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To
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Mil
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the
ifst
REPORT
ow
TORONTO HARBOUR, ONTARIO
BT
1882
REPORT UPON THE .HARBOUR OF TORONTO.
Hon. Sir H. L. Lanqevin, C.B., K'.C.M.G.,
MiniBter of Public Wovifa, Canada.
Sir,— I have the honor to Bubmit the following Report upon the Harbour of
Toronto.
Before making a personal inspection of the harbour, I expressed the wish that I
should bo furnished with such inlor.TTation relating to it as would bo useful in a studv
of the questions upon which my advice was desirod. In response to this loquost I
have received a compilation of the available recoi-ds touching the Harbour entitled •
" Memorandum with accompanying plans and documents relating to the' past and
present state of the Harbour of Toronto," and at the same time I received the
following letter :
No. 6532, Subj. 13.
" Dbpaetmknt or Public Wobks, Canada,
Ottawa, 19th April, 1881.
TT "S'^'-^J*^® P™P*™tio° of *lio information yon desired to have relative to tho
Harbour of Toronto prior to the examination you are to make having been completed
I now enclose the same in pamphlet form, and am directed by the Honorable the
Minister to request you to proceed with such examination at your earliest,
convenience. •'
" There are two points which will demand your serious consideration :—
" 1st. The western entrance— its proper width and depth, and the means to bo
adopted to maintain both, aa well as to restrain or prevent the growth of the island
Bhoal northwardly and westwardly either by works erected at the entrance or from
the island, or both.
" 2d. The eastern entrance,— whether it is desirable tl-.at it should remain onon :
if BO, the moans to be adopted for its maiufcouunco to an ample width and to a depth.
144—1
«quiil to that of the \vo^tcI•Il eiitriinco. If it slinuld bo closed, the mannor in which
this biioiild bo accompiisLod and its lutiiio maiiitonanco provided for.
" Von will be kind enouixh to repott fully on these points, ns well as on all others
haviii!^;;! Iicaiiiii^ on ihe iiieson-alion or iin|irovemont of the harbour whicli may bo
broui^liL lo your notice during your examination, .such report to bo accomjianied by
plans luid estimates ol' the cost, and such BUggostions aa you may be pleased to make.
'■ AllliouLch your attention is called to certain points for investigation, it is tho
wish ot lilt! Minister that your rojiorl bliall be full and Comprehensive and ombraco
<i\Qry tiling which may have a bearing on tho object of your encj^uiry.
"You will ])loaso notify tho Chief Euginoor when you propose visiting Toronto.
" 1 have the honor to bo, Sir, your obedient servant.
(Signed) " F. H. EXNIS, Secretary."
The Memorandum ami its appendices contain a mass of important information
upon the subject in hand, which will ho found very useful in forming a correct judg-
ment as to tlio merits of any system of works which has been or which may be
suggested for the benefit of tho harbour. But as tho carefid examination of theso
facts in extniso may bo inconvenient when this Eeport is under consideration, and as
they constitute u part of the evidence by which I have been guided, I thiidi it proper
to append lo this licport a copy of tho Memorandum, as it contains in a compact
form the gidt of tho information which is embodied in the entire volume.
During tlio latter part of last June, I visited the City of Toronto and met tho
Chief Engineer, Mr. Henry F. Perley, there by appointment. Through his com--
tesy I was proviileil with every facility necessar}' to enalilo me to make such an
inspection of the harbour and its vicinity, as I desired. During my examination I
was accompanied by the Chief Engineer, and by Mr. Kivas TuUy, Engineer of tho
Harbour,and from these gentlemen I obtained, verbally, much useful information. Mr.
Tully's knowledge of the harbour is tho result of many j^ears of close and intelligent
observation of its phenomena, while residing in Toronto. During my visit 1 made as
thorough an inspection of the harbour as I desired, and fully informed myself as to the
causes which in my opinion have produced its deterioi-ation.
As no instrumental survey of the harbour had been made since 1879, and as an
accurate knowledge of the most recent changes in it was important, not only in arriv-
ing at a correct solution of the problem, but also in making an accurate estimate of
the cost of tho works needed for its improvement, I requested that another survey
should bo made with especial reference to the changes which had occurred in its two
entrances, where works of improvement would probably be located. This survey tho
Chief Engineer caused to be made during last July and August, and I have been fur-
nished with the results. 1 am therefore in possession of all of the information requi-
Bite for an intelligent and thorough study of the subject. This study I have made and
I trust that I shall succeed in presenting to tho Dominion Government, in as convincing
a light as they are presented to my own mind, the several reasons that have induced
me to make the recommendations herewith 8ui)mitted. To aid mo in this jnirt of my
task I desire to imjiress on the memory of the reader, each one of the three facts
presently named, which appear to me to bo the most important phenomena in the coq-
sidoration of the very novel problem presented by tho Harbour of Toronto.
Fint. There has been for nearly a century a constant growth of tho northern end
of the peninsula in the direction of the Queen's Wharf.
Second. Although this extension has diminished the width and depth through tho
■entrance or throat of the harbour, it has not materially altered the distorme which existed
J
y"
i<.V ,
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I
t 1
I
sixty.lhroo your8 :x-c l:ct\v.-,. tliodoep w.lcr iiiMuodfatoly insiJe oftho harbour and
that near tho ciiUance on llio outsiJo of it. ""'"uui uiiu
with^llhmiUod? ^"'' "■' '' "'^'''""' ''"'' "'" P''"^^ '^^ ^^'••'' ""^ '" "'■^'-■' i^ J^^'-*^-
In tlio very intorosliii-and iiKstruclivccoinpetitivo report of Mi-.SatRir.:.r.l FIcmin<r.
0. h., (payo 04 of tho appciidiM to Mcinoratidum) wo find tho following ^-tatoInollt°:
'' On '-omparint,' tho charts ot B^Muludte, Bayiield, and Bonnyca.stio, with mv
o;yn from a rc<ont survey [in 18o0] showing tho statoof tho ponin.suhi at tho present
lime, wo olitain results as IoIIowm: '
" First— That tho channel between ten (10) feet water lino was, in
" 17!)e, about 4ft0 yards wide,
" 18-'8, alwut 310 yards wido,
" 1835, about 2t;0 yards wide,
" 1850, about 120 yards wido."
This comparison is entitled to much conlidonco, for tho reason that it was
evidently made by a .nrolul and intelliiront onKineor.who had witni- roach at Toronto
at that time, the nocossiiry data to dotermine tho ditleronco in th-
those several surveys wero referred, and without which information
comparison of thoso surveys could have been made.
; levels to which
very accurate
I'rom these comparisons, and from his estimates, Mr. Flemin- arrived at tho
conclusion, that tho northwai'd growiii of the i)oninsula reduced the width of the
channel at the rate ot from seven to ten yards annually, and that this required a
deposit oi about 11,000 cubio yards ea(di year. The annual growth duiin.^ the
years embraced by his comparison is shown to bo remarkably constant and regular.
from^lS-H"'t/!s-f •'■^''i''''-'''' ''I','' ^■'",''', "? "•'>'''''"■■' '^^' ^''" '■^'^'■' "f comparative surveys
ftom 18,0 to lb, ., inclusive, the widlh between (ho (^iceii's wharf and tho ten-f..ot
con our hno on the peninsula was only about 225 fool, and much of this width is no
doubt, duo to dredging.
The second fact is shown by a comparison of Mr. Fleming's survey of 1850, with
the most recent one made tins year. Tho 15 foot inside and outside conlour-linos ou
the latest survey, measured across tho end of tho peninsula where they appi'oached
each other most nearly, are about 2,400 foot apart.
In comparing the latest ci.ntours with the 15-foet contours of Mr. Flemino- it
should bo obiorved that tliero are two 15-feet soundings on his ciiari in tho bight of
the ,..,ter curve which are not embr.u-cd by it. If the curve wcro drawn through
tho outer one ot those, which it might bo with or^ual propriety, tho lino would to
moved out about 420 foot. Tlio distance would then l>o about 2,200 foe betweou tho
Uvri5.?o.t contours on Mr. Fleming', chart, if mcasu.r 1 ovor tho Iw.e of leant distance
Sweon the same contour, o.. tho nurvoy of 1881. Thi. line crosses the end of tho
S'". '^-''11,3.^0 feet from tl.. end Vthotjueon's^^^^^ On a l.no nearer o
L uoen-s wharf the distance between them on M,'. Fletnin^^'s chart ,b only about
1 800 Ibo The leaser distances between thcs- contours on Mr. Fleming's survey are
owin2 totho higher datum plane from which the depths were measured. Ho says (p.
S Memomfd.rmand Appendix) t],at his report was "ch.ofly <;•""''- „"",\I':';y
hiborirs and expensive su'rvey between August, 184'^, and the spring of 1850. With
regard to the datum level, he Si.ys :
"These soundings amount tobotwcon two and three thousand, andare re.luced to
an approximate mean level of Lake Ontario, ascertained in conjunction with Captain
Lcfroy irom a series of lake levels taken by his direction during several years.
This level is I believe, about ono foot and a half higher tha-. the present datum
cstabli bed by he late Captain Hugh Richardson in 1850. The hydrograph.e
diOTofMi. Kivas Tully shows tho mean level of the lake during twenty-tive
yoara ending in 1879 to have been lS-20 inches above the present datum plane.
No material dilVorence is observable between tho last survey and that made by
Mr Fleming thirty years ago in the width of the shoal between the 15 feet contours
•Tt the locality named, when the discrepancies I have alluded to are auly considered.
That this distance has not appreciably alte-cd in the la.st six years admits of no
question, when the survey of 1875 is compared with that ot 1881.
In still further proof, it is proper to quote tho following from tlie report of
Mr William Kingsford, engineer in charge, dated July 7tl,, 1875, who seems to have
boon a close observer of the changes in the harbor and its entrances _ He says (page
110 Momoranduin and Appendix) : " The eastern spit of and which jiro ects the
harboi is formed of sand! mu.h of which is freauently in motion. It has been
assorted "that, carried away from tho original place of deposit, it hnds its wav into
?ho harbour. The examination of last year proves that sncn ...not the eas.. There
is no les,s depth of water to-day in the inner harbour than is shown on the map of
the first survey made by Bouchotto in 1785.
The vvooi of tho third fact re:' mtoI to, will .appear by making the foKowinj;
comnarison of Bayfield's .'urvc\ wif. the survey of 1881. iJn.,v :i line upon each
from the light-house to tho centre of the (iueen'> Wharf, and from points on this line
measure, pfrpcndicularly to it, tho distances to the 2, 4. 10, lo, and 18.feet soundings
Town on Bayfield's chart near the central part of the western face of the peninsula;
knd compare those depths with the depths at the same phces on the chart of 1881.
Frst At a point on the line 4,500 feet from tho light-house wo find it is about
1 900 feet to the most southerly ono of the two-feet soundings. At this place on the
flurvey of 1881, tho depth is now 13 feet greater.
Second Al a point on the line 5.600 fnet from tho lighthouse it is 1,500 feet to
on the Bayfield chart. At this place tho depth is now b
the next two-feet sounding
feet greater.*
Third At a point on the lino on the Baj-fleld survey 4.000 feet from tho light-
house it is 1,400 feet to the .outhern four-feet sounding. The depth hero is now 27
feet greater.
Note -ThU tatter iwo-fcot sounaiui? ana other? nn tb.< same shnal .ire shown more distinctly on
i:f^!:i ,.h»rt nfRavfi..ld'3 survey nubashcd "with correcnoas" 1q l«t53. They aie scarcely
an engraved chart of Bayfield's survey pubashed ' wit
diiMtnible on the photo-lithograph publiahed with the m
cmoranlum.
\
tweeu tbo
It distance
i(i of tho
noaror to
nly about
^urv'C}' arc
lo says (p.
DTI a very
50." With
reduced to
:h C'lplain
■ars."
mt datum
irographic
wcnty-tive
lane .
It made by
3t contourri
onsidered.
raits of no
report of
iiiti to liavc
says (page
i-otocti ilie
t has been
< way into
M'. There
'lie map of
3 following
upon each
on this line
t Houndings
peninsula;
art of 1881.
it is about
)lace on the
500 feot to
)th is now 6
1 the lipht-
is now 27
e distinctly on
y ttic scarcely
tlio ten-foot
realor. Tho
Foitrlh. At a point on the line 4,300 feet from tho light-house it is 1,200 feet to
tho other four-feet sounding. Q'ho depth at this place is now H feot greater.
Fifth. At a point -1,750 feet from tho light-liouso it is 2,000 feet to
Houndiiig on Baytiold's chart. At this place tho depth is now 9 foot }.
ton-foot contour hero has receded 400 fool.
Sixih. At a point on tho lino 5,000 feet from the lighthouse it is 2,0nr) feot to
tho fltUon-feet sounding of Captain Bayfield. At tho same place tlio present depth is
4 foot groator. Tho fifteoufoot contour has receded hero aliout 200 foot.
Seventh. At a point on tho line 5,200 feet from tho light-house it is 2,050 feot to
tho eighteen-foot sounding on Bayfield's chart. The present depth hero is uh lut 2 loot
gi'oater.
Those comparisons are sufficient to show that the fivo-foet contour lino about tho
middle of tho western face of tho peninsula is at very nearly the same place now that
it was si.xty-tlireo years agn, while tho contoiu's between five foot and oightoeu fo(jt
have greatly receded.
A further comparison of Captain Bayfield's survey with that of 1881, will provo
by siniilaji' measurements that tho dry crest of tho northern etid of tho j.oninsula has
not only advanced to the north, but has likewise advanced to the westward about
1,700 feet from tho end of tho sand spit shown on Capt. Bayfield's chart, by which
the western face of the peninsula aliove tho tivo-feot contour lino has been much
steepened by a movement precisely the converse of that which has stoopeniid it bolow
that depth. Tho sand which constituted tho bottom beyond tho present tive-feot
contour line in 1818 oiit to tho depth of eighteen feet, has evidently been transported
by tho action of tho waves uj) to the northward and on to that part of the western
face of tho peninsula which is now above tho ])rosent five-feet contour. This process
has greatly steepened the western face of the peninsula without really advancing it
lakeward.
If comparisons bo made further f-outhward on tho face of tho Peninsnla, iho
change wrought by wave action in this diioHion will bo still moi'o marked. For
instance at a point on the lino from the (Queen's Wharf to the liijht-hoiise, 2,(>J0 (oet
from tho latter, tho Bayfield chart shows a depth of but 3 li.ct on the outer face of
tho shoal at tho distance of 2,600 f. t. Tho depth here must now bo ii'iMiiii ninoteoii^
feot, as tho spot is about 100 foot (v- .do of the outermost sounding on the chart of
1881, where a depth of 18.5 feot 1- recorded. Tho depth of three foot is now I.tJOO
feot eastward on tho survey of 1831. If wo assume that tho plane to which Captain
Bayfield reduced his sounding.s was eighteen inches higher than tho present -'atum, it
would still show that the threo-foet contour at this locality is 1,550 loot furtuer land-
ward than it was in 1818.
From this and other comparisons which may be made botwocn those two surveys
it will appear that while tho top ordry j/art of tho peninsula at its northern end has
apparently swung out towards tho lake about 1,700 feot westwardly, the submerged
portion of it at tho southern end of this lace, has, to tho depth of eigliteen feet, swung
in towards tho light-house about tho same distance eastward ly. The common centre
about which these changes seem to have vibrated from east to west, is located near
tho central portion of the western face of the peninsula. Tho centre about which the
vortical movemout has occurred by which tho entire face of the peninsula has booa
steepened, seems to have been at tho depth of about five feet, and at a point also near
the central part of tho western face of tho peninsula. In this movement the oighteen-
feot contour at the northern end has not mato"ially changed its location, while the
zero margin of tho lake at tho othor end, immediately west of tho light-house has
boon almost if not quite as stable.
Tlio ))riiloii<,^ation of the isthmiH nortliwas'illy :inii t!io .'ilti'iMtloti of iN wc-lcrn
faop, iiro miqiioslional'ly ilno to w.ivo 'irtinn, and an a propcf iiii'k'rstjituiiti^ of tho
pliononu^iia ])roiliicL'(l liy waves is alisolutely necossary In oiiaMo tho rcailei- to iorfn
an intollitieiil Jiuli;nu'riL of tho rnoritti of the c'oiichisioiis ai'riveil at, in ri>ii;aril to the
causes of tho ciiatiLjos wiiieh liavo occurred at the harlxir of Toronto, nnd of tho jivo-
bahlo rehiilt.-f of tlieretnediaUvoric- her<Mn jiroposed, I will lio ]»aiiloned for explaining
tho manner in which tho waves atfect tho hiand and )thor materials comiiosinu; the
bottom of seas, lakes, etc.
A Himplo ilJustiatlon of tho action of waves on the siirfaeo of very deep water 'Jan
bo made hy tightly ritrotehin/j a lonj,' cord hotwoen two pointw and then striking it
near one end. Tiio wave produced hy the Mow trnvids rapidly hack and forth along
tho cord from end to end, Imt tlio material of which the coid is niade simply liscsand
falls without advancini; with tho wave. So it is witli th'» water where the lake is
deeji. Tho wave may jjass over ho rapidl}-, hut it cannot of itself sot up any cr)nti-
nuous horizontal motion in tho water. A Inrd or a huoy afloat upon it would simply
rise and fall as (ho w.ives passed under it. At the same time it WMi'ld have a slight
motion to and fr.i in tho direction tho waves are travellin;^' but unless impelled by
tho wind or a ciirreni in tho lake, it wouhl remain in the same locality. The ca-o is
quite (litleriTil, hnwcvcr, when the wave i'ea(di(!s water so shoal that tho boltom resists
the sinking of its crest. W'hon this resistance i.-^ folt, the water wh.ch at that monient
constitutes the wave, h;is, as a result of this resistance and of its own momentum, a
horizontal motion imparted to it. This hori/ioutal impulse becomes still greater as
tho depth lessens. Hence, although the velocity of the wave itself is diminished ns it
reaches shoaler depths, tho water through which it passes has a constantly increasing
veloi'ity imparled to it in the direction of the shore, and ii the case of big waves it
becomes so swift that it is driven with groat force out upon the beach.
This translatory motion gives to the Avaves the power to take up front the soa
bottom, or to set in motion, the sands, shells and other materials of which it is cora-
postd, and to transport them shorewai'd with more or less force. The qnantitios
thus transported depend upon tho size of the waves, the formation (.f the shore upon
■which they exert their foi-eo, and tho size, gravity and abundance of tho material
acted upon.
Tho direction of these translatory currents is determined l»y tho shape of the sea
bottom, If the shore be jireciiiitous, very little or no such current will bo created;
but whore the bottom is sloping to the sea, tho waves wiil be constantly dii'ected
shorewards, no matter how obliquely they may approach it. Jlenco waves on such
shores are continually piling up reefs and beaches, and thr.mgh some of these every
river must struggle to reach tho sea, nnless it enters it between bold headlands, and
is incapable of trans))orting enough detritus to form a delta at its mouth : or unless
some sea current exist snliicicmly strong to sw(!e]) away the sedimentary matter
brought down by it. Of course tho height of the wave determines the de])lh at
which the resistance of the boitom is felt, and at which the horizontal motion of the
water is first induced. This depth will therefore be the e.xtreme limit at which tho
material of tlic bottom can bo set in motion by the wave. A study of the surveys
which have been ma lo on tlie vi-estern shore of the i.sthmus at Toronto satisfies me
tliat tho waves which roll in upon it are not huge enough to move tho sand when
tho water is over IS feet deep. I can discover no evidence that tho bottom has been
disturbed at a greater depth there during sixty-three years; and tho area within
which the waves are formed that break' upon it Ibrbids the belief that they are large
unough to atfect the br .torn at a greater depth. The magnitude of a wave does not
depend so mu(di upon tho force of rho wind as upon the '' fetch " or distance through
which it can travel without interruption, and the depth of the water on which it
moves.
Waves tr.ivel much more rapidly in deep than in shallow water. This is
the cause of the phenomenon called "breakers." As each wave approaches still
Bhallnwcr walor, ils npotvl l)C(-onR'rt still more rotardeJ, lionce llio wiive behind is
alwnjH Miovms,' moro nipidly tlijiii tiio one in mivureo. As it irriins upon its prc-
deccHHor it fiou tho benefit of Die dcopor water of that wave. The result of this is
that nt leyuhirly recurring intervals or rhythmic poriodH, one of the waves c..rni)letel7
ovcrlakos t ho one in front of ft, by which it necures tor itMolfa>till i,Mvater .ioi/th and
mamtaitis Iho veh)city due to (hat depth. This enables it to travel sn -apidlv over
tno one is has surn»ountod, that it outstrips it in the raee and consoiiiiently falls over
m front of it, or, as it is termed, ' breaks."
_ The wave has more ability to cany the sand np on to tho braeh than it has to
bring It down apain notwithMtandini,' the slope of the shore. This is bwauso the
ratio of frictional resistance of tho shore increases as tho depth of the water passing
over It IS diminished, and also because the material carried up on to the beach is
almost wholly suspended in tho water. The interval of time recinired for the shore-
ward current to come to rest and for tho return current to be started, is sulliciont ■>
permit tho Kind to fall to tho shore, from which tho loss rapid current seaward is un-
able to move it.
A very important part of the study of our problem is involved in the iiii|uiry as to
■whether the portion of the l^thmus now constituting nn island is under;,'«ini,' any
Borious alteration in its size. Is it being added to ? or is it .iiminisliing ? SVe know
that Its furni has been altered to tho serious injury of the channel, by tho extension of
tho jieninsula northward. It is a matter of great imjiortanco to know whether the
material which has been added to the end of the peninsula in the last ti3 years has
boon brought from number Bay, ScarborouL'h Heights or elsewhere, or w'heihor it
has been transported from the southwestern portion of the peninsula itself.
If it has been brought from the e:istorn shore of Cie Lake, from Humber Ray or
Jfiagiira, we must look for an anrmjil contribrtion of the same kind indetinitelv, from
Buch Au'cign source, and this fact would thrust into any plan tor the improvement of
the western entrance, a very embarrassing element. This material would accu-
mulate about the entrance to our works, to such an extent as to need anni/id dredging
and |)rol)ably an extension of the nccossary piers from time to time. VV ith suuh a
pros)icri I should not hesitate to advise that the western entraiio- be abandoned and
that tho remedial treatment, although much more expensive, be at once applied to
the eastern gap. It is. however, only necessary to make an approximate estimate of
the amount <)t material which has Iven removed from the western face of the penin-
sula, near Gibraltar Point, iiorihwiiid and within a distance of about li.OOO feet west-
ward from its present margin, to know that the immense quantity of sand whicti
covered the lake bottom over this i,ica in 1818, and which has now been removed by
wave uetK.n, was(iuite sufficient to Ki,-o transferred the crest of the peninsula l,70i)
leel westward m tho shallow dejiths then existing, and to have added to its length all
of the lualerial nhich it his received during tho last ti3 year.s, without any con-
tributions from foreign sources.
I have made some approximate estimates of tho quantity of sand which has
boon removed from this area dnrinir tho last sixty-three years. On the lar-e chart
accompanying this report, which is a copy of tho survey m:uie bv Mr, F. M. Ilamol
in 18S1, will be found a line dravn from tho liifht-hoiise to tho (/'lecn's wharf, with
Jour lines at right angles to it. The^e are designated as "A.B." "CD." "E.F."
and "{j.ll." hi eomjmrinir the seition.s, as nearly as possible with tho.so similarly
located on Bayfield's ehi.rt. I find th.it south of line "A.B." in tho last 03 years
«i^'*r> .'^^ ^"^'^" '■'■'"O^^'^' "'^»'' ^'^ niillion cubic feet. Between lines " A.B." and
CD. ' sixteen million two hur.divd and fifty feet. Between " (,'. D." and " E.F."
eighteen million, seven hundred atil tifty feet. Between "H.F." and "G.H."
five million one hundred 'housand feet, and north of line "G.H." one million, four
hundred tlioii.-and eiibie font m.-iliwur in nil f. ,i.f .-.^/x-on million five hundred
iiy thousand cubic yards.
^,^ ..,.,,,,,,,, iMju iiiiiuircu 'iiousano leei, ana norui ot line "U-.ll.
hundred tl.oii.-and cubic feet, making in all, forty-seven millir
thousand cubic feet; or, ono million, sevoa hundred and sixty thou
Thi-* is at tho lato of about twonty-eipht thousand cubic yards per annum ; an amount,
iii:ij)ly .<uffi(!ienl to account for the northward growth of the Peninsula and likewise
tor the wostwai'd advance of tho crest of it. Tho data are not sufficient to enable me
to detonnino what amount of it bus beon deposited to the eastward of the lino Ix'twoon
the (iueon's wharf and tho lii^lit-house, but it is evident froip the foi'ej^oi ny that no
addition from any foreign source has been niiide to the northern and western face of
the Peninsula siiioo Bayliold's survey. The changes which have occurred on the
western face of it, give substantial ast^urance of the permanency of the western
entr;uico to the harbour, if it; bo located in accordance with the recommendations
hereinafter made.
No grain of sand rests upon any part of the shores of the peninsula, or in tho
channel, that was not brought to its present resting place by a cuirent of water
which left it there because it was not able to n.ove it farther. Tho slojje of the shore
is ihorefore the result of an equilibrium between tho force of the currents which
sweep over it, and of the opposing force of gravity in tho sand. The slo;io which the
shore assumes under these dilforent torcea is termed in technical parlance, Its " angle
of repose." Owing to the greater mobility of the sand when saturated, this angle is
flatter or lower on tho submerged part of the shore than on tho dry reefs or beaches.
Wheti a broad channel is exposed to storms and is swept by violent waves in different
directions, the bottom becomes still flatter, llenco tho angle of repose assumed, is
so low that any natural channel through such deposits on the sea coast, must possess
great width if it have any considorablo depth in its central part. This will be better
aeon when it is remembered that it is about 1,200 feet from tho shore lino on the
woslein face of the peninsula out to Ki feet of water, although this shore is under the
influence of wave action which is quite favorable for the maintenance of a steep angle
of repose. A natural channel thoroforo, if formed of the sumo materials, which I
assume to bo almost wholly of sand, would, if it wei'e possible to have its opposite
shores swept by similar waves, require tobo2,t00 feet wide' to maintain a central
depth ot 16 feet. In a narrow and sheltered channel tho s-ind would maintain an
angle of from four to six horizontal, to one vertical, or about eleven degrees. The
perimeter of the cross section of a channel swept only by currents moving in direc-
tion j):i!all ! to its axis, conforms very nearly to tho arc of a circle.
The iili.lity of a river to cari}- tho detritus with which its water is charged, is
due to the velocity of tho current. When it reaches tho scathe current subsides, and
the sediment, before held in su'^pension, is deposited. The sea waves leach out by
continual agitation tho argilaceous and otiier lighter portions of these deposits, while
the sand, gravel and heavier materials are left to dam back the river aiui form the
foundations upon which it in turn buiMs up its bank still furtherout. Their low slopes
defy the fury of the waves, and ifaiiy littoral (or sh ire) current prevails in tho sea whore
the river is thus extending its banks.this current carries the river deposits to tho leeward,
builds U|) that bank (nore rapidly than the other and compels tho discharge linally to
flow ill almost direct opposition to tho prevailing sea current. In this way a river
will extend its banks out in ,ny miles into the sea, its direction being detor'uined by
tho littoral current or by the prevailing winds. The Mississipi has thus o.vteudod its
length about sixty miles out into the Gulf of Mexico beyond the present shore lines
of tho gulf, and its course has boon almost directly ayamsf tho direction of tho pro-
vailing winds. As tho rivor extends itself into tho sea, its banks on the mainland are
opntinually being raised by tho annual overflows. These deposit the heavier mate-
rials carried by the current close to the river, while tho lighter portion, which takes
longer to sotti ', is carried back to tho swamp lands. In this way manj' silt-boaring
streams, the Mississipi, the Ilhine, and the Po, for instance, have, as they approach
the soa, build up their banks many foot higher than tho lands on each side of tho
river.
Tho direction which rivers take when their channels are built out hi tho soa, is
frequently such as to almost completely enclose ontonsive bays. After such process
lias been carried out to a ^router or loss distance in tlie sea, tlio lioiujlit of tlio rivoron
the main land becomes so ^I'cat that a breach finally ocfurs in the seaward liank
durini; some extraordinary f1 )od, and tlio rivoi' then takes the i^hortor way through
it to the Bca. In such case the channel which it luid constnieteil below the breach is
abandoned. Iioing no lonj^cr a cunduit for the lluvial current, it is tilled up by the
action of fho waves, and at the same time the iiei,£;ht of its banics is reduced to tho
sea level or below it, and wiiut the river constructed finally becomes the i'oundation
of a peninsula, on which every evidence of tho fluvial channel above tho surface of
the sea, is completely obiiterat(!d. Tho Vistula, Adour, and Senti^ai, arc amoni^ tho
numerous examples of rivers forming such new outlets to the sea, many miles above
their former mouths. Tho long, narrow peninsulas which separate the I'ristlios Ilaff
and tho Curisches ilaff in l-^astern Prussia from the Baltic, no doubt had theii' origin
in the extensions of tho Vistula and Pregol into that sea.
A peninsula thus formed, having its axis parallel to the prcvailiiii; winds,
receives constant additions by wave action iijjon its extremity, which coiiiir.ues to
extend it, generally, though not alwo- igainst the wind. If a constant current of
the sea sweep along its side in the dire n of the ond »f the peiunsula, the accretions
thrown up by the waves in storms on the side of it, are gradually transported along
in calmer weather, toward its extremity. The side is thus kept steeper and pre-
vented i'rom widening, while tho sands thus removed fall to the bottom again in the
more sluggish current or eddy, which exists at tho end of tho peninsula. Hero an
extensive shoal foi-ms during tho calmer weather, to be afterwards thrown up on it
by tho force of the waves. The sandy breakwaters which enclose tho long series of
oxtensivo sounds on tho cf)asl of Virginia, tho Carolinas and Florida, are examples of
this kind of peninsula formation. The aamo process is carried on in tidclc-^s ,'oas,
though not in such Tast extent. The Baltic, Mediterranean, Black Soa and the Groat
Lakes present many exami)lcs of such phenomena.
The sea currents almost invariably carry more or less sand along tlie shores, and
thus furnish tho material for tho waves to extend the peninsulas. If tho source of
supply of this material bo from any cause exhausted, tho growth of tho peninsula
becomes chocked. In such caso the long, low slope at the (^iid of the peninsula, undar
the iidhienco of tho waves, may not only be thrown up against it and be greatly
steepened, but the end of the jieninsula may be made by such influence-; to cliango its
direction under the obliipic loi'ce of the waves, in tho manner of tho Toronto jieninsula.
An example of a peninsula built out frori. a !.oadland many miles across a largo bay,
and sto])pe<l in its growth when only half way across, mky be seen in tho Gulf of
Danzig iu tho Baltic.
The longitudinal growth of a jpeninsula is checked when it approache-i a headland
of tho main shore, by tho pulsations which occur in tho basin or harbour enclosed by
it. Where tidal action exists tho basin is filled and emptied twice a day ^= througli
the channel between tho end of the peninsula and tho mainland, and the further
encroachment of tho |)oiunsula u)»on this channel is arrostotl by tho curients which
sweep lliroiii;li ii upon every ebb and How of the tide, Tho higher the tide rises,
and the bigger tho basin which is filled and omptieif, the greater will bo the magnitude
of the channel thus maintained. When the iieniiisula has reduced the widili of the
channel to tho size absolutely ro(iuiied for the entrance and exit of the tidal water,
the channel becomes permanent.
As the magnitude of a channel thus formed is wholly dopendont upon tho quantity
of water which flows throuich it, it is evident that tho t[uanlily must be diminisliod if
a broach occurs in tho poniiisula, as a pjrtiou of tho water wdilch would otherwise
serve to maintain tho channel and stop tho growth of tho peninsula is lost through
the bi'each.
Noi'K.— The Gulf of Mexico is au exce|)tion to this rule : the tide there rises but.onoe a day.
10
concentra.o a groat part of tho sand lyiw^ witl.in aVw n.i s o it in wato \ T ^^
oldoi date ^ ''"' ^^ *" c«'nP'"''«ion of tho last survey with those of
S^.0 a.H f of i " \ L. 7>''^ °''"? '^ *''« «"^^«'-» K^'P ^^-^'-o t^IoBcd. The annua!
insitau ot ouo there wore many into the harbour, they would each be shoaler, and
11
in Hueh case, a Imii: continuance of a low lako love!, wnnM mako thoni all unusually
shallow, and ivn^lev tlicni liable to be .shut up by svavo action wliicli would thus convert
the harbour into a lake.
We have, however, in the comparatively stable comlition of the inferior channel
throii'.;li the breach a reliable liasis for i he belief that a channel of sulHrient wiilth and
depth for the commercial wants of Toronto can be permanently maintained without
dredginitr, simply by the currents resulting from the oseillaiidn-, ot iho waier in tho
harbour, it but one channel bo permitted. The channel thruiigh this gap has now a
central depth of about four and a half feet and a surface width of about nineteen
hundred feet, when the level ot tho lako is at zoro of the gauge. This is enuivalent to
a cross-sectional area of nearly four thousand foot or of a cliatmel two hnmli-cd feet
wide and twenty foot of central depth. This ciiannol has|bcen maintained wholly l>y
tho currents that pas-^ through it. If tlio main entrance were comjiletoly .clo-ed"it is
safe to assort that it would have boon much deeper and proportionately wider.
It it be suppo.scd that the channel through tho broach has been maintained by a
current swcei)ing through it, and through the westoiai entrance, at the same tinn'and
in the s.'ime direction, that is to say, in through one and out at the other, and not by
currents induced by the piilsations'of the harbour, it is to bo answered that such a
current wouM not havo the velocity of tho^e currents which rcMilt from maximuin
dia'crences ot level between the surface of the harbour and that of the lake. A vvind
blowing continuously from the southeast would havo the etiect of creating a current
through tho gaj) which would flow out of tho western entrance, but tho same wind
would raise the lovol in Hutnber Ray at tho same time and thus check, if it did <•■,:
completely arrest such current. The strongest current-* which would flow lhrou';!i
the g;ij), without establishing a counter under-current would probably be induced i.y
winds from the south or southwest. Tliese would elevate the surface in Ilumber Hay
to a greater degree than at the gap. Their effect upon tho water on the s<iuth sburo
of the jieninsula would be to create a current, toward Scarborough Heights, without
materially atTecling tho level of tho surface at tho ga)). Storms from tlioca-t undcubt-
odly li..ve tho ott'ect of creating considerable current through the gap into the harbour.
I am of opinion, however, that currents thus created through the gap cannot have the
velocity and scouring power which tho under-currenls hereafter referred to would
possess .
Tho currents which are induced by a rapid rise or fall of tho lako, will havo their
velocities dotcrmined by tho slope of surface througli the channel, (or fall per nido,)
and by the amount of friclional resistance of tho bod of tho channel. It is evident
that when an alteration occurs between the surface levels of the lake and the harliour,
tho steepness of tho sloj.o through tho channel will be increa-<ed in ju'op ortion ;is its
length IS diminished. Tho plo|)e of Ihe surface create-, tho ■iirrent and the friition
retards it; hence it is of prime importance I'nat tho cbMnncI bo kept as short as
Sossiblo. When the currents are the result ot winds prevailing U,r several davs in a
irection to fill or empty tho harbour nn under-current must always exist through
thecliuMiiel in an opposite direction t • that which is seen mi its surface, provided all
other openings from the lake into the luirbour bo closed.
It is impossible for an oast wind to sweep over tho harbour for an entire day
without creating an outward surface curi'cuL through tlio proposed (channel, supposing
tho bleach at Pri vat's Hotel and all conimunieation with Ashbiidgo's bay to have
l)oen cl<)sed. This current will continue to e.sist so long as tho friction of tlie air sets
tho surfaoe water in the harbour and channel in nu)lion^ and it is imixissible thai tho
water should continue for any eonsiderahle length of time to flow out of the harbour
in tho direction of the wind, without lowering its surface level. A counter curii'iit
ofpquul intensity will thou ho ereal^'d iielow the iin-faco current in the channid.
This under-current will bo the r^'-^ult of hydrostatic pressure induced by the greater
height of surface outside of 11 ■ h.irbour.
12
datum plan., •titir.ii H, r ,m ?/ ? ''''^'' ^^ '-^'KiitcoM feet below the jjivsout
n.ainta!„:y'w£S:i4i^^Stnrl^: s,ar"" "' ^'•^^"" ^'- ---^ '^^
the ,:^nil:"""'j^".:i:;:;":tm-.:r n ^r" ,'" .--^■•-['^j -"-• "t the brea..h on
hH pcr.naMcnce TIhwh . I Vh ?> ^'"^ lmrn„ur, with ..eurly equal assurance of
channdf d^HJi't^j-'SSi;;;:' r" "?!: f "'^ -«->« -ul>l e,uer either one of these
entraneoiNcomi,letclvi-.rn'Pf.tn,ifvL 1 ; ^"'"f? *" ''« p<':uhar iMwition, th a
Toco„no<athe'd:i^^U^^
requires the locati.J <,i 'han e noaVv t r^ll 1 lo ';^"^"" ^' '^', '^''''' "'^*^'
thorefbro vessels arrivin.' in "m I „• wi^ , ! . '^o direction of those ht.rms ;
channel and prc:;:J"u;':^eet:tl^;art""''' '' '^'"^ ^° sail directly into th^
Bhould he bcate if ih Vm ™.r^? ^'"7'''' improvenient of the eastern Jap
M-e,t.rn en ranco T , , ^"V' >vcments were deemed more desirable that that of the
p«»i«,aia, » sho>v";irwira„«id I& " ""' '^''""■' "'""■'■ =" "■" »■"* "f "»
and o;i;'S,?,i„:;;'2;'t°:/i;;;];;'';';;;;,"'i'''™ »«|j' 2.'« «««» &« of hoa.y „„^k,
bo of light work. Tiioreforo
ght work, will be required to
bo ^r^a e T,r tlr rte ; ' ''°^ ' '"'^'^ '^° ""^'^'•" ^'^'*'^"°'' ^'^"'^ 'i'^'«^''««
roi.ee in the ok o of 1 T'f''"*"" «"""""'0- With sucli an enormous ditfe-
ofthe wel,.ren ,e'^^
iniprovenv nt ot h; r: ; '"'^ ^ ''«?,?^«'i "^ unnecessary to prepare detail plans for the
te y e di« re ,oc i,, h '■'' T''r ^^'^ '""'^'^ '^"'>' "^^ "«"f"' '° determining' aecurL-
n.L, I ;i;:;:hrr iis -i4r 1^ ;i;"pSrer "'■""^' ' ''- -^-'-^ ^^^ -* -
than^theTv Jiern H.'^n!? '"^'^^'P'!,''^^ 'l^^ •'^'H' it vvould need to bo about 700 feet longer
than rmS the ", ' '""^ ^''" '^"'••'""t^ Ihrou^rh i,, would therefore bo less rapid
the,' V. i not nnin;. ;.''."".' "I"'"/''" '""'"^ conditions of wind and tide. IfeL
1 Hhould 1 .,w; 1 "1"'. " "' ^?''' " ^^'^'*'' '""^ '^'^'Pt'' "^ ^1'" western one.
ment mu Jt first I ,^ .' , '^' entrances, because either one selected for improve-
dopthlvi i ' win : ,! 7^^^^ required, and a« thi. wouLi bo a
i nni.u dioie wjulu bo hltloorno diaturbanco of the bottom ut the eudoftho
13
channel by wave action, horo ncod bo but little fear timt cither channel vvouM
rcqun-o . mlgmg as arcsult of wave action alone. The lake enrrents, however a • •
more or less sand in suspension, and if this bo carried into a channel of greater dim, -
init and w 11 .gradually diminish its size to that which can bo pirmanentlv nrti,,-
taincd by the maximum currents through tho channel. j ^inuineniiy mam
To attempt to utilize the present western channel would involve the removal of
a largo amount of .st^ne by blasting to obtain a sufficient depth, and wouli mCx' v
require ihe channel to be crooked, in as much as tlio western end ofit would necV'- -
rily have to be curved to tho south west to reach tho deep water of the lake Thi'm
located It w(ni d require to bo very considerably longer than a straight cut r.cross lo
peninsula. This greater length, and its curvature w^Hiid be very ol^octio, abl , T e
greater length w-ould increase the friction of the currents flowing throu d, t ,;
channel and therefore diminish their velocity. The curvature would diminish heh
velocity 8ti', more, by checking tho momentum of the water. """'"'^n uitu
„nH nfT ^""'V^e"* that a channel 31)0 feet wide between par.allel work., at the western
plane, can, when once established by dredging, l^o afterwards maintained by lie
natural curren s through it, if it be located across tho northern end of the penh,. a
between the linos, shown in the accomp.anying chart (No. 1), provided all iC
communication between tho lake and the harbour be completely closed
I have the honor to .submit the following
EECOMMENDATIOX.S.
1. The closure of tho Eastern Gap wi!h a dyke of sheet pilin-r nrotCL'ed r,n tho
sea side against undermining, with brush and stone. °' f'™^^''^'"* "^^ <'"'
2. The construction of a breakwater and the necessary parallel works to nrc^ioot
and maintain a channel 300 feet wide and 18 feet deep across the no.Thern emf of S
jj^eninsula, to connect the deep water of the harbo.lr with .he deep w^ter of iJe
3. Tho excavation of the necessary depth and w^ 1th of chinnAl tl,,.^,, .i w
parallel works, after they shall have bein constrSed """^'' ^''"
4. Tho closure of the present western channel aftor thn n^m cUoii u i.
sufficiently developed to ai^ord equal facilities fbrcomm". by !^ 1 ruction clf'a
dyke^from the western end of the (Queen's Wharf to the noi' thin j^t'ty 0}"/;.? .1:
navtlTh?wu'l'?™P.°^if''u'''''"T"''''^'"'' '^"l"^*''^" the harbour and Ashbrid-e-s
da?un;^;t:e,t'Lfo'3';t.:';^^^^^^^ ^"- '■-^"'^ove the'pi'n^t
plans and specihcalions herewith submitted. The closure ot the k! 'h^.n r . ?
not think tho divers on of the Don into Ashbrl,l,r«'- H„„ .?>„ ^ '^
14
givo (imni-h tho duinnol whoii in flooJ. Should it bo found a fow yoaiM after ll.o
l.io,ns.Ml works arc coinplcU'd (hat its deposits arc injuriously artbctiii;. tho d.pth of
the iiaibour it can then bo divortod into Asbbrid^o's Bay, ifit shall not have bom
proyiwusly done for sanitary reasons, ft is quite probable that tho <d(,sure .)f tho
Jiustorn-ai. and thoKiwthofthecity will soon niulco such divorsiou of tho Don
imperutivo as a means of promoting tho public health.
Plans are not submitted for tho dyking' to separate Ashbrid-o's TJay from the
harbour, because this work will be of a si,nplo character, and comparatively inox-
J)u sue. 1 would recommend that its c..n,struction bo open to competition, with the
undcrslatid.ng that each bidder submit with his proposal the ,,lan by which ho into ids
to execute it leavu,;, to the Chief Hngineor tho' selection of' the best and cd a S
pn.posab Thjs work ^yul bo exposed to very little servitude if it bo suffi i tly
distant irom the shore hne of iho harbour to be safe from tl-atinir ice. Tho .a'e'ter
portion of the triar.h near the harbour .horo is probably already '3 feet above zero
thus leavu,,:,^m.ly the sl.ui^'hs to bo closed, In any event tho cost of the nocessaiv
workiicro will not probably exceed five thousand dollars. ^
If the ( losut'o of the Eastern -aj) bo o.tocuied in accordance with the specifications
and plans herewith submitted, I am of opinion that a sand b.ach will be form, d "n
liont of tho.lyko be ore the parts of it exposed to decay will bo destroyed, and ihsit
no expenditure for the nuunte.ianco of the dyko will bo re.|uired. Tho tota estimated
cost of tho works recommended is 8250.(i<J3.83. "o<.i.iian3u
1 has-o the honor to bo, Sir, with great ro.-.))oct,
Your obedient servant.
St-Louis, Mo., March 4th, 1S82. ■^'^''^' ^^^ ^'^^^•'^•
APPENDIX.
MEMORANDUM.
Toronto Haiibo™, Ontario.
lat lT^i''\!i''T''^^'}Y''%'^^^^^^^^^ «''«'-°»f I^^ko Ontario, in
Mnnttll In ^>> ;'"^1 '"J'.K- 7^^° ^3' 45" W., 33;} miles by rail south-west f^-om
Monti eal, lol m.lcs from Kingston, and 39 miles north by oast from Hamilton.
the vv!'? ^"'''i'°"'V' ^»''"'«^' "\^iJ" »f tl'o Inland, and has its principal entrance from
W ow ,1 r "h. i' Ti"™"'° '""''^" •''' \ho ' Eastern Gap' has existed for some years,
S. A^ hV ■i';'"^"y"^'^^^' '« ""^ ^>'^i^>y ^'teamers or sailing crafl of largo dimenl
sions. At the north-eastern corner the Don empties ; and the cvistern side i? bo-mded
i>y marshy lands of many acres in extent, which separate it from Ashbridge's Bay.
In 17S8 this harbour was minutely described by J. Collins, Deputy Sui'voyor
General, in a report preseiited to Lord Dorchester, Governor General, on tho Military
losts and Uarbours on Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron. Mr. Collins stated it to be
near two miles in length from the entrance on the west to tho isthmus between it
and a large morass oii tho eastward. The breadth of tho entrance is about half a
mile, but the navigable channel for vessels is only about oOO yards, having from
three to three and a half fathoms water. The north or main shore, the whole length
^ 'V''"'''°"''' ':; '' ''■'''■^; '.''"''' ^''T '^'^"'^^ *'' *^°»^y f«o' ^'«'>' '*"'! gradually rising
CctiiiiJ, apparea Jy good ianu and fit ibr settlement. Tho water is rather shoal near
15
tiio shore, having but ono fatiioni dci-th at ono luinaioJ ya.'Js <Ustance two fatl ,ma
at two hundred yardri ; and wlion I soiindod huro the wa^M's of I M- . T,
high." (■'Torontoof01d,"byDr.,Sca,lding,p.lo') ''''^' ''"" ^"'"•J^
planH atSwK^''^ '"'"^'" "" "^''° '' ^^''"^"^^^^ '" >'"^^' ""^ ^^Py ^^ l--
In his work on tho "British Dominions in North Ameriea," ),uhli,hod vx ISHO
Mr. Uouehette describes tho IIari)aiir of Toronto as lollows .-(v..! 1, p 88.)
"The Ilarbourof York is nearly circular, .and formed by a very nai'row peninsula
8trotchn.g from the western extremity of tho Township of .^earbon.ugh i^, aKMne
direction lor aho:U six mile., and termir.uing in a e.uTed point no.arlv ,„ .o to U o
garrison; thus enclosing a beautiful basin about a mile and 1 half india'mo e • ea mb o
of «,ntain,nga givat number of vessels, an,i at the entranro ofwhieh shii.s , ^ ; Sn
with saf..ty during the winter. The fu.nation of tho poninM.Iaitselfis 'xt or/l , r>
being a narrow slip of land, in seveml places not moro than sixty y,.rcN in b ' th'
but widening towards 'ts extremity to nearly a mile : it is principally a bank , f ,5'
s IghUy ,..-e,gT,nvn with grass ; tiio widest part is very euril.usly intersected by n uy'
h;rge pon Is that aio the continual reso:t.s of large quantities of wi' : fowl ; a few reo.
niMsulaia
I "„VY ; ■"•" '""tS"'""<-.> "^ '<-= " I 'carance, 11 lies SI
the wide expanse of Lake Ontario is seen over it ; tho termination of ihe nc
called Gibraltar Point, where a blookdionso has been erected. A li-htlouse -K thV.
western extremity of tho beach has rendered the access to the harLoii • «■ '1 v ma cH
cable by nght. The eastern part of tho harbour is bounded by . extci s 'o ^ at
through which the Puver Don runs before it discharges itself into the basin!"
1 -O'^". ^" ^''f *" '" fi.tl'er province has made so rapid a progress as York. 1 n tho s rar
1.93 the spot on which it stands presented only ono so i tan- Indian wiirwim • in lo
Spje'iaad^."' "" ""'''"' '^' ''"'"■°°'" ''"^°'' "^ ^'^" »^^^ "fGovcrnmenlfSr
With tho growth of the population and the clearing and cultivation of tho sur-
rounding lands, and notably th. disappearance of f ho Scarborough I oighL o tho
enst^^ard, from whonco wasderive.l the materials forming the peninsula, cham'o wore
soon apparent ,n the state of the harbour, and the necessity f; r its i.ro-orva tim. carlv
Sf'ph^'' ''"'"'7" V\''' ^^''1" ^""-^ '"^°''"^^°^ '■" i''^ maintenence and nprovo^
raet^t. They v.owoJ with alarm the changes which had taken place in tho dimensions
of the peninsula, and tho encroachment of the sh.aol from Gibraltar l'<.int noTlnva.d
to tho great detriment of the entrance, and so early as 1833, as appears by t o iour
nals, Upper (,'anada Legislature, 1833-34, a select Committee reported on cob^n
ca.stle, Loyal Lnginecrs, on us preservation. (App, p. 1, ^^se^.) ^ ■ -"unny
„.fJr°*^f"""''?f""T'l'^''°''" ?1'°''' I'ocoinmended tho construction of a work
extending from the island .along the top of the shoal to tho buoy in a mannrr to
Wbir/'","'","'' ^';,^''«'"'i"^o»' the 'channel opposite the ^.SsLn t pe. Sen's
Wharf), c.mlracling tho channel to about 700 feel in width • and also to nrnv«„t Tk!
waters of the Don from entering the harbour. (App. p. 2.)' ' ' ^^^
BioneWwhlch'Sr'one""' " '"' ''' --P'^^-tion of the views of the Comtnia.
^ni.'^l!°?'"K°"'''"^°''*'""'''*J''5'S''''P^"'" (afterwards Sir Richard) Bonnycastlo to
make the harbour a socuro and effectual one for Large steamers and detTdr uU?
vessels were divided by him into three general propositions:- ' '^'^'"'^^'
1st. That of damming up the western estuaries of the Don ;
2nd. Tho opening a passage through the eaUern end of the' peninsula ; and
•]n\ Tho coriHtriiction ofnbroiikwatci- from thoBliore attho wostern entrance,
witli workH over the -vliolo length of the ,-ho,il from Gibraltar Point, to confine the
western entrance.
Sir Rieliurd proeee led to (iel)Hto tlic tirst proposition and arrived at the conclu-
sion iliat it did not signify whetlior the breaclies wiiich the Don had made into the
harbour be closed or not, and believed ih;it the river is ueeful in a very slight
degree.
With respect totbeseonl proposition lie jilainly stated thnt if an opening bo
made ihroui^di the lid.uli iho harbour would bo onluely destroyed, and if it be done,
extensive works must be run out into tlie lake, et>'., to arrest and retain the shingle
which is (was) brought by the wasting away of the Scarborough Heights from the
eastward and so to prevent a silting up of ihe channel so formed ; but ho feared that
a navigable channel .ould not be kept clear, and ihsit ve-sels would experience much
difficulty during galea from the e.ast aiuiind by the south to the west, in entering
BUcH a channel, and he summed up with the statement that there could not bo any
harm in making a small canal shut in by Hood gates and protected by piers, and that;
under these restrictions no obstacle woul I be thrown in the way, and that it would
be very useful for tho purposes of trade.
The third proposition is discussed at length, and the conclusion arrived at was
that tho western entrance should be proioctod and maintained.
It appears that no action wa.s in any way taken on this report, and though the
ma1"-r cn.'agod attention, little or no regard was paid to the state of tho h.arbour,
thou'li a Mr. Roj', C.E., drew attention to its state in an article published in the
mnlhli/ Review in June, 1841. Search and inriuiry have failed to obtain a copy of
this paper.
Under date -Uh May, 1847, Mr. C. S. rizowski, then an engineer in tho service of
the Department of Tublic Works, reported that the entraiioe had narrowed to 250
feetin width, the bar having increased 280 feet in a northerly direction m seven
years, (App. p. 17.)
In 1850, M. Sandford Fleming, C.E., read a carefully prepared paper before the
Canadian Institute, in which ho "entered fully and minutely into the theory of tho
formation of the peninsula, described the changes which it was constantly undergoing,
and its great increase ill area since Bouchette's survey in 1793, and he debated the
propositions which had been made and concluded :
1 That the foundation of the peninsula in its early stages may bo attributed to
thodeftnsofthecountry traversed by the Don, in conjunction with a drift from an
ancient promontory at .Scarborough.
2. That the more recent portions were formed by materials from tho Scarborough
Ileights.
3. That the formation is duo to the travelling of the sand and gravel, under
certain action of the waves.
4. That the harbour was being impaired and its only entrance threatened with
early destruction by tho same cause.
5. That its preservation may be permanently atrected by tho construction of
certain si)ccified works, at well selected points.
6. That tho waters of tho Don should be permanently oscluded.
7 That the opening of an eastern passage would be a great accommodation to
Bhipping ; might improve the purity of the water in the harbour ; and, if the necessary
woriis (S piosuve it wore properly executed, would have a beneficial effect.
entrance,
ontino the
bo conclu-
) into tho
Bry slight
poiutijw bo
I bo done,
:he sh initio
from the
cai'O'l that
enct! much
1 entoring
ot bo any
i, iiini that
; it woiiiil
od at was
hough the
harbour,
<hcd in the
1 a copy of
I sprvico of
wed to 250
in in seve7i
bcforo tho
eory of tho
ndergoing,
lebaUid the
tributcd to
ift from an
jarborough
avol, under
.ton oil witli
itruction of
tiodation to
nocOHsary
n
Earlv in 1852, Mr. Walter Shanly, C.E., at tho request of the Uarbour Master,
Bubmitted for tho information of tho Karbour CommirtMonors a re|>ort on the ntato of
tho channel and tho improvemetilrt required. (App. p. 18.) In it he stated that
from tho obHorvationH and Houn.lings rocorde<l during twenty years by the Kurbour
Master it was ascertained thai tho bar had advanced northwardly across iho entrance
at tho rate of 10 feet yearly, and that tho available width of tho channel was scarcely
200 foot.
Mr Shanly's theory of the formation of tho iioninsula is that thj materials
formin.' it wore br )U<--ht from the westward, and that tho Don as-isted as well, and
ho stat'es that w. ho operations of Naturo left unmolested, future generations
might walk dry i-hv .. .ross to the outer lighthouse.
Tlie remedy ho proposed was dredging and the construction of crib-work on the
flouthern side of tho channel to define and maintain its width ; and to divert tho Don
into A^hbridgo's Bay.
Mr. Ivivas Tully. O.K., in a letter dated 10th February, 1S53, discussed fully the
need of permanently improving the harbour, alluded to tho opening of a passage
through the peninsula, now knV.^-n as the l>:astern (rap, and sugg-o-^ted its improvement
from an economical point of view —
1. On account of tho saving of time to vessels arriving from or departing to tho
eastward, and
2. The tendency of tho current created to maintain an open harbour later in the
fall and earlier in the spring.
Cai
In the apnendix, page 22, will be found an able review from the Journal of the
adian Institute, v.-l. 1, p. 11)2, of tho letters and reports by Messr,-*. Bonnycastle,
Shunly, Flemi'in; and Tully.
In 1«50 the harbour was placed in commission, (Jajitain lliehmd'on being
Harbour Master. Thi^ gentlom.an, in January, 185-1, suhmitte.l to the Cominissionors
u report on the stale and ie(iuire'nents of the harbour, and alluded to tho many
changes which h:id taken i)lar!e ovov a period of 50 years, and of the neco-sity which
then'existed for stej.s being taken to ensure the preservation of the >ve.steriienl ranee
in a navigable state, and to a depth of U feel and a width of 100 lo .iOO loot, lie
alluded to a breach tluou^b the peninsula to the eastward, neai- Privat s llotoi,
whieli was then oidy 140 feel in widtli. Reference is made to an ol I chart of about
IbOO, on whicli tiie western ciitrance was shown to bo nhnit 1,455 feet in width trorn
12 feet inshore to 12 feet on the bar, and that tho doundingd in the cluinnel were 3 and
;5| fathoms. (Apj). p. 2..)
This report bore fruit, for the Harbour Commissionors in March, 1854, offorcd
premiums for tho three be.<t reports on tho means to bo adopted for- tho preservation
and improvement Of the harbour, the points to be discussed being: —
1. ThooU'ects, pre-entor future, to be produced by tho broach CKastorn Gap)
through the peninsula on tho harboiu'.
2. If prejudicial, the means to be taken to strengthen the coast against further
encroachment.
;^. If beneficial, the proper mode of making it useful, and tho cost of doing so.
4. The advisability of opening a passage between tho harbour and Ashbridge's
Bay, or an opening from the last into tho lake, with an estimate of cost.
These premiums were obtained by [ ,c° s. Hind, Fleming and Tully , and an
extra premium was awarded to Captain li dson for a report submitted by him.
144-2
18
The reports were jmbUHhoil at the expot'HO o
wi
11 ho
loun.l iiv the Api.oniiix, p. 30 et sc/. Thoy furnish a viisl
f tho Harbour CotnmiH«ir)nor^, smcl
amount ')! informu-
tinj; tho harbour, and dif-cuss fully tho ipu
tiori ro: poc
sionors. I^o attcmiit i.s mad
expressed in the-o ditforent reports, hocause
tiolis --U
limitted hv the Coinmm-
lo hv tlio writer to cotuiot.s^. the views and opinions
■' , _ .,.!., .. ,„,,,, 1.1 t,.w.o<<;tMti> tlu> use or
tod-
O M) WOl
lid necessitate the use of
ex
tended .lUotatiuMs, which is not within the province
No action was taken on any of the suggestions mac
ftl
us memorani
liiin.
lion o
l(i l,s- tlu! writers of those
rwoHvS but it is gathered from subse<iuont
^^liol'rb/X'mlllour'ih:::^:.- -Captain Ridn.rdson- that d.edging plant was
obtained and used to keep the western entrance fi' m closing up.
In 18r,o it appear^ ihal liie available width of the western entrance '';>• '^^^1'
drauit vessels wi^ oidv 2(i0 or 270 leet, although dredging had been earned on for
some time" At .hat date 400 feet was considered to bo the least width, aud 1-' teet
the least depth, whieh shoiiM be obtained. (App. p. 04)
I„ his rc,.on for 1857, the llarl>o,n Master staten that many ;;;'=^'^«;';-' ';•'•' ^^:7"
observed in the -hat.e of the island ; and that tho point b -nnding Bio .kliou.e Ha> on
the ^wVr 1 lie ad greatly inereas,.! northwaidly. Mo alluded to .lamuge done o
;l!e peni, "lla^tha. ti.oe.nb-uikinent for ,t. preservation was never hnished, and d.d
not advise its repair. (App. p.!>."'.)
From the report of 1H58, it is gathercl that a breach had boon ofTected through
t.om rc| ^^ ^^^^ ,^^^^^^ r.f water into tho harbour from tho eastw.nl wa«
eiietil. (Ai)p. ])■ W--)
tho ])Oiiinsula, aiul tb
deeine 1 to be of groat
Atlheei.l of 185!) ihe nock of land at the peninnulu had disappeared, and a
mu4ible channel will, from 7 to 8 feel of water liad take,, its place, and new lorma-
lions ofsaml on either side ajipoarod. (.\pp- p- 98.)]
In tho report of I860 it is stated that the western entrance having Ik'oi. clredgwl
to 4(M. ieet ii/widih, and nn average depth of 12 feet both had been "';;-"<" "«^.
and that the i>land .shoal had extended wctwardly and threatened to encroach on tho
channel. The depth in the eastern channel was (J f-;l. (App. p. .'J.;
end
of the
C.n,t. Richardson, in his report for 18(il, ref.rs to the opening at_ tho eastern end
,e harb.mr as h-iving !...„ the means of purifying tho water in the harbour, and
of contributing to the health of the city.
The island shoal had exton,lod fnrlho. to the wosi wa.^, and beyond the |"fl"^'"CO
of tho current deflected a, d guided by tho Queoi.'s Wharf, and the channel had been
maintaniod at its width e,f 400 foot. (App. p. 100.)
Mr S Keefer, then Deputy Commissioner of Pulilic Works, in roporlii:g on a
petition" of the Courici! of the Corporation of the City of Toronto, that a survey o ho
E». b-ur bo made " with a view tc, ascertaining tho cause of the dilapidations which
have alrcadv taken place, and of devising some means ..f arresting their P';Of^'»-'»^.
refers to the reimrls of the gentlemen who had in previous years e.xam.nod he hai-
E and stated the rouh.s'of his own examination, and a.lvisod that a carelul survey
8h li.l bo made under the direction of an able hydraulic engineer, as the Hubject
re U to le treated both theoroti<.al!v and practically, with a view to the sat.stac-
tor^ d'ieoationof the causes which have operated in the formation, but are now
ap a on 1 directed to the destruction of the harbour ; as well as ' ev-mg some ,dan
lor directing them benoiieially in future for its preservatior an, protoction. Iho
problem ncu being easy of solution should .therefore be committed to the ablest
hands."* (App. p. 101.)
•The date of this report should be 1862, instead of 1872, as printed.
19
No action wa.s taken on tliis lecommondation.
The Iliuboiir Master, in hiw roporl for the year
had t;i()\vn up iiisidi! ot tlio eastt'rn entrance
1862, stated llmt a bar of r-anJ
over which the water was nhoaler than
ani
th
1 1:
cntraiH'c i
tsolf. The " i^ap " or entrance had incieafcd to hidf'a iniloin wid
litM- ol Ih:u h had HO tar receded thai a boiler 'if a wrecked steamer which
formerly was hi^'li and dry, was then IflO yards out in ttie lake and in deoi) water.
At the wr.^ioiii entrance the island shoal hail exi
d to ..no f.'ct west of tho
the lake. 'PI o island
HKTca-ed in width 700
then west end of tho Queen's Whail, and 'lad cdvancel northwardly K) feet. (App.
p. io;{.)
During ls6.^., followintr the siigf^fstions of the Harbour MaM' r, tho (^uccfi's
Wharf v^as extended westwar<il\' 2(iO leet, and, np tu ihi; ei.d ni ISl'".. a chaiuKl dOO
foot in width, with a de|)th •>[' l,i feet, had been sicured.
Tho bar inside of the Kastern (lap had been throw;; farlli . into tli.- harbour, and
bad onlv () feet of water on it, thus limiliny the jiussage t" ve>-els i,! light draught.
(App. p. 105. J
. In his rei)orl for if^Gn, C.iptain Kichard-on slatrd that th.' lii,L.Mands of .^^car-
borough, the source from which the maleriaU conijiositig the peniiiMila and island
were derived, no longer existed, and theietitre a wasting away ot the latter was
going on.
The western entrance niaintaiiie I its width of 400 feet, and a depth varying
from 11^ to 14i feet, accordiriii to the height ot the water in
shoal still progressi/d we>twuidiy, and during 31 \-eais hai
feet, or at the late of 22 feet aniiiudl\ . (App. p. ln".;
Mr. Kivas Tally, Kngineer to the Harbour P,o;ii(l, reporlxl that during ISfiiJ, tho
western entrance lemained at 40) toet in width. whi(di was due to tho extension of
the t^uet^n's Wharf westwardly (App. 108) ; and, in his lejiort for 18(i7, again referred
to tho westerly iiieiease of the island shoal, and stated that "the formiition we-t of
Lighthouse Point had increased during the last few 3'cars, and an ad litional tongue
or aim" (now llanlan's Point, see j)lan showitig changes in the harbour during
1874, 187-1 and l.S7(») •' had torincd, which tiends in a northerly direction about JiOO
yards we>t of tho island, malcing another ba} ; this formation no doubt will couti:iuo
to increase." (App. p. lOl'.)
This tongue, or arm, now known as llanlan's Point, lias increased up to 1880
until it now e.\tends northwardly beyond (iibrallai Point, and the shoal fiom it has
been nuslie i forward yearly until in 1875 it Irid narrowed the we^tel■n e.'itranco to a
width of 230 feet — see plan herewith.
In 187 a rei.m t (App. y. 100 e^ si-q ) was su!>mitled to the Secielary of the
Departniei.l of Public Works, ty Mr. U'm. King~f/rd, engineer in charge, who
entered fnl.y inio Hie tale and requ rcinents of the hailniur, aud advised that tho
Parliameniary t:r..nt of g.O.nOo Hlu/uld be expended in dredging, us " the present
approach 'o i ,.i(),.io l.y <Uep water nccessiiatt s an all ujjt tiiin lo enter the " (Queen's
Wharf ( 'ham el ' In ihe imj.rovemeiit conlemplateil, ca.-y eiitiance and egress should
bo secured ; " ie o that ''the increased navigation of the canal system of tho JJomi-
Tiion points out iiiat the eiuranee sh.'Uld ultimately be l(j feet (leejr."
Betweei, l>i ,luly, 1874, and :!nili June, 18-0, tlie sum of 849,120. iO had been
expended, p 1 li.ally in incre.'ising the width and dojitli of tho " Queen's Whar
Channel" .sh iny alter dredmii; w.is commenced it was found that, to obtain a
depth ol !'■ f . . ! ai low water, it woidd bo neces.saiy to blast in solid ledge, and to a
certain exteni tid was done. No attempt was made to straighten the abrupt turn, or
20
to rondor lh« olmnn.,! any onsie.^ for ontran, . or exit, tho obiect being the opening
of u dmm.eU5W0 foot in wicltb with 16 feet of watc. on tho ol J course.
On tho pla.i of tho wo.torn ontranco horowilh will bo Hoen the encroach mont of
tho iSnl of u'?^h..al northwardly, and tho width of the navigable channel ,n 1863,
1875, 1879 and 1880.
A nlan of the harbour i.s attached, showing its Htate in 1841 (?), and it may be
con^p^uSwitl^tlS showing .he chan.oH ^b.erved in the eastern and woBtern
eutr'mcos in tho years 1874, 1875 and 1379.
:r:t'™u:;Kt wi'°■'.^^;.,^,l.r4''.;^lio, w^ boo„ „ar,'„.c,i ., 280 1-.,- .1..
gi.iwtli of the iahind shoal northward.
.41 „,.♦ nn#rftnr.fi ' oon nrono; need to bo abruiU, and it i« known that
As tl.., f«««°t,''"*'^^"^'^ . /""Jer would neceH^itato'lhe removal of a large
to obtain .;l..,.th "'^l^., «"^\ ',,,;jtN .enle, it wan judKO-l ihat-as in former years
quant.ty < '. .-!r' roci< "^* ^« ,f j^'^^^;^^'^ ^^fiVd..,. iater, a con^^ '^traiK'ht
tho cntn •..•.■ ^^--.^^'"'Vrh^tl ^ i,7t o tho ^ <u..l "'lepth of !« fo-'t obtained
cutm.gbi l"V"'^''«/ \; f A ,i e nusy eniranc^ from IB feet outside to tho same
^^Mtho«t touohui^' t^.'V f ,; JV erie .Xrin .'s made .howod that u depth of 17 feet
depth '"■^'''";V^/,'^;; 'f •,'^7;;g7;;;^.;w L V«,uld be had without the ivtnoval of
below .oru ^;/,h«^,H 'f . ; '!^, f;f,!.V,o t'.- u.uthward of the Queen's Wharf, and
SlS^^pIIationliu^e'^^^ln'lomtnencedinthe removal of the point of the shoal
northwanl ot this line. The materi.il.to bo removed i-
1 tino sand.
It h-.s l,eon deeme.l dosirable to include i.i the Appendix «i /«"«'• ^l'>''\^'";/-,jf-
Gov^rnm^nt to protect the harbour and preserve U lor the future, (p. 117, et seg .)
' As, throughout the whole of the reports published in the appendix, constant
rct'i'!'ciiceis mti-
,e tothe heii.'ht of water
in Lake Ontario, and the effects its variation
Th- m-ltor belKve, .b«t 1,0 has louohoJ up.,,, .ho «li«nt points of H'" "P»;<;
begrac;a.lLi :^''''^"'f^t^JjV?dT the harbor '»«'! comparatively
thepei.'.£*-u<.- .. a« eastern o.u n , century it has been the
shallow en .T.v. y.ow exists ; ^ -hat f«; "/'^ f^JJ^^ .tops should be taken to
de8iroofU,ase...terestedinthowefueo^^^^^^ 1 ^^^,^ ^^^^^ ^^^^
ensure its preservation for he futuie ' ^ '^\.\^J'^;^,^^ ^avo been adopted nor acted
«p,i o„,rr,oMt inns and estimates of cost submilteu, none nave uc . ,i ., ,| ^^ut
finest harbour on Lake Ontario.
{ho
doll
the
to
sh II
ace
ofT
JUL
oblu
Tul!
Cmi
21
10 opening
veil m on t of
el in 1863,
it may be
nd wt'storn
>pri sited for
!'Oilt;iiig the
I feot hy the
known that
1 of a large
onnor yours
el} straiuht
)ot otiiainod
to the same
)th of 17 foot
removal of
Wharf, and
of the whoal
f».„ r.l.\."",'-\i"'" '? "."''^^i'"••^' l".'*"*l« lhatthowu(orsoftl,o Don and the M-wacc. from
(ho city stdl empty into the haiboup. *
The queHtionH liayo Iheref. iv arisen what conrso i. to !,,• pur.tKMl, what \n to be
he oa.- torn on ranco a., to maintain always a nuvi-uMo .h.pfh of Ifi feet and
acco ;^ . vh? n, ;^ ''" ""'■""'" "^ :'""'' " ^^■'"'' "'"' '''V'l' »^ will give .-my
the assi-<taticc ho Iims roecivod from Mr. M
Mr. llolllwoM. tlio Di'piity llarhoiir Mnsto.-, in
The writer has to aeknowh/di
Baldwin, tho llarUKir Master, aiici
1 , ,, , ' - " • • - " V, ■ . . till.. * -». 1 rn V > Li ;il CM III r ITIIIHT t*!' 11
TuP vT^'k"!?' 'i • " '■"':"''^ '.""'''''"•" ''•■'••'^^'i'" . ""'1 Lis'thank. are duo to Mr.' K
1 ul.j , (.,. h , fo|. hi.i reports and pa^.cr on tho lid<o lovold.
Kenpoctfuliy Mubmittod,
n!':NRYF. PERLHY,
Chie/ Engineer.
Chief Enqineer's Office,
Depahtme.nt of Public Works,
April 11th, 18h1.
ly Mr. J. ti.
tion.s to f[i8
tho City of
^ tho P\idoral
117, et seg.)
lix, constant
it8 variation
.10 peninwula,
elf, there has
" Variation!
i<),n with the
Lv,
i '. '. , , who
rid ihr. many
111 b- I given
•om the year
12.)
if the reports
I it has been
torn entrance
wa.s found to
made through
comparatively
has been the
d bo taken to
ve been made
pted nor acted
through p-ast
ruction of the
144—3
»>
f I
4
*W^t.-.l'i«u... ,j..... ._
^ ► *
<
».^
i
I
I.J-
j""*'"n»^
10 ft
. » . '" T '-
j q tiu .
T
O
R O
i
H
K
T
,:1
^jjp^ii
— ajyj» : «i .m i . iMi
r
o
il O
II A R
N
•"""'"oT"Wreer\
X/iJl?-' •• "• ~ **
\
line of ip,''
Mfat,
Scale, eoo feet to one- Incli
'f"oLiO. (i'ei of..^0'Z '
s-jt^g^^^^-^n^^^
'''^infji^rM7?fTof VTai^r...' '
**■ ■•« .-- »•» -"■ •
Line of ].,'"'
\iratfi, /
A
%
3
I^
T
i-
Baferonoes. <
J /Vet o/' W'ViY^r
B
/
/J
irubrhfd thAhS: <
-r\^e"ofJO_^ feel of..^^}^-:\
v. or Water.,
fA,-,
A
K
r^
K
T
A
5 feet of W\Uer
Referenoea, I fO
n
I o
f6
nuuttted tliAis:
J5 It.
\.4
\1
»\
u
)'f ^O feei'of'Wa^^'-''' /'
v.,
/
I o
Skfit4)fv Plan to accomparvy Report hy
St. LoiU,s, ,Mo.
^■^. 0. (^
L^^X^