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 TORONTO PUBUC LIBRARIES 
 
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 .REFERENCE LIBRARY 
 
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 NOTES ON ARTILLERY. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 BEING PRINCIPALLY KXTRACTS FROM ROYAL AR8KNAL TEX T BOOKB, 
 
 FOR THK USE OF 
 
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 THE CADETS 
 
 OF TIIK 
 
 |[0pl Pilitaq CoHflt 0f Canah. 
 
 :J\ BY , 
 
 S. G. FAIRI'LOUGH, v 
 
 " ' "■ "■ ' '. ■■■■..."■,■ 
 
 CAPTAIN nOYAL AIltlLLERT, 
 
 INSTRUCTOR OF MATHEMATICS AND ARTILLERY. 
 
 
 
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 KINGSTON: 
 
 
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 WILLIAM BAILIE, PRINTEU. 
 
 1879. ' . 
 
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 The tullowiiig notee nrb not intondod for a toxt book, but 
 have boon compiled in ordor to bring tho Mibjoct up to 
 (lute, and »ave tlie time that would be otherwise occupied ^ 
 
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 in dictation. 
 
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 They comprise the following subjects r 
 
 .Amuuimtion, 8.R and R. 
 
 Ordnance, S.B. and R. < 
 
 Carriages, Field, Siege and Oarrison. - 
 
 ^ Manufacture of ordnance and properties of materials . 
 
 ' - . . S. G. F. 
 
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NOTES ON ARTILLERY. , 
 
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 Ammunition. X' 
 
 Amrniinition,. strictly BpeaUinpfJ includes everytliinn; con- 
 nected witli the finna-^* a gun, the powder and cartridge, 
 wads (if used) projectnil^iAfittings, and also the various 
 tubes and otheV means of firing a gun. 
 
 Powder will be considered separately, and it is practi- 
 cally the oTily explosive made use of to propel a pr,)jectile, 
 gun cotton proving to^o violent and uncertain in ijts action, - 
 it is, however, under certain restrictions, used occasionally 
 for the bursting of shell, and in nn nor operations, as are 
 also detonating compositions of various kinds. " l* '■ _ ^ 
 
 We will divide our subject into the tbllowing sections : 
 • Cartridges. ■ ' ^^ .> 
 
 Projectiles and their fittings. 
 Means of firing ordnance and sundries. 
 
 All cartridges till a late date were made of a sort of Oartridgea. 
 serge, but it has been considered advisable, for several rea- 
 sons to introduce a coarse silk cloth in its place, for all 
 charges for R. M. L. guns, and for blank cartridges for 
 S.B. . 
 
 The following qualities are necessary in a cartridge: - 
 
 1. The material should be strong enough to bear reason- Qualities 
 able knocking about when filled, and to stand the wear and "a c^artfWire*, 
 tear of traveh Cloth. 
 
 2. Its texture should be close enough to prevent dust 
 from the powder working its way out, at the same time it 
 should be permeable to the flash from the tube without its 
 being ndtessary to prick the cartridge. 
 
 3. More important than all, the material should consume 
 entirely when the gnn is fired, or if this end cannot be ob- 
 tained the residue should not smoulder or leave sparks in ' 
 tiie bore. , 
 
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 It was cUiofly on account of tlio- third requisite that sergo 
 or " flannel ", as it is often termed, was discarded for blank 
 cartrrdges, for tliere being no resistance irom a shot the 
 material was not eo completely consumed, and accidents 
 happened from fire being left in the bore. 
 
 Again the serge was not found to be strong enough to 
 bear the weight of heavy cartridges, espec^ially when filled 
 witk the large grains of "P " powder, and in everyway 
 silk cloth, though more expensive, is superior to it ; it is 
 stronger, closer in texture, and not liable to smoulder. It 
 is better therotbre for heavy charges, and for field service, 
 the knocking about does not work the dust through the 
 material. * - -i''- - 
 
 For service charges of R. B^ L. and S. B. it has not been 
 considered necessary to make any alteration. 
 
 Silk cloth is now to be used for all rifled R. M. L ord- 
 nance, and also for the J/aw A; cartridges for S. B. and R. B. L. - . 
 ordnance. However, till the large existing stock of serge 
 cartridges have been used up, they' are to be retained; ex- 
 cept for charges of 85 lbs. and over. / 
 . Tliere is one other exception, the 4 oz. ciharge for the 4 oz. llpr, 
 7-pn is of red slialloon, a thinner material being desirable. / 
 Great care is to be^ tak'Cii to exclude any cotton from the 
 material used, it being very liable to hold tire, for the same 
 reason paint must never be used for marking cartridges. Precautions, 
 only printer's ink. 
 
 Before filling cartridges, care should be taken that they 
 are sound and not moth-eaien. 
 
 All cartridges consist of a bag which is " choked " and 
 "hooped" when filled by weight. Care is to be taken, 
 especially with' rifled cartridge, that {he hooping is care- 
 fully done, so that they are the'proper length and diameter, 
 both of which are carefully guaged. 
 
 The choking closes tM mouth, the hooping preserves 
 the shape. ' 
 
 All S.B. serge cartridges are choked and hooped with ' 
 worsted.. 
 
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 All 8. B. silk cartridges are choked and hooped with silk 
 twist, except the 6 lb. cartridge for 32-pr., which has silk 
 braid. \ ^ 
 
 All B. L. cartridges are choked with twine and hooped 
 with blue worsted braid. \ 
 
 All R. M. L. serge cartridges are choked with worsted » 
 and hooped with blue worsted braid. ^ 
 
 All R. M. L. silk cartridges are choked and hooped with 
 silk hoops, twist or braid, according tp size. 
 
 All cartridges are marked in black with thenatnre of Marks, 
 the gun for which they are intended, the weight of their 
 contents, &c. ^ ■ . * 
 
 S. B. cartridges are conical for gomer shaped chambers, 
 and cylindrical for all other S. B. ordnance. The hooping ^ , 
 
 is done alter the choking by passing two or three loops 
 round the cartridge, with the needle and worsted, and draw- 
 ing them tight. 
 
 Shot guns, service charge about ^ to ^ weight of shot. 
 
 Shell guns, service charge about 1-6 to 1-12 weight of shot. 
 
 Carronades, service charge about 1-12 weight of shot, 
 
 Heduced \ih!\,rges have to be used when firing at a great 
 depression to avoid dismounting the gun. 
 
 From 15" to 30" ^ charge. 
 " 30" tojO" .i " 
 Also for curved enfilade fire with shot (RicocliQt) reduced 
 changes are also necessary, from ~nd to ^th weight of 
 
 projectile, and range about 400 to 600 yards. 
 
 The 5 lb. charge from the 8 in. S. B. gun is too short for 8 in. charge, 
 the chamber, and a coal dust wad in a blue -serge bag is 
 placed in it to make up length. 
 
 These cartridges are all gauged with ring gauges, which 
 should pass freely over them. 
 
 R. B. L, Ordnance. 
 
 T^he cartridges for these guns are of rather a compli- 
 ^ated construction, and have to be more carefully made ; 
 
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 charges. 
 
 Reduced 
 charges. 
 
 Gauge. 
 
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 they have not only to fit closely into the chamber but have 
 to entJrefy fill it, besicles this they carry the lubricating ma. 
 terial necessary to prevent leading of the bore. 
 
 In order that the chamber may be filled, it is necessary 
 in the 20-pr., 40-pr. liiid 7 in. R. B. L. gnns that a paper 
 cylinder bfe placed in the cartridge -to make it of proper 
 length ; this is placed in the cartridge after the first half of ' 
 the powder has been pufc in, so as to be about the centre o:* 
 the cartridge. There i8\ one size for ,7 irt. 10 lb. charge, 
 another size serves for 40-pr. and 7 in. M lb. cartridge, there 
 )B a small one for the zO-pV. "* ^i^ 
 
 The cartridges for all B.L. guns are of serge, and hooped 
 with braid. . They are made in two pieces, a circular base 
 an(i a rectangular piece to form the cylindrical part. 
 
 The charge ia.abont one-eighth the weight of projectile. Charge. 
 For the 7lti. guns there are xjlmrjgcs of 1 1 lbs. and 10 lbs., for 
 /the 82cwt. ^nd 72 cwt. re8pckivefy,so that they are about 
 one-ninth and one-tenth the wVicht. 
 
 The lubricator consists of two\thin tinned iron cups solder- Lubrinttor 
 ed together, filled with equal paAts tallow and linseed oil, at- 
 tached to this lis a felt-wad in thi> form of a ring coated with 
 beeswax, and backed by a mill-board disc ; in the Ibwer na- 
 tures it is placed in the cartridge just above the powder, 
 but in the 4(-pr. for S. S. and ill the 7 in. it is carried se- 
 parate for convenience a wooden socket being choked into the 
 cartridge, and J a screw stalk is fastened to the lubricator 
 proper, to fit into the wooden socket, serving at the same 
 time to attach the three portions of the lubricator together. 
 The lubricatof" is crushed up on the\di8charge of the gun, 
 and the bore is cleared by the greaie and the felt-wad. 
 
 Lubricator^ are issued, packed in wooden cases, of va- 
 rious sizes. 
 
 These cartridges are similar to the service cartridges, but saluting and 
 contain lessipowder, and have no paper mrlinder or lubrica- Exercising, 
 tor, and haye a.becket of braid sewn on l^ehind to facilitate 
 unloading. 
 
 — The 12-t>r . and 9-pr. have a s a wdust c»rtridg o stitched 
 
 40-pr. 7 In. 
 
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 on in front to lcn«»thcn it, to prevent its being rammed too 
 fur forwnrtl. 
 
 Tliey are ut i)re8cnt nuulo of 8cr<5e, but will shortly bo 
 Buperscdcd by silk cloth. 
 
 Although they huve, strictly spciikini^, nothin«:^ to do with Tin Cup». 
 cartridgt'ft, still it may not be ainisri to describe tin cups 
 here, and also primers, for they are indirectly connected 
 with them. 
 
 The tormer are discs of tinned iron, with a rim ,32 inches 
 deep, turned in towards the bore, which is pressed back 
 against the sides »)f the bore by the explosion, and the escape 
 of gas prevented. 
 I They have a central hole to allow of passage of flash, and 
 
 f to facilitate extraction. ' . * 
 
 ■» ■ , ■ 
 
 I They are always used with the 7 in., but for praetico 
 
 ■ only with the lower natures, they having a coppqr bush, 
 
 1 that stands.the exjdjOijion well. 
 
 ''' Prim(?^3 are used lor the 7 in. and 40-pr., to carrj^ on and Primers, 
 supplement the Hash i'rom the tube, to ensure ighition of 
 
 ,. cartridges, which, as the flame has to turn a right angle, is 
 not otherwise very certain. They are 2^ inches long and 
 are formed of paj)er made from leather pulp, and are driven 
 with mealed powder, pierced with a small liole, to cause 
 instantaneous explosion. They have strips of Worsted at- 
 tached to prevent them being blown out of vent piece before 
 they explode. , 
 
 U. M. L. Okdnance. 
 
 Field Guns have cylindrical cartridc:es, maae of a circu- ~ , , 
 1 1 kl . I - , Field ffuns. 
 
 lar and a rectangi j|t piece, those tor the 7-pr. arc an 
 
 exception, being mii^fonepiece."®^ before stated, they . 
 
 will in future be made, entirely of silk cloth, there being 
 
 the 4 oz. charge for 7-pr. of red shalloon. 
 
 -. R. L. G. is the proper powder for all except the 7-pr., Powder used. 
 
 but. there is a large stock of L. G. to be used up. . 
 
 The guns ase undersighted for L. G., R. L. G. giving a 
 
 better velocity. — — 
 
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 ' F. G. or R. F. 0. it used Ibr tlio'7-pr. cartriMgcs, as, owing 
 to the short bore a <|uick burning powder is noceftsary. 
 
 There are difftirent charges for the steel and l)ronze 7-pr. 
 guns, and a small charge of 4 ozs. for both natures, when 
 \./ 'n using douide shell. ,.^^ • 
 
 These cartridges are made in the same way with circular 
 base and cylindrical bodies, and are loa<1ed with K. L. G. 
 or L. G. till used up. * 
 
 The cartridges for 04-pr. and 80-pr. are cylinder-conical, 
 the silk or serge being in one pie<'.e and sewn with an 
 overlap. 
 
 There are various reduced charges for the howitzers, a 
 complete table of which will bo given. 
 
 Heavy Ordnaneehfiyo generally both a "full" and a "bat- 
 tering" charge for each gun. 
 
 As* a general rule "P" powder is used-^for all batter«», 
 ing charges (except the 12.5 in. which takes " P2 ") and 
 for all full charges of 40 lbs. and upwards. Battering 
 charges are used on all occasions with Palliser projectiles, 
 and with all projectiles when actually engaging an enemy, 
 in firing in a casemated battery, the recoil not being suf- 
 ficient with the full charge and tiir.o is lost running back. 
 
 The full charge is the ordinary charge for common, shrap- 
 nel and double shell and case shot. 
 
 Pebbl6 powder is used >yith the heavy charges, as it does 
 ^not stain the gun so nmch. 
 
 When no P. is available charges of R.L.G. may be used, 
 but they are smaller, and the cartridge has to be more 
 tightly drawn together to make up tlie proper length to 
 fill the corrugated cases. | 
 
 The battering charges of P. are generally about one-fifth 
 or one-sixth of the weight of the projectile. That for the 
 25 ton 12 in. gun is only one-seventh, and that for the 7 in. 
 is one-fourth. 1 - . 
 
 For the battering charge of the 12.5 in. gun the 160 lbs. 
 of P2 was^ a very awkward size, and it has been divided 
 into two, each containing 80 lbs. and marked "Half charge." 
 
 Ordnnnce 
 and 80- pr. 
 
 Heavy 
 Ordnance. 
 
 
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 J/Eiich cRrtrldgo lin» ft wooden uticlc about 1 in. diameter 
 down tlib c'ontro, of fixed length., Tliene totich eaeli otlfer 
 wlien tlio two cartridgeH are nuniiied home,'' ^nd ctiRiire thu 
 projectile stopping nt Haniospot eaeh time, and the airspace 
 in each round is constant. ^■• 
 
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 lasue. 
 
 I>R0JBCriMC8. "11) 
 
 These projectiles have undergone little of no alteration 
 fpr many years, ahd are becoming obsoletl) ; tliey, however, 
 are to be met with in thia country and in many outstations. 
 
 fhere are the following natures of shot : Solid, Case, 
 Grape and Satid. T ' 
 
 . iSoltd shot are mflde gf all calibres e.xcfipt the fo in., from 
 8-i>r. to 08-pr. inclusive. They are attached to wood l)ot« 
 toms fo^ bronze guns and guns of position. 
 
 Shot are used against masonry, wooden shipping, and 
 masses of men. , ; 
 
 Shot are fired from guns and carronades. They are not 
 fired from shell guns 8 in. and 10 in.* 
 
 Loose for garrison service. Loose, prepared for fcotto:r.s 
 for Indian F.S., Riveted and boxed for F.S. *^ 
 
 2. Casetthot are made of all calibres; they consist of sand 2. Shot, <^. 
 shot made up in cylinders, and packed in wood shavings of _ 
 
 iaw dast. 
 
 The 10 in., 8 in," or 68-pr., and 32-pr. have the cylinder 
 made of sheet iron With iron ends and handle ; the 10 in., 
 and 8 in., or ^-pr. are rounded at the bottom to factlitato 
 loading. The 56, 42, 24, and 18-prs. have the cylinder, 
 made of tin with an iron bottom and rope handle. The 
 bronze guns, howitzers and iron guns of the same calibre, 
 viz., 6, 9, and 12-pr. guns, 4f in., 12.pr., 24-pr., and 32-pr. 
 howitzers have the cylinder made of tin with a wooden bot- 
 tom to avoid injury to the bore ot*the bronze guns, and for 
 the sake of similarity of pattern in the case of the iron guns. 
 
 •When fired under 3" of elevation, jfrunnnet wads are^used, consistinjf 
 of rope bent in a circle, and held in iwsition by two cross pieces of small 
 '0P«' — The cross pieces go outside next the rammer head, otherwise they 
 may be withdrawn by the rammer. 
 
 » 
 
 N 
 
'f- 
 
 •X" ''■ 
 
 
 II , 
 
 
 ^z:r 
 
 ■a? 
 
 ' 4\i 
 
 it,.. 
 
 #> 
 
 I < I 
 
 •|!|' 
 
 . V 
 
9 
 
 Ub©. 
 
 The case shot for the 5^ in. iron howitzer has also a wooden 
 bottom. 
 
 Carronade case is not issued. Gun or howitzer case is 
 used instead. Case for bronz'e howitzers has H. stencilled 
 in white, an inch and a half long, to distinguish it. 
 
 In loading, the rule is always to put the handle away 
 from the charge, except when it is made of rope, when the 
 jreverse is the case. The wood bottom goes next the charge. 
 
 Case shot are filled with sand shot, which vary in weight 
 from I lb. to 8 oz. with heavy guns down to 32-pr., and 
 vary from 8 oz. to 2 oz. with the smaller guns. 
 
 C^ase shot are fired from all natures of guns, howitzers 
 and carronades, against troops in masses, for flanking 
 di^^jjlies, &c,, and against boats and rigging of ships. They 
 are eifectivelEip to 350 yards. 
 
 3. Grape sA<?^of all calibres from 6.pr. to 10 inch inclu- S.Shot.grape 
 sive, is being' superseded by case. The pattern at present 
 
 in use is " Caffin's " pattern. 
 
 The sand shot are held in position by tbur iron circular 
 plates pierced with holes to grip the shot, an iron spindle 
 passes through the plates, and a nut which screws on to the 
 head of the spindle binds the plates and shot together. 
 
 The 10 in. gun has spa inl gr; pe made up in cylinders 
 like case, but has larger t)alls ; it is known by having G. 
 stencilled on it in white, an inch and a half long. 
 
 The sand shot vary in weight from 4 lbs. to IS^ oz. ; it 
 will be -seen that they are heavier than the sand shot used 
 for case, and conseqiiently there are fewer of them. 
 
 Grape wa& used for the same purpose as case ; it is effect- 
 ive at rather longer ranges than case, and would probably 
 be more destructive to -boats and rigging. It may be used 
 up to about 600 yards. 
 
 4. Sand shot are cast-iron balls varying in weight fron» 
 4 lbs. to 1^ oz. ; their chief use is in the manufacture of 
 ciaseand grape and also Sharpnel for the Woolwich rifled 
 guns. _. ■ .- r , •■; '. •. : 
 
 \, 
 
 Use. 
 
 
 4. Shot, sand. 
 
I 
 
 z f-. 
 
 '•"^ 
 
 
 i.-' 
 
 
 ii-' 
 
 >v 
 
 
 
 
 . , \ 
 
 f: •:■.- 
 
 
 
 
 .' .\ ' ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 '•"■::::| 
 
 
Olawes. 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 4 ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Shell. ^ . 
 
 All filled shell have "filled" stencilled on them in red. 
 Shell for field batteries are carried filled in the limbers and 
 waggons. 
 
 1. Common^ 
 
 2. Naval. 
 
 3. Mortar. 
 
 4. Hand Grenade. 
 
 5. Diaphragm Sharpnel. 
 1. Common s/ielL sansc, common. Fuzes, common time 1. Coramoj^ 
 
 and Pettman t.S. percussion. They are fired from guns, ] 
 
 howitzers, and carronades, and 5^ and 4| in. mortars, and 
 are made of all calibres from 12-pr, to 10 in. inclusive, they 
 are about -Jth of their 'diameter in thickness, and weigh 
 empty about | the weight of solid shot of the same calibre ; 
 the lu in. is |th in. thickness ; they have wo<»d bottoms and 
 have a fuze-hole of the common gauge tapped throughout 
 so as to take Pettman's L.S. fuze, the fuze-hole is closed 
 with" a gun-metal plug marked with a X to show that the 
 thread is tapped throughout; the plug has a shoulder fit- 
 ting into' a recess, a leather washer fits under the shoulder 
 to make.the joint tight, the fuze-hole is countersunk, which 
 enables them to be used as shot without bottoms. 
 
 The 12-pr. shell has a. gun-metal socket fitted into the 
 
 I' fuze-hole extending some way into the interior of the shell. 
 
 Without this the shell failed to burst as the powder was 
 
 .not sufliciently confined, the size t)f the fuze-hole being 
 
 large compared to the size of the shell. 
 
 All common shell are completely filled with powder (L.G. 
 shell). For practice in places where the full charge might 
 be dangerous, blowing charges are used. ^ 
 
 12 and -4-pr. common shell are used with the 4f and 5^ 
 mortars. : > 
 
 Com^raon shell are used against men in masses, houses. Use., 
 buildings, shipping, and material generally; they may be 
 used either by bursting them in. flight, when they act both 
 
 ■*.- 
 
 Blowing 
 charges. 
 
 :-'^:. 
 
y. 
 
 ! !i 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 *j'i- 
 
11 
 
 by the velocity with which the shell is moving and by tho . \^ 
 
 force of the bnrsting charge; but they scatter too nuich in 
 
 this way, and are not so effective against men as Shrapnel. 
 
 Tiiey may also be used by bursting the shell when at rest, 
 
 when they act as a mine ; they are most destructive against 
 
 wooden shipping ; they would also be available against men 
 
 in jhojlows or sheltered by buildings, where Shrapnel would 
 
 be powerless. ■ . 
 
 Empty loose, prepared for bottoms for garrison service. Issue. 
 
 lulled, riveted, and boxed for field or boat service. When ^ 
 
 for boat service, issued fuzed with Pettman's L.S. percussion. 
 
 Naval Shell iov 32-pr. and 8 in. and 10 in. are similar Naval shell, 
 to common shell, but havp G.S. bush, and their bottoms 
 arfe fixed by two rivets, and is hollowed out to allow double ; 
 shotting. • 
 
 Mortar Shell. — Calibres, 8 in., 10 in. and 13 in. Gauge, Mortar shell 
 Wrge mortar. Fuze, large mortar. Fired Irom 8 in., 10 in. 
 and 13 in. mortars. The fuze-hole is not regularly tapped, 
 ut is roughed, except a 'small part at the bottom. The ,; - 
 in." is" roughed throughout. The guage is much larger .» 
 han the common guage. The fuze-hole of the 8 in. is a' 
 ittle smaller than the othero, as otherwise the fuze would 
 touch the bottom of the shell before it was fixed in the fuze- 
 hole. Of coui-se this makes the fuze protrude further. The 
 10 in. and 13 in. shell have lugs ; hooks fit into the lugs to and\afld°' 
 enable the shell to be carried. The 13 in. have the hooks 
 hnng by chains from a beam, and are called beam hooks. 
 Hand hooks are used with the 10 in. In future manufac- 
 ture the shell would have lewis holes. The holes incline 
 inwards, and the iron plugs at the end of the chains bite 
 into them, when the chain to which the plugs are attached 
 is tight, and can be removed when the chain slackens. 
 The advantage of lewis holes is that there is nothing pro- 
 jecting which is liable to be broken off fn piling or transit. 
 The 8 in. shell weighs 46^V ^'^s-j the 10 in., 87^^ lbs., and 
 .and the 12 in., 196-^ lbs. 
 
w 
 
 «i'- 
 
 t 
 
 
 t, 
 
 S «••' 
 
 
 <l 
 
 v \ 
 
 \/ 
 
 ■^li- 
 
 V. 
 
 - V 
 
 /H 
 
 ■I. r^Ji 
 
 -^- 
 
 & 
 
.V- V 
 
 -4 
 
 ■.' ' ".' J/^*^ 
 
 Um. 
 
 Hand 
 grenacl?!. 
 
 Issue. 
 
 Use. 
 
 r-f*^l 
 
 Mortnr bIicII are nscd forlilfjli angle fire, and employed for 
 the bombardment of towns, forts, entrenclied positions, &c. 
 Tlicy may be cmploj'cd against shipping, but arc too inac- 
 cnrate to give good results on a small object. The 5^ in. 
 and 4§ in. mortars are used against troops under cover. 
 For this purpose the fuze should be bored rather short to 
 ensure the shell ])ur8ting before penetrating the earth. On 
 I the other hand, the larger shell used against material should 
 f have their fuzes bored long. 
 
 Hand Grenades are of two sizes, 6-pr. and 3-pr. They 
 resemble common shell, but the walla of the shell are not 
 so thick, befhg about |th of the dianieter. The fuze-hole 
 is much smaller, and is not roughened. They are generally 
 '$ issued empty, loose, for L.S,, and filled and fuzed for S.S., 
 f the fuze being covered with a kit plaster. These are boxed. 
 I They are used chiefly for the defence of places against 
 I assault, being thrown, among the storming parties in the |f : 
 
 I ditch. They are useful in the defence of houses; some- 
 1 times they are fired out of mortars instead of pound shot. 
 I They can be thrown by hand about 20 or 30 yards. 
 %. Diaphragm S/wapnel Shell. — Gauge, comtnon. Fuze, Dlaphrajfm 
 ' diaphragm. For all calibres except the 10 in. Fired from «''"^P'^«1 '^'^e" 
 guns, howitzers, and carronadps. 
 
 The shell is a thin cast-iron shell, weakened by four 
 grooves down the sides to make it open out, thickened at 
 the junction of diaphragm and shell, as otherwise it would 
 split into two pieces instead of foi^ or five, as desired ; 
 thickened at the fuze-hole to support ihc socket, and thick- 
 ened at the base in all natures above 12-pr. to withstand 
 the shock of discharge. ' 
 
 A wrought-iron cup or diaphragm divides the shell into 
 two unequal parts, the smaller forming the powddr chamber, 
 and the larger being filled with lead and antimony bullets 
 (lead six parts, antimony one part) packed in coal dust. 
 The antimony hardens the lead and prevents the bullets 
 losing their form by being pressed together. 
 The diaphragm has a hole in the centre, through whicli 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
 t H i 
 
 /.I 
 
 ./ 
 
 / 
 
 .1-1 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 .«;, Ill 
 
 -i I;- 
 ■ I p 
 
 .1- n^:'; 
 
 \ 
 
» r 
 
 ,18 
 
 a gun-nictul socket pa^RCR, wliicli jserves.to contnin tlio fnzo. 
 Tliis socket is not counlersiuik, as is the case witli common 
 shell, but is flush with the surface of the shell. (These 
 shell would nOt be used as hollow shot so countersinking is 
 not necessary.) Through this socket the bullets are intro- 
 duced and the br)ttom of the socket is theji screwed in. The 
 socket commuuicutes with the powder chamber by a fire 
 hole. The gun-metal plug which screws iutoit has a wood- 
 en ping covered with serge attached which prevents powder 
 working in and filling up the space for the fuze. The pow- 
 der chamber is filled with pistol, R.F.G., or F.G. powder 
 through the loading hole. The loading hole varies in size, 
 beintf smaller for the lower natures of shell up to 18-pr. in- 
 clusive. 
 
 The main advantage gained by separating the powder is 
 to itvoid premature explosions. 
 
 As a small charge of powder is used merely to open the 
 shell, the effect depends wholly on the velocity with which 
 the shell is moving. The shell should be burst at a distance 
 of 50 to 20 yards in front of the object. It is 'most de- 
 structive when used against columns, but may bo used 
 against troops inline. As tlfe qnantity of powder which 
 the champbei* holds is only just sufficient to open the shell, 
 it is necessary to measure or weigh the charge to ensure the 
 shell having the full amount of powder. 
 
 Empty, riveted, and boxed generally. 
 
 Filled, for field, naval, and boat service, and boxed. 
 
 Miscellaneous Pbojectiles. 
 
 Carcasses. 
 
 Ground light balls. 
 
 Parachute light balls. _ 
 
 Smoke balls. 
 
 6'arca5«f5.--Of all calibres from 12-pr. inclusive upwards. 
 Fired from all natures of guns, howitzers, carronades, and 
 mortars. . * 
 
 Use. 
 
 Issae. 
 
 ? 
 
 m 
 
 Carcasses. 
 
<t > 
 
 
 •^' 
 
H 
 
 Tlicy arc bIioU with tlirco vciittt rather thicker than com- 
 mon sliell (uhoiit H (liainctcr) to.coinpcnRiito for the weak' 
 ne88 e»u8C(I hy the vonta. 'i hoy arc a little heavier than 
 common shell of the same calihre. 
 
 The composition is put in hot, and three holes made in 
 it in prol<)ngati<m of the vents. The^e holes are driven with 
 fuze composition, afid matched with quick miitch to ensure 
 ignition. The vents are plugged with brown paper and ^ 
 further secured by kit plasters. • . 
 
 „IJcfore firing, the plasters and plugs must be removed Preparation, 
 and the priming e.\|>08ed. They* burn with a violent flame 
 and are difficult fo extingivish. Water docs not put them 
 out. Earth is the be^^t thing to check their action. 
 
 Carcasses have been known to burst. 
 
 To fire buildings, shipping, &c. Carcasses fired from Use. 
 13 in. S. S. mortar and 10 in. gun are to be fired with 
 charges not exceeding IC lbs. and 8 lbs. respectively, to 
 Avoid straining the pieces with such heavy projectile^i, 
 
 Ground light Ja//«.— Calibres 10 in., 8 in., 5i in., 4| in,, q^„„„^ j,^^^^ 
 fired from mortars only. , bulla. 
 
 They have a wrought-iron skeleton frame, partially cov- « , ., 
 ered with canvas, filled with composition, consisting of salt- 
 petre, sulphur, rosin, and linseed oil, which is put in hot, 
 and holes nmde in it, driven with fuze composition and 
 matched as given above for carcasses. 
 
 The body is woolded over with twine. The 8 and 10 
 inth have five vents in the top ; the others have four. The 
 vents are secured with plugs and kit plaster which have to 
 be removed before firing. The 10 in. and 8 iu.'liave lugs 
 to facilitate loading. \ ) 
 
 They are used at night to discover worlcing parties, &c., Uae. 
 of the enemy, and might, failing carcasseg, be used in their 
 place. ' r "^ 
 
 As they are required to remain where they fall, they are 
 only suited to high angle fire. 
 
 — The compo s ition is not ii v e ry good one, but is hard to — 
 
 "^ 
 
 : -v^ 
 
y 
 
 /. 
 
 >3 
 
f . 
 
 \er ukv'w 
 
 IS 
 
 Mtinj?Til8li» wntcr lifhring no effect on It. A few sliovelfuU 
 of cnrtli will' 1h(Io iU light. 
 
 SometimcB ftliell liftve been placed In liglit Imlla to deter 
 men from putting tliein out, tlierctoro llglit ball* of foreign 
 or doubtful origin should bo exaniiued and burned wlili 
 
 caution. - ^ 
 
 Parachute light hall. — CalibrcB, 10 In., 8 in., 6^ In., fired ParncTiute 
 
 from mortar.. »«»'* '^"^ 
 
 ConBists of two outer and two inner tirincd Iron hemis- 
 pheres, the two outer are lightly riveted together, the two 
 upper licniiftphcres are connected by a chain, >hc Inner upper 
 licuiigpherc ha^ a deprcBslon at the top to admit ^lo bureting -^ 
 
 charge and fuze. A quickhiatch leader conducts the flash 
 from the bursting charge. to the fuze composition In the lower 
 inner hemisphere ; the inner upper hemisphere contains 
 the parachute tightly folded" up, to ensure its opening, a 
 cord is passed between it.8 folds and through a hole in the ., 
 top of tlie parachnto and fastened to the upper inner hem- 
 iftphere, so that when the hemisphere is blown away, the 
 'cord Is pulled through and the parachute expanded. • 
 
 ' The lower Inner hemisphere contains a composition. A 
 hole la bored and driven with fuze composition and match- • 
 ed as nsual, this hemisphere is connected with the parachute 
 by cords and chains. 
 
 To throw light on the enemies working parties, &c., at 
 night. It fias the advantage of beiirg out of reach, so can- 
 not bo extinguished. Careful allowance for wifid must be ' 
 made. 
 
 Smoke Balls.— CaVihrcs 13 in., 10 In., 8 In., 5^ in., and Smoke balls, 
 if in., may be fired out of mortars with very light charges. 
 '-A paper shell filled with L.G. powder, saltpetre, coalconstraction. 
 dust, pitch, and tallow, the vent driven with fuze compo- 
 sition, and matched, and covered with kit plaster, a layer ^ 
 of sulphur and coal dust is sprinkled in three times during 
 .filling ; in burning, this clears the vent. 
 
 These balls appear to be useless as projectiles, they are 
 intended (1) to put in enemy's mines, (2) to conceal opera- 
 
 ■.IS... 
 

 ■^*1x 
 
 ■ 16 
 
 tions from the enemy, (3) for signals in the Arctic regions; 
 tliey bttrn from one to eight minutes. 
 
 It is very doubtful whether smoke balls have ever been 
 
 fired. 
 
 Gauges^ high and low, are issued for every kind of S.B. 
 "gun, and for stations of inspection ; they are simply iron 
 rings with handles, the high gauge should pass over the 
 shot, the low should iwt? 
 
 All S.B. projectiles are below their nominal diameter, 
 while the gun is a little above it, thus an 8 in. shojt or shell 
 has a mean diameter of 7*85 in. 
 
 Windage is necessary not only to allow the shot to load 
 easily, but also to fn^ovf for the increased size of the shot 
 caused by rust, &c. With shells windage is useful by al- 
 lowing the flash of discharge to ignite the fuze, * 
 
 Wh/BU shot are repainted it is necessary to scrape off the 
 old paint, which can be done with knives or a piece of an 
 old sword or cutlass. ~ 
 
 ■■/ G..S. Wad. ' 
 
 The O.S. Wad serves to prevent the powder from work- 
 ing lip in the fuze-hole of common shell. It is made of 
 papier mache, and has a hole in tl»e centre covered by shal- 
 loon cemented to one side. This wad is forced in by fixing 
 the time fuze, and does not require removing when the per- 
 cussion fuze is used. The side cdvered with shalloon is 
 placed downwards in the shell. Its use is confined to siege, 
 field, and boat service. 
 
 Copper scrapers are used in removing any powder from 
 filled shell. In future the sizes will be manufactured large 
 for rifled B. L. and M. L. shell 7 in. and upwards, and for 
 S. B. 13 in. Small for B. L. and R. M. L. 9-pr. to 64-pr., 
 S. B. 12-p«*. to 10 in. These scrapers will supercede thosc^ 
 at present in use for S. B. shell, when the store is used up. 
 Wood Bottoms. — Used with shot fired from bronze guns 
 to save the guns, with shot carried with iron guns of posi- 
 tion, to steady them in the limbers, also used with all shells 
 
 Gauges. 
 
 Windage. 
 
 O.S. Wad. 
 
 Copper 
 scrap«rs. 
 
 #, 
 
Shrapnel 
 bottomB. 
 
 Rivets. 
 
 Issue. 
 
 • 
 
 (except mortar shell) and with carcasses except when fired 
 from mortars. They ard necessary with shell to keep the 
 fuze, and with carcasses to keep the vents in the proper 
 position. They areshapedsoastofitthe pieces of ordnance 
 for which they are intended* 
 
 They are made of well seasoned elm or alder, or teak for common and 
 ti*bpical climates. The grain runs plankways, except for 
 shrapnel up to 24-pr., where the grain runs endways, and 
 I tht bottom is carried higher up on the shell, and is secured 
 I from splitting by a tin strap, this ensures the bottom break- 
 ting up, and so there is less risk when firing over troops in 
 I front,, also the shooting is said to be improved by the bot- 
 tom quitting the shell readily. /A 
 
 Bottoms for land and boat service are fastened by a single 
 expanding giwi-metal rivet. 
 
 When not issued fastened to the shell, they are strung 
 by 20 on an iron rod. 
 
 Solid Shot are \\9>e6^ against masonry, wooden shipping, ^y^^ gi^ot/ 
 and masses of men. Hot shot and Martin's shell are obsolete. .. - 
 
 Case Shot are fired from all natures of guns, howitzers, oase shot, 
 and carronades, against troops at close quarters, in masses, 
 for flanking ditqhes, and against boats and the rigging of- • 
 
 ships, effective to about 350 yards. 
 
 In loading, the handle is always put away from the Loading case 
 charge when oiJufovi, towards it when of rope. 
 
 Orape. — Used ifor the same purpose as case, but to longer, 
 ranges, that is to about 600 yards. 
 
 It is more effective against boats an& rigging. 
 
 Sand Shot. — Used only in the construction of case and 
 grape, and heavy shrapnel for Woolwich rifled guns. 
 
 Commoh aSA^W.— Used against houses, shipping, build- 
 ings, earthworks, men in masses or sheltered by woods or 
 hollows, where shrapnel would be useless, or when beyond 
 the effective range of the latter. 
 
 Also against' material generally, or at rest, using them as 
 a minev • 
 
 Common shell scatters too much when burst with a time 
 
 Qrape. 
 
 Sand shot. 
 
 Common 
 shell. 
 
 " T-"— -r-T-T"*"*" *"-^ 
 
 ig A - j g' tJ^juji^i" iTEar^ 
 
■X; 
 
 Shrapofil. 
 
 CarcBBses. 
 
 fuze t6 be .very effective aj^ainst men, tliey are more useful 
 I when burst on impact. 
 
 Diaphragm Shrapnel. — The effect of these shells is en- Diaplnfaflrm 
 
 tireiy dependent on the velocity with which they travel, 
 
 I the exploding force being merely enou^i to open the shell. 
 
 They are of great use against men in column or in line. 
 
 They should be burst from 20 to 50 yards in front of the 
 
 j object, and about 10 or 15 feet above plane. They are very 
 
 I effective when burst at the head of a column. " 
 
 Carcaaaea. — Used to fire buildings and shipping, they 
 [burn from 3 minutes with the 12-pr. to 12 minutes with 
 the 13 in. They cannot be put out with water. Dig a 
 I iiole and bury them. , 
 
 Ground Light BaUa.^Vsed to discover the working Ground light 
 [parties, &c., of the enemy, they might be used as carcasses. "^ ?" ' 
 J^arachute Light Balla.—FaraGhxitQ lights are more ef- p„rachute 
 ifective than above, when properly burst, especially as they light balls. 
 I cannot be put out. ^ ^ 
 
 Snii>ke Balla are not used as projectiles, tliey are used to Smoke, balls, 
 put in the enemy's mines, aild to conceal operations froW . . 
 
 jtheenemy^ ' • \ ; 
 
 Hand Grenades 9XQ used for repelling storming parties. Han^ 
 JTjiey ought to be >vell lighted before they are thrown. 
 
 Rifled Projectile3. . 
 
 Ta ensure good shooting all elongated projectiles should 
 [be at least ttvo calibres in length, the length being limited' 
 [by the twist of rifling, the quicker the twist the longer, can 
 [be the shell. Thus JEhe 12 in. 25 ton gun has a very slow 
 itwist, consequently its conjmon and shrapnel $hell cannot 
 )e brought up to the weight of its Palliser projectiles. 
 
 In the Armstrong B. L. system a soft-coated projectile^ 
 larger than the bore, is forced through it, the lands cutting 
 Itheir way through the soft coating. ^.Thereis no windage," 
 iso that special time fuzes are\necessary. 
 
 The, strains on the gun fdr a given charge are great in pro- 
 [portib.u to that oij a li.ly|[.L. gun- 
 
 f 
 
 Qrenades. 
 
 '■ •» - 
 
 V 
 
\ 
 
 19 
 
 
 More attention may be paid fo these projectiles, eta tljo .. 
 B.L. guns, fibtably the 7 in. and 40-pr., aVe still usied in 
 largo number&j and seem to be increasing ip favour, es- 
 pecially for land fronts, and experiments are being carried 
 on with lead-coated Palliser shells fired from the 7 in. gun 
 with 20 lbs. of P. powder. ^ ' ' . 
 
 In the Woolwich system there are studs pressed into the 
 various projectiles (case excepted) which are in some cases 
 of copper, in others of gun metal ,; these fit into correspond- 
 ing grooves in the' gun, and thereby rptation is given to the 
 projectile. ■ ' ' i 
 
 All R.M.L. projectiles have two rings of studs, except No. of Studs, 
 the last mark of projectiles for the 12 in. 35 ton and ^he 12.5 
 in. 38 ton, which have three rings. 
 
 The 64-pr. lia« three rings of small studs of pure copper, 
 so as to be used with the shunt gun or with those with plain 
 groove. The three are necessary to give a large bearitig, 
 the metal being soft tb enable it to be compressed iii the 
 
 &c. 
 
 shunt groove. 
 
 The front ring in all guns with increasing twist has 
 ip smaller studs than the rear ring, to accommodate them- 
 selves to the increasing twist. . 
 . The front studs of the 80-pr.,are also small, but that is 
 to reduce the strain, required in pressing them in, the twist 
 being uniform. ^ 
 
 Ou acc6unt of the serious effects of the rush of gas over Gas check, 
 the uppeij surface of the pr6jectile, when firing the heavy 
 ^ battering charges, a copper gas check has been devised-; it 
 ' is fastened to tlte base of a projectile by a screw plug, and . 
 effectually prevents the rush of gas by expanding and filling 
 *up the grooves and windage. , 
 
 During the experiments to determine the best form of 
 the above, it wfts found that they added considerably to the 
 accuracy of the firing, at the same time not increasing the * 
 strain of the gun to any great amount, and in consequence" 
 h|ave' been approved for the 40-pr. commop and 64-pr. batter- 
 — itlg shell) 8 in. howitzer common shell, and 9 in. to 12.5 in. — — -^ 
 
 -sv 
 
• A; 
 
 '■-■.V ,' 
 

 
 20 
 
 • ■ ■ ■ V' 
 
 Palliser projectiles an^ common bIicIIs, and 7 in. double 
 shell; al8p/l2.5 in. shmpnel. thoy will probably bo ex- 
 tended to other, natures. 
 
 ■ Used in connection with projectiles on the Woolwich 
 system, they are discs of cop{>er," cupped in front arid slight- 
 ly overlapping the base of, tjie shell. They are^xed by a 
 double screw and nut, their concave side being next the 
 
 shell., , ^ 
 
 There are two descriptions of gas checks. The one as 
 above for all battering charges, and in fact all projectiles 
 except shrapnel, for the above natures ; and another which 
 has projections fitting the grooves, and has fire holes to allow 
 enough fire to pass to light the fuze, and is used for the 8 in. 
 howitzer and for the 40-pr. common shells. 
 
 As yet there are no gas checks for shrapjael, the present 
 pattern being probably too weak to bear the boring for the 
 plug in base. 
 
 The 12.5 in. shrapneris an exception. 
 There is yet another mode of giving rotatiqn that has 
 been found very satisfactory, that is by means of a driving 
 gas check. * .. 
 
 The system is an old one, but the difliculty of fixing the 
 cup to base was very great, and but for. the absolute ne- 
 cessity of some means of checking the evils of erosion it 
 probably would have remained in abeyance. 
 
 During the experiments with a gas chej>^ the difficulty 
 was overcome and the old idea again calfle to the front, and 
 its advantages, mentioned in the chapter on Rifling, are .so 
 great that there is an almost certainty that it will be adopt- 
 ed for all new najlb*es of ordnance. ; ' . 
 
 The 6.3 in. howitzer is the^nly service gun on this prin- 
 ciple at present, but there will soon be a 13-pr. field gun, 
 also the 80 and 100 ton ^nns, probably soon a 160 ton gun, 
 and some other hoVitzers. 'The gas check in this case has 
 projections punched in it to fit radial grooves in base of pro- 
 jectile, and it is cupped to rear in place of front, and is of 
 
 Drlvingr 
 Gaa' check. 
 
 ^- 
 
/ 
 

 . > 
 
 21 
 
 ^ 
 
 • V 
 
 on U. 
 Pru9«ctll«i. 
 
 / 
 
 .•••■I 
 
 
 Swgmeot 
 
 Shrftpnel. 
 
 * •licet copper fop the 0.3 in. liowitzor. It has five fire holes 
 in rim to allow orignition ot'tuzo. 
 
 It ia Httachod !^ a hctow plug with loose gun metal nut. 
 
 All Woolwich gun« have Pallisor projectiles, except 7 in. Qonml notet 
 R.M.L. gunfl of 90 cwt: (S.8.) 
 
 The C4-i>r. has a hattering shell. • 
 
 . The rt-hTr^&rt*T?nrrm." of 35, ftnd ihe 12.5 in. of 38 tont 
 ajiave Palliser bIicUs only. No shot. 
 
 The 80-pr. common t^hellhaB an interior ^belt under front 
 
 f ,8t'ud for strength. . 
 
 ji All common shell and Palliscr projectiles are lacquered 
 with red lacquer internally. . ^ 
 
 ■ The 7 Jn. and 40-pr.,B.L. segment shell are also lacquer- 
 ed. TJie segment of 20, 12, and 9-pr. have a gas piiK) burster. 
 The 0-pr. has a peculiar shaped one, larger at top thai^ bot- 
 tom. 
 
 Shrapnel exists but are not issued, yet for the .7 in. and 
 
 40-pr. B.L. guns. 
 
 Shrapnel lor 7 iir. R.M.L. gwns and upwards contain iron, ^ 
 sand shot. The lower naturds are of mixed lead and^^ 
 
 antimony. -' ' 
 
 The 64-pr. and 80-pr.^ shrapnel havy6 a thin wood tube 64-pr.& 80-pr. 
 round centre iron tube-, to make them long enough without . 
 being too heavy. • ' 
 
 Shrapnql-for 64.pr. guns and upwards are weakened by 
 grooves in* the body as well as in tl7e base. * 
 
 The 16-pr., 25-pr., and 40-pr. have no grooves. 
 
 The same'ease serves for 64-pr., 80-pr.. gunsyfeiid 6.3 in. ca8e8hot 
 howit2;er, also |fee sam^^is used for 8 in. gun aftd howitzer. 
 
 Up'to 7 in/they "arc about the weight of the other pro- 
 jectiles ; above that calibre they are about the same weight 
 as asphcrical shot for gun in question. 
 
 In future the following shell will be cast to gauge, and Shell cast to 
 ° so save turning, which destroys the hard outer crust. 
 
 Common shell for 6.3 in. howitzer, 64-pr., and 9-pf. gun, 
 also 40;pr., mark II., and 58 tori projecliles generally; — — — 
 

 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 w'i ' 
 
 
 
 .» 
 
 •• 
 
 ! 
 
 
 *• 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 ■v 
 
 /■'■'. 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 f 
 
 '■ -1 
 
 
 h 
 
 i' 
 
 ■■■■■-■* • 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,.■■; ;;". ■. 
 
 ■ . .. ■•; ,' 
 ! '■' ■ 'r 
 
 )■'■.. . . ■ ■ 
 
 il' ■■■■ :,•''■-. 
 
 i :■-.■: 
 
 t 
 
 i . ' ^ ■."■■■■. 
 
 ■„■■- ■■ . M '% ■ ^ 
 ■■■*'• * "^ ■ i 
 
 * 
 
 ■■*.-. 
 
 **>' ■ - ■ . - . ■ , ■ 
 
 ft"' 
 
 
 \V- ■ ■ ■ ■ .7- : " ■ ■ . 
 
 "',"_- . .'<*,." ■;." ■ ■■ ■ 
 
 —--'- -• --■:■— ^. :•■ -_ 
 
 . M. 
 
 - 
 
 
 •;■■■— -. " ■ ' - ■ : y- ■ ■ 
 
 ... :-* ■■■ .- 
 
 
 
 f ■ ■ ' 
 
 f I 
 
 T 
 
 * 
 
 , 
 
 • 
 
 1 ' ' ' 
 
 \ • fy • ^ . 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 ' \ ■ 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 • 
 
29 
 
 H 
 
 those latter liave two hnnVls in front and haw, ground or 
 turned down, of slightly hirger dinicn8ion», ftUo tthrapnel 
 for 04.i)r., 40-pr., 25-i)r., 10-pr., 0-pr. 
 
 In time, douhtleHH, otheru will he bo conBtrucrted. Heavy 
 common sliell that have hoen altered to take the gaa cheek 
 and eonacquently marked * heside the numeral, are too 
 weak in base to he fired with hatterlng charges. 
 AH Bcrvico i)rojectileH are j»ainte<l hlack. 
 The hcadH of iiehl service Bhrai)nel an<l M.L. 40-pr. are 
 red, and the tips of palliwer hhell are white. f 
 
 The following 4ire the various projectiles fotrifled guns : 
 Pallue^ *;^o^-For all natures of M.L. above 7 in., except 
 ^ 11 in., and 35 and 38 ton guns. 
 
 Fallimr s/itll—AW naturcH of M.L. above 7 in., and per- 
 
 « hapH for 7 in. B.L. 
 
 Battering 8hell-U-\)r. piege gun, perliapB for 8 inch- 
 ■ ■ • howitzer. ■■: .'■:.^:' „■■■■•■ ■- ■ 
 
 7^ Common shell— AW natures except 6-pr. of B.tL. 
 ^* All natures of M.L. f 
 
 : Double shell— ¥ot 7 in. and 7-pr. R.M.L. 
 Segment shell— li.L., n\\ natures. 
 
 Shrapnel— KIj., issued for 9-pr. and 12-pr., but patterns 
 exist for 40-pr. and 7 in. if required. ' 
 M.L. All guns, biit as yet not for howitzers. 
 ^i' One for the 8 in. has been made but not 
 "] '■ - '"■•'■ sealed..:.;,-;. '. ,.■;■*• . - 
 6'a««— All natures. 
 Solid «Ac><— Exist for all natures of B.L. guns except 7 in. 
 
 They are only used for practice. 
 Star shell— for purposes of lighting up enemy's position. 
 Is issued for 7-pr., and probably will soon 
 K be for 8 in. howitzer, and 6.3 howitzer. 
 
 The star shell for 7-pr. is something like 
 a shrapnel, but contains 13 stai-s in paper 
 cylinders ; the burstii% charge only 
 enough to blow off head. : 
 
 Paint. 
 
 Various 
 Prujectllei. 
 
 ■^^•' 
 
 ' 'ii j i iE ' 
 
 H 
 
 •-* 
 
■ ^^f*^^'"tr--:' ■ ■ 
 
 .• 
 
 .Sv 
 
Carcasses will alao probably be introduced for the 
 howitzers, similar to common shell, filled 
 
 witlr carcass composition. 
 Palliser projectiles -Thc&e proJQCtiles are specially in- 
 tended to pierce tlie thickest armour plates. The success- 
 ful attainment of this result depends on— ' 
 1. The metfil used, 
 ii. The mode of casting. 
 
 3. The form of projectile, or the arrangement 
 ' of the metal, 
 
 let.' Metal is a carefully selected sar.ploof white iron, 
 that possesses the curious property of forming " White " 
 iron when cooled quickly or chilled, and " Mottled" iron, 
 a softer nature, wlien cooled graduallj. " - ,^ -- 
 " White" iron is extremely hard anc| brittle, and difficult 
 to cut. "Grey" iron is easily cut, though still compar- 
 atively hard. *' Mottled " iron is intermediate. 
 
 Tllfey are all natures of cast iron, and only vary in the 
 form in which the carbon, which is mixed with all cast iron, 
 is found. In " Grey " iron it is in great part simply mixed 
 mechanically, in " Wlnte" iron ; the bulk is chemically com- 
 bined. . ., 1. 1 J * 
 ^nd. The mode of casting. The projectiles are c st head 
 
 downwards, to ensure its density and soundness, the head 
 being iniin iron mould or "chill". The body is cast in 
 sand*^ The mass of cold iron rapidly cools the head, the 
 result is an intensely hard head of white iron, supported by 
 the body of mottled iron, sldwly cooled by the bad conduct- 
 ing sand ; but the body is more tenacious and supports the 
 
 head, which is extremely hard and brittle, better than if it 
 was cast in a chill as well. • 
 
 , 3rd. As to the form. The metal is got as well forward 
 as possible to prevent much strain coming on the walls of 
 the pfojectile; aitd the head is an ogiv.al in tbrm, sti-uck / 
 rwith a radius of H diameters, that form being found best 
 all round for flight and penetration. ^ 
 
 - The studs are s wedged into undercut Holes cast in the 
 metal of the giyi. 
 
 PnUiB^r 
 Projectilei. 
 
 Stttda 
 
 _.iL,_ 
 
 -V^- 
 
■-^ 
 
 1 :■ . ;;_... __^_:;.' '■■ :..:: ■ ," . :■ .j-.;.:. ■*:/■:.''.■. .•- ■ _ 
 
 
 ;.;:„..: ...... ; ■ „ ..__ . , 
 
 ^'^' \ ' : .-.' ■■■v: '■■..■ -■■■ 
 
 
 ■ ■: . 
 
 ' .. „ ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ • . " . - 
 
 ! 1 . * ■ - • ■ 
 
 \\ .' "■■/•.;■. ■ ■. ■■.■'." ■ "..■ -^ 
 
 * , ■■'■■"?''■. 
 
 ".■•.. 
 
 il^-- ■■■■■ ■ ■';-:.■■■ :■:/■. . •- .': :. 
 
 ill- . ■ ■■ . ' ■■ .. 
 
 I ,'■':.-■"■' . \ . 
 
 jl-' . . . ■■ ■■ 
 
 ■ : _ '. ,'^ 
 
 • 
 
 !::• .■■■■■ ,^- : •■■ .■.•••^ 
 
 '*■■■■,: ■ ^ ■ ' ' 
 
 i - ' y - '■ . ■ , ' " . 
 
 ii ' , ■ . . , < ■ ■ . ■ , 
 
 <■■ ■ ■ - ' 
 
 V . . 
 
 1 U--.. ■;■■:■■ . " • ■ ■ ■ : - ., 
 , ...^ ... .^. . - ■ , ','•■■ 
 
 ';-■■: .«• . ■■ 
 ( ■' . . ". ■ . . ■ . . "i.- , 
 
 
 
 1 •. ■« 
 
 ...'■. -■» 
 
 ,ii.:,\;.::;:';--^;-v . :;..^;^ 
 
 ■';*■■"■ ' ^ ■■ • 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 ■ ■ i , - •' - 
 
 • * . . ;■-.■"■■■■■.'■' 
 
 - '*ii 
 
S^' 
 
 •I't ■»»«■•< ^V" 
 
 Shell. 
 
 Shot. 
 
 ,The metal of which tjiey are composed is so hard that it ^ 
 cannot be turned, -so that wlien not east to finished dimen- 
 sions, and the bands of those projectiles that are, have to be 
 ground to required size. . v . . 
 
 For the above reason a cast iron bush is cast into the 
 metal of tbe ^ase of the shells and later patterns of shot, 
 to enable a screw to be cut for the gun metal plug to at- 
 tach the gas check. ' • 
 
 All palliser projectiles are lacquered* with red lacquer, Lacquer and 
 ^ the charge is contained in a bottle shaped bag in order «' 
 
 to l^sen the friction and so avoid premature exv)losjon8. 
 
 idadc for 7 in. to 12.5 in.' Their length ^es from^ a 
 little over 2 calibres to a little over 2^. «^| 
 
 They are similar but contain, a rather !i^ bursting 
 charge than the shot. 
 
 The shot are made for all heavy guns, excepting the 11 
 in. and 25 in. 35 ton and 38 ^bn guns. ^ 
 
 The earlier natures had merely a small core down the 
 centre^ and had a plug hammered in to clo^ base. 
 
 Defects occurred from the form of the cavity^ and it was 
 increased in size. The base closed the same as the shell, 
 so that it can be filled with powder if necessary* 
 
 Both these projectiles are used for penetrating armour , 
 plates, and the shot is found to penetrate better than the , 
 fehell in oblique firing. 
 
 These projectiles explode on striking armour plates, with- 
 out a fuze, but it is doubtful if they would on striking an 
 iron vessel not ar.i our plated, and they would fail entirely 
 on striking a wooden one. 
 . The powder is exploded by its friction against tlje sides , 
 
 on impact. . 
 
 They are tested at a pressure x)f 100 lbs. on square inch TeBting. 
 by water, and the base is hammered with a pointed ham- 
 mer to find any defects. , • - 
 
 The points, are liable to chip when struck sideways, and 
 itdependson the* Extent of the practice whether they be 
 used or not. ' . 
 
 «> 
 
 Use. 
 
.A 
 
 25, 
 
 * THe shell are lacqntreil while coolifig, and pieced of iron au iwwder to 
 from the bnsh .sometimes ^etick to the 8ides,^Ad. increase i)o destroyed/ 
 jjie friction so /"much that the powcfer ia contained in serge . 
 hags, and all {»owder taken out of then^ is to bi^ldestroyed ■ ; . 
 
 , Bs unsafe, , ^ - ,: ■ 
 
 JIVll are fille<^ with " L. G. shell " powder. ; ' / ' Powder. 
 
 Are similar to palliser projectiles, hut are not Chilled to.- :g|iuering , 
 ' Buqh an extent, aiid'have- a l»rge bursting char^ in pjo; Shell. 
 
 portion. « ■ , , - .\ , 
 
 They are ehie% for siegeupni'po8€ss for breaching ma- 
 sonry, and are used in xjonheqtjpn with a fuze, with delay 
 [■'■. .action, insdhcd in the base. ; they liave^'gtis cheek attach- . ' ^ . ^ 
 fed^, and are at pre^t made.for tliQ 64 M.L. pr. only. 
 
 , ; Are ug^d for all Wturel btVordnance Bp^kndMl^., ex- Commcm 
 
 ■\'-cept the 6^r, Bi^. H ^ ,;.:"\. i z'^^-^V >- /'' ' ^ * " :' : ' v '' ^ ■ 
 
 • '^ \They arb us^ thc^ «^ne as SjBrxjbmmbn shell; whenever 
 
 a powerful Vxploi|ipn is, waiitedi or fpp incendiary. purp 
 ' B.ji common shell are dividcd.inf© t>v,a^ classes, vi?. : B.L.^Common 
 
 ., Oarri80ifiand-:fe4eld.' S; , vT^ *' ;.'•■. ' V - 
 
 .. jhegar;-ison are,7 in. and 4G^^^^ Gauge G.S. - . 
 
 ' The fuzes in use »?re Pettinan's G.S. arid R.L,, Mark 11.* 
 ^ and soriietimiesB.t. 9 seconds' and ^0 seconds time. , 
 ' ■ " ' Thiy al-e cylindrical, with ogival head radms 1.5' dlara- 
 / etei-s ; they arejabput 2f calibres long. ^ , * 
 
 A specially light shell is used with 7 in. in B.S. ^ 
 . The field calibr^es, are 9, 1 2; 2Q pr. gauge Armstrong F.S. 
 :fuzes. L.S.,B.L. jilain percussion.. " . • ; - ;, -■ 
 
 * .' They have a flanged socket, to |j^e the fuze in the proper • 
 
 position, and the plug screwed in on tlie.top. • / 
 
 The Navy use the A^rmstrong E. time fuze for firing-over 
 ■ water,and the9 sec. arid.20 selc. for thp 20-pr.only. These '-_'■' 
 
 * shell have a papier mdche wad fitted jnto the socket to prei ^ 
 
 vent thepo^jder workurg u,p,lfco flash'. blchVfe it do<^rh. , ' — 
 
 ' Commoia shell'e^ist for all natures fronfi. the 7-pr. to the ^^Jjj^^;.^, ;. 
 80 ton gun ; 'the latter is, however, not yet in the service. ' ° - ' : 
 They are^about three calibres long, except. that for the. He^vy Gum. 
 
 \ 
 
 Field. 
 
 >■ 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ■3*- 
 
 » 
 
 ' t 
 
 iMi 
 
 % ' 
 
 ":#r 
 
 
'!!' 
 
 / 
 
 m 
 
 *, 
 
 #> 
 
 
 % 
 
 Ml i; 
 
 iIIh 
 
 J 
 
 t 
 
 4) 
 
1 
 
 Use. 
 
 80-pr. 
 
 ■■'■^-v : .26- : . ; ■.-/•■. 
 
 12 in. of 25 tons which, as stilted before, is only about 2J 
 
 calibres. ' . .„ . • * mi, i. 
 
 The thickness of-walls vary from about |th in the larger Thickness 
 
 to |th of the diameter in the smaller shells.. 
 
 In.the il in. 25ton, 12 in. 35, and 12.5 in/SS, thei-walls ' 
 
 are thicker at base than top, and also in Mark II. foi^ 10 in. 
 
 All tho later marks have bases rounded off to facilitate load- 
 
 * 'ing. They are oil to be fitted with gas checks, but the 
 
 ' altered <?n4« are not strong enough to stand a battering 
 
 ^charge. ; - v 
 
 They are used against material generally and are especially 
 destructive Uy woodtn* ships. Theyuse only a fuze to act 
 on direct impact, PetAnan's (^.S.* However in the attack 
 : on a fortress it-might be well if they would burst orgraze. 
 
 . 80-pr., 64-pr., 40-pr., 25.pn, 8 in. and 6.3 in. howitzer, 
 /^ The common shell for 80-pr: is peculiar in having a ring 
 of increased thickness cast^ under the front studs, to bear 
 the pressure of forcing them in, and it increases in thick- 
 ness towards the rear. It has sfnds of copper and zinc, to 
 , fit Woolwich grooves. This gun is L.S. pnly ; fuze Pett- 
 ' matf's as. and R.L. Mark II. ' ;: , ' . 
 
 Common shell fuzes, Pfettman's (J.Sj^nd R.L., Mark II. 
 Beyond the three xings of studs therdjf nothing peculiar in 
 " this shelly the studs being small an^i m copper. \ # 
 
 These common shell are of the ordl^iary , form, the ^5-pr/ , - 
 
 ' not h^ing a copperbush. . . V - ^^""'^S^^' 
 
 ^ The 40 pr. and 8 in.vhowitzer have gas checks on their indSS-p^. 
 
 '■ shells. '„' ■• '■'",.. V " -S: : ■ ■ "■' . ■;" , 
 
 6.3 in. howitzer has no st6ds, rotation being given by a " - ' 
 
 driving gas check. ^ < 
 
 The common shell is similar in. each one. ^.Tjiey hftve .no Field Gun*, 
 copper bush, and take the R.L. fuzes, Marks I or II tor tlie 
 7.pr. full charges iind the 9-pr., the 16-pr. takes Mark IL 
 ' only, and the 7-pr. is best used with the sensitive fuze. 
 
 Double Shell are similar to common shell, but are nearly • 
 4 e al \hv(^^ long. The -7 in. is strengthened by 3 ribs inside. / . 
 
 64-pr. 
 
 X,^-,.:-i~.-:Z^ 
 
 ■•?■ 
 
:\- 
 
 i 
 
,f 
 
 ^ ' '* - . 
 
 They arc chiefly used in the 7 in. against wooden ships, 
 an^ in the 7-pr. against houses, &c. , . ; 
 
 The 7 in. is accurate up to 2000 yards ; the 7-pr. to about 
 1600 yards. , . _ 
 
 Segment Shell— Vaed with percussion fuzc8, from B.L. 
 
 guns. ' , ^ ' n ^A 
 
 Segment Shell are of two classes— garrison arid field. - 
 The shell is of thin cast iron^ cylindro-conoidal in shape, 
 east without a base and weakened by four grooves in. the 
 liead. It is weakened by grooves iff the body. Segments 
 of cast ironware built up in arches or jay eliron a cast irbn 
 disc/ having a hollow space in the centre; these segments 
 ■are introduced intothe sl^ell, formiug an interior lining to 
 it; the lead and antimony in the operation of coating is 
 allowed to flow into the shell tljpjough a- hole near tlw 
 •shoulder (the powder chamber being closed by a core or 
 fpahdril) ; the lead flows: between the segments, binding 
 , them together; the base is also fastened on to the body by 
 the lead coating, which seals the joint between base and 
 body; this constniction is very strong against external 
 pressure, but openfi^ readily v^u acted on by the bursting 
 
 charge. , i ' ; 
 
 -^ Garrison Segment Shell, 7 in., and 40-pr,8. G.S. gauge. 
 Fuzes, 9 seconds or 20 seconds BX., PettiAan's G.S. per- 
 cussion, and R.L. percussion" fuze, Mark H. These shell' 
 have their powder chambers coated withered lacquer; and 
 are a little over two calibres long. " 
 
 . Fuld Service Segment /SA«/Z.— Field, service gauge, f>ize 
 ^.J^ plain percussion, (Navy, E. time in addition.)- Calibres 
 20, 12", Ig and fi-prs. In the shell, the' powder "shell F.Q." 
 is contained in wrought-rron gas pipe bursters, the pipe is 
 dropped into the powder chamber which is of the same di- 
 ameter as the fuze-hole; the brown p^per, cover in which 
 the burster is issued is retained, the tcb end' being torn off 
 to allow jgnition ; the e^ds of the burster are closed by serge 
 and paper discs fastened to metal rings. v ' ^ 
 
 ■ Field service shell are now carried -filled, over the burster 
 
 .#(h 
 
 ;.i^ 
 
# 
 
 
 \ 
 
 # 
 
 •S 
 
 -m. 
 
 '^ 
 
 , ^ .. — 
 
 ^.. 
 
(1 u 
 
 '■''It 
 
 # 
 
 Dm. 
 
 
 • ' .- V" -S' *• . ■ ^ 28 
 iB pljRced a wooden plug, covered with serge to keep it 
 
 steady. . , i 
 
 ^ All aej^ment shell are about two calibres m length. 
 
 U. on the lead coat signifies that they are attached by 
 the old Mans of undercut grooves. 
 
 The coating has been attached in three ways : , 
 
 Ist. Tin solder and square grooves. , m | 
 
 2«d. Mechanical means, viz. : undercnt grooves. 
 
 3rd and best, by zinc solder, no grooves. 
 
 The zinc amalgrfmates strongly with both iron and lead. 
 
 ciiiefly useful against trooi)8 in column when burst or 
 graze close to them, they scatter too much if burst in front. 
 
 They are very effective when burst through a thin wall. 
 I The whole 'subject of "segment versus shrapnel" is a 
 very vexed one and cannot be gone into fully hero. • 
 
 The form of the segments are bad for flight and they 
 have to be very accurately burst, and used on hard level 
 gronnd, to get lull effect. # ■ « 
 
 Are made for the 7 ih. and 40-pr., 12-pr. and 9-pr, B. L. Slir«pnel. 
 guns, and also for all R.M. L. guns, except, as yet, the 
 
 howitzer. * 
 
 The general idea is the same all through, wo will des- 
 cribe the B. L. first. : ^-" ^ 
 
 They are always, if possible, to be uiid with time fuzes, 
 and their effect is entirely dependant upon the correct esti- ^ 
 
 mate of range, and proper setting of fuze ; their penetration - # 
 
 is proportuMial to their velocity. 
 
 The hea^shrapnel from Woolwich guns are effective at 
 long ranges, as they maintain their velocity and the balls 
 are large, they could be burst within 300 yards of object, 
 and used at say 4500 yards for the largest natures. But f 
 
 for field service 2000 yards is the outside, and burst from 
 20 to 60 yards short, about 15 feet above plane. ' ^ 
 
 - The largest size projectiles will all be fitted for gas 
 checks in the new patterns, but they are not strong enough 
 to alter, to take the:n in the existing natures. ?- #^ 
 
 ~. The body is ot cast iron coated with lead as before ck>DBtraetlon. 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 
m 
 
 ■f 
 
 I 
 II 
 
 ■ f 
 
 I 
 
 'H 
 
 •»■ 
 
 ■■§ 
 
 p.> 
 
 M' 
 
 
 
 .■\- 
 
 "'IIP 
 
 -■ ' ** 
 
 ■--..W^ 
 
 . V . . -v v>A»»vv»L. 
 
 ■ "^^ 
 
 «-^ 
 
1^4' 
 
 «• '*. 
 
 "•'■,#.' 
 
 '■A 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 sf- 
 
 %r 
 
 ,-v- 
 
 *.#' 
 
 -f-i-' 
 
 doBcribod, contSfilng a poWder (jh$ml>er at base, and ia 
 weakcntjd by grpovea along the Ride«. Into tbc powder 
 cjiamber, fits a >*C%to contain. the bursting cbargo, over 
 tbe cup rt«tint/^gatJ8b >" tlic Bh«U h a wroiigbt:iron 
 disc or dinpbijife^ijit^ J-bicb, for tho sumllor . BbeilaJI) to 
 tbe L2-pr. in(lu»i||h^ pip« •« screwed, t^ed in 
 
 tbe top for tbe prinier. A tin iocliet is soldered on to tbo 
 ■ gun-ipetal pipe, and tbis \u conjunction witktbegnn-inetalV 
 buslfin tb(? bead receives tbe fuze ; lead and antimony balli 
 are placed over tbe dtapbragni, imbedded in rosin, tbe slioU 
 being lined witb brown paper, to prevent tbe rosin ir<m_n 
 adbering too firmly. A Jtkinptulicon or felt Jisc soaked in 
 kittomposition goes over tbe balls. Tbe bead \i made of, 
 Besdemer steel, ogival in sbape, lined witb wood, and bav' 
 ing a gunrmetal socket spidered in, it is fastened to tbe 
 body by rivets and screws, and ftirtber §^cured b^ soldering^ 
 Tbero is a little difference in ^ftfe^onstrnction of tbo gar- 
 rison sbrapnel, tbe tui cup and SSf bragm in future manu- " 
 facture would be coned to" allow of tbesbell being unloaded 
 more easily, a wrortght-iron pipe of larger diameter screwed 
 into tbe diapbragm, and tbe gun-metal socket fitted into 
 tbe pipe, and sufticieiitly large to bold tbe fuze, and tapped; 
 to takd tbe primer, so tliat tio tin socket is required. Tb© 
 sbcll hitberto made differ sligbtly in details, tbtf cup ^ot 
 being coned, tbey bave a Smaller iron pipe and tin socket. 
 ' Tbe projecting socket ofsHrapnel sbelK has been found 
 liable to injur/ i^ transit ; iVluis been replaced by a socket 
 fiush witli tbo bead, of tbe sliell. ;- .: "^ 
 
 . / Tbe cbargefor these sbell is nleasured, and pistol R.F.G., 
 - or F.G powder i# u§ed, when the charge has been inserted 
 • a. gun-metal primer is screwed by a screw-driver into the 
 top of tbe wrougbt-iron tube. " -^i^ . -i 
 
 . - If ark It. .primer consists of a gun-metal cylinder, having 
 
 a screw thread, and two slotg cut in., tbe head to enable it ' ^^13?^ 
 •to b e 8('rp >wpd ipto the shell. A cuprshaped reeesa in the 
 head is pierced with three holes, leadin|J„into '» chamber 
 
 •ii*S5'' 
 
 ■■Wf' 
 
 
 i6/- 
 
 .-A^i- 
 
 L,* 
 
 ".f 
 
 
 
 Primer, 
 
 ^" 
 
t^TK^.«<fr^^lf;>jt 
 
 # 
 
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 a 
 
 filled with L.G. powder; the bottom being 8lightly#|p's^ 
 by a b^ass ring and a disc of shalloon. 
 
 The primer serves to carry the flash ofthefnzeto the 
 chari^e, and also prevents the powd^ from working up. 
 , Resemble ttose previously described for B.L.- guns, F.S., F^^'f^M^j" 
 ^page 28, as to their internal arrangements ; lead and anti- 
 mony balls arc used: The latest patterns, however, have 
 flush sockets, and there are no internal grooves in Mark II., 
 16.pr., and Mark V., 9-pr., except in the powder chamber 
 of the latter; the tin cup and diaphragm in the 16-pr. arQ 
 
 ..coned. :.'- , ■' ■"■.■■',. ^ •, '■ ' .-'.'■. 
 
 Thestudsarepurecopper, and th6 last patterns of 16-pr., . 
 
 Mark III., and 9.pr., Mark VIII., are cast to finished di- 
 
 mensions. 
 
 The shrapnel for those guns Is similar to above. The Heavy Wool, 
 body of shell being nearly a^ thick as the common shell, 7''*' * ^"^*' 
 which it resembles in studding and exterior dimensions. 
 
 The*vval^9 are slightly thicker towards the base. The tin 
 cup and disc are coned to facilitate unloading. The balls 
 are sand shot for economy. 
 
 Differ from above in having balls of the mixed metal, and 
 round the central iron tube is a wooden one to fill up space 
 and bring shell to proper weigl||||without unduly increas- 
 ing its weight. - : ' i 
 
 The 64-pr., as usual, has the three rings of studs, and has * 
 
 three extra(jtor hofes. 
 
 Are siinilar to the shrapnel* for field service, have thin 40-pr.&25-pr. 
 ' walls, gun lii^tal tube, and composite socket of tin and 
 
 copper. 7 
 
 Are madt for all rifled guns; they are cylinders of thin Case shot. 
 
 . iron tinned, containing balls of different natures and size, 
 accordi^i^ to calibre^ packed in clay and sand. ^, ; 
 
 Up to 7 in. inclusive, the case shot have a body of tin, in Up to 7 in. 
 three pieces, soldered lotigitudinally together. The bottom » 
 is Df tin soldered to body, anfj has an iron ring riveted on 
 outside. The top end is fringed, and the fringes bent down v^ 
 
 . and soldered unto a tinned iron top* • • / "T« 
 
 The 64-pr. 
 80-pr. 
 
:t. 
 
 M. * 
 
 1 
 
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 ^Contents. 
 
 Above 7 in., the case shot has the b^dy made of one piece Above 7 in. 
 of tinned irop fringed at both ends. The bottom is an iron 
 <?2»c, the top % as above. 
 
 . The 6, 9, 12j ,and 20-pr. B.L. have a tin top, covering a Exc •ptions. 
 V piece of wood with rounded edges. . 
 
 The 9-pr. M. L. has a Ifn top, covering a thin.disc of wood, r 
 
 The 7-pr^ has a plain tin tqx - 
 
 * ' All case shot contain three loose wrought-iron segments 
 as a liningfjiTaced upon a loose iron disc at bottom..* The 
 exception is the 64-pr. and 80-pr. case, which also servea 
 for the 6.3 j«|i howitzer, it has six segments; 32-pr. case 
 cannot be need ft^i?64-pr., as it scores the bore. , 
 
 All case shot have their contents packed in clay and sand. 
 
 For R. M. L. .tJflB balls are mixed metal up to 40-pi:. 
 
 ■'■'■ - ® . 
 
 m inclusive. 
 
 • For R. B. L. they M-e mixed metal up to 20-pr. inclusive. 
 
 Higher natures con|ain 8 oz. sand shot. ' / 
 
 » Up to the 16-pr. in^usive they have no handle. 
 
 * ' From 25-pr. to 8 in. .the;j[ have one handle. 
 
 ^ Above 8 in. tliey have #o handles. 
 
 The same case serves for 7 in. B. L. and M. L.. . 
 
 '' Th^same'case serves for 6-^r., 8 in. and 6.3 in. howitzer. ^ 
 
 B. L. case differ froth M. L. in having solder studs at or So|der Studs 
 
 . * near base, to prevent them l||ingranniied too far home, not 
 
 to take the riflings. A- , ■ * 
 
 •^ In the case for 7 in., the studs are placed so as to fit the. 
 
 grooves, wheniised with the Woolwich gun. r 
 
 For field sei^vice, case can be used up to about 3Q0 yards, 
 .when the ground is soft or uneven 1**. elevation ought to be 
 given, but when hard and even, point blank is best 
 
 In the large guns.tjiey are effective up to 600 yards, and 
 cause great destruction to boats and are very use&l to repel 
 a boat attack, especially by torpedo bSats. 
 
 Useu 
 
 \/ 
 
 Means of Firiko O^nan^e, &c. 
 
 Friction tubes are almost invariabl/used, mad« of cop- 
 per for L.S., and quill for S.S. ^„>f 
 
 ...... i,. 
 
 tn, 
 
rrf- 
 
 
 
 Electric tubes are often i>8ed on hoard ship, and will he 
 used in casemated batteries. There are also makeshift 
 tubes of paper, but these and th^" electric are seldom met 
 
 . ^ith. ,. ';■ :/"^- ' ■ > :■■ ■'■%■,■ ' ■ •■■ 
 
 N Friction tul)e8 of copper about -2 in. diameter are used TuUes.copper 
 
 „V /» . • • VI „ 1 o friction, 
 
 for* firing guns m. the L.b. ^ , , . ^ 
 
 There are three" sizes, viz., the short friction tube about 
 3 in. in' length for guus in general, a special tube about 2 
 
 • in. long fvr the 7-pr., and the long friction tube about 5 in. 
 ibng for 10 in. K.M.£. ^uns and upwqtrds in L.S. There js 
 
 a special 5 iii. tube, with a wire attached to keep it from \^i * 
 lying, issued fbrjill tke Woolwich guns in the navy when / _ 
 watelftoof cartridges are used ; a small lanyard is hooked 
 on toihe wire ai^d hitched on to tlie gun carriage. / 
 
 The friction tubef consists of a copper tube driven with 
 mealed powder and pierced with a central hole, the top , i|^ 
 stopped with sliell^c putty anchtlie bottom with a disc ^f ' 
 varnished paper ; a hole is bored tlirough near the top of 
 thetube, and at right angles to it, and' <gj- this hole is se- 
 cured a cylin^r^or '^ nib-piece, " contaiiiSg^a^-Ptjpei-. fric- 
 tion bar, ronglienedj and slightly turned iip at 'one end, . 
 with a small patch ^ detonating composition of chlorate of " ' • 
 potash, sulphur, and #^hide of antimony plat-ed ab^ve and 
 below the bar ; the nib-piece is piilib|d down so-as toin-ess ' 
 on the li^iction bar, the projecting jW of whictrtias^pbye 
 into which the hook of the lanyard fits. ^ 
 On pulling the lanyarU (which should be stretched an 
 ^ then sharply pulled) the triction bar isj)ulled out, igniting 
 . the coniposition': and firing thetube. \y • 
 
 * The central hole in the tiibe is important, it gives pass- 
 age for the flash, and causes the tube to act instantaneously, 
 
 ; without it the mealed powder would burngUke a sqi^ib and 
 iail to ignite the cartridge. V j' . : v 
 Friction tubes are issued in tin cylinders, contain ingSS. 
 Friction tubes are on no ac^ou^it to be placed in a 
 a2ine. '• ^ - . -- ' - 'M. 
 
 7. 
 
 #. 
 
 Action. 
 
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 Issue. 
 
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 • ' 88 ■ 
 
 . Qnill friction tubes of two sizes, about 2f in. and 4 in. q^„, ^^,^^1^^^ 
 long nro user! by the navy. The genenil principle of con-, tube., 
 strufetion is the same, but they differ slightly in details ; a 
 little mealed powder is added to the ^detonating coinpo- 
 'sition which is put on one side only of the friction bar ; the 
 . bat passes through the tube. To support the tube when 
 the lanyard is pulled, a leather loop is attached which fast- 
 ens on to a crutch or pin screwed into the gun near the 
 vent ; the long tube is used for guns of 8 in. calibre and 
 over, when firing reduced charges, and also for use with 
 24-pr. Hale's rockets S.8. . 
 
 In tin cylinders, same as copper friction tubes. 
 Friction tubes are fired by means of lanyards. They Lanyards, 
 differ chiefly in length. 
 
 Garrison lanyard short, 7 ft. 6 in. long, having a loop at 
 one end and a .hook spliced on at the other. 
 Garrison lanyard, service, for guns underA? in., length 
 ^ 12 fe«b. ^iPlUiis will supersede the short one for\all guns. 
 Garrison laifjard, Mark I., lias been appro vW to guide 
 local alteration of existing store, and for luttire\ manufac- 
 ture. It lias a^^line, with a loop at the end, spliced on 
 Vbput 3 fee^Vom the hook ; this Jine is made tVl^, so as 
 ^2 T'i-'^w»»' ♦:y|liBnk Hying back when^the^un is fir^. It 
 |M^''^BS?ffer^5fe^ guns and over, 
 /^ield seV^is laMrd, length 5 ft. 4 in. ' 
 
 Wheti tfrictioiV tul^we*not#^mMable<the guji must 
 fired 1^^ means of a^p^t fii^coa^ng .of a Cylinder oi 
 paper about 16 in. long amThgJf^an inch in diameter, filled 
 writh a burning cfinpofeitiG^ they burn frpm lajnto 15 
 
 / minutes.; .'■■ : .v'jp*.-.— .w ■ ^ ■ ■ 
 
 ade of common bmegorouk;^ soake^Mn a boi}- 
 
 ^n if 3 oz. saltpetiNeli^soSfei in^^^ 
 
 ^e mbi-e poro^lsthe^gl^er,tuemore wa ^ 
 
 _, _ „1^ of cOtton^ \^ck boiled in ^isoltitiop 9f mealed Quick Match. v 
 
 pciwder and. gum, and dry powder dus^d^ qver it. 
 '^Ijf he« ^nenclosed^ it burns at the rate of about 1 yard in 
 13 se^iftftilav eiiclosed in a tube of any kind» it burns much ^— 
 
 Common 
 Port fire. 
 
 Slow 
 Portfire. 
 
 11'! : 
 

 0k. 
 
more rapidly, tlio pressure causing the gas to rush forward " 
 and fire the mass explosively. 
 
 Is made of pure lieinp boiled in water and wood ashes, Slow Match, 
 ashes about one bushel, water about 60 gals. * 
 
 Rockets. 
 
 Rockets have long been used as fireworks for signalling 
 purposes, iiVfact they were known to the Chijicse long be- 
 fore the introduction of gunpowder. 
 
 It is known that they used thein for offensive purposes 
 in the 13th century, and the^ wercvused iri EuiT|De in the 
 16th century, and they were •nsed against us ^h gre at 
 effect in India in 1799 ; it is impossible to say at wWjfcier 
 mote period they were first invented. *' - '^^v 
 
 They have many advantages in use ^ they carry their . 
 own projectile force, they have considerable velocity, and 
 are extremely effective as incendial^y projectiles, and have 
 an alarming effect on savage nations and on animals. 
 
 Sir W. Congreve was the firet to bring them prominently 
 forward in our service, but the long stick o r^ t^il of his 
 rocket&j on the pattern of the ordinary sky-rocMgp^ very 
 inconvenient, and increased the irregularity of thpir flight 
 on grazing any object. 
 
 In 1367 Hale's rockets, called after their inventor, superr 
 seded the Congreve pattern. « 
 
 a^Sthese the escaping ga . pr.ases through three vents in 
 fflj^il piece; these vents have one side cut away, so^ that 
 the escaping gas finds no resistance on that side, and as 
 tjie three are so arranged as to assist eadi other, rotation 
 then to the rocket, and Jhe necessity of a Stick obviated, 
 'he head is pf cast-ir(i»> plugged with wood, and riveted 
 
 he hoiri was i^led with powder 
 e found dangerous to 
 
 pockets. 
 
 on to the body, at one ti 
 and used as a *shell, bjaj 
 handle. 
 
 M|g|ipdy isofsteeLlihedfj^i^Vd^^ , . 
 
 Mpyp prevent coi|i|l| betw^t<(|^mposition and metal, 
 
 i- brown paper and 
 
 Hale's 
 Rockets. 
 
 as consequent deterioration ottheJ^mer,^the base is secured 
 
 ■y^- 
 
 f,** 
 
 A 
 
 S' 
 
^p 
 
 t' 
 
 ,1P 
 
 9-pr., 24-pr. 
 
 85 
 
 by an iron disc, into which screwa till tnil piece, with it« 
 three conicnl vents, cut away on one side, ns described al)Ove. 
 
 TIjo conipofeition, consiBting of sidtpetrc, Bulpliur, and Corai««liu.n 
 charcoal, iB driven into tlie case under a preasurc of t'roin 8 
 to 10 tons per eqtl^ incli. 
 
 Tlio composition is tlien bored out to a conaiderablo 
 amount, bo as to enBuro a hvrge volume of gas to start the 
 
 rocket. 
 
 When a rocket Ib fired, there Ib generated a large volume -Action. 
 
 of gas, and consequently a presBure in all directions, inside 
 ^ cfltee, the presBuVc on the sides balance, and that on the 
 \ead would be equal to that on the base, but for the three 
 vents, through which the gas escapes and reduces the pres- 
 sure, op the bar,, that on the head is in consequence the 
 
 eater, and the rocket is impelled forward, the action being 
 cac% similar to the recoil of a gun. 
 
 The service sizes are 9-pr. and ii4-pr. ; they are of several 
 patterns. Mark I. is dangerous, and is on no account to 
 
 be used. |||? ^ # 
 
 The outside of the rocket is painted r^^^ 
 
 Besides these, experiments are beii||^|rrried on with 
 rockets containing an incendiary composition in the heads, / 
 
 \miipckets of 6 in. diameter and 100 lbs. weight, carrying 13 
 tjbs. of gun cotton in head, and a fuze resembling the R. L. 
 ixxzQy ready to strike. 
 
 Several of these have been sent to India. * 
 
 A 24-pr. with 3 lbs. af gun cotton has been tried. " , 
 There is also a life-saving rocket to carry a rope to a Life-SavIng 
 Stranded ship, which is actually a double rocket, when one 
 is burnt out the other comes into play^ ^ ^L 
 
 They have a stick, as also have the several varieties oi 
 
 signal rockets in use. 
 Hale's rockets are fired from angular troughs. 
 
 The "glorious uncertainty" of the range and direction D~gndvantag« 
 
 of t\ll%ockcts is-their treat drawback, otherwise they are 
 
 t h e perfectiofi of artillfi y, no heavy gtins being required to ' 
 
 fire them. 
 
 ^,' 
 

 ■rM^.:_ 
 
 ,.&- ■ 
 
 im:. 
 
 '-m"< 
 
'K': 
 
 . ^ ■' 86 
 
 FCZES. 
 
 FttteB arc divitlwl inlo two distinct cliu»He«, "tiino" and 
 «* percuiwion," each Ixjing nBc»d tor well defirted purposes. 
 
 Time fiizea are sub-divided into those for S. B., M. L. R., 
 and B. L. R., and >Y>tli teW exceptions they are not inter- 
 changeable. . '/';*• 
 
 Percussion fuzes cannot bo so divided. 
 
 They may, however, bo considered as those to act on 
 graze and those to act on direct impact. 
 
 Tbere has been of late years a considerable advance tbAde 
 in the manufacture and accuracy of ftizes of all sorts, brought J_ 
 about chiefly by the increased accuracy of rifled guns, and 
 the deadly ieffects of shrapnel when properly burst. 
 
 Prior to the Crimean war, fuzes were rough cones of 
 wood, filled with a composition that burst more or less 
 irregularly, and the neccBsary "length of fuze" was obtained 
 by «aimw^ off pieces of the end of the core ; as the fuze- 
 holes in the shells were of all sizes, the fuze had then, in 
 many cases, to be rasped down to the necessary size. ' 
 
 Percussion fuzes were, I believe, hardly known. 
 
 To General Boxer, R.A., is chiefly due the great improve- 
 ments in the tnndJuzeB of the present* day, tor these fuze» 
 .for rifled gu^l^^entially the fiame as the "common^ : 
 time tuze hoafi4«#»t out about that period. ' ^v "^^^^^^^^^^^^/^ 
 
 Fuze composition is now a well defined and carefully 
 inade mixture, and it is driven iiito the fuze, by a regular 
 Jiydranlic pressure, so that tliere is great regular jty!iii tlif 
 time of burfting in any given gttn, allowances being necei- i 
 ^Pary for -increase or decrease of velocity, and particularly \ 
 for increase Of elevation of gun ahove sea level. ' 
 
 The greater the velocity the quicker would a-fttjp^ biim, 
 provided that the fuze kept point foren^ost. '' ^ 
 
 It was found in Abyssinia that the time fazes biirnt- 
 mnch slower at Magdala.than it tlie sea )e?el ; and it is 
 found that as a general rule each diminution of atmospheric 
 
 ' jnch, which is 
 
 ■■*?a 
 
 »:rf^ 
 
 '<• 'A 
 
 /"t^ . 
 
 .. 7- 
 
 ■ . 7 ■ 
 
 :: / 
 
 .(P 
 
 iA 
 
 p r essure to the extent of one , mercuri a l 
 
 -cquaL 
 
 to a rise of 1000 teet, increases the time of burniog y^th, 
 
 ■% 
 
 i: : 
 
^:. 
 
 111. 
 
 i 
 
 t. 
 
 -U 
 
 ■X, 
 
 -r>.- 
 
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 thns) 
 30 ,8e( 
 propc 
 in th 
 titne 
 
 V ■ A: 
 
 irregi 
 
 "He 
 
 appr< 
 
 fed 
 1 inc 
 
 ■ m 
 
 Tl 
 
 titles 
 
 (4; 
 
 ; It C8 
 meal 
 atf|$ 
 >toi 
 A 
 and 
 regi 
 le»g 
 to n 
 bun 
 
 ^ 
 
 WOIj 
 
 1 
 
 ' diff 
 
/ M-"- ■ ' •■: 
 
 '•';l^^tf'i"'*'i>*i'- 
 
 m 
 
 ,1 ■'»■ :■-. 
 
 %' 
 
 ST^ 
 
 ■o 
 
 Fuze 
 
 C(nn positions 
 
 Olird|nary. 
 
 'M 
 
 thiwAt 5000 %t elevation tlielarge mortar fuze that biirns 
 30 seconds at sea level wottlid burn 35 seconds, afid SO ip 
 proportion for othei-s. Again, any jc^ilstHerable frfll or rise 
 in the barometer \io\M mcrease or^^liminfeh tlie average 
 *ifne ofJi)urning, an important considertttion when firing 
 
 Blirapne|, - . "* , -'■ '". :^ 
 
 A fiize that has been kept for a considerable time is alSQ 
 Jrregnlar in its burning^, gener{|lly burrfing slowly. ^ ■ ,_0 
 ileiitfvW tables of lengths of iW for range can o'nly^e 
 
 approxinaftte. ' " . ' ^V . 
 
 ; 'v j^ ; ;•-■?"■/: :FnjJE' GoMPosrrioNS- " ■* % .■ '■■./'■^i" ''-;- 
 
 (1) Ordinary fiizecompositioys consists of-r ^^ J 
 , Gio^id Saltpetre.... ;. 46.4 J 
 
 .• r^ Heafel Pit Powdei^.;.. 39.^1 100 parts.; 
 ; :. Sttbfimcd^ilphur:... .14^3) ^ V 
 
 lind^hen driven at regulated t*ressure Imrfts at the rate of | 
 
 1 inch in 5^ seo. i ., > '/'. «A 
 
 (2) Special, buirnuig 1 in. iti 7i.secj:v - 4|: SpeciallSsec 
 ' (3) Speci^vl, burning lin. in tG sec. . Special3()|eo 
 
 the above specialxliffer onlj^^l^m ordinary in the quan- ' '"^ 
 
 tities of ingredients. ' ; 
 
 (4) Oi-dinary meliled powder is also used ^lone, and it 
 b#rns at double the rate of ordinary, viz.^ fft 1 in. in 2^ sec. 
 : Itcan ^asilylbe seeiT that by using fuze composition or ^ 
 
 mealed powder the same length of fuze can be graduated ^ 
 
 ' at^^qiial distaifce^, so that in one case it will be graduated 
 >to i seconds and f#the other to i seconds. ., * 
 
 A proportion of fuzes in ei;irery 1000 are sent to Pr6bfoffaze» 
 
 and tired from the same gun, bored at same length to test ^ k 
 
 regularity of burning, and others are burned at rest to test 
 length of time, 4--2 in every 5 sccdnds- of time is allowed 
 to new fuzes, buTold fuzes are not cQudeiAued unless they V^ 
 burn 10 percent'ov^r their proper time. Thus the 5 sec. fuze - ■ 
 
 would be Condemned if ^ any time it was found «o burn 
 
 . - J0.6 sec. . . 
 
 'tlie wood time fuzes are all made from the same cone, 
 different^portions being cut off as necessary. 
 
 i». 
 
 ^ 
 
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 Common gauge 
 fuze IwleB. 
 
 ■ -■'■* / Timb' FczEg.^: ; _,.."■ ... - ■■■-■;:' . 
 
 Time fuzes consfst ttf a hollow cone filled wftli composi- ^imefusw* 
 tipn, and in inost cases containing. powder channels, paiiillel 
 to the central composition ; 'they are graduatcU at side's 
 general)^' to tOths of fuze, burn'ing either ^ sec. or isec. as 
 the cas^may \)e. * They are ignited at head cither by flash 
 of gun or by .a detonating arrangement when there is no •• 
 
 wliiidage/' ^ ;/ !.«j ' . - V ..^: „ ■ , ■- 
 
 We hiive first, fuzes for S.B. ordnance, oonsiatiiig of : 
 
 y Diaphragm, fitting sh^Hs with) ,^_ ^ _.„_. f B. fuawi., 
 
 Go.mmon, " " • 
 
 ; Small Mortar, "■ *^ 
 
 Large Mortar, " - " Large Mortar gauge. 
 Diaphrafffn,. may be used with common shell at short 
 ranges, alao Common with 5.5 and 4.4 mortar shells at sh ort 
 
 ranges. " -.'| .:'""' : ^ " ■ _ • | .' ■' ''-"'" 
 
 The small Mortar Cvize may^be used with common shell 
 for long ranges,* Av hen the metif of tlji sl^ell would not in- 
 terfere with the passage of the ftai||l^ 
 
 Isl. Diaphragm Fuz(|. F(^4i^^1th diaphvagtn shell. 
 This is a short fuze/\eo«tainln^ only 1 inch cons position, 
 for, from the const^^^fi ^f the sliell, a lon^ one could 
 not be u^ed, neith*- >*$)itM it |e d§pirabletod(?iso,if it were 
 possible, froni the fiict that the effect of sJfrapnel shell de- v' 
 pends entirely upon tfie velocity at the moment of rupture, 
 and the velocity of an S.JB. shell «itfter 1200 yards, dimin- 
 ishes very rapidly. The arran^ii^nts of thi^^w^e ip tlie 
 . type, however, of many ortiert*. \^ 
 
 It consists of a wooden cor^ «it*d has tlm>e ch^wUpr / 
 driven excentrically throti^i ft, one larger tli^wft the ots/^/ \ 
 
 two. The iarirCone isKdriven with fuze comp<i«Mon an<^ -r 
 
 the powder 4»4mnel8 are filled witli pistol powder, m^ t\w 
 powder in /"erf "channel is supported 'lj«^ a piece of c^uick 
 muftii, passing through tlie lowest hole, ;by. means of which- 
 4kc flame explodes the shell if thei fuze is npt bored. A 
 groove cut in the bottom of th^ fiizp, with apiece of quick 
 iMitch m it, unites the two pdwder channels, holes are bored 
 
 / '.t J. ^ y. ■■::.: .■,/.• - ■■;■ . ^ : y- ;■. : 
 
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 Diaphragilt. 
 
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 t! n 
 
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 through into the pox^cr channels, filled with i)Ovvder pro- 
 tected by clay and varnished paper. These holes are A in, 
 apart and serve to direct thte bit in boring the fuze. They 
 arc marked externally in alternate j»„ths, odd Nos. on dne, 
 6ven on thy other; in all it is inarked to 10 half seconds. 
 
 The fuze composition is continued -G in. above the highest 
 sicje hole, it is bored into tg the depth df 4 in. in order to 
 give a large surface to the action of the flash from the quick 
 
 match. ■ ; v ' 
 
 The highest side hole is thei-efore -2 in. beloW the zero of 
 
 the fuze.' 
 
 4 holes are bored" through the head to fix t^e quick match ' 
 that h used as priming, and thfflpirholc is- covered T>y a tin . 
 cap, and a piece of tape attachea. ' 
 — Po%vder channels liarve several advantages. 
 
 Prepa 
 
 
 1st. In case of the hole bored coming in contact with j^^yj^Qt^^eg 
 tlie metal, tliey carry, the flash into the body of the shell. S *^^^^ 
 
 2nd. By'liaving odd i^^fths on one and even jV^^^^ <^" *^® 
 other, it enables the fuze to be. bored to smaller dimensions, 
 in the 15 see. iuze are 6 powder channels,^ in order to give 
 the. necessary i'raduations ; the 30 sec. hasl 8. - • 
 
 3rd. An increased flash is given, which i^ (especially use- V 
 f^il, indeed necessary, with shrapnel of all sorts. ^ ,. ' 
 
 .These fuzes ^re covered wjth. varnished paper. The 
 ^fuze is prepa/red Iry boring to Required length,- f^ndteatfing 
 off cap-when sheU is in gun. "' . ft-" ' 
 
 Common Fuze. For common shell is identical'wKh above Common 
 except that it contains 2 in, of composition, and hums .10 
 sec, and, also the powder channefe are ,not connected with 
 quick match. 
 
 It may Ije used in'S^ Jitid 4| mortars, wh6n the ranges, " • •/ 
 
 are short. , ; 
 
 • Ldrge MorUiv Faze is used with 8 in., 10 in., 13 in. Larsromprtir 
 
 imtUM' »r<o)l. ' ', . '- '^'^^' 
 
 'J»/' j</«^jh of iferiMrposition is 6 in., burbling 30 seconds. 
 T]»ore ^m m t/'/A#der channels or side Jible^, and the cpjir- 
 yoiiiJLon is S^ \h(i ^f^ntre of the cone. Thp head ii priin*^'^ 
 
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 Small mortar 
 fuze. 
 
 m^^' 
 
 with quick match, and a hole is bored for a nliort distaneo 
 into the composition. Tho fir^t mark for boring rfe at 3 in. 
 from top of composition, and the remaining 4in.'are divided 
 spirftlly into ^V^i inches, burning seconds. The coiic^is 
 bored tlirough at in., and has a mealed powder pellet 
 placed in it to ensure ignition in case fuze i^ not bored. 
 It is covefcd by tin gap as before. * 
 
 There are two rings on fuze besides those marking inches, 
 the first marks the depth to which it will enter the fnze 
 hole of 13 in. and 10 in. shell, below this at 9 in., another 
 linosliews wherd it is gripped by 8 in. shell. • 
 
 The first hole only acts in a IQ in. shell falling agaii|St 
 the metal in 13 in. and 8 in. / 
 
 The small mortar luze is of the same gauge as the cob- 
 mop fuze, only 1 in. longer, having 3 in. of compositioiL It 
 is similar in marking and construction to-ihe large mortar ^ 
 
 fuze; tho first mark for boring is at 1 in., it burns 15 sec. ^ - 
 
 When used with 12-pr. common shell something. must bo 
 
 wrapped round it. -^ ' 
 
 Special fuze^ are made ior Hand Grenades, which are Special fuzes 
 
 nearly obsolete. , \ . ^ 
 
 Parachute light ftizets We also different, they are painted 
 blue, and are different tor 10 in., Sin., and 5^ in. The . . . 
 first two ????VA^ be used with comnion shell on an emer- 
 gency, the third is too swiall. They burn 15 piin., 13 miji.,' . 
 and 10 min. respectively. 
 
 Manlfcy's life-saving fuze is nearly obsolete, the lite-saying * 
 tocket taking the place of the Manby shot. 
 
 / :^ " Time FuiES for R. Ordn^ance.*, - -^' 
 
 •i We n©w come to llie consideration of time fuzes for rifled 
 
 wdnfince, fii:8t. lor muzzle loading guns,. tS?;c.^ v^^ 
 •■ Thb geri^ml construction of these fuzes is the same as 
 
 Jhd iVizes to^ allowances for 
 
 " t^'e 9ectiltai£clf^rit^^ wlii Ji thiey are used. 
 
 ^ ' tM^eMV^ toc(Militler thaC a rifled projectile always 
 ■ ;, tfia^els {><>jnt tet^^^oCitiat i| the top, of thesfuze jlWcposed 
 
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 increa8( 
 
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 to en an 
 
 greater 
 
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 compos 
 
 head is 
 
 its.cent 
 
 througl 
 
 in head 
 
 '^'erecl wi 
 
 betw^ei 
 
 ter shri 
 
 fuze. *] 
 
 only be 
 
 Jn pi 
 
 The 
 
 R.M.L 
 
 5 B( 
 
 9 s( 
 
 15 8€ 
 
 20 8( 
 
 30 8( 
 
 ^he 
 
 up to 
 
 powde 
 
 descril 
 
 9 s^ec 
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 It is 
 fuze c< 
 Second 
 ' Int 
 powde 
 compc 
 _^ Wngei 
 
41 
 
 as in the S.B. fuzes, the rate of burning \frould he greatly 
 increaecd, and again it would be very likely to be extin- 
 guished on grazing. Again, some few alterations are made 
 to ensure greater accuracy Mn the burning of the fuze and 
 greater strength. • 
 
 ^ The general arrangements of powder channels and fuze 
 composition is the same, the chief difference being that the 
 head is closed with a gun-metal plug, containing a pin in 
 its .centre, round which strands of quick mutch are passed 
 through two fire holes at side, thence round a groove cut 
 in head of fuze, covered and 8ecure4 by a copper strip cov- 
 ^ ered with tape. A brown paper lining is also introduced 
 between the wood ancl the composition, to prevent the lat- 
 ter shrinking, and the consequent premature action of the 
 fuze. Tl)e clay stopping is disj^ised'.with, varnished paper 
 only being used. ^% 
 
 Jn preparing fuzes for R. gffris the tapejs torn oflf. 
 
 The following i0 a tiWe of fuzes at present in use for 
 R.M.L. guns. 
 
 5 sec. used for shrapnel or (jpmmon shell „up to 1500 yds. 
 9 sec. for common shell or jlirapnel for long ranges. 
 
 15 sec. to supersede 5 sec. and 9 sec., when used up. 
 
 20 sec. for common shell, long ranges. 
 
 30 sec. to supbrstf^ tUq 20 s|||^^ 
 
 ,The 5 sec. fuzeis used for shraj)nel having G.S. gauge, 
 up to 80-pr. inclusive; it contains 2 inches of mealed ^^^^ 
 powder and burns 5 sec, its general eonstruction has been " Drab & Red. 
 described ; it cati be used J|r common shell tor short ranges. 
 
 9 s^ec. tised with S.B.^JJBf shell, common and shrapnel, 
 of G.^. gauge, up to 80-||p«dusive. , ; ' 
 
 It is icienticat^ith th%5W.Jhze in construction, only 
 fuze composition is ^sed, i£ cd^y^titly burns (at rest) 10 
 
 '.Seconds. -•>.'■' ' " " '^"^^k ' 
 
 ' In this fuze, above the fuze coiflyjosition, -4 in. of mealed gj^^-^^p^ ^ 
 powder is driven, to prevent risk of splitting the column of, 
 composition when boring at top hole, it is consequently 
 
 # 
 
 5 sec. 
 VaroiTshed 
 
 9 dec. ' 
 Varnished 
 paper. 
 
 I 
 
 ■/I 
 
 'h% 
 
 m- 
 
 j>. 
 
 -i 
 
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 it^r 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^■■ 
 
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At 
 
 m 
 
 iguiehed, one 
 
 drab. 
 tenths 
 
 if burning 
 when fired 
 
 from a certain gun. - 
 
 On account of the incoilvenience of having the two fuzes 
 the same size, viz., 5 sec. and 9 sec, in a field equipment, 
 'the IS'wic. was introduced on the 8th Fob'y., 1878, to take 
 ,. the ])lace of either and eventually to supersede both. 
 
 Its construction differs from the preceding fuzes inab- 
 ,.much as ithas 6 powder channels and is driven viith&slow 
 burning composition, burning 2 in. in 15 sec, or half as long 
 agai^ as the old composition. 
 
 For convenience of reference to old tables, &c, the divis- 
 ion on the fuzQ read nominal, iV*^»s *"^ ^ths of fuze 
 corresponding to i and i seconds of time. It is spirally 
 graduated 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, &c., on to 30. 
 
 The figures 1 to 10 corresponding to and giving same 
 times of burning as those on the 5 sec. fuze, and on to 20 
 those on the 9 sec* 
 
 This fuze resembles above in general construction, it ha&, 
 however, a still slower composition, burning 1 in. in 10 sec, 
 it has 8 powder channels, and is graduated as above, com- 
 mencing at 30 in. nominal lengths to represent Jsec. The 
 lower portion is cylindrical to give room for the powder 
 channels. It is to be bored by gimlet borer only. 
 
 This fuze is used for B.M.L. common shell, G.S. gauge, 
 up to 80-pr. inclusive, and also tor 7-pr. guns. 
 It will be superseded by above 30 sec. fuze. 
 In general construction and action it resembles a mortar 
 fuze, having no powder channels, but the arrangements as 
 to head, priming, paper lining, &c., are the same as other 
 M.L.R. fuzes. It has a pellet of mealed powder pierced, 
 placed in a hole bored through end of composition to carry 
 ftasli if not bored. v 
 
 / 
 
 10 tec. fuze. 
 
 80 860. fuze. 
 
 20 sec. fuze. 
 
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 1 100 Wayne Avenue. Suite I tOO 
 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 
 
 301/587-8202 
 
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 cm 20, 22, 2rr, ifec. ,/ . ^ ^ >' 
 
 .? It contains 4 in. con»po8ition?|f ^ ' ' ,;^ 
 
 > The latest pattern of-alUlieso fuzes, 5, 9,, .and 20 sec, 
 Mark III., differ from caVlierrnakes slightly. 
 
 (1) The head projects a little more from shell, and has a 
 larger groove containing more quick match, protected with 
 copper and tape jband. 
 
 ' (2) The paper lining is reduced to half its thifelcnessj and 
 is coated with varnish. 
 
 (3) The powder channels are nearer the centre and slightly 
 reduced in length, and the side holes, are not bored beyond 
 powder channels, increasing the str^figth of the fuze. 
 
 li. B. L. Kdzes. 
 
 There being jio windage in B.L.R, guns there is na flash 
 to ignite the tuze, hence it is necessary to add some arrange- 
 ment to start the action in a time fuze. . 
 
 A detonating arrangeineht is therefore fixed into t^^ead 
 of time fuzes lor these guns. 4 V 
 
 A cylinder of an alloy resembling gun metal is secured 
 into the head of the fuze. This cylinder contains a ham- 
 mer supported -by a copper wire, below the hammer is a„ 
 hollow in the cylinder/ containing the detonating compo- 
 
 sition ot — , 
 
 Ghlorate Potash, 6 parts. 
 
 Fulminate Mercury-j 4 parts. 
 Sulphide Antimony, 4 parts. 
 ;^ A hole is bored througjh cylinder for passage of flame. 
 The hammer iis also ppported by a safety pin, which is 
 witlidrawn by tape just .before putting into gun. 
 
 There are three escajie holes for the gas to escape by, pro- 
 tected by papier mach6 wads and thin copper discs. 
 
 The head is woQlded with copper wire to prevent its 
 being split when detiiiiator is being scrbwed in.v The Mark 
 (I) of these fuzes ha^ kamptulicon discs at top and bottom^ 
 but no safety pin. 
 
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 They are never to be stnuik, alw^iys screwed in l)y hand. 
 
 The fuzes used are 5 in , 9 in. ami 20 in. . 
 
 They are, with the exception of the head, identical with 
 
 the M.L.R. fuzes. The 15 sec. will be made if necessary, 
 which is j%pt at present. 
 
 Armstrong breech-loading guns are still largely used by e. tljme fata. 
 the Navy for boat service, on account of their great con- 
 venience in a Cramped place. 
 
 The chief Armstrong shell for use against troops and v 
 boats, is the segment shell, and although a percussion fuze 
 gives the best results with this shell still the Navy are not 
 able always to rely on a percjission fuze acting properly 
 over water, and a sh*ell explodjed by a time ^ze over water 
 gives better effects than 4hen exploded S^^rcussiou fuze "' 
 on water. 
 
 The E. time fuze is still made and issued for S.S. field 
 guns, partly because it was tl^ .original fuze proposed for 
 the Armstrong F. service, and it would cause some con- 
 fusion and trouble to change^ the gauge to the G.S. More- 
 over the E. time fuze is better adapted to boat service, it 
 has not to be bored before* use, it can he much more accu- Advantages, 
 rately set, which is of importance with segment shell 
 especially, it is also less liable to injury through damp ; the 
 fuze can be readjusted at any time, and is always- open to 
 
 inspection. 
 
 Both body anid nut of the last pattern, E. III., are made 
 of gun-metal, and the graduations lor length of fuze in 
 inches and tenths are marked on the metal rim instead of 
 on paper, as in firmer patterns. The pellet, \'«?hicli is sup- 
 ported by a brassWip, is filled with R.F.G. powder, secured 
 by thin paper fastened on its base; the detonator in the 
 head consists of a«aj) composition (fulminate of mercury; 
 chlorate of potash, and sulphide of antimony), instead o* 
 the amorphous phosphorus composition yhich deteriorated 
 in damp climates. In those lately made, a disc of brass -001 
 in. thick covers the detonating \ composition. The word 
 
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 cap " ia stamped/ on the base of \the fuze\ 
 
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 Tlie cliunnel by which the flaeh troin the hjuniner rcjichea 
 the ring of fiuse composition is enlarged in this f>attern,ttnd 
 a little hole is bored in the nng of fuze conjposition to en- 
 sure its lighting. The fuze composition is pit mealed 
 powder, pressed into a ring or groove which runs round 
 close to the exterior of fuze body ; this composition burns 
 at the rate of 1 in. in 2 sec, and owing to a metal stop can 
 only burn in one direction, i.e., from left to right. 
 
 A leather washer and movable gun-nietal collar cover 
 the ring of composition. At one part of the collar, a chan- 
 nel (primed with mealed powder driven and pierced), &)m- 
 tnunicates with a groove round the neck of the fuze which 
 contains mealed powder, tjp groove is connected by a 
 channel with the blowing chamber which is primed with 
 mealed powder, driven and pierced; a small biruss disc 
 closes the chamber. 
 
 ' The movable collar is kept in its place by a niit which 
 screws on to the neck. The body has a small hole in the 
 side to fit a projection in the Armstrong key used in screw- 
 ing in the fuze. 
 
 On firing the gun, the brass cup is crushed in, the ham- 
 mer strikes the needle, which explodes the detonating 
 composition, the ring of fuze composition is ignited by the 
 flash and burns till it comes to the chamiel, mai'ked by the 
 arrow head, leading to the groove in the neck primed with 
 mealed powder, the flash is then instantaneously convfeyed 
 into the blowing chamber, and thence into the shell. 
 
 The changes recently introduced, particularly the cap 
 composition and the ensuring ignition by piercing a hole 
 in the ring of fuze composition, have greatly improved this 
 fuze. : :w ■ 
 
 1 in a watei-proof bag placed in % cylindrical tin box, 
 wrapped in brown paper, 72 boxes in a deal case, placed oh 
 the sides or heads, the bottom of each tin box is marked 
 "top" to pre vient it being placed downwards. 
 
 All wood time fuzes can be depended on tp act as 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 Action 
 
 ' 
 
 Issue 
 
\ 
 
46 
 
 percusBion fnzefl ap dinvt impact, but not on graze, the fuzo 
 being broken up and driven into the shell. 
 
 Wiion firing with reduced charges, notwitliBtanding the Gun cotton 
 increased priming of Marks II. and III., the fuze often fails **' ™ "*" 
 to ignite, also this is the cdse wlien gas checks are used ; to 
 counteract this, strands of gun cotton are issued in tJn boxes, 
 so that pieces 4 or 5 inches long may be wrapped round 
 their heads. 
 
 Short Rule for oettino Length of Fdze. 
 
 Time fuzes 
 geaerally. 
 
 Mortar fuzes. 
 
 Divide the number of hundreds of^ards in the range by 
 2 and add 1 up to 1000 yards, 2 up to "$2000 yards, and so 
 on for length of fuze in tenths of inches ; this will be found 
 nearly correct with rifled ordnance. Example. To find 
 length of fuze at 2600 yards for 16-pr. gun, V +3=16. 
 'Shrapnel require to be bored a little shOrter. , ^_ 
 
 N.B. — Blind shell are frequently due to the fnze^ '^^K 
 bored too long. If old fuzes, which burn long, are borld 
 according to the rahge table, blindoshell may be expected; 
 hence, if blind shell occur, try a shorter fuze. 
 
 Short Rule for geitin^ Length of Fuze for Mobtars. 
 
 Add 17 to the number of hundreds of yards in the range 
 for tlie length of fuze in tenths of inches, thus the fuze for 
 170 J yards will be 3.4 in. 
 
 Divide number of hundreds of yards in range by 6 for e. time fuze, 
 length in inches, thus for 1200 yards, length of fuze=2 in. 
 
 All time fuzes are now issued in tin cylinders, containing 
 6 and have the top soldered on. . » * 
 
 Percussion Fuzes. 
 
 We now come to the consideration of percussion fuzes. It 
 will be easily seen that some materid stronger and less liable 
 to alteration in form than wood is necessary for these fuzes. 
 
 Iron was first tried, but its chemical effect on the powder 
 was such that it had to be discontinued ; finally, a nature 
 of gun metal, which is a sort of bronze, composed of copper 
 
n 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
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 ,'* 
 
 ■ 
 
 'V' 
 
 ■ 
 
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f 
 
 47 
 
 and tin, wng urciI, a gmnll portion ot'lcMuI or zinc is nddud 
 to make it inoru eiiHiiy tiirnud. «Tliu main partri tiiun of all 
 gervic'O percufiHion iuzcM aru of j^un metal, vai'ioiiB portions, 
 however, iMiing of lead ; copper and IraHs wire is aliio used. 
 I have before said that percuBeion fuzes may bo ejjiestid 
 ae those for field and garririon service. Perhaps a better 
 division will be into those designed to act on direct impact 
 only and those designed to act on graze. / 
 
 It is a comparatively simple matter to make a fuze that 
 will act with certainty in a S.B. shell only, or in a rifled 
 shell only, but it is a muc^ more liiflicult matter to arrange 
 one so that it will act equally well in both. Pettman's 
 G.S. fuze very ingeniously fulfils both conditions. 
 
 The first fuzes we will consider are those that are to act 
 on direct impact only, there arc three of these. 
 
 Pettman's Land Service. S.B. only. 
 ' \ Pettman's General Service. ,S.B. and all rifled shell 
 except Armstroi^gllllll"' ' 
 )., Sp^ ial Fuze for C4-prnilttering shell. . 64-pr. M.L.R. 
 Wrought Iron. ^ '^ • ' ' -' 
 
 .As it is.necessary that a^fuze^ to act ofi direct impact 
 should not be so sensitive as to (^xplodc on mere graze or on 
 passing through a wave. This is generally managed by 
 covering the detonating arrangi&fticnts with thin copper, 
 or by diminishing the sensitivenes of tlie composition. 
 
 Petimaii's Land Service Fuze is used with common shell 
 of conmion gauge, the fuze hole being through tapped to 
 receive this fuze'; common shdll with a cross cut on the 
 plug, indicates that this has been done. 
 
 Theiuze is composed of the following parts: 
 A— Body. 
 B— TopPlug. 
 0— SteadyvPlug. 
 D— Detonating Ball, 
 E— ConePlug. 
 F— Lead Cup. 
 ^ — 1 ^ — G— Bottom Plug . 
 
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 The hod}- it gunnictal, the bHll, cono phig, iiiul steiMly 
 phig Arc ufuhHrdcPftlloy tofttrungthonthem. Thttromaiii- • 
 ing parts nrvi otguii-motitl, excf^pting ttiaload cup. 
 
 The hail ig covui'cd with a<^otonHtiiigcoiiipo«ition, whidi ^"n comp. 
 it also ill a groove^^Ut round it ; it i* piotoetcd by vai^iiithed SuV Ani. Oi«! 
 gut and vaiiiifhcd silk, from dump and premirturo fxpio- J'jJjf'i'IJ tjJJ' 
 tion. A ttrand of quick matcli clotcn the fire hole in bottom M«ti« into " 
 
 •^ o andHh«ll«o. 
 
 Action — On firing, the thoek of dltchargc cruphcs up the 
 
 lead cup, the ball, cone and Rteady pliigs »et back, the lead 
 
 cup firmly dovetailing the cone plug and bottom plug to- „ 
 
 gctlier and preventing rebound. The steady plug provijntt 
 
 the ball striking the sides of the fuze or) discharge, the . 
 
 irregular wjotioni^ however, (5f the S.B. shell through the air 
 
 diseiigtrgcH it, and on striking, it it dashed violently forward 
 
 or against the sid y, and the fuze cjiploded. 
 
 This fuze was introduced for garrison or siege purposes, -*' 
 
 as it docs not act.iwell on graze. "? h . .' 
 
 Pettman's (jENEBAL3mf ICE Fuze. 
 
 It was found that the^^n wi^iiar motion of the pro- 
 jectile from a B. L. It. gun, /fteti failed to release tho 
 detonating ball, and consequently did not fire the sheM. 
 
 For rifled guns only, a much simpler action would do for * 
 both M.L. and B.L. guns, but as it was thought desirable to 
 have a fUze certain in its action for all natures, " Pcttman'a 
 G.S." fuze wfts brought out, which inchided an extra action, 
 available, however, only when the shell struck point firgt 
 which is almost invariably the rule in a rifled shell. 
 
 This fuze is moreover apecially designed not to ac;t on ' 
 
 graze. , 'l 
 
 It was no easy matter so to bgilance things that the fuz« ^ 
 would not act on graze, and would act on direct impact , 
 
 With practical certainty in each case ; this, however, was 
 got over by casing the detonating ball with thin copper 
 hemispheres, and extra layers of silk and gut, the extra rinr - - 
 
 of delouaiiiig composition is also covered witli thin copper. 
 
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49 
 
 So accurately has tliis been adjusted that they will not act 
 on water with heaviegt charges, but do ou striking thin 
 wood directly. 
 
 The composition of the various parts of the fuze is the 
 same as the L.S., but it has an extra " plain ball " of brasSi 
 and a copper supporting wire. / 
 
 The fuze consists of : ^ 
 
 Body, ^. " 
 
 Top Plug. 
 Plain Ball. ' 
 a Steady'Plug. . • 
 
 Detonating' Ball. 
 - Cone Plug. 
 
 Lead Cup. 
 Supporting Wire. 
 
 The body of the shell is conical and tapped to screw into 
 the (x.S. gauge and can be used with all shells of that gauge. 
 It is tapped throughout. It \yill only screw about half way 
 into a common S.B. shell (land service.) , 
 
 The steady plug has a ring cut on upper surface, to re- . 
 ceive the detonating substance, and has a cup cut to receive 
 the plain ball. 
 
 The cone plug (so called from its shape in the L.S.) is 
 larger than the L.S., and contains a chamber filled with 
 mealed powder driven like a tube. r 
 
 The detonating ball, of the latest patterns, with the com- 
 position on it, is first covered with gut, then two layers of 
 silk, then two copper hemispheres, then more gut, then 
 three layers of silk, each layer of gut and silk is varnished. 
 The ring of composition is also covered with, copper and 
 lacquered. The whole fuze is caretully lacquered and ce- 
 mented to keep out damp, wlych, acting with the copper 
 and gun-metal of the hemispheres and ball on the eompos- 
 ition, was found to deteriorate. 
 
 The cone plug is supported by a copper wire. 
 
 Tue actioii from a S.B. gun is the same! as the L.S. 
 
 I 
 
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 In a rifled gun, if tho motion is not slifijcicnt to disengage 
 the large ball, tlie set back ofeone i^lug, ball^ and steady 
 pin.', releases the plain ball, which is thrown by centritiigal * 
 force over s^inc part of the ring of detonating composition, 
 and on striking point first cannot failj^Ot ignite the fuze. Tho 
 copper protection to this detonating composition causes its 
 inaction on grazQ. So nicely has this.b|pen adjusted that it 
 explodes when»fired against wood from a'B.L.'gun, but will 
 not explode on graze from a 7 in. with battering charge. 
 
 Sp^-cial Fuze. 
 
 Lately a modified palliser shell under the name of a 
 " Battering shell " lias been approved for the wrouglit iron 
 64-pr. M.L.Il: siege gun, for tJie purpose of destroying escarp 
 walls or masonry generally. 
 
 The resistance of masonry not being snflicient to explode 
 the shell like an ordinary palliser against iron, it was found - 
 necessary to devise a fuze to be placed in the rear of the 
 shell, so as to keep the pointed head intact. It had to bo 
 strong enough to resist the direct effects of thevexplosion, 
 and to firmly close the base of the shell. It was, moreover. 
 
 '^.A 7 7 
 
 *.|bund convenient to modity its external form so as to make 
 it answer the purpose of a nut to fix on the gas check. 
 
 As/it is important that a shell should penetratelo its ' 
 extreme distance before bursting, in order to get the fij4^ 
 efiiSct for breeching purposes, a delay arrangement consist- 
 ing of about ^ an inch of a species of fuze composition has 
 to 130 burned through before the fire reaches the powder in 
 the shell. An air space allows a little room for ihe pro- 
 ducts of combustion. • 
 
 The fuze consists of : a 
 
 Body. . ^ 
 
 Percussion arrangement of pellet with detonator, guard, 
 suspending wire and steel pin. 
 
 Airspace. ^' --r:: , ■ ■ ;-:^-^ ,-. - -. ■.-'■■■■'■; ; 
 
 - Delay arrangement of fuze composition. 
 
 Special fuze.. 
 
 «4.pr. 
 
 Battering 
 
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 On 'striking, tUo wire is sheared off, thegimrd and pellet 
 are set back jko das^h powder impact, unto theWeel needle, 
 the detonating composition lights the fuze composition 
 whicli burns lor about 5 -sec, then it ignite8\the mealed 
 powder, and passes into the shell. 
 
 Fuzes that act on graze. 
 
 y^ We now/ come to fuies designed to act on graze. The 
 smaller tWc charge thd less the velocity and the greater 
 the difficulty of niakin J a fuze to act with certainty. Thus 
 the ordinary percussio i fuzes, issued for field seVvice, do 
 not act well with the s nail charges of the 7-pr. or \vith the 
 reduced eharges of the rifled howitzers. 
 
 Again a short range from an ordinary gun is tryiW to a 
 fuze, for the traject is flat anjl the sliell receives but 
 slight clieck on grazinjj ; the softer the ground the greater 
 
 the chance of failure. 
 
 / ** • 
 The ordinary fuzes, 
 
 even /iindei*. 
 
 Qnickness of action 
 
 effects of a good burst 
 
 had time to rise. 
 
 ?he first we come to is the 
 ^ B.L. Plain Percmsloh Fuze. This fuze was known a^ 
 he " C. Cap ", and is almost identical in action with thfl^ 
 [arks I. and II. R.L. ftizes and also the before mentioned 
 "special fuze." The wttiole internal a,rrangement is much 
 simpler ,than in the Pettman G.S. fuze, and they are less 
 liable to deterioration fjrom damp and, as the detonating' 
 composition is contained in a copper cap into which it is 
 placed under great pressure and well varnislied. 
 :.. The fuze is used with segment and common shell from 
 field service, Armstrong guns, it fits into a place prepared 
 for it in the shell, and is generally used in connection with 
 the E time fuze, it has a projecting rim at top to prevent 
 
 however, act well at 400 yarda and 
 
 is imperative in these fuzes, or \the 
 on graze would be lost if the shell 
 
 it going too far into tlie shell. 
 
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63 
 
 The fuze consists of 
 
 Body and top. 
 Guard. 
 . Pellet.'* • ^ 
 Cap. 
 Bottom: 
 Safety Pin. 
 
 The Pellet ia made of lead and tin in equal parts; it is 
 holloAvcd out at tl^ head and receives the copper cap, filled 
 with ordinary cap composition, pressed in under GOOlbs. to 
 area of cap, covered with very thin brass and varnished 
 paper. The lijwer part of the pellet is hollowed out and 
 filled with pressed powder, driven like a tube. It has four 
 fianges or feathers on^which the guard rests. The remain- 
 der of the fuze is gun metal'; the t^p has four holes in it 
 covered inside with thin discs of brass, which allow the 
 passage of the flame from the E time fuze, if used with it. 
 A 8ted point ia fastened to the underside of the top, point 
 down. Two holes for the safety pin are bored through the 
 body. • 
 
 The guard is also pierced with holes for the safety pin ; 
 it fits inside next the top, and is recessed inside to receive 
 the head of the pellet. There is a slight undercut at top of 
 ^ recess to receive the head of pellet vvhen it sets back. 
 
 The cap lias three holes in it to allow the flash to pass 
 through it to the powder in the pellet, thence to the shell. 
 
 A gun metal disc, with a hole rn it, driven as usual with 
 powder and closed at base with a brass disc, fdrms the 
 hottom, which is screwed in, The safety pin is of twisted 
 brass wire, with a piece of braid to it, by which it is with- 
 drawn ; it is placed through the holes prepared for it and 
 luted with beeswax. 
 
 The fuze is prepared by withdrawing the pafety pin and 
 drpppirig it into the shell, replacing the plug or screwing 
 in the E. time fuze, if on sea service. 
 
 ThQ action is as follows. The guard sets back on dis- 
 charge, and dovetails into the pellet, having sheared off the 
 
 • 
 
 Preparation 
 
 Action 
 
 \ 
 
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63 
 
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 fcfttlicrs. Oil strikiiipr or grnzing tlicy fly ftn-wnrd in one 
 inHPS, and tho ca\) 8trik[ng the needle the fuze is exploded. 
 
 Betbro the satlty pin was added the soft leaden feathers 
 were jolted ofiT in- the limber boxes, and tho fnzo made 
 dangerous, the safety piii now takes all weight otf them 
 when in its plaeo. 
 
 This fnzo may bo depended on to aet on water, even at * 
 400 yards, where case ceases to bo effective. 
 
 Wo now come to the Il.L. fuzes, designed to use with r. l. fuze* 
 R.M.L. guns. 
 
 There are two "Marks" of ttiis fuze ; the original "Mark 
 I." though excellent in its action with 7-pr. full charges, 
 and with tlie O^pr. gun, was found not to be strong enough 
 iu construction for use with the lO-pr. and higher natures. 
 
 The "^arkl" is nri longer made, but will be nsed up ; .; 
 with equally good results with the 7-pr. and 9-pr., while 
 the "Mark II" can be used with all common shell up to 
 the 80-pr. M.L., and with the 7 in. R.B.L. gun. 
 
 Mark I., in its internal fti*rangements and action, exactly Mark I. R.L. 
 resembles the " B.L. Plain " fuze, but tho body and top are 
 cast in one piece; there is a square hole in head to screw 
 it in by. The fuze is tapped to fit the G.S. gauge, and has 
 a projecting rim round the top secured to hold a brass ring 
 fastened to the safety pin. 
 
 The hole where the safety pin comes out being outside 
 the shell, the flash might pass in and cause a premature, 
 but to guard against this a small load pellet slides freely iflf 
 a recess out for it in head of fuze ; when the shell is rammed 
 home the pellet sets back and cl|«k the hole. ^, 
 
 The safety p^ is of single Wire^ w^v^ 
 
 " Mark II " differs from " Mark I *' in the following par- Mark II. R.L. 
 ticulars: 
 
 (1). The pellet and guard are of smaller diameter, to 
 admit of the walls being of greater thickness and of a deeper 
 screw thread in the bottom, thereby giving the base a 
 greater power tg support the shock of the pellet and guard. 
 
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 (2). The pollct Imii no powder in It, nncl thoro is an in- 
 crcHftcd quantity of dctoiiiitiug composition in the cup, tlio 
 action i« tllerefoi*o quicker. 
 
 (3). '^10 Biit'cty pin is of double twisted Wire, and the 
 ends nro opened out ho as to hinlTtiieinaeivcs in u conical 
 cup. Tiio head of the safety pin has a hiop of string ; there 
 is no brass ring or recess round the lieud of the fuze. 
 
 Tiio above fuzes were not found to act well with the re- 
 duced charges of the howitzers and the 7-pr., and a fuze 
 was require(l that woi.ld do this and at tlie same time stand 
 the siiock <jf their heaviest ciiarges. * 
 
 This lead to the introduction of a fuze resembling the 
 Prussian percussion fuze, and called the sensitive fuze. 
 The sensitive fuzo consists of ; ^ * 
 
 Body. ^* 't 
 
 Hammer or Pellet. 
 Steel Needle. 
 Thilnble. 
 Detonating Cap. 
 Safety Pin. 
 
 Outside Primer of Quick Match. 
 Band. 
 The body, hammer and cap are of gun-metal. 
 The hammer tapers slightly from top to bottom in order to 
 jnove forwai;^ freely on striking, a thin steel plate the centre 
 of which forms the needle, fits into a slot in top of hammer, 
 and a hole bored through centre of latter allows flash to 
 pass on both sides of the steel plate into the shell. 
 
 The thimble is a thin brass cylinder, flanged at bottom, ,,, a., • . . I 
 
 and encloses the hammer, and moving with it prevents the 
 hammer being impeded with dirt that might enter through 
 the safety pin hole on graze. 
 
 The cap is screwed into the head of fuze and secured by a 
 small stop screw ; it contains about 7^ grains of pressed meal 
 powder, covered with a perforated copper disc ; below this 
 is pressed 3^ grains cap composition, protected by varnished 
 p a per and a thin brass disc. : — - — — 
 
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 41 fPPWBil powder enstirot a sufficient flnnh to explode t1i« 
 
 VW' : ' '. : • • • ■ ^ J 
 
 ) , <R0'/y Pin connifttA of a brnna pin witli n heavy liead'of 
 
 gtifi-metHl ; it U secured by a strand of thread quick tnatcU 
 
 or^gun cotton, coated with meal powder. 
 
 The whole is covered l*y tape anri a copper hand. The |^n 
 fits easily throuf;li the hody into a recess in opposite wal. 
 The fuze is uncapM likd a time fuze when shell is In 
 the bore, (ho flash ofSisdiargo burns up the quick niateli 
 or gun cotton, and tlie heavy headed pin is free to whirl 
 out fiy centrifugal force, when clear of ^un: The hammer 
 is then free to tnove forward ^m si tghtest graze, 'the steel 
 piti is dashed into the detonating composition and explodes 
 the shell. 
 
 I 
 
 Safflty Pia. 
 
 Action. 
 
 GUNPOWDKK. 
 
 Gunpowder has been composed of the same ingredients 
 for many yeara, viz. : . 
 
 . Saltpetre, 75 parta^ ) 
 
 *'* Cliarcoal, 15 parts, ' V ' 100 partd. 
 
 Sulphur, 10 parts, ) 
 
 Roughly speaking the charcoal is the fuel, the saltpetre 
 supplyij^the necessary oxygen to ensure the rapid combus- 
 tion necessary to evolve largo quantities of heated gas, and 
 the 8\ilphur cn&ibles thin to bo done at a comparatively low 
 temperature, and also x;li^nically assists the action. •! . 
 
 The qualities which most influence gunpowder, as regards QuaIUIm. 
 its use in rifled l^uns, are itB density, size, and shape of 
 grain, and'the condition of the charcoal. 
 
 The denser the powder is the slower it will burn, the 
 dense powder offering a smaller surface to ignition than an 
 eaual weight of a less dense nature. 
 
 " ^or a similar reason a large grain will burn 8lower^t|iairt ^i^^ of grain, 
 a number of small grains making up the same weight, but 
 exposing a much larger surface. . 
 
 Again, a regular ^liape, such as a sphere or cube, will 
 
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 66 
 
 flakey form ,of grain indicates a very violent powder. 
 
 If the charcoal is imperfectly charred, tiie oxygen and 
 hydrogen retained in it, cause a more rapid combiistion 
 than when it is reduced to nearly pure carbon, and also, it 
 is more " hygroscopic,'* or liable to absorb moisture. 
 
 Thus a large grain, dense powder will burn slower and 
 with less violent results than a small grained powder of 
 less density, always supposing that the grain is not too 
 small to allow the passage of the flame amongst it, which, 
 however, is only the case when it is reduced to meal. 
 
 On account of the extra strain on rifled guns, it was 
 found advisnble to introduce ^ slower burning powder than 
 had been in use with S.B* guns, and a powder called " Rifle 
 Large Graiii^" or shortly " R.L.G.," was introduced, of 
 larger grain and denser than the old " L.G." 
 
 Effect of 
 CItiircoal. 
 
 R. L. O. 
 L. Q. 
 
 This R.L.G. is too violent for the 
 
 largest 
 
 guns, and 
 
 p5{ 
 
 P. 
 
 " Pebble " powder in two sizes is now in use, called " P " 
 and "P2".. Pebble is still denser than R.L.G., 125 lbs. 
 occupying much the same space as 100 of L.G. 
 
 There are other powders for small arms, &c., the fol- 
 lowing being a complete list: 
 
 P2 grains about 6 to 7 to lb., length of side of rough cube 
 about H inches; it will probably be used for all heavy 
 guns, from the 10 in. upwards; at present it is used for the 
 12^ in. gun and upwards. Density not less than 1.75. 
 
 P. grains about f in. side. Density about 1.75. 
 
 It is used at present for all battering charges, and for ser- 
 vice charges of 40 lbs. and upwards, except the 12^ in. gun. 
 if* The above powders give less strain on the gun, but 
 greater velocities than R.L.G., for the reason that though ;r 
 
 the pressure on tire powder chamber is less,*it is kept up 
 longer in the bore, on account of the slow burning, and the 
 velocity depends on the total pressure exerted on the shot 
 in tlie bore. 
 
 The recoil is greater when P. is used than when R.L.G. Advantaxea 
 is used, but this sliiews that the actual strain on gun is less, "rl^**' 
 the force of the powder has time to make the gun recoil in . 
 
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T 
 
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 ■ • ■ 57 
 
 place of having to expend itself on trying to tear apart tlio 
 
 particles of metal. 
 
 When gun cotton or other vio\pnt explosive is used, we 
 
 have the contrary result, the recoil beiiig slight, in propor- 
 tion to that when gunpowder is u&ed, but the strain on the 
 metal is very great ; in fa(^t S^ certain amount of energy 
 has to be expended somewhere, the gun has not t'nne to 
 recoil before it is all over, consequently the metal has to 
 take the strain. The more freely a giin can recoil, the less 
 will it be strained. "**" 
 
 Will pass through a sieve having 4 divisions in a linear 
 inch, or a 4-mesh sieve, and will rest on an 8-mesh, this de- 
 termines its size, its density is 1.65. 
 
 R.L.G. is intended for use with all R.M.L. guns for charges 
 under 40 lbs., except battering charges and the charge for 
 the 7-pr. R.M.L. gun. As it is, there is a large quantity cf 
 L.G. to be used up, so at present R.L.G. or indeed L.G. 
 may be used for battering charges of 7, 8, and 9 inch guns, 
 but the charge is not so heavy. 
 
 L.G. is at present used for S.B. and B.L. guns, and till used 
 up for full charges of R.M.L. guns under 10 inch (except 
 R.M.L., field guns" and the 7-pr,) 
 
 This powder passes through an 8-mesh and rests on a IG- 
 mesh sieve. The density varies. It is easily known from 
 R.L.G. .by the absence of glaze. 
 
 R.F.G. used for small arms (except Martini-Henry, Gatlins 
 and Pistols) and the 7^pr. R.M.L. guns. It passes through a 
 12-mesh Jind rests on a 20-mesh sieve. 
 
 R.F.G.2 used for Martini-Henry, and Gatlins. Is same 
 size as last, but of greater density. 
 
 >F.G. no longer made. JJsed for S.B. small arras and for 
 7-pr. and for bursting charge of shrapnel. 
 
 Pistol for Colt's and Adams' Pistdls. It passes through 
 a 44 and rests on a 72-mesh. / 
 
 Siftings of R.F.G.2 has been approved for Adams' re- Adams' Pistol 
 Vomers. It pasies.an 1 S-mesh and rests on a 44-rne8li sieve. 
 
 Mealed powder is ordinary powder reduced to impalpable 
 dust by means of a revolving barrel and gun metal balls. 
 
 LO. 
 
 Unglazed. 
 R.F.G. 
 
 2 
 
 R.F.G. 
 
 FQ. 
 
 Pistol. 
 
 Mealed 
 Powder. 
 
 's] 
 
t*it ^rcaled 
 Powder. 
 
 58 , ■ ■■ ■ 
 It is used in various ways, wlien easy iojnition is required, 
 but no great regulrtrity in l)Urnin<^, 
 
 Is made from powder specially prepared, the charcoal 
 being charred in pits in place of cylinders. It is used in 
 fuze composition, when great regularity is required. It ■.. 
 
 burns quicker than ordinary mealed powder. * 
 
 Gunpowder-explodes wlien heated to about 600'' F., but « ., 
 Ml 1 1 1 • 1 1 ,1 - rrecautlons. 
 
 wilL also explode cither by a blow or on friction, the harder 
 
 the surface and the thinner the layer of the powder, the 
 more likely is explosion to take place; the dust from pow- 
 der escaping from barrels, would be very apt to explode on * 
 a stone floor, if walked over with nailed boots; hence in all 
 cases when powder is moved, the men work'in their stock- 
 ings or in shoes for the purpose, and the floors are invariably 
 covered with hides or woolen cloths called wad-mill tilts. 
 
 Copper tools are alone used in operations with powder, 
 being a soft metal, and all loose grains must be immediately 
 swept up and destroyed, all grit and dust also must be care- 
 fully cleared away. 
 
 Gunpowder stands climate well if thfe saltpetre is pure : 
 
 J v" . 1 , , . , *^ ' Sultpetre 
 
 m very damp climates, however, the powder is kept in must be pure' 
 
 metal lined cases. It must never be left in direct contact 
 
 with metal, as, if there is the least damp, the powder attacks 
 
 the metal, and also, the powder deteriorate. 
 
 The followinj; are the classes into which powder is divided, the first 
 threti being " serviceable " powders. t < 
 
 ClanH. Vesif/nation. Description. 
 
 !1. All new powder. ^ 
 
 2. All returned powder foi;nd uninjured on 
 examination, 
 f 1. Powder from broken up cartridges too dusty 
 for CMass I. " , •' 
 
 •( 2. Powder from broken up S.A. ammunition 
 3. Service powder found on return or on exam- 
 [ ination to have become too du^ty. 
 
 Powder too dusty for Class II. 
 j All powder (except new) returned to Store to 
 ( await examination. 
 I'owder too bad for any of above classes. 
 ; Powder from shells, and B L. S.A. cartridges, 
 that contain their own means ot ignition, or 
 too much damaged to use as powder. 
 A better class of powder is required for blank than for shells, for dusty 
 powder would work through the cartridge. If " shell " powder cannot 
 be obtained a better class must be used. -t 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Service. 
 
 Blank. 
 
 Shell. 
 
 Doubtful. 
 
 Condemned for sale. 
 
 Condemned for 
 extraction. 
 
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 69 
 
 Gnn cotton is now mannfactnrcil at the Government 
 works, and is largely used for torpedoes and for general pnr- ^"° fotton. 
 poses of demolition. • 
 
 Its explosive power when strongly confitiod is very 
 great, but when fired loose it burns quietly without explo- 
 sion. It can, however, be violently exploded loose, either 
 in a wet or dry state, by means of a detonator of fulminato 
 of mercury ; this property is one of its most valuable, as it 
 does away with the necessity of tamping mines, and a few 
 discs or slabs hung on a gate, stockade, or the pier of a 
 bridge and d6tonatediiave a tremendous effect. 
 
 Non-commissioned officers of cavalry now carry a certain 
 amount, to enable them to destroy bridges or railways. 
 
 A valuable property is that it can be kept in tanks in a 
 wet state, when ifr is perfectly ?aafe and cannot be exploded 
 by fire ; a quantity thrown into the fiercest fire simply 
 spioulders away, it can be dried as required or detonated 
 ill the wet state. Gun cotton may ignite at 277" F., it must 
 ignite at 400o F., its average being about 340°; it is much 
 more inflammable than gunpowder, and hence is used to 
 prime fuzes when low charges are used. . 
 
 Without going into chemical details, it may be said that 
 it is produced by the action of the strongest nitric acid on Manufacture, 
 pure cotton, sulphuric acid being added to absorb water, 
 which is a product of the process, if the water was not ab- 
 sorbed the cotton Avould decompose. 
 
 After a short time the cotton is taken out an ^ very ^ 
 
 thoroughly washed, it is then pulped and Is moulded or 
 pressed into any required form. It is generally used in discs 
 of fronri to 9 ounces, and in slabs of 1^, 2 and 2^ lbs. 
 
 Detonators are used to fire it, consisting of a tin tube con- Detonators, 
 taining about 20 grains fulininjtte of mercury ; to this is at- 
 tached an electric arrangement of some nature and the whole 
 is inserted in a hole in the slab to be exploded. 
 
 One detonator will explode any number of slabs, if they 
 are, nearly touching each other. 
 
 Other compositions are used in laboratory work, but it is 
 hardly ueceBsary to describe them here. " — ~~ — ~~^~^~ 
 
 1 
 
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 DEFINITIONS 
 
 OP VARIOUS TERMS USED IX GuNNERY. 
 
 Axis of piece is an imaginary lino passing down centre 
 of the bore. 
 
 Axh of tninnions \9> wci imaginary line passing tlirongh 
 ^tlic centre of the trnnnions, at right angles to the axis of 
 the piece. 
 
 ■ Line of aigJit is an imnginary line passing through the 
 sights of the pie(;o and the object aimed at. For practical 
 .purposes this may be termed the line of fire. 
 
 Plane of ai^U is the vertical plane passing through the 
 line of sight. ' 
 
 The. angle.of sight is the line which the line of sight 
 makes with the horizontal)' plane. 
 
 Angle of elevation h the angle which the line of sight 
 malces with the axis of the piece. ♦ 
 
 The quadrant angle is tllb Angle which ttie axis of the 
 piece, when laid, makes with the horizontal plane, and is 
 termed quadrant elevation or depression^ according as the 
 axis of the piece is laid above or bebw the horizontal 
 plane. ^ 
 
 The trajectory is the cnrve described by the pfojdctile in 
 passing from the muzzle of piece to the first point of im- 
 pact. * 
 
 The line of departure is the direction in which the pro- 
 jectile is iTloving on leaving the piece ; ^m*, in other, words, 
 a tangent to the trajectory at the muzzle. 
 
 ThepijBLne of departure is the vertical plane passing 
 through the line of departure and the axis of the piece 
 when laid. 
 
 The angle of departure is the angle between the line of 
 departure and the horizontal plane. The excess of the 
 angle of departure above the quadrant angle is commonly 
 called the jump. 
 
 The angle of projection is the angle between the line of 
 departure and the line of sight. '- 
 
 Axis of pi 'cc. 
 
 Axis of 
 trunnioaa. 
 
 Line of sight. 
 
 Piano of 
 sight. 
 
 The nnffle of 
 sight. 
 
 Anglo of 
 Elevation. 
 
 The quadrant 
 angle. 
 
 The 
 trajectory. 
 
 The line of 
 departure. 
 
 The plane of 
 depoiture. 
 
 r 
 The atrgle of 
 departure. 
 
 The jump. 
 
 The angle of 
 projeetioD. 
 
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61 
 
 The angle of descent itt tlm un^lo wliich u tanj^cnt to tlio 
 trajectory nt tlio first point of impact niaken witli tho Iiori- 
 contul piano. 
 
 The range h tlio distunco from tlio jnnzictp to the iuter- 
 soction of tho trajectory with tho lino of si^^ht. 
 
 Thoslateral ileviation is tho perpendicular dihtanco of tho 
 point of impact of tho projectile right or k'ft of the piano 
 of sif^ht. 
 
 The (h'lfy ig tho constant deflection of n projectile from 
 tlw piano of departure duo to tho rotation hnparted by tho 
 rifling of the piece. It is illso called derivation. 
 
 Dispart is, generally speaking, half the difference of tho 
 diameters of those parts of tho gun on which tho sights are 
 pifced. 
 
 . Line of metal is an imaginary lino joining two notches 
 on the upper surface of the gun, one at the highest part of 
 the breech, tho other the highest part of muzzle, the axis 
 of trunnions being level. 
 
 A gun is said to be laid point blank when tho line of 
 sight is parallel to the axis of the piece, that is, when tho 
 " angle of elevation" is 0". The quadrant elevation or de- 
 pression may be considerable. As in the case of a tower on 
 shore, firing on boats within 100 yards or so. 
 
 The point blank range is the range attained by a shot 
 when the ajdis is laid parallel to tho liorizontal plane. 
 
 The raiigif generally depends upon tho initial velocity of 
 projectile; its form and density, the range 6f elevation, and 
 tho height of gun above piano. 
 
 In using the ordinary sights of a S.B. gun at a certain 
 angle of elevation the muzzle interferes with the line of 
 sight, that angle is called the clearance angle. 
 
 The calibre of a S.B. gun is the diameter of iU boro. 
 The calibre of a rifled gun is measurc/d across the lands. 
 
 The windage of a S.B. gui is strictly the difi*erehce in 
 area between a section of the projectile and of the bore, but 
 is practically measured by, the linear difference between 
 
 TIh> nnylo of 
 
 Tliu Hanite. 
 
 Th«> Inferal 
 duvitttluu. 
 
 The drift. 
 
 DiHpart. 
 
 Line of Metal 
 
 Point blau^. . 
 
 Tlie point 
 blank range. 
 
 The rant^e. 
 
 Clearance 
 angle. 
 
 Calibre. 
 
 Wiiidage. 
 
 the diameters. In a rifled M.L. gun it is taken as the 
 
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 diffcroncQ in dininotcr of tlio projoctiiojind the horo <»f tlio 
 gun taken between the *' liiiidit." 
 
 (./'leiinineo h the difFerenee hetwcen the holj^lit of n p>Uu\ ^'«'«'"«»««. 
 nbovo the body of ii projectile, und the deptli of the groovo 
 into whieii the etiui titn. tf the (h>pth of p^roovo hli'Mn tliiin 
 heiglit (if Htiid the Hhell will re^t entirely (»ii the Htudit, und 
 there will be nn interval eulled "eleuranee" between the 
 projectile an<l bore. This is important in bronze gun», in , 
 order to keep thu hard metal off the uoft bore. * , 
 
 The ftdvantagoa of windage are, Ort»y lo;i<Hng, ignition anliyiirndJnJ. 
 of time fuze by flashof discharge, slightly re<luee(I strain !««•'•• <»f 
 on gun,, and it makes uUowaneo for oxpuuHJon of projeetilo 
 by heat, rust or paint. • 
 
 The disadvantages aw, loss of pbwer from escape ot gas, 
 scoring of bore when heavy ctiar^ejj are used, und means 
 hav<Mo bo taken to. centre the projectile. 
 
 WiiiUagu. 
 
 ■V 
 
 Various kinds of t'liiE, &c. 
 
 The terms distihguishipg the various natures of artillery 
 fire, have reference 
 
 (1) To the conditions within the vertical plane. 
 
 (i) To the conditions ^within the horizoMtnl plane. 
 
 . The terms denoting the conditions within the vertical ^"V'^'P'*"*' 
 plane are, ~ * 
 
 Direct fire^ which is the fire from guns with- service Direct fire, 
 charges at all angles of elevation up to 15", 
 
 Indirect or curved fire is tlie fire from guns with reduced iurle'd tire! 
 charges, and from howitzers and mortars at all angles not 
 exceeding 15°. , ♦ . ' 
 
 High angle fire is the fire iVom guns, how^zers and High angle. 
 
 moitars^ at all angles of elevation exceeding 15o. 
 
 
AUL 
 
 fpF 
 
 v--" 
 
 '^'^>* > « 
 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
 i'l 
 
 I, 
 
The terms denoting the conditions within the horizontal 
 plane SLve^fronty oblique, enfilade, and reverse fire. 
 
 Horizontal. 
 
 Let A D N be the work attac'.ed, %. B B the attacking 
 batteries, then, 
 
 B. F. _L to face of work D N represents the general di- 
 rection Qi front firb\ B O oblij^ue to D N" represents the F^"*"'*- 
 general direction of oblique fircV B E parallel to the tace ; Oblique fire ;• 
 D N represents the general direction of enfilade fire ; ilnd Enfilade fire. ' 
 B A perpendicular to the reverse slo^^e pf D N, represents , - 
 the general direction of rdwr^e fire. Reverse fire. 
 
 A combination of these terms accurately describes the 
 various natures of artillery fire, e.g.,, direct front fire 
 means that the fire is direct in tli^ vertical plane, and front 
 in the horizontal. 
 
 With S 13. guns Ricochet fire would still be useful. It Ricocl»et fl». 
 is according to above definitions "indirect" or ''curved'^ 
 ew;?/ac?<j fire, but from S.B. guns only. 
 
 It is intended With round shot, to just clear the various 
 traverses, and in several bounds dismount guns, &c. Rifled 
 projectiles arc uncertain after first graze in their direction 
 to make i?/<?ocAe< fire of much use. *; 
 
 Direct fire hardly needs description. It is used on all Direct fire 
 occasions when possible and convenient, for it alone devel- 
 opes the full powers of a gun, apart trom the effect peculiar 
 to its projectile. Hence it is used against shipping, troops 
 
 
f 
 
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64: ■ ■ 
 
 in the opeii, breaching cartli works or viftihle revetments, 
 and destroying cover generally. Greater' ranges are of 
 cdnrse obtained. 
 
 Indirect or curved fire, by means of wltich the'Jprojectilc '^indirect or 
 descends at a greater angle than in direct fire, that is the curvijdfire. 
 angle of descent h gYQutav^h-AS, long beofi used, with S.B. " 
 
 ordnance, from gnns and Howitzers to dislodge troops 
 under cover of a parapet. Its use is now more important 
 than ever, since in all modern defences the revetments are 
 more or less under cover, of glacis, &c., and could not be 
 reached by direct fire, but are easil}' breached by mWern 
 curved fire, which every day becomes more accurate as our 
 knowledge, of the correct path of a projectile, aiidits.truc 
 angle of descent, increases. ^"Curved fire was very much used 
 during the French war by the Prussians, who have given 
 great attention to it. It is quite possible now to make equally 
 good practice byjiight or day at an unseen object once the ,. 
 
 proper elevatioo' and 'line of fire has been obtained, from 
 observation or actual measuretrent on a plan. The line of 
 fire would then b^ marked on the platfrom, and direction '• 
 
 given by "hanging scales," and elgvation by quadrant. 
 Every shot is then boiind to go to the exact same spot. " 
 llhe axis of piece being parallel to, or in, its original di- . 
 rection every time. -^ 
 
 Ricochet fire, as previously remarked, is a species of Ricochet fire, 
 this fire, but would seldom be used even with S.B. guns, 
 the effect of a shell bursting just within a battery being 
 greater than a round shot in its tlounds. If advisable 
 the elevation should not be over lOo, or shot is liable to 
 bury itself, and the charges about ^^^ to ^^ weight of shot, 
 according to range. 
 
 The modern rifled howitzers are particularly designed 
 for this species of fire, and are extremely accurate in prac- 
 tice, and they consequerjitly form a large proportion of a . 
 modern Bcige train, "^he general accuracy of rifled guns 
 Lave to a very great extent increased the utility of this 
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 ZT/j/A avfjh fire\% employed wlicn the angle of descent lUffh np^lo 
 is required, to b^ abnoiinally large, as in penetrating the *^'"°' 
 " bomb proof" rnofs of-magazines, casemates, &c., and per- 
 haps in breaching, when the distance between the 'object 
 and its guard is very small, or the distance very short. 
 
 It is also useful in throwing shell on to the decks, winch are 
 the weakest part of ironclad vessels, and for this i)urp.03e a 
 id sec. rifled mortar (at present it is called a howftzer, 
 but from fts dimension's it is more correctly a mortar) has 
 been designed. This fires a shell about the same weight as 
 a 10 in. R.M.L. gun of 18 tons, and only weigjis 6 tons. 
 
 In this^re, it is generally most important to obtain the 
 largest angle of descent possible, which is a simpler matter 
 
 . than calculating the exact angle required to j\ust clear a 
 given ol)ject, and to strike a given point (wisiderablylJelow 
 it furtJier on. In the latter problem tl>ere are many vari- 
 
 . ibles, for the rangqjias to be considei'ed as well as the dis- 
 tance of point fired, at from its counter guard, so that ele- 
 vation and charge have both to be varied till the proper 
 angle is arrived at. FoV this purpose, by no means suffi- 
 cient data have been collected. , 
 
 ^For lyoth curved and high angle fire from rifled ordnance 
 certain fxed reduced charges .are issued for each gun, 
 and any furtlier alteration is made by giving more or less 
 elevation generally by quadrant, as the object is usually in- 
 x^isiblcj and, moreover, the angles beyond those convenient- 
 ly marked on tanjent scale. Agjjiii, for this practice it is 
 important that tlie axis of piece should always be inclined 
 • at the sait^e angle to horizontal plane, when firing at the 
 same obj|}ct, and this can, in all cases, be niore accurately 
 
 .done by^uadraht., " - 
 
 It is also important that the plane of sight shonl^l be per- 
 pendicular to the Horizontal plai>p, thai is^xthe trunnions 
 ' level, or allowances made for differejiqe iti leyel. 
 
 With S.B. ordnance, except ugiortars, the ehai*ges maybe 
 varied and the elevt^tidn also.^ ''',.'. \ 
 
 Vi^rioas 
 charges. 
 
 -.■* 
 
 . ' * \. 
 
 -<• - . >k 
 
CG 
 
 • WithS.B'moVinrs, tlie elevation is prnctically for all ' . 
 
 purposes fixed at 45° ancUtJie cliarges arc Varied as re. 
 qiured. ' _- " 
 
 It, is very important, there tbre, to see that the axis of'tho ' 
 mortar is incliued at 45" to horizontal plane, and Jhat tiio 
 axis'^'of trunnions is parallel to it. , 
 
 ' With reference to the horizontal plane it can be seen that Horizontal 
 for penetrating purposes, sneh rts breaching a revetment, or P*«n*'- 
 penetrating an armour plate, front fire is more effective ■ 
 than oblique. , ' 
 
 Again in .enfilade fire, being in the prolongation of a work • 
 
 or line of men, there is more chance of hitting, for if the . 
 object firdd at is missed there are more l»e;yond. , ? 
 
 IJeverse fire, when possible, generally takes a work or f 
 
 position at a great advantage. \ The main defences being 
 towards the front there is prabftbly little protection to the 
 defendei's from thia»naiure of firc.- 
 
 Smooth Bore Ordnance. • 
 
 - Smooth bor^guns have altered but little as regards size 
 and general construction for upwards of 300 years. 
 
 In olden times fliere was a great variety of guns of all 
 sizes. Th& weight, size and calibte depended "Jliiefly on 
 the ideas of the maiiufaciurer. r 
 
 ' Of later 3'ears, however, the varieties were greatly re- 
 duced, and S.B. ordnaniKe was divided into guns, howitzers, 
 mortars and carronades. 
 
 Guns arc divided into two clf^sses, shot, guns and shell 
 guns. 
 
 Shot guns are the strongest in construction, and are 
 meant for heavy charges and all projectiles. 
 
 They are made of bronze fo^ field- service, and of iron 
 for thd heavier natures. ; ' ■ 
 
 The bronze guns are 12, 9, 6 and 3-prs., and are used Bronze guns, 
 for field service. ■-, — - : .^^ 
 
 si 
 
 iQt guns. 
 
 
 
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 ■■'■f ' I 
 
./ 
 
 ^'"^'^^^""^ ^^'^ ^^' ^^ '*'-^' '^'^"^-t, VS; 12, Oand O-prs. iron ffuni. 
 
 Tlio1[2^ 9 mid fl aro Hcarccly ever met with. 
 
 The 18 and 24-1)1-8. were jjuih of pomtioii iind 8icjxo|jfuna. 
 
 Tlic"32 aiid()S-pr8. were the most iisctVi and hest known 
 garrison and naval gnivs. Tfieie are various natures of the 
 32-pr. and other guns, varying in weight, tfee. 
 
 Tlio 42 and 50- 
 
 dh 
 
 Howitzers. 
 
 )biH)lx)(ip, there being 
 only oiic 5G-pr. in Canada, and the 42-pr. was^a naval gun. 
 
 10 in. and 8 in. slioll guns aro really long^howitzcrs, and Sliell gunii. 
 arc used oidy with shell and light charges, Injing initcli 
 lighter than tlie shot guns. They arc of iron. 
 
 Howitzers are of iron for garrison service; of bronze 
 for field service. There were two bi-onze howitzers in 
 each field battery. • 
 
 P The 12-pr. batteries had the ^32-pr. howitzer. ^ 
 
 The 9-pr. « " " '24-pr. " for horse or 
 
 field artillery. 
 
 The G-pr. batteries li^d the i2-pr. howitzer for horse 
 artillery. 
 
 The 3-pr. batteries had the 4f ih. howitzer for mountain 
 service. 
 
 The garrison howitzers were of Iron, and of 8 in. and 10 
 in. calibres, and 22 and 42 cwt. respectively. 
 
 They were generally mounted on travelling carriages for 
 ricochet fire, but are also used for defence of places were 
 the range is limited. 
 
 Howitzers resemble guns in greneral form, but are muchy 
 shorter and lighter for their calibre. 
 
 Mortars are short and heavy pieces of ordhaUce, used to 
 throw shells for high angle tire. They are ge^ierally fixed 
 in their beds to fire at 45** only, a^ their charges vary with 
 the range.' ^ 
 
 They are distinguished by the diameter of their bore. 
 
 They are of cast %on and of bronze. /_ 
 
 The cast iron mortars are: , 
 
 13 in,, 10 in. and 8 in. for land service, and for sea ser- 
 — vice, the 13 iu. and 10 in of nearly 3 tinies their weight. — 
 
 Iron 
 Howitzers. 
 
 Mortars 
 
 Cast Iron. 
 
 ir 
 
 1y' 
 
 Li 
 
^ f^f0r \ <^" 
 
 
 68 
 
 Mortni-8 \voro excellent for VoinhnrdinjOf a town, but they 
 nro.very niKx-rtnin ns to rHii<;o Jmd dircotltni. 
 
 Tlio bronze inortiirH arc the Kbyal 5.6 in. calibre, and the 
 tho(?oeliorn of 4.4 in. 
 
 These Hinall mortars were used in- the advanced trenches 
 to annoy tlie besieged. 
 
 • Ciirronades are short pieces of ordnance, calle(| alter the Curronadet 
 Carron fonndry, where they were first made. They have ""^"' *'* 
 IcBs thicknePsVmt'tal than guns of the same calibre, and 
 have no trnnnious, bei?jg secured to the carriage by a loop- 
 and bolt underneath. They were used chiefly for sea ser- 
 vice and the defence of ditches. . . J 
 
 They were niade of all calibres, and threw shot anS^shell 
 at short range very accurately and with small expenditure ■-'■ ' 
 of powder. They were light and required but few men to ■ 
 work them. 
 
 For calibres, ife^., see Table. 
 
 HiFLFD Ordnance./ - ' 
 
 Up to the year 1S55 there had been but littl^rcal ji^ro- 
 gress in the architecture of artillery, with the exeei/tibn 
 perhaps of the 68-pr. and the 8 in. and 10 in. shell guns. ' 
 The different piece ordnance in the service were the same 
 in general' form and dimensions as in the days of the 
 Tndors. They were not; so ornamental either ^k their 
 forms or their designations^as the old ones, yet otherwise 
 in many cases, there was littlp to choose between them. ': 
 
 Although every nation still adhered to S.B. guns, it 
 was not from ignorance, for ti^ieast siveral of the more, 
 important advantages' of rijl^ig, or at ahy rate of giving 
 rotation ta a projectile, were known to artillerists and 
 scientific j^en for many years prior to their introduction. 
 In fact, any one who had seen the steady flight of an ar- 
 row must have been impressed with its value." 
 
 In fact, as far l)ack as 1C15 a gun now in St. Pet e rsbur*r 
 
 
 :^. 
 
 \ 
 
 _i 
 
 
 l\ 
 
 was made rifled with 9 grooves; and again , in 16C1 the 
 
'if •— — ^(li« 
 
 00 
 
 Pnwsiiiii* cxporiinentcd with tf gnn rifled witli 13 nlmllow 
 \wroovc%. 
 
 \ During the next two eontnriea in Knghuul and in various 
 . bther euuutricB, numeii)UH experiincnti* were un<iertaken 
 With the object of giving rotation to the projectile, either by 
 niean« of groove* in tiie gun or projection to net ub feuthera 
 on the Allot. 
 ^ Thus, tor ft long time, the advantages of rifling, at nnyrate 
 ni regards accjiracy, was well known ; bu^ the backward 
 state of tnetallury and niechanisin was, till lately, the 
 fetunibling block to all inventors, a iiatettr and professional. 
 
 It was in 1854 then tha| the groat want was felt of rifled 
 gunsj and several 8 in. and OS-prs. were rifled oir Lancas. 
 ter'« system and sent to the Criniea. However, through 
 d<}fect8iM the shape ofthe shell they turned out failures, still 
 they are the first rifled guns actually in our gerviee, or, I 
 believe, in any service. ' <J' 
 
 The French next, in 1850, oir.ployod rifled field guns 
 with great effect at Magenta and Solterjno. Thus the bull 
 Avas set rolling, who can say where it will stop! 
 
 Kifled ordnance uiay be divided into several classes, viz : 
 
 1. Field funs^ including mountain and boat guns. 
 
 ^. Ouns of poHidon and dier/e pieces. 
 
 3. Converted (juna^ for s jcondary purposes of defence. 
 
 4. Mfiavy guns. ^. 
 First, field guns. /^ 
 
 . Though the Prussians from the first adopted Krupp's 
 steel, and the French bronze for their field guns, we, con- 
 sidering the ioftness of bronze and the uncertainty of 
 steel, took to wrought iron as the best material, and Sir 
 W. Armstrong having invented a breech loading system 
 that gave excellent results when compared with S.B. guns, 
 his system was adopted in our service to meet the undent 
 demand for rifled field guns. '^ 
 
 His system was tried at the time against many others 
 and l>eld its own . Our Field Artillery was equipped with 
 
 m. 
 
 tm 
 
 K -'; 
 
 i.fe 
 
 them, also our siege train, and many larger ones were made. 
 
 1 
 
 , ■ 
 
% 
 
 § 
 
 ,!<u,.„e!i:,A\ 
 
■TV 
 
 ■v/4' 
 
 n- 
 
 : I- 
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 \ 
 
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10 
 
 V 
 
 Tliey had wrought iron inner tubes, but Bteel would now 
 be usied. Their manufrtcture was diseontinued in 18G6, 
 but we now have, cliiifly in reserve, some 3,500 of these 
 excellent guns of all sizes, that would do good work if re- 
 quired. The following natures were made for field service : 
 
 NAME. WEIGHT. CALIBHE. * USE. 
 
 G-pr. gun ofd cwt. 2.5 in., a mountain and boat gun. 
 9-j9r. "' 6 " 3 in.. Horse Artillery and boat gun. 
 12-_^r. " 8 " 3 in.. Field Batienj md boat gun. 
 
 The two last have the same calibre — 3 ins. — and both 
 could use the 9-pr. ammunition on emergency, but not vice 
 versa* "■ "'■ ^'^^~^~"" ;." '.. -/"'■■'■ / •. T' ' \ ' "^ "■ '7^" 
 
 The above system was found to be both complicated, ex- 
 pensive and dangerous, besides being difficult to keep in 
 repair, and it was ' felt that for our varied requirements 
 a simpler system was necessary ; although, apart from 
 various accidents from breech piece flying out, tfec, these 
 guns were found to be in many ways very satisfactory ; in 
 act, a committee reported that thcte was little to choose in 
 enect between the 12-pr8. B.L.U. and the 9-pr. M.L.U., 
 the 9-pr. B.L.R. being inferior to both. 
 
 etween 1863 and 1870 very extensive experiments were 
 canned out on the rival merits of various guns B.L. and M.L., 
 and iJie various committees reported strongly in favour of 
 M.L. guns, and those to be constructed of wrought iron coils 
 8hrunK\over a steel tube ; they reported that they considered 
 the advantages of simplicity, facility of repair, ease of work- 
 ino-, rapidity of fire, small original cost, and cost of mainten- 
 ance, to be in favour of the M.L. gun, and outweigh the im- 
 portant advantage of the protection to the detachment from 
 the superior cover afforded by a B.L. gun. 
 
 In 1871 our M.L. f.eld guns were commenced, atfd our 
 artillery is now entirely equipped \vith them. A few, 
 almost experimental guns, were made at first, but- finally 
 the following were fixed upon for L.S. : 
 
 B.L. 
 Field guni. 
 
 R.M.L. 
 Field gUDB 
 
 % 
 
 > * 
 
^ 
 
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71 
 
 *i 
 
 Steel. 
 
 NAMR. ~ ^ETOHTk ^jiGAMBnE. ^ U8E. 
 
 9-pi'., 3 in., oalibro^B cwt. ; Jatcly introdueecl for II.A. " . 
 
 9-pr., 3 in,, ctrfihre; 8 cwt.; light field butteries. 
 
 16-pr., 3 in., calibre; 12 cwt.; heavy field batteries. 
 
 *13-}j|«., 8 cwt. ; field batteries. ' 
 
 There are also, ^ 
 
 ' 7-pr., 3 in,, cKlibre 200 lbs., the latest pattern; 
 
 . mountain and boat. • 
 7-pr., 3 in., calibr6 150 lbs., an ea-liir i attern ; 
 "^^ mountain and boat. « 
 
 There ai |ii| fc few 7-pr. of same weight of bronze, hnt no 
 more areJGplpnade. The above are the only guns in our 
 service of sf^el. /All four natures fire the same ammunition. 
 
 The above guns are all rifled on the French system, exj 
 <;ept the, 13-pr. experimental gun. ■■l- 
 
 The 7-prs. are cut out of a solid ingot of stdel. 
 
 The 9 and IC-prs. are composed of'A tubes of toughiened 
 steel, strengthened by a Jr<'^c/i coil,. composed of a single 
 coil, a trunnion ring, and a coil in front of the trunnions, 
 all welded together and shrunk over the tube. ^ 
 
 Th^^'avy 9-pr. will ultimately become a S.S. gun. 
 
 The^5-pr. Is identical in construction. 
 
 The J3-pr. is rifled on the poly-groove system, with sev- 
 eral sliallow grooves, and rotation is given to the projec- 
 tile by means of a driving gas check. This gun will be 
 very shortly adopted as the field gun. It is much larger 
 than existing natures, and embraces all the modern im- 
 provement^ of enlarged chamber, &c. It will use a special 
 powder. Very great velocities have been obtained witli it. 
 
 Siege Guns and Guns of Position. 
 The history of these guns is very similar to that of th 
 field guns, and consequently we first have a large number 
 of ll.KL. guns of Sir W.. Armstrong's construction, of the 
 following varieties : 
 
 20-pr., 16 cwt. ; light gun of position, and siege gun. 
 40-pr.^ 35 cwt. ; heavy ""• ** " « 
 7 in., of 72 and 82 cwt. ; heavy siege giirv • 
 
 There are other lighter natures of all three of these sruns. 
 but are lysed only at sea for boat work. • 
 
 •Etperimentftl 
 as yet, 1878. 
 
 VC-J- 
 
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 p 
 
 H~! 
 
 p *. 
 
 ^^■'j' 
 
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 ai- 
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 1^ 
 
 
 

 ... »<. ■ If 
 The 20-pr.;wafi the lifcavy field htittery of reserve gun. 
 "s The 7 in. would only be jised in tiie batteries of un attack^ 
 V ' Tliei-e wer^ also li-64-pr. and 40-pr. on the ivedg^ system. 
 \ They were entirely withdrawn some time ago^ » v 
 
 Fbr exactly similar reasons as in field gnna thdse-A'cr^ 
 withdrawn from, L,S., tl^ugh the great convenience of 
 B.t. ordnance in h<)fLt work, render them still .tjivourites 
 with the navy. /. ■ '/ *^ . ,^ ■ . 
 
 There ai*e a,lso considerable numbers of 40-pir. on triivel- 
 ling carriages in every large garrison Jlp|h ^t hpme and, 
 abro/id, and they have been largely issned to tjie Reserves. 
 '-They 'are,, however, 'being gradually superseded \}% the 
 
 following: .. ^ / . \ : ■ 
 
 ^ 25-prl, 4 in.J calibre of 18 cwt, ? " . ," V^- 
 
 ; 40-«r.,4.75in., caltbreof 34cWt. < *' : r .. >/ ' - 
 64^)r., 6,a in-., calibre of C4cwr;:T': - ■';:.; ^ r ^ 
 *r Alfio the fotlowing Hfled .howi^ers..^ Those marked 
 
 are at present experimental, ^^t jvilly in all probability, be. 
 ' adopted, wlien ll\e present on<i3,will probabW, be' termed- 
 - rified i9?^7'^ar«\vljichtheymogtresemble;jn their pi^^ 
 6.3 in. lM)\\^}tzei'j 18 cwt. , '•■''■ ■ - ^- 
 
 '" -8 " "• ' 46^ '";. ■ ''■■■ . '■ ■ r." . ' ; /: * . 
 
 • ' The 25-pr. arid 40;pr., and- 64^pr., ?ire built ontheFrazeir' 
 l^ construction, and are the guhanow used in the siegje train,- 
 
 togeth*er with the rifted howitzers. \. 
 
 The following are the propt)rHons for the ^0 pieces in a 
 
 * light and hea^y siege unit, respectively : 
 
 • ( 25-pr8 
 
 . I'i^ht. 
 
 *-^ 
 
 " ■ Jo i ^^^^ ^' '^-n-'S^^^ 200 lbs. 
 
 4U-pr^. .... lu >'j^ ,^^^ of bronze mortars. 
 
 6.3in. howitzers 10 )• ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 *, ^1*^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 40i)rs . . ...... .., 8 ) Also>6, T-piftflns^^PO Iba, 
 
 ^'"^^- 1 smowiW,,^- 14 \^ Pl-« o^ '^-^ ^^^- 
 
 .:^ /"-■■*^'-: ■■.•■..:'■■•>■■/, '^^T^ ■; ■>■-■. ■;■;>,/'■ '•-■ '■ ■ ■,, 
 
 There w ould, probably bfe a fe w G atljns or machine gu>ng» 
 
 f#^l! 
 
 • '.'^^ 
 
 ■ " •'i'^ ^- 
 
 ■,.-M I Ml 
 
 
 ■^ ■■■■■I 
 
 i^ 
 
I : 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ■( 
 
 '<■'»■ A.' 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 • .— .- 
 
 r 
 
 ■w. 
 
 Y 
 
 Wy 
 
 .■ X 
 
 \ 
 
 \ I 
 
 M 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 or 
 
:iv 
 
 1Z 
 
 The above guns are all rifled on the Woolwich or French 
 Bystem. ^* ' " 
 
 They diflfbr from the field guns in having ^ B coil. 
 
 The howitzers are- also of the nsual Woolwich construd- 
 tion, and the rifling of the 8 in, h the Woolwich, with a 
 very rapid twist. 
 
 The 6.3 in., however, and i|he two experimental ones are 
 ily-groove, and the rotation is given by a driving gas 
 check. f 
 
 Medium 
 
 ^i 
 
 3Iedium And Heavy Gdns. 
 
 64-pt., converted from |2 and Sl sec. 
 80-pr., '\ ^ " '68-pr. 
 
 7 in. sea servic^ only. ^ ' ■ 
 
 Heavy 
 or armour ■ 
 'piercing. > 
 
 7 in.; 
 
 of 7 tons 
 
 8 « 
 
 « 9 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 « 12 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 « 18 « 
 
 11 " 
 
 "25 " 
 
 12 '* 
 
 u j 25 <' 
 « ( 35 " 
 
 12.5 « 
 
 " 38 " 
 
 16 " 
 
 « 80. " 
 
 ,0:. 
 
 > 
 
 [l7.72in.,of lOO.tons. 
 
 Wheti the necessity for rifled g^m^ was felt, th^re were 
 quantities of smooth bore guns in the service, and tlfee ques- 
 tion aro4e as to whether these could be utilised for the purr> 
 pose. After various trials it was found that by boripgput 
 the old guns to a certain extenf, and inserting a coiled 
 wrought iron tube, which was then rifled, a very vheap and 
 serviceable gun was the result, as long as the charge was not 
 too heavy. j . ^ 
 
 Large numbers of the old 32-prs. and 8 in. guns have 
 been converted to 64-prs. of the same calibre and weight 
 as the 32-pr., and many 68-pr8. to 80-pr. , 
 
 The calibre of the latter is the same as the former, but it 
 . i s a stronger and mOre powerful g«n 
 
 ( 
 
 
 &■•"• *^ 
 
 :-^f .-:. 
 
 '.*■ 
 
 X..*.. 
 
 -m- 
 
 '■-."* 
 
\. 
 
 f \ 
 
 ■f-- 
 
 ifi 
 
 : i 
 
•«<" 
 
 ■J 
 
 .■ ■ '■ . W, . ■ > ■ 
 
 ■, . ' . ' ■ ■ y 
 
 TlicBO guns are still made, and arc very useful for garri- 
 . son guns for *tho purpose of land defence, but are not strong 
 enough to penetrate armour. ' '* 
 
 probably largo numbers of the 8. D, guns in this coun-" 
 • try will be converted on this system, tyost likely in the 
 country. , , , 
 
 The 7 in. and upwards are considered as armour pierc- • 
 ing guns, and in general will pierce an armour plate about 
 2 ins. thicker^han their calibre at 200 yards, , ^, "., 
 
 In the larger natures this is exceeded. Thus the 11 in. 
 gun pier(;»e. about ^14 ins, while thos 12 in., 35 tons, has 
 pierced 18^ ins. iron, and 12 ins. teak, and the IGJ in., 8) 
 tons, abo.ut 30 ins, . > ' - 
 
 These guns are used on board ship, and for coast de- 
 fence,, in the forts, protecting the ^lockyards of Ports- 
 mouth, Plymor.th, Sheerness, and the pi'incipaf harbours in 
 Great Britiitn and her colonies. Tlicro are great numbers 
 of 7, 9 and lO. in, guns mounted, besides 11 in., of 25 
 tons. The 12 in. ar.d 12^ ii guns, 0^ and 38, aire 
 chiefly iised afloat, but they are to be mounted in scvioral 
 of the latest forts at Plymouth, Portsfnoiith, &c. 
 
 One fort alone at the former place is to have tibout 10 ^f 
 them, V ' ^ • ' 
 
 The 80 ton gun is at present designed for sea service 
 ■-only. ■■ ■ ,. ^ . ..' . •. .■■: ...:.-:' : 
 
 the chief difficulty with respect to these heavy guns is 
 that of getting carriages and platforms strong enough' to 
 stand the shock of t-ecoil, and at the sailiie time bririo- them 
 to rest, within the cramped space available in turrets and 
 casemates, which we're, in many cases, designed for smaller 
 guns. • , ] '■.-■' 
 
 ^'- As the palliser shell or shot almost always breaks up on 
 impact, experiments are being carried»ori with steel projec- 
 tiles. Their expense is greater, but it is expected that their 
 
 ,M 
 
 V 
 
 , ../.- 
 
 ■ ^^ 
 
 effect will be much increased. 
 
 i. 
 
 *o^ 
 
W9' 
 
 .* 
 
 
 RIFLING. 
 
 t 
 
 The chief objo<?t of rifling a gun, is to ohtnin great range 
 and accuracy combined. * 
 
 This result is ohtninod ahnoBt entirely l»y the use of elon- 
 gated projectilei, which can only-he used from a rifled gun, 
 for without lifling wo could not give a "spin" to the projec- 
 tile, and if it had no spin or rotation round its longer axis 
 it would be inclined to turn. over in its flight and become 
 unsteady, and its range liinked. 
 ^ Sufticient spin must, therefore, be given to counteract - 
 this tendency, and to make the projectile travel point fore- 
 most throughout the entire range. 
 
 ,- By this means the resistance of the air to a projectile of 
 ,^5>gi^en weight is greatly reduced, for the area presented to 
 
 its action is much smaller. 
 
 ■■■,■',• ■# 
 
 The muzzle velocity is not nearly so qpiiclcly reduced lit 
 
 in the case of a spherical projectnle of equal weight fired 
 *- under similar circumstances, and the difference is much 
 greater if we take a spherical projectile of the same cali- 
 bre. The result of tliis power of keeping up velocity is 
 increased range and increased pow^r of penetratian^ or of 
 doing work at a given range. ^ <l 
 
 As to accuracy. Inaccuracy in a S.B. gun is chiefly due 
 to the bounding of the shot more or less in the bore, and 
 to the fact that, in consequence of this the shot leaves the 
 bore rotating on an accidental axis. Again, all projectiles 
 ■ are i%>re or less " eccentric," and this again makes them 
 inaccnrate in flight, the centre of gravity describing a dif- 
 ferent path to the centre of the projectile. : 
 
 In the case of a projectile fired from a rifled gun, it is 
 given a rotation round an axis practically coincident with 
 that of the bore, that is to say, the projectile is centred,1 
 and thus the effects ot irregularities of either mass or sur- 
 face are equalized, and revolution upon an accidental axis 
 . is prevented and ensures accuracy. 
 
 t 
 
 
 $\ 
 
 t\ 
 

 
 
 ■■*. 
 
 ™ 
 
 t 
 
 
 / 
 
 /, 
 
 #. 
 
 ml 
 
 i 
 
 -*-^ 
 
 ! i^ 
 
W' 
 
 
 #t6 
 
 A ccrtftin rogular doviatioii or drift f» cauBwl by tlila ro- 
 tation, but it can l)o Hlluwc>i) , tor, beinj^ coiiutnnt for tho 
 
 f A rifled gun does not ?ii(f^lfr<irr//^Lc'ntail tho' md of olon- 
 f^tod projcictiicH ; but tlic«t|jjbt.(!^nil]fudvnntag08 nro ho great 
 that they aru univtrrHiilIy V*'!***^ 
 
 A spherical shot fired from a rifled ^\\% m M to have 
 ^ rotation iinpait(jQ to it, wouUl be accurate lu Hi flight but^ 
 limited in range. 
 
 • The following are the principle advantages attained by 
 tho use of elongated projwitHoat 
 
 »»■■! 
 
 «?':"! 
 
 ^S* 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 1. DitniniHhcd surface for the resigtapce of the air to act 
 ^ on, and thns wo obtain greater ranye^ and greater power at 
 
 a |?ivcn range; ,^ -■..■;* ■ ;'P- ' .m- , :<- 'Vf ■-■■ 
 
 2. Tho trajectory is flatter, and thus we liavo more . 
 chance of hitting an object. ' ^ / 
 
 .8. The head may bo of any required ^i'jji* weight, as , 
 in the case of palliscr and shrapnel shell. ^^W 
 
 4. By varying the length, different kinds of projectiles 
 for the same gun win be made the same weight; thus com- 
 plications in range tables are avoided. 
 
 5. On the contrary, if desirable, a specially heavy (or 
 light) projectile may be fired, as in the case of double shell. 
 
 6. The capacity of a shell for powder or bullets is in- 
 creased, and consequently its power. - ' 
 
 7. Great saving is effected in powder^ the charge being .< 
 from i to I weight of projectile, in place of i, as in S.B. 
 
 Besides above, two important i)ropertie8 are common to I 
 both spherical and elongated rifled projectiles, viz. : 
 
 A simple percussion fuze can be used, and the bursting 
 charge of a shrapnel can be kept behind tho bullets, which 
 is the most advantageous position. > 
 
 ■ri' 1-'" 
 
 Systems of Rifling. 
 
 his" all important rotation is given to projectiles in 
 ^various ways, and accordingly there are fieveral well known 
 " systems of rifling." 
 
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A system of» rifling is, strictly speaking, the means of 
 giving rotation to a projectile, and has nothing to do with 
 the form or number of the grooves or Btuds,||r with the 
 vexed snhject of B.L.?J15r^<^9 M. Li guns. .' 
 
 The folh)wing are the best known systems : , 
 
 1. A breach loading system, in which tlie projectile has 
 a soft coating slightly larger than the bore of the gun, into 
 which it is forced by the explosion, and npide to takfe the 
 rifling, which usually ^^consists of a largo number of shallow 
 grooves cut spirally in the gun. 
 The best examples are the Armsti*ong and the Prussian 
 ^systems, varying in details but not in principle, v 
 ^'- &: A muzzle loading system, using projectiles with pro- 
 jecting studs or ribs of soft metal, shaped^to the general 
 form of the grooves, but with sufticient play to Hiake load- 
 ing easy. The grooves are fewer in number and larger 
 than in the previous system. The British Woolwich system 
 is the best known. ' It is modified from the French. 
 
 3. Muzzle or breech loading guns having projectiles of 
 hard metal accurately made to fit the peculiar form of bore 
 mechanically, "^hitwbrth's and Lancaste^guns are on 
 this system. ^Wr 
 
 4. Last, but by no means least, a muzzle loading system, 
 in which rotation is given by means of a<i expanding cup 
 or disc of soft metal- fastened t<> the base Qf the projectile, 
 which is " set up" by the explosion into* a number of small 
 grooves, and rotation thereby given to the projectiles. 
 
 This system is in- use for the 80 ton.gun, the 100 ton do,, 
 the rifled howitzers, and the new field gun. As will be 
 shown this system has many advantages and few defects, 
 so that probably all new natures of guns will be rifled on 
 this system, and in due t.\mQ the whole of the service guns. 
 
 We must first point out defects that are common to 
 several systems, then those peculiar to each. 
 
 In every case where they exist, grooves cut in the bore 
 of a gun greatly weaken it, giccording to their depth. i 
 
 \ 
 
 Jefects, &c., 
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 Again, to a miidi greater degree, do the lioles^*nt in the 
 projectiles and tlie sil^bseqiient pressuflfcs in fixing the 
 stnds, weaken the shell. In altnost every case it is found 
 that a sheH breaks up at S stud. , 
 
 Hilling is a necessary evil in eVierv system hut oiie, an(\ 
 till lately studs were considered prsieticnlly necessary 
 wherevor grooves existed in a muzzle loading gun. 
 
 Studs, besides weakening the projectile, are costly in 
 manufacture, and are very liable to damage from rough 
 usage; and every pi-ojectile requires careful gauging before 
 use. . ' 
 
 1.. The drawbacks peculiar to the first system were cost 
 and complication of ammunition ; and as the coating had 
 to be compressed into the g^idoves, the strain on^hegun 
 for a%iven charge was very gresg. Small charges could 
 only be used. The lead coating, if tlie twist was quick, 
 was inclined to strip. Alsb the ^nefuze had to be lighted 
 by a cletortating arrangement. ** 
 
 The projectile was, lipf^vever^, ac^rately cgntred, and Advantag 
 constquentl}^ very steady and accurate in its flight. Also 
 there is no windage and consequent loss of power. . ' .^ 
 
 The grooves are very shallow^ and do hot weaken the % 
 
 bore mucjji. .v 
 
 2. In this svsfem the gnn is weakertid hv grooves, and 
 the projectile by. studs, and unles'6 means are taken to pre- ^ 
 
 vent the rush of gas over the projectile the bore suffers'. - 
 
 severely, especially with mgli clrarges from scoring. The 
 windage also moans loss, of power. , 
 
 On the othei" hand, the ^gun is easily loaded, arid latterly^ 
 the escape of gas lias been entirely controlled by means of 
 a copper gas check fixed to thofhase of the shell, enough 
 flame being allt)W^d to pass to ignite the fuze, hut in no ' 
 degree to damage the bore ; and as there is no cbrnprepioit . . » 
 of the shot, but rather ' expansion, the strain*>un. the gun " ' 
 aire liardly increased at all. > ,^ i' 
 
 3. In the third system \i**e have in the Whitworth a large Ad^aniaires 
 
 bearing surface, small windage, an albsenee of studs, and ,*.' 
 
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 79 
 
 practieftlly of rifling; in" tlie Lftn6«8ter, th| entire abeenco m, 
 of grooves. * V " ' 
 
 In l)otli thpsc, the projectile being made to fit the boro, u 
 
 no lioles have to be boretf for etuds, so that thejprojectileis » 
 
 stronger anii jiot so colnplicaCed.'V ^ 
 
 Tlie machinery and workmanship must be of the best, Diiadvantage* 
 otber\v|se, the projectiles will not fit the bore accurately, - 
 and being of hard metal, will jani and break^ up, probably 
 severely injjiring thd bore of tl]^ gun. , 
 
 '4. The fourth class -has the ftd vantages of the ^hallow *V 
 
 grooves. The projectile is easily rammed home, and its 
 manufacture isCv^ry simple. Moreover, it is not weakened - -1 . _ 
 by having studB,_and is cheaply made, and sufficient gas 
 -passes to ignite the fuze. ' . ;i - 
 
 Tilie separate gas check sli«:^htly complicsites matters, and * 
 is liable to danijige, otherwise this systcm-N^jOmbines most 
 of the advantages, j^ud haS fevr of the defects, common to \ \ .* 
 other systems. ' ^' ,. ''-.''^ ■ ^.' ■■-ti^'- 
 
 lthiidoi'teu'hecn considered and was actually Jlrajse in ' / 
 v^ ,the Confederal^ army, S^ is very similar to. Mr. llntten's, «• 
 but the mechanical difficulty in fixing the* driving gais checb 
 to the base of the sholl, so as To stand the licaviest^charjres, 
 was long in being satisfactoril^t)vercome, mdeedi it was 
 brought out partly by aecident.. Tlie g^s chlpl were first'^- | 
 used solely to pr(^#nt the sc^^oring in the bores of the guns 
 with large charges,- and it was found at last that they could 
 ; be fixed securely enough to give rotation to the projectile. 
 ' ''" There are various forms of grooves used in these different 
 systems. . Those with stucfs requiring large and compar- 
 atively d^ep grooves, while guns rifled on either of the 
 systems„ where the rotation is givenby means of "a soft coat- 
 Jug or bas§ ring will be found to possess a krge num^r of 
 snitall shallow grooves.- The actual form and size of the 
 groove depends upon the nature and size of the gun. As 
 a.general rule the simpler the form of the groove anci the 
 ,'^ less sharp its angles the -less chance is there of the barrel 
 splijtting along the groove ; again the bore is less wpaV piiPd 
 
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 by' a number of shnllow grooves than by ft few deeper ones. 
 Tliero iafd fievefal natures of grooves in use with our service 
 ordtiftnce. , ' 
 
 1. The pniall grooves of the Armstrong ancj the 4th sys- 
 t&m. 
 
 2. The shunt used with all the early natures of C4-pr. 
 built-up guns, and, in fact, all the f)4-pra., except those 
 with steel tubes, and marks I. and 11. that 'have been re- 
 tubed with wrought iron, and the converted guns. ■ ••' » 
 
 The peculiarity of this gun was that the depth of groove 
 varied at different parts of the bore, to enable the studs of 
 
 ' the.projectile to travel down a deep groove in loading, and 
 to be shunted into a shallower portion when 'the gun is 
 fired on the passage up the bore, so that the projectile may 
 be gripped aiid perfectly centred on Ibaviif^ the muzzle. 
 Tliere were several objections^ to this form of groove. (1.) 
 tt is 6oinplicatej;l. (2.) It was not found to answer well in 
 practice, probablyfor the reason that the compression took 
 
 " effect generally on one rovir of studs only, so that the cent- 
 ring action did not work,>V that the groove was so shallow 
 that the studs <wer-VP(M|J[»e groove. (3.) The projiectile 
 is grippe(|i|'lJ|^l|%i|Pp at its greatest velocity, and 
 
 r llie ni^u;8zW IS tlms^«01y%^^ (4.) The sharp angles _ 
 
 of tlAgrobves lender the tribe li4l>l»to be i|piijtv ^ ; . j, • 
 
 ■ The-^Za«n groove is really tile Mrfo\^^^eep>^^OTti«njof the 
 ■^shiint groove. It is used for all the cor^ei'i^ted 64-prs. and - 
 mrtrkl. and II. re-tubed guns^o that %ey.fcan use flie same 
 ammunition- as^the shunt gun. Thie r^irlts of the slfooting 
 with this p'(||ye are very, good, .^.^^ 
 
 The Twlj||HMgr groove is usecV for ;m^ gii^^ubov^ «iij^ 
 64^pr. , incWKsB^^e SO-pn con v^rted^wgun ; also the 8 in- 
 howitzer, tlieS^l>i'i and 4(>»pr. sjege gunS, . Tlie bottom^*; 
 eccentric t#llie bore,< having curved Sdges, both struck with 
 -^^" — ^^^^ j0t(i dimensions differ Rightly i^i-eaeU 
 
 The plnlD 
 groove. 
 
 Woolwich 
 groove. 
 
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 81 
 
 • 
 
 The modified French is used for the lO-pra. and O-jir. 
 field guns. ■ " '^ 
 
 Tiiednvirij:^ edge ia itt a pjentlcr slope than the loading 
 edge, and the stnd slightly monnts the slope and centres 
 the projectile. The angles are rounded off and the bottom 
 is eccehtri<; with the bore. -The loadin^^ and driving edges 
 make an angle of 70" with etvch other. 
 
 The French is used for the 7-i)r. It 
 
 The inralifled 
 Fruncli. 
 
 has not trot its corn- The French. 
 
 ■l" "•— *^ 
 
 ers rounded off, and its bottom is concentric, with the bore. 
 
 The form of" the grooves having been discussed wo, wilt 
 
 now consider the twist of the rifling, «feo. 
 
 I 
 
 » 
 
 It is necessary, in order to make the projectile rotate, 
 that a certain twist should be given to the grooveHf so that 
 as a shot moves forward it is made to twist round by gieans 
 of its studs, lead coating, or cup, which must ru» up an 
 incline, as it were, which incline is wound round the inside 
 of the bore. The quicker the twist, or the fteeper this in- 
 cline, with any given velocity, the more quickly the shot 
 mnst rotate. ; > . 
 
 Moreover, by increasing the velocit}^ we make the si 
 rotate more quickly. By changing^ therefore, either t 
 velocity or the twigt we can alter the late at which thesljot 
 turns ronnd. 
 
 * With regard to the actual twist, let us suppose a right- 
 angled triiinde. ' Let the base be equal to thfe length of the 
 gnu and ^HBfpothenuse to the length of £he groove in the 
 given gun, 
 
 The lt)nger the groove in a given length of gyn thd 
 steeper bej^mes the angle of twist. '/ 
 
 The gi'^jr the angle of twist, or ^^^ pitch of thd rifling, 
 "tiie greater the strain 03^ studs ^Tit^rooves, hence only 
 siiflficient twist should be given to ke^jTthe |yfeectile steady 
 
 As tiie amonnt of rotation depeiMPfotft-OTi tli^S^ist and 
 on the velo^pjfl^pien the ^att^is I6\^ A^lj^^we a quick 
 twist; so in the rifled howitze^wie velicUjIlflovvr, tliere- 
 
 
 I 
 
 Angl^of twist 
 
 fore the twist is quick. 
 
 • "^ ■ \ 
 
 i^ I- 
 
 '?• .'~r> 
 

 #- 
 
'1' 
 
 89 
 
 In our lioavy pjnns a twist of nbont 1 in 35 is found 
 
 ■^ enfiiciont. Tluit ip, n shot will tulvc jVn entire turn in the 
 
 length of bore cquul to 35 tiiueH tlio ealibrc, tliereforo, in 
 
 tlio above triangle, the perped^euhu* is equal to the circuui* 
 
 feronco of the bore, and 
 
 ^ ♦ ^ -i P?IP*?*''*^"'"^ — CIrcmnfori'nco of bore^ 
 
 ~~ bM« ~~ Leiiff tit ol' iM.ru due tu one turn. 
 
 In u 7 in. gun where twist is 1 in 35. 
 
 lie twist may, cither bo uniform or increasing. In a 
 
 jlj-m t^'^i8t the hypothenuse is a straight line. In an in- 
 
 g twist it is a curved line. The incline is slight to 
 
 begin ^vi4|■||nt ^cts steeper towards the muzzle, so that the 
 
 strain on l|v ^ti||l8 is much reduced and is more regular 
 
 througliQut the bore. 
 
 With our service guns, all over 7 in. have increasing 
 
 twists. '' ,.- ,n 
 
 The size, shape, number, «fec., of the grooves, M 
 pend on the miture of the projectile, whether lead 
 studded or otherwise, and on other considerations. 
 
 jami^ 
 
 '%>, 
 
 CARRIAGES. 
 
 Principles of Construction of Fifild Artillery 
 
 Carmages. 
 
 
 The following qualities a^fr necessary in a field artillery 
 
 carnage : 
 
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 % 
 
 
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 ^1- 
 
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 m 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 First, and most important, is "mobility," for without? 
 •this, in a high degree, field artillery would be of little use. 
 " " Stability," so that in any movement required, §ven on- 
 rough ground, it may not overturn. 
 
 "Strength," "durability" and ''simplicity," are, of course, ' _i . 
 
 '' of great iinportarrce ; and convenience of transport is pe- -; 
 
 culiarly necessary for Brftish artillery, that has to be sent 
 to each and every quarter of the globe. . »' 
 
 Vi j 
 
 ft 
 
 -■ 
 
/ 
 
 
 83 
 
 Mobllfty f« tnflnoncod \)y Mjveral thlnj?<», viz.: 
 
 By the " triu^tloft" or " dnmglit," tlmt Iw, tlio power ro- 
 quiBito to put it ia iii<>ti<)n aiul koup it in iiiotiitn, by itH 
 cupaliility of roveriiiug, iuid by its power, of pansiiigobjecttf. 
 
 It l^^ nucc'BHflry thfii to hiivo the Urnnght as jigbt as poH- 
 BJblo, tliei-cfore tlio load inimt bcmi^ li^lit aH poHaible, tbUt 
 ia, the ^tin and ainiriunition beiu;,; HxlmI, tlio carriage niitgt 
 be as liglit aH porfHiblu ; and aim) tliu load nuiHt bu properly 
 diHtributed over the axk^. The fore carriage having, as it 
 were, to make tJjo track, in hardest to drag, therefore tho 
 load ought to be rather Urns- on~1t timn on the rear axlo. 
 ■At the Banie time, if too much weight in thrown on to the 
 rear wheels they will sink, and thereby increiisi) the wcigbt 
 on the wbole. The two axle** muHt be long enough to 
 riihke botb tracks exactly the samo,-s() that the front wheel 
 prepares the ti^pk for the rear. ' ^ / 
 
 The diameter of' tri.e wlieels must be a nniximum, and 
 the diameter of the aXle a minijiimm. In order to increase 
 the le'C^erage over friction ; 5 feet lias Iwen selected as the 
 m-ost suitable. - ' / - 
 
 Lastly, the angle of traction must be as favourftble m 
 possible. . C^/'^J" 
 
 The beight pf ^ lioiie\f|ifllar being practically fixed, the 
 only thing we c^n • vary is tbo height of the point of at- 
 tacl'iment of traces to -the carriage. We find about -6^0 
 the best. 
 
 'The carriage must''aleo be capable of reversing very 
 sharply, tliirefore it jnust be a minimum length, aiid the 
 angle through which the fore ^'arriago cftn sweep a niaxi; 
 mum. ' " • 
 
 ■ The mobility of a carriage is bI-'O inflnenced by its poUrer 
 of passing obstacles. The size of wheels and inclination 
 of traces influence this, but more properly considered urtder 
 the head of lightness of draught. The mode of attachment 
 of fore and hind carriage matcriall}'^ affects this powpr. 
 
 Mubtlitj. 
 
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 The fore carriage should be able to move rertically about 
 
 
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 Strenjrth. 
 Dur^UMity. 
 
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 the point of attachment, so that it may /move in that 
 direction, to sohle extent, independent of the liind e^i'riage 
 Mobility ninst be accompanied by^ stability, ■si * 
 
 Stability is- influenced by the nnint)ef 'of points oiv which 
 the carriage- rests, and the position^ i^ehical and horizon- 
 tal^ of the centre of gravity with regard to those points. 1"; 
 f The carriage being level, the vertical distance should be 
 a mininuim; and\th€ other a "niaxiniuiri, that is, the S.G. t. 
 should be aS' low Jts possible. 
 
 Stability Jn Reversing is influenced by the height and stability. 
 ' mode of connection of tore and hind carriatjcs, and the «, ' 
 
 height of traces. When advancing, the vertical from S.G. 
 . should always fall within the figure joining the points of 
 •support. ' The upsettiri^angle fe)r the carriage packed is "^T - 
 
 ■•^loutias^.,.;. .■.:..;' ;■:■■: ■^.^.: ., ■,•"■. ■.."'-;■%'■■■.■./- ^^■■■ 
 
 The matferial used must be the strongest consistcift with 
 htn^ss. It must it'Jlhd i^c\\ the eflfects of shot striking 
 rough usage, the actioii of clhnatc, and vriust not deter- 
 iorate in store. Wrought iron has superseded wood, being 
 lifii^ch more durable, and scarcely any heavier, for a given 
 sti'ength. It is not so elastic, and hence does notabsoi'bso 
 much of any strain put on it as wood, and also it is Qftsiry 
 pdt out of sh'ape ; and l^(^nce there is a loss of strength 
 through change of forui, therefore. stronger iron is used 
 than is absiolutely necessary to i'e^ist H particular stress,' ^ 
 \ «irfie carriage should hsiVe as /cw parts to get out of order Simplicity, 
 as possible, and any part should be easily repaired if nece^- - . 
 
 sary, and all parts and fittings should, jiS far as possible, be 
 intei*changeable with other carriages. • Or : 
 
 -Carriages should take to pieces -and stmv.a|?ay c^nve- 
 menih' on board ship, and the length of carriage should be 
 a^'ffl^^ium^ not only for mobility but to make a? columh of ^ 
 
 ro^te as' short as possible, *^ 
 
 The Gun Carriage and Limber. 
 
 ■ ■ » ■■ '■■■ '"■■'^ . . ' 'X ' , , 
 
 , ' Th&^ present forinjias been arrived at as fulfilling the 
 'foregbing conditions ;.^^conven lent for bringing the gun carris^e. 
 
 
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 into action ; as fiirnisliinfij a stable carriage for tlic gun 
 wlien in action ; as allowing a supply oi'anininnition to be 
 carried witli tlie gun;, and as adijiittiilg of a portion of it# 
 detachment-belng.carried on it iftiecessary. 
 
 We-will ' now "yivcstigatg, as shortly. as possible, the var- 
 ious strains exerted on a gun carriage when the gun is ffred. 
 
 We may considei- the discharge as simply «prodncing a 
 strain on tlie bottoni of the bore actinjj: along the axis of 
 the piece. ^ . - •* 
 
 We will also consider the gun' is standing on the level, 
 and a^aiiy elevation. 
 
 The' gun and carriage IVeing symirietHcaVwith i*egaVd to 
 the vertical pi aiie .through the axis, we can eonsi d <e r al l- 
 fowjes to bo spoken of as' acting ill that plane-. - ; 
 
 The single force «an be resolved intO' |t vertical aiid a^ 
 horizontal Ibrce. Only portions are^trailsihitted to thecai'- 
 riage depending, in amount, on the wdigfit of Hie sjnn. 
 
 A small part of these is trans. 11 itted t(5.^tk«|P;round, de-: 
 pending on its nature. ^ ' >^^ ^^ 
 
 These forces we can see. will a<it at- tl*l points of attach- 
 ment of tlie gun to tliCv caiM^e/viz. : Trunnion hole^, 
 and head of elevating screwji^^ "'*V ' • % "^ 
 
 The horizontal Component decreases as. the angl6 of ele- 
 vation or depression increases. •■ ^ 
 
 It exerts itself in two ways, viz. : In recoil, sCnd also in 
 g?vipg a tfendency to twist about the point of the tra|| 
 Hence, to render this component as harmless as pt/sfibM* 
 til©' opposition to this motion should be.a^'^ight as poaii- 
 ble ; tliat is, tlie weiglit should be a minimum ^ aho tn re- 
 duce the twisting «traiii the. truiiBJon holes should be as low 
 
 ■aspoasiblc. ' '' .^i¥t.^^ '.,.,'•. ^:' 
 
 fth^ yertical cotnpo^W a<^t8 In an upward or MWnwW 
 direction, the former tending to vend the carriage, apavt 
 wJTion fired at an angle of depression, ahd .the latter to 
 
 .^sh it when fired at "an angle of eles^alion. Thi^-t<e^k 
 toost ou the carriage, especially on hsfrd graui;idv % 
 
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 In addition to this, it will, as Wfcfl aia the horizohtal feom- 
 ponent, Imvo a tendency to twist tiie-cni'iiage round the 
 point of the trail, either upward or downward, according 
 to the direction of tho force. V ■ 
 
 The body of the carriage being supported by the wheels 
 
 and the trail', the brunt of this vertical coinpanentj if down- 
 
 ' ward, is borne mainly by the axjctree, because, tlie axis of 
 
 the 'trunnion holes lies vertically very near the axis of the 
 
 ' latter. * '^-^ ■' -'•' ■ ■■ :' >" ■-.■ .;■ " "-■ 
 
 If the vertical c6m]>onent acts upwiwds, the resistance of 
 the ground is not felt, but the weight of the carriage acting 
 
 - downward «^t its centraof gravity, tends lb ^ar the carri- 
 age apart, /■■■■; ■.■.•:'■'.;"■.; ■ ■■'^■' ^' 
 
 When it acts downward, the resistances of the ground ^ 
 beirig^called into play, they will, in general, be less in total 
 aitiount than the component Jtself, the difference varying 
 
 " with the nature of the -ground, and being expended on it. 
 In the same manner the ground, by its liature and slope, 
 will influence the recoil, and therefore tl'ie amount of the 
 
 ^ horizontal component spent on the carriage. . - 
 
 • -Sometimes, it is necessary to check recoil^ resulting In ati 
 extrajstrain on the carriage.' • 
 
 The trunnions have sctme play in the holes, and'cohse- • 
 qtiently tile gun rests on pomts lower than the axifeof the 
 piece ; and, consequently, the force of dischai*gc has a "^ 
 ' moment with regard to the bearing points, Which is borne ' 
 ' by the dcrew, and through it to the trail. Tl^is portion of 
 the trgil has to be; e^tra strong. . 
 
 Tfe^ scre^ hi^ iisa a strain thrown on it, by the ten- 
 
 • "dejjey of the whob gy^<'m to twist round the conti-e of 
 gravity, apd to the r«f*rl ion. '^ . \ 
 
 Til jgnpsy &it('Hu tfie ^'M'^ iron or bronze * guns, that have 
 
 i}iQ»k\&dthf'^PUfmm^ b<i(o4* the axis of the pie6e, there 
 
 . ^ i gpi.*f|t<fr ©imlii tti^Wlf m the screw and trai^, for the 
 
 Mow on i]ui>ii(Mm ff^ii\i** ^l^*f^^ paiiig'a,long tiie axis Ijus a 
 
 grefltt?*' ihummi tijvmf^ tl>e beafi/ig jw/ints of the trunnions. 
 
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 ■ ■ 87 
 Wooden Carriaoes. , . 
 
 Up to a recent date all carriage* ^yere of wood, t)f tlio 
 form known as block trail, previously they liad bracket 
 trails, but they were uiorc clumsy. ^ ' 
 
 There are many wooden carriages both field and siege at 
 present in the service, the Armstrong R.B.L. guns being 
 mounted on them. 
 
 The following, a 12-pr., is a type of them all, there are 
 6-pr., 9-pr., 12-pr., 20-pr., 40-pr. and (J4:-pr. carriage:*, tilso 
 mortar beds of a different construction. ^ 
 
 The 12-pr. gun carriage colisists of the following principal g^;PJ;^fria^; 
 parts, namely : the trail, two brackets, the axlctree, axle- 
 tree bed, and wheels. *» 
 
 The trail is of oak, usually in one piece, but sometimes 
 in two joined longitudinally ; it is fitted with a trail plate 
 with steeled eye for attachment to the limber. T-htrbrack-^ 
 ets are of oak or ehn, attached to th<; trail by dovetailed 
 housings and by three /l)olts. The axjetree bed of oak is 
 housed both into the, trail and brackets^ and is secured by 
 axletree bands, which, together %v*ith yoke bands and coup- 
 ling plates, also hold the axlctree in the bed. The axletree 
 i^ tie field axletree, giving the wheels, which are the O.P. 
 light field,, a track of 5- ft. 2 in. . ^ 
 
 The carriage is fitted with a traversing arrangement, whicU 
 consists of a infetal saddle carrying the gun in trunuion «• 
 holes, and secured by capsquares. This saddle slides in j 
 
 dovetailed slots in the trunnion plates, and is traversed b^ 5ViL 
 -meanaof an iron lever j)i voted upon the trq,il. The lever • 
 is worked by a trayei's.ing sci^jw resting in bearings pn the 
 brackets, ancl fitted with'st hand wheel. Iron cleats or stops - , 
 , are fixed upon the trail, and allow of 1^" righlt or left dcfle^ 
 . tion bdlng given to the gun. .' 
 
 : -The other fittings4f thecarri^ dre a socket or pan fOr - _. , 
 ; the Elevating screw, a ch^iu with' hook foK- securing^the a|J^^ - 
 .in ti-avQliing, breast, clmin„3," .trail 1jandles,'l,pckin^ platea; 
 
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Tho field 
 liiubur. 
 
 88 
 
 jack pUtes, and also fittinjifs for ci)irrym«:f Ride arm&, axletreo 
 boxci, drag shoo, and sinull stores. 
 
 • The artlck's -belonging to tlie camngo aro an elevating 
 screw, side arms, axlotreo boxes, and a drag shoe with chain. 
 The screw is that known as the" ball and socket" pattern;; 
 it is attached to the gnn by a bolt and pin, and worked by 
 handles on a wronght-|ron collar fixed to a metal nnt, which 
 is in the form of a ball. 
 
 The axletree boxes are fitted to carry each two rounds of 
 case -and some flnmll stores. " . ' 
 
 Tiie limber for the gun carriage consists of a framework 
 formed by "an axletree bed and block of elm, a splinter-bar 
 and three futchells of ash. A platform .Jjoard .of ash, and 
 footboard of elm are secured over the fr M L of tJje futchells. 
 and a slat of ash to fill the space betweci^ho splinter-bar 
 and the footboard. To the back of theolock a limber hook 
 is43olted. The axletree and wheels are the same as in the 
 gun carriage, the former being secured in the bed by bolts 
 and by yoke bands with coupling plat^fe^. The limber is 
 fitted for draught, for carrying ammuniti;^n boxes, entrench- 
 ing tools, ^e. . ' V 
 
 The articliB3 belonging to the limber arethred ammunition 
 b^xes, "near," "off," and "centre," VWffi a c'anvas car- 
 touch for each of the two first mentioned.* The near and 
 off boxes carry each 17 rounds of ammunition. 
 
 The limmunition waggon consists of a per<jh, two sid^s, 13.pr. B.L.R. 
 
 and three platform boards of as 
 axletree bed of 6lm, two fluted bo 
 
 footboards and an 
 teak, together with 
 
 auitnunltioii 
 waggon. :_ 
 
 axletree and whfeels, the same as in. t 
 
 , " .# . , 
 
 The perch and si>des, each of tlie hit 
 
 an iron plate along its o.uter surfac 
 
 a 
 
 engthened by 
 former fitted 
 with a nose plate wifli steeled eye for atgpiiment Ito the 
 limb^ hook, are housed across aiid bolted to the axletree 
 bed. The axletree is secured in the bed by bolts and by 
 yoke bands with conpling plates. The boards are fitted 
 aoross tho perch and sides^ tlie fluted bo a rds bejjgg .placed 
 
 n carriage. 
 
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Field 
 7 9, & 10 pre. 
 
 botweGn tho platform bonrds for tlio^^^^^Hl^nxcR to 
 rcfit upon. 
 
 Tlio wnpjifon in fitted with an axlctrec arrWlock of Bnhicn, 
 Bhod with inm over tlio front footboiirrl and front phitforiu 
 board, t<»<?t'thor with an ohn bK)ek on the perch for carrying 
 a spare wheel ; the tittingij for i^eeuring the boxes arc siuii* 
 lar to those on tiiej^un limber. • ' V 
 
 The articles belonj^ing to thcwagjijon are six auununition 
 boxes, fouT eanv»is cartonchea, four under boxes, a <b*ag fhoe 
 with chain and spare hisiiings. The aniinunitiou- boxes are 
 identical with those of the gun "limber, /exce|)t the centre 
 are sliorter and of slightly different shape to the centre box ~~~ 
 
 of the limber. The under boxes are one "for grease and 
 four for horse shoes. ;' r 
 
 The waggon limber is the same as the gun lind)or; it 
 
 Iras the letter "W" painted upon it for distinction. "^V. 
 
 The 9-pr. gun carriage is not fitted with a traversing O-pr. B.Ti R. 
 . irua cnvriuue. 
 
 arrangement. &c. 
 
 Tho carriages, limbers and waggons for the 9-pr. and 
 20-pr. diflPtjr oivly in details from above, the 20-pr. taking 
 the heavy wheel. yf 
 
 The 6-pr. had a service carriage similar to above, bfut 
 wheels only 4 ft. 2 in. in diameter, track 3 ft. 10 iii.j-the 
 limber and waggon matched. ' .^' 
 
 It had also a carriage of usual height called tbc Kaffraria, 
 tor use in the high grass in tliQse parts. \' .^ 
 
 The 40-pr. and 64-pri, carriages are heavier ancl have t^vo 
 setts of trunnion holes and no axletree boxes, it and its lim- ' 
 
 ber have the heavy siege wheels. ; ?• 
 
 Iron CARRIA.GE8. > ' ' -^ 
 
 Irpn carriages have taken the place of wooden, both for 
 field and siege guns. 
 
 For field cervice there are.tliree natures, the 7, 9 and 
 IC-prs., with liheir limbers and wagons. 
 
 For siege guns, there, are carriages for the 25, 40 and 
 
 64-prB. The carriage for 40'pr* takes the 6.3 howitzer, but 
 

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 Aa«oolation tor rnformatioii aiMl Imag* Martagamant 
 
 -^ 1 1 00 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 1 00 
 
 , Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 
 
 301/5J17-8202 
 
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 Centimeter , , 
 
 1 2 3*4 
 
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 Itf K£ 2:2 
 
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 the 8 in. liowitzerhris a separate cai'riagc, and also a " bed" 
 for liigli angle firing. ' ^ > 
 
 Besides these, there are various ammunition, fopge ari^l 
 store waggons and earts. > ; 
 
 For firing over a parapet without an embrasure, wliich Ovorbankfiro 
 is now necessary, in order that the , men may be protected 
 from small arm fire at medium ranges, greater height is re- 
 quired than is obtained with the ordin^iry siege carriages. * 
 A moveable top, consisting of two brackeiai each formed of 
 three iron stays supporting trunnion hole$, has been intro- 
 duced. ■■ \,' ; * ' 
 - They are fastened to tl.e ordinary carri^xge by means of 
 nuts, long bolts and clips, and the gun is then mounted on 
 the top, and in this position will easily cleiir an 8 foot par- 
 apet. , • ; . ' 
 
 1 This nppcr carriage can be fixed, with a little practice, 
 bht without skilled labour, and -the guii remounted in 
 ^ about five minutes. fi#^ 
 
 There are travelling trunnion holes, b"t the gun mu^ v 
 nfever be taken over rough ground when in them, the ccn- V 
 tre of gravity being too high. In fact, thqre is always a 
 danger of them tipping to the front when limbering up or 
 xinlimbering. 
 
 : We will now describe the latest pattern of the 9-pr. car- 
 riage, as a type ior the rest. 
 
 Mark II. is the last pattj?rn. It w-ill take either the 6 or 
 8 cwt. gum It is formed of two bracket sides, connected : 
 \by two transoms, two collar bolts, and a trail piece; an ' 
 axle-tree bed with axle-tree, and field wheels of latest pat- 
 tprn, with gun metal riave?. i ' 
 
 The brackets are formed of iron plate riveted to the in- 
 ner side of a frame of angle iron of the required form, 
 specially strong at the trunirions. ' 
 
 The transoms are of plate iron. They have angle iron 
 riveted to them, by which they are riveted to sides and 
 bed. 
 
 
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 The collar bolts c6nnect the l>rnckct» between the tran- 
 soms and trail, their colhirs keeping it rigid. 
 
 The trail piece lies between the brackets at the point, 
 and rivets pass through the whole. This piece eiids in an 
 eye, to go on to the limber houk, and is steeled to prevent 
 wearing. 
 
 A bearing piece of steel is bolted undeV the end, and a 
 plate is bolted above to prevent damage, if the limber is 
 driven over it. 
 
 • The axle-tree bed is of wr4;?ught^iron, and forms, with 
 'the axle, a beam of box-girder ^ctjfon. 
 
 The axle-tree forms thG*bottom/of the box, a**pioce of 
 angle ifon rrvete(^ along eacli lide of Hie body the sides, 
 while the top is formed by a plate riveted along the upper 
 "sides of the angle iron pieces. The whole is fixed into 
 recesses in the brackets, where it is secured by being rivet- 
 ed, to the frames of the latter, by angle iron stays riveted 
 to itself in rear and to the frame^ and by tensile stays, 
 from the shoulders of the axle-tree, to the same. 
 
 A strengthening plate is riveted on the inside of each 
 bracket, extending from tlie bed to the rear transom. 
 
 The carriage is fitted with capgqu«res and keys, metal 
 sockets to receive the trunnions of theelevatinjrjrear, a hand- 
 spike ring, trail handles, range plate, and a lot of other small 
 ones. 
 
 The elevating screw, which is known «s the Wli it worth 
 pattern, Plate VIII., is attached to the gun in the usual 
 way by a bolt and is worked by a metal nut through whii^h 
 it passes. Bevel teeth are cut upon the lower part of- the 
 nut, into which a bevel wheel upon a horizontal spindle 
 gears. The nut and bevel wheel are contained in a wronght- 
 iron box, having a trunnion upon each side, by which it is 
 supported and can oscillate between the brackets. The lid 
 of the box is secured to the bottom ])}' four long-screws and 
 has a lubricating hole in it for oiling the bevel wheels 
 through, which hole is filjed by a metal screw to keep dust 
 and grit out ; a drip hole is made in the bottom and the 
 
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 liimber 
 Murk II. 
 
 interior is coated witli red Idnd, The spindle of tlio hcvel 
 ■wheel passes throiigli a <ii^etal ticaring or boiieli in the right 
 trunnion of the box and npon its extremity outside the 
 right bracket of the carriage has a metal hand wheel by 
 whicU it is worked. To remove the box from the carriage 
 the lid has to be taken off, the pin holding the spindle 
 pulled out, and the spindle withdrawn. The second tran- 
 som of the carriage has then to be removed, after which 
 the bolts of the sockets bciiiff taken out, the box with the 
 sockets can be moved to the front, and the former freed 
 from the latter. ] , - 
 
 *• The axle-tree boxes are arranged to carry two rounds of 
 case aiid small stores. The liq serves as a seat whpn re- 
 tjuired. The boxes form seata, with back and foot rests. 
 
 The linf\ber is also chiefly of iron. It is formed of three 
 futchells, a splinter bar with Ijwo stays, a platform board, a 
 slat, an axle-tree bed witli^ limber hook, axle-tree and 
 wheels. 
 
 The splinter bar is of plate iron, bolted to the futchells 
 and strengthened by a stay of round iron from the extrem- 
 ities to the axle-tree bed. 
 
 The axle-tree bed is deeper, but of lighter construction 
 than that for the gun. The futchells of tee iron are let 
 into the bed, below the top plate. 
 
 " The limber hook has three long arms, by which it is rivet- 
 ed to and also held at the proper distance from the rear jB»f ■ 
 the bed. It is steeled. 
 
 The platform board of ash, and foot board of elm, are 
 placed on top, and fastened to the futchells. The slat is 
 placed in front, between the splinter bar and foot board. 
 
 The shafts are the field shafts off and near, of ash. The 
 off shaft has the part between splinter bar rfld axle-tree, of 
 iron, to give room for the wheel to work, it being fastened 
 for ordinary draught outside the wheel. 
 
 The limber js fitted for either single, double, treble or i> r 
 
 bullock draught. ' '_ 
 
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 The shafts are phieed in the centre for single aiul trehle 
 drauglit, Bwinglc-trees being used in the latter ease. A. 
 polo is used for bullock draught, tlxed in the centre. 
 
 The three liml)er boxes, "off," "near" and "centre," *■ 
 
 are fastened to the frame by straps. The oft* and near are • ^ 
 
 similar ; each contain 18 projectiles standing in trays, their 
 heads fitting into blocks in the lid. Tiie 18 cartridges are 
 in the centre in a canvas cartouch. Four extra projectiles 
 can bo carried upder the trays, and 4 cartridges in tlie cai*- 
 • touch. TJhe lids have small stores fitted into straps.' 
 
 The centre box contains fuzes and tubes. Each box has 
 a hand strap for a gunner to hold, on by, and outside there 
 are iron guards for the same purpose. 
 
 The waggon consists of perch, sides, two platform-plates, Amniunltloa 
 axle-tree, tvc, as above. ^ark II. 
 
 The perch is formed of two brffckets, in a somewhat simi- 
 lar manner to the trail of a gun carriage, counecte.l by a 
 perch piece with steeled eye and collar bolts. 
 
 The brackets are of channel iron, tfie channel being 
 turned' outwards. ' - 
 
 The pearch lies across the top of the bed, each bracket 
 being riveted to it by angle iron. > ' 
 
 The sides of the waggon are of angle iron resting on the 
 bed, to which they are riveted. . 
 
 The platform plates are riveted to perch and sides. 
 
 The boxes are similar to those of limber. 
 
 The limber is identically the same as the gun limber. 
 
 The waggon is fitted to carry a spare wheel. 
 V The other limbers and waggons differ only in detail. 
 
 The 16-pr. carriage is stronger and wider in the brackets 
 than the 9-pn The limber and waggon is the same, each 
 box carrying 12 rounds of ammunition. 
 
 The carriage is similar in construction, but the elevation 
 is given by an arc secured to side of gun, connected with 
 gearings on the bracket of carrikge. 
 
 V A stool bed and quoins are issued^ and can be used iu 
 — case of gea r breaking. — -■ — — — 
 
 16-pr. 
 
 25-pr. 
 
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 The limber and w«igg«n are the same a/i Iniforc, but tlio . 
 bdxoH only earry roundg. 
 
 The 40-|)r. carriage is ('onBtrnctod on the Biime pattern as 4o 
 the 9-pr. Tliere are three tranaoniB, aecured more strongly "jJJJiJ^"*^ 
 than in the other tsarriagea, in order that the carriage may 
 take the 6.8 inch, howitzer. * 
 
 The whcelB are N. P. siege. There are firing and travel- , 
 ling trnnnion holes. 
 
 Tlio elevating gear is similar to the SS-pr., and it is also 
 fitted with gear for the 6.3 in. howitzer. , 
 
 There arc attachments for lianging scales. 
 
 Tl.ft limber is similar to above, and each box carries 6 
 rounds. 
 
 64-pr. carriage is similar, but stronger and larger. It 64-pr. 
 has bivt two stays, the height of axis of trunnions being as 
 in the 40-pr., 4rt. 6 in. The carriage admits 40** elevation, 
 and 10" depression being given thejjun,, -' 
 
 The 25, 40 and 64-pr. carriagcMjfe fitted to take the 
 overba(ikjtC4v^d for especial elevating gear to work with . 
 |he long arc. „ ' ' - " 
 
 8 in. howitisef ta^:riage has double plate l>»*a<^et8, and gin. howitzer 
 the axle-tree bed is ibrmed of angle iron along each side of carriage, 
 the axle-tree ; and tliere is a bottom iJate from front of 
 brackets to transom. U was intended to fire either off or 
 on its wheels. A bed is now made for it. 
 
 .When fired from its wheels, the elevation must not ex- 
 ceed 15** , aii^he charge 5 lbs. 
 
 The bed has double plate brackets, and rests on, six Sio.howitxer 
 rollers, always in action, ovei- a guide bar that is fixed by W **^'. 
 hinged flap 1;o a pivot in front. 
 
 There are two compression bars on each side; corres- 
 ponding plates hanging from the carriage proper. A lever 
 at side works the compression/ 
 V The bed has the usual elevating gear. 
 
 This bed consists of two brackets of plate iik)n, secured T.pr.bed. • 
 to a bottom plate ; has a transom in front and angle iron 
 in rear-. ~' ~ ~ 
 
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 Vpou vinrh brru-Vot tlior© i* a Immllo. 
 It is elovftjtc<l by (Hioio. . For u»o tli« ciirringc m tct\tjrfnY 
 by boltH to H Btiiall toe tlia|H)(} plitttbrin. 
 
 Tlio ordinary cftrriii^;c tft forinoil of two Blnjflo plato 
 braekotM, ntrenpctliencMl by anglu iron lUorig tho outHrde top 
 cdgo, and Hccurc><l toaxle-treo by clip plutoit and boltH. Tlio 
 bracketH .are connected by two tnuiHouiH, and trail eye 
 piece. '' a. . . ■ 
 
 Tbe elevating arrangement connistB of a sliding qiioin, 
 worked by a halid wheel and screw. It rei»t8 between 
 the brackets, and can t>e lowere<l to three Beparate heights. 
 Tho wheels are ortlinwy^niake, li feet in diai,neter. Check 
 ro])eB are BiTpjitlivd to tlx round trail eye, and wheels to 
 check recoil. 
 
 Tliis carriage is similnr in height and track to the 9-^)r., 
 but of much lighter construction. 
 
 The elevating is <lone by an arc attached to caecable. 
 
 Thb limber, when used, is of light construction, and 
 carries two leather limber boxes. 
 
 TJie Kaftraria pattern is similar to 9-pr., and each 1k)X 
 carries 30 rounds. 
 
 '"The Gatling gun carriage is similar iu make to the 9-pr. 
 bift inuch lighter, and there is no axle-tree bed. 
 
 The axle-tree boxes each hold a drum of cartridtres. and 
 the lids covered with Bessemer steel, bullet proof, form 
 a protection for the detachment. The limber is as usual, 
 and ca:rrie8 two boxes, protected top and front with steel. 
 One box carries 4 drums, the other two, a S.A. ammu- 
 nition box. 
 
 " The wumtA-ous other field and siege carriages of all sorts 
 need not be mentioned here. 
 
 Wheels and Axle-trees. "tr^ 
 
 The travelling crrriages having been described, it is 
 
 neecB s ary to give a br i ef a ccount of their different wheel s 
 and axle-trees. 
 
 
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 A ijvooden wheel of ordintiry construction lias a stock or 
 nave of elm, 12 spokes of oak, and 6 felloes of ash. A 
 
 V cast iron pipe-hox is fitted into the nave, and the hollow 
 passing through it is enlarged in the middle to hold grease, 
 so that the bearing surfaces extend only to 3 inchos from 
 each end ; the nave is strengthened by two nave hoops. 
 
 Wheels are made with a «?/«/* or ^lination of the 
 spokes outwards, to enable them- to withstand the lateral 
 thrust that they may be subjected to in passing over un- 
 even ground, when one wheel is often much higher than 
 vthe other, in which case a pressure is exerted on the nave 
 of tjie loM'er wheel, tending i6 force it outwards ; the dish 
 is usually about ^ in. for 1 ff. in length of spoke.. 
 
 The tire of the wheel of the wooden artillery carriage 
 now in the service is composed of short pieces of iron 
 cb\\q& streaks^ each of M'hich is placed over the junction of 
 2 felloes, and secured with 4 bolts and 2 nails ; by using a 
 streak instead of a ring tiro a wheelcan be repaired in the 
 field, for as the streaks are of small size, thev can be trans- 
 •ported with a battery, and heated in the ordinary field forge. 
 
 The wheels'of all carriages liable to come under fire are, 
 however, to h^ve gUn-metal naves and ring tires. The 
 nave consists of three separate pieces— two flanges and a 
 pipe-box, the liittpr being prevented from turning by a pro- 
 jecting feather, fitting into a slot cut in the inner flano-e ; 
 the flanges are connected by 12 boss-headed triangular iron 
 'bolts, passing between the spokes, and secured by nuts on 
 • the outside of the inner flange. The spokes are of oak and 
 the felloes of ash. 
 
 V In 1^ field wheel, the ring tire is 3 in. wide, and f in. 
 thick, and is secured by si.x bolts, with nuts and collars, one 
 bolt passing, thrcnHgh the middle of each felloe. In t\\& 
 si^ge wlieeltlie tii^e i^ formi^d of Wo rings of the same size 
 
 . asjthat on the field Wheel,, shrunk on^idle by side, and each 
 ring is secured to tfte felloes by six bolt%^the bolts being 
 placed diagonally across tl^ ielloes; ? 
 
 .1 , . C' 
 
 ' \-. .:Mii:.4K^' 
 

 97 
 
 The wheels of carriages for all services, not exceeding 3 
 in. in breadtli across the sole of the felloe, will in tutnre 
 manufacture he shod with ring instead of streak tires. 
 
 The track of wheels is the distance from the outside of 
 one to the outside of the other; it is 5 ft. 2 in. for the 
 wheels of field carriages. 
 
 Wheels are divided into four classes, termed siege^ fields 
 general service^ and naval wheels ; there are several wheels 
 in each class differing in weight and diameter, but all in a 
 class have the same pipe-box, and will therefore fit on the 
 saihe axle- tree arm. * 
 
 Wooden travelling carriages hitherto made for our ser- 
 Tipe have wrought iron axle-trees Jet into wooden beds; 
 the axle-tree bed is fitted underneath the brackets and' trail 
 hf housings, and is attached to the carriage by two axle-^ 
 tr^ bands, having bolts passing through them arid the 
 bi'ackets. The axle-tree is also secured at each end of the 
 bed ^)y a yoke-hoop and coupling plate ; the hoop can be 
 tighteijed by screwing up the coupling plate, in case the 
 wook shrinks. The axle-tree beds for iron carriages have 
 been described. The axle-tree arms have^a sliirht inclina- 
 tion downwards termed the hollow oT the arm, so that the 
 lowest spoke of each ^wheel may be vertical ; if a wheel 
 has no dish the hollow of the arm is not required. The 
 arm has also a very slight inclination forwards called the 
 I Md ; the hollow and lead together are termed the set of 
 the arm. The bearing surfaces of the arms of axle-trees 
 for wheels having cast-iron pipe-boxes are steeled, to pre- 
 vent wear. 
 
 Axle-trees are, like wheels, divided into four classes, 
 named respectively siege, field, general s^vice, and naval 
 service axle-trees ; each class contains several natures of 
 axle-tree, but all those in a class have arms of the same size, 
 and only differ in the amount of metal between the arms; 
 the similarity in the* arms' allows of aft interchange *of 
 wheels ^^hen required. f 
 
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 1 
 
 Standing and Sliding Carriages, Beds, and Platforms. 
 
 The carriao^es for garrison ordnance have no wheels, and 
 
 are not therefore adapted to the transport of tlie guns, for 
 
 which a separate class of carriages, including sling and 
 
 platform waggons, (fee, is (Employed. There are three des- 
 
 .Cription^ of garrison carriages, viz, : — 
 
 *()ommon standing, Rear chock, Sliding. 
 
 The first and last are made both of wood and wrought 
 iron, the rear chock of wood. 
 
 The following principles should be observed in the con- 
 struction of a garrison carriage: — 
 
 (1.) The height of the carriage must depend upon the 
 efficient wdrking of the gun. 
 
 (2,) The carriage must be so constructed that it may be 
 easily run up or back, traversed, or moved from one em- 
 brasure to another near it. 
 
 (3.) The carriage should occupy as little space as possible, 
 for it may be exposed to enfilade or ricochet fire; and, 
 moreover, it i^ desirable to have all the available space that 
 can be obtained within the battery and under cover for the 
 conveyance of \ ordnance, stores, «fe^., from one part of the 
 works to another. * 
 
 The material! of which the carriage is composed must be 
 capable of withstanding the exposure to the various changes 
 of the atmosphere for a considerable period, as, except 
 when in casemates, the carriages are not under cover. 
 
 With guns of bver 4 tons, the slope of the platform is 
 not alone feuflficierit to limit the recoil, and it has been found 
 necessary to cheek the motion of the carriage by means qf 
 a compressor^ whicn by acting against the platform causes 
 the resistance requisite to absorb the recoil. As will be 
 seen, there are vari<iu8 patterns of compressors. 
 
 The common standing carriages when made of wood are 
 composed of two hrdckets, connected together by a trart- 
 som, two holts, one passing through the transom, and two 
 wooden axle-trees^ they are not mounted' on wheels, but 
 
f 
 
 f-l. 
 
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 on four Binall iron truchs^ the two front being of larger (I'n 
 anietcr tlinii the two rear trucks; elevation is given to the 
 gun b^^ means of quoins and elevating acrew^ the latter 
 supporting the 8tool-hed upon which the quoins and breech 
 of gun rest; the front of the 'stool-bed fits on to the rear 
 bolt. These carriages have no capsquares, as the guns 
 niouhted on them are very heavy, and consequently have 
 not such violent action when discliarged as ligiiter piece^. ^ 
 
 In cons^uencc <)f the rapid decay of wood in some cli- 
 mates, especially in thO! tropics, a certain number of car- 
 riages are made of cast iron with open brackets, but these 
 have tlie following disadvantages, viz. : that they weigh two- 
 thirds heavier than wooden ones, that if struck by a shot 
 they would be easily da.i.aged, the splinters from them 
 would be very destructive, and if Iractured they are difficult ^ 
 
 to repair. . , 
 
 A rear chock carriages^ similar in constrnction to a Hear chock, 
 garrison standing carriage, except that it has only the two 
 front trucks,^ and instead of a rear axlWtree, it has a block 
 of wood which fests upon the platfornif 
 
 ' Ml 
 
 The /iowitser (r€ar\ chock), carriages i\rc of similar gen- 
 eral construction to the gun carriages, but are strengthened 
 with iron to a greater extent. y 
 
 Sliding carriages are n.ounted on traversing platforms, 
 and are used in coast batteries where rapidity of traversing 
 is required, the objects fired at from such batteries being 
 seldom stationery. A sliding carriage for £^ dwarf traver- 
 sing platform is similar in construction tV) the garrison 
 standing^^jftrriage, but instead of axle-trees it lias two blocks ■ 
 upon which iTfcsts on the platform, the parts of the block 
 between the chocks being deeper, and passing between 
 them so as to keep the 'carriage in its place. \ A pair of 
 cheek plates are attached |)to the front of each bracket, in 
 which W(^-ks a gpn metal truck that comes into play when 
 the rear of the cmrriage is hoisted up by the tritck levers. 
 It recoils on the/blocks, but can be easily run up after load- 
 in g by using thtj truck levers, which raise the carriage on 
 
 • 
 
 Sliding 
 carriage. 
 
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 to four trucks ; its forwiird motion can bo chockcfl dt any 
 tJino by moans of tho premntor rope,, which is attacliod to 
 the rear bhick of tho carriage, and, being twisted round the 
 hollard of tho platform, it jjs held by one of tho gun de- 
 tachment. The carriagjb isTun bick at drill by means of 
 tackle, tho levers also being ' used to raise the carriage off 
 the blocks ; a wood comprem or, worked by an iron handle, 
 fits in between the blocks, a id also Ketween the side pieces 
 of the platform, against which it presses in checking tho 
 recoil. 
 
 The casemate slidinj is similar to tho dwarf s'iding car- 
 riage, except that it has two lower brackets. 
 
 Two patterns of wrougnt-iron garrison standing car- ^ 
 riages have been approved! for service in climates where 
 wood is liable to rapid deoay. They are of similar ebn- 
 struction, but tho brackets of (2) aro four inches closer 
 together than those of (I). 
 
 Tho carriages are constructed of open or skeleton brackets^ 
 each bracket consisting of three stags of double plate iron, 
 I in. thick, bolted to a tie beam of T iron at the lower 
 ends at such intervals als to afford the greatest strength to 
 the carriage. ^■ 
 
 The axle-trees are made of 7 in. girder iron [X), and two 
 blocks of sabicu are screwed underneath the rear axle-tree, 
 to enable it to be used as a rear chock carriage by removing 
 the rear trucks. 
 
 The trucks are of elm, bouched with gun-metal, and shod 
 with iron ring" tires; each carriage has an iron stool bed, 
 ratchet-headed elevating screw, and tw^kuoins. When not 
 in use tho carriage is to be mounted onHft-h-on trucksj^hd 
 the wooden ones placed in store. ' , 
 
 N'o. 1 carriage takes the 64-pr., B.L. or M.L.R. gun 
 without fittings, and the 8 in. (65 or 54 ewt.) either as S.B. 
 or as palliser converted M.L.R. 64-pr. gun with a trunnion 
 plate in each trunnion hole. / 
 
 No. 2 carriage mounts the 32-pr. of 58 cwt. either as 
 S.B. or as palliser converted M.L.R. 64-pr. gun, with a 
 
 
 Wt. Iron 
 Stnnding 
 carriage. 
 
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 trunnion plate iii oacli tmnnion liolo, and tlio 32pr. of 50 
 cwt. with a collai\on oacli trunnion, in addition totiio plato 
 in trunnion hole. \ For tlio 40-pr. B.L.Il. gun there aro 
 special truniViiJn plutcs. ^-- 
 
 Carriiigcs for gunV wciglnng tons or more aro niado of 
 wrouglit iron. Tli«»80 carriages for diffurcnt natures of 
 guns are similar in construction, but ditier in diincnsions 
 and in tlio substance of the iron eujployed. 
 
 A wrougiit iron guii ciu'riago consists of the following 
 parts, viz. : — , 
 
 2 Brackets. * \. 4 Gun metal trucks. 
 
 1 Transom. \ Elevating gear. 
 
 1 Bottom plate. \ Compressor. 
 
 There are two constructions of those carriages, the single 
 plate and dimhlc-jdate^ and there are several patterns of, 
 each construction. 
 
 Thebracket of a single-plate carriage is made of plate 8injrlo-plate 
 iron riveted to a frame of angle iron^ and strengthened carriage, 
 with a centre stay of T iron, rivetea diagonally across the 
 plate from the rear of the trunnion hole to the bottom of 
 the frame. Four holes aro cut through the bracket : — 
 
 (1.) For the breeching. 
 
 (2.) " compressor screw. 
 
 (3.) and (4), For the spindles of elevating gear and fric- 
 tion roller. ' 
 
 These and the trunnion holes are lined with gun^metal. 
 
 The transom is made of plate iron, riveted to angle iron. 
 
 The bottom is of plate iron, to the under surface of which 
 are riveted 2 guides of angle iron, intended to fit in between 
 the sides of the platform or ielide, and keep the carriage 
 from running off. An aperture is cut in the bottom for the 
 plates and levers of the compressor, and a stay of angle iron 
 is riveted across the bottom} in roar of the aperture, to 
 strengthen the plate and prevent its "buckling. 
 /" A stay of T iron is bolted t0 the inside of the i*ear of the 
 bracket, and to the bottom on 0ach ^ide, to secure rigidity 
 in the carriage. \ 
 
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 llili^ w^^worlrii) Won fittKjrd/i'ct^ buItuU to the brnck- 
 ctM^io ro^aruukA liavo crcuntnc iixles. 
 
 Tiii) eleVtUhnj gear may he tlinn deiicribed : — The breech 
 of thb giifi h fitted witli u negmenttd arc on each side, mid 
 elovn'tiou in given by nn Iron Hplndfb workinji^ tliroiiji^h eaeh 
 brneket', nnd having an iron pinion-iohed inHide the briieket, 
 the 'teeth of which work into tlitmeV)!' the Dcgnienttil arc. 
 On ciicli spindle outside the bracket in an iron drum^ hav- 
 ing tt nundier of hoU'B in iti} circumference to receive the 
 point of tiie lever UBcd to work it;tijo drum can move 
 laterally on the ntpindle, but is pre^nted' from turniifg 
 round it by fi projection on tlio axis of the drum, fitting 
 into a slot in the spindle. The elevation given by turning 
 thoadruui can be preserved by a nerew-levtr clamp outside 
 each drum, thC; clamp, when turned pressing the drum and 
 pihion tightly against the bracket between them. A"y>*/c- 
 <ion y<;//tr, attn<;hcd to the inside^ of each bracket in front 
 of the pinion, keeps the teeth of 'tho^arc, whidi is not 
 ri|dd)y ijiltlfehcd to the gun, in gear witUthosp of the pinion. 
 
 TTno douhle-plate difters from the single-plato carriages in 
 the following respects, viz. : — 
 
 The brackets are made of two plates with a frame oiflat 
 \ron between them, the wlulc livetoJ together, instead of 
 a single plate riveted to an angle iron'frame. The plates 
 extend beyond the frame at thfe- bottom in the front and 
 rear, so asT t6 form flanges for the trucksi. 
 
 Instead of sockets for the rear \n\^)i% ti connecting har 
 joins the axles of the trucks, and has a socket hole at each 
 end tor the point of the shod levers ; the trucks must there- 
 fore always move together.- * ' 
 1' THyTcl^ating gear of the carriages for the in. gun and 
 under is tlie same as described above, but for 10 in. and 
 heaviQi^,guns the arrangement is somewhat different. In- 
 Btead'OT capstan and levorsj ix wonn-wheel and loorm are 
 used for elevating, the Worm bfijng on a shaft attached to 
 
 
 EUnnting 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 J^ 
 
 Doubloplate 
 cnrrioKo. 
 
 Elevating^ 
 gear. 
 
 the ins\de°i|f the bracket, but projecting beyond so as to be 
 
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 worked by a hand-wheel on the end of the shaft in rear of 
 the carrirtge. * 
 
 * .When the carriage is run up, it comes into contact with / 
 four gutta-])ercha buffers on tlie inside of the front of the j 
 |i,latforui or slide. There is also a buffer on each sicje of 
 ti)e platform or slide inside the girder, to receive the rear 
 of the carriage in the recoil. 
 
 The compressor of the single-plate carringe consists of a Compressor, 
 number of iron plates suspended through the bottom of the 
 carriage, between which are others attached to the platform ; v 
 orf'slide; these plates, being jammed together, check the \^ 
 
 recoil of the carriage. The compressor plates of the car- 
 
 . riage hang through tilie aperture ip the bottom plate, being i 
 enspeTided by slots cut ofi each Bi^e, fitting on to the angle 
 iron of the transom, and to a bar bolted to the bottom plate. 
 . On each side of the plates is a rocAj/wr^ Zewr pivoted on a 
 stay bolted to the bottom plate; the lower arms of these 
 levers boar respectively against the outer plates of the car- 
 riage, and on the upper arms of the levers are slotted screw ' 
 W2^<iv to receive the screw shafts, which, passing through 
 the brackets are worked b}' two lever handles. By i>ress- 
 ing down the handle on either side, the lower arm of the 
 rocking Icvpr connected with it presses thd plates towards 
 the opposite lever arm. Tlie screw on the shaft on the left • 
 
 side is only half the pitch of the other, and is termed the 
 . adjastiny screw ^ the othe^ is called the compressor screw.. 
 
 '.'■ The cc>//i/?/*«*sor «^«7/i( of the double-plate carriage differs 
 sligji^ly. 
 
 Should the gun detachment omit to press down the 
 handle of the compressor, screw, a metal tripper attached 
 to the platform or slide will catch the short arm of the 
 handle and force it down through the whole arc. 
 
 The /iy<;?rat<^fc iw^e?', intended to replace the compress- 
 
 .^- Bor, is simple in construction and entirely self-acting. It 
 consists of an iron cylinder with rod and piston, the latter, 
 which is 8*04 inches in diameter, haying four holes about 
 an inch in diameter to allow of the passage of the fluid in 
 
 I: 
 
 W% 
 
 M- 
 
PPI 
 
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 3iM,; 
 
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it 
 
 104 
 
 the cylinder from one side of the piston to the other when 
 moving. The c^'linder is attached' to the phitform or slide 
 by two bands, and has a filling hole at the top in rear, and 
 an emptying cock at the bottom in front. The piston rod 
 is connected to a bracket attached to Tlie carriage above, 
 an^the carriage is provided with dips, to prev^ent its rising 
 Ol^afcfeoil. The bnffer is adapted to use with all the heavy 
 ^.M^I|k. gnn carriages, the only difference being in the size 
 "■'Ol^^he holeft. 
 
 The cylinder can be filled with water, or Field's oil, 
 •vvrhich is non-freezing. The cylinder holds 12 gallons of 
 water, or about 1 more of oil. When the gnn recoils, the 
 piston, being forced rapidly back, is resisted by the fluid, 
 which can onl/y- pass through the holes at a certain rate, de- 
 pending upoti t leir diameter. The buffer does not inter- 
 fere with the rijnning up of the gun, for, the velocity being 
 then low, the fluid can easily pass through the holes from 
 one side of the piston to the other. 
 
 The princij/al parts of the Moncrieff carriage are, the 
 carriamy the elevatorsy ancl the platform. The carriage, 
 consisting of /iron brackets with stool bed and elevatinsr 
 screw, is supported between the elevators on a strong bolt 
 or shaft pissing through them from side to side ; each 
 bracket has/ a truck in rear to run| upon the inclined fi^ame 
 of the platform. 
 
 The elevators are merely two /very large iron brackets, 
 with a box between them to hold the counterweight, which 
 is rather heavier than the gun/; they are curved in rear 
 and provided with teeth to run in rolling back upon the 
 horizontal side-pieces of the platform, which have corres- 
 ponding teeth. •' 
 
 The platform, consisting of iron side-pieces and frame 
 above, traverses round a central pivot by means of four 
 trucks running on racers. A self-acting break wheel, with 
 a pinion ni^ide working inro a cycloidal arc on the eleva- 
 r jtor, is attached to the platforjn, to hold the elevators down 
 and to check them in ri^ng when necessary. 
 
 Moncrieff 
 carriage. 
 
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105 
 
 In later'constructioDs (for the 7 in. gnns) the carriage 
 has been dispensed witli, the trunnions are held by the ele- 
 vditors, and the breecli of the gun is supported and can be 
 elevated or depressed by an arrangement for the purpose. 
 
 The purpose of the carriage is to protect the gun froni 
 direct lire, and to obtain securifey for the gunners when 
 loading. Its wor)ving is as follows: — When the gun is 
 fired, the recoil of the carriage forces the elevators to roll 
 backwards upon the platform, the gun therefore descend- 
 ing and the counterweight rising. The weight of the lat- 
 ter gradually checks the motion, and brings the gun to rest 
 when below the parapet ; the break preventing the gun 
 being again raised by the fall of the counterweight, the 
 piece can be loaded under cover of the ])arapet, but, by re- 
 leasing the break, it cai) be quickly raised fot* firing. With 
 this carriage it is obvious that no embrasure is required. , 
 
 Mortars are not, like guns and howitzers, mounted upon 
 carriages, for, being fired at very hiSi angles of elevation, 
 a carriage having wheels or trucks would not be capable of 
 withstanding the shock of the discharge, the vertical strait 
 from M'hicli is so very great. Beds of wOod or iron of sim- 
 ple construetio'n are therefore employed, the whole length of 
 the bed resting on and being supported by the platform. A 
 mortar bed is provided with a quoin, upon which the pie(!e' 
 rests, usually at an angle of 45'S and also with bolts on each 
 side, both in front and rear, for the convenience of running 
 the mortar up or back ; for siege pur{)oses they have a short 
 trail, and are placed on wheels. 
 
 Traversing platforms are of throe kinds, vi/. : mminon, 
 dvxu'f\ 'A\\t\ casemate. 
 
 Common truwersiiig j)latforms are employed to raise guns 
 suiiiciently high to enable them to fire over a parapet, and 
 tliey are made of either wood or iron. The wooden plat- 
 forms consist of two long side pieces placed upon four legs, 
 having trucks, which run upon circular racers let into the 
 ground, and on the top of each side-piece is a plank for the 
 trucks of the carriage to run upon ; there is also a riband 
 uf wood inside eat;li side-piece to keep the trucks i'ntva 
 
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 ruiiuing <^fl'. Tlfese platforms can be made to traverse either 
 in front, centre, or rear, the central pivot being only em* 
 ployed when guns are mounted on circular towers ; they 
 have a slope of 1 in 12, tg check the recoil, and facilitate 
 the I'unning up of the gun'. The ordinary garrison carri- 
 age is used with this platform, the hind trucks being re- 
 moved, and a block of wood substituted tor them. 
 
 The advantages obtained by the use of these platforms 
 are, (1) that the gun can traverse throngh a much greater 
 angle til an an embrasure willj; admit of; (2) that the para- 
 pet is much strengthened ; and (3) that there is more cover 
 for the interior of the work. Tliere are, however, the fol- 
 lowing disadvantages, viz. : (1) that guns mounted on them 
 c'oiHd be easily dismmmted by ricochet or cross fire, in conse- 
 quence of the la^gjj^bject tliey present i&,bove the parapet; 
 
 (2) their ^reat -ueight above the ground renders the mount- 
 ing guns ^upbji them a comparatively difficult operation ; 
 
 (3) also the men working the gnns are very much exposed. 
 Wooden dwarf traversing platforms have almost en- 
 tirely superseded the common traversing platforms, to 
 which they ane similar in general construction, and guns 
 mounted upon them can fire through embrasures. The 
 chief parts of this platform are, 
 
 Two side-pieces. 
 
 One head block. 
 
 Two transoms (middle and rear.) 
 
 One cross block under rear transom. 
 
 Two footboards outside of side-pieces. ' 
 
 Four battens between side-pieces and transoms. 
 
 Four cast-iron flanges. 
 
 Foiir wrought-iron hollow soled trucks. 
 Along the top of each side-piece is a wrought-iron plate 
 ilr the truck of the CJirriage to run upon, and two flanges 
 with their trucks are bolted to each, side-piece underneath, 
 one in front and the other under the cross block. • ' 
 
 A hollard is attached to th^ left side-piece iov i\\c preven- 
 tor rope, and at the end of each side-piece ii4 r stojt ^nm t o 
 
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 prevent tho cftrriago runnin<r off the platform. ,Tlie cur- 
 rittgo can be transported hy two wheels and a <£/%, as sliowii 
 in the axle-tree for the former pasBing through two bands 
 bolted under the sido-pieces just behind the middle transom. 
 
 There is only one nature of wood dwarf platform, which ' 
 is suitable for all the heavy S.H. cast-iron guns and B.L. 
 rifled ordnance ; th^ platform has a slope of 5", the djstanco 
 between the side-pieces. i^ 21 in. Both these and the case- 
 mate platforms used to" traverse on a pivot fixed in the 
 ground, but the pivot was liable to fracture or displace- 
 ment from the strain of ^he recoil, which is now distributed 
 over the lengths of the two curved racers upon which the 
 hollow doled triKjks run. ]i^ varying the positions of the 
 racers, the gun can bc'tnade to traverse round several; dif- 
 ferent centres as required : when arranged for muzzle i^mot- 
 ?!tt^ the (imaginary) centime from which the curves of the 
 racers are described, and. round which the gun moves in 
 traversing, being at the muzzle, only a small embrasure is 
 required. 
 
 The casemate is the same platform as the dwarf, only 
 lowered by substituting the front flanges and trucks for the 
 rear ones, which are removed, and supplying the place of 
 the front trucks with two very small trucks or rollers in 
 flanges let into the side-pieces. 
 
 Wrought iron platforms are made for the heavy M.L.R. 
 ordnance, from 7 to 12 in. calibre. The first, made for the 
 7 and 9 in. single-plate carriages, had the same width be- 
 tween the sides, and were suited to either carriage ; but the 
 platforms for double-plate carriages differ in width accord* 1 
 
 ing to the nature of gun mounted on them. i»^ 
 
 An iron platform consists of — 
 
 Two sides. Diagonal stay. ' 
 Two transoms, front and rear. Four flanged feet. 
 Head plate. Four trucks. ^ 
 Bottom plate s . — -— — — — -^- — — 
 
 I 
 
 m 1 
 
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"• 
 
 
 / 
 
 •^ 
 
 A 
 
 -fc. 
 
A 
 
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 Fr(j||nt l)uff«r. 
 
 Retir Btops, with buffer. 
 
 nolliird. 
 
 Fool phiilks. 
 
 108' 
 
 and is fitted with — 
 
 Corni)reH8«)r barn. 
 
 Tripper. 
 
 Loops for tu(!klc. 
 
 Axle-tree Immla. 
 
 Eyo-plato tor li tuber. 
 
 The plftttbrms provided with hydraulic byfferft have no 
 compresBor ImrH. Tliose for gunn of lOiiu. and over are of 
 tiro ])uilt-up (firth-bfclly) girder pattern. The dwarf and 
 caHCinaJe are of the name construclion, ftut the former has 
 higher trueks and a loading stage hinge^l to tlio front. All 
 platforms for guns of ^ in. and o,ver ^ro to be provided 
 witJi travjrsinf/ (jeat'y which gives greater facility and ra- 
 ])idity in training than tackle and ring bolts. The racer is 
 generally smooth, a rack racer being objectionable for land 
 service ; th6 rear trucks have toothed wheels fixed to them, 
 »b that they can be driven by the gearing. 
 
 MANUFACTURE OF ORDNANCE. 
 
 > MKTALS. 
 
 It is i)urposed in the following pages, to go briefly into 
 the manufacture of the service ordnance, both S. bore and 
 rifled, and also a felv of the more important stores connect- 
 ed with the various! pieces, as far us is possible, without 
 l^eing able actually to see the different operations performe<l. 
 ' Before touching on the matter of actual manufacture of 
 ordnance, it is well to have some idea of the jkoperties of 
 the various metals used in their construction. If we then 
 consider the condition^ that the material a gun ought to 
 fulfil, we can then have a good, idea as to what metal, o!^ 
 combination of metals, will best suit our purpose. 
 ♦ , We will first discuss briefly those pliysicial properties of 
 metals that bear more directly on our subject. These are: properttes of 
 
 Malleahiliti/, ductility, hardness, and its converse softness, 
 toughness, elastiirlty, and tensile strength. - ■ ■ 
 
 Metals. 
 
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lAO 
 
 Wo inuit bIbo utnlerHtiuul whtit iH^nount l>y tcnai'ity nml 
 fltMtic limit «w applied to iiietalH. 
 
 MalUahilibj iit tho properity of \mx\^ penniiinjntly ox- 
 toiided in all directions without rupture, cither l>y hrunmor- 
 ing or rolling. It is tho eonverHo of hrittUnetti which i« 
 the tendency to hreak tnider proHMure more or le«fl Hudden. 
 
 Ductility, \% i\\v property of hoing perinnnently olongut- 
 ed hy triiction, m h\ wire drawing. 
 
 Svftnfim, A metal that easily yi«ld« to pro«Rnro without 
 breaking, an<l <loeH not regain itH original form on the 
 prcHHuro being removed Ih Haid to hemjt. 
 
 The converee is hardnesa. ThoHO terniB are naturally all 
 comparative. '' 
 
 Tmujhneafi ih easily undei*8tood, but it* very ditticult to 
 define. It is resistance to a tearing force. 
 
 EliUitieitii is tho property of a motal to re8ist\pormanont 
 alteration in its shape when subject to a stress. 
 • The Klaatic Limit of a metal is the tension whicli causes 
 permanent elongation. 
 
 Ttnacity is tho tension required to produce rupture. 
 
 TcjihIU Hti*en<jth denotes the work done on u motul to 
 produce fra(!turc by traction. 
 
 Brlttlont'N)*. 
 DudtlUiy. 
 
 Softnem, 
 I 
 
 HftrdnAM, 
 Tuughneiw. 
 ElaHticitjr. 
 
 Elastic Limit 
 
 , Tenacity. 
 
 TenBlIe 
 Strungtii. 
 
 Metals Used. 
 
 The metals used in constructing ordnance arp : Bronze 
 (a compound of two metals,) and iron, in its three forms, 
 cast iron, wrouyht iron and ttted^ each of the greatest use," 
 and possessing very different qualities. 
 
 First, br'onse, or rather a particuhir sort called " yun 
 metal." ' 
 
 Bronze is composed of a-mixture of,, copper and tin in 
 various proportions. (Jun 7/ie^/, containing 90 pa,rt8 cc^)- 
 per to 10 of tin. Bronze is a tough, tenacious metal hard- 
 er than either zjnc or copper, and easily cast, but when it is 
 <;ast in the ordinary way in a mould of loam and sand it is too 
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 heated it becomes softer, and is more easily injured by rapid 
 firing. ^ turther drawback to its general use is its great 
 cost, although, as a counterbalance, old brortze ordnance is 
 readily re-cast. 
 
 M The chief cause of the failure of bronze guns when rifled, 
 was the impossibility, in casting, of gettingaTperfectly hom- 
 ogeneous mass. The tin used has a lower melting point than 
 the copper, and consequently in the setting the copper 
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 strains are greater, and where the cutting of the rifling — 
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 manganese and phosphorus, with bronze to obtain greater 
 hardness, while hot sacrificing, to any great extent, the 
 valuable properties of toughness and tenacity. 
 
 Phosphor bronze is of great use for small object's, such 
 as the pullies of blocks, &c„ but the difficulty of ensuring 
 the phosphorus being in exact proportion, bars its use for 
 large castings. 
 
 Manganese has also been mixed in small quantities, witli ' ♦* 
 
 doubtful success. 
 
 General Uchatin|, of the Austrain service, found that by v 
 casting bronze in iron -and cooling the interior of the gun 
 at the same time by a metal core, the metal was greatly 
 improved, possessing, in fact, many of the properties of 
 steel. * 
 
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 fuse when mixed. 
 
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 serious defect in a gun metal. 
 
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 but they are strengthened by an inher tube of wrought irori. 
 
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 subsequent prpcess of manufacture, or both, 
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 otherwise, and is then worked up by hammering or rolling 
 into the necessary convenient foi'ms, hence the name of ' 
 
 ' torauffht ifctn. • , 
 
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 ■ or 6 cwt., is placed in a puddling furnace with about 1 
 cwt;. of iron scale, which, being a high oxide of iron, sup- 
 plies the oxygen to combine with the carbon to form car- 
 bonic 03«ide, that is seen to burn with a blue flame. The 
 mass, when melted, is continually stirred by" the workman. 
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 ' purities, and portions of the brick furnace, which is drawn 
 
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 brought under the steam hammer, an<J all liquid slag en- 
 tangled in its mass ts squeezed out, and it is kft in a rect- 
 angular fol^m.- ' ' ... • ; , '\ 
 
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 ahoH or brittle wlici) cold; wliilo a little aulpliur will make Cold Short. 
 it red ahart or brifctle when heated'.ti';)". Red Slibrt. 
 
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 Its^ strength is thereby much increased in that directly.., 
 just as wood is much stronger across the. grain than iniho 
 direction of it. It takes about twice the force to broA it 
 in one direction as in the other. 
 
 Unfortunately, the above processes do not enti/ely re- 
 move impurities, , and it is diflScult to obtain a unif/rm sur- 
 face free from flaws. 
 
 Perhaps the most vahi^ble property: of wrought iron is properties, 
 that of " welding," at a white heat-^3J000** F.— that is, if 
 ttvo clean surfaces of wrought iron /are brought toffether 
 at a red heat and haihmered, they will unite a^ strongly as 
 the rest of the mafeir ". ' 
 
 This is 'the property that has enabled us to make our 
 large wrought iron guns ; for long bars of iron are colled 
 and then welded into icompact masses to form the several 
 portions of a' gun. , 
 
 Wrought iron is practically infusible at any* ordinary 
 temperature, and therefore cannot be cast., . -fc 
 
 It is, however, jk^ery malleable and , ductile, two proper- 
 ties that are very similar to each other; and it is of very 
 groat tensile strength, though its tenacity is much below 
 most natures of steel, being about 25 tons per square inch, 
 in 'place of from 30 to 60 tons. - 
 
 A very valuable property of wrought ir0n is, that ' ^ 
 
 though its elastic limit is low — that is, the Jpressure at ^ > 
 
 which it becomes permanently elongated is not large, only 
 about 1^2 tons^yet it is so ductile thats it stretches to such 
 an amount as to give a large margin of safety! 
 
 So that in a service gun of Frazer construction — that is 
 one with tvrought iron coils over a steel tulfe — if the steel 
 tube splits, the gun can still be used with 
 
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 114 
 
 Bary. And, rnofeever, a wrought iron gun, Except under 
 extraordinai^' crrcnnistances, would not give way explo- 
 sively, the stretching of the inetul givin<^ warning. 
 
 It is possible, however, that rei)eated firing might alter 
 the formation of the iron, and it might in time lose itg 
 fibrous^ construction. Cases of wrought iron mlway 
 bridges* have been known v^hcrc the continuous jarriiiff of 
 pabsing trains has so altered the for;M of the iron. ■ 
 
 In our service no heavy' guns are entirely made of ^ 
 
 wrought iron, the inner tubes being made of toughened 
 steel, on account of the comp^irative softness of wrought iron 
 and of the difficulty of forming a surface free from flaws. 
 ' At first we used it, and the B.L.R. guns have wrought 
 iron bajirels. We still use it in the palliser converted cast 
 iron guns, in order to give sufficient safety to guns made of • 
 such weak metal as cast iron. The palliser converted gun 
 is a vei*3' ^^^^^ g^^" for its distachriient, for before the inner 
 tube of wrought iron burst, it would stretch to#uch an ex- 
 tent as to split the cast iron casing. 
 
 Wrought iron does capitally for the exterior portions of 
 guns, as it is not only cheap but easily worked, and from its 
 ductility gives a large margin of safety. 
 
 In the Royal gun factories all iron used is carefully test- TeBtlng Iron 
 ed, both as to the distance to which it will draw out before 
 breaking, and as to the weight required to break it; for the 
 former shews its ductility and the latter its tenacity. Its 
 fracture is also examined. A good tough wrought iron 
 ought to present a fracture of irregular silky appearance, 
 light grey in colour, and of well defined fibre. 
 
 r 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Steel has, till lately, been defined according to its sup- 
 posed chemical constitution as a form of iron containing from 
 3 to 2 per cent, of carbon. According to this (definition, . 
 when the earbon is present in certain proportions— the ' 
 limits of which cannot be strictly defined— we have the 
 various kinds of steel, which are highly elastic, malleable, 
 
 \ 
 
 
 * . 
 
'^ 
 
 7eflnltion. 
 
 115 
 
 ductile, forj^ablo, welfliiblo, capable of receiving very (Hf- 
 ferent degrees of liardnesa by teinpcrijig, and fusible in 
 furnaces. ' , 
 
 Owing, however, to the gradual development of new 
 modes of manufacture, and in the enormous increnbo of 
 lale years in the production of cast Hteelti of all sorts, this 
 definition leads to much confusion, and often to serious 
 mistajccs. v % 
 
 A simpler definition of steel is becoming general, which 
 possesses the advantage of precision, and is in harmony 
 with the current modes of manufacture. It is this : 
 
 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon^ canty wAefi in a fluid 
 state ^ into a malleable ingot, * at 
 
 It is iield by this nomenclature, that steci and wrought 
 iron cannot always be distinguished by chemical analysis 
 (for the same proportions of carbon, manganese, silicpn, <&c. 
 may exist in any malleable alloy of iron,) but that the fun- 
 damental and essential difference between steel and com- 
 pounds of iron merely worked or "wrought," is a ^tnuc- 
 <wa/ difference easily determined. \ ' / 
 
 All malleable products of iron, that is, all icon except u.l/d"Sa 
 cast iron, may be divided into what is technically called »^l«d ifoh. 
 piled metal (or wronght iron) and ingot metal (or steel.) ingot metal. 
 
 The formcir, including all malleable forms of iron pro- 
 duced without fusion of the metalj when in the malleable^ 
 state. - ' , 
 
 The latter, including all irons however produced, ^\\\(i\\ 
 are <?a*< into a malleable ingot. . , 
 
 These two classes differ tnoiHJ widej^ from each other in 
 appearance, and many important pf'operties, than the var- 
 ieties amongst thj^iselves, and- form two distinct parallel 
 series, chemically^ identical, differing only in the mode of 
 production and in me.clianical strijcture, rising in. each 
 series from the purest and softest iron to the hardest and 
 most highly carbonated varietiies. ^; 
 
 S|eel is produced in several .w^ys, in each case by getting *'of1.teel?" 
 
 \\ 
 
!h. 
 
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 116 
 
 rid of u portion of the CHi^Uon from cnat-Iron, under gucli 
 conditiotm nn to obtain u ri|flltcd pVoduct. 
 
 It i» generally done by disBolving wrongljt iron or Bcrap 
 8tccl in molten cast iron. 
 
 Vy the (lircet melting of puddled or other iron of proper 
 hardnesH (the hardne«8 referring to the amount of earbon); 
 alBo by melting a mixture of woft wrouglit iron with carbon 
 or cant iron, and Hevoral other modea. 
 
 Praetieaily the li.elting is carried out in crucibles, giving Crudblo iite«l 
 pot or crucible steel ; on the open hearth of a reverbcj-atory 
 furnace, giving Siemens steel ; or ^-Wowing air through 
 molten cast iron, producing BeiiMKr steel. 
 
 The results are similar, but being porfecitly homogeneous 
 they have very differjiit properties to wrought iron. 
 
 Steel, though apparently homogeneous in structure, is not 
 necessarily so in tensije, strength, tenacity, tfec, and this is 
 the weak point at present in steel. 
 
 Biuinc 
 
 . A 
 
 MAMVWAu^Mt vF 8.B, Ordi^anoe. 
 
 tiiliftr 
 
 Till the introduction of rifled guns all natures of ordnance 
 were made of bronze for the small, and cast Iron for the 
 large size. ' [ :^--;- .' 
 
 ^o more will be made, so the operations may be very 
 
 shortly referred to. J^r- 
 
 g A model of the form of the guti required, allowing for 
 
 turning and shrinking, and also for a large dead head at the 
 
 muzzle end was first prepared. ; v | 
 
 ^ The dead head was extra metal at muzzle end, so that Dead head, 
 the impurities might float np to top, and be cut oflf in it ; 
 its weight also compressed the metal. A gun jacket of iron 
 was then made, in two longtitudinal pieces, for the bronze 
 guns, and in several sections of convenient size for the -^^^ ■ 
 large iron guns. 
 
 There was sufiicient space left between the model and 
 jacket to contain a mixture of loam and sand, which was ^ 
 
 fl 
 
 ! 
 11 
 
 'V tl 
 
 .jS- ■ %f 
 
 t tf 
 
 well rammed in; the model was then removed and the 
 
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 mould well dried, and numerous holes were pierced in it to 
 allow of escaping gas and steam. 
 
 Tl.e parts of the jacket containing the mould were then 
 fastened together and placed in a pit, breech downwards. 
 
 Tlife metal was melted in a reveratory furnace and run 
 into the mould ; when cool, the dead head, 2 or 3 feet long in 
 the case of a bronze gun, was cut off, and the gun turned, 
 bored and finished pretty much the same way as the rifled 
 guns. , 
 
 All guns were cast solid, breech downwjards, so that, the 
 impurities rising to the top, it should be the best 'and 
 denseat part of the gun. o _^ -:_: 
 
 " I Manufactuiwkg Operations. 
 
 \ 
 
 wrought iron 
 
 ; We will first give a short description of the various oper. 
 ations employed in prepari% the several portions of a gun 
 from the raw material, in putting them together, and com- • 
 pleting the gun. 
 
 The wrought iron used in the R.G^.F. is dther puddled Manufacture 
 iroji (used for bars) or scrap iron. of 
 
 The former is made, as l^as already been described, from 
 old cast iron, generally shot, shell, guns or carriages.' It is 
 /ormed in blooms, which are then hammered or rolled when 
 iiot, to give fibre. 
 
 Scrap is made from either old wrought iron articles, 
 bolts, nails, nuts, horseshoe8,'«fec.,which are freed from rust| 
 piled on boar,d*, heated and liammered together, or from 
 the shavings from turning and boring in the Department. 
 The former is called wrought iron scrap, the latter depart- 
 mental scrap, which^ is thrown loose into the furnace in 
 place of being piled* 
 
 Most of the parts of a gun are formed by coiling a 
 wrought iron bar round a mandrel, and then" welding it Torts' 
 into a compact cylinder, but certain parts, *. «., the trun- "^ "*"'' " '^"'^ 
 nion ring and cascable screw are formed by welding slabs 
 together; and the inner tube is made fr om a solid in go t of 
 
 ^/.■» 
 
 Scrap. 
 
 w- 
 
 Parts of 
 liich a ffi 
 are buiic. 
 
Ii':.[ 
 
 '...e 
 
 III I.-:; 
 
 Ft •■■ 
 
 i- 
 
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 1- 
 
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e-'~^^«fl^pn!^" 
 
 ^ , , ■ , «•»>■■;. t ■ 
 
 118 
 
 of bar. 
 
 Rolling. 
 
 steel. All R.B.L., and formerly all R.M.L. guns, had a : • 
 
 forged breech piece. --^ 
 
 Two " blooms^of puddled iron are weldejl' together and Manufacturo 
 rolled into a flat bar weighing about 2 cwt. 
 
 Similar bara are made of 8^'rap iron. 
 
 These are piled alternately to make a bar thick enough 
 for purposes require^, the outside bars being always pud- 
 dled iron, it presen^^a more even surface. 
 
 This pile is the^jHjJMt to white heat and rolled into a 
 long bar about 24^etlong, varying in section from 2^ to 
 7 inches, according to the jJurpose for which it is intended. 
 
 The bars for the 10 in. gun and upwards are made by 
 forging. I 
 
 Should the bar be required for the breech portion of the 
 jacket of a gun, or for the tube of a 64-pr. or Palliser gun, 
 it is cut into lengths, again faggottedand rolled, a fin«r and 
 stronger iron being the result. • V 
 
 A bar is desj^ated by depth of its section. It is slightly Shape of bar., 
 trapezoidal in-^ction in order that when wound round 
 the bar, narrow «ide inwards, the spreading of inside and ., 
 
 harrowing of outside, usual in such a process, may, be 
 avoided. 
 
 These bars are tested, and then a sufficient number are Welding, 
 joined together to give a bar of the necessary length. 
 
 The 6nds are scarped down and heated, and hammered 
 
 under a steam hammer, sand being thrown, as in all cases 
 
 of forgings, on to the weld, to prevent scale formins, by tt *c ^ 
 
 .• .1 1 . ^ 1. ., .,. ,. , . *" ^ Use of Sand. 
 
 convertmg the scale mto a liquid silicate, which is easily m 
 
 squeezed out by the hammer. ^^ 
 
 The bar to b^coiled is heiated in a long reverberatory fur- 
 nace, in front of which is fixed a slightly tapered mandrel or 
 roller. It is tapered so that the coil can easily be removed. 
 This mandrel clan be revolved on its axfe*) 
 When the bar is red hot the end is drawW out and cooled 
 to make it hard, and is tlien hooked on to a pin, there 
 
 Coiling. 
 
 being an eye for the" purpose. — The pin is connected with 
 
 11- 
 
 1 
 
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 tm 1 
 
 
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 r 
 
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 <i 
 
 
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 the mandrel, which is then set in motigh, th^ b«r h gradually 
 drawn out' and coiled round it..- /" / - 
 
 Any scales that form are got rid of Jn forging. t 
 
 A small coil is hammered off. and a larger one is remov- ., <* 
 ed by fixing on end and revolving th« mandrel the contrary 
 
 Double coils are made by using the first coil, -^hen coqI, Double collg. ' 
 
 as a mandrel, and coiling th^ second bar the contrary way * '.- 
 
 round it. >., ;- .., ; ■ . , 
 
 «. 'xThese are seldom used as the bars are now made of grodt^r ^ 
 .thickness when necessary. -'*- ' "-^ - :>^ 
 
 r . V. The coilis now placed upright in a re ve»beratoi;j^ furnace. ^ ,^,^^ 
 ' If it were on its side, it would-, be unequally hUt^' and '^J' ■^- 
 drippings from the roof would get? betwi^n the poilsw V- " . .' . - 
 If it i&'ti^cessary to l^Very careful about ' flip lieatin^'W,^ ' , "' •. 
 is done in a cool furnace firstj^nd" then-^lhe chilis trans-' ' 
 ;-,ferred to.aliotter one. Wiieft white hot it i$ placed under / ' / ' " ''■ 
 ' a hammer by mean? of gigantic tongsi v Sand js thrown on^ .' *' 
 It as before. It is firstgi^^en a few great blpH^s in a ;v^rti- 
 cal position to weld ihe coiW It iUhentluWnon itsside/ "V 
 
 and gradually bamm^'ed allround to ifraighten it. It is ; ' 
 
 again placed vertical," and a ftiaridVel or- punch, a little - / \ •- 
 longer than the interior diameter, is then- hamriiered half .^ ' . . 
 way down the coi|; again placed on its^side, and this end ' 
 hammered very compact.. The mandrel is then forced ift to' " 
 theother^nd, and the operation repeated, •"; ' ' ^ "' ' 
 
 The mandrels ^re of coiled inin and very-hard. -. !► ' ^ 
 The coil is I'eplaced in theWnace for the second heating, -k ' 
 
 andmuchthesame'process is gone through to makealS * " 
 coil more solid and shapely ; ^nd, if intended. for an inner ' ' -' 
 
 barrel a fine mandreHs used to majke the interior mor^ier-- .\ v ' 
 ■ feet.* ■;..... ^.. ;■;■ .--^^ : "' ■ 
 
 'Cw^lo8e,;in weldiiig,^om onttrtenthVto one-third, of ' /'- 
 theif length, according as they are thick or thinl ' ' .. 
 
 ^ 'et^l^\ ^^^^^!^g' the cylinder is gauged and inspected, and ' , ^ 
 
 if found unsatisfactory is re-heated, » ~ *^^~^ 
 
 
 
 .> 
 
 <?^- 
 
 i^: 
 
 •'■ ■ If.- 
 
 m\- 
 
 fit • 
 
 
 1 
 
 * »* 
 
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h 
 
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 r 
 
 V 
 
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 '.-r- 
 
coils. 
 
 ■ •-^^ 
 
 c 
 
 aad a corresponding recess is formed on the end of the other. 
 
 '■\: "i 
 
 r 
 
 120 
 
 Every larjc forging is made in the same way, viz. : - Solid forging. 
 " Slabs" of iron are successively welded together upon q^^^ 
 the end of a " porter bar," or carrying b^r, which acts as 
 a lever nnd tongs in manipul^tfng .the wWk. « 
 
 Slabs are formed by hammering togeth^ several bloorr.s 
 of scrap iron. , ^ 
 
 To form a trutfniprt ring, the porter .bar is heated, and Trunnion 
 slabs are. welded on rt, two at a tjme, Jill a m^ss of the re- ''°*' 
 quifed size is formed. 
 
 This is roughly htftnmered intq shape, 'theV{)orter .bar 
 being in the continuatioli of one of the truiinibns: 'Thia ^ 
 blpck is converted into a ring by punching % htle in tW f \ 
 centre (in the case of large guns, twp holes.) I'hese are '' 
 
 then enlarged by driving oval shaped inandrels Mrough it, 
 increasing in size tilKthe hole is large enough/ ^ . 
 
 / Th e trun nion ring has to be heated between each pttuch- Shaping 
 itig, i*rtWSie*trunnions are then roughly shaped. I . truqniona. 
 
 I It will be seen that in this case the fibre'will iun alcjing ^ . ' 
 the trunnions, and round the ring' as described. ' - - > ' 
 
 Scrap trom turnings is used, as it gives a .good" fibrous * 
 iron of good quality.- ,' ' ... 
 
 When we want a solid cylinder of Iron, ci-oss or binding J^orging 
 sl^bs should be welded along the sides of those firtt welded #*^^*^^'®' 
 to the porter bar," as in tlie case of the forging fir a large ^, 
 cascabel. ^ ' . ] -'* • i 
 
 The heavy bars* for the breech coils, of lieavj(gun& are' Bars for ' 
 made by welding successive slabs to the end of tile porter Jie^vy^oila. , 
 bar till suflBcient length is obtained. By this mean^>veget 
 a denser and stronger material for the breech coil, where 
 great strength is required, ' '* \ 
 
 When an inner barrel is required, several coils must be it -.- i.. ' 
 weldeJ together. ; V ' '■--'■-Wy:-- ,^°'*'^*''° 
 
 The B tube, or chase, of heavy guns, is also cor^osed of 
 two united coils, as well as the breech coil, in sodie cases. " 
 
 To begin with, the coils are turned smootli^t ends, and 
 reciprocally recessed, that is, a prpiection is formed on one 
 
 ^k^ 
 
 
 'V 
 
 ;- 
 

 /-. 
 
 Mi 
 
 \ 
 
 :J—i 
 
' A ■ .. 
 
 B. tube. 
 
 Shrinkipg; 
 
 Ttie^ recces la then ejfpanded by heat, and Bhrunk over 
 the projection, bo that the coils are stuck together e;iough 
 tiS be heated for weldini?. 
 
 . The coils nre then placed crossways through ^ furnace, i„n„ ^^^^^^ 
 80 that the eiids project, and tlie. intense Jieat only^acts-at " "*" 
 
 the joint. A long bar i^j)a88ed through'when heated suf- 
 ficiently. This is keyed up at one end, and at the other is 
 a strong lever and screw nut, by which means the coils are 
 pressed and welded together. The slight "bulge At joint is*" 
 straightened by steam hammer. ' 
 
 The coils for a B tube are short and strong. They may 
 bo heated in an ordfimrj furrtaceandweldc(J by steam ham- 
 mer. ■ ■■ ■■ ; . ■ __^^^ :."'■ : ■ :/ -■ ;:■,. ' 
 
 Shrinking is employed to bind the successive coils W a 
 gun together, and arso4;o regulate, the tension of the var- 
 ious layers,' so. thUt each. may contribute to the sirongth of 
 the gun. 
 
 The outer coil is expapded by heat. In the case of the 
 ' ferge coils, a wood fire is lighted inside it, the tube forming 
 the flue, and it is then dropped over the pftrt on wfiWi it 
 has to be shrunk.. ' 
 
 .Garemust be taken to prevent a long tube cooling, at 
 both ends at once, for in that case the middle part would- 
 be unduly strained in, a longitudinahdirection. it. is usual, 
 therefore, to pour water on ^ne end to cool it first ; and ia 
 the case of a very thick coil^ a ring of gas jets is used to 
 keep up the h^at at the other end, or a heated iron cylin- 
 der is applied to the thin end. A9 the other end cools, the 
 heat ig? withdrawn, and the ring of water gradually raised. 
 
 Water is always kept flowing,' in the barrel to prevent its 
 expapding and delaying the operation. • 
 
 When a steel tube is placed muzzle downn^ard to receive 
 a breech coil, a jet of water is throwii up from below. ' 
 
 The three separate parts of Ji jacket, viz. : Bfeech coil 
 trunnion ring, and muzzle coil, being prepared as above 
 are united by the trnnnion rin g b ei 
 
 
 1 , 
 
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 Mode of; 
 cooling* 
 
 Man u factum 
 . of Jacket. *^ 
 
 . ring being heated and dropped 
 over a shoulder on the breech coil, and ||ien the muzzle 
 
 if!* ^*- 
 
 
'^ 
 
 1;^ i 
 
 t 
 
 * 
 
 coil i 
 
 " 
 
 whicl 
 
 '4- 
 
 is til 
 
 
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 Fact! 
 
 
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 lead 
 
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 ennpt 
 
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 end, 
 
 
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 whei 
 
 
 can 
 
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 ihn( 
 
 Bpr 
 bor 
 
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 ■' *•:■./'? 
 
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 coil is placed down aponllio breoch coil through the ring, 
 which contracting, tbrnis a^band over the joint. The whole '^ 
 is then heated, and welded under the steam hammer, a 
 mandrel being driven down inuido to preserve the §hape. 
 
 Steel ingots for the inner barrels are received in R. G. Sieel lnflf«t» 
 Factory by contract. They are solid cylinders, cast and 
 afterwards forged. 
 
 \ Casting is necessary to <il)tain the block large enough 
 and homogeneous. Forging makes it solid and dense. 
 
 .'JTlarge quantity of steel of a " "»ild" nature, that is, Caatlnff. 
 not too hard and brittle, is broken up' and tnelt^ in black- 
 lead crucibles, about 46 lbs. at a time. They^e then 
 emptied one by one, but in a continuous flow ^ into an iron # 
 mould. Th^ least check in the flow spoils the casting. 
 About 162 crucibles are required for a tube for a 9 in. gun. £ 
 
 After casting it is allowed to cool as slowly as possible. 
 When cold a portion is cut off from the top, and the lower 
 end, being densest, is marked for the breech. -.£. 
 
 This block is then heated and haujmered several' times. Forging. „ 
 
 till of proper shape. . ^ • 
 
 • Tlie block is tested when received, for elasticity and ten- 
 
 sile Strength. .:^- ^ » 
 
 Pieces are bent over aiid hammered cold, and alio raised 
 
 a low and high temperature, and tetnpered in oil, and **J* *" °* 
 
 when cold, treated as above. An experienced workman # 
 
 can then tell what heat is best to temper the whole at. 
 
 ^ The soft untempered piece should stretch permanently at 
 
 13 tons per square inch, and bi^k at 31. The toughened 
 
 piece should stretch at 31, and iS^ak about 50. ~^ F^ 
 
 , ■■ Machine Operations. 
 
 The tubes, rings, &c., have now to be bored, turned, 
 in some cases, slotted, planed, and shrunk together. . The 
 inner barrel must be bored, broached, lapped and rifled. 
 
 Turning, means cutting off the exterior surface all round. 
 Spring means either reaming out the inside of a tube, or 
 boring one but from a solid cylinder. . ■ 
 
 l+d,:^ 
 
 / , 
 
 »*■ 
 
 Machine 
 Operations. 
 
 Turning. 
 Boring 
 
 ^i^i 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 * 
 
 K % 
 
 \A 
 
%0^' 
 
 ..?'..- ,'ii' 
 
 "■'' - ■, ..i>^ 
 
 t>. 
 
 jfe- 
 
 #■ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ///• 
 
 ,fki 
 
 •ft:r 
 
 ^■■. 
 
 ■.*, i 
 
 ■e^m 
 
 L 
 
 -fif 
 
 I 
 
 'T15. 
 
 
 rSf. 
 
 
 >H 
 
 it 
 
 U- - 
 
lr>ii. 
 
 t. 
 
 m 
 
 ■^% 
 
 t 
 
 ■•» . -^ 
 
 Slotting and plnnini]; aro much the laine, only different giotunj^ jb^ 
 actiiHiB arc required \i\ tlic nmdirfie. It is UHud for part* i>Ihiii»jb. 
 tliHt cannot ho turned, an the Hhouldor* iyai*h)ttcd. * 
 
 f A hroa(;h Av> a tool used for niakin^ 
 perfecting a cylindrical olio, t 
 
 During horing the cutters wear a^i 
 in Goniequenco taper, hence the noceiwitj 
 
 .'»■ 
 
 hole, or for Bfimcblng. 
 
 thb hole id 
 Toaching. 
 
 / 
 
 Lapping Ih the final smoothing by moauH of u bar with a Uppjog. 
 
 Kiiltni^. 
 
 i 
 
 Dritlinir. 
 
 wooden head covered with lead, and is used with oil and 
 emery powder. ' \ ' » 
 
 • T he rifling is done one grove at\a time by means of a 
 %Mg^ gitnplo machine, though difficult U) understand without 
 drawings. Thorifiingbiir moves in and out, and at the same 
 time revolves enough to give a twist to the rifling, the 
 twifit being regufated by what is called a copying bar, which 
 ean be changed as required, and the same niachine used for 
 
 any riflingv . Jlfe 
 
 Drilling is done in case of a large hole, by machinc^^Spr 
 Small screws are iiiade by hand with slocks and dies, but sferewouttlnj? 
 
 large^bnes are made in screw-cutting lathes. 
 
 A. most thorough system of examination iind gauging is Viewing and 
 
 carrietl QUt in every case, in every stage of the operations. ***"*^ ^^' 
 Evepy portion is made strictly to scaled pattern, and the 
 
 1)ore and internal surfaces that have to be shrunk together, 
 
 are measured to YD^j^^ part of an inch. "v 
 
 Externally, ^\q of an incli is considered close enough. * » . ' 
 R.B.L. glTlis have not been made for many years. They R.B.L.gu'n8. 
 
 are all on Armstrong's original cotiBtruction, with many 
 
 small coils ^f wrought iron, with a tbrg^jd breech piece and 
 
 * a coined wrought iron barrel. :^- ■ V ^ " *' v 
 
 Haying no cascable screw, they were fitted with a hollow 
 Jt)reech screw^ and a slot was cut tor a vent piece, • ' 
 
 f Tbebreechfittihgstjonsist of— =^^ '■ - ^ v .^ y, 
 
 Ventpieeey breech m'ew, to fix latter in its )^\m^i tappet 
 Hn(/f by means of which the lever acted upon the hreech 
 — itoreWy the latter ha v ing an octagomj head, on which th e '- 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 I if 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 I. • 
 
 K * 
 
 If 
 
 * * 
 
 ■^6?^ 
 
■^m^^- Y' ^</ 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 «, 
 
Il ' 
 
 !• " 
 
 I ! 
 
 ■«<* 
 
 I •■ 
 
 
 ,,•* 
 
 m 
 
 > , ' 
 
 ^^ 
 
y 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 Breecb Bcriaw 
 
 ■ ■ 124 
 
 tappet ring fitB. An indicator ring shews if the breech 
 piece is screwed up enough. » 
 
 Vent piece, so called because the vent goes through it, is Vent piece, 
 the stopper that closes the end of the bore. The ventrf- 
 passes vertically to the centre of block, and then turns at ' 
 riiJ-ht ahgles to allow the fire to strike the centre of the 
 cartridge. The vertical part is bu^d with copper. The 
 bottom part is not bushed^ as it would weaken it too much. 
 
 Various kinds of iron have been used for this purpose. ' .. 
 
 They are all faced with a co|)per ring except the 7 in., and 
 have two shackles to lift them up by. ^The 9 and 12-pr. 
 have only one shackle. 
 
 The breech screw is made from steel toughened in oil, 
 except that for 7 in., which is of iron, with 6 inches of 
 steel face screwed in. A strong "V bevelled" threap is 
 cut on it to fit that in breech of gun. The 7 inch has a 
 double thread, and is thus screwed in twice as quickly, and 
 has a good bearing. *^° 
 
 The tappet ring is octagonal in shape inside and fits on 
 to a similar octagon on breech screw. It has two projec- 
 tions, by which the power of the lever is communicated to 
 it so that it acts as a wrenck to screw up or unscrew breech 
 
 screws ■wKg 
 
 The lever fits on the breech screw behind the tappet rmg. 
 Itjs free to work round the breech screw but is prevented 
 by two keep pips, which work in a canelHre. The lever is 
 fitted wiUi heavy balls or accumulators, to give powfer in 
 
 screwing Up. 
 
 The smaller natures have only one ball and handle. 
 
 The indicator ring is a narrow tliin ring fitted o'n breech 
 screw in front of tappet rihg. It is arranged so that when 
 the breech screw is tight homej-an indicator mark corres- 
 ponds with one on the breech. The 7 \n. and 40-pr. guns 
 only have them. ? • 
 
 The gun and fittings are proved, and the gun afterwards p^^ ^ 
 marked, lined, sighted, &c. - - 
 
 The weight, royal monogram, and broad arrow are Marka. 
 
 Tappet ring. 
 
 Lever and 
 Keep pins. 
 
 Indicator 
 ring. 
 
 S 4 
 
.♦'.--♦>■ 
 
 t 
 
 
 J. jjUKt^i, ' 
 
 @ 
 
 ■''^., 
 
 jp-: , • 
 
 
 
 ■■■•-■- 
 
 ^■Wn v;- .--^ 
 
 
 ■;(. 
 
 breec 
 
 !:,;■■;,■:-■ .>.„■,;" 
 
 ,. . ■ , ; ■■ 
 
 
 ■■- ■ .-"*■' 
 
 
 'n 
 
 
 over 
 
 ..,■:• :^^.' -" ■ 
 
 
 * ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;■■•,: :i Fr 
 
 Irf 
 
 ■ - ■- 
 
 
 ' .■ "..-.''" 
 
 . ■ ■ ■ 
 
 
 
 the n 
 
 •; • ♦ 
 
 -■'■'" ..' 
 
 
 ■., •" - ■ * 
 
 ' '.^ ■*.'. "."'-■■ 
 
 
 * ' . . 
 
 at fir 
 
 
 
 . . ♦ 
 
 ■\ . f- 
 
 
 ..- . . ■ 
 
 
 barre 
 
 " ■■;. n 
 
 mass 
 
 - 
 
 * v 
 
 
 .- '■-'*■■ 
 
 - ♦ ■ 
 
 
 
 the J 
 
 tube, 
 
 ;■;, It 
 
 ■* " 
 
 
 
 *■ " 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 divic 
 
 •V) 
 
 V^, ;.'.v:-^^ 
 
 
 ""•■':■': ■-.■ ' "^^V^ 
 
 ■ 1 , 
 
 . ■ ■ •:■ ■■■■'- 
 
 ~ ,r * 
 
 ■ ately 
 
 ,,v !■ 
 
 . -^..fi-zv,,; . 
 
 v.. 
 
 
 --: =■ .'-■ ' '■■'^ :. 
 
 •> • f. 
 
 ji 
 
 . in. u 
 
 ll- •^"- ■■ '■ 
 
 
 '■ ■ / 
 
 ; " -r ■■.■ "^ ^ .*f ■■*■ -■ -' 
 
 '■.■y':''.:'"' 
 
 - « 
 
 ■ * ■ 
 
 .COiljB 
 
 carri 
 
 1 
 
 '■:■*•-■- •■'V' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 t* * ' ' 
 
 
 , 
 
 '•1 , -^ . 
 
 ?v 
 
 
i 
 
 Lines. 
 
 stamped in front of slot, and the " mark", namoof |»ctory, 
 date of proof, and register number on left trnnnion. 
 
 Vertical and horizontal lines are\#iarlced on broeab and 
 muzzle, to enable sighting plates to be adjusted; and also 
 on the right side of breech, right trunnion and muzzle. 
 
 The process of sighting cannot be "describe**^ unless the Sighting, 
 actual operations can- be witnessed. ^ - • , 
 
 The guns are supplied with twd tangent and two trun- Sights, 
 nion sights. The former have rgy^lving barrel heads, by 
 means of whith they can be accurately set to each minute 
 of elevation and deflection. ^ " 
 
 The latter pattern, however, have' oi?;ly a sliding leaf; 
 they are cheaper, and practically as good. 
 
 R.M.L. Ordnanoe. 
 
 #. 
 
 ey 
 
 1/ 
 
 ■1-3 
 
 *?•( 
 
 
 All our R.M.L. guns 9,re, with the exceptitn of the steel 
 and bronze 7-pr3., built up on Sir. W. Armstrong's system, 
 as modified by Mr. Frazpr. ^ 
 
 The original constr-uction, consisted of an itiner barrel of oriffinal 
 coiled iron-— steel could ^not then be tiiade with^ufficient* construction, 
 ce?*t«inty — supported by a forged breech piece over the ^ 
 breech j and by numerous c^ils pi wroiight iron, d^runk ' 
 
 over all, with a forged trunnion ring and caseable. ; 
 
 Frazer's first modification consisted in doing awaj with j,^^^^^,^ ^^^ 
 the numerous coils, and using two or three he^vy ones; but modification, 
 at first the heavy forged breech piece was retained, and the ; 
 barrels were of steel. -M , ' v 
 
 The forged breech piece was next doiie away with, and one 
 massive double or triple coil was used for the breech, and modification, 
 the parts of the gun reduced in number to an A tube, a B 
 tube, a breech coil and a caseable. 
 
 ; It has been found more convenient, and« stronger, to 
 divide the breech coil into two heavy coils, finished separ- Modification. 
 • ately. The strain is better distributed, so that from the>7 
 in. upwards the guns consist of an A tube,' a B tube^ a 
 .coiled breech piece, and over it a C coil or jacket, which 
 carries the trunnions, *. - , . 
 
 - -A— r- 
 
 ■*»i; 
 
 Si' » 
 
 •# 
 
I ; 
 
 -.m 
 
 9. 
 
 ' reces 
 
 
 ,*|; ■ 
 
 > ' . - . 
 
 . -V 
 
 
 ' *■" . *"■ 
 
 is rei 
 
 
 ... ■ « 
 
 
 
 
 
 bore 
 
 . ■ ■ ■ . 
 
 4- 
 
 -. ■' ■*'■.'■ / ■ . \ ' 
 
 *: 
 
 « 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■ Th 
 Tl 
 
 
 
 
 ,; ' ■ '■■■' ),. .". _ ... ■ 
 
 . ■ „ . . 
 
 -/.-.,' - ' 
 
 ' v'> 
 
 scrib 
 Tl 
 
 
 
 ■ ' "►..'■'. ■. ■ - 
 
 
 
 :,-*;':' 
 
 hind 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 ■ i« 
 
 ••• 
 
 /'■-■ 
 
 - ■• " 
 
 ■The 
 "mu 
 V . it is 
 
 1 
 
 
 \:. '■" 
 
 _^ .. 
 
 
 
 .".' ; ■'..■' 
 
 Lj#?- '. 
 
 
 33. 
 
 
 
 
 
 m' ' 
 
 y 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 v.; .,__:;_:^.,, 
 
 f 
 
 - ^ 
 
 
 
 -*" 
 
 
 '■\.*.';' ^ 
 
 • ■♦ 
 
 ■ m 
 

 'M^... 
 
 '\ 
 
 Ml?-- 
 
 r*' ' 
 
 126 
 
 Thi^ A tube is p^t^pared as previously described, from ji Manufacture 
 
 .solid ihffot. It is heated, when turned and rough bored, to generally of a 
 " • ^ ■ ■ ' , ' ^ t .- ' heavy gun. 
 
 theproperh^at, and is plunged into a bath of rape oil. ; ' 
 
 Touffheninff strengthens the steel vci'v much, but it warps Effects of 
 
 ,.,?/. 1 , ^ /. . I ., toughening. 
 
 it a little, and irequently causes the surt^ceto crack, so it 
 
 has to be turned and bored true after the operation. ^ . 
 
 The B tube is composed of two single and slightly taper ThaB.tube. 
 coils, united as before descriWd. It is then .turned ; the. 
 inside is then gauged so that the steel tube may be finished 
 to correct size, allowing 003 ins. at muzzte, and *002 at 
 other end, for shisinkage. "^ ' 
 
 It is easier to turn to gs^ge thjan bbre to* gauge, hence -^ 
 the reason the inside of a coil is carefully measured. . . 
 
 The coiled breech, piece consists of two united coils. Ooiled breech 
 
 The breech end has a screw, cut for the cascable. 
 - C coil consists of a bregch coil, trunnion ring and "muzzle 
 coil, united as before described., ' * . 
 
 N.B. — Double and treble coils are not now used, the bar& 
 being made of^mucli larger section. ■^«' - 
 
 The coiled breech piece is* first shrunk on to the A. tube. 
 A shoulder is formed on its muzzle end to jeceive a similar 
 reces^,.cut in the. B tube, which is thten shnwfeon. ' * ' 
 
 The cascable is now screwed in, so that it gets compress 
 by the G coil, which is now sh|»ink on over all, and.thegu 
 is ready for (1) gas escape being made, engraving, finishing- 
 bore and rifling, venting and ^(2) sighting, marking, &c. 
 
 ; The gas ^cape is cut through the threads of the cascabler 
 
 The pther operations cannot be, \^ith advantage, de- 
 scribed, we not being" able to see the actual operations. 
 
 The. gun is supplied with two tangent sights, a centre ' 
 hind sight and three trunnion sights. • 
 
 Li^rger natm'es of guns are made on similar principles. 
 The cast, patterns of the IS ton and larger guns, have 
 " muzzle" coil shrunk on separate from the jacket, to which 
 it is not welded, and it becomes this 1 'B coil. 
 
 piece. 
 CCoil. 
 
 W- 
 
 Putting 
 together. 
 
 •\ 
 
 Larger 
 natures. 
 
 ». 
 
 I 
 "x ' 
 
 W 
 
sTf 
 
 "'■i 
 
 * 
 
 Tl] 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 nion 
 
 
 , 6.3 
 
 
 coil ( 
 
 f-". 
 
 40. 
 
 ^{ ' 
 
 caeca 
 
 
 coil, 
 
 
 coil i 
 
 w^ 
 
 26- 
 casca 
 
 
 ^ 16- 
 
 1,,-, 
 
 end I 
 
 
 Bt6el, 
 
 It: 
 
 
 jh., 
 
 . nuttil 
 
 I'. 
 
 quest 
 satisf 
 
 ^.- 
 
 " great 
 " were 
 
 i 
 
 gene 
 slirin 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' -most 
 
 ' « 
 
 butl 
 
 y^rou 
 
 -1 
 
• ..I 
 
 ■/■■ 
 
 I y 
 
 127' , 
 
 '1 , ■ ■ 
 
 vllieSd^n gun has the " B" tube proper, divided into 
 Ig -a " 2 B" tube, so that it consists of, 
 tube. 
 
 80 ton. 
 
 %^^ tub©: 
 
 'V- 'Wl tube. 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 ■V ti I 
 
 <H 
 
 ;'1-^t^v"H;,-. 
 
 ■>!:» 
 
 64-pr. 
 
 ir 
 
 Breech piece. , . 
 
 Cgscable. ♦ . 
 
 The 64-pr. wrought iron gun consists of A tube, B tu^e 
 and breech cqil or C coil (Composed , of two coils arid trun 
 nion ring.) ■» ^ 
 
 , 6.3 in. and 8 in. howitzers consist of , A tube,VB tube, C 6.8 in. & 8 in. 
 coil or jacket, cascable. Howitzers. 
 
 40-pr. qorisista of A tube, B tube, B coil, C coil or jacket, ^o.p, 
 cascable. The B tube is in two parts, the B tube arid B 
 coil, it not being easy to manufacture so long and thin a • 
 coil in one-piece. . • 
 
 J 25-pr. consists of A tube,^ <||U, G vjuil or j;ackeji. No 25-pr: ^ 
 cascable screw. 
 
 "s- 16-pr. and 9-pr. consists of A tube'strengthened at breech i6-pr. 9-pr. 
 . end by a C coil or breech piece. 
 
 7-pr., 150 and 200 lbs,, is made out of a solid block of 'T-pr., 
 steel, toughened in oiK , Jt has }'fmMd hind sight. ^^^ * ^^,'**'- 
 
 When the necteal|y arose fcft- ltifled\guns the»wei»e krge* ^ " /' ^ 
 . nuiaibers of cast iron S,B. guns in the seyvSe, an4 t&fe*^ -»*"' ' , 
 questiofi naf^rally presented itself, was it possible to Jtiakci 
 satisfactory rifled guns out otthcm ? ¥i/ ' ^ . ^ 
 
 :¥he metal unsu-pported ASras^too weak to^tand^^d",' - ^^ 
 
 ," greatly increased strain wi||n- rifled, and seyeig^l m^ods* **■& . 
 1^' were;' tried as .early 4|^m^o strengthen them; Th^^ , ^'Si"^- 
 :;:< general idea being to s^NSKt thefti by hammepiijg or ^ 
 ;5| A shrinking wronglit iron oi' ^fel lings onto tlv3 parts that ^^ ^v- p 
 
 >:i '^ Tiwst re(^ii:ed strenghteming. These were, hov^evcr, of .■ , - 
 ' > but little avail, a^%e ca^i^e ^ih the known properties of 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 I' 
 
 f'i 
 
 ti 
 
 \l 
 
 
 
 i;<^rought and ca^tiron. 
 
 on stretches but little bc» 
 
 li 
 
 i\ .- 
 
 J' 
 
 v# 
 
 1 
 
 JUt 
 
 .\ 
 
 -.1 ■; 
 
 
#■ 
 
 :>.: 
 
 V 
 
 • 
 
 fore ni 
 
 Those 1 
 
 tlie inn 
 
 Sir ^ 
 
 be rev 
 
 should 
 
 ing of 
 
 Gre 
 
 been c 
 
 eatisfa 
 
 tion, J 
 
 great!. 
 
 convei 
 
 The 
 
 barr^ 
 ' nianei 
 
 fore a( 
 
 caBt ii 
 
 dange 
 
 very ^ 
 
 Th( 
 
 y- of 5t 
 
 \ Th< 
 
 \ . f 71 
 
 |i:v.-, Th 
 
 •^«e^' of 58 
 
 '*^ Th 
 
 „i*-- ,* • 
 
 1^ g"" 
 
 Whe 
 
 ar 8 
 
 shou 
 
 .-■■^',:" '-A 
 
 unde 
 
 ing r 
 
 . T\ 
 
 muz: 
 
\^ 
 
 vi 
 
 123 
 
 'if% 
 
 
 fore rnptnre, and wrought irqn conaidorably, as Joes steel. 
 Tho.^e laHer then easily yiqldod to the sliglit expansion of 
 the inner cast iron, and supported it but little. 
 
 Sir W. Pallider in WCSproposed that this method should 
 be reversed, and that the softer and more elastic metal 
 should be inside, and supported strongly by the outer Ras- 
 ing of hard unyielding'cast iron. . 
 
 Great numbers of 68-pr8., 32-pr. ind 8 iti. S.B. gunsliave 
 been converted on his principle, and have proved highly 
 'satisfactory, forming a valuable gu» where great penetra- 
 tion, and consequently great strains are not re(|Luired»v 
 greatly superior to the S.B. guns from which, thejr^were 
 converged, and moderate in price. \^ 
 
 Thelcguns are also peculiarly safe, for when^ the inner 
 barr^ is strained beyond its elastic limit and becomes per- 
 manently stretched, it still has a largo margin of safety be- 
 fore actual rupture, and if the strain is too great fortl* 
 cast iron, the latter splits, and warns the gunners that it is 
 dangerous to go on. This property of wrought iron is a 
 very valuable one. 
 
 The 68-pr. of 95 cwt. is ccllrerted into an 80-pr. R.M.L. 
 
 of 5 tons. 
 
 The 8 in, of 65 cWt. is converted into a 64-pr. R.M.L. 
 
 s f 71 cwt. ^ 
 
 The 32-pr. of 58 cwt^J^on verted into a C4-pr.R.M.;L. , 
 
 /of 58 cwt. flp. 
 
 The rap^of oonversifn consists of boring out the old Mode of 
 '■ gun and mserting a , wrought iron tube, which is rifled. Wersion 
 Whenjn its place it is jeeured by means of a cast iron coljf 
 ar sorewed into the^nziile end, of the ca8ir\g^ over a . : 
 shoulder on the end of me tube. -^ 'v'a - " 
 
 A wrought iron plug js also screwed through We cadfe, ' 
 underneath, jwad iTito the barrel, to prevent ^^^|lMpf^''» 
 ■ • ■ ing round.'- • _^_^ ■ / "^^ V^^^ 
 
 The old gun is firstlPBl out to ^^^jj^^^^y^t 
 
 I 
 
 Gans ' 
 converted. 
 
 1. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Jl" 
 
 muzzle is re^iessed and threaded for the casfTrffn co 
 
 M^ 
 
 I? 
 
 •perations in 
 
 ttn 
 
 -gWBtr 
 
 
 w- 
 
 m:^' 
 
 n 
 
 :.:■ -- -'-%£, 
 
■* *- 
 
 the gftfl 
 the cftH 
 
 The 
 V;a41ed 
 hemfi; t 
 
 The 
 horod 
 breeeli 
 
 The 
 ^kinto si 
 
 The 
 see if c 
 The 
 "#!., foi 
 the B 
 nel ^Q 
 eating 
 anythi 
 and g 
 f The 
 M layer 
 V gun; 
 tube, 
 tube i 
 little 
 l'orcc( 
 ;, bears 
 of th 
 
 1 ',■' 
 
 |i' " ■: . ..,^- 
 
 1. 
 ft ■ 
 
 
 ■ ■" *■ j^^v ■ ■. ^^ ■" ^- 
 
 ■ '(> 
 
 t 
 
 . : tlie t 
 
 prevc 
 
 W 
 
 mozy 
 
 wrou 
 
 ' tbre( 
 
 " Tl 
 
 t 
 
 '■ ■ . ' 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 m 
 
 
 fc-'lr 
 
 #, 
 
 'I 
 « 
 
^w 
 
 
 '< 
 
 :t 
 
 129 
 
 the gftS ('Tiannel is bored in the breech at the right top of j^„ 
 
 the caHcablo. 
 
 Tlie coil»^br the A tube are made of the finest iron, ^ ^^^^ 
 ^aWed " dcparttnental bar," and it ib specially prepared l)y ^r«u«ht iron 
 beinpj thrice rolled. Jp 
 
 The tube is formed of 5 coik, united W usual, and i» 
 bored to aboi^«.2 in. diameter, and a recess is cut in 
 . breech end and tapped for wrought iron cup. 
 
 The c\ip for closing the breech end is forged and stamped 
 ^into shapt^id a screw cut on it, and it is then screwed 
 
 f 
 
 fintrty home 
 The A tub 
 
 le^t 
 
 riotrtfcd uodcr hydraulic pressure to 
 
 jM 
 
 see ifuup fits aSkfhat fherc is no leakage. 
 
 The breech jM^s now turned over to the length of 32 
 "#!., for the B tube (itJ||e8e guns the h'reeeh coil is called 
 the B tube,) previouaiphadf of two coils, and a gas chan- 
 nel T^ff in. wide is cut spirally round the A tube, communi- 
 cating by star grooves at the end, with the gas escape. If 
 anything gives way abilut the Ureecfe end, the gas escapes 
 and gives warning. 
 f- The tube is n.ade double at this part, so that if the- inner 
 layer gives way the gas miiy escape without bursting the 
 ffuii; and also it enables, by the shrinking on of the B 
 tube, greater strengtin^ be given to this part. The whole 
 tube \& then line turned' to proper dimensions, allowmg a 
 little play between it and the casing, so that it can be easily 
 forced in. Great care is taken that the breech end of tube 
 bears fairly against the bottom of the bore. The curved part 
 of the end of the barrel is made with a longer radius than 
 the oorresponding curve in the cast iron,, the space between 
 preventing a we^elike action, tending to split the casing. 
 When the tube jis adjusted, tlie collar is screwed in at the 
 rilozysle, and the hole bored under the trunnions; and a 
 wrought iron pin screwed in. Tlie bor^ysJien rifled^wirti 
 three sr^all grooves^ •% - 
 
 ' The old vent is closed' by a wrought iron screw plug 
 
 '. ^^ .^ ^.. . ^ n J 1 L _J A 
 
 B tube. 
 
 -«3f 
 
 Vent. 
 
 and the new vent drilled a little from the breech end. A 
 
 I 
 
 X: 
 
 t ■ 
 
 
 • 
 
 J 
 
 i. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ?/ 
 
'?fe' 
 
 
 • . >::,- 
 
 •^ M ¥ i 
 
 
 % 
 
 I • 
 
 ■I' 
 
 I-:' 
 
 # 
 
 % 
 
 %. 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 
 
' ■ "f". 
 
 #■<■. 
 
 4. : 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 -, • ■" .;■>■ " 180 /■ 
 
 " through" vent U pernmiiontly Hcrowcd in' before proof, 
 and when the heavy proof ronndft have been fired, the 
 Btraint exerted being Over the claHtic limit of wrongiitiron, 
 the barrel ia permnn^ntly expanded and nuide to fk tightly 
 into tho casing. ■ 
 
 Two rounds of li service charges are used. 
 
 The guns are then sighted and lined. 
 
 Tlie vertical lino at inus'.Kle i« extended over tiibo to shew 
 
 any shift. / 
 
 The light C4-pr. has only ft centre hind sight and R drop 
 
 trunnion sight. 
 
 • at 
 
 ^¥ 
 
 w.^-y-> 
 
 ^^4' 
 
 sidiiti. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Dcfecti. 
 
 The heavy 04-pr. and the 80-pr. have two hind and two 
 
 fore sights. 
 
 The tangent scales arc all set' at an angle of 2° 16\ to aK' 
 low for permanent deflection. . . 
 
 Matkrial used in thk Il.C.D. V 
 
 First, wood. When a tree is cut across we sec the woody 
 fibre arranged round a centre in regular rings, each repre- 
 senting a years growth, the more solid interior portion is 
 known as heartwood, the younger portion, next the bark, 
 
 is sap wood. •Ja.1 
 
 Timber should bo free from th(V^lWmg defects, viz. : 
 
 »♦ shakes "radiating from the cen))[fe^^|^up shakes" or ■ 
 
 cracks between th& annular rings; "upsets " where the 
 
 fibres have been crushed by compression. _ 
 
 " Bind Galls" or wounds r'eceived .in o^e of t;he olcler ' v 
 
 layers when yOung, and grown over iri^tibsbqjucnt yeafs. 
 
 "Dead knots" wheiB a braneli has been! out off and it& > ■ • 
 root decayed. " IIoUow or spongey" places proceeding 
 from decay. Timber, especially elm and ash, is apt to be 
 "doated" from lyijig in wet; this delect sjiewsaa yellow vi^^^^ - J^^ 
 spots in tlie wood when sawn, i ' ? - ^ ^^ • 
 
 ; lu good timber as a rule tlie fibre will adhere firmly^to- ;^^ ^^^^ 
 gether and will not look :wooly or(^og the saw when cut. 
 When freshly rut it ou ght to look firm and glistening, a 
 
 
 
 . ,1 
 
 'M" 
 
 '■■■ .' ' ..".' ■',<^, ,,,^ 
 ■:■■: ;.'. ■■' ■•■.2 
 
 ■■■■■".> ^ 
 
 dull chalky look is a sure sign of bad timbei*. 
 
i' 
 
 <» 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ii^H'^ 
 
 # 
 
 <# 
 
 <:■% 
 
■M\ 
 
 ^!: 
 
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 M, 
 
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 -. 
 
 rule wi 
 
 
 " . Plan 
 
 
 "Seentre ( 
 
 
 ,The 
 
 iS' 
 
 but npt 
 
 
 - The 
 
 -\ i 
 
 elm an( 
 
 Oak 
 
 
 ^ ever, c( 
 
 **',' 
 
 it. 
 
 
 ^ *" Ash 
 
 \ 
 
 '^ shafts 
 well, a 
 
 
 j:im 
 
 
 not spl 
 
 • '■■ 
 
 Beec 
 
 
 posure 
 
 ■ The 
 
 
 V^iw ^i^i 
 
 - . ■■■'■■ , 
 
 lish oa 
 
 
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 lisejd f< 
 
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 weight 
 
 ■ A •.' , . 
 
 age, b 
 
 \ 
 
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 V >• rKl 
 
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 Tiie.closer the annular rings are together the better as a 
 rule will the thnber be. 
 " , Planks cut from a log will always varp away from the ^J^"pln^ 
 ^ntre of the original tree. ^ * , ' . .« 
 
 ,The plank cut Qjtaetly through the centre wHl ^rink 
 
 ''' but ngt warp» ' . 
 
 The chief British woods used in the R.C.D., are'oak, ash, 
 
 elm and beech. - , . f 
 
 Oak is the strongest, toughek 4nd most lasting. It, how- 
 ever contains an acid, which corrodes' iron in contact with 
 
 It. ; -•■ ":■*■,. 
 
 ^' Ash is totigii and remarkably elastic. It is used for 
 
 '^' shafti, harfdspikes, felloes, &c. It does not stand weather 
 
 well, awl is yery liable to siiifer from worm. 
 
 j:im is a very crpss-grained tough v^ood, tlilrefore it does 
 
 not splinter. 'It is al^o rery xWrable under constant wet: 
 
 Beech^:^Whardj strong wood, l^ufe> daes not stand ex- 
 
 , • posure^ ■^\*^^ ^/"' ^^ "■' ■^; • ■^- 
 
 The ^HowWg fo»*eign woods are used : 
 A'i African oak, is stroni>er, heavier and darker tjian Bhg- African O^ik. 
 ". lish oak, for whiA it is used as a sub^ituto. ' V, „ ^. ^ 
 
 Saliicu, is exceedingly strong, heavy and durable. It is 
 used for^arts where rubbing action may be expected and 
 wei<'ht is no object, sucluas the blocks m a rear chock carri- 
 age, bollards-, &c'. It is grown in the West Indies. 
 
 -^eak, an E^t^ndian a|V(i Afi-ican t*mbcr. It possesses 
 aredt strength, toughitess and durability, but splinters 
 
 readily. '"''^ 
 
 It contains an .essential tail that keeps off insects. 
 
 ...it is used for wDrk for foreign stations. V - , ^ ' ' 
 
 ,?Mah'oa»py*is of two. kinds, "Iloridurasf from Centrar' Mahogany. 
 ' JuiericJ^nfe^ibanish," froin Cuba- and 6ther Wes ^ » 
 
 dij^ Islands. : ' » -*? * 
 
 '•'^It IS kronen all directions, and keeps its shafe under , 
 ■ try-ing circunisjjjarices,, aj^^o heat and moisture. : , . / 
 
 kondura^is lighter and inferior to Spanish. 
 ' Pine is SQiV, light and elastic, and is di several kinds. - Pine. 
 
 ^ 
 
 British 
 Woods. 
 
 Oak. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Blm. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Foreign 
 Woods. 
 
 Sabieu. 
 
 Teak. 
 
 r, 
 
 Ja>, 
 
 4 \. 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 ■ y; >i ,Mi : •-. 
 
 tl: 
 
«/* ^ 
 
 n, 
 
 % 
 
 <. 
 
 »r 
 
 1 • . r 
 
 1* 
 
 le 
 
 >^ i 
 
 v.* 
 
 ■i-fc.' 
 
 /.■■-'■' • " 
 
 Pine 
 
 
 Swcdci 
 
 
 Yellou 
 
 ?/ ■ 
 
 "De 
 
 V 
 
 tlie Sc( 
 
 '"'^ 
 
 bpurdi 
 
 ^ 
 
 * Lafc 
 
 ■, - ■ 
 
 only u 
 
 <• ,- ' 
 
 Dea 
 
 
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 ■1 
 
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 i.t»iei{^« 
 
 ^.■ 
 
 round 
 
 
 sounds 
 
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 - 
 
 length 
 
 - ■' ■.-,■* ' ■ : ■ - 
 
 ; Sq;« 
 
 
 (in fee 
 
 ■ ^" ' ■ 
 
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 V naturi 
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 posed 
 
 / 
 
 time 
 
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 more 
 
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 c. 
 
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 varic 
 
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c. 
 
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 Deal. 
 
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 ■.-'■.,:■ ■."■• ^k' ■ ;: - 132 ■ - '. > 
 
 Pine proper, from the ScotcK fir grown in Norway^ 
 Sweden andl North America. It is^red/yetlow or white. 
 Yellow alone is used for the interior fittings of wag^one. 
 
 "DeaH is either white jor yellow. It is tho produce of 
 
 the ScotclVfir, and is rised for.ammqnition boxes and the 
 
 boJirding of waggons. * ' -r . 
 
 Laf chV a fettvmg and dnrahle hut .knotty timher. It is ^ 
 
 only us&l "nphers," or small trees tor ladders, <fec. • 
 
 Deal,' sawn up, is classed a's "planks,!' "deals," and 
 " fattens,'', according to widtii, viz. : 11,9 and Tin."* 
 ^ the coutents of a log are computed, if of oak, elm, or Measurement 
 
 foreign wood, hy Square measure-; If of ash or beech, by 
 
 round measure; because in these Jhe outer layers are 
 
 sounder and better than the inuf r. ' • , „ " '. ^ 
 
 - * . ( mean ♦girth in feet . ) 
 
 Jlouud measure is thus taken j. -7-----^^ f 
 
 length in feet =i^ contents in cubic feet 
 
 Square ttieasure." Mean widtk X mean depth X l^th, 
 (in feejt in each case) = Qontents in cubic feet. ^ 
 
 Sealing timber is expelling, as far as jna^ ^ 
 naturlpnoisture in its pores, this is done ei^i^r. aat^FfiVly 
 
 or arftecially. V ; ; ^^ ' v#^ ^ 
 
 In natural seasoning the A^^ood Is cuf ifllo'^aftks a|d e^- 
 posed to the air, sheltered from rain "and high wind." The 
 time required in England is one year fot each inch in 
 
 thickness. 
 
 - Artificial seRSOning i^ done by subjecting the timber, in 
 a chamber to a current of hot-air or steam. 
 i/ This is a mucli* quicker process, but it makes the vsmd 
 morcbrittle and- less durable than if naturally seasoi^ed. 
 
 X' 
 
 Sea8>)ning', 
 
 S 
 
 ,f 
 
 
 Metai-s. 
 
 rS^ 
 
 •m. 
 
 Iron is received by contract i« , tlJfe**' form' ' '<A girder Z, 
 tee T, angle Iw, round, square, flat, and plate iron. ' It is 
 tested- in varidlis.ways, as to its power of being bent iutp 
 various shapes, botji when l)ot and-^wh^n cold. .^ 
 
 Rounfl, square and flat is bar iron of that seetioiif | 
 
 !*Iiron.. / 
 
 I 
 
 -w^ 
 
 
 
 -i^;.-:/. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .J 
 
 1 ■. »■ • 
 
 •r^: 
 
 
 
 
 
'W: 
 
 y 
 
 Plate 
 lain aiij 
 with or 
 
 Plat( 
 120« w 
 
 Both 
 fibre of 
 (Engl is 
 • Mall 
 tafn ire 
 a sort' c 
 -Steel 
 tested 
 
 Ther 
 
 cally k 
 
 Cc 
 (1) Ti 
 
 ■■■■ Zi 
 
 i ^' 
 
 - (2)Ti 
 L( 
 
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 cal tai 
 
 
 
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 -> ; ^'a;.- -■,■■ ■ 133, ■ .; ■•-.■ . ■ . ■ 
 
 Plate iron has to stand bending when cold, through cer- 
 lain angles, according to its thickrtesa and whetlier it is bent 
 with or across the grain. * - * . ^ 
 
 Plate of any thickness must stand bending, when hot, 
 120"' with grain, and 90 '» across it. ^ ' ; 
 
 Both bar and plate iron must stand a Strain with the 
 fibre of 22 tons (English) per square inch, and of 18 tons 
 (English) a^inst, the fibre. / 
 
 ' Malleable cast iron is a term applied to castings of cen- 
 tafn iron, whjch, by an aftfer process- of annealing, become 
 a sort' of steel. It is very tough, ^nd rpfuses to weld. 
 
 Steel is received as "blister,''" "§l>ea r," precast steel, and 
 
 tested practically as to its qualities. 
 
 There are three principial ailoys made use of, all \techni- 
 cally known as metal. It 
 
 Copper, 86.8 • ) For pipe boxes and sheaves of blocks, 
 - ■ ' This is the hardest, as it cont^ifflj most 
 
 tin.'' \ i ' ' 1 -A 
 
 s 
 
 (1) Tin," 12.4 
 Zinc, .8 
 Copper, 86.5 
 
 (2) Tin, 10.83 
 
 For roJlejM. 
 
 X 
 
 ^inc. 
 
 2.68: 
 
 Copper, 84.2 ^ . ' ' a '/' . ■ 
 
 'tin, 7.9 (For bearings and nuts of olevating 
 
 ^^^Zinc, 5.24 [ ^ -screws, &c. 
 
 Lead, 2.62 1. ' -7 
 
 fh<y usual method of preparing the afk/y is to melt all 
 ife« fein, zinc and lead,*witii a small proportion of qopper, 
 apd cast thid into iigots. Theste ingots are broken up and 
 melted, m4 ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ copper added. 
 *^ LitATHEK, Rope, j&c. 
 
 The katte used I^ tauued with oak bark, arid not by 
 chemicals 1^0 prove thi$, cut a small piece and moisten 
 the edge ; a ^adk mark down (;efitrc of edge denotes oheoti- 
 eal tarining ; a brown colour slicws oak taniiing. 
 
 WiM tanned katlier must not crack \vhr- d«-.:ib|ed' up. 
 
 Leather i».#t uo periodically dubbed', beinj< fir^t well .proservatiori. 
 clealici If il^ use, «!vor/ Jthrcf ir.ontht if m ^ore, once- 
 
 Leather. 
 
 in two yearf V 
 
 * i 
 
 
■ / / 
 
 /- Dul)l 
 ^;^. 4 quart 
 .most ui 
 ' Tlie 
 ■ pxeii 01 
 tfBellowJ 
 ^ backs,' 
 Bkin, A 
 
 A re 
 ber ot 
 Bope i 
 cordin 
 the cir 
 
 the 
 tons it 
 circttii 
 
 Rof 
 
 Harhb 
 
 (tarre( 
 
 • Goi 
 
 1^< 
 
A t 
 
 / 
 
 184 
 
 '•■, * 
 
 V. 
 
 '* Dubbing cotisists of, train oil, one quart ; neatsfobt oil, pubblnji^ 
 [ " ,i*. 4 quarts; olive oil, 2 quartei tallow, 13 lbs. TUis^ is a • \;^ 
 / , most useful receipt. ^ / '' • , i 
 
 Tlie.clyef descriptions of leatlb^r are; '"Hides," from 
 oxen or cows; " strapback," for strapping ; " bellows," for 
 fellows of forges (these are di-essed in oil,;) "mill band •; 
 'backs," for bands of machinCTy: Also "basils," from ^lecp 
 skin, for the inside strapping of boxes. .,.. ■ '. ' 
 
 
 
 <. \ 
 
 I A . 
 
 Rope. 
 
 •I <r 
 
 Rope. - . 
 
 A rope is formed of three strands, each "strand of a num- 
 ber ot yarns, and each yarn of a number of fibres of hdmp.' 
 Rope is either white or tarred, and of different sizes, ac- 
 cording to the number of yarns. The size is expressed by 
 the circumference in inches. ' ' 
 
 The strength of rope when new, i. «., the nurnbei^ of Stpengtb. 
 tons it will bear, is found approximately by squaring the 
 circmnference and dividing by 6, 
 
 Rope is issued in coils ot- 113 fathoms, marline and 
 Haihbro' line (lighter natures) in skeins, and spun yam 
 
 (tarred yarn) in lbs. 
 . Government rope has a coloured thread running thrwdgk 
 
 it. . .. ;:r • . / ^ ; " ', 
 
 The following are th6 principal ropes ^nd their uses : • - 
 
 12 inch, white, slings of sheers. 
 9 *« " straps of sheers. 
 
 . 6 " " main tackle of sheers, guys aad slings. 
 
 5' " ** gun falls (lieavy.) ^ ,. ' 
 
 4 " " " light gun falls. , - , 
 
 3 " ^f heavy gun tackles knd drag ropes. 
 
 '// 2i'"' " liglit " - . " V- 
 
 • . '. ' 4| " tdrred, guys of derrieksi, slings." 
 
 •^A "- '^ parbuckle ropes, lashings; , 
 
 3 '>"^ 
 2i y ' ' 
 
 \\* 
 
 V:." 
 
 " ^ parout^io lupus, moun 
 
 ''. Straps, lashing^. 
 
 "J ,lufi-lackles lashings. ' 
 
 -tt- 
 
 lever ropes, lashings 
 
 -m'^ 
 
 '4k 
 
 ■■ •> .1 
 
\ 
 
 ! 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 ;i^. 
 
 • .' 
 
 t 
 
 " 
 
 
 . ■ 
 
 ...-i::-.- 
 
 
 ■ (J, ,.^ 
 
 
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 ^■.i,^ . 
 
 > :v . • 
 
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 t 
 
 
 "-■ 
 
 ■ ''^,''\ ■ ' ■ ' , ■ 
 
 ■ \_ 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
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 ■ ■ ■ ' •-. • 
 
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 /> ■; ■ 
 
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 • 
 
 ■ ) . 
 
 
 
 
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 •* ^ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
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135 
 
 * Paint. 
 
 Lead paint is. used for wogdwork, as it gives a abetter 
 body than zinc. 
 
 For iron carriages PuHbrd's black i& used, painted over 
 in field carriages with lead. 
 
 All new articles receive three coats. 
 
 Iron must be cleaned before painting. 
 
 Hard stopping is used to stop "shakes"; is made by 
 mixitig dry white lead with gold size, 1 lb. of former to 1 
 gill of latter. It is bett^ than putty for large' cracks. , 
 
 Putty for cracks is madci of I cwt. of common whitening 
 with 2i gals, raw linseed oil. 
 
 Varnish, made of equal parts of boiled oil and copal 
 varnish ; is used for the heads of side arms, for rifled fl^ 
 
 nance, &c. gp 
 
 Ordinary composition i^ made of lamp-black 24 lbs., 
 
 litharge 13 oz., boiled linseed oil 74^ lbs., beeswax 11 oz. 
 To preserve briglit iron work, mix 3 lbs. tallow and 1 
 
 lb. white zinc, and it will preserve bright iron from rugt» 
 
 Paint. 
 
 Hard Btop- 
 ping. 
 
 ■ ! . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ". 
 
 .'.-. '. ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ) ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;,■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Putty.. 
 
 .i 
 
 Varnisli. 
 
 
 Water proof ' 
 composition. 
 
 - ■; -1 
 
 To preserve 
 
 briglit iron 
 
 work. 
 
 • ' : .■ -f 
 
 , • . w^ 
 
 \ h .. 
 
 • ■/ J- 
 
 
■^•▼ii^rT^^"'^t 
 
 / V K>u' 
 
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