courts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are appointed and paid by the Dominion Government, being chosen from among the members of the bar of their respective provinces. By the Confederation Act, the constitution of the courts (except as to apjiointment and payment of judges, as above mentioned) is left to the Provincial Parliaments, and there- fore differs to some extent in each. But whatever the machinery by which justice is ad- ministered, as regards civil matters it is suited to the provincial requirements, and as regards criminal matters it is luiiform throughout the Dominion, criminal enactments being exclusively within the control of the Federal Govern- ment. In civil courts the procedure is neither cumbersome nor expensive. In criminal matters it is expeditious. In certain cases, by the Speedy Trials Act, a prisoner has the option of being dealt with by the judge in a summary way or of waiting his trial by jury at the next general assizes. Prisoners sentenced to less than 18 months imprisonment are confined in the common gaol of the district ; for over 18 months and less than two years in the central prison of the province. These gaols and common prisons arc under control of the provincial authorities, and as a rule are well built and ■•IHP^P^>"W^wp Wi^H!"!^q CANADIAN HANDBOOK. «K Adviser, ie of the , presided of whom aintained appellate ;hout the jxchequer to decide ■liaments, Maritime ters, and Imperial L to these a Scotia, te Courts and paid 11 among iS. lie com'ts as above id there- is ad- to the latters it actments Govern- isome nor tin cases, of being waiting sonment for over Drison of 3I of the lilt and managed, and are regularly inspected. An attempt is made in the central prisons to teach a useful trade to the prisoners. Convicts sentenced to a longer term than two years are confined in the penitentiaries, of which there is one in every province, under control of the Minister of Justice of the Dominion. An inspector visits them at least twice a year. The wardens in charge send full monthly returns to the in- s])ector. The staff of officers includes warden, deputy warden, matron, chief keeper, surgeon, two chaplains, accountant, storekeeper, and requisite subordinates, as also a staff of trade instructors. The cost of maintenance averages ,$200,000, of which nearly half is reimbursed, either, directly, by earnings, or, indirectly, by labour performed for the institution. The penitentiary system is as similar to the Crofton or Irish system as the exigency of the country will permit, the object being reformatory rather than deterrent. An elementary instruction is given to all convicts who require it, and a useful trade is taught to most of them. By good conduct a convict can earn a remission of one sixth of his term. On discharge a suit of clothing, small gratuity, and travelling expenses to their homes are given them. DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. Currency. The cun'enoy of Canada is decimal. The dollar beiiis: tlie standard. The coins are : 1 cent or •01 of a dollar 2 cents •02 5 j> •05 10 » •10 25 j> •25 50 i« ■50 The coinage is silver, but gold is the legal tender. The American gold coinage, being of equal A'ulue, is used. The banks are under restrictions permitted to issue paper notes f>f not less denomination than ^4. The usual notes are ^4, f^b, ^10, ^100, ^500, and ^1,000, denominations. The Dominion Government also issue notes, but of no greater denomination than $i. The usual notes are of ^2, and f^X, 28 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The banking restrictions are mainly determined by the Act of 1870, 33 Vict. cap. 11, and are as follows : — No Bank shall issue notes or commence business until ^200,000 of its capital are bona fide paid up, and until the Treasury Board has certified to that effect ; at least 20% of its subscribed capital shall be paid up each year after commencing business. The amount of notes intended for circulation issued by the bank and outstanding at any time shall never exceed the amount of its unimpaired paid-up capital. The bank shall receive its own notes at par in pay ■ ment at any of its offices, but shall not be bound to redeem them in specie or Dominion notes at any other place than where they are made payable. One of the places at which notes are payable shall be its chief place of business. The bank shall always hold, if practicable, one half of its cash reserves in Dominion notes and never less than one third. No loans to be made on security of its own stock. Pro- vision is also made for a system of returns to Government which are published officially each year. The issue of Dominion notes is generally thus controlled : Issue to amount of ^'5,000,000 authorised on security of debentures of Dominion and specie (debentures on specie to equal in value ,$5,000,000, of which not more than 80 per cent, to be debentures). Provision is made for increase of issue to ,$9,000,000, on like security. Increase not to be more than ,$1,000,000 at a time and not nearer than three months. The issue of Jff9,000,000 is not authorised unless the Keceiver-General holds specie to the amount of ;^2,000,000. As a rule the Receiver-General has held 2oo/o of the total issue in specie. The increase of banking capital in the Dominion in 1 years has been over 100 per cent., whilst the increase in the amount of deposits or realised ready money of the people during the same period has been over 190 per cent., from $24,209,464 to ;f^68,G77,ll7. These deposits do not, however, by any means represent the whole saving of the people: considerably over ,$14,000,000 are deposited in Government Post Office and other savings banks and building societies, whilst the bulk of savings in Canada is generally invested in real estate. Not only the banks and banking matters, but building societies and all institutions of like nature, are under the control of the Dominion Government. "Ill '•, l» i CANAr>T.VN HANDBOOK. 29 lecl by tlie ■ness until until the least 200/0 year after bended for b any time sd paid-up )ar in pay to redeem )lace tlian s at which less. The Df its cash one third. )ck. Pro- )vernment ontrolled : ecurity of on specie e than 80 ir increase se not to arer than nless the 2,000,000. the total lion in 10 icrease in y of the per cent., represent 4,000,000 savings savings . building inder the Table showing the Banking Capital, Discounts, and Deposits since Confederation in 1867 up to 30th June 1877. Yenrs. Paid up BankiiiK Capital. Discounts. Doposits in Cliartcred Banks. Deposits in Government Sftvin^s Banks. Deposits in Post Olllce Snvins^s Bank. 1867 29,467,773 48,158,431 28,707,327 1,422,047 1868 30,289,048 50,500,315 32,808,103 1,481,537 204,589 1869 30,981,075 53,572,307 38,823,333 1,595,301 856,814 1870 34,339,997 67,107,165 54,074,760 1,823,104 1,543,970 1871 37,915,.390 88,164,316 57,787,922 2,062,480 2,452,965 1872 45,634,719 108.402,979 64,994,605 2,154,234 3,033,353 1873 55,102,959 120,977,754 68,677,117 2,958,170 3,163,320 1874 60,443,445 129,799,008 78,790,367 4,005,295 3,204,965 1875 65,498,433 134,082,692 75,339,346 4,24.5,091 2,926,090 1876 67,199,151 125,008,108 74,624,041 4,305,065 2,740,952 1877 73,766,666 120,155,535 62,029,607 4,652,139 2,639,937 Fire Insurance Comitanies licensed in Canada in 187G. Thirteen Canadian, 13 British, and three American companies. The amount of during ^ ot 401,148,747 404,608,180 3,708,006 3,063,917 2,867,295 risks taken the year in Canada was - The amount at risk at the end year _ _ _ Total amount of premiums received Net amount of losses incurred durins: the year Total amount of losses paid Of the 13 Canadian companies 12 are stock companies, with a total subscribed capital of ,$16,035,470 and a total paid-up capital of ^2,781,088. JVluch of the fire inburance is done by provincial and local companies, which are not licensed by the Dominion Government, and do not make returns to the Department of Insurance. Life Insurance Companies licensed in Canada in 1876. Seven Canadian, 17 British, and 13 American companies. The premiums for 1876 were - - 2,803,3 1 Amount at risk - - - 85,009,264 Amount of policies become claims - 966,156 Claims paid - - - - 881,498 Of the seven Canadian companies six were stock com- panies, with a total subscribed capital of #5,578,000 and a paid up capital of ;^59 1,949. 30 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The number of life policies existing is estimated at 48,504, with an average amount of policy ;^1,737. This would probably represent about 45,000 lives insured, or 11 per 1,000 of the population. The annual death rate among insured lives is about 8 per 1 ,000. There were also licensed five resident insurance com- panies, two guarantee companies, and one plate glass insurance company, Inland Marine Insurance Companies licensed in Canada in 1876. Eight Canadian and two American companies. The net premiums received for inland $ marine insurance were - - 257,197 Gross amount of policies taken - 20,134,176 Net amount of losses paid - - 202,073 Ocean Insurance in Canada. Seven of the above companies likewise did ocean marine insurance, but the greater part of this business is done by foreign companies. There are one or two local companies, but as no license is required for doing this class of business no returns are made to Government in connexion with it. Permanent Building Societies. A large business is done by permanent building societies, which are a favourite form of investment. Of these there are, according to a statement of their affairs for 1876, 40, having capitals varying from ;^50,000 to ^^2,000,000, with a total capital stock of ,$11,695,772, and a total sub- scribed stock of ^^19,223,799, and paying yearly dividends of from 6 to 1 2 per cent. Revenue, Expenditure, and Public Debt. Revenue Consolidated Fund, year ending June 1876 : — B Customs - - - 12,823,838 Excise - - - - 5,563,487 Post office, including ocean postage - - - 1,102,540 Public works, including railways 1,479,232 Bill stamps - - - 227,090 Interest on investments - 798,906 Casual receipts - - 119,766 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 31 nated at t7. This ed, or 11 te among ) Miscellaneous, including Ord- nance lands, premiums, ton- nage dues, culler's fees, peni- tentiaries, &c. 472,628 nee com- ite glass Total revenue Consolidated fund } Expenditure. ((22,587,587 6,400,902 Canada Interest on public debt - Sinking fund - - - 822,953 Charges of management 189,596 Subsidies to provinces - 3,690,355 Public works - - - 1,948,941 ,197 Militia and defence 978,530 ,176 Civil government 841,995 ,073 Legislation - - - 627,230 Administration of justice 544,091 Penitentiaries .. - - 312,015 n marine Immigration and quarantine 385,845 done by mpanies, Mounted police, N.W. territories 369,518 Dominion forces, Manitoba 81,916 Ocean and river steam service - 546,549 with it Light houses and coast services - 545,848 Tf J.\J1.X XUi Fisheries _ - - 108,183 Indian grants - - - 276,325 Dominion lauds 212,841 societies. Boundary survey. United States 1.34,105 ise there Pensions _ _ - 110,201 or 187G, Superannuations 101,627 000,000, Extraordinary and miscellaneous otal sub- expenses, organization of N.W. ividends territories, military stores, geo- logical survey, statistics, hos- S7C:- pitals, &;c., &c. Total expenditure - ^ 5,258,826 ^24,488,372 Public Debt. Contracted chiefly on account of Public Works, the in- terest on which forms the largest branch of expenditure. Upon 1st July 1877, it was as follows: — Funded Debt. Hepayahle in London : Amount bearing 4 per cent, in- $ terest - - - 47,693,333 32 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Amount bearing 5 per cent, in- f^ terest - 33,829,399 Amount bearing G per cent. in- terest - .30,010,846 Repayable in Canada: Amount bearing 4 per cent. in- terest - 5,783,511 Amount bearing 5 per cent. in- terest - 3,302,994 Amount bearing 6 per cent. in- terest - 6,538,989 Notes (Canada) - 11,533,891 „ (Nova Scotia) - ■i 43,228 Sundry small amounts -^ 18,535 Total funded debt (139,354,726 Ltht and Interest per Capita of Population. (From Year Book for 1878.) Net debt per capita Gross debt per capita Total interest per capita 3111 40-30 110 Receipts per Capita of Population. Consolidated revenue, fiscal year 1 877, per capita - - - 5-62 Estimated tax receipts, fiscal year 1878, per capita - - - 4-79 Estimated expenditure, 1877-8, de- ducting cash investments, per capita - - - - 5*78 Estimated gross revenue for same year, per capita - - - 5-79 DEPARTMENT OF CUSTOMS. Commerce. The following tables show which articles Canada buys and the revenue derived therefrom, what she sells, and the extent of her export and import trade with other countries. 11 ■30 ■10 7» ■70 nada buys sells, and vith other W^ imm m IB^H ■^^^H ■ CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 88 Imports and Exports of Canada. Statement of Goodm entered for CoNHi;MrTioN in the Dominion of Canada (oxchisivc of British Cohimbiu) for fiscal year ending June 30, 1877. i 1 Articles. Vahio January to June 1870. Value July to December 1870. Value Jaiumry to June ,30th 1877. Total for tlscal year. ► Goods paying apeoijlc dutiea. Spirits of all kinds Wines „ ... Tea „ ... Coal, oil, n«i(i products ClRars. to Februar.v 28. 1877 - Malt liquors, from February 21. 1877 liutter.chccsc, lard, and tiillow.nieats, &c. Total Goods paying sptcijle and ad valorem duhcs. Malt liquors to 20th Fcl)ruary 1877 - (."it?ars, from lat March 1877 Suitnr of all kinds Tobacco .... Total Goods paying 25 per cent, ad valorem. Molasses .... rerfumery, patent medicines, &c. - Total Goods paying 17i per cent ad valorem. Cottons, silks, and woollens - Dried fruit and nuts - Jewellery, watches, plaited ware, &c. Hardware, manufactures of brass, &c. - - - - - Fancy goods, wearing apparel, spices, &c. Total Goods paying 10 per cent, ad valorem. Animals of all kinds - liran. hay, seeds, straw, trees, vege- tables. &c. - Machineiy, locomotive engines, frames, &t. ... Total - Goods paying 5 per cent, ad valorem. Books, pamphlets, &c., printed Iron .... Ship materials .... Total Total dutiable goods Total free goods - Grand total 9 087,775 3()0,0.'>0 2,48(1,703 (i(),137 100,021 951, M!7 9 412.342 188.329 1.502.401 00,12(1 97,207 1,007,531 9 808,343 180,102 1.015,207 80,!184 45,070 63.241 015,313 9 810,085 308,431 3,417,701 185,510 143,183 53,241 1,922,841 ■ 4,083,302 3,30.3,939 3.507.050 0,001,605 1 70,710 2,043,588 32.170 (W.875 2,854,299 20,778 • 8,235 51,016 2,-354, 18 1 22,431 73,110 51,015 6,208,783 49,2()» I 2,140,174 375,485 72,587 2,015,052 2,4'!0,10r, 5,.382,117 1 480,802 80,712 570.604 201,018 68,434 350.352 772,810 138.116 020,050 I ■t-kS,072 7.082,173 210,814 218,017 1,383,357 8,510,050 7,000,262 5(13,973 305,532 1,407.073 9,023,723 8.100,300 284,715 254,420 1,653,341, 9,638,218 10,006.568 788,088 610,982 3,120.417 18,066.041 I 18,341,117 10.271,563 19,931,003 39.202,506 1 147,773 7,007 545,008 176.48-1 450,119 524,043 252,129 387,058 450,357 428.613 ^ 847.077 084,000 I 1,041,338 1,160,246 1.000.441 2,250,690 1 388,419 1,240,587 315,105 481.041 1,408,558 198,473 380.395 1,353,321 327,871 961,436 2,871,879 526.344 ■i 1.762,368 2.178.072 2.061,587 4.239,669 29,462,741 12,177,538 20,400.376 20,374,686 29,476,207 14.722.028 58.966,58a 35.096,714 1 41,640,270 49,865,062 44.198.235 9-1,063,297 II 141. C 84 OAKADIAK HANDBOOK. Exports of Canada, being Goods produced in Canada only, year ending 30th June 1876. Products. Val'w. The Mine. Coal - ■ • a a 977,188 Gold- . - - 1,472,471 Copper m - .352,035 Silver m a a a 584,378 Other min erals B.nd ores Total - 345,755 - ,3,731,827 The Fisheries. (See also table showing details of catch) 5,500,989 Animals and Produce. Horses - 442,338 Horned cattle - . . 601,148 Sheep - - . 507,538 Bacon and hams . . . 839,105 Beef - - • . 140,108 Butter - . . 2,540,894 Cheese . . . 3,751,268 Eggs - . 608,425 Furs - • 1,779,038 Hides and skins ■ • 529,169 Pork - . 242,785 Wool- m 933,601 Other produce M ■ 702,237 Total - The Forest. . 13,517,654 10 Ashes, pot and pearl < - 423,894 Firewood - 349,472 Lumber, deals, batten s, planks, &c. - 13,514,235 Logs - . 33,842 Masts and spars - 65,424 Shingles - 136,067 Railway sleepers - 174.291 Square timber, ash. iirch. elm, maple, oak red and white pine - ■ 6,128,680 Other products . - 302,159 Total - - 20,128,064 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 86 $ Products Value. AORICULTURAL. $ Barley and rye . 7,429,604 Flax - - 1()6.126 Flour . 2,178.389 Fruit—fresh - 170.005 Hay - 321.533 Malt - 144,336 Meal ■ 287.741 Oats - . 1,139.261 Peas - . 1,!>39,589 Seeds 312,668 Vejyetables ■ 172.297 •Wheat • 6,749,298 Tobacco 7.179 Other produce 122,730 Total - . 21,139,665 Manufactures. Books . - . 20,529 Biscuits . 30,604 Carriages - 17.947 Extract of hemlock bark . 379.258 Pig iron and hardware - . • 292,211 Leather, boots and shoes, saddlery, &o. 1,098.924 Liquors . 69.966 Machinery - - - 60.308 Sewing machines - 305,749 Ships sold - 2,189,270 Prepared tobacco — snuff and cigars - 77,457 Furniture, sashes, doors, i md woodenware - 401.352 Woollens and cottons - ■ « 52,229 Other articles - . 357,563 Total Miscellaneous 5,353,367 490,283 Recapitulation of Exports which are Produce of Canada. Produce of — The Mine 3,731,827 The Fisheries - - . . 5,500,989 Animals - - - . . 13,517,654 The Forest 20,128,064 Agriculture 21,139,665 Manufacture - - - - . 5,353,367 Miscellaneous . - . . 490,283 69,861,849 Coin and bullion - r . . 1,240,03/ Estimated short returned at inland ports - 2,629,588 Exports of goods not produce of Canada - 7,234,961 Total - - 80,966,435 C 2 36 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Commerce of the Dominion of Canada, showing the Value of Exports to and Imports from Great Britain and her Colonies and Foreign Countries ; distinguishing heiween Goods the Produce and not the Produce of Canada, Dutiable from Free and Duty collected, Fiscal Year ending 30th June 1876. Goods Exported. Goods en tered for Consumption (Imports). Countries. Produce Not of Canadian Total. Dutiable. Free. Total. Duty. Canada. Produce. 9 « ■9 * $ 9 9 Great Britain - 36,398.581, 6,303,450 42,702,013 82,385,182 8,100.578 40.486.080 6,075,759 United States - 28.081,156 653,701 28,714,858 21,331,013 22,758.400 44,093.073 4,117.223 France - . • 552,723 1,212 55!i,i!.35 1,798,359 42,518 1,810,877 723,309 Germany 125,768 — 125,768 417,457 35,130 4S2.5S7 134,282 Holland 30,816 — ;iO,816 2r.;{,6S4 3,395 267.079 459.888 Belgium 13,825 — 13,825 319,016 42.039 361,0.j5 61,407 Spam ... 9.417 — 9,417 390,881 45.1.')3 436,034 157,287 Portugal 125,355 2,185 127.510 53.501 18.061 71,655 29,303 Switzerland ■ — — — 56,128 40 56,168 10,274 Italy - 1^2,787 — 142,787 S6.236 4,176 40,412 24.630 China - 23,056 19 23,075 328,415 47 328.462 40,250 Japan - . . — — — 619,777 — 619.777 91,792 British Guinea 229,083 1,'^20 230,409 111,109 3.797 114,900 92,043 British West Indies - 2,1.}3,8U> 14,6.t2 2,1 18,491 798,275 70,571 8bJ,846 3;«.52() Spanish „ 1,1+.5,901. 225 1,148,129 023,405 .5,735 6.31,140 235,110 French 292,525 470 2!)2,9il5 17,297 29,861 47,158 6,74S Danish „ 85,235 2,470 87,705 12,727 787 13.514 6,250 Dutch — — — 62,336 3,119 55.155 21,161 „ East Indies — — — 118.969 — 118.909 45,705 Australia 79,608 35 79.613 50 — 50 10 Newfoundliind 1,682.8 «} 218,048 l.ilOO.SOl 17,024 757,562 771,586 4,800 St. Pierre et Miquelon Sandwich Islanc s l.W,641 25.024 178.,000 38.649,000 1,774,000 9 1,484,886 1,959,758 6,860,618 2,710,952 * Up to 1874-76 letters included post cards, for 1875-76 letters and post cards are stated separately. CANADIAN nANDBOOK. 87 id Imports ig between 3 and Duty I (Imports), Duty. 9 6,075,759 4,117,223 723,3«9 134,282 459.888 61,407 157,287 29,303 10,274 2^1.630 40,250 91,792 02,043 335,520 235,140 6,743 6,250 21,161 45,705 10 4,890 1,955 20,449 120,841 17,931 12,83.3,114 12,833,114 the 5-76. 1,015 l,6(Ki t,000 i.OOO »,000 t.noo ^886 (.758 i,618 »,052 The items which deserve attention, as suggestive of pro- gress in Canada, are those which show the great increase in number of letters carried annually through the mails, the number of registered letters, money orders issued, and the sums deposited in post office savings banks. The reduction in deposits shows the effects of the depres- sion wliich commenced in 1875. The money order system is widely used, and althougli it pays expenses in the aggregate, it is supported at a loss by the Government in many isolated phices where banking facilities are wanting. Postal cards are sent all over Canada and the United States for one cent. The postal rate of three cents, carries letters over the Dominion and the United States, in some cases a distance of 5,000 miles. Of the 278 post office savings banks, 232 are in Ontario, 45 in Quebec, and 1 in Manitoba. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS. Canals. The canals of Canada .nre more vfimarkable for their breadth than for their lengtli. The total length of canal and rivev improvement embraces about 250 miles upon the St. Lawrence, O.bawa, Rideau, and Richelieu rivers. The existing St. Lawrence canals have a bottom width of 80 to 100 feet, surface width 120 to 150 feet with 10 feet depth of water, the locks being 200 feet long by 45 to 50 feet wide in chamber. The lock i of tlie Welland Canal are 150 feet in length by 26 feet in width of chamber, depth of water 10 feet. Both these works are now in course of enlargement upon a uniform scale of locks 270 feet long by 45 feet wide, in the chamber, with a depth of 14 feet water. The expenditure for canals and river Avorks on the above rivers previous to confederation (July 1, 18G7), was ^22,390,090 of which ;^4,064,7G4 was the cost of the Rideau Canal, an Imperial undertaking. The cost of the following canals, as charged against the Dominion of Canada on account of the Provinces at Confederation, was as follows : — Is are 88 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Desjardins St. Lawrence - Welland Chambly Burlington Bay 120,263-73 7,431,208 • 04 7,416,019-83 433,807 • 83 308,328 • 32 ^15,709,627 • 95 In the ten years since Confederation, the expenditure has been 2,173 }> 2,231 M 2,679 » 4,899 JJ 5,700 }> 46 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. The mileage in operation in the leading countries is as follows : — Country. Mileage. 1. United States .. 77,440 2. Germany - - 17,133 3. Great Britain and Ireland - 16,872 4. Eussia - 13,702 6. France ~ 12,722 6. British India - 6,938 7. Austria * - > 6,931 8. Canada . 5,700 9. Italy • «• 4,935 10. Hungary - - 4,023 11. Spain - 3,726 12. Sweden - 2,326 13. Belgium - 2,105 14. Peru - 2,030 The miles of railway in operation for each inhabitant are as follows — as taken from H. V. Poor's " Railway Manual." No. of Inhabitants Countries. to One Railroad Mile Queensland 397 Tahiti - ^ - 476 Western Australia - 524 United States of America 576 Canada 690 South Australia 739 New Zealand 872 New South Wales - 1,170 Luxembourg 1,184 Victoria 1,238 Sweden 1,540 Argentine Republic 1.705 Great Britain and Ireland 1,859 British Guiana 2,245 Denmark 2,254 Switzerland 2,283 Belgium 2,286 Germany - 2,346 Peru 2,422 Hungary 2,592 Paraguay - 2,597 France 2,860 CANADIAN UANDBOOK. 47 No. of Inhabitants Countries. to One Ilailrond Mile. Tasmania - 2,918 Cuba 2,985 Chili 3,256 Holland 3,427 Spain 4,056 Roumania - 4,064 Austria 4,302 Portugal 4,444 Norway 4,455 Mauritius - 4,545 Panama 4,612 Russia 5,265 Turkey in Europe - 12,830 „ in Asia 49,054 Greece - 208,743 Japan - 807,573 China - 33,871,960 Under the mistaken idea that an exceptional gauge would confine Canadian trade to Canadian ports, the gauge of 5 ft. 6 ins. was adopted some 25 years ago. The greater part of the lines so built have recently been reduced to 4 ft. 8 in., which is the standard gauge of the continent. Again, with the belief that narrow gauge railways were obtainable where the wider ones were beyond their means, several hundred miles have been constructed on the gauge of 3 ft. 6 in. That portion of the narrow gauge which is insulated may remain for many years, but that which is in contact with the standard gauge will be widened as soon as the change can be aiforded. Experience has proved that freight traffic in Canada requires a wider gauge than 3 ft. 6 ins. The respective lengths of each gauge is as follows : — 5 ft. 6 ins. gauge - 539| miles. 4 ft. 8^ ins. „ - 4,362 „ 3 ft. 6 ins. „ - 672 „ -.i i i 5,574^ Capital. The total capital of railways in operation 30 June 1877 was as follows : — 4S CANADIAN nANDDOOK. Ordinary share capital paid up - - - Preference . - - . . Bonded debt - - . . . Amount of loans and bonuses from — $ o. Dominion Government - - 65,320,802 25 Ontario „ - - 1.73.3,817 02 Quebec „ - - 441,G81 00 New Brunswick „ - - 2,163,000 00 Municipalities - - - 6,689,299 31 $ 0. 113,702,126 82 68.876,867 31 79,676,382 41 Less included in paid securities as above 65,348,599 61 64,073,599 61 up 1/ "^0 00 Total - 326,328,976 18 This large sum does not represent the cash expended, but is the par value of securities (many of which were sold at a discount), and of arrears of interest funded in the form of preference shares or bonds. It represents an average cost of ^5^00,000 per mile for the whole system, and includes the reconstruction involved by the change of gauge and the substitution of steel for iron rails. Of the total mileage, about one half is laid with steel rails. The amount expended by the Dominion Government, including the cost of the Intercolonial, Prince EdAvard Island, and Pacific railways, loars to Grand Trunk and other lines, and also the loans governments to the railways thr' follows: — Dominion Government Ontario „ Quebec „ New Brunswick „ Nova Scotia >.» bonuses of the local ut the country, is as $ c. - 68,296,381 08 - 3,250,769 24 - 9,495,506 00 - 2,609,000 00 - 1,885,727 00 The municipalities of the different provinces have voted aid to railways as follows : — 80,537,388 82 c. In Ontario In Quebec - In New Brunswick In Nova Scotia 6,968,853 78 3,723,000 00 296,500 00 275,000 00 11,262,353 78 91,799,737 10 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 49 Individual investments in the stock and bonds held in Canada will probably swell the total contributions paid and voted to railways to not less than one hundred millions of dollars. A detailed statement of Canadian railways will be found in Appendices F. O. H. Canadian Pacific Railway. Althouejh it was early foreseen that the extension of the Canadian jurisdiction over the vast territories occupied by the Hudson's Bay Company would enforce tlie con- struction of a trans-continental railway, it was not until 1871, when British Columbia became a member of the Canadian Confederacy, that the great undertaking was determined upon. In 1872 the Parliament of Canada decided to subsidise a private company for this purpose with a money grant of ^30,000,000 and a land grant of 50,000,000 of acres. The company having failed to cany out the conditions of its charter, and the Federal Govern- ment being pledged by the conditions of union with British Columbia to construct the road, the Parliament of Canada, in 1874, determined to proceed with it as a public work. The survey was commenced in 1871 by the Government, and has been continued to the present time, so that the failure of the company has not had any serious effect upon the commei cement of the work, upon which about ^8,000,000 have been \pended, J$f3,000,000 of which represents the cost of survt s. Tins survey has involved the exploration of 4G,000 milob (of which 11,500 have been measured), the expenditure of seven years of time, ^"SfSjOOOjOOO of money, and the loss of some 34 lives. The estimated cost of the entire work ranges from 100 to 120 millions of dollars. Between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains the line will form an outlet to a territory estimated to contain 160 millions of acres of land available for farming pur- poses, one half of which is arable ; a great part of this 80,000,000 acres is not exceeded in fertility by any part of the world.. The value of this vast Dominion is greatly enhanced by the consideration that nearly all the national agricultural lands of the United States have been absorbed In an article in the " North American Review " for July 1877, entitled "How shall the Nation regain Prosperity?" the Hon. David A. Wells writes as follows : — " The quantity of fertile public lands suitable for farm " purposes which can now be obtained by prescription or a H 141. D 1. » i» CANADIAN HANDBOOK. " nominal price is comparatively limited, if not nearly " exhausted. " According to Major Powell (in a communication recently " made to the National Academy), 'All the good public " * lands suitable for settlement are sold. There is not left " ' unsold in the whole United States, of land which a poor " ' man could turn into a farm, enough to make one " ' average county in Wisconsin, The exception to this " ' statement, if it is open to any, may perhaps be found in " ' Texas or the Indian t**" ritory ; elsewhere it is true.' " And in respect to the arid region of the plains, which, " it is alleged, is eminently fitted for grazing. Major Powell " further says : — ' In this whole region, land, as mere land, " 'is of no value ; what is really valuable is the water " * privilege. Rich men and stock companies have appro- " * priated all the streams, and they charge for the use of " ' the water. Government sections of 160 acres that do " ' not contain water are practically, or at all events com- " ' paratively, worthless.' " The line of the Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the Rocky Mountains through a wide, meadow-like expanse, the Yellow Head Pass, 3,746 feet alDove sea level, and lying over 5,000 below the lofty peaks on both sides of it. The distance from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean will be about 2,000 miles. As far as located (nearly 1,500 miles), the line is under contract for clearing and telegraph construction ; about 300 miles are under contract for grading and bridging, and steel rails have been provided for 400 miles east of the Red River. The policy of tlie Government is to connect the navigable water system of Winnipeg Lake, the Saskatchewan and Red Rivers, with those of Lake Superior, to form an outlet for the exports of the prairie region during the season of navigation, - id, by the Pembina branch, with the United States railway system in Manitoba, for winter trafllc. Within the next two or three years the portage of 400 miles between Lakes Winnipeg and Superior will be com- pleted, shortening the route between Montreal and the Great Canadian Prairies at least 500 miles. The Pacific section will be commenced from tide water eastward as soon as the route is determined upon. The time fixed for completion through to the Pacific Ocean is 1 890, but con- siderations of Imperial policy may yet anticipate this date, as the rate of progress is only limited by financial considerations. Fifty miles, from Lake Superior westward, have been CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 51 completed, which will be available chiefly for purposes of construction, until the prairie country is rf»ached. The engineering features of the line are shown on the section. Telegraphs. The older Provinces of Canada are served by] two Canadian companies, the larger of which, the Montreal company, was the first to introduce into America the system of an uniform rate irrespective of distance. The following are the leading statistics of these two Companies : — Montreal Telegraph Company. — Organized in 1847. - In 1847. In 1877. Capital paid - . „ ;$'60,000 ;^2,000,000 Miles of poles - - - - 540 12,044 „ -wires - - - - 540 20,479 Number of offices - - - 9 1,507 „ employes - - - - 35 2,255 „ messages - - - - 33,000 1,762,720 Dominion Telegraph Company of Canada. 31 Dec. 1876. 31 Dec. 1877. Increase 1877 Miles of Line Stations - - - Employes Messages sent during the year. 678 58 62 101,275 Canadian Pacific Railway Telegraph. The Dominion Government also is constructing a tele- graph aci'oss the Continent on the line and in advance of the Canadian Pacific Railway. There are 1,747 miles under contract, upon which the expenditure to June 1877 was ^117,137 41. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Dominion Lands. The only lands held by the Federal Government in the older provinces are Ordnance and Admiralty reserves. In Manitoba and the north-west territories, however, it D 2 52 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. holds a vast extent of rich agricultural land acquired by the removal of the claims of the Hudson's Bay Company and by treaty with the Indians. These lands may be purchased at the rate of $1 30c. per acre, but no purchaser can buy more than C40 acres. Tracts of land may be set apart by the Government for town or village lots to be sold by private or auction sale at market prices. Lands may also be set apart for such purposes as markets^ gaols, court-houses, places for public worship, foutkans or Wakash, DD. (0 clans.) 36.— The Tsihaili Sclish, D.D. (U clans). Different places in Quebec, Valley of the Ottawa, and part of the slopes of James' Bay. Large part of Ontario, Manitoulin and other islaiids ; interior north of Lake Huron to Jiunes' Bay, and south of that bay. North of Lake Superior, Portages, from the Lake to beyond Manitoba, south-eastern part of the North- west Territory. The regions of Lake Qu'Appcllo, and of the Middle Kissiskatch'wan. To the north, N.E., and N.W. of the preceding. Neighbourhood of Manitoba - From the River Souris towards the North-West. The south-western region of the North-west, with part of the lands drained by the two branches of the Upper Kisiskatch'wan to the North. On the borders of the preceding From English River to Great Slave Lake, extending along the whole valley of the Athabaska. In the Steppes to the North-cast of the Montagnais. To the cast of Great Slave Lake, on the borders of the Cariboo Eaters. North of Great Slave Lake On Peace River - . . . North-west of Great Slave Lake, on the Mackenzie and Liard Rivers. To the north of Great Bear Lake, bordering on the Esquimaux. The mountains of the Mackenzie in the north-west, and north-east cor- ner of Columbia. The slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Riviere aux Linrds, in Columbia, extending to tlie north in the North- west. The western region of the North-west and the north-west region of British Coliunbia. Between Peace River and Rivi6re aux Liards, in Columbia especially, going south, as far as the sources of the Fraser River, they occupy both slopes of the Rocky Mountains. The interior of Columbia, from the Eastern frontier to the Upper Fraser. South-eastern part of Columbia Archipelago of Queen Charlotte's Islands and the coasts and main- land opposite. Islands and mainland to the south of the in-eceding. The estuaries and valleys of the rivers south of the preceding. The northern part of Vancouver, and the coasts and mainland oj)posite. Vancouver and coasts, and mainland opposite. Southern p.irt of Vancouver and the valley of the Fraser. Total . { 3,640 8,637 9,000 5,500 3,000 1,400 2,000 4,000 L.'JOO 2,000 200 5,000 1,500 4,000 2,500 2,000 5,000 102,358 103,000 124,000 336,000 I 247.000 17.000 52,000 I 247,000 6,000 196,000 2,000 93,000 500 72,000 1,500 1,000 1,200 67,000 68,000 78.000 800 68,000 3,000 100,000 57,000 171,000 85,000 87,000 1,000 3,000 20,000 34,000 1,000 12,000 1,500 20,000 2,500 29,000 3,000 84,000 82,000 3,498,000 OANAPIAN HANDBOOK. 66 Yety stringent laws are enforced against persons selling intoxicating liquors to the Indians, and special attention is paid to the encouragement of agriculture amongst them. In Ontario, tribes numbering about 16,000, are the most civilized, and own in real, personal, and invested property about ,$016 68c. per capita. Nearly all the district agents in Ontario report more desire for improvement, less in- temperance, and growing habits of industry amongst the Indians. The Quebec Indians number about 11,000, and the per cap. value of their property is ,^165. The Nova Scotia Indians are about 1,849, and the value of their property is ,$125 per cap. The New Brunswick Indians are 1,561 in number, and the value of their property is about ,$2 17 50c. per cap. The Prince Edward Island Indians are 302 ; in Manitoba and the North-west there are nearly 15,000 ; and in British Columbia nearly 32,000. The value of the reserves has increased more rapidly in Ontario than in the other provinces, and hence the greater wealth per capita, notwithstanding a greater number. The total value of Indian property in the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec is : — Personal - Real Estate Capital invested - 489,234 •• 7,633,708 - 2,884,972 ^^11,007,914 Geological Survey. The commencement of a systematic investigation of the geology of Canada dates from the year 1841. Before that time, however, several efforts had been made by men who appreciated its importance, to establish a Commission for the geological and mineralogical examina- tion of the country, but it was only in 1841 that the Le- gislative Assembly, having voted a sum of ,$6,000 for a geological survey of the province, the Governor, Sir Charles Bagot, in 1842, named Mr. W. E. Logan, as geologist, and Mr. Alex. Murray, assistant, to put the project into execution. A second grant of ,$8,000 was made in 1845 for a period of five years, and in 1850 the grant was renewed for five years to 1855. The grant was then increased to ^30,000 per annum, and finally to ;J(45,000. 66 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Since 1841 to the 30th June 1876 a sum of ;^740,000 has been spent on this service. Mr. A. R. C. Selwyn, F.R.S., F.G.S., is at present the chief of this branch, with a very efficient staff of geolo- gists, including a curator and paleontologist, and a chemical mineralogist. An Act passed in the session of 1 877 reorganized this service, bringing it more completely under the control of the Department of the Interior, and making better provi- sion for a museum. Full information will be found in the special catalogues of this section, and the Reports of the Survey. It is proposed here only to notice the results as bearing on the economic minerals, and their development. Canada is rich in mineral wealth, not only as might be expected from her vast areas, covering a surface nearly as large as Europe, but from her varied geological formations. Her Atlantic coast embraces, beside the coal measures, a large area of the oldest known rocks, the Laurentian, which bring up from the bowels of the earth, either within them or upon their broad shoulders, nearly all the known minerals. Her Pacific coast, over an area of several hun- dred thousand square miles, is composed of rocks similar to those in the great " bonanza " regions in Colorado and Nevada, — wbile it also, like the Atlantic coast, possesses the priceless value of abundant and excellent coal immediately upon tide water. Gypsum, like coal, is abundant on the Atlantic coast, and it is owing to the possession of excel- lent harbours, ship-building timber in close proximity to the same and home-produced cargoes of coal, lumber, gypsum, and fish, that the flag of the Dominion is in every sea, and Canada, in commercial marine, ranks higher than France or Germany. The rich agricultural peninsula between the gi'eat lakes, while apparently without the precious metals, or the still more precious coal, furnishes petroleum, rock salt, and gypsum of the finest quality. On the Pacific coast, in addition to coal and gold in quantity, as well as silver, copper, and lead, — mercury and platinum have been found. The prairie regions show " lignite" coal, salt, and petroleum. The following are the metals and minerals, &;c. which are worked in the Dominion : — Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron (magnetic, hematite, chromic, and titanic), coal, lignite and albertite, apatite, graphite, mica, barytes, asbestos, slate, gypsum, petroleum, rock salt, antimony, iron pyrites and manganese. Iron ochres, soapstone, fire clays, and peat CANADIAN HANDBOOK. St fuel are produced, as well as grindstones and whetstones ; lithographic stone and millstone grit have been found and used, as well as porphyry, agate, jaspar, amesthystine quartz, &c. The value of exports of the mine in 1876 was ^3,731,837, and is increasing. The export of phosphate of lime (apatite), which only commenced in 1873 with 195 tons, was 2,714 tons in 1876 ; the estimated production for 1878 is 7,000 tons. The phospliate deposits on the Ottawa river, within reach of railway and navigation, are said to be the most extensive yet discovered in any -part of the world. Fresh discoveries have given a new impulse to the gold product in British Columbia, and on a smaller scale in Quebec, and to those of silver in Ontario. Gold. — The total yield of gold in British Columbia since 1858 is ^55,961,800. Last year the yield was ^1,608,182, averaging ^820 per man per annum. The gold yield of Nova Scotia since 1862 has been 254,111 ounces, over ^4,000,000 in value ; the yield of 1877 was 16,882 ounces. Silver. — The " Silver Islet " mine. Lake Superior, is reported to have produced ,$2,500,000 worth of silver at a cost of ,^1, 5 00,000 up to the spring of 1876, having then been worked about six years. Coal. — There are 29 collieries in Nova Scotia, and four in British Columbia. The output of these last in 1877 was 154,052 tons. The following is the mining return for N ova Scotia for the year 1877. Greatest previous Pro- duction. Quantities. Quantities. Years. Mktaixic. Gold - - Ounces 16,802 27,314 1867 Iron Ore - Tons 18,603 15,274 1876 Manganese Ore - » 97 300 1865 Copper » 285 45 1876 Lead - - - ,» 11 6 1876 Non-Metallic. Coal - - >» 757,496 1,051,467 1873 Gypsum >» 107,506 120,693 1873 Freestone, &c. - >i 9,343 8,829 1874 Limestone »> 6,726 4,860 1875 Barytes ... >» 23 1,103 1869-70 Moulding Sand ,» 160 300 1874 Slate. — The Canadian slate, which is not far from the St. 58 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Lawrence navigation, is finding a market in Europe, where it is prized for its strength, colour, and fineness. •.<• Uii Salt. — The salt measures of Ontario extend over an area of 1,200 square miles, and the diamond drill has established the thickness of solid rock salt at 126 feet, lying between 1,000 ft, and 1,400 ft. below the surface, upon the shores of Lake Huron at the harbour of Goderich. A shaft is being sunk with a view to mine the salt rock and ship it in bulk to Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, the great meat-curing centres of the continent. This salt rock is of exceptional purity ; one stratum, over 10 feet thick, is reputed to contain by analysis 9d^ per cent, of salt. It is now worked by boring — dissolving the rock by the surface water, which descends the bore hole — pump- ing up and evaporating in pans the strong brine so obtained. The cost per ton of this process is from ,$13^ to $4, but if worked like a coal mine, the cost would be re- duced to less than half the present rate, and thus defy competition from the East. The extension of the iron, coal, and salt trades of the Dominion has been limited by the fact that large ships coming to Quebec for timber, bring coal, salt, and pig iron as ballast. Moreover, the descending trade from the in- terior being always in the proportion of three or four tons down, to one ton upward, this " ballast " coal, iron, and salt, are carried inland, by this excess of light tonnage upwards, at merely nominal rates. Petroleum. — The export of petroleum from America, which dates only from about 1861, and then comprised 1,329 barrels of crude oil, aggregated in 1876 the immense figure of 7,497,856 barrels. In the township of Enniskillen, Ontario, Canada, oil was first obtained in 1860. The Devonian or oil-bearing system of rocks underlies a considerable portion of the western peninsular of Ontario. There are at Petrolia 517 pumping wells, 10 new wells drilling, and 14 repairing, making an aggregate of 541 wells. The following table shows the manufacture, consump- tion, and export of Canadian petroleum : — Fiscal Year. Manufactured (luring the Your. Taken for Consumption. Exported. 1871-72 - 1872-73 - 1873-74 - 1874-75 - 1876-76 - galls. 10,269,993 12,168,406 5,626,902 4,009,663 4,838,215 galls. 3,665,263 3,763,742 4,335,146 4,279,496 4,550,187 galls. 6,730,738 7,997,937 888,156 1,140 47,246 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 59 DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES. Dominion Marine. .The Government of Canada own. five screw, two paddle- wheel, and two small river police steamers, maintained at a cost of ^250,000 per annum. These are used chiefly in carrying supplies to the many and scattered lighthouses, for'police purposes, for the protec- tion of fisheries, and in relieving distressed vessels. Merchant Marine. The following statements show the tonnage owned by Canada, CoMPAUATivE Statement showing the Number of Vessels and Number of Tons on the Registry Books of the Dominion of Canada, on the 3l8t December 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. Provinces. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. New Brunswick Nova Scotia Quebec Ontario ... Prince Edward Island British Columbia Manitoba - 1,147 2.803 1,842 681 280 30 277,850 449,701 214,043 89,111 38,918 4.095 1,144 2,787 1,837 816 312 35 294.741 479,060 218.946 113,008 48,388 3,611 1,1.33 2,786 1,831 826 335 40 2 307,926 505,144 222,965 114,990 50,077 3,685 178 1,154 2,867 1,902 889 338 40 2 324,513 529,252 228,602 123,047 60,692 3,809 178 Total - » ■ , 6,783 1,073,718 6,930 1,158,363 6,952 1,205,565 ,7,192 1,260,893 Assuming ^30 per ton to be a fair average, it will give the value of the registered tonnage of the Dominion on the Slst December 1876 as being #37,826,790, including old and new vessels, steamers, sailing vessels and barges of over 100 tons. According to the following table, Canada's tonnage ranks fifth on the list of nations. Merchant Shipping of the World in 1876. (From the London Economist's Commercial History and Review, 1877.) Countries. Siiiling Vessels. Tonnage. Steam Vessels. Tonnage. Total Tonnage. British (including Colonies) 20,205 5,807,305 3,299 3,302.992 0,170,367 United States - 7,288 2,3'J0,521 605 789,728 3,180,249 Norwegian 4,749 1,410,903 122 55.874 1,466,777 Italian - 4,601 1,292,076 114 97,582 1,389,668 Cana^ •9 * e y; 'ri* o -4 ^ !>• «D r-< to 50 n »i in -< I I iS ^ o 1 52 « i-i »! .-I « O •♦ ts S 1^ 1.-5 I— 0» o «D p 1(5 Q o cr OC I.-5 ift CO O 00 1 ^-l 00 (M o t» 05 CO oo h* -^i ■^ Ci to i."^ O 30 ^ CO sc i^i>eo o cie fi gC cc 'J*^ o (M to o *N^-t^OsO'Mr*or? C--^ O 30 «^ ?D ^^ O r^ -^ 'M ©4 ^ ^ iO i-t OS "I SS I I or* CO I ^ I I I I '^ 8 Or-- 10^ ab :o 10 « ■a s M9J I- ^ of i I- s i ■ ■■•■lllltl* I I t I ■ • I I "So- -' c .0 .23 "a 6. S E. B •a B 3 o H OS 2 1 "3 W a S I i« — _ i3-« •So tc* g 0.2.3 03' 6-S •:3 • S a® -a go.2 2 62 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. Statbmknt Hhowing the Tonnogp, Mon, and Capital umployed ia FiHhericfl in the Dominion on SlHt December 1875. Provinces. Ontario Qii«3boc (above Quo- boo). Ditto bolow ditto • Nova Scotia ■ Now Bnuiswick British Oohimbia Prinoo Edward Island Manitoba Total - 14 mo 063 463 7 1,303 o 286 lir.68a 24,800 5,061 386 46,167 Value. 1,200 6,21l> 1,014 0,685 8,860 78,865 083,183 15,018 1,341,034 341,006 No Returns. Mon. NeU. 001 361 22.210 67,218 2,008 «2,618,032 3,627 10,016 1.167 24,142 0,116 3,860 461 62,886 8,042 6,030 337 883,002 fathoms 827 weirs 413,002 23,500 fathoms 1,504 Value. 27.780 1 H;,237 4,945 664,370 203,068 8,781 6,120 01,010,231 2,518,(t32 #3.635,163 The following statement shows the destination and value of Canadian exports of fish for the year 187C. United States British West Indies - Spanish West Indies Great Britain South America French West Indies - British Guiana Italy Hayti Danish West Indies - Portugal Newfoundland Australia Madeira Other countries Total 1,475,330 1,348,637 825,287 687,312 297,609 239,724 190,661 139,387 90,999 52,988 51,836 50,299 16,492 14,960 19,700 ^5,.501,221 Fish Protectio Cl ITRB. Tliis important branch is under iie immediate control of a Commissioner of Fisheries. Du iig the close seasons the fish are watched by a large staff of officers, who are ea fficio magistrates, assisted by lockmasters, lighthouse k pers, and the Dominion Police. I CANADIAN nANDOOOK. 63 The regular staff is 582 in number, exclusive of tho ofldcers of tlio Department. Thoro are now .seven public establi.sbmonts for fish culture. Nearly 3,000 salmon were caught by anglers with the artificial tly, and 14,000,000 of salmon eggs were deposited in various rivcr.s —last year. The total expenditure on account of fish breeding in the Dominion from J8G9.to 1877 was ^108,834. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Agriculture is not only the most important of Canadian industries, exceeding any other in the annual value of its products, but it also now forms the leading interest in value in Canadian exports. The products of the forest still employ th(3 greatest quantity of tonnage, and, until within a few years past, the vahie of the exports of the products of the forest exceeded that of those of the field. Formerly, wheat was almost the only export, and unfavourable conditions for this, became a provincial calamity, but now the value of barley and rye exported is sometimes as great as that of wheat, while dairy ftirming has been so successful that the value of cheese exported has risen from ^549,572 in 1869 to ^4,050,008 in 1876, besides ^^2,579,431 in value of butter and ^508,425 worth of eggs in the same year. Three- fourths of the butter and nearly the whole of the cheesp go to Great Britain. An export trade in horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs has recently arisen, the receipts of which, from Canada direct, at Liverpool, London, and Glasgow have been as follows : — Years. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Hogs. 1876 1877 352 298 2,767 7,412 2,607 6,825 373 The number of Canadian horses imported into Great Britain in 1877, according to Mr. Dyke, Canadian Emigra- tion Agent at Liverpool, from whose report these figures are taken, was over 1,000, three-fourths of which were .shipped via New York. Forty-two head of the cattle, thoroughbreds, sold for 17,150?.:— two of this herd brought 8,400 guineas 4,300 and 4,1 00 guineas respectively. One of the fat cattle weighed 3,600 lbs. 64 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. There are no later agricultural statistics than those of the census of 1871, and the figures above given, prove how useless a reference to them would now be with respect to a countiy growing so rapidly and changing her system of agriculture from " bare grain " to that of stock raising and dairy farming, Canada possesses the great advantage of having, between Lake Superior and the Atlantic, an exporting agricultural district, which is in close proximity to the food importing States of New York and New England, where the highest American prices are obtained in a market which the Canadians can reach in much less time and at less cost than the farmer on the prairies west of Cldcago. The general statement of exports gives tlie relative values of different agricultural exports. Some tables in the Appendix give more details as to wheat and flour, and barley. DEPARTMENT OF MILITIA. The Canadian militia consists of all male British subjects between the ages of 18 and GO years, rot exempted or dis- qualified by law. These are divided into four classes, establishing the order in which they will be called upon to serve. 1st Class : Unmarried men, or widowers without children, between 18 and 30 years. 2nd Class : Unmarried men, or widowers witliout chil- dren, between 30 and 45 years. 3rd Class : All married men, or widowers with children, between 18 and 45 years. 4th Class : All between the ages of 45 and 60 years. The Militia is divided into " Active " and " Reserve." The Active consists of Volunteer, Regular and Marine Militia. The Volunteer is composed of corps raised by voluntary enlistment. The Regular consists of volunteers for that service, or of balloted men. The Marine or seamen of sailors on steam and sailincr craft of the Dominion. The Reserve embraces the whole not serving in the Active Militia for the time being. The active force is by law fixed at 40,000 men — the reserve at 600,000. ¥. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 65 Provision is made for annual pidcl drills from 8 to IG days of 40,000 men in addition to officers of the Eeserve, the number being regulated by the money vote of Parlia- ment each year. For the present the number is 30,000. The Active Militia is clothed, armed with breech-loaders, and equipped ready to take tlie field at short notice. The number called out for annual drill has ranged from 20,000 to 40,000 and over, according to the money voted for the purpose. The returns of the Reserve show a force of over 700,000 men upon the rolls. After the Fenian invasion the Volunteer force tendering service was 45,040 men. In 1869 the Active force was as foUows : — Cavalry - _ - . 10 Field Batteries (42 guns, 441 horses) Garrison Artillery - - - 4 Companies Engineers Naval Brigade, Halifax 73 Battalions Rifles and Infantry Total Officers and men. 1,500 750 3,558 232 233 37,2G8 43,541 In 1870 the Fenians entered the Province of Quebec at two T^oints, and were met in both cases by Volunteers in sufficient force to defeat them. The men were called out on the 24th of May, and on the 27th, 13,540 officers and men were re]5orted at the posts assigned them. Dominion Artillery Corps have replaced tlie Imperial ti'oops at Quebec and Kingston, at both of which places there are schools of gunnery. Infantry schools are estab- lished at Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, Quebec, Fredericton and Halifax, at which thousands of officers have obtained certificates. A military college for the education of cadets, with a four years course of study, is established at Kingston. EDUCATION. Under the direction of the various provinces, Canada possesses a superior educational S5\stcni. Education of the best description is brought within the reach of the poorest. II 141. E 66 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. In the provinces of Ontario and Quebec the denomi- national system obtains, the rights of minorities being protected under the British North America Act (Con- federation Act). Under the law in Ontario, a certain number of Koman Catholics in a school section, giving proper notice to the Educational Department, may establish a separate school, which is supported by taxation imposed by the trustees legally elected, and collected under the pro- visions of the law. Each school receives from the Govern- ment of the province an annual grant on the basis of the average attendance. The same may be said with regard to the minorities in Quebec and Manitoba. With reference to New Brunswick, the fact that no pro- vision was made under the Act of Confederation for the rights of the minority has given rise to much agitation on the subject. In Nova Scotia the principle of separate schools was recognized prior to Confederation, and, owing to the good understanding that always obtained there between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the same system still continues in operation to the satisfaction of all parties. In Prince Edward Island the school question is in some- what the same position as in New Brunswick. The province of Ontario, especially, takes the highest rank in primary instruction, the number of scholars attend- ing the schools in that province reaching as high as 23 per cent, of the total population, a proportion not yet attained in any other country. The following are the principal provisions of the Ontario Education Acts : — The Minister of Education apportions the annual grant in aid of schools according to the ratio of the population. No Government aid is given for providing libraries, prizes, maps, &c., unless an equal amount is contributed from local sources for the same object, but the Government will pay half the cost of any such library, &c., when pro- vided by any municipal or school corporation. All public schools are free schools. Every child from the age of seven to twelve years has the ri<^^'ht to attend school or be otherwise educated for four months in the year, and a penalty is imposed upon parents or guardians neglecting this provision. Pupils are not required to observe religious exercises objected to by their parents, but they may receive such religious instruction as their parents desii-e. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 67 For each rural section there must be three trustees holding office for three years. Supporters of separate or denominational schools are debarred from voting at the election of public school trustees. It is the duty of the county council to raise an equi- valent amount to that apportioned by the Minister of Education for the payment of teachers' salaries, &c. The amount expended for educational jmrposes in Ontario in 1874 was ^587,951 61. Schools are divided into Primary, Secondary, or Gram- mar Schools, and Collegiate Institutes, with the University in perspective for deserving and distinguished pupils. The gradation from one to another is through proficiency shown at public examination for the purpose. Most valuable adjuncts to the educational system are the Normal and Model Schools for the training of teachers, who must hold various diplomas and 1st, 2nd, or 3rd class certificates before engaging in teaching in these schools. The distribution of the expenditure for public schools in Ontario, exclusive of high schools and separate schools, in 187 i was as follows: — Teachers' salaries - - - Maps, apparatus, libraries, prizes, kc. Rents and repairs of school-houses - Sites and building of school-houses - School books, stationery, fuel, &c. - c. 1,047,750 29 54,989 26 154,036 54 699,547 87 309,008 95 Total expenditure for public schools ^2,865,332 91 The total expenditure for all public school purposes in Ontario for 1876 was ^3,006,456. The total amount raised for public instruction in the province of Quebec for the year 1876-77 was ;^1,449,336, of which ,$150,705 21 was the Government grant, ^802,422 26 school fees, the remainder school assessment. The following statistics are taken from " Instruction Publique au Canada," by Hon. M. Chauveau, formerly Chief Superintendent of Education for the Province of Quebec. E 2 68 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. a cJ r/5 hJ O O M o en Cm O c o -t.d o CL, o 1.1 p^ 0) ^ -u o r/ e! »n Cj -i- 55 0) O «5 H w: << 53 f— 4 t) a. ^ o H ?^ Sc (13 ij .d c •«-> o H V3 . eo CO 1 CO ifS 1 . • 1 i~i • 1 i n 1 in 1" ■>* to «» O to rH Axs o — 1 N-o. of In- habitants for ();ie School on estimated Popula- tion of 1875. xj< w^ ^^ eo o CI * CI o CO CI o CI 00 CI CI I CO I-H cr CI 1 w eo 00 (M ts O -f o o n § CO in r- o to o 00 eo eo o» Si JS o o CO co_ 00 °v rH -t ■* co^ eo_^ in" o CO •o in CI cT to CO CI o o> i-H en ■^ c< 00 t- ifS •* 05 00 •O ,, -t CI ■* in rt o 00 «^ o •ra ■-^ -* CI t^ Ol •S 2 1.^ w CI «^ ■* q. •s .. H -3 •o -* r^ rH «o M » *I CO 00 o « to o ■* Q IN lU ( o .— » C4 I-H to -I* 00 eo o CO ej « J- ifS OS ■* I-H IN ■* o^ o» 1 •% n •* o o o >-.< -* cf ci" 00 »^ o> to OJ I-H eo ■^ 1— < 1 00 1 rimary j chools. r>. o 00 9> o tn CO •* Cl lO OD 00 cf 1—4 -* f-^ to (N o» -t Cl to I— I 1-^ eo P-l rn - c a 1 1 1 1 o .ft ^ ^ 05 •O to t>. lO •* o o t- ki 00 OJ CI 00 ■* eo 1 1 •o l-H e9 «o 00 00^ Cl^ eo 1 j IN CO 1 o CI cf eo" ^H I-H r~i CI ■* «! 1 u Schools, Gramma and Private Schools. w^ « 00 oo O I-H 00 o c CI 00 01 F-4 CI i 1 2 o CI t 0^ o rt l~-* to CI !>. 1 1 1 1 1 00 "o -t CO H H a Cm O u a '/J o o m o CO o l-t H J? t) CZ2 n3 a < H a o to Q O Hi No. of In- mates. , O 'f- Tt i- <» O 1 i-H S>J -1 to •n I— 1 1 No. of In- mates. o o « CI 1 1 o CJ No. of In- mates. o o 4 i 80 .i2 .-H CO 1 1 No. Of In- mates. (M O O O I- OS es J^ lO 1-H ox Art and Trado Schools for Adults. lO 05 i-H 1-1 No. of In- mates. • « o 1 1 ^ UI 1 j • .a M No. of In- mates. « O lO ■-1 TS 1 788 Eeform- atories and In- dustrial. o o o o 51 No. of In- mates. m f-H r-t 1 f— ( No. of In- mates. O r-l O -*« rt 1- Tj< tC (M CI CO Deaf Mutes. 1 f-H « l-H 1— I '.i' S a I Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia - CO tn a ■v ZJ a o +-1 43 o o o o '^ cs a> Cl-H o eS P^ c; o a u. u ci o o o m J^ O (^ tt-c o o 3-E f-H o ■* ,_4 CO C3 CI O o CO ■* *.'7 c ^ o M" t>. u o -M f-H CI o o o o o o -.H 00 CI 'I" o "iii o CI o ctJ (M CO CO 00 ■* CI ^ 1 f— 1 ;:; ?: f-H lU h-* n TS § CO o lO CO fn t^ CO o I-H o o o CO o t~. 'f CO t» CI 00 I-H .o M c t) lO o «o t^ a CO -t f-H l^ 1 o «o l-H CI o CO f rf •c «o ts C5 ;* CO CI 1 o CI I- m t. o oo o r-* o ■* »^ t-H 1- CI J^ ^ co CI o rH rH .Q f-H C3 C t-J r^ m f-H 51 CO -f 'O Oi .^ »^ CI CO C o ^.'J t» CI r-i CO a: C( to era 1 1 1 1 y; u - g c o Ph o FP CO +.t fj= ^ rt > a 3 4) O o c « 'A 70 CANADIAN IIANDIIOOK. -r 00 a o o H Cm O a a ■e es CI. !N •0 •uoi^ P3 05 CO »o o» •UDnpg; joj RosancI '5^ I 05 I-H 1» ■* «- -xa JO i«}oj; piiuaa S ou r-i »- CI CO 00 I- CO 00 I-H eo ■* ■* •^ •spiiijj S^ ■«* *1 ■* ll« JO siioijin -USUI imtoiiu.mpft I-" CO 10 10" I-H 1 to eo «^ •RITdn,! JO -0^1 1 I- f-H f-H ox CI i ■siooiios ojuredos 1 CO a> f-H ojioiiitio iiuino^i 1 t-H I-H 1- I-H • 00 1- eo I-H »>• I~ 00 •o I-H tC •SlKlllfl JO -ON 05_ 10 1-"? o-r eo 00 ^ J^ (M eo CO eo f—l « ■>* ■* ■* 1-H (M irt ffX 00 •siooips (M 0^ 01 o> to in iioraiito.i .10 OT[qnd; 1^ a> ■^ to^ i-H (M CO •* -* T •sijcln J JO -OK 1 00 i I-H i£> 00 00 •siooiios 1 « eo CO CO 1 PPOH P"" IBtiuo^i 1 1 •* •t 00 'sni 1 00 50 CO 1« CO 1 «\ Ifl •0 to »>. •SJOOIPS ^"lllJAI.IfJ 'f (M 00 1 puc saiuiopi'ov -f GO CO in to 1 eo (M aa I^ •snclu.l JO -o^i 1 00 «o 0-. CO 1 (M I- I--. 00 •S[ooii.is iiStH t i3 f-H rf CO 00 f-H I-H •-H ,-^ CO •siidti J JO -ox l^ eo^ C) 1 •lion -vaado iii snAii[oo »n 00 eo r-H to I-H 1 pm! soi^jii.ioAiiij;!^ i 1 1 1 1 1 1 (« (M o\ »» (M eo ■* t V I- t- t^ 00 00 00 I-H 00 I-H 00 1^ 00 p— 1 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 71 MUNICIPALITIES. Municipal institutioDs extend over the whole of the pro- vinces of Ontario and Quebec, and have reached their highest development in the former province. If the pro- vince of Ontario possesses any advantage over her sisters, in soil, climate, or geographical position, there is no doubt that for the greater use she has made of them, she is primarily indelDted to her municipal institutions. Previous to 1840, the people looked to the Central Govern- ment for a distribution of the surplus revenues derived from import duties. This was sometimes neither fairly made nor wisely expended by the nominees of the Government. On the other hand, a combination of powerful interests, by what is called " log-rolling," compelled the Government to undertake works of a strictly local and sometimes useless character at the general expense. The municipal system relieves both the Government and the people, wlio have now perfect control of their local affairs, and their town- ship, village, town, city, and county councils are the primary political training schools for the Provincial and Dominion Parliaments ; and, by diffusing general knowledge and correct ideas about public business, demonstrating the necessity for patience and compromise, enable the people to understand, and prepare them to acquiesce in the necessities of the general legislation. The following are some of the provisions of the Ontario Municipal Acts. Every coimty, city, township, and town is incorporr> ted, and all villages having 7oO inhabitants may become y a byleaw of the county council which the latter is .1 to pass on petition of 100 freeliolders and househ<\aris. The area of villages is restricted to 500 acres for the ta-s^". 1,000 inhabitants and 200 acres further addition .noy be made for each 1,000 inhabitants. Any town having over 15,000 inhabitants maybe erected into a city, and any incorporated village containing over 2,000 inhabitants may be erected into a town. The county councils consist of the reeves and deputy reeves of the townships and villages within the county, and of any towns which have not withdrawn from the juris- diction of the county council. This council is presided over by one of the reeves who is chosen as the warden of the county. A township or village having 500 freeholders is entitled to a deputy reeve, thus hrving two votes in the county 72 CANADIAIV HANDBOOK. council ; and for every additional 500 votes an additional deputy reeve with vote in the county council. All tlie elected members of eveiy municipality must be resident freeholders or leaseholders and British subjects of full age. The qualification for voters at municipal elections are free- hold, household, income, or " farmer's son." The real property qualification is in — Townships - - ^100 Towns - j^300 Incorporated villages - l/^200 Cities - 400 Farmer's sons of age, residing at home, may without other qualification, vote, the number of sons so qualified depend- ing on the value of the homestead. All voting is by ballot. The head of every council and the reeve of every town, townsliip, and incorporated village, are ex officio justices of the peace. The county councils erect and maintain the gaoH and courthouses, houses of correction, and houses of industry, which may be those for any city or town within the county, or these last may erect their own gaols, &c. LUMBER TRADE. The wood trade of Canada, though second in importanoo to that of the products of agriculture, furnishes the greatest amount of export tonnage. The exports by sea are chiefly to Britain, and embrace square timber, staves and deals. The timbers are oak, elm, ash, bisxh, maple, tamarac, and white and red jiine : — the deals are both pine and spruce. Sawn lumber, 95 per cent, of wliich goes to the United States, reached its highest figure in 1873-74 when 911,794,000 feet, board measure, were exported. Exports of products of the forest are made to South America, the West Indies, and Australia. The value of tiie exports of forest products, which in 1873 reached ,$128,586,816, is now by decrease in demand and piices, a little above ^^20,000,000, while tliat of the agricultural exports has risen to ;^34,657,319. MANUFACTURES. If the census returns of 1871 are antiquated as regards the present state of agriculture in Canada, they are still more so with respect to manufactures, for in them Canada has made greater strides since that census than at any CANADIAN HANDBOOK, ts ot- to XI Is ill da previous period. The value of her exports of manufactured articles in 1870 was ,'^5,353,307, being greater than that of products of the mine, and about equal to that of the iisheries. Excluded from a market for her manufactures in the United States, she has happily been forced to com- pete with her American neighbours in foreign markets for that class of manufactures which are made Jis well and more cheaply in Canada than in the United States. In manufactures of wool (tweeds and flannels) and of leather (boots and shoes), in agricultural machinery and implements, manufactures of wood, furniture and chairs, and those in which wood is an important factor, as car- riages, wooden ware, and brooms, in all the lighter manu- factures of metal, as edge tools, sewing machines, cheap clocks, Canada is able to furnish an article which, price and quality combined, will compete, on equal footing, with those of any other country. Although unable to show the extent and diversity of the manufacturing interest, some estimate may be formed from that of the city of Montreal in which there were in 1875 over 1,100 establishments employing 21,000 opera- tives at an annual cost of ,$5,195,465 for wages, ,$19,028,062 for raw material, the value of articles annually produced being ^32,727,946. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 75 APPENDICES. A. The Lake and St. Lawrence Eiveu Route. The Canadian Canals. The Wellantl Canjvl, 28 miles long, extends from Port Colborno on Lake Erie, about 20 miles west of Buffalo, to Port Dalhoueie, on Lake Ontario. It had on its original construction 27 locks, with a lockage lift of S30 feet. The locks previous to the enlarge- ment now being made were 150 ft. by 2G\ ft. in the chambers, with 10 feet of water over the mitre sills, and could pass vessels of 400 to 450 tons measurement carrying about 600 to 650 tons cargo. The locks now being constructed are 270 ft. long by 45 ft. wide, and are designed for 14 ft. draught of water, making them navigable for vessels of 1,500 to 1,800 tons. The prism of the canal is being enlarged to dimensions corresponding with the enlarged locks. The enlarged canal, when completed, will have three times the capacity it had before enlargement. The St. Lawrence Canals are comprised in seven divisions, viz., the Lachine, 8^ miles long, with five locks having a lift of 44 J ; the Beauhornois Canal, 11^ miles long, with nine locks having a lift of 82^ ft. ; the Cornwall Canal, \\\ miles long, with, seven locks having a lift of 48 feet ; the Farrands Point Canal, with one lock of 4 ft. lift ; the Rapid Plat Canal, with two locks having a lift of 1 1^ ft. ; the Galops and Point Iroquois, with three locks having 15^ ft. lift, The last four canals are 9;^ miles long. These seven canals arc 41 miles long, with 27 locks, having an aggregate lift of 206^ ft. The locks before the enlargement now in progress were 20() ft. long by 45 ft. wide, adapted to vessels with a draught of 10 ft. of water. The reconstructing locks are 270 ft. long by 45 ft. wide, and adapted to vessels drawing 14 ft. of water. The aggregate of the length of the Welland and St. Lawrence Canals is 69 miles, Avith lockage lift of 536i ft. Lake Ontario is the feeder of the St. Lawrence Canals, and" Lake Erie the feeder of the Welland Canal. The great bulk of the trade over this route will be downward, with the current in its favour the entire distance. The Erie Canal is 350 miles long from Buffalo to Albany, and 345 miles to the Hudson river at Troy. It has 72 locks, 110 ft. long by 18 ft. wide, with the present lock gates admitting boats only 96^ ft. in length, drawing 6^ ft. of water, and carrying about 240 tons. The lockage lift of the 72 locks on the Erie Canal is 654 ft. From Buffalo to Montezuma the Erie Canal is fed from 76 CANADIAN II/NI)UO0K. the waterH ofl^iikc Eric, and from iIkmico to AUmiiy from vmioua hourcca, niitiiral and artificial. The average Icnfftli.s of the navigation Hcason for a period of 2') ypais have bron 219^ days for \\u' St. Jjiwrcnce Canalw, 234 days for the Welliuid Canal, and 215 days for tho Erie Canal. The distance from Chicago to Montreal, vid the Lakes, tho W»'lland and St. Tiawrenco Canals, is l,2(jl miles, while from Chicago to New York, vid the Lakes, IJufFalo, the Erie Canal, nnd the Hudson Itiver, it is 1,4()0 nules, a dilferencc of 139 miles in favonr of the St. Lawrence route. The distance from Montreal to Liverpool, vid licUe Islo Straits, is 2,790 miles, and 2,990 vid Capo Uaco, against 3,040 miles from New York to Liverpool. The distance from Chicago to Liverpool, vid Montreal and the Straits of lielle Isle, is 4,Oo7 miles, and via Montreal and Cap:' Kace 4,251 miles, against 4,459 miles via New York, a dillerenee in favonr of the St. Lawrence route of 208 to 408 miles. The course of inland transportation, rid tho provinces ol' Ontario and Quebec, has been usually from Chicago, Milwaukie, nnd Toledo in steamers carrying 18,000 to 20,000 bushels to Kingston direct, passing through the Welland Canal. Another route is from western lake ports and Lake Eric ports by vessels of hirger size carrying 30,000 to 35,000 bushels (mostly steam propellers) to I'ort Colborne, at tho foot of Lake Erie ; thence by Welland Railway or the line of the Welland Canal to Port Dalhousie, at the head of Lake Ontario, where it is again transferred into vessels for Kingston. When freight charges are too dear by this route, shipments arc; made from Chicago and Milwaukie to Collingwood, on the easterly side of Lake Iluron, and from thence by the Northern Railway to Toronto, and thence by vessels to Kingston. At Kingston grain is transferred into standard barges carrying 18,000 to 20,000 bushels, which are towed to Montreal. Shipments arc also made from Milwaukie and Chicago to Montreal direct, sometimes in small schooners, but much more frequently in steam propellers carrying 16,000 to 17,000 bushels of grain to Kingston, and 10,000 to 12,000 thence to Montreal ; also by large vessels from Chicago and Milwaukie to Goderich, on Lake Huron, and thence, by Grand Trunk Railway, to Montreal. The freight charges from Lake Michigan ports to Montreal are, by either route, about the same. Neither steamers or railways can command higher rates of freight than charged by sailing schooners and barges. The rates of freight from Chicago and Montreal to Kingston in 1876 were from 6 to 7^ cents per bushel, with 3 to 3^ cents additional charges for the barge transportation from thence to Montreal, or an aggregate of 9 to 11 cents per bushel, equal to ^3 00c. ^^3 67c. per ton from Chicago to Montreal. The rate in 1877, including freight from Chicago to Kingston and barge charges of 3 to 3| cents per bushel from thence to Montreal, was )^3'626 on wheat and ;^3'396 per ton on corn, including all charges. The rate per ton per mile in 1877 was 2 '875 mills on Co Mi> In CANADTAX nAXDHOOK. 77 wheat aiul 2*693 mill.H on oorn, ajjainst 2 "379 inillH on corn and 2- HI mills per ton per mile, including all tolls and clmrgos. Thore liavo boon practical oxpcirinionts made with siuiill and largo vessels, sail and stoain, <»n tho lakes, and with small and large class canal boats, and the results of these experiments have been to diminish largely the cost of transportation by water. On the Erie Canal the changes have b(K'n from 5o to 76 tons, from 76 to 90 tons, from 90 to 210 tons, and from 210 to 240 tons. All of these cheai)ened the carriage of property, tho cost of it being with 240 ton boats 2*16 — 100 mills per ton per mile against 4*14 — 100 mills per Ion per mile with 7(> ton boats. The State Engineer in his report on canal enlargement makes the cost of transport on 690-ton canal boats 1'04 — 100 mills per ton per mile. The reduction in the cost of transport on the lakes from the use of very large class vessels in place of tho small ones in use in 1845 is much more marked than the reduc- tion on the canals, as the lake vessels of the largest class have fifteen hundred times the capacity of the largest vessels in use in 1846. The cost now from Chicago to Buffalo per ton on these largest vessels is about half a mill per ton per mile, or 45 cents per ton for freight 9(X) miles. The vessels now navigating the lakes through tho Canadian canals carry from 17,000 to 20,000 bushels of grain, but on the completion of their enlargement vessels carrying 60,000 bushels will load at Chicago for Kingston or Montreal direct at about one-third the present cost by small vessels. As compare*! with the water route through Now York, there is a saving of 139 miles in the distance and 278 miles on the round trip. The rates the past year and the year before from Chicago to Montreal were about tho same as from Chicago to New York. It is proposed to make the Erie canals free to commerce, charging no tolls for their use. This would diminish the cost 69 cents per ton, but this will not meet the reduction in cost made by the use of vessels on the St. Lawrence route of 60,000 bushels carriage capacity. The steamer with her barge consort has been for several years in use on the lakes with very practical financial results. The experiment of a steamer and barge consort on the canals last season shows this method to be cheaper than single boats towed in the line or with their own horses. One ci-ew is saved and lietter time made than with boats towed by animal power. (/!/'. //. Walker, N. V. Produce Exchange.) ng all ills on B. CoMrARATIVK PRACTICAL RESULTS l-ROlt LaRGE AND Vessels navigating the Lakes. Small In 1850 the largest screw steamers navigating the lakes had a carrying capacity for 600 tons of freight ; in 1853 it was increased to 800 tons, and the capacity has been augmented in 78 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. the new screw steamers built from year to year till, in 1877, screw steamers have been built having a carrying capacity of from 2,200 to 2,500 tons. There arc being built during the winter of 1877-78 six screw steamers for the lakes with a carrying capacity for 2,500 tons of freight. Yov illustration, a sailing vessel on the lakes, running between Chicago and Buffalo, a distance either Avay 900 miles, carrying a down cargo of 588 tons of corn and an up cargo of GOO tons of coal, at a cost of ,^696 70c. actual expenses paid, not including insurance and wear and tear of vessel, received for freight charges ^420 on the down cargo and ^360 on the up cargo, or an aggregate of ;^780 against expenses ^696 70c., leaving a profit of l$S'd 30c. for the round trip. The two cargoes up and down Avere carried at an actual cost of ^t 6 70c., which, being divided, allotting one half of the expenses to the down cargo and one half to the up cargo, made the rate per ton per mile on 588 tons down 658 — 1000 of a mill, and on the up cargo of 600 tons 645 — 1000 of a mill, per ton per mile, and for round trip 651 — 1000 of a mill was the cost per ton per mile, equal to 58 • 59 cents per ton. With a larger class sailing vessel carrying 1,680 tons of corn from Chicago to Buflalo, with a return cargo of 1,500 tons of coal from Buffalo to Chicago, at actual expenses paid of 1,360 for the round trip, exclusive of insurance on hull of vessel and ordinary wear and tear, the cost per ton on down cargo was 40 '47 — 100 cents, and on the up cargo 45-33 — 100 cents, or 449 — 1000 mills per ton per mile on the down cargo and 504 — 1000 of one mill on the up cargo. The cost per ton per mile for the round trip was 475 — 1000 of a mill ; but this larger vessel received the same rates of freight as t^ " smaller vessel, giving ^1,200 on the down cargo and $90'J on lue up cargo, or an aggregate receipt for freighi for the round trip of i!'2,100 against ,^1,360 expenses, resulting in a profit of ^8740, against a profit of ;{?83 30c, on the bmaller vessel. With a smaU decrease in the cost per ton per mile there Avas a large increase in the net protit of the larger over the smaller vessel. The difference, however, is much more marked in the net results. The smaller vessel with the sjime expenses as before, and the same number of tons cargo, but receiving |{>840 for the 588 tons down cargo, which is 4 cents per bushel for corn and ^1 per ton for the 600 tons of coal up, would give a profit of ^743 30c., while the larger vessel witli expenses the same as in first statement, bnt receiving ^2,400 for the 1 ,680 down cargo, which is 4 cents per bushel for corn, and ^1,500 for the 1,500 tons up cargo, or an aggregate freight for the round trip of ,^3,900, against ,^1,360 expenscr-', would give a net profit of ;^2,540. The results obtained from the larger class of steamers and sailing vessels invite the investment of capital in the building of this class of vessels. The ratio of expenses to re.'^ults is much mure favourable to the larger than the smaller class of vessels. The comparative practical results obtained from the trip sheet r valer CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 79 per aud Uug of J much tls. sheet of a, small and a large screw steamer are thus stated : The smaller takes a cargo from Chicago to Buffalo of 40,000 bushels of corn, equal to 1,120 tous, and an up cargo of coal of 1)00 tons, while the larger takes a cargo of 90,000 bushels of corn, equal to 2,520 tons down cargo and 2,200 tons of up cargo. The smaller steamer receives freight on the 40,000 bushels of corn 2 cents per bushel, or ^800, and on the 900 tons of up cargo 60 cents per ton, or j^o40, making the aggregate freight for the round trip ^^1,340, against ,^1,167 actual expenses paid, but excluding insurance on steamer's hull and ordinary wear and tear, giving a profit on the trip of ;^173. The larger steamer received for freight on 2,520 tons or 90,000 bushels of corn at 2 cents per bushel, ^1,800, and on the up cargo of 2,200 tons of freight at 60 cents per ton ,^1,320, giving an aggregate freight list for the round trip of ^3,120 against ^1,722 50 expenses for the round trip, resulting in a net profit of J^ 1,397 50 against ;^173 profit by the smaller steamer. The expenses charged against the trip earnings do not include the insurance on steamers' hulls, or the wear and tear, or de- preciation to keep stock good. The actual cost per ton as per expenses charged, dividing expenses equally between up and down cargoes, Avas, on the small steamer, on the down cargo, 52 1-10 cents, equal on 900 miles distance, to 579-1000 of a mill per ton per mile, and on the up cargo of 900 tons 62 cents and 61-100 of a cent per ton, equal to 695-1000 of a mill per ton per mile, versus the larger steamer with 2,590 tons of down cargo at 34 18-100 cents per ton, cost equal to 3799-10000 of a mill per ton per mile, and on the up cargo of 2,200 tons cost 39 14-100 cents per ton, equal to 434-1000 of a mill per ton per mile for 900 miles. The cost per ton per mile for the round trip was on the smaller steamer 642-1000 of a mill versus 405-1000 of a mill on the larger steamer. The dillerence between the results of the trip of the smaller steamer aud the l.irge one will be more marked with higher rates of freight on same cargoes. The smaller steamer with a down cargo of 40,000 bushels of corn at 4 cents per bushel would give an aggregate freisrht of ,51,600, and 900 tons of up cargo at ^1 per ton would give ^900 or |I2,500 receipts for freight for round trip against ^1,167 expenses, resulting in a net profit of ,5 1, 433. The larger steamer with a down cargo of 90,000 bushels of corn would give a round sum of ^3,600 and 2,200 tons of up cargo at ^1 per ton would give a freight list for the round trip of ^5,800 versus expenses for the round trip ^1,722 50, giving a net profit of ^4,077 50. The sailing vessels on the lakes will make a round trip between Buffalo and Chicago in about a month, while screw steamers will make an average of two trips per month and a fraction more. [A " mill " is the tenth part of a cent, and a cent is almost equi- valent to an English halfpenny or a French sou, and is therefore 80 CANADIAN HANDBOOK, about half a centime. If therefore " the actual expenses paid," cxclusiA'c of insurance and wear and tear, for transport on the lakes is less than one mill per ton per mile, railway competition need never be feared, as the lowest estimate of the net cost by rail on Ihe trunk lines between east and west is four mills per ton per mile.] " Before the war the cost of movement on the leading lines of railway was 1^ cents per ton per mile. " In 1875 on the trunk lines the rate averaged about 8 mills, and in 1876, only 6. The Pennsylvania R. R. reporting under 6, the Philadelphia and Erie 5, New York Central 7, and Lake Shore 5^ mills. It is the opinion of the more prominent managers of the trunk lines between the east and the west that the net cost per ton per mile for long distances will not much exceed 4 mills." {E. II. Walker, Statistician, New York Produce Exchange.) c. Terminal Charges at the Seaboard Ports of Export. At Montreal there are seven grain elevators connected with warehousing facilities for transferring grain from vessels and four from railway cars, making 11 in all, each with a transfer capacity for handling 3,000 to 4,000 bushels of grain per hour. These elevators and their connecting warehouses have a storage capacity for 2,000,000 bushels of grain ; besides which the Montreal Elevating Company have 1 1 floating harbour elevators, each with a capacity for handling 4,000 bushels of gru-n per liour, or an aggregate of 44,000 bushels per hour. Furthermore, the St. Lawrence Grain Company has one elevate with a transfer capacity of 7,000 bushels per hour. The storage capacity for flour equals 200,000 barrels. The freight paid to the lake vessel or river barge includes all costs and dues en route, and delivers the grain free on board of ocean craft in the harbour of Montreal, full delivery weight being guaranteed by the carriers ; no tonnage nor harbour dues, towage nor pilotfige dues, being chargeable on grain or other cargo of vessels ; all such are payable by the vessel as a part of her current expenses, and are included in the freight charge paid to her. The export wharfage dues and port warden's f^^^s on grain are merely nominal, and do not exceed 30 centr i^r 101 bushels. The facilities for handling grain at Kingston art pro- vided for by five floating elevators, with a transfer capacity of 250,000 l)ushels per day of 12 working hours. The stnndard barge capacity for transporting the same fi'om Kingston to Montreal is equal to 1,370,000 bushels. Therefore, in one trip downward, very nearly one million and a half of bushels of grain can be moved, and if it shall be comj)uted that on an average each barge couhl make J 3 trips on the average of 21 9i days of navigation on the St. Lawrence River and the St. Lawrence canals, CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 81 there is sliown a capacity for moving in a season over 19,000,000 busiiels of grain. There are also storage and trausfftr elevators at Port Colborne and Port Dalhousie, at each end of the Welland Canal. There is also a railway on the line of the Welland Canal 28 miles long, ^vhich carries grain from Port Colborne to Port Dalhousie, elevating at both ends of its route at a charge of 1^ to 1 \ cents, per bushel. This railway is used for hghtering vessels of a poi'tion of their cargo, by which means a vessel can take on a cargo for any draught of water suited to her full loading cajiacity, passing it from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, partly through the canal and partly over the Welland railway, reloading it at the terminus of the railway on Lake Ontario. {E. H, Walker, Statistician, Neio York Produce Exchange.) an St. sfer our or the full nor ^rain as a xrge 101 pro- ty of idard I to trip pain ?rage D. Improvement of the Navigation of the River St. Lawrence uetaveex ""^qntreal and Quebec. The River St. Lawrence, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the immediate vicinity of Quebec, is from 10 to 35 miles in width, is of great depth, and possesses every natural advantage for naviga- tion by vessels of any size. From Quebec to Montreal, a distance of 159 English miles, the river is generally from 1 to 2 miles in width, with a depth of 45 to 100 ft. for a distance of 45 miles above Quebec, and above that, except in shoal places subsequently mentioned, it is of a depth of about 30 to 50 feet. At about two thirds of the distance above Quebec the river widens out into the Lake St. Peter, Avhich is 20 miles in length by 9 in width, and with a general depth of only 11 to 18 feet at lowest water. The tide, which rises 14 ft. at Quebec, is gradually lost in ascending until it becomes imperceptible at the lower end of Lake St. Peter. The average current of the river between Montreal and Quebec may be taken at 2 miles per hour, and is nowhere such as to aifect navigation. From Montreal to Lake Ontario, a distance of 183 English miles, the lower 100 miles is broken by a series of rapids, around which is a system of canals with locks 200 ft. by 45 ft., witli 9 ft. depth (now being enlarged to 270 by 45 by 14 ft.), enal>ling the vessels of the Great Lakes to descend and exchange cargoes with the sea-going vessels below. The shoal places in the St. Lawrence between Quebec and Montreal, which Ibrmerly prevouted large vessels from reaching the latter city, are the following : — Lake St. Peter, — With tlie exception of the deeper channels of the river, which project into the extremities of the lake, and two long deep pools situated in the line followed by the greatest current, the bottom of Lake St. Peter may be considoi-ed as a great smooth shoal of soft clay overlaid ai. certain places with a layer of sand. The central portion, several square miles in H141. y 82 r CANADIAN HANDBOOK. extent, called "The Flats," is perfectly level, with a depth of about 1 1 ft. of water at the lowest stage, and deepening to about 16 ft. or 18 ft. near the extremities of the lake, when it suddenly drops to 25 ft. or 30 ft. deep below water surface. The shortest distance between 20 ft. depths of water at the extremities is, in a straight line across the Flats, 14 English miles, and the aggregate breadth of the bars separating the pools is 11^ miles. At Lavaltrie, about 30 miles below Montreal, is a broad shoal of clay covered with boulders and gravel, 5| miles in length between the hnes of 25 ft. water, and with only 11 ft. at the shallowest parts. From Varennes to Cap St. Michel, a distance of 2 miles, there is a succession of shoals of clay and stones, covered with 16 ft. to 25 ft. of Avater. At Pointe aux Trembles, 10 miles below Montreal, about 2 miles of a bottom of clay and boulders is covered with 18 ft. to 25 ft. of water At Cap la Roche, 50 miles above Quebec, a shoal stretches across the river formed of shale rock overstrewn with large boulders, and having in summer a depth of 20 ft. to 25 ft. of water, according to the condition of the tide. At Cap Charles, immediately below, is a similar shoal of rock, but only one third of a mile in width, and with 17 ft. to 24 ft. of A\ater upon it. At several other places there were shoals of smaller extent reaching wholly or partly across the main channel. Operations for the removal of these formidable obstructions to deep draft navigation were first commenced in 1844, when the Government Board of Public Works placed two dredges in Lake St. Peter to cut a channel 150 ft. wide and 14 ft. deep at low water in a straight line through " The Flats." Work was con- tinued with some interruptions for four summers, Avhen it was suspended. After a lapse of four years, or in 1851, operations were resumed, but under the charge of the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal, who adopted a route further to the north, following the deflections of the natural or " Old Channel," and taking advanta'i-e of the " pools " of deep water. The (Iredging of the shoals near Lavaltrie and Varennes was commenced in the same year, and the work was carried on with such vigour and success that by the end of 1852 vessels drawino- 15 ft., or 4 ft. more thnn formerly, could at the lowest stage of water reach Montreal. In 1855 the plant was increased, and tlie work continued until 1866, when an aggregate length of about 31 miles of river had been dredged upon, and the whole ship channel between Montreal and Quebec had been made to at least 300 ft. in width and 20 ft. in di'pth at the lowest water. The total expenditure, including the purchase of plant, was up to that date ^1,200,000. In 1875 the deepening of the channel was again commenced with a view of making it first to 22 ft. and afterward contiuuin<' CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 88 it to 25 ft. deep, and by the end of the present year the former depth will have been attained. The plant engaged in the work consists of eight dredges (with a single set of buckets on an endless chain, and having a daily capacity, varying with the material, from 150 cubic yards of shale rock to 3,000 cubic yards of soft clay) ; two boulder-grappling barges ; eight tug beats, together with the necessary scows, coal tenders, &c., the whole costing about ;^580,000. John Kennedy, Chief Engineer. [The submerged canal, in the bottom of Lake St. Peter, is 16^ miles in length, with bottom level 23 feet below low-water suiface, 12 feet maximum depth of cutting, 300 feet wide, invol- ving the removal of 5,620,805 cubic yards.] le •re ng iof itil lad eal ft. ing ccd ing E. The Harbour op Montreal. The city and harbour of Montreal are situated on the north side of the Kiver St. Lawrence 986 miles from the Straits of Belleisle, immediately below the Lachine Kapids, or in other words at the head of navigation in that part of the river level with the sea, and the highest point to which the larger sea-going vessels can ascend to meet the veseels of the great inland lakes. Up to 1825 the only wharves in existence were two on the shore bi'tween what is now the Custom House Square and the foot of the canal, having a total frontage of about 1,120 ft., and in water about 2 ft. deep at the lowest stage. In 1825 (the year following the opening of the first Lachine Canal) the upper wharf was repla^ ed by the " Canal wharf," which was extended to 1,260 ft. in length and placed in about 5 ft. water. In 1830 the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal were con- stituted for the management of the harbour, and by them the construction of the first regular system of wharfage was under- taken. Between 1830 and 1832 several of the present wharves, in- cluding the " Island wharf" and those immediately above and below it, were built of piles, with from 5 ft. to 20 ft. water in front of them. These replaced the remainder of the original shallow water wharves, and extended the wharfage to an aggregate frontage of 4,950 ft., or nearly a mile. Ko further additions were made until 1840, but in that and the following two years extensions were made both above and below those of 1830 to 1832 and increasing the total frontage to 7,070 ft., or 1"55 miles. The basins of the enlarged, or present., Lachine Canal, which was opened in the spring of 1848, supplied a considerable extent of wharfage ; and, with the exne[)tion of the construction of two wharves with a frontage of 1,370 feet in 10 feet water in the F 2 84 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. then lower part of the harbour, no further extensions were made in the harbour proper until 1856, which was shortly after the dredging operations in the river below were sufficiently advanced to allow of vessels reaching Montreal with a draft of 13 feet at low water instead of only 11 feet as before. It was then also determined to continue the deepening of the ship channel to 20 feet, and a regular line of large steamers between Montreal and Liverpool having been already established, the necessity for deep water wharfage arose, and in 1856 the Hochelaga Wharf in 20 feet water was built at the lower limits of the city, and below the current St. Mary. . The deepening of the shallow upper parts of the harbour and the ro-building of some of the old wharves to a greater depth was also undertaken about the same time. The deepening and improvement of the central part of the harbour, and its extension upward and downward, have been regularly carried on to the present time as the deepening of the ship channel and the increase of trade demanded. At the end of 1866, when vessels drawing 20 feet were first enabled to reach Montreal, the wharfage was of the following extent :~ For 20 feet draft of water - Under 20 feet „ Total Miles. 1*39 1-78 3-17 Wharfage for 24 feet draft of water At the present date the extent is as follows : 24 to 20 feet l^otal 10 to 20 feet draft of water 4-42 As already stated, the earlier wharves were built of piles placed in a close row in front, and well secured and backed with earth and stone hlliug in rear, but since 1846 they have been exclusively built of crib-work strongly framed of pine and other suitable timber, and tilled and backed with stone-ballast, or with ordinary dredgings from the harbour. All the wharves are entirely submerged in winter, and owing doubtless to this the timber is of unusual durability. Some pile wharves of 1830, which are in deep water, aud therefore did not need to be superseded, are still in use. The crib-work wharves arc found to suffer no serious decay for about 15 or 20 years, and then only to a depth about h'lf way between the top and the low water line. CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 85 The total capital expenditure in construction of the harbour is up to the present time about ^^2,000,000, tlie interest on which is met by dues levied upon the vessels and cargoes. The following is the number and tonnage of sea-going and inland vessels which arrived in port in the past 10 years : — Sea-Koing Vessels. Inland Vessels. Year. No. Toniingo. x\0. Tonnage. 1868 1869 - 1870 1871 - 1872 1873 - 1874 1875 - 1876 - 1877 ' 478 r)57 680 664 727 702 731 642 602 513 198,759 259,863 316,846 351,721 398,800 412,478 423,423 386,112 391,180 376,859 5,822 5,866 6,345 6,878 7,150 6,751 6,855 6,178 6,083 6,333 746,927 721,324 819,476 624,787 936,782 933,462 956,837 811,410 786,083 847,978 John Kennedy, Chief Engineer. 86 CANADIAN IIANDUOOK. F. - - - - Statemknt showing Mileaok of Railways in Operation, Capital, Total Floating Nome of Railway. Dominion. Grand Trunk Railway - Atlantic and St. Lawrence £uifulo and Lake Huron CIiicBgo, Detroit, and Canada Intercolonial ... Canadian Pacific Railway Ontario. Brockville anil Ottawa— to Arnprior Canada Central— Ottawa to Pembroke Brantford, Norfolk, and Port BiirwoU (Canada Southern ... CobourK, Peterboro', and Marmora . Great Svcstcrn .... London and Port Stanley -~) : Q.^„i WellinRton, Grey, and f Woatorn London, Huron, and Bruce J •' " Hamilton and Nortli-wcstcrn Kingston and Pembroke Midland . - - - Northern ... Port Dover and Lake Huron • St. Lawrence and Ottawa Toronto and Nipissiiig - Toronto, Grey, and Bruce Grand Junction AVelland - . . - Whitby and Port Perry Victoria .... Stratford and Lake Huron - Qt'EDEC. Levis and Kcnnibcc - Massawii)i)i Valley Mississquoi and Block Rivt-i- V;;!!cy Montreal and V'ennorit Junction Montreal, Portland, and Boston Quebec Central - Quebec and Lake St. John St. Lawrence and Industry - St. Prancis, Megantic, and Interna tional. South Eastern ... Quebec, Jlontreal, Ottawa, and Occi dental. Carillon and Grenville - pRi.vcE Edward Island. Prince Edward Island Railway Nova Scotia. Windsor and Annaijolis Railway New Bhunswick. Albert - Chatham Branch lUiropean aud North America; Frederickton New Brunswick New Brujiswick and Canada Petitcodiac and Elgin Total mileage Less milciige in United States Total Canadian mileage - Mileage. Ordinary Paid.up Share Capital. Preference Paid-up Share Capital. Bonded Debt Paid up. li-SSSi* 744 50 57 105 322i 31 860i ( 147 CO 133 167i 63 59 88 195 20 lOi 4e 33i 20 4.") 34i 10 23 32 (il SCi 12 33i 65 178 13 J 198 84 51 9U 23 W2 120 14 5 935 i 228 5,707\ 63,403,(i«8 r>5 ] 01,869,200 5(5 5,000,000 00 ! 2,550,000 00 1,074.730 33 Prefco. Extn. Debcntrs. Gon.ooo 2,4(il,r>35 47 20,476,379 12 3.484,000 00 3,715,9S2 20 1,095,000 00 848,000 00 1,330,000 00 11,197,189 39 400.000 00 17,392,152 07 2,580,000 06 495,000 00 40.000 00 30,000 100,000 20,595,538 93 221,200 00 22,310 00 145,000 00 106,000 00 831.,114 99 2,287.172 56 425,000 00 I 21,184 00 4,192,633 00 80,000 00 i 107,900 00 I 789,909 780,000 60 193,350 00 : 769,000 00 773,085 00 ' ■ 1,999,726 62 S(H! Railways under Construction 793,712 03 I I 957,273 33 110,080 33 I I 689,611 39 See Railwaj's under Construction See Railways under Construction 1,085,024 36 400,000 974,800 00 295,985 112,210 42,100 050,000 10,000 00 486,666 66 400,000 00 100,000 00 833,251 894,000 00 V.ork assumed by Quebec Government. 94,ouO 1,467,360 CO 642,000 00 .50,000 00 5.50.000 00 321,100 00 200,000 00 1,178,000 00 8,000 00 114,352,120 82 610,000 00 08,870,876 31 1,532,028 00 100,000 00 1,722.000 00 170,000 00 79,076,382 44 0°' Of this line 228 miles aro CANADIAN HANDBOOK. »7 F. Cost ok "Road and Rolling Stock, avitii Goveunmknt and Municipal Aid, Debt, &c. Government Loans or Honusea. Rate of Interest. Name of Government. Loan. Bonus. Subscriptions to Siinres or iionds. Paid-up. 7 7o 6°/o 5°/o 7°/o 8 10 6°/o «°/o 7&8°/o 0% 7°/o 6°'o GO : /o r.°/o li o 0/ /o Dominion Dominion Ontaric ])o. Do. Do. Ontario Do. Do. Do. . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. ar.d Douiiniou Ontario Quebec Quebec Do. Do. Do. Quebec Dominion Do. New Hrunswick Do. Do. ])o. 1)0. Do. Do. 15,142.(i33 3:) lu,lfJ,t>33 o3 35,682,249 11 125,0<)O 00 lOO.iiuo 00 1 I7,S5S 05 18,000 00 2il,27t5 000 ]7.S,6.30 00 40!5,5O0 117.312 ilS.OOO I'.IO.OdO 00 120,000 00 104,860 00 373,282 00 2,fi50 00 94,957 59 300,000 85,000 00 382,000 COO.OOO 00 128,506 413,000 (10 4,807,000 00 3,40J,367 84 1,089,896 00 455,000 00 32,01(0 00 880,000 01) 2:30,000 00 76,000 00 575,000 00 70,000 00 5l,71l0,44t 37 24,000 00 300,000 00 324,000 15,142,(i33 33 35,682,219 11 75,000 00 147,858 65 18,000 Oi 2H,270 00 178,630 00 67,000 00 115,274 60 98,350 20 19«i,188 00 126,000 0;) 104,S60 00 377,938 9t,957 39 ]OS,.300 00 14.000 oe 48,171 00 166,3.50 00 3,103,367 ?4 1,089,896 00 32,000 00 1,180,000 00 230,000 00 76,000 00 575,000 00 70,000 00 9,059,300 30 in the United States. B8 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. F. — Statement siiowino Mileage of Railways ix Operation, Capital, Total Floating Naino of Riiilway. Loan. Municipal Loan^ or Bonuses. I .Suhscription Bonus, to Sliares or Bonds. raid Up. Dominion. Giiuul Trunk Hiiilway - Atlantic and St. Lawronco Buffalo and Lake Huron Chicago, Detroit, and Canada Intercolonial Canadain Pacillc Railway Ontahio. Brockvillo and Ottawa— to Arnprior Canada Central— Ottawa to Pembroke Brantford, Norfolk, and Port Burwell Canada Southern - - Cobourn. Poterboro', and Marmora Great Western - London and Port Stanley Wellington, Gr(!y, and Bruco London, Huron, and Bruco Hamilton and North-western Kingston and Pembroke Midland - Northern Port Dover and Lake Huron St. Lawrence and Ottawa Toronto and Nipissing Toronto. Grey, and Bruce Grand Junction Welland - - - WliitViy and Port Perry Victoria - - - Stratford and Lake Huron Que DEC. Levis and Kennebec Massawippi Valley MississQuoi and Black River Valley Montreal and Vermont Junction Montreal, Portland, and Boston Quebec Central - Quebec and Lake St. John - St. LawTence and Industry - St. Francis, Megantic, and luterna tionnl. South-Eastcrn . - • Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, and Occi dental. Carillon and Grsnvillo Petnce ErwAED Island. Prince Edward Island Railway Nova Scotia. Windsor and Annapolis Railway New Brunswick. Albert .... Chatham Branch European and North American Frederiekton New Brunswick New Brunswick and Canada - Petitcodiac and Elgin - 32,500 00 75,000 00 200,000 .'322,500 082,000 00 311,500 00 719,0110 (M) 450,000 00 110,870 00 2'tl,!)80 00 200,408 00 388,000 00 988,000 222,091 93 10,000 00 250,000 00 7,000 00 (),000 00 2,450,000 0(1 70.000 00 80,000 00 23,000 00 47,500 00 13,000 00 7,914,853 78 42,500 00 120,000 00 100,000 00 390,000 10,000 62,000 00 100,000 00 578,000 00 60,000 1,477,500 00 82,500 00 140,000 00 .'!2O,052 11 102,000 00 682,000 00 307.104 20 165,000 0(1 450,000 00 110,870 M 631,980 00 198,043 7S 376,702 OO 909,561 4t •^22,091 93 t;2,ooo 25,000 00 100,000 00 10,000 00 438,000 00 60,000 00 80,000 00 23,000 00 47,500 Oi) 13,000 00 5,089.299 31 CANADIAN HANDBOOK. 89 r. Cost of Road and Rolling Stock, with Government and MnNicii'AL Aid, Dejjt, Sic. — cont. Total Capital. ubscribod. Paid Up. Floating Debt. Amount. Ratoof Intorost. Total Cost of ttailwny iiiul RoUiiiK Stock. ■SI 151,089,067 -M 1,343.800 00 20,705,100 00 1,120,000 00 3,733,542 66 073,342 60 833,308 00 1,510,909 70 i)i)8,800 00 491,070 00 1,118,100 00 42,100 00 3,249,100 100,000 00 4,089,624 00 135,310 00 1,8(10,000 00 731,000 00 160,934,619 71 8,48.1,000 Wt • 6,270,982 20 2,109,7;J6 33 36,082,219 11 1,3-13.600 00 1,412,500 00 2-t5,00() 00 20,765,100 00 1, 120,01 K» 00 40,'W9,027 07 3,733,542 CO 508,334 28 377,000 00 071,274 50 3,810,508 00 6,070,985 34 571,943 78 1,519,909 70 1,4W.912 00 4,120,311 06 1,755,985 36 1,116,744 24 1,679,991 22 800,000 00 998,800 00 395,985 270,881 42,100 778,506 1,893,601 00 7,326,000 00 94,000 00 3,403,367 84 4,089,024 00 042,000 00 82,000 00 1,430,000 00 7.31,100 00 2,021,000 00 2,580,500 00 91,000 00 3,092.281 73 88.000 GO 60,000 00 200,000 00 099,123 00 62,000 00 158,093 00 46,000 00 42-4,300 00 915,660 30 14(),883 20 157.780 90 282,281 13 44,818 28 167,389 35 16,210 81 16,000 00 198,341 00 600,000 00 36,000 334,433,482 00 8 7o 8 7o 7 7o 6 7o 149,612,051 15 8,484,000 CO 6.270,982 20 2,169,730 33 35,682,219 00 3,000,000 00 1,600,000 00 380,()(M) 00 26,735,181 96 1,400,042 00 38.309,302 42 3,280,520 08 1,401,811 37 850,570 57 802,020 89 3.957,588 50 718,828 98 1,483,305 04 1,000,000 00 4.107,129 34 1,220,390 91 1,181,790 49 400,000 00 770,639 36 244,501 00 64,010 00 1,320,000 00 110,000 00 3,403,367 84 3,799.989 00 1,767,000 00 98,000 00 .3.506,000 00 83,000 00 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V » ""^IC^ "n.^ .Iinute Book, -Jto. post, full, red morocco. Minute Book, 118 CANADIAN catalogue: 4to. cap, full, roan. Journal, royal, full, rttssia, illuminated backing, heavily tooled, extra, Ledf^er, super-royal, full, rough calf, 3. Russia Bands, vellum corners, 3 patterns. Ledger, imperial, full rough calf, russia, banded ends, laced, 3 patterns of ruling. Cash Book, imperial, full, rough calf, tooled, russia banded ends, extra heavy, projecting russia back pieces. New Brunswick Paper Co. ; N.B. Samples of Leather Board for Bookbinding. Novelty Works ; Jas. Smart, Manufacturer of General Hardware, &c. ; Brockville, 0. Copying Presses, various patterns, Clips, Paper Files, Paper Weights, Pen Racks, Twine Boxes, &c. See Class 17. Rolland & Sons ; Booksellers and Stationers ; Montreal^ Q. Commercial Blank Books. Taylor Bros. ; Paper Manufacturers ; Toronto, O. Specimens of Printing and Wrapping Papers, viz.. Roll White Printing Paper made for Daily Globe 10 columns, Cream Manilla, Hatter's Manilla, unbleached Manilla, White Tea Print, White Confection, Blue, Purple, and Yellow. Rag Wrajiping, Drown Wrapping, &c. Class 11. — General Application of the Arts of Dra^ving AND Mo:>ELLING. Designs for industrial purposes : designs obtained, reproduced, or reduced by mechanical processes. Decorative paintings, lithographs, chroiuo-lithographs, or engravings for industrial pur- poses. Models and small articulated wooden models of figures, ornaments, &c. Carvings. Cameos, seals, and various objects uecorated witli engraving. Objects modelled for industrial purposes produced by mechanical processes, reductions, photo-sculpture, &c. Casts. Council of Arts and Manufactures ; Montreal, Q. Drawings and Designs. Class 12. — Photographic Proofs and Apparatus. Photographs on paper, glass, wood, stuffs, and enamel. Helio- graphic engravings, lithographic proofs. Photo lithographic proofs, photographic stereotypes, stereoscopic proofs, and stereoscopes. Enlarged photographs. Colour photographs. Instruments, apparatus, and chemicals necessary for photography. Materials and appliances used in photographic studios. Ewing & Co. ; Wholesale Picture Frame Manufacturers, &c. ; Toronto, O. Camera Stand. Henderson, Alex. ; Photographer ; Montreal, Q. Photographs of Canadian Scenery, viz., Ice Shoves, River St. Lawrence ; Harvesting lee on River St. Lawrence ; Ice Jam, Montreal] River St. Lawrence in Sprnig and Montreal; CLASS 12. 119 ,'.VV' Victoria Bridge Abutment; Crossing River St. Lawrence in Spring J Scene on Murray River, Quebec ; Scene in Saugenuay Country ; Head of St. John's Bay, Saugenuay ; Belle Isle Lake; Beloeil Mountain, Richelieu River; Hillgate, Meta- pedia River; Scene on Metapedia River; Scene on Inter- colonial Railroad ; Lily Lake ; Bark Canoe on Wild Lake ; Ice Cone, Montmorenci ; Two Scenes, Hoar Frost ; Evening Scene, Niagara ; Ice Forms, Niagara ; on Luna Island, Niagara ; Floatinj'' Camp, Upper Ottawa ; Park on St. Helen's Island, Montreal ; Scene near Truro, Nova Scotia ; A. Warm Afternoon, Lake Inchbrakic; American fall, Niagara; Ice- bergs, &c. -Hamilton, City of; Exhibited by the Mayor; Hamilton, O. Thirty-four Photographs of Public Buildings, Manufacturing Establishments, Private Residences, &c. Hunter & Co. ; Photographers ; Toronto, 0. Photographs of Canadians. Cabinet and enlarged size. Minister of Public Works ; Hon. A. Mackenzie ; Ottawa, O. Photographs of Government Buildings in Ottawa (S. M'Laugh- hn, Photograjiher) : Custom House, Montreal ; Custom House, Toronto ; Post Office, Montreal ; Post Office, Toronto ; Osgoode Hall, Toronto, and 16 views of the Welland Canal. HcGaw; Toronto, 0. Photograph of Queen's Hotel, Toronto. Notman & Sandham ; Montreal, Q., and Notman & Fraser ; Toronto, O. Photographs of Canadian Scenes, illustrating Moose and Caribou Hunting, Snow Shoe Club, Curling, Fancy Dress Skating Carnival, Victoria Bridge, Windsor Hotel. Portraits, &c. Poole, £. ; St. Catherines, O. Specimens of Photographs. Selwyn, A. R. C. ; Director of Geological Survey ; 3fo?i- treal, Q. Collection of Photographic Views of Scenery in British Colum- bia. &c. ; Class 13. — Musical Instrujients. Non-metallic wind instruments: with common mouth pieces, with reeds with or without air reservoirs. Metallic wind instruments, simple, with lengthening pieces, with slides, with piston, with keys, with reeds. Wind instruments with keyboards : organs, accordions, &c. Stringed instruments played with the fingers or with the bow, without keyboards. Stringed instruments Avith keyboards : pianos, &c. Instruments played by percussion or friction. Automaton instruments, barrel organs, bird organs. Sepai'ate parts of musical instruments and orchestral appliances. 120 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : Dominion Organ Co. ; Boiomanville, 0, Cabinet, Combination, and other Orf^ana. These Organs have the following improvements : — The Vox Humana entirely changes the reed tone, giving it the gentle, wave-like tones of the human voice. The Vox Celeste: produced by an extra set of reeds peculiarly tuned. The Octave Coupler doubles the power of the instrument without increasing the size or number of reeds. The Sub Bass, an independent set of reeds, which increases the volume of the tone at least one third. The Fluffle Horn, composed of three octaves of reeds, tuned to imitate the finest passages executed c:i an ItaUan Horn. The Cello, composed of three octaves of reeds, tuned to imitate the Violincello. The Aeoline, ,•» soft, delicate, breathing stop. The Piccolo, a set of reeds, tuned one octave higher than the Prin- cipal, producing a very clear, shrill, pipe-like tone. The Grand Organ Stop, operated by the knee, is so arranged as to bring on the full power of the instrument at once. Jffartel, Pierre ; L'Assomption, Q. Two Violins. Martel, 0. ; Montreal, Q. Musical Composition. Woods, W. H. ; Port Rowan, 0. Bell Piano. Class 14. — Medicink, Hygiexe, and Public Relief. Appliances, instruments, and apparatus requisite for anatomical and histological works. Plastic anatomical models. Instruments of medical research. Apparatus and instruments for dressing wounds and simple surgery, general and local ; anaesthetic apparatus. Surgical instruments grouped accoi'ding to their purposes : instruments for amputations, resection. Special instruments, ob- stetrics, ovariotomy, urinary channels, ophthalmology, dentistry, &c. ; electro-therapeutic apparatus. Apparatus for plastic and mechanical prosthesis, ortliopoedic apparatus. Trusses. Apparatus for restoring persons apparently drowned or suffo- cated. Baths and hydro-therapeutic apparatus ; gymnastical apparatus for medical and hygienic purposes. Plans and models of hospitals, various asylums, houses of refuge, poor-houses, lunatic asylums. Arrangements and furniture of such establishments. Various apparatus for infirm persons, in- valids, and lunatics. Accessory objects for the medical, surgical, and pharmaceutical service in hospitals or infirmaries. Chests and cases of instruments and medicines for military and naval surgeons. Means and apparatus for succouring the wounded on battle fields. Civil and military ambulances. Appliances, instruments, apparatus, and all things requisite for veterinary surgery. CLASS 14. 121 Alexander, John B., U.D. ; Montreal, Q. Electro-galvanic Trusses and Abdominal Supports. This Truss and Support is claimed to be the most perfect in use. It is said to be more comfortable, durable, less complicated, admits of more changes, and retains the hernia more easily and with less pressure than any other Truss in use. It can be moulded to fit the body perfectly, and will not rust or corrode. It is constructed of roll brass, nickel plated, Avith an elastic self- adjusting spiral spring, and cannot be displaced h-^ any move- ment of the body. By changing the spiral sprmg, pressure can be increased or diminished. It is claimed to be the only complete curcular metallic lever non-elastic Truss made. Canadian School Apparatus Company ; John P. May, Manager ; Toronto, O. Anatomical models of Human Body, Horses, &c. See Class 6. Clnthe, C. ; Hamilton, O. Collection of Patent Spiral Spring Trusses. The following advantages are claimed, full ventilation, perfect freedom in all motions of the body, constant pressure combined with great simplicity of construction and durability. Horsey, G. F. ; Kingston, O. Eleven pieces of Mechanical Dentistry, consisting of gold, silver, celluloid and vulcanized rubber plates. Inspector of Asylums for Ontario ; J. W. Langmuir ; Toronto, O. Photographs of Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belleville; Blind Asylum, Hamilton ; Asylums for the Insane, Hospitals, Pri- sons, &c. ; also Reports on the Asylums, Prisons, and Public Charities for the Province of Ottawa. to for Class 15. — Mathematical and PiiiLosoriiicAL Instruments. Apparatus and instruments used for mathematical purposes. Apparatus and instruments illustrating practical geometry, land-surveying, topogi'aphy and geodesy ; compasses, calculating machines, levels, mariners' compasses, barometers, &c. Apparatus and instruments for measurement : verniers, micro- metric screws, dividing machines, &c. ; scales for scientific uses. Optical instruments. Astronomical instruments. Physical and meteorological instruments, &c. Instruments and apparatus re- quisite for laboratories and observatories. Weights and measures of various countries. Coins and medals. Heame & Harrison ; Montreal, Q. Optical, Philosophical, Mathematical, and Surveying Instru- ments. Spectacles and Fancy Thermometers. Potter, Charles ; Toronto, O, Surveying Instruments viz., Sm'veyors' Level, price .^GO, and Compass, price ^45. {Trophy.) See also Class 65. 122 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : Class 16. — Maps, and Gkograpiiical and Cosmographical Apparatus. Topographical, geographical, geological, hydrographical, and astronomical maps, atlases, &c. Physical maps of every kind. Plans in relief. Terrestrial and celestial globes and spheres. Statistical works and tables. Tables and ephemerides for the use of astronomers and sailors. Canadian Commission ; Ottawa, O. ^ j^, Birds' Eye View of the City of Ottawa, capital of OllHU'lu.CA^^ Copp, Clark & Co. ; Engravers and Lithographers ; Toronto, O. Geographical Maps, exhibited by the Education Department of Ontario. Education Department of Ontario ; Hon. Adam Crooks, Q.C., Minister of Education, Toronto ; Toronto, O. Cosmographical and other Maps. (Jenest, Pierre, M.A. ; Quebec, O. Map of Nouvelle France, to illustrate the History of Canada. Hector, Thomas ; Ottawa, 0. Ellipto-Polar Map of the World. This Map is a projection of the Globe from its South pole upon the interior of an oblate spheroidal hemisphere, and thence orthographically down upon the plane of the transverse diameter forming its base. It pre- sents an unbroken view of all parts of the world at once in their relative latitude and longitude, which no other map or system of projection in use does. Hind, Prof. H. Y. ; Windsor, Nova Scotia. Dominion of Canada Fishing Maps. 1. Chan, showing the position of the principal Fishing and Curing Establishments in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Island of ]"fewfoundland. 2. Chare showing the principal Winter Fishing Grounds for Cod, Halibut, and Herring, on the Atlantic coasts of the Dominion of Canada and the Province of Newfoundland. Note. — Numerous Schools of large Cod, winter in deep water on the south shore of Newfoundland, on the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia, near the edges of 60 and 100 fathom lines of Sounding. Halibut winter generally in water of about the same depth as the coast. The movements of local schools of Cod and Halibut appear to be greatly influenced by the vary- ing temperature of sub-surface currents. These seem to determine the local migration of young Herring, which form a large part of the winter food of these fish. 3. Physical Chart of part of the north Atlantic, showing the cold water area occupied by the Labrador current in summer, together with the distribution of the Fishing Grounds for the Commercial Cold Water Fishes, Cod, Halibut, Mackerel and Herring. 4. Chart showing the chief fishing grounds for Mackerel. CLASS 16. 128 for the the and (M, 1. Note. — ^The spawn of the Mackerel floats and is hatched near the surface of the sea. The spawning areas are generally near to the winter hybernating haunts of the Mackerel. The feeding grounds of the fish are largely dependant on tempera- ture, whether at the surface or in midwater. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence the feeding grounds are generally near the shore. In the ojien Atlantic they are frequently off shore during the warm summer months. 3. Chart showing the known Fishing Grounds for Halibut in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Coasfc of British America. The Halibut may be taken near the bottom at depths varying from 5 to 300 fathoms, the schools move at different seasons from shoal to deep water and back again, according to prevail- ing temperature. They also follow and return on the course of cold sub-surface currents, irrespective of depth, if the tem- perature be sufficiently low. The egg of the Halibut floats. 6. Physical Chart of part of the north Atlantic, showing the winter fishing grounds for the Cod, Halibut, and Herring, together with the winter haunts and summer migrations of the Ne\vfoundland herds of Harp Seals. 7. Chart showing the known Fishing Grounds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Atlantic Coast of British America. The Cod spawns in raid-water. The egg floats and is developed near the surface. The seasons and areas of spawning of different schools are dependent on local temperature. 8. Chart showing the known spawning grounds and winter haunts of the Herring on the shores of the Dominion of Canada and the Province of Ne\vfoundland. The different schools of Herring approach the coast to spawn from May to October, according to the temperature of the water. Probably many schools spawn on outside banks. Herring spa\vn being found in the stomachs of Cod. In summer the schools are often found remote from shores on the banks. Large Herring appear to winter generally near the land. Young Herring in deep water. Harbour Commissioners; Montreal, Q. ; John Kennedy, Engineer-in-Chief. Plan of the River St. La^vrence from Montreal to Kingston, showing the Canals and other works executed for the improve- ment of navigation between these points. 2. Plan of the River St. La^vrence between Montreal and Quebec, showing works executed for deepening and improving the ship channel. Minister of Interior ; Hon. David Mills ; Ottawa, O. Map of part of the Dominion of Canada, showing location of the principal products of the Field, Forest, Mines, and Fisheries, also Railways and Water R^tes, 30 ft. long, 15 ft. high, specially prepared by the Department of the Interior for the Paris Exhibition, 1878. Minister of Public Works ; Hon. Alex. Mackenzie ; Ottawa, 0. Map of a portion of Ontario, showing the Welland Canal now in course of construction, connecting Lake Ontario and Erie, length of canal, 27i miles; depth of water, 14 feet; mean 124 CANADIAN CATALOaUE il-! difference of level between lakes, 326.^ feet. 26 locks, each 2/0 feet long, 45 feet wide ; also sections of works, photo- graphs, &c. Mayor of Toronto ; Angus Morrison, Esq. ; Toronto, O. Birds' Eye View of Toronto, with numerous engravings of the principal Public Edifices and Business and Private Buildings. RoUand & Sons ; Montreal^ Q. French Maps of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada ; Alfred R. C. »Solvvyn, Direc- tor ; Montreal, Q. Geological and Mineral Maps and Illustrations. Sicotte, L. W. ; Montreal, Q. Cadastral Plans :— Official Surveys of City and Town lots. Farm, Lands, &c., in the Province o£ Quebec. Each lot is numbered, and the boundaries defined for the purpose of trans- fer and sale of property. Tach^, Eugene E. ; Quebec, B. M. Map of the Province of Quebec. cc m m 125 THIRD GROUP. furniturf: and accessories. Class 17. — All Kinds of Furnituue, Cukap and Costly. Sideboards, book cases, tables, dressing tables, beds, sofas, couches, billiard tables, &c. Bennet, Bros. London, O. Three carved Ends for Charch Pews. Lee, William ; Toronto, 0. Hand-made Inlaid Centre Table. This table contains 2o,000 pieces. The Manufacturer was awarded International Medal at Philadelphia for a similar Table. Lemieux, Edinond ; Ott moa, O. Inlaid Chequer Table, containing 21,360 pieces of various woods, among which are 29 different Canadian woods. , .-^ Major, E. & Co. ; Montreal, Q. "Wrought Iron Bedstead, price $G. Moorhead, George ; Manufacturing Co. ; Lojidon, 0. Drawing Room Suite in Crimson Silk, Bed Room Set in Black Walnut ; Cylinder Writing Desk in I31ack Walnut ; Cylinder Writing Desk and Bookcase combined ; Collection of Wooden and Cane Seat Chairs in Maple and Walnut, nearly 100 varieties consisting of OflSce Chairs, Fancy Chairs, Dining- room Chairs, Rocking Chairs, Nursing Chairs, Children's Chairs, &c. Novelty Works, James Smart ; Brockville, 0. Refrigerator, Cabinet Makers' Hardware : — Castors, Bed Fast- eners, &c. Builders' Hardware : — Door Handles, Hinges, &c. The Novelty Works at Brockville owned by Mr. James Smart are very extensive. A great variety of General Hardware is manufactured at these works. See Classes 6, 10, 17, 4.3, 50, 61, 53, 57, 58, 62. Mr. Smart exports to England, and very extensively to Australia, his goods are of superior finish and command a very large sale wherever they have been introduced. The retail prices are marked on the goods exhibited at Paris. A large discount off those prices, from 25 per cent, to 50 per cent is allowed to the trade. The proprietor has facilities to ship any quantities of his goods that may be required at very short notice. Special attention is directed in this establishment to putting up the goods, in neat packages for the market, and the greatest care is taken in packing and transmitting goods for foreign trade. White, J. ; Woodstock, 0. Mosaic Centre Table. {Trophy.) 126 CANADIAN catalogue; Class 18. — Upiiolstekebs' and DECOitATORs' Work. Bed furniture, stuffed chairs, canopies, curtains, tapestry, and other hangings. Decorative furniture made of costly stones and substances. Composition ornaments and objects moulded in plaster, carton- pierre, papier-mache, &c. Frames. Paintings and decorations for churches. Cobban, Or. & Co. ; Toronto, O. Samples of Picture Frame Mouldings. Ewing Sb Co. ; Toronto, O. Samples of Picture Frame Mouldings. Haycock, Edward ; Ottawa, 0. Highly embellished Wrought Iron Mirror Frame, made on the anvil with hammer and chisel, representing the Maple, Vir- ginian Creeper, and Canadian plants copied lirom Nature. Class 19. — Crystal, Glass, and Stained Glass. Drinking glasses of crystal, cut glass, plated and mounted crystal, &c. Table glass. Common glass, and bottles. Window and mirror glass. Cast, enamelled, crackled, frosted, and tempered glass. Glass, crystals for optical purposes, ornamented glass, &c. Stained glass. Mirrors, looking glasses, &c. Elliot & Co. ; Wholesale Chemists and Druggists ; To- ronto, 0. Collection of Canadian Glass Bottles. Lewis, R. & Co. ; Ontario Stained Glass Works, London, 0. Enriched Figure Window in Stained Glass. Two subjects: 1. Birth of our SaA'iour ; 2. The Annunciation. Walker, A.; Painter and Decorator; Halifax, JV.S. Ornamented Plate Glass Panel, painted in imitation of Gold by a new process invented by the Exhibitor. Class 20. — Pottery. Biscuit ware, hard and soft paste porcelains. Fine earthenware with coloured glazing, &c. Earthenware biscuits. Terra-cotta. Enamelled lava. Bricks and tiles. Stone- ware. Ahrens, J. H.; Manufacturer of Flint, Enamelled and Common Earthenware ; Paris, O. Samples of Cream Pots, Milk Crocks, Milk Pans, Butter Pots, Jugs, Molasses Jugs, Fruit Jars, Preserve Jars, Fancy Flower Pots, Water Pitchers, Flower Pots. Rockingham or Flint Enamelled Ware; Water Pitchers, Tea Pots, Spittoons, Hanging Flower Pots, Vases, &c. CLASS 20. 127 Schuler, Henry ; Paris,. 0. Collection of Stoneware, viz. : — Butter Pots, Preserve Jars, Cream Pots, Ju^s, Tomato Jars, Churns, Common Pitchers, Spittoons, Molasses Jugs, Flower Pots, &c. St. John Pottery Works ; St. John's, Q. Assortment of Stone ware. Fancy Flower Pots, &c. Class 21. — Cakpets, Tapestry, and other Stuffs for Furniture. Carpets, moquettes, tapestry, terry and velvet pile, &c. Felt carpets, matting, &c. ludia-riibber floorcloth, &c. Furniture stuffs of cotton, wool, or silk, plain or figured. Horse- hair fabrics and leather cloths, moleskins, &c. Leather for hangings, for covenng furniture, &c. Oilcloths. Armstrong, John & A. ; Guclph, O. Samples of Canadian Carpets. Elora Carpet Manufacturing Co. ; Elora, O. Samples of Canadian Carpets. Class 22. — Paper Hangings. Printed paper hangings. Flock, marbled, veined paper, &c. Paper for covering, bookbinding, &c. Artistic papers. Var- nished and enamelled paper. Imitations of wood and of leather. Painted or printed blinds. Staunton, M. & Co. ; Toronto, 0. Samples of Canadian Paper Hangings, Borders, &c., including Bronze Finish, Satin Finish, and White Blank. and Pots, ower Flint oons, Class 27. — Apparatus and Processp:s for Heating and Lighting. Fire-grates, fire-places, stoves and hot-air stoves. Accessory objects for heating. Kitchen-ranges and apparatus for heating and cooking by gas. Apparatus for heating by the circulation of hot water, steam, or heated air. Ventilated apparatus. Drying apparatus ; drying stoves. Enameller's lamps, blow-pipes ; portable forges. Lamps for illuminating purposes, fed with various oils. Accessory objects for lighting. Matches. Apparatus and accessory objects for lighting by gas. Lamps for the electric light. Apparatus for the use of the magnesium light, &c. Bums, John ; Montreal, Q. French Cooking Range, with Wooden Frame. This Range can be fitted with several small fires, each separate, thereby saving fuel. It has also a patent support to the oven door, and the grate, by the application of a lever, can be dropped and brought back into place from the outside of the range. m- 128 CANADIAN catalogue: Chanteloap, J. ; Montreal, Q. Ship Lamps, Engineer Gauge Lamp, Head Lamp for Loco- motive, Gauge Lamp for Locomotive, Fancy Bronze Centre Lamps, Uronze Side Lamj) for ('anrUe. Bronze Side Lamp, Loose Globe, White, Ruby, and (ireen Lanterns, Brass Hull Lamps, Chandeliers, plain and sliding, Single, Two-Light, and Three-Light Brackets, &c. Chown & Cunningham ; Kingston^ O. Cooking Stove, with Water Tank and Plate Warmer ; |)rico ^24; Parlour Cooking Stove; price HjHU). Gurney & Co. j Founders, &c. ; Hamilton, Toronto, Sf Mont- real. Queen Base Burner Parlour Stoves, from $20 to ^$'.30 each. McMurray & Fuller ; Toronto, O. Assortment of Telegraph and Match Splints. Prowse Bros. ; Manufacturers of Cooking Stoves ; Mont- real, Q. The Osborne Portable Coal Hod and Self-Peeder Hall Stove, price, ^60 ; and Wrought Iron Kitchen Ranye, price )^80. Stewart, Jas. & Co. ; Hamilton, O. Base Burning Stove, No. 27, " Sultana," medium size for Anthracite Coal, with Nickel plate edges, price ^26 50c. Williams, J. M. & Co. ; Hamilton, O. Collection of Tubular Lanterns. Class 29. — ^Leather Work, Fancy AKTicrEs, and Basket Work. \ Dressing cases, work boxes, small articles of fancy furniture, liquor-cases, glove-boxes, caskets. Cases and bags, jewel-boxes. Purses, pocket-books, note-books, cigar-cases. Turned, engine-turned, carved, or engraved articles in wood, ivory, tortoise-shell, &c. Snuff-boxes. Pijies. Fancy toilet combs and brushes. Lacquered ware. Fancy basket-work ; wicker work for bottles ; articles in fine straw. Brown Bros. ; Manufactui'ers; Toronto, 0. Assortment of Diaries, Wallets, and Date Calendars. {Trophy.) Boeckh Chas. ; Brush Manufacturer ; Toronto, 0. Large and varied Assortment of Paint, Varnish, Paper Hangers, Stencil and Hair brushes. Brazeau, F. R. ; Montreal, Q. Indian Fancy Work, Tobogans, Lacrosse Sticks, &c. (TVopJiy.) Caron, Udlle. ; Rivirie de Loup, Q, Collection of Indian work. CLASS 29. ISO Gamier; Montreal, Q. Je-sa-po-ca Work. {Trophy.) Jarvis, C, junr. ; Bra afford, o. tt Trophy] "^ ^'■'""''' ^^^"''^'' ""^ ^''^^^''' D"«t«"' (?«»•' McMurray & PuUer ; Toronto, O. Assortment of Brooms, Whisks, and Hrushes. Nelson, H. A. & Sons ; Mnntrval, Q. Corn Brooms, Hearth Brooms, and Dusters. (Part at Trophy.) Ulley, A. J. ; ]Jru8h ]\ranufiictiirer.s ; Montreal, Q. AssortmeuL of Brushes for Domestic us-o. Manufacturers, &c. II 141. 130 FOURTH GROUP. TEXTILE FABRICS, CLOTHING, AND ACCESSORIES. Class 30. — Cottox Threads and Fabrics. Cotton, dressed end spun. Pure cotton fabrics, plain and figured. Mixed cotton fabrics. Cotton velvet. Cotton ribands and tapes. Canada Cotton Manufacturing Company; Cornwall, On,' tario ; Donald McTnnes, Managing Director, Hamilton, Ontario. Assortment of Cottonades, Striped Woven Duck, Checks, White and Coloured Yarns, and White and Coloured Peerless Warps. Dundas Cotton Manufacturing Company ; Hamilton Young, General Manager ; Hamilton, Ontario. Cotton Goods, Domestic; Sheeting, Ticking, Blue Denim, Checked Regattas, Oxford Stripes, and Grain Bags. Gault Brothers ; Montreal, Quebec. Cotton Shirting. Hudon V. Cotton Company ; Montreal, Q. Assortment of Cotton Goods. Sorel Wadding Manufactory ; Sorel, Quebec. Samples Cotton Batting. Class 33. — Woollen Yarn and Fabrics. Carded wool and woollen yarn. Cloth and other woollen fabrics. Blankets. Felt of wool or hair for carpets, hats. Shoes. Woollen fabrics unmilled, or slightly milled ; flannel, tartans, swandown. British Columbia Advisory Board of 1876 ; B. C. Yarn from the Rocky Mountain Goat. Plain and Coloured Blankets made by the Indians. Calbeck, H. T. ; Prince Edward Island, Samples of Tweeds. Gault, Brothers ; Montreal, Quebec. Assortment of Tweeds. CLASS 33. 131 Mills & Hutchison ; Montreal, Quehcc. Assortment of Canadian Tweeds and Flannels. Awarded bronze medal at the Philadelphia Centennial, 1876, and silver medal from the Canadian Government for special excell .nee ; also medal and diploma by the Government of Quebec at a late Provincial Exhibition. UcCrae & Company ; Guelph, Ontario. Assortment of Woollen Yarn. Oxford manufacturing Company; Oxford, Nova Scotia. Assortment of Tweeds, Freize, Blankets, Shirting, &c. Paton Manufacturing Company ; Sherbroohc, Qitebcc Assortment of Tweeds. Bosamond Woollen Company ; Almonte, Ontario, Woollen Fabrics, Tweeds, and Doeskins. WiUett, S. T. ; Chambhj, Quebec. Fancy Flannels, assorted shades and patterns. Class 34. — Silk and Silk Fabkics. Raw and thrown silk. Floss silk yarn. Silk fabrics, pure plain, figured, bvocnded. Silk fabrics mixed with gold, silver, cotton, avooI, thread. Manufactures of floss silk, pure or mixed. Velvet and plush. Silk ribands, pure or mixed. Belding & Paul ; Montreal, Quebec. Specimens of Sewing Silk. Farquharson, Miss ; Whitby, 0>'tario. Piano Cover, original design of flowers, &o. painted in Oil on Velvet. Class 36. — Lace, Nkt, Embkoideky, and Trimmings. Thread or cotton lace made Avith the distaflP, the needle or the loom. Lace made of silk, worsted, or mohair. Gold and silver lace. Silk or cotton net, plain or figured. Tambour embroidery, crotchet work, &c. Gold, silver, and silk embroidery. Church embroidery. Erabroidery ; tapestry and other work done by the hand. Lace-work and trimmings of silk, floss silk, worsted, mohaii*, liorsehair, thread, and cotton ; laces. Lace-work and trimmings, real or imitation ; lacc-work for military uniforms. Russell, Miss Belle ; Ottawa, Ontario. : Point Lace Banner Fire Screen with Mountings, I 2 132 CANADIAN CATALOGUK : Strickland, the Misses ; Oshawa, Ontario. Varied assortment of Crotchet Work. Laces, Embroidery, &c., made by hand, the work of the Misses N. M. and S. Strick- land, were awarded a medal at the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia. Class 37. — Hosieey and TlNDER-cLoniiNa and Accessories OF Clothing. Hosiery of cotton, thread, wool, cashmere, silk or floss-silk, pure or mixed. Elastic fabrics. Undei'-clothing for men ; women, and children ; baby lineu. Flannel and other woollen garments. Stays, scai-ves, gloves, gfjtcvs, garters, braces, fans, screens, umbrellas, parasols, walking-sticks, &c. McCrae & Co. ; Guelpfi, 0. Woollen Vests, Shirts, Drawers, &c. Gault Brothers, Montreal, Q. Plain and Coloured Hosiery, Shirts, Drawers, &c. Strathroy Knitting Company ; eTames Watson, President ; Hamilton, 0. Assortment of Ladies' Clouds, and Scarfs, Blue Grey, Shet- land and Salmon Shirts and Ladies Oxford, assorted asd various. Coloured Hose. Class 38. — Clothing fok both Skxes. Men's clothes ; women's clotlies. Waterproof clothing. Men and women's head-dresses ; artificial flowers and feathers. Wigs and works in hair. Boots and shoes. «^ -^*' ' Children's clothes. Clothing peculiar to various professions and trades. Native costumes of different countries. Berlin Felt Boot Company ; M. B. Shantz, Manager ; Ber- lin, O. Seamless Felt Calf and Kid Boots ; also. Men's and Women's Slippers, from )^l to j^4 per pair. Canadian Rubber Company ; 3Iontrcol, Q. Large assortment of Men's, Youths', Women's, Misses', and Children's Rubber Boots and Shoes, from 30 cents, per pair upwards. Cedras, JosepL ; Montreal, Q. Self-conforming and Ladies' Riding Silk Hats, from 02 to 1^4 each. Coristine, J. & Co. ; Montreal, Q. Assortment of Wool Hats of Canadian Manufacture, sins. Snow Shoes, Buffalo and Coon Coats. Denton, J. M. ; London, O. Suit of Clothes of Canadian Tweed. Mocas- f( CLASS 38. laa Doney & Jost ; Prince Edioard Island. Skating Boots, Garrett, John ; Hamilton^ O. Assortment of Ladies', Boys', and Men's Boots. Morgan, H. & Co. ; Montreal, Q. Samples of Gloves. Mnllarky & Co. ; Montreal, Q. Men's Split, Buff, Enamelled, Patent, Pebbled Grain, Russeb and other Leather Boots j Women's Pebble, Prunella, Glace Kid, Goat, and Split Leather Boots. The following work is done by machinery : — The soles and heels are cut out. The bootc and shoes are sewed and pegged, bottom finished, heels put on, trimmed, and burnished, and edges of soles trimmed and burnished. {Trophy.) McCaffrey & Co. ; Montreal, Q. Two Silk Dresses and one Child's White Lace Dress. McCully, Ot. A. ; Hamilton, O. Variety of Ladies' and Gentlemen's Boots, Gaiters, and Shoes. McKenzie, John ; Summerside, P.E, I. Suit of Tweed Clothing. Minister of Agriculture ; Ottatca, 0. Indian Clothing and Equipments. McMaster, A. R. & Co.; Wholesale Merchants; To- ronto, 0. Samples of Canadian Buttons. Finkerton & Whitham ; Montreal, Q. Collection of Machine-made Boots and Shoes. Shantz, Jacob Ot. ; Button Manufacturer ; Berlin, O. Samples of Buttons made from Vegetable Ivory. Shorey, H. & Co. ; Wholesale Clothiers ; Montreal, Q. Variety of Ready-made Clothing, chiefly manufactured by machinery from Canadian Tweeds, exhibited for its cheapness, durability, and excellence of workmanship. This firm export largely, they employ over 1,000 hands. Skelton, Tooke, & Co.; Montreal, Q. Aboortment of Shirts, Collars, Cuffs, &c. Class 41. — Travelling ArrAUATus and Camp Equipage. Trunks, valises, saddle-bags, &c. Dressing cases and travelling cases. Various objects. Travelling rugs, cualiions, caps, travel- ling costumes and boots, iron-shod sticks, grapnei-hooks, sun- shades, &c. Portable apparatus specially intended for scientilic vojages and cxpcditioriL^ ; travelling photographic apparatus and instruments / for astronomical and meteorological observations ; equipments and 134 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : implements for geologists, mineralogists, naturalists, colonists, pioneers, &c. Tents and camp equipage. Beds, hammocks, folding chairs, «&r. Earringtou & Son ; Montreal, Q. Sole Leather Valises and Saratoga Trunk. Borhridge, S. & H. ; Ottawa. Leather Valises. Kraft, Ernest ; Hamilton, O. Travelling Trunks. Malcolm, R. ; Toronto, 0. Collection of Rivet Seal Postal Bags, manufactured from Cotton Duck, Linen, Cotton, Russia and Black Leather, Jute, Canvass, &c., also Padlock Bags and Newspaper Sacks. Class 42.— Toys and Games. Dolls and playthings ; dolls and figures in wax. Games for the amusement of children and adults. Instructive games. Commissioners of Canada ; Ottawa, 0. Lacrosse Sticks. Ualcolm, R. ; Toronto, 0. Specimens of Curling Stones. {Trophy.) McMnrray & Fuller ; Toronto, O. Children's Sleighs. {Trophy.) Oil Cabinet and Novelty Co. ; Montreal, Q. Rocking Horses, Indian Clubs, and Sleighs. Peacock, W.; Montreal, Q. Cricket Bats. iU 135 FIFTH GROUP. MINING INDUSTRIES, RAW AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. Class 43.— -Mining and Metallurgy. Collections and specimens of rocks, minerals, ores. Ornamental stones. Hard stones. Refractory substances. Earths and clays. Various mineral products. Raw sulphur. Rock salt ; salt from salt springs. Mineral fuel, various kinds of coal, coal dust, and compressed coal. Asphalt and rock asphalt. Bitumen, mineral tar. Petro- leum, &c. Metals in a crude state : pig-iron, iron, steel, cast-steel, copper, lead, silver, zinc, &c. Alloys. Products of washing and refining precious metals, of gold beating, &c. Electro metallurgy : objects gilt, silvered, or coated with copper, steel, nickel, &c. by galvanic process. Products of the working of metals : rough castings, bells, wrought-iron, iron for special purposes, sheet-iron and tin-plates, iron plates for casing ships and constructions, &c. Sheet-iron coated with zinc or lead ; copper, lead, and zinc sheets, &c. Manufactured metals : blacksmith's work, wheels and tires, unwelded pipes, chainvC, &o. Wire drawing. Needles, pins, wire-ropes, wire-work, and wire- gauze, perforated sheet-iron. Harclware, edge-tools, ironmongery, copper, sheet-iron, tin- ware, &c. Other metal manufactures. Albert Manufacturing Company ; ITillsboro\ N.B. Specimens of Gypsum, crude and ])repared. Average price of crude, ^^1 per ton (2,240 lbs.). Price of Plaster of Paris, ^^l per baiTel of 300 lbs. (delivered at port of shipment). Allan & Humphreys ; Ottawa, O. Two large hexagonal crystals of Green Phosphate of Lime (Apatite). Brockville Chemical Works ; BrockvUlc, O. Specimens of Apatite, ground Apatite for conversion into Superphosphate, and Pyrites. Buckingham Mining Company ; Montreal, Q. Large blocks of Apatite (Sulphate of Lime). BurreU, EUis ; Belleville, O. Assortment of Axes. Manufactory established 25 years. Daily make from 200 to 400 axes. Modern machinery worked by both steam and water power. (Trophy.) il 136 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : r Cape Breton Coal Mines ; N. S. Blocks from the foUowinjf mines, forming a portion of the Coal trophy: — Sydney, Lingan, Gardiner, Toronto Mining Co., Caledonia, Little Glace Bay, Big Glace Bay, Reserve and Emery, Gowrie, International, Victoria, and Blockhouse. Coldbrook Boiling Mills Company, N.B. Iron Ship Knee and a variety of Nails and Spikes. The works of the Coldbrook Rolling Mills Company of the Dominion of Canada are situated in the village of Coldbrook. St. John County, on the line of the Intercolonial Railway, three miles from the city of St. John. The works have a capacity of 250 tons of iron per week, such as tapered iron for ships' knees, as required by " French Veritas " or " English and American Lloyd's." Also Bar Iron, Mine Rails, Nail Plate, Puddled Iron, and special sizes to order. Their Nail and Spike Factory have a capacity of 200 kegs per day. This Company control the largest plant of the kind in the Dominion of Canada, and claim they are the only company in Canada that manufacture so many varieties of finished iron, &c. Their mills have been in operation for a number of years. Cowan & Brittou ; Gananoquc, O. T and Strap Hinges. This firm has been manufacturing Hinges, &c. for nearly 20 jrears. The factory is fitted with all the latest improved machmery, worked by water power. The facilities for shipping are excellent, being close to River St. Lawence, L. G. T. & R. Cunard & Co. ; Halifax, N. S. Specimens of yellow Copper Ore from New Brunswick. {Trophy.) Dennis, Col. ; Ottatva, 0. Soils from lands in Manitoba. Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company ; W. H. Walker, Managing Director ; Ottawa, 0. 1 . Large block of disseminated Ore taken from a bed 27 feet thick. 2. Disseminated Ore taken from various beds. 3. Large blocks of pure Ore, taken from shaft pits. 4. Speci- cimens of pure Ore from different veins, assay, 97 per cent, pure carbon. Prepared Stocks of the following grades : — A for Electrotyping and Pencils (finest). Al A 2 A3 A4 A5 A6 B 1 B2 B3 FF Lubricating, Pencils, Pianos „ Paints, Powder, Shot (finest). Crucibles, Lubricating, &c. „ it (coarsest). ti Si Foimdry Facings. The Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company was formed in June 18 75, with a capital of 100,000/. sterling, and has commenced operations on an extensive scale. The property of the Company comprises 1,250 acres of land in the to^\'nship of Buckingham. CLASS 43. 187 feet ■ is section of the country is well timbered and watered, and .. i facilities for raining unsurpassed. The mines are about 18 miles from Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion. The plum- bago is found in both beds and A'eins. Some idea of the size of the masses of plumbago which can be obtained, may be formed from the fact that one of the specimens exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, weighed 4,870 pounds. The works or the Company include appliances for crushing, washing, dressing, &c. When in full working order they turn out about four tons of " prepared stock " per day, suitable for crucibles, pencils, and stove-polish, as well as for lubricating, electro- typing, casting, and numerous other applications. (Trophy.) {See also Classes 10 and 60.) Dominion File Works, Outram, G., & Sons ; Montreal. Assortment of 299 files, rasps. Particular attention is called to the manner in which these files are put up for the market. (Trophy.) Forsyth, Robert ; Montreal. Monument of polished Syenit3, 20 feet high, on base of lime- stone five feet square. Price ;$800. This stone is said to exceed the red granite of Scotland in hardness. Mr. Forsyth has quarried quite a number of monuments and columns for architectural purposes, and the waste material has afforded a large quantity of excellent paving blocks which have been laid in some of the streets of Montreal. The blocks are from eight to 12 inches long, four inches thick, and six inches deep. They are shipped at the quarries for about $2 50c. per superficial yard. The facilities for shipping are all that could be desired, as vessels can load direct from the quarry. Frontenac Lead Mining Company ; Kingston, 0. One pig of Lead and specimens of Galena. Geological Survey of Canada ; Alfred R. C. Selwyn, F.R.S., Director; Montreal, Q. Collection of the Economic Minerals of Canada. For particulars see special Catalogue. (Trophy.) Gilmour, G.; Montreal. Collection of Bits and Augers. (Trophy.) Goodfellow, Jas,; NortJwsk, N. B. Building stone and Grindstones. Greening, & Co. ; Hamilton, O. Samples of Wire Rope. Hill, A. J. ; Amherst, N. S. Collection of Nova Scotia Minerals. Hanger, R.; Hamilton, O. Marbleised Slate Mantel Piece. Price $40. is cheaper and more durable than Marble. Ives, H. R., & Co ; Montreal, Q. Mediapval wrought-iron Gates, and sample Panels of wrought- iron Railing. This Firm are large Manufacturers of Builders' and house furnishing hardware. (Trophy.) Marbleised Slate 138 CANADIAN CATALOGUE Jones, D. P. & Co. ; Gananoque, 0. A large collection of Scoops, Spades, Manure Forks, Hoes, Shovels, &c. {Part at Trophy.) Major, & Co. ; Montreal, Q. Wire-cloth, comprising : 1 roll of brass Wire-cloth for Paper Mills, 69 inches wide, 45 X 50 mesh, 25 cents, per square foot. 2. Roll of tinned Iron-wire Cloth, for making Flour Sieves, 18 X 20 mesh, 105 inches wide, 6 cents, per square foot. .3. Roll of Iron-wire Cloth for making Flour Sieves, 18 X 20 mesh, 108 inches wide, 5 cents, per square foot. This Wire-cloth is remarkable for its great width and cheapness. It is the widest Wire-cloth ever made in a power loom. The loom is one of the largest in the world, and weighs over 20,000 lbs. {Trophy.) McDonald, Thos. & Co. ;" wholesale Manufacturers; Toronto, O. Large and varied Assortment of Block Tin Ware for the Trade. Also japanned Shop-fitting Ware for Grocers, Confec- tioners, &c. This establishment is fitted up with new and improved machinery and manufactures largely for the Trade. Miller & Henshaw ; Templcton, Q, Large blocks of Phosphate of Lime (Apatite). {Trophy.) McDougall, John, & Co. ; Montreal, O. Samples of Bog Iron Ore, cold blast Pig, Slag, Limestone, (Flux) Charcoal. Price of pig iron, $S2 per ton. McDougall, 0. & A. ; St. Maurice Forges, Three Riv€7's, Q. Specimens of Bog Iron Ore, Slag, Sandstone for Hearths, cold blast Pig, Charcoal. Montreal Rolling Mills ; Montreal, Q, Samples of Horse Shoes, Shot, Tacks and Nails. New Bockland. Slate Company ; C. Drummond; Montreal, Q- Collection of Roofing Slates, Wash-tub, Library Shelf, planed Slate. The fact that this slate is being used in England goes far to prove its excellent qualities. This quarry is situated at a distance of about five miles south-westward from the Rich- mond station on the Grand Trunk Railway ; but the line of a projected railroad passes within a few hundred yards of the quarry. It was first opened in 1868, and has been worked ever since. The quarry is at the top of a steep hill which is nearly 600 feet over the level of the St. Francis River at Richmond. Its depth is now upwards of 100 feet, and it presents natural facilities for working to a depth of 300. In 18/4 the Company commenced the manufacture of slab-slate, and erected a mill with superior machinery, for sawing, planing and rubbing such materials as flooring, hearths, billiard-beds, blackboards, &c. The Company have about eighty men constantly employed, and produce between 7,000 and 8,000 squares of roofing slates a year. The following list shows the number of pieces to the square ( 100 square feet) of the various si^es of first-class slate made by the company. All these are sold at a uniform price CLASS 43. 139 of $5 per square delivered on the cars at Richmond. Other sizes are inaae to order. Slate of second quality is sold at a lower price. Sizo, No. i)ieces Size, No. pieces Sizo, No. pieces in inches. to square. in inclius. to square. in iuelics. to square. 24x14 98 18x12 1 160 14x 9 291 24 X 12 114 18x 11 175 14 X 8 327 22 X 14 108 18x10 192 14 X 7 374 22 X 12 127 18 X 9 213 12x8 400 22x 11 138 16x 10 222 12x7 458 20 X 12 141 16 X 9 124 12x6 534 20 X 11 154 16x 8 277 10x8 514 20 X 10 169 14 X 10 262 Norman, T. E. ; Three Rivers, Q. Red and yellow Pigments, the former burnt and the latter crude ; $2 and $\ respectively per 100 lbs. Novelty Works ; Jas. Smart ; Brockville, O. Builders' hardware, coflRn furniture, &c. See Class 17. Page, L. B. ; Nictaux, JV.S. Iron ore. Haematite and Magnetite. Pictou Coal Association; New Glasgow, N. S. Bl jcks of Coal, forming Base of Coal Trophy from the following mines: — Albion, Acadia, Intercolonial, Vale, and Nova Scotia, with a timbered gallery and coal tub. {Trophy.) Piret, T. M. ; St. Maurice, Q. Basin and pipe of an ancient mineral spring. Ramsay, A. & Son ; Montreal, Q. Orr's patent anti-corrosive White Paint. Star Manufacturing Company ; Halifax, N. S. Collection of Acme Club Slcates. Price from $1 30 to $4 . pair. Stassardt. S. ; Gatineau Point, Q. Samples of Apatite. Steel Company of Canada ; Londondci'ri/, N. S. Iron Ore, Slag, Pig and Bar Iron, Steel, &c. Seamsm So CompoDj; Lower Cove. N.S. Collection of Grindstones and Whetstones. 1 Farmer's Grindstone, $7- 1 Ship Grindstone and Frame, $2 50. 500 lbs. of Grindstones, assorted, $5. Scythe Whetstones, $4 a gross. In 1876 the shipments of scythe btones were 1,250 gross. Total shipments of grindstones for three years ending 1877 were 5,184 tons, value $7(^,746. In 18/5 one grind- stone was shipped to the United States 7' 2'' diam. 15" on the face, and weighed nearly 8,000 lbs. About 100,000 grind- stones of all sizes are produced annually in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 140 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : Selwyn, Alfred E. C. ; Director of Geological Survey ; Montreal, Q. Stratigraphical Collection of Rocks and Fossils. Smith, Manasseh ; Radnor Forges, Q. Six broken Pigs, Bog-iron Ore, Slag, Charcoal, and Samples of Canadian Woods used for Charcoal making. Somerville, T. ; Amprior, 0. Monument of grey marble, polished. Price $'M0. Steiner, N. L. ; Toronto, O. Miniature Monument of Rare Marbles. Waterman, Brothers ; 0. Atlantic Petroleum fVorlts, Londony Specimens of Crude and Refined Petroleum. Surface oil and "gum-beds" were known to exist in the southern part of the township of Enniskillen from the time of the first settlement of the western part of Ontario, In 1860, Mr. "Williams, of Hamilton, Ont., first obtained petroleum by boring in the underlying rock at this locality, which was then named Oil Springs. It was soon discovered, however, that the best "oil territory" lay a few miles northward in the same township, in the vicinity of the present town of Petrolia. The whole of the surrounding country is very level, with a clay surface. The present oil-producing region around Pe- trolia has an area of about eleven square miles. At first many of the wells, both at Oil Springs and Petrolia, flowed spon- taneously, but now they all require to be pumped. The oil is accompanied by sulphurous saline water, and has an offensive odour. The difficulty in getting rid of this odour at first stood much in the way of the successful competition of the Canadian petroleum ^vith mineral oils from other countries ; but since the refineries have been able to thoroughly accom- ])lish this, it has been acknowledged to be a very superior ino- dorous burning oil. (Trophy.) See also C\&aa 47. Wood, W. ; Hallsbridge, O. Lithographic Stone. Class 44. — Products of the Cultivation op Fokests and OF THE Trades appertaining thereto. Specimens of different kinds of forest trees. Wood for cabinet work, for fire-wood, and for building. Timber for ship-building ; staves ; cleft timber shingles. Cork : bark for textile purposes. Tanning, colouring, odori- ferous and resinous substances. Products obtained from forests ; charcoal and dried wood ; raw potash ; tuniery ; basket-work ; straw-work ; wooden shoes, &c. Bastien, Benoit ; Montreal^ Q. Specimens of Canadian Timber, comprising: Elm, Birch, Cherry, Ash, Oak, Maple, Beech, Butternut, Basswood, and Pine. {Agricultural Annexe.) CLASS 44. 141 Department of Public Works ; Ottawa, 0, Collection of Timber and Trophy. Dobell, R. R., & Co. ; Timber Merchant ; Quebec, Q. Wliite Pine Deals, 1st, 2n(l, and 3rd Class; White Pine Lumber, 1st and 2nd Class; Red Pine Deals, 1st Class; Ash Planks ; Red and White Oak Pbnks ; Wavey Ash ; Wainscot Oak; Pipe Staves, and Hickory Billets. [Trophi/.) Qoulette, 0. V. ; Gananoque, O. Tool Handles, Escutcheons, Bureau Knobs, Mallets, and Domestic Utensils. McMurray & Fuller ; Toronto, O. Brooms, Whisks, and Brushes of all kind. Wash-boards, Pails, Match-boxes, Wheelbarrows, Patent Car Sash-fasteners, Boy's Sleighs, Clothes-racks, Churns, Stepladders, and Window- blinds. The works are situated at the central prison in Toronto, and were built by the Ontario Government at an ex- pense of over ^400,000. The shops are most complete in every respect, arc heated by steam, and have in use the newest ma- chinery. Tne timber is submitted to a steam kiln drying pro- cess at 190° Fall, previous to manufacture. Their cedar ware is manufactured expressly for hot climates. Their shipping facilities are excellent, as they have about three miles of tracks in their own yard which connect with the A'arious railroads. Newtonville Peat Manufacturing Company ; Clarke, O. Samples of Peat. The Newtonville Peat Manufacturing Com- Eany has been in ojieration about twelve months. The peat eds are from nine to fifteen feet deep. The peat is prepared by grinding and mixing into a pulp, which is after\vard3 dried, Dodd's process being adopted. Oil Cabinet and Novelty Company ; Wholesale and Retail Manufacturers of all kinds of Wooden Ware ; Mon- treal, Q. Step-ladders, Tool - handles. Knife-cleaners, Pulley-blocks, Mallets, Towel-rollers, Clothes-racks, Card-baskets, Match- boxes, Wash-boards, Knife-boxes, Butter-prints, Sleighs, Rocking-horses, &c. Pike & Richardson ; Chatham, O. Samples of Wooden Hoops. (Trophy.) Provancher, I'Abbe L. ; Quebec, Q. Specimens of the Wood from the Province of Quebec. 73 prepared and 6S rough samples of same pieces, showing bark. The former are 5" + 14 + U". Robertson, D. S. ; Wanstcad, Q. Two planks of Bird's Eye Maple. [Trophy.) Sanson, J. Gt. ; WY1TII. Collections and drawings of torrostriivl and amphiblona animals, of birds, cggn, iishos, of cotacca, of moUiisca, and crustacca. Prodncts of Imntinjr aud nhooting : fiir.s and skins, Inir, bristles, undressed feathers, down, horn, tooth, ivory, bono, tortoisc-sliell, musk, castoreuin, and analogous products. Protlucts of fishing : train oil, spermaceti, Stc. Whalebone, ambergris, shells of mollusca, pearls, mother-of-pearl, sepia, pnr[)le, coral, sponge. Vi^etablo products of the earth, obt.iined without cnlturo mushrooms, truffles, wild fruit, lichens used as dyes, food, ar fodder ; fermented sap ; Peruvian bark ; useful barks and fila ments ; wax, resinous gums ; india-rubber, gutta-percha, «&c. Traps and snares : lishing lines and hooks, harpoons, nets, bait, and fishing a})paratus. Apparatus and instruments for gathering the prodncts obtained without culture. British Columbia Advisory Board ; li. C. Specimens of Dried Fish Glue or Isinglass, and Dog-fish Oil. Egan, Thos. J. ; iralifa.v, JV. S. Stuffed Moose, Deer, Moose Heads, Birds, &c. 1 Stuffed Moose, price ^400; 1 Stuffed Deer, ^50; 1 Stuffed Bear, ^50 J 2 MoDse Heads, ^75 each ; 2 Cariboo Heads, ;^5() each ; 4 cases of Stuffed Birds, $7^ each; 1 case of Loons, $25, Holman, George ; London, O. Collection of Game ; Turkey, Grouse, &c. Lobb, James ; Toronto, O. Elk Head and Horns, mounted, price ;^200. May, Dr. S. P. ; Toronto, O. Stuffed Mammals, Birdsj and Fishes. Products of Hunting, Deer, Rocky Mountain Sheep's Head, Moose Head, Grizzly Bear, Stuffed Birds, &c. {Trophy.) Minister of Agriculture ; Hon. C. A. P. Pelletier ; Ottmoa, 0. Buffalo Head and tv^o Black Bears. Also large collection of Food, Fishes, and the ordinary Game sold in Canadian markets. Scott, Hon. R. W. ; Ottawa, 0. Head of Rocky Mountain Sheep. Selwyn, Alfred R. C. ; Montreal, Q. Head of Buffalo. Price, ,S'25. St.] Clair Plat Shooting Co. ; J. Maughan, President ; Toronto, 0. Collection of Ducks and Swans (prepared for the collection exhibited by the Minister of Agriculture). Walker, W. H. ; Ottawa, O. Pair of Moose Horns, Mounted. CLA88 40. 143 ai Class 46. — Aqricultueat. Produots kot used fou Food. Textile materials, raw cotton, lliix and hemp, scutched and un- scutchcd, toxlilo vegotablo fil)res of all kiiuls, avooI, wnahed or unvvnahed, cocoouh of the wilkworm. Various agricultural products used in manufactures, in pharmacy, and for liousehold purposes, oleaginous plants, oil, wax, nisln, tobacco in loaves or manufactured, Gornuui tiudor, tanning and dyeing substances. Preserved fodder, and substances specially irttended for feeding cattle. Bell, Richard ; CharloUctaion, 7*. E. I. Samples of Flax Seed. British Columbia Advisory Board ', B.C. Wool from the Rocky Mountain Goat. •^ /partmouth Rope Company ; Dartmouth, N. S. II Large Assortment of Manilla Rope, for marine and other pur- U poses. Average price, 10 cents, a pound. {Part at Trophy.) Haythome, Hon. R. P. ; Marshfield, P. E. I. Flax Seed and Fibre. Hallam, John ; Toronto, O. Samples of Canadian Wool. Harvey & Co. ; Hamilton, O. 24 samjiles of Canadian Wools : Cotswold, Leicester, crossed Cotswold and Leicester, cro'^sed Leicester and Merino, crossed Leicester and Southdown, > , XX., XXX., super pulled XXX., Combing pulled. Black pull i, unwashed Combing Fleece and Merino. Joly, H. G. ; Quebec, Q. Hemp, hand broken and scutched by machinery, also Hemp Rope. Lyman, Clare, & Co., Wholesale Chemists ; Montreal, Q. Sample of Linseed Oil and Cake. Tucket & Billings, Wholesale Manufacturers ; Hamilton, O. Assortment of tobacco. Class 47. — Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products. Acids, alkalis, salts of all kinds. Sea-salt and products extracted from mothei'-water. Various products of chemistry : wax and fatty substances ; soaps and candles ; raw materials used in perfumery ; resins, tar, and the products derived from them ; essences and varnishes ; various coating substances; blacking. Objects made of india- rubber and gutta-percha ; dyes and colours. Mineral waters and natural and artificial aijrated waters. Raw materials used in pharmacy. Medicines, simple and made up. 144 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : Barnett, E. W. ; Port Hope, O. Samples of Glue. Bishopric, Jas. ; St, Catherine's, O. Assortment of Laundry and Erasive Soap, from $2 59 to ;^3 30 per box. Davids, Jos., Pharmaceutical Chemist, Toronto, O. Samples of lodomonia. De Lowis, H. ; Halifax, N. S. Samples of Granulated Soap, 10 cents per lb. Freeland, Robert ; Toronto, O. Soap in relief, showing the Canadian Trophy. Hood, A. W. & Son ; Montreal, Q. Large assortment of Toilet and Laundry Soaps, Carbolic, Shaving, and Dog Soup. Toilet Soaps, from 48 c. to 9G c. per doz. Ibottson, W. B. ; Sherbroolic, Q. Samples of Canadian Balsam. Lyman Brothers & Co., Wholesale Druggists ; Toronto, 0. Collection of 39 Chemicals and 58 Fluid Extracts. Lyman Clare & Co., Wholesale Druggists, Montreal, Q. Samples of Pearlash and Potash, also sample of Janada Balsam. Lunan & Son ; Sorcl, Q. Baking Powder. Maconn, Prof. ; Bell'^mlle, O. Collection of Medicinal Plants of Canada, 140 species which are in general use by medical practitioners. Morse, Geo. D. & Co. ; Toronto, 0. Assortment of Laundry Soap ; Queen City, 5 cents, per lb. ; Crystal Bar, 6 cents, per lb. ; Champion Soap, 5 cents, per lb. Rose, H. J. ; Pharmaceutical Chemist ; Toronto, 0. Pharmaceutical Preparations : — Indelible Ink, Winter Balm, and Tooth Paste. Saunders, Wm. ; Pharmaceutical Chemist ; London, O. Pharmaceutical Preparations, 122 varieties of Fluid Extracts. Waterman, Bros. ; Atlantic Petroleum Woi'hs, London, 0. Products of Petroleum : — Petroleum, Tar, and Coke, Crude and Pure Paraffin Wax. Paraffin Wax in cakes and blocks, also Pyramids, Ornaments, Ornamental Cross with Flowers, and a large lion carved from a block of Paraffin Wax weighing over a ton weight. Assortment of Paraffin Wax Candles, white and coloured, for domestic purposes, railroads, carriages, churcKes, &c., &c. Varieties of illuminating oil varying from 110° to 176'^ vapour test. Unprepared and prepared Paraffin Oils of different specific gravities. Mineral Seal Oil, Tanners' Oil, Plumbago Oil, Railroad Oils for ('ar Boxes and Locomo- tives, Axle Grease, &c., &c. {Trophy.) CLASS 47. 146 J 30 olic, . per ), 0. sara. Tliis firm has a very extensive manufactory fitted up with all modern macliinery; labour-saving appliances are adopted throughout from the time the oil is taken from the well until it is distilled and its products prepared for the market. The oil is pumped from the wells into settling tanks ; after settling it is pumped into cylinder railway cars, each containing about 2,700 gallons. Special trams of these cars are run into the refineries. The oil is then stored in large tanks underground, from which it is pumped direct into cylinder iron stills, each holding about 8,000 gallons. The fuel for heating consists of the refuse tar from the petroleum combined with steam. In the distillation the different products are removed, consist- ing of benzine or naptha, different grades of burning oil, inter- mediate oil, tar, and coke. The benzine, after certain chemical processes, is ready for use ; it is in great demand '/ith painters, having to a great extent superseded the use of turpentine. The burning oils are then refined for illuminating purposes. The intermediate oil is also refined, the lighter oil being re- moved, and the heavy oil, after the wax has been removed, is manufactured for lubricating purposes. The tar is distilled at a higher temperature in smaller retorts, yielding large quanti- ties of heavy paraffin oil, from which the wax is pressed, th« oils being finished in different grades for lubricating purposes. The crude wax, in the form of thin scales, of a dark yellow colour, is then melted, and after bleaching, &c. is used for the manufacture of candles, &c. &c. The Railroad Oil which is in general use in Canada and the United States, from its excel- lence and cheapness, for Railroad Axles and Locomotives, is prepared without distillation. The light oils and foreign sub- stances, such as sand and grit, are removed by an improved steam process, leaving the oil a pure fatty or greasy substance. :hicli b.; lb. lalm. !ts. ,0. rude 3cks, wets, hing dies, ges, from afiin lers' mo- Class 49. — Leather and Skins. Raw materials used in the dressing of skins and leather. Raw hides, salted hides. Tanned, curried, dressed, or dyed leather. Varnished leather. Morocco .ind sheepskin ; skins, grained, shamoyed, tawed, dressed, or dyed. Prepared skins for glove-making. Skins and ^'urs, dressed and dyed. Parchment. Gutwork : strings for musical instruments, gold-beater's skin, sinews. Craig, Wm. & Son ; Port Hope, O. Bookbinders' and Saddlers' Leather : — Russets, Cochineal, Blue Roans, Purple Roans, Maroon Roans, Law Sheep, Rough Sheep, Rose, Blue, and Green Beadings, &c. Gunn, & Co. ; Tanners, &c. ; Kingston, O. 30 sides of Hemlock tanned Spanish Sole Leather, from Central America and Buenos Ayres Hides. Harvey, John & Co. ; Hamilton, O. Canadian Sheep Skins, consisting of Cotswold, Leicester, Crossed Cotswold and Leicester, and Crossed Leicester and Merino. H141. K 146 cajnAdian catalogue Hallam, John ; Toronto^ 0. Varieties of Leather : - Black Enamel, Indian Red. Blue, White, Polished Pebble, Heavy Split, Calf bplit, &c. Moseley & Ricker ; Montreal, O. Varieties of Leather :— Patent, Russet, Smooth Grain Polished, Pebbles, Buff or Satin, Kip, Calf, &c. Pett, James ; Hamilton, 0. Sheep Skin Hearth Rugs and Mats. Pilkey & Bush ; Hamilton, O. Calf Skins and Lace Leather. 1 1 f -V ■""! 147 SIXTH GROUP. APPARATUS AND PROCESSES USED IN THE MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES. Class 50. — Apparatus and Processes of the Art op Mining AND Metallurgy. Boring apparatus for artesian wells and wells of large diameters. Boring machines and apparatus for breaking down coal and cutting rocks. Apparatus for blasting by electricity. Models, plans, and views of the mode of working in mines and quarries. Works for obtaining mineral waters. Machines and apparatus used for extracting ore, and for lowering and hoisting miners. Machines for draining ; pumps. Ventilating apparatus ; ventilators. Safety lamps ; lamps for electric light. Apparatus for saving life ; parachutes ; signals. Apparatus for the mechanical dressing of ores and mineral fuel.. Apparatus for compressing fuel into cakes. Apparatus for the carbonisation of fuel. Smelting furnaces. Smoke consuming apparatus. Apparatus used in metal works. Special apparatus used in forges and foundries, electro-metal- lurgical apparatus. Apparai-us used in metal manufactures of all kinds. Dominion of Canada Plumbago Co. ; W. H. Walker, Manag- ing Director ; Ottaioa, O. Collection of large and small size Crucibles, including Steel Crucibles, Crucibles for melting Metals other than Steel, Jewellers' Jars, File Hardeners, Furnace Elbows, Gas Retorts, Dental Cups, Stirrers, Dippers, Stoppers, Nozzles, Stove Polish, &c., &c. The Crucibles have numbers representing their capacity stamped on the bottom of each. The steel Crucibles represent about 2 lb. to each number. Brass and other Cruci- bles from 3 lb. to 5 lb. each number, thus No. 50 represents a crucible in which may be melted about 150 lbs. of brass or bronze, 180 lbs. of silver, and 250 lbs. of gold. {Trophy.) Northey, Thos. ; Hamilton, O. Patent Double-acting Steam Pump. ^ Novelty Works ; Jas. Smart ; Brockvillc, O. Assortment of Cistern, Deep Well, and Force Pumps. Class 17. See Robertson & Dayer ; Oahvilie, 0. A large assortment of Lifting Pumps, Force Pumps, and Com- bined Lifting and Force Pumps, with branch Pipes and Hose varying in price from $2 50. K 2 148 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : Taylor & Brother ; Montreal, Qticbec. Pneumatic Fire Extinguisher, nickle-plated on copper, with Force-pump, Hose, &c. complete. Experts appointed by the Dominion Government to examine and test this machine, re- port as follows : — " We find that the parts of which it is con- " structcd are few in number, simple in form, and so combined " as to make a reliable and durable Machine. It was exer- '•' cised upon two fires, composed of Oil, Varnish, and Naptha " barrels, together with other inflammable materials, the whole " saturated with Kerosene. These fires were promptly quenched, " in both instances, with the contents of one Machine. The " charge in this Extinguisher being simply clean water, its " use under any circumstances is not attended with that injury " to fabrics or paint which is certain to follow the use of " Extinguishers charged with Acid. We therefore recommend " it as a simple, effective, and easily-managed Apparatus, '•' better adapted as a Fire Extinguisher than any other portable " contrivance for the same purpose we have yet seen." Class 51. — Ac4ricultural Implements and Processes used IN THE Cultivation of Field and Forests. Plans of culture, distribution, and management of crops. Apparatus and works for agricultural engineering, draining, irrigation, &c. Plans and models of fiirm buildings. Tools, implements, machines, and apparatus used in husbandry, sowing and planting, harvesting, preparation and preservation of crops. Various agricultural machines worked by horse-power or steam. Carts and other rural means of transport. Locomotive and horse-gins. Manures, organic or mineral. Apparatus for the physical and chemical study of soils. Plans of different systems of replanting, managing, and cultivating forests. Apparatus used in the cultivation of forests, and in the trades appertaining thereto. Apparatus used in the manufacture of tobacco. Abell, John ; Agriculture Works ; IVoodbridgc, Ontario. " Matchless Reaper," complete with extra arm, short tongue and ground jack, for exhibiting same, price ,^110. Collins, Edward ; Dundas, (hi tar to. " The Suspension Bag Holder." This is a simple machine for holding grain bags open for convenience in filling. The result is i)roduced by bending the steel wire so as to form a spring. The cost of production of those with the shield, 65 cents ; without the shield, 45 cents each. \ ot Craig, F. J. ; Manufacturer of Agricultural Implements ; Strathroy, Ontario. Gang Plough, with Tongue, price j^23. Com Sheller, price CLASS 51. 149 ents ; price Elliot, John ; Agricultural Implement Manufacturer ; Zo/i- don, Ontario. Single Meadow Lark Mower, price ^^80 ; Single Lark Reaper price ^120. These machines are manufactured from Canadian products, and are of the same pattern as those which were awarded the highest prize at the Centennial Exposition, 1876. English, Samuel ; Omemee, 0?itario. Grain Cradle, superior finish, price ^10; ordinary finish, ;^5. The Exhibitor has for ten years manufactured Grain Cradles. Barley Forks, &c., and claims to have taken first prizes where ever he has exhibited. Frank & Ketchum ; Strathroy, Ontario. Rakes; Scythe Si.aths; Full Muley Cradles, with scythes complete ; Morgan Cradles, with scythes complete ; and Half Muley Cradle, with scythes complete. This factory has been in operation for about 10 years, and manufactures large quan- tities of the above articles, including broom handles, &c. They export largely. Last year they had in preparation for the market 50,000 rakes, 4,000 cradles, 8,000 snaths. 600 doz. full handles, 40,000 hoe handles, 100,000 vibrator and reaper teeth, and some hundreds of thousands of broom handles, besides other goods. The timber used in this factory is Maple, Beech, White Ash, Hickory, Elm, and Ironwood. Grant, Peter ; Clinton, O. Power Hay-fork for unloading Ha}% Straw &c. Gillies, George ; Gananoquc, Ontario. Three Flexible Iron Harrows, from ^^10 60 to ;^11 50 each; also Flexible Iron Cultivator, price $\2. Green Bros. & Co. ; Agricultural Implement Manufacturers ; Waterford, Ontario. Single Reaper (Royal), price ^^/O. These Reapers are light and simple in construction. Since the Centennial, orders have been received from Russia, Germany, and Scotland. They are re- markable for their lightness of draught and ease in handling. Novelty Works ; Jas. Smart ; Brockvillc, O. Iron Corn Sheller, ^9. Power Hayfork for unloading Hay, Straw, &c. See Class 17. Patenaude, N. F. ; Sorcl, Q. Patent Steel Plough for general purposes, price ^10. fferrault, J. ; Montreal, Q. I Military Spade, 1 lb. weight, adapted to fit Bayonet. Can be I used for earthworks, also as a support for the Rifle when firing, *^Sawyer & Co. ; Manufacturers of Agricultural Implements ; JIamilton, O. Ironclad Mower, price $85. This Firm has a large export business with Europe and Australia. Vary, B. W. ; Strathro]/, O. Iron Gang Plough with Tongue, price ^30. Watson,^ John ; Manufacturer of Agricultural Implements ; Ayr, 0. Collection of 15 Agricultural Implements, 1. Royce Single Reaper, complete, price ^"JO. Claimed to be the lightest. 150 CANADIAN CATALOGUE simplest, and cheapest Reaper in the world. 2. Humming Bird Single Mower, price ^70. ITiis Mower, with the ex- ception of the tongue, is entirely made of iron ; it is simple in construction, and the bar can be folded across the tongue for transportation. 3. Self-Dump Hay Rake, ^^34. This Rake can be used for all kinds of grains and grass. The load can be discharged by pressing a lever forward, the horse then empties it, and the rake teeth instantly falls into position for raking. 4. Grain Drill, price #75. This is a double dis- tributing force feed drill, used for sowing wheat, oats, peas, beans, maize, barley, and grass seed. The teeth can be set either in a line or zig-zag. 6. General Purpose Plough, price #20. This Plough is made with an adjustable patent coulter and wrought-iron beam, cast-steel share, also steel mouldboard and landside. 6. Iron Frame Bevel Jack, price #20. This Jack is adapted for horse-power; two different motions can be obtained at the same time, one by a belt, the other by a rod. 7. Gardner's Double-action Root Cutter, price #30. By simply reversing the motion this implement cuts either into slices or squares. It is so constructed that the roots are prevented from rolling. 8. Iron Turnip Seed Drill, price #22. Can be used for one or two drills at a time, covering the seed in the ground. Adapted either for beets, turnips, carrots, or mangold wurtzel. 9. Canadian Hand Straw Cutter, price #20. This implement has a positive feed motion with solid feed rollers that will not wind or choke up. 10. Victor Grain Grinder, price #27. For grinding oats, barley, peas, corn, &c. It consists of two vertical plates, one of which revolves against the face of the other. The grain is fed into the face plates at the centre by a screw and discharged at the circumference. 11. Roller Grain Crusher, price #50. This form is used largely in Germany ; it is powerful and quick in action. It consists of two iron rollers, fluted spirally, one of which runs faster than the other, the grain being fed between the rollers. 12. Four-Horse Pitts Power, price #70. This machine can be used \vith either one, two, three, or four horses. 13. Power Straw Cutter with carrier for steam power, price #65. This chaff cutter has a capacity of 2^ tons per hour, is fitted with three knives which can be changed to cut six different lengths. It has an elevator or canier attached to deliver the chaff, and is entirely boxed in to prevent accidents. By simply moving the handle, the machine can be reversed, fed, or stopped. 14. Canadian Power Corn Sheller, price #25. Shells two cobs at one time, and has a capacity of 250 bushels per day. 15. Little Hero Corn Sheller, price #13. Shells one cob at a time; has a capacity of 100 bushels per day. Mr. Watson, who is the recipient of several medals and diplomas, does a large export trade with Russia, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Prussia, the Australian Colonies, and South Africa. Wilkinson, George ; Aurora, 0, Iron Plough, Whiting Manufacturing Co. ; Os/iawa, 0. Assortment of Scythes, Hoes, and Rakes. This manufactory does a large European trade, having establishments in London and Liverpool. CLASS 52. 151 Class 52. — Apparatus and Processes used in Agricultural Works, and in Works for thb Preparation op Food.] Apparatus used in agricultural works: manufacture of artificial manures ; of drain pipes ; cheese, factories, dairies ; apparatus used in preparing flour, fecula, starches, oils ; apparatus used in breweries, distilleries, sugar manufactories and relineries ; work- shops for the dressing of textile materials ; silk-worm nurseries, &c. Apparatus used in the preparation of alimentary products, mechanical appliances for kneading and baking ; apparatus used in making pastry and confectionery. Apparatus for the manufacture of vermicelli, maccaroni, &c. Machines for making sea biscuits. Chocolate machines. Apparatus for roasting coffee. Apparatus for making ices and cool drinks ; manufacture and preservation of ice. Barter, Bei^jamic ; Toronto^ 0. Machine for purifying wheat middlings. This machine is constructed in sections, through each of which an upward cur- rent of air, varying in strength with the size and weight of the middlings, passes, to carry away the impurities as it travels over the bolting cloth. It has also an automatically working brush to keep the bolting cloth free from corrode of flour, causing the purifier to do uniform work with the greatest economy. Class 53.— Apparatus used in Chemistry, PHARiiAcr, and Tanning. Laboratory utensils and apparatus. Apparatus and instruments used in assays for industrial and commercial purposes. Processes and apparatus used in the manufacture of chemicals, soaps, and candles. Processes and apparatus used in the manufacture of essences, varnishes, and articles made of india-rubber and gutta-percha. Processes and apparatus used in gasworks. Processes and apparatus used in bleaching. Processes used in the preparation of pharmaceutical products. Processes used in tanyards, and in leather dressing. Processes and apparatuses used in glassworks and in china and earthenware manufactories. Elliott, Thos. Scott ; Guclph, 0. Washing Machine, price ^20 ; and Wringing Machine, price ^10. Hamilton Manufactiiriiig Co.; John Harvey, Treasurer; JIamilto)i, O. Washing Machine (Walker's Patent), price ^4. lO-inih Clothes Wringer (Page's Patent), price $4. In quantities of 8 to 10 dozen, these machines can be delivered at Liverpool, carriage paid, for IGs. each. 152 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : McMurray & Fuller ; Manufacturers ; Toronto, 0, Two Climax Clothes Wringer, price $b each. Novelty Works ; Jas. Smart, Brochvillc, 0. Clothes Wringer, price $A 60 and ^4 25 each. Shorey, E. R. & Co. ; Napanee, O. Odell's Royal Canadian Clothes Wringer, price $5. Willett, Gilbert R. ; CoaticooJi^ Q. Clothes Wringer, price ,^10 ; and Washing Machine, price $5. Class 54. — Machines and Apparatus in General. Separate pieces of machinery ; bearings, rollers, slide-bars, eccentrics, toothed wheels, connecting rods, cranks, parallel joints, belts, funicular apparatus, &c. Gearing, spring, and catch work, «fcc. Regulators and governors. Lubricators. Machines for counting jind registering. Dynonameters, steam gauges, weighing machines. Gauges for liquids and gas. Machines used for moving heavy weights. Hydraulic machines for raising water, &c.; norias (chain pumps), scoop wheels, hydraulic rams, &c. Hydraulic engines, water wheels, turbines, hydraulic lifts. Accumulators and hydraulic presses. Steam engines. Boilers, steam generators, and apparatus appertaining thereto. Apparatus for condensing steam. Machines set in motion by the evaporation of ether, chloroform, ammonia, or by a combination of gases. Machines set in motion by gas, hot air, and compressed air. Electro-magnetic machines. Windmills and panemones. Air- balloons. Burrows, Stewart, & HHne ; Founders, &c. ; Hamilton, O. Drop lever platform scales on wheels. Union scales. Grocers' and Butchers' Scales, Trip Scale, Even Balance Scale, and Letter Scale. Canadian Rubber Company ; Montreal, Q. Rubber Belting, Hose, Engine Valves, Patent Steam Fire Engine hose, with coupling complete. Stair-pads, Corks, Bumpers, Packing, Wringer-rollers, &c. Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company ; Ottawa, O. Lubricating Stock. (Trophy.) (See aZso Class 50 and 53.) Kennedy, Wm., & Sons ; Owen Sound. Leffel Water Wheel. The Exhibitor claims for this water wheel, economy of water, nice adjustment of gates for letting on or shutting o'X water for light or heavy work. Freedom from effects of frost ; compactness, durability, cheapness, and little mill-\vright work in fitting up. From its speed it requires light gearing. (i CLASS 55. 153 water etting eedom s, and jquires Class 55. — Machine Tools. Engines and tools for preparing wood for the workshop. Machines for making casks. Machines for cutting cork. Lathes, boring and plating ma- chines. Slotting, drilling, and shaping machines. Screw cutting engines and rivetting machines. Various kinds of tools used in machine workshops. Tools, engines, and apparatus for pressing, crushing, working up, sawing, polishing, «fec. Special tools and engines used iu various trades. Leitch, John, & Sons ; Hamilton, 0. Hand Power Iron Cutter, price ^12. This is claimed to be the most simple and powerful combination of iron and steel there is for cutting or punching iron, when the quantity of material is taken into account. Morland, Watson, & Co. ; Wholesale Hardware Merchants ; Montreal, Q. 1. Inserted tooth Circular Saw. 2. Gang Saw. 3. Cross-cut Saw. 4. Canadian Webs. 5. Elliptic " F. B." Webs. Novelty Works, Jas. Smart ; Brockville, 0. Assortment of Boring Machines, Mortising Machines, Drills, Iron Cutters and Jack Screws. Small Machineafor House- hold. Meat Cutters, Sausage Stuffers, VegetablV Chopper, &c Ll. »1VUU V^UUl,V10, I^UUOU«^ kJIIUUV.XO, . l^gV/KUUl^ V^llV/^^^/^/l , y. Class 58. — Apparatus and Processes for Sewing and for Making-up Clothing. Ordinary Implements used by tailors and sempstresses. Sewing quilting, hemming, and embroidering machines. Implements for cutting out materials and leather for making garments and shoes. Machines for making, nailing, and screwing boots and shoes. Machines for the application of india-rubber. //Briggs, Samuel Hamilton ; Machinist ; Hamilton, O. I Specimen of Card Belting manufactured on leather, cloth, and \ rubber, in a variety of styles. Leitch, John, & Son ; Machinist ; Hamilton, 0. The reversible Peg Cutter for taking pegs out of boots and shoes. This is claimed to be superior to other machines for its simplicity of construction, strength, and durability. It has no springs and levers, and can easily be reversed. 2. The Revolving machine is worked by a treadle. The knives can easily be taken out for sharpening and replaced. Novelty Works, Jas. Smart ; Brockville, 0. Sad Irons, 3 cts. per lb. Charcoal Sad Irons, 80 cts.to ^^1 80c. each. Rajrmond, Charles ; Sewing Machine Manufacturer; Guelph, O. Sewing machines, both single and double thread, for hand or foot power. One, No. 1 Sewing Machine, full cabinet, extra 154 CANADIAN catalogue: finish. One, No. 1 ditto, open cabinet, veneered, piano finish, with extension leaf. One, No. 2 Sewing Machine and cover, extra finish. One, No. 1 ditto, with cover, veneered, extra finish. One, No. 1 ditto, with cover and extension table, fancy ornamented. One No. 1 Sewing Machine and cover, ordinary stand and pulley head. These machines are manufactured for all markets, home and foreign, exclusively by Chas. Raymond, the Exhibitor. Williams' Mannfactnring Company ; Montreal, Q. Assortment of Sewing Machines; viz., Single and Double Drop Leaf Single Machines, Plain and Half Case Machines, Hand Machines, &c., varying from ;^5to ^^40 each. Class 60. — Apparatus and Processes used in Paper- making, Dyeing and Printing. Materials and products of the manufacture of pulps for making paper, of wood, straw, alpha, ec, Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co. ; Montrml, Q Models of Several Steamboats now running on ' Cana^lian CZ^S'i ^^u^^ti^Zu.^ (2.^^JL- /^^. // ^S^ L 2 164 SEVENTH GROUP. ALIMENTARY PRODUCTS. Class 69. — Cerkals, Farin^vCeous Products, and Products derived from tiiem. Wheat, ryo, barley, rice, maize, millet, and other cereals in grain and in flonr. Grain -without husks, and groats. Fecula from potatoes, rice, lentils, &c., gluten. Tapioca, sago, arrowroot, cassava, and other fecula, compound farinaceous products, &c. Italian pastes, semolina, vermicelli, maccaroni. -S Alimentary preparations as substitutes for bread, home-made paste, &c. Note. — The small samples in this Class were entered t off ether as a collective exhibit, and received the Diploma of Honour. Arts & Agricultural Association of Ontario ; Toro?ito, O. Samples of Cereals. Aylmer Agricultural Society ; At/lmcr, 0. Samples of Corn. Arbuckle, John ; Pictou, N. S. Sample of Spring Wheat, " Redfern." Adair, J. ; Westminster^ O. Sample of Peas. Alexander, J. L. ; Ihintlci/, 0. Black Oats. Agricultural Society ; Ottawa, 0. Samples of Cereals. Agricultural Society ; Ciiclph, O. Samples of Cereals. Aires, James ; CarUng, Parry Sound District, 0. Sample of Peas, Corn, &c. Brown, R. ; Saanich, B. C. Sample of wheat, 66 lbs. per bushel. Brewer, — ; Vancouver Island. Sam])le of Bai'ley. Bethel, N. ; Thorofd, O. Sample of Grass Seed. Blair, R. ; Curling, Parry Sound District, 0. Spring Wheat, Bennet, P. ; Kandoops, B.C. Sample of Wheat. ql DS im ind iide IS a •v CLASS 69. 165 Bagnall, Richard E. ; New Glasgow, ^ . E r l^ C> • Sample of Oatmeal. Beamish, Francis ; Port Hope, 0. Sample of Canadian White Wheat Flour. Bell, Richard ; Charlottetown, P. E. I. Indian Corn. Byiield, James ; IlighfieUl, O. Dominion Wheat, 63 lbs. per bushel, 30 bushels per acre. Bell, William ; JTensall, O. Sample of Clawson. Wheat, 64 lbs. per bushel. Bullman, Christopher ; Eusdco, P. E. I. White Wheat, Two-rowed Barley, and White Oats. L|irO Bullman, Thomas; Bustico, P. E. I. Four-rowed Barley, Black Oats. Buckerfleld, W. H. ; 3Iorrison, Muskoka District. Corn on Stalk, &c. Brock, L. ; Briiceficld, O. Sample of Oats and Indian Corn, 44 lbs. per bushel. Badger, James ; McDongall, Parry Sound District, 0. Sample of Beans, Baker, George ; Simcoc, 0. Sample of Red-blaized Corn, 56 lbs. per bushel. White Oats 46 lbs. per bushel, ]mce, lb cts., quantity per acre, 50 bushels. Black Eye Marrowfat Peas, (i4 lbs. per bushel, price ;^1, 10 bushels per acre. Wheat, Barley. Buchanan, John G. ; Colchester, O. Sample of Wheat, 60 lbs. per bushel. Baldwin, W. G. ; Colchester, O. Sample of Clawson Wheat, 65 IIjs. per bushel,' and Yellow Gourd Corn, 70 bushels per acre. Ballantyne, John ; Pine River, 0. New Zealand Oats, -10 lbs. per bushel, 65 bushels per acre, Brodie & Harvey ; Montreal, Q. Samples of Flour and Wheat. Self-raising Flour (Farinc Prepare). This is a convenient and ])alatable mode of restoring phosphates where they may be wanting, besides being a handy and reliable means of making all kinds of bread or cakes with a uniformly excellent result. At the Centennial Exkibition, 1876, it was awarded a medal raid the following certificate by the judges : — " (1.) It i)roduces a light, porous, and very diges- " tible bread, without the loss attendant on ferm.entation, " which is greater than the additional cost of self-raising flour. " (2.) Should there be ft deuciency of phosphate in the diet, " the material used in this bread will supply that defect." 166 CAXADIAN CATALOGUE Cartwright, John T. ; Durham, O. Bearded Wheat, (hi 11)3. per bushel, 32 bushels per acre. Carruthers, J. M. ; Ifahlimaud, 0. Six-rowed Barley and Eldorado Spring Wheat. Carroll, Patrick ; Colbome, O. Marro\\'fat Peas. Crawford, J. ; McKellar ; Parry Sowid District^ 0, Sample of Spring Rye. Cade, Robt. ; Middlesex, 0. Samples of Indian Corn and Oats, Campbell, Alexander ; Cashmere, 0. Golden Medal Wheat, 64 lbs. per bushel. Catelli, Bros. ; Montreal, Q. Sam]iles of Macaroni, Vermicelli, and Italian paste, manufac- tured from the finest hard Wheat. Cochrane, Andrew ; Kamsaij, O. Scotch or Fyfe Wheat, 6ti lbs. per bushel, ditto, with stalks. Commissioner of Agriculture ; Quebec, Q. Collection of 56 samples of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Beans, Buck- wheat, Grass Seeds, &c. Canning, John ; Morrison, Mushoka District, O. Spring Wheat and Black Oats. Coutlee, Thos. ; Almonte, O. Samples of Wheat and Barley in Straw, and Cleaned Grain. Charters, Robert ; Tucker smith, O. White Peas, 64 lbs. per bushel, 50 bushels per acre. Cowie, James ; Banficld, O. Spring Wheat, 62 lbs. per bushel, 36 bushels per acre. Charters, Robert ; Egmond, 0. Large White Peas, 64 lbs. per bushel. Craig, William ; liosetta, O. Sample of Delhi Wheat, 63 IW. per bushel, 42 bushels per acre. Creasor, G. ; J-Vaif, Mushoka District, O. Peas. Corn Exchange Association ; Toronto, O. Samples of Cereals. Couse, John ; Wyoming, 0. Samjjle of Beans. Carter, W. ; Victoria, B. C. Sample of Whits Peas and Oats. (Vi CLASS G9. 167 Eac- uck- (V, per Duck & Pringle ; South Thompson, B. C. Sample of Oats. Dormaiii, D. E. ; N. Westminster^ B. C. Winter Wheat. Dawes, Samuel ; JFIdtbi/, O. Fall Chili Wheat. Marrowfat Peas, fiO Ihs. ])«• bushel. Daniel O'Rourkc Peas, (iO lbs. per bushel. Spring Fvfe Wheat. Delln Fall Wheat. Dickson, James : Tuckcrsmith, O. Sample of Timothy Seed. Field Peas. Darson, H. ; London, O. Barley. Downes, S., & Co. ; Australian lianchc, B. C. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Doolittle, A. ; Morrisoji, Muskoka District, O. Beans — Cranberry. Esplen, David ; Burtjoyne, O. Treadwell F all and Spring Wheat, (52 lbs. per bushel. Evaris, J. ; ^^IfAichan, B. C. White Oats. Eaglison, Wm. ; Hamilton, O. Club Spring Wheat. Emigration Department of Ontario ; Toronto O. Specimens of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Maize, Beans, Peas, &c. from the Parry Sound and Muskoka Free Grant Lands. Heads of families get a grant of 200 acres of land, and each member of his family over 18 years of age 100 acres, and ad- ditional land at 50 cents per acre cash. The conditions on which the land is granted arc, residence on the lot at least si.x months a year, that there shall be cleared in five years at least 15 acres, and during each year not less than two acres. At the end of five years the deed will be issued. A homestead law provides that if the first settler or his heirs remain on the land it cannot be seized for debt for 20 years. The climate is healthy, several good roads, abundance of timber, including pine, maple, basswood, elm, beech, &c. Game is very plentiful, especially deer and partridges, and the lakes and rivers abound with choice fish. See also Class 72. Fisher, W. ; New Westminster B. C. Sami)le of Beans. Eraser, Alex. ; Watt, 3Iuskoka District, O. Club Wheat and Timothy Seed. Farrington, S. ; Foleji, Parry Sound District, 0. Sample of Beans. 168 CANADIAN CATALOaUK : Fleming, G. B. ; Cashmere O. Norway Oats, 3(5 lbs. bushel. Foster, Charles ; Juist Flamborongh O. Sj)ring Rye. Furber, W. ; Parry Sound, O. Wheat, (iO lbs. bushel. Rye. Genral, P. M. ; Ottawa O. White Oats. Gillie, Paul, J. ; Lakevieio, Nicola B. C. Wheat, 1,400 lbs. per acre. Grant, Chas. ; Thornhnry, O. Grain in Straw. Fyfe Spring Wheat, Egyptian Wheat, Barley. Geddes, W. ; Caradoc, O. Samples of Buckwheat. Gent, Walter ; Ot/icy, O. Samples of Lock Wheat, GO lbs. bushel. Gerrie & Bathgate ; IVmnipey, Manitoba. Fyfe Wheat. Grubb, Walter ; Essex, O. Indian Corn, (iO lbs. bushel, 50 bushel per acre. Graham, William ; fFatt, Mushoha District, O. Wliitc Oats and Red Chaff Wheat. Hind, W. A. ; Mclvillop ; Parry Sound, O. Scotch Wheat and Red Heart Beans, and Six Row Barley. Hamilton, Dr. C. C. ; Cormoallis, N. S. Winter Wheat. Haythorne, Hon. R. P. ; Marshjield, P. E. I. Buck Wheat. Healey, Augustus ; Watt, 3luskoha District, 0. Black Oats. Hughes, James ; Cone Head P. E. I. Field Peas. Hurd, W. A. ; IMcKcllar ; Parry Sound District, 0. Six Rowed Barley, Scotch Spring Wheat, and Red Heart Beans. Henderson, David ; Huron, O. Barley, 55 lbs. per bushel, 50 bushel per acre. Howland, W. P., & Co. ; Toronto, 0. Snowdrops Patent Process Hour. Harkney, Joseph ; Lamhton, O. Peas, 62 lbs. per bushel. ./i'C/yv- CLASS 69. 169 arley. ^/l4Mr-e^f' six" Beans. Hunt, Bros. ; London^ O. Barrel of Flour, made from Cunadiaa White Wheat. Hadden, John ; Moore, O. Sample of Fall Wheat, (JO lbs. bushel, 40 bushels per acre. Huffman, Cyrus B. ; Bat/i, (J. Sample of Barley, 53 lbs. bushel, 40 bushes acre. Wheat. Higgins & Young ; JVinncpcg, Manitoba, Golden Droj) Wheat. Hambly, R. ; Loboc, (). Red Winter Wheat. Hanks, F. F. ; Sprinafivhl, B.C. U&^^ ^^''''' ^""^ -^"'^ '^'''' h^r-««^^d August 187,. lona Agricultural Society; Middlesex, O. Jones, Alex. ; Seal River, P, E. I. Norway Oats. Jones & Mellor, Victoria, B. C. Wheat. Grounds are elevated at 2.380 feet and without irriga- Jones, E. A. ; Plympton, O. Field Peas, GG ll,s. busliel, 30 bushel per acre. Kirkland, Samuel ; Tcesicatcr, O. Treadwcll Wheat, 63 lbs. bushel, 30 bushels per acre. Kennedy, John j Btmis, O. Black Oats. Kay, Wm. ; fVatt, Mushoka District, O. Barley, Wheat. lotarro, L. ; Fountain, B. C. Sample of Wheat. Lumbley, B. ; Spalbimchcen, B. C. Wni-f /^f'^''-^"'°"' "" ^''^'''^ fi^l^l of nine acres . yield 1J,6(K) lbs., broken m spr;iio-, mperfectlvlmrmv^rl „ i -.V "rifoir- ^'''Y'' ^^ ''''' f-m a S"7|^/'i-t^^^^^^^ ?aSn "• '"""'' '''' '' ''''''''''''-' -^^^-"t mtnure ^r'i'r ' Leidster, Joshua ; BotJmcll, O. Barley and White Beans, G2 lbs. bushel, 30 bushels per acre Lightfoot, Thomas ; Metcalf, O. Samples of Spring Wheat. Longsdale, P. ; Ileadinghj, 31, Samples of Oats, 70 bushels to acre. 170 CANAIUAN catalo(ji:k : 1^ Marshall, Thomas ; / Utor'ui, O. Sample of Delhi Wheat, (51 lbs. bushel, 30 busheli) por acre. Mission; Fort i'/iipwiyan, Ti. C. Sumplcs of Whcut, liarley, and Oats. Macoun, Prof. ; Iic//erilfc, O. Specimens of Barley from Lake Altliabaska. Marlow, N. ; Curtwright, (). Ciul) Spring Wheat, (J2 lbs. bushel. Mowbray, William; Snniia, O. Full Wheat, (JO lbs. per bushel. Meadows, Mathew ; Normanby, O.. Sample of Treadwell and White Wheat, 66 lbs. bushel. Madden, William ; Napance, O. Sample of Fvfe Wheat, Go lbs. per bushel, 40 bushels per acre. Moore & Bros. ; Xicola Lake, li. C. Red Chaft* ^^■heat. Milne, G. ; ^McDougall ; Parry Sound District, 0. Sample of Black Oats. Minister of Agriculture ; Ottawa, O. Samjjles of Cereals from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Mearus, Mathew ; Xorma/iby, O. Treadwell Wheat, AO bushels per acre. Manderson, Thomas ; Myrtle, O. Sprinarry Sound District, O. White Flint Corn. 6^ CLASS 69. 171 acre. tario, Uats. rgely McTavish, J. ; lAule SushataticlKtn, li. C, I'yfe Wheat. McRae, Alex. ; Lot 49, P. K. I. , White Ik-ans. Si^(j McRae, Alex. ; '/Wsicato; (). ^ Bald Winter Wheat, fifi lbs. bushel. McAigur, Hiigh ; Tccswatcr, (). Treudwell Wheat, 6() lbs. Imshul, 45 bushel per acre. McKenzie, Hugh ; Tvcswatvr, O. Winter Wheat. Trcadwell, (\b lbs. bushell. McKay, Thos. & Co. ; Ottmva, (). Five sauiplca of Oatmeal. This inenl is hifjh dried, will keep M'ell in warm weather, is shijjped largely to Liverpool. McFarland, D. ; C(f?-fi//f/, Parr// Sound District, O. Samples of IJarliy, Full Wheat, White Oats. Nichol, Edward ; Adelaide, O, Sample of Barley. Okanagai Mission, 13. C. Beans. O'Neil, Will. P.; ff'oterdown, O. Sample of Seneca, (i 1 lbs. bushel. Wheat and Delhi Wheat, 6;^ lb. bushel, 2.) bushels per acre. Oxford Union Exhibition ; Oj-Jord, O. Samples of Cereals. Patterson, Robert ; Durham, J'idou, JW S. Sample of Black Outs. Peirson, Joseph ; Co/tsccon, O. Sami)les of Six-rowed Barley and Black-eye Marrowfat Peas. Plaiton, Smith & Son ; Kertdt, (). Sample of Delhi Wheat, 60 llj-j. bushel, and Peruvian Oats, 40 lbs. bushel. Pollock, John ; Pine Hirer, O. Fyfe Spring Wheat, (hi lbs. bushels, '65 Ijushels per acre. Paul, John ; Ramsay, O. Sample of Barley, 48 lbs. bushel, ditto with Stalks. Phillips, George ; London, O. Barrel of Forest City Flour. Puzey, Thomas ; Simcoe, O. Treadwell AVheat. Red AVbeat, ()3 lbs. bushel, price ^1 £0 quantity per acre 25 bushels. Black Oats, 39 lbs. bushel, price 60 cents, quantity per acre '6b bushels. 172 CANADIAN CATALOGUE Railton, Smith, & Son ; Lambton. Wheat, 60 lbs. per bushel (40 bushels per acre) ; Peruvian Oats. Rease, W. ; Saanich, B. C M It, and Chevaher Barley. Rennie, William ; Wholesale and Retail Seedsman ; To- ronto, 0» Collection of 100 varieties of Field and Garden Seeds, Grain in Straw, &c., including the Cereals and Grasses, and the ordi- nary Garden Seeds. Special attention is directed in this col- lection to the varieties of Garden Peas, for which the exhibitor claims excellence and purity ; also that they are early and hardy. Mr. Kennie exports largely the seeds grown by him- self to England and the United States. The adv. itages to exporters are th? rapidity of growth and maturity of Canadian Seeds ; it having been proi'ed that (Jereal and Vegetable Seeds grown in a climate where the season is short will mature ten or twelve days earlier than similar seeds grown in a country where the season is much longer. Riddle, W.; Jfamilton, 0.. Sample of White Beans, Black Peas, Two-rowed Barley, 56 lbs. bushel. Riddle, Walter, Cobourg, 0. Clawson Wheat, 63 lbs. bushel. Riske, L. W, ; Chilcotin, B. C. Wheat from elevation of 2,-100 feet. Ross, Chas. ; Grovcsend. O. Samples of Indian Corn. Sm)<"h, Abraham; Simcoc^ 0. Treadwell Wlicat, (!-} lljs. bushel. Price $\ 50. 30 bushels per Acre. Smith, W. ; Vancouver s Island, 13. C. Fall Wheat. * Smith, Wm. ; Fairfield Flans, O. Millet, Hungarian Grass, and Buckwheat. Stock, T. ; Jraterdown, O. Fall Wheat. Scott, John ; North River, P E. I. Timothy Seed. Scott, \riliiam ; London, 0. Samples of Wheat. Scott, F. • ^Hghqatc. Marrowfat »Vhite Beans. CLASS 69.' 178 To- Selwyn, Alfred, Il.|I/, F.R.S. ; Montreal, Q. Samples of Grain from British Columba. Sentiner, John ; Earl River, P. E. I. Pearl Barley, Sheoch, James ; Cor anna, O. Samples of Barley, 50 lbs. bushel, 35 bushels per acre; and Oats, 40_lbs. bushel. Simmers, J. A. ; Toronto, O. Colkotion of 54 varieties of Seeds and Grains, exhibited for the purpose of showing the perfection at which all kinds of seeds can be grown in Canada, and that they are valuable for exportation. Sinclair, James ; Croft. Parry Sound District, O. Australian White Oats. Skinner, T. J. ; Evenshene, B. C. Wheat, 6() lbs. bushel. Smalley, H. ; JVatt, 3Ivshoka District, O. Samples of Barley. Sparks, George ; Bayfield, O. Barley, 54 lbs. bushel. Price 50 cents. Quantity per acre, 55 bushels. Sparks, George ; Sharsley, O. Blue Stem Wheat, weight 6li lbs. Price $1 ; quantity per acre, 35 bushels. Stackney, Joseph ; Moore, 0. Samples of Peas. ' . Steele, James ; Amhcrley, O. White Flint Wheat. fi3 lbs. bushel, 40 bushels per acre. Stretch, Jos. ; fJ est River, P. E. I. Horse Beans. Surveyor-General, Manitoba. Wheat. Taylor, George ; Gananoque, O. Sami)le3 of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Peas, and Rye. Tims, Thomas ; Oxlcy, O. Sample of Winter Wheat, oS lbs. per bushel. Tippin, William ; Ailnoriyht, O. Sami'les of Glasgow Spring Wheat, 64 lbs. bushel; Surprise Oats, 40 lbs. bushel ; and Red Tern Spring Wheat, 64 lbs. bushel. Tolme, W. F. ; Victoria, B. C. Wheat. 7- bushels of this whaat were obtained from 4,5^6 square yards of grouiid, being 273 square yards less than an acre. h 174 CANADIAN CATALOGUE Trayer, — ; CJiillhoack, B. C. Sample of Wheat. Trueman, John ; Mctcolf, 0. Samples of Fall Wheat. Tyndal, Robert ; Perth, 0. Scott Wheat, (58 lbs. bushel, 38 bushels per acre. Tyndal, Robert ; Nciory, 0. Sample of Scott Wheat, G5 lbs. bushel. Tuck, Wm. ; Nchon, O. Sample of Winter Wheat. Vernon, C. ; O. Kauaghan, B. C. Samples of Wheat and Oats. Werlington, John ; IIamiho7i, O. Black Oats, Wicher, Herman ; Spallumchun. B. C. Sample of Bai-ley. Wilson, Tlios. ; Kincardine, 0. Crown Peas, G4 lbs. bushel ^ 35 bushels per acre. Wright, Benjamin ; Charlottetown, P. E, I. Samples of Split Peas. Wright & Butterfield ; Sandwich, O. Samples of Indian Corn in Cob. Wright, Thos. ; IVatt, Mushoka District, 0. Peas, and White Oats. Yoimg & Fursteman ; Spallumchun, B. C. Mixed Wheat. Young, M. ; Morrison, Mushoha District, O. Sample of Peas. Class 71. — Fatty Sudstaxces used as Food. IMilk axd Eggs. Ffxtty substances and oils good for food. Fish and prosorvod milk; fresh aud suit butter; cheese. E. Noble, B. ; Richlbucto, N. B. Canned Lobsters, Salmon, and Mackerel. Ogden, Alfred ; Cape Canso, N. S. ' Canned Lobsters. Lockport Packing Co., Paysant, F. ; Halifax, N. S. Canned Lobsters. Stajrner, Chas. A., Chebucto Packing Co. ; Halifax, N. S. Canned Lobsters. Shand, J. M. ; Barj-ington, X. S. Canned Lobsters. Whinken, Co. \ P. E. I. Specimens of Oyster Shells. Wilmot, S. ; Supt. of Government Fish Breeding Establish- ment ; Newcastle, O. Collection of Stuffed Food Fishes. Class 73. — Vegetables and Fruit. Tubers : potatoes, &c. Dry farinaceous vegetables : beans, lentils, &c. Green vegetables for cooking : cabbages, &c. Vegetable roots : carrots, turnips, &c. Vegetables used for flavouring : onions, garlic, &c. Salads, cucumbers, gourds : pumpkins, melons, &c. Vegetables preserved by various processes. Fresh fruit; dried and prepared I'ruits : prunes, figs, raisins, «fcc. Fruits preserved without sugar. Agricultural Society ; Guclph, 0. Models of Fruit and Roots. Belanger, D. 0. ; Montreal, Q. Assortment of Pickles, Mustard, and Red Cabbage. British Columbia Advisory Board ; B. C. Dried Indian Berries and (^ake of same. Betcher, J. ; Halifax, X. S. . Marmalade. CLASS 73. 177 Council of Agriculture, Province of Guebec ; Montreal, Q. Models of Fruit and Roots. Gibb, C. ; Abbotsford, Q. Models of Fruit. Holman, John ; St. Catherines, 0. Models of Fruit. Henry, E. ; Neio London, P. E. I. Potatoes. Hony, Edward ; P. E. I. Surprise Potatoes. LesUe, & Son ; Seedsmen, Florists, and Nurserymen ; Lcs- lievillc, O. Models of over one hundred varieties of Apples, Pears, Peaches, and Plums. This firm has extensive nurseries and do a large export trade. The fruit trees of Canada are celebrated for their hardiness, and for fruit bearing cannot be surpassed. ■ McGill, W. ; Charlottetoion, P. E. I. Specimens of Mangel Wurtzel and Carrots. Masson, George ; Lot 48, Prince Edward Lsland. Potatoes. Minister of Agriculture ; Hon. C. A. P. PcUetier ; Ottawa^ 0. Collection of over 600 models of Apj)les, Pears, Plums, Peaches, Grapes, and other fruit grown in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Also a collection of models of Vegetables grown in Canada. In consequence of the great distance from Canada it was impossi])le to exhibit any fresh fruit in quantities, there- fore models of the actual fruit were made and carefully painted to imitate the natural fruit. In addition to a large display of { Gooseberries, Currants, Raspl)errics, and ('berries, there was exhibited from Ontario at the Philadelphia Exhibition, 187(), 1,01)0 plates of Apples, 200 plates of Plums, J20 plates of Pears, 92 plates of Crab Apples, 25 varieties of Peaches, 153 jilates of Grapes, and a variety of Nuts including Walnuts, Butternuts, Hickory Nuts, Hazel Nuts, and Pea Nuts. Murray, George ; Toronto, O. Collection of Apples grown in 1877, exhibited in May and .Tune 1878. Northern Sjiy, dessert or cooking; one of the best apples g;>''n. Rawles, Janet, cooking ; of good quality and a long keeper. BellHov.'er, dessert or cooking ; one of the l)est, makes a fine jelly. Baldwin, cooking ; considered first class. Canada Red, cooking; valued most for its keeping (jualities. Swaar, cooking ; quality very good. Esopus Spit- zeml)erg, dessert or cooking ; very highly esteemed. Seek no Further; quality fair to good. Cooper's Market, cooking ; one of the longest keepers, can be kept mitil autum.n. American Golden Russet, dessert; one of the very best table a])ples. Roxbury Russet, dessert ; long keeper, considered one of the best for dessert. Pomme Gris, dessert; quality very fine, Englisli Russet ; valual)le iw its long keeping. Rhode Island Greening ; considered one of the best cooking ajjplcs. II 141. M '.■ \^. 178 CANADIAN CATALOGUE : b u Noble, B. ; Richibucto^ N. B. Canned Strawberries and Raspberries. Postlethwaite, Ridsdale & Co. ; Toronto, O. Sam])le3 of Canned Tomatoes, Tomatoe Ketchup, Pickles, Onions, Horse Radish, Sauce, Red Pickle, Marmalade and Jellies. Selwyn, Alfred R. C. ; Director of Geological Survey; Montreal, Q. Collection of Models of Fruit and Vegetables from British Columbia. Servos, J. D. ; Niagara, 0. Preserved Cherries, Plums, Strawberries, Quinces, Crab A])i)les, Pears, Raspberries, Cranberries, Tomatoes, Apples, &c. Surveyor General ; Ottawa, O. Models of Potatoes from Manitoba. Class 74. — Condimknts and Stimulants, Sugau and confectionkky. Spices, pepper, cinuamon, allspice, &c. Table salt. Vinegar. Copmouud condiments and stimulants : muMlard, kari, English sauces, &c. Tea, coffee, and other aromatic beverages, chicory and sweet acorn coffee. Chocolate. Sugar for household purposes : grape sugar, sugar of milk. Confectionery : sugar plums, bonbons, nougats, angelica, aniseed, &c., preserves and jellies. Dried and preserved fruits : ccdrats, lemons, oranges, pine- apples. Fruits preserved in brandy. Syrups and liqueurs. Blackwood, R. ; Mo?itreal, Q. Samples of Bottled Cider, Ginger Ale, Lemonade, Soda Water, Mineral Waters, and Fruit Syrups. Charlton, A. E. ; Hamilton, 0. Golden Syrup Vinegar, Methylated Alcohol. Crathern, Th. ; Montreal, O. Sample of Maple Sugar, made from the sap of the Canadian Maple Tree. Gray, Young & Sparling ; Seaforth, O, Fine, medium, coarse, and Tal)lc Salt, and natural Brine, Kingston Bonded Vinegar Works ; Kingston, 0. Samples of Vinegar and Methylated AlcohoL CLASS 74. 179 Trinfi;8tone, C. J. ; Warwick, O. Three barrels of coarse, fine and extra fine Salt respectively. Price, in car loads of 70 barrels, (55 cents, per barrel. Single barrels ;^1 ; and extra fine, ,^1 25o. Lefebvre, Michel ; Montreal, Q. Vinegar in Bottles and Bulk. McCormack, T. ; London, O. 302 Varieties of confectionery, including Lozenges, Conversa- tion Rings, Mixed Pipes, Chocolate Fancy Goods, Creams in great variety. Gum and Yum Yum Goods, Jujubes, Almonds large and small. Birds Eggs, Imitation Almonds, Jargonelle Pears, Italian Creams, Nevada Comfi*s, Imperial Perfections, and other fancy confectionery, nearly ; " made ])y machinery. Sharpe, T. S.; Apohagui, N.B. Sample of Butter Salt. Tester, T. W. & Co. ; Montreal, Q. Samples of Pop-corn and two mammoth Corn-balls. Pop-corn in different stages of manufacture. Pop-corn is a species of Indian Corn. Thib Exhibit shows: 1, the corn in the cob in its natural state ; 2, the corn after being popped ; 3, pre- pared sweetened balls. This article is very nutritious and commands a large sale in Canada and the United States. Troop, 0. V. & Co. ; St. John\N.B. Samples of Vinegar. Class 75. — Fermented Drinks. Vin ordinaire, red and white. Sv^^eet wines and still wines. Sparkling wines. Cider, perry, and other beverages made from cereals. Fermented drinks made from vegetable sap, from milk, and sweet substances of all kinds. Brandies and alcohols. Spirits : gin, rum, tafia, kirsch, «fec. Aries, James ; Carlmg, Parry Sound District, 0. Hops. Canada Vine Growers Association, Cramp and Torrance ; Toronto, 0. Variety of Wines and Brandy, of Canadian manufacture. Casci, Vincent ; Toronto, 0. Six Varieties of Canadian Wines. Cockhum, J. P. ; Gravcnhurst, Jifuskoka District, 0. Hops. Cosgrave & Sons ; Brewers ; Toronto, O. Bottled Bitter Ale, Bottled XXX Bitter Ale, and India Pale Ale in Wood. 180 CANADIAN CATALOOUK, Gooderham & Worta ; Toronto, 0. 'Samples of old Rye Whisky, seven years old, New Rye Whisky, old Malt Whisky, and pure Spirits. Hamilton, Panlop, & Co. ; Brantford, O. Three Varieties of Native Wine, Claret, Catawba, and Isabella. Joy & Co. ; TiUonhiirg^ O. Three Varieties of Canadian Wines: Canada, Norwich, and Denham. Labbatt, John ; Brewer ; London, 0. Bottled Fall and Winter Brewed Stout in pints and quarts, Bottled Winter Brewed Ale, Winter Brewed Amber Ale, Full Brewed Pale Ale and Porter in wood. 181 EIGHTH GROUP. AGRICULTURE AND PISCICULTURE. Class 76.-.Specimen3 op Farm Buildings and Agricul- TUUAL WOUKS. Arless, James & Co. ; Montreal, 0. Model Horse Stall. Class 83.— Insects and Noxious Insects. Edwards, Thomas ; Toronto, O. Wasp's Nest found in a tree near Toronto. ^B>lOTiQ, ATothony ', Garden Island, 0. Prince Arthur Beehive. This Beehive is so construotod thnf by opening a door the whole shell can brBrngon hinis quite clear ot the moveable frames, thus enablingVe Aparfan to^ex^amine every brood frame without injuring ^or provEg Class 86.— Flowers and Ornamental Plants. Species of plants and examples of culture exhibiting tho charactenstic types of the gardens and dweUing^ of each cou^^^ Bear, Henry ; Hamilton, O. Patent Plant Feeder and Rack. Hobkirk, W. H.; Charlottetown, P. E. J, Specimen of Maple Leaves in a Frame. Sweetman, C. A., Miss; ^«me7^on, O. f^ncy^box'? '"'^ ^^''''"'" ""^ ^^'^'*°" ^"*""^" ^^"^^^^ i" a .M- ■.I' ••'* /( > 4? 183 INDEX, OR ALPHABETICAL LIST OF EXHIBITORS. Pago rilOVINCE OF ONTAUIO. Ahreiis, J. H. ; Taris - - 126 i\iiu8troii(j;, John & A. ; Guelpli 127 Allan & Hiiinphreys ; Ottawa - 136 Abell, Jolm ; Woodbridge - 148 ArniKtron;,'. •!• I^- ; Gtielph - 155 Arts & A^'ricuitiiral Association of Ontario; Toronto - - IG4 Ayimer Agr. Society ; Aylmer - l(i4 Adair,.!.; WcHtniinster - 104 Alexander, J. L. ; Hnntley - 1C4 . Ai^ricnltural Society ; Ottawa 164, 179 ^ Aires, James; Catling, Tarry Sonnd - - - 164 . Ajiricultural Society; Guelph 164, 176/ lirown, Isaac T. II. ; Toronto - 99 . Uennet, UroJ. ; London - 101, 125*' Brown, Bros. ; Toronto - 117, 128 Boeckh, Cliarlcs ; Toronto - 128 Berlin Felt Boot Co. ; Berlin - 132 Borbridge, S. & IT. ; Ottawa - 156 Brockville Chemical Works ; Brockville - - - 135 Burrell, Ellis ; Belleville - 135 Barnett, E. W. ; Port Hope - 144 Bishopric, Jas. ; St. Catherine's- 144 Barter, Benjamin ; Toronto - 1ft 1 Bnrrows, Stewart, & Milne ; . Hamilton - - 152, 156*/ Briggs, Samnel ; Hamilton - 153 Begg, Alex. ; Orillia - - l/iS Borbridge, S. & II. ; Ottawa - 134 Bethel, N.; Thorold - - 164 Blair, R. ; Carling - - 164 Beamish, Francis ; Port Hope - 165 Byfield, Jas. ; Ilighfield - 165 Bell, W.; Hensall - - 165 Buckerfield, "W. H. Morrison ; Muskoka . - - 165 Baker, George ; Simcoo - 165 Brock, L. ; Brucefield - - 165 Badger, Jas. ; McDougall ; Parry Bonud - - - 165 Buchanan, J. G. ; Colchester - 165 Baldwin, W. G. ; Colchester - 165 Ballantyne, John ; Pine River - 165 Bear, Henry ; Hamilton - 181 Cowan :,nd Torrance ; Toronto Charlton, A. E. ; Hamilton ";- Casci, Vincent ; Toronto Cosgrave & Sons ; Brewers ; Toronto - - . Cockburn, J. P. ; Gravcnhurst - Davids, Jos. ; Toronto - Dew, John & Co. ; St. Catherine's Department Public Works ; Ottawa - 141, 157, Dormain, D. E. ; Westminster - Dawes, Samuel ; Whitby Dickson, James ; Tuckersmith - Darson, H. ; London Doolittle, — ; Morrison Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company, Limited ; Ottawa - 136, 146 J " 121 / 102 102 126 110. //^t/ 110 121 128 130 179 178 179 179 179 144 155 160 167 167 167 167 167 1 117,] 3, 152y IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I iii am m m IIM |||||2J^ IIIIM '""^ 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 16_ ^ 6" — ^ Vi <^ /}. VI c" e-W <5> c2 ^> o A 7 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V iV # t SJ o -<•.., a? ^. 6^ Morse, Geo. & Co. ; Toronto - 144 Moi^gan, Bros. ; Hamilton - 156 McCorkill, A. ; Kingston - 163 Murray, George ; Toronto - 177 Marshall, Thomas ; Vittoria - 170 Marlow, N. ; Cartwright - - 170 Mowbray, William ; Samia - 170 Meadows, Mathew ; Normanby - 170 Madden, William ; Napanee - 170 Milne, G. McDougall ; ParrySound 1 70 Minister of Agriculture ; Ottawa - 170 Mearus, Mathew ; Normanby - 170 Manderson, Thomas; Myrtle - 170 Muirhead & Gray ; London - 170 McDougall, Duncan ; Westminster 170 McLaughlin, S. ; Ottawa - 119 McNamee, C. Kellar ; Parry Sound 170 McRae, Alex.; Teeswater - 171 McAigur, Hugh ; Teeswater - 171 McKenzie, Hugh ; Teeswater - 171 McKily, Thos. & Co. ; Ottawa - 171 McFarland, D. ; Carting Parry Sound- - - - 171 Novelty Works, Jas. Smart; Brockville 108, 118, 125, W9, 146,Yl 149,162,156,1561'' Newtonville Peat Manufacturing Co. ; Clarke - • - 141 Page Northey, Thos. ; Hamilton - 146 Notman & Eraser ; Toronto - 119 Nichol, Edward ; Adelaide - 171 Oxford Union Exhibition ; Oxford 171 O'Neil, Wm. P. ; Waterdown - 171 / Potter, Chas.; Toronto 109, 121, 160 >| Provincial Secretary and Regis- trar, Ontario, Hon. Mr. Hardy ; Toronto - - - 116 Poole, E. , St. Catherines - 1 19 Pike & Richardson ; Chatham - 141 Pett, James ; Hamilton - - 145 Pilkey & Bush ; Hamilton - 145 Flummer & Sons ; London - 155 Porter, Wm. ; Rochesterville - 162 Power, Wm. & Co. ; Kingston - 163 Postlethwaite, Ridsdale & Co. ; Toronto - - - 178 Feirson, Joseph ; Consecon - 171 Plaiton, Smith & Son ; Kertch - 171 Pollock, John ; Pine River - 171 Paul, John; Ramsay - - 171 Phillips, George ; London - 171 Puzey, Thomas ; Simcoe - 171 y RoJph, Smith & Co. ; Toronto /^ 100 •/ Rosamond Manufacturing Com- pany ; Almonte - - 131 Russell, Miss ; Belle, Ottawa - 131 Rose, J. H. ; Toronto - - 144 Robertson & Dayer ; Oakville - 147 Raymond, Chas. ; Guelph - 153 Robinson, G. W. ; Kingston - 155 Ramsay, Wm. ; Orillia - - 155 Rennie, Wm. ; Toronto - - 172 Riddle, W. ; Hamilton - - 172 Riddle, Walter ; Cobourg - 172 Railton, Smith & Son; Lambton 172 Ross, Chas. ; Grovesend - - 172 Somerville, S. ; Arnprior - 140 Steiner, N. L. ; Toronto - 140 Scott, Hon. R. W. ; Ottawa - 142 St. Clair Flat Shooting Co.; Toronto - - - 142 Saunders, William ; London - 144 Sawyer ifc Co. ; Hamilton - 149 SUorey, E. R. & Co. ; Napanee - 152 Semmens, John ; Hamilton - 155 Skinner, S. C. & Co. ; Gana- noque - . . _ 156 Smith, Wm, ; Fairfield Plains - 172 Stock, T. ; Waterdown - - 172 Spencer, L. E.; Kingston - 162 Scott, William ; London - 172 Scott, F.; Highgate - - 172 Sheoch, James ; Coronna - 173 Simmers, J. A. ; Toronto - - 173 Sinclair, James ; Croft, Parry Sound - - - 173 Smalley, H. ; Watt - - 173 Sparks, George ; Bayfield - 178 Sparks, George ; Sharsley - 178 q/j H 141. 6Tf N 186 INDEX, OB ALPHABETICAL ;'"1 V Pago ^. 'Stackney, Joseph ; Moore-. ^ - 173 •^rvv Steele, James; Amberley^ - 173 Shaw, Jessica ; Cobourg - 99 Smith, A., V.S. ; Toronto - 110 Shannon & Meek ; Kingston - 116 Smithi Abraham ; Simc >e - 172 Shantz, Jacob G. ; Berlin - 133 Strathroy Knitting Co. - - 132 Strickland, the Misses ; Ottawa - 131 Scholer, Henry ; Paris - - 127 "^^vj. Staunton, M. & Co. ; Toronto - 127 jur5>-Stewart, Jas. & Co ; Hamilton - 128 "-""'^ Servos, J. D. ; Niagara - - 178 Surveyor General ; Ottawa - 178 Sweetman, C. A., Miss ; Hamilton 181 Taylor, Bros. ; Toronto - - 118 Tuckett & Billings ; Hamilton - 143 Tnieman, John ; Metcalf - 174 Tyndal, Robert ; Perth - - 174 Tyndal, Robert ; Newry - 174 Tuck, Wm. J Nelson - - 174 Taylor, George ; Gananoqae - 173 Tims, Thomas ; Oxley - - 173 Tippin, William ; Arkwright - 178 Villiers, Mrs. Ellen ; Toronto - 99 Vary,B. W. ; Strathroy - 149 Van Staden, W. G. & Co. ; > Strathroy - - 155,159*/. Warwick, W. ; Toronto - 109, 116 ^ Woods, W. H. ; Port Rowan - 120 White, J. ; Woodstock - - 125 Williams, J. M. & Co. ; Hamilton 128 Witerman Bros. ; London - 140 Wood, W. ; Hallsbri^e - 140 Withrow & Hillock ; Toronto - 141 Walker, W. H. ; Ottawa - 142 Watson, John ; Ayr - - 149 Wilkinson, George ; Aurora - 150 Whiting Manufacturing Co. ; Oshawa - - - 150 Wirson, John ; Oshawa - - 162 Werlington, John ; Hamilton - 174 nj Wilson, Thos. ; Kincardine - 174 ^ Wright & Butterfield ; Sandwich 174 Wright, Thos. ; Watt - - 174 Wilmot, S. ; Supt. of Government I Fish Breeding Establishment ; ' Newcastle - - - 176 Young, M. ; Morrison - - 174 PBOVINCB OF QUEBEC. Arless, Jas. & Co. ; Montreal - 181 Alexander, John, M.D. ; Mon- treal - - - - 121 Baillairge, C. ; Quebec - - 101 Burns, John ; Montreal - - 127 Belding & Paul ; Montreal - 131 Barrington & Son ; Montreal - 133 Brazeau. F. R. ; Montreal - 128 Buckingham Mining Co. - 135 Bastien Benoit ; Montreal - 140 Page Brodie & Harvey ; Montreal - 165 Belanget,D. O.; Montreal - 176 Blackwood, R. ; Montretd - 178 Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works ; Quebec - 162, 166 Canada Shipping Co. ; Montreal- 162 Catelli Bros. ; Montreal - Caron, Mddle. ; River du Loop • Cartier Pierre ; Sorel - Chaveau, Hon. Mr. ; Quebec Chanteloup, E. ; Montreal - J Canada Paper Co. ; Montreal - Council of Arts and Manufac- tures ; Montreal Canadian Rubber Co. ; Montreal Cedras, Joseph ; Montreal Coristine, J. ; Montreal - Council of Agriculture ; Mon- treal - - - - Crathem, T. ; Montreal - Dominion Type Founding Co. ; Montreal - - - Duval, E. H. ; Quebec - Dommion Leather Board Co. ; Montreal _ - - Dominion File Works, Outram & Sons ; Montreal Dobell, R. R. & Co. ; Quebec - Education Department, Quebec, Hon. G. Ouimet ; Quebec 11« 132 132 177 178 154 162 117 137 141 nil' 175 161 176 122 y / 105^ Q 109, 110, nil*' Forsyth, Robert ; Montreal Fisheries Department ; Sadourac Gauvreau & Co. ; Quebec Gibb, C. ; Abbotsford - Genest, Pierre, MA. ; Quebec - Gamier; Montreal - 129,174 Gault Bros. ; Montreal - 130, 132 Geological Survey of Canada, Alfred R, C. Selwyn; Mon- , , treal - - - 124, 136, 161 If Gilmour, G. j Montreal - - 137 Hood, W. A. & Sons ; Montreal- 144 Henderson, Alex. ; Montreal Hearne & Harrison ; Montreal - Harbour Commissioners ; Mon- treal . - - - Hudon, V. Cotton Company; Montreal . - - Huot, Charles E. ; Quebec Ibottson, W. B. ; Sherbrooke - Ives, H. R. & Co. ; Montreal - Joly, J. H. ; Quebec Johnston, L. ; Sherbrooke Langelier, L. ; Quejbec - Loverin, Nelson, M.D. ; Montreal Lyman, Clare, & Co. ; Montreal- 118 121 123 ISO 99 144 137 143 175 108 108 143 Livernois, J. E. ; Quebec '«^^/ 158 \ Ht LIST OF EXHIBITOBS. 187 Page Lanan & Son ; Sorel - - 144 Lefebvre, MicL?l ; Montreal - 178 Martel, Pierre ; L'Assomption - 120 Martel, O. ; Montreal - - 120 M^jor, E., & Ca ; Montreal- 125, 138 . Stassaidt, S. ; Gatineau Point I (nrsTache, Eugene ; Quebec — -^Ti • - " - BRITISH COLUMBIA. 4md^M /"single set. o/' hiochets endless chains) Ofte^ Spoon DrecUfe. (employed part' orii/ne J Tno boufder c^rapplin^ baraes Jiiffkt /^/^ boa/^>(^ Mties fhrdffin^ Uie Ship Channel hetftui in US44 and continued (<> hS47 Ihedpinff resumed in /<9iSI n^id continued to lff66 Iheiiffiiig to (Vttain 2,'i tl. deptti resimuul in t^7J J)epth of Shif) Channel at Ufw waler before dred^Uu^ 11 feet Increase of depth eifected up to ltf66 ^ J)ept/i attained in lBti6 ^^ De^ftA w/Uch win be ^tttained uv l^7S 22 Leusc bre/idt/L of dredi/e. ' )>''!■-> ' ' ' ' PRO FILE 370 Miles 360 550 3^0 330 320 3/0 PROFILES OF THE ST LAWREN ^AfESEE LEVEL 509 FT ABOVE TIDE LEVEL ,.,. , ,, ,.,. „ ,... ,; ... . i..., . ,, u M , . , I , I • Ki ' vii.mj.y.'mvm^^^^ ■ ,"-"'" " ' ,' ' " "- "■" ; ■"" '■ "v- ' - - !. ,. . , ■■ ■ ■ j": • rA/'W ' '^/*W'i'liy''^WMI? - '^i'¥ ^M^^MM^yWIiMi. ^1 -m 462 OF LAKE ERIE C A N A L KE n X TA RIO 160 Miles "It I ' )!' ' -i^.^ ^^y^.jt/;- , "M^^l g,„ ,,.. y;„n . ,n , „ . ,,,„„„ , »^,^, , 234.0' ABOVE TIDE LEVEL OF T H E ST L A W R E N C ZIO 300 Z90 ZBO 270 260 250 240 NCE AND OF THE ERIE CANAL ROUTES BE FforizonUU Scale YO Miles (/j the I?wh VerUcaJ Scah' /OO Ff /o t/ir Inch Litliograplied \>j W 8f A. K, JolinRton.Edinburgli S- Loudon ft. ' /^ ^ 445 .5,7/ > ' : 'vm'"'VM: M$fm^y/^ K 1 400 vM£. N A V / GAT/ N B E T l/\^ E E N LA K E N A V I G A T I N TIDE yV A T E R LEVEL s^ ./ ^ BET AT LAWHBjYCa WEEN J? 2S0 ZIO 2tO 200 190 IQO I/O ES BETWEEN LAKE ERIE AND "HDE WATEF K ONEIDA LE\^EL ^ 4-27 FT /I BO VE "^O' r^^i '/// / /// ',///'■// ''/",^///, / LAKE ERIE L/tWU/VArK KJVKK j-^, VU,y/77(JN 6'6' iv ,1///^ ,//^/:/ ■.■■■> ■^'■.- /■■■■■■'• '.-yf^^y N LAKE ERIE iro 160 ISO /^ izo TER. Comparative Statement. LaJi:(rtrie to /llhany viih Erie Cetrud Nchv. MILES CANAL NAV. 35Z via S! Lawrene/^ Nav '7/ MILES LAKE NAV. 20S MILES RIVER NAV. m N? I LOG 7/ 5^ a ^ Port Coiborne being 20 mUes west of Buffalo t Ports to Ude nater by t/ie two routes cue ahoiu e(/ is reached, at Montreal while at Albany it is ^5i praotwallf thaZ difference in faror of the Canac 77ie durte/i^^Lon^ of Sf Lcmr^ertce noA-i of tlte e/daraecl ra/i/ilv now i/i coi/iv \ \ ' '^ - — \ lOVsM. 'V JQ J) ^ L i4o: ^ ^ N ^ A T E tl'^M. so 80 ^ ,?■/ ^ /" f c ,, y^'^ ^'y/^^,, /, ■ ■■.9. iHMH^MSSIIIIi^SISSIIKKk R A1 N T R E A L A K E Xr F R A NC fS ■ ^2'M M 70 60 SO ^0 CAjVA L 30 MILES LAKE NAV. MILES RIVER NAV. N9 OF LOCKS. LOCKAGE TOTAL DISTANCE MILES. DIMENSIONS OF LOCKS. LENGTH. WIDTH. DEPTH OF WATER. CAPACITY TONS n 9 $ 7/ G54 352 no /S 7 }!20 ws .96' 54 532 375 270 15 // /500 of Buffalo the distances from LoJte. IS a/e ahoiu. ofK/it: but as Ocerni Navigalion bariy it is ^50 Miles cUstarit there is of the Ccmxidtan route vren/ie rhcu^iffa/i^)n. are tho^^e low in cou/'se of c^j/us'trux'/ion. For 1300 Miles coiitiniwaslv PA C I Fl C O CEA N 2400 M/LES 2300 2200 2/00 2000 ^ntmujouslv (between Stoprord and SrwrcwuMiio) tJie IZS, Central Faeifw 2000 1900 1800 /700 f600 ^iilwaj is everywhere Mufflier thwn tfije hiffhest pouit orv the Ca/i/uUun Ziite /„/^^„ /x, f/^/A / / //4,/, ' ^f /y/i^,x ^yf^// ;^^yi//'y/)fWyf " UHJAINS 1500 /400 1300 /200 diari Ziite. StierrmmS242^,alm'e Sm levely. i "//^'m'''r''^//i',/iiS!i'y/v'^--''^''f^"" Profiles two 1000 300 600 700 Profiles of the Canadian Pacific Railway f and the AumXCAN CENTRAX. PACXFXC UaXXMAY f) Compared as to distance and E Mcucimurn. Grade (hsceruU/ui EtiS'twarci on Ca/ifuluJiJi. fOOO MUe.s we^st fronv LaJfC Superior will rwt ar/yeexl / i/iH LU'hograp'hed \ij ^ 2c A ,K. JolmsLon, l^jnWrgh & London. 700 ■ w "'"'^»m»m}>l0. § 600 SOO I i ■"■■'■■'■ '■'''''.''■-''■'''■Axmli. H)0 Ji LWAY FROM Lake Superior WESTWARD UWAY FROM CHXCAGO westward. and Elevation. Cfjna/iCfiJty /'fuuVu- Railway /or 'TJCefr / hi 200 or Mk Ff/ierMile. lurgh 8- London . Gmln .shipped from Fori WMiH^n ((/(/' Lakr SufU'Hor fcrrnhui.sor (an.Pac.U.R.) will fY'firli (ifU HuU^r fts (/ulr/ily arul rlt^apfy as frorrty Ch/ra/ya <5> LAKE SUPERIOR 300 ZOO too SJBA LEVEL