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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 'rata lelure, 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 -ij.i-w ■ ■ .>■," nu NEl r'.AV I 'ill IK] *\Kcc, evvell, ey, Lon- [amptoii, svick,&c. li ail ac- s, Mills, CHAPTER VI. Paok. kinds of and tile and pur- the For- of Reap- its size, re. &c.— er, Fox, cupine — r houses, lioir ene- , Whale id in the Account of tlie Rivers, Islands, Bay of Fundy, &c.— Falls ftt St John's, Lakes, Streams, &c. — American Indians— the Grand Falls—the White Rapids— Grand River, &c. Alluvium along the Banks of the St John— Action of the Sea on the Coast of New- Brunswick— the Relative Ex- tent, Elevation, and Depth of the Great North American La^t}s, 193 CHAPTER VII. The subject of Emigration— Directions to Emigrants in 'Jireparing for Embarkation—Medicines Required for ffie Voyage— Instructions on Landing— How to obtain, •elect, and cultivate Land— Directions how to Build a House, Barn, &c. — Public Functionaries — Insurance and Joint-Stock Companies — Banks— Societies— Counties Parishes— Roads Information to Travellers — State of the Weather in each month in the Province — Remarks on the North-East Boundary Question— the Extent of the British Territory in British North America, 232 Poetry, 274 Appendix, 281 marks— ? Salmon y, Ac- er Ore — — Rock — Agate c V ]\ E F A (^E. IVkue it not that a Preface is considered by )niany persons an indispensable accouipaninient to a work, the Author would prcfcjr laying it tf)etx)re the world without one ; but to omit ii;oni})lying with general custom, might seem to ndicate indifference to public opinion. The history of every country in Europe com- lences in the region of fable. At what period ithey were severally discovered, and ')y whom settled, is equally uncertain, and the accounts llvhich are given of the early ages of all, are, at best, but plausible conjectures. The situation ;-|t)f America is, in this respect, just the reverse ; P;he dis(50very of this immense Continent, is an ":|event of modern occurrence, and was accom- panied by the infant art of printing, which, by multiplying the copies, preserved the journals of those who explored and settled the New fWorld. But if the materials of American history are ^imlike those of Europe, the events are more Vlll PREFACL. (lift'erent. — the proj^rcss of man from a state ot nature towards civilization, is always slow, ami ^er.crally similar. But the operation of ar enlightened people upon uncultivated nature which was first displayed in the new settlemein of America, affords a most interesting subject of contemplation. The portion of American history, filled by New-Brunswick, though small is not altogether unimportant, and as one of tlu minor links in the great chain of events., can not. with propriety, be omitted. The favourable prospects which have becii presented to our American dependencies, havi been materially improved by the final settlemeii! of the " l^oundary (Question," with the United States. The Americans have for some tiiih ardently desired to possess the right to the na- vigation of the St John, and to add the fim fertile Province of New-Brunswick to their possessions, being fully .aware of the value oi that rixcY, as a means of internal communica tion. and foreseeing that the city of St John which is situated at its mouth, is likelv, from the advantages of its position, to rival, at sonu distant period, the city of New York in com mercial importance. The St John is one of those noble stream^ by which America is intersected, and by whicli that ( for t peopl is the tarici- tlmbc their Bonn of di Coun grow' Th oomn wick, trade for u cbara chann transi the n from Snppl fpeee Whicl fostei doub guar( unde] PR EI' ACE. IX 1 state ot ^low, and )n of ai 1 iiatun ttlemeiit ^ subject Vinerieaii gh small ne of tlu ints.. eaii- ivc beeii es, hav( ?ttlemeii! e United mc tiiiit ► the na- tlie fiiK to their vahie <»i imuniea St John >ly, from at soim in com stream- >y whicli that continent is rendered so admirably adapted fipr the abode of an enterprising and trading people. By the articles of the treaty, not only it the navigation of the St John and its tribu- tiries thrown open to the Americans, but the timber and agricultural produce grown upon tkeir banks, although within the American Boundary, are admitted into the colonics free of duty, and, consequently, into the Mother Country, on the same terms as those of colonial growth. These privileges cannot fail to prove a great oomniercial boon to the colony of New-Bruns- wick, and to work an important change in the trade of the more inland districts of the country ; for unless human nature, and the American character in particular, suffer an extraordinary change, they w^ill be made subservient to the transmission not only of the productions of all tlie neighbouring States into the colonies, and from thence to the home market, but also of supplying these districts with British goods, ftee of those high protecting duties, by means of which, the Americans are now endeavouring to foster their home manufactures ; because, un- doubtedly , no fiscal arrangements will suffice to gu[ird the two countries against illicit trading under the present treaty. The St John being PREFACE. i necessarily the channel of this traffic, a vci cursory review of the commercial history of tli. world will be sutiicicnt to shew the powerfu influence such a transit trade is calculated t have in spreading wealth over the countr through which it flows. And this review wil be valuable, if it shall have the efl*ect of direct ing the attention of our emigrant capital? >ts t the prospects and capabilities of our Nortf American provinces, and of inducing them t join, and to avail themselves of the current ( emigration of the labouring classes, which i annually flowing into New-Brunswick, ivv. which, owing to the want of capital in the eo lony, is at the present turned to so little ai count. In directing the attention of the capitalij emigrant to the capabilities of New-Brunswiciv it is important that we should now turn our at tenlion to those points which involve the haj^pi ness and comfort of individuals, as these ar matters of the deepest moment to those of tlit middle ranks who are induced, by the hope c: gain, or the force of circumstances, to seek home in the Colonies. This Province lies parallel with some of tlu finest countries of Europe ; it enjoys a salu brious climate, to which the length of the win- ter is illitt( exijo] am ^ to th e iti th pose siettL vane l^int dura has thcl ^0S( color Ijivei lage * Tl be SI this part ibov PREFACE. XI » ^ ^ ^^ ter is the only alloy — although this is not ad- ^^y o t'l mittcd to be a draw-back by those who have ' P^^veitu ^JQy^(j tl^Q j)iiYQ air, and brilliant sun-shine of ^ ^ ^ an American winter. But even with respect to the severity of the winter, the clearings in Ac backwoods are making a rapid improvement in the seasons ; and it may be reasonably sup- posed therefore, that as the country becomes 3 count r jview wil of direct •italj >ts t ur 1 01 tf gjjg^|-|e(j^ and as agricultural improvement ad- thcm t urrent ( which i ^'ick, an. vanccs, the climate will be ameliorated, and the winter rendered much milder, and of shorter duration. The external aspect of a country has no inconsiderable influence in promoting n tne eo ^j^^ happiness of its inhabitants, particularly of little ai iJ^Qge q{ ^\^q better clqisses. In this respect, the colony of which an accurate account will be capitally given in this Work, possesses eminent advan- runswicl. \^^^^ rn our at * 'j^l^^ scenery on the river St John, is not to the lia])pi y^Q surpassed in beauty by any thing to be found these ar |q ]S"orth America, and although the banks of )se 01 till ij^jg noble stream are already settled, and under D hope o; ^i^artial cultivation for near a hundred miles ;o seek |bove its mouth, allotments are still to be pu^- #hased in these districts on moderate terms, ilvhile there remains unallotted, immense tracks f tine country, lying along the upper course of ihe parent stream, and the banks of its nume- iie of till s a salii the will w Xll PREFACE. rous tributaries. These districts embrace th the magnificent scenery of the Grand Falls. lo^v- The emigrant to New-Brunswick is not ex ^^ posed to those privations or dangers, as thost * ^^l who emigrate to New^ Zealand or Australia ^^ ^ A few days sail brings him to the colony, aiii ^^^ his further progress is facilitated by water car ^^^ riage, through the numerous rivers that inter those sect the country. Having arrived at his des 8ucc< tination, the agricultural capitalist will fiir ^'^v himself safe both in person and property ; anc ^^^ from the crowds of individuals from Ireland ^ ^^^ he will possess the means of carrying on hi> quat farming operations without interruption, and a: ^^^^^ a moderate expense. This is an advantage o! **^P^ the greatest importance even in the old coun- ^ tries of Europe ; but its value is infinitoh #ciei greater in new colonies, where the want of la- ^^^^ bour has proved the great obstacle to agricul tural improvement, and consequently, to coIo nial prosperity. Whilst it is very desirable that the capabili ties of our fine possessions, in North America should be brought under the notice of the pub lie, it is imperative, at the same time, to guard W^^^ against the grievous error which has been com- ^^* mitted by those who, over eager to promote the prosperity of particular colonies, have been I 1] #on Ittea p ( :|roi kur| PREFACE. • • • Xlll ibracc th Is. is not ex , as thost Australia lony, an(i water car hat inter fc liis dcs will fiii'^ crty ; am a Ireland iig on hi^ on, and a: vantage oi old coun- infinite!} ant of la- 3 agricul- , to colo- capabili- Amcrica. ' the pub- to guard jeen corn- promote ave beer tke means of hurrying thousands of their fel- low-countrymen into hopeless exile. Let no one suppose that there is at the present day a "royal road to wealth and independence ;" on the contrary, the emigrant must be prepared to atert great industry and self-denial, and all that p,n be justly promised is, that the practice of those virtues will more likely be rewarded with success in the colonies, than at home, for not anly is the competition between man and man tess severe, but the scarcity of capital renders 9f sum of money which would be wholly inade- quate to pave the w^ay to success in the Parent country, sufficient to lay the foundation of in- dependence, and even of wealth in America. Of the many extraordinary changes which science has brought about in modern times, lione has more conduced to the social happiness |0f mankind, than the more rapid commiinica- i^on between distant places. In this respect, team-navigation has been of infinite service our North American posssessions ; it has Irought them nearer to Britain than Edin- burgh was to London in the days of our ances- tors. This is a circumstance of vital impor- ^nce in connexion with emigration to New- JBrunswick — for not only does the rapidity of tercourse promote commercial enterprise, but XIV PREEACE. it enables the emigrant to fall back upon his k sources at home, either for advice or assistaiie on the occurrence of any sudden emergency. Nothing, perhaps, is more distressing to thus who are leaving their native land, in search ( a home in a foreign country, than the thouj^l that they are about to sacrifice all those refiiu ments of society which render life desirable The length of time which New-Brunswick ha been a settled country, (1783) the agricultur;. pursuits of the people, and the more advamt stage of social improvement to which societ has attained, not only preclude any such sever sacrifice, but render the colony peculiarly cli gible for the best class of emigrants. Many i the pleasures of civilized life will be found t be within the reach of those possessed even < moderate resources, and not incompatible wit: the active pursuits by which independence an wealth are to be acquired. If this attempt to promote emigration, am to point out the natural and political advantage enjoyed by New-Brunswick, shall have the ct feet of directing the attention of govcrnnK'n and capitalists to the capabilities of this hv Province, a movement may be given to coloni zation on sound principles, which is to be hopi i will tend to arrest the retrograde course on o|tnn jitti: Ifrty pirta llth tTl: *vir liben 4ual ar wc Itsb <»ive tilssai tnavj #Tli formi OUi^ ant uth ^riii cat rmi w ; un( i|rgc f Tt vi Ife PREFACE. XV ipon his If ' assistanc urgency . ng to thov search ( le thouui losc rcfiiu desirable nswick lia gricultur;. 5 advance Lch soeii't uch sever uliarly cli Many ^ e found t ed even i tible wit: dence an ation, am -dvantaiit. ve the C't Dvernnu;! this fiii> to coluiii be hopi'i course 0! merce has been making of late years, and of pitting a stop to the rapid depreciation of pro- perty which is bringing ruin upon our most im- jirtant national interests, and filling our streets Ifith idle, starving, and disaffected people. t The Author of this Work being conscious of lilving been influenced by the best motives, l|ben determining on publication, and being Aially sensible how defective his book must ap- jlar to those whose reading has been restricted ^ works of superior excellence, and whose taste ^s been formed by the finest models, he con- ciives tliat apology is. in the Jirst place, unne- ;pr<- . » . ) desires me time,; lequence the W(i I that eii errors, ; jrrors ha le result lesign — t 3h may ! but indiil. sseminati dominion ing undc patroiia,!^ oe fully s il •X A.TKINSO} ■f'&r*=''S|«lWSi»-*w*v<5eMW"»«»«WHi»«<*M-!»»>5.M v,'>!i^MVm»rj'9i(fj^Siimmiiiimimai--ties>^->i'i<-^^' Sfcrtil) of tl)o AND THE FROM AN OFFICIAL MAP. /i\ /h '///,)///■// il /III ^'/.■if\i' f.iti'i aV --r" -X* *" ^<„ ..> ''"/^,„ "rfv. t ' '">.,/.,,„ \ V )UEBEC c ^. ,;„/.'> .S'.lihii ' * ' r- « rj ' '* t V l,i¥fr/Mi / u . U//iim,r'i/ ■i,( I h (^llr-/>l ' f f;. ,.* /a'Aftf *•••!* '.' «' .)Vv///- '/ t/'/'-.r -i*.^ fE' ."i;' Y Sr( , .1 ,rl"' /R ,..-"' m "„.- -X fo>: («r \ /.' X K' •'• f J / "^*. 1<~^' "■>■> V^..///,. \ ,A" /fr"// ■7..- \ I' ■'*, \ 1 / '^■^ .* ' 'V y V'^.. < -A>^ A^ "^A )H^ 'f'"r H,„ h ^ \ ^V.r.' ^i. V^"^'-,. .«■ ■:' 'i; Vc ,./ „/,.*" (MI ■X /.en (f(/if(0- M>.iv //'■■^* (.fi nu 1 J the Spii for its Diseas and Si City of — itsR I Inhabi I taken ] I Worsh I Familii I luliabil t 'yj a3ritan « t V AN ACCOUNT or NEW- BRUNSWICK, B.N. A. WITU DIRECTIONS TO EMIGRANTS. CHAPTER I. 'he Spirit of Emigration — What the Colony must 'depend upon for its prosperity — Latitude and Longitude of the Province — Disease — the Climate — its Water — Conveyance — the Extent and Situation of the Great Coal Field — the Sea Coast — the City of St John — by Whom and When it was first Inhabited — its Rise, Progress, Population, Buildings, Churches, Banks, Inhabited Houses, Tides, and of the several Fires that have taken Place in the City — Portland — its Business — Places of Worship — Inhabited Houses— Families and Persons— Carl- ton, its Bridge, Locality, Trade, Churches, Inhabited Houses, Families, and Acres of Cleared Land — Lancaster, its Mills, Inhabitants, Acres of Cleared Ground, &c. [jctlt a period when the Queen's government, in [nirsuance of a wise and liberal policy, are using very means to eneourage emigration to Her ►ritannic Majesty's possessions abroad, and 14 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL thus add to the stroimth and sccuritv of the more distant portions of the British Empire, — it becomes the duty of every well-wisher of lii> country, and friend of his species, to lay be- fore the public whatever information he may possess in relati(jn to the subject ; and however limited may be his means, to cast liis mite intn the general treasury of knowledge, and, if pos- sible, aid in directing attention to those por- tions of these colonies Avhich a settler can oc- cupy with the greatest comfort, and improve tn the most advantage. It seems never to have been intended thut man should remain stationery in the place of his nativity. He is not like a tree that cannot Iji transplanted, his frame having been so consti- tuted, that he cannot bear the heat of the tro- pics, or the cold of the arctic regions ; and al- though he is naturally inclined to adopt tlic gossip's prayer for *' One long summer's day of indolence and mirth." Yet, when his hopes and fears have been pnv perly excited, he is an active and energetic be- ing, and we find him in all ages and countries moving from place to place, and from country tu country, impelled by necessity, or induced by the ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNS\ iCK. l.J of the '' ipirc, — ' r of liir? liiv l)e'- ho niiiv lowever itc into , if pos- >sc por- can oc- Di'ove to L led thiit CO of his nnot be consti- thc tro- and al- Lopt the th." Dcn pro- otic bc- ountries untry to d by the nsc of utility, to make the wide workl his omo, and the men of all nations his brethren. The object-of emigration is tlireefuld : — To relieve the Parent State of its superabundant population ; to increase more rapidly the num- ;bor of inhabitants in the colonies, and thus to |)roniote their advancement in wealth and ini- J;)ortance ; and, tlurdiy, to provide the means of subsistence for those who are anxious to leave the scenes of their earlier years, to secure else- where *' a local habitation," and a more com- *^fortablc and happy home. With reference to the first of these objects : So far as the Parent State is concerned, it matters little what fate tiwaits the venturous emigrant, so long as the land of his nativity is relieved from the incum- rance of his presence ; still, the philanthropist very where must feel an interest in the destiny '^hat awaits him ; and a paternal govei-nment mvill watch over his course, and endeavour to direct his uncertain steps to the haven of happi- ness and repose. The colony, however, whose prosperous con- ition must chiefly depend upon the possession fan intelligent agricultural population, is deep- ly interested in securing some portion of that ■ndustrial wealth, which is continually extending mtself towards the American Continent ; and it '"'MWW'' I 16 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ^ k ^ therefore becomes an object of importance, that information should be widely disseminated as to the capability of each of those possessions, to contribute to the promotion of the gener.il good : and to the emigrant himself, it is of vital con- sequence that he should become acquain ted with that colonial possession which, other advantages being equal, is nearest in proximity to the British Isles. Almost all the moral and industrious emi- grants to this Province, whatever have been their occupations, have succeeded in securing to themselves a competency, and man} have ob- tained wealth. The lower class of labourers, when they have devoted themselves to steady habits and industry, have been successful ; (of this I have been an eye-witness, when I visited the several settlements which was under mv ministerial charge — the district over which I had to ride every month being upwards of 160 miles,) and where there are instances to the contrary, they may generally be attributed tu idleness and intemperance. The inquiry made by persons in the Mother Country, who are desirous to settle in New Brunswick, is, what employment will they find there ? And when they are informed that the principa occupation of the inhabitants is lumbering in the dense ■^ 'i?.i ACCOUNT OF NEW-B RUNG WICK. 17 ce, that dd as to ons, to .1 good : tal con- ed witli antagCfi to the us cmi- ve been securing [lave ob- 30urers, steady ful; (of [ visited ider niv which I of 160 to the )uted to ry made who are is, what id when cu pat ion le dense forests, amidst the deep snows of winter, they have 110 desire to venture upon a pursuit wdth which t hey are altogether unacquainted. Thou- sands of emigrants, after they have landed in the 1 "rovinces, embark for the United States, where a greater variety of employment in min- ing, manufacturing, and other divisions of la- bour, afford them an opportunity of choosing that kind which is most congenial to their for- mer habits. It is in vain to ask the miner, or manufacturer, to settle in a country where his bran j] I of business is not known, and to which the productions of his art are exported. S' It i s by offering encouragement to the diffe- rent trades and occupations of the Mother Couulry — by unlocking the available natural treasures of the Provinces — the objects from ^^hi.jh their labour will yield them profit and a con^petency — by directing them to the natural wcah h contained in the earth, the soil, and the forest, that they wdll be disposed to emigrate, and 1 open and improve those resources that ab(>u.id in almost every section of the country. It has been too frequently supposed, that countries abounding in mines, are unfavourable to agriculture : but such an opinion is extremely jrtoneous ; for, although the soil in the imme- li ito neighbourhood of metallic veins is often 18 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL unproductive, those veins are not of so frequcii' occurrence, or so extensive, as to affect the fcv- Ba tility of any considerahle tract. iSt In proof of this, it is only necessary to refo: sou to Great Britain, whose mineral production tpail^ have been the great source of her wealth. I: fui is equally certain, that New-Brunswick, almos <5oai equal in extent to England, is not only capabl* fine of being rendered a mining, but also an agri lenc cultural Province. At the present period, tli; Stn great supply for exportation from the Provincf ihe is derived almost altogether from the forests of tl it is Lo\> Riv to t Com 1 which are yearly declining before the axe of tli lumber-man, and every other division of laboi; suffers from those pursuits, that scarcely rendc the shippers of timber a profit. The pioneers who first visited the forests, i\ mote from any dwelling, and discovered grove of timber that once overshadowed the soil, cot; ferrcd a favour upon their successors, and sc cured for a time a revenue to the Province ; ? will those who, by their foresight, may be tli means of bringing into operation other an- more permanent objects of enterprise. Tli most important of all the resources of the Pn viiice, are her mines and mineral production?. New-Brunswick, of which I am about i J^ss treat, extends from its south-west point on tl ^ 1' rol fear En^ ihr Very fific Brit A ACCOUNT or NEW-BRUNSWICK. 19 frequent t the fcv- ' to refc! oductioiv calth. I: 3lv, almos ly capabli I an agri eriod, ih Provincf 10 forests axe of till . of laboii elv rende 'or est s, i\ :ed grove c soil, COI; 3, and sc ovince ; f lay be tl other a IT •ise. Til If the Pii ductioii'5. L about 1 oint on tl f sland of Grand Manaan, at the entrance of the ^ay of Fundy, :n lat. 44-40, Ion. G7-10 to the 48th dcg. of north latitude ; and is bounded Southerly by that bay, and an isthmus of fifteen Iniles in width, which separates the Bay of Ipundy from the Bay of Verte on the eastern #oast, where is the termination of its southern line in lat. 46, longG4. Its eastern limit ex- lends nortlnvardly along the Northumberland Straits and Gulf of St Lawrence, till it strikes the Island of Shippegan, at the south entrance of the Bay of Chaleur, in lat. 48, long. G7 ; and it is bounded to the northward and westward bv Lower Canada, and to the westward by the River St Croix ; and a line runs from its source to the high lands that extend to the head of Connecticut River, United States. 4 The steady increase, and growing prospe- lity of this noble colony, are but little known abroad, and the people of England have yet to ifearn that a Province, nearly as extensive as all England, watered by noble rivers, whose fertile ijlluvial banks team with riches, has within a fery few years sprung from comparative insig- iiificance, into one of the most valuable of the British North American possessions. The ac- ssibility of its coasts, particularly on the Bay Fundy, (the harbour of St. John being open 20 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL all the year,) the magnitude and extent of tlio rivers — the fertility and richness of its virgin soil — the abundance of valuable timber, and the vast amount of mineral wealth, (the largest coal-field in the world being found within its limits) all combine together to render this a most thriving colony. The people of New-Brunswick are most loyal to their Queen, and truly devoted tu British laws and British supremacy. They sec enough of the workings of democracy among their neighbours to avoid it as a pestilence, and they cling to the pillar of the British constitu- tion, as the only sure support of true liberty, They clearly see and feel that, under the ban- ner of Old England, the laws are equally ad- ministered — that every man is fully protected in his person and property, and that they reallv and truly enjoy more civil and religious free- dom than is possessed by their neighbours, wlio l)oast greatly of the superiority of their insti- tutions. The climate of the Province is not remark- able for the generation of any disease peculiar to itself, but in common with other parts of North America, it disposes to inflammatory acute disorders, owing to the operation of cold upon the surface of the body, in checking insensible Jeers irca and ihc ' tir 1 It m ■ >ealt diarj of ai be 1 V ■ ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 21 of the J virgin and the largest ithin its r this a re most ^oted to riiey sec y among ence, and constitu- 5 liberty, the ban- ually ad- protected ey reallv ous free- 3urs, wlio eir insti- remark- peculiar parts ot ;ory acute old upon nsensibk Jcrspiration. The liability to disease is in- creased by the sudden vicissitudes of natural and artificial temperatures, especially during the winter months, when the change from cokl air to heated rooms is sudden and excessive. It may, however, be considered as particularly ^ealtliy. The summers, although hot, are not ^laractcrized by that poisonous decomposition of animal and vegetable matters, which engen- der pestilential diseases in other countries ; and where the constitution has not been injured by exposure or excess, persons usually attain a good old age. The absence of intermittent fc* vers — the bilious remittent, and yellow fevers, gives this country a decided superiority over most others. The diseases of this Province may, with some exceptions, be classed under t^o heads, firsts Those that arise from expo- i^re and fatigue ; secondly, Those that arise £iom the bad habits of the people, independent of •limate. New-13runswiek, like every other country having intercourse with various parts of the ^be, has its imported disorders, and is capable <^ generating, independently of importation, 8#ne of those epidemics to which early life is ■ble, and which occur fortunately but once, ;h some few exceptions, such as measles, 22 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i scarlet fever, hooping cough, and chicken pox Every instance of small pox has hitherto bcoi traced to foreign contagion. The disease^ which proceed from the bad habits of tlu people, are such as follow errors in diet, aiii imprudence in clothing. Among the former may be classed the intemperate use of spiri tons liquors, and the immense consumption o tea, although habitual inebriety is by no mean so common at the present time, is still spread ing devastation throughout many parts of tli Province, laying the foundation of agreatmau complaints, and rendering each more dangi rous in its nature, and more difficult of managr ment. Many of the chronic diseases wlii( baffle the skill of the physician, originate in tlii vice. The use of tea three times a-day, ;; stroncf and as hot as the stomach can receive i is not confined to the females, but the won men of the country participate in it, until the: powers of digestion are nearly prostrated, ari a train of evils supervene, that destroy the: health and comfort. If there be any disca^ peculiar to this climate, it may be said to t dyspepsia or indigestion, from the use ai abuse of tea and ardent spirits, Everywhere the purest water is abundant- a luxury unknown in many parts of Uppi Cai K>u 'ofFc proi live Ihe ice, iff? Ice 1 Tlie loo suffc the .« most year. 4istn #in^ %bl( ^ost ifevar f M, Hire A'4 ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 23 iken pox rto bcci discaso> 5 of tin diet, ail' ) formci of spiri mption f no menu 11 spread 'tS of til veat mai) re dang'i f managi 5es wliii. ate in tlii a-day, a receive i" the wori Lintil the rated, ar. ;troy the. ny disea^ said to t use ai. bundant- of Uppi t'aiKida ; and it will be perceived that nume- |ous navigable streams intersect the country, Offering every facility for the conveyance of jbroduce to market. Its numerous and cxten- |ivc rivers form, during the winter season, when |he intensity of the frost has covered them with ice, level and excellent roads, which are marked %ff and designated by lines of bushes fixed in the tee by officers whose duty is prescribed by law. Tlie mails from England and Nova Scotia, pass too and from Canada twice a-weck, without suffering any interruption from the severity of the season. Throughout the Province, the ut- most tranquillity prevails ; and during the four years I was in the Province, no wild beast ever ^sturbed my peace, or ill-disposed person cross- ^ my path ; and when I have entered the houses ^ the inhabitants, 1 have met with an hospi- c and most confiding frankness. The ut- ost toleration everywhere prevails with refe- nce to religion. In fact, the people are not l^'arc how well-off and happy they are. ^ Many repeat the following lines with plea- ire : — New-Brunswick is our liomo, And Britain's sons are we ! Our tongue is known in every clima Our flag on every sea ! 24 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL We will not boast that we alone The rights of freedom know ; There 's many a land that 's free beside, But Britain made it so. Tlie thunder of her battle-ships Was heard on many a shore; But her healing words of peace are heard Above the cannon's roar. In this Province, there is an extensive Coa: Field, situated between the primary rocks o the county of Charlotte and King's County, an the Straits of Northumberland. On the Giil of St Lawrence, only the south and south-ca? sides of this coal field have yet been explored the west, north, and north-east sides still re main to be examined, and its limits, thercfon in the latter directions, yet remain unknowi This coal field extends in a northerly directio to Bathurst, 150 miles, and to Miramichi, 12 miles, and from the latter place along the coa^ to Shediac, which may be estimated at seveiit miles. Until the north-east side of this va: coal tract is explored, it would be ' aipossible t give an accurate account of its area ; but it niii for the present be considered equal to 50i' miles. This tract may perhaps be charactt rized as being the largest coal field ever di; covered on the globe. To distinguish it froi the Westmorland district, and other coal ficli; ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 25 ide, lieard sive Co a: •y rocks ounty, ail a the Gill south-ciu explored ^s still K tliercfori unkno^vi y directio michi, 12 q the coa^ at seven! this va: possible I but it ma il to 501' 3 charactf ever di; ish it froi coal fiel' the British Provinces, it has been designated «• The Great New-Brunswick Coal Field." The Province likewise abounds in iron, copper Hire, lead ore, rock salt, sand-stone, and lime- itone, &c, ' An account of the several parishes, includ- ing all the statistics of each, the details of these lOid other matters, it is hoped, will make this work highly interesting to all classes, both at llomc and abroad, — but more especially to those who enter fully into the spirit of emigration, and who are desirous of being in possession of that information before they leave their native land, which may insure them to the full ac- complishment of those plans they have in view Oil their landing. • V Possessing the advantages already alluded to, i| has long been subject both of surprise and ilgret, that w^hile the most strenuous efforts live been made to direct the stream of emicrra- ^n to the Canadas, and other colonies in this liemispherc, the inhabitants of the Mother Country have been left in ignorance of the ca- palnlitics of New-Brunswick, and that even when the emigrant has reached her shores, he has been permitted to depart, without exertion being made to render him acquainted with the natural advantages of the country, or to induce I ,*« >«fa 26 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL :| I'M t> ■■*"; I him to remain, and enrich it by his industn 92.: and wealth. g^ii This Province is bounded on the west, bv T the frontier, St Croix, and the American Stati No\ of Main ; on the north by the Canadies ; on the and east by the Gulf of St Lawrence, and on tlu ^in, south by the Bay of Fundy, and the isthmus at i^dcj the head of it, connecting Nova Scotia witL ^8c New-Brunswick. Until the period of Ameri- ket-s and fisheries, are its chief articles of export, ter o The Province in 1840, contained twclvf r^d, counties, ninety-five parishes, 20,514 inhabit OTcn ed houses, 24,368 families, 156,162 persoib i^ze 435,861 acres of cleared land, 18,286 hov the g bd vc ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 27 iudustn j^,2G0 neat cattle, 141,053 sheep, and 71,915 d^ine. i The sea-coast of the Province, like that of Nova Scotia, presents a rugged appearance ; ii^d the scenery around St John, possesses no- ising indicative of the fertile regions to which i|dcads. This city was first inhabited in a.d. J|83, by a band of patriots, who, at the close the Anjcrican revolutionary war, abandoned l^ir homes, their friends, and property in the rflfvoltcd colonics, with a large portion of civi- lized life, that they might preserve unsullied their loyalty to the British Sovereignty, and breathe the pure air of freedom under the pa- ternal protection of the monarch whom they r^ered, and guarded by the meteor flag of l^gland, which, fur a '' thousand years, has bpaved the battle and the breeze." The spot ere the flourishing city stands, was, fifty- ht years ago, a mere wilderness, and strange aSii it may appear, the journey from the Mar- ket-slip to the Jail-hill, which is not a quar- ts of a mile, would occupy, at the above pe- riod, half a-day, but now only five minutes. Then no previous vestiges of the labours of ci- vUizcd man were presented to view to diversify the gloomy prospect. The obstacles that were to be met at every step, would have caused west, by jan Stati 5 ; on the d on till >thmus at otia witli f Amcii -y formci! Known 1j\ it in 17 8u ice undc! lit, it com- )f divci'bi- oast is ill- ours. It: that c: empt froi. -jnly calli"- in Uppc: sts, minc^ export, cd twelv 4 inhuliii 2 person^ 8G hov^C5 6*. f I 28 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL men less imbued with the spirit of loyalty, t' ppicc turn with disgust from the unpropitious sceiK tl^ bi Jind retrace their steps to the land of plent) m^br which they had left behind. But no hardship> idUo i however great — no privations, however severe Bjlnk, — no difficulties, however appalling, were sutii e(ifof cient to deter from their purpose, the lioi 8<«nesi hearted founders of the city — without a roof t beauti shelter their defenceless heads, surrounded li ^hc a pathless forest, and frowned upon by tli rafed 1 rugged rocks, in a country then unfavouraLl a buih; (because unprepared) for the operations of tli tion of plough, and subject to a long and rigorous wiiiof use ter. Yet, the prospect of all these accumulate laid on difficulties and privations w^ere unable to in of the pair their loyalty, or swerve them from tliQ^ecii path of duty. But how different is that scciitneral i at the present day ! The city has a populatioiLieutc of 30,000 souls, which the enterprise and actiof the vity of the inhabitants, and the liberality of tli The capitalists, are doing everything to increas(1838 St John is incorporated, and the city comprebinfioii, hends both sides of the harbour, four ward A being in St John, and two in Carlton, oppoPrinco site ; each represented by an alderman and ajtect, m sistant alderman ; the mayor is appointed bker, qi the executive. Among the new edifices in will ]}e building for an exchange, a reading-room, Hofisc 11- ACCOUNT OF NEW-HRUNSWICK. 29 yalty, t' police office, .'ind a market — the lowest part oi- ls seem tke l)uil able to the town. The St Johii Commercial jr severe BArik, a new and beautiful building, construct- cre suft ed of the Shelburn stone, is the best and hand- the lioi. soniost building in the city. The front is very a roof t beautiful. imdcd li The St John Mechanic's Institute, (incorpo- n by til rated by Act of the General Assembly) erected avourabla Iftiilding, and devoted the same to the promo- ►ns of tlition of Science and the Arts, and the diffusion rous wii.of useful knowledge. The corner-stone was pumulatelaid on the 27th dav of Mav, in the third year le to iniof the reign of Ilcr Most Gracious Majesty, from tliQiieen Victoiiia, by his Excellency Major-Ge- hat scciinei^l Sir John Harvey, K.C.B., and K.C.H., )opulatioiLl(jiitcnant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief and actiof ihe Province of New-Brunswick, &e. 1840. ity of till ^hc Institute was established in December increasdj^, and the first President was Beverly Ro- y compvebiiliion, Esq. mr ward 'Jk new Custom-House has commenced in on, oppoE*l^ce ^\'illiam Street. The plan of the archi- n and ajtei| and owner of the building, Mr John Wal- ointed bkel| gives 200 feet front on the street ; and it ifices i& w^. be built to resemble the front of Carlton- g-rooni, »H 13 sc in London. The building will be occu- 30 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL pied as a custom-house, bonded warc-lious' and treasury office. There 's also an extensiv block of brick buildings now erecting south i the Exchange Building. Among the priva: residences, I would notice particularly the mai sion-house of the Hon. Judge Chipman, whit has a very imposing site on the rise of land over looking Prince William Street. The street of St John are laid out wide, and at rig! angles. Advantage has been taken of the r building of the town, to widen and lay-out m streets, in most of which are very exccllo; buildings. The place wears an air of bust and activity, which gives everything a cliec: ful aspect. Ship-building appears to be a Icai ing branch of the business of St John, and ti towns adjacent. Some of the best ships in tl world are built in this port, loaded with timbe and sent to different ports of England, Irelaii and Scotland, and the West Indies. The ci; contains several places of worship : — two Epi copal, two Presbyterian, two Weslcyan-Mcth dist, two Baptist, and one Catholic churche. The revenues of the city, for the year 181 were £88,671, 4s. 6d, The Commercial Bai of New-Brunswick (in St John) incorporate by royal charter — capital £150,000, with po^vi to increase to £300,000; President^ Lev ..^ ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 31 ,rc-lious' extensiv south I e privat tlie mai m, vvhie and ovci e street at rial >f the I'l f-out m excello: of bust a cliec: be a Icai I, and tl ips in tl. :h timbc , Irelaii The cii :wo Epi' n-Mcth- urche. car 184' cial Bai Drporati ith po^v^ JJurns, Esq. ; Bank of New-Brunswick, in St John — capital £100,000 ; President^ Thomas Lcavitt, Esq. Inhabited houses, nortli and south, 1418 ; families, 2652 ; individuals of both sexes in St. John, north, 9516 ; soutli, 9765; acres of cleared land, 1071. The bar- facks are in a delightful position, overlooking the harbour. The spring-tides at St John rise from twenty - four to twenty-eight feet ; the body of the river is about seventeen feet above low water-mark. The ordinary tide of the harbour rises twenty- six feet, while above the Falls it only rises about eighteen in'^hes ; therefore the height of the Falls might be estimated at twenty-four and a-half feet. But this estimate will not be re- ceived as correct, when it is considered, that tiic entrance of the river, at the Falls, is too farrow to allow the sea to flow in freely ; liiid, therefore, there is a fall inwards at high- water and a fall outwards at low-water, and the time of passing for vessels is fixed at three quarters of an hour each tide, and when the sea And river have assumed the same level, the Fall outwards we have estimated at twenty feet, and at high tides, the Fall inwards at high- water is fifteen feet, making the whole height of fliis double Fall, thirty -five feet. .«P • -^.ilMrtAWaHtNtlUWVViaMkWHv. 32 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I ii i The accumulated waters of this extensive aii t1 deep river, with all its lakes and tributai quaiil branches, is here dashed through a narro "n^r i gorge, and over a rudely inclined-plane into tl j|i)cr sea/ Interrupted by small islands above, ai wou compelled to pass over huge masses of rod ^e j obstructing the narrow passage, the river foaii fl||vci ing and spouting with tremendous fury, a Wr'^vj sumes, at making its exit, a most tragical (li; ^j^h t racter, threatening Avith instant death any wl:tlijfou<^ may venture upon its troubled bosom ; but i JThc the Hood-tide, the scene is changed — the ocoa 1887 ; spreads its mantle over the thundering cat third ract, and flowing inwards through the nan/ 1837, chasm, stills the noisy rapid — the tide-lock camnu the Falls is shut, and apparently to oblige tiin the inhabitants, allows them to pass in safety ov th© coi with large ships. smoul Perhaps there is not a river in America suitain the same extent, which has so narrow an oipi^ o let as the St John. From the Falls to t Willij Grand Bay, a distance of four miles, this iiea# ai jestic stream passes through a tortuous chaiiiithip^ So at many places not more than 250 feet wiol^ai while, in tlie interior of the country, it AvWJ^an averacje from one to three miles in brcailtl^ico r The rocky shores of its out -let have not biPuMicI' worn down and scooped out as is common 108, t ACCOUNT OF XEW-imUNSWICK. ♦ "to 3nsive aii ^|p shores of all rivers, giving exit to immense tributai «fcntities of ice ; on the other hand, they ap- a narro p^r to have been separated from each other at le into tl. afj)eriod comparatively recent, and the gorge .hove, ai ^oiigh which the stream now passes, appears 3 of roc! ^|e a deep fissure, opened by some sudden iver foai: lavement in the earth. But we defer cntcr- fury, a ing'widely upon the interesting facts connected igical ell ^i^h this noble river, until it has been explored h any Vi tll^ough its whole extent. m ; but I The city suffered much by fires in January -the occ:1837; the second in August 1839; and the ?ring cat third in March 1841. That on 14th January he narr^l837, took place on Saturday night. The fire idc-lock commenced on Peter's Wharf, about nine o'clock oblige tiin the evening, by which, at least, one-third of ;afety ( v tl^ commercial part of the city became a heap of smouldering ashes. The total amount of loss \meriea sustained was estimated at £250,000 ; the com- )w an pass of the fire, embracing two sides of Prince alls to t William Street, a front in Market Square, the this iieant and west sides of St John or Water Street, ais chanviti^ South Market Wharf, east and west sides ) feet Aviioi^p ard Street, north and south sides of Peter's try, it ^^'^ari, Johnson's Wharf, Church Street, and in brcaililt^k^cc's Street. The number of buildings e not liipwMbcly noticed to have been destroyed was common lw% tenanted by 170 different interests ; be- 34 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ' I sides an extensive range of wooden stores, oc cupied as ware-rooms for heavy goods. Thi reflection of the fire was seen at and abovi Fredericton, a distance of ninety miles. TIk falUng of burning paper, and other material in flames, were noticed nine miles from t\v city, and so alarming was the scene from tlii circumstance, that at one time fears were sc riously entertained that the greater part of tli city would be destroyed. The second fire ua on Saturday evening, about nine o'clock, Ai; gust 1839, (the same day and hour of the wee! as the great fire in 1837.) The conflagratio: continued extending with unabated fury ti nearly day-light, on Sunday morning, sweepir. away in its course every building in Nelson ar Dock Streets, &c. It is not at present kno^ the full amount of loss from this awful confla; ration. A far greater number of inhabite houses have been destroyed than by the gre; fire of 1837 ; and as they were mostly occupic by several families, it is calculated that ncaii 3000 persons have been rendered houseless - nearly all of them being of the working classe The total amount of property destroyed, inclin ing buildings, merchandise, and household e: fects, it is thought cannot fall far short ' £200,000, but the sum at this time can onlvl ■^ 'ji ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 35 )res, oo- s. Th, d abovi 53. Til. laterials Vom ih 'om tlii- were so rt of til fire w^ )ck, All the wcci lagratio: fury ti sweepiri. slson ar. it kno^ I conflac nhabite the gvQi occupic it near! iseless- ^ classe d, inclin: lehokl c; short ( n onlvI> Conjectured. The burnt district of 1837, being situated to the southward of the Market-Slip, Ijic fire did not extend to that portion of the city. The third distressing fire broke out about one f 'clock on Wednesday morning, 17th March The alarm bell aroused the citizens om their mid-night slumbers, and the lurid ame which was at the hour discernible, di- Jected them to the fatal spot. Nearly all the buildings destroyed were insured, as were also iome of the merchants' stock. Mr James Mal- colm was insured to the amount of £2000. The different engine and fire companies of the city, assisted by the engines from Portland and Carlton, exerted themselves with praise-w^orthy llacrity. To record the loss of life accompany- ing this sad calamity, is the most painful part to Relate. Mr Matthew Holds worth went to ex- mine the scuttle on the roof, and unfortu- atcly stepped into the hatchway, and fell to he ground-floor, a distance of thirty feet — he Jeft a wife and two children. The painful cir- cumstances attending this conflagration, have ast a gloom over the community which has een rarely, if ever witnessed. Had it not been or the pipes and fire-plugs of the St John '"ater Company, this fire, disastrous as it has I 30 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL been, would have extended yet farther, and lai a hirge and vakiablc business portion of tl. city once more in ruins. And the proprietor of that Conipam^, who have year after yea: struggled on against difficulties of no ordinal character, deserve the highest praise the cit can besto^v upon them. In defiance of the m merous obstacles which have almost wilful! J^opo: been placed in their path, they have succeede Mm si in furnishing the city with an abundant supp: i|20,0 of water, but for which, at this time, the greats i|oodc part of the inhabitants of St John w^ould hiw ||hich had to mourn over further loss of life, and tl 4^fect prostration of the commerce and prosperity > iag so the city for a very long time. How imprc ral fo( sively should it rivet on the attention of all, tl a num important admonition, — " Be ye also ready,!' iistcn in such an hour as ye think not, the Son > Man Cometh." By how uncertain a tenor i we hold life, property, and every earthly gooc And yet, like every similar occurrence, it is ! be feared that it will attract attention and ol servation for a little while, and then will 1 forgotten. I Portland is a thriving place, connected ^Yi; St John by a wooden bridge, but is not repi't sented in its councils. It is the great sh\\ ACCOUNT OF :SEW-BRUXSWICK. 37 , and lai n of tl oprictor 'tcr yea; ordinal ) the cit f the HI t wilful iuececde int supp. ic grcati ould ha , and tl sperity w iniprc of all, tl ready, f ic Son . tenor i hly gooi e, it is ' )n and o' n will 1 fclding (puirtcr of St John, and contains sevc- fonndries and manufactories. It presents, all times, a scene of commercial bustle and Mechanical labour. In Portland there are three places of worship. It contains 445 inhabited kpuscs, and 1139 families, — total inhabitants, 6207. From Portland, a suspension bridge was proposed to connect its heights with the Carl- ton shore, and a company, with a capital of £20,000, was formed for the purpose. A lofty wooden erection was placed at either end from Hfliich to suspend the chain bridge. From a defect in the manufactory, the latter after be- ing some days in position, and crossed by seve- ral foot passengers, fell early one morning, with a number of workmen who were completing the ftstcnings. Nothing now remains but the lofty #ooden bridges alluded to. Tlie company, after ®ttiking £5000, and the capital above men- tioned, abandoned all intention of proceeding aa&y further in the work. The total length of the bridge was to have been 1400 feet, of which "He chain part was to constitute 450. Carlton is a village opposite the city of St ectedAyi: John. The locality of the town is much in its lot rcpi'i W^^^ii'' The grounds of Carlton are highly ro- reat sliii W^^^^^ I to take a walk up the hill leading to 38 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL .1 I f' ?■ s the Fort, would amply repay the traveller fr his trouble, by the handsome prospect whicl will open to his view on all sides. Close l the Fort, the ground is quite commanding ; yo have a full view of the harbour, and as far on into the Bay as the eye can reach. To tli ]^at. east, the city presents itself, with its housc; Mritis appearing like so many blocks of wood pile Jl^ j> one on top of another in strange disorder ; t ^siro the left, Portland, with its numerous ship-yard: ^ ^ve appear ; also the ruins of that luckless piece i j|ct cv enterprise — " the bridge," which seem to 1 Ij^'in^ left standing by its projectors in token of tl shore, discomfiture and chagrin which covered the: has b when it fell. Indeed, Carlton is a pleasa; crysta place ; notwithstanding the barrenness of i ly feiixty i it of liUl conncxi' y proem ; parish i t very be <^ in. Tlici , and 444 [ace to S nothing more tlian a dense wood, the whole dis- tance of thirty miles, except about a dozen louses on the road side, occupied by individuals from Ireland. ^, as It 1 42 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL CHAPTER II. til \m S* George's, its Falls, Mills — Mascreen, Lc Tang, Le T {Settlements, Cliurchcs, Inhabited Houses, Families, I sons, and Acres of Cleared Land — Pennfield, Inhali: House's, Families, and Acres of Cleared Land — \Vi; Campaigns of the Lumber Men, &c. — St Patrick's, its tuation, Inhabited Houses, Families, and Acres of ( ii. Land — &t Andrew's, its Locality, Soil, Churches, Inli„ ed Houses, Families, Acres of Cleared Land — St l);iv St James', St Stephen's with their Situation, Inhaiiita. Families, Acres of Cleared Land, &c.--the Islands in Passamaquoddy Bay, their Length, Breadth, Fislif U'imber, Soil, Inhabitants, Acres of Cleaied LanJ, ^c, St George, or, as it is called by many, Mai GUADAvic, is situated to the eastward of Andrew's, with St Patrick's interposed, two principal settlements are placed, the oik the Upper, and the other at the Lower \\ of the Magaguad ivic, a fine stream flo^v; through the county and parish, which i;?- from a series of fine large lakes of the si name, about twenty miles from the sea. 1 upper and smaller settlement is seven miles ii tant from the lower, which again is situa: lerag that (1 genuit^ appeal hfwev lie spc( i]9|tchii dowly cumuli c s, the d s^uti .mill! din fr^th ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 43 ng, Le T amilies, 1 the head of the tide, four miles above the jiUictiou of the river Mascrcen. Few places in the Province afford a more 8i|i[,^iilar and beautiful spectacle than the Maj^a- gfuadavic Falls. The river, after descending from the mountains northward, passes through alevcl and wide plain of intervale, and when it reaches the village, is about 100 feet above the bid of the river below ; and the main Fall of Id, Inlmli ^^, water descends by five successive steps, in •ick's its *^^ distance of 500 yards, through a chn un rcsofCic averaging about 35 feet wide, and 100 feet 3hos, inii^ ^^p^ Through tliis narrow gorge, the whole Inhaiit. contcnts of the river is poured out with a fury islands in that dcfics description. The industry and in- r^' J M S^^^^^^^y ^^ ^^^^ have considerably modified the appearance of this remarkable spot. It still, mv Mv liowcver, remains a most extraordinary hydrau- ^ard ui ^® spectacle, and afibrds a power for turning Doscd. machinery beyond computation. Having swept the oiii slowly along the valley above, the water is ac- QyyQY r. cumulated at the bridge over the top of the nm flov ^*lls, it is then thrown by its own weight into hich isi ^^® ^^^P ^^^ narrow opening below, where, £ ^i^Q t;i M)uting from clifi* to clifi^, and twisting its fc sea. I TOming column to correspond with the rude 11 miles li ^'ift^^^^^SS ^^ ^^G passage, it falls in a torrent of is sitiuv ^m^ ^^^^ *^^ ^^^^ below, or passing beneath I;! I,, I 1 44 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL the mills, its fury seems abatetl as it minglt with the dense spray floating iihove. There ar six saw^-mills huddled together at this spot, ar; they appear like eagles' nests clinging to tl rocks on each side. A considerable sum i money has been expended in their erection, ai they are now in full operation. The deep cav ties in the rocks are overhung with the aldi and creeping evergreens, which seem to 1 placed there for the purpose of decorating oi of Nature's wild performances. The low roo; of tlie mills are strongly contrasted with \[ massive rocks they occupy, and where they In a precarious situation. The shelving piles deals seem to mock the violence of the boilii pool beneath. Such is tlie power of habit — t' sawyer, careless of danger, crosses the pla' across the gorge, and ventures where hi^ ii: depends upon an inch of space. Of this I La frequently been an eye-witness, (my house I ing near the Falls.) These Falls, if the ^ nery in its neighbourhood possessed no otk charm, would amply repay the admirer of i ture for any expence or inconvenience he imii incur ixi visiting them, and in England, this vi lage would be a place of annual and cro^vd( resort. There are three places of Divine av ship at the village, one at the Upper Falls, ar 1 I ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 45 it niingli There ai s spot, ai lug to t! 3le sum i ection, ai deep cav h the akli 3em to 1 )rating oi le low roo d with t! :c tlieyli'. ing pllc> the boilii habit—t: the pla'. icre hiis li: this I Ikv y house 1 if the bi cd no otlit lirer of n cc he niig nd, this V id croAVcli 3ivine avo r Falls, iii e in the Mascreen settlement. The parish fntains, including the Le Tang, Le Tete, and ascreen settlements, 363 inhabited houses ; 10 families, and persons, 2422 ; and acres of lared land, 4097. About three miles up the river, there is a tlement, chiefly agricultural, named Mas- sen, and consisting principally of Scottish |ighlanders from Perth, Sutherland, and Caith- [ss-shires, and their ramifications. It is si- ted at, and near the mouth of the river, fetching for several miles along the south side oi the Bay, and terminating one of its inlets, called Le Tete Passage. In this settlement, there has been a neat church erected : in June 1839, it remained in a very unfinished state, #ly being rough boarded. At this time, the i^abitants were unexpectedly visited by the j|v. Chris-^opher W. Atkinson, Missionary im King's County, twenty-seven miles from the city of St John. Inasmuch as this people had not been favoured with more than six ser- mons during the last year, they gladly engaged Mr A. for one year, at the end of which period, the whole of the people unanimously came for- ^'d, and not only chose, but appointed Mr C. IKiNsox to be their pastor, with a promise of c 46 ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. £100, per annum. A. is as follows : — The engagement with M M '- !it;l '■■} We, the undersigned General Committee of the Presli;> terian Church in this place, being destitute of a reguk' minister, have, in consideration of the Rev. Christopher A k ison, giving (during the three years he has been in tli Province, and more particularly the last year in which 1 lias officiated as our minister,) the undeniable proofs of a sincerity, zeal, and ability, in the work of the miuistr chosen and appointed the said Mr Atkinson to be the past of the above churcli, with the entire approbation of the cc: gregation, and that Mr A. is henceforth to receive for I ministerial labours in this parish, the sum of £100, per annur and we trust he will continue to have the respect and Ic of his people, which he has already obtained, and that i valuable labours may more than ever be appreciated those who may henceforth have the pleasure of sitting un his niiTiistry. Signed, June, a. d. 1840, and the third of the re Her Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria. 1 1'','! George Mackenzie, Esij Peter M'Diarmid, Esq. Hugh M'Leod, Senr. DOKALD M'KeNZIE. AiiciiinALD M'VicAas. George M'Vicars. ThOxMas Lailakd. Alitscrern, Si Georye, N. B. Tlie above appeared in the "St John C| rier and Christian Reporter," in June. J 1840. After Mr A. was appointed to this eliun ith Ml le Presljj: ' a regiil/ toplier A ien in tli which 1 oofs of 1l J miuistr i the past of the CO eive for 1 per aunur 2t and Iff iind that I reciated ittiug m- the reign la. ZIE, Estj. ID, Esq. )enr. IE. ICARS. RS. [). Joliii C' June, -^ us cliui If e us( |f £^ llalifi ieeii J Jeady 4t Jo; iill re ■^1 On llders i|)pear iie Pr i i To al signed C l^is pla( Piristop Ifthof vikblemis fispect wcause liy; anc Ifct him ised f( ' Signe i grei [26//1 1 ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 49 [e used every means to have it completed. In [ay and October 1840, he collected upwards |f £20 in the city of St John, and £35 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, both of which sums have |een paid into the hands of the Committee al- |eady mentioned, and which also appeared in ■'A ft John papers to that effect. The church |till remains in an unfinished state. I On Mr Atkinson leaving his pastoral charge ib 1841, he received the following from the elders and managers of his church, and which i|)peared in the city papers, before Mr A. left Ae Province : — To all whom this doth or may concern, We, the iinder- wgned General Committee of the Presbyterian Church in tiiis place, (Mascreen) do hereby declare, that the Rev. Christopher Atkinson, A.M., has been our pastor since the ^th of June 1839, during which period he has supported an wblemished character, and has conducted himself in every tiepect becoming a faithful and indefatigable minister of the gjispel ; and the only reason for Mr Atkinson leaviug us, is, because there are so few in this part to support the minis- tiy ; and we humbly pray, that Divine Providence will di- Wwt him to that sphere of labour in which he will be recom- pensed for his valuable labours. Signed by the General Committee, in behalf of the Con- gregation, &c Peter M'Diarmid, Esq. Hugh M'Leod, Senr. Abcud. M' Vicars. Geo. M' Vicars, Thos. Lailakd. Maureen, St George, N. B. \ 26lh April 1841. J IM !i I 50 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL From my knowledge of the Rev. Mr Atkinson, I hav reason to believe the foregoing statement to be correct. Samuel Thomson, A. AT. Rector of St Georgt- In connexion with this place, is a small settle ment called Le Tang, which is inhabited by ; few Scots families, who left their country abon twenty years back, (viz. Argyleshire.) Le Tetf with the above settlements, are in the parish ( St George. [ang frith p: for the |armer r whf Pennfield is the next parish I shall notice This place is situated to the eastward of .^ George, and obtained its name from a numbt ^^^ hi^^ of families who emigrated from the Unite^*^ spri States, and who belonged to the Society (MJlplves Friends. Its soil is excellent, and its coast i^f ^^^' ^ indented by Le Tafig and Beaver Harbours i «P^ ^^" this place I preached every other Sabbath for ^<>kin^ considerable time, it being only six miles froLi#^^^^ ^ St George. During my visits to this parish was kindly entertained by Joseph Knight, Es J. P., who always took great care that not oiil myself, but my horse should not want. Tlier is in this parish 168 inhabited houses, and li families, with 2235 acres of cleared land. Tt male population of St George, St Stephen St James*, St David's, St Patrick's, and Pen: ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 51 , I hav| rect. .M. ^t Georgtl 1 settle ;ed by I •y aboil .e Tctf >arisli ( [ notice d of S numk Unite! •cietv ( coast : >urs i ith for les fro: parish, jht, E? not oil: Tliei and li d. Tt tephen' id Few eld, go in the winter into the woods for the urpose of lumbering*, without which many ould not be able to raise their numerous fa- iUes. The plan of these winter campaigns is follows : — An enterprising farmer enters in- io an engagement with a timber merchant, hereby the person with whom the farmer akes his engagement, furnishes him and his ang or gangs, of twelve or more men each, |rith provisions and other necessaries, taking for the same the timber and saw logs of the |armer, and in spring pays him the balance due Jpr whatever quantity of timber he has furnish- ed him with. During their stay in the forest pf spruce and pine, the men raise for them- Ives small huts with boughs and trunks of ees, and cover them with spruce bark, one for e oxen, one for sleeping in. and a third for j|ooking. The two latter are divided by a stout lank bench running length ways from end to d ; they overspread the whole nearly two et thick, with pliant and ever -green twigs of e hemlock, and by a very large fire, defy the ittermost efforts of the sternest North Ameri- n winter, and the wild beasts which, by ance, may surround them. Having erected eir domicile, the sound of the axe dailv iverberates through the dense wood. How SBS j'!iffr',"fw 1 : 52 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL bow the sturdy maple, spruce, &c. beneath the; stroke ! The oxen haul the timber as soon as it is cu down, on the slippery surface of the beatc snow, to the nearest brook, one of the feeder Ox the nearest river, where it is yarded on tli " STY . ice until the grand break-up of the ice, vvhich i ^ J»l-Oc« about the beginning of April, in which month- rt US( elear< Wesl Th nti " The winter 's nearly gone — the earth has lost Her snow-white robes, and now no more her frost. Candles the grass, or casts un icy cream Upon the silver lake, or crystal stream." When the vast body of snow that over spr cat the country, swells the various streams iiit finde impetuous torrents, carrying the ponderous pr iipictei duce of these romantic winter expeditions dow ^ b into the main rivers, I have seen rafts, in pr ||g, ceeding from Fredericton, &c. of from 12,0( Ad to 18,000 tons of timber ; and I have kno^^ rf^^j the Maguagadavic (at which village I resiu two years) covered with a floating bridge ^ hie reached a considerable distance, and which w bending its course to the mouth of the Ma? creen river, at which place there were sevci ships to receive it. St. Patrick's.— The i7rst settlers of tin place were soldiers from some Scottish Higl pu t:.-i::'}^:^' ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 63 ncath tlif IS it is cir lie beatci le feeder led on tl, e, vvhich' li montli- lost r frost, versprcac •earns int lerous pv' tions doF ts, in pr om 12,01 ive knoT^: I resiu idge \\'lii( v/hich w[ • the Ma; 3re sevei f^rs of tb ttish Higi nd Regiments, disbanded after the c'ose of e American revolutionary war. It is more cky and hilly than the other parishes, but the il in most places is good, and in the upper rt of the parish inferior to none in the coun- %y. It is intersected by the Digdeguash and oannexo streams. There are 294 inhabited uses, and 303 families, with 5206 acres of cleared land. There is a Presbyterian and Wesleyan-Methodist Church in the parish. I The local situation of St. Andrew's, as a #ontier town, bordering on the United States, Fenders its population of a more fluctuating cha- tacter. The data from which calculations alone €in be made on this point being thus vacillat- ing, the estimates themselves, from one pe- d to another, must, in a corresponding de- ee, partake of the uncertainty. It is calcu- hled the population of the town has decreased a| least one-fourth since 1830, from a combina- n of causes, and one circumstance which has ^ late years operated as a check to the prospe- y of the town, and led to the dispersion of ittany families, is the number of rivrrs in its jghbourhood, viewed in connexion with a nge of system which has taken place in the pnient of their produce. On these rivers, •^t\t':C::* 54 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL R'J ;, ■ !M !|i Inh; cica urc hurc omai St] cclle bitec arcd St J an extensive trade in the staple commodity the colony is pursued. Numerous saw-mit have been erected on them, and many hundre thousands of tons of timber are every yci floated down them. This produce is eventual] carried to the West Indies, in the shape boards and shingles, and to several parts England, Ireland, and Scotland. It will be oi vious, that the whole of this trade would cenbl in St Andrew's, were its position like that of ^ John, at the embouchurre of a large river, ai the only large one in the whole country empt ing itself into the sea. Instead of this, St A: ^thcr drew's is placed on a bay about twenty niil»)unty long, and nearly half as much broad, and into tl. W g^ spacious bay three rivers, St Croix or Scoodk t^ the at one end, the Maguagadavic, at the other, ii: the Digdeguash in the middle, besides smallt streams, disembogue th^ ir waters. The con: try portion of St Andrew's parish is in t course of gradual, but accelerating occupatio: by industrious emigrants and their offspring, The soil in the neighbourhood of St A drew's is very fertile. Wherever it has be ^ of < derived from, the decomposition of sand-stoi five mi the beds of clay and gravel, are less productiv tliffivin and would be much improved by the applicati^ -m left of 'marl or lime, iid bei StS f ACCOUNT OE NEW-BRUNSWICK. 55 Inhabited houses, 509 ; families, 617 ; acres cleared land, 5309. There is one Episcopal urch, one Presbyterian, and one Wesleyan hurch ; each have a minister ; as well as a Oman Catholic Chapel. St David's is the next parish, which is an ccllent farming district, and contains 171 in- bited houses, 175 families, and 4886 acres of ared land. St James' is the next parish, This is alto- s, St A; j^ther an inland parish, and the only one in the Qty Biii ©ounty that is not nigh the salt water, touch- i into tl ing St Stephen's on one side, and St David's Scoodk qn the other. It stretches northward into the )ther, ti: Uterior, unt^l it joins the county of York. I de through this as well as those annexed to in June 1839. Inhabited houses in this pa- h, 179 ; families, 181 ; and 4499 acres of ared land. 5S smallt, 'he COIL' is in ti ccupatio fspring. ' St k has bet Eind-stoK roductiTi St Stephen's is the next place that is wor- of our notice. It lies by the road twenty- e miles from St Andrew's, and is a very iving parish. It touches on the St Croix on pplicatk -W^ left bank, at the head of the ship navigation, «P being on its western boarder skirted by the ;*in* 56 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL same bounding river ; this parish combineJ within itself, the pursuits of agriculture, lunii bering, and commerce. St Stephen's possessJ a mineral spring of no ordinary medical powers] It is near the church ; a small stream issue from the earth, and contributes to the suppl} a brook, crossing the street. The water very clear — has a weak fetid smell, and ur pleasant taste when first taken into the mouth The following analysis v;as repeated three timej with nearly the same results — yet it may noj be correct : — Sulphurated hydrogen. Sulphate of Soda, Lime, Muriate of Soda, Oxide of Iron, . . 4. 5 cub. in. 5. 4 grains. 2.5 6. 0.4 The sulphurated hydrogen reddens the infusioii of bitmus, and precipitates the nitrate of silvej black. The sulphate of lime was detected M evaporating a pint of the water down to fouj ounce, a precipitate of the sulphate of lirnj formed, which was soluble in 400 parts water ; and the solution afforded a precipitat| with oxalic acid, carbonate magnesia and alco hoi. The aperient effects of this spring ad ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 57 rery clear, and they evidently arise from the lulphate, and muriate of soda contained in rater. From the above, it therefore appears that it L not inferior in its medicinal powers to many ^f those in England and France, — admitting hilt the good effects of watering-places are in kart produced by a change of air, amusement, id scenery. St Stephen's is pleasantly si- lated, with a fine surrounding country. There also another mineral spring at Oak-Bay, its iropcrtics appear to be similar to the above. illtown, about three miles to^wards the United >tates, is in the same parish. In the former [lace there is an Episcopal, and a \)'esleyan Jhurch, at Mill-Town, so called on account of le great number of saw-mills. There is a Wes- jyan and Catholic Church at each place. There a toll-bridge which takes over to the State of faine. St Stephen's is opposite to Calais, in le above-mentioned State. Inhabited houses. (95 ; families, 579 ; acres of cleared land, 4225. Campo-Bello, although an island in the *assamaiiuoddy-Bay, is in this county (Char- )tte.) It is two miles long, and about two in keadth. Its longest diameter is from north to [outh, and whether considered on account of 58 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i its fine harbours, fisheries, or timber, is ex- tremelv valuable. The whole of the eastern shore is bold and lofty ; frightful, needle-shaped cliffs, and sheh'' ing masses of slate descend into the sea so perv| pendicularly, that, in foggy v»eather, vesscL might be thrown by tiic waves against the cliffs. \ before any danger could be apprehendecl. In | stead of the overhanging precipice, the west! side of Campo-Bello has a gentle slop toward^j the shore, where the inhabitants have made considerable progress in agriculture. Inhabit- ed houses, 111; families, 132; acres of clcaredl land, 1000. Friar's-Head is a considerable cliff, on tliej south side of the harbour, at Welshpool. Westj Quaddy light, on th^ American shore, standij on a low cliff. Between Quaddy and this is- land, the tides run with great rapidity ; and aj| the channel, at low tide, has no more than twcj feet of water, and contains a number of dange- rous rocks, the navigation is almost impracti- cable, except at high -water. This island is iij part owned by Captain Owen, R.N., who re sides at Welshpool. It contains 111 inhabited] houses, 132 families, and thery is 1000 acres of| cleared land. It is about sixteen miles from St Andrcv.'s, and eight miles from Dear Is- land. ' Jof St A: iirectioi south-wi can shor md M^ hirough )oint, a lie lar< .0 Tete 'he isia jrs from [hese pa! Idies w' [t is aboi Ihree bro sland, 2 le islan >oscd of ills are iiding t td; and ind gray fock exte r boats c islam if small I'lany of ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 59 ind. This island is stretched across the Bay )f St Andrew's, in a north-east and south-west lirection. The Scoodic empties between the . 50uth-west part of the island, and the Ameri- lau shore, while the waters of the Digdeguash ind Magaguadavic are discharged into the sea, flirough two openings between its north-east )oint, and the maiidand of New-Brunswick. lie largest of these passages is called '' Big .0 Tete," and the lesser '* Little Le Tete." 'he island obstructs the ready exit of the wa- fers from the nvers, and the tide rushes through peso passages with great rapidity, occasioning jddies which frequently perplex the best pilots. [t is about twelve miles long, and upv/ards of [hrce broad. I preached two sermons on the sland, 24th April 1840. The south side of [he island presents a chain of low hills, com- posed of trap-rock and broken slate. These tills are scattered over an inclined-plane, ex- jiiding to the shore, which is singularly indent- Id. and occasionally occupied by beds of sand ind gravel. Sometimes projecting masses of lock extend into the sea, affording fine harbours )r boats and other small craft. This side of ic island is also sheltered by a great number [f small islands, scattered along the shore. plany of the hills are naked, others, and the V 60 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL valleys, are covered with a light grow^th of birch and spruce. Many are the inducement' j oifered for the inhabitants to cultivate the soil, iijid a number of fine farms have been cleared! but as fishing is considered to be the most pro- fitable employment, they have been much ne : glected. The next is Indian Isknd, about seven mile;^^ from the latter. It was with great difficult) that I could reach this place. The sea ruiii very heavy between here and the Wolves — siil islands so called, which are of considerable mas nitude, and are well known to the mariner fV ^ having been the scene of many shipwrecks They are situated very unfavourably for tli navigation of the coast. Indian Island is aboii a mile or so long, and three quarters of a mi! broad. I landed on the south side, about U o'clock on Saturday, the 25tli April 1840. .\ the request of the inhabitants, I preached a three o'clock and seven. This island is inchidi cd with that of Deer-Island, and several otlic'l small islands. Indian Island is ab; ut one mill from Moose-Island, on the American side, oij which there is a beautiful town called Eastpurtl in which I have several times preached, and re| ceived great kindness from the people. T island is about six miles broad, and is in r ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. (.1 county of Washington, and the state of Maine. It is impossible to conceive a more interesting sight than is presented in this Bay during the summer season. It is similar to ue scene pre- jsented on the northern coast of Scotland, in the mouths of July and August, which I had the pleasure of viewing in 1826, between Stronsay [and Ronaldshay Island. Boats and vessels be- ?almed and carried away by the tide, are at me instant hidden by the blackened rock, or the green foliage of some small island. At an- )ther, they glide from behind the curtain, and ippcar struggling with the overwhelming cur- rent. Frequently several hundreds of boats, mddled together, and practising a deadly de- ception on the haddock and cod, from a signal (ivcu by the tide, draw up their anchors, and fasten to the shore. The silence of evening is boken by the sound of the Indian's gun. le- [elled with fatal aim at the rising porpoise, 'he hollow sound of the " loon's" note is dis- )rdant with the scream of the gull. Here the [lassy surface of the water is broken by a shoal herring ; yonder the spouting grampus is [lowing up the spray in preparation for an- ther dive. Perched on the rock, any subterranean causes, while the coral insect ~ ''(K.^WWWHkV G6 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL '■t i^r of the Pacific Ocean is raising his mound be- neath the sea to become at last the residence of man, — while the Ganges is sv/eeping up the sand, and building islands, — thn volcanoes of Iceland re lifting tlK; la . . a! \'^ V\c water, an ^ the "' earth's safety valvob ;• < peiforming the double office of venting inteiiial 'In t, and erect- ing continents. However remote may be tin time when the islands in the Passamaquoddv Bay were raised up, there can be no doubt tliui they owe their existence to causes to be ex plained, by referring to operations still in con- tinuance upon the earth, and a violence that once shook the strata to their lowest founda- tions. The largest of these small islands are inha- bited ; and although the soil is scanty, fine crop^ of grain and potatoes are generally produced, It is from the excelk.it fisheries the inhabitant^ derive their chief support, and, therefore, a soil capable of successful cultivation is neglected The season is short, and the frosts appear early in the autumn ; bat vegetation is rapid, ami fine fields of ripe wheat may be seen in the month of August. Inhabited houses in Granl Manan, are 154 ; families 170 ; cleared Ian 2671 acres. A small sailing vessel visits the island froi St Andre I son, a g] J tend at tl I of the w I fhese crai can scarc( Xorthern fo New-B I Nearly I and along i 01' pcrpeu" they desc sea. This ci; lection of f dies made I similar to ia much s: I "lit in Ai I Church wi 5 inhabited I 'f cleared I The roal I IS through ^ vello settle ' 'ounty. fhcre are 1 i'ortion of i ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. St Andrew's twice r veck. In the Asking sea- ^'M. a great number of American vessels at tend at this time. Ia fin^ weather, the surface of the water arouni the land is "overed with I iliese craft, and a more singular and lively scene can scarcely be presented than the panorama of Northern Head. This fishery is of great value to New-Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Nearly all the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay, and along the coast, present to the north, steep I or perpendicular cliffs, while, on the south sides, I they descend by a gradual slope down to the I sou. I This circumstance has arisen from the col- I lection of diluvial debris formed in the ed- [ dies made by these prominences, and is exactly [similar to those occurring daily in rivers, upon la much smaller scale. A dreadful fire broke [out in August 1839, by which the Episcopal Church was entirely consumed. There are 154 inhabited houses; 170 families, and 2671 acres of cleared land. The road from St Andrew's to Fredericton lis through the Brockways, Harveys, and Hana- hclle settlements. The first of these is in York County. From the Digdognash, to this place, there are but few settlers; there is a fair pro- portion of good land, but much of it lies bc- ■ y%. ' J f)8 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL twcon two rivers, and whicli is flat, low, and unfit for cultivation. Between this place and the Harvey settlement, there is a beautiful dis- trict of excellent land, all held and owned in a wilderness state by the proprietors. The Ilai vey settlement is composed of English and Scottish emigrants. A few years ago they suf- fered severe hardships and privations, but at present they are in comfortable dwellings, and making great clearings in the woods. From here, to the Hanwell settlement, the road passes through much farming land, with several patches of swamps and barrens, and some ranges of stony ground, which reach near the Erin a Lake This settlement consists of about twenty fami- lies, from the Emerald Isle. From this placi to Fredericton, the land is thickly studded with heavy hemlock and spruce, and the road lea(l> to the Oronoco Lake, till the traveller reachc the seat of government. i Fioderict its Adv[ of Clear tance fi and Ha liichibui Dorclics Penn-Mi field, Ga Ham, Ja( ruWic I Cleared 4'REDEKl John, an^ |icnt, an^ It Ann' ilcre is t for, and I'rederict ti^ation ^iiinstanc( e inhab resents : ACCOUNT OF NEW- BRUNSWICK. GO UlKl 1 dis- iii K Hai aii from the contiguity of the different important parts of the Province, they could be sooner ob- tained from this place than any other. It alsi forms a connecting link between the Atlantic colonies and Canada, and is a safe and convc nient place for forming magazines, and ecpii}- ing troops on their route from the sea boanl to Quebec. Tho importance of this place h those purposes, was well realized during tin last war (in 1837-38) and should not be h> sight of. The river St John appears to havi been the old and usual route of the French ami Indians in passing from Canada to Nova Scotia and New-England, long before New-Bruii> wick was settled ; and Fredericton and the vil lages near it, no doubt, were among the prinii pal Indian stations, long before the couutn was k] cording : route f I taken 1 " Castinc 4 haste t I Arcadia \ tisJi. ,' The ] |ses fron :inorc ni (that the I'itants attorded _ establisl; % (Iced, as Ispreadin if Icannot fj ?inost bei I Thus, |rogrettc( |('iiterpri If'il instit ff^cct UJ #>ors nius fibcrality l^^hieli ar( i^t'Ctual ill s n ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 73 )rinci'i miitn ; was known to the French or English. Ac- cording to Dougkis, this was the most direct route from New-England to Canada, and was i taken by Colonel Livingstone, and the Baron Ciistine, in a.d. 1710, when they went in great haste to acquaint the Governor-General that ^ Arcadia had fallen into the hands of tiic Bri- I tish. I The natural advantages Fredericton posses- I scs from its recent position, became every year I mure important, and it is only to be desired. that the time is not far distant, when her inha- ihitaiits will avail themselves of those facilities i^tfordcd by the proximity of water-powder, to establish manufactories and machinery. In- d.'cd, a spirit of enterprise appears to be rapidly i^prcading in this place, (Fredericton) which cannot fail, if properly directed, to produce the [most beneficial results. Thus, eligibly situated, it certainly is to be ogretted, that it is not more distinguished for ntcrprise, and that it is destitute of those use- ul institutions which exercise so beneficial an ffect upon society, and without which, its mem- crs must be deficient of that intelligence and ibcrality that characterize the present age, but which are almost invariably the result of intel- Icctual improvement. It is also a misfortune J 74 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL for the place, that efforts are not made t' arrest a large portion of the trade of the upper part of the Province on its way to St John for the merchants, generally speaking, procun their supplies of British, West India, and otlici goods from the city ; and as steamers run twice a-day between that place and Fredcricton, wliicL is seventy miles by water, persons of stated in- comes, and others who can afford it, procui\ the principal part of their supplies and clothin from Halifax (N. S.) that city, and even froi England and the United States ; althoui^li there is abundance of cultivated and excellent land in the vicinity of the town, and settlement^ are rising up continually at no great distance above and around it. Owing to the lumbering pursuits in wliicli the people on this river, as well as in otlicr places, have engaged, and to which toilsome and semi-savage life they are unaccountably prone: a large amount of in^opert}- is under mortgage to the supplying merchants, who have to secun themselves in this way for provisions, and ai t' Jlc6 advanced to enable parties to pursue o; occupation attended with very great risk. Am! as from various causes, individuals who are m involved, have farms to dispose of, — emigrant ^ or others, having a small capital at comnuunl and I can li tuatio rate p Frc lis a pop |to 4000 As th places n lis capi fclianic #ini((ran lliould Exists in fersons f"i*t of a f 'Jod dcs Tain to Jvliolcsoil .c t-^ ipper John, ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 75 wliicli otlicr me and roiic: rtgagi ^^ secure ' ; bd ar-:J 5U0 011^ and being desirous of settling in the country, can have no difficulty in procuring eligible si- tuations in any part of the Province at a mode- rate price. Frcdericton, which has been for sometime the extreme point to which steam navigation lias advanced — when we consider that it is a place where the public offices ire situated, and the heads of departments reside, and is sur- rounded by a well settled country, it is natural to infer, that it is one of much importance, ond that there would be employment for a consider- able number of persons of various pursuits. By a return made in 1840, it appears that there is a population in the parish alone, amounting ito 4000 souls. As the object I have in view is to point out laces where the man of property may invest is capital in the purchase of lands — the me- hanic and labourer find employment, and the migrant a settlement — it will be proper that I hould state with candour, any difficulty that xists in this part. As to servants, a class of crsons on whom the domestic order and com- f(irt of a family principally depend — those of a food description are much wanted ; but it is in V;iin to expect them, in the absence of those Wholesome laws and reirulations that prevail in I 76 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL h! I iif^ the Mother Country. Here domestics are hired by the month, without any regard to character or qualification, merely to meet the exigencies of the present moment ; and the result is, a succession of changes is continually takin;/ place, and complaint is the order of the day, As to the labouring men, and the mechanics, tilt" wages they obtain is high, but the mode ot payment, (chiefly out of the shop) reduces it probably to its proper level, although it act? unjustly upon those who are not disposed, qi^ are not so situated as to pay in this way. The| result is, that great difficulty exists in havinji| work of any kind completed promptly ; and in 1 this respect, as w^ell as others, Fredericton ex| hibits a state of society not to be equalled ii North America. Persons complaining of th osi,, whom they employ, and others who are eni| ployed, being dissatisfied with their employ ment ; a remedy for all this is to be found oiilv Jutcher i in a resort to cash payments. When indivi Tjiere is duals are hired, they should be paid for tlicii |]o' the la labour ^ ca^h. and allowed to purchase aii\ jhat is qu articles the} may require, wdien that can \y |ave enio done t*^^ + u< h-;^r, advantage. If those who ic filiations side in ii){ 5,<;igltboiirhood of the place h:i\ ii|i(] otherl any debts ' > ^^.^.^ o" agiicultural produce ^^is Jienii dispose of, n> vC d ot as at present, taking it t f As res I ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 77 a shop where they arc indebted, or where tui apparently high price is given, payment being made in goods at an advanced rate to meet it ; this should be carried to a public market, and there sold upon the best terms, and the party should pay his debts in money, and make his purchase in a similar way. Were this healthy f state of business to prevail, much of the pre- Isent cause of complaint would vanish — compe- Itition would be introduced, and the exorbitant ate of living must be materially reduced. From its situation, Fredericton ought to be place of excellent business, and should be bundantly supplied with provisions ; but at resent the former is confined to a retail trade, nd advances to lumbering parties, w^hile the lace is very irregularly supplied with fresli revisions ; and although there is a large mar- et-house in Fredericton, yet there is but one iitcher in it, and only three bakers in the tow^n. here is, besides, a sort of non-chalance pervpd- [• thcii |io> the labouring classes of society in this place, e au) fiat is quite novel and unpleasant to those who an i> |ave enjoyed the benefit of the conventional re- lio vt ^Illations that abound in the Mother Country, li:i\i i|i(l other parts of the British possessions in uce 1 t|iis hemisphere. g it t I As respects the man of property, however, ■? E irod LCter icies is, 11 i-kinii dav. mics, dc ()\ ces it t act; ed, w The : lavini; and ill )n ex- lUed iii thosi e em- nploy- d onV indivi 78 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL he can obtain land under cultivation intbo vici nity of Fredericton, at a moderate price, and can have the advantage of good society, aii'l excellent means of educating the juvenile bran dies of his family. Inhabited houses in Fro dericton, in 1840, are 489 ; families, 708 houses building, twenty-nine ; houses uninlic bited, twenty ; Males above sixteen, lOGl under sixteen, 829 ; Fvmiales above sixteen 1666; under sixteen, 798 People of colour, - males above sixteen, twenty-eight ; under six- teen, forty-three ; femal'^s above sixteen, fortvr eight ; under sixteen, twenty-nine. — Total per ' sons, 4002. Acres of cleared land, 1G9G horses, 248 ; neat cattle, 524 ; sheep, 3801 swine, 642. Fredericton, by land, is sixty-five miles fronl St John's ; on the east side of the river eighth six. To St Andrew's, by the Neripsis, lOO to Chatham (Miramichi) 114; to Quebec,!)) the Grand Falls, 346 ; to Halifax, Nova Sc^^ tia, by the Bend of Petitcodiac, Dorcheste and Amherst, 308. Opposite Fredericton are two rivers, that i the lower part of the town is called the Nasi] waak, flowing from the northward, for a di tance of twenty miles, when it turns to t Moi'thward and westward, and ultimately lica bevo: I counl that t dcrici ' Catho JlOUSCf Jeast, , eight ] shall n I Twe |a])pears able ex trikcs ■ rom tl rederi the 1 lies its ourteeii our mi[ est of hathani a fert] milies. aces oi \vn, wh n, and ^'ough a &,V^ *5t»a* ^Mif t^i ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 79 VlCl- and , ainl bran- "Fre- 708: linlia I lOGl: .xteen.p our,-) er six- , fortv-^ tal perj ^ 1G9G. 380 cs froKJ eiglitv s, hoc, V va Sc" clicstc that r a 0^' to ftj bevond Woodstock, which is the capital of the county of Carlton, of which w^e shall mention, that Woodstock is sixty-four miles from Frc- dcricton. There is a church, — a Methodist and Catholic chapels. There are 482 inhabited houses, occupied by 520 families, and have, at least, 9757 acres of cleared land. There arc eight other parishes in this county, which wc shall notice hereafter. Twelve miles from Fredericton, the intervale appears on both sides expanding to a consider- ble extent. Another road from Fredericton trikes the Naswaak, at a considerable distance rom this place. About eighteen miles below redericton, the road to Miramichi turns oft" the right, and ascending a steep hill, pur- ues its course over a dreary portage, about burteen miles in extent, until it arrives within bur miles of Boistown, situated on the south- est of Miramichi, about seventy miles from hatham, and forty from Fredericton, There a fertile track of country sufficient for 250 mihes. Newcastle and Chatham are the next ilaces of any importance. On leaving Bois- f)\vn, which is forty-five miles from Frederic- n, and sixty-eight miles to Chatham, we pass rough a small village called Blissfield, in which L , 'MrTrt '"' 80 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL li'^ there is, inhabited houses, sixty-eight ; famiUes, seventy-one ; acres of cleare ist, from its position, necessarily resume it- former nportancc. There is a Presbyteria; church here. Inhabited houses, 404 ; inhabi- tants, 433 ; acres of cleared land, 2000. Douglas is about a mile from Newcastle, o: the road to Chatham ; is seated on the nort! bank of the river, and was destroyed in the ge neral conflagration of 1825, and has since beei rebuilt. It contains stores and tradesmen shops. Messrs Gilmour & Rankine carry o: an extensive business here. The most conspi cuous building in this place, is a fine edifice k a marine hospital. About five miles from Douglas, is Chathauii which is situated on the south side of the rive:| At the east of this village, is a Presbyteria church, dedicated to St Andrew, a small but neal cdific belfr( Seces 'the h ipersoi jrange( lOrec'u jvery ullage fanco J iiong b \hc leas The [had and foD tract loes not ^S its ;bove th iiichi is ience, ai ith an 'r fifteer milies, tere isi ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 81 lilies jastle, *oint.i owntv, I »ff that wliicli: as tb aral, ii mic it: ►ytcriai: inluibi- edifice, surmounted by a spire, with an inserted belfrey. There is also an Episcopal, Catholic, Secession, and Weslcyan-Mcthodist churches — the latter will contain five hundred and fifty persons. The building is neat, and well ar- ranged, and has a fine portico, embellished with Grecian pillars, which inclose a double vesti- bule. At this place, the Messrs Cunards have very large steam, saw, and grist mill estab- ishmcnt. There is a post-office, reading-room, nd printing office, which issues a newspaper very Tuesday, called " the Gleaner." The illage is exceedingly ill laid out, both for ele- anee and convenience. The buildings stand long both sides a very crooked road, without he least appearance of order or regularity. The river abounds with fish, particularly had and salmon. It is about a mile broad, but ontracts towards Newcastle, where its breadth oes not exceed half a-mile ; yet, notwithstand- g its narrowness, the waters are brackish ^^^^^! Ibove these places. The current of the Mira- incc w liichi is less rapid than that of the St Law- lience, and the tide rises in a less degree, but, hatliaii^j^l^ an easterly gale, it sometimes rises twelve r ^^^!^^^ fifteen feet. Inhabited houses here are 441 ; ^y^^^^^mihes, 582; acres of cleared land, 3660. ^^^^^^mhere is an Episcopal church ; also a Scotch istle, 01 e nortl . the gt ice bcei. esmen- arry u vmamm&iifimmmB!^immW 82 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL the tri a fine church. There is likewise a Sec ^,sion, a Wcs- ieyan-Methodist, and a Catholic eliapel — each of wliich is supplied with a minister. Oppo site Newcastle, Alexander Fraser, Esq. has a compact steam saw-mill establiohment. The next place after leaving Chatham, thati^ worthy of any notice, is Bathurst ; this place i> between the Miramichi river, and the Resti- gouche, at the bottom of a deep indent in tlu Bay Chalaur, and in former years was called Nipisiguit Harbour ; here a thriving village has sprung up, containing 291 inhabited houses. 361 families, and 2171 acres of cleared land,' This village is in the county of Gloucester, ami is forty-eight miles from Chatham. There i< also a Weslcyan-Methodist chapel, with a re sident minister. There is a road leading froii Bathurst to Dalhousie ; the principal of tlic county Restigouche, which is seventy miles di- tant by land ; and at the head of the Grca; and Middle Nipisiguit, form a junction ; tli village of Bathurst being placed on the Penii sula thus caused. There is an excellent roa i nearly level, and in a direct line from Chathiii to this place, passing through a country chicti covered with heath and burnt wood, until y come w^ithin about twenty miles of Bathur^' r hundred when a decided improvement takes place ; aim J*^*^*^^* of i-ight, Pokani and ot inliabit ' '1' cleai Rici] Kent, \ a flourii 322 inh, there is with a niiJes fr of Petit 'Sussex-" From I is Mteei very lov twenty-f 'the Stn ivjundan used for •^afe anc There a ACCOUNT OE NEW-BRUNSWICK. 83 cucli ppo. .as ii lat i ice b / lesti- i 1 til- calk'! :l the traveller meets with something resembling a fine country, lying on its promontory to the light, and which is watered by the Caraquct, Pokamonc' 8, Tracadie, Tabusintac, Bartibog, and other minor rivers. Dalhousie has 136 inhabited houses, 140 families, and 2168 acres of cleared land. RicHiBUCTO, the capital of the county of Kent, which is on a fine river of that name, is a flourishing village. It has 315 houses, with .322 inhabitants, and 4563 acres of cleared land ; there is also a Catholic and Wesleyan chapels, with a resident minister to each. It is forty miles from Chatham, fifty miles from the Bend I of Petitcodiac, and 145 miles from St John, by I .Sussex-Vale and Hampton-Ferry. From this place we proceed to Shediac, which is fifteen miles. The country on its surface is 'fvery low and level, not averaging more than twenty- five feet above the level of the water of the Straits of Northumberland. Oysters are itjundant on this shore, and their shells are used for manure. The harbour of Shediac is safe and convenient for ships of large size. There are in the settlement upwards of two hundred families of French Acadians. The front of the harbour is occupied by Englisli ^5 ^»>..^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ItiKA |2.S |50 "^^ M^H ■^ 1^ 112.2 1^0 12.0 1.4 1.6 V] (^ /^ />< "♦v^ /^ V Photographic Sciences Corporation m r^ :\ \ ^| have been diked, are of a good quality, afFordj ing the best kind of hay, and also crops oij Avheat. It is a remark applicable to all the marslie«| in this country, that after they are diked andl drained, they have a tendency to settle and be- come lower than the banks of the rivers, wherti the alluvium is rising and becoming more andl more compact. The marsh adjoining the up- land was found in several instances to be snl feet lower than the banks of rivers daily re- ceiving alluvial matter from the tides. Froiiil this circumstance, the inner margin of tlifl ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 87 march is ovcrflowcn with fresh water during a considerable part of the season, and is thereby rendered worthless. The best remedy for this effect, would be to allow the sea to flow in again over certain tracks for a few seasons. This would raise and renovate the sunken rrround, and entirely destroy the poisonous plants now covering many of the lots. This plan might be effected by throwing up dikes from the upland, to the present barrier against the tides, and thus track after track might be redeemed. The muddy water of the Bay being introduced, and undisturbed by currents, would deposit its sediment equally according to its depth ; and as the lower tracks would be cover- ed deeper than the higher ones, they would re- ceive the greatest share of alluvium, and be raised to the common level. We trust that the farmers will give due at- Itention to those valuable suggestions, for they are not only founded in fact, but have been proved correct in principle, by ample expe- rience. We are aware that some people are much averse to travel out of the beaten track of levery-day life ; yet we beg to remind such, that las agriculture has now advanced to the rank of |a science, the precepts which are taught by those who have studied the subject, are as 88 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 1^' '1 ! W much entitled to our respect and adoption, as those of any other science. The next place of any importance is Dor- Chester, the capital of Westmorland. In this place, the soil in general is sandy, and requires the application of lime. There are several thousand acres of marsh on the Memramcook. The several fine farms near the river, and the rugged scenery at its entrance, form a beautiful and very pleasing landscape; 417 inhabited houses ; 454 families, and 17,207 acres of cleared land. Much more might have been! said about this county, but, suffice it to say, that it contains eleven parishes, and an excel- lent coal-field, which we shall hereafter notice, | with several particulars. From Dorchester, there is an excellent road I to Halifax, also to St John, by Sussex- Vale. Although the land towards Sussex, is, generally speaking, owned by individuals, yet much of it is in a wilderness state, or is again growing up with bushes, and, in some instances, has fallen into neglect, owing to the erection of saw-mills, which have called away the attention of the farmer from the more profitable and certain pursuit of agriculture. The improvements in| this part of the country, however, are increas- ing rapidly, the soil being generally favourablel ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 89 for it. The soil in the vale is chiefly a rich al- luvial deposit ; and the scenery, when the tra- veller gains any elevated place, is highly pic- turesque. The east extremity of the vale, is divided into two branches ; one going in the di- rection of Salmon River, and the other follow- ing the course of Smithy Creek. At the bifu- raction, a steep mountain of conglomerate, call- ed Mount Pisgah, separates one part of the valley from the other. The scenery of this dis- Itrict is extremely beautiful. The great valley, with its fertile fields and meadows, shaded by stately elms, and bordered by the thickest al- Ider — its pastures sloping down the hills, sur- mounted by several bold elevations, intersected by deep ravines and rapid brooks, afford a most pleasing landscape. Three miles eastward of Ithe church, are two salt springs from the new red sandstone, at the foot of a gentle declivity. [Near the great road, the quantity of water sup- 3lied by each spring, is about fifty gallons per ninute ; every hundred gallons yield by evapo- ration, a bushel of salt, which is very pure and |free from earthy matter. A small quantity of the sulphate of magnesia was discovered in the malysis of this water, but it is of no practical importance, and too scanty, to produce any sensible effects on the production of the springs. ! 1 90 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i i ;i;ji This vale is not rivalled in the Province for beauty and fertility. I have preached several times in the valley, and always found the people very attentive to hear the Word. There is an Episcopal church. There is, in the parish, 342 inhabited houses ; 347 families, and 10,9GO acres of cleared land. It is forty-six miles from St John ; to Halifax, Nova Scotia, by the Bend and Amherst, 220. About sir miles from the vale, there is ah extensive settlement called the Dutch Valley When I preached at this place in January 1838 I found the people in very comfortable circum stances. From this place there is a very dense | wood, in which there is little or no clearing until about seven miles, then we arrive at the I head of the settlement, known by the name otj the Irish or Londonderry settlement. In tlii> part, there are about forty families, who have tol labour very hard to support themselves. ll preached to this people for eighteen months, al , though I resided upwards of thirty miles from some part of the settlement. It lies in tlicl Shepody Road ; the upper part is fifty milcs from St John, which is the nearest place fori the inhabitants to take their produce for sale The land in this part is not w^orthy of notice until you come about fourteen miles towaril?| ACCOUNT OF NEW-imUNSWKK. 91 o^v ard? St John, which is called Little River, on which there are a nuinhcr of very fine farms, and so continues until we arrive at Hampton, to which it formerly belonged ; but now it is in the pa- rish of Upham, which parish terminates a little above Titues-Mill, and. where Hampton com- mences. About sixteen miles hence there is a thriving settlement called St Martin's, but is frequently called Quaco. The upper part of this village extends for some miles towards Ten-Mile Creek and Tynemouth. According to the census taken in 1841, the jpopulation was 1973 persons, being an increase of nearly 1200 since the preceding census ; |513 houses, and thirty-eight in course of erec- ion. Two places of worship, (in the largest I fficiatcd occasionally ;) twenty-two saw-mills ; 635 acres of cleared land ; 113 horses ; 950 eat cattle ; 1156 sheep ; 867 swine. During 840, there were upwards of thirty vessels, any of which were built at this place. It is ;liirty-two miles from St John. From this lace to Ten-Mile Creek, there is nothing wor- ;liy of notice ; it is very thinly settled. At the reek, there are two saw-mills ; and at Tyne- iiouth, about a mile distant, there is an excel- nt ship-yard. From here, to the Black River icttlcmcnt; the land is not good. 92 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL iM ! h The settlement at Black River, reposes upoi, an extensive bed of diluvial sand and gravel, virhich is situated in the broad, but shallow de- pression in the rocks. A part of this bed Iwj been worn away by the sea, and a perfect sec- tion of the deposit may be seen in the high em- bankment still meeting the waves thrown upon the shore. The soil is good ; there are upwards of 200 families. It is eighteen miles s.e. of St I John. From this place to the Mash, which id Tvbout three miles from the city, there is not any thing worthy of notice. There is a great] number of acres of cleared land in the Mash, Here is an excellent road which leads to Hamp- ton-Ferry. In the parish of Hampton, there are a number of very fine farms, which joinjl that of Upham. In this parish there ore 27(1 inhabited houses; 317 families, and 8914 acrcj| of cleared land. From the higher grounds of Hampton, tkl imposing hills of Kingston, with their steepj cliffs, and deep ravines, and skirted with a con] tinned line of fine farms stretched along thi side of the river, afford a most interesting ami pleasing prospect. The whole track of countrjj extending from Hampton to Norton and Sii? sex (which I have travelled frequently) is coiuj posed of the red sand-stone and conglomeratej ■it) ACCOUNT OF NEW-nnUNSWlCK. On this road, for about twenty-four miles, there arc several fine farms, and to all appearance well cultivated. In Norton, inhabited houses, 151 ; famihes 1C9, and 5101 acres of cleared land. At Sussex-Vale, which I have before brieily alluded to, there is a road passes near to Smith Crtjk settlements, and extends to those of Studholm and Millstream. This road passes through a track of very excellent land, which has been granted to individuals who are fa.st clearing and improving it. From the Mill- |8tream settlement, which I very frequently vi- sited, a new road extends to the New Canaan river. This part is not much inhabited after you leave the lower Millstream, about seven or Iten miles. On the left hand of the road to- wards the Upper Millstream, there are seve- ral new settlements called the English, Irish, il'Farlane, Henderson, and Scotch settlements, 'here the land is good. In these places, I re- gularly attended during the year and a-half I resided in the parishes of Norton and Upham. lear the New Canaan river, there is much un- [rantcd land, fit for settlement, embracing icarly 20,000 acres ; also a considerable quan- Bty of a good quality farther on towards the lorth River. About twelve miles to the west, here are two settlements called Springfield, in 94 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL which there are but little land cultivated. They places are situated on BcUe-Islc Bay, and is bu; a short distance from Kingston, the county town. Houses, 268 ; families, 291, and acre, (►f cleared land 9518. 1 ,1 Kingston is the shire town of the county (jf| Kings, and contains nine parishes. It is si tuated at the head of Belle- 1 sic Bay. Tb| rock forming nearly the whole of this parish, i; composed of varieties of trap, chiefly of Um kinds ; in one greenstone, in the other feldspaij is most abundant, and sometimes crystals of considerable size. Although Kingston is tlKJ capital of this part, there is not any thing ^vor thy of notice. It contains 303 inhabited house^ 321 families, and 7515 acres of cleared land. At the mouth of Belle-Isle Bay, about teJ miles north and westward, is the mouth of tliJ Washademoac, having previously passed tw low islands, called Spoon and Long Island Avhich are formed of alluvial deposit, and aij covered with water early in the spring, by wliicU means, as is the case with all the intervale oJ the river, they are sufficiently manured, anJ produce an excellent crop of grass. On em side of the Long Reach, between the Xej repis Creek and Belle-Isle Bay, the land ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 95 elevated and picturesque, and, generally speak- intr, is of a fertile quality ; and on both sides of the river, there are wealthy farmers, several of whom commenced with very limited means, but >\ho have rendered themselves independent by I the cultivation of the soil, — the intervale yield- int? them an adequate supply of hr., and the upland producing a corresponding return for the labours of the husbandman, and large crops lof corn to reward his toil. On the west side of St John, called Little tiver, there is much intervale, exceeding throe liles, and surrounded with line farms ; the jountrv about a mile above which also abound II intervale. Thore is no ungrantcd land near he river ; but in the rear of the front lots Ihere is a track conuiining eight or ten thousand }res of excellent land, which is the New Jeru- ileni settlement. About five miles above jttle River is the Ocnabog Lake. Opposite he Ocnabog, on the east side of St. John, and leven miles from Belle Isle Bay, is the Washa- [emoac ; near to which is New Canaan, a very itensive settlement. There is a large track of crown land in the jar, on both sides of the Washademoac Lake, id particularly between its head and the New fanaan settlement, where there are but few in- 96 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i * "M I I Si habitants, and where most of the land is uii- granted, even to the margin of the river, which is, generally speaking, a rapid stream of about eight or ten roods wide. This land is well adapted for eultivation, and in many places is covered with a dense forest of pine, spruce, and birch, with many valuable sites for mills. Between the New Canaan settlement and North River, (a branch of the Pititcodiac) there is much ungranted land of a good quality. On the banks of this river, there are numerous and extensive tracks of intervale, and it is a well settled country, having been peopled during tlif last forty years. The soil on the upland ii highly fertile, and there are natural meadow: that afford abundance of pasture ; in fact, tk natural advantages of this section of the coun- try are great on both sides of St John river abounding, as it dues, with timber, building ^tone, coal, and other minerals, rendering it a desirable location for emigrants, and requirin nothing but the industry of man to place tlii settler in comfortable circumstances, and devt; lope its valuable resources. About six miles above the mouth of a- Washademoac, on the same side of the-rivci is the entrance of the Jemscg, a sort of naturij canal. There is a settlement extending up S ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 97 mon Creek. Salmon River, like Coal Creek, has its rise in extensive swamps, and about forty- five miles from where it empties into the Lake. The soil in this direction is good, and on Sal- mon River particularly, there is an immense I body of excellent land still ungranted. Above the mills, there is not much cleared land on Sal- mon River, although industrious persons are [commenciDg extensive clearings there, as well IS on the Gasper can, where there are several settlements, and a good opening for emigrants md others. A considerable quantity of land las been cleared in the neighbourhood of New- jastle, and the settlers in that direction are rapidly increasing, and converting the forest ito productive farms. There are large quan- tities of ungranted land in this quarter for cul- tivation, the greater portion of which lies to [he north and eastward, but to the westward, between the Newcastle and Little River, which ppties into the French Lake, there are exten- |ive tracks of ungranted hard-wood land. This part of the country will be a most eli- gible situation for the settlers, as it is expected lat the Great Road to Halifax will be opened lis year, 1840, and making the distance from ^edericton, the capital of the Province, only )out thirty miles. There are roads meeting mmm 98 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL .' ■ : y 1'^^ from the lower part of Sheffield, and also from the upper part of Waterborough, on the St John, to Indian Point, and thence up the north side of the Lake, and two others from bclov Jemseg, on the south side. These all concen- trate at the bridge at Salmon River — whence the traveller can proceed to Fredericton, Mira- michi, Richibucto, and Westmorland. Muchj of the eastern, and the lower part of the west side of Grand Lake, are well cultivated, and at I the latter point, there is a fine settlement callcdj the Scotch settlement, containing several excel lent farms, and a thriving population. Tbl shores of this Lake also possess great natura]| advantages, and vast mineral resources. Nes the head of it, there are extensive coal-fields| several of which are worked by the persons oi whose land they are situated, and large quantij ties of that mineral are every year dug an^ shipped to St John, which is preferred 1| smiths for the forge ; while another quantity well adapted for the use of families. Somj idea may be formed of the resources and imporl tance of this section of the country, when itil understood that there are fifteen saw, five gris and two oat mills, on the shore of this Lakf] and its tributary rivers and streams. In a word, the local advantages of this LaH ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK, 99 are not to be surpassed in the Province, whether we consider its great native meadows at the head and foot of the Lake, as well as in many other parts ; or its plentiful supply of herrings, shad, bass, and salmon, that formerly were taken in great quantities, and which are still to be found in sufficient abundance, to enable the farmer to add materially, and at little cost, to his annual store of provisions. There are also thousands of acres of ungranted land to be found at a short distance from the shores of Grand Lake, and up the streams, which abound with timber of the best description ; while in no part of the Province will a more kind-heart- led and hospitable people be found to welcome the homeless stranger, or encourage him in his I course. The lower part of Grand Lake is connected Kvith the Araquapit and French Lakes, by means [of a water communication, called the Thorough- [fare. There is a large body of good land also |in this direction, and a number of settlers scat- tered around their shores. These Lakes, and the country in their neighbourhood, will be lore fully described when I come to speak of Sheffield, where there is a fine track of alluvial land lying in the front of them, on the east side )f St John. In the meantime, we will retrace 100 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL N I, 1 1 ijiiY steps to the mouth of the Jemscg, and cross over to Gagetown, on the opposite side of tlie river. Eight miles above Ocnabog is Gage- town Creek, which runs up above five miles. In this part, it is stated, there is the greatest quantity of red and white pine timber, that has yet been found on the western side of the river. At a short distance from the mouth of the Creek, is Gagetown, the shire town of the County of Queens. There is, at this place, an Episcopal Church, also a Wesleyan-Methodiot chapel — a court-house, jail, and a grammar and two parish schools. Inhabited houses, 117: families, 133 ; acres of cleared land, 3825, A very extensive track of valuable land lies I between Gagetown and Nerepis, about lialtl way between Nerepis Great Koad, and the River St John, which comprises several thou- sand acres ; and were a proper line of road sur- veyed, and lots numbered on both sides in I squares or hamlets, where settlers would make their selection, it is probable every lot would be applied for in a short time. Those who have examined this track of country, have made thel most favourable report of its advantages ; they represent the land to be of the very first qual lity, well timbered with rock-maple, black birdi |pws, [ elm, and oak, of as large size as that in the in- ,1 ;,i 'ii. ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 101 tcrvalc, on the margin of the river. It is also very free from stone., and well adapted for agri- cultural purposes, with exrollent farm sites. This track is seven miles from Gagetown. A more desirable location for settlers, therefore, cannot well be found in the lower section of the Province, being contiguous to the river, and [near a good market. Immediately after leav- ing Jemseg, (which is a very beautiful stream, being a sort of a natural canal which connects Itlie Grand Lake, and those that communicate vith the river St John. It is very deep, and it its mouth, is separated by islands of alluvial leposit. The stream itself is five miles and a- lali long ; but just above its junction with the rrand Lake, there are extensive flats, through diieh it is intended to open a channel of twelve [eet in width, — the present shallow passage laterially affecting the navigation through the .ake, and consequently, the intercourse with ft John and Fredericton, which, owing to the meral prevalence of coal around the shores of le upper part, ought to be one of profit and jciprocal advantage,) and by keeping the river )ad, you arrive at the extensive village of Can- ing, in the rear of which, are extensive mea- )ws, and a lake, called Black Lake. Inhabited 102 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL houses, 120 ; families, 128 ; acres of cleared land, 3356. The next settlement of any importance is Sheffield, which also extends on the margin of the river, upwards of ten miles. This may be called the " Garden of the Province." It is in the parish of Mangerville. Towards Frederic- ton, it becomes more elevated, and possessing a | less productive soil. The entire front, hovi- ever, from the mouth of the Jemseg, below I Canning, to the centre of Mangerville, is one] con inued bed of alluvial deposit. There is church here. Inhabited houses, seventy-nine:! families, eighty-five, and 2205 acres of cleared land. In the rear of this track of country. which presents a succession of farms, frontingl on the river, with houses situated near eaclil other, the land is low and swampy until yc reach the high lands, about two miles back, andl is a continuation of the natural meadows, ex| tending below Canning. Property in this section of the country is veii valuable, irequently selling for £30, an acre] near the river. The lots, however, extend considerable distance in the rear, where it is less value on the Maquapit Lake, which lies ii the same direction as Grand Lake, from nortlij east to south-west. There are from twenty-fivl ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUXSWICK. 103 Lcarcd nee is •gin of nav k It is in I ederic- sssingal t, how- , below t: , is one! ere is ty-nine cleared country fronting! jar eaclil nlil vc aek, anil ows, ex| ^y is ver an acr(| lextend •e it is 3h lies ii ►m nortH rentyM to thirty farms on this Lake, on some of which are two or three families. But to return to the river. The shore of the river is planted with low trees and bushes, to prevent its being washed away by the floods of spring, when the waters of St John rise to the height of about fifteen feet. The bank of the river at Mangerville, is probably twenty feet above the level of the river when at its ordinary height during sum- mer. A log that was found at that place last year, (1839) was at the same depth from the surface of the bank, and, it may be presumed, was formerly left there, by the retiring waters i; after a periodical fall, the subsequent deposits I having buried it, but with which the present yearly accumulation of soil can bear no compa- rison. This place is seventeen miles from Fre- dericton. Twelve miles below Fredericton, above Saw- Creek, the Oromocto River flows [into the river St John. The country on the •iver between those places being well settled )n both sides of the banks, the soil on the banks )f the Oromocto below the junction of the )ranch streams, generally speaking, is totally mfit for settlement, as a great part is low and larshy, and is annually overflowed ; but there ire extensive wild meadows that afford an ex- 104 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL pfi !. m I' ccllent substitute for English grass in case of failure of the fodder. On the South Branch, there is a considerable quantity of good land, both occupied and un- occupied ; which runs through a beautiful and level track, called " The Valley," which is equal in richness of soil and productiveness, to the best part of Sheffield. At the mouth of the Oromocto, on its left branch, there is a fine body of intervale, ex- tending about a mile on the river St John, and opposite to it is Oromocto Island, formed of alluvial deposit, but which is not inhabited, the lots being owned by persons residing on the mainland. There is a church and meeting- house at the village, on the right hand. There is a very good road near the river, from the Oromocto to Fredericton, a distance of twelve miles, with a number of fine farms on each side] of it, and considerable intervale. Two steam-boats, until last summer, have I run regularly between Fredericton and St John, leaving Indian Town (two miles from St John) and Fredericton every morning at seven o'clock. The fare is very reasonable- few shillings in the cabin, and half price forward, The night boats are also a great convenience, leaving Indian Town and Fredericton even ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 105 ts left Ic, ex- John, med of ;ed, the I on the' leeting- There ' |om the I twelve I .ch side! evening at six o'clock, and arriving at their des- tination early on the following morning. I would advise persons who are not pressed for time, to take passage in the day-boats, (which was always my custom) by which means they will enjoy a view of the r-enery of the St John, which is admitted by most travellers, not to be exceeded by any thing of the kind in Europe or America, and which I shall notice in another part of this work, as I have frequently had the pleasure of viewing it in passing to and from the seat of Government. From F' edericton to Woodstock is quite le- vel for about five miles, when it ascends, and pro- ceeds along an elevated track of country, pass- iing several excellent farms, and a large body of intervale and islands of that description, which for a great distance are concealed from the view of the traveller, until at length Sugar Is- land and others at Keswick Creek, open upon [his view, and present a panorama, which, for richness and beauty, is not to be exceeded in the Province. The land, over which the road extends, is of considerable altitude ; and, under- leath our feet, as it were, is spread out the )cautiful level country, at the entrance of the ^alle) of Keswick ; while the ridge of that lame in the rear of the Bluff, facing the river, lOG HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ■n H 1 1; ■; I J» extends away on his left, until it is lost in the distant forest that bounds the horizon beyond it. Opposite Keswick Bluff, there is a larj^e body of intervale on the right bank of the river. wiiich has been produced by some counter cur- rent when the river was at a higher level than at present, similar to that which deposited the strata upon which Fredericton is built. There are several fine farms, forming a settlement that is called French Village. A few miles beyond it, there is an Indian vil- lage, consisting of houses built for the Abori.| gines of the country, and which they inhabit;! still retaining, however, their native, wild, audi untamcable, yet inoffensive disposition. Thertj has been considerable improvement made on this line of road, with a view to confine the] post communication to Woodstock on the s of the river, but from just beyond the Frcnclil Village, it passes through much poor land, that] w^hich is not occupied possessing little induce-j ment for settlers, until it reaches Longs, sixl teen miles from Fredericton, where at presentj the road crosses a rapid and dangerous ferrvj and is carried along through Queensberry a Southampton, on the opposite side of the Stl John to Woodstock. On passing through thfl parish of Douglas, wdiich lies near Keswick r ' ' ' ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 107 i\ tlie cyoud large river, r cur- I than ed tk There :lement iian vil- Abori- Lnlvabit;| [ild, and I Thert ade on fine tbel he ^m Frcncli ,nd, tkt induce- hgs, six-| presentl IS ferry ;rry ^A the St! )Uffh M .esw id there arc a number of fine farms on each side of the road. An improvement has of kite been made on this line. On both sides of the Keswick, there are Uirge bodies of intervale, w-th about 100 fine farms, with a numerous population. This is a fine farming country, and is well adai)tcd for pas- turage, or raising grain. It was subject in for- mer years to early frosts, but as the Province becomes cleared, they are less frequent. During the past year, large quantities of excellent grain ihave been raised in the vicinity of Keswick — |one individual alo ae having obtained a hundred ushels from five of seed. Keswick Ridge commences at the Cross- oads, as they are called, and runs in a north- est direction. It is fiv j miles in length, and lie and a-half wide, lying between Keswick- reek and the Scotch settlement. The Ridge is an elevated district, and is composed of good nd, well adapted for the cultivation of trees. here are a number of good farms on the Ridge, ivo places of worship, two excellent schools, |nd others, in various parts of this interesting rtion of the Province. About three miles from Scotch Lake, is the [cotch Settlement, consisting of about twenty imilics. The land is good in this settlement, f 108 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL It' i> ,-« \ but is chiefly owned by the Ncw-Brunswioli and Nova Scotia Land Company. About twenty miles from the seat of govern ment, on the western side of the river, close to Longs, commences the parish of Prince V\\\. liam. The land near this place is not favour- able for agriculture. Inhabited houses in Prince i William, 149 ; families, 151 ; and 3320 acre | of cleared land. The next place worthy of notice is the towr| of Woodstock, which is composed of three vil lages. At the lower village, which is tcrniej tlie Corner, the road turns off at a right angle and passing through Richmond, where anothcrl crosses it, forming what is called Scotch Corl ner, it extends to the American Post, callc'l Houlston. The Boundary Line, as at preseinj existing, passes within sight of this place, wliicl is commanded by an elevated ridge, called Park Hill. The second village, at the Creek, is corJ nected with the lower village by a bridge tliaj crosses the Meduxnikik; the third is abouj two miles beyond it, where are the court-hoii<| and gaol, and residence of the High-Sherij of the county. There are a number of goo buildings and stores at Woodstock, also branch of the Commercial Bank is established Woodstock is forty miles from Fredericton. anj i- \: ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 109 is the capital of the county of Carlton. It con- tains 482 inhabited houses ; 520 families, and 9757 acres of cleared land. A few miles northward of the Meduxnikik, luul extending up the river, is the settlement of Jacksontown, which embraces a very superior track of country, which is laid out in tiers, pa- rallel with the bend of the river. There is a large population in Jacksontown, among whom I arc many independent farmers. The road from Woodstock, as has already been observed, passes through this settlement, and cross roads from the river intersect it at different places. The |formcr is expected to become the main post- road in this quarter ; and travellers will thus ivoid several bad hills that are on the line in front. At present it extends, and will continue ^0 pass through the Williamstown settlement, liicrc that of Jacksontown terminates. The foad through Williamstown settlement passes ker a most fertile and level district. The land ktwecn the river and the Williamstown and facksontown settlements is of excellent quality,, nd embraces the parishes of Wakefield and Vicklow. Inhabited houses, 330 ; families, 355 ; ires of cleared land, 6650. In that of Wick- )w, 115 inhabited houses ; 129 families, and )00 acres of cleared land. G 110 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i I •/I.'. 1' . I Nine miles from Woodstock, the road from Jacksontown, in which those from the different tiers in that settlement concentrate, intersects the present mail route in front of the river. Near the white meeting-house at Wakefield. five miles from this, there is an elevated track of country, commanding a fine view of the ex- tensive intervale on the opposite side of the river. The upland in this section of the Province, ex- tending beyond the Boundary Lin'^ to the west- ward, is of the most fertile character. On the Pekagomik, there are excellent settle- ments ; some farms have near 100 acres of I cleared land. In the rear there is. abundance of ungranted land, although much that has been cleared on each side has not been granted Near the Shiktahawk, and the Munquad, there] is a great quantity of ungranted land. Thirty| six miles above Woodstock, the land is of a sul perior quality, but that near the river is takeBJ up. At the mouth of the River de Chute there are Falls of about eight feet perpendiculaij height, that prevents boats from ascending. ' i. ACCOUVT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. Ill from erent rsects river, .efield. trad he ex- 3 river, ice, ex- .e west- ffovt^% Sort, Kattttal 3&t»torj?, vVc. CHAPTER IV. Remarks on the Forests, their Growth — Different kinds of Wood growing in the Province — Maple, Sugar, and lie way of obtaining it — the Hackmatic, its quality and pur- poses—the Soil — Intervale — effects of Fire on the Forests, &c. — Manure— time of Planting — Manner of Reaping Objects of Natural History — the Moose, its size, nature, and quality — the Caribou, its size, nature, &c. — the Bear, its colour, size, nature, &c. — the Otter, Fox, Mink Fish- er, Woodchuch, Racoon, and Porcupine — the Beaver, the manner in which they build their houses, and the means they make use of to escape from their enemies — tne Musk- Rat, and the Squirrel. Fish, "Whale and Shark species, bony and castilagenous, found in the waters of New- Brunswick. That the forest growth which clothes the sur- ifaee of the British Provinces is not primeval, 1 am convinced of, by a number of concurrent circumstances ; and that it has been devastated lat intervals, is not only congenial to appear- [ances, but in accordance with the traditions of the Indians, and the relations of the earliest 5ettlers. A great number is still living, who 112 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL -%. I can recollect a terrible conflagration, which coin- nienced its ravages in the State of Maine, and only ceased its destructive influence at the river St John, destroying nearly the whole forest be- tween the south-west branch of the Oromocto, and the Bay of Fundy. That territory was. until the fire of 1825, overspread with a thick growth of all the diff'erent forest trees — the pines of which attained the height of eighty feet, with a thickness of eighteen inches. Around the Grand Lake and the Washade- moac, a growth of trees is seen somewhat lar- ger than those above described, but which clearly shews the effects of fire upon the soil, not greatly anterior, and it is highly probable. that the same fire which desolated the shores of those lakes, extended its ravages south-east- ward to the Kennebeckasis, and upwards on I the banks of that river to its source. Modern visitations of so awful a description, are more apparent, and more easily traced ; but vestigej of those which occurred in former times, are] sufliciently distinct to prove, that the most tre- mendous in extent occurred long before tliel Province was settled. But the damage occa-| sioned to the timber, which was the only loss incurred in those times, was of incalculably lesjj value than the consequences of those of late oc-j ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 113 I ! i lat lar- ^\llicll lie soil. currcncc, wliicli, at one fell swoop, and electri- cal suddcnncsS; consumed the labours of a life, and closed the existence of many. The distribution of the forest is not such as an EngUshman, accustomed to the cultivated woods in his own country, might reasonably imagine ; instead of being tastefully intermingled in ac- cordance with the reveries of St Pierre, nature has disposed the growth generally in stripes, ridges, or groves — the deciduous trees, for the most part, by themselves, and changing sud- denly, often with scarcely a shade of admixture, to an evergreen growth. The great distinguish- ing denominations of wilderness land, as usually understood throughout North America, are hard-wood and soft-wood land, and barren plain. The hard-wood are the ash, beech, birches, maple, oak, and all the deciduous trees. The soft-wood, are cedar, hemlock, spruce, pine — I the larch, (though not an evergreen) included. From the Maple, the inhabitants extract a [great quantity of sugar, which is very easily obtained for domestic purposes, and even for [sale, from Sd. to 4c?. per lb. The method of )roducing it is, by making an incision in the tree, about an inch and a-half deep, by two in- ches wide, from which the sap of a saccharine lature runs off into small troughs, and from 114 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 4 them is put into boilers on a slow fire ; the longer tliis gradual boiling is continued, the more refined will be the sugar. When finished, it is poured into pots, and when cooled, is bar- der than loaf-sugar. The skimmings make ex- cellent molasses. A good sized tree will, at an average, produce six pounds of sugar without being exhausted, and will continue to do so an- nually. Those useful trees abound in the Pro- vince ; I have known several families make from twelve to twenty cwt. in a season. I have frequently seen the inhabitants extract the above. The working class of people use it on account of its being so easy obtained, and that upon their own land. The Hackmatic is considered by some as an inferior species of pine, peculiar to the Britisli Colonies, and which is extensively used in colo- nial built vessels, is essentially the " Larch" of Europe, and that the difi^erence that exists, ifj any, are solely attributed to climate or soil; and that, therefore, for the various purposes of I ship-building, for which larch is applicable. Hackmatic is so likewise, and moreover, that the larch is one of our most valuable timbers | for naval purposes. Larch is termed — Pinus Larix, Pinus, Pen- dula. Lamb. Larix Americana. Michaux. Epi- ■|i :; ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 115 ; the i, tlic 5 har- ke ex- , at an ithout so an- te Pro- make jon. I extract 5 use it ' jd, and as an Britisli m colo- red" of dsts, if Dr soil; losesofi ilicable. er, that I timbers ^s, Pen-I IX. Epi- nctte Rough, by the French Canadians. Hack- matic or Tamarack, by the American and Eng- lish settlers. It belongs to one of the sections of the pine tribe, but by a similarity in cones and wood, seems to be allied to the cedars, from which it differs in not being an evergreen. The leaves in bundles and desiduous ; cones, oblong ; branches, pendulous ; wood, exoge- neous ; timber, shewing very little sap ; wood, bark rough, approaching that of cedar. The Hackmatic grows generally throughout the north-eastern States of the Union, and Bri- tish America, but it is found in the largest quantities in this Province, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island. The name, no doubt, is of Indian origin. The timber is straight- f^rained, fitting it for small spars of ships ; the main-mast of a vessel of 350 tons, have been made of it. It works roughly — is rather given to warp — is hard, strong, and very durable. In the colonies it is generally used as a building timber, both for houses and small craft ; it is particularly approved for knees to fasten the beams of ships, the butt of the stem, and one of the principal roots forming the angle requir- led. Treenals made of it, are also considered j to be of a very superior quality. It is not a timber of commerce, nor is it con- IIG HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL «: verted to any extent, but for house and ship. building in the Colonies. It is sometimes sa^vn into deals, but never shipped as Hackmatic deals. being occasionally called juniper, or red-spruce, though more generally confounded with spruce and hemlock, and shipped as inferior goods. Hard working and warping deals, however va- luable on the score of strength and durability, are not valued in the home market, where soft- ness of grain, freedom of working, and absence of warping, have given a preference to the white or yellow deal of America. The wood burns with a crackling noise, and though not so easily ignited, as most of the pine tribe, when once blazing, burns with great briskness, giving out a fervent heat, and, there- fore, in great request for the fuel of steam- boat engines in Canada and the United States, Colonial vessels built of this wood, are noto- riously durable, inferior to none but teak or| British oak, and excepting, in one instance, viz. the British merchant, there is no record of suclij vessels having been destroyed by dry rot, while. | in several cases, the oak and other materials sur- rounding and attached to the Hackmatic, lia^l been found destroyed by dry rot ; the larcli| has continued perfectly free. Barren or cari- boo plains bear on the peat, which is often I ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 117 many feet in depth, a few scattered spruces and creeping cranberries, and these parts of itbc country have as yet received no attempts to reclaim the soil. The land which produces the hard-woods, is generally good, and is brought into cultivation with the least expense, but (both kinds of growth are sometimes found in- termingled ; and where the wood is large and thrifty, this soil is known to be the best for the varied purposes of the settler. Land covered ath a growth of spruce or pine alone, is sel- loDi found ta* repay the outlay of the farmer. [igh land entirely covered with beech, gene- klly proves gravelly, cold, and hungry soil, and fvery way less desirable for the settler than lany kind of swamp. Clay generally predomi- ites in a cedar swamp, the closeness of which )il, by offering to the spring, confers an im- lerisbable bed, which affords to that evergreen the moisture it loves. This a new settler dis- approves of; but if he can afford the outlay of capital necessary for clearing it properly — par- ticularly if the colour of the clay incline to red- }ss, and turn up the surface to the joint in- lences of the summer sun and winds, and the [inter frosts and snows, it will be found to re- ly his labour in a far greater degree than ird-wood upland. lis HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ^ : ! Land of an alluvial origin, is generally over- spread with a growth of elm, maple, birch, m with a few thrifty spruces and firs ; and where this growth is founds particularly if butternut trees be interspersed, the soil is invariably of the best quality. The elm and the butternut delight in the alluvium of rivers, and they seem to be the favourite, and almost spontaneous production of that kind of soil ; but in sorae parts of the Province, particularly on the butter- nut ridge, at the head of Washademoak river and the settlements of Richmond, Jacksontown, and the High Plains, which characterize in so peculiar a manner the right bank of the rive: St John. A thick growth of alders is the produce of vegetable soil — the creation of moisture am fermentation, and is highly productive of tli natural and artificial grasses ; but the sub-soL is frequently a bed of sand, or some other ren formation. The alluvium formed by mea; of salt water, is, in this Province, of two kin The most extensive, and by far the most vi luable, are the clayey formations on the estuai ries of the rivers which disembogue into tli head of the Bay of Fundy, created solely \ the deposition of mud, which every returnitt flood-tide bears in solution ; and these hea ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 119 1 lands have been reclaimed from the dominion of the sea, by lengthy and expensive embank- Iments. It will be necessary to inform those in the ^lothcr Country, that the land which he under- stands by alluvial or diluvial, when found on the banks of fresh water rivers and streams, is iiiiversally called in America intervale; but [\\c marshes washed by salt water, retain the kame appellation here as those at home. * • Intervale is a term peculiar to America, and denotes iat portion of land which is composed of the alluvial depo- [t of large brooks and rivers, when swollen by rains in the pring and autumn. It occurs in almost every county in the province, and is sometimes found covered with a long natu- grass, several feet in length. The quality varies accord- to the size of the stream, brook intervale being gene- Uy preferable to that on the banks of rivers. It produces lin of all kinds, but is not so suitable for pasture as many icks of good upland. Of the quantity of intervale con- pned in the Province, no account can be given, nor is it By to form a conjecture, much of it being yet in a state of ^ture. Interval is, doubtless, a word of English origin, to lich a new meaning has been assigned. The land which low known by that name, is almost the only part of the est which has large intervals, or large spaces between the 3S. These spots may, in very many places, be cultivated thout the aid of the axe, and indicate at once the value fertility of the soil. These intervals are no where to be id but in low alluvial grounds, which, in process of time, re drawn to themselves the peculiar appellation of inter- land. It has been supposed by some to be derived from 120 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL :^ Marsh. — This land is also composed of allu vial sediment, consisting of the drainings oi the upland of putrescent matter, and saline par- ticles, deposited by rivers after their juncturf with the salt water. li. its natural state, it I produces a strong, coarse, aquatic grass ; but | when inclosed by dikes, and well drained, i« exceedingly fertile, yielding, for several year; in succession, abundant crops of wheat, and all ternate rotations of hay and grain, without tk aid of manure. The method of giving fertilitr to soil, consists in dividing and breaking iti| particles. This is effected in two \\ays,—Jirst, By firel secondly^ By tillage. The former is adopted Ijj the new settler, who burns the wood upon tb soil where it grows ; and the other, by the ofl cupant of cultivated land. These two classa of j^eople constitute the agricultural part ofttj Province, and a sketch of the mode pursued tj each, will convey a just idea of the husbanc of the country. As the surface of the earth, i the Latin inter and vallum ; but besides the objection totlj conjecture, that intervals do not necessarily occur bet^e hills, we may also suppose, that settlers in the wildenif^ are not apt to use Latin compounds, where there is no propriate word in their own language. It is written i«'^ val and intervale* ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 121 of allu- lings of [inc par. lUncturr state, ill iss ; ktl aincd, t, andal-l tliout tlit| rr fcrtilit' jaliing it:l jction to tl'i le AviUlero ire is no ivritten inH its natural state, is covered with timber, the first step towards cultivation is its removal, which is accomplished by cutting down the recs. There are two seasons in which this pci'ation is performed — late in the autumn, ,nd in the month of March — each of which has ts peculiar advantage. The first is a period of ;he year, when the employment does not inter- 'ere with any other duty, and is recommended v its depriving the stumps of trees of the ower of generating sprouts. The latter is generally preferred on account f its accelerating the effects of the fire, of the ngtli of the days, and of the ease with which e wood is then cut. * If the wood be cut in arch, the fire is applied to it about the latter d of August, when the ground is generally ted for the reception of winter corn ; at the ,me time that the grain is committed to the ound, grass seed is also sow^n, and the land ntinues under the scythe, until the removal the stumps admits of the application of the oiigh. The progress of decomposition in the ots of trees, varies according to the species of )d. Pine and hemlock resist decay for a at length of time, but, in general, land may prepared for tillage in five or six years. It admitted that the first crop of grain from 122 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL good soil, will repay to a settler all the expense) connected with the clearing of the ground, t!ie| purchase of seed, and the erection of fences The grain, notwithstanding the obstruction of I stumps, is easily harvested, and the grass thai I follows, gathered with less difficulty than miglii be supposed. The operation of cutting the grain, is rauell facilitated by the use of a " cradle," which la machine of American invention. It is coml posed of a scythe, and its handle, with the ail dition of a few light bars of wood, placed pr>ra! I lei with the blade ; the straw is severed witll this instrument, and as it falls behind tkl scythe, is received by the frame. The mow| by a dexterous movement which can alone attained by practice, disencumbers the cradj of the grain, and deposits it at his feet, as rj gularly, and much more expeditiously, than: it were reaped. But wheat and rye do notiij variably constitute the first crop upon new \m Turnips, indian corn, and potatoes, particular! the latter, often precede grain, and as the cij ci nation of the soil changes the nature of productions less than manure, they arc rau(j superior in quality, than when raised upon la which has been long cultivated. At the endi the second year, the settler is in a condition 1^1' ;i ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 123 keep a stock of cattle, his grain having been 1 succeeded by hay. Additional clearings, while ithey supply him with wheat and potatoes, add also to the extent of his pasturage and hay land; and at the expiration of six years, the piece of [ground, first cleared, is in a suitable state for the eradication of the stumps, and invites the lommencement of tillage. When his farm is thus situated, and the fire and the plough are )oth in operation at the same time, it is said it fg more profitable than any old land of the ime extent ; the soil is not only in its virgin mrity, and free from the contamination of ^ecds, but in full vigour, and its productions re less liable to casualties — better in quality, id more abundant. As few farms arg regu- irly divided into fields, each of which receives its turn a prescribed course of treatment, the nd generally remains in grass until the failure the crop indicates the necessity of a change. !'he period of sowing differs according to the jason and soils, but, in general, wheat and Its are sown in April. Indian corn is planted jcording to the local circumstances, at any m between the 14th of May and 6th of June, [arley and buck-wheat are sown about the 3rd June, and turnips about the 15th of July. [owing commences about the 28th of July; 124 IIISTOIIICAL AND STATISTICAL I r V :.i '\ reaping begins about the middle of Augusr. and is finishe . in September. In a new country, the value of manure is not so much regarded. The luxuriant power ot| vegetation in the virgin moulds is such, tliaii artificial aid is deemed superfluous ; and it h not until after its fertility has been either di minished or exhausted, by repeated and injudi cious cropping, that recourse Is had to art t restore its vigour. Hence dung, as it istliij most obvious and the cheapest, so it is the in common manure. It is only for the last si.\| teen years that composts and lime have suppliei the deficiency of the barn-yard. In a fcJ places, bordering on the basin of Minas, tiia alluvial deposit of the rivers is applied as a si] perficial dressing to grass land. Sometimes i is incorporated with the soil, by the plou^lj and amply repays the labour and expense of itj application. One of the greatest difficulti(^ experienced in rural affairs in this ProvinfJ arises out of the rapid progress of vegetatio which limits the time for planting and sowii] to a very short space ; and if any irregularit occurs in the weather at those periods, it only requires great exertion, but occasions tliH labours to be performed very imperfectly ; fw the same cause, the different branches of h li ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 125 vest are often crowded together in the most in- convenient manner, producing in some instan- ces, additional expense, and in others serious damage to crops. This rapidity of growth af- fects the quality of both the hay and the straw, neither of which are so nutricious as the same productions in England. Agriculture. — Soils are most frequently : composed of the following earths, mixed in diffe- Irent proportions, — siliba, (flinty) alumina, (clay) jlime, magnesia, and the oxides and salts derived Prom the decomposition of metallic and other hlncral matter. To these are added, the diffe- rent parts of vegetables iix their several stages )f decay. The presence of some of these sub- Stances is absolutely necessary to vegetation ; fathers exert an influence hostile to the growth >f plants, when they exist in any considerable Quantity, and the predominance of either of the irths, withholds from vegetables that kind of [cm^ishmcnt they require for their perfect :owth. It has been ascertained that the |iost productive soil in all countries, and under le different climates, is one composed of difixj- fnt proportions of siliceans (flinty,) calcareous larly,) aluminous (clayey,) earth in a finely [viJed state, and containing a greater or less H 126 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL m ll l: 3i I'ilill ■ I quantity of vegetable and animal matter, re- turning to a mineral condition. It would be impossible to point out the exact proportions of these substances which should be present, under all circumstances, for general productive- ness. These proportions must be regulated bv climate, temperature, and more especially, by the peculiar nature of the plant it is called upon to nourish. But this general fact is so far ap- plicable every where, that when the soil is foaml to be composed almost altogether of one or two of those earths, to the exclusion of almost even other kind of matter, it may, from a knowledge of the circumstances, be greatly improved, and its fertility increased fourfold. By pursuing this inquiry into its minutest ramifications, the quantity of each earth may k so adjusted to all the conditions of climate, si tuation, and the laws affecting the distributioi of plants, that the greatest possible harvest mail be reaped from lands which, in their natiiral| and depraved condition, were barren and iin fruitful. This constitutes the science of Agri culture, that ennobling branch of industry wl Nature never fails to reward, when her boim ties are sought with care, skill, and diligence The power of some earths to absorb and ri tain moisture, is much greater than other? ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 127 and. as water performs an important office in vcf^etation, those soils which are placed upon declivities, and are therefore quickly drained, require a larger quantity of retentive clay, than such as are placed in lower situations, — where, perhaps, the open sand allows the accumulated rain to escape with greater facility, both by evaporation and absorption. The composition [of the sub-soil must also be considered. Should it be impervious clay, the water cannot descend [even through a thin stratum. Again, if it re- )ose upon beds of sand, it escapes by a filtra- tion, with great facility. Almost all upland soils have been derived from the disintegration of the rocks beneath, fcnd frequently at no great distance from them. Iven the alluviums can be traced to their birth- klace, whence they have been driven by cur- [ents still active in their transportation. The •eatest fertility of these alluviums has result- from the continued action of the causes to ^hich they ow^e their origin. Those mighty )erations that spread a covering over the )cks, whereby the earth was rendered a fit )ode for man, and his associate animals, are )w almost inactive on a large portion of the lobe. They have not, however, altogether bcontinued their useful labour, nor ceased to 128 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL •\ i*'i ' clothe the lower grounds with an annual depo- sit of finally divided matter, and thus to in. crease the food of plants for the growing po pulation of each continent and island, according to the demands they make upon the vegetable kingdom for food. Agriculture, to be attended to with success, must be conducted upon scientific principles,- some knowledge of the plants belonging to the climate and exotics, and the soil capable of pro- ducing them most abundantly, must be obtained, before the husbandman can receive an adequate reward for his pains, or rejoice over the fruiti of his labour. In all the different arts, a knowledge of tli(| materials operated upon is considered indispeii sibly necessary for those whose employment i;| in them ; and it is surprising that the agricultu rist, who requires more of this kind of kno^ ledge than the common artisan, should liav been so much neglected, and left to discoYor, by the experience of a whole life, what In might have known in a single lesson. Innuiml rable are the instances where the seed has bee: scattered in the sand, and in the clay, and bi cause no crop followed, both were condemiie| as being barren and worthless ; but had tlio^ two different substances been mixed in prop ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 120 proportions, a plentiful harvest would have fol- lowed, and the disappointed tiller of the ground would have smiled over the bounties received from Nature's cornucopia. The different kinds of manure, many of which are abundant in the Province, might be applied with the greatest possible advantage to I the soils of every country ; but of all these, the excrcmentitious matter of stables forms almost [the only kind used in the country. Manures are of three kinds, viz. animal, ve- getable, and mineral. Animal^ — excrcmenti- tious matter, fish-shells, bones. Vegetable, — jea-weed, peat-ashes, soot. Mineral^ — lime- stone, marl-marly, clay, alluvium of the sea, [marsh mud) alluvium of rivers (mould.) But pe litter of the stabling is almost the only ma- mre in many parts of the Province. It would jem that the Chinese had arrived at a more )erfect knowledge of these substances in the [upport of vegetation than any other people. )0 essential do they consider manure to be the production of crops, that light soil mixed with it marl, and formed into cakes, is an article of |ommerce throughout the empire. Peat is abundant in the Province, and most fi" its varieties will afford manure ; but it somc- imes happens that the low situations where it 130 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL iJii M' i,r is accumulated, have been exposed to earth con. taining much iron, and where the salts of that metal render it unfit for such a purpose. Sucli peat may be known by its ochrey appearance, and the presence of '•' bog" and " shot" ore. The soil of New-Brunswick is extremely va- ried in its composition, having been produced by a variety of causes, and from many difFercnt kinds of rock. It is, therefore, necessary that those who cultivate it, should previously take an extensive view of all the facts connecte! with its former and present condition. T this inductive knowledge, experiments shoiilii be added to afford those practical illustratioi^ which unite in the mind, philosophical reason! ing with absolute demonstration. The Chemistry which may benefit the far- mer, is neither philosophical chemistry, nor tliel chemistry of the laboratory, but it is what! may be called the chemistry of Nature, — those! simple and elementary rules which affect tlitl ordinal^ operations, either of Nature or art constantly going on before us. Such knowledge is useful to every one, and, sooner or later, itj value will become apparent. Every farmer is in the habit of using niaj nure of some kind or other ; he spreads ovej ring- rery iissi the ( bJou] )arati ^eniai] iline >r ani lents ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 131 Ills land something which causes the plants to rrrow more vigorously, and yield him larger crops than he could obtain without it. A va- riety of different substances are used in diffe- rent parts of the country to produce this effect ; what then is the substance or substances which these different manures contain, and on what does their fertilizing power depend ? Setting asidC; for the present, the mechanical effects which many manures produce, and which are , frequently very important, let us briefly inquire what is the composition of the ordinary kinds I of manure ? The great bulk of manure consists of decaying vegetable and animal matter, dead plants, and a variety of substances of vegetable [origin, which, as they formerly constituted liv- |ing plants, must necessarily contain those mat- ters which plants require. When these vege- table or animal substances decay, for they are rery similar in composition, they are in part lissipated into certain gases ; there is left, after ^he escape of these gases, a quantity of dark- Joloured charry-looking matter, which is com- )aratively unchangeable, and besides this, there remains a small quantity of fixed earthy and saline substances, which all kinds of vegetable )r animal matter contain. The chemical ele- lents of ordinary manure are certain com- 132 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ,! 5 i-'M m S n pounds of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. sulphur, and fixed salts. The rotting of vegetable substances in ma- nures, is just the reverse of what takes place when plants grow, as they are gradually sepa- rated again into those very substances from which its plants were originally formed, h consequence of the many abundant sources ol those gases, which form part of the food of| plants, that exist all over the globe, it follow? that the air always contain a small portion of them diffused throughout it, and hence plants can always obtain from it the gaseous substancej which they require ; nevertheless, as the qiian tity present in the air is always very small, tlit addition of manures, which yield more of tlio^ gases to growing plants than they could other wise obtain, is always useful. With regard t the earthy and alkaline salts which plants coii| tain, the case is very different ; when we re- move a crop, we take away a quantity of tliesl salts, and the soil, of course, then contains lesil of them than it did before. There are not tli(l same means naturally provided to restore tl the soil these salts, as there are to restore tj the air those gases which are essential to tlij growth of plants. It is true that fallowing does, to a certain extent, restore the soil to it; •■i' , n ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 133 ori'^inal state ; but without going into that sub- Ijcct, it is evident that it is even more import- |ant to supply saline, than gaseous matter to plants. Both are important elements of ma- nure, but the former is the most important, be- Icause the natural means which exist for keep- ling up a regular supply of them to plants, are fess complete than those which regulate the for- lation and distribution of the gases. The old chemists of by-gone times used to larvel greatly whence animals obtained the irthly substances which constitute their bones ; is now known, that all animals who feed on plants obtain the phosphate of lime, which con- titutes the greater part of the bone from pants. All plants contain phosphates of lime id magnesia, hence these are important con- tituents of manure. The manufacture of pearl-ash and potash rom plants, has existed for a very long time. [lants are burnt merely for the sake of their shes, which being rich in potash, are valued a source of that alkali. All plants contain al- iH, either potash or soda ; hence salts of these Dalies are constituents of many of the best inures ; and the ashes of plants, rich in al- ii, have always a beneficial effect when ap- Ked to land. The earthy phosphates and al- ■i *mw,»n,m, w i 'm m ■ja m ^irf i ii i' mw 134 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ''5i kaline salts, are tlie most important of the sa- line constituents of manure. Looking at ordinary manures, in a chemical point of view, we may divide them into those which supply the gaseous matters on wliicli plants feed, those which supply alkaline salts and phosphates, and those which supply both at I the same time. Farm-yard dung is the best kind, and therefore it is adapted for all soils: it contains all that plants can want. Soot actj| principally from the gaseous matters which supplies to plants ; whilst bones, and more es-i pecially burnt bones, may be taken as an ex- ample of a manure which supplies earthy phod phatcs. Bearing these facts in mind, it be- comes of the first importance to know what arJ the cheapest sources of the substances, m how they can be furnished in the most ecoiioj mical and uniform manner. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FACE OF THE| FROVINCE, &c. The distinguishing features of the face of Nci Brunswick, are the prevalence along the slion of the Gulf of St Laurence, of an almost pel feet level, the only inequalities of w^hich an perceptible on the banks of the rivers arj ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 135 brooks, which have, in the course of ages, made for themselves a deep bed ; but advancing into the interior, and approaching towards the St John's river, on the west, and tlie Restigouch on the northern boundary, the surface gradually assumes a bolder and more elevated cast. On itlic isthmus formed by the Gulf on the east, and Cumberland Basin and the Petitcodiac on [the west, there are no elevations worthy of loticc ; and in the whole interior, between that river, northward, to the valley of the Nipisi- riiit, the inequalities are but inconsiderable un- luktions, but to the southward of the Petitco- liac, the land rises in lofty and rocky aclivi- bes, and is broken into abrupt, hollow, and [eep ravines. Proceeding westward, from a le joining the mouth of the Anagance, cxtend- ig through the interior, northward, to the ^oiith of the Upsalquitch, advancing across 16 St John, to the Boundary Line of Maine, ^0 inequalities are lofty and abrupt, frequently mming the character of mountains, and the rest presenting, in an eminent degree, the jher characteristics of soil. [Along the shore of the Bay of Fundy, the ruee growth prevails in the woods, and in- }d, the hard blue rock, which there presents impassable barrier to the moutain wave of 136 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL the Atlantic, is covered by so little soil, that none but the spruce can derive any nourisli. ment. But along this line of sterile coast, ii the labour of the agriculturist is poorly repaid, nature presents herself to the eye of the as tonished traveller, in the most sublime and ro- mantic dresses. The Shepody mountain, ncartlie upper extremity of the Bay of Fundy, the white granite capped heights which inclose the vale of the Nerepsis, the rocky ridges which rise \i gradations from the Bay, extending from tht Petitcodiac to the Chiputucticook, — the beau- tiful cascades on the Poulet river, and the Le Proc — the majestic falls near the city of Si] John, and the picturesque scenery on the Ma guadavic and the St Croix, can scarcely be siir passed in beauty and grandeur in any countn where the exuberance of the natural gro)vtl[ offers a barrier to an extensive prospect. What a splendid bird's-eye glance, or pam: ramie view, is seen from the top of a tall pint] Standing on high land, the forest assumes varied, but beautiful appearance, exhibiting where the evergreen grows, a deep green tii and in the deciduous woods, a lighter colo variegated with all the different shades of greei A picture of such a scene, would present aspect of admirable beauty, particularly in ^1 'I hi ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 137 ])urt of the country where the surface swells into eminences, and diversify the sameness of the huidscape by their oceanic unduhitions. The leaves and the woods of the evergreens [abound with rosin or gum, which renders them [so hi<,4dy inflammable, that on exposure to the laction of fire, the flames immediately ascend to the top of the tree, with a roaring crackling loise. The moss, dry leaves, and dead-wood, ,'luch covers the surface of the ground, assist- ed by the wind, communi* ates the fire to the )ther trees, and if the breeze be violent, no hu- lau being can anticipate where the raging ele- icnt will terminate its violence. But the fire [eldom commits ravages among the hardwood, ^wing to the want of materials of a highly in- lammable nature, to increase its fury, conse- luently, so soon as it may have passed through spruce swamp, and arrived at a ridge covered nih. a deciduous growth, it is supposed there a sufficient obstacle to btop its further pro- :ess. But in the event of a long continued :ouj]^bt, having dried every rotten wind- fall Ito touch-wood ; and if the fire being attend- with strong wind, the sparks and the ignited irk would be driven through the hard-wood Ige, and, in a few minutes, the next ever- reen tract would be in a fearful blaze — de- 138 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I) i \ 1 m ii <: ! 1.' 1 L the sinews, of which they make the strongest cords, and the tongue and mouffe are sold aj great delicacies ; his gait is an exceeding fast trot, which he is enabled to continue for a great length of time, and his course through the woods is proverbially straight. In summer, to avoid the annoyance of flies, he frequently wade? into the lakes, where he feeds on aquatic grasi ses and pond lilies. In winter they form herds, and when the snow is deep, they describe a circle and press the snow with their feet, until it be- comes hard, which is called by hunters, a yard Here they remain until the snow dissolves, or until they have consumed all the branches and bark suitable for food. As soon as the siiowl becomes encrusted in March, by alternate tha^vj and frosts, the Indians go out in quest of tlienij by the aid of rackets or snow-shoes, they are! enabled to pass over the indurated surface witlj great ease and rapidity, while the moose, who breaks through the icy crust at every step, wit his small and forked feet, wounds his legs, anJ extricates himself with considerable difficultJ if and fatigue from the holes — in this manner l\ is wearied out overtaken and shot. The Caribou.— This animal is distinguisheW The by having brown antlers, which are roundewo ad ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 145 tronge^t sold (Is ing fast r a great ugli the Liimcr, to tly wades itic gras- rm licrds, le a circle,! itil it be- :s, a yard,] solves, or' ^clies anc| the snov. late tliaw^ tof tlieiii ;. tliev aiJ Lrf ace wit:| bose, wbil step, ^v-itii legs, anl difficult! naiiner m than those of the moose, and meet nearer at the extremities. It is not so tall as the moose, but of amazing- swiftness, and its hoofs being very large in proportion to its legs, it is not easily overtaken. It is customary to lie in wait for them at certain defiles where they are j known to pass, or near waters and feeding- j grounds, to which they resort ; they are sup- posed to be a species of the rein-deer of the northern parts of Europe. The flesh is very tender, and of better flavour than that of the moose, and the skin is soft and tough, and makes valuable leather. The Indians make use Sof the tendons for thread. THE BEAR. -incruisbelU The Black Bear only is found in this, and rouTidelB^ adjoining Province (Nova-Scotia.) He is 146 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL |! I' Hi . ' larger than the European bear, and has been known to weigh more than four hundred pounds. Although carnivorous, he is timid, unless wounded or hungry.* He feeds upon nuts, berries, corn, &c., and sometimes sheep, calves, and pigs. He can climb any tree large enougn to sustain his strength, or fill \\]< grasp. When the winter sets in, he retires 1 1 his den, which is generally a cave or hollow tree, without making the least provision for hid support during the severity of the season ; here he remains in a torpid state until the return of spring. The flesh is very palatable, and the ham is considered a great delicacy. The In- dians frequently anoint themselves with the fat to prevent the annoyance of the musquitoes anii flies, both of which are very numerous, and t( avoid those rheumatic aff*ections to which thei are rendered susceptible by constant exposure to the vicissitudes of the we.'ither. The skiniil the most valuable of any of the native animals and when drtssed with the shag on, is miicl] used as a covering for sleighs, and many usefii] articles of apparel. i:l * I have beop. within a few hundred yards of seve" when I have been riding through the different settlement^ wliich I Iiad to visit monthly. X ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 147 d has been V hundred } is timid, feeds upon imes sheep, I any tree L, or fill his e retires to e or hoUo^' ision for Ms eason; here he return of ble, and tk ^y. The In- with the fat squitoes M ous, and t' which tlie\ ,nt exposiiit Thf skini' ,1V e animahj on, is miK mciuy usefiiil THE FOX, irds of seve lent settlemeni Of Foxes, there are four different kinds, — silver fox, red, grey, and black fox — all of which are smaller, and possessed of less speed and strength than the English fox. I have seen them frequently walk for a great distance, ''^at the edge of the wood, and keeping pace with |my horse. Ottek. — This animal is about four feet long, exclusive of the tail, (which measures sixteen inches,) and is generally about a foot a half in ircumference. From its peculiar mode of iving and habits, it has been represented as an amphibious animal, hut this is not the case. The formation and appearance of its head re- mbles that of the beaver, but its teeth are ike those of a dog ; its head and nose are ^•a 148 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL broad and flat, the eyes are nearer the nose than is usual in quadrupeds, and placed in such a manner as to discern every object that is above them. This peculiarity gives it an ad- vantage when lurking at the bottom of a brook for its prey, as the fish cannot perceive any ob- ject that is under them. It is always observed when in chase of fishf to swim against the stream. It lives in holes on the banks of streams, provided with an aperture to admit | the air, and for the purpose of retreat, in case of an attack. The colour of the otter is darker I than that of the beaver, and is tinged with grey| on the breast and belly. It is strong and fierce, and will defend itself with great courage, bull when taken young, may be tamed and taught to fish for its owner. It feeds on fish, an]phi| bious animals, poultry, and the bark of trees. There is also the Mink, which is of the| otter tribe, but which is smaller and prover- bially black. Its tail is round and flat, a without hair. The Fisher, sometimes called the black cat! and black fox, is an animal resembling the Mar- tin. His colour is black, with the exception of the head and neck, which are grey. Itj| lencfth is two feet, circumference one foot, and i: il; i ■ :!l)iil." I; ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 149 the length of its tail twelve inches. It is rare [to be met with, and solely taken for its fur. The WooDCHUCK is a small animal of a red- id! sh grey colour, that burrows in the ground like a rabbit. It is extremely fat, and its flesh bs eaten by the Indians ; it is fifteen inches long, and its circumference is so great, as to rive it the appearance of being round. The Racoon resembles the fox in the size and khape of its body ; its head and teeth are simi- ir to those of a dog : it is upwards of twenty- |even inches in length, and its tail is twelve ; is covered with a long, thick, and soft hair, if a brown colour, slightly tinged with grey ; ^s eyes are large, of a greenish colour, and en- nupassed by a circle of black ; its tail is round id bushy, tapering to the end, and annulated ^ith several black bars ; its limbs are short — le fore legs shorter than the hinder ; its feet fe armed with sharp claws, and it leaps with uprising agility. In its manners, it resembles |e squirrel ; in eating it sits up on its hind js, and serves itself with its fore paws, im- jrsing its dry food in water before it eats it. is often tamed, and is to be found in the (gwams of the Indians. In its wild state, it [es in hollow trees, and feeds on the bark, )rns, and beech-nuts ; but when domesticated, ^ 150 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL , < will feed on milk, bread, eggs, and is very fond of sweets. It feeds by night, and during the winter seldom leaves its den, from whence it is generally said to live in a torpid state during that period. Its flesh is fit to be eaten, and itsj fur is preferred by hatters, to all others biit| that of the beaver. The Porcupine is about the size of a lap] dog, but does not stand so high from tlit ground. It is covered with long brown haiil interspersed on the back, sides, and tail, vit:| stiff, hollow, white spines, about the size of; wheat straw ; these are tipped with black, shaii| at the ends, and slightly barbed, and are general called quills. These spines are the tural defence of the animal, and arc so easij detached from its body, as to give rise to prevailing opinion that it has power to sb them. I have seen dogs who have hunted tit animals, return home witi* their faces cover with the quills, and which have not only difl&cult to extract, but gave great pain vij they were taken out. It has four toes on fore feet, and five on the hind, armed sharp claws, with which it is enabled to cli trees. The female produces two at a birtij dwells in hollow trees, or in cavities under t roots. It feeds on nuts, buds, and the VCCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 151 cry fond Ting the whence it ,tc during n, and its I ithcrs kt e of a lap.! from tkl rown liairl d tail, ^\i!li| ,e size of black, sk and are! are them Ire so easi rise to •er to sbif [hunted tW: [aces co\tr ot only \^ it pain ^^1 toes on armed ^ ded to cl at a birtlij es under ts tnd the and balsam of the fir-tree. Its flesh is palatable and nutricious ; and its quills are much valued by the Indians, who die them of various co- lours, and use them in ornamenting their mo- chasens, belts, and birchen baskets. The Beaver is an amphibious animal, and id to form the connecting link between quad- pods and fishes. Its length is about two 'eet nine inches ; it has four front teeth called cisors; the two upper truncated and exca- ated with a transverse angle ; the two lower isverse at the tips. They have also six- en grinders ; eight in the upper jaw, and e same in the lower. With the former, ey cut down trees of soft wood, such as white pie, white birch, poplar, alder, and willow ; d with the latter they break any hard sub- noes. The fore feet are very short, and the s separate ; the hind feet are membraneous, d adapted for swimming. The tail is oval, ey, destitute of hair, and about a foot in th. The body is covered with soft, glossy of a brown colour, and the skin generally ighs two pounds. The castor used in medi- is found in sacs formed behind the kid- s. Beavers dwell in houses of their own truction, for which purpose they sometimes e and form communities. These are built 152 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I either in ponds or running streams ; if in the former, there is no occasion for a dam, but me- rely to select a situation which will admit of an open passage from the cellar to the water im- der the ice ; if in the latter, they select a stream which is capable oi being dammed, and hr rng cut down trees suitable for their pur- pose, they commence making the foundation of the dams, by placing the sticks up and doun the stream, and cementing them with mud, When the dam is erected, it receives a final coating of mortar, made of twigs and clay, for which purpose their tails serve as troAvcl?, There is always a sufficient sluice made in tk dam to carry oif the surplus water. Whentb dam is built, they proceed to erect their hoiiso? these they build of the same material, whicii serves them for food, and in selecting trees for their formation, they are careful to choose tliost near the water, tliat they may be floated dow the stream, or to cut them in such a mannei that they may fall in the proper direction. Their houses generally consist of two oi three stories, and are so constructed, that tli upper floor shall be above the level of the liigli est flood, ai d perfectly dry. The shape of tliej building is oval, and the covering is impcrvioui to the weather. Their food in winter consisti| ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 153 of the bark of poplar logs and other wood, which tliey generally provide in the autumn, land sink in the pond near their dwelling-houses. As there are always several breathing holes in the ice, which the Beavers keep constantly open, (the Indians select one of these for the position 'of their traps. A short stake is driven into the ground, to which the trap is fastened, to )revent its being carried off by the Beaver ; le trap is then strew^ed with pieces of willow %v alder, of which that animal is very fond, — ^nd in this manner he is generally decoyed. pilien a Beaver first perceives an enemy, he jives a smart blow on the water with the )road part of his tail, at w^hich signal, the j\\o\e family disperse under the water. It is iot inconvenient for them to remain a long time Inde'* the water, nor is their fur injured, even rhen the animal is drowned in the traps. The best fur is that which is taken in Feb- lary or March ; in summer, it is considered mch inferior. The MusKRAT or Musquash, is an amphi- [ous animal, and resembles the Beaver in its ibits. It is about fifteen inches in length, its jil about a foot, and similar to that of a rat. is less afraid of man than the Beaver, and is 154 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I-: • ; ii^ ' ( frequently found in ponds and creeks in the cul- tivated parts of the country. The Squirrel is a lively and active ani- mal, and lives principally among the branches of trees, and feeds on nuts and seeds. Its body is small, but beautifully formed, and the common kind is of a brownish colour, anil has a large bushy tail. At the near approacli i of any person, it makes a very great noise ;- this I have heard several times when passing through the various settlements in which niv duty called me. They are very numeroii? irj the Province. No perfect catalogue of the birds of New Brunswick has yet been made, they are geiiel rally known by their vernacular names, mm of which are of Indian origin, and it is dil$| cult to obtain any accurate information on t head. insects. IM No catalogue of the Insects of the Provinc has yet been arranged. Many of them arc tlij same as those of Great Britain, and other teiij peratc climates ; we, however, have many m jfc... ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRCNSWICK. 155 tlic cul L\e ani- aranclies 3ds. Its led, and lour, and' approacli noise;- 1 jn passing wTiicli m\| tnerous iri| 15= of T^ev- are genej :ies, n-iaiijl it is dii on on till: cies which are not found there. Some of the sepidopkrous clans, are exceedingly beautiful — of these, part fly by the day and a part by night. Of the f"»rmer, the species are not very numerous, bu„ the latter are to be found in endless variety, of almost every colour, and every mixture of colour. In this branch of Natural History, the waters of New-Brunswick afford a rich field for scien- tific research. le proving iom arc tlij other ten many sffl Fish. — Whale Species, one Whale. Grampus. Porpoise. Hack Fish. Herringhog. Snuffer. 'in Back. Ilumpback. Shark Species, Sulphur Whale. )asking Shark Dog Fish. Mackerel Shark. Jone Shark. jNlaneater Shark. Swingtail & Seal. Bo7iy and Cartilagenous, Mewife. Haddock, Salmon Trout. ass. Halibut. Sale. ellows Fish. Hake. Smelt. ill Fish. Herring. Shrimp. lue Fisli. Horse Mackerel. Sturgeon. lone Eater. Horn Sucker. Sun Fish. orook Sucker. Jaggen. Sculpion. kearn. Lump Sucker. Spanish i\Iackerel |pelin;>. Mackerel. Squid. ' -U .', .;t '-^ ■i}'l ' -^^ ) ]t'\ 11 :'■.; 1 "'tfl :! 156 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL Cat Fish. Chub Sucker. Cod. Ciisk. Dab. DoUarfish. Flounder. Frost Fish. Con.i^or Eel. Minow. Pollock. Placie. Perch. Pond, do. Pickerel. Salmon. Sauce Fish. Eels Lamprey, do. Shad. Skate. Sea Shad. Sword Fish. Tom Cod. Trout. Wolf Fish. Whiting. Silver, do. SamI, do, lihie Crab. Cockle. Lobster. Mussel. Shell Fish. Nipple Fish. Razor Fish. Oyster. Scallop. Perriwiukle. Sea Spider. Quahog. Sea Clam. Shore Clam, Star Fisli. Sea Crab. Soldier, do. These are Thy glorious works ! Parent of good ! Almighty ! Thine this universal frame, Thus v/ondrous fair ! TJiyself how wondrous, then. Unspeakable ! who sitt'st above these heavens, To us invisible, or dimly seen In these Thy lowest works ; yet these declare Thy goodness beyond thought, and Power Divine I " Jehova Domine Noster, quam maymjicum est nomen tuun. universa terra.** — Psalm viii. ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 157 CHAPTER V. Sanil, ilo, I hore Clam. ,tar risli. ,ea Crab. oldicr, do. |o;ood I IS, then, lens, ire The New-Brunswick Coal Field— Introductory Remarks- Its Division, Extent, Deposits, Quality, «Scc.— The Salmon River,&c.— Coal Mines, their Deposits, Quality,&c. — Mine- rals of the Province — Iron, its uses— Copper Ore — Lead Galena — Magnesia — Limestone — Gypsum — Rock Salt — Granite — Jasper— Calcedony— Amethyst — Agate — Heii- landite— S tilblite — Apophy lite — Slates, 3c c. In this Chapter the reader will have an accurate account of the New-Brunswick Coal Field, &c. When the condition of Great Britain is com- ared with that of other nations, less favoured ith coal and the metals, it will be perceived low much mankind have been improved in thoir oral and secular state, by use of the substan- Ices found only in the earth. And when the resent happiness of civilized countries is con- asted with the condition of those barbarous otnen '"""Nations, whose axe and arrow are made of stone, mo idea, even at a single glance, may be form- of the power and w^ealth which have been awn from the bosom of this planet. Should K 158 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 1 % an inquiry be made into the cause of the ex- alted state of the parent country, and the sources from which her commerce has been derived, and is now supported, it will be found that the vast and various productions of her mines are the chief support of her manufacturing indus- try, and the great centre of supply for almost every nation upon the earth. When coal is viewed in all its relations to mankind, the mind is filled with astonishment at its effects. To coal, the generation of steam, the multiplied operations in manufactories, the great improve- ments in aU kinds of machinery, the vast saving of animal strength, the diminution of human pain and labour, and the majestic strides of ci- vilization, owe their origin. Coal possesses the power of transmuting ships and land carriages into animals, capable of performing the greatest feats of strength without relaxation or repose. Through its influence, directed to the produc- tion of steam, vessels now ply between Great I Britain and America, in a shorter space of time than had been ever before anticipated, and the inhabitants of countries far remote from eacli| other, are now brought into frequent and neigh- bourly intercourse. Were the bituminous treasures of EnglandBventij exhausted, her manufactories would fail, herl ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 159 trade cease to exist, and the nation would gra- dually retrograde into a state of ancient bar- barity. When we consider that a large proportion of the power of steam is applied to move machinery, and that the amount of work now done by ma- chinery in this country (Britain) has been sup- posed to be equivalent to that of between three or four hundred millions of men by direct la- bour, we are almost stunned at the influence of coal, and iron, and steam, upon the fate and fortunes of the human race. It is on the ri- vers—and the boatman may repose on his oars ; I it is on the highway — and begins to extend it- self along the courses of land conveyance ; it is |at the bottom of the mines, a thousand or more feet under ground below the earth\s surface ; It is in the mills, and in the workshops of the frades ; it rows, it pumps, it excavates, it car- ries, it draws, it lifts, it hammers, it spins, it weaves, it prints, &c. Should the advancement |f this power be as rapid during the next ^elve years, as it has been during the same Brm of years that is gone by, it seems as if lan would be indulged with a long holiday, iving nothing to do but to gaze upon his own ^nglan^ventions, for they are neither few nor small — fail, hef wsmmmmmm 160 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL l^: 'i " Man hath found out many inventions."— Solomon. Having gi\ en a brief outline of the gem itself. with its various qualities, I shall proceed to tiie mm? 01 L of vbich it cr.n be obtained. The gi; e d: ;^al mine of the Province of New- Brunswick, wL'u h I am about to explain, is si- tuated between the primary rocks on the county of Charlotte, and the King's County, on the Straits of Northumberland, on the Gulf of St Lawrence. Only the south and south-east sides of this coal field have yet been explored : the west, the north, and the north-east sides still remain to be examined, and the limits thereof in the latter directions, yet remain un- known. The division of this coal-field, situated south- ward of St John, is the segment of a large circle described between the Keswick above Fredericton, and the Ocnabog, below Grange- town, and touching at Shin Creek, and the head | of the Oromocto. Its south-eastern side ex- tends along the trap and syenite rocks of Spring- field, and the dividing line between King's, Queen's, Westmoreland, and Kent Counties,! to the Straits of Northumberland, from one otj the branches of the Oromocto to the St Johnj and from thence eight miles eastward of the ci i ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 161 : nee of the Wasliademoao. This coal field o.\:ends in a northerly direction to Bathurst, a (I' tanco of one hundred and twenty miles, and from Bathurst long the coast to Shediac, which may be estimated at seventy miles. Until the north-east side of this vast coal track is explored, it would be impossible 1 give an accurate account of its area; but . may for the present be considered equal to • v ^ thousand square miles I This track may, t er- haps, bear the reputation of being one of .xio largest coal-iields ever discovered on the globe. This vast expanded track in every part abounds in tropical plants, many of which have evidently been changed into enduring beds of coal, while others have been converted into different kinds of mineral matter, and form the most faithful record of the changes this earth has undergone I since it first came from the hands of its Su- [preme Architect, To distinguish this extensive track from the [Westmoreland district, and other coal-fields in the British Provinces, it is designated by the lame of the " Great New Brunswick Coal 'ield," which, for its magnitude and wealth, R'ill be better known, long after its first geolo- gical pioneer has ceased to travel over its Surface. ^•'im. ■BM^^mA ...^m^iosstSSm^ mmmmm mmm 162 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 1 . I shall now proceed to give an account of *;he Westmoreland Coal Field. There is a great difficulty in fixing the bounds of this coal field on account of a part of its surface being covered "with new red sand-stone, and other deposits of more recent formation, the strata of which thin off in such a manner as to leave the line of demar- cation obscure. It has been stated, that, begin- ning at the Harbour of Shediac, the Westmore- land Coal Field reaches along the shore eastward to Tedish River- It then extends along an irre- gxilar line southward, until it approaches the village of Sackville, and proceeding in a wester- ly direction, it meets the new sandstone near Dorchester Island — a line drawn from Shediac to the Petitcodiac, about ten miles below the Bend, will mark its northern side. The coa! field then becomes more narrow, and, crossing the river, maintains an average breadth of ten miles, as it proceeds in a westerly direetioE,| until it reaches Sussex Vale ; here its extre- mity is forked ; one branch is curved towards! the north-west, until it meets the source of] Studholme's Millstream ; the other becomes very narrow, and disappears beneath the con- glomerate, a few miles southward and westwarJ of Sussex Church. The longest diameter ol this coal field is upwards of seventy miles, m ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 163 it will average seventeen miles in breadth. It is by no means certain that coal is contained in every part of the area included within these li- mits, but as the out-cropping of the bituminous strata has been discovered in a number of si- tuations, it is evident that it embraces vast quantities of coal, and is of the highest impor- tance to the Province. It will not be expected from the limited time devoted to the explora- tion of this coal field, that a full and correct account of its extent, contents, and value, can be given at present. We nevertheless pro- ceed to give such facts as have been discovered, in confidence of receiving that support these pursuits so much require. The rocks belonging to the Westmoreland Coal Field, are first observable between the up- per settlements of Hammond River, and the Kennebeckasis, where it enters Sussex Vale. Here they dip beneath the more recent forma- tions of new red sand-stone and conglomerate, already described, and which rests upon them unconformably, and the detritus common to the surface. After passing a considerable area, the lines indicating the boundaries of this formation, proceed in an easterly direction towards the I parish of Salisbury. On the road leading 1G4 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL southward, and immediately after ascending the high lands of Sussex, the sand-stone and shales appear, and arc intersected by the small streams passing downwards to the river. These rocks were examined at the farm of Mr Allen Shock. and other localities, and their bituminous na- ture distinguishes them from any other in this quarter. At the latter place, there is a stratum of impure cannel coal, at least three feet in thickness, and, from the quantities of this kind of coal mingled with the debris of the surface, it is evident that it exists in much greater quantities, and of a quality more pure in situa- tions now concealed by beds of sand, and other detrital matter. The carbonaceous stratum burns very freely, and contains a very consider- able quantity of bitumen. But the quantity of ashes, after combustion, out nine 5 coal is , or Ste- collected X ignited .ur. Ad- searching month of a dam )ved at a liile and a rhere they ttuminous diffieuUy, in work- deciding I ;,todeter-l it number the fim place, it is necessary that there should be one or more coal strata, of sufficient extent to in- sure a full supply ; and each stratum must be sufficiently thick to compensate the expense of sinking shafts, striking levels, &c. The kind and quality of the coal must be considered, and the demand justly estimated. The consump- tion of coal must not only be continued, but must constantly increase. The draining of mines adds much to the expense of working them ; and, therefore, protection from the in- flux of water into the adits should become fully studied. It is but seldom that an out-cropping of any [magnitude appears at the surface; and it is [necessary, on account of the loose matter spread lover the rocks and superficial beds, to bore lownward to considerable depths, in order to ascertain where the richest deposits are si- tuated. GRAND AND SALMON RIVER COAL MINES. From the north extremity of the Grand Lake, le Salmon River, a beautiful stream, extends a north-east direction, to the sources of the lichibucto, emptying into the Straits of Nor- lumberland, in the Gulf of St Lawrence. At 172 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i the junction of the former stream with the lake, an out-cropping of coal has been discovered a few years since, and has been worked to a li- mited extent. This situation is peculiarly fa- vourable for mining, and for the transportation of the coal. The River is sufhciently deep to admit vessels of an hundred and fifty tons bur- then, and the mines arc situated about 300 yards from the landing-place. The stratum of coals aln^ady found, is only twenty-two inches thick, and in general, at a depth of eighteen ^ feet be^ow the surface. The coal, and shale, j and sandstone, associated with it, are nearly ho- rizontal. A number of small shafts have beeiii opened, and a considerable quantity of coal has been raised within the last four years, viz.-| 1835-39. The same coal stratum again occurs at Craw. ford's farm, a mile and a-half farther north! ward. It was also opened at this place, andl might be worked with considerable advantage The coal stratum also appears at Barton's Poiiitj Newcastle Creek, Coal Creek, and other paiij of this district. At the latter place, and withj in an extent of six miles, twenty levels havtj been run into the south bank of the stream, considerable quantity of coal has been removciB^ eoai| advantage having been taken of the sectio# ^^'at( ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 173 made in the rocks by the stream. These mines are not worked ; the thickness of the stratum and shallowness of the river being unfavourable to their employment. At Brown's Mills, six miles from the mouth of the creek, the coal was exposed in erecting a dam. It also occurs on Newcastle Creek, where it is worked with success by Major Ewing. The produce of this mine is, however, small, not amounting to more than three hundred chal- drons, per annum. Fredericton is chiefly sup- plied from this quarter. The coal at all tho above places, is. In general, of a good quality, but, like almost all superficial strata, the sul- hur it contains renders it rather unpleasant or domestic purposes ; it is, nevertheless, su- erior to the imported varieties, for the forges f blacksmiths. At the before mentioned places, and at others ot necessary to be noticed, the coal stratum is om fifteen to twenty inches in thickness, and s Pou^t.fr^'^^^ beneath an area of sevent} miles in f\ er paiij^^^^^^^^^^^^' ^^ ^" average depth of ten feet nd witlitf'^^^ the surface. The coal measures, at the Is liavB'^^^ Lake, will supply the demand at a far u «..A weaper rate. When the uniform thickness of 1 ' movcfr ^^^^ — the regularity of its distance above I sectiow ^^'"^ters of the lake, and its tributaries, and le lake, ^ered a to a li- arly h- ortation deep to ,ons bur- ►out 300 :ratum of ^o inches eighteen and shale, nearly lio have been f coal ha> ars, viz-- [s at Cra^v• Ler nortli' [place advantage anil 174 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL also its distance below the surface, the appa- rent absence of faults, and various other eir« cumstanccs connected with its quality, horizon- tality, &c. are considered, there can be no doubt that only one, and that the most superfi- cial stratum, has yet been discovered ; nor could it be expected that an out-cropping of the lower and richer deposits would appear at the sur- face, where all the strata rests upon a nearly level basis ; and there can be no doubt that there arc other and fai' richer deposits of coal. beneath the one already discovered, but at what distance from the surface it is impossible to calculate, in consequence of the almost hori- 2 ' ntal position of each stratum in the coal se- ries. The difficulties that prevent successful min- ing at the Grand Lake at present, are the nar- rowness of the stratum now worked, and tliel depth at which the lower deposits are situated, Similar obstacles have frequently presentedl themselves in England, but they have beeiB^" h^ overcome by capital and industry. At the pe-B'^eea riod when an attempt was made to explore tluB^^iis si deeper deposits of coal at Grand Lake or SaW'Jien| mon River by boring, the surrounding countnfc^inei was unexplored; but during the geological siirW^ Ts^el vey, all the formations, from the granite up m Beil ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 17. e appa- :icr oil- lorizon- Le no superii- lor could :he lower the sur- a nearly 3ubt that :s of coal, 1, but at impossiWe ' most hori- e coal se- the coal series, have been found where the} (TOSS the St John. From these, slate have been obtained, which shew that the coal may be reached at a less depth, near the main river, and sums of money would be well employed in boring at a judicious site, in the neighbourhood of ^^ageto^vn, or on the north side of the Washademoak. The result of such an enter- prise would be of the highest importance to the Province, and there would be no doubt of its final success. That there is abundance of this useful mine- ral in New-Brunswick, is now no longer proble- matical ; for it may be seen in thick strata ex- posed to the light of day, and only requires a moderate degree of enterprise to bring it to bear upon the demands of the country, and the support of those national energies it is capable of sustaining. As an instance, it may be men- tioned, that from the knowledge of the exis- kence of deposits of coal capable of yielding gas ill large quantities., a proposition has already been made to light the city of St John from [this source ; nor can the time be far distant, [when other and more important objects will be gained from the mineral wealth of the Province )f New-Brunswick. Before I conclude this part, I would observe, 1 170 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL that the General Mining Association of Loj»- don, have a lease = ^r sixty years of all the mine? and minerals of Nova Scotia. But notwith- standing coal, and iron, and other valuable mi- nerals are abundant in that Province, the A:, j- ciation hitherto has deemed it most advanta- geous to work only the coal mines of Sidney and Pictou. The Province receives £4000. per annum, or 20,000 chaldrons, Newcastle measure, and two shillings for every chaldron raised above that quantity. It is from thi^ source that the whole of the casual revenue is derived. At Sydney, upwards of 500 men, three steam- engines, and ninety horses, are constantly em- ployed, and during the year 1839, the miners produced no less than 70,000 tons of coal. At Pictou, six steam-engines, 100 horses, and 500 men are employed ; and in 1839, 48,000 tons of coal were exported from that place, to the United States, and the British Ports along tlie| coast. As tlie demand for coals is rapidly increasinf the Association has not only laid out the grcail profits arising from the mines, but also other capital. The Company have opened other new! shafts, and laid down expensive rail-roads, il order to meet the increasincr demands. It i' »g' ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 177 t'rom these circumstances that persons unac- <|uainted with the fact, have supposed that the Association has not realized the interest of the ijrcat amount expended ; but when these works are completed, they will return great profits. It docs not appear that the price of labour has any effect upon the working of the Pictou and Sydney Mines ; the scarcity of labour only is complained of ; and the miners earn from seven to ten shillings, per day, each, admitting the low estimate of 120,000 tons to be the annual amount of the Sydney and Pictou Mines ; the yearly amount of profit received by the Asso- ciation will be £30,000. It is obvious that the coal mines of Nova Scotia and New-Brunswick are not only of provincial importance, but also the richest sources of the nation. MINERAL DEPARTMENT. In Sussex Vale, there are extensive deposits [of bog iron ore," on the estate of Mr John Jeff- pies, and other lands adjoining there are accu- lulations of this ore of great thickness. The )xi(le of iron contained in the sand, and de- rived from the decompositions of pyritous iron is washed from the uplands, and during the ^ IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^j- I 1.0 I.I !rii 1^ ti^ m 112.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" - ►

■< ''\ i ,; U ■ • ' Mi .' 'ii. 1.! )'■' t I r- i i, and copper pyrites, which at one place is mixed in the rock to the distance of two feet on the side of the largest vein. The veins of ore are more readily decomposed than the hard rock wherein they are situated, therefore they are removed by the operations of the water and air. and deep fissures are left at the place they have occupied ; the expense of exploring them, even superficially, is thus increased. The following is the result of an analysis of a specimen of the sulphurate ; — Copper, 76. 5 Sulphur, 19. Iron, ........ 4. 99. 5 It is therefore a rich ore of copper — the veiiij increase in thickness as they descend, and there can be little doubt, that those already discover- ed are connected with a far greater deposit situated beneath the surface. Lead. — Galena or sulphurate of lead, occurs in the lime-stone near the mills of Mr Coates, BThc on the road leading from the Finger-Board, Bpha (which I have passed several times) to the head BThe ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 181 is mixed it on the f ore are lard rock they are )Y and air. they have hem, even following nen of the -the veius , and there y discover- er deposit ead, occiu's Mr Coates, ger-Board.| o the head I of Belleisle. It is scattered through the rock in small crystals, and narrow veins. This ore, by analysis, yields a small quantity of galena, and the silver contained in it, is too small to pay the expense of working cither. This ar- gentiferous galend is identical with the same ore discovered in the lias lime-stone of Nova- Scotia. Magnesia. — About eighteen miles from the Grand Lake, and mouth of the stream, at a place culled " Cast- A way Island," a spring is- sues from the rocks, which will fill a hogshead in fifteen minutes ; the water has a very un- pleasant taste and odour, and was by the In- dians believed, many years back, to be poison. By analysis, sixteen fluid ounces were found to contain — Carbonic Acid. Sulphurated Hydrogen. Sulphate of Magnesia, 4 grains. Sulphate of Soda, 17.5 Oxide of Iron, 4 iThe water is mildly aperient, from the sul- phates of soda and magnesia contained in it. IThe iron gives it tonic properties. T r ! ■ T 182 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL Lime Stone. — Carboniferous Lime Stone.-^ About a mile south of the Oknabog Lake, and on the road leading along the west side of the river (in Queen's County) the out-cropping of the old mountain; or carboniferous lime- stone have been found. This formation, in a south- west direction^ and on the opposite side of the river, makes a gentle curve from E.N.E. to N.E. It is not thick where the river inter sects its strata, but widens considerably farther west. Un the east side of the harbour of L'Tang, in the parish of St George, there is an inexhaustible supply of lime-stone belonging to the formation, extending toward St John, Its colours are black, blue, brown, and white, and wherever the strata are too much fractured i a good marble might be procured. The course of the strata is north-east and south-west ; the| dip is north-west at an angle of eighty ; some- times layers are perpendicular. This lime- stone is under and overlaid by clay and chlo- rite slates ; it is penetrated by the numeroiul dikes and veins of greenstone, from a few feet to foui inches in thickness. These dikes do not cut across the strata, but rise betweeDJ them, having produced considerable alteratioij in the appearance and solidity of the rock ;■ they have rendered the lime-stone crystalline] r.!iV'''iK ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 183 and sometimes filled it with cubic crystals of iron pyrites. At Beaver-Harbour, Dipper-Harbour, and Musquash-Harbour, lime is to be found near the shore of the Cutter-Harbour, where it ap- pears to be cavernous. On the side of the hill, there is a narrow opening that probably com- municates with a cave, but the passage is nar- row, ind crossed by a small brook which de- scends among the rocks, and finally re-appears, breaking out at the breach some distance be- low. On the west side of the harbour it forms a ridge of considerable extent. This is not only an excellent situation for making lime, but a good marble quarry might be opened, and its productions shipped with little previous labour and expense. The marble is white, with blue veins ; it bears a fine polish, and if opened to a proper depth, will afford blocks of a large size. Few places can afford a better situation for calcining lime, quarrying marble, and ma- nufacturing alum and copperas ; and it is hoped that some enterprising individual will soon bring those materials into use, and rende/ them of public utility. Sulphate of Lime or Gypsum. — Besides [the foregoing minerals, the new red sandstone 184 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL " .1 system contains vast deposits of sulphate of lime or gypsum. The localities of this mineral are too numerous to require description ; they are common in the Hammond-River, at Sussex- Vale, and along a whole line of country between the midland road, leading to Kingstone, and the sources of the North River, a branch of the Petitcodiac, a distance of thirty miles. Sometimes here the rock is laminated, and beautiful crystals ot selinite may in general be produced ; but this lamination is the result of crystalization, and not of stratification. The gypsimi often rises above the red marly rocks, in rude naked columns, or broad white masses, without any covering of soil or vegetables upon them ; and it descends into the earth to an un- known depth. At Hammond-River, Sussex- Vale, and near the Mill Stream, the masses of gypsum have been found to contain on tlieir sides, fragments of sandstone, conglomerate, and lime- stone, where they are in contact with | these rocks. This is certain evidence that the | sulphate of lime was collected subsequent to| their formation. i'- Rock Salt. — It is remarkable, that where- ever the deposits of gypsum are found, there areP^er salt springs, which evidently rise from deposits P^^^^'c ifk ,^L ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 185 i)t' Rock Salt, situated in the rock of this for- mation. In making a few remarks on their si- tuation, as compared with those of England, I would here observe, that it was formerly be- lieved that all the principal deposits of Rock Salt were contained in the new sandstone se- ries, which, on this account, has been called the saliferous system ; but it appears from recent discoveries, that in Durham, Northumberland, and Leicestershire, in England, they proceed from the coal system. The salt rocks of the Alps are supported from oolite, and in the volca- nic regions of Sicily and Auvergne, salt springs are numerous. Again, it was beUeved that rock salt had been derived from the evapora- tion of sea-water, and the situation of beds of salt, nearly on a level with the sea, was con- sidered as a confirmation of this opinion. But many of the salt mines of Wurtemburg and Central Germany, are on plains of consider- ntact AvitliB^^^G elevation, and while some deposits are near oe that the fr^ sea, others are far from it, and elevated lore than 5000 feet above its waters. In New-Brunswick, the beds of rock salt rom which saline springs rises, are nearly on a level with the present ocean, and in situations here it is probable that the sea might have ,e of lime leral are they are Sussex- I between tone, and branch of 'ty miles, ated, and reneral be J result of :ion. The arly rocks, ite masses, ables upon to an un- r, Sussex- masses of n on their iglomeratc ^sequent to lat where Id, there are >m depositsF^^^^ at some remote period. It is, notwith- 186 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL . 1^^ t \ i ■ , )' standing, very difficult to frame any hypothesis; in regard to the origin of deposits of rock salt in the earth, which will be free from objection; and it is necessary that farther discoveries should be made with respect both to their si- tuation, and to the combinations which sodium is capable of forming, when placed under pecu. liar circumstances. In some of the West In- dia Islands, — in England, and other parts ot the world, the water of the ocean is admitted into large natural or artificial basins, and by the evaporating power of the sun's rays, the water escapes, and the salt is deposited ; frequently, indeed, the process is carried on without the aid of art. Now, the briny springs of Cheshire. (England) — of Nova Scotia and New-Bruns- wick, are in such situations as will favour the opinion of the rock salt beneath having been produced by these simple means ; nor is it im-| possible that in otxxcr countries, and in morel elevated situations, the same mineral may have been the result of volcanic heat, applied to tlie| sodium and chlorine of the salt. Granite. — Like the several formations al- ready noticed, the granite, entering into tliel primary chain, extends, in a north-east direc- tion, to the very margin of the main river 'Hi ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 1S7 pothcsis rock salt bjcction ; scoveric? their si- ti sodiiuu dcr pecu. West lu- r parts of admitted and by the the ^vater frequently, without the f Cheshire. [ew-Bruns- favour the mations al- • into tl^e -east direc- main river where it rises in low naked cliffs, rather above the ordinary level of the country. At Fowler's and Jones' Mills, the river passes along directly at the termination of a long granitic ridge, that will average up\Vi»rds of a mile and a-half in breadth. The granite forming this ridge, is of several varieties, and are equally free from any discomposable minerals that would injure their colour or durability. In general it is fine grained, compact, and will admit of the most delicate sculpture, without crumbling before the chisel. To these advantages, it may be added, that granite will seldom be seen in any country that can vie with it in beauty. Masses of almost any dimensions may be quar- ried within two hundred yards of the rivei, and the facilities for its transportation are such as are seldom possessed. Millstones have been made here for many years ; and one variety of roek is suitable for that purpose. Seldom, in any part of the world, are the several forma- tions found succeeding each other in the great scale of supertions, with that beauty, regularity, and order, that they display on the section just adverted to. The granite is succeeded by the slate ; the slate by the old red sandstone ; then comes the carboniferous lime-stone, mill-stone grit, and the coal series, surmounted by con- 188 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ■I ; \l glomerate, and the new red sandstone, appear- ing on the shores of the Grand Lake. The shores of the Grand Lake are strewed with boueders of granite, &c. The surface in all directions is low and level, and strongly con- trasted with the abrupt hills and mountains of granite and trap-rocks farther south. On the west side . of the Lopg Reach, are syenite and slate. These rocks compose a con- siderable eminence, called the ** Devil's Back," and other conical hills in the country adjacent. Bald Mountain is eleven hundred and twenty feet high, and will afford the traveller one of the most picturesque and delightful views in America. Nothing can exceed the grandeur of this mountain scenery ; the river, the great watery turnpike of the Province, appears like a serpen- tine brook, winding its way through the hills, and the steam-boats and small craft gliding over its surface in the summer season, render the prospect enchanting. Often they seem to be sailing among the grove of elms, and stacks of hay scattered over the intervale — made still more pleasing by the half shadowed cottage, and spire of the village church. On the Washademoak, on the south side of| a small cove, the shore is strewed to the dis- hi ''iii; ACCOUNT OF NEW-nnUNSWICK. 18D tr of this at watery a scrpen- the hills, Lft gliding on, render y seem to and stads made still sd cottage. 1th side of ;o the dis- tance of half a-mile, with loose masses of honi- stone, jasper, Ej^yptian jasper, calccdony, and (|uartz. The jasper is chiefly of a red colour, and passes into a thicky calccdony, being ar- ranged in spots and clouds, and shadea with smoky imitative figures. Associated with V\c jasper, is the variety called Egyptian jasper, whicli is distinguished from the other by per- culiar zones, circles, and clouds of different co- lours ; with these, a few small pieces of corne- lian have been found, but in general this mine- ral is too much fractured to afford good speci- mens. These minerals evidently belong to some trap-dike in the neighbourhood. The sandstone here form cliffs on the shore,. or appear beneath its broken fragments. The minerals between Northern-Head and Dark- Harbour, (Grand Manaan Island) are amethyst, gate, jasper, hornstonc, thomsonite, stilbite, eulandite, calcareous spar, zeolite, and apo- hyhte. These are similar to those found in ^'ova Scotia, and although they may not prove be of much practical value, they are very in- eresting in the science of mineralogy, and the iseovery will give a new feature to the Pro- inee, which is evidently not surpassed in mine- 1 by any of her sister colonies. Minerals are also to be found at Black-River, M isas 190 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 1. Carlton, Musquash, Lancaster, Beaver-Harbour, Point Lc Proe, and at Hog or Jasper Island. which is at the mouth of the Digdeguash. A great part of the island is composed of stripped jasper, not unfit for the purposes of the lapi- dary. Large veins and dikes of this mineral have often been observed, and are too common to require particular description. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SLATES AND GREYWICKK ON THE COAST OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. i i Taking a general view of the greywicke and slate rocks, as they extend from the Scoodiat on the American boundary, in a north-easterly direction, along the coast of the Bay of Fundy.j to the county of AVcstmoreland, they appear tu| be situat*" I along the side of a vast basin oi trough, which is occupied by the waters of the! Bay ; and, perhaps, it would not be s])eculatind too far to assume, that the opposite side of this basin or trough, appears in Nova Scotia, wlierel the schistose rocks are seen sloping from al granite ridge, and dipping tc^^^rds the ceiitrel of the basin. The great eruptions of trap, and other volj canic rocks, which have been forced througl ili\i 'i. ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. un [arbour, : Island, ash. A stripped tlic lapi- i mineval common lug from a the centre other vo jcd throni portions of these formations, have not altered their general direction and inclination so far, that their bounds and former conditions can- not be understood. This class of strata, to which the term grey wicke has been generally ap- pHed, admits of a division ; as one part of tlie class is very different from the other in position, composition, and organic remains, and as each ilivision corresponds in its principal characters with the cabrian and solurian systems of Pro- fessor Sedwick and Mr Murchison, as tlicv ex- ist in Europe. These terms have been adopted as equally applicable to an extensive class of rocks in New-Brunswick. In an economical point of view, tlic value of these rocks is considerable ; at many jdaces they will supply excellent materials for build- mgs, paving of streets, and for ornamental piir- es. At Campo-Bello, they contain lead, jaud at Digdcguash, copper and iron is abun- |dant in them ; the latter metal, in diiicrent 'ond)inations with sulphur and oxygen, is cap- blc of yielding a number of the metallic salts, imploycd as articles of commerce, and in ma- iiifa^'torics. The limestone is imported for manure, and nil afford excellent marble; and it is satisfac- ly to know, that, since the geological survey ,■■'■> 102 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL of the Province was commenced, attention hiij> been directed to several of these natural pro- ductions, while the soil is also improving under the application of substances, which had before remained unnoticed. $ i|: \^- 1« Note. — Mineral Wealth of Great Britain. — The averafje value of the annual produce of the mines of the British Is- lands, amounts to the sum of X 20,000,000, of which about £ 8,000,000 arise from iron, and £ 9,000,000 from coal. The mineral produce of Cornwall and Devon alone, has recently amounted to £ 1,340,000. In this estimate, the value of copper is taken in the ore before fusion ; that of the iron. load, zinc, tin, and silver after fusion, in their first market- able condition. .^1 .! J, ' i'\ 11 o r [are I Mur. |OCC£ ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 10.3 tion lias iral pro- ng under ad before rUe avevafjt* e British Is- which about m coal. Tlu' has recently the vahie of it of the iron. first market- CHAPTER VI. Account of the Rivers, Islands, Bay of Fundy, &c.— Falls at St John's, Lakes, Streams, &c.— American Indians- Alluvium along the Banks of the St John— Action of tlie Sea on the Coast of New- Brunswick. In a preceding chapter I have noticed that the Province of New-Brunswick extends from its south-west point, on the island of Grand Ma- naan at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy, in lat. 44. 40., long. 67. 10., to the 48th degree of north latitude, &c. The Bay of Fundy runs between New-Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and is indented with numerous headlands and pro- montories, some of which stand out to a consi- derable distance into the sea or bay. Numerous islands, also, are scattered along I the mouth of this Bay, at short distances, form- ling a sort of chain nearly quite across it. These are almost incessantly enveloped in dense fogs, (luring the spring and summer months ; but occasionally, when these become scattered by mm «iiiPMii[in« tiifmiiiiiia — IDd HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ■'1. :i: I ! ( irt the intense rays of a summer's sun, and the winds have ceased to agitate the waters, the broad ghissy surface of this vast sheet, of a hundred miles in Igngth, and sixty or eighty in breadth, lying in quietness, is seen thickly scattered over with sea fowl, — some on tlu wing, soaring aloft, and traversing the Bay in various directions ; others in the water, either swimming or screaming, or floating on the chips and fragments of ^v'ood and bark that have drifted out to sea, from the various rivei> and small inlets of the lumber districts border- ing upon the shores. To observe a gull or duck navigating one of these puny vessels, standing erect on his frail bark, as if watcliing his own reflected image in the glassy surface beneath, while thousands of his fellows are busily engaged around him in gathering the floating sea-weed and offal that are drifting with the tide, is truly laughable. J^^ne On a still day, when the tide is retreatiij&i from the Bay, and the sun is resting on theland surface of the water, numerous shoals of por-ioape.^ poises and grnmpuses are seen spouting, antlpart blowing, and sporting, now rising to the surfacWw in quick succession, and now retreating int»end the depths below ; while at intervals, at a di#fid tauce. the huge whale is heard to pour forti I s ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 195 a liis smoking breath like the discharge of a steamer, raising in broken spray and foam the cahn smoothness or gentle ripple of the ocean, and sometimes lying half exposed to view float- ing — a huge, black, unshapely mass — on the surface. The small boats, pink sterns, and larger crafts, are seen at anchor, while the fishermen, are busily plying the lines, and raising at every moment some finny inhabitant from the watery element below. Coasters and Merchantmen are seen crossing the Bay in different directions, and at divers distances ; some departing for the West Indies and Europe, with high piled decks of lumber, and some returning from their voyages, laden I with foreign commodities for the use of the 1 inhabitants of the Provinces. From the middle of the Bay, may be seen at lone coupd'oeil, the islands of Campo-Bello, Grand Manaan, TitManaan, Long Island, Brier Island, and the shores of Nova Scotia, with its various [capes and headlands, stretching out into that part of the Bay, called St Mary's ; and low iown in the horizon, as far as the eye can ex- pend its vision. Mount Desert, with its barren fnd naked rocks, &c. I shall now observe, that the principal rivers "'tf*'''°ia Hi ifr"^'^'"'''''^fr**'*"* 196 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I \' to the northward is the Restigouche, which empties into the Bay Chalcur, and running south-west about fifty miles, terminates near the sources of the Riviere Verte, which empties into the St John, near the junction with the Madawaska river, and where it suddenly turns off in a southerly direction. Another branch of the Restigouche heads near Grand River, which unites with the St John, at a short dis- tance lower down. The next river of importance in that quarter, is the Mirai.iichi, which empties into the Gulf of St Lawrence, in lat. 47, long. 65, and run- ning in a south-west direction, about thirty miles, sends off a branch called the North- West, and continues its course in its original direc- tion to Boiestown, forty miles from Frede- ricton, where it suddenly turns to the west- ward, and branches off into the Pexas and Little South- West Rivers, one of which heads near the T obi que, and the other near the Shik- tahawk rivers, which discharge themselves into the St John, nearly 200 miles from its moutli in the Bay of Fundy. There are the Renous and St Bartholomew's, and a number of other tributary streams and rivers which fall into the main branch of the Miramichi, between the Miramichi river and the Restigouche, at the ACCOUNT OF XE V-BRUNSWICK. 197 3, which running near the empties with the nly turns jr branch nd River, short dis- xt quarter. ) the Gulf , and run- out thirty ^rth-West. inal direc- bm Frede- the west- Pexas and ^hich heads the Shik- .selves into its moutli ;he Renous ev of other Ifall into the| etween the' che, at thel bottom of a deep indent in the Bay. The Bay Chaleur, is Nipisiguit harbour, at present call- ed Bathurst. The Great and Middle Nipisi- guit form a junction, the village of Bathurst being situated on the Peninsula thus caused, within twenty miles of Bathurst. The coimtry is watered by the Caraquet, Pokamouche, Tra- cadie, Tabusintac, Bartibog, and other minor rivers. The Richibucto, another river on the eastern coast, empties into the Straits of Nor- thumberland, about thirty miles to the south- ward of the Miramichi, and runs in a south- west direction, until it separates into two bran- ches, one of which heads near the Salmon River or Grand Lake, and the other near the head of the New Canaan River, which falls into the Washademoac. There are other minor rivers in that quarter, but which it is unecessary to refer to at present. After crossing the isthmus already alluded to, and at a short distance from the head of the Bay of Fundy, the Petitcodiac River empties i itself into the Shepody Bay, having first united hvith those of the Memremcook. This river, or rather arm of the Bay, for a distance of twenty miles, extends in a north-west direction, [when it makes a sudden turn to the southward ind westward, and afterwards separates into ,^ ' A^gknX.U 108 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL f tlic Jem- jrly course. Allies below ttuated the ,ese Lakes as the St ■li the Pov- [nto Trencli .ck of Mail- |the swamp- a. Frcncli iction till it [it Lake hei !S, at a thi- river, shew of two w^ yards >vi*ie. The Maquapit Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, lying in a north-east and south-western direction. It is about five miles in length when the water is low in the summer. In breadth it is three miles ; in the spring of the year it overflows its boundary, and extends to the west, connecting itself with the French Lake, one mile distance. It flows also south, inundating the low and extensive marshes, associating and mixing its waters with those of Grand Lake. In the months of May and June, the inhabi- tants often employ themselves in taking fish, called gaspereaux, that abound in this part during the season, with shad and bass, which greatly encourage the settling of the place. It receives on the south side, the waters of the French Lake, through the Thoroughfare, or connecting channel, which winds and flows darkly and sullenly through three miles of low intervale, thickly studded with large birch, paple, and elm trees, whose luxuriant and preading branches cast a gloom of pleasing so- litude over the unruftled bosom of the noiseless tream. The shores of this beautiful lake have ihoimdcd witli white oak, whose quality can cither be excelled nor equalled by any in the estcrn world. But this invaluable wood has been profusely N 20G HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 9 cut down for the most trifling purposes, so that it is now nearly all destroyed. The land at the north-west side of the lake is not of supe- rior quality. On the east, the soil is light, and produces sparingly growing soft wood, white- birch and poplar. But to return to the river. The shore of tlic river is planted with low trees and bushes to prevent it from being washed away by the floods of spring, when the waters of the St John rise to the height of fifteen feet. The bank of the river at Maugerville is probably twent} feet above the level of the river, when at its ordi- nary height during summer. A log was found in summer 1840, at this place, at the depth above-mentioned from the surface of the bank: and it may be presumed was left there by tbe| retiring waters after a periodical fall, the sub- sequent deposits having buried it ; but whlil which the last yearly (1841) accumulations otj soil can bear no comparison. Twelve miles below Fredericton, and fom-i teen above Swan Creek, the Oromocto flowjj into the St John. The Oromocto is the oiihl river of any size, with the exception of tin] Kenncbeckasis, that falls directly into the SifcuY John below Fredericton. It has its rise in twtiin| lakes, at the distance of twenty miles apartBiio-, b fr iro ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 207 \, SO tliat land at of supe- jgTfit, and d, wliite- Lore of tlie bushes to r the floods • John rise ank of the ,\vent> feet 3tt its ordi- f was found I ■ the dcptlil f the haiili: [lere by tkl ill, the sul3-| hut ^^itll^ ^nulations otj n, and four jniocto flo^vJ is the only )tion of tluj into the Si| Its rise ii^ ^^^ miles apai'tl called North and South Branch Lakes; the streams from which form a junction twenty miles from the village, at the mouth of the Oro- mocto. There are several minor streams, some of which fall into these branches, and others into the main stream. On the south branch are Shin and Back Creeks ; on the north are Hardwood and Lyon streams ; and on the main Oromocto, are the Brookwell stream,, the Rusa- gonis and Rinny Creek. About seven miles from the mouth of the Oromocto on Brock- well Stream, the land is good, also on the Rusa- goiiis it is the same. The Oromocto is navi- gable for sloops and wood boats, a distance of twenty miles ; for canoes upwards of thirty ; and, except during summer, the Creeks already mentioned may be navigated by canoes. Sal- mon,, shad, bass, and gaspereaux are found in the Oromocto, when in season, and all the small streams abound with the finest description of trout. About seven miles from the mouth of the Oromocto, on the south-west branch, is a line sheet of water, called French Lake, about a mile long, and the same broad. Its waters abound with a trout of a superior flavour and a arge size. Just below Fredericton, the river Iturns suddenly to the northward, and after pass- ing the Seat of Government in a westerly, re- 208 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL p! sumes a south-western direction, thus forming a segment of a circle, within which, on the right bank of the river, the town is situated. At Kingsclear, six miles farther up, it abruptly changes to the north-west, and pursues that course for about sixteen miles through Queens- bury and Prince William, to the Nackawick, when another sudden turn takes place for a short distance, and it again resumes a north- west course, till it reaches Woodstock, As the town projects into the river, its opposite shores are seen at the termination of the front street. and in summer time, when the trees are clothed with their luxuriant foliage, and the graceful elm waves in the breeze, the scenery around Fredericton is not to be exceeded in beauty by any place in the Province. Opposite Fredericton are two rivers ; that at the lower part of the town is called Nashwaak, flowing from the northward and westward, andi ultimately heads beyond Woodstock, about | seventy miles above Fredericton ; and the other the Nashwasis, emptying from the northward] and much inferior in extent and importance, Between the mouth of the Nashwaak, and that] of the Nashwasis or Little Nashwaak, (the ter- mination asis, in the Indian dialect, meaniiigj little,) is about two miles, along which a roadl ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 209 brming u the right tted. At abruptly sues that [\ Queens- ackawick. lace for a 3 a north- It, As the site shores •ont street. are clothed le graceful ery around beauty by rs ; that at Nashwaak tward, and ock, about tid the other north^Yard. importance, ak, and that lak, (the ter- ct, meaning hich a road' passes parallel with the margin of the river, in front of which, during summer, a number of Indian families generally encamp. !S REMARKS ON THE INDIANS. The male is called an Indian, the female a Squaw, and a child a Papooss. They are of a copper colour, and invariably have long, black, sleek hair. The Indians wear pantaloons of coarse cloth, and a frock-coat made either of coarse cloth or a blanket. The skirt reaches the knee, and is close all round, except in the front. A common sash is worn round the waist, and the coat fastens close to the chin when required, but it is generally worn open in iimmer, without either shirt or neckcloth. A pair of coarse moccassins of their own manu- Ifacture, with a black hat of the English fashion, |completes the dress. A Squaw wears moccassins, and a hat the ame as the Indian, with coarse cloth leggings, nd a short petticoat, either of coarse blue iloth, or of a blanket. A loose jacket is worn lither of cloth or calico, and in cold weather, 'oth sexes wear a blanket over the dress. A young Papooss is carried in a small box 210 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL like a violin case, made very light, without a li(^, and the Papooss is fixed tightly with a cord from head to foot, and when on a journey, the Squaw carries the Papooss case on her back. if ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 211 The principal sort of them dress somewhat different. An Indian chief's dress is worthy of notice ; it consists of moccassins, richly trimmed with seed beads, or porcupine's quills, and cloth leggings trimmed with spangles or porcupine's (juills. The coat is similar to a surtout, the skirt reaching a little below the knee, and close round, except before. It is richly decorated round the verge of the skirt, and up the front, with gold or silver lace ; a rich and beautiful Indian sash is worn round the waist, and the whole is surmounted by a fine hat, with a broad band of gold or silver lace, with a plume of ostrich feathers to ornament the front, which completes the dress. A Squaw of the same cast wears moccassins and leggings similar to those worn by an In- dian ; a jacket of fine cloth or merino, either of crimson, bloom, or blue ; the skirt is a piece of cloth put near twice round the body, and lapped over at one side ; it reaches a little below the knee, and covers the top of the leggings. Some have a skirt at the jacket of the same material, extending about half a yard from the lower extremity. This upper garment resembles a Spanish pelisse, and is frequently trimmed round the verge, and up the front. The neck and breast are left rather bare, ornamented 212 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL '.*. ! with a gold chain, or a handsome necklace of oriental pearl. The hair is worn plain, shed in the front, and collasped behind ; gold pendants adorn the ears, while the hands and wrists arc decorated with rings and bracelets. A round hat, the same as the Indians, with broad band and plume complete the dress. The aboriginal reamers of the forest have, in general, no incli- nation for arts or agriculture, and the sciences are little known amongst them. The Squaws make the curiosities which they sell, and do the greater part of the work. The Indians are ra- ther indolent, and occupy their time in hunting and fishing. These unfortunate people have greatly dege- nerated, and are fast becoming extinct. This is not from any ill usuage, or want of kindness and consideration on the part of their more ci- vilized brethren. They are every where in these Provinces, on the most friendly terms with the white inhabitants, who always accost them with the term ** brothpc" or " sister," and perform towards them may acts of unob- trusive charity. They are a harmless people : (I have had conversation with several, and I believe them to be such,) and are much attached to the British government, and the inhabitants of these Provinces. Any person may confident- ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 213 klacc of , slied in pendants rists arc A round Dad band iboriginal , no incli- ) sciences ,e Squaws md do the ms are ra- in hunting 3atly dege- nct. This f kindness r more ci- where in idly terms rays accost sister/' of unob- 3SS people: Bral, and 1 Bcli attached inhabitants y confident- > <( ly trust him or herself to the care and attend- ance of his or her Indian guide, penetrate with him into the most remote and almost imper- vious forest, and rest secure on his integrity and knowledge of the country which he may be traversing. Various attempts have been made to induce these people to adopt the modes and habits of cultivated humanity, but content with the freedom they have long enjoyed, they roam through the country at pleasure, sitting down near some favourite hunting ground, or fishing stream, on the margin of a lake, or in some dense forest, sheltered from the wintry blast, there they satisfy the wants of nature, which are few, and remove when tired of the mono- tony of the place, or the appearance of warmer weatLor, or the approaching scarcity of food. jTlius living a life of seclusion and independ- ience, they care not for events that are happen- |ing around. " Enough for them, in ignorance bred, Night yields to morn, and sun to rain, That Nature's pulse, in winter dead, By spring rekindled throbs again." The Indians are deeper sunk in misery and [uperstition than they are generally supposed be. They are, in fact, an ignorant, selfish, 214 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL and degraded class of people ; true, they eat, drink, sleep, and think as other human beings, but their ideas of the future state of existence beyond the grave, are as erroneous, and present no more cheering prospect than does the mi- serable subterfuge on which the unt'^ught Hin- doo rests his hope for another world. Nor are they less tenacious in the obser- vance of rites and ceremonies, than the poor Hindoo is of retaining caste. Their ideas of Deity are grovelling in the extreme, being as- sociated with creatures most repugnant to our feelings ; which, together with their manner of| conducting religious worship, renders them nu less idolaters than those who bow down to gods of wood and stone — the work of their oaviiI hands. Deity exists in the form of a great snake, who is the former of their persons, tlic| sustainer of their bodies, and the giver of all good things. Evil spirits also exist in tlie form of snakes, who dispense judgments, seiiJl bad fruits, bad success in hunts, bad animakl and plants. They hold converse with the dead] furnish food for their hungry spirits, and per form numerous unmeaning ceremonies ovei their graves. Honesty in dealing with eacl| other, and their white neighbours, they are ge nerally regardless of. ACCOUNT or NEW-BRUNSW.C K. 215 they cut, 1 beings, existence Lcl present s the mi- aght Hiii- the obscv- 1 the poor ir ideas ot , being as- lant to oi\r c manner of prs them nu 'own to gods their o^vn of a great persons, tk' giver of all exist in tliej Tinents, seiii bad animals vith the deail its, and pel- monies ovej g with eacl they are ge| The Nashwasis is a small stream cxtendinn* o ill a northerly direction. It enters the St John, opposite the government house at Frcde- rieton. Passing from the mouth of the Nash- waak, to that of the Nashwasis, it pursues its course a short distance from the St John, to the parish of Douglas. About nine miles from Frcdcricton, the Keswick Creek empties into the St John. This has evidently been at some time a wide and extensive river, the opposite shore of which is plainly discernible from the Ridge, an elevated track of country, situated upwards of two miles in the rear of Keswick- Bluff, opposite the French village on the St John, to which allusion has been made in a former chapter. Twenty-four miles from Fredericton, the Po- kicok River rises near the Magaguadavic Lake, which is a portage, and runs nearly parallel with the St John, at a distance of five miles in a north- w^est direction, and falls into the main river, thirty-six miles from Fredericton. There is a handsome Fall of water near the mouth. Above these Falls, the stream is navigable for canoes, and it abounds with eels, chub, and trout. Lake George is one of the sources of this river. The Shugomock discharges its waters r:i6 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL i' into the St John, from the westward, five miles above the Pokicok, and is from a hundred to a hundred and fifty feet wide. This river has its origin near the Chiputneticook, a branch of the Scoodiac River, at the Palfrey Mountains, which separate these rivers. Eel river, which is near the Shugomock, is larger than those just mentioned. It heads near the Chiputneti- cook, at no great distance from the Monument, whence the present, but temporary boundary- line runs due north to Marshill. At Woodstock, the shire town of the county of Carlton, the Meduxnikik empties into the St John, twelve miles above Eel River, and dis- charges itself through the village of Wood- stock. This stream runs in a north-westcrlv direction for fifteen miles, when it separates into two branches, which pass into the Ameri- can territory. Salmon and trout are plentiful. On the east side of the St John, about ten miles above the Woodstock Court-house, the Pekagomik enters that river, and runs five miles in a north-east direction, where the coal stream empties. It then turns to the east- south-east about ten miles to the Forks, and there divides into the north and south branches, which flow fifteen miles. The Coal Stream empties into the Pekago- ;■,■'! !{. ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 217 ve miles Ircd to a ivcr has )ranch of ountains, jr, whicli lan those hiputneti- [onviinent, boundary- the county into the St r, and dis- of Wood- th-westerly i -eparatcs the Ameri- •c plentiful, about ten •house, the runs five ;re the coal ,0 the east- Forks, and [th branches, the Pekago- mik, from the north-east, and extends upwards till it crosses the road from the Little Shikta- hawk, to the Little Soiith-West Branch of the Great South-West Miramichi. The Pckago- niik empties opposite Wakefield. The next large stream flowinp^ into the St John, from the eastward, is the Shiktahawk, which intersects it four miles above the Bitr Presq Isle, on the opposite side, and twenty miles from Woodstock. This river rises in a ridge of high lands that separates tho waters of the Little South-West Miramichi, from those which fall into the St John, and runs in about a south-west direction, till it strikes the main river. The extent of this river is about twenty miles, and near its head waters, is one of the Lakes in which the Nashwaak has its rise. Three miles above, is the Munquat, which re- sembles the Shiktahawk, and flows in the same direction nearly. There are other minor streams in the vicinity, which it is unnecessary |t(j notice, with the exception of the River de |Chute, which rises near Marshill, and after unning about twenty miles, empties into the t John, at the same distance below the To- 'ic[ue, and thirty-six above Woodstock. At ihe mouth of the River de Chute, there are alls of about eight feet perpendicular height, T 218 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL C 0' th IIQ iva that prevent boats from ascending. Forty- eight miles above W odstock, the River To- biquc empties into the St John from the east- ward, and extends in a north-east direction, about a hundred miles, seventy of which it is navigable ; its average width is twenty roods. The Tobique abounds with salmon and trout. Fifteen miles above the Tobic^ue, on the op- posite side of the St John, is Salmon River, which runs thirty five miles in a north-east di- rection, and terminates in two branches that extend in opposite directions. Boats may na- vigate this river twenty miles, and canoes thirty up stream. Formerly large quantities of sal- mon were taken here ; at present, however they are scarce, but trout, and a most excelleiitjjo fish, called white fish, are taken in abundance, Retracing our steps, on the right bank of tlicjlj St John, the Restock River falls into it, foii] miles above the Tobique, from the westward. The whole length of the Restock, is one liui dred and fifty miles by its course, which is veri serpentine, but preserves a general south^var direction. Its waters are shoal, having a smooti bottom, and a moderate current ; salmon ar.| trout are the principal fish that it contaiiw This river has its rise in the same mountaino»ai region, with the other sources of the AllcgaiiBe II ■h It ACCOUNT or NEW-BRUNSWICK. 211) Forty- Aver To- the east- direction, rhicli it is ;nty roods. Lnd trout, on tlie op- Liion Pvivci >rtli-east di aiiclies tl\at ^ats may na- belonging to St John on the north, and the eastern branch of the Penobscot on the south. Twenty miles from the mouth of the river, it receives the Little Madawaska, from the northward. This stream is thirty miles in length. The next stream of any importance is the Prcsqueisle, entering from the south. This isle is forty- one miles from the mouth of the Aroostook, by the river course, and has its course twenty miles to the south^vard of its own discharge. Forty-one miles the mouth of the Aroostook Salmon River enters from the anoes thirty! north. This is a considerable stream, and itities of sal-B waters a ^^rge track of country, t howevei'B From the mouth of the Aroostook, the St ost excetotljolm extends northwardly, upwards of eighteen abundance, miles to the Grand Falls. Here the channel of it bank of tlitfce river is broken by a chain of rocks which into it, foiwim across the river, and produce a tremendous le ^vest^vard. ■all, more thr.n forty feet perpendicular, down ^ is one liuifciich the water of the river rushes with resist- which is veiftss impetuosity. The river, just above the y southAvawtaract, makes a short bend, or nearly a right ving a sniootfcgle, forming a small bay, a few roods above sahnon ar«pe precipice, in which there is an eddy, which t it contaiii»akes it a safe landing place, although very i^iountaiu<^»^r the main Fall, where canoes, Sec. pass with the AU^'o^W^ greatest safety. Immediately below this mgmgmmmm 220 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ■ f ;W bay, the river suddenly contracts — a point of rocks project from the western shore, and nar- rows the channel to the width of a few roods. The waters thus pent up, sweep over the rugged bottom with great velocity. Just before they reach the main precipice, they rush down a descent of some feet, and rebound in foam from a bed of rocks on the verge of the Fall ; tliov are then precipitated down the perpendicular cliffs, into the abyss below, which is studded with rocks that nearly choke the passage, leav- ing only a small opening in the centre, through which the water, after whirling for some time in the basin, rushes with tremendous impetuo- sity, sweeping through a broken, rocky channel, and a succession of Falls for upwards of a mile, being closely shut in by rocks, which, in some places, overhaLg the river so as to hide mostB^^^' part of it from the view of the observer. Trees ^ and timber, which are carried down the Falls. are sometimes whirled round in the basin be- low the precipice till they are ground to pieces;! sometimes their ends are tapered to a point, and] at other tim.es broken and crushed to pieces. A short distance from the Falls a succession] commences — the first from, a continued foam. called the White Rapids. The banks of tliel river are here very high ; and the water, comPe , c ii ir A SI Fa lia als ten ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 221 pressed by a narrow channel, rushes through the bed of rocks which nearly crosses the river, and whirling about in their passage, are forced over, and round the crags, in sheets of foam. Thirteen miles above these Falls, Grand Kiver empties from the northward and eastward. This river rises in a range of mountains, that divides the Restigouche from the waters falling into the St John. It is upwards of thirty miles in extent. Canoes and light boats may proceed tw^enty miles from the Grand River. At a short distance from Grand River is the Shiegdsh. Twenty-five miles from the Grand Falls, Green River, so named from the pecu- liar hue of its waters, intersects the St John, also coming from the northward. About four miles above the Grand Falls, the Madawaaska settlement commences, and ex- TrecsB^^^^^ along both sides of the St John, as far I +1 p Falls t ^^^ River St Francis — a distance of forty iles. Thirty-five miles from the Grand Falls, lie Madaw^aaska River intersects the St John, his river has its source in Lake Temisounta, ihich is twenty-five miles distant. From six seven miles from its confluence with the St olin, Trout River flow^s into the Madaw^aas- , of thef' ^^ the point where the Madawaaska meets ter comP^ ^^ John, which, from the Grand Falls, has point of and nar- ew roods, he rugged 3fore they h down a foam from Fall; they rpendicular is studded ssage, leav- ;re, througli r some time as impetuo- ;liy channel, ds of a mile. ch, in some hide most lie basin he- [id to pieces : | a point, and] to pieces. a succession I tinned foaff. mm I 222 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL pursued a north-west course, the latter river turns to the southward and westward, and pro- ceeds in that direction for twelve miles to the Merumpticook, entering from the northward. Five miles farther up in the direction to Fisli River, entering from the southward, the St John takes a westerly direction for thirteen miles to the St Francis, emptying from the northward, and then eight miles southerly and westerly to the Allegash, a principal branch of the St John, flowing from the southward, This river has its source twelve miles north of Mount Ktaadn, and in by far the most moun- tainous and elevated region south of the St Lawrence. For about one -third of its extent from its source, it connects a chain of extensive lakes, nearly on one continuous level, being j united by streams of small extent, and veryl little fall. The level of the uppermost of these lakes has been found to be only a very few feet higher than the waters of the Penobscot, rising in its immediate vicinity, w^hich has suggcstedBprJ to our speculative neighbours the idea of a canalBedj probably not exceeding half a-mile in lengtlBaJ which would enable them to transport timbeiLgioi and agricultural produce, as the country ini-taeg proved, to the Bangor market ; but which na-fcil ture designed for that of St John. This streanptal ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 223 :tcr river , and pro- les to the ortliward. n to Fisli d, tlic St r thirteen from tlic Ltherly and A branch ot southward, les north of most moun- ^ of the St f its extent I of extensive level, being it, and very iiost of these! ,'ery few feetl ihscot, rising as suggested! lea of a canal] le in lengtl Lsport timbeij country im- 3ut which na| This streaD does not w^ater a track of country of much width, but of considerable length, a great part of it being well-timbered, and towards the mouth of the Allegash, there are many good localities for settlement. Pursuing the same southerly and westerly direction fifteen miles farther. Black River falls into the St John from the northward. From this stream, its covrse is still the same for forty iidles to the mouth of the Daagwam or Meta- wamkeag, thence six miles inclining south-west, to the Wootenaamaatic, or Woolastookwamasis, the south-westerly source of the St John ; and, finally, twenty miles south, inclining east to its extreme source, in lat. 46. nearly parallel of the mouth of Eel River, which has been noticed, as emptying into the St John, fifty miles above Fredericton ; and in long. 69-50, three hund- red and sixty from its point of discharge into the Bay of Fundy, and a hundred and twenty- eight from the Grand Falls, near which the pretended line of the State of Maine is extend- ed, and whose unjust and preposterous claim has been caused by the unwarranted conces- ions of a British commission to American fi- esse, in agreeing to substitute the source of a ributary river for that of the St Croix, as a arting point, and which has been permitted 224 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL to assume its present imposing shape, by the indifference with which the British Cabinet for several years viewed the question, and the ig- norance that prevails among many in this country, with reference to the importance and extent of this fair portion of Her Majesty^ dominions. s I ALLUVIUM ALONG THE BANKS OF THE ST JOHN. n ■ ^ ". » It may not be improper here to take a brief view of the extensive collections of alluvium which have been formed, and are still accumu- lating along the banks of the St John. This majestic stream having taken its rise upwards of four hundred miles in the interior of the country, receives vast supplies of water from the numerous branches, tributaries, and lakes communicating with it, until it is poured into the sea, through a narrow out-let near the city, It not only conveys to the ocean the surplus™ ^j^j waters of a large part o^ New-Brunswick, hutB j^^ also drains a part of the State of Maine, hel f^^j longing to the United States. Of all tlieB^jj agents employed in modifying the surface ^mhyi the earth, water is the most active. Its operalyp tions commences in the falling of a gcntleB](.jj ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 225 ', by the binct fov a the ig" r in this Dance and Majesty^ i ST JOHN. Lke a brief >f alluvium pill accumu- obn. This se upwards rior of the water from and lakes poured into ear the city, tlie surplus mswick, "but Maine, he- Of all the ,e surface olj Its opera- of a gcntlel shower, and does not cease until after the mighty torrent has lost its fury in the sea. The par- ticles of the hardest rocks become loosened by atmospheric changes, and are swept downwards from the mountain's brow, to form new depo- sits in the valleys ; by currents of water, even large rocks are torn from their native beds, and transported to great distances ; the soil thus formed is always deposited along the low- est levels ; and the matter there collected, whether consisting of large stones, gravel, sand, or mud, is identical with the rocks from which it was derived, unless changed by some chemi- cal affinity existing between its atoms. From the debris of the surrounding country, all the low intervale has been produced. Each suc- ceeding freshet brings down a new supply of mud and sediment, which is added to former accumulations, and yearly increases their fer- tility. The alluvial deposits along the St John, con- tain the relics of animals and plants, still be- longing to the country, and suffering transpor- tation through the medium of w^atcr. Along the deep water-courses and channels worn out by the freshets abraded — banks, and newly opened ditches, rafts of timber boards, shingles, leaves, bones of birds and quadrupeds, and 22G HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I. t m ■i - t. fluviatile shells, have been found buried in the alluvium where they are deposited, in the same manner that the remains of organized bodies appear in the solid rocks. The sediment accu- mulates on the borders of the river more readily than near the upland ; this arises from the particles of alluvium being thrown down before they reach the more remote places,-— hence all the coarse materials, by falling first. will be found upon the banks of the river, and the fine particles only are conveyed, in time of freshet, to the lowest and the most remote parts ; thus the river between two alluvial walls, throw up the greatest deposit along its margin. The Mississippi, and other large streams, exhibit the same phenomena. From the annual freshets that overflow all the low lands along the St John, those lands are rising, and consequently improving in qua- lity, by being rendered capable of producing the finer grasses ; and the time is drawing nigli when all the sunken tracks along the noble ■ri^ stream, will become so elevated by yearly acBlo^ cessions of diluvial matter, that they will onlvBb)] be covered by water during extreme floods, aiidjof can be extensively cultivated. Bpe From the slow movement of the currentlfcr this riyer may be considered a lake during the» ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 227 jd in the the same jd bodies lent accu- ser more rises from )wn down places,— Uing ftrst. river, and in time of Dst remote ^o alluvial t along its )tlier largo a. )verflo\v all those lands mg in qua- f producing -awing nigli the noble I y yearly ac- ey will only I le floods, and| the current, 3 during tkl summer season, but in the spring and autumn, the violence of the flood sweeps down immense quantities of sand, gravel, and mud ; but as the river may be said to be damed up at its mouth, the sedimentary matter cannot escape, and by the back current of tbe tide, it is deposited along the banks and low places, which are yearly receiving new deposits. In tlie mean- time, the channel is kept freely open, and the sediment brought down is not permitted to lessen its depth — the water always securing for itself a free passage. When we look back and consider what was the condition of this river-valley previous to the collection of alluviums along its borders, we see the site of an ancient estuary of the sea meeting a lake. The elevation of the coast has been already adverted to, and the evidences of that event have been noticed. From all these, it appears evident, that the physical character of the country has been greatly changed at a pe- riod comparatively recent in geological chrono- llogy. The precise nature of the revolutions, I by which the physical geography of this part jof the Province has been altered, may never be [perfectly understood, but that they have all im- )roved its most important character, and espe- nally its agricultural condition, is evident, and 228 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL the wisdom and goodness of Supreme Intelli- gence are every where manifest. ACTION OF THE SEA ON THE COAST OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. I I- i ^ ■:{■ About ninety miles of coast, besides estuaric:^ and indentations, are, in the district under con- sideration, exposed to the action of the sea: and an opportunity is thereby afforded for ob- serving the action of the tides and waves upon the rocks of the shore. From Cape Mispeck to Cape Enrage, the or- dinary rapidity of the tide is from three to four miles an hour. At Shepody Bay and Cumberland Basin, its velocity is much increased ; and in the mouths of the Petitcodiac, Memremcook, and Tanta- marre it runs at the rate of ten miles an hour, But notwithstanding this constant current along I the line of coast, its effects in abrading tlie| rocks, are limited to those of a soft and yield- ing nature, and the range of strong eddies where | the water is urged upon the naked strata with violence. The configuration of any coast de- pends upon the hardness of the rocks exposedl to the sea, which wears out the most yielding! ACCOUNT or NEW-BIIUXSWICK. 229 le Intelli- 3T OF 3S estuaries under con- »f the sea; ded for ob- ^aves upon rage, the or- hree to four d Basin, its the mouths and Tanta- Ics an hour. iurrent aloug ] ibrading tlie| ft and yield- eddies where I strata witbl ,ny coast de- ocks exposed] nost yieldii parts into harbours, bays, and coves, while the more compact masses are left, forming capes and headlands. At every situation in the above distance, these observations will apply, due allowance be- ing made for the variable power of the waves, and the entrance of rivers. It might be sup- posed that low, sandy shores would suffer most from the action of the sea, but such is not the fact ; in those instances, the waves throw up a barrier of sand and shingle, upon which their force is broken, and the dry land is thus de- fended from encroachment. Along the shore under consideration, the Bay is bordered in general by steep cliffs ; these, by being undermined by the weaves, fall down, and the rubbish forms a slope, defending the preci- pice, until it is washed away, wdien the same process is repeated. The falling of the cliffs is far from common in the spring, when the rocks which have been rent asunder by the e: pan- sion of the water freezing in winter, are loosen- ed when the ice dissolves, and they, therefore, fall headlong in enormous masses to the beach below. It is to the formidable action of the breakers, however, that the great dilapidation of the shore may be chiefly ascribed. Even in calm •it' i: .■ I 230 inST(3RICAL AND STATISTICAL w *■■ -i. weather, the ground-swell, as is commonly called, falls heavily on the heach, or against the rocks, breaking the largest stones into pebbles, and grinding the pebbles into sand. During gales, this action is greatly increased, and the dissolv- ing rocks render the waters turbid several miles from the land. This effect is also produced by landslips, where large collections of rock, gravel, and soil, covered perhaps with trees, become loosened by the escaping frosts, or the breaking out of a spring, and are launched downward to the beach, or into the waters of the Bay. From these combined causes, and many others which might be mentioned, the shore at many places is rapidly wasting away, and the sea is making annual encroachments upon the land. In other instances, the united powers of the tide and waves wear out rude caverns, and with uncouth sculpture, form isolated blocks, which, at a distance, resemble the work of art. The sediment produced by these operations on the sea coast, is transported by the tides to the banks and mouths of the river, issuing from the low grounds, and thus the extensive marshes of Westmoreland and Cumberland have been formed, and are daily increasing in mag- nitude. These are the means by which not only the geographical features of a country are ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 231 changed, but its agricultural character is im- proved by these operations of nature, which, from the naked sterile rock, produces a fruitful soil, and whole tracks of arable land are de- posited along the vallies, to feed the cattle of a thousand hills. Note — Tho following is the Relative Extent, Elevation, Depth, &c. of the Great North American I.akos :— The Ontario, is 1«0 miles long, 40 miles wide, 600 feet deep, and its surface is counted at 2'M feet,— elevation above the tide-water at Three Rivers, 270 miles be! w Cape Saint Vincent. The Erie is 270 miles long, CO miles wide, 130 feet deep, and its surface is ascertained to be near 455 feet above the tide. The Ilnron is 250 miles long, 100 miles average breadth, 1)00 feet deep, and its surface is nearly 595 feet above the tide-water. The Michigan is 400 miles long, 50 miles wide, its depth find elevation the same as the Huron. Green Cay is about 100 miles long, 20 miles wide, depth unknown, elevation the same as the Huron. Lake Superior is 490 miles long, 100 miles average width, 900 foot deep, and its surface is 1G8 above the tide-water. Bottom of Lake Ontario, 262 feet below the surface of the tide-water ; Huron, 365 do. ; Michigan, 305 do ; Superior, 305 do. 232 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL f I i 4'. I ! i CHAPTER VII. The subject of Emigration — Directions to Emigrants in pre- paring for Embarkation — Medicines Required for the Voyage— Instructions on Landing — How to obtain, select, and cultivate Land— Directions how to Build a House, Barn, &c — Agriculture, Soils, Manures, &c. — Public Functionaries — Insurance and Joint-Stock Companies- Banks— Societies — Counties — Parishes — Roads — Informa- tion to Travellers — State of the Weather in each month in the Province — Remarks on the North-East Boundary Question — the Extent of the British Territory in British North America — Poetry. The subject of Emigration is rising in impor- tance from year to year, and cannot lose its interest as long as misery and discontent exists among the working classes. Emigration has recently changed its character. The poor arti- san and the humble peasant, are not at the pre- sent time the only class of persons who think of leaving their native phore, to those beyond the wide Atlantic. Every month these extensive and fertile re- gions are coming more and more under the no- ACCOUNT OF NE VV -BRUNSWICK. 233 grants in pre- lired for the obtain, select, lild a House, , &c.— Public Companies- ads— Informa- in each month East Boundary ,ory in British ig in impor- not lose its mtent exists gration has tie poor arti- )t at the prc- who thinly :hose beyoiul s d fertile re- mder the no- tice of capitalists. Not only farmers, master tradesmen, but our middle class of society, and the wealth from this source alone, which will be speedily poured into British North America is incalculable, both as to its amount and its results on the surface of the country. It may be anticipated that, in a few years, largo tracks of country in these valuable colonial possessions will be as well settled; and cultivated, and re- gulated in their affairs, both public and private, and therefore, as civilized and refined, as manv of the moral districts in Great Britain. Many persons shrink from the idea of emi- grating, because it appears like a confession that they have been battled at home — at that, where others have been successful — they con- tinue to linger on, desirous to obtain the credit of patient well-doing and resignation, to un- avoidable troubles, than to encounter what they a:'e led to suppose the reproach of leaving the country. All persons should recollect that the same perseverance and sobriety which, in this country, is only sufficient to keep their families from distress, will, in a more favourable field of industry, place them in comfort and indepen- dence. The abundance of unoccupied land in New-Brunswick, only require the hand of man to convert it into the means of human sub- 234 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL , ill ' •% ;. I' stance, and every one who goes, makes work for those who follow. The competition of one man against another in this country is so great, that young people, accustomed co laborious oc- cupationsj often seriously hurt their constitu- tions by working beyond their strength, for the purpose of keeping their situations, or to obtain employment. In America, the competition of one man against another is by no means so strong ; good wages may bo made by moderate exertion at all the ordinary and useful trades, and those accustomed to farming, will find a ready de- mand for their labour, with excellent wages, and without the fear of losing employment when their strength is exhausted. It requires a little firmness to determine on leaving our own country. The resolution once taken — the chief difficulty is surmounted. The success and comforts of those who have already emi- grated, leave little room for perplexity or un- easiness with regard to ot\\Qv^,— Justus propositi tenat. Those who intend to embark to a foreign shore, will do well to attend to the following instructions : — On engaging a passage, inquire for a vessel not less than six feet between decks — a steady captain, and well-known. If you take not the cabin, choose your berth as i>.. ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 235 es work n of one so great, rious oc- constitu- ti, for the to obtain ion of one o strong; e exertion and tliose ready dc- 3nt wages, inployment It requires saving our taken— the he success ready emi- xity or un- us propositi 10 a foreign e following ge, inquive et between ■known. 1^- >ur berth as near to the centre of the vessel as you can, i.e. halfway from the bow to the stern ; in this part there is less motion Avhen at sea, than in any other. There arc two conditions under which you can engage your passage ; Jirst, To find your own provisions : in this case, those with whom you engage a passage, finds fuel, water, and berths. Secondly, To be found in what you may re- qi'tre during the voyage, bedding excepted, the places for these only provided. In most vessels you may choose either of the ways. If you conclude to find yourself, provide similar kinas of food to what you have been most ac- customed to at home, and the same quantity to what you have been used to for about six weeks. Potatoes are more palatable at sea than on land. Coarse ship-biscuits are the best you can take ; at the same time, you must provide yourself with bedding and medicines — bedding, except in the Liverpool Packets, is never provided — medicines, you will require of a purgative na- ture ; about two dozen of aloes pills ; if you dis- solve six table-spoonfnlls of the best Epsom Salts, and three of Cream-of-Tartar, in a quart bottle, filling it with fresh water, you will find by taking a wine-glass full before breakfast, great benefit therefrom. If you have a family, r 236 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL t: i it will not be amiss to take two pounds of Ep- som Salts, and one pound of Crcam-of- Tartar. Take also one ounce of Aromatic Elixir of Vitriol, it is for purifying the water you drink, which at sea, sometimes become very unwhole- some ; from ten to fifteen drops will be suffi- cient for one tumbler of w^ater. Take also some vinegar to use with your sea provisions, which are all salt ; some sprinkled about your berth will be of great service. * The following articles you must provide your- self with before you sail : — tools of all descrip- tions can be obtained cheaper and better here than in America. If you are a mechanic, take with you those suited to your own trade- clothing for your own w^ear, especially flannels, druggets, printed calicoes and woollens, such as merinoes and coarse pelisse cloths. The next, and not of the least importance, you ought to be in possession of, is a certificate from your Ifol * Voyaf^e out from the United Kingdom Vessels bound for St John's or Chatham, Miramichi, will be found at all the principal ports in England, Scotland, and Ireland, iij)Oii m^^' application to the ship-owners. Passage-money in the first Bji cabin, with provisions for a grown person, is i,'20; in tlie steerage, £ 7 ; in the first cabin, without provisions, for a grown person, is £10; in the steerage, £3 ; children in tlie—,^ first cabin, without provisions, £2. |jjjjjj ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 237 of Ep- . Tar tar. .lixir of u drink, mwliole- bc suffi- ake also :ovisioDS, •out youv nde your- II descrip- etter here lanic, take n trade— flanwels, ns, such as The next, lu ought to from youv minister, and should it simply state who and what you have been known to be — what is your object or reasons for emigrating ? But the best recommendation you can have, is a letter from some person who has known you here, and who has a friend or acquaintance in the place you intend residing, to whom he can address. Should you fail in these, you must make up your mind to wait until j^our own actions can speak for you. A pocket compass will be of great service to you. There are many instan- ces of persons getting lost, and wandering for days and weeks in the woods of America. If you lose yourself in the woods, select a course, and follow it, turn neither to the right nor to the left, till you come to a road — without a compass, you cannot be sure of proceeding a straight course. If, on landing, you intend to purchase a quantity of land, it will be best to apply in the following manner ; — \The Petition of . of the Parish of , in the County of - Vessels bound found at all Ireland, upon ey ill the fii'^^t ■Humbly Shhweth, isi:20; ni the Th It he is a, Biitir,]i siiltjcct, born in ■ovisions, ior a W — ^aiid doey not own any land. That he wi- lies to obtain, children in the Hv purchase, a tract of land, for immediate settlement, con- laiuiug acres, and situated as follows. The 238 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL said land is at present in a wilderness state, no improvement having been made thereon, and he requests that he may be allowed to purchase it at per acre, payable -, and, if so allowed, he is prepared to, and will settle himself upon, and improve the same forthwith, and conform in all respects with the regulations for granting land. And as in duty bound, will ever pray. i: \f\ If you are a first-rate mechanic or artisan, and contented with your trade, remain in the large towns in which there are people who have money to spare for matters of taste. If your moral conduct be good, you will find yourself much higher, comparatively, upon the scale of respectability, but otherwise, you will not be much different from what you might be in the metropolis of England, Ireland, or Scotland. But if your calling be less independent upon the superfluities of the rich, remain not in the cities and ports any longer that you can help. With reference to land fit for settlement, that is to be found in abundance, and of excellent quality ; as, notwithstanding the case with which men of wealth were enabled formerly to appropriate to their own use extensive tracks of country, still there are thousands of acres spread over a wide extent, upon which large bodies of settlers can be located with advantage, and who, after a few years of moderate toil and exertion, ACCOUNT OF NEVV-BRUNSWICK. 239 )rovement le may be — » Lie himself jnn iu all c artisan, in in the who have If your [ yourself le scale of ill not be be in the Scotland, dent upon lot in the lan help. jHient, that f excellent case with formerly to ve tracks of ,cres spread e bodies of je, and who, nd exertion, will find themselves in possession of a property that will every year become more valuable ; and who may secure for their relations, &c., perma- nent comfort and a prosperous condition. There are various parts of the Province, however, to which I could not possibly advert, and which, having been long settled, may not offer induce- ments to the man of property, but where the industrious emigrant, whether male or female, will be certain of obtaining employment, pro- vided an exorbitant rate of wages is not re- quired. If single men would be satisfied with from £20 to £30, per annum, exclusive of their board and lodging, and would hire out for about three years, they would soon obtain the requisite sum to procure a hundred acres of land, which is from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. per acre, and which would be sufficient for any man. And were young persons of either sex, to en- gage themselves in this way. they would be cer- tain of succeeding to comfort and independence —would become useful members of society — and would strengthen those ties by which this Colony is already attached to the Parent State, and render it secure against foreign aggression. Be not too hasty to make a purchase, or a Settlement, you may obtain wild lands nearly in every country ; by going a few miles from the 240 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL \i-' principal roads, you may obtain cultivated farms, with respectable houses, and strong fen- ces upon them, but still may have all the sub- stance wrought out of them ; and, on the other handj you may obtain those which are not so impoverished, yet may have some material dis- advantage, weil known to the man of experience. It will be to your advantage to spend a year or so in examining the different parts, so that you may judge for yourself. Uncultivated lands, perhaps, may be the only ones that will meet your means ; but the habits and privations of a frontier life — of living in the woods, are too great a contrast to what you have been accus- tomed to, for you to enter upon them all at once. You have been used only to one kind of work ; it is only in the villages that you can find enough, or perhaps any of this kind of work to occupy you. If you are a farmer, it is only to the already cleared am^. improved lands that you can turn your hand. By close indus- try and frugality, (and by those of your family, should you have one,) you should be able to add to what capital soever you may be ip possession of, whilst, in the course of acqui -ing the know- ledge and information which I have endea- voured to lay before you, that you stand in ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 241 a cultivated trong fen- l the sub- the other are not so Lterial dis- xperience. a year or 30 that you ated lands, : will meet vations'of a ds, are too been accus- them all at one kind of lat you can hhis kind of farmer, it is >roved lands close indus- your family, e able to add in possession ig the know- have endea- you stand in need of, to assist you in doing this, I offer you the following considerations : — The localities of a place, are those other places, conveniences, or things that stand con- nected with it, viz, towns, by-roads, schools, churches, mills, water for drinking, and healthi- ness in general. In this country, these things seldom occupy our thoughts in removing from one place to another ; but in the interior of America, their value is known, because the want of them is frequently felt. Towns you are near to, in effect, if you are on a good road, or a canal leading to them ; be- sides all along these, there are generally stores established, at which you can dispose of pro- duce, and purchase such things as you require, if inconvenient for you to attend the principal markets. By-roads must be considered by you in more wjys than one. These are opened up, and kept in repair by the land proprietors in their vicinity, who are assessed to work upon them a certain number of days in the year, according to the value or extent of their property ; and the better they are, and the more of them com- pleted, — (for, according to uie district plans, they are generally very numerous, although only one at a time may be opened,) the less pro- 242 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL prictors arc be assessed, the more valuable will be tbeir properties. Wild lands have been divided into lots, and sold at 2s. 6d. per acre. Chopping, that is, felling the trees, and cutting them up, you may have done for about £l, 4s. per acre. Logging, that is, removing the prin- cipal part of the timber from the ground, and piling and burning up what is of no use — this will amount to £1, per acre. Fencing into six acres' lots for 10s. A log cabin may be built for about £12; a log house, £32 ; a barn for £ 24 ; frame houses and barns are about three times the sum. The utensils you will require, are as follows : A four-wheeled waggon, which may be drawn either by horses or oxen, will cost about £12; a horse and harness, £ 16 ; an ox, chain, and yoke, £7 ; a plough, £l, 5s. Stock, a pair of horses, £25 ; a yoke of Dxen, £10 ; a cow, £5. and furniture you can obtain very cheap — the principal part of which is made of native wood, such as beech, birch, maple, and pine. Large stoves are in general used ; those stand in the middle of the floor, and are so constructed, as to answer either for boiling or baking. Those who intend to settle in the woods, the following remarks will be of service to them : — The first habitation which a settler ought to ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 243 have, is a log house ; the walls are contrived in the same manner as a school-boy makes a crib, except that they must be upright, but like that, they have corresponding notches cut out of the ends of the respective logs, that their adjoining surfaces may close with as little space as pos- sible between them, and that the angles may thus be strongly braced. The elevation must depend on the room required within ; where upper apartments are intended, it must rise ac- cordingly. In the formation of the roof, how- ever simple, much accuracy is to be observed. Black ash and bass>wood are considered best adapted for this purpose — the steams should be upwards of fourteen inches in diameter, straight, clean, and easily split. Having cut them into lengths corresponding with the pitch of the roof, they must be cleft asunder, and hollowed out by the axe. These are ranged in sufficient number from front to rear, in the line of the roof, with the hollow side uppermost, and over them are arranged alternately, an equal num- ber with the round side uppermost, so that the adjoining edges of each two of the upper logs meet in the hollow of that beneath them, whilst the adjoining edges of each two of the lower logs are covered by the hollow of that which is above them, that forming a compact roof, per- 244 IIISTOIIICAL AND STATISTICAL 1. 1 •I fcctly water-tight, as the hollow of the under logs carry off all rain that may fall through tlic joints of the uj)[)cr surface, and the roof con- tinues firm as long as the timhcr remains un- dccayed. This being completed, means must be taken to admit both the family and the light. The opening for the doors and windows, arc then formed in the walls by cross-cut saws or an axe. The chimney is thm built with mud, if stones cannot be obtained. The filling up of the vacancies between the logs, with mud and moss, afterwards takes place. The floor is then formed of cleft planks pinned to logs sunk in the ground, and levelled with an adze. The in- terior partitions, &c. may be got forward by degrees ; but the oven, which is an essential, must be completed as soon as possible. Stones or brick must be obtained for this for secu- rity against fire, but mud must serve as morta* . It is heated with pine, or very dry wood cut into small pieces, and burnt in the oven to ashes, which being swept out, the bread is baked as in the common brick oven in England. Thus, at the end of a month, the preparations are com- pleted. As the settler finds his circumstances im- proving, he can either enlarge his present habi- ACCOLXT OF NEV\ BRUNSWICK. 245 e under ough the oof con- liains un- be taken lit. The arc then vvs or an I mud, if ng up of mud and or is then s sunk in The in- rward by essential, Stones for secu- xs mortax . wood cut 1 to ashes, aked as in Thus, at are com- ances im- sent habi- tation, or build a frame-house. A barn and other offices are successively raised, of square blocks of wood, and with a rapidity which is quite surprising — the circumstances and habits of the country providing assistance for those who may require it. Those who have been for several years in the vicinity, if solicited, will have their assistance. The wood is first fulled and cut into proper lengths and squared, then drawn together with oxen to the place re- quired, and raise up your house. Such is the kindness of the more established settlers, that they will dispense with you giving them a break- fast and dinner. It will be expected, and very fair, that you will repay these acts of kindness, by giving labour in return on similar occasions. Every person going into the woods, would do well to take the following articles, — one American axe, hand-saw, auger, pick-axe, spade, hammer, iron- wedge, kettle, frying-pan, iron- pan, iron pot, two gimlets, three hoes, nails, a small portable hand-mill for grinding corn. To those persons who intend to settle on en- tire wood-land, I would recommend the follow- ing system : — clear well at first a few acres in the immediate vicinity, and round the site on which you intend to build your house, that the trees left stand may be at sufficient distance to 246 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 1 - be out of danger of falling on it ; at the same- time let a small piece be fenced off for cattle to lie in at night, and to be out of danger in windy weather ; then cut from ten to fifteen acres ; the small trees and under brush-wood burn, and girdle the remaind':;r of the trees ; sow this ground with oats ir +he spring, with them clover, and a small quantity of grass seeds mixed. The clover and grass to be mowed the first two years, and grazed afterwards. Con- tinue doing the same the next year with a still further quantity, and so on for six years, and likewise clear a small piece off for corn, pota- toes, cabbage, &c. in front of the house next the road. In about six years, the roots of the trees will be rotten, and several of the girdled ones fallen, then begin to chop down twelve or eighteen acres of these girdled trees yearly in a dry time, felling them across each other to break them into pieces ; put fire to them in va- rious parts of the field, and it will burn most of them up. It is necessary to keep a watch over the fences while this is going on, to pre- vent them from taking fire. After this, you may plough and plant what you please, as the ground will be in good condition. It is necessary to explain the term girdling — (the larger trees only are girdled, those which ACCOUNT OF NEV-BRUNSWICK. 247 the samc- »r cattle to r in windy een acres; ood burn, ; sow this tvith them rass seeds mowed the rds. Con- vith a still years, and 3orn, pota- house next oots of the :he girdled twelve or yearly in a other to hem in va- burn most p a watch Dn, to pre- ' this, you ase, as the girdling — tiose which 1 do not exceed one foot in diameter, are cut down) — which means, making an incision of about three inches deep round the trees, at the height at which it is usually cut down four feet from the bottom ; this kills the trees which remains thus cut, until their is time to cut down and clear them away : the object is to pre- vent the trees from overshadowing the crop near them. The cut ought not to be so deep as to cause any danger of the tree falling from the winter blast, lest it might fall on the cattle, A small cut effectually destroys the circulation of the sap, and of course, the vegetation of the tree, and this is the object to be obtained ; take great care when the tree is falling — the boughs when recoiling from the ground, sometimes give a severe and dangerous blow to the wood- man. An acre may be rendered lit for culture for about £2, when partly choped. After the trees are cut down, it is usual to leave the stump and roots standing, until age destroys them. The reason why the stumps are not rooted out, is because time is too valuable to be expended in any labour not immediately pro- fitable. By clearing away the trees which obstruct the passage of light and air, enough is done to ensure a succession of crops ; and as the intro- 248 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL n. duction of the plough at first is not essential, the loss of ground is merely that occupied by the stumps and their roots ; the more that is cleared in a rough way the better ; the clearing of the stumps is to be an after consideration, when you have disposed of the trees, and raised crops sufficient to render you independent. If a man's labour can clear six acres of the over- shadowing timber, in the t*me which it would require to clear one acre of roots, and all, and that those half-a-dozen of acres could be brought into immediate tillage, it follows, time would be misspent, in the first three years of settlement, in taking out those stumps. The land, as soon as the trees have been hauled off, can be planted with potatoes and Indian corn, and the mode which you are to pursue is very plain, — plant three cuts, six in- ches apart, with a hoe or spade, in holes three feet asunder, and as the potatoes grow up, hoe them up into hillocks. If your potatoes are early out of the ground, they can be succeeded by wheat, harrowed in around the stumps. The mode of sowing Indian corn, is to drop about three grains into small holes made with a hoe, in the same way, but not at so great a dis- tance as for potatoes. This corn is valuable to man and beast. The season for planting is ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 249 essential, iipied by e that is clearing deration, lid raised dent. If the over- it would 1 all, and c brought 3 would be ettlement, lave been ;atoes and ou are to ts, six in- oles three w up, hoe tatoes are succeeded imps, is to drop xde with a eat a dis- valuable lanting is in May, but it will not be too late in June ; the stalks are very nourishing for cattle ; it is ripe in Septe nber. PUBLIC FUNCTIONARIES RESIDING IN ST JOHN. Thomas Leavitt, Esq. Consul of the United States, and Agent for the Marine Insurance Company of New-York, and Underwriter of Liverpool. W. P. Ranncy, Esq. Agent for Lloyd's. Alexander Wedderburn, G overnment Agent for Emigrants. Edward Ward, Assistant Emigrant Agent at Fredericton. Henry C. D. Carmen, Esq. Consul for the United States at Miramichi. Hon. Thomas C. Lee, James A. M'Laiichlan, William. Tyng Peters, and Moses H. Perley, Esquires, Commissioners for Indian Affairs. INSURANCE AND JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. New-Brunswick Fire Insurance Company (in St John) Capital £50,000. l^entral Fire Insurance Company, (in Frederic- ton) Capital £50,000. 250 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL New-Brunswick Marine Assurance Company, Capital £50,000, with power to increase to £100,000. Marine Association, (St Andrew's.) St John's Bridge Company, Capital £20,000. St John's Water Company, Capital £20,000. St John's Mechanics' Whale Fishing Company, Capital, £50,000. St John's Mills and Canal Company, paid up Capital, £40,250. St John's Mills and Manufacturing Company. Capital, £25,000. Lancaster Mill Company, Capital £100,000. with power to increase to £300,000, — amount of Capital paid £35,000, Sheffield Mills and Land Company, Capital £10,000, with leave to increase to £40,000. Tobique M^ll Company ; Fredericton Steam- Boat Company ; St John's Stage-Coach Com- pany ; Woodstock and Fredericton Stage Company ; St John's Hotel Company. BANKS. Bank of New-Brunswick, (in St John's) capital £100,000— Thomas Leavitt, Esq, President. Commercial Bank of New-Brunswick, (in St ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 251 Company, icrease to B20,000. : 20,000. Company, T, paid up Company, £100,000. -amount ,y, Capital £40,000. n Steam- oach Com- !ton Stage ,ny. 's) capital President, lick, (in St John's) incorporated by Royal Charter, capi- tal £150,000, with power to increase to £300,000 — Lewis Burns, Esq. President. Commercial Branch Bank, (at Miramichi) act- ing Cashier at Chatham — H. W)sewell, Esq. Commercial Branch Bank, (at Fredericton) — Archibold Scott, Esq. Cashier. Commercial Bank, agency at Woodstock, — G. F. Williams, Esq, Cashier. Central Bank of New- Brunswick, (in Frederic- ton) capital £35,000, with power to increase to £50,000— W. J. Bedell, Esq. President. Central Bank Agency, (at Woodstock) — A. B. Sharp, Esq. Agent. Charlotte County Bank, capital £15,000, the Hon. Harris Hntch, President. St Stephen's Bank, capital £25,000,— William Porter, Esq. President. Bank of British North America, (established in London) capital £1,000,000, in 20,000 shares, of £50, (three-fourths of which have been subscribed in England, and the remainder in the North American Colonies,) with power to increase the capital, — Alfred Smithers, Esq. Manager of the Branch at St John's ; Frede- ricton Branch, — George Taylor, Esq. Ma- nager ; Miramichi Branch, — Robert Cassels, Esq. Manager; City of St John's Savings 252 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL Bank, (in St John) — His Excellency the Lieu- tenant-Governor, Patron ; the Bank of New- Brunswick, Treasurer ; Daniel Jordan, Esq. Cashier and Registrar. SOCIETIES. t I Bible, Tract, Benevolent, St George's, St An- drew's, St Patrick's, Albion Union, Friendly Sons of Erin, Orphan, Shipmasters', Tempe- rance, Friendly Fire Club, Union ditto. Pro- tection, Marine Hospital for Belief of Dis- abled Seamen, Chambers of Commerce, (Com- panies,) Bridge-Water Insurance, Central Fire Insurance, Marine Assurance, Mecha- nics', Salmon River, Coal Mining, Whale Fishery, Mill, and Canal Land, Stage Coach, Floral and Horticultural. COUNTIES AND PARISHES. York. — Fredericton, St Mary's, Douglas, Kingsclear, Queensbury, Prince William, South- ampton, Dumfries. Carlton. — Woodstock, Northampton, Kent, Brighton, Perth, Wicklow, Wakefield, Ando- ver, Madawaska. ^wf ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 253 the Lieu- : of New- dan, Esq. s, St An- , Friendly j', Tempc- litto, Pro- if of Dis- rce, (Com- I, Central 3, Mcclui- jx, Whale .ge Coach, Douglas, m, South- :on, Kent, Id, Ando- St John. — City of St John, North and South Districts, — Parish of Portland, Parish of Carl- ton, Parish of Lancaster, Parish of St Martin's, Parish of Simonds, North and South Districts. King's. — Kingston, Sussex, Hampton, Nor- ton, Westfield, Springfield, Greenwich, Sutd- holm, Upham. Queen's. — Gagetown, Canning, Wickham, Waterborough, Brunswick, Hampstead, John- ston, Petersville, Chipman. SuNBURY. — Mangerville, Sheffield, Burton, Lincoln, Blissville. Westmoreland. Dorchester, Sackville, Westmoreland, Botsford, Shediac, Moncton, Salisbury, Coverdale, Hillsborough, Hopewell, Harvey. Northumberland. Newcastle, Chatham, Ludlow, Northesk, Alnwick, Blissfield, Black- ville, Glenelg, Nelson. Kent. — Richibucto, Carleton, Wellington, Dundas, Weldford, Huskisson, {without popula- tion) — Harcourt, {without population.) Gloucester. — Saumarez, Caraquet, New- Bandon, Bercsford, Bathurst. Restigouciie. — Dalhousie, Addington, Dur- ham, Colburn, Eldon. Charlotte. — St Andrew's, St Stephen's, St Q or 54 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL David's, St George's, St Patrick's, St James', Pennfielf], Grand Manan, West-Isles, Campo- Bello. INFORMATION TO TRAVKl.l -RS. British and North Amerljai ILiyal Mail Steaiix Ships, of 1250 tons burden, aiiU i40 horse power, under contract with the Lords of the Admiralty, The mails from North America are made uj in London on the 3rd and 18th of March April, May, June, July, August, September and October, and on the 3rd of November, Decem- ber, January, and February ; and a Steamer starts on the next succeeding days from Liver- pool, for Halifax and Boston, with the mails When the 3rd or 18 'h falls on Sunday, the mails is made up in London on Monday, aiid the Steamer starts on Tuesday. Returning, ii Steamer leaves Boston on the 1st and 16th, and Halifax on the 3rd and 18th of March, Apiil, May, June, July, August, September, and October ; and Boston on the 1st, and Ha- lifax on the 3rd of November, December, Ja- nuary, and February. ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 25. The passage from Liverpool to Halifax is made in about eleven «1ays, and from Halifax t< Liverpool in ten. Passage-Money £^5, from Halifax to Liver- pool. From Halifax to Boston, tv/enty dollars. Th^aC sliips carry experienced surgeons. The Unicorn plies between Pictou and C^uebec, in connexion with these places. During the Summer months, Steamers ply twice a-week between St John, N.n., and Wind- sor, N.S., (forty-five miles from Halifax), also j between St John and Annapolis, St Andrew's. St Stephen's, and E,xst-Port, Moose Island, u.s. three times a-week ; to Boston, weekly ; and daily to Fredericton. * Stages leave St John three times a-week for St Andrew's, and four times a week for Dorchester, (on the post-road to Halifax) branching off to liichibucto, Mira- michi, Bathurst, &c. In winter, stages leave St John for Fredericton every day, whence the I lines extend all the year to Woodstock, on the route to Canada and the United States. » OJ Steerage Fares by the Steam-Boats from St John's to Fredericton, are one dollar, or 4s. each passenjrei-, and 10s. per ton of lu<2:gago ; if in considerable quantities, less i^ rhurged. 250 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ROADS AND DISTANCES IN THE PROVINCE. ! ■,.-4 I'roin St John to Frederictofif via Kingston, Miles. To Black's Farm 7 (londola Point, 9 Ivin^ston, 4 Iloadof Belleiale, 11 Wasliadomoac, 13 Jomsoiij Ferry, 8 Tilley's, (Sheffield) 13 Torlov's, 8 Fredericton, 12 86 Ditto to Fredericton by the Nerepis. V'orksliire Tavern, 4 Brundage's, 10 Douji^lus Arms, 4 rurdv's, 12 (lilkn's, 10 Smith's, 7 M orison's (Oromocto,) 7 Fredericton, 11 C5 From St John to St Stephen'' s^ via St Andrew''s> Lake Field, 9 INIusquash, ...„ JM'Laughlin's, 7 (irev's, 5 M-CJovvan's, 6 Watter's, 8 St (ieorge's, 9 8t Patrick's, 10 St Andrew's, 12 St Stephen's, IG 58 h [je From St John to Quaco. Hp„, The Mash, .iB'"' Lochlomond, rW^^ Jones*, 3 Beatty's, cL, Paterson's, sB."' Quaco (or St Martin's,) ... fi Wt^i 31 From St John to Shepody, To Lochlomond (Cody's,) 11 AtkinsoTi's Chapel, 10 H'O' Barnes* Bridge, 1 Little River Chapel, (J ^^^o Londonderry School, Id Head of the Settlement, ... \ f? ^ M'Manus' Farm,.... C fj^}\ Dorman's, through the Por- W^^^ tage, 12ff^^ Shepody Chapel, l-2|j,'e | //■? .\ew From St John to Halifax, ijji'j'* via Amherst, ■;f. , ToHennigar's, 'jK'^'^' Ketchuni's, Tf^"^ Hampton Feny, 7 Baxter's (Finger-Board,) 10 The Valley Church, l^L ,, . M'Montagle's, iflir ' M'Leod's, (Portage,) 12|"^" Pittfield's, i;«;'"^ Nixon's, \mT^. Lewis', rf f^^ Charter's, Memraracook, \^^^ '^ Hickman's, Dorchester,... Westeock, Tantamar, I'JI Amherst, « !«7. ^ ■ 10 Kx IJJ ^L ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 257 INCE. n to Quaco. Mil«i 3 To Halifax from Amherst. Miles. Iro Stewart's, 10 IHewsoii's River I'hilip, ... IPurdy's (Mountain) 10 ISuthorland^s, '^raYewill's, Londonderry,)... 10 o Hlllanchard's, Truro, 15 6i 5 [artin's,)... C^ :ji I to Shepody. 1 (Cody's,) 11 ■pel, 10^ ) ,, lapel, (> i chool, 10 i ttlement,... 4 in, C Ligh the For- 12 El's, Stewiacke, 17 Miller's, Guy's River, 1) Iveyes*, 10 jhultz's, lltilifax, 11 ; // n to Ilalifad', nherst. 7 er-Board,) 10 iircli, 1^ 10 tage,) 1-2 !•: 1; iraracook, lo' rchoster,... 8 10 15 116* From St John to Halifax, 270 From Fredericton to RichibuctOy via Miramich'u To Brovm's, U Young's, 10 Bole's Town, 25 Hunter's, 14 De CantHne's, 10 Cochrane's, 14 Parker's, c 13 Newcastle, 10 Chatham, (Miramichi,) .... 6 jrBeath's, 12 Dicken's Bay, (Duviu,) ... 10 Rtiukiu's (Richibucto,) .... 12 152 From Richibucto to the Bend, liar ris 8 Little Buctouch, 9 Cocaigne Bridge, 9 Shediac, 9 To the Bend, 15 50 Chatham to Bathurst. To Goodfelluw, 6 MiU's. Curry's, kiK Forem's, ir> Lee's, 9 Uathurst Court-House, ... 9.^ 4» From Bathurst to Restiyouchc, To Arisneaus, 12 Daley's, 12 Harvey's, (Nash Creek)... 10,', M'Pherson's, (Old Phice, 9.^ Dalhousie, li> Reed's, 9 Canibletou, 9 From Fredericton to Quebec. To Burgoy I le's Ferry, .••... 10 Munroe's, 13 Guion's, 5 Jones', 17 Woodstock Court-House, ^ Victoria, i> Applesley's, 13 Band's, 18 Tibbet's, 10 Restook, 3 Grand Falls, 1» Coomb's, 12 Vital Thibideaii's, 15 Entrance to Madawaska, 10 Lake of Teniiscouta, 24 The Portage, 14 River St Lawrence, 3'i Kamouraska, Ul St Ann's, 22^ Rivierewielle, 22,^ St Thomas', 15 St Joseph's lii Port Levi, Quebec, 12 340 258 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL STATE OF THE WEATHER IN EACH MONTH IN THE PROVINCE. «^? January may be considered the coldest month, the average temperature being from 10" to 14 . It drops sometimes 10" or 15° below zero, and remains so for three or four days together. Febniary usually commences with extreme cold, the temperature seldom ranging above 12 . Snow storms are violent and frequent ; the sun. however, before the end of this month, shews ^a'adually his increasing power, and iceicles arc seen hanging from the roofs of houses in shel- tered situations. In March, clouds of hail and sleet sweep jilong the streets with a force hard to be with- stood by man or beast. Cold must be endured in all its variety ; on one day the ground pre- sents to the eye a surface of deep fresh snow to wade through — before night, perhaps a fog sets in witli a rapid thaw. Heavy rain succeeds, and torrents of water and melted snow rush down the streets towards the sea. The com- pact mass or cake of ice with which the whole surface of the ground in the town is covered, now begins to make its appearance, and walk- ing becomes even more disagreeable and dan- lL ACCOUNT or KEW-DllUNSVVICK. 259 TH IN THE est month, 10" to U. zero, and ;cther. [i extreme above 12^ : ; the sun. ith, shews ceicles arc cs in shel- ieet sweep be with- )e endured ounfl p*'e- sh snow to 3 a fog sets succeeds, snow rush The com- the whole s covered, and walk- and dan- iTcrous than ever. This mass of ice is full two feet thick, and cracks into fissures, which form, as were, the beds of little rivers, which dis- charge the melted snow into the sea. In April, the weather is severe and variable. Large (luantitics of snow fall during the month. The heat of the sun in the middle of the day is too great to allow it to lie long on the ground, scarcely two days at the same time. Sometimes the snow is deep and fresh, at other times soft and sloppy, and again, covered with a crackling coat of ice. Then the north-wTst wind rages, and calls forth the powers of the young and ac- tive, to make way against its force. In the month of May, the weather has but little improved. The snow falls heavily at in- tervals, and, melted by the increased power of the sun, mixes with mud till the streets are like a bog, and would be considered in any other part of the world impassable. The variations of temperature are excessive — keen frosty winds, and a w^arm sun, acting together, t^^y the weaker constitutions, nevertheless, those troubled with rheumatism, do not complain. In the month of June, the sun begins to be really pow^erful; the trees begin to show the first tinge of green. Floating islands of ice, which surround the coast at this season of the 2G0 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL year, influence the climate most considerably ; till these gradually recede, and becoming po- rous, sink to the water's edge, the weather is never settled and warm, for in the hottest day, whenever the wind happens to blow from the sea, it drives before it a dense chilling fog, like a moving pillar, over the town ; there, while it rests, the changes of the atmosphere is violent in the extreme ; the very eyes feel cold ; and the sea breeze,, which in Fngland invites the invalid to tho coast to inhale its freshness, drives the New-Brunswicker within the wall^ of his house. This evil, however, is of short continuance, for the ice islands, on whose gelid surfaces these damp fogs have been engendered, melt by degrees, and, dispersing themselves over the ocean, cease for the remainder of the year to interfere with the sun's dominion. July and August are the hottest of all, the sun being usually powerful and oppressive. The uniform heat is greater than in England. In September, the evenings become cold, with frosts, increasing in severity, to the end of the month. In October, the temperature falls, perhaps, to 25° of Fahr. with rough gales from the north- west, sweeping the frozen continent, and answer- ing to our easterly winds. The weather, how- ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 261 >ming po- r Gather is ttest day, from tlie ^ fog, like !, while it is violent cold ; and nvites the freshness, the walls of short lose gelid gendered, hemselves ler of the lion. 11, the sun ve. The nd. !old, with id of the jrhaps, to be north- d answer- ler, how- ever, is variable, some days still being very warm. In November, a succession of bright san-shiny days generally prevails. The fresh frosty air, and bright sun, have acquired that season, the appellation of the Indian summer. The varia- tion of temperature towards the end of the month is very great; sometimes as much as 40° in the twenty-four hours. Some days are close and foggy, others clear and intensely cold. In December^ the snow before the middle of the month, begins to lie on the ground, the average temperature being about 20°. REMARKS ON THE BOUNDARY QUESTION, BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. In taking a rapid review of the position in which the Boundary Question remained for a short time, in 1783, the territory could scarcely have any intrinsic value, and if a more distinct and intelligible line of boundary was not laid « ,^ 262 HISTORICAL AKD STATISTICAL down, this omission did not proceed from any desire to leave in doubt an unsettled point, on which disputes might arise in after times. On the contrary, we believe that no men could have been more anxious than were Adams & Frank- lin, that the treaty to which their honourable names were fixed should correspond with its avow^ed intention, — " that of establishing such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse between the two countries, upon the ground of recipro- cal advantage and mutual concessions, as might best promote and secure to both, perpetual peace and harmony. Treaty of Paris. — In this treaty, the Boun- dary intended to be fixed, is described as fol- lows : — " From the north-west angle of Nova- Scotia, viz. that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of the St Croix river to the Highlands, along the said Highlands which divide those waters which empty themselves into the River St Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the north-western-most head of the Connec- ticut river." Ysot proceeding any further in the present extracts, because it is on the construction of these words that all the existing difficulties ACCOUXT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 263 trom any point, on les. On Duld have k Frank- )nourablc with its ing such 5 between reeipro- as might perpetual he Boun- i as fol" )f Nova- aecl by a of the St the said s which awrence, c Ocean, Connec- present iction of fficuitics arise, the points to be solved are, ,/irst, What was the river St Croix ? \Yhat was the ranjjc of hills designated by the Highlands ? And as connected with the second question, — What rivers were meant by those described as falling into the Atlantic and the St Lawrence ; and, hsilt/, What was the north-west head of the river Connecticut ? In 1794, a treaty of amity was made between Great Britain and the United States, the ob- ject being to ascertain what river was meant by the name of the St Croix ? By the fifth article, commissioners were appointed and au- thorized to decide according to evidence on oath, and it was further agreed, that their re- jjort was to be " final and conclusive." The report of that commission was made. It ap- pears very probable tliat the point fixed upon by them as the source of the St Croix, w^as about twenty miles too much to the east-ward, and that there was, consequently, a correspond- ing sacrifice of territory made by England. But the award was held to be " final and con- clusive,'* according to the terms of the treaty, and as such, it has been acquiesced in. Here we see that one of the points in dispute w^as very fortunately, not, perhaps, very correctly ascertained; and it is much to be regretted, 2G4 HISTOHICAL AND STATISTICAL I (■' :' ! I that at the same period, the other lines were not struck out before any border quarrels had arisen, and false standards of this planted na- tional had been raised up. In 1814, the unfortunate hostilities between the two countries w ere terminated by the treaty of Ghent. In the fifth article, it is declared, " that neither tlie point designed in the treaty of Paris, as the north-west angle of Nova- Scotia, nor the north-west head of the Connec- ticut, had been ascertained, or the line of the Highlands surveyed. Two commissioners were appointed to declare the boundary, and to make surveys of the line of the treaty of 1783, lay- ing it down upon a map — which map and de- claration, the contracting parties agree to con- sider as fixing the said boundary finally and con- clusively. A provision is subsequently made, that in case of a disagreement between the commissioners, a refei'ence should be made to a friendly sovereign or state. The commission- ers not being able to agree on a Boundary Line, a convention was entered into at London in 1827, by whicb t v»'as agreed to refer the ques- tion to the decisi '»-. of a friendly sovereign ; and the fifth ar^ Irl.j provided, in tie spirit of the previous ei .v -\Uienl3, ihat * the decision of the arbitcri^, vV.^:: giver, shall be taken as ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNS;VICK. es were fcls had titcd na- I between 10 treaty leclared, e treaty P Nova- Connec- 2 of the ers were to make 83, lay- and de- to con- and con- y made, een the ade to a mission- ry Line, ndon in le qiies- xreign ; spirit of decision aken as final and conclusive, and shall be carried, with- out reserve, into immediate effect by the con- tracting parties. The king of the Netherlands was subsequently named as the arbitrator, and his award was given in 1831. In that award, the king of the Netherlands negatives the line claimed by Great Britain, as well as that claimed by the United States. The award sets forth, — " Que la nature du differences, et les stipulations, vagues et non suffisantes deter- minees du traite de 1783 ; n'admettant pas d'adjuger Tune on I'autre de ces lignes, a Tune des dites parties sans blesscr les principes de droit et d' equite en vers I'autre."* And the arbitrator proceeds to state, — " Nous sommes d'avis, qu'il conviendra d'adopter pour limite de deux atas une ligne tiree," &c. f Now, let our readers observe, how strongly marked was the intention of the parties to the treaties of 1814 and 1827 — that the decision. [translation.] * Tl^at the nature of difference, and the stipulations, loose and not sufficiently determined at the treaty of 17^3 ; not aliowiii<^ to judge the one or the other of these races, from the one of these said parties, without offendin*^ the princi- ples of the law and justice towards the other. •f* We are of opinion, that he will a^ree to adopt measures for the limit of one race extracted, (5Lc. 2GG HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL I when given, should be final and conclusive ; how greatly it was the interest of each country, looking beyond the lesser and mere temporary interests of the day, that a decision should be authoritatively pronounced, agreed to, and car- ried into effect. This desire is in conformity with the principles laid down by Franklin and Adams in 1783, and is in conformity likewise with the acts of the parties to the convention of amity in 1704. To us it would undoubtedly appear, that the spirit and the letter of the obligations contract- ed, required immediate adop' .on of the terms of the award of the king of the Netherlands. It must be remembered, that this decision im- posed upon England a much larger sacrifice than that required from the United States ; in- deed, above three-fifths of the disputed terri- tory were awarded to the latter. The conduct of the British government was frank and ho- nourable. The award of the king of the Netherlands bore date, 10th January 1831. On the 9th of February, Lord Palmerston informed the Bri- tish minister at Washington, " that whatever might be the sentiments or wishes of His Ma- jesty on some of the points embraced in the award ; His Majesty has not hesitated to ac- L.^ ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 26' elusive ; country. Qiporary lould be md car- iformity din and likewise ^ntion of that the ;ontract- [Q terms Lcrlands. on ini- sacrifice es ; in- d terri- conduct and hu- erlands le 9th of ic Bri- hatcver lis Ma- in the to ac- f quiescc in that decision, in fulfilment of the ob- ligations which His Majesty considers himself to have contracted by the terms of the conven- tion ; and His Majesty is persuaded, that such will be the course adopted by the government of the United States." It is very much to be regretted, that these expectations were not realized, but on the con- trary, and that in consequence of dilliculties. We shall pass over the appointment of Mr Preble, who was described in the message to Con- gress, in December 1831, from which appoint- ment, difficulties arose, the explanation of which we shall not here mention, but observe, that to the American, these transactions must read the useful lesson of mistrust with respect to the conduct and pretensions of its border popula- tion. Whilst firm in their resolve that the people of Maine should not suffer wrong, the United States should be equally resolute to prevent them from committing injustice ; above all, the i^reat American community should re- ject those counsels which may lead to war ; a lesson will also be read with profit to Eng- land by the same events. They must learn to discriminate between the imprudent acts, and unreasonal)le comphiints of a few borderers., and the feelings and the determination of a ■.;?»*iw*»WijasT.T '. \:.yti. .-f.'ij^T^ 2G8 HISTOIIICAL AND STATISTICAL great people. Ncquis sifnam pacem justissimo bello antefero, — is an admission which neither England nor the United States is called upon to make ; but each should be prepared to act upon the principle, that any sacrifice which docs not compromise national honour and indepen- dence, should be made, in order to avert that worst of all calamities to England, to America, and to the civilized world — a contest between two kindred nations. If American cities, along the coasts, were at- tract '■ by our fleets, — if Canadian insurgents were aided hj ')order sympathizers, — if the for- midable danger which results from a slave po- pulation of two millions, were hurried to a cri- sis, — if the trade of (> oth countries were for- cibly interrupted, it would but be a slight com- pensation, and it would be no excuse to either party, if the result were to secure the posses- sion of a given number of square miles, north or south of the river of St John, and the es- tablishment of the line of boundary contended for by one or other of the disputants. But we go farther ; for we much doubt whether the va- lue of the State of Maine, or province of New- Brunswick, would be to either country an equi- valent for the jealousy and the hatred, as well as the destruction of property, and the cheek c r n 11 a T (r n fi d ci tl ill JV^ ar to th es w] tic ha fr( of ho pe ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 209 justissimo h neither lied upon ed to act k^hicli does I indepen- ive.rt that America, ,t between ?, were at- insurgents -if the for- , slave po- d to a cri- were for- light com- to either he posses- lies, north d the es- contended But we ler the va- of New- y an cqui- i, as well the check to all improvement, which must be the result of war. If this calamity has as yet been fortu- nately averted, we cannot help thinking that much is owing to the good sense and discretion manifested by the governor of New Brunswick, and the General commanding the troops of the United States. Nothing can bo more gratifying than the good feeling manifested on both sides in this military correspondence, which contrasts most favourably with the more polemical tone of the documents proceeding from too many of the civil authorities. Very just and impressive arc the observations of the Marquis of Normanby. in his dispatch to Sir John Harvey, of 16th May 1839, — '* The correspondence between you and the Secretary of State, is honourable alike to you and to him. It is gratifying to observe, that the feelings of personal esteem which were established between General Scott and yourself, when formerly opposed to each other in the field, should, after the lapse of so many years, have enabled you both to concur in averting from your respective countries all the horrors of war." The peace of the American continent should, however, rest on a firmer foundation than the personal character of any two men, however R Ill 270 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ?a discreet and generous. The President, in his message of 1837, stated, " that time liPS brought a condition of allairs, in which tlie .tie inte- rests of both countries imperatively require, that the question shall be set at rest." This is still more true in 1840, than at the date of this message. That the territory in dispute can be of no real importance to Maine, in a political ]»oint ^^f vkw, is evident from the readiness manifested in 1832, to make the cession to the general government, on obtaining a pecuniary indemnity. To England, it is not for 10,000 square miles of territory that the controversy is maintained, but to secure freedom of inter- course between Fredericton and Quebec. This is a national object to us ; it is a most impor- tant object to America also ; for if the adjust- ment is not made, there can be no doubt but that future causes of dissension must arise. In concluding these remarks on the Boundary (Question, I would here observe, that the sur- N'cy and demarcation of the boundary between the United States and the British Provinces of New-Brunswick and Canada, as defined by the treaty of Washington, have been advanced the l)ast year (1841) with much industry and suc- cess. The commissioners. Messrs Featherston and Mudge, and the scientific corps, on the hl^'^t ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 271 nt, in his »s brought .tie inte- ' require, ' This is xtc of this itc can be a political readiness ion to the pecuniary or 10,000 )ntroversy . of inter- ec. This st impor- le adjust- doubt but :irise. Boundary t the sur- between )vinces of 3d by the meed the and suc- atherston f, on the part of both governments, (the hitter composed chiefly of military engineers of the two services, who are graduates of the Natural Military Schools of Wcstpoint and Woolwich) liavc co- operated in ihe task committed to them, witli great harmony. No controversy nor misunder- standing of any moment has arisen to that de- scribed in the treaty ; and it is not at all pro- bable that any doubt or difference of opinion can arise in the minds of the conunissioners re- specting the remainder of the line to be marked. The whole is clearly defined by the treaty, and both countries are represented in their commis- sioner^\ by intelligent, frank, and liberal-minded gentlemen, who are above any petty cavil in the discharge of their important duties. The boundary has already been surveyed, and marked in such a way as to define the limits of jurisdiction of the respective governments, at the Monument, at the source of the river St (-'roix, and at the out-let of LakePokenagamook, i)\\ the river St Francis. No dispute as to the right of jurisdiction can therefore hereafter arise upon this important portion of our fron- tier. It embraces the whole of the Madawaska settlement, which is by far the most populous portion of the line, until it reaches the fron- tiers of Vermont and New-York. Monuments ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A .s <, 1.0 I.I li^ 128 |2.5 ■^ 1^ ||22 2.0 i.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■^ 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^ 272 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL of cast-iron have been erected through the whole of the line, at a distance of a mile apart. The termini of the straight line between the out-let of the Lake of Pokenagamook, and the north-west branch of the St John, have been determined astronomically in lat. and Ion., and the greater part of the river of the St John, above the mouth of the St Francis, has been also accurately surveyed. The whole extent of the line to be run under the treaty, from the source of St Croix, around the State of Maine, along the northern line of Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York, is 950 miles in extent. The commissioners have surveyed the whole line as laid down by the treaty. They have to clear out a track thirty feet wide, makin*^ a vista through the forest, to survey all the islands in the St John's River, — to sound the channel of the river — to apportion the several islands to the two nations, and to make maps of the whole line. Cast-iron monu- ments, six feet long, half in and half out of the ground, with appropriate inscriptions, are to be placed along the line a mile apart, and as much oftencr as a stream crosses the line. The line has been completed in this manner from the river St Croix to Lake Bohenagamook, a dis- tance of over two hundred miles, at an expense ^L ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 273 rough the mile apart. 3tween the k, and the have been i Ion., and 3 St John, 5, has been run under ►ix, around )rn line of Y York, is 3ners have >wn by the •ack thirty e forest, to s River, — > apportion ns, and to ron monu- out of the 5, are to be id as much The line L' from the ok, a dis- m expense of 23,000 dollars, and it will require 75,000 dollars more to complete it. The commissioner and his party have worked this last summer, (1843) five months on the line. His party eon- consisted of one principal commissioner, five to- pographical engineers (officers U.S.A.) three civil engineers, and one hundred men. The British had one commissioner (Col. Estcourt) three officers of the Royal Engineers, two civil engineers, a company of Sappers and Miners, acting as assistant engineers, besides labourers. The work at present is suspended for want of an appropriation. EXTENT OF THE BRITISH TERRITORY. The British territory in North America, is estimated to contain 2,369,000 square miles. Including the Indian countries, it extends from 42° to 47° N. lat., and from 55° 30' to 141° W. long. Its length from Cape Charles to the North Pacific is 3500 miles ; and its length from Barrow's Strait to the Missouri territory is 2000 miles. The white population, in 1836, amounted to about one million and a-half. The following are its chief divisions : — Hud- son's Bay territories, including Labrador, Up- 274 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL per Canada, Lower Canada, New-Brunswick. Nova Scotia. The islands are — Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, Bermudas, An- ticosti, Southampton, North Georgian Islands. POETRY. What's deeper than the boundless sea, Where plunge the finny world ? More dreadful than the belching crash From Etna's entrail's liurl'd ? — Revenge. ^'hat's softer that the cygnet's down— Or dew upon the rose — Or changing tissue of the west At evening's peaceful close ? — Pity. What's more impetuous than the rage That sweeps Nigara's surge ? More sure to push the victims on. That loiter near its verge ? — Anger. What's milder than the gentle touch Of Zephyr's kindly blow ? Or lake reflected Cynthia's orb Beneath its surface shewn ? — Religion, ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 275 Brunswick, foundland, ludas, An- m Islands. What's more bitter far than gall, Or wormwood's loathsome blade ? More poisonous than the fang of asps, Or Upaz baleful shade ? — Envy. What's truer than the magnet's aim, To north so steady borne ? That quiet rests when undisturb'd, That trembles when it's torn? — Friendsiih*. What wilder than the timid deer, That bounds the leafy lair ? Or proul fledged ospray's boldest flight, Along the yielding air ? — Fancy. What's broader than the starry cope. Or than unbounded space ? Or more expansive than the air, On which is left no trace ? More bright than yon resplendent sun. With wide prolific rays ; Pervading more the cheerless heart. Than He, the argent day? — Charity. — C. W. A. Hail ! to thee New-Brunswick ! Thou cherish' d land of ours ; Our sons are like the granite rocks — Our daughters like the flowers. 276 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL The land of rock, and mount, and glen. Of noble streams that sweep Through vallies rich with verdure, In gladness to the deep. The towering spruce, and ancient pine, Our noble forest bear, The maple bough, its blossoms, Flings on the scented air. No despot monarch wrings our toil, Or rends its fruit away ; The flocks upon our own green hills Secure from plunder stray. We quail to none — of none we crave — Or bend the servile knee ; The life-blood that our fathers gave, Still warms the firm and free. Free as the white gull spreads her wings, We own no tyrant's rod — No Sovereign, but our youthful Queen ! Our country and our God ! — C. W. A. ^L ACCOUNT OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. 277 d glen, e, t pine, RELIGION SUPBEME. Victor, what avails the wreath That erst entwined thy brow ? Alas ! these flowers no longer breathe, For death hath laid them low. )il, ills ave —