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REPORT 
 
 ow 
 
 TORONTO HARBOUR, ONTARIO 
 
 BT 
 
 1882 
 
 REPORT UPON THE .HARBOUR OF TORONTO. 
 
 Hon. Sir H. L. Lanqevin, C.B., K'.C.M.G., 
 
 MiniBter of Public Wovifa, Canada. 
 
 Sir,— I have the honor to Bubmit the following Report upon the Harbour of 
 Toronto. 
 
 Before making a personal inspection of the harbour, I expressed the wish that I 
 should bo furnished with such inlor.TTation relating to it as would bo useful in a studv 
 of the questions upon which my advice was desirod. In response to this loquost I 
 have received a compilation of the available recoi-ds touching the Harbour entitled • 
 " Memorandum with accompanying plans and documents relating to the' past and 
 present state of the Harbour of Toronto," and at the same time I received the 
 following letter : 
 
 No. 6532, Subj. 13. 
 
 " Dbpaetmknt or Public Wobks, Canada, 
 
 Ottawa, 19th April, 1881. 
 
 TT "S'^'-^J*^® P™P*™tio° of *lio information yon desired to have relative to tho 
 Harbour of Toronto prior to the examination you are to make having been completed 
 I now enclose the same in pamphlet form, and am directed by the Honorable the 
 Minister to request you to proceed with such examination at your earliest, 
 convenience. •' 
 
 " There are two points which will demand your serious consideration :— 
 
 " 1st. The western entrance— its proper width and depth, and the means to bo 
 adopted to maintain both, aa well as to restrain or prevent the growth of the island 
 Bhoal northwardly and westwardly either by works erected at the entrance or from 
 the island, or both. 
 
 " 2d. The eastern entrance,— whether it is desirable tl-.at it should remain onon : 
 if BO, the moans to be adopted for its maiufcouunco to an ample width and to a depth. 
 144—1 
 

 «quiil to that of the \vo^tcI•Il eiitriinco. If it slinuld bo closed, the mannor in which 
 this biioiild bo accompiisLod and its lutiiio maiiitonanco provided for. 
 
 " Von will be kind enouixh to repott fully on these points, ns well as on all others 
 haviii!^;;! Iicaiiiii^ on ihe iiieson-alion or iin|irovemont of the harbour whicli may bo 
 broui^liL lo your notice during your examination, .such report to bo accomjianied by 
 plans luid estimates ol' the cost, and such BUggostions aa you may be pleased to make. 
 
 '■ AllliouLch your attention is called to certain points for investigation, it is tho 
 wish ot lilt! Minister that your rojiorl bliall be full and Comprehensive and ombraco 
 <i\Qry tiling which may have a bearing on tho object of your encj^uiry. 
 
 "You will ])loaso notify tho Chief Euginoor when you propose visiting Toronto. 
 
 " 1 have the honor to bo, Sir, your obedient servant. 
 
 (Signed) " F. H. EXNIS, Secretary." 
 
 The Memorandum ami its appendices contain a mass of important information 
 upon the subject in hand, which will ho found very useful in forming a correct judg- 
 ment as to tlio merits of any system of works which has been or which may be 
 suggested for the benefit of tho harbour. But as tho carefid examination of theso 
 facts in extniso may bo inconvenient when this Eeport is under consideration, and as 
 they constitute u part of the evidence by which I have been guided, I thiidi it proper 
 to append lo this licport a copy of tho Memorandum, as it contains in a compact 
 form the gidt of tho information which is embodied in the entire volume. 
 
 During tlio latter part of last June, I visited the City of Toronto and met tho 
 Chief Engineer, Mr. Henry F. Perley, there by appointment. Through his com-- 
 tesy I was proviileil with every facility necessar}' to enalilo me to make such an 
 inspection of the harbour and its vicinity, as I desired. During my examination I 
 was accompanied by the Chief Engineer, and by Mr. Kivas TuUy, Engineer of tho 
 Harbour,and from these gentlemen I obtained, verbally, much useful information. Mr. 
 Tully's knowledge of the harbour is tho result of many j^ears of close and intelligent 
 observation of its phenomena, while residing in Toronto. During my visit 1 made as 
 thorough an inspection of the harbour as I desired, and fully informed myself as to the 
 causes which in my opinion have produced its deterioi-ation. 
 
 As no instrumental survey of the harbour had been made since 1879, and as an 
 accurate knowledge of the most recent changes in it was important, not only in arriv- 
 ing at a correct solution of the problem, but also in making an accurate estimate of 
 the cost of tho works needed for its improvement, I requested that another survey 
 should bo made with especial reference to the changes which had occurred in its two 
 entrances, where works of improvement would probably be located. This survey tho 
 Chief Engineer caused to be made during last July and August, and I have been fur- 
 nished with the results. 1 am therefore in possession of all of the information requi- 
 Bite for an intelligent and thorough study of the subject. This study I have made and 
 I trust that I shall succeed in presenting to tho Dominion Government, in as convincing 
 a light as they are presented to my own mind, the several reasons that have induced 
 me to make the recommendations herewith 8ui)mitted. To aid mo in this jnirt of my 
 task I desire to imjiress on the memory of the reader, each one of the three facts 
 presently named, which appear to me to bo the most important phenomena in the coq- 
 sidoration of the very novel problem presented by tho Harbour of Toronto. 
 
 Fint. There has been for nearly a century a constant growth of tho northern end 
 of the peninsula in the direction of the Queen's Wharf. 
 
 Second. Although this extension has diminished the width and depth through tho 
 ■entrance or throat of the harbour, it has not materially altered the distorme which existed 
 
 J 
 
 y" 
 
 i<.V , 
 
 \ 
 
 i^. 
 
I 
 
 t 1 
 
 I 
 
 sixty.lhroo your8 :x-c l:ct\v.-,. tliodoep w.lcr iiiMuodfatoly insiJe oftho harbour and 
 that near tho ciiUance on llio outsiJo of it. ""'"uui uiiu 
 
 with^llhmiUod? ^"'' "■' '' "'^'''""' ''"'' "'" P''"^^ '^^ ^^'••'' ""^ '" "'■^'-■' i^ J^^'-*^- 
 
 In tlio very intorosliii-and iiKstruclivccoinpetitivo report of Mi-.SatRir.:.r.l FIcmin<r. 
 0. h., (payo 04 of tho appciidiM to Mcinoratidum) wo find tho following ^-tatoInollt°: 
 
 '' On '-omparint,' tho charts ot B^Muludte, Bayiield, and Bonnyca.stio, with mv 
 o;yn from a rc<ont survey [in 18o0] showing tho statoof tho ponin.suhi at tho present 
 lime, wo olitain results as IoIIowm: ' 
 
 " First— That tho channel between ten (10) feet water lino was, in 
 
 " 17!)e, about 4ft0 yards wide, 
 " 18-'8, alwut 310 yards wido, 
 " 1835, about 2t;0 yards wide, 
 " 1850, about 120 yards wido." 
 
 This comparison is entitled to much conlidonco, for tho reason that it was 
 evidently made by a .nrolul and intelliiront onKineor.who had witni- roach at Toronto 
 at that time, the nocossiiry data to dotermine tho ditleronco in th- 
 those several surveys wero referred, and without which information 
 comparison of thoso surveys could have been made. 
 
 ; levels to which 
 very accurate 
 
 I'rom these comparisons, and from his estimates, Mr. Flemin- arrived at tho 
 conclusion, that tho northwai'd growiii of the i)oninsula reduced the width of the 
 channel at the rate ot from seven to ten yards annually, and that this required a 
 deposit oi about 11,000 cubio yards ea(di year. The annual growth duiin.^ the 
 years embraced by his comparison is shown to bo remarkably constant and regular. 
 
 from^lS-H"'t/!s-f •'■^''i''''-'''' ''I','' ^■'",''', "? "•'>'''''"■■' '^^' ^''" '■^'^'■' "f comparative surveys 
 ftom 18,0 to lb, ., inclusive, the widlh between (ho (^iceii's wharf and tho ten-f..ot 
 con our hno on the peninsula was only about 225 fool, and much of this width is no 
 doubt, duo to dredging. 
 
 The second fact is shown by a comparison of Mr. Fleming's survey of 1850, with 
 the most recent one made tins year. Tho 15 foot inside and outside conlour-linos ou 
 the latest survey, measured across tho end of tho peninsula where they appi'oached 
 each other most nearly, are about 2,400 foot apart. 
 
 In comparing the latest ci.ntours with the 15-foet contours of Mr. Flemino- it 
 should bo obiorved that tliero are two 15-feet soundings on his ciiari in tho bight of 
 the ,..,ter curve which are not embr.u-cd by it. If the curve wcro drawn through 
 tho outer one ot those, which it might bo with or^ual propriety, tho lino would to 
 
 
moved out about 420 foot. Tlio distance would then l>o about 2,200 foe betweou tho 
 Uvri5.?o.t contours on Mr. Fleming', chart, if mcasu.r 1 ovor tho Iw.e of leant distance 
 Sweon the same contour, o.. tho nurvoy of 1881. Thi. line crosses the end of tho 
 S'". '^-''11,3.^0 feet from tl.. end Vthotjueon's^^^^^ On a l.no nearer o 
 L uoen-s wharf the distance between them on M,'. Fletnin^^'s chart ,b only about 
 1 800 Ibo The leaser distances between thcs- contours on Mr. Fleming's survey are 
 owin2 totho higher datum plane from which the depths were measured. Ho says (p. 
 S Memomfd.rmand Appendix) t],at his report was "ch.ofly <;•""''- „"",\I':';y 
 hiborirs and expensive su'rvey between August, 184'^, and the spring of 1850. With 
 regard to the datum level, he Si.ys : 
 
 "These soundings amount tobotwcon two and three thousand, andare re.luced to 
 an approximate mean level of Lake Ontario, ascertained in conjunction with Captain 
 Lcfroy irom a series of lake levels taken by his direction during several years. 
 
 This level is I believe, about ono foot and a half higher tha-. the present datum 
 cstabli bed by he late Captain Hugh Richardson in 1850. The hydrograph.e 
 diOTofMi. Kivas Tully shows tho mean level of the lake during twenty-tive 
 yoara ending in 1879 to have been lS-20 inches above the present datum plane. 
 
 No material dilVorence is observable between tho last survey and that made by 
 Mr Fleming thirty years ago in the width of the shoal between the 15 feet contours 
 •Tt the locality named, when the discrepancies I have alluded to are auly considered. 
 That this distance has not appreciably alte-cd in the la.st six years admits of no 
 question, when the survey of 1875 is compared with that ot 1881. 
 
 In still further proof, it is proper to quote tho following from tlie report of 
 Mr William Kingsford, engineer in charge, dated July 7tl,, 1875, who seems to have 
 boon a close observer of the changes in the harbor and its entrances _ He says (page 
 110 Momoranduin and Appendix) : " The eastern spit of and which jiro ects the 
 harboi is formed of sand! mu.h of which is freauently in motion. It has been 
 assorted "that, carried away from tho original place of deposit, it hnds its wav into 
 ?ho harbour. The examination of last year proves that sncn ...not the eas.. There 
 is no les,s depth of water to-day in the inner harbour than is shown on the map of 
 the first survey made by Bouchotto in 1785. 
 
 The vvooi of tho third fact re:' mtoI to, will .appear by making the foKowinj; 
 comnarison of Bayfield's .'urvc\ wif. the survey of 1881. iJn.,v :i line upon each 
 from the light-house to tho centre of the (iueen'> Wharf, and from points on this line 
 measure, pfrpcndicularly to it, tho distances to the 2, 4. 10, lo, and 18.feet soundings 
 Town on Bayfield's chart near the central part of the western face of the peninsula; 
 knd compare those depths with the depths at the same phces on the chart of 1881. 
 
 Frst At a point on the line 4,500 feet from tho light-house wo find it is about 
 1 900 feet to the most southerly ono of the two-feet soundings. At this place on the 
 flurvey of 1881, tho depth is now 13 feet greater. 
 
 Second Al a point on the line 5.600 fnet from tho lighthouse it is 1,500 feet to 
 
 on the Bayfield chart. At this place tho depth is now b 
 
 the next two-feet sounding 
 feet greater.* 
 
 Third At a point on the lino on the Baj-fleld survey 4.000 feet from tho light- 
 house it is 1,400 feet to the .outhern four-feet sounding. The depth hero is now 27 
 feet greater. 
 
 Note -ThU tatter iwo-fcot sounaiui? ana other? nn tb.< same shnal .ire shown more distinctly on 
 i:f^!:i ,.h»rt nfRavfi..ld'3 survey nubashcd "with correcnoas" 1q l«t53. They aie scarcely 
 
 an engraved chart of Bayfield's survey pubashed ' wit 
 diiMtnible on the photo-lithograph publiahed with the m 
 
 cmoranlum. 
 
\ 
 
 tweeu tbo 
 It distance 
 i(i of tho 
 noaror to 
 nly about 
 ^urv'C}' arc 
 lo says (p. 
 DTI a very 
 50." With 
 
 reduced to 
 :h C'lplain 
 ■ars." 
 
 mt datum 
 irographic 
 wcnty-tive 
 lane . 
 
 It made by 
 3t contourri 
 onsidered. 
 raits of no 
 
 report of 
 iiiti to liavc 
 says (page 
 i-otocti ilie 
 t has been 
 < way into 
 M'. There 
 'lie map of 
 
 3 following 
 upon each 
 
 on this line 
 
 t Houndings 
 peninsula; 
 
 art of 1881. 
 
 it is about 
 )lace on the 
 
 500 feot to 
 )th is now 6 
 
 1 the lipht- 
 is now 27 
 
 e distinctly on 
 y ttic scarcely 
 
 tlio ten-foot 
 realor. Tho 
 
 Foitrlh. At a point on the line 4,300 feet from tho light-house it is 1,200 feet to 
 tho other four-feet sounding. Q'ho depth at this place is now H feot greater. 
 
 Fifth. At a point -1,750 feet from tho light-liouso it is 2,000 feet to 
 Houndiiig on Baytiold's chart. At this place tho depth is now 9 foot }. 
 ton-foot contour hero has receded 400 fool. 
 
 Sixih. At a point on tho lino 5,000 feet from the lighthouse it is 2,0nr) feot to 
 tho fltUon-feet sounding of Captain Bayfield. At tho same place tlio present depth is 
 4 foot groator. Tho fifteoufoot contour has receded hero aliout 200 foot. 
 
 Seventh. At a point on tho line 5,200 feet from tho light-house it is 2,050 feot to 
 tho eighteen-foot sounding on Bayfield's chart. The present depth hero is uh lut 2 loot 
 gi'oater. 
 
 Those comparisons are sufficient to show that the fivo-foet contour lino about tho 
 middle of tho western face of tho peninsula is at very nearly the same place now that 
 it was si.xty-tlireo years agn, while tho contoiu's between five foot and oightoeu fo(jt 
 have greatly receded. 
 
 A further comparison of Captain Bayfield's survey with that of 1881, will provo 
 by siniilaji' measurements that tho dry crest of tho northern etid of tho j.oninsula has 
 not only advanced to the north, but has likewise advanced to the westward about 
 1,700 feet from tho end of tho sand spit shown on Capt. Bayfield's chart, by which 
 the western face of the peninsula aliove tho tivo-feot contour lino has been much 
 steepened by a movement precisely the converse of that which has stoopeniid it bolow 
 that depth. Tho sand which constituted tho bottom beyond tho present tive-feot 
 contour line in 1818 oiit to tho depth of eighteen feet, has evidently been transported 
 by tho action of tho waves uj) to the northward and on to that part of the western 
 face of tho peninsula which is now above tho ])rosent five-feet contour. This process 
 has greatly steepened the western face of the peninsula without really advancing it 
 lakeward. 
 
 If comparisons bo made further f-outhward on tho face of tho Peninsnla, iho 
 change wrought by wave action in this diioHion will bo still moi'o marked. For 
 instance at a point on the lino from the (Queen's Wharf to the liijht-hoiise, 2,(>J0 (oet 
 from tho latter, tho Bayfield chart shows a depth of but 3 li.ct on the outer face of 
 tho shoal at tho distance of 2,600 f. t. Tho depth here must now bo ii'iMiiii ninoteoii^ 
 feot, as tho spot is about 100 foot (v- .do of the outermost sounding on the chart of 
 1881, where a depth of 18.5 feot 1- recorded. Tho depth of three foot is now I.tJOO 
 feot eastward on tho survey of 1831. If wo assume that tho plane to which Captain 
 Bayfield reduced his sounding.s was eighteen inches higher than tho present -'atum, it 
 would still show that the threo-foet contour at this locality is 1,550 loot furtuer land- 
 ward than it was in 1818. 
 
 From this and other comparisons which may be made botwocn those two surveys 
 it will appear that while tho top ordry j/art of tho peninsula at its northern end has 
 apparently swung out towards tho lake about 1,700 feot westwardly, the submerged 
 portion of it at tho southern end of this lace, has, to tho depth of eigliteen feet, swung 
 in towards tho light-house about tho same distance eastward ly. The common centre 
 about which these changes seem to have vibrated from east to west, is located near 
 tho central portion of the western face of the peninsula. Tho centre about which the 
 vortical movemout has occurred by which tho entire face of the peninsula has booa 
 steepened, seems to have been at tho depth of about five feet, and at a point also near 
 the central part of tho western face of tho peninsula. In this movement the oighteen- 
 feot contour at the northern end has not mato"ially changed its location, while the 
 zero margin of tho lake at tho othor end, immediately west of tho light-house has 
 boon almost if not quite as stable. 
 
Tlio ))riiloii<,^ation of the isthmiH nortliwas'illy :inii t!io .'ilti'iMtloti of iN wc-lcrn 
 faop, iiro miqiioslional'ly ilno to w.ivo 'irtinn, and an a propcf iiii'k'rstjituiiti^ of tho 
 pliononu^iia ])roiliicL'(l liy waves is alisolutely necossary In oiiaMo tho rcailei- to iorfn 
 an intollitieiil Jiuli;nu'riL of tho rnoritti of the c'oiichisioiis ai'riveil at, in ri>ii;aril to the 
 causes of tho ciiatiLjos wiiieh liavo occurred at the harlxir of Toronto, nnd of tho jivo- 
 bahlo rehiilt.-f of tlieretnediaUvoric- her<Mn jiroposed, I will lio ]»aiiloned for explaining 
 tho manner in which tho waves atfect tho hiand and )thor materials comiiosinu; the 
 bottom of seas, lakes, etc. 
 
 A Himplo ilJustiatlon of tho action of waves on the siirfaeo of very deep water 'Jan 
 bo made hy tightly ritrotehin/j a lonj,' cord hotwoen two pointw and then striking it 
 near one end. Tiio wave produced hy the Mow trnvids rapidly hack and forth along 
 tho cord from end to end, Imt tlio material of which the coid is niade simply liscsand 
 falls without advancini; with tho wave. So it is witli th'» water where the lake is 
 deeji. Tho wave may jjass over ho rapidl}-, hut it cannot of itself sot up any cr)nti- 
 nuous horizontal motion in tho water. A Inrd or a huoy afloat upon it would simply 
 rise and fall as (ho w.ives passed under it. At the same time it WMi'ld have a slight 
 motion to and fr.i in tho direction tho waves are travellin;^' but unless impelled by 
 tho wind or a ciirreni in tho lake, it wouhl remain in the same locality. The ca-o is 
 quite (litleriTil, hnwcvcr, when the wave i'ea(di(!s water so shoal that tho boltom resists 
 the sinking of its crest. W'hon this resistance i.-^ folt, the water wh.ch at that monient 
 constitutes the wave, h;is, as a result of this resistance and of its own momentum, a 
 horizontal motion imparted to it. This hori/ioutal impulse becomes still greater as 
 tho depth lessens. Hence, although the velocity of the wave itself is diminished ns it 
 reaches shoaler depths, tho water through which it passes has a constantly increasing 
 veloi'ity imparled to it in the direction of the shore, and ii the case of big waves it 
 becomes so swift that it is driven with groat force out upon the beach. 
 
 This translatory motion gives to the Avaves the power to take up front the soa 
 bottom, or to set in motion, the sands, shells and other materials of which it is cora- 
 postd, and to transport them shorewai'd with more or less force. The qnantitios 
 thus transported depend upon tho size of the waves, the formation (.f the shore upon 
 ■which they exert their foi-eo, and tho size, gravity and abundance of tho material 
 acted upon. 
 
 Tho direction of these translatory currents is determined l»y tho shape of the sea 
 bottom, If the shore be jireciiiitous, very little or no such current will bo created; 
 but whore the bottom is sloping to the sea, tho waves wiil be constantly dii'ected 
 shorewards, no matter how obliquely they may approach it. Jlenco waves on such 
 shores are continually piling up reefs and beaches, and thr.mgh some of these every 
 river must struggle to reach tho sea, nnless it enters it between bold headlands, and 
 is incapable of trans))orting enough detritus to form a delta at its mouth : or unless 
 some sea current exist snliicicmly strong to sw(!e]) away the sedimentary matter 
 brought down by it. Of course tho height of the wave determines the de])lh at 
 which the resistance of the boitom is felt, and at which the horizontal motion of the 
 water is first induced. This depth will therefore be the e.xtreme limit at which tho 
 material of tlic bottom can bo set in motion by the wave. A study of the surveys 
 which have been ma lo on tlie vi-estern shore of the i.sthmus at Toronto satisfies me 
 tliat tho waves which roll in upon it are not huge enough to move tho sand when 
 tho water is over IS feet deep. I can discover no evidence that tho bottom has been 
 disturbed at a greater depth there during sixty-three years; and tho area within 
 which the waves are formed that break' upon it Ibrbids the belief that they are large 
 unough to atfect the br .torn at a greater depth. The magnitude of a wave does not 
 depend so mu(di upon tho force of rho wind as upon the '' fetch " or distance through 
 which it can travel without interruption, and the depth of the water on which it 
 moves. 
 
 Waves tr.ivel much more rapidly in deep than in shallow water. This is 
 the cause of the phenomenon called "breakers." As each wave approaches still 
 
Bhallnwcr walor, ils npotvl l)C(-onR'rt still more rotardeJ, lionce llio wiive behind is 
 alwnjH Miovms,' moro nipidly tlijiii tiio one in mivureo. As it irriins upon its prc- 
 deccHHor it fiou tho benefit of Die dcopor water of that wave. The result of this is 
 that nt leyuhirly recurring intervals or rhythmic poriodH, one of the waves c..rni)letel7 
 ovcrlakos t ho one in front of ft, by which it necures tor itMolfa>till i,Mvater .ioi/th and 
 mamtaitis Iho veh)city due to (hat depth. This enables it to travel sn -apidlv over 
 tno one is has surn»ountod, that it outstrips it in the raee and consoiiiiently falls over 
 m front of it, or, as it is termed, ' breaks." 
 
 _ The wave has more ability to cany the sand np on to tho braeh than it has to 
 bring It down apain notwithMtandini,' the slope of the shore. This is bwauso the 
 ratio of frictional resistance of tho shore increases as tho depth of the water passing 
 over It IS diminished, and also because the material carried up on to the beach is 
 almost wholly suspended in tho water. The interval of time recinired for the shore- 
 ward current to come to rest and for tho return current to be started, is sulliciont ■> 
 permit tho Kind to fall to tho shore, from which tho loss rapid current seaward is un- 
 able to move it. 
 
 A very important part of the study of our problem is involved in the iiii|uiry as to 
 ■whether the portion of the l^thmus now constituting nn island is under;,'«ini,' any 
 Borious alteration in its size. Is it being added to ? or is it .iiminisliing ? SVe know 
 that Its furni has been altered to tho serious injury of the channel, by tho extension of 
 tho jieninsula northward. It is a matter of great imjiortanco to know whether the 
 material which has been added to the end of the peninsula in the last ti3 years has 
 boon brought from number Bay, ScarborouL'h Heights or elsewhere, or w'heihor it 
 has been transported from the southwestern portion of the peninsula itself. 
 
 If it has been brought from the e:istorn shore of Cie Lake, from Humber Ray or 
 Jfiagiira, we must look for an anrmjil contribrtion of the same kind indetinitelv, from 
 Buch Au'cign source, and this fact would thrust into any plan tor the improvement of 
 the western entrance, a very embarrassing element. This material would accu- 
 mulate about the entrance to our works, to such an extent as to need anni/id dredging 
 and |)rol)ably an extension of the nccossary piers from time to time. VV ith suuh a 
 pros)icri I should not hesitate to advise that the western entraiio- be abandoned and 
 that tho remedial treatment, although much more expensive, be at once applied to 
 the eastern gap. It is. however, only necessary to make an approximate estimate of 
 the amount <)t material which has Iven removed from the western face of the penin- 
 sula, near Gibraltar Point, iiorihwiiid and within a distance of about li.OOO feet west- 
 ward from its present margin, to know that the immense quantity of sand whicti 
 covered the lake bottom over this i,ica in 1818, and which has now been removed by 
 wave uetK.n, was(iuite sufficient to Ki,-o transferred the crest of the peninsula l,70i) 
 leel westward m tho shallow dejiths then existing, and to have added to its length all 
 of the lualerial nhich it his received during tho last ti3 year.s, without any con- 
 tributions from foreign sources. 
 
 I have made some approximate estimates of tho quantity of sand which has 
 boon removed from this area dnrinir tho last sixty-three years. On the lar-e chart 
 accompanying this report, which is a copy of tho survey m:uie bv Mr, F. M. Ilamol 
 in 18S1, will be found a line dravn from tho liifht-hoiise to tho (/'lecn's wharf, with 
 Jour lines at right angles to it. The^e are designated as "A.B." "CD." "E.F." 
 and "{j.ll." hi eomjmrinir the seition.s, as nearly as possible with tho.so similarly 
 located on Bayfield's ehi.rt. I find th.it south of line "A.B." in tho last 03 years 
 «i^'*r> .'^^ ^"^'^" '■'■'"O^^'^' "'^»'' ^'^ niillion cubic feet. Between lines " A.B." and 
 CD. ' sixteen million two hur.divd and fifty feet. Between " (,'. D." and " E.F." 
 eighteen million, seven hundred atil tifty feet. Between "H.F." and "G.H." 
 five million one hundred 'housand feet, and north of line "G.H." one million, four 
 hundred tlioii.-and eiibie font m.-iliwur in nil f. ,i.f .-.^/x-on million five hundred 
 
 iiy thousand cubic yards. 
 
 ^,^ ..,.,,,,,,,, iMju iiiiiuircu 'iiousano leei, ana norui ot line "U-.ll. 
 hundred tl.oii.-and cubic feet, making in all, forty-seven millir 
 thousand cubic feet; or, ono million, sevoa hundred and sixty thou 
 
Thi-* is at tho lato of about twonty-eipht thousand cubic yards per annum ; an amount, 
 iii:ij)ly .<uffi(!ienl to account for the northward growth of the Peninsula and likewise 
 tor the wostwai'd advance of tho crest of it. Tho data are not sufficient to enable me 
 to detonnino what amount of it bus beon deposited to the eastward of the lino Ix'twoon 
 the (iueon's wharf and tho lii^lit-house, but it is evident froip the foi'ej^oi ny that no 
 addition from any foreign source has been niiide to the northern and western face of 
 the Peninsula siiioo Bayliold's survey. The changes which have occurred on the 
 western face of it, give substantial ast^urance of the permanency of the western 
 entr;uico to the harbour, if it; bo located in accordance with the recommendations 
 hereinafter made. 
 
 No grain of sand rests upon any part of the shores of the peninsula, or in tho 
 channel, that was not brought to its present resting place by a cuirent of water 
 which left it there because it was not able to n.ove it farther. Tho slojje of the shore 
 is ihorefore the result of an equilibrium between tho force of the currents which 
 sweep over it, and of the opposing force of gravity in tho sand. The slo;io which the 
 shore assumes under these dilforent torcea is termed in technical parlance, Its " angle 
 of repose." Owing to the greater mobility of the sand when saturated, this angle is 
 flatter or lower on tho submerged part of the shore than on tho dry reefs or beaches. 
 Wheti a broad channel is exposed to storms and is swept by violent waves in different 
 directions, the bottom becomes still flatter, llenco tho angle of repose assumed, is 
 so low that any natural channel through such deposits on the sea coast, must possess 
 great width if it have any considorablo depth in its central part. This will be better 
 aeon when it is remembered that it is about 1,200 feet from tho shore lino on the 
 woslein face of the peninsula out to Ki feet of water, although this shore is under the 
 influence of wave action which is quite favorable for the maintenance of a steep angle 
 of repose. A natural channel thoroforo, if formed of the sumo materials, which I 
 assume to bo almost wholly of sand, would, if it wei'e possible to have its opposite 
 shores swept by similar waves, require tobo2,t00 feet wide' to maintain a central 
 depth ot 16 feet. In a narrow and sheltered channel tho s-ind would maintain an 
 angle of from four to six horizontal, to one vertical, or about eleven degrees. The 
 perimeter of the cross section of a channel swept only by currents moving in direc- 
 tion j):i!all ! to its axis, conforms very nearly to tho arc of a circle. 
 
 The iili.lity of a river to cari}- tho detritus with which its water is charged, is 
 due to the velocity of tho current. When it reaches tho scathe current subsides, and 
 the sediment, before held in su'^pension, is deposited. The sea waves leach out by 
 continual agitation tho argilaceous and otiier lighter portions of these deposits, while 
 the sand, gravel and heavier materials are left to dam back the river aiui form the 
 foundations upon which it in turn buiMs up its bank still furtherout. Their low slopes 
 defy the fury of the waves, and ifaiiy littoral (or sh ire) current prevails in tho sea whore 
 the river is thus extending its banks.this current carries the river deposits to tho leeward, 
 builds U|) that bank (nore rapidly than the other and compels tho discharge linally to 
 flow ill almost direct opposition to tho prevailing sea current. In this way a river 
 will extend its banks out in ,ny miles into the sea, its direction being detor'uined by 
 tho littoral current or by the prevailing winds. The Mississipi has thus o.vteudod its 
 length about sixty miles out into the Gulf of Mexico beyond the present shore lines 
 of tho gulf, and its course has boon almost directly ayamsf tho direction of tho pro- 
 vailing winds. As tho rivor extends itself into tho sea, its banks on the mainland are 
 opntinually being raised by tho annual overflows. These deposit the heavier mate- 
 rials carried by the current close to the river, while tho lighter portion, which takes 
 longer to sotti ', is carried back to tho swamp lands. In this way manj' silt-boaring 
 streams, the Mississipi, the Ilhine, and the Po, for instance, have, as they approach 
 the soa, build up their banks many foot higher than tho lands on each side of tho 
 river. 
 
 Tho direction which rivers take when their channels are built out hi tho soa, is 
 frequently such as to almost completely enclose ontonsive bays. After such process 
 
lias been carried out to a ^router or loss distance in tlie sea, tlio lioiujlit of tlio rivoron 
 the main land becomes so ^I'cat that a breach finally ocfurs in the seaward liank 
 durini; some extraordinary f1 )od, and tlio rivoi' then takes the i^hortor way through 
 it to the Bca. In such case the channel which it luid constnieteil below the breach is 
 abandoned. Iioing no lonj^cr a cunduit for the lluvial current, it is tilled up by the 
 action of fho waves, and at the same time the iiei,£;ht of its banics is reduced to tho 
 sea level or below it, and wiiut the river constructed finally becomes the i'oundation 
 of a peninsula, on which every evidence of tho fluvial channel above tho surface of 
 the sea, is completely obiiterat(!d. Tho Vistula, Adour, and Senti^ai, arc amoni^ tho 
 numerous examples of rivers forming such new outlets to the sea, many miles above 
 their former mouths. Tho long, narrow peninsulas which separate the I'ristlios Ilaff 
 and tho Curisches ilaff in l-^astern Prussia from the Baltic, no doubt had theii' origin 
 in the extensions of tho Vistula and Pregol into that sea. 
 
 A peninsula thus formed, having its axis parallel to the prcvailiiii; winds, 
 receives constant additions by wave action iijjon its extremity, which coiiiir.ues to 
 extend it, generally, though not alwo- igainst the wind. If a constant current of 
 the sea sweep along its side in the dire n of the ond »f the peiunsula, the accretions 
 thrown up by the waves in storms on the side of it, are gradually transported along 
 in calmer weather, toward its extremity. The side is thus kept steeper and pre- 
 vented i'rom widening, while tho sands thus removed fall to the bottom again in the 
 more sluggish current or eddy, which exists at tho end of tho peninsula. Hero an 
 extensive shoal foi-ms during tho calmer weather, to be afterwards thrown up on it 
 by tho force of the waves. The sandy breakwaters which enclose tho long series of 
 oxtensivo sounds on tho cf)asl of Virginia, tho Carolinas and Florida, are examples of 
 this kind of peninsula formation. The aamo process is carried on in tidclc-^s ,'oas, 
 though not in such Tast extent. The Baltic, Mediterranean, Black Soa and the Groat 
 Lakes present many exami)lcs of such phenomena. 
 
 The sea currents almost invariably carry more or less sand along tlie shores, and 
 thus furnish tho material for tho waves to extend the peninsulas. If tho source of 
 supply of this material bo from any cause exhausted, tho growth of tho peninsula 
 becomes chocked. In such caso the long, low slope at the (^iid of the peninsula, undar 
 the iidhienco of tho waves, may not only be thrown up against it and be greatly 
 steepened, but the end of the jieninsula may be made by such influence-; to cliango its 
 direction under the obliipic loi'ce of the waves, in tho manner of tho Toronto jieninsula. 
 An example of a peninsula built out frori. a !.oadland many miles across a largo bay, 
 and sto])pe<l in its growth when only half way across, mky be seen in tho Gulf of 
 Danzig iu tho Baltic. 
 
 The longitudinal growth of a jpeninsula is checked when it approache-i a headland 
 of tho main shore, by tho pulsations which occur in tho basin or harbour enclosed by 
 it. Where tidal action exists tho basin is filled and emptied twice a day ^= througli 
 the channel between tho end of the peninsula and tho mainland, and the further 
 encroachment of tho |)oiunsula u)»on this channel is arrostotl by tho curients which 
 sweep lliroiii;li ii upon every ebb and How of the tide, Tho higher the tide rises, 
 and the bigger tho basin which is filled and omptieif, the greater will bo the magnitude 
 of the channel thus maintained. When the iieniiisula has reduced the widili of the 
 channel to tho size absolutely ro(iuiied for the entrance and exit of the tidal water, 
 the channel becomes permanent. 
 
 As the magnitude of a channel thus formed is wholly dopendont upon tho quantity 
 of water which flows throuich it, it is evident that tho t[uanlily must be diminisliod if 
 a broach occurs in tho poniiisula, as a pjrtiou of tho water wdilch would otherwise 
 serve to maintain tho channel and stop tho growth of tho peninsula is lost through 
 the bi'each. 
 
 Noi'K.— The Gulf of Mexico is au exce|)tion to this rule : the tide there rises but.onoe a day. 
 
10 
 
 concentra.o a groat part of tho sand lyiw^ witl.in aVw n.i s o it in wato \ T ^^ 
 oldoi date ^ ''"' ^^ *" c«'nP'"''«ion of tho last survey with those of 
 
 S^.0 a.H f of i " \ L. 7>''^ °''"? '^ *''« «"^^«'-» K^'P ^^-^'-o t^IoBcd. The annua! 
 insitau ot ouo there wore many into the harbour, they would each be shoaler, and 
 
11 
 
 in Hueh case, a Imii: continuance of a low lako love!, wnnM mako thoni all unusually 
 shallow, and ivn^lev tlicni liable to be .shut up by svavo action wliicli would thus convert 
 the harbour into a lake. 
 
 We have, however, in the comparatively stable comlition of the inferior channel 
 throii'.;li the breach a reliable liasis for i he belief that a channel of sulHrient wiilth and 
 depth for the commercial wants of Toronto can be permanently maintained without 
 dredginitr, simply by the currents resulting from the oseillaiidn-, ot iho waier in tho 
 harbour, it but one channel bo permitted. The channel thruiigh this gap has now a 
 central depth of about four and a half feet and a surface width of about nineteen 
 hundred feet, when the level ot tho lako is at zoro of the gauge. This is enuivalent to 
 a cross-sectional area of nearly four thousand foot or of a cliatmel two hnmli-cd feet 
 wide and twenty foot of central depth. This ciiannol has|bcen maintained wholly l>y 
 tho currents that pas-^ through it. If tlio main entrance were comjiletoly .clo-ed"it is 
 safe to assort that it would have boon much deeper and proportionately wider. 
 
 It it be suppo.scd that the channel through tho broach has been maintained by a 
 current swcei)ing through it, and through the westoiai entrance, at the same tinn'and 
 in the s.'ime direction, that is to say, in through one and out at the other, and not by 
 currents induced by the piilsations'of the harbour, it is to bo answered that such a 
 current wouM not havo the velocity of tho^e currents which rcMilt from maximuin 
 dia'crences ot level between the surface of the harbour and that of the lake. A vvind 
 blowing continuously from the southeast would havo the etiect of creating a current 
 through tho gaj) which would flow out of tho western entrance, but tho same wind 
 would raise the lovol in Hutnber Ray at tho same time and thus check, if it did <•■,: 
 completely arrest such current. The strongest current-* which would flow lhrou';!i 
 the g;ij), without establishing a counter under-current would probably be induced i.y 
 winds from the south or southwest. Tliese would elevate the surface in Ilumber Hay 
 to a greater degree than at the gap. Their effect upon tho water on the s<iuth sburo 
 of the jieninsula would be to create a current, toward Scarborough Heights, without 
 materially atTecling tho level of tho surface at tho ga)). Storms from tlioca-t undcubt- 
 odly li..ve tho ott'ect of creating considerable current through the gap into the harbour. 
 I am of opinion, however, that currents thus created through the gap cannot have the 
 velocity and scouring power which tho under-currenls hereafter referred to would 
 possess . 
 
 Tho currents which are induced by a rapid rise or fall of tho lako, will havo their 
 velocities dotcrmined by tho slope of surface througli the channel, (or fall per nido,) 
 and by the amount of friclional resistance of tho bod of tho channel. It is evident 
 that when an alteration occurs between the surface levels of the lake and the harliour, 
 tho steepness of tho sloj.o through tho channel will be increa-<ed in ju'op ortion ;is its 
 length IS diminished. Tho plo|)e of Ihe surface create-, tho ■iirrent and the friition 
 retards it; hence it is of prime importance I'nat tho cbMnncI bo kept as short as 
 
 Sossiblo. When the currents are the result ot winds prevailing U,r several davs in a 
 irection to fill or empty tho harbour nn under-current must always exist through 
 thecliuMiiel in an opposite direction t • that which is seen mi its surface, provided all 
 other openings from the lake into the luirbour bo closed. 
 
 It is impossible for an oast wind to sweep over tho harbour for an entire day 
 without creating an outward surface curi'cuL through tlio proposed (channel, supposing 
 tho bleach at Pri vat's Hotel and all conimunieation with Ashbiidgo's bay to have 
 l)oen cl<)sed. This current will continue to e.sist so long as tho friction of tlie air sets 
 tho surfaoe water in the harbour and channel in nu)lion^ and it is imixissible thai tho 
 water should continue for any eonsiderahle length of time to flow out of the harbour 
 in tho direction of the wind, without lowering its surface level. A counter curii'iit 
 ofpquul intensity will thou ho ereal^'d iielow the iin-faco current in the channid. 
 This under-current will bo the r^'-^ult of hydrostatic pressure induced by the greater 
 height of surface outside of 11 ■ h.irbour. 
 
12 
 
 datum plan., •titir.ii H, r ,m ?/ ? ''''^'' ^^ '-^'KiitcoM feet below the jjivsout 
 
 n.ainta!„:y'w£S:i4i^^Stnrl^: s,ar"" "' ^'•^^"" ^'- ---^ '^^ 
 the ,:^nil:"""'j^".:i:;:;":tm-.:r n ^r" ,'" .--^■•-['^j -"-• "t the brea..h on 
 
 hH pcr.naMcnce TIhwh . I Vh ?> ^'"^ lmrn„ur, with ..eurly equal assurance of 
 
 channdf d^HJi't^j-'SSi;;;:' r" "?!: f "'^ -«->« -ul>l e,uer either one of these 
 
 entraneoiNcomi,letclvi-.rn'Pf.tn,ifvL 1 ; ^"'"f? *" ''« p<':uhar iMwition, th a 
 
 Toco„no<athe'd:i^^U^^ 
 
 requires the locati.J <,i 'han e noaVv t r^ll 1 lo ';^"^"" ^' '^', '^''''' "'^*^' 
 thorefbro vessels arrivin.' in "m I „• wi^ , ! . '^o direction of those ht.rms ; 
 
 channel and prc:;:J"u;':^eet:tl^;art""''' '' '^'"^ ^° sail directly into th^ 
 
 Bhould he bcate if ih Vm ™.r^? ^'"7'''' improvenient of the eastern Jap 
 M-e,t.rn en ranco T , , ^"V' >vcments were deemed more desirable that that of the 
 
 p«»i«,aia, » sho>v";irwira„«id I& " ""' '^''""■' "'""■'■ =" "■" »■"* "f "» 
 
 and o;i;'S,?,i„:;;'2;'t°:/i;;;];;'';';;;;,"'i'''™ »«|j' 2.'« «««» &« of hoa.y „„^k, 
 
 bo of light work. Tiioreforo 
 ght work, will be required to 
 
 bo ^r^a e T,r tlr rte ; ' ''°^ ' '"'^'^ '^° ""^'^'•" ^'^'*'^"°'' ^'^"'^ 'i'^'«^''«« 
 roi.ee in the ok o of 1 T'f''"*"" «"""""'0- With sucli an enormous ditfe- 
 
 ofthe wel,.ren ,e'^^ 
 
 iniprovenv nt ot h; r: ; '"'^ ^ ''«?,?^«'i "^ unnecessary to prepare detail plans for the 
 
 te y e di« re ,oc i,, h '■'' T''r ^^'^ '""'^'^ '^"'>' "^^ "«"f"' '° determining' aecurL- 
 
 n.L, I ;i;:;:hrr iis -i4r 1^ ;i;"pSrer "'■""^' ' ''- -^-'-^ ^^^ -* - 
 
 than^theTv Jiern H.'^n!? '"^'^^'P'!,''^^ 'l^^ •'^'H' it vvould need to bo about 700 feet longer 
 than rmS the ", ' '""^ ^''" '^"'••'""t^ Ihrou^rh i,, would therefore bo less rapid 
 the,' V. i not nnin;. ;.''."".' "I"'"/''" '""'"^ conditions of wind and tide. IfeL 
 1 Hhould 1 .,w; 1 "1"'. " "' ^?''' " ^^'^'*'' '""^ '^'^'Pt'' "^ ^1'" western one. 
 
 ment mu Jt first I ,^ .' , '^' entrances, because either one selected for improve- 
 
 dopthlvi i ' win : ,! 7^^^^ required, and a« thi. wouLi bo a 
 
 i nni.u dioie wjulu bo hltloorno diaturbanco of the bottom ut the eudoftho 
 
13 
 
 channel by wave action, horo ncod bo but little fear timt cither channel vvouM 
 rcqun-o . mlgmg as arcsult of wave action alone. The lake enrrents, however a • • 
 more or less sand in suspension, and if this bo carried into a channel of greater dim, - 
 
 init and w 11 .gradually diminish its size to that which can bo pirmanentlv nrti,,- 
 taincd by the maximum currents through tho channel. j ^inuineniiy mam 
 
 To attempt to utilize the present western channel would involve the removal of 
 a largo amount of .st^ne by blasting to obtain a sufficient depth, and wouli mCx' v 
 require ihe channel to be crooked, in as much as tlio western end ofit would necV'- - 
 rily have to be curved to tho south west to reach tho deep water of the lake Thi'm 
 located It w(ni d require to bo very considerably longer than a straight cut r.cross lo 
 peninsula. This greater length, and its curvature w^Hiid be very ol^octio, abl , T e 
 greater length w-ould increase the friction of the currents flowing throu d, t ,; 
 channel and therefore diminish their velocity. The curvature would diminish heh 
 velocity 8ti', more, by checking tho momentum of the water. """'"'^n uitu 
 
 „nH nfT ^""'V^e"* that a channel 31)0 feet wide between par.allel work., at the western 
 
 plane, can, when once established by dredging, l^o afterwards maintained by lie 
 natural curren s through it, if it be located across tho northern end of the penh,. a 
 between the linos, shown in the accomp.anying chart (No. 1), provided all iC 
 communication between tho lake and the harbour be completely closed 
 
 I have the honor to .submit the following 
 
 EECOMMENDATIOX.S. 
 
 1. The closure of tho Eastern Gap wi!h a dyke of sheet pilin-r nrotCL'ed r,n tho 
 sea side against undermining, with brush and stone. °' f'™^^''^'"* "^^ <'"' 
 
 2. The construction of a breakwater and the necessary parallel works to nrc^ioot 
 and maintain a channel 300 feet wide and 18 feet deep across the no.Thern emf of S 
 jj^eninsula, to connect the deep water of the harbo.lr with .he deep w^ter of iJe 
 
 3. Tho excavation of the necessary depth and w^ 1th of chinnAl tl,,.^,, .i w 
 parallel works, after they shall have bein constrSed """^'' ^''" 
 
 4. Tho closure of the present western channel aftor thn n^m cUoii u i. 
 sufficiently developed to ai^ord equal facilities fbrcomm". by !^ 1 ruction clf'a 
 dyke^from the western end of the (Queen's Wharf to the noi' thin j^t'ty 0}"/;.? .1: 
 
 navtlTh?wu'l'?™P.°^if''u'''''"T"''''^'"'' '^"l"^*''^" the harbour and Ashbrid-e-s 
 da?un;^;t:e,t'Lfo'3';t.:';^^^^^^^ ^"- '■-^"'^ove the'pi'n^t 
 
 plans and specihcalions herewith submitted. The closure ot the k! 'h^.n r . ? 
 
 not think tho divers on of the Don into Ashbrl,l,r«'- H„„ .?>„ ^ '^ 
 
14 
 
 givo (imni-h tho duinnol whoii in flooJ. Should it bo found a fow yoaiM after ll.o 
 l.io,ns.Ml works arc coinplcU'd (hat its deposits arc injuriously artbctiii;. tho d.pth of 
 the iiaibour it can then bo divortod into Asbbrid^o's Bay, ifit shall not have bom 
 proyiwusly done for sanitary reasons, ft is quite probable that tho <d(,sure .)f tho 
 Jiustorn-ai. and thoKiwthofthecity will soon niulco such divorsiou of tho Don 
 imperutivo as a means of promoting tho public health. 
 
 Plans are not submitted for tho dyking' to separate Ashbrid-o's TJay from the 
 harbour, because this work will be of a si,nplo character, and comparatively inox- 
 J)u sue. 1 would recommend that its c..n,struction bo open to competition, with the 
 undcrslatid.ng that each bidder submit with his proposal the ,,lan by which ho into ids 
 to execute it leavu,;, to the Chief Hngineor tho' selection of' the best and cd a S 
 pn.posab Thjs work ^yul bo exposed to very little servitude if it bo suffi i tly 
 distant irom the shore hne of iho harbour to be safe from tl-atinir ice. Tho .a'e'ter 
 portion of the triar.h near the harbour .horo is probably already '3 feet above zero 
 thus leavu,,:,^m.ly the sl.ui^'hs to bo closed, In any event tho cost of the nocessaiv 
 workiicro will not probably exceed five thousand dollars. ^ 
 
 If the ( losut'o of the Eastern -aj) bo o.tocuied in accordance with the specifications 
 and plans herewith submitted, I am of opinion that a sand b.ach will be form, d "n 
 liont of tho.lyko be ore the parts of it exposed to decay will bo destroyed, and ihsit 
 no expenditure for the nuunte.ianco of the dyko will bo re.|uired. Tho tota estimated 
 cost of tho works recommended is 8250.(i<J3.83. "o<.i.iian3u 
 
 1 has-o the honor to bo, Sir, with great ro.-.))oct, 
 
 Your obedient servant. 
 
 St-Louis, Mo., March 4th, 1S82. ■^'^''^' ^^^ ^'^^^•'^• 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 Toronto Haiibo™, Ontario. 
 
 lat lT^i''\!i''T''^^'}Y''%'^^^^^^^^^ «''«'-°»f I^^ko Ontario, in 
 
 Mnnttll In ^>> ;'"^1 '"J'.K- 7^^° ^3' 45" W., 33;} miles by rail south-west f^-om 
 Monti eal, lol m.lcs from Kingston, and 39 miles north by oast from Hamilton. 
 
 the vv!'? ^"'''i'°"'V' ^»''"'«^' "\^iJ" »f tl'o Inland, and has its principal entrance from 
 W ow ,1 r "h. i' Ti"™"'° '""''^" •''' \ho ' Eastern Gap' has existed for some years, 
 S. A^ hV ■i';'"^"y"^'^^^' '« ""^ ^>'^i^>y ^'teamers or sailing crafl of largo dimenl 
 sions. At the north-eastern corner the Don empties ; and the cvistern side i? bo-mded 
 i>y marshy lands of many acres in extent, which separate it from Ashbridge's Bay. 
 
 In 17S8 this harbour was minutely described by J. Collins, Deputy Sui'voyor 
 General, in a report preseiited to Lord Dorchester, Governor General, on tho Military 
 losts and Uarbours on Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron. Mr. Collins stated it to be 
 near two miles in length from the entrance on the west to tho isthmus between it 
 and a large morass oii tho eastward. The breadth of tho entrance is about half a 
 mile, but the navigable channel for vessels is only about oOO yards, having from 
 three to three and a half fathoms water. The north or main shore, the whole length 
 
 ^ 'V''"'''°"''' ':; '' ''■'''■^; '.''"''' ^''T '^'^"'^^ *'' *^°»^y f«o' ^'«'>' '*"'! gradually rising 
 CctiiiiJ, apparea Jy good ianu and fit ibr settlement. Tho water is rather shoal near 
 
15 
 
 tiio shore, having but ono fatiioni dci-th at ono luinaioJ ya.'Js <Ustance two fatl ,ma 
 at two hundred yardri ; and wlion I soiindod huro the wa^M's of I M- . T, 
 high." (■'Torontoof01d,"byDr.,Sca,lding,p.lo') ''''^' ''"" ^"'"•J^ 
 
 planH atSwK^''^ '"'"^'" "" "^''° '' ^^''"^"^^^^ '" >'"^^' ""^ ^^Py ^^ l-- 
 
 In his work on tho "British Dominions in North Ameriea," ),uhli,hod vx ISHO 
 Mr. Uouehette describes tho IIari)aiir of Toronto as lollows .-(v..! 1, p 88.) 
 
 "The Ilarbourof York is nearly circular, .and formed by a very nai'row peninsula 
 8trotchn.g from the western extremity of tho Township of .^earbon.ugh i^, aKMne 
 direction lor aho:U six mile., and termir.uing in a e.uTed point no.arlv ,„ .o to U o 
 garrison; thus enclosing a beautiful basin about a mile and 1 half india'mo e • ea mb o 
 of «,ntain,nga givat number of vessels, an,i at the entranro ofwhieh shii.s , ^ ; Sn 
 with saf..ty during the winter. The fu.nation of tho poninM.Iaitselfis 'xt or/l , r> 
 being a narrow slip of land, in seveml places not moro than sixty y,.rcN in b ' th' 
 but widening towards 'ts extremity to nearly a mile : it is principally a bank , f ,5' 
 s IghUy ,..-e,gT,nvn with grass ; tiio widest part is very euril.usly intersected by n uy' 
 h;rge pon Is that aio the continual reso:t.s of large quantities of wi' : fowl ; a few reo. 
 
 niMsulaia 
 
 I "„VY ; ■"•" '""tS"'""<-.> "^ '<-= " I 'carance, 11 lies SI 
 
 the wide expanse of Lake Ontario is seen over it ; tho termination of ihe nc 
 called Gibraltar Point, where a blookdionso has been erected. A li-htlouse -K thV. 
 western extremity of tho beach has rendered the access to the harLoii • «■ '1 v ma cH 
 cable by nght. The eastern part of tho harbour is bounded by . extci s 'o ^ at 
 through which the Puver Don runs before it discharges itself into the basin!" 
 
 1 -O'^". ^" ^''f *" '" fi.tl'er province has made so rapid a progress as York. 1 n tho s rar 
 1.93 the spot on which it stands presented only ono so i tan- Indian wiirwim • in lo 
 
 Spje'iaad^."' "" ""'''"' '^' ''"'"■°°'" ''"^°'' "^ ^'^" »^^^ "fGovcrnmenlfSr 
 
 With tho growth of the population and the clearing and cultivation of tho sur- 
 rounding lands, and notably th. disappearance of f ho Scarborough I oighL o tho 
 enst^^ard, from whonco wasderive.l the materials forming the peninsula, cham'o wore 
 soon apparent ,n the state of the harbour, and the necessity f; r its i.ro-orva tim. carlv 
 
 Sf'ph^'' ''"'"'7" V\''' ^^''1" ^""-^ '"^°''"^^°^ '■" i''^ maintenence and nprovo^ 
 raet^t. They v.owoJ with alarm the changes which had taken place in tho dimensions 
 of the peninsula, and tho encroachment of the sh.aol from Gibraltar l'<.int noTlnva.d 
 to tho great detriment of the entrance, and so early as 1833, as appears by t o iour 
 nals, Upper (,'anada Legislature, 1833-34, a select Committee reported on cob^n 
 
 ca.stle, Loyal Lnginecrs, on us preservation. (App, p. 1, ^^se^.) ^ ■ -"unny 
 
 „.fJr°*^f"""''?f""T'l'^''°''" ?1'°''' I'ocoinmended tho construction of a work 
 extending from the island .along the top of the shoal to tho buoy in a mannrr to 
 Wbir/'","'","'' ^';,^''«'"'i"^o»' the 'channel opposite the ^.SsLn t pe. Sen's 
 Wharf), c.mlracling tho channel to about 700 feel in width • and also to nrnv«„t Tk! 
 waters of the Don from entering the harbour. (App. p. 2.)' ' ' ^^^ 
 
 BioneWwhlch'Sr'one""' " '"' ''' --P'^^-tion of the views of the Comtnia. 
 
 ^ni.'^l!°?'"K°"'''"^°''*'""'''*J''5'S''''P^"'" (afterwards Sir Richard) Bonnycastlo to 
 make the harbour a socuro and effectual one for Large steamers and detTdr uU? 
 vessels were divided by him into three general propositions:- ' '^'^'"'^^' 
 
 1st. That of damming up the western estuaries of the Don ; 
 
 2nd. Tho opening a passage through the eaUern end of the' peninsula ; and 
 
•]n\ Tho coriHtriiction ofnbroiikwatci- from thoBliore attho wostern entrance, 
 witli workH over the -vliolo length of the ,-ho,il from Gibraltar Point, to confine the 
 western entrance. 
 
 Sir Rieliurd proeee led to (iel)Hto tlic tirst proposition and arrived at the conclu- 
 sion iliat it did not signify whetlior the breaclies wiiich the Don had made into the 
 harbour be closed or not, and believed ih;it the river is ueeful in a very slight 
 degree. 
 
 With respect totbeseonl proposition lie jilainly stated thnt if an opening bo 
 made ihroui^di the lid.uli iho harbour would bo onluely destroyed, and if it be done, 
 extensive works must be run out into tlie lake, et>'., to arrest and retain the shingle 
 which is (was) brought by the wasting away of the Scarborough Heights from the 
 eastward and so to prevent a silting up of ihe channel so formed ; but ho feared that 
 a navigable channel .ould not be kept clear, and ihsit ve-sels would experience much 
 difficulty during galea from the e.ast aiuiind by the south to the west, in entering 
 BUcH a channel, and he summed up with the statement that there could not bo any 
 harm in making a small canal shut in by Hood gates and protected by piers, and that; 
 under these restrictions no obstacle woul I be thrown in the way, and that it would 
 be very useful for tho purposes of trade. 
 
 The third proposition is discussed at length, and the conclusion arrived at was 
 that tho western entrance should be proioctod and maintained. 
 
 It appears that no action wa.s in any way taken on this report, and though the 
 ma1"-r cn.'agod attention, little or no regard was paid to the state of tho h.arbour, 
 thou'li a Mr. Roj', C.E., drew attention to its state in an article published in the 
 mnlhli/ Review in June, 1841. Search and inriuiry have failed to obtain a copy of 
 this paper. 
 
 Under date -Uh May, 1847, Mr. C. S. rizowski, then an engineer in tho service of 
 the Department of Tublic Works, reported that the entraiioe had narrowed to 250 
 feetin width, the bar having increased 280 feet in a northerly direction m seven 
 years, (App. p. 17.) 
 
 In 1850, M. Sandford Fleming, C.E., read a carefully prepared paper before the 
 Canadian Institute, in which ho "entered fully and minutely into the theory of tho 
 formation of the peninsula, described the changes which it was constantly undergoing, 
 and its great increase ill area since Bouchette's survey in 1793, and he debated the 
 propositions which had been made and concluded : 
 
 1 That the foundation of the peninsula in its early stages may bo attributed to 
 thodeftnsofthecountry traversed by the Don, in conjunction with a drift from an 
 ancient promontory at .Scarborough. 
 
 2. That the more recent portions were formed by materials from tho Scarborough 
 Ileights. 
 
 3. That the formation is duo to the travelling of the sand and gravel, under 
 certain action of the waves. 
 
 4. That the harbour was being impaired and its only entrance threatened with 
 early destruction by tho same cause. 
 
 5. That its preservation may be permanently atrected by tho construction of 
 certain si)ccified works, at well selected points. 
 
 6. That tho waters of tho Don should be permanently oscluded. 
 
 7 That the opening of an eastern passage would be a great accommodation to 
 Bhipping ; might improve the purity of the water in the harbour ; and, if the necessary 
 woriis (S piosuve it wore properly executed, would have a beneficial effect. 
 
entrance, 
 
 ontino the 
 
 bo conclu- 
 ) into tho 
 Bry slight 
 
 poiutijw bo 
 I bo done, 
 :he sh initio 
 from the 
 cai'O'l that 
 enct! much 
 1 entoring 
 ot bo any 
 i, iiini that 
 ; it woiiiil 
 
 od at was 
 
 hough the 
 
 harbour, 
 <hcd in the 
 
 1 a copy of 
 
 I sprvico of 
 wed to 250 
 in in seve7i 
 
 bcforo tho 
 eory of tho 
 ndergoing, 
 lebaUid the 
 
 tributcd to 
 ift from an 
 
 jarborough 
 avol, under 
 
 .ton oil witli 
 
 itruction of 
 
 tiodation to 
 nocOHsary 
 
 n 
 
 Earlv in 1852, Mr. Walter Shanly, C.E., at tho request of the Uarbour Master, 
 Bubmitted for tho information of tho Karbour CommirtMonors a re|>ort on the ntato of 
 tho channel and tho improvemetilrt required. (App. p. 18.) In it he stated that 
 from tho obHorvationH and Houn.lings rocorde<l during twenty years by the Kurbour 
 Master it was ascertained thai tho bar had advanced northwardly across iho entrance 
 at tho rate of 10 feet yearly, and that tho available width of tho channel was scarcely 
 200 foot. 
 
 Mr Shanly's theory of the formation of tho iioninsula is that thj materials 
 formin.' it wore br )U<--ht from the westward, and that tho Don as-isted as well, and 
 ho stat'es that w. ho operations of Naturo left unmolested, future generations 
 might walk dry i-hv .. .ross to the outer lighthouse. 
 
 Tlie remedy ho proposed was dredging and the construction of crib-work on the 
 flouthern side of tho channel to define and maintain its width ; and to divert tho Don 
 into A^hbridgo's Bay. 
 
 Mr. Ivivas Tully. O.K., in a letter dated 10th February, 1S53, discussed fully the 
 need of permanently improving the harbour, alluded to tho opening of a passage 
 through the peninsula, now knV.^-n as the l>:astern (rap, and sugg-o-^ted its improvement 
 from an economical point of view — 
 
 1. On account of tho saving of time to vessels arriving from or departing to tho 
 eastward, and 
 
 2. The tendency of tho current created to maintain an open harbour later in the 
 fall and earlier in the spring. 
 
 Cai 
 
 In the apnendix, page 22, will be found an able review from the Journal of the 
 adian Institute, v.-l. 1, p. 11)2, of tho letters and reports by Messr,-*. Bonnycastle, 
 Shunly, Flemi'in; and Tully. 
 
 In 1«50 the harbour was placed in commission, (Jajitain lliehmd'on being 
 Harbour Master. Thi^ gentlom.an, in January, 185-1, suhmitte.l to the Cominissionors 
 u report on the stale and ie(iuire'nents of the harbour, and alluded to tho many 
 changes which h:id taken i)lar!e ovov a period of 50 years, and of the neco-sity which 
 then'existed for stej.s being taken to ensure the preservation of the >ve.steriienl ranee 
 in a navigable state, and to a depth of U feel and a width of 100 lo .iOO loot, lie 
 alluded to a breach tluou^b the peninsula to the eastward, neai- Privat s llotoi, 
 whieli was then oidy 140 feel in widtli. Reference is made to an ol I chart of about 
 IbOO, on whicli tiie western ciitrance was shown to bo nhnit 1,455 feet in width trorn 
 12 feet inshore to 12 feet on the bar, and that tho doundingd in the cluinnel were 3 and 
 ;5| fathoms. (Apj). p. 2..) 
 
 This report bore fruit, for the Harbour Commissionors in March, 1854, offorcd 
 premiums for tho three be.<t reports on tho means to bo adopted for- tho preservation 
 and improvement Of the harbour, the points to be discussed being: — 
 
 1. ThooU'ects, pre-entor future, to be produced by tho broach CKastorn Gap) 
 through the peninsula on tho harboiu'. 
 
 2. If prejudicial, the means to be taken to strengthen the coast against further 
 encroachment. 
 
 ;^. If beneficial, the proper mode of making it useful, and tho cost of doing so. 
 
 4. The advisability of opening a passage between tho harbour and Ashbridge's 
 Bay, or an opening from the last into tho lake, with an estimate of cost. 
 
 These premiums were obtained by [ ,c° s. Hind, Fleming and Tully , and an 
 extra premium was awarded to Captain li dson for a report submitted by him. 
 144-2 
 
18 
 
 The reports were jmbUHhoil at the expot'HO o 
 
 wi 
 
 11 ho 
 
 loun.l iiv the Api.oniiix, p. 30 et sc/. Thoy furnish a viisl 
 
 f tho Harbour CotnmiH«ir)nor^, smcl 
 amount ')! informu- 
 
 tinj; tho harbour, and dif-cuss fully tho ipu 
 
 tiori ro: poc 
 
 sionors. I^o attcmiit i.s mad 
 
 expressed in the-o ditforent reports, hocause 
 
 tiolis --U 
 
 limitted hv the Coinmm- 
 
 lo hv tlio writer to cotuiot.s^. the views and opinions 
 ■' , _ .,.!., .. ,„,,,, 1.1 t,.w.o<<;tMti> tlu> use or 
 
 tod- 
 
 O M) WOl 
 
 lid necessitate the use of 
 
 ex 
 
 tended .lUotatiuMs, which is not within the province 
 No action was taken on any of the suggestions mac 
 
 ftl 
 
 us memorani 
 
 liiin. 
 
 lion o 
 
 l(i l,s- tlu! writers of those 
 rwoHvS but it is gathered from subse<iuont 
 
 ^^liol'rb/X'mlllour'ih:::^:.- -Captain Ridn.rdson- that d.edging plant was 
 obtained and used to keep the western entrance fi' m closing up. 
 
 In 18r,o it appear^ ihal liie available width of the western entrance '';>• '^^^1' 
 
 drauit vessels wi^ oidv 2(i0 or 270 leet, although dredging had been earned on for 
 
 some time" At .hat date 400 feet was considered to bo the least width, aud 1-' teet 
 the least depth, whieh shoiiM be obtained. (App. p. 04) 
 
 I„ his rc,.on for 1857, the llarl>o,n Master staten that many ;;;'=^'^«;';-' ';•'•' ^^:7" 
 observed in the -hat.e of the island ; and that tho point b -nnding Bio .kliou.e Ha> on 
 the ^wVr 1 lie ad greatly inereas,.! northwaidly. Mo alluded to .lamuge done o 
 ;l!e peni, "lla^tha. ti.oe.nb-uikinent for ,t. preservation was never hnished, and d.d 
 
 not advise its repair. (App. p.!>."'.) 
 
 From the report of 1H58, it is gathercl that a breach had boon ofTected through 
 t.om rc| ^^ ^^^^ ,^^^^^^ r.f water into tho harbour from tho eastw.nl wa« 
 
 eiietil. (Ai)p. ])■ W--) 
 
 tho ])Oiiinsula, aiul tb 
 deeine 1 to be of groat 
 
 Atlheei.l of 185!) ihe nock of land at the peninnulu had disappeared, and a 
 mu4ible channel will, from 7 to 8 feel of water liad take,, its place, and new lorma- 
 lions ofsaml on either side ajipoarod. (.\pp- p- 98.)] 
 
 In tho report of I860 it is stated that the western entrance having Ik'oi. clredgwl 
 to 4(M. ieet ii/widih, and nn average depth of 12 feet both had been "';;-"<" "«^. 
 and that the i>land .shoal had extended wctwardly and threatened to encroach on tho 
 channel. The depth in the eastern channel was (J f-;l. (App. p. .'J.; 
 
 end 
 
 of the 
 
 C.n,t. Richardson, in his report for 18(il, ref.rs to the opening at_ tho eastern end 
 
 ,e harb.mr as h-iving !...„ the means of purifying tho water in the harbour, and 
 of contributing to the health of the city. 
 
 The island shoal had exton,lod fnrlho. to the wosi wa.^, and beyond the |"fl"^'"CO 
 of tho current deflected a, d guided by tho Queoi.'s Wharf, and the channel had been 
 maintaniod at its width e,f 400 foot. (App. p. 100.) 
 
 Mr S Keefer, then Deputy Commissioner of Pulilic Works, in roporlii:g on a 
 petition" of the Courici! of the Corporation of the City of Toronto, that a survey o ho 
 E». b-ur bo made " with a view tc, ascertaining tho cause of the dilapidations which 
 have alrcadv taken place, and of devising some means ..f arresting their P';Of^'»-'»^. 
 refers to the reimrls of the gentlemen who had in previous years e.xam.nod he hai- 
 E and stated the rouh.s'of his own examination, and a.lvisod that a carelul survey 
 8h li.l bo made under the direction of an able hydraulic engineer, as the Hubject 
 re U to le treated both theoroti<.al!v and practically, with a view to the sat.stac- 
 tor^ d'ieoationof the causes which have operated in the formation, but are now 
 ap a on 1 directed to the destruction of the harbour ; as well as ' ev-mg some ,dan 
 lor directing them benoiieially in future for its preservatior an, protoction. Iho 
 problem ncu being easy of solution should .therefore be committed to the ablest 
 hands."* (App. p. 101.) 
 
 •The date of this report should be 1862, instead of 1872, as printed. 
 
19 
 
 No action wa.s taken on tliis lecommondation. 
 The Iliuboiir Master, in hiw roporl for the year 
 
 had t;i()\vn up iiisidi! ot tlio eastt'rn entrance 
 
 1862, stated llmt a bar of r-anJ 
 over which the water was nhoaler than 
 
 ani 
 
 th 
 
 1 1: 
 
 cntraiH'c i 
 
 tsolf. The " i^ap " or entrance had incieafcd to hidf'a iniloin wid 
 
 litM- ol Ih:u h had HO tar receded thai a boiler 'if a wrecked steamer which 
 formerly was hi^'li and dry, was then IflO yards out in ttie lake and in deoi) water. 
 
 At the wr.^ioiii entrance the island shoal hail exi 
 
 d to ..no f.'ct west of tho 
 
 the lake. 'PI o island 
 HKTca-ed in width 700 
 
 then west end of tho Queen's Whail, and 'lad cdvancel northwardly K) feet. (App. 
 
 p. io;{.) 
 
 During ls6.^., followintr the siigf^fstions of the Harbour MaM' r, tho (^uccfi's 
 Wharf v^as extended westwar<il\' 2(iO leet, and, np tu ihi; ei.d ni ISl'".. a chaiuKl dOO 
 foot in width, with a de|)th •>[' l,i feet, had been sicured. 
 
 Tho bar inside of the Kastern (lap had been throw;; farlli . into tli.- harbour, and 
 bad onlv () feet of water on it, thus limiliny the jiussage t" ve>-els i,! light draught. 
 (App. p. 105. J 
 
 . In his rei)orl for if^Gn, C.iptain Kichard-on slatrd that th.' lii,L.Mands of .^^car- 
 borough, the source from which the maleriaU conijiositig the peniiiMila and island 
 were derived, no longer existed, and theietitre a wasting away ot the latter was 
 going on. 
 
 The western entrance niaintaiiie I its width of 400 feet, and a depth varying 
 from 11^ to 14i feet, accordiriii to the height ot the water in 
 shoal still progressi/d we>twuidiy, and during 31 \-eais hai 
 feet, or at the late of 22 feet aniiiudl\ . (App. p. ln".; 
 
 Mr. Kivas Tally, Kngineer to the Harbour P,o;ii(l, reporlxl that during ISfiiJ, tho 
 western entrance lemained at 40) toet in width. whi(di was due to tho extension of 
 the t^uet^n's Wharf westwardly (App. 108) ; and, in his lejiort for 18(i7, again referred 
 to tho westerly iiieiease of the island shoal, and stated that "the formiition we-t of 
 Lighthouse Point had increased during the last few 3'cars, and an ad litional tongue 
 or aim" (now llanlan's Point, see j)lan showitig changes in the harbour during 
 1874, 187-1 and l.S7(») •' had torincd, which tiends in a northerly direction about JiOO 
 yards we>t of tho island, malcing another ba} ; this formation no doubt will couti:iuo 
 to increase." (App. p. lOl'.) 
 
 This tongue, or arm, now known as llanlan's Point, lias increased up to 1880 
 until it now e.\tends northwardly beyond (iibrallai Point, and the shoal fiom it has 
 been nuslie i forward yearly until in 1875 it Irid narrowed the we^tel■n e.'itranco to a 
 width of 230 feet — see plan herewith. 
 
 In 187 a rei.m t (App. y. 100 e^ si-q ) was su!>mitled to the Secielary of the 
 Departniei.l of Public Works, ty Mr. U'm. King~f/rd, engineer in charge, who 
 entered fnl.y inio Hie tale and requ rcinents of the hailniur, aud advised that tho 
 Parliameniary t:r..nt of g.O.nOo Hlu/uld be expended in dredging, us " the present 
 approach 'o i ,.i(),.io l.y <Uep water nccessiiatt s an all ujjt tiiin lo enter the " (Queen's 
 Wharf ( 'ham el ' In ihe imj.rovemeiit conlemplateil, ca.-y eiitiance and egress should 
 bo secured ; " ie o that ''the increased navigation of the canal system of tho JJomi- 
 Tiion points out iiiat the eiuranee sh.'Uld ultimately be l(j feet (leejr." 
 
 Betweei, l>i ,luly, 1874, and :!nili June, 18-0, tlie sum of 849,120. iO had been 
 expended, p 1 li.ally in incre.'ising the width and dojitli of tho " Queen's Whar 
 Channel" .sh iny alter dredmii; w.is commenced it was found that, to obtain a 
 depth ol !'■ f . . ! ai low water, it woidd bo neces.saiy to blast in solid ledge, and to a 
 certain exteni tid was done. No attempt was made to straighten the abrupt turn, or 
 
20 
 
 to rondor lh« olmnn.,! any onsie.^ for ontran, . or exit, tho obiect being the opening 
 of u dmm.eU5W0 foot in wicltb with 16 feet of watc. on tho ol J course. 
 
 On tho pla.i of tho wo.torn ontranco horowilh will bo Hoen the encroach mont of 
 tho iSnl of u'?^h..al northwardly, and tho width of the navigable channel ,n 1863, 
 1875, 1879 and 1880. 
 
 A nlan of the harbour i.s attached, showing its Htate in 1841 (?), and it may be 
 con^p^uSwitl^tlS showing .he chan.oH ^b.erved in the eastern and woBtern 
 eutr'mcos in tho years 1874, 1875 and 1379. 
 
 :r:t'™u:;Kt wi'°■'.^^;.,^,l.r4''.;^lio, w^ boo„ „ar,'„.c,i ., 280 1-.,- .1.. 
 
 gi.iwtli of the iahind shoal northward. 
 
 .41 „,.♦ nn#rftnr.fi ' oon nrono; need to bo abruiU, and it i« known that 
 
 As tl.., f«««°t,''"*'^^"^'^ . /""Jer would neceH^itato'lhe removal of a large 
 to obtain .;l..,.th "'^l^., «"^\ ',,,;jtN .enle, it wan judKO-l ihat-as in former years 
 quant.ty < '. .-!r' roci< "^* ^« ,f j^'^^^;^^'^ ^^fiVd..,. iater, a con^^ '^traiK'ht 
 
 tho cntn •..•.■ ^^--.^^'"'Vrh^tl ^ i,7t o tho ^ <u..l "'lepth of !« fo-'t obtained 
 
 cutm.gbi l"V"'^''«/ \; f A ,i e nusy eniranc^ from IB feet outside to tho same 
 ^^Mtho«t touohui^' t^.'V f ,; JV erie .Xrin .'s made .howod that u depth of 17 feet 
 depth '"■^'''";V^/,'^;; 'f •,'^7;;g7;;;^.;w L V«,uld be had without the ivtnoval of 
 below .oru ^;/,h«^,H 'f . ; '!^, f;f,!.V,o t'.- u.uthward of the Queen's Wharf, and 
 SlS^^pIIationliu^e'^^^ln'lomtnencedinthe removal of the point of the shoal 
 northwanl ot this line. The materi.il.to bo removed i- 
 
 1 tino sand. 
 
 It h-.s l,eon deeme.l dosirable to include i.i the Appendix «i /«"«'• ^l'>''\^'";/-,jf- 
 
 Gov^rnm^nt to protect the harbour and preserve U lor the future, (p. 117, et seg .) 
 ' As, throughout the whole of the reports published in the appendix, constant 
 rct'i'!'ciiceis mti- 
 
 ,e tothe heii.'ht of water 
 
 in Lake Ontario, and the effects its variation 
 
 Th- m-ltor belKve, .b«t 1,0 has louohoJ up.,,, .ho «li«nt points of H'" "P»;<; 
 
 begrac;a.lLi :^''''^"'f^t^JjV?dT the harbor '»«'! comparatively 
 
 thepei.'.£*-u<.- .. a« eastern o.u n , century it has been the 
 
 shallow en .T.v. y.ow exists ; ^ -hat f«; "/'^ f^JJ^^ .tops should be taken to 
 
 de8iroofU,ase...terestedinthowefueo^^^^^^ 1 ^^^,^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 ensure its preservation for he futuie ' ^ '^\.\^J'^;^,^^ ^avo been adopted nor acted 
 «p,i o„,rr,oMt inns and estimates of cost submilteu, none nave uc . ,i ., ,| ^^ut 
 
 finest harbour on Lake Ontario. 
 
 {ho 
 
 doll 
 the 
 to 
 sh II 
 ace 
 ofT 
 
 JUL 
 oblu 
 Tul! 
 
 Cmi 
 
21 
 
 10 opening 
 
 veil m on t of 
 el in 1863, 
 
 it may be 
 nd wt'storn 
 
 >pri sited for 
 !'Oilt;iiig the 
 I feot hy the 
 
 known that 
 
 1 of a large 
 
 onnor yours 
 
 el} straiuht 
 
 )ot otiiainod 
 
 to the same 
 
 )th of 17 foot 
 
 removal of 
 
 Wharf, and 
 
 of the whoal 
 
 f».„ r.l.\."",'-\i"'" '? "."''^^i'"••^' l".'*"*l« lhatthowu(orsoftl,o Don and the M-wacc. from 
 (ho city stdl empty into the haiboup. * 
 
 The queHtionH liayo Iheref. iv arisen what conrso i. to !,,• pur.tKMl, what \n to be 
 
 he oa.- torn on ranco a., to maintain always a nuvi-uMo .h.pfh of Ifi feet and 
 
 acco ;^ . vh? n, ;^ ''" ""'■""'" "^ :'""'' " ^^■'"'' "'"' '''V'l' »^ will give .-my 
 
 the assi-<taticc ho Iims roecivod from Mr. M 
 Mr. llolllwoM. tlio Di'piity llarhoiir Mnsto.-, in 
 
 The writer has to aeknowh/di 
 Baldwin, tho llarUKir Master, aiici 
 
 1 , ,, , ' - " • • - " V, ■ . . till.. * -». 1 rn V > Li ;il CM III r ITIIIHT t*!' 11 
 
 TuP vT^'k"!?' 'i • " '■"':"''^ '.""'''''"•" ''•■'••'^^'i'" . ""'1 Lis'thank. are duo to Mr.' K 
 1 ul.j , (.,. h , fo|. hi.i reports and pa^.cr on tho lid<o lovold. 
 
 Kenpoctfuliy Mubmittod, 
 
 n!':NRYF. PERLHY, 
 
 Chie/ Engineer. 
 Chief Enqineer's Office, 
 
 Depahtme.nt of Public Works, 
 
 April 11th, 18h1. 
 
 ly Mr. J. ti. 
 tion.s to f[i8 
 
 tho City of 
 ^ tho P\idoral 
 
 117, et seg.) 
 
 lix, constant 
 it8 variation 
 
 .10 peninwula, 
 
 elf, there has 
 " Variation! 
 
 i<),n with the 
 
 Lv, 
 
 i '. '. , , who 
 rid ihr. many 
 111 b- I given 
 •om the year 
 12.) 
 
 if the reports 
 I it has been 
 torn entrance 
 wa.s found to 
 made through 
 comparatively 
 
 has been the 
 d bo taken to 
 ve been made 
 pted nor acted 
 
 through p-ast 
 ruction of the 
 
 144—3 
 
»> 
 
 f I 
 
 4 
 
 *W^t.-.l'i«u... ,j..... ._ 
 
^ ► * 
 
 < 
 
 ».^ 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I.J- 
 
 j""*'"n»^ 
 
10 ft 
 
 . » . '" T '- 
 
 j q tiu . 
 
 T 
 
 O 
 
 R O 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 ,:1 
 
 

 ^jjp^ii 
 
 — ajyj» : «i .m i . iMi 
 
 r 
 
 o 
 
 il O 
 
 II A R 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
•"""'"oT"Wreer\ 
 X/iJl?-' •• "• ~ ** 
 
 \ 
 
 line of ip,'' 
 
 
 Mfat, 
 
 Scale, eoo feet to one- Incli 
 
'f"oLiO. (i'ei of..^0'Z ' 
 
 s-jt^g^^^^-^n^^^ 
 
 '''^infji^rM7?fTof VTai^r...' ' 
 
 **■ ■•« .-- »•» -"■ • 
 
 Line of ].,'"' 
 
 \iratfi, / 
 
 A 
 
 % 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 I^ 
 
 T 
 
 i- 
 
 Baferonoes. < 
 
 J /Vet o/' W'ViY^r 
 
 B 
 
 / 
 
 /J 
 
 
 irubrhfd thAhS: < 
 
-r\^e"ofJO_^ feel of..^^}^-:\ 
 
 v. or Water., 
 
 fA,-, 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 T 
 
 A 
 
 5 feet of W\Uer 
 Referenoea, I fO 
 
 n 
 
 I o 
 
 f6 
 
 
 nuuttted tliAis: 
 
J5 It. 
 
 
 
 \.4 
 
 
 
 \1 
 »\ 
 
 u 
 
 )'f ^O feei'of'Wa^^'-''' /' 
 
 v., 
 
 / 
 
 I o 
 
 Skfit4)fv Plan to accomparvy Report hy 
 
 St. LoiU,s, ,Mo. 
 
 ^■^. 0. (^ 
 
 L^^X^