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4 5 6

WltH THE

British Association

IN CANADA,

AND

THE UNITED STATES.

A PAPER

READ BEFORE THE HASTINGS & ST. LEONARDS

f bilosopbital ^omtg.

JOHN E. H. PEYTON, F.R.A.S., F.G.S

(PBESIDENTJ

MARCH 10th, 1885.

• J

HASTINGS
Printbu by F. J. Parsons, "Observer" Office.

WITH THE

British Association

IN CANADA,

AND

THE UNITED STATES.

A PAPER

READ BEFORE THE HASTINGS & ST. LEONARDS

f btloaoplittal ^ottttj.

JOHN E. H. PEYTON, F.R.A.S., F.G.S.,

(PRESIDENT,)
MARCH 10th, 1885.

HASTINGS
Printed liv F. J. Parsons, "Ouserveu" Offick.

American Notes.

Bij " B. A. a 923."

The meeting of the British Association in Canatla (August,
1884), offered such inducements to its members to undeitake the
voyage to the New World, that I determined, if possible, to take
advantage of such a splendid opportunity, which was not likely
to occur again in one's lifetime. It was not, however, till the
beginning of July that I was able to apply for my travelling
ticket, which was numbered 923 ; showing that a good niany
members had responded to the cordial invitation of the Canadians.

There had been some misgivings as to the result, when it
was finally determined to make a fresh departure in the lii.story
of the British Association, and cross the Atlantic to one of our
Colonies ; but in the end it turned out a magnificent success, and
the meeting at Montreal will, no doubt, be an event long remem-
bered in the history of the Dominion, and also in the annals of
science. There is already a talk of paying a visit to Australia
next.

Special advantages were offered to us by the different steam-
ship and railway companies, in the way of reduced fare, return
tickets, special trains, &c. I arranged to go out by Canada, and
return home by New York, and sailed from Liverpool on the 31st
of July, on board the Allan line s. " Sardinian," 4,600 tons, com-
manded by Captain W. Smith, who belongs to the Royal Naval
Reserve, and, therefore, we were entitled to fly the Blue Ensign.

Our first adventure was a thick fog in the Irish Channel,
which kept us more than an hour finding the light on the Isle
of Man, though it is such a well-known place. We arrived at
Moville (port of Londonderry) early next morning, and stayed ail
day in the splendid harbour of Lough Foyle, waiting for the
mails. Starting late in the afternoon we had a glorious but very
wild sunset off Inishtrahull Island, — the last point of land on the
extreme north coast of Ireland — exposed to the full fury of the
Atlantic Ocean.

During the night we ran into a cyclonic storm — a regular
" sou'-wester " — near the tail of the Rockall Bank : there was a
heavy sea* and general discomfort, but the next evening the
weather cleared up, and the .:est of the voyage was pleasant.

jg about

I'iicie were 120 saloon passengers on boanl (iucludiu}^
10 of tliu British Association), and we enjoyed ourselves in the
usual manner of hoard -ship life. There were (jver 300 emigrants
in the steerage, amongst whom were 40 of Dr. Barnardos Imys
(from 18, Stepney Causeway, London), the little fellows seemed
very happy and well cared for, and wonderfully well trained.
Some of our fellow-passengers got up a concert for them, which
was very successful, and realised £14, part of which was given to
them in prizes for races, games, &c., which afforded great amuse-
ment to all hands for a couple of days. It may be interesting to
state that, according to a circular lately issued by Dr. Barnardo,
out of the 7nany hundreds of boys and girls placed out in life m
Canada, during the last 15 years, only 4 boys have failed, and not

one girl .' .

I was much struck by the great kindness and patience shown
by the steerage passengers, especially the men, to their children,
even when very sick themselves — and find that the same thing
was noticed by Charles Dickens in his " American Notes," pub-
lished more than 40 years ago.

We got a great deal ol valuable information from the
Canadian pas^j'ingers on board ; and what with guide-bo()ks;;'aiid
hints, our party was fairly well " posted-up " on arrival at Quebec.

The great circle course, which all steamers take in crossing
the Atlantic, brought us within 180 miles of Cape Farewell, the
southern point of Greenland, on the fifth day of our voyage,
and soon after, when about 130 miles from the coast of North
America, we ran into fogs, and the temperature sank to :iS%
showing that ice was near. We saw our first iceberg (always an
exciting event) on the 7th August, and a vsry beautiful sight it
was :— much finer than I expp'^.ted. In the Marquis of Lorne's
very interesting book, " Canadic*.! Pictures," there is an engraving
showing " the ' Sardinian ' m tixC ice, off' Newfoundland," very
like what we saw, only our berg was net quite such a large one.

We entered the Straits of Belle Isle on the morning of the
8th : they were studded with small icebergs, and looked very
beautiful. We soon ran into a thick fog, and there we remained
for 16 hours, with the fog-horn going all the time ; the captain
was 32 hours on the bridge, and told me it was the most trying
time he had had for years, as there was more ice than usual ; one
or two ships and a steamer passed us while we were at anchor,
but it is very risky work, and our captain was much praised for
his caution. He told me that when the fog lifted, there were two
icebergs right ahead of us, within 20U yards of our bows.

It was very interesting to watch the soundings taken by Sir
Wm. Thomjison's apparatus : once whilst going 13 knots an hour,
they' found bottom at 80 fathoms (formerly it was necessary to

almost .stoj) tho ship); it is done by tlio pic-nre of tlu" water
forcing up some colomol tluid in a glass tulu-, wiiitli is niai ked
oil on a scale, showing t'lo Uopth in fathoms, and attached to the

lead sinker.

Professor Moseloy, of Oxford, found a very pretty spocnnen
of a brya/.oa, and an arctic bivalve shell, in the stutV iMought up
by the sounding-lead in the Straits of Hclle Isle. Tiiere v/ero
also .some interesting specimens in the mud oa the anchor.

There was a very successful concert got up by the passengers
for the Liverpool Seamen's ()ri)hanage, and the fog-horn accom-
paniment to some of the songs was very curious !

In the (lulf of St. Lawi-ence we saw a wonderful mirage,
and tho absorption bands in the red of tho si)ectrum were very
extraordinary, as seen in my pocket spectroscope.

The coasts c.i Labrador and Xewfoundland looked \ery l)leak
and (1-"= >' 'e, '"'th patches of snow still lying on some of the hills.
>itants about these parts seemed to be a few tisher-
' shown what is 8Uj)posed to be the finest salmon
• M. When we entered the ncble St. Lawrence
■ning of 10th) all was changed, and the scenery
the temperature rose to 74 , and every one
..ixv/iwccj^xxxj .- ed the trip up that splendid ri/er— it was the
perfection of yachtmg. We lan<led the mails and some passengers
at Rimouski that evening, and got our first v'ow of a steamer
with beam engines working overhead, on deck— very common m

America. n i

The approach to Quebec is very fine, ami we were :\11 early
on deck next morning (11th). The Laurentian mountains are
grand, and very interesting to me as a geologist, as they are the
oldest rocks in the world, and contain the celebrated fossil,
" Lozoon Canadense " (the Dawn of Life), supposed to be the
oldest known animal. ,

The view of the famous Montmorenci Falls fronx the river is
very line, and the first sight of Quebec was most Ijoautiful ;
we passed close under the Citadel and got alongside our wharf, on
the opposite side of the river, about 8 a.m., after a very pleasant
voyage of 10 days.

I hapi ened to land with one of our passengers (also a mem;
ber of the B.A.), who stands 6 feet lOi inches in his stockings,
and the astonishment of the natives was amusing ! We told them
we had plenty more of them at home ! Through the kindness of

The

men

rivp.j

Rivei

became

thoroughly

(0-

the custom-house authorities all our baggage .vas passed ti-
boon for which we were very grateful. The steerage passengers
went at once to the Emigration Office, adjoining the wharf, near
the raihyay "depot" (as all stations are called m America), and
we were told that almost all of them had found employment

before tho day was over. Our little friends, the Bamardo boys,
marched oft' to their cars in tine style, and we exchanged hearty
cheers «nd good wishes for them in their now home, at i eter-

borough, Ontario. , . „ i. i «j«

Uuehec is an interesting old town, chiefty Lrench, ver> pic-
turesque, but dirty ; some of the ne-.v buildings are hue, especially
the House of Parliament, which has since been damaged by
dynamic-. The vi'jw from the Citadel hill is ji'stly ft'aious; it
includes a splendid sweep of the beautiful St. Lawre- ce ana
8e>eral ranges of the Laurentian hills; the sunset I saw trom
there was something magnificent.

After a couple of days at Quebec, I went by steamer i:p the
river to Montreal -a very pleasant trip of 150 miles. Ihe boats
are fine, and tha cabins (or " state-rooms " as they are called)
clean and comfortai)lc. We had a glorious sunset on tue river,
and the colours in the sky and on the water were something
marvellous. ,,

Montreal is a beautiful city, and the newer streets are well
shaded by trees, which give them a pleasant appearance, especially
in summer as we saw them. Tho Windsor Hotel is justlj^ said
to be one of the best in the world ; it certainly is the finest 1 was
over in, and most comfortable. There is a capital system at
hotels in America, you pay so much a day (4 dollars at Montreal,
and 5 at New York), which includes everything but drink and
washing ; so there is no trouble with the bill when leaving ; it is
simply " so many days, so many dollars," and away yuu go !

One of the "lions" at Montreal is the view from Mom t
Royal— from which the city takes its name— and ve.y beautiful
it i's, indeed, on a fine summer's afternoon. The city lies at ones
feet, and the view includes a large stretch of the river, with the
celebrated Victoria Bridge (built by Sir Thomas Brassey s father
for Robe Stephenson, the great engineer), the rapids, and the
country for miles round, as far as the Adirondacks and Grreen
Mountains, in the United States. ^ ,«■ ^ d i

The geology of the district is very interesting. Mount Royal
itself is an ancient volcano, supposed to be of paleozoic age.
composed of diabase,* and, in some parts on the western side, ot
svenite;t this has pushed up and penetrated the limestones
(Chazy and Trenton, of lower Silurian age), converting them m
some places into a crystalline marble ; there are beautiful sections
on the road up, showing a most interesting series of dykes and

* Diabase is a crystalline granular trap rock of labradcrite and augite, with

""^'^fSvenUeil Tgnuiitic rock, composed of felspar, hornblende, micaland quartz j
in this case mixed with nepheline (an alkaline aluminous silicate). Jukes arui
(,'eikie, Manual of O'culotiy.

i^aammm

veinB of syenite, basalt, and other recks, traversing not only the
stratified linir'stones, but also the diabase an<l syenite nms^is
themselves. Ice-marks, grooved, polished, and striated rocks, are
very distinct, right up to the top of the nunntain (700 feet),
whore there are some erratic boulders of Latirentian rocks.
There are also three or four Avell-markod terraces, or ancient sra

V)Gftcn^3.

Through the kindness and lil)erality of the Canadian Govern-
ment, I got Sijrer puns on riio Canadian Pacific Railway to Wmni-
peg, in Manitoba, and back ; and might have gone to the Rocky
Mountains, or British Columbia, over '.?,000 miles— as some of our
members did— but I b id not sufficient time. A new route had
been opened to Tor ...lo, by Ottawa, and I went by one of the
first trains (Aug Uuh). N'^e had a splendid sleepmg-car brand
new— cost 12,000 dollars, we were told !— and the one belonging
to the Directors, c-illed the *' Saskatchewan," was really magnifi-
cent. There was quite a crowd at the Depot to see the tram.
' here are no " buffers " to the cars (they said ther*^ were lots of
" old buffers " inside on our trip !) so occasionally one gets
rather a shaking, but it was very comfortable travelling.

1 stayed a day at Toronto, a fine city on Lake Ontario, and
had my first trip on one of those large inland fresh-water seas,
which are such a marvellous feature of the North American
continent. I crossed the lake on board the famous steamer
" Chichora " ; "be was an old blockade-runner, called the " Let
her B," and has the name on the old bell, which still hangs
outside the pilot-house. We went up the Niagara River to
Lawiston, where I first set foot on American soil. There is a
fine view of the gorge made by the Falls in pre-historic times.
On the voyage back we had a lovely sunset on the lake, and a lot
of passengers sang Scotch and English songs on deck, "Auld lung
syne," " Home, sweet home," and " God save the Queen," dc,
till I could scarcely realise the fact that we v/ere thousands of
miles away from Old England !

Next day we went by train, through a very wild country, to
Owen Sound (a town on the shc.^s oi Gcoifeiku Bay —part of
Lake Huron), and were disappointed to find that one of the
large steamers of the C.P.R., by which we should have travelled,
had come to grief, and we were obliged to go in a small oile
belonging to anothe- Company. We had to lay-to hdf the night
in a fog, and next morning nearly ran on to the shoals off Duck
Island— on Lake Huron, to the south of Manitoulin Island. It
was a curious sight to see the rocks so clearly under our steamer ;
luckily, the weather was fine and quite calm. In the evening wo
entered the St. Marie Rive- which joins Lake Huron to Lake
SuperioV, and found the scenery very beautiful. There wero

some splendid specimens of ice-worn rocks— i-oches inoutonnt^PH^
one side steep and broken, the other smooth and gently sloping ;
showing very olearly which way the ice had passed over them,—
V.Z., fi-oiii the smooth toimnU the steep side.

On arriving at Sault St. Marie (pronounced " 800 ), a town
oar the rapids at the head of the river, which we soon christened

Susan and Mary," I left the steamer with two gentlemen and
two ladies of our party,— as we thought there was not sufficient
time to go on to Port Arthur or Winnipeg— and we put up at a
nice little hotel in the Canadian town, where they don't often see
many English, as it is rather an out-of-the-way place. Curiously
onou^^h I had met one of the ladies the year before at Baveno,
on Lag'o Maggiore, in Italy, and little thought that we should
meet again on a Candian river, in longitude S5° west, 4,000 miles

from home ! 1 , ^ u • 1

We engaged two Indians and a canoe, and shot the rapirls,
which was most exciting— and, 1 hope, not dangerous. The view
down the immense slope of raging waters, as we entered the
rapids Avas very grand and extraordinary, quite unlike anything
we had ever seen before. We, of course, got wet; Init the way
the men managed their paddles, and guided the canoe away from
various dangers, was very clever. The canoe jumped about like
a cork, and sometimes seemed to be smothered in the waves,
which broke all round us in every direction ; l)ut we emerged safe
and sound at the end of the rapids, which are about a mile long,
havin<^ thoroughly enjoyed our novel and exciting adventure.
We divided into two parties; one stood on the rocks whilst
the other shot by, and it was a curious sight to watch the canoe
rushing by, doim-hHI, at a tremendous pace, half smothered now-
and-then in the waves. The weather was gloriously bright, and,
alto'-ether, it was a delightful Canadian experience that wc shall
never forget. We had to pole vp some of the rapids first, which
I thought was quite as wonderful a performance as shooting down
them One of my friends look a photograph of the canoe and its
crew,' and has kindly sent me a copy, which is a very interesting
souvenir of our ex,jedition. In the afternoon we had a delightful
sail amongst the islands two or three miles down the river, and
afterwards paid a visit to the American town on the opposite
shore, where there is a very fine lock on the canal, through
which all the traffic between trie large lakes passes. It is lit by
the electric light, and ships pass through all day and all night.
We determined to take the first steamer going eastward, no
matter where it went to ; it might be to Owen Sound, Chicago,
or Sarnia. I was in favour of a place I had found on the map
(we were none of us very well up in the geography of the district)
called Penetanguisheno, which seemed so well placed for getting

on to Muskoka and Simcoe lakes. We noticed that very few
steamers seemed to call there, but I couldn't understand the joke
there was for a long time, till it came out that it is only a prison
estoUishmcnf .' i^^ventually we started at 5 a.m. (August 19th),
on a north-shore boat, and had a very pleasant tour round the
north shore of Georgian I'ly, calling at several stations on
Manitoulin Island, and Killarney on the main land, where the
scenery is lovely — more ice-marks very distinct. Here we saw
an Indian encampment, wigwams, S:c., all complete. There were
lots of Indians about ; they looked something like Japanese I
thought, — olive colour, — not a bit like what I had imagined an
Indian ought to be ! Thei'e are some splendid boats here, used
for fishing, something like whalers, with two masts and lug sails ;
they are very fast, and stand any amount of " sea " on the lake.
Most of the passengers Avent ashore and bought Indian curiosities
— the toy canoes wei-e the prettiest.

The last place Ave stopped at Avas Club Island, a fishing
station, very desolate, and out of the Avorld. They told us of a
dreadful Avreck of a steamer near here, a feAv years ago— 200 lives
lost ; only one man and a Avoman Avashed ashore, and kept by the
Indians till rescued the next spring. We stopped the night at
Owen Sound, and suffered much from the heat ; the forest Avas on
fire somcAvhere near, which made it Avorse. Next morning, at G,
my friend, the mathematical professor, persuaded me to go doAvn
to the lake Avith him to bathe. It Avas more than a mile, but Ave
had a refreshing sAvim. They said Ave must be English to <lo
such a thing !

Toronto AA-as reached in time to take the boat to Queenstowu,
and at seven o'clock that CA^ening (August 21st) I got my first
vieAv of the Falls of Niagara. It is quite impossible, of course,
for me to describe them ; but they Avere very much finer than I
expected. I kneAv they Avere only 160 feet high, so Avas not
disappointed, as r.o many jjeople are at first. They Avere so much
broader and farther apart, and altogether grander than
I had imagined them to be, and the surrounding scenery is so
lovely, that I Avas delighted. The three days I spent there were
indeed a treat never to be forgotten. Most [)eople make a •
mistake in " rushing " the Falls — " doing " them in one day, or
even sometimes in a couple of hours " cheap tripping 1' They
must carry aAvay quite a Avrong impression ; it Avas onl}- on the
third day of my visit that I saAv the Horseshoe (Canadian) Fall
properly. It depends so much on the Avind, Avhicli onl}- clears off
the spray occasionally. The American Fall, Avhich Avas just in
front of our AvindoAvs at the Clifton House Hotel, is Avhite and
feathery, and looked very like a steep glacier or snoAv-slope. The
Horseshoe Fall, Avhich I like most, is a glorious emerald green, a

^nlid wall of water, and is supposed to be twenty feet deep at the
Tdgtri ere Tgoe; thundering down into the raging turmoil of
wafers in a fearful looking abyss of foam and spray One of the
iest views of the Falls is from the ferry just above the new
Suspension Bridge, and near the American Falls

^The whirlpool rapids are very grand and feaiful-lookmg
much wilder than the first cataract on the Nile^ down which I
Ce Men the Arabs swim on logs of wood. No wonder poor
Sain Webb was killed, he must have been crushed by the mere
St t^ie water where it is suddenly jerked up a dozen fee
in the air iust opposite the platform made for visitors Some of
the natTv^s say Zt he might have got through all right if he had
not dived but I very much doubt it, though I noticed on the
NHe that 'the Arabs aLays kept right on the top of the waves.

I was delighted to find some beautiful ice-marks on the cliff
above the gorgt near the rapids, and there are glacial, river and
lake deposi^ts In Goat Island, and on the top of the cliff opposite the
Horseshoe FaU, on the Canadian shore. The gorge itself is cut in
Se NWa Hmestone and its associated shales, which correspond
th Weniock beds of our upper Silurian and it has been
commited by Sir Charles Lyell that it must have taken 35,000
veTi s to wear its way from Lewiston to its present position, about
Lven mi7er In the somewhat hasty view I had of the country
it seemed to me that there was evidence of the Lake (Ontario)
havfn^ formerly extended to the foot of the cliffy f lewiston
Seir the entrance to the gorge. If this were so, and the k^d ha
a'nce risen, the rate of erosion in former times may have been
much more rapid than it is at present.

The Whirlpool is very interesting, but smoother and larger
than I had expected. I was much amused on my way there at
W suddenly accosted with "Say, Boss ! where's this
wWrLon" Whilst going down in the "elevator" (a car on an
Sd plane, workel by' a wire rope), it Buddenl^^^^^^^^^^ fast
about two-thirds of the way down, and we l^ad to ge^ out and
wdk The man asked me afterwards if I had felt the jerLf
T^nt T thought it was all part of the performance !
^ The nlw Cantilever Bridge, near the old Su»pen«on Badge
is a most wonderful engineering work, and was finished u. seven
monrs One day I saw a goods train on it, ivhich reached from
Canada to the United States; it had 62 car., which .s equal

*" ^^rwaTv^raS'to see the way in which most of the
niembers of the'^.A., whS hadarrived in the oo"f y b-^^S^ '^«
meeting, had planned their tours so as to finish at Mag?'-*-
¥^1 ler. mo^ than 150 of „, started on Monday Angu^^

llieitJ WOIO ixiv'iu ui»«" ^^^ ~- -_

by train to Qucenstown ana ooat to xoronto.

took the steamer from there to go direct to Montreal, and never
shall we forget that voyage in the " Algerian " — it became
proverbial. She was overcrowded (though that was our own
fault), there was a strong gale on the Lake, with a nasty " sea,"
so when we arrived at Port Hope, about 30 of us landed and took
the train to Kingston, where we arrived about 2 a.m., and
spent a couple of hours in a siding in a tremendous thunderstorm.
One crash was so terrific that we all thought the train had been
struck by lightning. AVe got to the hotel about o a.m., and
had a little sleep. Our steamer turned up about noon ; the
weather had by that time quite cleared up, and we had a
delightful trip through the Thousand Islands, where the scenery
is most beautiful. There are several good hotels, and heaps of
villas like Swiss chalets, and I think that ona of the great
advantages the Canadians eoem to have, is the number of very
pleasant places for their summer outing. I should give the palm
to " camping out " on the river or lakes. Nearly every island
had its camp, and we passed several very jolly-looking parties.
The custom is for the steamer to whistle, and the people on shore
cheer and wave flags, etc. They all have canoes and hammocks ;
and, of course, any amount of boats of all sorts and sizes, and
seem to enjoy themselves vastly. I noticed that they write up
" Boat Livery," instead of " Boats to Let," as we do. There was
a sad accident two days before we passed, near the Thousand
Islands Hotel, a lady and gentleman had been run down by a
steamer and both drowned. It is supposed they were trying to
pass too near.

As we were very late, they took us through the Long Sault
Rapids (nine miles long, with a fall of 48 feet) in the dark, which
is seldom done, and rather risky I should think, and we pushed on
to Coteau Landing for the night. About 100 of us had to sleep
on chairs, sofas, or on the floor of the saloon. By way of improving
our night's rest, they were engaged overhead on deck for a couple
of hours in " coaling " another steamer with "wood," across ours !

We were off" at daybreak next morning, and enjoyed a

glorious sunrise.

Shooting the Cedar rapids was very interesting

and enjoyable, and soon after we reached Caughnawaga, where
the celebrated Indian pilot, Baptiste, came on board and took the
helm, whilst we shot the famous Lachine rapids. They didn't
look so bad to me from our steamer, as the Sault St. Marie rapids
uitl from our canoe, but I believe they are more dangerous. There
is a big rock on the left of the narrow passage, which the steamer
steers straight for till within a few yards, when she suddenly
shoots her bow round to the right, and you distinctly feel the boat
drop thrv <i or four feet, while she rushes in a few moments into
the smooth water beyond. There was a wrecked steamer on the

rocks quite close to ^vhere we passed, which didn't look cheerful ;
but I 1 elieve there is scarcely any danger, as the rapids are shot
seveia times every day, and it is a favourite mornuig'e excursion
om Montreal The man who first took a steamer down mu3
have been very plucky. I believe a couple of our members shot
this raoid in a canoe during the meeting. , tt- ^ •

The approach to Montreal from this side, under the Victoria
EridL'e is very fine. I was soon back at my old quarters at the
Windsor Hotel, having had a delightful tour of a fortnight as a
«« dLd head,''-as anyone with a free pass is called.-durmg
which I had travelled about 1,400 miles and it only cost mo
i?10 T had bv this time gained a good idea of the size ot tne
Dominion as ?had gone across Canada hy water fori ^600 .nles^
and even then had not reached the centre ! •,^^,„, ^f

We found Montreal in the full swing of the excitement of
the opening day of the British Association meeting (Wednesday,
Au^i'st 27rh, 1884), a day long to be remembered uj the anna^
of science ; and, as Sir Lyon Playfair M.P., said .- a da)
marking a distinct point in the advance of civilization. . . ■
W 1 at Canada wanted was not pure science only, but appl cd
science and knowing that the latter only came through th(.
mer,'she h'ad the wisdom and forethought to welcome that pure
sc eTce to the dominion." The success of the meeting was
assured from the first, as it was found that over .^^^y members had
c sed the Atlantic-of whom about 150 came in the special
steamer " Parisian "-and the total attendance by the end of the
week had reached 1,770. . , ,

Our welcome !>; our Canadian fellow-countrymen was indeed
most hearty; all classes seemed to vie with each other in their
many acts of kindness and hospitality, and I am sure we cannot
pos n>lv thank them sufficiently. I may mention that, besides
en ertabments, excursions, cheap return tickets, free passes on
Government E'ailways, reduced f.ros by rail -^/teamer cricKet
lawn-tennis, and lacrosse matches arranged for us we each
reJeWed a gift of 840 (£8) from the Covernment grant, which m
m > t cases paid for all our living expenses during the week to he
meetin- lasted. Each member was also allowed, through the
kindness of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, to send and receive
two cable messages to and from England, free ; and we ound his
a crreat boon ()ur agents, Messrs. Cook and Son (of "Tourist
JepuTatir had arr.S.ged a code for us, and -y^rst message
home looked very funny. It was as follows :-'' r^JJ (that s me .
to Conpon, (thatUook !) London. ly-age-Payanwn-^^^^^
-Fojarid Icebergs r v hich meant ''Arrived safe-all well-had
a bad voyage-have been delayed by fogs and icebergs I thmk
most of us sent a " Padag^ " across the Atlantic by cable.

y/Ci''^-*'/

yjC^'-

One of the great points .Iwelt on at all the meetings, from
first to la t was, that we were all of us Bnt.sh : and the same
th ig wa .Le afterwards at Plnladelphia, by constantly referring
to the fact that we and our American hosts were all Anglo-

^""^'xiiere was nothing particularly startling in the way of
ficientittc discovery during the meeting. There were, of course, a
ZTmJiy^MXe colonial details given in the ditlerent sections,
Sd one Lat event in Section E. (Geography) was the hearty
welcome liven to Lieutenant Greely, the Arctic tntve er who
had recently arrived home after his escape and rescue. He looked
very n, but luanaged to read a most mteresting paper on h.s
3c e and discoveries, in which he paid a graceful tribute of
^ SS of the work done by the Enghsh ^^f^^l^^!^^^^^
*^f^ Cfaawk Nares, and thanked us for sending the Aleit to neip

'" ^"Xh? most important scientihc news at the meeting was, no

doubt the following brief but suggestive message telegraphed

from Australia to Professor Moseley, President, of Section D.

Sdo-vT- " Caldwell finds Monotremes oviparous; ovum

Kffic !" Monotremes are two -"TX^^PkfvpXti
exclusively Australian ; Onw^/w/r//.i/;/c«.s Duck-billed Platjjius) ana
l^S: (Lt-eater). The following is Mr V^. Baldwin Spenc^^^
exnl'ination of " ovum meroblastic " in Nature (No. / 8 J) .— itie
^vum of amonotreme contains, relatively to the pure protoplasm
out of which the tissues of the animal will be "j^^ ^i^^^^^^
food-velk that, when segmentation takes place, it i. impossible
fo? the egc. to segment as a whole ; and therefore the two kmds
of protoplasm separate, and we find that the Monotreme embryo
posCsei a yelkiac, by the gradual abso^Ttion of the contanied
material of which, it is nourished durmg the eailj stages oi
r4Tomnent . '. . We can trace the line of descen through
?he t^sida, directly to the Monotremes, from these to Marsupials,
and from these to the higher Mammals.

Professor Moseley told us a capita joke at one of the
meethi'^ He liad received a telegram from home about some
domestic affairs and when this telegram arrived, he sent it to his
"hiSg'that it also probably contained home news, which
would no doubt please her; imagine her feehngs on openmg the
envelope to find " ovum meroblastic, \'c !

IiFmy section, C (Geology), there were several valuable
papers on Canadian and American geology. Just imagine a
count y where the outcrop of a particular bed can be traced for
300 or' 400 ..7.. / A nice place tor a ^'^^ «g-,^ ^f ^j^, J
was muali pleased at being a^)le to give the ^I^^^^lJ^^^^^f
Museum-through Sir Wm. Dawson, the Principal, who was

Knighted during the meeting — a small collection of fossils and
rocks from our local Wealden strata, of which they have no
representatives in Canada or the United States, and they proved
to be very welcome.

The College authorities gave us an evening reception, at
which we were all presented to the Governor-General, Lord
Lansdowne, and his Wife. I thought how tired they must have
been of shaking hands with over 1,000 people !

The citizens of Montreal gave us a soiree in the Skating
Kink, and there were several garden parties, and excursions to
various points of interest in the city and neighbourhood. I went
to see the national game of Lacrosse, which has become familiar
in England lately ; one of the Montreal clubs had arranged a
match with some of the Caughnawaga Indians, and there were
three very fine closely contested games, during which I was much
amused at seeing a couple of fights, when half the spectators
jumped over the fence in their eagerness to join in ! On Saturday
there were large excursions to Ottawa, Toronto and Niagara, and
Quebec.

The final meeting took place on Septemljer 3rd, when the
honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on several of our
leading men, and graceful speeches and tender farewells were
spoken on both sides, and we parted from our kind hosts with
universal regret.

The kind and brotherly feeling shown by the Canadians to
us, as representatives of an English Scientific Society, has lately
been extended to the whole British Nation, by the magnificent
and patriotic offers of help, in the shape of men, money and
arras, which have come pouring in by telegraph from all parts
of the Dominion, and have found an echo in the most distant of
our Colonies — Australia and New Zealand — on the opposite side
of the globe.

Surely a Nation has just cause to be proud of such Children
as ours !

On Thursday morning, Sept. 4th, a number of members
started for the Rocky Mountains, and about 150 of us left Mon-
treal in a special train for the meeting of the American Association
at Philadelphia. Two of the Directors of the Grand Trunk
Railway travelled with us, and told us how disappointed they
were at not being able to " fix us up " properly with a train of
Pulman cars right through to Philadelphia, but some agreement
with other lines prevented it. Our route was across the Victoria
Bridge, in the centre of which you can see the gold rivet driven by
the Prince of Wales when he opened the bridge in 1860. Near
Rouse's Point, at the head of Lake Champlain, is the frontier line
between Canada and the United States. Through the kindness

of the American authorities, all our baggage was passed free
through the Custom-hou8e-a great boon, as a 1 travellers well
know We^an all along the west shore of Lake Champlain, where
the Bcenery is beautiful, past Fort Ticonderoga, where we got
beaten bv the French in 1757. We passed through Saratoga, the
^oBt kshionable inland watering-place in America and towards
reninE we reached the west shore of the famous Hudson River
The scenrry was very lovely, and especially at one noble curve o
le Ever near West Point, where we g«t/,^^^^"""f,":72
view of St. Anthony's Nose, which reminded me of the Lurlme

^''wLn'ab^ul'a dozen miles from New York we were ddayed
b.lf an hour by the breaking of the engine coupling (a hne chance
fof section GO t was eventually mended with a bit of telegraph
;[re whTch they took from the line alongside. On arrival at
tSL CitV (New York), we had to change trains, and did not
arrive^tP^^^^^^^^ till 1.15 a.m. I had been provided wi h

quarters at the St' George's Hotol,. and found them v^^ comfort-
able and the officials were most kind and attentive, ^^e Citizens
Committee had sent two or three of ^herr members to meet our
ivTn at Jersey City, and they went round to every one of us on
bo^d the'S^ a/d arranged tha. each person had a room to go

^^ ^S;ttS:R' American kindness and hospitality,
and they certainly did their best to vie with the Canadians in their

'Xe re?ict\ro 'i2f h\^d%"^% meeting till Friday
.ilL Sent 5th when they gave us a right royal reception and
Tea? v^;K in^^^^^^^ of the Academy of Music, where

we occupi^^^^^^^^^ post of honour near the President on the stage
There were altogether nearly 300 of the British Association at
Philadelphia most of whom were present that evening. I don t
fupp^ae thS'such a lot of Britishers had ever been seen there

^'^' The next day three or four excursions had been arranged and
T made one of 500 who went by special tram of the ienn
Llvanfa and Reading Railway, to the Anthracite coal regions,
xtea'trainof llcars, aii were each lowered one by one,
down the Mahoney Plane, by a huge .vire rope I* ^^ ^^^^^^
interesting experience, as it is generally used for coal waggons
ly We we?e much amused whilst a lot of us yere wat mg
n iof the cars being lowered, to find we were all standing under
a no?^rboard on which was written " loafers not allowed here /
On arriving at ^ Indian Ridge coal mine, we were all takea
d^wn W about 300 feet deep, in parties oj "m« ^ J -as a
t^^^derfiil sight as the whole mine was lit by the electric light,

and there was a chamber at the end ;30ft. wide, 210ft. long, and
25ft, high, without any props, and we were told that it was just,
as it is usually worked. The scam of coal called the " Mammol h
Bed," is over 50 feet thick.

The next excitement was going up Summit Hill in gondola
cars (it was no use my talking of gondolas, they wouldn't have
it at any price), they are o^ien trucks fitted with benches, and
are pushed up by an engine behind. The view from the to|>
was very fine on that glorious summer evening. The coal seams
used to crop out on the surface, but have all been worked out.
We then got on board the cars of the Switchback Gravity Road,
and had a Aery exciting and delii^htful ride, most of the way
through lovely Avoods, down that celebrated railv/ay on which no
engine is ever seen. Each car went alone entirely by gravity,
and at one place we Avent three miles in three minutes ! The
next place we arrived at was Mauch Chunk (pronounced Muk),
which means "Bear Mountain," in Indian " Machk Tschunk."
This is called the SAvitzerland of America, and certainly the
scenery is very beautiful, but it is more like Wales to my mind,
as there are no snoAv mountains. We got back at 1 1 p.m., having
had a most enjoyable day, notAvithstanding the heat — over 90°
in the shade— and thoroughly appreciated the extreme kindness
and attention of our hosts, Avho had given us this treat : a special
train for 15 hours, dinner, supper, and beer and cigars all day,
for 500 people. Truly they do things on a grand scale in the
New World !

The American Association allows more latitude to its members
in the papers read at their meetings, than the B, A. does, and
they seem to have more " cranks '" and " fads " than Ave have.
I saw one gentleman lecturing on the Pyramids, that they were
built from the top, but I couldn't make out how ! This beats
the " British inch " and " Millenium " theories.

Philadelphia possesses a splendid park, called Fairmount,
said to be the largest in the world — 3000 acres— it is on the
banks of the Schuylkill River, and the scenery is beautiful ; it
Avas a very pleasant drive of an evening in that hot weather.
The great heat — over 95° in the shade — made many of us ill ;
even the darkies felt it very much. I think it must have been
the damp, or some electric condition in the air, a never fylt
more done up even in India with the thermometer over 100 ; it
Avas like the " Sirocco " at Algiers, the " Khamseen " in Egypt, or
the " hot Avind " in India. I Avent off to Atlantic City, on the
<3oasfc, on the 10th, and found it only 74° there. The cool sea-
breeze Avas delightful ; next day I had a splendid bathe for an
hour in the surf— the sea Avas 70° and the air 72°.

They haA'e capital arrangement ' for bathing in America, like

those on the Continent, nice-looking houses along the shore, with
comfortable dressing rooms, and tubs of fresh water — a great
luxury. All wear costumes and bathe togeiher, and 1 often wish
that we could have something of that sort here, but the habits of
the people being diflerent, I suppose it would never do. There
were no organs or nigger minstrels — another great advantage.

I arrived at Washington on the IGth, and stayed at the
Arlington Hotel — most comfortable, but tlie mosquitos were a
great nuisance. The streets are the widest in the world and
miles long ! The Capitol is a very fine building and splendidly
situated. The view from the top of the Dome is beautiful. The
Washington Monument is an immense obelisk, 5.55 feet high, the
tallest building in the world. It was finished last December, and
I was much interested in watching them put up the scaffolding
for the apex-stone; it must have been dizzy work up there.
There was an amusing notice written up in the works near, " We
pay a man to ring this bell." In one of the streets, on a corner
house, we saw the following curious notice : — " Wanted, another
loafer to sit on this rail."

I paid a visit to the Naval Observatory, and was delighted
at seeing the big telescope — a 26-inch refractor — vdiichdisc >vered
the two satellites of Mars. It is, indeed, a Avonderful instrumenL,,
and, though over 30 feet long, can be moved about with one finger,
so beautifully is it mounted. They have one bigger than mine,
(4 inch) on it as a " finder ! " I went up on the roof and saw the
time-ball dropped at noon, which sends the time by telegrajjh all
over America. It was rather singular that of the tlircc oniijloyt'S
I spoke to, one was English, one Scotch, and the other Irish.

One of the chief excursions is to Mount Vernon, General
W^ashington's Home and Tomb. The scenery on the way down
the River Potomac is very beautiful (most English visitors think
it is Potomac from the Greek for river, but I was told that this
is Iiidian not G7'eek !) The house and grounds are just like an
old-fashioned English country home, the bricks came from Eng-
land, and the verandah is paved with stones from the Isle of
Wight — they looked like Bembridge limestone, and probably
came from the old quarries at Binstead, near Kyde. The whole
trip was most enjoyable and very interesting ; it was curior.s to
notice, in Lady Washington's bedroom, the hole in the door
which had been made to let her favourite cat go in and out,
without disturbing her ! There is a very touching custom for
every ship passing up or down the river to toll their bells whilst
approaching Mount Vernon, as a tribute to Washington's memory.
The first to set this good example was an English man-of-war, at
the beginning of this century.

I left Washington by the express on the Pennsylvania Rail-

way, and believe it is considered the best train in America ; they
are all Pulnian cars, and the speed is about 40 miles an hour,
lunch is serve<l on board, and it is very pleasant travelling. The
cars are all on "bogies," and have 12 wheels each, so they run
very smoothly, but seem to lurch more than our carriageb do.
There is no doubt that the long open cars, with communication
from one end of the train to the other, are a great advantage on
a long journey ; but the continual banging of doors, the passing
of people to and fro, who are constantly treading on one s toes,
or pushing against one's shoulders, and the worry of boys who
are always wanting you to buy something, is a great nuisance.
They seldom use whistles on an American locomotive (as the
engines are called), and theirs are of a much deeper tone than
our screamers, and more pleasant to the ears. They always ring
a bell when passing through a station, but this does not convey
any idea of warning to a stranger's mind. The first time I heard
one was at Toronto, on the wharf, and I thought it was the work-
men's bell ! The way the trains run through the towns is rather
alarming — there is no fence, and we went through the main street
of a small town between Washington and Philadelphia at oyer 30
miles an hour ! People were walking and driving about, children
playing at the side of the line, and one youth was riding a bicycle
within a couple of yards of us ! At the railway crossings there is a
notice put up, " Look out for the cars," or " locomotive." The
lails are laid without chairs, on sleepers — which are placed closer
together than ours — and fastened down with spikes. They have
supports on the outside of some curves, but I did not notice any
guard-rails like we use.

The station for New York is at Jersey City, and you have
to cross the ferry over the Hudson River. An old-fashioned
chariot on " C " springs took me to my hotel, and I got a real
good bumping, as the streets are very badly paved.

The Fifth Avenue Hotel is a magnificent house, and most
comfortable, with everything first-class and without stint. A
good room with gas and water laid on (a most convenient
arrangement), and three "square" meals a day, for $5 (£1), is
not dear. There was great excitement in the hotel at the time
of my visi' as Mr. Blaine, the Republican Candidate for the
Presidency , -. staying in the house, and there was a continual
mob intervi g him, or demonstrating in the street in front.

There is ae noticeable feature in American and Canadian
life at hotels, and that is, the temperance shown at meals — nearly
everyone drinks iced water or milk. Each hotel has a bar, where
every imaginable mixture of alcohol can be obtained. " Straight "
or *' perpendicular " drinks (as they are called) must, I think, be

vnrv nr!"''^'~>1'^ef>Tn'» TVio-ir oiirallriiv Q olflsa of snirit.s. and fiomfi-

timfls wash it down with a little water; they never seem to sit
down with a glass of beer or grog, and have a (juiet smoke, like
we do — they haven't time, 1 sujum'^e, and can't sit si ill ! Of
course, we tried all the different Yankee drinks — '-cocktails,"
" smashes," *' slings," t^'c. The (mes voted best, as the sv eather
was so hot, wore •'John Collins," " whiskey sour," and "lemon
8(|uashes."

The elevated railway is one of the sights of New York, and
1 found it a great convenience in getting about the city ; but it
nnist be a great nuisance to those who live in the streets through
which it passes — the trains run all through the night. There
are three lines running through the town, and plenty of tram-
ways crossing them at right angles, so it is very easy to get about.

Brooklyn Bridge is one of the most wonderful engineering
works I ever saw. It is 6,00(.) feet long and 85 feet wide, the
two towers are 268 feet high, and the central span is 1,600 feet ;
height above high-water mark 135 feet. The view from it over
the city, both rivers, harbour, bay, and surrounding country, is
beautiful.

Central Park is another great attraclit.n, 840 acrcd in extent.
It is well laid out, and nature has not been " improved " too
much. Thore are several very fine examples of ice-worn rocks
polished and grooved, with large erratic boulders in sHu. There,
too, is the American Cleopatra's Needle — the companion to ours
— given by the Khedive of Egypt in 1881, and brought over by
Mr. Vanderbilt. The last time I had seen it was at Alexandria,
a few months after our Obelisk had been taken away to its new
home on the Thames Embankment.

The Museum of Natural History is on the borders of the
Park, and contains a fine Indian collection, including an enf)rmou8
Avar canoe ; also a good national geological collp",tion. There are
some erratic blocks, o'oches moutomides, and glacitii drift deposits in
the grounds attached to the Museum. "Hands ofi" !" is the
notice put up in America for the " Visitors are requested not to
touch," or "iVe toiichez pas. S. V.P." of England and France.

I went to see a match at Base-ball — the i '•tional game —
between two good clubs. It is something like our lounders, but
one difference is that the ball is thrown to the fielder and not at
the runner. It seems a fine game, but is spoilt l)y betting ; the
crowd are always yelling at the umpire, and frequently "go for"
him !

I went to Coney Island, of course. It is the great seaside
summer resort of New Yorker's, but the season was over, and it
looked rather deserted. However, I had a bathe, and saw
the " Elephant," an immense wooden image used for a
restaurant, and a prominent object to all visitors arriving a.t New

•20

York by aoa. Thorc is jinotluM* ncai- Atlantic City used for
an hotel.

The trip np the HndHon River was a most doligiitful
excursion, and I was fortunate in having a very fine day, JSept.
27th. \Vc went up in the " Albany " as far as Ne\v])urgh,
General Wasliington's hcad-ipiartors, and came back in the
" Vibbard." rhey are both magnificent paddle-wheel steamers,
beautifully fiunished, and very fast ; they have beam engines,
working oveihead on dock, with a stroke of twelve feet. Tiie
"Vibbard" is said to hav(! done the fastest voyage
on record, fnmi New York to Tarry town, J7 miles in
one how/ Also from West Point to Newburgh, 10
miles in 20^, minutes, which is at the rate of over 'Mi mill's an
hour \ Each boat has three funnels ("smoke stacks" they call
them) abreast, which look peculiar. There were notices printed
up in the saloons *' Gentleman Aviil not smoke, others musn't ! "

The scenery on the Hudson liiver is very lovely, especially
at the Palisades, a vast trap-dike, forming a range of cliffs 20
miles long, and .'JOG or 100 feet high ; they are beautifully wooded,
and the autumn tints were just beginning to look glorious.
Nearly opposite the highest point we passed a town called
Hastings, where the treaty for the evacuation of New York by the
British, was signed by Washington, 1783. Near West Point,
celebrated for its MIMtary Academy - - " the Sandhurst of
A.ierica" — the river winds amidst beautiful mountains, from
1,200 to 1,500 feet high, covered with lovely woods to their very
summits, and nothing can exceed the glorious views on either bank.

I le^t Now York on October 1st, in the Cunard s. " Servia,"
a magnificent vessel of 7500 tons, commanded by Captain Cook,
Commodore of the Cunard Fleet, and had a most delightful
voyage. We had 250 saloon ul over 300 steerage passengers ;
most of the latter were retuiaing emigrants, which showed, I
fear, that trade is as bad in Ameri'^a as it is at home. It was
a glorious day, and we had a fine view of New York City, the
harbour, Staten Island and the bay, not forgetting the Elephant
on Coney Island ! Our pilot left us about 4 p.m. off Sandy Hook
Lightship, and we starteu across the Atlantic, on our way home,
in a dead calm.

We had a few days roughish weather, and heavy seas, but

The "Servia" is

altogether the passage was a very fair one.
the finest ship 1 was ever on ; she is over 550 feet long, and we
had a clear run of 1 20 yards on deck for our walks. Her speed
was 17 knots ( = 20 miles) an hour, and best run 385 knots (but
she has done 410). We had not been on board more than a few
hours before some one confided to me that " he guessed she was a
beastly old tub ! '

We luckily only had a few hours' fog— that greatest enemy
to navigation when the fog horn had to bo kopt going ovory
minute of two. ft is ulx-ut the size of a small beor-hanol. and
has a fearfully loud loep note, which makes a dreadful "buzzing,"
and shakes tho ship. It was just over my berth, which made it
lively for mo whiUt below ! On the 4th we had a fine view of the
total oclipss of the moon- -hit. 44, N., long. 50, w. j\ist oil" thi>
banks of Nowfoumlland ; the stars came out very bright, and the
moon nearly «lisaj)poared, not turning a copper colour as usual.
Several pa- ^ iig,M\s were astonished at the darkness, atid 1 was
much amused by the Captain telling me that ho too had forgotten
all about the eclipse, and wondered what had become of the
moon : Next evening, off the Flenii.sJi Cap— a bank about 200
miles outside the great Newfoundland IJunks— the weather looked
very threatening: S.K. scud flying over the moon, which looked
" greasy," and as wo were in the •' roaring forties " 1 thought we
were in for a sou'wester. owever, the Captain told us the
barometer was rising a little, and it would be fine. He said that
the fact of our travelling so fast was constantly oveilooked.

In Sir Thoma-i Brassey's lecture on the " Sunbeam's " voyage
to the West Indies, which he gave to this Society last year, K,
(iescribed the law of sto-ms, and gave an illustration of the
cyclone they were caught in off the Bermudas. It has lieeu
found that the average rate of travel of a storm-centre i.s 18 miles
an hour, so when a steamer is goinjr 17 or 18 knots, she runs
ahead out of the storm, as we did (which no sailing ship could
do, of course), and the barometer rises. If we had been hove-to,
the barometer would i)robably have fallen, and the gale passed
over us. Sometimes, of course, a steamer runs into a storm.

It has been observed that when a storm-centre traveL very
fast, it produces a terrible hurricane always at its worst about
an hour before, and an hour or two after, the passage of either
the centre or " trough " of tho storm (a line at right angles to the
path of the centre). The centre of the great storir of December
28th, 1879, travelled over 60 miles an hour, and tne Tay Bridge
was destroyed during a squall of immense wind-velocity (probably
over 100 miles an hour), about half-an-hour before the trough of
the stoiin passed.

It appears that when two depressions travel nearly at the
same time in a parallel direction, 300 or 400 miles apart, they
produce most destructive gales. A curve in the direction of the
centre's path, and a loop in the barometrical depression, also
produce extra-violent wind squalls in their neighbourhood.

When near the coast of Ireland we had a heavy north-west
gale with big following seas, and didn't we just roll — over 30
degrees, I should think ! Hail the things roiled off the tables at

dinner. My experiences at sea in steamers and sailing shijis lead
me to agree entirely with Lady Brassey's opinion, expressed in
her last book* ("In the Tropics, the Trades, and the Koaring
Forties ") that " a good sailing ship of 500 tons is more comfort-
able (I should suggest ' less un-conifortahle '/) than a 5,000 ton
steamer driven full-speed ahead, irrespective of wind or sea." Of
course, if we had been "hove-to" in the " Servia," she would
have been as steady as a rock.

It shows what confidence there is in ship, officers, and crew,
chat we were able to go 17 knotf an hour in a gale, heavy sea, and
thick drizzle, straight towards the Irich coast, and that the
Fastnet Light was seen on the port bow exactly at the calculated
time ! We arrived at Queenstown at 5 a.m. (9th), seven days
eight hours from New York. The weather became much finer
towards mid-day, as the gale which had passed down the Irish
Channel during the night, had taken a curve (of more than
a right angle) to the north-eastward, and gone away across
England — a most unusual path for storms to take. We got to
the bar off Liverpool about ten that night, just eight days from
New York, which is a very good passage, considering that we had
so many head seas. We had to wait for the tide to cross the
bar, and I stayed on deck till half-past 2 a.m. watching the
ship being docked, by the electric light — a very interetiting
operation with such a long ship as ours. We landed about 8
a.m. (October 10th), and as passengers seldom land at the docks,
there were very fcAv cabs, and much confusion, most of the
baggage having been taken to Prince's landing stage. However,
I got to London in time to catch the afternoon express at
Charing Cross, and arrived home about 6 o'clock, having had a
most delightful tour of 10 weeks, during which I had travelled
over 9,000 miles.

■

B. R. D."

* With regard to the St. John Ambulance Association (mentioned in this
book), whose work Lady Brassey has done so much to further in different parts
of the world, I should like to notn here how vcuy important it is that all
travellers, especially emigrants, should be taught the elements of sursery and
medicine, particularly the first help to the wounded, according to the Society's
lectures and instructions.

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