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DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH C. QOmON HEWITT, DOMINION ENTOMOLOQIST THE FRUIT WORMS OF THE APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA BY G. E. SANDERS, Field Officer AND A. G. DUSTAN, Assistant BULLETIN No. 17 (.Technical Edition.) Publith«d by direction of Hon. T. A. CfERAR, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. OTTAWA .1. i.R LABROQUKRIK TACHJi;, PHINTKB TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 191« Iscucd March 1, 1»19. .1} ll-' |:. ■'I I % Hi 1 1 ^1 r r ! 1^ ill u ^*7 - ,' r»' -■• !, ■ , ■w ■ ■^:' / ' , " -'• : DOMINION Of CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH C. OOROCN HEWITT DOMINION ENTOMOLOGIST THE FRUIT WORMS OF THE APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA BY G. E. SANDERS, Field Omcei AND A. G. DUSTAN, Assistant BULLETIN No. 17 (.T'cJiiikcil Edition.) Published by direction of Hon. T. A. CRERAR, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont OTTAWA .1. i.K LAIiKUiiLKKIK TAI UK. PKINTER TO THK KINU.>< MOST KXC'EI.I.KXT MA.IKSTY 1919 Issued Manh 1. 11>1S 61782—1 NOTE. In all cases where it i>' iioaeiblc, living speiniens of the insects should bo sent containing specimens may be mailed " Free " if addressed to the Dominion Entomo losist. Deportment of Agriculture, Ottawa. In nil cases where it is possible, living s|>ccimen8 of the insects should be sen inclo?o(I in a strong wooden or tin box to prevent damage in transit. liTing insect should bo supplied with a liberal fiuiintity of their food plant, and in all cases the; should be cnrefully packed. Thp nnmo and address of the sender should be writtc-ii on the ou,^ide of the pock iigp, and n letter giving ns full details is possible should in all cases accompany th inscofs Rotit in for repnrt. rnrmor'^ in the Maritime Provinw's may >'in-imunicate with pithcr of the followni! Firld Officnrs: Mr. G. E. Sanders. Dominiini Entomolopii'al laboratory, Annnpoli i:o> al. N.S. ; or J. D. Tothill, Dominion Entoniolorioil Lnboratury, Fredericton, X.H, rif-'i'-diiiK insect injuries, particularly in case* of emergency. Letters and pockagr to til "sc officers must be.ir poitiisre nn'1 cannot be miiiled free. i I DePA«TME!CT of AGRICULTrrtf:, Ottawa, July 20. 191 3, Tlie Honourable The Mini ' t of AKriculturat < 'tvva. Sir,— I have the honour to aubmit here* il. . " your approval EntomoloKieal Bul- letin No. 17 entitled: "The Fruit Worms ,1 'h Apple in Nf.va Scotia," which has been written by Mr. George E. Sanders, Fi. .u Officer, and his AssisUnt, Mr. A. O. Dustan. Not only in Nova Scotia but throughout Eastern Canada tne fruit womts are responsible for considerable losses to the apple growers owing to the damage they inflict on the developing fruit. Accorilingly we began an investigation of these orchard pests in 1912, and th- reanlts ari recorded in the bulletin together with our recom- mendations in regard to control measures. The interesting fact was disclosed that there were no less than nine species of fruit worms which feed on apple foilage and fruit and the adults of eight other species were taken in apple orohards. As careiul descriptions of all the stage:) of the nine species of fruit worms affecting apples were made aa a result of the life-history studies that were undertaken it ia recommended that a i.echnicai edition of this bulletin be published to contain these descriptions which are intended to assist in the identification of the immature str 39, I have the honour to be, sir. Your obedient servant, C. GORDON HEWITT, Dominion Entomologist. 51372—2 CONTENTS ,,^^^ Suinmar}- '. Introduction History and distribution ^ Oeneral life-history ^ The adults ^ Collecting of adults. \^ Dates of emcrRenfc and ttittht ' Duration of fliBht in the fall ^^^ Record of egg deposition ^^^ Popular descriptions ^^^ The eggs ^i, The larva' . . The pujia' . . The adults ^., Injury caused by fruit-wornw ■ Appearenoe of injury ', " 'W trt i" Carnivorous habits of OraptolUha bethunet G. & K ^•' Methods of Control . , C^lltivation j* Spraying ^. Recommendations " Natural control Parasite's ..^. Winds and storms ' Technical descriptions of fruit worms ' (Iraptolilha bethunei U. and B ' (I raptolUka laticinerea Ort ^ (imptolitha antennata Walk ^'^ (iraptolilha georgii (irt -^ (Iraptolilha baileiii Cirt " Conintra vaU-pri On ' Xi/lrim tiupera Lint " . Xilli'iia cinrritia Cirt "i^ Xylcna nirrimacula Morr * ILLUSTRATIONS FiK. t. Ki;i. Fig. ;i. Fig. 4. Fig. .*>. Fisr. t'l Fig. 1 Fig. s Fig. !t -Young apples bitten into by fruit worms '• -Adults of (a) (Iraptolilha lufhiinei G. ii II. (The nv>st common fruit worm in Nova Scotia); (l>) Graptolilha latitiiiple showing result of fruit worm injury 1^! — Mature apple showing result of fruit worm injury V\ — Full-grown liirvii of (Iraptolilha Jielhunei O. & R l-l 4 THE FRUIT WORMS OF THE APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA* DV G. E. Sandkhs, Field Officer, AND A. G. DusTAx, Axsiniant. SIMMARY. The fruit worms of the apple are responsible annually for a larjire amount of ilamage in the apple orchards of Nova Scotia. The injury is effected by the larvse I'litiiip into the younp fruit or the set of the apples, causing about 72 per cent of the injurfKl fruit to drop, and deforming about 78 jwr cent of the remainder, enough to « ilu^i^■ it to be degraded to No. 3 and culls. The adults of the fruit worms are strong- tlvinjt moths, which are to be found on the wing during September, October, April :iiiil May. They deposit their eggs on the twigs of the apple during the month of May. These eggs hatch alwiut the time the apple buds are beginning to show pink, 'i'hc young larvu" feed for the first two weeks on apple leaves and blossoms and drop to tlic ground very readily when disturbed. After the first two weeks the larva? feed uKU'o (in the fruit of the apple than on the leaves, causing an immense amount of Injury iis previously indicated. In early ,Tuly the larvae enter the earth to pupate, and I'livni an almost naked i)upa two or three inches below the surface. In September iind Octol)er the adult moths emerge and during the winter hibernate nndcr tufts of i;rass, otc. .\s a result of our investigations we have found that an arsenical spray applied ininicdiatcly before the blossoms open is the most valuable spray in fruit worm control, wiiile tliat iii)plied immediately after the blossoms fall is the iie.\t valuable. The use .it' high pressure and a i-oars*' driving nozzle has biHMi foinid to give sniH'rinr nsiilts. Open wind-swept orchards invariably contain fewer fruit worms than closely lihmtcd. and thereby sheltered orchards, and the numbers can i>e riHluied by tliorough iiriining, destruction of windbreaks where unnecessiry, and by the removal of uscli^s frees. IXTROnrCTTOX. The fruit worms of the apple annually effect an Immense amount of damoge in Xova Scotia, as well as in other eastern provinces of Canada. Owing to the unob- tnisivo habits of the larvic and to the niiture of tbi' injury, the extent of the damage is usually underestimated. Tniur.v to tlie nnple is effected soon after the fruit sets ir si.on after the blossoms fall by the larvir of any one of about a dozen moths belong- 1 In thlf. Rulletin the rollowin:; sptH.! -a arc trfateri : <}rn)t!olilhn hrihiitiii Ci. A R.. (}. liiliiiHrira Ort., O. anirnnala W«lk„ n. grorpU flrt., '/. bailrjil ilrl.. fnnislra trulkiri (Jtr, Xytrnn nnpera Lint., A'. ctnerlUn Ort., X. rtm-lmariiln Morr. Notes nre fflven on the folIowinR: OraptoMthn frrmtlia (Irt.. O. (/i^/iimifn Mnrr., O. uttimottn I. int.. n. /agina Morr.. G. pexala rirt., O. itrliilrn (Jrt . f1. rinrrom <}rt . G. (MiioiiilMnfir Smith. iiig to the genera Graptolitha, Xylena and Conistra. These larvte, after they are about one-third grown, feed by eating small round holes into the young forming apples; usually eating into a fresh apple for each meal. On account of their feeding habits one larva may damage an immense number of apples. In unspray-iid orchards from seven to ten per cent of the picked apples are usually dnmaged, i* the orchard is in any way sheltered or thick. In open wind-swept orchards the damage is invariably less. The scar which follows fruit worm injury often amounts only to a smooth riissettwl area with no distortion. Again, the apple may be greatly distorted, but cm the whole, the injury as seen in the picked fruit is not alarming. It was only when the crop on a tree was watched throughout the whole season that the full extent of the fruit worm injury was realized. It was found that 72 per cent of the apples injured in the spring by fruit worms, dropped to the ground before Fin. 1.— Young apples bitten into by fruit worms. (OriRinal.) maturing as a result of tlie injury, so that for every three apples ont> finds in pir'kiil fruit showiuir worm injury, approximately seven have dropped to the ground as n result of similar injury. This indicates that in thick or sheltered unsprayod orchapl> in districtsi where these insect are injurious, often 20 per cent of the fruit drops on account of such injury, in ad ition to which from 7 to 10 per cent may be marred. The adults of nine specif- have been taken in upple orchanjf^n Nova Scotia and reared on apple folingc and fruit. In addition, the adults of eight other species ol the genus Graptolitha have been taken in apple orchards, but as attempts to roiir them on the foliage of apple have failed, it is questionable if they feed naturally on the apple. Graptolitha hcthunri far outnumbers all Uie other spec-iL-s combined and is really the only species worthy of oonsideration from an economic standpoint in Xdva Scotia. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. • In Bulletin No. 123 of the Cornell Univereity Agricultural Experiment Station, December, 1896, Slingerland states: — " These green fruit worms first attracted serious attention by boring into apples and pears in 1870, in Missouri and Illinoiu. Dr. Riley also statea that he has seen them for several years previously on the foliage of different treof A newspaper slip, written in 1872, states that the insects were very common and destructive in the south, where the worms made their appearance during April and May, in the latitude of Mobile and New Orleans. In 1877, the caterpillars appeared in large numbers in the vicinity of Lockport, N.Y. Prof. Comstock investigated this outbreak, and found that much damage had been done in many apple and pear orchards. In the case of one young pear orchard, he counted the whole number of pears on several trees and found that 45 per cent of them had been injured by the caterpillars. It was noted Fig. 2. — .\dulta o( (a) Gtaploliiha belhunei G. & R. (The most common fruit worm in Nova Scotia); (b) Graplolilha iaticinerea; (c) Coniatra walkeri Cirt. and (d) Xylena nupera Lint. (Original.) that this orchard was adjoining a forest from which the insects may have spread. It is a curious fact that although these green fruit worms were so numerous in 1887, they seem not to have attracted attention again anywhere in New York state until 1896, nineteen years later. In 1888, quite a number of apples were found apparently injured by these caterpillars in Maine." " The adult insects — the moths — are not uncommon in Canada and the northern and eastern portions of the United States; and the insects have been recorded as injurious in the south and as far west as Nevada. Collectors report the moth as common in, and we have this year received the caterpillars from, several widely separated localities in New York state. Thus, these fruit eating caterpillars are very generally distributed throughout Canada and the United States." In Nova Scotia, Prof. Sears iu the Report of the Secretary for Agriculture for 1906, lays special stress on the work of the groen fruit worm in the Annapolis Valley orchards. He says, " They are voracious feeders and seem to delight in going from one apple to another, eating enough in each one to damage it. Sometimes they eat practically the whole fruit, but more often only a hole is eaten in each on6." 61732—3 i Sliiigprland and Crosby in their Manual of Fruit Insects, state: "They (fruit worms) caused considerable loss in Illinois and Missouri in 1870 and in New York 1877, 1896 and in igi.T ". Attention should be drawn to the fart that in both 1906 and 1910, years when the white-marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma A. & S. was very prevalent in Nova Scotia, the fruit worms were also noticeably numerous, both groups of insects doing an immense amount of damage in the fruit districts. GENERAL LIFE-HISTORY. The life-histories, injuries and remedied for all the species attacking the apple in Nova Scotia are so similar that it is unnecessary to consider them separately. Ompto- litha bethunci (!. & R., the most common species, may be considered as typical of the group. 1 iK. 3. — EftRof Graplulitha btihunri G. & H. at base of apple bud. (Original.) The Adults. The adults of the fruit worms are active, strong-flying moths which emerge from the puiwB during September and October and hibernate under rubbish, etc., and again apjx'iir in the spring when the weather is warm. At this season they are, as Slinger- land has stated " often found in muple groves while sugaring is goinjr on. Sometimes sap-pails are found in the morning completely covered with moths." Collecting of Adults. \^ thp fniit worms iire attracted to swentcned bait this iiiPthod of mlleoting pdult-^ for egg deposition was followed. By testing various materials, it was found that cheap molasses, to which has been added alcohol or cider, gave the best results. Whenever possible rotted apples were crushed up and stirred into the mixture, until the bait was of the consistency of thick porridge. The apples had the same etfect as the cider in attracting tlio females, and the thickening of the mixture made it much easier to spread on the trees and eau»ed it to stick better. The best places for collecting adults were found to be in sheltared orchards whe^ the trees were of medium to large size. Orchards which had been used for trapping for a period of years gave far bette/ results than orchards which had never been used before for this purpose. The bait was smeared over the trtn^ trunks just before dark, usually in a line right across the orchard, and these trees were visited once or twice an hour, as long as the motlis continued to fly. On some nights, trapping would bo «lis- FiK. 4.— Same egg as shown in Jig. 3, ^ nlarged. (Original. ) mntinup*! at 10 o'clock, wliile on other nights the im^ths were on the wing as late as 1 a.m. On cold damp nights it was found nodosa to trap, as the adults remained in Iiidiiig when such conditions existed. Datrs of AncLT Emkiujknck and Flkjiit. SiM^'ies . hfthunei. *•. fiidrtncrfa . '>'. nntfntttitii . . '•'. 'fctn/i/ . . . i. fm/'ft/ii . . . . • '. "'afkt ri A nuftcra .... A. rtinn'lin . . A. rurriMfictiln '• . nrrrnhn ''. ihufHtHi'a . . . , '•'. UniiiifKia . '•■ /'fXttt.t C<)Il«;tefl in »priii«? in tlitiil caiteii. Year. Kir«t Date. A,iil 15 . . Last Date. .May 2S .. First Dav. Sei.t. 9 . I^t Date. 1!I13. . Oct. 11. l!tI4 . May 7 .May IH (Jc!t. 2. 1SII5 . April illlif H IHU.. May 4 .M.-iy 9 . .. 1WI5 . April Ma- 15 .. . Oct. 14 Oct. 2G. litis . Mav 12 May 21 I'.tM.. May 18 .. li'l;-). April '2A .. . May 21... l!»Hi. . April 11 '■;il 25 . . . I!tl5.. Mav 2f :tl . . I»14 . Mav 19 . . litlft.. May 10 ; 15 litU. . May 5 >i. , 21 Sept 24 Nov. 2. I'A't . April 24 . .luiic M.. Oct. 9 V U.. May 4 . May 21 . . Oct. 0. . Oct. 2H 1915. Mav N... Mav 211 . . 1H14 Mav H . Mav 21 Oct. 14 (kt. 24 iiiiri May ... 1H14 May 4 . M.iV 19 1!II5 Mav in.. IMav •.';< 1H14.. Mav 7 .. 1 IHlf... May 14 .May 2> . . 1913 . April 25 June 19 . . loin . May 21 .... May 22 . rilT32— .'Ji , 10 The following shows th<. duration of adult flight in the fall. tai)tured flying in the field e id wire not bred in experiments. These adults wer« S|ircir>. . hrthunei . . , hticinerea . fteoriiii . . . imtltrri . , . 8ept. nuptra . . . nurnmnrula frrrrnht . . . tiin/iotUiM . . . ■ fdtfiiM )ittulra ... . rifieroM . . . •tintmi inata . . Tint IHttt. 2... 18... 24... 2fl... 18 .. 16 .. ail 8«nt. 10 . Oct. It . n .. LMt D«tF. (Jet. Oft 26. »>. 26. 15. .%. 30 11. 2fi. 11. :w. POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS. The Egos. The eggs uf Graptolithc species are deposited singly on the underside of ♦'" tips of the outer branches. The leaf is usually about one-half inch in length whe CKK deposition takes place, and the female when depositing the egg usually platr.- herself on the underside of the branch or twig with her head practically Ic-el wit the tip. On this account the eggs that are deposited early in the s. 'on are usual! found an inch from the tip, while t'liose deposited later may be on tno base of th bud or on the bud scale. The fact that many eggs are deposited on bud stales as the; are being sloughed off, is responsible for a certain amount of mortality every yeai the scale tearing the cm dropping before the young larva emerges. In the genera Xnh'na and Conisira the eggs are deposited in an irregular ma» RECORD OF EOG PEPOSITION OF TIIF. WFFEBENT SPECIES. ppecies. Average Num- ber of Kfigi Laiil II Wthuiiei (/. lalichierea . O. unteniiala ■ . . I>, iicotyii (/. bailfiii C. walkeri X. nuprra jr. rhtrrilia . . . X. furHmtiCufa. H, fwxftttt Ijiritest Number. 121 B 297 120 8 3»2 62 'KKiiigle egg mass). 82 I, 178 87 5 103 179 5 180 216 1 437 96 « 162 2!>60(8ingle egg rnnKn) 75 I 11 mallfnt Number. 17!l The Larv/E. Detailed descriptions of the larv« of the various species will be found uiidt-r ■ heading of the respective species. The maximum emergence takes place about the time the blossoms are show pink, and for the firet two weeks of its existence the young fruit worm feeds on ' green leaves of the trees or on the corolla leaves, or occasionally, on the pistils ' stamens of the flowers. During this period of their existence the larvie are most ea- idulU were 11 poisoned, as they eat a relatively large amount of leaf surface. They do not seriously damage the leaf, but feed over a relatively large area for a small amount of food; an opportunity of attackin < them by means of arsenical sprays is thereby given. During the first two weeks of its existence, the larva ir. vry easily knocked off the leaf by jarring the branch or the leaf im which it is resting or feeding. Strong winds also cause a large portion of the larvK to fall to the ground where the majority of them perish, only a small percentage reascending the trees. Strong winds immediately before, during or after the blossoming period, are probably the greatest natural factors in fruit worm control. After the blossoms fall and the apples sot, the fruit worms to a great extent cease feeding on tho leaves and begin to feru on the young fruit. Usually only one meal is taken from .i single apple so that a single larva may, comparatively speaking, damage a oonsidorable quantity of fruit during the two or three weeks it makes the fruit its diet. Paring this period the fruit \ orm is rather a diflBcult insect to poison as it eats such a small amount of the s'lrface of the apple at each meal, using the pulp under the skin a^ the major part of itp diet. As the larvte mature they turn their attention again to the leaves as food, and for the h>t few days of their existence they feed more on the leaves than on the fruit. Fig. 8.— Young apples bitten into by fruit worma. (Original.) The Pupae. During July the larvae drop to tlie ground and pupate two To four inches below the surface. The pupae are practically nakel in all of tlie npecies, yellowish brown in m about one and one-ciuarler inchtEAR.\.NCK OP THE InJIBV. When fresh, the .ijury usually appeii as a smooth circular cavity in the side of the apple. Later this heals over and !>«•■ ics smooth in most cases. \\'hen inflicted late iti the season the injury may be only a circular roughened spot, perhaps as small IS ait a ten cent piece or ba larnc is a fifty cent piece, with a russetted and ali^htly icughened surface. When the injury i« inflicted early in the season the apple is usually deformed, the centre of the eaten area forminir a depression often extending to the core. The surface is ruuirhened or russetted and the outline of the injury usually reffular as in less .serious injuries from the same cause. T'^nsprayed orchnrds in iiheltcred locations often show 10 per cent or more of the fruit injured. This would indicate that ahout 20 per cent of the fruit had fallen to the fH'ound in sprinir ns a result of similar injury. Open and exposed orchards even though unsiirnycd !*cldoni slion- any appreciable amount of fruit wonn injury. ('ARXlvoRors II.\BrTS OK (IraiitoUtlia belhunri. In 101:1 at Bridgetown. X.S., the senior author found that the Ix'st place to collect fifth and sixth staRc larvae of '. (f)riKiii:il.) rough oiH'iiiiit; h;iving been partly eaten and piirtly strotelicd through the cocoon and from one-third to three-quartfrs of the coiitniiuHl pupa (levouritl. Later several larvie were found in the act of eating into the {•ocoous and devouring tiie contuinefl puine. On July S. 1» and 10, I'.tl:!. Hit) cocoons of M. dusslria were collected from iipi)ie trees near tho lalxirntory and 4."> of them, or •2»■^■^ {kt cent, were found to have been eaten into and destroy<>d by ."'tii mid •!tli ^tage G. hetlniiiei larvu'. On July 12 and I'i. 1913, a collection of 21(1 .1/. (/ix.v/cw cocoons was made and "O of them, or lU-S-i i)er cent, were found to be destroyed in the same manner. On July 12. 1!H:!, T."> Mulaco-somn ameri- rana cocoons from Deepbrook, X.S., were examined and 7 of tlain were founen d(»stroyed by G. hfthiinci larva>. In l!)l:!. (I. hrtlniniu was no further iulvaneefl than .V. diKstiiu and so wa« .i considerable factor in tlu iitrol of the latter on apple. -f^-i >'4-r-*'^"»^ Fi(t. 9.— FtU-grown larva of (Iraplolitha hrlhunei G. & R. (Originul.) In li»14, 3/. dissiria was almost as numerous as during the previous season, and was greatly retarded by the season, as were apple trees on which it was feeding. 0. hethnnei was not so numerous in li»14 as in lOl-'i, and for some reason was not very much retarded by the season, consefjuently most of tbeni ))upate(l iiefore .V. di^siria larvae spun their cocoons, so the percentage killed by O. hetltuuei was much less than during the season of 1913. Of 217 cocoons of .V. dUstna collecte Unsprayed ' 5'2 5*7 This experiment shows that the action of the drive nozzle in jarring the fruit worms off the trees is almost, if not quite, as valuable in fruit worm control, as the poisoned solution used, and that the spray immediately before the blossoms is the most important. Further experiments were carried on during the same year in the orchard of A. Fitz Randolph, of Bridgetown. Here the drive nozzle was tested against the mist nozzle, and arsenate of lime powder i pound to 40 gallons, against arsenate of lead paste 2 pounds to 40 gallons, both in lime sulphur solution. The whole of the Fitz Randolph orchard was sprayed twice before and twice after the blossoms. It Percentage of Apples Injnred by Fruit Worm in Fitz Kandolph orchmrd. Spny nwd. Vwii-ty. Mint NocxW. Drive AnHivt*- of linw. Linn! ralphur (intvriwCMn G. RiiMett 7 » 103 103 9I» 7 45 S » Ararnatp of ImMi. UraTpmtrin *i. RUMWU 4 5 73 Arsenate of lead and arsenate of lime proved of about equal value and the drive nozzle superior to tl ■- mist nozzle. Our experiments demonstrated that to (ret the best control of fruit worms, it is necessary to use a drive nozzle and spray thoroughly immediately before the blos- som* fall. Recommendations. The important points to bear in mind in controlling fruit worms are: first, that the control is largely mechanical, therefore the pre-blossom spray should be applied at a high velocity in serious outbreaks; and, second, the height of emergence takes place when the blossoms are showing pink. Therefore, in serious outbreaks the pre-blossom spray should be applied as closely before the blossoms as possible. As drenching sprays both immediately before and immediately after the blossoms result in more or less purely mechanical injury to the blossoms, it is best not to apply a drenching spray particularly after the blossoms, unless the infestation of fruit worms is such as to insure more benefit from fruit worm control than harm from the mechanicul injury of the spray. During the years 1916 ai. i 1917 work on the various insecticides and combinations of insecticides and fungicides was continued, and in 1917 the recently introduced spray guns were tc-ted in fruit worm control. The spray gun, so-called, when correctly used with a pressure of 225 pounde or more at the pump will throw a spray that will disturb the leaves to a greater decree and consequently cause more fruit worms to drop than will the drive nozzle. In using the spray gun the type of spray may be changed without stopping, from a Jrenohing driving spray to a fine mist by a simple turn of the wrist. The sprays which control fruit worms in Nova Scotia are in order of value : first, that applied immediately before the blossoms open; second, the spray applied imme- diately after the blossoms fall; and third, the spray applied two weeks after the l)lo9soms fall. The last is usually of slight importance in fruit worm control. In ordinary infestations of fruit wormr, if special attention is p ild to the spray applied immediati'^ly before the blossoms, satisfactory control will result. In very severe out- breaks it may be necessary to apply the first spray after the blossoms as a drenching or driving spray. The effect of fungicides on insecticides, and of fungicides and insecticides alone and in combination on the foliage, was studied in 1916 and 1917: with the result that it was found dangerous to apply lime sulphur as a driving spray in such a way as to wot the undersides of the leaves with the solution on the after-blossom sprays. The use of lime sulphur to whieh 2 pounds of arsenate of lime to 100 gallons of solution has been added, may be used with a fair degree of safety as a pre-blossom spray. Ten pounds of hydrated lime should be added to this combination for use in the spray after the blossoms, and the spray applied to the upper sides of the leaves as a mistv If 1 drenching spray for fruit worm control is desired for use as an after-blossom spray, ''ii' following combination should have the preference over lime sulphur: — Arsenate of lead. 10 to 15 pounds to 100 gallons of water, to which 10 pounds if byd- water-slaked lime is added to prevent yellowing of the foliajro. h I Thii iprmy lolution may be uted •• • drenching ipray for the int application after the bloMonw, with no iU effecU to far a* we are aware at preMmt. On account of it» safety and efficiency iit a poison, iU fungicidal value, and on account of it* not cauaing ruaaetting of the fruit, it ia probable that araenate of imA uaed aa directed, ia the beat spray for lerere outbreak* of fruit worm*. ,, • . „ Sodium sulphide (in the form of soluble sulphur, 8) pound*, or as sulfocide, 2} quarto) with IJ pound* arsenate of lime and 16 pounds of water-*laked or 26 pound* of hydrated lime to 100 gallon* of water, may be used as a drenching spray both before and after the bio m* with no apparent injury. Thi* i* one of the mo*t rapid kiUing combinations wi »Te yrt tested. It is almoat unnecesaary to stote that thi* is the iMst expensive o ibination of the number that we have tested. A Bordeaux mixture, such as is uaed in Nova Scotia. con»i*ting of from 5 ♦(. 8 pounds of copper suliAate and 15 to 26 pounds of lime to 100 gallon* of water, in combination with insecticide, may be used for the spray immediately More the bloasoms and no leaf injury will result. Practically any of the standard nrsunicals may bo used with a Bordeaux mixture in the usual strengths with a high degrw' of safety. Tf arsenate of lime is employed it should be uaed in the strength of 2 to 2* pounds <.f nrsenato of lime to 100 gallons of Bordeaux. Slight ruaaetting will follow the use of Bordeaux as a pro-blos« ^m sjway. while for the spray immediately after the blossoms the use of Bordeaux is not recommended on account of the severe russeiting following it!« use for that spray. Natcbal Controi.. paiu sites. In Xovo Scotia. wt« liave br.d one .iim'.u.i.terous parasite from the larva of (hnpfolUha hethunri that has ben determined as Meteorua rommunu. From the .i?f,' we Imve l.red I'entorthron minnium r.-peatedly. but this parasite i* never iil.undam enough to upprecinbly diminish the numbers of fruit worms. WINDS -VXD STORMS. The most important natural means of control are wind and rain whioh oiuisc iminensi- numbers of the larvffi to drop to the ground and perish during the first two weeks of tlu'ir existtMU'C. The adults are strong flying moths and art on the wing for about a month in the fall and another montli in the spring, and they are evidently carried by the wind- from tlie most exposed orchards into those more sheltered. In exiiniining the fruit from various orchards, and pnrtieulnrly one exiiniiniitii.u whi.li included fruit from almost all of the orchards in one locality, it i? evident tliiit there is priutieally "o fruit worm injury in open wind-swept orchards, even when little or no spraying is eiirried on. Put in sheltered locations even with a moderut. amount of spraying, the fruit worms are usually more or less of a ix-st. This fint. the orchardist can turn to his advantage when setting out an orchard, planting it s- that the prevailinn wind will pass freely thn.uifli it, and 1- tliorough pruniii!; iiml destroying of unnecessary windbreaks allow currents of air to ai«l in cleansing hi- orchard of this as well as many other insect ix'sts. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF FRUIT WORMS. OraptoUtha htthunei G. k R. THE DUO. Donie-«hape found in rlusters. When deposifted, the eggs are very light yellow, later tuniing to brick red and finally just before hatching to dark red, interspersed with many irregular markings. THE L»RVA. Stage I. Ix>ngth upon omergonce 2 .'i.') mm.; 32 mm. wide, pnl«> yellow, shiny. Oceli; black. Mouth parts in part very light brown. Prothornci« shield conoolorous witli head and body which are pale yellow. Tubercles indistinct, each furnished with a yellow silky hair. Thoracic feet and prolcjfs coiicolourous with body, th- ' ' pair of prologs being nburtivc. Anul phitc iiUo yellow, sinnll. Stage II. Length upon moulting mm. Head 55 n;ni. wide. dourlms cx<-e|.t for a faint greenish tinge. Ocelli black and shiny. Mo. , slifthtly (Inrker than head. Body colour pale apple green. Tubercles cons. .is. whitish. \ fiiint white dorsal strijH' is now present more evident in some sjieeim than in others, also r lateral stripe and stignuitnl band. l)oth of which are white. Anal plate, thoracic feet and pr>le(fs coni'olourous with iMMly. '■'fai/e ///. Ixingth t 5 to !) mm. Head 9 nun. wide. The larvic in this stage very cloaely .esemble those of stupe II. In stupe III. however, we find that the stripes ure more conspicuous and the dorsal ones much broken up. Stage IV. T>rcl»'s very distinct. The dor.sn -trip<> which in some canes is broken, is abruptly -.videnefl at the si-pmoiitul sutures. ....ing it a more or less dotted ap|»eurunce. Luternl stripe lis wide as tii( dorsal stripe; stigmatul band wider, all white. Tubercles very conspicuous. \mug large, raised and white, each furiiisbtHl with a .velbiw hair of medium length. Thoracic feet and prologs coiicolourous with Utdy. the lust i)air of prologs diverging strongly ut either side of the anul segment. Anul i)lute shield-sh.ipee which in stage IV was widened at the segmental >iitiires is now of uniform width throughout its entire length. The beginning of a .'(•iirth stripe can now be m.ide out lying midway bctwi>en the stignintal band and the literal stripe. This additional strioe is made up of u series of white dots which in sniiio si)ecimens are almost wanting, in all very wide npart. Stiginatnl band almost twice us wide as dorsal and lateral stri])os. the lust two being of about the same width in all siiecimens. Stage VI. Length when oxtendetl, 29 mm.; when at rest. 25 mm. Hcau, 3-25 mm. wide, dirty white colour, ornamented with numerous irregular dark brown to I'laek mottlings which, except at the base where they are ab.»ent, are evenly scattered "ver the head; mouth parts at least in part, brown; ocelli, black. Prothoracic shield 18 dirty white, having a rectangular dark brown to black coloured marking «t»«t«J «tj'« centre. boundoH laterally by the white extremities of the lateral str.pe and -nter.o'^Jy hv the maririn of the shield. Two triang-ilar areas situated at either side of the JyangiraTd a narrow whitish band po^rior to it. alone show the white colourmg of the thoracic shield. General colour or .lorsum gray. I^atora and dorsal stn^ yellow. Stigmatal make up of a lower, broad cream-coloured stripe and an upper much narrower, black stripe. The spiracles which are oval ,n shape and ""Kf with black, lie in the upp^r. black, half of this double band. Each dorsal "e^^ntj*"" a broad, black, V-shaped marking which, arising at the <^^^^\°fJ^^lJ"\^^°'V^: mental suture spread* to the anterior margin of the segment Tubercles .and u are situated in the V-shaped marking. All tubercles white, each one furnished with a single yellowish seta of medium length. Venter silvery to very light gray, the area directly underneath the stigmatal band being somewhat darker than t\«J7«l"J«;^ Thoracic feet and prologs concolourous with venter. ..nal plate .hield-nhaped slightly lighter in colour than dorsum and containing the posterior extremities of the dorsal and lateral stripes. THE PUPA. Length 14 mm. Width at widest part. 55 mm. Colour, light brown, wing cases somewhat darker and slightly wrinkled. Cremaster short, black, much and d^ly wrinkled, bearing two well developed, brown terminal spines and four yellowish lateral spines which are more rudimentary; all spines terminating in an outcurving hook. GraptolUha laticinerea Ort. THE F.nr,. Dome-shaped, slightly flattened at the base. Apex produced into a centrally d.pressed nipple which is surrounded by a shaUow channel. Diameter. -64 mm.; heiglit. :!4 mm. Ribs, 38; cross striae distinct When laid cream-coloured, gradually turning to orange and then to dull red. Before hatching the eggs turn dark red and are spotted with irregular white jn'tches. When in confinement the eggs are deposited singly and in clusters. THE LABVA. Stage I. Length directly after hatching 1-8 mm. Head -32 mm. wide, greenish- brown, shinv. General body colour grayish green. Skin markedly granulosc. 1 ro- thoraci.- shield reduced, dark green in colour with a single, central notch on the pos- terior margin. Thoracic feet and prologs slightly lighter than body colour, lacking the greyish tint peculiar U. G. hethunei. Tubercle minute, tipped with black each bear- ing a single yellowish hair. Anal plate inconspicuous, slightly lighter than general body colour. Stage II. Length at first 4-5 mm. Head -55 mm. wide, pale yellow shiny ; mouth parts siightlv darker in colour. Ocelli black, shiny. Body colour pale green nttor feeding siightlv darker. Tubercles prominent, of same colour as body, tipped witli white, each bearing a short silky hair. Two lateral and two stigmatal stripes are ""« present, all white. Thoracic feet, prolegs and anal plate concolourous with body. siagi- III. length 6-5 to 7mm. Head mm. wide; closely resembling those d stage II, with two exceptions. The lateral anc stigmatal stripes, especially the latter, are wider and more distinct and the tubercles are more prominent. Stage IV. Length soon after mounting 12 mm. Head 1'! mm. wide, pale gre,n. shinv; ocelli black, distinct; mouth parts concolourous with head, except mandiH. which are dark brown at tips. General body colour yellowish green; after feedi... apple green. Prothoracic shield also yellowish green. Lateral and st.gmatal strip- of medium width, pure white. A third stripe is now present, lying superior to tl..- 19 stigmatal and almost one-third of the way between it and the lateral. This stripe i% much broken, being made up of but a series of white dots. The larvte greatly resemble those deuiribed in stages II and III. The tubercles are prominent and tipped with white, each bears a yellow silky ta. Thoracic feet, prolegs and anal plate concolourous with body. Stage V. Length soon after moulting 23 mm. Head 2-33 mm. wide. The larm of this stage closely resemble those of the previous instar, with one marked exception. The stigmatal stripe and the stripe formerly lying superior to it have become merged into one another, at least in part. This gives a very wide band, creamy white in colour, which is more or less broken along the upper margin and continuous on the lower. Lying in the lower half of this band are the oval spiracles, while near its upper margin is situated tubercle iii. Stage VI. Length 34'36' mm. Head 3-5 mm. wide, light green in colour, shiny. Ocelli minute, black; tips of mandibles dark brown or black, rest of nioutbparts con- colourous with head. Ueueral body colour pale to yellowish green before feeding, after feeding much darker. Frothoracic shield of same colour as body, perhaps a uliade lighter, especially on anterior half. Dorsal and lateral stripes broad, white, continuous and very distinct; stigmatal band cream-coloured, very wide, gradually becoming paler as it spreads dorsally, until it gradually meets and merges into tliu substigniatal stripe which is white, wavy and in parts more ur less broken. Tubercules all white, those of the dorsum mure conspicuous than the ventral tubercules, each furnished with a single, short, yelluwisli setu. Spiracles oval, ringed with black. Thoracic feet and prolegs concolourous with general body colour. Anal plate shield-shaped, concolourous with dorsum, containing the posterior extremities of the durisul, lateral and suulateral stripes. Larva closely resembling stage V in general appearance. THE PUPA. Length 15 mm. Width at widest part 5 mm. General colour light brown, shiny. Wing-cases slightly wrinkled. Spiracles conspicuous, longish to oval, bunded with black. Cremaster short, black, much wrinkled, bearing at its extremity four hooked spines of a lightish yellow colour. QraptoUtha antennata Walk. Dome shaped, much flattened at base, sl'ghtly at npex. Apex bearing a centrally depressed nipple which is surrounded by a shallow channel. Diameter "2 mm.; height '39 mm; ridges 33, cross stri» distinct. Pale yellow when laid, gradually darkening until maturity when the eggs appear light brown, spotted with white. Eggs laid singly and in clusters when in captivity. THE LARVA. Stage I. Length upon emergence 25 mm. Head 'Hi mm. wide, pale orange, mouthparts somewhat darker or at least in part; ocelli black. Prothoracic shield yel- lowish green, small, wider at anterior than posterior margin; the latter being shallowly notched at the centre. Body colour pale green. Tubercles tipped with black, each beaiiiig a black setn of medium length. Spiracles small, round, each encircled by a dark ring or band. Thoracic feet and prologs, as well as anal plate, concolourous with I'ody. First pair of legs atrophied. Stage II. Length at first, 4- 5-6-0 mm. Head (55 mm. wide, pale yellow, almost colourless, shiny. Ocelli black. Mouthparts very light brown. Prothoracic shield concolorous with body but more shiny. General colour pale green, after feeding much darker in colour. One dorsal stripe, two lateral and two stigmatal stripes now present. i all white and quite indistinct. Tubercles not prominent, slightly lighter thai, general body colour, shiny at apex. Thoracic feet, prolegs and anal plate all concolourous with body. First pair of prolegs abortive. Stage III. Length soon after moulting 8-5-90 mm. Head, -95 mm. wide, other- wise the same as in previous stage. General body colour pale to yellowish green before feeding, after feeding, more of an apple green. The three stripes present in stage if now much more distinct, the dorsal and lateral being continuous, while the stigmatal stripes are much broken in parts. A fourth stripe is present in this stage, situated about midway between the lateral and stigmatal stripes. It is white in cr'our, not so distinct as the other bands and greatly broken, consisting of but a series of dots in many places. Tubercles now much more distinct being flat. rounnd lateral stripes less distinct, white, much broken. Sub-lateral stripe consisting of but a row of white dots comparntivd; wide apart. Prolegs. tlioracic feet and anal plate all concolourous with body. Tul)ercle8 and spiracles as in previous stages. Stage VI. Length after moulting 32 mm. Head .3-25 mm. wide, very light green, shiny; ocelli black, shiny; mouthparts concolourous with head, except mandibles, which are dark brown at tips. Prothoracic shield Nile green (Smith's Glossary Colour Plate) on posterior half, much lighter green on anterior half. First few body seg- ments concolourous with thoracic shield, the remainder more of a blue-green. Seg- mental sutures when larva is at rest, appearing pale yellow. Lateral, dorsal, sublateral and stigmatal stripes all present. They are very indistinct in this stage being white, very narrow and much broken, consisting for the most part of but a series of white dots. Tubercles quite prominent, white and round, each giving rise to n short brownish seta. The dorsal vessel in this instar can be seen plainly and appears as a narrow, dark (ireen band running down the centre of the dorsum which includes the white, broken, dorsal stripe. Thoracic feet and prolegs concolourous with venter, the former more or less translucent nt tip. Anal plate shield-shaped, acute at posterior end. slightly darker green than dorsum. Qraptolitha georyii Grt. Dome shaped, much flattened at base. Apex of egg bearing a distinct iiippli> which is surrounded by a shallow channel or groove. Diameter -72 mm., height ■"!• mm. Ribs 30 in number, cross stria; distinct. When laid, the eggs are light ornn?i' in colour, gradually darkening until just before hatching when they appear rcddisli- black with irregular white siwts distributed evenly over the surface. The eggs Iniil in captivity were deposited irregularly in masses. THE r.ARVA. Stage I. Length 2 '.5 mm. Head -36 mm. wide, pale orange in colour, ocelli blni'l<. Prothoracic sliield also pale orange. General body colour greyish-green. Tiibcrcli s distinct, tipped with black, each bearing a comparatively long silky hair. Skin niiiili pitted. Spiracles minute, round, surrounded by a very fine dark ring. Both true ami 91 prolefTB concolourouB with body, first pair of prolegg abortive. Anal plate very indis- tinct or absent, if present closely resembling the dorsum in colour. Stage II. Length upon moulting 5-5 mm. Head -65 mm. wide, colourless to very pale yellow, varying with the specimens; ocelli black. Prothoracic shield absent or concolourous with body. General body colour pale yellowish-green before feeding, after feeding more of an apple green. Five stripes are now present, u dorHul stripe, two lateral and two stigmatal. The stripes are all white, the last two somewhat wider than the dorsal. Spiracles very small, ringed round with light brown. TubenJes prominent, being pimple-like in form, white and each furnished with a single seta. Trolegs and thoracic feet concolourous with body, the first pair of prologs abortive. Dorsal and lateral stripes terminating in anal plate which is of the same colour as the (lorsura. Stage III. length upon moulting 9 mm. Head 1-1-5 mm. wide, otherwise as in stnjfo II. CJeneral body colour yellowish before feetling, after feeding dark blue-green, the white lines and tubercles lending more or less of a whitish " blouni "' to the skin. The dorsi.i. lateral and stigmatal stripes are much more definite than was the cose in the previous stage and the tubercles are more prominent, being larger and more markedly white. A supra-stigmatal stripe is present in this stage, lying midway lotween the lateral and stigmatal stripes. This stripe is white in colour and nnich hrokon, oeing made up of a series of large white dots. Larva; in other rhite; lateral and supra-stigmatal stripes white, indistinct and inui'h broken. Sti^-- iiKital band very wide, deep yellow. Tubercles inconspicuous, white, each bearing a -iiig'e short seta. Spiracles oval, ringed with black. The whole body in this instar is mottled with minute whitish dots and markings. True feet and prolegs concoh)nrous with b(j(ly. Anal plate shield-shaped, concolourous with body. THE PL- PA. I.piigth 19 mm. Width where widest 6 mm. General colour of liody light brown. l.:i-t segment of abdomen darker, more of reddish-brown. Spiracles dark, linear. Wing- ' 'Vers wrinkled, a shade lighter in colour than the rest of body. Cremaster black, -iiort, imich wrinkled, bearing six spines, two of which situated on the apex are long and reddish brown, and the remaining four shorter and light yellow in colour, nre borne laterally in pain. AU «pinee curved at tip. Oraptolitha haUeyi Ort. THE EOU. Diameter -70 mm., height -38 mm. Eggs when laid pale yellowish in colour, Ridge Tcro.s stri* distinct, generally dome-.haped. slightly ttatte.>e.l at apex, wUh central apical nipple surrounded by a shallow groove, much flattened at base. Eggs laTd singly or in clusters when in confinement. The colour gradually darkens from th. or2inaTyeUo4 until at maturity the eggs are almost black. wUh a shght yellowisli tinge. TH". LARVA. stage 1. Length upon emergence 2-5 mm. H^d -36 mm. ^^^e Pa\°rflnge. shmy mouthp.^t8 very light brown; ocelli jet black. Prothoracic shield lighter m colour Sryellowish green. Posterior margin narrower than anterior, with a «.nKle shallov S4 ion I thf centre. General body colour pale green. Tubercles pimple- like, d.s thfcTtrped with black, each furnished with a single hair. Proleg. true legs an, SVl'lucolourous with body, prolegs of five pairs, the first pair being rud.men tury. Spiracles small, round, encircled by a dark ring. Stose //. Length upon moulting, 5.5-6 mm. Head .«0 mm. wide very pale yellow shiny ;Tcelli black. Mo uihparts darker "^ colour, at least in part. Prothoracic sh el, eoncoWous with general'body colouv, .vhich before \^'^^^^ ^fZll^^To feeding much darker green. Five stripes can now be made out, all white and o S um wS. a dorsal stripe, two lateral stripes and two stigmatal stripes. Tubet d^ diTtinct. not prominent, lighter in colour than body, shiny at apex, each contain in^ a Swish silky hair. Thoracic feet and prolegs concolourous with venter, fir. pa!r of proC still somewhat rudimentary. Anal plate shield-shaped, of same colou as body. , , , - , Siaac III The larvas of this instar greatly resemble those of the previous st^jf. Length shortly after mouKng 8-9 mm. Head -9 mm. wide, very «"n.lar m cha, iXr Utics to stage IL An additional stripe is now present on each side of the bod; fSbovetr stigmatal. midway between it and the lf-;^ ^^is band is w ,, nA much broken- in all specimens indistinct m some almost invisible. Tuberol ;lh more dtfnct, Leing somewhat raised, of a definite white colour and each furn. TnK with a single dark-coloured seta. Many of the sp..Mmens exarmned had the la< few pl^Serior fegments much lighter in colour than the rest of the body; howeve this was not constant in all cases. Stage IV. Length in this instar 14 mm. Head 1.3 mm. wide. The larv resemble those of the previous stage so closely that no further description is necess.nr; the difference in size being the only variation. Sta<,e V. Length soon after moulting 18 mm. Head i-OO min. wide, very h,\ green shiny. appe«ing almost translucent. Ocelli black Prothoracic shield .-.n E ous with &. except anterior third which is somewhat lighter. General bo CO ou green. DoTsal. lateral, and stigmatal lines still Pres«nt of medium w„l white and continuous. Sublateral stripe also white but much broken. Tubercles ,■ spicuous all white, flat, each furnished with a single yellowish short seta. Thor . feet and prolegs concolourous with body, the former translucent. Anal plate sh, 1, Sped the posterior end acute, concolourous with dorsum, bearing the extren. n, of the dorsal and lateral stripes. Sfane VI T^n,rth soon after moulting 2« mm. Head 3 mm. wide light ^v,. shiny; tips of mandibles dark brown; ocelli black, arranged at sides of head n-^ previous stages. General body colour pale to yellowish-grer segmental sut,«r 8S showinc niore yellow than the rest of the body. Prothoracic shield yellowlgh-green. Donal, lateral and btiffoiatal stripes all present, all white, very indistinct and much broken. Tubercles white, round, distinvt, each bearinff a ehort /ellowish-brown seta. Spiracles oval to egK-shaped. surrounded by a black ring. Thoracic feet and prologs and anal plate concolo'irou.s with body. I..arv«e of this stage very similar to those of the previous stage. Conulra valJetri Cirt. TH!i ECO. Dome shaped, much flatteiied at t'ae base, not so marked at apex which is ter- minated in a centrally depressed nipple, surrounded by a shallow channel. Ribs 36. cross striae distinct. Diameter -62 tnm., height -37 mm. The eggs are found in clusters, ranging in number from 3 to 33. Colour when first laid, creamy ;vhiteing much widi^r than the other stripes and pure white in eolour. This stripe is much more definitely markrd on the posterior body segments than on tbr anterior, when' in nian.v specimens it is completely lost. Thoracic segments of the venter reddish .own, abdominal segrments pale whitish to silvery green. Tubercles of dorsum small, round, flat and dirty white to bluish in colour. Tubercles of venter larger, more prominent, pure white. All tubercles tipped with black, each furnished with a single dark seta. Thoracic feet shin.v. black in colour, prolegs concolourouy with venter excepting the posterior pair which together with the anal plate, are light brown. Stage VI. Length soon after moulting 24 mm. llcnd, •'5-2.''» mm. wide, very dark brown at base of mouthparts, ycUowish-brown between ocelli. Anterior half of pru- thoracic shie!d blackish-brown, posterior half more of a reddifih-brown. (Jeucrnl 1»"1,\ colour black, velvety brown. The stigmatal stripe is now by far the most conspicuous marking, being dirty white in colour and more prominent on the abdominal than oi the thoracic segments. Lateral and dorsal stripes scarcely visible to the naked evr uiid(>r a microscope appearing slate-blue and very narrow. Tubercles of dorsum vi r\ small, inconspicuous; tul>ercl«>s of venter more prominent. All tubercles of a dirt> white colour, each furnished witli a single short hair. Thoracic segments of ventci pale reddish. Abdominal segments of venter more of a «ilvery green. Thoracic Icir- pale red, prolegs concolourous with abdominal sejrmontB of venter. Anal plate shii'ld shaped, snuiU, reddish-brown. ■ !. ■ THE PIPA. LeiKth 1!>-.") mm.; width, where widest, !i-5 mm,; general colour yellowish t light brown, except jiostrrior half of last alxlominal segment which is very dark brown ("remaster black, shiny, bearing at its apex two well formed black bristles which part'i turn under the abdomen. Two black rudimentary bristles are also found on eitlu* side of the cremaster. Xfilena nupera Lint. I '/ THE ECO. Uniformly dome-shaped, slightly flattened at apex, more so at base. Api'x beariii'. a distinct nipple, with a shallow central depression. Surrounding the nipple in soiiu specimens is found a shallow channel which is absent in others. Kibs 32, not chMrb defined, cross strise distinct. Diameter •"" mm., height -'u mm. The eggs arc hiic in long irregular rows when in captivity, and when first deposited are pale yellowi^l in colour. This gradually darkens until shortly before hatching when they upiifH! dark bronze-red. The day of hatching they turn almost black. THE LARV.i. Stane I. Length upon emergence 3 •■"> ni.m. Head -37 mm. wide, light brown witl darker mottlings; ocelli black. Prothoracic shield is slightly lighter in colour, sni.il with a shallow notch at the centre of the posterior margin. General body colour lif:li grey. Tubercles very distinct, jet black, shiny; each furnished with a black seta True legs pale yellowish. First two pairs of prolegs abortive, all concolourous wifl with body and more or less marked with black. Spiracles small, round, ringed witl black. Anal plate dark yellow, furnished with many dark hairs. stage II. Length at first 6 mm.. Head -ftS — 70 mm. wide yellowigh-broMni mottled with darker biown i.|iots; ocelli black. Prothoracic shield jrellowish-Kreen, narrower at posterior than anterior margin. Dorsum dark green with a narrow, Iduish-green dorsal stripe. Lateral and stipra-stigmatal stripes also present, both con- < olourous with dorsal stripe but less conspicuous. Venter pale bluish-green. Tubercles prominent, Nos. i, ii. and iii encircled by a narrow bluish-green ring. All burnished with a single black hair and tipped with black. Thoracic feet yellowish-green. Prolegs concolourous with venter, variously marked with darker green, first two pairs abortive. Spiracles round, snlull, ringed with blaik. Anal plate shield-shaped, oon- I'olourous with dorsum. Stage III. Length 10-5 ram. Head 110 mm. wide, otherwise similar to stage II. Dorsum dark green, dorsal and lateral stripes still present, bluish to yellowish-green, varying with the spei-imen. Supra-spiracular »trijH> not so well marked, being narrower, more wavy and much broken. Venter also bluish to yellowish-green. Between (he dorsum and venter now stretches a wide white band which embraces the spiracles niid terminates in the last pair of prolegs. Tubercle >'o. iv, arising in the white stig- inatal band, tipped with black, the remaining tubercles, thoracic and prolegs, anal and thoracic plates, similar to stage II. Stage IV. Length soon after moulting 18 mm. Head 1 80 nmi. wide, varying ii- idlour from yellowish at the mouthparts to yellowish-brown at the base, mottled with darker brown spots, which are definitely arranged at th»' vertex. Prothoracic shield .vellowish-grecn. Dorsum dark green with yellowish-green, irregular mottliugs nce in the reiitre of the tubercle. Venter yellowish-green. Thoracic and prolegs eoncidourous with venter. Anal plate concolourous with dorsum. Stage V. I>ength soon after moulting 27 mm. Head 2-75 mm. wide, slightly lighter in colour than in previous stage. Mottlings more distinct, arranged in definite areas at base of head. Prothoracic shield now more of a yellowish-brown. Dorsum chirk gri-en. Lateral and dorsal stripe yellowish to ver>- light (rreen. Rtignatal bond iis in previous stages, made up of a lower white line which li<'s inferior to. a.id inclose ijunction with, a somewhat narrower black stripe. The spiracles a' situated on tiif line of union between these two bauds. Hetween the lateral stripe and stigmatal liand there is a yellowish-green area, much lighter in ■ olour tlian the dorsum and yet :i sliade darker than the venter. Tubercles similar to tliosc dcscribeugth soon after moulting 12 i> mm. IFcikI 4-2.'i mm. wide, basal half I'trht rusty brown, variously ornamented with dusters uf darker brown sjiots; anterior half including mouthparts, yellowish-brown: ocelli black. Prothoracic shield yellow- ish to darker brown, velvety, bearing the white extremities of the dorsal and lateral ■tripes. Dorsum velvety-black. Dorsal and lateral stripes crcainy-whitf, narrow, very iiistiiict. Stigmatal band made up of two adjoining stripes, the lower one creamy white and of meuium width, the upper equally wide, black. The spiracles which are -ituated on a line between these stripes, arc ringed with black, oval, and chrome "laiige in the centre. The area between the lateral and stigmatal band is brick red in '•'linir. Tubercles white, flat, round, those situatitl on the dorsum very distinct, all li'uring a yellowish hair <>f niiHliuin length. The venter is silvcr.v green in colour. The >idw of the Tenter, however, and the baie of the prologs are pinkish. Thoracic feet light rusty-brown; prolegs, with the exception of the posterior pair, concolourou- with venter. AnnI plate and poaterior side of fifth pair of prolegs dark olive green . Stage VII. (Immediately before pupation). As the stage advances the larvie chanK< greatly in colour. The head is lighter brown at the base than it was and the anterior portion shows a shade of green. Prothuracic shield pale brown, having also u greenish tinge, dorsal lino less distinct than formerly, pale green in colour, having an irregular; narrow light green area on either side of it Lateral stripes white. Sti^ matal band made up of two adjoining stripes which or A medium width throughout The lower one is creamy in colour while the uppei one is velvety-black. Dorsun i;reenish-black, the area adjoining the lateral lines being darker than that nearest tht dorsal band. Between the lateral stripes and stigmatal band is found a pale bluish trreen area which runs into, and is concolourous with, the anal plate. Venter lighi jrreen with a shade of darker green showing through the skin. Tubercles of dorsun white. All the tubercles furnished with a single short hair. Spiracles as in earliei part of same stage. Prolegs concolourous with venter. Thoracic li^s light rusty lirown. THE PUPA. Lcnirth 2.T mm. Width at widest part 7 mm. Colour dark brown, wing-cases especially the base, slightly darker. Spiracles linear, very dark brown, distinct. Crc master black, very much wrinkled, flattened dorso-ventrally, furnished with six straijfli spines, two of which are much lighter than the remaining four and arise at the apex the others from a lateral position. Xylena cinerila Ort. THE EUU. Dome-shaped, somewhat flattened at tlie apex, much flattened at point of attach ment. Apex bearing a centrally depressed nipple which is surrounded by a shallov channel. Ridges 34, cross strise distinct. Diameter -90 mm. Colour when laid cream; white, gradually becoming pale pink and turning red before hatching. E^-ifS depositti either singly or in small clusters. THE 1.AKVA. Slaijc I. licngth upon emergence 3-5 mm. Head -45 mi", wide, pale oranin shiny, furnished with many black setje; ocelli black. Prothoraeic shield slifflitl; lighter an colour than head, bearing a shallow notch at the centre of the poster!. > margin. General body colour greyish-green. Tubercles very distinct, black, end having a black seta. True legs concolourous with body. First pair of prolegs abortivi Spiracles small, roundish, surrounded by a black ring. Anal plate either absent ■• concolourous with body. Stage II. Length after moulting 8 mm. Head ■" mm. wide, very pale yelluw shiny; ocelli blnek; sctse on head yellow, numerous. Prothoraeic shield either wniit iiig or concolourous with dorsum. The latter pale green in colour, bearing a d(ii<^i and two lateral stripes which are white and comf>aratively narrow. A stigmatal strip is also present, being white, somewhat wider than the dorsal and lateral stripes am onibraoinjr the spiracles which are small and ringed wiith black. Venter lighter pn- .i than dorsum, being almost yellowish-green. Tubercles inconspicuous, small, slipliili tipped with black, each bearing a short black hair. Thoracic feet and prolegs coneolour ous with hwly, five pairs of prolegs, the first two pairs being smaller than the 'ast thr.^ paiis. Dorsal and lateral stripes terminating in the anal plate is shield-shaped aiii <'oiicolourous with the dorsum. tr Stmgt III. Lragth ahortly after inouUinff. 1' mm. Ilead 1-1 mm. wide, in othar retpecU similar to the previous stage. Prothoracic shield, especially anterior half, light yellowish-green. Dorsum before feeding pale green, after feeding darker green. Dorsal, lateral and stigmatal stripes all present, the dorsal and lateral being more or lesa broken, while the stigmatal are continuous, much broader, very distinct ond extend- ing almost to the fifth pair of prolegs. Tubercles small flat entirely white, each bear- ing a short light brown hair. Venter lighter green than dorsum, noticeably so if viewed from the side. With ihc exception of the above diiSercnces, the larvae of this instar greatly resembles those of the previous instar. Stage IV. Length shortly after moulting 19 mm. TTead 1.8 mm. wide, in other respects similar to stage III. Dorsum and prothoracic shield light apple green, with the exception of the anterior third which is lighter in colour. The three white stripes, described in the previous stage arc as before. A fourth stripe is now present, almost IIS durk in colour as Hooker's green, situated directly above the stigmatal band with which it coalesces for its entire length. This green band is slightly wider than the t^tigmatal stripe. Venter a shade lighter in colour than dorsum, being more of a bluish-green. Prolegs ond tlioracif legs concolourous with venter, the latter more trans- lucent at tip. Tubercles clDscly resembling those of the previous stage, small round nnd flat and of n pure white colour, c.ich bcarinif ii short yc'low 8Ct;i. Dorsal and lateral stripes tcrniiiiatiiig iii the luiul plate which is shJ^lJ-shapcil uiul concolouroii* with the dorsum. Stage V. Lonjrth sot ii iiftcr nioullin'r 2'! mm. Iloa 1 D""» mm. wide, vrry liKht frrof'ii. almost t-olGurlcss. lit schir' n^i's the liiiil,> lic-l'orL' f'l'din.^ is li.!?ht yellovv in 'oloiir, in other:. vo'i!:i\virl'-u'r«:pn; in ;i!l s|)ri>inu us inu-.-h dai'k^r frrocn after fccdiiifr Tlif (liir-nl iiiul liitcral itriiica, wliich iirc wliiti' iind n.iriMw, -^till are jirpsont. Stijj- niiital stripe, al:^) whiti-. atripo wliich borders tho ilnr. all white and li;':ir;:i;.' a --i'ljik' il.r-um. Thorai'ii' .'iiid prcM -.-s coin" 111 (itlicr rc^|i,'cts tlu' liU-v.r of t.'iis sti! mage VI. J.c;i.!rtli wh'-:i extciMl iiinttlod with maii.v irrcs :'i:':-, li;.'!l^■;• ilnrk browi! to hliu-'.;. l'r;;t!. racic ^!' i:iuj'i wii'.i'r tli;\ i th • "il.i ■• two. ^-tiir'niital strip:" i-i jtili ili-fiiict. 'i'l;i' dirk, velvety-KfCon liiliiTi'Ii's small, round, s ;;i. VoM'cr ■- ;i;jwliiit liuliti-r in colour tlian i: !i"o;;-. w'.Oi ii';if'\ Tlio:-c!i' loirs translucent. ' ■ ro-':;:!.]!' f!' ''■ tie ii:'i-vioiis vrry closely. ! :'il- mil. I! .1 ' I..' i:.:!i. v.i.L', very palo brown. li'ciui! sii ;<; o. i'lli V.;-; s::i:dl l.l.K'!;; maniliblcs ■ .1 jjo)<'.':i i'l.iv. ii, l)earlii;^ tlio whit;' extremities' to the d irsa! and lateral --i.- -Ii'i'd. \c!vety in i'pi.cnr.'ii • . v.idtli i;iid each made up of a i.i'.-.vii -tripes, liaviii;^ the :n.; lirlicr lirowii than diir:.uiu, < 1 1 . Uor-.i: :'iul hlici;' •ili'wal r.;.;ht h:-,.".i! arauec (•! tlirec lin iitaiiiii,;; the -'.)ir.:' lil.i'k. Tubercles iiiinuti-. ri.iind, vUiit-; cai-ii I .\. ; 1 p'ati! shield-shap.J, le;! t.tr Ir.oun tiiaii do. ■ 'cld. l'!a''h dorsal segment coiitiius a wiit ■, \ V, icli r.ritcs at the pestcrioi- marifin and spread^ l 1 ir, loiiious with the dors-ji -irii'i'. Veiitir -;i; ' . 'lov.-:>!:-brn\vti, with a s'vi'.'e of !.''eeii afte:- I'l •loiirous with venter. 'iy l;-.;ir.e;' liUiwn tliau the thorueii I ;';'m!.u- similar. Iciii^ of medium -iriii' and two literal, much darkei I's ii! o:'e. Sti:;iiiat:!l stripe slightly "ir- v.'i li ;ire ova' and rin)»od with ear:!:;; a -hort. p; ddeii brown setii. .^ !:'i, <■ lae.doiir lus with prothoracic ■> li rU browa, V-shapod marking liie e'llerior. These markings are '1\ livrliter in colour, more of n vrliter in colour, more of Tl'oraeic and prolegs con Tl;l-; I'l I'\. [.eiigth Is ■.I mm. V> iiiiii ■.vlare u.dest <■ '> i:..:.. (ieai ;al ooiour ye'lowish-brown 'A iiig-cosea, slightly wrinkled; p..i-rrnor 1 a!f il l:'.s; alidoniini'l se nicrit markedly 1* 'r'.er Spiracles disliii't. linear, .snrnmndc I I y a (!:r!i brown band. Cremaster jet uek and shiny, profusely and deei'/.y wrii'.kle.l. luuadej o:i the dorsal side but -ia-'htly flattened on the ve'nt"al and produ 'ed into a p:iiii( at the a!)e.\ which bears !'\o .straight well developed, brown .= piiies. In iid'i^tio;i fi tiicsc tcrniiiial spines, there .re on either side of the ercmaster i'>n rnlini 'it.iry spiiios which are straight and -iiit yellow in colour XjiUna cu timacula Morr. IE EGO. Dome-iha| conspicuous than the first two. TulH.-rck's not so distinct as in previous stage, eaili tipped with black, and bearing a single bctu. True and thoracic legn concolouroue with venter. Frothorucic shield and nnnl phire uf sai.ic colour as body, very distinct. ,Staring a singlo seta. Prothoracic shield, anal plate, true feet and prolegs all coneolournus with body. Staif 1\ . Jx-ngth 19mm. Head 1" to ITSmm. wide, green, shiny; ocelli black, (itnenil colour of dorsum apple green, venter lighter green. Dorsal and stig- matal line- more distinct than lateral, which is much broken up in parts. All »trii)es white. Tubereles distinct, white tipped, each bearing a solitary hair. True legs, pro- legs, prothi)riicic nnd anal shields concolourous with body. Staijf r. Length 25mm. Head L'COmm. wide, shiny, green. Ocelli as in pre- vious stages. (ieneral body colon • grcn. In this stage the ventor is darker, being almost as dark as dorsum. Dorsal stripe white, distinct. Lateral stripe fainter, much l>roken. made up of a series of dots in many places. Stigmatal strijie very distinct. cniiipiiSLd of an up|ier dark green and a lower pearly wliite lino. Spiracles ringed witli lirown, not prominent. Tubercles less conspicuous, wliite, each bearing a single >eta. Thoracic feet and nrolegs, anal plate and thoracic shield, green. Stage Vl. Lengtli soon after moulting 2t> mm. Head 4-2.'>mm. wide, brown, mcittkd with many irregular darker brown spots; mandibles very dark brown; ocelli black. Dorsum n shade darker than head, velvety in appearance, venter lighter in colour than dorsum. Prothoracic shield concolourous with the latter. Each dorsal segment bears a wide, dark brown V-»hapod markinir which arising at the posterior margin of the segment spreads to its anterior margin. Dorsal stripe broad, dark greyish, brown, widening between segments. Lateral stripe absent. Stigmatal stripe yellowish-whit', conspicuous. Spiracles white riiiged wth black. Tubercles very small, indistinct, white. True feet and prolegs eoncolouro is witli venter, the former darker at the tips. Anal plate green, inconspicuous, resembling the dorsum closely in colour. Full grAwn larva, ■''>2 mm. THE IT PA. Length l!>-."i mm. Width wliere wide- i!-.'> mm. General body colour bruwn, wing cases, veiital jmrtion of head, first two abdominal segments and cremaster much darker. Spiracles small, inconspicuous, ringed with black. Cremaster, in the one speci- men examined, jet black and much wrinkled, bearing on either side of the dorsal sur- face, about a third from the tip, a single dark brown, out curving spine. L