IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^ mo 1.0 I.I |50 "^ 11^ 1.8 11.25 il.4 IIIIII.6 <^ v: /^ V '^ x^^' '^J%^ % CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. □ n Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couieur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piqu6es Tight binding (m^y cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serrd (peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure) L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire fiim6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour i^tre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont fiimdes d partir de i'angle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant id nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 GEOLO( AI;] VlCl riioFi ! I GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA AliFRED E. C. SKLWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director. REPORT OK EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS IN I'OHI'lONS OF THE COUNTIES OF CARLETON, » VICTORIA, YORK AND NORTHUMBERLAND, NEW BRUiNSWICK. 18 8 8. By L. W. bailey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C, PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW HRUXSWICK. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL: DAWSON BROTHERS. 1886. ■■■Ml IS-': (21) ^ . -A. R. C. Selwyn, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Director of the Geological and Natural Histonj Surreij of Canada. •Sir, I bog to submit lierewith n report of geological investigations made, in accorduuce with your instri'-tions, chiefly during the summer of 1884, in portions of northern and western New Brunswick. In addition to my own observations, the report embraces those of my assistants, Mr. Wm. Mclnnes and Mr. J. W. Bailey, who have also constructed the accompanying map. In this map an attempt has been made to represent the orographic as well as the geological features. K forms Sheet No. 2 S. W. of the general geological map of the pro- vince. My acknowledgements ai-e again due to the manager of the New Brunswick Eailway Com])any for facilities afforded both to myself and my assistants ; as well as to the officers of the Crown iLands Department in Fredericton. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, L. W. BAILEY. *REDERiCT0N, January 11, 1886. .; m t REPORT OF EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS PORTIONS OF THE COUNTIES OK CAUUETON, VICTORIA, YORK AND NORTIIUMRERLANI), N E \\^ BRUNSWICK. Tlio i-o.i-'ion to wliioli tJiis report i-clatcs Incliulcs portions of the Region •oounties ofCarleton, Victoria, York and Northumberland, It lietfim- '"'''""'"''"'''• mediately north of tliat described in the Report of Pro^n-ess for 1883, and forms a pai-allelogram, of which the western and the eastern bor- ders ai-o respectivolv marked in a <,'eneral way by the boundary of the State of Maine, and a north-and-south line cutting the Miramichi Eiver about eight miles below Boiestown ; while the southern liorder is an east-and-west line crossing the St. John Eiver two and a-half miles ab(;ve Woodstock, and the northern border a similar line intersecting the same river four miles north of Aroostook junction. Owing to the approximation of the St. John Eiver to tho United States frontier, north of Woodstock, the portion of the ai-ea lying to the westward of that stream forms but an inconsiderable part of the whole. It is, however, its most populous portion, the settlements east of the river being coinpai-atively few, while over a large part of the district examined the country is still in unbroken torest. Topographically, the region is one of much diversity. Portions of Topographical it, more ]iarticularly on the western side of the St. John Eiver, though *■«"■""*«• l)y no n^ans low, are comparatively flat or gently undulating; but in general the surface is broken by numerous ridges, varying in elevation from 500 to 1,200 feet above the sea level, while between these, the valleys, though sometimes broad and open, are often remarkable for their depth and their abruptness. These depressions are usually occu- pied by water-courses of greater or less size, and within the district are included, wholly oi- partly, such important streams as the Tobique, the South-west Miramichi, the Beccaguimic, the Aroostook, the Nash- waak and the Presque Isle. The usual course of the hill ranges is C> o NEW imUNSWICK. £levati3ni<. betweon N 20° E and N 25° E,'-^ becoming in the northern portion more- nearly north and nonlh, Imt (hose courses would seem to liave had luit little intliience in determining that of the streams and I'ivers, wliicli not unfrequcntly intersect the hill ranges obli(|uely or even at right angles. In such cases it is usual to find the passage .lecompanicd by more or loss considerai)lo rapids or tails, as illustrated in the (Jraiid Falls of the St. John river (7-t feel), the Aroostook Falls and the Xai-- rows of the Tobiquc. Lakes are comparatively few and of small extent. The following table of elevations above sea level, based on barometric observations, made chiefly by ^[r. .1. W. Bailey, but including also a few as determined by ^[r. Chalmers and the Boundary Commission, is intended as supplemcntaiy to the hill sketching as represented uponj the map: — FEET. Moose Mountain 1,030 Hill on Sliikteliawk, north of (dassville Centre 1,255 Ridge north of West Glassville 7S5 Uidge on 8hikteha\vk, south of .Tohnville IJoad 795 Hill, 1 of a mile south of Gordonville Post-oflice 0'J5 Glassville Centre 7!>0 .lohnville Church ''■•lO ileiglit of land between I'okiok Bridge on Tobique River and Little River 050 Hill on Stiekney F.rook, 2 miles east of St. John River. . 000 Nashwaak Mountain, on South Branch of ^Miramichi — 855 Height of land between Foreaton and McEwen's on S.W. Miramichi i'GO Between Foreston and Smith's Corner ^75 Hill at Argyle ( 'orner 1,135 Ridge opposite Andover o'JO Hill, 1:] miles below Andover, I] miles back from St. John River 800 Height of land 3 miles back from Tobique River on Red Rapid settlement road 1,190 Mars Hill 1,088 The character of the soils and the agricultural capabilities of the- region vary with the natui-o of the i-ock formations which occupy its several portions. Some remarks upon these subjects will bo found in connection with the descriptions of the latter given below, but as they have been made the subject of special examination by Mr. E. Chalmers, it has not been thought necessary to give them extended consideration here. • These, iiiul iill other couises given in this report, arc with reference to the true meridian- The variation is about 20° W. ■AILtV ] CARLKTON AND VICTORIA fOUNTiES. 7 a Geologically tho region is found to embrace the following systemn and divihions : — (i. Carboniferous. (a) Middle CarbDniferous (Millstone Grit.) (b) Lower Carboniferous. F. Devonian. E. Silurian. D. <'ambru-Siluriaii. A. B. Pre-Canibriun. Crystalline rocks, including gj-anite. iiei;loKioal ri)riiiiition?. (r. Carboniferous. The Carlionifei'ous rocks in the district examined are of compara- r niottlod limestone. Thickness 140 feet. White, red and variegated calcareous sandstones and grits. Ked and grey contrluinerateH and sandstones, the former hold- ing pebbles of Silurian slates. BoccRguimic area. Liinit.<(. The above Huccossion is, in its main foaturos, similar to that of tho Lower Carboniferous t'ormation as seen in Kings, Albert and W'eat- moroland counties. The romai'kable fertility of tins Cai-bonifefous ai-ca is attested by the character and the luxuriant growth of its indigenous vegetation, and had attracted attention lorg i)etbre any attempts were made to occupy it for settlement. Now, its fertility and value are fully recognized, and since it has been brought into closer connection with outside markets by the extension of the New Brunswick railway, it has shewn u constant and rapid growth in ])opulation and productiveness. The Carboniferous area of the Beccaguimic is considerably smaller as well as mnio irregular than that of the Tobique. It also presents a somewhat ditferent succession of rocks. Its general form may be described as ijroadly triangular, with rounded angles and somewhat sinuous and interrupted margins. Two of these margins ai-e coincident, or nearl}- so, with the two main branches of the Beccaguimic Eiver, but west of the confluence of thos" streams tho area extends to within a few miles of the .St. John, where it was probably at one time connected with similar but smaller Car- boniferous areas or outliers, occurring along the course of that stream. The highest rocks found in this district are included in tho nearly elli])ticul area embraced by the two streams referred to above. They <'0n8i8t of a series of coarse, grey sandstones, associated with olive-grey freestones, both of which contain vegetable impressions in the form of broken stems. These ai-e too imperfectly preserved to be identified, but the character and relations of the strata leave no doubt that the horizon is that of the millstone grit or base of the Middle Carboniferous. Carbouifcioiis. Xliev dip uniformly at a low angle and their surface is consequently nearly flat, but whore cut away by the valley of the South Branch they present towards tho latter a bold escarpment, (nearly 400 feet in eleva- tion) forming a prominent feature in the landscape. Portions of the flat thus formed ure well wooded, but towards its eastern limit it is largely occupied by barrens and small lakes. While the elliptical area above described, which forms the higher portion of the district, is thus occupied by Middle Carboniferous rocks, the deep valleys traversed by the main branches of the Beccaguimic dis- Mi(Ullo ^( •1 CARt.ETON AND VICTORtA COUNTIKS. i) (1 t •close to viow oilior' iind more ancient si rata. Tlieso are dc^cnlicil lielow and arc in part of .Silurian and ( 'aniiiro-Siliirian age, but resting upon the last-named rocks unconlorniubly, and forming several small areas more or less disconnected, is also a series of lieds the diaracter and position of which siilliciently show that thoy arc the representa- tives of the Lowei- Carboniferous formation. As seen along the valley /.'iwerCariMmi- " llTOUS rock:*. of the North Hranch. at and below .Shaw's mill, they are mostly con- glomerates of a coarse character, tilled with lai-ge woU-ronixled pebbles of the underlying rocks, and possessing a brownish-red colour. .Simi- lar conglomerates occur also near the bridge above the Howard brooks, where they form conspicuouH and precipitous hills with an elevation, above the valley, of about 1300 feet. Still farther up, in the same valley, the highest beds seen are bright red and purple — sometimes mottled — sandstones and shales; but towards the head of the branch, the red rocks are seen to rest upon and apparently to gi-aduate down- wards into red somewhat earthy felsites, associated with grey fels- j)atliic or doleritic sandstones. These felsites are similar in character iViippean beds, to those which occur at Harvey settlement and elsewhere around the border of the central Carbonifei-ous area of the province, and aie prob- ably of contemporary origin. E.xcluding the felsites and associated tra|)])ean beds, the tlip of the Lower Carboniferous sediments in this valley, liko that of the coal measures, is usually low, varying from 5° to 20°. In .some of the felspathic sandstones, however, as observed by Mr. Matthew, the dip is as high as G0°. Owing to the thickly wood< ,i character of most of the region adjoin- ing the Beccaguimic and its oranches, and the conso(picnt infrequency of exposures, the < '^lination of the nature of tiie underlying rocks is often a matter ' .. ditficulty, and their boundaries are necessar- ily somewhat conjecniral. Lower Carboniferous sediments, however, in the foi'm of red marls and sandstones, occur along the larger partof the North Branch valley, and again along tliat of the South Branch, iis far as its North Fork near Hamilton brook. The extromo limit of the Carboniferous triangle in this direction is jii'obably about one mile west of South Branch Lake, and but little more from the south-western end of the great granite belt of York and Carleton. Carboniferous rocks also occupy, as has been before stated, a considerable area between the jioint of confluence of the branches of the Beccaguimic and the St. John River, being well exposed about the summit of the eminence known as Pole Hill, and again in the cuttings along the old Poie liiii. ti'ack of the New Brunswick railway where this crosses the vallev of the Little Pokiok stream. At Pole Hill, the rocks arc red and grey -conglomerates, resting, with a low dip, on highly tilted Silurian slates. i 10 u NEW HHUNSWICK. At the head of the Little Pokiolc they arc mostly of a finer chunu-teiv emhraeing ohietiy sandstones and shales of rod and maroon colours and fontaining vegetable impressions. Their dip is also higher, rising to 40° or 45°. In addition to these Carbon ifei'oiis strata on the eastei-n side of the St. John, in Carletou county, one or two small areas, which are believed to be of similar age, are found upon the western side of the same stream, and mark a former extension of the Carboniferous basin in thjit ^ river, where they appear in the form of long, narrow belts, capping the hills and in part skirting the shoi-e, between Upper Woodstock and Victoria corners. The rocks composing these beltt' are mostly coarse conglomerates, of a deep bi-ownish-red colour, and often stained with manganese. They include, however, some finer bods. Their dip, like that of the beds on the upper parts of the Little Pokiok, is compai-atively high, sometimes as much as 50° or 60°, but varies con- siderably, and is at all times much less than that of the Silurian slates,, upon the upturned edges of which they n\ay at various points be seen to rest. stock. Supposed Devonian rocks i\ Devonian (?) In the description of the Lower Carboniferous of the Beccaguimic region, this age, as being tiiat of the bulk of the sediments there met with, has been assumed, not only (m the ground of their evident resem- blance in colour, texture and composition, to the rocks of the same age in other parts of the ])r()vince, but from their equally evident uncon- formity to 1 lie associated rocks, their usually low inclination, and their passage upwards into the ordinary rocks of the coal-measures. Accom- panying, however, these Lower Carboniferous deposits, and not always to be easily distinguishetl from tliem, there are, in the same region, some other beds in which the relations are less evident, and which have been thought to indicate the presence of Devonian as well as Lower Carboniferous sediments in this portion of Carleton county. The rocks in question are best exposed at the mouth of Little Pokiok brook, about two miles below Hartlt d, whore their occurrence was tirst noticed by Mr, Chas. Robb. In texture and composition they are, for the most part, not unlike portions of the Lower Carboniferous rocks,, consisting of coarse grey conglomerates, holding lai'ge, well-rounded pebbles, chiefly of Cambro-Silurian rocks; but interstrutified with these are a few thin beds of liner character, some of which are black and glossy with carbonaceous material, and others are filled with impres- i ■1 CARLETON AND VICTOKIA COUNTIES. 11 O sions of plants. These iuttor were dotermined by Sir Wm. Dawson, in 1871, as l)oin, and in Canada and the United States ranges as low as the Ciinton formation, of which one of the species {M. Clintonenm, Ilall, sp.) is very charactei'isfic. " On this evidence it would appear thattlio rocks in question belong to the Silurian system, as recently restricted in the publications of the Survey." Jfo other Silurian rocks than tliose above described are to be found in the North Branch valley, (tiie last beds visible being the basal con- glomerates which, at the bridge above the Howard brooks, puss beneath the Lower Carboniferous outlier), but a few miles to the west- ward, in Windsor, as well as at various jwints in the intervening area facts may be observed which tend to throw further light upon the Sihirian succession. The most interesting beds to be found in this interval are undoubtedly the great deposits of limestone which have long formed an important source of lime-supply for all tliis portion of Carleton county. They are somewhat irregularly distributed, and, owing to the thickly wooded character of the country, i-ather difficult to trace. They seem, however, to occupy the position of one or more tolerably well defined belts, having a general north-east course, parallel to the border of the Silurian area, and extending from the St. John River near Hartland through the larger part of the parish of Brighton. There are, on the St. John, no workable deposits of limestone, but it is probable that this portion of the system is thei-e represented by tlie beautifully banded or ribbanded beds which form the western shore at and below Hartland ferry, and which are so highl}^ calcareous as ta have led to unsuccessful attempts at their calcination. It was also stated, in the report of last year, that limestones, which have been worked to some extent, are found in what may be regarded as a con- tinuation of the same belt, at Ivy's corner, twenty miles to the south- west, in the parish of Richmond. The largest as well as the purest of these deposits, however, are those which arc to be found in the region about the upper waters of the Boccaguimic and its tributaries. One of these deposits, known as Gulliver's, is found at the head of Limestone brook, ab jut a mile and a-half north-west of Pole Hill, but is not now worked. The limestones, which are but a few feet in thickness, occur in slates dipping W < 40°, and in both rocks, remains of shells, crinoids and other organisms may be found, but mostly in a bad state of preservation. The next deposits to the eastwai-d, and the most important of all, are those known as Turner's, which are found on the descent of the hill leading down to the North Branch valley about -] CARLETON AND vrOTORIA COUNTIES. 11 O half ii mile below Shaw's mill. Two quai-riea have been hero opened, Turner's limo- in one of which the thicknosH of the be \^ oxposod is about 30 feet, while in the other, situated about 120 rods to the north, this Ih increased tr about 100 feet, the nn-k being v. compact bluish-jfrey limestone, with sparry veins and pockels. From both, con8i>h nearly resemble those associated with the last-named limestones, occur at a number of points in northern Carleton and in Victoria county, and in several instances have been described as limestones, no beds sufficiently pure to be so called have been anyv^^here met with by us. In the admirable section attbrded by the St. ,Iohn Eiver, beds of this character are well exposed at the following points, viz.: — along the eastern shore near the mouth of the Shikteha.vk, a few miles further up (on the west bank) opposite Bath, at the mouth of the Munquart, at the mouth of the Muniac, about Andover and in the Narrows of the Tobique, and finally in the gorges of the Aroostook and Grand Falls;— they being, in each instance, portions of belts which appear to extend with approximate parallelism and with generally northerly or north- easterly courses, over much of the surrounding country. Like the beds below Hartland ferry, already described, they may u.sually be recognized, even at a distance, by their conspicuous banding or ribandiug, the resuli both of the diflferent hardness and tho different weathering of the calcareous layers, often very delicate, of which they are composed. They are often, also, filled with sparry veins and it is for the burning of material collected from the latter that most of the small kilns found scattered over the country-, but now abandoned have been erected. We have not been able to find any fossils in these more highly calcareous beds, but in the associated slates and sandstones they are not uncommon, and have been observed at a number of ])oints. Some of these are mentioned in the reports of Dr. Gesner. The best localities, however, with which we are acquainted, Fossils in Perth are found on the bank of the St. John Eiver, in Perth (just opposite the upper end of the cown of Andover), and on the Tobique Eiver, half a mile above the head of the Narrows. The beds on the Tobique are 7 tlLEr.] CARLETON AND VrCTOIUA COUNTIES. 19 O .omowhat more sandy than thoso on the main rivo.-, but the fosHil^ at K. two points aro vory much the same, and as the distance between them .H not jr.eat (not eve. two miles), it is not unlikelv, notwith- Htundmg a sh^ht ditferonce of strike, that the stn.ta of the'two placed huge coral, wind, they conain, the nam< sofwhich, witi. other forms •Mr. Wluteavos' suiiorvision :— IM!mt<^9catcmilalus, Li„„.; „nM variety resembling one from Baie des Chalours. Favosites Gothlandica. Hdxolilen. sj). indt. Syringopora. sp. indt. Cyathophjllum PcnnanU, liillin^s. [There appear to 1- n.nnei-ting processes between thecorallites, as in the above 8i.oc.os, and a small inner area, throujrh which the radiat- ing amolla3 do not enter, thus resembling the structure of ■l^iphyphijUum, Lam.] Mhynchonella—am&A to R. Wilsoni. Sby. Murchisoniu. sp. Atrypa rdicularh. " The lK,rizon of the above is probably not higher than the Lower ilelderborg, nor lower than the Niagara." tolll\T '^ '^'" '^''"'"'f " ^''^' '" ^^' ''''''"^' ««'^«W«^-able assistance towa.ds then- recognition has been afforded either by their lithological true of the beds which are now to be noticed, which contain the great deposits of iron ore in Carleton county; for although these sor . In 1 itlo " f " ':.'^"^'«"' y^' they are such, as both by their colour ZnlT !'!'""^^t«'-'^t^^'^' t« ''^-dily attract attention. Like the majoi- it> of the Silurmn strata they are slates, and are also more or less cal- careous, but are not conspicuously so, while the grey or dark-grey colour, elsewliere so prevalent, is here, in part at leas't, replaced by greenish, biwnish-red or in some instances blood-red colours, assocl a tod no unfrequently with black superficial coatings of manganese. The distribution of the ore deposits has been pretty thoroughly worke,! out by Mr. R. W. Ells in 1874, and in his report for that year will also be found many interesting facts relative to their character and work- 20 o NEW BRUNSWICK. in^. To those I have only to iidd Ihat, ho far as I have hocii iiMc tO' aHC'crtnin, tlioro aro, (),\ tlio I'liKtiM-ri nido of the livof, no depoHifs wliicli citlior in I'Xloiit or va uo will at all compare with those which have hoen opened ai used west of the livoi", in Jacksontown. The few additional points at wliich thoy have boon observed by U8 will bo found indicated in the ifoological map accompanyinii; this report. It may i)e added that, while along ])articulai' bolts, niany distinct beds undoubt- odly exist, varying fiom a few incdus up to twenty feet in IhiiUncss, there is also a recurrence of the bolts as a whole along ])arallcl bnt somewhat widely separated li-acts. The}' thus iitford another illustra- tion oi the repetition, by folding, which characterizes (he entire Silurian Iron-ore bolts, aroa. Ono such belt, but of little importance, is indicated by scattercl observations as extending from near ]Iartland, on tho St. .lohn Kiver, to the mouth of the Coldstream, a branch of the Beccaguimic, and some beds containing hu'matile. observed by Mr. Ells and others lu'iii' Glass- villo, may bo a continuation of the same ; though it is (|uito pi'obabje that those may belong to tho next and principal belt, viz., thatof Jack- sontown, from which the so-called "Woodstock ore" was derived, and which is directly traceable from near Belleville, in tho valley oi' the Meduxnakeag, to Flanidgan's Ilill on the St. John IJivor. Among the blood-red slates which occur at this point, some were found to contain numerous large but badly presei'vod casts of shells, while in accomj>a- Fos.'ils. nying grey slates and sandstones were found remains of an Alveolites, together with many fragments of crinoids. Fossils were first obtained from this locality by Dr. Gesnor. On the eastern side of the river tliis belt is probably represented, in |)art at least, by high ridges (SOO feet by aneroid) about tho sources of Stickney bi'ook, and fragments of the ConKlnmorato '"od slato wore obsorvod in the hills just south of the Shiktehawk road, '''^''''""''"''^''' midway between Kent station and Gordonville; but the beds exposed on the road are mostly dark blue slates, associatod, hovvever, near tlie settlement last named, with peculiar beds of conglomerate and sand- stone. Those arc refori-ed to, in Prof Hinds' report to the provincial government, as marking the base and lower limit of tho Silurian system in Carleton ; but in addition to the fact, as already shown, that the i-eal boundary of the system is situated ver}' much farther to the south, these conglomerates present a somewhat ditforent aspect from those of the Beccaguimic, and are unaccompanied by any evidences by which their true position can be determined. They contain pebbles of slate, quartzito, white ([uartz and black petrosilox, together with numerous Avhite quartz veins, and art interstratilied both witli slates and sand- stones, the whole dipping K 65 W. < CO'. No other bolt of iron-bearing strata has been observed within the- limits to which this report relates, but it may be worth while to notice li UAILEV.] OARLETON AND VICTORIA COUNTIE ;. 21 o that anollier hiind of procisoly similai- clianictor oxtoiuU across the in, -nm „f iK'ud-watoi-s (if til,. Aroostook, in tho Stalo of Maine, and proiiably *'""*' approaches the provincial lioundary between the hitter and tho (Irund FuIIh, hut, from tho infro(iuency of ex|)osiires in this section, it has been im|)ossiMo to dotennine whotiier tlus is tliocaseoi not. Tho beds upon the Aroostook are described in the report of Prof. Cliaries T. JackHon on tlic ;^eoh)gy of Maine. It lias l)ecn stated that, in tho case of tlio .Silurian bods so fur des- cribed, tiicso usually jiresent some foatur*., cither of ci)iii|i()sition, coloiii' or contained fossils, by which their recoM-niiion is made easy. It is, however, now to bo observed tliat, in addition to these, thoie are, over various parts of the Silurian area, other beds, of which '' -precise posi- tion is less readily determinable. The huxerpart of the.o iuoar!.-illitos ^vrgillitea. which do not ditfer ,<;-roatly from those already noticed, but which are usually less markedly calcareous, and which do not, so far as known, contain any organic remains. GJood oxposuros of such slates may be seen at different points along the banks of the St. John River, as near Floronceville, between Bath and Upper Kent, on the hills about Terth, and at many other localities. They present some variety of colour anrl texture, including some greenish and purplish as well as grey beds, and both sandstones and slates. The absence, however, of any con- stant distinctive feature, makes their recognition and compai'ison at ditforent points a matter of much difficulty. This difficulty is further enhanced I)y the very general and ottcn highly complicated movements which these rocks, in .'omnion with the other Silurian strata, have undergone, and which makes the tracing out of individual beds well nigh impossible. It may even bo that among the strata in question there arc some which are older as well as others which are more recent than the Silurian system, as has been sup])osed to be the case in tho northern part of tho state of Maine, but of this wo could hero find no distinct evidence. The well known eminence of Mars Hill, alon.' the „ ,,„ . ,1 , n , . , , r . ' o iMars lliU, eastern flank ot which runs tho International boundary lino, and which attains an elevation above the .sea level of 1,(]88 foot, has been thus regarded iis in part of Devonian age, but tho conglomerates of which it is composed, and which have been described as moi-oly capping its summit, were fountl by Mi-. Mclnnes, as far as they were seen by him in an ascent of its north-eastern side, to dip N. 75° W. at an angle of about 75°, and to be enclosed in slates not differing from those which elsewhere belong to the Silurian system. Another set of bods, as to the precise relations of which there is also some doubt, consists, in part at least, of materials which are probably •of igneous origin. These consist of diorites and dioritic sandstones, or Tnippoan rocks "Of hard, felspathic beds, obscurely stratified, anil appear to be very 90 12 (I NEW BRtrNSWICK. in-ogulnrl^ diHtribiitod ovor tho Siliiriiui uroa. Ono tract dI' thiw kimt may be Hooti about two miloH iiortb ot'tho poHt ofHi-o in (rlaHwvillo contro, whoro are ;^rcy-wealhori(i^, felspatbicMiunrtzitoH, which aro more or lows nmy^daloidal. Aiiotlior, I'oriiiing soiiio proniinciit rid^OH, is fdiind on eithi-r side of tho Little 8iiiiitoha\vlv, two iiiilos oahl of Koiit tUatioii, and inchidcs heavy masses of ihirk-green, aniygdaloidrd diorito, a por- tion of which is stratiliod, and (at Lockhardt's mill) passes into a curious conglomerate containing dioritic. fragments, from one to three feet in diamotci-, embedded inaniati'ix of ■( similar (diai'ucter. Still another occurs near tho head-waters of ono of tho branches of tho Munquart, five miios north of Johnvillo, and attains an elevation of nearly 1,000 feet. Hut tlio most marked area ])()ssessing this igneous aspect is that of ^Moose Mountain, in I'pper Kent, and close by the boundary lino between tho counties of Carloton and Victoria. This omincncc, which rises with singular abruptness from the compara- tively low land about the iiead-wators of the MuikjU'' -t, ond attains ;in elevation of 1,0;{0 feet, appears to bo chieHy compo.-ed o. a dai-k-grey, somewhat red-weathering felsito, porphyritie wi'ii small crystals of felspar. It is distinctly stratified, with southerly and south-easterly dips, at angles of 40° to 50°, and probably forms much of the ridge extending easterly from this point along tho county line, but as the latter is thickly wooded, its exact limits could not bo ascertained. The rocks in these several bolts are often not unlike those which are commonly n.ot with in connection with the Cambro-Silurlan system, and it may be that they are in part really of this age, forming bosses which, by denudation, have been loft protruding through tho more recent strata. As, however, there is no dotinite proof of this fact, and as the areas which they occupy are com])aratively small, we ha\'e preferred to represent them merely as volcanic masses connected with the Silurian system. It may now bo added that over many diflfcrent pai-ts of the Silurian area, and among rocks which are un(iuestionably of this age, true erup- Intrusive rocks, tivo rocks, both in the form of dykes and intercalated masses, are to be met with, and are sometimes very conspicuous. One instance of such occurrence may bo seen along the east bank of tho St. John, two miles above Ilartland, and was referred to in tho report of last vear. Another was observed near the mill in the settlement of Esdraelon. But the most notable example is that furnished by tho Aroostook River. In tho remarkable and picturesque gorge through which this stream flows for three quarters of a mile above its falls, such dykes ai o quite numerous, varying from two or three up to fifty or more feet, and it is chiefly to the presence of a large mass of this kind, transveise to the stratification, that the falls themselves are due. Similar dykes, but MIIIV,'] • AllLETON AM) VtCTOIUA COUNTIES. 23 a of less (•oii.-.piciK.iis cliiiriictcr, occur also in tho gor^'o below the (iinniiiya : 30 G NEW imUNSWICK. ; ii; the valley of the Bocoaf^'uimic, and the other as Tlendoi-son's in Windsor settlement, a few miles (o the north of the formei-. Tlio annual pro- duction at Turner's is said to be about 500 casks (2,000 bushels) and to be valued at from $1.00 to $1.40 per cask. It is used chiefly for local consumption but is frequently sent as far down the river as Woodstock. The Hendersons first commenced burning lime in 18S0, since which time their annual production has averaged about 1,000 bushels. Gijpsum- -Tho deposits of this minei-al accompanying the Lower Carboniferous strata of the Tobiquo valley, in Victoria county, are extensive and valuable. Their total amount, owing to the horizontal position of the beds and the want of exposures, is not accurately known, but from the length and thickness of the outcrops seen on the main Tobique and its tributary the Wapskehcgan, it is certain that the amount is large. On the first named stream the beds form nearly vertical bluffs about 130 feet high, and consist of numerous alternating bands of pale green, and reddish colours, and granular texture, among which are smaller seams of white fibrous gypsum and amorphous alabaster. This g3'psum is em])loyed solely for agricultural purposes and con- siderable quantities are used in this way not only in Victoria county, but in all those parts of the St. John River valley to which access ic given by the New Brunswick railway. Though admirably adapted for this use, it is greatly inferior in purity to that of Hillsboro, and is hardly suited for calcination. Lead.— Small quantities of galena have been observed in the calcare- ous slates in the lower portions of the Tobique River, as well as else- where over the Silurian area, but in no instance at present known are they of a character to warrant a belief in the existence of workable veins. Building Stones.— The Carboniferous outlier about the South Branch oftheBeccaguimic River, according to Mr. Matthew, is capable of affording good freestones, of even grain, easy to work, and which dress well under the chisel. The outcrops are about seven miles from Wood- stock junction on the New Brunswick railway, to which a good road could be had through a comparatively level country. The slates of Carleton county are usually too much contorted and too calcareous to be available for roofing purposes. There are however among them beds to which these remarks do not apply, and should a greater demand arise, a little search would undoubtedly reveal locali- ties from which suitable rock could be readily and profitably removed. V i I