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MAP OF THE WORLD, ON MERCATOR'S PROJECTION; CONTAINlNa AN INDEX i <6 TO THI VARIOUS COUNTRIES, CITIES, TOWNS, ISLANDS, &c., REPRESENTED ON THE MAP, ^ AND aO CONNECTKD THKUWITH, THAT THE POSITION OF ANY PLACE EXHIBITED ON IT MAY BE READILY ASCERTAINED: AUO, A G12«aiAL DESCRIPTION ■m * . THE FIVE GREAT DIVISIONS OF THE GLOBE, AMERICA, EUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA, AND OCEAMCA, WRR TBCU t SEVERAL EMHRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, TERRITORIES Ao. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY HINMAN AND DUTTON, No. 6, NORTH FIFTH STREET. 1837. .>''i^..;.S.^i.fe.:Ji- Entered accordingf to the act of congress, in the year 1637, by Hihman & DuTTON, in the clerk's office of the district court of the eastern district of Penn- sylvania. * cl'V/i'^r ' Sit «!► ll 8TEBBOTTPED BY J. FAOAW PHILAPEtPHtA. ^ iii^»Mitmmmm ■ '"^T^^^^^""*^ •«Mmw**MinM*' i% Ki !.' •• \' 837, by HimiAN & m district of Penn- ^iJV '♦«''-■''' PREFACE. On the utility and importance of the btudy of Geography, it would be needless to expatiate ; every person's experience must show that some ac- quaintance with it ia indispensable in the ordinary business and inter- course of lile. It enables the navigator, the merchant, and the military commander, to carry on their respective operations ; and embraces a vast variety of those objects which are most interesting in themselves, and with which it concerns man most to be acquainted. It is evident, that at a very early period of society, the necessity of cultivating this science, inust in a measure have attracted the attention of mankind : their curi- osity to know sometliing of the country they inhabited, and the necessity of marking, in some manner, the boundaries of their property, would unite in forming the outlines, and directing their attention to the subject. In modem times, and especially at the present period, the general inter- course of knowledge amongst all classes, the intimate commercial and political relations existing between civilized communities, and the univer- sal desire of all enquiring minds to become acquainted with distant coun- tries, and with the inhabitants, condition, and productions of regions differ- ing from our own, unite in rendering geographical knowledge interesting to the majority, and to many indispensable in qualifying them for the pur- suits of commerce and industry, and for much of the current and daily avocations of life. The object of the following Accompaniment is not to give extended geo- graphical details, but rather general results, so that it may present in con- nexion with the Map, a distinct view of the principal geographical fea- tures of the world, and serve, generally, as a work of reference. In its compilation, the principal of the numerous works which have issued from the press within the last few years on geography, travels, statistics, &c., have been consulted, and in all cases the most recent published details in the latter branch of science are given : of the works most freely resorted to, the principal are, Murray's Elncyclopaedia of Geography, Malte-Brun's and Goodrich's Universal Geography, Flint's Geography of the Western States and Territories, Encyclopaedia Americana, Darby and Dwight's UnitOT States Gazetteer, Origin and History of Missions, Missionary Gazetteer, Ellis's Polynesian Researches, Transactions of the Geographi- cal Society of London, &c. The extent of the Accompaniment being necessarily limited, a comprehensive and minute detail, either in the de- scription of countries, or in the statement of facts, is not to be expected ; yet, notwithstanding, it is believed that the leading features in thp general account given of each of the great divisions of the earth and their respec- » 4%. ''K . '' I ' Hi 1 , % PREFAGE. tttive subdivisions, will be found sufficiently clear and distinct «s to 6 We hose who may consult it, a general idea of the present geography of the world, as accumte as can probably be gleaned from any equal number of pages extant on the same subject. j„o„r.Kp ,.niintrie9 In treating of geography, it li usual to arrange and describe countries accorZ to thei? real or supposed political importance ; a method which Ts rather calculated to confuse and bewilder the mind than otherwise, in consequence of the necessity of referring to the Map in an ir-gular man. ner. In the following Accompaniment, it is proposed to f«P* JP^'^^'y g ographical arrangement, commencing with North Amerca who, „ tt the north-west corner of the map, and passing thence to the other grand dW sions of the globe, taking up in succession South Amenca Eu- Kne Africa, Asia, and finally, the fifth grand division, or Oceanica. In Swy it s believed, a clear and distinct representation of the various Jirtions of the earth, will probably be more vividly impressed on the pa d to supplying jaced by new compilations, extracted in all onpnal ^^°^^ "^J^^^^^, J^^^ authorities; this is the case particularly in CrrmSa Afra a" r^^^^ and Polynesia. All the topographical Sitt^e exh^Ued as much in accordance with the present improved Ste of geographical knowledge as possible. The latest discoveries will be found exWbi\ed as distinctly as the scab of the map will admit Nume- Joutitems of information, and many islands, tje -^^^^ /[j^ Tl^e discovered by American navigators, are now inserted for the first time fn a general map of the world. The Consulting Index, comprising near Ihir-en thousand items, will, with the plan adopted for its use. be found rgtveg'ea" facility in Urching for the position of the various countries. cities, towns. Islands, &c.. represented on the Map. PHii.ADBLrBi/* May 20, 1837. M I * *».:»/ m m ■ if%' ■-,:aiS" tinct as to give [eography of the equal number of scribe countries a method which lan otherwise, in n irregular man- o adopt a purely lerica, which lies nee to the other uth America, Eu- or Oceanica. In on of the various inpressed on the orld, improved to e, and navigators an of the coasts, The interior parts owever, found not tliention has been ny portions of the IS, extracted in all ase particularly in I the topographical present improved !St discoveries will will admit. Nume- nty of which were for the first time c, comprising near r its use, be found ', various countries, EXPLANATIONS TO I'HE CONSULTING INDEX. To aiccrtain tho pmition on the Map of any plaoo mentioned in the Index, oboerve the letters unncxcd to it in tho fourth column ; tlicn find tho corrrgponding letters on tho top or bottom and sides of the Map; from theso letters pass tho eyo along tho ranges due north or south, and east or west, until they intersect : in tho square in which they meet, the place sought for will bo found. It will bo observed, that every pago of tho Index contains two ranges of four columns each ; the first of these shows tho names of Places, tho second tho cinss to which they respectively belong, as Cities, Towns, &.c. ; the third column points out the Country in which places are situated ; and tho fourth, tho reference letters that correspond with those on the top and bottom and sides of tho Map, and by mians of which the position of cities and towns may be found. For example, Aaik, tho first name in tho Index, is an Island in North America, tho Reference letters attached to which are A b ; on examining tlie Map, A will bo found near tho left comer at the top, and b, the second letter, in the left hand border in proceeding downward from the top of the Map : by tho plan mentioned above tho square containing Aaik will be found. The second name in the Index, is Aal- bcrg, a town in Denmark, letters M c ; this will be found, according to tho rule stated, near the tho middle of the Map, and about one-third of the breadtli from tho top ; and by tho same simple means every place mentioned in tho Consulting Index may bo readily ascertained. Tho figures attached to a few of the names in tho first column of the Index, signify that those places are represented on the Map by the figures attached to them ; this occurs only in tho cases of the govemmenti of European Russia, a few of the minor German States, and in two or three provinces in Bolivia. ^ Archipelago Arc Bank...?! Bk. Dight Bgt Bluff Bt Bluffs Bis. Canal CnL Cape C. Channel Ch. City Cy. Cliff CI. Cliffs as. Coast CsL Colony Col. Country Cty. Department Dep. Desert Des. District Dis. Division Div. Duchy and Dukedom ■ .D. Electorate V.l Empire Em. Entrance Ent. Factory Fac. Falls Fls. Fiord Fd. Foreland Fid. 1* ABBREVIATIONS. Fork Fk. Fort Ft. Government Gov. Grand Duchy G. d. Group Gr. Gulf G. Harbour Har. Head Hd. Hill HI. Hills His. Hook Hk. House Ho. Inlet In. Island I. Islands Is. Isthmus IsL Kingdom Km. Lake L. Lakes Ls. Land I^d. Mountain Mt. Mountains Mts. Oasis Os. Peak Pk. People Peo. Peninsula Pen. Plains Pis. Point Pt Port Fo. Possessions Pes, Province Pra Promontory Prm. Reef Rf. Reefs H's. Republic K-.p. River F . Rock Rk. Rocks Rks. Ruins Rns. Settlement Set Shoal Sh. Shoals Shs. Sound Sa State St. Station Sta. Steppe Stc. Strait Str. Territory Ter. Town T. Tribe Tr. Village Vil. WJ'*' ly 1;r I,: ■I' % ■■ CONTENTS. %V'i. -- , CoHiOLTiNO Index Ptga 11 CfZNMAL Viiw or TIIC WoBLO 117 AMERICA 119 North America 131 Rumian PoMeitioni 13H Rriliih PoaaeMioiM 199 New Britain 133 Upper Canada • 135 lA>wer Canada 136 New firuniwiok 138 Nova Scotia 13!) Cape Breton 140 Prince Edward's Iiland 140 Nowroundland 140 Anticoati 141 United StatM 143 Eaitern SUtei 154 Maine 155 New Hampphire 157 Vermont 159 MawachuMtta 161 Rhode Iiland 165 Connecticut 166 Middle StatM 168 New York 169 New Jeriey 175 Pennfylvania 177 Delaware 183 Maryland 184 Diitriot of Colombia 186 Southern SUtea 187 Virf inia 188 North Carolina 193 South Carolina 195 Georgia 197 Florida Territory 300 Alabama 301 Miasiiaippi 303 Louiiiana 305 Weatem SUtra and Territoriei 308 Ohio f.JO Kentucky 913 Tennesiee 315 Indiana 317 lUinoii 319 Michig^an 389 Miiiouri 334 Arkanaaa 336 Wiiconain Territory 338 Weatem Territory 999 Miaaouri Territory 939 Oregon Territory 933 Texaa 935 Mexico 937 Guatemala 348 Weai Indiea 951 British Iilanda 353 Jamaica 953 Barbadoea 954 Antigua 954 St. l!hriatopher'a 955 Monaerrat, &.C 955 Nevii 355 Darbuda 955 Anguilla 955 Virgin Iilanda 955 Dominica 955 8t Vincent 955 Grenada 955 Tobago 955 St Lucia 955 Trinidad 955 Baliama lalandi 956 Bermudas 956 Spaniih Iilanda 956 Cuba 956 Porto Rico 958 French Iilanda 959 Martinico 359 Gnadaloupo 359 Dutch, Swediih, and Daniah Iilanda 959 St EuataUa 959 Saba 959 St Martin 959 Curacoa 959 Santa Crux 360 St Thomas 360 St John'a 360 St Bartholomew 360 Hayti 360 South America 969 Colombia 969 New Grenada 973 Venezuela 376 Equador 377 OallapBgaa IsUnds 379 Oaiana 379 Demarara, Berbice, and Easequibo . . 379 Surinam 380 Cayenne 380 Braiil 381 Peru 388 South Pern 393 Boliria 995 ChiU 996 Island of Chiloe 301 lalands of Juan Femandex 301 Boenoa Ayrea 301 Paragtuy 906 Umgua^f 907 Pati^fonia 906 i \ ■ I r . 1 ■> ; '-* ti '^ i ■If %^ CON'I'KN'IS. KimoPB 309 Swtiili'n and Norwty . . . 314 Norway 319 [,n|iliiml 3'M Ih-niimrk 391 Icrliiiul, Stc 3i)4 KiiriHs liilundi • 3!j5 llulland 3!15 indium 339 Mriliuli Mos 331 Hiif(latid 333 l.lu of Man 337 JiTNuy, (fucrmovi &.c 337 Wiilci 3:J!) Ht-otlnnd 340 Mubridra 343 Orknny Inliindi 343 Slictliind lalundi 343 Ireland 345 Franco 348 Coraica 351 Spurn I • • 353 Balearic Iilet 35C Andurm 358 Portugal 338 RuMJa 361 Poland 360 Kingdom of Poland 368 Crocow 369 Ucrmony 369 Aaitria 373 Hungary 376 Croatia 378 Bclavonia 378 Transylvania 378 Military Frontier • 378 Dalrnatia 379 Oolicia 379 Pninia 380 Bavaria 384 Saxony 385 Hanover 386 Wirtemberg 387 Badon 387 HoHian Sutei 388 Hesae Caaiel 388 Hene Darmitadt 388 HeBie Homburg 389 Saxon States 389 Saxe Weimar 389 Sum Coburg Gotha 389 Saxe Meiningen Hildburghaiuen . . . 389 Saxe Altenburg 389 Mecklenburg M:hwerin 389 Mecklenburg StreliU 390 Brunswick 390 Oldenburg 390 Nassau 390 Anhalt Dessau 390 Anhalt Bcrnburg 390 Anhalt Cothen 390 German Principalities 390 Schwartzburg Rudolstadt 390 Schwartzburg Sondorshausen 390 Ri'iiM (irritz I Itriiis Si'lili'itz Iii|i|i« Drliniild LipiHB Scliiiiic'iiliurg ■ . • . Holii'nzolli'rn HiKniariiigen Ili)lirii/)>ll<'rn ILcliingi'h Wald.ck Pyrnioiit Iiic'lmtcnutcm Knijiliauavn Hanil)urg LiilM'ck f Hriin.n Frnnktbrt Switzerland Italy Hardinin iHland of Sardinia MonuRo Loinbirdo- Venetian Kingdom TuMcany Parma I.iicca Modona 8tatr!< ol' the Church San Marino Naples Sicily Lipori Islands Multn, &.C Ionian Islands Turkey Greece Candru Cyctades m-gropont N. Sporades Hydra, &.c Tabular view of the European Stp.tes atio 3IHI 31)0 3i Ani^ola, die. . . . ('iiiilH'Imn, inc. .SoulliiTii Africa lluttvnlutM C'a|)u ('oloiiy 'CaH'rariu ncclmaiiii* Kuitern AtViea Iiihiiriibuno .Hiibia ^tofala Mozambique Monoiiiotapa (/azvinbo M oolooa iCanzibar or Zanguebar ■ Quiloa Moiiiboa Mvlinda Brava • Mngndoxa Ajaii Btirbora Add and Hurrur Central Africa Darfur ' Kordofan Bcrgoo Bahr el Ghazol licgharme Bornou Mondara, Stc Flouisa Kano Kashna Zcgze^ Yuoorie Boussa, Slc Bcrgoo Yarriba Njrift Ttmbuctoo, Slc Bambarra Masino, Beroo, Slc . . . . African Islands Azores Islands Madeira Canary Islands Cape Verde Islands. . . . Itl 441 441 412 442 .443 443 443 443 443 .444 ,444 .444 445 445 445 .446 .446 .447 .448 .449 .450 .450 451 .451 .4.51 .451 ,452 .452 .452 .452 . 452 452 .452 .453 .453 ,453 . 453 .453 453 . 456 .456 ,456 .457 .457 ,457 .457 ,458 ,458 .458 .458 , 459 ,459 ,459 ,459 ,459 . 460 460 .460 ,461 461 ,461 .461 462 l-'urnando I'd, Slc Aspi'niion Ht. IMi'va Mailngaiicur Imeriiia Mascarcnha Inlands Iluurbnii Ulniid MaiiritiuD, or Uio nf Franca. Scychelli's, Slc Comoro Islands Socotra ASIA Asiatic Russia (Siberia Now Siberia, Slo Kamtschatka Kuriie Inlands Astrocbun, Slc. Caucasian Ru»sia Ciroassia Daghcstan Georgia Shirvan, Erivan, Slo Mingiolia, die Abasia Turkey in Asia Arclii|N:lago Rhodes, die Syria Cyprus Adana Palestine Arabia Makulla Muscat Persia Afgiianistan Belooehistan Kafferistan Kaschgur India Hindnostan Lahore, die Bootan and Nepaul Ceylon Laccadive and Maldivo Islands. Chin India British Territories Birmah Siam Malaya or Malacca Sincapore Pulo Pinang Nicobar and Andaman Islands . Anam Cochin China Cambodia Tonquin T*siampa Laos Thibet Little Thibet China . 46!> . 4(i2 . 4H3 463 463 463 463 464 .464 464 464 ,465 ,472 , 472 475 .475 .475 . 475 .477 .47d .478 .478 .479 .479 .479 480 .482 .482 .484 .486 . 486 .486 .488 .491 .491 . 491 .495 .498 .499 .499 .499 . 500 . 502 . 503 .610 .511 . 511 .514 .515 .516 .516 .516 . 516 .517 .617 .517 .517 .518 .518 .518 .518 .520 .521 B ^,- *^- %'■ ^ # % A, I cf CONTENTS. Loo Choo Islands 537 Formoaa 526 Hainan .■■. 528 Corea 528 Tdrtary 528 Mantchooria 531 Mongolia 531 Soongaria 533 Littlu Bucliaria 534 Independent Tartary 534 Great Bucliaria, or Boldibra. 535 Balkh 535 Khokan 536 Khiva 536 Koondooz 536. Kirguls 537 Turcomania 537 Japan 537 OCEANICA £43 Malaysia 547 Sunda Islands 547 Sunmtro. 547 Pul< < Lingin, Banca, &c 547 Java 547 Bally, Lombock, Suiubawo, &.c 548 Borneo 548 Sooloo Archipelago 548 Celebes 548 Moluccas or Spice Islands 548 Fhiliippines 549 Cocos or Keeling Islands 549 Australasia 549 Australia - 549 Colony of Western Australia 550 Van Diemen's Land 550 New Zealand 550 Papua, or New Guinea 551 Louisiade 551 New Britain 551 New Ireland 551 New Hanover, &c 551 New Hebrides 551 New Caledonia 551 Norfolk Island 551 Mas«acre Islands 551 Polynesia 551 Ladrone or Marian Islands 552 Caioline Island* v. 553 Pelcw Islands 552 Central Archipelago 553 Sandwich Islands 553 Marquesas or Washii.gton Islands . • 553 Sooitty Islands 554 Georgian Islands 554 Pearl or Paumotu Islands 554 Palliser Islands 554 Hervoy's or Cook's Islands 554 Austral or Raivaivai Islands 555 Friendly Islands 555 Navigator's Islands 555 Feejce Islands 555 Tonga Ii Oy S^ Fa Pi Ho s» !•« Me Xm Vi Dc Pa Oa Wl Hn Lh Og Ne Nd Nd u 4^^ '<■':■'>'.'. m 13 CONSULTING INDEX. NuoMof Vkee*. Ady Adzerbijan. . ■ Aeng Affagay Affnoo Afghanistan . . Afognak African Agadeer Agan Agardam • . . Agaree Agattu Agdasa Agdass Agen Aggerhuus. .. Aggidiba ■ . . . Aggrochiawik Aghades Agomisca- ■ . . Agra Agra Agrahaskoi . . Agram Aguacalo .... Aguadilla. . . . Aguatulco ■ . . Agulogak. . . . Agwiswowik. Ahkaf. Ahmedabad . . Ahmedapore . Ahmedanagur Ai Aitkit Aidak Aidat AUm AUtt Aim Aimii Ainad Ainoor Aion Aitkena Aitutake Aix Aixu Ajaccio Aian Ajmere Aion Akaba Akalzike . . . . Akarman . . . . Akchinakaya . Akka Akkably Ak Kourgmn . Akkum I. Pr. T. T. T. Cty, I. I. T. R. C. T. I. T. T. Div, T. Tr. T. I. Pr. Cy. C. T. T. T. T. L. C. Dea, ?• T. R. R. I. T. I. I. R. L. T. Sta. I. Rk. I. Sf- T. Cty, 5^- T. T. T. T. f! T. T. Poiitlon. Indian Ocean Persia Birmah Soudan Africa Asia North America Indian Ocean Morocco Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Africa Aleout Arc... . Africa Africa France Norway Soudan Brit America Afl-ica Brit. America Hindoostan . . . Hindooatan . . . Asiatic Russia Austria Mexico Porto Rico. . . . Mexico North America Brit America Arabia Hindooatan . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Caspian Sea.. . Japan Scoresby's Ld. Polynesia Asiatic Russia Russia Arabia NnbU Asiatic Russia Atlantic Ocean Polynesia France Japan Corsica Africa Hindooatan . . . Negroa Arabia Asiatic Russia Russia Asiatic Russia Suae Afi-ica Tartary Little Thibet . Qi P e Sg Mg Mg Qe Be Pi Le Qb Va Mf Xc Mg Mg Md Mb Mh Gb Mg Go Rf Rf Pd Nd Ee Ff Be 6b Pf Qf Qf Pc Ua Pe Vd K a Xg Uc Nb l« 0« Xb Lc Bj Md Ve Md Ph Qf Uh Of Od Od Tc Lf Mf Re Mu Aklan Aklansk Akmetchet. . . Aksu Akstt Akul Akiim Akyab Akyab Ala Alabama Alabama . . . . Alacranes. . . . Aladi Alagoas Alaid Alaika Alak Una... , Alak Una.... Aland Alanieh Alapa Alapayov . . . . Alatamaha .. Alatyre Alavo Alazaersk. . . < Alazeia Alazeia Albach Albania Albany Albany Albany Albany Albany Albany AlBareton... Albasin Albatross . . . . Albemarle . . . Albemarle . . . Albenga Albert Dirkes Albion Albicm Alboran Albreda Albuquerque . Albuquerque . Alcantara. . . . Alcantara.... Alcantara. • . . Alchow Alcobaco . . . < Alcodia Aldabra . . . . . Aldama . . . . . Aldan Aldan....... Aldanskoi. . . . Clui. R. T. C. Dis. T. L. I. Sta. I. T. St R. Rk. I. T. I. R. T. R. I. T. T. T. R. T. T. T. Mto R. T. Pr. Dis. Sy- T. R. Ft Ho. T. T. Pt L So. T. B. Sea I. I. Ft T. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. Is. R. T. R. T. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Rursia Russia Little Bucharia Little Bucharia Tartary North America Birmah Birmah Arabia United States Alabama Mexico Bay of Bengal Brazil Kurilo Islands Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Russia Asiatic Turkey Mexico Asiatic Russia Georgia Russia Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Africa Turkey Brit America New York.... New Holland Brit America Brit America Brit America Barca Mantchooria . . New Zealand. . Gallapagos .... North Carolina Sardinia Spitsbergen . . . Australasia ... . Australasia.... Spain Scne^ambia . . . Bolivia Mexico Brazil Brazil Spain Mantchooria Brazil Soudan Indian Ocean. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Rusaia Asiatic Rusaia Asiatic Russia "=v Wb Wb Od Qd Rd Qc Ac Sf Sf Of Ge Ge Gf Sh Ji Wc Vb Vb Vb Nb Oe S« Pc Ge Pc Nb Wb Vb Wb Lf Nd Gc H d Tl 6c Gc Fo Ne Uc XI Fi Ge d Ma Wi VI Le I' Ee li Ji Le Ud Lg Fi Vc Ub Ub Ub t'ti'i '''' FBdUai. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Rursia Russia Little Bucharia < Little Bucharia i Tortary .... North America Birmah Birmah Arabia United States Alabama .... Mexico Bay of Bengal Brazil Kurilo Islands Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Russia Asiatic Turkey < Mexico.... Asiatic Russia Georgia . . . Russia . ■ ■ Russia .... Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Africa Turkey Brit. America New York.... New Holland Brit America Brit America Brit America Barca Mantchooria . . New Zealand. . Oallapagoa .... North Cartdina Sardinia Spitsbergen . . . Australasia ...• Auatralaaia... Spain ' Scne^ambia . • Bolivia Mexico Brazil Brazil Spain Mantchooria . Brazil Soudan Indian Ocean. Asiatic Russia Aiiatic Rusaia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia ((NSULTING INDEX. 13 NUM o( not, kc. CUa^ Aldcrnay Aldota Alciskoi Alcksandrov. .. . Alcn^on Aleoutian Aleoutsluiia . . . . Aleppr Alexander Alexander 1st . , Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexandria Alexandria Alexandria Alexondrina. . . . Alcxandrov . . . . AlexandroTsk.. . Alexandrovskaia Aleseivskaya . . . Alfonsao Algiers Algiers Algoa AInandra Aliaska Alicante Alimya Alipatak Aliutorskoi Al Jesira Alkosal Allahabad . . Allahabad . . Allah Shehr Alias Alleghany . Allegranza . Allen's Allopie .... Allison's .... Allison's .. .. Alloudi AllSainto... Alloffati .... Almagro.. .. Almaguer. . . Almaheira . . Almeida .... Almeida .... Almeida .... Almeirin.... Almeria .... Almesego .. . Almirante... Almoden.. .. AUnora Alojamento.. Ak)1a Alouarn .... ??• ?• English Ch, Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russiu . Asiatic Russia. Franco N. Pacific Oc. . Aleoutian Arc. Syria fartary S. Pacific Oc. . Oregon Tcr. .. . Brit America . Bengucla Egypt D. of Columbia Louisiana News. Wales. Russia Russia Nortli America Asiatic Russia Indian Ocean. Africa Algiers Cape Colony . Brazil North America Spain Asiatic Russia. Brit America . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Turkey Tiu.'iary Hindoostan Hindoostan Asiatic Turkey Malaysia .... United States. . Canary Islands N. Pacific Oc . Hindoostan . . . Greenland .... Brit. America • Abyssinia Brazil Polynesia Spain >few Grenada . Malaysia Brazil Portugal Mozambique . . Brazil Spain Brazil Indian Ocean.. Spain Hindoostan Chili Africa Australasia Hrf. Ld Vc Re Od Md Xc Xc Oe Pd Ga Dc Fc Mj Nc Go Fe VI Oc Od Be Tc Pi Me Me Nl Ji Be Le Pb Hb Xb Oe Qd Rf Rf Ne Ti Ge Lf Af Rh la Fa L e 6h Uh ?i Le li Pi Le Rf Hk NuM of PUcM, ke. Alps Alsapahta .... Alstohoug.. . . I Alta-vela Altchighe .... Altengaard . . . Aitenskoi .... Alto do Cham Alton Altyn Aluik Aluktaeul. • . . Alvarado I Alviavara I Amabara Amakirrima. . . Amokusa ... . Amanbahy .... Amanguchi . . . Amoronte Amargura .... Amaroleite .... Amasia Amassero Amatique Amatitlan Amazon Ambatamb .... Ambatonmango Ambloo Ambow Amboyna Ambriz Ambro Ambrym Ambuge Anegada AmMand Ameraglik .... America Amgha Amginskoi .... Amgoui; Amgu^ma Amnara Amherst Amherst ...... Amherst Amherst Amiens Aminski Amitioke Amlai Amol Amoo Amouliaghskaia Amour Amoy Amoy Amsterdam .... Amsterdam . . . . MU. T. I. I. L. T. Ft T. T. L. I. L. T. T. R. Is. I. R. T. T. I. T. 9^' T. Bay T. R. T. T. I. I. I. R. C. I. T. I. I. R. Is. R. T. C. R. Cty. T. L L I. Europe IM d Norway N b Norway West Indies. . Thibet Norway Asiatic Russia Brazil I. |i. T. R. G. R. ?■ Illinois iF e Asiatic Russia Greenland . . . Soongaria. . .. Mexico Norway Asiatic Russia Eastern Sea. . Japan Paraguay .... Japan Brazil Polynesia .... Brazil Asiatic Turkey Asiatic Turkey Guatemala .... Guatemala .... South America Madagascar. . . Madagascar.. . Malaysia Polynesia Malaysia Congo Madagascar. . . Australasia... . Congo West Indies.. . Holland Greenland .... Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia. Abyssinia Birmah North America Corea Brit. America . Franco Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . North America Persia Tartary Asiatic Russia. Mantchooria . . China China Holland Southern Ocean I'll ,1. \'>i .1.' ■^^i -i-x. :ie!te», mo i [i^ mmmmm 14 CONSULTING INDEX. NuMt of VUtm, Ac. I. IMtkn. AniBtcrdain Amtntka ..•.'... I< Anabarskoo . . . . T. Anad'r Sea Anadir R. Anadirakoi T. Anuh T. Anainjan I. Anaklia T. Ananour T. Anapa T. Anasoh Tr. Anatolia Pr. Anauan R. Anazo R. Anbac R. Anchor Ft Anchoritei Is. Ancloto C. Ancona Cy. Ancrcte Bay Andalgala L. Andaman Is. Andaman, East . Is. Andaman, Great I. Andaman, Little I. AndcnesB T. Andero I. Anderson C. Andes Mts. Andes of Cuchao Mts. Andgan T. Andkoo T, Andoen I Andom L. Andorra Rep Andorra T. Andozero T. Andraida C. Andreanovskie. . Is. Androssan Pk. Andujar T. Anemur T. Angrad Des. Angala T. Angali I. Angara, Lower Pr. Angara, Superior R. Angarka R. Angazicha I. Angela T. Angel H. Angers Cy. Anglesea I. Angola Cty. Angola CsL Angora Cy. Angomow T. Angostura Cy. Angote Dis. Angour I. Spitsborg«" Aleoutian Arc. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Arabia Polynesia. . .. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Arabia Asiatic Turkey Brazil Abyssinia. . . . Asiatic Russia North America Australasia . . . Mexico Italy Greenland . . . . Buenos Ayres . Bay of Bengal . Bay of Bengal . Bay of Bengal. Bay of Bengal. Norway Archipelago. . . North America South America Peru Tartary Tartary Norway Russia Spain Spain Russia Tartary Aleoutian Arc. Brit. America Spain Bel. tsu. JiTa Xc Ta Ab Xb Xb Oo Vg Ud Od Od Oo Oe Ih Og Sb Be Vi Ef Md Jb Hk i« Sg 8g Na Ne Ab Hj Hj Qd Qe Nb Oh Md Md Ob Pd Xc Ha Le Naowi of PbcM, fcc. . Asiatic Turkey O c Me Ng Td Sc Tc Wb ?/ Kg Ld Lc Ni Mi Oe Mg Hh Algiers Soudan Mantchooria . ■ Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Indian Ocean Brazil Africa France England Africa Africa Asiatic Turkey Soudan Venezuela .... Abyssinia Polynesia Sf, Angoza Angra Angra Angra Angra de St. Am brosia Angra Juntas .. . Angra Pcquina . Angria's Anguijan Anguilla Anguilla Anguilla An'tBernburg22 AnhaltCothen21 Anhalt Dessau 30 Anholt Anikom Aniuy Aniwa Aniwa Aniier Anlcapilly Ankcnes Ankober Ann Annaa Annabaloo Anna de Chaves Annadia Annamooka ... . Ajinapa Annapolis Anna's Annatom Anne Annobon. ...... Annobon • Ann's , Annunciation.. . Annunciation.. Annunciation... Anok Anonca Anquilla Anson Anson's Ansrig Antader Antalo Antas Antenego Anthony Antibes Anticosti Antigua Antioch Antipodes Antioquia Anton Gils. . .. Antonio Viana. Dis Bay R. Bay Bay Bay Bk I. C. I. I. D. D. D. I. T. R. Bay C. T. T. T. T. C. I. T. T. T. I. R. T. Bay C. T. I. I. C. Mozambique Africa Azores ... . Abyssinia... Rtf. LMi. Oi Kf Ke Mb Str. I. R. I. Bay Arc. T, C. T. R. Vil. R. T. I. I. ?■ T. Bay Bk. Africa Africa Africa Asia Polynesia Newfoundland . West Indies.. . Bahamas Germany Germany Germany ..... Denmark .... Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Seghalien Seghalion Java Hindoostan . . . Norway Abyssinia Massachusetts . Polynesia Sumatra St. Thomas's I. Brazil Polynesia Brazil Nova Scotia ... New Zealand. . Australasia... . Enderby's Ld. Annobon I. . . . Southern Ocean Polynesia. . .. Asiatic Russia Indian Ocean Asiatic Russia North America Asiatic Russia Bahamas .... New Holland Polynesia .... Norway Ruaaia Abyssinia.. .. Brazil Mexico Mozambique . France North America West Indies.. Syria Australasia ... New Grenada Mada>;ascar .. Southern Ocean Mk Nk Nk Qg Vg Id Hg Mc Mc M c; Mc{ Uc Wb Vd Vd Ti 55 Oh Hd ^^ Sh Mb !^. li Hd Xm Xk Po Mi Mi Ag Va Pi Va Ac Xb Gf Uj Wf Mb Od Og Ik Ee Oj Md H i Hg Oe Xm Hh Pj Mj ,s Mozambique Africa Azorei ... • AbyMinia..> Africa Africa Africa Asia ... - . - „ PolyneBia V g Newfoundland. 1 d West IndicB... H g Bahamas p • Germany M c Germany M c Germany Denmark Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Seghalien «y Seghalien |Vd Java Hindoostan Norway . . . Abyssinia JMassachusetts . Polynesia Sumatra 8 St. Thomas's I. M h Braiil U Polynesia Ak Brazil Nova Scotia .. New Zealand. Australasia... Enderby's Ld. Annobon I. . ■ Southern Ocean Polynesia. ... Asiatic Russia Indian Ocean Asiatic Russia North America A c Asiatic Russia X b I Bahama G f New Holland U j Polynesia Wf ii. Norway Mb Russia Od Abyssinia Og Brazil Ilk Mexico Mozambique • France North America West Indies Syria Australasia... New Grenada Mads;;ascar tr CONSULTING INDEX. 15 Nuan of Ptaflli, kc Antrobus Antwerp. Anxiety Antfiko Anziko ........ Aougon ....... Apacheria Apae Apaka Apalachicola,. . . Apalacliie Apallo Apuluria Apcnrade Apiokacumish . . Apnuss Apostles, Twelve Apoukinskoi . . . Apparent Appcnine Appolonia Apslcy Apuro Apurimac Aquin Arabella Arabia Arabia Deserta Arabia FoUx . . Arabia Petrea . Arabian Arabs (of the) . Aracaty Aracis Arad Arafat Araguay Araf... Aranary Aranda Aransoso ..... Ararat Araschie Araucanos .... Araxes Area Areas Archangel Archangel . . . . Archangel . . . . Archidona . . . . Archipelago . . . Arcos Arctic Ardatov. Ardebil Arden Ardencapfe . Ardra Arecivo. Arena. y- rt. Cty. T. R. Dis. I. R. T. Bay I. I. T. L. L. Is. C. Har Mts. T. R. R. R. T. R. Cty Div Div Div G. G. T. Tr. T. Mt. R. Sea R. T, tailloo. Brit America H a Belgium M c North A mcrica C l Africa Mi Africa N i Asiatic Russia X b Mexko Ee Australasia . . X j Asiatic Russia X b Florida G f Florida .'.Gf Pulyni'sia A j Indian Ocean.. R i Denmark M c Brit America H c Sweden Wisconsin Tcr. F d Asiatic Russia Brit. America Italy Ashnnteo L h New S. Wales Venezuela.. . . Peru Hoyti Brk. America Asia Leu. Xb Hb Md Wl Hh Hj Hg Ha Pf T. Tr. R, T. Is. Pr. Cy. Bay T. Sea T. So. T. T. Mt In. T. T. T. Arabia Of Oe Of No i li Nd Of li Pd Ih Ld Ff Oe Nf HI Pe Lf Ff Ob Ob Ob Gi Ne li Eb Oc P e VI K a Mh Asia Arabia Arabia Egypt Brazil South America Austria Arabia Brazil Tartary Brazil |Spain Bay Texas Mt Asiatic Turkey Barca Chili Asiatic Russia Africa Mexico Russia Russia ... Russia Gquador Mediterran. Sea Brazil Brit America Russia Persia.... .... New 6. Wales Scoresby's Ld Dahomey .... Porto Rico . . . Brit America NwM of PUce*, ke. Arendal Arenoe ArentoB , , Arensburg . . . . , Arequipa Arequipa ...... Arez Argha Arghis , , Argonaut Argounskoi ... Arianas Arguin • Arpruin An AtoUon .... Arica ........ AriciePs Arid Arinhos ...... Arispo Arjeplog Arkansas Arkansas Arkansas Arkeeko Arlttgnarioo . . . Arlognuk Arma Armenia Armstrong's. .. Arna Arnar Arnetiford . . . . Arnheims Amheim Arno Aroan Arolapoxi Arovango Arracan Arracan Arrackscheef . . Arran Arreeife Arrelakskoi . . ■ Arroo Arrowsmith . . . Arrowsmith's. . Ank Arta Arthur's Arthur's Arthur's Table. Artillero Artillery Arubah Arvids Arzamass Anobizpo Asa Asangara Cllill T. I. I. T. Dep ?■ R. T. I. T. Tr. T. Bay I. T. I. C. R. T. T. St. T. R. T. Tr. C. T. ay, L IT. Is. T. Ld. C. L T. T. R. Pr. toy. I. I. T. T. Is. R. T. T. I. I. Mt T. L. C. T. T. Is. Fd. T. Her. Uu. Norway Norway Malaysia .... Russia i:^uth Peru . . South Peru .. Brazil Asiatic Russia Asiatic Turkey Coiea Asiatic Russia Squador Africa , Africa , Maldives .... South Peru... Polynesia .... New Holland. Brazil Mexico , Sweden United States . Arkansas .... United States . Abyssinia. . . . Brit. America Brit. America New Grenada Asia Polynesia. . . . Ti1)e«ly Tueland Norway New Holland . New 8. Wales Polynesia .... AiVica Mantchooria . Africa Birmah Birmah Polynesia .... Scotland Buenos Ayres . Asiatic Russia Australasia . . . Africa Polynesia. . . . Russia Greece Polynesia. . . . Polynesia. ... Guiana Chili Brit America Beloochistan . Sweden Russia Polvnesia .... Iceumd South Peru . . No Na Ti Nc Hj J 1 Vb Oe Ue Tc Hi Kf Kf Qh Hj Wh Ul Nb Fe Fc Fe Og Gb Gb Hh Od A k Nf Kb Mb j( Lg Ud Nj Sf Sf L c II Ub Vi N k Xh Pc Ne Wg Ai Ih Hm Bb Qf Nb Oc Vf Kb Hj 1 i ^^ ' i];,..^f.., ! '' ^i li .1 -:-'^r. 16 CONSULTING INDEX. Nunn of PUcm, kc Asbcn Asconxion .... Ascension . ■ . ■ Asclc Ashanf^co .... Aslmnffco .... ! Aslmiitoe .... jAshraff I .\slitala j Asia Minor . . I Asinara I Agjicnund . . . Askow Aeouda Asplands .... Assam AsBcan Asscorgur . . . Asses' Ears . . Assieu Assinoc Assiniboia . . . Asjiniboino . . Assinilioincs,. Assouan Assuay Assumpcam .. Assumpcao. . . Assumpcion .. Assumpcion .. Assumption . . Astara Astoria Astoria Astovo Astrabad Astrabad Astrachan.. . . Astrachan . . . iVstronomical Soc [ Atakcmbo Atbara Atbara Atciia Atchafalaya .... Atchinsk AtchipoT Atfieh Athabasca Athabasca Athabasca Athabasca Athens Athens Athlone Atbol Athol Atico Atikan Atkarsk ........ Atlas T. Bay I. T. T. L. Cty. T. I. a,. T. R. T. I. Cty. L. T. I. T. R. Set. R. Tr. T. Dep T. T. Cy. I. I. T. ^y- Ft. I. Pr. T. Pr. Cy. Is. I. Dis. T. I. Bay T. T. T. Dip. L. R. Ft. Cy, T. T. C. I. T. I. T. Mts. Africa. . . . Mexico. . . Southern Ocean Sweden .... Abyssinia. . . Abyssinia. . . Gjimca Persia Belpochistan Asiatic Turkey Mediterran. Sea Sweden Brit. America Africa South Shetland Hindoostan . . . Brit. America Hindoostan . . . Japan Africa Guinea Brit. America . Brit. America . Brit. America . Egypt |Ek)uador Brazil Brazil Paraguay Polynesia Indian Ocean.. Persia Spain Oregon Tor... . Indian Ocean . Persia Persia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia. Brit America Polynesia Nubia Nubia North America Louisiana. .... Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia Egypt Brit. America Brit America . Brit America ■ Oregon Ter. .. . Greece Georgia Ireland Brit. America . Brit America . South Peru . . . Asiatic Russia Russia Morocco Rtf. UU. Mg ?f Li Nb Og Og Lh Po Qf Oe Md Mc Ec Mg lo Sf Fc Rf Uc Mg Lh Fd Fd Fc Of Hi li Ji Ik yg Pi Pe Ld ' Dd ; P,i ■ Pe Pe Pd Pd Fd A,i Og Og Ac Ff So Qb Of Ec Ec Ec Ec Ne 6e Lc Ha Fa Hi Wb ! Oc Le Nunci of PluM, Ac. Atol Adomatis AtolNalosMadou Atooi Atorka Atoupinskoi .. . Atahwahpiskan Attnaa Attnas Attock Attoo Attruck Attuio Atui Auckland Aucutta Audicmo Augsburg Auguela Augusta Augusta Augusta Aulas Aur Aurillac Aurora Aurungabad . . . Auruneabad. . . Austral Australasia. . .. Australia Australia del Es- piritu Santo Austria Autridge Aux Caycs . . . Auxcrre Ava Avamska .... Avanteos .... Aveiro Aveiro Averella AVCB Avignon Avila Avilcs AvinofT Avistivablc . . . Awa Awa Awadsi Awataka Azer Axum Ayacucho. . . . Ayacucho. . . . AyaR Aylmer Aypore ....... Ayr Ayr, North . . . I. I. I. I. (;. R. Tr. Vil. ?• R. T. I. I. I. Bay Cy. Set T. I. T. I. Pr. Cy. Is. Div. I. I. Em Bay T. Cy. 9: Tr. T. T. C. I. 5?- T. C. I. C. T. I. Bay Fd. T. Dep T. T. L, T. T. Dis. Maldives .... Maldives .... Sandwich Is. . Kurilc Is Asiatic Russia Brit. America Oregon Ter... Oregon Ter. . . Hindoostan . . Aleout, Arc. . . Persia Arabia Polynesia. . . . Australasia... . Asia Kerguclcn's Ld Bavaria Barca Georgia Maine New Holland Arabia Polynesia France Australasia .... Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Polynesia Oceanica Australasia ... . Australasia . . . Europe Brit America • Hayli Franco Rirmah Asiatic Russia Peru Brazil Portugal Cochin China . West Indies.. . France Spain Spain North America Oregon Tor. . . Japan Spain Japan Asiatic Russia Iceland Abyssinia South Peru... . South Peru.. . . Arabia Brit America . Sumatra Scotland North America Uli «h Bf Vd Xb G c Dc Do Qe Xc Pe ii Xn Qg Qin Md Nf Ge Hd Tl Of Xh Md i^j Vk Uk Xj Nd Ga Hg Md Sf Rb Hi li Ld Tg Hg Md Ld Ld fie Dc Ve Ld Ue Wc Kb Og Hj 5J Eb Si Le Hb Bi Bi Bt Bi B B B .^,*«filt<»^. Itoiliiia. Ba(. Ul>. Vlnldivcs VlalcJives sandwich Is. . Kurile Ib. .... Aoiiilic Russia Brit. America Oregon Tcr. .. Oregon Tcr... lliiidoostan . . Alcout, Arc... Persia Arabia Polynesia. . •■ Australasia... Asia ' Kerguclcn's Ld. Bavaria . Barca Georgia . . . ■ Maine Now Holland Arabia Polynesia. . . Franco .... Australasia.. Hindoostan . Hindoostan . Polynesia. . . Occanica • . • Australasia . till Qh Bf Vd Xb U c Do Do Qe Xc Fo Sf Xn <4g Urn Md Nf Gc Hd Tl Of Xh Md Xj Vk Uk r. r. Dis. Australasia • • Europe Brit America Hayti Franco Birmah... . . • Asiatic Russia Peru Brazil Portugal ... • Cochin China West Indies.. France Spain Spain North America Oregon Tor. . Japan Spain Japan • . Asiatic Russia Iceland Abyssinia .... South Peru... South Peru... Arabia Brit. America Sumatra Scotland Xj Nd Ga Hg Md Sf Rb Hi li Ld Tg Hg Md Ld Ld Be Do Ve Ld Ue Wc Kb Og Hj Hj Eb Si Lc North America H k CONSULTlJiO- K^EX. 17 Nunn M llaca, tu. Ayrao ........ Aytan '. Azamore Azanuga Azatiia Azores Azov Sea Azov Azua Azuela Baadja Baals Babahan Babalip. Babboge Babcan Babelthoop .... Bab el Mandob Baber Babiacora Babino Babine Baboobane .... Babuvan Babylon Bucaurig Back's Back's Back's Baconda Bacras Bacuachi Badagry Badajos Badakshan .... Badakshan .... Baddagome ... Baden 7 Badinska Badoc Bacpendy Bafila Baedoo Baffin' Baffin's Baffin's Baganga Bagatova Bagdad Bagoe Bagottan. ... . Bagoudiska . . . Bahama Bahama Bahama, Old . . Bahama Babar Bahar Baharootzees . . Bahawulpore . . 2» T. T. T. Cty. Cty. Is. Od. T. T. R. Dis. R. T. T. Bay l! Str. I. T. Ft Mts. R. Is. Rns R. Bay Pt n. T. T. T. T. 2^- Pr. T. T. 6.D T. T. T. T. Cty. Bay l! Har T. ^- T. R. Is. Ch. Ch. Bk. Pr. S:- Tr. T. Brazil Mantchooria . . Morocco \frica Africa Atlantic Ocean Russia Asiatic Russia Hayti Bquodor Africa Greenland .... Persia Soudan Brit America . Malaysia Polynesia Africa Australasia . . . Mexico Brit. America . Brit America . Tartary Malaysia Arabia Brazil Brit. America . North America Brit America . Tripoli Nubia -- Mexico Dahomey Spain Tartary Tartary Ceylon Gfermany Asiatic Russia. Luzon Brazil Senegambia ... Soudan Greenland .... Brit. America . Brit America . Mindanao I. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Turkey Africa Borneo Asiatic Russia. West Indies. . . West Indies.. . West Indies. . . West Indies.. . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Africa Hindoostan . . . Hif. Ub. Hi Vd Lo Lf Ph Ko Od Od «? Hi Nh Ib Pe S« Fa Ti Vh Op Ui Ff Do Do Qd Ug Oe Eb Ca Eb Mo ^8 Ee Mh Le Qo Qe Rh Md JJb Ug JL Lg Mg la* 6b Ha Uh Re Oe Lp Tl Ub Gf Gf Gf Gf Rf Rf Nk Qf Nuan of tUcm, kc. Bahia Bahia Bahia do Todos Santos . . . Bahia do Todos Santos Bahia Grande . Bahia Nuova . . Bdliouida Bahrein Bahr el Abiad . Buhr el Ada. . . Bahr el Ghazal Bahr Kulla..., Bahr Miri.. .. . Baikal Baillies Baillies Baja Baioor Balcau Bake Baker Baker's Bakor's. Baker's Bakhtegan ... Bakhmout.. . ,. Bakhta Baklanova . . . Bakou , Bakrain . . ... Balabac , Bolaeouan.. .. Balaklava .... Bolambangnn. Balosore Balatov Balaugir Balbec Balcash Bald Bald Balearic Bale of Cotton Balirush Balize Balize Balize Balkan Balkan Balkh Bolkoui Ball's Pyramid Bally Balmala Balpinskoi .... Balsamao ..... Balta Baltic i Baltimore .... Pr. Cy. Bay I R. R. Dis R. R. L. R. R. T. T. T. Fd. I. Kuuou.' liff. Uto. Brazil . Brazil Brazil . L. L. T. R. Ft. T. T. I. Pt T. I. T. T. R. ^d- I. Hd. If. Rk. T. Ter T. R. Bay Mt 9: Rk. I. T. T. T. T. Sea Cy. Bay Buenos Ayrei . Bay Patagdnia .... Bay 'Patagonia .... DcH. Nubia Persian Gulf . Africa Africa Soudan Soudan Soudan Asiatic Russia. Brit America . Brit America . Austria Cabul Asiatic Russia. Iceland Brit America . Brit. America . Patagonia Brit America . Persia Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Turkey Arabia Malaysia Mindanao .... Russia Malaysia ... . Hindoostan . . . Russia Little Bucharia Syria Soongaria Australasia... . North America Mcditerran. Sea Asia Persia Novth America Balize North America Tartary Turkey Tartary Tartary Australasia... Malaysia .... Africa Asiatic Russia Brazil Russia Europe Maryland .... Jj Jj Hm Hn Hm P? Og Oh Ng Nh Ng Tc Da Fb Nd Qe Pd Kb Fa Fb Hm Fb P f Od S b Tc Nd Pg Uh Uh Od Th Rf Oc Rd Oe Qd Tl Bb Le Rh Pe ^« ^K S» Pe Nd Qe Pd Wl Ti Nf Pb Hi Od Nc Ge V''i 1 1. rma]' >J> |:|fl V HBHHMW 18 CONSULTING INDEX. Nur.M of PUen, Ac. nultimoru .. lUliigo . ■ . • Djinlia . . ■ • Itaiiiliarra. ■ lianilterj; . . H.'imbiiiii . . . Hatnbouk . . llanibouk . . liainvcan . . Hainmakoo . Danioo . . . . Ilainplaioi.. Bampton'H ■ nittnpton'fi ■ Banan Runca Runca Bancora . . ■ Banda Banda Banda Banff . . . . . Bangalore. . BangasBi . . . Banguy . . . • Bangor . . . ■ Banguey • . . Baniscrile .. Rankok. . . ■ Rankoto . . ■ Ranks' Ranks' Rankfl' Ranks' .... Ranks' Bunks' Banoss . . ■ . Bansmate .. Bantam . . . . Bantangan Bantry • • . . Barabinsk . . Baracoa . . . Barakak ,. Baralass .. Baranca . . , BaranoflT . . Rarataria . Barbacoas. BarbadocB. Rarbadoes . Barbalos . . Burbarra. . Barbary . . Barbas . . . Barbell . . . Bai buda . . Barbudos . Barca .... Barna .... Barcain..'. T. Ireland T. .Sainar . r. Cty ?• Cty T. T. T. S" I. Sh. Cty. I. R. Sea I. Pt. T. T. T. I. ?■ T. C Congo Africa Bavaria Cochin (^iiina Soncgambia . . .S 'Cuvo \v. Rks yy- ■T. Cy. T. T. Is. Is. ?■ Bay In. T. Cv. r. T. T. T. T. C. CONSULTING INDEX. NiBin of PlacM, 4c. I. I. In. T. I. T. T. T. C. Pr. R. R. T. T I. Pt T. T. Km. Bk. Bk. Bks Bka T. I. ?■ T. C. Is. T. Hd. Hd. T. Is. I. FmlUoa. UU. NewTs. Wales . VI 1 Liberia Lh Africa Pii ! Indian Ocean.. Ok Vi\ Hindoostan . . . M d Ciiba Gf i Samur Island. . Bay of Bengal. »*f .Malaysia 1)7 i Java Ti ' Malaysia ... . Vi Now S. Wales . Wl Oregon Ter.... IJc Arkansas Fo 1 England Lo Texas Fo Capo (Colony . . NI N. Brunswick . Hd Sencgambia.. . Kjf New S. Wales . V Brit America . Da Brit. America . Fa New Holland Ui EL Bnt America . Asiatic Russia Pd Mongolia So Louisiana Fo Mexico Ef Asiatic Russia. Od Barca No • Congo Mi Missouri Ed Brit. America . Ec Ccvlon Liberia Rh Lh 1 Bay of Bengal. Sh New Grenada . Gh Russia No Saxony Mc Germany Indian Ocean.. Md Pi Indian Ocean.. Pi 1 Polynesia Ag South America u Brazil Indian Ocean . Qm Franco Ld New Grenada . U ) Asiatic Russia. Mozambique . . Ok Africa Ok Tripoli Ne Patagonia .... Hm England Mc Hindoostan . . . Kf Brit America . Gc Asiatic Russia. W. Bear Bear Bear's Bear Gat... Bear Lako . Ileata Beaiichone Guyon Beaufort Beaulbrt Beaufort < Beaulbrt < Beaufort . . .^ . , Bciiuvais Bnuvcr Beuver Beaver Beuver Beaver Beaver Beuver Indians Beba Bcbedcro Bcchuana Bedekariee .... Bedford Bedford Bednore Bcdocd Bedouin Bedout Beeban Beechey Beechey Beccliey Becder Bcedcr Bec'iijoor Beerjoor Begharmi Behring's Bchring's Behring's Behring'd Bella Beilaya Beikem Beique Beitschelgorod . Beja Bejapoor Bejapoor Bejapore Bekal Beta Bclanaish Belaspore Belbeis Belcher's Belem ........ Beles Belfast Mt So. C. Bay R I. I. T. T. Bay C. C. Cv. T. R. R. L. Har Ho. Tr. I. L. Tr. T. Bay Ho. £■■ C. I. His. L. Pt. C. Pr. T. I. T. Cty. Str Bay Sea.' T. R. R. I. T. Dig. Pr. Cy. T. R. R. Rns T. T. Is. T. T. T. Spitsbergen . . . Greenland .... Asiatic Russia. .Spitsbergen . . . Brit America . West Indies. . . Southern Ocean North Carolina Cape Colony . . North America Brit America North America Franco Pennsylvania. . Brit. America . Brit America . Brit America . Nova Scotia . . . Brit. America . Brit America . Karskoo Sea . . Buenos Ayrcs . AtVica Soudan Brit America . Brit. America . Hindoostan . . . Brit America . Ajan Australasia... . Africa Brif. America . Nortii America Brit Ameriua . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Malaysia Persia Soudan North America North America Asiatic Russia North America Beloochistan . . Asiatic Russia Mongolia West Indies.. . Asiatic Russia Nubia Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Soongari#. .... Asiatic Russia. Barca Hindoostan . . . E^ypt Brit America . Buenos Ayres . Syria Maine 19 Rir. uu. Na Id Vtt M a Db lijr In . 1 ,t "^^^SSKSEC: ■JO ■■«!»«<^" . ' I II . (.DNSL'LTINU INDKX, Ikilfaat .... Ili'l^uiini. ; llrl|rrillian( Inland Aiialic Rumitt. Asiatic Itiisiiia. I.ittit' Bucharia Madcigni«Mir Bcngui'la . . Africa Bahamaii . . Hindoostan AuKtraloaia . Sumatra .. . Sumatra . . . Africa .... Russia .... (lollapagoa . Brazil Hindooitan Barca Africa Bolivia .... Tripoli Tripoli Guinea Guinea Guinea Tripoli , Sahara Arabia Egrypi Borneo Borneo AfVica , Tartary New S. Wales West Indies. . < Asiatic Russia Brit. America . Hindoostan . . ■ Africa Guiana Guiana Wj Wk Bj Md Jj Ra Sc Qf lo Re Pd Qe tf Mj Of Rf Xm Si Si Nh Nd n Rf Ne M) Hj Me Mo Mh Mh Mh Me Mf Ge Of Ti Ti kn Qd Vj s« R c Fb Rf Oh Ih Ih Ih'rhora Derbora il<-rdai lierdoa licrcelmigh . . . , Ik'rcnilinikoi . . Ilerciis Ikircim Bi'rcsouskoi .... licrvHov licresovskaya .. ». Hindoostan . . . [\ Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Russia. ;ty.|Africa Illitt'rn llii-ui r . . l|Uon lli.1.7, lliililld Hic'litya IIk'I llirlry ... ilii'lKDrod llk'lkov lliclo llloixi Ilic'lovndKk lliclnzuriik llirlnk llii; ll'ir IliK lli|^ Horn lliif liiiku llijf .Stone llliak Kijnr llillun IlillinKhaiiien llillitoii Itillit'wi liilliyard llilmuh llilmali lliliniili lliiovskaya lllnvicovu . Iliiijcb.ira lliot. Kir liird llird Ilird'H Ittrd's Itiid'H Bird' Birdtttail Ilir vl Maiha . . Biri ' Riris . Birifro Birioiisa Rirmiih Bir MuRsaguen I nirininjrham . . nirnioV Biroutchia Bir Quillin. .. . Birsk nirterbuy liisanig Biscay Biscoe's Range i Biahara Taib . . Rlihlisik CONWULTINO INDIX Connlry IlindiMMtan . . (;iiili Rilmiia MiMuiiri Ter. Kimaiu Itumiia Russia ItusNiii Asiutin Ruaaia ItuaHia IKarakou Hua . Ruaaia ItuaNia ' Kuaaia Urit. America Brit Anicrii'a Ii. I Brit. America R. Miaaouri Ter. Ho. {Brit. Ameriea iWiacnnain 'i'er. Aaiatic Ruaaia Polynuaia Spain jSeglialien .Mulayaia Malaysia Peraian Gulf . . AfVica Africa Africa Asiatic Russia. Aaiatic Russia. ' Fczzan jScoresby's Ld, JAaiatic Turkey Polynesia Southern Ocean R. Indian Ocean la. N. Pacific Oc. la. Pnlyncaia. . . . Is. Malayaia .... Ft. Brit. America Sta. JA'riRa T. ;• 'orway T. Uongiicia .... R. (^onjo R. Em. SU. T. I. C. Sta. Cy. Asiatic Russia Asia Africa England ..... Po^nesia Tartary Africa Russia Bayllreland T. Mexico Bay I Europe I. Is. Pacific Oc. T. Ft. Darfur . [Tartary Mil Of H I Oc Kd Pc Oc Oc Oc Va Ob It a Od Ob Nc Oc C, c Kb Kd c Fd Re l!1 Vd Pi Ti Pf Mg Mg Mg Tb Sc Mf Ka Oo Cj J m Pi Bf l« Fc Ng Mb Nj Mi Sc Sf Mf Lc Ai Pd Mf Po Lc Ee Ld Ho f^ I NHm of rUoa, *c. Clis. Bialinp mill Clerk Bialinii'a . . . Biskaia. . ■ ■ Biaaagns . . . Biison Biatraia.. .. Bitter BiicrU .... BJornelmrg .. .&• Biorneborg . Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Ikar. Blackfout Indiana Blackfont Blaek llarutsh. Black Hook , . . Black Mongols Blackwater 1 . . . Blair's Blake Pr. r. .Sea R. I{. R. hatllo*. Blanc Blanca Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blanco Blancy's Blaye Bled el Jcrid . . Bled Fillely . . . Bligh's Cap . . . Bligh's Lagoon Blois Blondula Blood Indians . Bloody Farland Blobdnaia Blountville .... Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Bluefields Blue Mud Blue Nose .... Boatiang Mt Ld. Pt Pt. Pt. Hk. HI. H. l. Tr. R. Mt. (;. Tf. L. I. Bay Mt. I. C. C. c. c. c. I. r. Dis. Dis. C. I. ?■ Tr. Pt. R. T. R. Mts. Mta. Mts. His. R la. Australaaia . . ■ 1. Polynesia T. Aaiatic Riuaia. In. Senegambia ., . ('. Ilrit. Anierici . R. Aaialie Ruasia It. Cape Colony . . Tunis Ruaaia Ituaaia KuroiH' Aaiatic Ituaaia. Wiaconairi Ter. .Miaaouri Ter. . Bay Labraaviiita lio.iviitii liiibryak Ili)vi|iin HxIcKu lilMlc'KO Il(. lllN'lt llir U<)|{uiihua liouaiid It<))((l» Iio)(liouti'liiiiiiik li<)|{or(Kli(ltak • ■ Ua|M d l'iilyf RuHsia Brit. America Polynesia. . . . Africa Turkey ..... Syria Massttcliusctts I. r. r. r. Cy. ;t CONHUI-TINl. iNDKJi. I ISoiton BiMyt Botoinaiikoi . . Itutanv Hotel Tobago . liotlinia Hotiitinuni . . . liutoniia liotovikaya . . Kutl'MllluM Fit urygham . . RouBsa Boutactoi . . . , Bouvet'c Bouyan Bouyour Bouzim c Bouzoulouk . Bovrov Bow Bowden . . . Bowen Bowen Bowen Bowou's .... Bowles Boyacca .... Boyanna .... Boypcba . Brabant • c«rkM,ac. F^ngland .Syria Asiatic RusKia .New S. Wales Kiistern H«ia .. RuHia Madjjascar .. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Rusxia. At'rira Austria I. AustraluHia.. . New Holland. tVustralasia . . 'VuatralaHia . . I. Australasia.... Russia IkUgium Russia Asiatic Turkey Australasia.. . . liuoa Asiatic Russia. Persia Aleout. Arc. . . Frau. Asiatic Russia. Australasia.. . . Russia Indian Ocean . Bolivia Africa Africa Turkey France Africa I. Australasia..... Malaysia Ashantcc Asiatic Russia . Soudan Asiatic Russia Southern Ocean Egypt Mongolia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. iRussia Polynesia Brit. America . Brit America . NbW 8. Wales . Brit America . Polynesia C 'Clarence Island DepjNew Orcnada . Bay iMadagSHnnr. . . I Brazil C Isle of France. Bradficld f. Nortli America Bradore Har i,»*»»d'jr On V l> Wl Vf Nb , Pk ! lib \ Tc Mj Md Wi Wi Od Md Pc No Wi «K Rd Po Xo Mo Ua Xro Pb Pk Ik Lg L({ Nd Md Wl Vi Lh Vb Mg Ub Mn Oe Td So Pc Oc Ci Fa Ga Wk Ga Vf lu Hh Pk Ca Ic Brady Braga . . . 'traganca .. . lirngaiiM . . . iiragataloji . . Brariestodt . . liraiga Hrainerd .... Brak Hraknaks . . . liranco iiranco Brandenburg Brandley's.. , Brandon .... Brandy Brandy-wins Brannavik . . Braalaw .... Bratton's..., Bratzlav .... Brava Brava Brava Brazil Brazoria ... Brazoa Breaker ... Brechin.. . . Breede .... Broemangcr.land Broe Sund Bremen Brencau Brest Brett Brovig Brewer's Brewster Bridgetown .... I Bridgev.'ater .... :i Bridgman's .... I Bridport ' Briesda Brindici Brind's Brintford Brisbane Brisbane ' Bristol ' Bristol Bristol I Bristol I Bristol Chain . . . ii Hiistow's I' Britannia I British [ British I British Britwine < Broach 9: ?: T. HU. T. R. Tr. R. R. Cv. Hh. Ho, Pt Bay C. T. R. T. Cty. T. I. T. R. Bay T. Bay I. Bay s- Cy. C!. T. L. C. T. C. I. In. Vil. T. I. Bay T. R. a Bay C. Mts. Is. Is. Is. Pos. So. C. T. S3 [..I Ii Ld Ub \b Ne sir Wl Fd (; c Va Mit ><«n (• PortngvJ . ■ • . |»a».i P*lrt)4(al Asiatic RllSMa Russia Bnrca 'I' xrssco . . . Ai > AtVi. 1 Boliv Ikilivi Prussih Austrulinsia... Brit. Aiitcrica Brit America Spitsbergen . . Iceland '^ b Russia '< Missouri T.r. . Ka Russia ' ) Africa iVfrica Cape Vcrd Is. . South America Texas Texas Patagonia .... Scotland Iceland Norway Norway (lormany Oregon Ter. .. . Franco New Zealand. . Norway Guatemala .... Scoresby'sLd.. Barbadoes .... Now S. Wales . South Shetland Brit. America . Mexico Naples Polynesia Brit. America . New S. Wales . New 8. Wales . Elngland England North America Sandwich Ld. . North America Australasia Australasia Europe. . .. North America Madagascar. Nova Zembla Hindoostan . Oil ff Ff Ff Iln Lc Kb Mb Mb Mc Ed Ld XI Nfv Gir Ku 'y\ lo Ba Ee Nd Xh Fa Wk Wk Lc Lc Be Kn Cb Wi Xk Lc Eb Qf f. 1 I I : '' t .' .. . 1 n' :,'-■ ! "%' :\ ''^.■'\ 24 CONSULTING INDEX. Nuna of Fhon, ke, CUh. Broad Brock's Brodie Brody Brocr Ruya . . . Broken Broken Broiison Brooklyn Brothurs' Brothers' Brothers' Brothers' Broughtou .... Broujrhton's , . . Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown's Brown's Brown's Brown's Brown's Range Broylo Head.. . Biuoo Bruges Brunei Brunn Brussels . . Brunswick Brunswick Brunswick .. . . . Brunswick . . . . . Brunswick Brunswick .... Bruny Brusa Brzest Litov. . . Bubaker Bucaneers Bucarclli Buchan Buchanan Bucharest Bucharia Bucharia, G.cat Buckland Buda Budda Buddown Buenaventura.. Buenaventura.. Buenaventura . . Buenavista .... Buen Ayro .... Bueno Buenos Ay res . Buenos Ayres . Buenos Ayres . ,.i6. R. I. Bay T. C. R. Pt, T. Cy. I. I. 1. Sh. c. Arc C. C. C. Mt. Mt. I. I. I. Pt. Is. C. Bay Cy. In. Cy. Cy. D. £^- T. Bay Pen Ho. I. Cv. T. T. Arc. Po. I. R. 97- Cy. Cty. iMts. £'• T. T. R. L. T. I. R. Rep. iPr. ICy, Ret. Utt. New S. Wales Polynesia Brit, America . Austria Scoresby's Ld. Brit. America . Brit. America . Miciiigan New York .... ! Java 'Brit. America . I Malayan Sea . . In. Pacific Oc. . Brit America . Oregon Ter. .. . Brit. America . Brit. America . Scoresby's Ld.. Brit. America . New S. Wales . Polynesia Brit. America . Greenland .... Mnntchooria . . Polynesia Newfoundland. Brit. America . Belgium Brit America . Austria Belgium Germany ..... Brunswick .... Georgia New Holland. . Patagonia .... Brit America . V. Diemen's Ld. Asiatic Turkey Poland Africa Australasia... . North America Greenland .... Brit America . Turkey Great Bucharia Asia Brit America . Austria New S. Wales. Hindoostan . . . New Grenada . Mexico Mexico Mexico Venezuela .... Chili South America Buenos Ayres . Buenos Ayres . Vk Bi Hb Nc Ka Fc Hb Cd Hd Ti Gc Th Af Hb Do Gb Da Ka Ea VI Xj Fa la Vc Wg Id Ha Mc Fb Nd Mc Mc Mc Ge Uj Hn Gc Vm Od Nc Lg Uj Dc la Fb Nd Qe Qe Cb Nd VI Rf 6h Ee Ee Ee HJT Hm Hk HI II Num o( Place*, Ac Claa. Butfa Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Buffalo Bulb Buffon Buikovskoy .... Buitcnzorg Bukke.... Bulgaria BuUcn Bullcn Bulioms Bull Pound Bulug Bulugam Bunder Cassim . Buudmeer Bun? Bailak .... Bunker's Bunporo Buntingville .... Buraits Buralukh Burdia Burdwan Burgeo Burgos Burgur Burgowa Burhamporc .... Burkha Burlas Burlington Bumey BurncB Burnham Burnt Burntwood Burr&mpooter.. . Burrishol Bushbura Busheer Bushman's Bushmen BusBorah Bustar Bustard Bustard Busvagon Bute Bute's Three . . . Butna Butnan Butrarba Butterworth .... Butt of Lewis.. . Button's T. Cy. R. Is. L. Ho. Ho. T. C. C. T. Fd. Pr. Pt R. Tr. R. T. T. T. R. T. Po. T. Sta. T. R. I. Cy. Is. Cy. T. T. ?: I. T. C. Bay T. I. R. R. T. C. T. I. Tr. ? Bay R. I. I. Mts. T. T. Sta. C. I. Cyprus New York .... Brit. America . Bay of Bengal. Brit. America . Brit America . Brit. America . Candia New S. Wales . Asiatic Russia Java Norway Turkey North America Brit America . Africa Brit America ■ Beloochistan . Mongolia Africa Persia Little Thibet . Polynesia .... Beloochistan.. Caffraria Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Gulf of Siam Hindoostan . . Newfoundland Spain Hindoostan . . Hindoostan . . Hindoostan . . Arabia Malaysia .... Vermont New Holland . North America Samar Africa Brit America Asia Hindoostan . . Birca Persia Brit America Africa Asiatic Turkey Hindoostan . . . New S. Wales. South Carolina Malaysia ... . Scotland Oregon Ter... . Africa Mindanao .... Barca Caffraria Scotland Brit America . Ref. I Uti. Oc Gd Eb Ec Ec Fc Ne VI Ua Ti Mc Nd Ca Fb Lh Ec Pf Sd S^ Pe Re Bj Pf Nl Tc Va Sg Rf Id Ld Rf Rf Rf Pf Vg Hd Tk Co Ug l« Fc f Rf Ne Pf Ha Nk Pe Rff Wk Ho Ug Lc Ed Si Ne Nl Lc Hb PDulion. Cyprus New York... Hrit. America Bay of Bengal Iflrit. America Brit. America Brit. America Candia Ne New S. Wales . V 1 Asiatic Russia Java Norway Turkey North America Brit, America Africa Brit. America Bcloochistan . Mongolia ... Africa Persia . Little Thibet .. R e Polynesia B j Beloochistan... Pi Caffraria N 1 T. C. Bay T. I. R. R. T. C. T. I. Tr. ?• Bay R I. I. Mts T. T. Sta. C. I. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia iGulf of Siam .Hindoostan . . . Newfoundland. Spain Hindoostan ... Hindoostan . . • Hindoostan . . . Arabia Malaysia Vermont New Holland . . North America Samar Africa Brit America Asia Hindoostan . . Birca Persia Brit America Africa ABiatic Turkey Hindoostan . . . New S. Wales. South Carolina Malaysia ... ■ Scotland Oregon Ten. . Africa Mindanao .•■ Barca Caffraria Scotland Brit America CONSULTING INDEX. Muna of riaca, kc CUu. Buxar Buxc liyam Martin. Kyuni Martin. Byum Martin. Dycrs's Byganbarry . . Bylot Byron Byron Byron's. Byron's. By town. Caballos Cabasa Cabcnda Caberabcra Cabes Cabcs Cabrera Cabul Cabul Cabul Cabunoskaya .. . Cacado Cachar Cacheo Cachinoi Cachipour Cachoun Cachynochive/sk Caconda Cacongo Cacongo Cacorou Cadiz Caen Caernarvon Caffa Caffraria Cafuanas Cagliari Caguan Cahawba Cahite Cahora Caiffa Cai-fbng Calling Cairo Cairo Caisiguran Calabaza Calabazo Calais Calamian Calaair Calatayud Calayan R. Fd. C. I. I. Str. T. C. C. T. Bay l! T. T. T. T. T. T. G. L Cty. cy. R. T. C. Pr. T. T. Pt T. T. Ft Cty. T. T. ^y- ?• Dis. Cty. Tr. 9: T. T. T. T. 9?- ?: T. T. T. I. T. T. L Hindoostan . . Greenland ... Brit America Polynesia .... Brit. An" erica Patagonia .... Hindoostan . . Brit America New S. Wales Georgia Labrador .... Polynesia .... Polynesia. .... Upper Canada South Peru. .. Africa Loango Africa Nubia Tunis Mediterran. Sea Asia Cabul .... Cabul.... Asiatic Russia. St Thomas's 1, Birraah Sencgambia .. . Asiatic Russia. Brazil .... Mongolia . Asiatic Russia. Benguela. . Africa. . . . Loango. . . Africa.. . • apam Franco Wales Abyssinia.. .. Africa Equador Sardinia New Grenada Alabama .... Brazil France Syria China China Polynesia .... Egypt Luzon New Grenada Venezuela.. . . France Malaysia .... Socotra Spain Malaysia ... Rcf. Uti. Rf b Ga ^j Fa Gn Rf Gb Wk Go Ic Xi Ai Gd Gj Ni Mi Nj O f Me Me Qe Qe Qe Re Mh Sf ^8 Re Lh Sd So Ni Mi Lh Le Ld Lc Oh NI Hi Me Hh Ge Jj Md Oe Te Tf Vh Oe Ug Hg Hh Mc Ld Ug NunM of riacOf kc. Calbongas Calca Calca Calcasiu Calcutta Caldcleugh . . . , Caldera Caldero Caldicra ■ Caldwell Caledon Caledon , Caledon Call Calicut California .... California, Up. California .... Calimere Calingapatam . Calinkina . . . . . Callapocwaii.. Callao Calling Callow Calm Calmar Calmez Calonas Calthorpe .... Caltura Caluilweet . . . Calvert's Calvi Camabas Camana Camapuan . . . Camargo .... Camarones ... Cambambe . . . Cainbay Cambay Cambodia .. . • Cambodia .... j Cambodia .. .. Cambridge . . . Cambridge . . . Cambridge . . . Cambyna .... Camden Camden ... . Camden Camel Camenca Camenskoie . . Camenya . . . . . Cameron Cameroona .. . . Cameroons .... Cameta Camma ^^otilioQ. T. T. L. Cy. In. T. R. Pt T. T. Bay C. T. T. Ter. Ter. G. Pt T. T. Tr. T. R. I. Pt T. C. I. Is. T. C. I. T. T. T. T. T. R. Ft Cy. G. Cty. &• I. T. G. I. I. T. Bay Mt T. T. I. C. Mts. R. T. Cty. Africa Borneo South Peru . . Louisiana .... Hindoostan . . Patagonia . . . Mindanao.. . . Buenos Ayres Mozambique . Siberia Cape Colony . . New S. Wales . Brit America . New Grenada . Hindoostan . . . Mexico Mexico Mexico Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Russia. Oregon Ter... . Peru Brit. America . Polynesia New Mexico . . Sweden Nubia Polynesia Brit America . Ceylon Labrador Oregon Ter... . Corsica Peru South Peru . . . Bra.:;i Mexico Patagonia .... Angola Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Asia Cambodia Cambodia China Sea .... England .'. .... New Holland. . Malaysia Patagonia South Carolina. Nortti America New Zealand. . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Guatemala .. . . Africa Africa Brazil Africa nif. M h Th "J Ff Rf Hm Uh Hk Oj Lh NI Vj Ga Gh Rg Ef Ee Ef Rg Rg Tb Dd SJ Fc Ak Be Nc Of Wf Gb Rh Ic Dc Md Gj Gj Hj Ef Hm Ni Qf Qf Tg Sg Mh L c Uj Ui Hn Ge Ca XI Sc Sc Ra Mil Mh li Mi %%' ■JM.: ^^: . .' : t ,;\]X^'^, <> ''"^s^BS^^., I 36 CONSULTING INDEX. NamM of PUcei, Ac. Camtna Camosin Camp Campana Campbell C'ampbull Cuinpbell Cimpbcll Campbell Campbell Campbell's .... Campbell's .... Campcche Campo Campo Maior .. Campos Parcxis Camtoos Canabae Canada, Upper. Canada, Lower Canadian Cananea Cananca Cananore Canary Caiicobcllo .... Candelaria .... Candckria . . . Candia Candia Candlemas .... Candu Cano Canea Canec Canete Canga Can^oxima. .. . Caniapuscaw . . Cuninde Cannaveral .... Canning . . Canning Cannon Ball . . . Canouge Cansa Canso Canterbury.... Cantin Canton Cantyre Canyketoke . . . Caoonde Capangara .... Cape Capo Cape Cape Breton. .. Capo Clear. . .. Cape Coast Castle Cape Fear.. R. T. Har I. T. T. C. C. Mt. Pt. Is. Is. r. R. T. Pis. Bay Col. Col. R. T. I. T. Is. T. T. Bk. I. Cy. I. I. R. T. R. T. T. T. L. T. mlllan. I. R. R. T. G. C. Cy. C. Sy- Pen Bay T. T. Col. R. R. I. I. Ft R. Loango Brazil Asiatic Russia Patagonia . . • Africa Now S. Wales Brit. America New ""aland. Kerguclen's Ld. North America Australasia.. . . Brit. America . Mexico Africa Brazil Soutli America Cape Colony . . Scncgambia .. . Norlli America North America Western Ter. . Brazil Brazil Hindoostan . . . Alluntic Ocean Atrica jBolivia Australasia . . . LVIcditerran. Sea Candia [Sandwich Ld. . {Indian Ocean . Hindoostan . ■ . Candia Oregon Ter. . . Peru Africa Japan Brit. America . Brazil Florida Scoresby'g Ld.. North America Missouri Tor. . Hindoostan . . . North America Nova Scotia. . . England Morocco. China Scotland Labrador Cazcmbc Africa Africa Brit. America . Guatemala .... North America Ireland Africa Nortli Carolina Ref. mT Ji Va Gm Nk Wl Hb X m Qm Cb Xn Ub Ff Mh Ji Ij Nl Kg Gd Hd Fe k Ik Rg Kf Ni Ik Wi No Ne Kn Qi ttf Ne Ec Gj Ni Ue He Ji Gf Ka |Ca Fd Rf Hd Hd Mo Le Tf Lc I c Nj Nj NI Fc |Gg Hd Lc Lh Ge Nunei ot PUna, ke. Cape Hayticn.. Capo Town . . . Cape Vcrd .... Capilica Capim Cai>ot River . . . Capper's Caprcmeera ... Caprera Capricorn Cupua Caqucta Caraecas Caraccas Caracu Carugha Caraghinskoi . . Carah Caraibas Carakhanska . . Caramania .... Caramavida . . . Caranaba Caravela Caravellas Carawang Carbon Carbonaro . . . . , Carcorella Cardenas Cardigan Carcnage Carey Carey Cariaco Caribbean CaribcBuf Caribs Carimata Carimon Java.. Carlisle Carlisle Carlisle Carlo Carlopago Carlsburg Carlscrona .... Carlsgammen. . Carlsruhe Carlstadt Carlton Carmass Carmei Carmo Carmo Cumatic Car Nicobar . . . Caroline Caroline Caroline Caroni CUa. T. T. Is. T. R. Ft. I. T. I. C. Cy. Bay R. I. C. T. T. T. Pr. R. R. I. T. Pt. C. C. C. T. T. T. Is. Sta. T. Sea Ml Tr. Is. Is. s?- f. So. I. T. T. T. C. ?: Ho. T. T. T. T. Pr. A. I. Mt I. R. Hayti Cape Colony . . Africa Mexico. Brazil Brit America . Polynesia Africa Sardinia New S. Wales . Naples Venezuela .... Venezuela .... Equador Brazil Asiatic Russiu . Asiatic Russia . Syria Brazil Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Turkey Chili Asiatic Russia. West Indies. . . Brazil Java Algiers Sardinia Barca Cuba Wales St Lucia Brit America . Michigan Venezuela North America Brit. America . Guiana Malaysia Malaysia England Jamaica Falkland Is.. . . Russia Austria Austria Sweden Russia Baden Sweden Brit America . Soudan GSeorgia Brazil Brazil Hindoostan . . . Bav of Bengal. Polynesia New Holland. . Polynesia Venezuela .... Hp Nl Kg t'i^ Fc Wf Oj Md Wk Md Hi Hg Gi Ji Wc Wc Oo Ji Rb Oo Hm Tc p7 Ti Me Me Ne Gf Lc Hg Ha Gd Hg S» Ec Ih Ti Ti Lc Gg I n Nb Nd Nd Nc Ob Md Mc Fc Mg Ge l^h RlT Sh Bi TI Wh Hh IMUni. ■m Hayli CajK! Colony . . Africa Mexico Brazil Brit. An)crica . Polynesia Africa Sardinia . . ■ • ' Now S. Wales Naples Venezuela . . . Venezuela . . . ISquador Brazil Asiatic Rusaiu Asiatic Russia. W e Syria Brazil Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Turkey Chili Asiatic Russia. West Indies... Brazil Java Algiers Sardinia Barca Cuba Wales St Lucia Hg 8. Brit. America . H a )ta. Michigan P. Venezuela North America Brit America . Guiana Malaysia Malaysia England < Jamaica .... Falkland Is.... Russia Austria Austria Sweden Russia Cy. Baden T. Sweden Brit America ISoudan (Seorgia {Brazil iBrazil iHindooBtan . . ,Bav of Bengal iPolynesia .... New Holland. Polynesia. . . . Venezuela . . . ■ Mt Fr. Is. Is. f. So. I. T. T, T. C. Ho. T. T. T. T. ?'• |l- iMt I. R- CONSULTING INDEX. Kttta of Fbcn, kt. Carora Curori C'arp ....... Carpathian . , Carpentaria , Carpentaria . Carriacou . . . Carrington . , Ciirtugo Cartago Curthagena. . Carthagcna. . ('articr's . . . , Carwar (^'arysfort . . . Cas , ('asabinda. . . Casiila Casamayor . . Casarin Casati Casbin .... Casbobos . . . . Cascade . . . . Cascade . . . . Coshan Casheo Cashgar . . . . Casligar . . . . Cashmere . . . Cashmere . . . Casiquiare . . Cas Nor Caspian Cass Ciissadgath . . Cassange . . . CoBsay Cnssel ('assiquin . . . Ciissvillo .. . . Castahana . . Castcl Rosa . Castle (/Ostlebar . . . Castlereagh . Castlorcagh . Castries . . . . Castro Cat Cat Catamarca . . Catamarca . . Catanduanes Catania Calanzaro . . . Cataquinas . Catastrophe . Catharine's . Catharine's. . Catieh T. R. Ls, Mts. Cty, G. I. T. T. Po. Cy. T. I. T. r. T. Pt T. R. T. I. Pt. In. T. T. ^- Pr. L. jSea L. L. Cty. Pr. T. R. T. Tr. I. Pt. T. C. R. Bay T. L L. Pr. T. I. ?• Tr. Fid. T. PnsitiOB. Venezuela . . . Brazil Brit. America Austria News. Wales New S. Wales West Indies.. New a Wales Guatcm.ala .. . Guatemala .. . New Grenada Spain Malaysia .... Iliiidoustan . . Polynesia .... Little fiuoliaria Buenos Ayres .Mexico Patagonia . . . Tunis Africa Persia Polynesia .... New Zealand. Oregon Ter, . . Persia Boloochistan ■ Little Bucharia Little Bucharia Hindoostan . . . Ilindoostan . . . Venezuela .... Mongolia Asia Wisconsin Ter. Brit America . Africa Birmah Hesse Casscl . . Peru Wisconsin Ter. Missouri Ter. Asiatic Turkey New Zealand. . Ireland Brit. America . New S. Wales . Mantchooria . . Chili Bahamas Brit. America . Buenos Ayres . Buenos Ayres . Malaysia Sicily Naples South America New S. Wales . Polynesia Patagonia .... Egypt Rer. Hh Hi Eb Nd Vj Vj Hg Wl Gh «g «ff Le Uj Qg Ck Qd Hk Ef Hm Me Ni Po Vh X m Do Pe Pf Qd Qd Qe Qe Hh Rd Pd Fd Eb ^j Sf Mo Hi Fd Ed Ne X m Lc Ga VI Vc Hm Hf Fc Hk H k Ug Ne Ne Hi VI Xh Hn Oe Mamn of PIimj, tc Cat Lake R. Cot Lake Ho. Catoche C. Cutopaxi Mt, Cutos Bk. Ctttska T. Cattaro T. Catlegttt G. Cattum Currafce T. Cauca Dep Cuuca R. Caucasus Pr. Caucasus Mts, Cavalia I. Cavalla IT. Cavally !T. Cavalos JBny Clui. Caves Caviana Cavito Cawnporo Cawoor Caxixinarca Caxamarquilla . . Caxatambo . . . . Caxias Caxones Cayugan Sooloo. Caycara Caycua Cayenne Cayenne Cayctano Cayman Cayor Cayrasu ('aytcto C ayubabas Cayuni Cazcmbe Cazembe Celebean Celebes Celestial Central America Centurions Ceplmlonia Cera Ceram Cerigo Cernez Cerralbo Cerro Pasco . . . Cerros Cessano Ceuta Cevcma Ccvero Vostochnoi Cevero Zepatnoi . Ceylon Chab.. I. i; Pt T. T. T. T. T. T. I. I. T. I. Col. T. Vil. L. Cty. Bay T. L. R. Tor. T. Sea I. Mts. Rep. Bk. I. I. I. I. T. I. T. L T. T. R. C. C. I. Ter, PoiitiOD. Brit America . Brit America . Mexico Equador Australasia.. . . Asiatic Russia Austria Europe Africa New Grenada . New Grenada . Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Barca Turkey Guinea Africa Australasia... . Brazil Mindanao . . . . Hindoostan . . . Sumatra Peru Peru Peru Brazil Caribbean Sea. Malaysia Venezuela .... Rahumas Guiana Guiana Mexico Mexico Africa Brazil Brazil Peru Venezuela .... Africa Cazcmbc Malaysia Malaysia Soongaria North America Indian Ocean . Ionian Isles. . . Australasia . . . Malaysia Ionian Isles .. . Austria Mexico Peru Mexico Naples Morocco Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asia Persia 27 Rif. Leu. Fe Fc Gf Gl Wk So Nd Mc Mh Gh Hh Od Od Ne Nd Lh Lf Wi Ih Uh Qf Si Gi G i V ?f Hh Hf Ih Ih Ee Ff Kg Jk Jj Hfi Nj Nj Uh Ui Rd «g Qi Ne Ui Ui No Nd Ef Gj Ef Ne Le Sb Sa Sa Rh Pe 'A'. If", u'f,M' ^ '•'it j: 28 CONSULTING INDEX. Nunei of FUe«, kc CIlM. CImbarga Cliacao Chacapoyas . . . . Chachct Cha-chow Chaco Chuctoolo Cliadrina ('liagoH Cliagro Cha Ho Chaidu Chain Chai-ya Chala Chaliigskoi Clialcur Challahcngah .. , Chalons Chnmala Chamar Daban . Chamcguabas . . Chamela Chamil Chamil Ciiamir Chamka Champloin Champon Chararam-ning.. Chancay Chanco Chandcrnagore . Changai Changaniera . . , Chang-chow .. . . Chang-chow . . . . Changina Chanina , Chantrcy Chao-cliow Chaoming Chapa Chapada , Chapala Chapoo Chapunga Charabali Charalop Charamukotan . Charatzaiskaya Charcas 1 Chargaldshan. . Charjooee Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charleston .... Mt8. T. T. T. T. Pr. Bay T. I. T. R. R. I. T. T. C. Bay Dos, 9: Mts. Tr. T. DIb. T. T. T. L. T. T. T. T. T. Mts. Ter, T. T. T. Mt. Cy. T. R. T. L. T. T. T. I. T. Dep L. T. I. I. I. C. C. Mt. py. Soongaria. . . . Chili Peru Hindoostan . . Mongolia . . ■ ■ Buenos Ayres North America Asiatic Russia Indian Ocean . New Grenada C'hina Little Bucharia Polynesia .... Siam South Peru . . Asiatic Russia Brit. America Africa France Mexico Mongolia .... Mexico Mexico Mongolia .... Mongolia .... Arabia Thibet United States . Siam Thibet Peru Chili Hindoostan . . Mongolia .... Africa China Mongolia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . China Mongolia Chili Brazil Mexico China Mozambique . . Asiatic Russia. Little Bucharia Kurile Islands. Asiatic Russia. Bolivia Tartary Great Bucharia Brit America . Gallapagoa .... Spitsbergen . . . Labrador Virginia Endierby's Ld. [South Carolina Ret LMl. Rd Hm Gi Rf Sd Ik Bb Re Qi Gh To Rd ^} Sh Hj Xa Hd Nk Md Fg Rd Ee Ef Sd Sd 2? Hd Sg Re Gj HI Rf Sd Te Sc Vc Wc Fb Tf Sd HI Uc Oj Pd Rd Sc SJ Qo Qo Gb Fi Ma Ic Ge Po Go Num of PUcM, kt. Charleston .... Charlotte Chai lotto Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte's Charlotte's Charlton Charot Chase's Chatham Chatham Chatham Chatham Chatham Chatham Chatirka Chattahoochee . Chaugalaghnoy Chaumont Chayboudirskaya Chazura .... Cheduba .... Cheesadawd . Cheisinaki , . Chekeang .. , Chelekhof ... Chelekhof ... Chelenco, . . , Chelicut .... Chelm Chelmsford. . Chelonikowa Chemokova . Chonaub .... Cheen Mahom'id Chensilesskaya Chepy Cheraf Chcraw Cherbanioni'. . . Cherbourg . . . , Cherepe Chcribou Chcrnoosof . . . Cherokees .... Cherry Chesapeake . . . Chessboard .... Chester Chester Chesterfield . . . Chesterfield . . . Chesterfield . . . Chcsuiicook . . . Che-tsein T. T. T. C. c. Har Pt. Rk. Bk. Ft. I. Bk. I. T. Is. I. I. I. C. Str. Bay R.' R. I. T. Bay R. I. L. C. Pr. Str. L. L. T. T. T. R. R. R. T. T. R. T. T. Bk. T. T. T. T. Tr. I. Bay Is. §-• In. IIo. Bk. L. Cy. Virginia North Carolina Pr. Edward's I Brit. America . Isle of Georgia Florida . Mantchooria ■ . Malayan Sua . . Malayan Sea . . North America Polynesia Polynesia Brit. America • Mantchooria . . Polynesia Gallapagos. . . . Patagonia . . . . S. Pacific Oc. . New Holland. . North America Florida Asiatic Russia. United States .. Asiatic Russia. France Russia Bolivia Ref. Lata. Bay of Bengal . Brit. America . Japan China North Arnerica North America Patagonia .... Abyssinia Russia England Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . . . Tartary Asiatic Russia . Brit America . AsiaMc Turkey South Carolina Asia France Peru Java Asiatic Russia Western Ter.. Austrolcsia.. . United States. Australasia . . . England Nova Scotia .. Brit America Brit. America Australasia... Maine China Ge Go Hd G a J n Gf Ue Th Th Fd <'j Xj G c Td X i i Hn A ni Tl Dc Gf Xb Ge Ua Md Pb Hj Sg Eb Ue Uf Be Be Hm Og Nc Mc Wb Vb Qe Pe Vb Gc Nd Ge Qg Ld Gi Ti Wb Fe Xj Ge Vi Lc Hd Fb Fc Wi Hd Tf ■^^ ■'W m m.r Re(. Virginia *^ ® Norlii CaroUnn .ti o Pr. Edward's 1 H d Brit. America . G a ll»lc of Georgia J n Gf IJc Th Th ^"d [Florida .. Manlchooria - . Malayan Sua . . Malayan Sea . . Nortli America ^ Polynesia V-^i ^ Polynesia Xj Brit. America . G c Mantchooria . • T V Polynesia K; ? GallapagoB G i Patagonia " " S. Pacific Oc...|Am New Holland.. "" North America Florida . . Asiatic Russia. United States.. Asiatic Russia. France ay JRuBsia ' :. Bolivia Bay of Bengal Brit. America . Japan China North America North America Patagonia .... Abyssinia Russia England Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . • • Tartory Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Asiatic Turkey r. r. r. I. It. R. r. T. R. T. T. Bk. T. T. T. T. Tr, I. Bay Is. Cy. T. In. IIo. Bk. L. Cy. South Carolina. Ge Asia France Peru Java •• ' Asiatic Russia Western Tcr.. Australasia.. . United States. Australasia... England Nova Scotia . . Brit. America Brit. America Australasia Maine China CONSULTING INDEX. Clictskoc Clicvalaco Clicvarotf ("hcvvat Clieyo Cliiupa Cliiapa C'liicugo Chicken Chidlcy Chidlcy Cliidlcy Ciiicti ' Cliipgre Chihic Chihuahua .... Chihuahua .... Chikotan Chilcotins Chilcotin.. . . . • Chili Chilian Chillicothc .... Chiloo Chilok Chilpanzingo . . Chilulan Cuni . (/himaro Chimborazo . . . China Chinchilla Chinese Empire Chinese Turkcs- tan Chinialskoy .... Cliinkun Chinnoor Chin-tan Chinyang Chipcwyan Chipcwyans .... Chippeway Chippewaya .... Chiquitos Chiricote Chitpore Chitral Chitral Chittagong Chitteldroog .. . . Chittore Chiu Ch. Kamennoi . . Choctaw hatchie . Choctaw Land .. Choctaws Choiscuil Choiseuil Port . . Cholom Chonos Choorwaur FniUnn. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Muntchooria . . 'I'arlary Africa Mexico Me..ico Illinois 'Java Brit. America . Brit. America . Greenland .... Naples Nubia China Mexico Mexico Japan Oregon Ter. .. . Oregon Ter.. . . South America Chili Ohio Chili. Asiatic Russia. Mexico Patiigonia .... New Grenada . Equador Asia Spain Asia Asia North America Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . . . China Mantchooria • • Brit. America . Brit America . Wisconsin Ter. Wisconsin Ter. Bolivia Mexico Hindoostan . . . KafTeristui. .. . Kaschgur Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Uruguay .... Asiatic Russia. Florida Tcr.. . . Wcotern Ter. .. Western Ter... East Island . . . Madagascar. . . Asiatic Russia. Patagonia HinmiMtaii . . . Rer. Leii. Sb Va Vo Pd Nk f"s Gd Ti Hb Hb I b Md Of Te Ef Ef Vd Dc Dc HI HI Ge Hm To Fg Hm Gi L o Sd Rd Be Ab Rg Uf Ud Ec Eb Fd Fd V, Qf Qc Qe Sf s^ iV Pc Ge Fe Fe In li Xb Hm Qf Nunct of Plucf, Ac. Cliorikha CliorilloM ('hororacus. . . . Choros Clioshotcs . . . Clioubar Choudau Choupatou . . . . Chourbkoi ... . Chow-niman.. . Christian Christian Christiania . . . . Christiansand. . Christiansand. . Christiansburg , Christianstadt.. Christiansund .. Christie's Christincstad . . Christmas Christmas Christmas Christmas Chrystal Chuapa Chudutina . . . . Chulo Chuluwan Chumbull Chumerah Chunar Chun-ning . . . . Chuquisaea . . Chuquisaca . . Church Church Churchill Churchill .... Churchill .... Churchill Chusan Chutchcoskoie Chutilaukni . . Chwangshan . Cicacole Cilimiti Cillcbar Cimbebas . . . ■ Cincinnati . . . Cinto Cintra Cinuchkinnia . Circars Circassia Circular Cisaidskoi .... Ciudad Real . . Civita Vecchia Clagcnfurt . . . Ctaniet Cba. t!~ r. T. I't. I'r. I', li. T. r. T. I. c. Cy. Div. T. Ft. T. I. Bay T. I. I. I. So. Mu. T. R. T. I. R. T. T. Cy. I.lDep iilMt Mt. Dis. C. R. Ft, I. T. R. I. T. C. T. Cty. 9: Bay T. Pr. Cty. Bay T. T. T. L. POCIUOD. Asiatic Russia. Peru Bolivia Chili Mongolia Uoloocliistan . . Asiatic Russia . Thibet Asiatic Russia. Mantchooi ia . . Pacific Oc. . Brit America . Norway Norway Norway Africa Sweden Norway Brit America . Russia Malaysia Polynesia Southern Ocean Patagonia. . . . Borneo Chili. Asiatic Russia South Peru . . . Mozambique . Hindoostan . . Slam Hindoostan . . China Bolivia Bolivia New Guinea . Scoresby's Ld. Brit America Brit Ani/'.-ica Brit America Brit America China Asiatic Russia Patagonia . . . Corea Hindoostan . . Asiatic Turkey Sumatra Africa Ohio New Grenada Azanaga Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . . Asiatic Russia Australasia . . Russia Spain Tuscany Austria Oregon Ter. . o c Qf Va So Vb Ud n Ha Mc iMc Mc Lh Mc Mb Eb Nb Tj Bh Kn Hm Th HI Wb "J Ok Rf S«. Rf Sf Hj «j Vi Ka Fb Fc Fc Fc Ue Tc Hm Ue 55 Si Go Hg Kf Tc Rg Od Vi Pb Le Md Md Ed ^4i-U' i>' ■illi li-i. ■li? .-; li:-: 'I i|.rii->:^-^ .Mi-: 3» *# ** m- _ji'' :U! % ■W u*. 3U CONSULTING INDEX. Nwnef at PUcflt, ke. Clamct (^lan William. Clnppu'ii ... . I'laruncc ('larcnco Clart'iicc ( larcnce ClartMicc (.Clarence Clarence Clarnnce Clarence . ... Clark'8 (lark's Clark's ClarkV C'larkston .... Clarkston .... Clarksvillu . . . Clauscnbur^ . , Clear Clear Clear Water . , Cleavcland . . , Clerkc's Clermont Clermont Tonnere Cleveland . . . Clew Clicia Cliflon Clinton Clinton Colden Clipperton .... Clinchc Cloates Clodius Clonard Closterbay ... . Cloud Clowey Clowcy Clyde Goahuila Coango Coanza Coava Cobal Cobbe Gobi Cobija Coblentz Coburg Coburg Coburg Coburg Cocasai Douane. Cocavi Cochabamba. .3. Cochabamba.. .. Cochilla Qrande. I. I. T. Mt T. C. C. Str. Mts. I. Ff. Fk. Fk. Pt. Sta. T. T. fc L. !t. iRks (>• I. iBay Bay T. Pt. T. L. Rk. T. Pt I. C. C. I. I. R. R. St. R. R. R. R. T. Dcs. T. T. Bay Pen, Sta. T. Dep T. Mtsi. Oregon Tor... . ('iipe Colony . . MalayHia Krit. America . South Shetland Fcrnand' Po . . Australasia . . ■ New Holland. . Brit. America . Urit. America . New Holland. . Brit. America . Polynesia Polynesia Missouri Ter. . Oregon Tcr. . . . Mozambique . . CatFruria Tennessee . . . . Austria Ireland Brit. America . Brit. America . Ohio Isle of Georgia France Polynesia Now S. Wales . Ireland South Peru . . . Brit. America . Mississippi. .. . Brit. America . S. Pacific Oc.. . Asiatic Russia , New Holland . . Polynesia Corea Iceland S. Pacific Oc, Brit. America ■ Brit America Brit. America Mexico ... .. , Africa Benguela ... Africa Benguela .... Darfur Mongolia .... Bolivia Prussia Saxe Coburg . Upper Canada Brit. America New Holland. Thibet Venezuela . . . Bolivia Bolivia ,|Uruguay .... R. Asiatic Russia ,S c Buenos Ay res . H 1 Enderby's Ld..|Po New S. Wales. |Vj Timor Uj Indian (Iccan . 1 ' Western Ter. Western Tor. Indian Ocean . - j North AmericB^Hd Polynesia Dl News. Wales. jVl Polynesia .. .. .l" f Asiatic Russia S c Asiatic Russia T b Hindoostan •• •j^B Portugal. Brazil .. . Caffraria Peru.... Prussia. . Denmark . . . . ■ Asiatic Russia. Mexico Asiatic Russia. Scotland Brazil Maldives . . Mexico N. Caledonia . . Prussia ty.|South America Ceylon Africa Naples Buenos Ayres . Texas Ff OregonTer... . Ed Patagonia ... .'H in South Carolina Iti e Alabama G c Arkansas |Fe ■y '. CONSULTING INDEX. 3ll Namet of Flua, kc. CI. Columbia .... Columbia .... Culuinbia .... ('uluinbretoi. . Columbus. . . . ('otumbus. . . . ('oluuibus .... (>)!uinpi ('rilvillu Colvillu ('omanchcs. . . ('oinayagua . . Comb's (^omlidah .... IJomfort ("omCort Comfort Comillali Comino '. Committee . . . ('Omo Comobo Comol Comorin Comoro ...... Comoro, Great Compostella . . Comptah Compton Comprida .... Comptroller's . Conccicao .... Conception . . . (inception . . . Conception .. . Conception . . . Conchos Concord Condamine , , . Condatchy . . . Condendas . . . Conejos Confuso Congo Congo Congoon Congress I. Coni Coninskoi .... Conitz Connecticut . . Connecticut . , Conolly Conomamas . , (Constance .... Constance. . . , Conatantine .... Cy. Constantinople. . Cy. Conthcoudsong.. T. Contrarieties.. . . I. Contway L. I'tifiliao. Rcl Lett. 'I'cniiesseu . . Texas Oregon Ter. .Mediterran. Sea Georgia Ohi( MisHissippi. . . . ('Umbodia Brit. America . New Zealand. . Texas (•uatemala .... Brit. America • Arabia Brit. America . Greenland .... Labrador Hindoostan . . . Sardinia Brit. America . Italy Malaysia Nubia Hindoostin . . . Indian Ocean.. Indian Ocean.. Spain Hindoostan . . • Indian Ocean . . Brazil Brit America . Brn-il Chili Paraguay .... Venezuela . . . . Newfoundland . Mexico N. Hampshire . New S. Wales . Ceylon Brazil Mexico Buenos Ayrea . Africa Congo Persia Polynesia Sardinia Asiatic Russia. Prussia United States . . United States. - Brit. America . Peru Baden Europe Algiers Turkey Thibet Australasia... . Brit. America . Go Ff Dd Lo (io Go Go f*g Cb XI Ko Gg Gc Og Gb lb He Sf Md Gc Md Ti Of Rh Oj Oj Ld Rf Ri II Cb k Hi Ik Hn Id Ff Hd Wk Rh y. Ik Ni Mi Pf Vf MH. Tb Nc Hd Hd Dc Hi Md Md Me Nd Se Wi Eb NUDM of PUCM, kc. T. Conventos Conway Conway lioro. .. . (^onylicaro . . . . , Cook's Cook's Cook's Cook's Cook's Cook's ('oomassie . . . Cooper Cooper's ('oopischegaw . Coordoo Coosa : Coosa Combang Coosy Copenhagen .. . Copiapo IT, Copia|)o 'Bay C. T. Mt, I. I. Sir. L. In. R. ?■ I. L. PL R. I. R. Cy. Copimescaw Copland Hutch- inson Coplcston Copororo Copper Copper Indians . Coppermine .... Coquin Cora Coral Coralline Corannrs Corantinc Corbet's Corchounooskaya. ('ordillera Geral. Cordova Cordova Cordova Cordova Corea Corea Coreon Corfu Corinth CorjadoB Corli Corn Corner Cornom Cornwallis CornwoDis Cornwallis Cornwallis Coro Corolcova Coromandel . . . . Coron Coronadoa I'niiUoa. L. Bay Mt R. 1. Tr. R. So. T. Sea I. Tr. R. In. T. Mts. Pr. §■• Pt Cty. Str. Arc. I. Cy Rks ?■ In. I. I. I. I. I. T. T. Cst G. Is. Brazil News. Wales . South Carolina Brit. America . Polynesia Polynesia New Zealand. . Brit. America . North America Brit America . Ashanteo N. Pacific Oc. . Southern Ocean Brit America . New Guinea . . Alabama Malaysia Hindoostan . . . Denmark Chili Chili Brit America . Rcr. Brit America . North America Benguela Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Brit America . Greenland . . . . Soudan Australasia .... Asia Africa Guiana Brit. America . Asiatic Russia. Brazil Buenos Ayres . Spain Buenos Ayres . North America Asia Corea Yellow Sea . . . Ionian Isles. . . Greece Indian Ocean.. Ireland Guatemala .. . . New S. Wales . Gulf of Siam Brit. America . Polynesia S, Pacific Oc... South Shetland Venezuela ■ • • • Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . . ■ Greece Mexico I k Vk G c C h Bk Xh Xm Eb Bb Dc Lh Df J n He Vi Go Pi Rf Mc Hk Hk He Db Cb Mj Xc Eb Eb b Lg Wj Qh Nk Ih Fb Tc Ij HI Le HI Cb Uo Ue Ue Na Ne L c Gg VI Sh Fa Xg Am lo Hg Tb Rg Ne Ee mm- i . t ' iMW'a lit'! Kim mi i 33 Niatr* of l'tKC«, ftc. ClMi.1 CONSULTING INDEX. Hum of nm, tc. ('nriiiintioii jl. (JDronatinn C. CorouiMillii 'Pt. ('(irovcoiloi [R. ('(irri'iili.'s jR. Corrciitis R. ('iirririiloM Pr. t'drrii'iitt's. ('(irrientCH. (,'orriciitc'». Corrii'iitcs. . . . . . 'C. Corrit'iilfiB. . Corniii .... I'oraina .... (-'orlu ('uriiinba. . . (.'ortiiinu . . . Curiiry .... Corvo Ciirvociro . . <"o»oii7.a.. . . l^u«iJri^acllui ("osiiiolt'do . Cospore .... Cossncs of lliD Don CosRiMr Coala CiMta Rica Oistino Cotsj^ayta Coti. C'ottah Cottayam Couchny Coucou Couilrianskoo . . . Coudroyskaia .. . Cougalia Coulunib Coulunda Council Counicn Courban Tamir . Coureica Courland....3d. Coutcha Coutreki Coutskoio Coutts' Cnuznun Couin .. Covell's Coventry Corinska Coze'a Coxo Coy Crab Cracow Cracow Cradock Cradock c;. R. I. T. T. T. T. I. C. tv. T. U. T. Tr, r. R. St. Str. T. Dis. T. T. C. T. T. T. T. C. R. Bis. R. R. R. Pr. R. T. T. In. Dca. Or. ?■ Str. I. In. Is. Rep ?: R. Soiilli Slii-tland New Citlednnia Chili Asiatic RuHpia. Brazil Piinigiiay BticiKM Ay rex . Buenos Ayri's . BuciiuB Ayrvs . Mixico Mozanibi(|UC . . New (ircnada . Mnntc'hnorin . . iMeilitcrran. Sea Cumicii Brazil Spain iiiiiduostan . . . AzorcH Africa Naples Mexico Indian Ocean . Birmah IRuHsia K?yi>t Guinea |(>uatcmala .... Nova Zembla. . Buenos Ayres . Borneo Hindoostan . . . f lindoostan . . . Nova Zembla. . Moni^olia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Africa New Holland. . Asiatic Russia. Wisconsin Ter. Mantcliooria . . Mongolia Asiatic Russia. Russia Thibet Arabia Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Tartary Polynesia England Asiatic Russia. Oregon Ter... . Archipelago. . . Patagonia ..... Indian Ocean . Europe Cracow Cape Colony Africa — c R>r. I lo \k nil ,\Vb {{ I k HI II Ef ' Ok , (ih Ud .Md Md \\ Rf Jc Lf No Ef Pi Sf Od Of Lh Pa Hk Ti 5^ Pb Td Re Pc Re Fd Vc Sd Sb Nc Se Pf Tc Ha Qd Xh Lo Sc Dc Ne Hn Ok Nc Nc NI Nl Cradoo ( 'rai;{'H ('raiiherry .. . Crniiganoro . C'rauNtDn. ... ( Tato Cratn , Crauliird. ... . t'rco I'rci'Us Crrcs (-'rescenl CrcBHWcll .... ('ri'slovMkoio. . Crillon Crimea 53.iPr. CriniHon I'Is. Crixas Crixus Croatia CrnkiT Crokor's Cronstadt (■rooked Cross Cross Cross Cro-s Cross Cross Crown Crow Wing . . . Crozet's Cruz Cruz Cuama Cuba Cubbabish Arabs Cubcabea .... Cucau Cueno Cuddalore .... Cuddapah .. . . Cuenca Cuenca Cuiaba Cuiaba Culebra . . Culican Cullcn Culloo Culm Culpcpcr's 'I. Culver jPt. Cumana |T. Cunibcrica |Bay Cumberland . . Cumberland . . Cumberland . . Cumberland . . Curhberiand . . Benin Scorcshy's Ld. Orejjoii '1 . Hinilmistan . . . Greenland , . , . Brazil Brazil Brit. Anu'riea . Brit. Aruerica . Western 'I'cr. .. Brit. America . Polynesia Biit. America . Asiatic RuKsia. Seghalicn RuHHia Brit. America . Brazil Brazil AuHtria Polynesia Brit. America . Russia Bahamas Nova Zembla .. Russia Africa Nova Zembla . Brit. America North America Eastern Sea. Wisconsin Ter. Indian Ocean . Cuba Mexico Mozambique . West Indies. . Nubia Darfur Chili Thibet Hindoostan . . Hindoostan . . E.cliL'e |Cy, Cupico Pt. Curanaris JTr. i tlurazao I. ('urianiuria ils. Curianmria i('. (.'iiriluba IT. C'urituba R. Current Ciirroyenos. . , Curtis Curtis's Curucu (•uruguutty . ('iisu Lcuvu . I Cutambela . . Cutato Cty. Cutato !R. Cutch jPr, !('utch ii. Cutchevclly . . . .;T. ("ullor Ferguson it'uttack ('utvva Curier Cuvicr Cuvo ('iixhavcn ('uxuru Cuyo (^uieo Cuzco Cyldkeiskoi .... Cymska Cyprus ........ Cyrcnc Czersk Czugliak Daalosken Dabat n.'ilKin Dabo Dabrymple ..... Uacca , R«(. LM. Brit. America . H b Australasia . . . W k United States ..Go Brit. America . K c United Status. . G e Swed<;n |.\Ic Beneiiela .\ J New Grenada . H h Africa N j Uquador Hi Africa N j Brit. America . (» a New Holland.. Uj Brit. A.nni'ica . F a Brit. America . H a Mexico E China T f New (ircnada . t» h .South America I i Caribbean Sea ii g Arabia P g Arabia P g Brazil Ik Brazil Ik Polynesia Uh Bolivia H k New S. Wales. Wk Polynesia A I Brazil Hi Paraguay Ik Bucm s Ayrcs . H 1 Benguela !M j Africa N j Benguela iN j Hindoostan . . .IQ f Hindoostan . . . G f Ceylon {R h Brit America .IF a Hindoostan . . . R f Hindoostan . . . R f Brit. America . F b New Holland.. Tk Benguela M j Germany M c Brazil I j .Malaysia U g South Peru . . . H j South Peru . . . H j Asiatic Russia. T b Asiatic Russia. S c Mcditerran. Sea O c Barca N e Russia ..No Soongoria R d Sweden Arabia Russia Africa V. Dieraen's Ld Hindoostan . . . NamM of PlMM, Ac. Nb Of Ob Lg Vm Sf Dago. Uagwumba.. Uahadiny . . . Dahl Dahloncga . . Uahomcy . . . Dahra Da lues . . . . Uaker Dala Dalai Dalcalme . . . Dalhousie . . . Dall's .... Dalrympio . Damar .... Damaras ... Dumaresq . . Damaun . . . Damascus. • Dambarasi . Damtr .... Daniietta . . Daniloy .... Dampier's.. Danipier's.. Dampier's . . Dampier's . . Dana Dancall,. . . Dando Dando Dandur. . . . Danes' .... Danger .... Danger .. . . Danger .. .. Danger .... Danger .... Dangerous . Dangerous . Dangerous . Danilloo . . . Dantzic . . . . Danube. . . . Danville . . ■ Daoaus . . . . Daouria . . . Dapitan . . . Da Polvora. Darail Darbeta . . . Darby Dar Couka . V I^MiUoa. Dacrci C Dadaxi T. Dagana T. Dagec jT. Dugclct 1 1. Dageou It. Daghestan |Pr. L Cty. R. R. T. ? t. t. L. T. T. T. Bay C. T. Tr. R. T. Cy. T. T. T. T. Ld. Str. lib U b Kg Ue Uo Pd Nc Mh Db Gr. I. Dis. T. R. T. I. Pt. I. R. Pt. Is. Rf. Rf. Sh. I. Cy. R. C. T. Cty. T. I. T. T. C. Dis. Brit. America • Asiatic Russia. Sonogambia . . . Cabul ('orea Berjfoo Asiatic Russia Russia jSoudan Brit. America . Sweden N b Georgia (> o Guinea .M h iVrabia P f ChiH |Hk Henegambia •••Kg Mongolia S d Mongolia iT d Chili {tim N. Brunswick .;Hd Newtbundland. Seglmlicn Arabia Africa New S. Wales . Hindoostan . . . Syria Motapa Nubia ESgypt Russia New Holland. . Now Guinea . . Australasia.. . . Australasia .... Malaysia Abyssinia Congo Congo Bcloochistan ■ . Spitsbergen . . . Cape ('olony . . Indian Ocean . Africa New S. Woles . Polynesia Australasia... . Polynesia Polynesia Russia Prussia Europe Japan Asiatic Turkey Asia Mindanao . . . Indian Ocean Arabia Nubia North America Soudan. . Id Vd El VI Qe Oe Nj Og Oe Oo Uj Vi Tk Vi ^j Og Ml Mi Qf Ma Nl Qi Mh Wk Tk Ai Oh Ob Nc Nd Ue Ne Te Uh Ri Pf SS Nh i ,1 ' ''■'■■ ■• ' . ■ ru.. hh '-'i \t ■l-t , III wm E '% <0 ' ! ii 'Vf'- ':■ * 1 34 lONSlJI.TINc; I.NDKX. Nunranf nun,*r. Cla» l)iirl\ir DariiMi Diiriori Duriimkayu . . > rKirk I)ar Kiiiiiuna .■ ■ D.irkiilb ■ DiirliiiK ■ l)iirliiii;tnn D.ir Mahnaa .. ■ . Dar yUmv f.ad ■ D.ir Misso Lad < Dariiluy Duroca Dar l{u]i(;n Dar 'riiiiiiirki .. . Duriii);iii Duml D.ii < 'nntai . . . . Da!« KiilaH D.itillihoo Dniinmt Dauphin Dauphin Dauphin Davcy D.ivid Davies (iilburt .. Davia'R D ivy's Day Daytvn Dcnd DoBd Dead Do Alfrodonci . . Dcan'8 Dcnsu'H Dcasc'H Dcas Thompson Dcbai Dobrera Dcbrctzin Deceit Deception Du Crcux Dcdalua Dcde Faudgnci , Deer Dcor Deer . , Deer Deer liukc DoGata Dehnst Dehi Nou Dch Koondce. . . Deh Znngcc .. . . DeicrowB Dcikoto Deir T. <;. T. lid Din. r. Din. Diit, it, fisy r. Dix. Di<. (\ liuy K. I. T. V. il'o. \f.. lifo. IPo. «h. Mt. In. So. R. Pt. i^a Sua G. I. I. Bay R. Pt. T. T. I. C. KkB T. L. So. R. R. Ho. 'tx. \'r. IT. T. So. T. T. Al'ricu (tt'orgia .New (irenada .XHialic Rimidii ( •retniund . . . .Vfrie.i Sdiidiui .\r\v S, Wales KnKhiiid .\iihia Iicr|;oo lier|;no Ilril. America . Spain Herijoo ncrjfoo AHinlic RuMHia. liorneo Hrazil Athiiitii; Ocean Africa Arabia .Mudajraocar. . . (irit. Anicricn . Rrit. America . V. Diemun'i) i^d. Africa Drit. Aini-rica . r.abradur ScorcHby'H l.d.. Oregon Tcr. . . . .Vew S. Wales . Russia Syria . 1,,^ ^awa of rUtm, kt. ti U lih Tc la »>lf Nil VI .rt.o »,' i)b l.d N(r Ni: w , TI, Ji M I i.K Of I'k b'c. Fc Vn. I artiiry Mexico PulyncHia Brit. America . Brit. America . Brit. America . Arabia Africa Austria North America South Shetland Spain Africa Arabia Brit America • Brit. America . Brit. America . Brit. America . Brit. America . jSpain Tartary Great Bucharia Cabul Tartary Spitsbergen . . Hindoostan . . Kordofan .... I c Ka Ka Vj Oi' Oe Pd Ec tii Kb Db f Lg Nd Bb II h M d Oi Of Fc Gb Fc Fb Fc Qc Qd Qc Qc Na Qf O'' l)c Ilati ... I>c J lien . . . Du Kay* .. . he la Agiija Dclugoa . . . IK-I Aned .. IV! I.iiit;lu . I)c la Vela . |»<+iivaro . . Drlnvaru |R IhlCarlmn 'L. R. Bay Bay Pt. Bay Sta. Bay C. St. In I. Bay Po. Pr. Del Cariiien Del ('lioco . Delf llaveii D<'lhi Delhi Deli Delilmbo IT. De Iiiinilu f.. IK-li-'lo <'. Di liverunro . . . , Ii. Di-livcranee . . ■ .1. Delivernneo . . . . C, De I.iilioH ('. Do los Reyes ...jPt. De I.oHS Is. DelPndre I. Del (Vregrino . . f . Del Hey Pt. Delta Di». DelToro Bay De. Vu:!o I,. Di-rai Ik'rhciit IVr Bund DlTMC Ihrpl IKrr Demon Ih-rvazoh Dt'Migiiaduro ■ • . \)c Santa Clara . DcR AVUH Dosbrowe IKjHConucida. • . . IKinlment . I)isap|K>intmvnt . Disco Disco Dittcan Diu Diu Dium DivRud Dixan Dixon's Djar lijem DJisahah Djof D'^Luiz Dnieper Dniester Dobbs' Doce Doctrlna Dofar Dofrofield Dog Dog Dogdsa Dog Rib Indians Dolganova Dolgoi Dohnatov Dolonskoi Dolphin Dolphin Dobtoad Domboo Domboo Domel Domelans Domet's Domges Dommica Don Donna Maria .. . DonCoasacs.40. I. *> ■Pr. T. Po. I. T. I. Sla. i'. T. •r. T. Bay r. C. I. I. Bay iik. T. I. Hd. |C. R. T. Ent T. R. T. Dis. R. R. R. C. R. T. T. MU. I. I. R. Tr. T. I. T. T. C. Str. T. Dis, T. I. T. C. Tr. i. R. I. Pr. Brit America Franco Saliara Arabia Africa Patagonia.. • . KilHHia FuriH' Islands G b Md Lf Pf Mk II n Oc Lb NuUa O^ llinduoslan llinduoiitan . . . Ilinduostan . . . Ilinduustan .. . Ireland Chili Asiatic Russia. Australasia . . . Polynesia Pa'jigonia Greenland .... .Spitsbergen . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Japan Persia Abyssinia Nortli America Arabia . Tartary Great Bucharia Arabia Brazil Russia Russia Brit America . Brazil Buenos Ayres . Arabia Norway Greenland .... Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Brit America . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Falkland Is Brit America . Norway Africa .Africa Bay of Bengal. Borneo New Holland. . Africa West Indies .. . Asiatic Russia. N. Pacific Oc Rf lif Kg Kf Lc Ilk Wc Xn Hn I b Na Rf Qf Qf Vo Pf 9.' Do Of Pd Qd Og Ik Oo Nd Gb Ti Hk M^ Tb ?i Dd Tb Tb Qo Re In Eb Mb Nf Nf 'A SI Hg Oc Df Russia |0d r »ii. t:. i - '' « ■fc. in !', ,i' f y P/<-m DC lONWULTlNG INDKX. lofruwito. Cla»' Colebea. |)i>mla :Pt Diinilru iloail •• • ('• IK>ii<'K:iI I r. llrolond Ihinvliik T. Kumia Ihrnifii Oty. Africa I )i>ii|{iilu ( 'ty. Nubia . DoiiKiiln JT. Aflrica, |)o!ii;ulu liay Nubin l>iii>jan {Ui« Doiikiii R. DiiniiiBiie |I> Doirnai T. DiMibaiiiit li. l)(K)baunt , l)(H)raiiaiim. . • • < DiKMliuk Dorak DorclicMtor .... Dorchi'itor . > • . Dornocli Duroiikoi Doroninak .... I>urre Uoract DoH ForcadoB. . Don Montua . . . Dor Patoa l)o8ul Dotanioa Douaaao Double Double Iiland . Doubnu Douhicherakaya Doubtful Dovibtful Douda Doudinakoi . . . Douditta Donghty Douglaa Douglaa Douglas Douives Doulagoulack.. . Doulga .... Douma .... Douro Dove Dover Dover Dover Dow Dowlatabad Downes . . . Drah Draba Diaha Dmgon'a.. . Dram Dranki .... Ik'ngut'lu .... Africa Norway C'ninbodia. . ■ . Brit. America Urit. Ainrrica Aiiiatic Turkey Dot. Cabul Persia I^wur Canada. Brit. America . Scotland Aaiatiu RuHHia. Aaiatic Ruaaia. Auitralnaia .... Brit. America . Benin Brazil Brazil Brazil Miaaouri Ter. . Africa New 8. WaluB . NewaWalea . Ruaaia Aaiatic Ruaaia. Auatralaaia .... New Zealand. . Aaiatic Ruaaia. Aaiatic Ruaaia. Aaiatic Ruaaia. North America Lower Canada . North America Brit America . Greenland . . . . Aaiatic Ruaaia. Nubia Kordoaan Portugal Spital^rgen . . . England. New Holland. . Europe Red Sea Hindooatan . . . S. Pacific Oc... Barbary Suae Barbary New Grenada . Norway Asiatic Ruaaia. C. T. T. T. I. C. R. R. L. L. Tr. T. Pt. PL r. T. la. Har R. T. R. I. T. C. Har Bay R. T. Sta. R. Bay T. Pt. Str. I. T. I. R. Dia. R. Mth T. T. JM Rh Lc Od Nh Og Of Mj Nk Mb •ff Fb Oe Qe Pe lid Gb Lc Td Tc Tk Gh Mh Tj II Ji Pd L|r Vj Wk No Sb Tl Xm Sb Rb Sa Dc Hd Be Fb la Ub Og Na Mo Ui Mc Gh Le Lf Lf Gh Mc We Drave Dresden Dresich Drewycr's D. RodtrigucH . Droglicdn Drninera Dronthuim .... Drontlieiin .... Drum mend .... Drummund .... Drunimond's . . Drummondtun . Dry Dry Dry Fork . . . Dsako Tijupson . Dsanlarkcn); . Dsatchou .... Dschabckan . . Dublin Dubuque Ducburo Duche Duciea Duck Dudley Di^ga Duff Duff'a Duida Duillican Duke of Clarence Duke of Kent's. Duke of York's. Duke of York's. Duke of York's. Duke ofYork'a. Dukia Dulce Dulce Dulwich Dumaran DumfViea Dunaburg Duncan Duncan's Duncansby's . . . Dundaa Dundaa Dundaa Dundaa Dundee Duneira Duneira Dungui Dunlop'a Range. Dunrora Dunvenn Dural(^ Durando Durango Ctaa. f R. Bk. 1'. T. Div. Cy. I. Pt. 1. T. Bk Fd. K. L. I". K. R. Cv, T. T. C. 1. La, C. I. Gr T. T. I. Bay Arc. I. I. Bay T. G. R. T. I. T. T. I. I. Hd. I. I. I. C. T. Bay Mts. R. Mts. T. Ho, T. Rf. St Austria Saxony •••Jfyi";;, ()ri'){(in icr. . . .South Ainiricu lrvi:ind (fulnea Norway Norway. ..... Miehiuun New S. Wnles . Polynvsiu Virginia AuHtrulnaiu.. . .SiiitaJH-rgen . ■ . Mi'xico Thibet Thibet Thibet Mongolia Ireland Wisconsin Ter. Africa Mantchooria . . Polynesia Brit. America . Brit America . Polynesia Australasia.. . . Africa Luzon Polynesia Brit America . Brit America . North America Polynesia .... Brit America Austria Guatemala .. . loa Ayrea New S. Wales Malaysia .... Scotland Russia 8. Pacific Oc. Pacific Oc. Scotland Africa Oregon Ter... Polynesia .... Brit America Scotland Greenland . . . Brit America Africa New 8. Wales Soudan Brit America Buenos Avres Austraiosia . . Mexico Nd Mc He Kc L G Lh M li M li Gd : VI j Xi Ge I ^j I Ma Fe Re 8f 8e 8d Lc Fd Lg Vc Dk Fa Ha Ck Xi Ng Ai Fb Eb Dc Ai Gb Nd Gh Ek Wi L c No Eh Gi Lc Oi Dc Xi Ea Lc la Ha Ni Vi Mb Ec Hk Xk Ff Ed( Ed( «.jk.. -•»- ■•r ^■■1''**^"*^ Auitriit H^xoiiy ^;ityl>'•••, Smilli Aiiicricu ri;l:iii(l (iuiiioa Norway Norway MiKhiRii'i • • • • Now a. Wnle» PolyiieHlii .... Virginia AuKtrnlasiu . . . SiiitHbcrgcn . . Mexico Tliibct Tliibet Thibet Mongolia . . . . Ireland Wisconiin Tcr. F d Africa. ...... Mantchooria . PolyncMia. . . . Hrit America Brit. America Polynesia .... Auitralasia... Africa Luzon JV^ Polynesia Ay Brit. America . .re. Brit. America . North America Polynesia Brit. America . Austria Guatemala .• • • Buenos Ayrcs . New 8. Wales . Malaysia Scotland Russia Is, Pacific Oc... Pacific Oc, Scotland • Africa Oregon Ter... Polynesia .... Brit America Scotland Greenland . . . Brit America Africa New S. Wales Soudan Brit America Buenos A^res Australasia . • Mexico [. Hd. [. (. (. D. T. Bay Mts. R. Mts, T. Ho. T. Rf. St CON«JiJ.TIN a*. Diirungu I)iirn/.iii> [liirhuiii Iliirnlbrd Diirnford l)iirnfor>l Nuns. Du Uoi Dimky DiiHiH'Idorf .... Dutch Diitchtjrl Diivour's Dwabiii Dwi Uwight Dwina D'Wolf's Oyer's Dyer's %jr Eagle Kagle Bnglo I:!uhci Nomauwc Kaidloy Wilmot Earo (kst East East East East East East East East East Andaman's East Bothnia . . . East Branch.. .. Easter Easter Eastern Eastern Group. . East Greenland East India Co.'s. East Main East Main East Main East Mt Barren Easton East Pens Eastport East Vaagen.. . . Ebeloi Eboe Ebon Ebro Ebsambal Eclipse Eddy Stone . . . . Edel's r. T. r. p«. ft. ('. I. Bnv S: Tr. U. T. [.. Hta. R. I. (. C. Uis. ClUk I. Is. HI. I. C. R. Sea I. I. C. C. c. Pt Pt Pt Is. DIs. R. I. CIs. Sea Is. Cty. c'ty. Ho. R. MU. T. Is. T. I. L. £• R. T. Is. I. Ld. Mrxiro V ( Purkoy | V d Knulund |l> A r.oa «»1 1 »il>aritt ;<> k I'j l)c Xm Ml! Oi Vd Vi r, h Ng Ko Ob Xi Nl Hb Nl MudugSMcar .. Oregon Ter. .. New Zealand. Prussia ..... Indian Ocean . Mantch™iriii . Auiitralasiii . . Ashanteo .... S'lah Eelah Eeltth Egatclie Kgedeaniiiide . KgKtoe %K K«g ►^Kjfa F'guia Egliiiton Egmont Egmont Egmont Egmont Egmont Egmont Egoy Eguun Egypt Ei Eia Eiford Eight Degree. Eimeo Eiallfio Ekarma Ekasitach .... Ekaterinburg. Ekatcrinoslav 50 Ekaterinoslav . . Ekatliorinipol . Ekatherinodar . Ekathcrinograd Ekohtagh Ekesio Eknas Ekrostrov Elaghoui Elonco ElA'aich El Ared El Ariah Elas Elatom Elba ElboMon Elbe El Biddab T. r. Pt c. I. Bny T. !?■ Ilo. |{. Cty, Cy. K. I{. i)is. I. liar R. T. G. C. I. I. Is. C. Po. Mt Is. R. C!y T. R. T. Ch. I. T. I. R. Pt. C ^- T. T. R. T. T. T. R. R. T. Dis. T. L. T. I. T. R. T. Syria North ('arolinu l';«>pt Falkland Is.. . . Nnrtli America Aii.^lralasia . . . Now H. Wales . I.ib<:ria 8ci)tlatid Asiatic Turkey Ilrit. Aiiirriea . Asiutii: Riisnia. AhIii .Suongaria Soongaria Anintin Kiissia. (ireenlaiid .... Norway New Jersey . . . Brit America . Soudan Greece Brit America . Australania . . . Indian Ocean.. Polynesia New Zealand. . West Indies. . . New Zaaland . . Polynesia Brit America . Africa Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Norway Maldive Is. . . . Polynesia Sweden Kurilo Islands. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Sweden Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Oregon Ter. .. . Morocco Arabia Kgypt Sweden Russia Mediterran. Sea Turkey Nd Germany Mo Arabia Pf ■jpir • ) ' \* I ^ ; 'I >1 « m^ km 36 CONSULTING INDEX. Nunei of PUoWf kc. Elbing El liraken Elburus El Comboy . . . . El Compacto • ■ . Eldborg Elc Elf phant Elephant Elephant Eletz Elcuthera Elevo Eleven ElFezn ElFow Elfwedal El Ganka El Gazie El Humid El Hammer . . . . Elim Elimane Eliza Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabeth Elizabethgrad . . Elizabeth's Elizabeth Town. ElJem El Juncal El Kaoul El Kazar ElKhatiff Elk Horn El' Lamdou . . . , El Iiaughmoot .< Ellefaens Ellice Ellice's Group . Ellichpore Elliott Elkire ElMakkarif... El Menaoria. . . EIraina Elmore EUmosaeguem . . EI Obispo El Paposo El Refugio VlBh«tt , ■u i (ineur ^luUis . Elvas... Clai FaiUiai. T. Tr. Mt. I. C. T. R. I. Shs. Mt. T. I. C. I. fr. T. T. T. T. T. Sta. T. T. RkB I. I. I. C. C. Bay PL Har T. I. T. T. T. R. T. i'- T. T. Hur I. Is. T. T, r. T. T. Ft. Is. Sta. T. T. T. L. T. Pco. T. I'russia Afl-ica I Asiatic Russia. iCaribbean Sea. Bolivia Iceland Mantchooria . . South Shetland Mozambique . . New Guinea . . Russia Bahamas Asiatic Russia. Indian Ocean . Tibcsty Fezzan ...,,., Sweden Arabia Africa Barbary Africa Cape Colony . . Africa Australasia... . Polynesia Polynesia Polynesia North America Seghalien Africa Brit. America . Brit. America . Russia Australasia . . V. Diemen's Ld. Tunis Chili Asiatic Russia. Morocco Arabia Missouri Ter. . Soudan Fezzan ...... Powel's Group. Brit America . Poljmesia Hindoostan . . . Mississippi. .. . Hindoostan . . . Nubia Morocco Ashantee Polynesia Sahara Chili Chili Mexico Algiers New Zealand. . Mongolia Portugal IM. Lett. Nc Od Kb Vd lo Oj Vi Oc Gf Va Qi Nf Mf Mb Pf Kf Lf Mf Nl Lg Wk Ak li Be Vc Nk Gb Fa Od Vi Vm Me Hk Xb Lo Pf Fd Lg Mf Jo Cb Xi Rf Ge SS Og L e Lh Xh Mf Hk Hk Ff Me Mc Sd Le Nunn of FUcm, 4c. EfWali cl Bah- ryeh El Wahr .... Elwend ElWincga... Ely Elythia Emba Emba Embacca Embdcn Embomnm . . . Emboque .... Emerald Emerald Emfras Eraicole Emil Ems Emuaen ..... Enangcn Enara Enara Enarca Encarnacion.. Encounter . . . Encounter . . . Endeavour . . . Enderby's. . . . Enderby's. .. , Endcrmo .... Ehdian Endracht's . . Endurman . . . Enfantc Perdu Engano Engano Engano Engeloe England Englefield.... English English. Englisli English, English. English River EngousB ..... Enisoi , Enkasy, ..... Enkuyaen. .. . Ennves ... Eno Enon Ensenada de San Borombon Ensene .... Enterprize . Entre Rios . Enzelli Eooa Os. Sta. Mt. T. ^y- T. G. R. T. T. T. T, I. I. T. Sir. R. R. Pt. T. I. T. Dis. I. Bay PL R. Ld. I. Har T. Ld. T. I. I. C. C. I. Km. C. Ch. Sh. Har R. R. Dis. T. T. Dis. I. T. T. T. T. T. Ft Pr. T. L taittoL E^pt Alrica Persia Fezzan England Egypt Tartary Tortary Angola Hanover Loango Changamcra . Arabian Gulf. Southern Ocean Abyssinia Russia Soongaria Germany Asiatic Russia. Sweden Russia Russia Abyssinia Polynesia New S. Wales . BtiL America . New S. Wales. Southern Ocean Southern Ocean Japan Persia New Holland. Nubia Polynesia .... Malaysia .... Hayti Luzon Norway Great Britain BriL America Europe Southern Ocean Guatemala .. . Africa Brit America Brit America Barbary Asiatic Russia Ashantee .... Iceland Norway Russia Cape Colony . . Buenos Ayres , Egypt Brit America Buenoa Ayrei . Portia. Polynesia. .... Hcf. Leu. Nf Mf Pe Mf Mc Of Pd Pd Ni Mc Mi Oj Of Wn Og Od Rd Mc Ab Nb Nb Nb Oh Dk VI Db V Po Xn Vd Pe Tk Si Hg Vg Mb Lc Gb Lc Ki Gh Ok Fc Ec Me Sc Lh Kb Mc Ob Nl II Of Eb li P« Ak PotittOB. V tie. Egypt Africa Persia Fezzon England. . . . Egypt Tartary .... Tartary Angola Hanover.... ILoango Changaraera . . Arabian Gulf. . Southern Ocean Abyssinia Russia Soongaria.. . . • Germany . . . . ■ Asiatic Russia. Sweden Russia Russia Abyssinia Polynesia New S. Wales . Brit America . New S. Wales Southern Ocean Southern Ocean Japan Persia New Holland. Nubia Polynesia .... Malaysia .... Hayti Luzon Norway Great Britain Brit America Europe Southern Ocean Guatemala .... Africa Brit America ■ Brit America Barbary .. Asiatic Russia Ashantee .... Iceland Norway Russia Cape Colony . [. [. D. D. I. Km C. Ch. Sh. Har R. R. Dis T. T. Dis I. T. T. T. T. T. Ft Pr. T. I. Buenos Ayres . Egypt....... Brit America Bueno* Ayrei PAaia Polynesia. . . . CONSULTING INDEX. NtoiM or PUt«i, tta. F'pkroinov . . . . Epiphano . . . , . Gpworth Equudor bV|uador Erbinsku Kregup Erekli Erckli Erfurth Ergetu Erghi Erie Erie Erivan Erivan Erlau Eroubcia Erromango. ... Erronan Erzuruni Erzi Escandon Eiichcliollz .... Eschholtz EskiShchr.... Eiimcraldas . . . Esmcraldas . . . Esnch Espeiiborg .... Esperance .... Espirito Santo . Espirito Santo . Espirito Santo . Espirito Santo . Esquimaux .... Esquimaux. . . . Esquimaux. . . . Esquimaux. ... Esseno Essequebo .... Essequebo . . . . . Esthonia... .18 Estrcmoz Esutia Eszek Etawney Etchin Ethiopian Etna Eton Gol Eunice's Euphrates Euroen Buropa Eustis Evans Evening Evraahceiiey . . . Evora Evrcux IVsltan. liussia ....... Cyprus Brit America . Soutli America Equador Asiatic Russia. Polynesiii Asiatic Turkey ^Vsiutic Turkey Prussia Soongaria Mongolia Pennsylvania. . North Ainericu Asiatic Rusuiu. Asiatic Russia. Austria Asiatic Russia. Australasia.. . . Australasia . . . Asiatic Turkey .\8iatic Turkey Mexico Polynesia North America Asiatic Turkey Equador .. Venezuela Egypt. . . . North America New Holland . . Brazil Brazil Cuba Mexico Labrador Labrador Brit. America . Scoreaby's Ld.. Africa Guiana Guiana Russia Brazil Mexico Austria Brit. America . Mongolia Indian Ocean.. Sicily Soongaria Polynesia Asia Japan Indian Ocean . . Missouri Ter. . Brit. America . Polynesia North America Portugal France R«r. Oc Oe Eb Hi G i Vb Xh Od Od Mc Qd Td Gd Gd Od Od Nd Qb Xj Xj Od Oo Ff Xg Bb Oo Gh Hh Of fih Ul ii Gf «g He He Fb Ka Ni Ih Ih No Ji Nd Fc Sd Pj Me Rd Ak Pe Vd Ok Ed Gb Uh Be Le Md Num or Flam, lie. Ewort . . . . Exeter . . . . Exeter.. .. Exmouth . Exploits . . EydaJ . . . . Eyeo Eyiau . . . . Fadcfskoy Fadcn-Hotun . . . Fadish Fudla Fagcrhult Fuhlun Fuhueoo Fuillee Fair Fairfield Fair Foreland . . Fairwcothcr .. . . Fairweothcr . . . . Fairweather . . . . Fairy Falaba Falalep P'alcon Falcon Falcon's Falcme Falkland Fall Indians .... Falls Falls Falmouth Faloo False False False Cape Horn False Washita Falso Falster Famagusta . . . Family Fanado Fang -.Ting. . . Fang-t'^iang . . Fanhoa Fanimboo. . . . Fanlingtao . , . Fanning's. ... Fanshawe .... Fantee Faraday , Farafanghane . Farahabad .... Faralis Farallone Farcol Farewell Farewell C. Cy. Bay G. Bay T. S" L T. T. T. T. T. I. Pt I. Stu. C. c. c. Mt I. T. I. C. In. I. R. Is. Tr. R. R. T. I. Bay Bay C. R. C. I. T. L. T. T. 5r- T. I. I. C. Dis. C. R. T. I. Is. I. I. C. iValUoii, Scoresby's Ld.. England Brit America . New Holland. . Newfoundland. Iceland Soudan Prussia Kb Lc Hb Tk Id Kb Mh Nc Asiatic Russia. Corca Africa Arabia ....... Sweden Sweden Polynesia Borneo Scotland Western Ten. . Spitsbergen . . . Patagonia North America C c North America IC c Brit. Ainericu . |E b Senegambia .. Polynesia. . . . Algiers Patagonia .... ''olynesia. . . . Senegambia. . Soutliern Ocean Brit. America Oregon Ter... Oregon Ter... England Polynesia ... New Zealand. Africa Patagonia . . . Western Ter. Uruguay .... Denmark .... Cyprus Brit America Brazil Mantchooria . China Corea ........ Africa Corea Polynesia Brit America . Ashantee South Shetland Africa Persia Polynesia Mexico Asia Polynesia Greenland .... Va Ud Oh O f Nc Nb Vg Ti Lc Fe Ma Hn Lh Vg L e Hn Bk Lg I n Ec Ed Dd Le Wh XI Nl Hn Fe II Mc Oe Fc Jj Ud Te Uo Lg Uo Bh Ga Lh Jo Pk Pc Vh De Qh Aj lc \:., : ■ *, i ■ ■ • Y. .M.^ 40 CONSULTING INDEX. Farowcll Faribu Faru Faroe Farqulmr Farrori Fnrruilc]) ■ Fars ■ FurtiiHli Fartasli Futcliio FuUiHiu Fattacondu .... Futtoolm Fatuiva Favorite Fnxc Fayal Fayette , Faycttcvillo . . . - Faycttcvillo . . ■ Foar Fuarnall Fcdja Fcdoticha Fecjce Feid *«'» rcis Fcldkirch Felcdy Atollon. . Felix Felix Fellatas Fillfoot Fclosicu Fenatica Fengue Fcnuara Fcrbanna Fcrmo Fcrnondina . . . . Fernando Noroii. I)« Fernando Po . . . Ferrate Fcrokabad Fnrro Ferrol Fcrrol Ferrol Fertit Fervinskoy Noss Fcthalond Fet-go Fetlar Fctunha Feysarah Arabs. Fei Fczzan Field Claa. C. T. T. Is. C. T. I. Pr. T. C. I. I. T. I. I. I. .Vcw Zealand Soncgambia . Portugal .... .Northern Ocean New Holland Africa Polynesia . . . Persia Arabia Arabia |Lk>rea 'Polynesia .. . peneganibia . Polyneoia . . . jPolyncHia .. . Polynesia . . . Xm Lg Lc Lb Tk Lg I? Vc Vo Lg Ci ^j Kb Ke Ed North ('arolina \G e rVzores ( )regon Ter. liay Iceland . I. R. T. T. (,'. Day Day K. Is. T. R>I. Uli. I. I. r. I. Ml. c. Arkansas North C'arolinu Brit. America . Nubia Asiatic Russia Polynesia .\rabia Polynesia Polynesia Anstrin Maldives Africa Brit America . Brit. America . Asiatic Russia. Mexico Mantchooria . . Polynesia Scnegambia .. . Italy Cuba Pco. Soudan , C. T. T, T. Is. T. T. I. I. C. T. I. T. T. Bay Dis. C. Pt Dis. I. I. Tr. cy. Cty. R. Brazil Africa Sardinia Hindoostan . . . Canary Islands Peru Spain Peru Africa Nova Zembla. . Scotland Africa Scotland Polynesia Africa Morocco Africa Now S. Wales . Fo Go Fa Of \Vb Xj Of Vh Vg Md Qh Pg Fb Mg Ga Sa Ff Ud ^e Md Gf Ji Mb .Mo Rg Kf Gi Ld Gi Nh Ra Lc Nh Lc Ci Oh Le Nf VI I of Ftaom, Ac Fierro Fighi^ Figurm Fildcs Filok Filning-chow .. . Finisterro Finland F'inlny F!:»lcy Finmark Firando • Fire Firouzabad . . . . , First Firth of Forth . First Volcano .. Fish Fish Fisher Fisher's ....... Fisher's Fisher's Fishing Fiskeroe Fister Fitats Fittre Fitzgerald Fiume. . Five Five F^izcn Flaniboro Flannan Flagstadoc Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Bow Flat Bow Flat Bows Flat Heads Flat Heads Flattery Flattery Flaxman ... . . . Fleming Flindcr's Wreck Flint Flint's Flora Florence Florence Flores Flores Flores Florea Florida Florida tailioi. c. T. Is. Sir, T. Cy. C. Cty. Ho. R. Div. I. I. T. I. Bay It. Bay C. C. I. I. L. I. T. T. L. Bay T. Is. Is. T. Hd. I. I. I. I. C. Pt L. Ho. Tr. Tr. Ho. C. C. Is. In. Rf. HI. T. I. ?■ T. I. I. R. Ter. C. Algiers liarbary Asiatic Russia. •S>uth Shetland Nubia China Spain Europe Brit America . Brit. America . Norway Japan Iceland Persia Madagascar. . . Scotland Polynesia Africa Greenland . . . . Africa Brit. America . Polynesia Russia Brit America . Russia Norway Japan Soudan Brit America . Austria Polynesia Malaysia Mantchooria . . England Scotland Lofibden Isles . Spitsbergen . . . Ba^ of Bengal . Asiatic Russia . Borneo Oregon Ter... . Oregon Ter. .. . Oregon Ter. . . Oregon Ter. . . . Oregon Ter. . . Oregon Ter. . . Now S. Wales . North America Scoresby's Ld Australasia . . Guiana Polynesia. . . . ietiand Tuscany Alabama .... Mexico Azores Uruguay .... Bolivia United States. Florida Rrf. M el Lc Va lo Og Vf Ld Nb Fc Dc Nb Uc Kb Pf Ok Lc Vf Nk lb Ok Ea Vf Nb Fc Nb Mc Vo Ga Md! Xh Uh Vc Mc Lc Mb Na Sg Va Ti Ed Ed Ed I Ed| Ed Dd Ca Kal Wk| Ih Si Md Go ! F«l J e I II ; Hj Gf I '"'y^'^.^nm^^' .Igiera Jarbary Lgiatic Russia. «uth ShcUand 1 o ? Md Gd Le Md Tl Hg Vni Nl Qm He VI Kc Dd ''J Qi Po Cc Eb LI Ge h He Ge Pd Dd Jn Cj Od Mf Mc Md Nf Vb §f f Og Og Pe Uc Ne Le Qe Qe Lh Qe Qe Qf Mf Nf Ra Ne Of Le Hh Le Name] ot Flaoa, kc. Gibson . . , Gibson . . . Gidid . . . . Giosvar . . i GiiTord . . . Gilford . . . Gigansk . . Gigeri . . . , Gijon Gila Gilbert's . . (lilbert'a , (lileva . . . . Gilgit . . . , Giliou . . . . Gilliskual . Gilolo . . . , Ginga . . . , Gingiro.. . Girana . . . Girge . . . . (iirgenti . . Girlau .. , . Gisma. . . . Givet. Gjatsk Gladstone . . . Glasgow . . . . Glasgow .. . . Glazov Glocester . . . Glocster . . . Glogau Glommen .. . Gloriosa . . . . Gloucester . . Gloucester . ., Gloucester . . Gloucester . . Gloukhov . . . Gluckstadt . . Gnadenthal.. Gnarp Gnaungrue. . Gnesen Goa GoB-Choung . Goahattee . . . Goat Goat Pen . . . Godavery . . . Goderich .... Godin Godt-hoab... God's Mercy God's Mercy Gogra ..... Golconda . . . Golconda . . . Gold Goldingen . . . tttUkm. C. Brit. America . Ft. Missouri Ter. . T. Nubia T. Norway R. Brit America . Mt Brit America . Cy. Asiatic Russia . T. Algiers Cy. Spain R. Mexico I. Polynesia Arc. Polynesia R. Asiatic Russia. T. Kascltgur I. Malaysia T. .Sweden I. Malaysia Pr. Congo Cty. Africa T. Abyssinia.... T. Egypt T. Sicily T. Turkey T. Japan T. France T. Russia C. Scoresby's Ld. Cy. Scotland T. Kentucky T. Russia C. Patagonia C. New S. Wales . Cy. Prussia .... . . R. Sweden Is. Indian Ocean . T. England I. Polynesia I. Polynesia Ho. Brit America . T. Russia T. Denmark T. Cape Colony . . T. Sweden T. Birmah T. Prusiia Cy. Hindoostan .. T. Birmah T. Hindoostan . . S. Pacific Oc. R. Wisconsin Ter, R. Hindoostan . . T. Upper Canada R. Oregon Ter... Sta. Greenland . . . C. Brit America Brit America R. Hindoostan . ■ T. Hindoostan . . I. Polynesia .... ■ Cst. Guinea T. Russia |N e :} ' Sf •r' f \v :\ •^ XL -W?^' ik 44 NanM ii( PIUH, kc. CONSULTING INDEX (iuliad I'l' (ioluviii 'Mt. ToxaB Nova Zciiibla. (iolovriiti (iolowalsclicrt'.. (iulza liomlicrooii. . . . (ioilllTU (illMlul (fOliaVO < •undur ....... (loiica (jonitili Uoiizalcs lioober Uixidi'iiougli . . . (loodoroo Goodcroo (iimhI Fortuiio . (>ood Ilopu. .. . Good liupo .... (iiood SUCCCBS. . (lOufll Gouniah Gooiiung Telia. Goos Gooty Gorarn Gordon Gordon'u ( joro Gorco Gore's Gore's Gorgona Gori Karaumct . Gorizia Gorodctz Gorodvtzk Gorodislehe . . . . Goroiloi Goroo Goroo Gorruckporc. .. . Gortopc GoBir Gotha Gotliem Gothland Gothland Gotoijege Got Sands Gottenburg Gottingcn Gotto Goueh's Goufburn Goulburn Goulbutn's Gouriev Gourmon Gotuinjiy, North Hay North America C Soghnliun Soonguria Persia Canary Isles . . Cabul T. r. I. R. I. ^- V. r. Cty Mt. West Indicts. . . EI g Abyssinia Abyssinia I Asiatic Turkey Texas lAfrica ........ { Brit America . Dis. Abyssinia T. Abyssinia I. 'Malaysia C. iCapo C'olony . . Buy Japan C. I Patagonia T. [Arabia T. Ilindoostan . . . |T. Celebes T. iNul.ia T. j Ilindoostan . . . I. Australasia .. . Mt. JEnderby'sLd. U.iy I Brit. America . Bay Brit America . I. Scnegambiu. . . I. North America Bay New Zealand. . I. New Grenada . Mt. Tartury T. Austria T. Russia T. Russia T. Russia I. North America Polynesia. . I. Polynesia.. T. Hindooston T. Thibet .... T. Arabia .... Cy. Saxe Gotha T. IGothland . . Div. Sweden . . . I. T. I. 9: I. I. T. R. I. 9: {Baltic Sea . . Soudan Baltic Sea . . Sweden .... Hanover .... Japan Southern Occon New S. Wales Now S. Wales Australasia . . . Tartary Soudan Nova Zembla NunM of riMH, kc. Gousinay, South (iov. Farquhor's (Jower's Goyanna Goyaz Gozzo Gozzo Graaf Reynct . . Gracias a Dios. . Oraciosa Graciosa Gradiska Grn'lon (iraham Moore's Graham Moore . Graham's G. !iam's Grampus Granada Grunuda Granard Grand {R. Grand Grand Grand Grand (irand (irand Grand Grand Bassam .. Grand Canary . , Grande , Grande Grande , Grande Grande Grande Grande del Norte Grand Port Grand Sesters . . : Grane Granger's Grant Grantley Granville Grass .... Gratiot . . . Gratz Gravesend Gray Gray's . Greasy Great Great Great Great Great Great Great Great Great Aloui Nova Zembla .. Australasia . . Australasia .... Brazil Brazil Candia Mcditerran. Sea Cape Colony . . Guatemala .... Azores ('anary Isles . . Turkey New S. Wales . Brit America . Brit America . Ca|K! Colony . . South Shetland Polynesia Spain Guatemala .. . New i'^. Wales Buenos Ayrcs Missouri Ter. Michigan Paraguay . , . . Lower Canada. Missouri Tcr. . Michigan N. Brunswick Guinea Canary Isles . ■ Scncgambia .. . South America Mexico Brazil Bolivia Buenos Ayres Mexico Islo of Fiance. Liberia Arabia Polynesia Brit America . North America Brit America . France Michigan Austria England Spitsbergen . ■ . Oregon Ter... . Brit. America . Africa New Guinea Africa Australasia . . . Australasia... . Spitsbergen . . . Brit America . Australasia .... Asiatic Russia. <« ^ova Zembltt iVuHtnUaHia . . \ustrula8ia . . ^ Hriizil lirazil ■ Condia ••|Nc Mcditcrrun. Soa (^ape Colony . . [Guatemala .• • • Azores tCanary Isles . . Turkey New S. Wales Brit. America Hrit. America Cd|>c Colony . . |N I ISouth Shetland H o jPolynesia |y f |Spain jGuatemala .. . , 'New S. Wales JBuonos Ayrcs Missouri Ter. Micliigan ... Paraguay.^ Lower Canada. «» a Misfcouri Ter. . *' d Michigan tl a N. Brunswick . H d Guinea 1^'\ Canary Isles .. K 1 Scnegambia .. • L g South America Ik Mexico '' ' Bra7.il \i} Bolivia Buenos Ayres . Mexico Islo of Fiance. Liberia Arabia Polynetiia Brit. America . ;ar|Morth America Brit. America . iFranco jMichigan Ik. [ar tea. lay lay Cey Austria |Nd England Spitsbergen . . Oregon Ter... Brit. America Africa New Guinea ■ Africa Australasia . Australasia.. Spitsbergen . . . Brit. America . Australasia... . Asiatic Russia. CONSULTING INDEX. -• t 45 Nuia o( riaua, ke. (ireat Altai .... Mt. (Jroat American Des. (•real Andaman. I. lircat Bahama . . I. (■rcut Bear L. Great Bear Mt, (ireat ilucharia . Cty (ireut Cayman .. I. (ireat Cumoro . . I. (ireat Doom. . • . IL ! Great Nutunaa .. L Great Fish K. (;reat Fish R. Great Fish Bay Great Ganges.. . I. I (ireat Indian . . . Dcs. Great Kooropar- tachia R. Great Nicobor . . I. Great Ouzen .... R. Groat Pearl .... Bk. (ireat Portage • . L. Great Sahne... . Fk. (ireat Sjlt Dcs (ireat Sandy. .. . Des Great Slave .... Ii. (ireat Swan .... Pt Great Talba.... R, Great Volcano . . Is. (ireat Ward'in . T. Great Whale . . . R. (ireeco Cty. (irccn C. (ircen Bay Green R. (ircen I. (irccn I. Green I, ! (ireen I. (rreen Lake .... Ho. (iresnland jCty. Grccnough {Mt Greensboro |T. Greenville jT. Greenville .C. Greenville |R. Greenwich lI. Gregory C. Greiga C. Grenada ....... 'I. Grenadines lis. Mongolia . . . . . Missouri Ter. . Hay of Bengal. Bahamas Brit. America . Brit. America . Asia West Indies .. . Indian Ocean . Capo (Jc)lony . . Malaysia Brit. America . Ca|X) Colony . . Africa Polynesia Hlndoostan . . . Ref. I UU. I Rd" Fo Hg Gf Db Db Qe Gg Oj Nl Th Fb N 1 Mj Qf Nunet of Flaccf, Ac. Grenna Grcnnao Grenoble Grct-chakovka. . (iriazovits Griffin Griffith Griffith's Griffith's Grigan Bta. T. T. T. T. Pt C. Pt I. I. Asiatic Russia. Bay of liengal. Asiatic Russia. Persian Gulf. . Wisconsin Ter. Missouri Ter. Persia Mongolia .... P-'it America Diemen's Ld. Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Austria Brit America . Europe New S. Wales . United States .. Cape Colony . . Australasia . . . Labrador Polynesia . ... Brit America . Brit America . North America North America North Carolina South Carolina. NewS.WLlog. Asia South Shetland Oregon Ter.. . . Cyprus West Indies.. . West Indies. . . Barca Denmark Franco Asiatic Russia. Russia North America Brit. America Brit. America Brit. America Polynesia. . . . Wa Sh Pd Pf Fd Fo Pe Re Eb Vm Ub Vg Nd Go Ne Wl Gd Nl Wi He Ch Hb Ec Ja Cb Go Ge Vj Rh lo Od Oc Hg Hg Ne Mc Md Pb Oc Cb Gb Ea Fa Vg Grillon Grim Grimble Grimington . . . , Grimsey Grimstadt Griqua Grissclhamn ... Grita Griwheo Grodno 30 (•rodno Groenkloof .... Gromiezicha.. . Groningen . . . . Group Grousnyklo . . . Growa Guachipas .... Guadalaxara . . Guudalcana . . . Guadaloujio . . . Guadulquiver . . Guadalupe . . . . Guadalupe . . . . Guadel Guadiana Guadigmata .. . Guafc Guahan 'iuaiteca Gualata Guanachuco . . Guanacache . . . Guanahani . . . . Guanaxuato . . . Guanaxuato . . . Guanehaco .. .. Guapindaycs , , Guapi Quilan . . Guapore Guarda Guardian Guarlt Guarmey Guascama . . . . Guatemala . . . . Guatemala . . . . Guatemala . . . . Guatemala . . . . Guaviare Guaxam Guaxiniquilapa Guayaneco . . . . Guayaquil . . . . Guayaquil . . . . Guayaquil . . . . Gua> 'irus.... Guayni la Guazacoaco . . . Guazumiri . . . , Claa T. C. Is. C. I. T. r. T. T. Cy. Pr. 9: V. Cy. I. T. T. R. Cy. I. I. R. I. I. T. R. T. I. I. G. Dis. T. Ls. Is. St. t'y- T. Tr. I. R. T. I. T. T. Pt Rep St. Cy. Bay R. I. T. Is. Dep Cy. G. Tr. 5" L. Rer. Uli. Senegambia .. . V. Diemen's Ld Brit America . Labrador Iceland Iceland Africa Sweden Venezuela .... Dahomey Russia Russia Cape Colony . Russia Holland Polynesia. . . . Asiatic Russia Guinea Buenos Ayrcs . Mexico Australasia . . . West Indies. . . Spain Polynesia Mexico Bclooehistan.. . Portugal Tripoli Chili Polyrcclll>urtill!lk .. (lubraicli . . . (iuulpli (■ULTCt ... . (Juernscy . . . Gu(;iiun (iiiiuiiii (iuiclnj) (I'uilford . .. . Uuinnk Ouincii C'uinca Uuiriri Ouitivas . . . . Guizura Gujerat Gull Gukkir Gmnina Gumsoor. . . . Gundava .... Gunduck . . . Guiidwana . . Gundy'g .... Guntoor .... Gummy .... Gureru Garia Gurlcn Gurrah Guruguea .. . GuruiiiHkach Guniinskucli Gurupaluba . Gurupu Gurupy Gurwai Gaysboro . . . . Guzina Gwalior Gwuttur .... Gwydir . . . . Gydros Gydyr Ha Ha.... Haabai Haarlem Haarlem Hadadid Hadji Calch . . . Hadramaut.. .. Hadramaut .. . . Hagedis Hague Hagua Haher • Hai-chow ■ Hainan Haitan r. r. r. T. I. I. Cty, f. Vy. cty. G. K. r. T. Pr. T. T. T. r. Pr. I. T. R. R. T. T. r. R. r. R. R. T. T. Pr. T. C. T. T. R. T. Bay T. T. Is. T. In. Sla. T. Pr. ?• Cy. Rks DCB. I. Asiatic RuMiiia BuloocliiHtun . . I'ppor Cuiiuda . Frnnt'o I^iiglinh Chan.. Polynesia South America Polync.nia .Vow Holland. . IVIongnlia Africa Africa lirazil .Mexico Darca Hindoontnn . . . lioloochistan . . Tartary Littio Rucharii' llindooiitnn . . . licloochintnn . . Hindoostnn . . . Hindoostan . . . Now Zealand . . Hindoostan . . . E(|uador Brazil Buenos Ayres . Tartary HindooHtan . . . Brazil Littio liucharia Little Uucharia Brazil Brazil Brazil Hindoostan . . . Nova Scotia .. . Russia Hindoostan . . . Beloochistan . . New S. Wales . Asiatic Turkey North America ■b-t uu. Africa Laos Polynesia. . .. Holland New Guinea . Africa Tartary Arabia Arabia Malaysia . . . . Hollanv" Indian Ocean . Africa China China Sea . . . China Po Pf (id Md Ld Vg Ih Vh Tl Ro Lh Lh li Ef Nf Qf Qf «d Rd Qf Rf Rf X m Rff Hi li Hk Pd Rf Ji Re Rd li li li Ro Hd Pb Rf Qf Vk Od Ca Mj Sg Aj Mc Vi Nf Qd Uh Mc Ok Mf Te Tg Uf ttutmi>IHum,ke. Hajar Ilujar Ilajatou Hakluyt's Halcyon Haldanu'g Halo Halliiia Ha'fmoon < Hali Hiilibnt Halita.x Halifax Ilalitiix Halkett Hall Hallanga Ilulleit Alluis .. . Hallowcll Hall's Hall's Hnll's Halnioe Halmstad Halou Putou . . . . Hals Halsoo Hamad Hamadan Hamali Haman Hamburg Hamburg Hamelin'a Hami Hamilton Hamilton Hamm Hammamet . . . . Hamman Hammerfcst. . . . Hammct's Hamskar Han-chong Han'Chow. .. .. . Handech Handio Hang-chow Hango Hango Hankey Han Kiang . . . . Hannah Bay . . . Hanover 5. Hanover Hanover Haoechil Hapta Hara Harashcr .... Haratel Cliu. p77 ??■ I. I. R. Is. r. Is. T. Is. T. v. Bay Is. T. Uis. T. C. Is. Gr. In. Is. T. R. T. Is. L. S" T. B)iy Har Cy. Bay Is. T. T. T. T. I. I. ??■ T. T. 9: T. T. R. Ho. Km. ?■ T. T. L. Cy. R. Arabia Arabia .Mantchonrin . Batlin's Bay . . Polyni'^ia. . . . Brit. America Brit. America Nubia J^pitHbergen . . Arabia North America Nortli (Carolina Nova Scotia . . . Now S. Wales . Brit. America . Wirtemburg . . Nubia Nubia Brit. America . Polyi-esia Corea Scoresby's Ld. Norway Sweden ....... Mongolia Iceland Norway Soudan Persia Syria Asiatic Turkey Germany Spitsbergen . . . Now Holland. . Mongolia Brit. America . Atlantic Ocean Prussia Tunis Algiers Norway Australasia .... Sweden China Corea Nubia Arabia China Russia Matemba Cape ('olony . . China Brit. America . Germany Hanover Patagonia Mongolia Mongolia Mongolia Littio Bucharia Mongolia liff. Pf Of Ud llu Wp lib Hb «>B .IN a <>(f Be Go Hd Vj Cb Md Off G a 1 Xh Uo Ka Mb Mc So Kb Mbj Ng Po Oo Od Mc Ma I'k Sd Ha He Mc Me Me Na VI No Te Ue O? Of Tf No N] Te 6c Mc Mc Hn Td Sd Sd Rd Sd #: ..mJf^ "»" ^r»''« r,f Vrulim i" ' Sliuitcliooria •• JJ " UiilVin'ii Hay--' "'' Polyia'!>ia j^B Hril. America . l> » Hrit. America . " " ' Nul)iii *^R SpitHlicrgcn . . . N a Arabia Pi North AiiipricajHc North Ciirolina \<' o Nova Scotia... Ho New H. Wales. V J Hril. America .lb VVirtemburg • • *J " JNubin O* ! Nubia Brit. America Poly.Ksin- • • • Coreu Scorenby'B Ld. Norway JJ'' Sweden «•= 1 Mongolia P« Iceland Kb Norway » " Soudan V^S ,. Persia J!* Syria "« Asiatic Turkey Od r. (icrmany JJ'' ,V iSpitsbergen ••• "," ,,r Now Holland. .1 k Mongolia »<» Brit. America .|Hb Atlantic Ocean 'Prussia JTunis Algiers Norway... •■ Australasia... Sweden China Corea iNubia Arabia V. China [\ Russia I Matemba « J Cape Colony •• Nl Ichina Te .„. Brit. America . »» c Kra.'Gcrmany M« %. iHanover Mc Patagonia Jj" Mongolia rd Mongolia »« Mongolia...... I d Little Bucharta R a Mongolia I8d 7- r. L. Cy, R. CONSULTING INDEX. 47 NUBHOt nW«,*C. Harbagi .... ilurcash .... Ilardwick... Hardy Hardy's .... Hare Haro Haro Indian* Hargiah .... Harlech .... Harmin Harmin Harmony . . . Harper Harran Harriet Harrisburg. . Harrisburg. . Hartig's .... Hartcbcesto . Hartford.... Haa Haser Haske'" .... Haiii-fariil.. Haitingi .... Hattinn. ... Hat Hatabool. . . . Hatchot Hatteroa .... liatton'i Headland Mavanna Havre Hawau Haweia Hawkes Hafvkcsburv . Hawkinaville . Hawash Hay Hay iHay Hay Hay-cock . , Hay-cock . , Haydon'a . , Huycs Hays , Haystack . , : HayU I Hazey ' Hcan Heame . . . . Heath Heberawul . Hebrides. .. Hebron . . . , Hcchosoa . i Hecla T. T. C. Pen. I. Bay I. Tr. T. T. T. C. Sta. T. T. C. s- I. R. Cr. T. T. T. Sta. R. Arc. I. R. L. C. C. Cy, ? Is. Bay T. R. C. C. c. R. R. I. I. I. R. Pk. I. I. R. Cy. C. Pt Tr. Is. Sta. T. Str, INaiUol, Nubia.. .Suongaria.. .. lirit America Patagonia .... Now S. Wales Nowfounoiond Greenland . . . Hrit. America Arabia Wales iVrabia tVrabia .Missouri Liberia Asiatic Turkey Brit. America Pennsylvania. Texas New Holland. . Africa Connecticut .. . Arabia Arabia Sweden AiVica New S. Wale*. Gulf of Siain . Malaysia Montchooria .. Brit. America . North Carolina Brit America . Cuba Francs Polynesia . . . . Polynesia New Zealand. . Oregon Ter. Rrf. uu. Vum of PbMi, *f. liJ U a II n I o la Eb PR Lc P«r i« Fe Lh Oo Fb Ud Ff Tk Nk Hd osr Pk Nb Mf Wl Sh Th Uc Fe Ge Hb 6f Md ?« XI De Georgia Go Abyssinia. . . . "> 5 Brit AmMica • E a JBrit America . G a Brit America . F b Brit America . E o Brit America . F c Malaysia U h Malaysia T h Brit. America . H b Brit America . F c News. Wales. Wk Polynesia V f West Indies... Hg Mongolia So Tonquin Tf Brit America . E b Anticosti Is.. . . Hd Africa Ph Scotland L c Labrador Ho Mexico Ef Brit Amt'i-ica . G b » ilcdemora . . . llcdgrliog. . . Iledjaz Hedra Hcibuck .... Hokla Helena Ilolon'i. .... Helicon's . . . Heligoland .. Hclis Hclmund . . . Helsingborg . HelsiiiEfors . Holvclun .... Hems Henderson . . Henderson . . Henderson's . Henkon Hcnkon Hankcwni Sekim Henley Heidopcn . . . Henning .... Henry Henry Henry Henry Henrv Honslow •••. Herat Hercules .... Hereford .... Horgest's . . . Horroanstadt Hermit Hermit's.... Hermoso. . . . Herraoso. . . . Horn Homosand .. Herschcl. . . . Hervey's .... Hervcy's .... Henrey's .... Hcsn Dliario Hesse CasscI .8. HeMe Darmstadt 9 Hctoo Hcf ae Hewett Heyraacy Hey wood Range Hey wood's Hiau Hibemia Hicks's High High r. T. Mt Pr. i'. T. Mt r. Sh. I. Is. Sd. R. r. T. Mt T. T. I. I. R. Mt R. Ho. C. T. C. Pt Ho. R. I. C. Cy. Rk. Cy. Rks ?■ Is. T. Mt I. I. I. U. I. Bay T. El. G.D T. T. C. I. Mto I. I. Ft Bay i Tmtkm. Sweden .... Sweden SpitHl)orgcK Arabia .... Tunis Tarlary . . • Icvluna. . ■ . ArkansM • . Polynesia .. Polynesia. . North Sea . Spitsbergen (Ubul Sweden .... Russia New S. Wales. Svria Kentucky N. Pacific Oc. . Polynesia Iklantchooria . . Mantchooria . . Manlchooria . . Brit America . Delaware Norway Virginia Brit America ■ Brit America . Oregon Tcr. .. . Sooresby'a Ld.. Solomon's Arc. Cabul Peru England Polynesia Austria Patagonia .... Australasia . . . Mexico Buenos Ayres . AiVica Sweden Brit America . Polynesia Polynesia News. Wales. Arabia Germany Germany Mantchooria . . Norway Brit America . Iceland .... . . Brit Amerioa . South Shetlaad Polynesia Brit America . New Zealand. Polynesia Australasia... .| R«r. LMa. Mb Nil Ma Of Mo Qe Kb Fe Uh Xf Mc Na Qc Mc Nb VI Oe Gc Df Dk Vc Uc Uc Gc Ge Mb Ge Fc Ec Ed Kb Wi Qe L c Ci Nd Hn Vi ^f Kf Nb Cb B ,. * » ■tr IT CONSULTING INDEX. MuHiiir l>Um,»(. Clm. Iligit HiKl' Hill Ilillali Ilillil AriilM ... IliiiiiiiiilL'li . ( . • llinnliinbrook • lllndiii • . Iliiidnen Ilindiio Kooih . llinduo«tan. . . . Hiti|;an-(!how .. liing.ciiiiw .. . . Kln|;.lina Ilinkn Iliii-kinng . . . . IIinl()o|ien Ilingkoi Ilioring Hippa Hirsova Hlisnr Ilimar Hit Hitch Hitteren HivMa Hoa-chow HmiHo Hoa-kinff Hoang Hai . . . . Hoanr Ho . . . . Hoataiang Hobart Hobhouae Hochland Ho>chow Hocinffaupuo .. Hodeida Hoden Hoei-chow . . . . Hof Hog Ho| Hog Hogan'a Hogoleu Hoin-gnan . . . , Hojos Hota Holoy Holin Holkham Holland Hollams BM , . HoUoway Holmen Holouan Holpotchi HoUteinburg . . I. I. R. •Vr. Ml*. C. T. I. MU. Cty. Vy. Cy. 'il- R. Str. C. T. I. T. S" T. T. I. I. S- Sea R. T. T. In. I. fey- '^: su. 5!" I. I. Pt Is. I. ??■ T. L. Bay Km. I. Bay f. T. Sta. lUv of Hviigal lint. Anivricu lirit. America Aiiatic Turkey Azanaga. . . . Alia North Aiiicricu ililullXMtllll . . Norway CaSul Alia ('l)ina China China Mantchooria . China Spitntivrgcn . . AHiiitic Runia Dcntiinrk .... Orc>,'on Tor... Turkey Hindoodtan . . Tartary Arabia Ruuia Norway Polyncoia. . . . China China China Asia China Mon^lia . . . V. Diemen'sLd. Brit. America Russia China China Arabia Africa China Iceland Malaysia Malaysia Sumatra Australasia . . . Polynesia China Mexico Iceland Brit America . Mongolia North America Europe Africa Scoresby's Ld.. Norway Asiatic Turkey Mongolia . . . Greenland . . >*9 Hb Vo Oc Lf Re Cb Rf Nb Qo Rf Te Te Tf Ud Tf Na Xb Mc Do Nd Rf Q« Oe Pb Mb Ci To Te Te Ue Te Sd Vm Ga No To Te Or Tf Kb Ui Sh Ti Xj Wh Te Ff Kb Fc Td Do Mc Mk Ka Nb Oe Sd lb ■ of piM«,a<. Holstein ic Lau< cnburg Holt's Hulum Holy Ilomant's ... . . Home Home , Honan < Honan , Honda Honda Hondon Honduras Honduras Honduras Honduras Kays. Hong.tso Hou . Hongvcn Honinoso . ... Hood Hood Hood' Hood's Hood's Hood's Hooker Hoon Hoonan Hooper Hooper Hoopih Hoormara Hooshu Hope Hope Hope Hope Hope Hopedale Hope's Advance Hope's Monument Hopewell Hopewell Head Hopkins' Hopo-so Hoppner Horeb Horeul Hori Horn Horn Horn Horn Horn Horn Home Horn (False) . . Horsburg Horse's Head . . D. I. T. Mt. r. c. Bay Pr. ?■ T. I. St. «. c. Is. L. T. r. c. Mt. I. I. I. R. Mt T. Pr. C. In. Pr. T. R. I. I. I. I. Pt Sto. C. Mt Ch. C. Po. T. C. Mt T. T. C. T. R. L. So. Mts. I. C. C. c. Germany .... PolyneHia. . . . Iceland .Mongolia .... Russia lirit. America lirit. Atnoricn China China Cuba New Grenada Polynesia .... Guatemala . . . North America Guatemala Caribbean Sea. China Corca Mongolia . . . New Guinea Oregon Ter. Polynesia .. . PolynKsia .. . Gallapagos .... Brit America . Brit. America . Tripoli China Brit America . Brit America . China Beloochistan . . Mantchooria . . Spitsbergen . . . South Shetland Polynesia Polynesia North America Labrador .... Brit America Brit America Brit America Brit America Oregon Ter.. . China Brit. America Arabia Mantchooria . Asiatic Russia Patagonia .... Austria Brit America Sweden Spitsbernren . . Brit Am rica Polynesia ... Terra del '/uego Brit America Greenland . . . .Mc I Hd : Ob i Ga Hb Te Te Gf Hh fj Gg g Te Ud Sd Vi Dd Ci Ck Gi Eb Ec Nf Tf Hb Gb Te Qf Ud Na lo Xn Xi Ab He Hb Ga! Go; Go Dc Tg Ht Of Ud Od' Hd Md Eb Nb Ma Eb 'ni Ga la [t. [n. Pr. r. K. [. [. [. I. Pt Sta. C. Mt Ch. C. Po. T. C. MU T. T. C. T. R. L. So. MU I. C C lOcrmQnjr M c Polyne»iii •-' J ilccUiid lib MoiikoUb P '' Ru«.ia K^l> Brit. America . p a Brit. Anwricii . |H li China China Cuba Now Grcnado Polynesia .... Uiiatcniala ... North America (• g Guntuniala . . . . jW g Caribbean 8ca. China Corca Mongolia New Guinea . . Oregon Tor. .. Polynesia .. . • Pulynevia .... Gaflapagoi ... Brit. America Brit. America Tripoli China Brit America Brit America China Beloochistan . . Maiitcliooria . . SpiUbergen . . . South Shetland Polyneiia Polynesia North America Labrador Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Oregon Ter.. . . China Brit. America . Arabia Mantchooria . . Asiatic Russia. Patagonia Austria Brit America . Sweden |Nb 8pitsber Polynesia A j Terradel 7uego H n Brit America . G» Greenland .... I » C. CONSl'LTING INDEX. 'niM of PImm, ktt Horao Shoo . Koaoiisous.. llr)thnm . .. llutdcunsa. . Ildltuntuts . I'lai Ul(. I. c. T. Poo. Ilou-cliow ICy. L. Pt T. |{. R. Cy. Buy R. Sta. Cty, T. Bay T, lluuduu Houghton Ilouguu Huuiar Ilouiriur llou pater Houraici Hourha Ilourlm Douane. Houasa iloUBSU Hout flouting iloutmans Abrol. hos Howe Howca Howe's Foreland Hoy Hrolangs.. . Huacho .... Huahino . . . Huakuha . . Huallaga . Huamanga . Huanuco.. . Huararo ... Iluaras .... Huari Huasacualco Huasco Hubetta . . . Huchuetan . . Hudeeana . . . Hudiksvall . . Hudson Hudson's . . . Hudson's . . , Hue Huekiun .... Fluesca Hucscar .... Hughes' .... Huiqui Hull Hull Humaree . . . Hunibe Humbor .... Humboldt . . . Hume Hummock . , Humphrey . , Humplirey Davy's Hungary Rks C. Cty. C. I. I. T. I. I. R. T. T. L. T. T. R. T. T. T. T. T. T. Bay Str. Cy. 5r- T. Bay R. ?■ Tr. Cty. R. C. R. I. I. L Cty. 'Australasia . • ■ Suiith Shetland Urit Aincriuu . {Mongolia Africa ,('hina Mongolia North America Mongolia .... Mantchooria . Mantchooria ■ Mongolia .... .Vcw /uiilund. Mnntchooria . Thibet Soudan Abyssinia. . .. t'apc Colony . Mongolia .... Australasia... Now S. Wales Africa Kcrguclen's Ld. Scotland Iceland Peru Polynesia. . .. Polynesia. . . . Peru Soutli Peru . . Peru EJquador Peru Peru Mexico Chih AfVica Mexico Hindoostan . . Sweden New York .. . Brit America Brit. America Cochin Cliina China Spain Spain Palmer's Land Mexico England Lower Canada Mantchooria . AfVica England Scoresby's Ld. New S. Wales Kurilo Islands Polynesia .... Brit America Europe Ha(. IM. Wk Ho Fa Rd Nk j;e Td Uc Sd Ud Uo Sd XI Ud Se Mg '^f So Tk Wl Ph Qm Lc Kb Gi Bj Ci Gi 6i Hi Gi Gi 1,1 Oh Sf Nb Hd Go Hb Tg Te Md Le Ho Ef Lo Od Uc Nj Lc Ka VI Wd Pj Fb Nd I of ntmt, u. Hunstoen . . Hunter .... Hunter's . . . Hunter's .. . Huntington Huntington HuntaviUo . Huon Huon Hurd Hurd llurd's Ilurdwar .. . Hurnce \'t Huron L. Hurricanaw R. Hurrispore .... Hurrutid Hurrur Hurry's Huskisson .... Husstinabad.. . Huslad Husum . '. HUHlt Hutton's Hvuloe Hvidsalen Hycatu Hyderabad .... Hydrabad Hydrabad Hyeres Hysuarrasir HyllesUd Hyryusolmi . . . lakono Sima lamba larroongha . . lartaovsKoie . larvi Ibagua Ibarra Ibbe Ibbe Ibbetaon'a ... Ibeit Ibera , ibex Ibitayoj Ibo Ibo Ibrahim Ibraila Ibrim lea lea Ice Ice Ice O L. I. Ch. I. T. I. !•:'■ Sh. c. c. I. T. T. T. Cy. In. Mt T. T. T. T. I. I. I. T. Pr. T. I. Bay T. T. I. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. So. T. L. R. T. I. T. C. T. T. T. R. I. So. Hav ^alllo•. Bilt America . Australasia.. . . .Xustralusia . . V. Uiuiiicn's Ld Indiana Labrador Alabama Australaaia . . . Australasia... . Urit America . Brit America . Polynesia ilinduoHtan . . . Hindoostan . . . North America Brit. America Hindoostan . . Sindo Africa Scoresby's Ld. . North America Hindoostan . . . Norway. . . ... . Denmark Austria Coroa Norway Greenland . . ■ . Brazil Sinde Hindoostan . • . Hindoostan . . . France Brazil Norway Russia ■VJ Japan.... Russia . . . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia Russia New Grenada Siuador rica Africa Oregon Ter... Kordofan .... Buenos Ayres Wisconsin Ter. Bolivia Mozambique . Ibo Island . . . Arabia Turkey Nubia Peru Elquador Asiatic Russia Spitsbergen . . Nova Zembla . Fb Xk Vni V ni Cd lo (• e VVj Ci a Ka XI Rf a d (; c sf Uf Oh Ka Cb Rt M b Mc Nd Uc Na Jb Ji Qf Rg Rg Md Ji Mb Nb Ue Ob Ub Sc Ob Gh Gh Nh Ng Dc Og Ik Fd Ik °\ Of Nd Of Gj Hi Wa Ma Ra ,1 .) "', t. i i f ■ I CONHULTING INUKX. [60 iif Pj*m, Ac. I'lanil I IrliaiMM' I lfiiu)koi Irii»''i ■ • ■ • iBil IkI«u I)(lciiiiu l)(i)acio If;nam Ij^natieva .... Ikariki Ikoaral Ikormiut Ikiinda Ikovuk.i IktioKik lick IlotskaiaZoachiU Illiai do Arco . Ilheo* Ill Ilia IlioMVa Ilima Illahabad .... Illimani Illinois Illinois Illyrian llmen lie Ilongotcs Imandra Imba. . Imbachii.i.wAi. Imbro Imcrinii . . Imniach Imaris 1 Inacceii««hil* .... I Inacceammt.'; .... I Inagua I iabatokaya T. r. T C. L. PL T. T. T. T. r. T. k. K. K. T. U. T. T. T. T. r. L. I. R. T. R. R. T. li. T. R. R. T. L. T. Mt. St. R. Is. L. T. T. L. T. T. I. Iiodependence . In^apendenoc Indcpendenov . India . .Viirtliorii Ocean AlVii'tt Aitlulic Huula llrazil .Niirtli Ainirica lirit. Aniurirn ■ Nova /(Miibla. . Aitiatiu UuHHJa. Aniutie KuaHiu. SMTudcn Kuzxaii iValatic Ru>Nia. Aaiulic Hiusia. Aiiuliu Ituuia. Asiatic Russia. I'ariiKuiiy Asiatic KuMia. Asiatic Russia. Maxicn Austria Sardinia .Mexico Asiatic Russia. .\siatic Russia. Asihtic Russia . MoHKulia . (ircenland Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. North America Tartary .... Tarury Indian Ocean Brazil Soon^aria Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. North America Persia Bolivia United Sutoa.. Illinois Auktria Russia Hootlt Peru . . ■ LuxoD Russia . , Japan I Asiatic Russia. Archipelago. . ■ KmJ|Mada([a8Cttr .. . T. ! .Asia ti c Russia. M*«ico . . Soathcrn Ocean ISouUi Shetland BaiMinas Asiatic Russia. Poiyiii'kia Poly 111 >iia . . . . MOMiHiri Rd«hui I. I. T. R. Ntt VXt. kIT M k II b J i Ha Kb Ua Ha Tb Mb Mf 8h Tb Tb Uc Ik Wb Wb Gf Nd Me E Wo Tc Pb Rd Jb Uc Qc Be Po Pc Pi i'a So Qc Be Pe Ik Gd 04 Nd Oc Hi U(r Ob y* V b Nd Pj Qb Ee Li l.o Hf Sb Ci Xj Fo Nb Nmbm a lov Paraguay Kngland . . . Brazil ■ • . • ISouth Pern Peraia ... • Aaintic Turkey Aaiatic Ruaaia. Asiatic Ruiaia. Great Britain . < Tartary Carope Afliatic Rumia Aaiatic Ruaaia . Aaiatic RuBsia Aaiatic Kuwiia CX)^8l)(/rlNU INDEX. ai I of rw% tt. cuift lrOfli»««»*««f< Iron Irrawailily . . . Irrawiitldy ... Irtynh Irwintua \»a. laa, Nitacu Iiuibul ■ UulM-'lla iNcliia iNC'look lH)rai)ur Iitliiiim Iiikiiii|ra , liilaiiiahad laiund Inland lload. . . Ilaphuuiu Inliiy Ulo of Miin . . . Iiilu of Wight.. Uinuil Utiikmid Iiolette lR|>uhun lunna lasoto laaim Iiaim liiMn) Istabul Anton. . latmo Itabagua Itagwira Itaiuba Italy Itamaraea Itapicara Iiapua Itaiica li. ItaU Itcba Itcha Ithaca Ithaca Itona Itu , Itze-hadze lunoksa laricva Ivaaouchkova . Ivaiichkin Ivoaiuio Ivi Ivica iviniiut — Ivo I»ory Ivuokloke a«t Mongolia Hrlt. Amurio* . Bixinuh ThilK't ANiutic Ruwia. Alabiiiiia Tripoli Iceland Soiiduu (■untciualu .... Urit. Auicricii . Na|ilui« PolyuuHia Axiiitic RuHxia. AHiiitiu Uiiaiiia. UriL America . IliruliHjHtan . . . Brit. America . New H. WaJia . A8iatic Turkey Scotland .. England. . Kngland . . Itumia ■ ■ . Aiiniic Turkey Arabia Peraia Venezuela .... Asiatic Ruifiia. Asiatic RuHHia. Aaiutic Uunsia. Tartary Arabia New Grenada . Brazil Brazil Brazil Europe . Brazil . Brs/ii Pai nt^m** W»xu«niH« I'er. Rtaa^o* '^yres . ^kngottia Mongolia Ionian lalea. . . New York .. . . iBrazil Brazil Brit America . Russia Aaiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Aaiatie Russia. Algiers MMitcrran. Sea Greenland .... Asiatic Russia.. Guinea ....... j Labrador tia .Sg u Qo Go No Kb *'« Ga Md Vh Od X b Kb Sf Fc \Vk ou Lc Lc Lo Nd Nd Po Hh Qc Qc Vic Qc Of Gh li Ij Ik Md Ji It Fd Ik So Sd No Gd li Ik Do Ob Tb Tc Wc Xb Le Me Jb Qb Lh lc ■*•■■«( ruMi,*!. Lu Ixcr. ... . Itium . . . JaeM Jack Jackmm Jiiokmm JiiokiKin .lackMon Jackwitivillo .. . .Iiicknoiivillu .. . JackiHirivillu .. . .(ucc>l>u Jacobina Jacob's ...... Jucolnhaveii . . . Jacomu Jani|u«s Jacunia Jacn Jacn JntTa Jaifa Jaffvrnbad Jafnopatam.. .. Jaik Jakan Jokan Ouvaian JulufMi Jalisco JaUinder Jalloukadoo . . . Julnial JalofFs Jamaica Jambora Jarobi James James James James James James Jameson Jameson Janari Jangada Janghur Jan Mayen . . . . Jonnab Japan Japan Japara Japomsk Jaquemcl Jaquesila Jaquot Jaravinskoie . . . Jardine'a Jari taliua. T. I'. T. T. Ho. ?■ T. Po. T. T. r. T. Bay Dis. r. R. R. T. Cv. •V. c. T. T. R. C. c. T. St. T. Cty, C Pco. I. T. T. C. c. Bay R. Pk. C. lid. R. R. T. I. T. Cty. Sea T. L. T. R. I. T. Is. R. Manic hooria AtVica Russia Ud Nf Od Spain Brit America Mississippi. . . Missouri Arkansas .... New S. Wales Florida (•»)rgia IlliiiuiH Soudan Brazil (irceiiland .... (irceiiland .... Mexi'jo WiscuiiHin Ter. Bolivia Peru .Spuin Syria ^(cwa.Walcs . Ilindoostan . . . Ceylon Tartary ABiati<: Russia. Asiatic Russia. Mexico Mexico Ilindoostan . . . Africa Asiatic Russia. Scneganibia .. . West Indies. . . Africa Siunutra St Helena Patugonia Scorcsby's Ld.. Brit America . Virginia Western Ter. . Brit America . Scorcsby's Ld.. Brazil Brazil Hindoostan Northern Ocean Dahomey Asia Asia Java Russia Hayti Mexico Atlantic Ocean Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Ld Fu Fo Go Fo Wi Go <;e Fo Mh Jj la lb Eo Fd G I Lo Oo VI Uf Rh Pc Xb Xb ff Re Qa Si I'g Hn Ka Go Go Ee Ha Ka Hi Ij VI if La Mh Vo Ue Ti Ub Hg Eo Jd Tc Wf Ra 4 t» » f »i ♦ .'"V'iJ * '•■' • *'; i: •! 3. ,:»«', I. ^ r^^t''JfJ If §0 52 CONSULTING INDEX. Nunn of FUce», Ac. Jarjaksai ■ . . ■ Jarra Jaivis Jary Jask JaHk Jassu ........ Jussy Java Java Java Java Java Head . . . Javary Jayna Jnysulmere . . . Jcun Hamons. Jcdburjr Jcddo Jeddurc Jcdo Joendana .... Jefferson Jefferson JeiTorson'B . . . Jefferson's . . . Jemlah Jena Jenet Jcniken Jenne Jcno Jequepa Jcremie Jerebovsk .... JeTicoacoara. . Jermain Jersey Jervis Jervis Jervis Jervois Jerumcnlm. . . Jerusalem .... Jesso Jesus Jesus Maria . . Jeurire Jewnee Joy poor Jidda Jidensalmi . . . Jiga-gounggor Jigat Jilla JiUip Jindinskoi . . • Joal Joannes Joaquim Joazciros ■ R. T. I. R. T. C. T ^y- Sea T. I. Ft C. R. T. Cy. Rk. T. riar Dis. I. Mt. Cy. R. I. T. T. T. T. £y- T. Pt. T. T. R. C. I. C. I. I. R. T. ?■ I. R. T. T. T. ?■ T. Pt. T. T. Ft. T. I. Ft. T. Tartary Africa Polynesia Brazil Persia Persia Tartary Turkey Malaysia Africa Malaysia Bolivia Java Pern Mexico Hindoostan . . . Atlantic Ocean Scotland Japan Nova Scotia. . . Africa Malaysia Oregon Ter... . Missouri Missouri Tor. . N. Pacific Oc. . Hindoostan . < . Germany A&ica Suae Africa Austria Mexico Hayti Russia Brazil Brit. America . English Chan, . New 8. Wales . Gallapagos .... Australasia... . Brit. America . Brazil Syria Japan Polynesia Mexico Japan Bcloochistan . . Hindoostan . . . Arabia Russia Thibet Hindoostan . . . Arabia Magadoxa .... Asiatic Turkey Senegarabia. . . Brazil Brazil Brazil Rcf. LeU. Qd Lg Bi Ih Pf Pf Qd Nd Ti Oj Ti Hk Ti Hi Ff Qf Ko Lc Ve Hd Ph Ui Dd Ee Ed Eg Rf Mc Mf Lf Lg Nd Fg S^ Pb Ji 6b Ld VI Fi Wi Fb Ji Oe Vd Xi De Vd Qf Sf Nb Sf Qf Pf Oh Td Kg li 1 Ih Jj NaiDM of PUcet) Ac. Jobie Jockmock Jodsumo Johanna Johannes John de Nova . John Martin's . Johnston's .... Jojo Karta .... Joliba Jones Jones' Jones' Jones' Jonesboro Jonga Jonkoping .... JoodpoTo Joonaghur .... Joonecr Jopyee Jordon Jorhat Joros Josephine Josyna Jowar Juan de Fuca. . Juan de Lisboa Juan Fernandez Juba Juban Juby , Judge's Clerk.. . Judge (the) .. .,, Judith Judjang Juggernaut . . . , Jujui , Jukkas , Julia Julalabad Julian , J Julioiias-haab.. . Julianas-haab.. . Julnapore Jumua Jungo Junin Junin Jurien Juruay Jutay Jutland Jyepore JykiU Jylum Kaarta K. Abakainskoe, Kabanaya I. T. T. I. I. Is. I. Is. T. R. C. So. Pk. Hs. T. R. T. T. T. T. Pr. H. T. C. Bay Rk. T. Str. I. Is. R. T. C. Rf. I. R. T. T. T. T. R. T. R. Sta. Die. T. R. T. Dap T. r^ R. Pr. T. L. R. Cty. T. T. R>r. Leti. Australasia . . . Sweden Japan Indian Ocean . Polynesia Indian Ocean . Indian Ocean . Polynesia Java Africa Brit. America . Brit. America . Asiatic Russia. New S. Wales . Texas Asiaiio Russia. Sweden . . . Hindoostan Hindoostan Hindoostan Birmah .... Scoresby's Ld.. Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Turkey Brit. America • Atlantic Ocean Senegambia .. . Oregon Ter... . Indian Ocean . . S. Pacific Oc. . Africa Formosa Africa Southern Ocean Southern Ocean Missouri Ter. . Java Hindoostan . . . Buenos Ayres . Sweden Russia Cabul Little Thibet . . Greenland .... Greenland .... Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Russia Peru Peru New Holland . . Brazil Brazil Denmark Hindoostan . . . Brit America . Hindoostan . . . A&ica Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Vi Nb Ue Oj Uh Pj Ag Ti Lg Gc Ga Vc VI Fo Tc Mc Qf Qf Qg Sf Ka Sf Od Fb Kc Lg Dd Pk Gl Oh Uf Lf Wn Wn Ed Ti u Nb Pb Qo Qe I-. lb Rf Rf Nb Tl Hi Hi Mc Rf Fb Qe Lg Se Qo VuBtralasia . • Sweden lapan Indian Ocean Polynesia 1^1' Indian Ocean . r J Indian Ocean .Oj Polynesia Ag Java \y Africa Jj 8 Brit. America . l» c I Brit. America .^a lAsiaticRusBia. V c iNcwS. Wales. VI ITcxus ^ « lAsiaiic Russia. 1 c [Sweden fj^ Hindoostan • • • ^ J, HindooBtan •••)«' Hindoostan ■••Hf Birmah y]"/ Score8by'BLd..|Ka Hindoostan •••P*. Asiatic Turkey O d Brit America .\i" Atlantic Ocean K e Senegambia •• • ^ 5 Oregon Tcr....Pd IndianOcean.. r k S. Pacific Oc.^l Africa Oh Formosa JJ J. Africa ^' r. Southern Ocean! vyn Southern Ocean "' " Missouri Tcr. . Java Hindoostan . . • BuenoB Ayres . Sweden Russia Cabul Little Tliibet . . m. Greenland .... »iB.lGreenland .... \ Hindoostan . . iHindoostan .. Russia Peru Peru New Holland. Brazil Brazil Denmark .... Hindoostan . . Brit America Hindoostan . . U I. \ )ep P. lay ii 'r r. :ty Africa Va* Asiatic Russia, a e 1 Asiatic Russia. |Uo ■t CONSULTING INDEX. 53 Num of Plxm, fee. T. T. T. T. Cty, T. T. T. T. R. T. T. T. Cy. R. L Kubanklak L. Kabardia Di Kabiji '' Kabra Kacunda. . . ■ Kacunda. . . ■ Kadhiy .. ■• Kadnikon .. Kae-chow .. Kuifcristan . Kaffo Kafzo ..... Kagalag . . . Kaggalwolla Katiilcha . . . Kahurawa . Kaia Kaibobo . . . Kai-chow .. Kain Kain's Kaipara Kaipoudra Kairwan Kajachsha Kajachsar Kajana Kakissigan Kaktana Kakua Kalaat Eslen . . . Kalabshe Kalar Kaiatoa Kaleg Kalgan Kalguew Kalbat Kalinga Kalisch Kalitva Kalix Kalix Ealka Kalkos ........ Kalkatargher .. < Kalkol Kalkoons KaUa Kallunga Kalmikova .... Kalmuks Kalmyak Kalouga 33 Kalouga Kalpee Kalpent Kalsee Kalta Kama Kama LiU. Namtt of PluMj fee. Tartary Q d Asiatic Russia . P d Japan V e Soudan L g Senegambia .. . L g Soudan M h Russia O c Russia O c Mantchooria . . U d Asia Q o Soudan M g Tunis Me Little Bucharia Q d Cabul Q e I Asiatic Russia. U b .Sandwich Is. . . B f Senegambia ...he ICeram U i China So JTartary Q d Southern Ocean I n Hot New Zealand. . X 1 R. Russia P b T. Tunis Me T. Bergoo tig T. Bergoo N g T. Russia N b R. Lower Canada . H d R. Asiatic Russia. W c T. Sandwich Is.. . B g T. Arabia Of T. Nubia Of T. Asiatic Russia. V c T. Malaysia U i T. Beloochistan... Pf Cy. China Td I. Russia P b T. Arabia P f I. Malaysia U h T. Prussia No T. Russia O c T. Sweden Nb R. Sweden N b R. Mongolia..;.. Td Tr. MongoUa Td Cy. Mongolia T d L. TarUry Q d Is. Malaysia T i L. Russia N b T. HindooBtan ...Re T. Asiatic Russia. P d Tr. Asia R d Ste. Asiatic Russia. P d Pr. Russia O o T. Russia O c T. Hindoostan . . . R f Asia Q g T. Hindoostan ...Re T. Arabia Of ICabul Q e R. R. CUa Russia Pb Kama Kamafat . . . Kamalia . . . Kamaranka Kamass.. . . Kanibcak . . Kamchang ■ Kamechlu. . Kamel Kamcn .... Kamenaya • Kamenictz Kamini Kaminoi Kamisch KamiBlov Kamourasca. . . . Kainpatchai . . . . Kcmpion Kampur Kamtie Kaintschatka . . . Kamtschatka . . . Kamtschatka,Up, Kamtschatka . . . Kamtschatka . . . Karnyshin Kan Kanadoy Kanaga Kan-chow Kan.chow Kandahar Kandalaskaya . . Kandalaskaya . . Kandiz Kandy Kanein > Kangaroo Kangelan? .. . . , Kangertluksoak . Kangkao Kanin Nobs . . . Kanjuljak Kan KKn^.... Kankiatchm. .. Kankoevi Kankoukou . . . Kannazava ... Kano Kansara Kanseli Kanskoi Kansuh Kansuh KanzaB Kao-chow Kaon-chow.. >. Kaotoasi Kao-yeou-chow ruiuoB. I. T. T. R. Sta. T. Pt. L. C. T. T. ?, T. Ls. T. T. R. T. T. Pr T. T. R. Mt. T. R. T. L 'J- R>r. Leis. G. T. Cy. Cty, I. C. T. C. R. R. &• R. T. C. S: Cy. Cy. Cy. Kapitch \l. Japan ..... Siam Africa.. . > . Senegambia Africa Asiatic Russia. Java Tartary-. . Tartary . . Asiatic Russia. Russia Russia ....... Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Lower Cu.:nda. Asiatic Russia China Iceland Asiatic Turkey Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia . . Asiatic Russia. Russia . . North America China . . . China . . . Cabul . . . Russia . . Russia . . Asiatic Russia . Ceylon Soudan New S. Wales Malaysia .... Labrador Cambodia Russia Soongaria China China Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Japan Soudan Mongolia Arabia Asiatic Russia. China China Western Ter... China China China China New Zealand. . Ve g Lh Nk Rb Ti Qe Pd Re Ob Nf" Wc Wb Pd Qc Hd Ub Se Kb Od Wc Wc Wc Wc Wc Pc Sc, Pc Ac Tf Te Qe Ob Ob Pc Rh Ng VI Ti He Sh Ob Qd Tf Tf Re Uc Vc Mg Sc Pg Sc Se Se Fe Tf Ue Se Te XI 5» ^E' i^h * ', :m Up:n PB l:i'i a: mi -t; ;if; r-ft*f«rtf(B**?t*T***" 'f I. .-ff m- m.y' PI W 54 CONSULTING INDEX. NuMt (If Flacn, ke. Cli* 1 Knru R. Kara T. liiirabogas Bay Karaj^aova T. Kara{,'ui 'i'. Kirah I". Karaiali T. Karak T. I. Karak Karakakua Bay Karakisch T. Kara Koorum . . Mu. Karakuin Cy. Karakuin Cv. Karakum Dus. Karang L. Kara Scabauk • . T. Karasou R. Karatchcy T Karategliin (>. Kurbanda T. Karchce T. Kardborinskoi . . T. Karefs T. C. Karempe Kargalik T. Kargapol T. Kariatain Cy. T. I. Karinc Karolskaia T. Karonia R. Karomskaia .... G. Karoon L. Karopa R. Karowa Cy. Karri Karri .... Cty. Karrion T. Karskakovska . . T. Karskaya 3iy Karskoc Sea Karsouno T. Kartchina T. Kartoon T. Karuga L. Kosachey T. Kaachgur Cty. Kaschligir It. Ka»chau 1\ Kashin T. Kafllina Cy. Kaskaskia T. KaRkomenia. .. . T. Kaslov T. KasBon Dty. Kaatamuni T. Katagoom r. Katchintzi rr. Kateerlax r. Katcr 0. IVltiUw. Greenland RuNsia . . . Mongolia . Tartaiy . . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic tiassia. Arabia . . , Little Bucharin Syria Persian Gulf Sandwich Is. Little Bucburia Tliibct . . . Mongolia . Mongolia . Tarlury .. Mongolia . Syria .... Asiatic Russia, •^'issia . . . Tartary . . Asiatic Russia. Great Bucliaria Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia Asiatic Turkey Asiatic Turkey Russia Arabia Russia Norway Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiuiic Russia. Egypt Mongolia Soudan Africa Hindoostan . . . Russia Asiatic Russia. Asia Russia .,,.... Asiatic Russia, Nubia Tartary Asiatic Russia. Asia Mongolia Austria Russia Soudan Illinois Russia Russia Africa Asiatic Turkey Soudan Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Ret. Iru. IT Qb Td Pd Qc \Vc Of Re Oo Pe Bg Ro Re Td Sd Qo Rd Oc Re Oc Qc Wb Qc Sc Od Od Nd Ob Of Nc Mc Re Va Va Of Sd Mh Nk Qf Ob Qb Qe Pc Wc Og Qd Wb Qe Sc Nd Oc Mg Ob Od Lg Od Re Ub Hb NUDM 0/ FlaOM, kc. Katcr Kater Katcr Katherina. . Katniandoo Katungwa . Kauai Kaua-Kaua Kautokeino . Kavio Kaw C. R. Pt. L. Cy. T. I. r. T. Is. R. Kttwar ICty Kawas Kawen . . Kay Kayaye . . Kayce . . . Kaycs . . . Kaygorod Kaynsk .. Kaypia . . Kazano 24. Kcangse Keangsoo Keats Keats Kcbskoi Kedic Kceneetsa Keeling Keelwa Keerchang .... Keerwecr Keffing Kefoe Kcgcrhaven.. .. Kehl Kelioa '. . Keil Kein-chovr .... Kein.ning Keiskumina .. . Keith's Kejmy KoKournoy .... Keksglom Kelangtow .... Kclat Kelat Kclegrave Kelinscott Kemar Kemi 3 Kemi Kemi Kemi ' Keminoom Koniitrask Kemmoo Kemp Kcmpendria .... T. T. Pt. T, T. I. T. T. R. Pr. Pr. Pr. Po. Pt. T. Tr, Is. T. T. C. I. T. Tr. T. T. T. Cy. Cy. R. Bay T. Pt. T. T. Cy. T. C. T. T. Pr. T. T. R. T. T. ?■ R. Brit. America . (i a Scorcsby's Ld.. K a Brit. America . K b Now Holland.. Tl Nciwul R f Soudan M g Sandwich Is, . . B f New Zealand. . X I Norway N b .\U8tral:i8ia ... X I Brit America . F c Libya N f Hindoostan . . . Q f Polynesia X h Brit. America . C b Africa L g Sencgambia. ■ • Lg North America C c Russia P c Ref. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia China China New Holland. . Brit. America , Asiatic Russia. Bcloochistan . . Missouri Ter. , Malaysia Africa Little Bucharia New S. Wales, Malaysia Tonquin Russia Baden Tonquin Denmark China China CatTraria Brit America , Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia Formosa .... Beloochistan Persia Turkey New Holland Celebes Russia ....... Russia Russia Russia Africa Russia AfVioa S. Pacific Oc. , Asiatic Russia. Re Xb Pc T f To Uj Db Sc Qf Fd 8j Ol Qd Vj Ui Sf Ob Md Tg Me Pe Tf Nl Db Sc Xb Ob Uf Qf Pe Nd Tl Uh Nb Ob Nb Nb Nb Lg Ho Tb .»>af*K,, PnlUM. rit. America lorcsby's Ld, rit. America • ow Holland . . c]>aul oudan andwicli Is. . ■ Jew Zealand. • Jorway . ^ustraiaflia • ■ Jrit America jibya llindoostan . • PolyncHia .. • • Brit. America .- Africa. ...•■• -IJ^S Scncgambia.. • |«-6 North America C c iKusaia iP "^ Asiatic Russia. R c Asiatic Russia. jX b Itussia China China New Holland. . Brit. America . Asiatic Russia. Bcloocliistan . . Missouri Ter. . Fd [Malaysia 8 j Africa |0 I iLittle Buchana' New S. Wales. Malaysia Tonquin Russia Baden I™ » Tonquin T g Denmark Me China 1 1, e China ICaffraria Brit. America . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia Formosa Beloochistan . Persia Turkey New Holland . Celebes -^ Russia |Nb Russia Russia Russia Africa Russia Africa S. Pacific Oc. . ^~ Asiatic Russia. jTb CONSULTING INDEX. NuMi o( riuH, ac. ClaM. Kiinska Koiiaiskaya . . Konbouloun . . Kendall Kendall Kcndiill Kendall jls. Kcndrick's 'l. Kcnmarc |R. Kcnn |L Kennebcck . . . Kennedy's . . Kcnch Kennis Kcnogumniise . . R. Kcnous Kcni)ou Kent Kcntal Kent's Group . K.'^ntucky. . . . Kcppcl < Kcjipcl ivepiwl's . . . . Kerdje ■ - . Keregt'- . Keret . . Kcrcrueh '■- ■ Kcnn Kerkeni Kcrkisich .... Kerkook Kerlaja Kcrmady .... Kerman iPr. Kcrman |Cy. Kerraan ,Ues. Kermanshah . Kermise Kernuk Kers Kerue Keruh Kcshanso . . - . Keshin Keshin Ke.sho Kesnoe Kct Kctching .... Ketiau Ketoy Kctaliin Ketskoi Kewcnaw .... Kcw-lung Kiang Key West.... Key West Khaff Khaibar ..... Khalanskoie . . ! Asiatic Russia. North AmeHca Asiatic Russia. ! England Brit. America . Brit. America . Brit. America . ^Polynesia jlrcliind jPcrsian Gulf . . iMaine jAustrulasia . . . Egypt Japjn {BriU America . 'Nubia jThibct jMichigan lAsiatic Riissia. Australasia... . United Status. . New S. Wales . New S. Wales . Sandwich Is.. . Arabia Persia Russia Indian Ocean.. Mantcliooria . . Mediterran. Sea Syria .... Asiatic Turkey Asiatic Russia. Africa Persia Persia Persia Persia Arabia Soudan News. Wales. Australasia . . Persia China Arabia Arabia Tonquin Tonquin Asiatic Russia. Mantchooria . . Little Bucharia Kurile Islands China Asiatic Russia Michigan .... China Florida Florida Persia Arabia Asiatic Russia. Rer. ■.eta. Sc C b Tb Lc Eb Gb Cb Uf Lc f Hd Xi Of Ve He Of Nunei o( PUea^ ke. Khalnyrea KhamalNid Khamrinskoi . . . Khandcsh Khantanskoie.. . CUa. R. T. T. T. Sc Gd Ab VI Go Wk Wk Aj Pf Pc Ob Qm Uc Me Oc Oe Xb Ng Pf Pc Po Po Pf N« Vj Wi Pe Ue PJT Tf Sf Sc Vd Rd Wd Te Re Gd Sf Gf Gf Pe Of Sa Kliara R. Kharatologoi . . . T, Kharasm Cty. Kharasm JDes. Kharkov.... 49. jPr. Kharkov |Cy Kliarma ;T. Knarusova . . . ■ T. Kliassa T. Khutanga R. T. R. G. T. T. Pr. ;cy- Khatanska Kliatanska KImtanskaya . . . Khecroo Klieressoiui .... Kherson ... .53. Kherson Khikata Mts. Khimni R, Khingan Mts, Khirmov R. Khiva Cty. Khiva Cy. Khiva Des, Khizarisk iT. Khodon T. Khoi IT. Khojend |T. Khoiusalu jT. Khokan ;Pr. Khokan fy. T. T. T. R. Pr. T. Cy. Cy. Cy. Dis. T. T. T. C?. R". T. T. T. T. Kholdom . Kholm Kholmogori . . Khoper Khorasan .... Khord Khotsim ..... Khoutche .... Khozdar Khusistan. .. . Khvalynsk . . . Khyrpore .... Kiachta Kia-Kiang . . . Kialing Kiama Kiantheen.. . . Kiaokce Kiat Ki-chow Kiekapoos.. . . Kiddeskiddee . Kidd's Kidnapper . . . Kiematur iBay su. Il c. Asiatic Russia. Tartary Asiatic Russia- Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Ruissia. Mongolia Mantchooria . . Tartary Tartary Russia Russia Soudan Asiatic Russia. Turkey Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Turkey Russia Russia Mantchooria Mantchooria Mongolia . . . Russia Tartary .... Tartary .... Tartary .... Tartary ... Asiatic Russia. Persia .... Tartary . . Great Bucharia Tartary . . Tartary . . Tartary . . Russia . . . Russia . . . Russia . . . Persia. . . . Russia . . . Russia . . . Little Bucharia Beloochistan . Persia Russia ..... Hindoostan . Asiatic Russia. China China Soudan Laos Corea TarUry China Western Ter.. New Zealand . Polynesia . . . New Zealand. Brit America Rf Ru Td Td Pd Pd Od Oc Ng Wc Nd Sa Kb Rb Sa Rf Od Od Od Vd Ud Td Pb Pd Pd Po Qd Tc Po Qd Qe Qd Qd Qe Oc Ob Oc Po Od Nd Rd Qf Pe Pe Qf Tc Tf Te Mh Sf Ue Pd To Fa XI Vf XI Ho h- \i-. Si:.-' V ■ i.H l?^* iw ..47, Kiosai Kien . Kifakcrtara Kikiai Kikicha Kikkcrlarsoak . . Kllalla Kilasoutoucvskoi Kildcmskoi Kildwin Kilkajarvi Killaloe Killoef Killion Kilonga Kilouga Kilongu Kiltusova Kimbilaks Kim-him Kimiklaya Kimilo Kimilo Kiinmcnegard?. Kin Kin Ho Kinacslakaya. . . Kincha Kiang ■ . Kin-ching Kin cbow Kin chow Kinderlinsk . . . . Kinelin Kinerbek Ivineshma King Kingan King Charles' Soutli King-chow .... King George . . King George's . King George's . King George's . Kiag Goorge's . Kinghele . . . . : King-ki-tao.. .. Kinglecliing. .. King's L. Pr. I. r. R. I. T. T. T. I. T. r. R. L. niritkn. CONSULTING INDEX. Ref. I NUDM Of Flam, kc. King's King's King's King's.. Kingsmills .... Kingston Kingston King-tong .... King WUliam . King William's Kinp-yang .... Kinjao Dis. T. T. T. T. T. T. I. I. Pr. T. R. T. R. Cy. Cy. T. G. T. C. T. Ft. Cy. Ld. S'- Is. Is. I. So. T. 9?' Bay C. I. I. I. Gr. ?• Cy. Sea IC. Thibet Russia Greenland .... Japan Asiatic Russia. Greenland .... Ireland Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Russia Russia Ireland Africa Thibet Loango Loango Bcngucia Aaiiitic Russia. Russi.i Corea Russia .... Russia Russia Russia Arabia China Asiatic Russia. Thibet China China Mantehooria . . Tortarv Mantehooria . . Greenland . . . . Russia Florida China Re Od Jb Uf Tb Jb Lc Td Ub Ob Nb Lc Oj Re M i Mi Mj Sa Ob Ud Nb Nb Nb Of Te Vb So Tf Vf Ud Fd Ud Jb Oc Gi Tf Patagonia China Africa Polynesia Brit. America . South Shetland New Holland ■ . Loango Corea China Spitsbergen . .. . Brit America . North America Austi'alasia . . Bay of Bengal. Polynesia Jamaica Upper Canada . China Brit. America . New Guinea . . China Asiatic Russia. Hn Te Ok SJ Gc lo Tl Mi Ue Tf Ma Gb Ab VI »g XI Gg 6d Sf Fb VI Te Uc Kinnaird'i . . . . Kinsunov Kintiin Kiobvig , Kioloiiic Kiong-chow .. Kiragassi .... Kircnsk Kirgius Kirm Kirin Oula .. . Kirjatch KirK Shehr .. . Kirkwall Kirkwall Kirlou Kirroe Kiseligh Kishin liiska Kiskina Kistnah Kistrandt . . . . Kitchko Kites Kitka Kittan ., Kittila Kittis Kiusiu Kiva Kiyavalski . . . Kiyavalski . . . Kizal-agatch .. Kizil Coum . . . Kizliar iCizzil Irmak . Klin Klutchcfsky .. Kmelevinsk . . K. Moilah.... K. Nahal . . . , Knap's Knee Knighton . . . , Knight' Knight's Knight's Knistencaux. . Knivaniemi . . Knob Knoxville . . . , Knoy's Koation Kodiachinsk .. Kodiak Kodinskoi . . . Kocena Koei-chow . . . Koci Ho Koei-yang . . . . Hd. T. T. T. li. S: Cy. Cty. Pr. Cy. T. T. T. Bay T. T. Rk. I. I. T. R. T. L. Tr. L. I. T. T. I. FnlUaa. Hir. LeU. Bay T. T. G. Dcs. T. R. T. Vol T. T. T. Bay L. Bay L In. Tr. T. C. ? T. T. I. T. T. i'- Cy, Scotland Russia Mongolia .... Norway Ruscia Hainan Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Tarta y Mantciiooria . Mantehooria . Russia Asiatir Turkey Scotland . . Brit. America . Russia Benin Asiatic Russia. Persian Gulf . . Aleoutian Arc. Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan'. . . Norway Russia Missouri Ter. . Russia Asia g. • Russia ....',.. Russia 1 Japan Russia Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia. Tartary Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Turkey Russia Asiatic Russia . Russia Arabia Arabia Brit. America . Brit. America . Scorcsby's Ld. . Australasia . . . Brit. America . Oregon Ter... , Russia New Holland. Tennessee . . . Polynesia .... Cochin China Ruesia : North America Asiatic Russia Africa China China China Lc Oc So Nb Nb Tg 8c Te Qc Ud Ud Oc Oc Lc Hb Oc Mh Va Pf Xc We Rg Na Ob Fd Nb Qg Nb Nb Ue Ob Qb Qb Pe Qd Fd Od Oc Wc Ob Ob Of Fb Fc Kb Xm Fb Dc Ec Nb Ti Gc Xh Pb Be Qb Ttf Te Tf Faitioo. Scotland Mongolia S c Norway " *" KuBiiia Hainan ....■■■ Asialic Russia. Aniatic Russia. Tnrta y ■ Mantc'.iooria . . Mantchooria . .lU el .Russia O c Asiatip Tarkey O c iScotland Ij c Brit. America . H b JRussia t) c Benin M h Asiatic Russia. |V a [Persian Gulf . . Aleoutian Arc. Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan • . . • Norway Russia Missouri Ter. Russia Nb Asia ••■Qg Russia N b Russia Nb Japan Uo Russia Ob Asiatic Russia. Q b Asiatic Russia . Q b Asiatic Russia. P e Tartary jQd Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Turkey Russia ....... Asiatic Russia . Russia Arabia Arabia Brit. America . Brit. America . Scorcsby's Ld. . Australasia . . . Brit. America Oregon Ter.. . Russia New Holland. Tennessee . . . Polynesia Cochin China RuEsia 1 North America Asiatic Russia Africa China China China >y cs. CONSULTING INDEX. NiBOi of rUcn, ke. Koeniggratz .... Koete Kof Koliat Kotiistan Koidcro Koig Kotlovsk Koin Koiram Koisilin Kokalilahishket. Kokikii Koking Koko Nor Koks iioksah Kola Kola Koldagi Kolcah Kolliyan Koliiyan Koliina Kolimskoi Koliulclicn Koliuschcs Koliva KoJno Kologriv Koiokolikovskoi. Kulomnc Kolp Kolpinskom .. .. Kolpitcliii Kolryn Kolvcrcia Kolym Joujan . . Kolzdralcva . . . . Komaggas Ron Kon.ing.nan .... Knnho Konda Kondinskaya . . . Kong Kong Kong Clai Kongsbcrg Kong.fcliang . . . Konich Konig Konijjsburg . . . . Koninschna . . . . Konkuro Konotop ....... Konrat Konstontingrad . Konstajatinov . . . Konup T. Cy. Cy. C. §■• T. T. T. T. T. R. Austria Arabia ...<... Japan Cabul Cabul Russia Norway Russia Mantchooria . . Thibet Russia Oregon Ter. . . . Tartary China China Australasia . . . . Drit. America . Russia Russia Darfur Algiers Asiatic Russia. Afiiatis Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Brit America . Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia Norway Asiatic Russia. Russia Cape Colony . . Russia China Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Soudan ....... Soudan. Africa China Norway China Asiatic Turkey Brit America Prussia Russia Mongolia .... Russia Tartary Russia Asiatic Russia Africa Kit uu. Nc Pf Ve Qo Qo Ob Na Pb Vc Re Od Ed tic Sf Se Tk He Ob Ob Ng Me Re Re Wb VVb Ab Cb Pb Nc Od Pb Oc Oc Pd Pd Nc Mb Qb Pb Nl Nb Sf Ob Qc Qc Mg Mfc Lh Te Mc Se Oe Gb Nc Pb Sd Oc Pd Od Ta Nk Ntom o( FU4M, ^ Konvinger . . . Koqoban Kfloioj Kdbloobdea . . , Koom Kooma Koomabad . . , Koondooz .... Kooncr Kooniakary . . Koonsha Koop Kooranko .. . , Koorecnar.. . . I Koponi i{ Kopaul Kopen Kopi Kopyss Kordofan .... Korennoe .... Korgiis Korgin Koriaks Korilvays .... I Kornegalle .. , I Koma Korolaikha .. . Koronos Korot Kortchin Korti Korumabad . . KoshclciT .... Kosima Koslov Kosogal Kosorra Kostanie Kostrora Kostroma . . .14. Kostroma .... Kosva Kotah Kotai ........ Kotelnitch . . . Kotelnoi Koten I Koton Kotska Kottojourea . . Kotzebue's . . . Kouangsi .... Kouangsin . . . Koubinskoe . . Koudarinska . Koudon Koudoagour. . Koudouktou .. Koue-hoa .... Koue-te 57 Claa. raiUou. T. T. T. I. T. R. T. T. T. T. T. I. Cty, T. T. T. T. T. T. Cty. T, T. T. Tr. I. T. T. R. T. T. Pr. T. T. Pt I. T. L. T. Ft T. Pr. £^- T. T. T. T. I. Dis. R. T. T. So. ?• T. T. T. T. Cy. iaiiMV Lanpedosa. . . . Lampiono Lampon Lompong Lam jrek •,.... Lamati Lancaster Lancaster L.incaster Lan-chow Landa Lanrlfall Landfall Landsbcrg . . . . Land's End . . . Lanepou Langanaes . . . Langara Lungara Iinngoness . .. Langley Langoen Lan.Ho Lonkao Lankeran .... Lannes Liintchang . . . Laazarota.. .. Laos Lapa La Paz La Paz I.apcheva . . . . Lapdinska . . . Lapitcba Lapiuga ..... Laipland La Plata Laporte LapteiF La Puebia . . . La Puebia . . . La Purissinia. Laquaha .. . . . Lar Loraat Larak Larch Lari Larissa Laristan Laritchi . . . . Larkcnting. . . liarkhanu..., Lamica lia Roche . . . . La Rochelle .. La Rouge... . lia Rouge .... Larrey T. I. I. Bay Russia O c Meditcrran. ScaM o Mcditcrran. Sea Luzon Dis. jSumatra , I. I'r. Cy. So. Rf. p: I. I. T. C. L. C. Bay C. I. I. R. T. T. C. T. I. Polynesia Asiatic Russia. England Brit. America . Polynesia (.'hina Borneo Bay of Bengal. Patagonia . . . . Prussia England Thibet Cty, Bay Dep ?■ T. R. T. T. T. T. St T. T. I. &■ I. R. T. T. Pr. T. T. T. T. Str. g-- Ft C. Iceland Patagonia Oregon ' ''!r. . . NovaZ .»( rlxM, kc Cba. (.txiiieton I.vydvii Lcywm Leylo I.iadouskoi Liuga I.iaghofT Liant LiardN Liatamkovi.. .. • Libau Liberia Liberty Liberty Libyan Lichtenau Lida Liddon's Lidkoping .... Lie Light ''•g'cp Fiigor Likiang ..,,.. Lilabarouba . . . Lillosund Lilly Fountain. Lima Lima Lima Limeri Limerick Liraesoe ...... Limcsol Limmcns Limoges Linapacan . . . . Linares I Lincoln I Lincoln I Lincoht Lincoln's Lindesay L'jdesncfis .. . . Lindsay Lindsay Linds^al Lindy Lingayen Ling-chow . . . . Llng-hein Lingin Lingnang Lin-kiang Linosa Lintz Lintzin Lion's , Lipa Lipari MisHouri F o llollund Mc lirit America • 4> b .Miilaysia U g AHialic KuHxia. P c Kuisiu P b Asiatic Rusflia. V a Slam Sg lirit America .D c Asiatic Russia.. Q c Ituasia N c Mum iA rUcM, tt. Pa AtVica Texas Missouri ■ AfHca Greenland ... Russia Brit America Sweden Thibet Asiatic Russia Polynesia .... Malaysia .... China Africa Norway Capo Colony . Peru .. Peru Sweden Chili Ireland Norwoy Cyprus New S.Wale« France Malaysia .... Mexico England Chma Sea . . . News. Wales Polynesia .... New S. Wales Norway Brit America Elephant Island Sweden . . Quiloa . . g: Luzon China China Malayi China China Mediterran. Sea Austria Russia Atlantic Ocean Bolivia Mediterran. Sea New Grenada Lh Ff Fo N f lb Nc Ea Mc Ro Ua Xh Sh Sf Nk Mo Nk G Mb HI Lo Mb Oo Vj Md If Lc Tff Vi Xi VI Mo Ga lo Nb Oj Te Te Sh Sf Tf Mo Md No Ko Hk Me Hh iLd. Lipetsk. ... Liporety... LiptUdt . . . Iiiptchani . . Liptrap .... Lisbon .... Lisburno. . . Lisianskoy'i Lisle Lister's Liston Lichtcnfols Litkina Little Little Little Little Altai Little Andaman . Little Big Iluru. Little liucharia . Little Cayman .. Little Fish Little Ganges.. . Little Inoqua .. . Little Key Little Kooropar- tachia Little Laut .... Little Marten .. Little Missouri . Little Mistissinny Little Ouzen . . . Little Portandick Little Rock . . ■ Little Seal Little Sea OtUr Little Sioux . . . Little Thibet . . LitUe Whale . . Litia Liubim LiU'Sima Livensk Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Livingston .... Livingston's . . . Livin^ton's... Livonia 19 Lizard Lizard Llanos Llanos Llera ......... Lloyd's T. T. C. Cy. C. I. c p I*, r. T. i Rcf. Uli. L. Des. MU. I. R. ?'■ Bay L I. R. I. L. R. L. R. T. S" 1. R. Cty. R. R. T. I. T. ??■ T. T. C. Cst Bay R. C. I. I. Pr. Pt I. T. Pis. T. Is. Russia Russia Russia Russia Now S. Wales Portugal North America N. Pacific Oc. Franco New S. Walts . Brit, America . Greenland .... Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Brit America . Hindoostan . . . .Mongolia Bay of Bengal. Oc Nd .Mc Nd VI Lc Ab Af .M c< Wk Eb lb Sa Va Eb Qf Sd Sg Missouri lEd Rd Gg Mj Bi Hf Ui Asia West Indies. . . Benguela Polynesia Bahamas Australasia .... Asiatic Russia. Malaysia Brit America . Missouri Brit America • Asiatic Russia. AiVica Arkansas Brit America . North America Wisconsin Ter. Asia Brit. America . Russia Russia Japan Russia England Nova Scotia.. . N. Bnmswick . Senegambia .. . Brit America . Scorcsby's Ld.. Brit America . New Holland. . New Guinea . . Polynesia South Shetland Russia Elngland Australasia .t Spain New Grenada . Mexico South Shetland Wa Ti Eb Fd He Pd Kg Fe Fc Ac Fd Ro He Ob Oc Ve Oc Lc Hd Hd Lg 6a Ka Dd Vi Wb Ho IMc li c Vj Ld Hh Ff Ho ■*' V • n H tl «!•' IkM U '^ I > I w. 62 CONSL'LTINO INDEX. Niaiai of rlUM, kc. Uoyd'ii .. Iioan|;o . . (iuan)[o .. I.nlMW . . . [/llllUH . • • IiiiIhm . . . l>rni *;ty- Ifv. T. PL Pt I.olMtM Il> r<<.trdy . . . . Luinldem Loinbock Lombock Lomincn Borg; . Lomflcle Iiondon London London London London Londonderry . . Londonderry . . Londor Londou Long Long Long Long Long Long Long Longawan . . . , Longchampa . . Long Island . . , Long Island . . . Long Lake. ... Longnan Longuerue . . . . Looboe Loo-choo Fd. T. Is. Po. T. Cy. T. T. R. R. T. Km. I. St. I. ML T. ?: T. Cat. Rk. Cy. Is, M». T. I. I. I. I. I. I. L. T. Rk. I. So. Ho. Cy. C. T. Is. Mil km. Hoiith Khctlanid Africa '■iKingo liucnos Ayrca . IBuciiDx Ayrca . 'Patagonia . . . . IPolynosia lUruguny iAzanaga Peril Mexico New Holland. . .Scorcsliy's Ld.. Hril. America . Asiiilii' Russia. 'Aznnaga jHindooston . . . I Iceland Sweden iNorway I Brit. America . Indiana Soudan I Asiatic Russia. jC'hangamcra • . iGuinea ;Arabia China [Franco jRussia 'Italy Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Spitsbergen . . . Sweden England Upper Canada . Guatemala .. . . Greenland . . . . Malayan Soa • . Ireland Pvtagonia iiriatic Russia. Russia Brit America . Brit America . Malaysia .... Eastern Sea.. . Australasia ... . Australasia . . . . Brit America . Celebes Atlantic Ocean United States. . United States.. iBrlt. America . IChina New Guinea . . ^Celebes. ...... Eastern Sea .. . .uc UK. lo Mi Mi 1 II { HI Hm VC ! n Kf 1 Gl ' Ef 1 Tk Kn Hb ; Re , Lf Ku Kb Nb Mb 1 Fa Gd Ng Wc Oj Mh Ok I Tc Ld j Pb Md 1 Ui ' Ti Ti Na Nd 1 Lc Gd «(? i la Th Lc ! Hn Vc Ob Hb Gc 8j Vf Vi Vi Gc , Ui : jh Hd Hd Gc se ; VI 1 Ui uf ; HuMi 111 r\um, kt, liookayaiioy , . . . IiOokrrs.un Lookout Lookout I^iooknul Ijookiiut Lookout Ijoon Loon Loony Loputka Loper's I|>owuii Lower OudlriMk fiower Savage . LoWlT SlIHU . . . Lower Tcliourn' sicuya Lowther Low Woody . . . Lu.xa IiOXU Loyally Luun Liibuii Lubben liuboek Lubeck Lublin Liibo Iiubu Liibolo Liibrcck Lucuya Lucca Lucerno Luckiiow Ludamar Lucnburg Lu)rartoH IiUgh a Summa Lugo Lui-chow Luidini Lukin Lulea Lulea Lule.-i Lunenburg .... Ltipata Lutoo Luxan Luxemburg .11 Luxcmburjr . . . Luxor fjuzon Lyana Lyarcc , . Lyckiiole Lycomcdi» .... Lydias . . .... Cln Is. Is. I. Pr. T. Mt. L. C R. Pr. T. ilo. r. u Dis. T. I. Ih. r. Fu. Is. r. *tt .'Vuatralasiai.. • A j Australasia... .|Vv k China ,V ( Hiriuah Hf liarbary Me Karbary L e Tunis {.Mo .^ghnliun .... V o OrfK..iiTer....|Ed I Asiatic RuHxia. H o jNorlli Aiiieriea'II d lAniatic KiiiHia. S b jlirit. Arnrrica .JF c VKiiitiv KiiNHiii. S c Brit. America .'ll b Suso L f I. r. R. Pr. Sta. 1. D. T. Cy. Cty. &■ L. T. Vil. T. R. L. T. Mts. R. T. G.D Cy. T. I. T. T. T. L. I. 8b Fa Ch <;i Na Xk Asintic RusKia. Brit. America . ; Polynesia il'Vpiador iNorwny AiistralnMia... . Mindaimo |U h Mulaysia \Vg Prussia 'M c (•ermany |M c Malaysia IT i Poland Nc Mozambique . . O j Mozambique . " BcnfTUcIa .... Tri|)oli Bahamas .... Italy Switzerland . . Hindoostan . . Africa Hanover Mexico Abyxsinia.. . . Sp.iin China Asiatic Russia Asiatic Kusaia .Sweden Sweden Sweden Nova ."^cotia .. Africa Russia RuenoB A vres Germany .... Belgium Sf{P'-. Malaysia .... Barbury Beloochistan . Sweden Africa Nj Ne Gf Md Md Rf I'g Mc Gf Oh Ld To Pb Ab Nb Nb Nb Hd Oj Ob II Md Md Of Ug Me Qf Nb Nf Polynesia |X h Hum ol ItMii, a«. F^ydrs, Lynchburg . Lyiui Lynn Lyon Lyoiii Lyons Lyons Lyiiji r. r. Cnl, c. Cy. (i. Ch. T. ! Maab T. i Maadan T. I Maasoo I, ■Maatsuyker's .. . Is. Malwh |T. Mabbrook T. Mabli JT. Mavaa |T. Macalio |T. Macao ,Cy. Mucar I. Macartney C. Mucas It. iVLioaBsar T. Maenssar T. Macassar . . . . Macauley's. .. Macava Maccai Macclesfield.. Mncdougall , . Maceyo Mucliias . . . , , MacliiduH MachidcH . , . , Macliigatta . . Machigiii.i . . . Machiguinu . , Machistan . . . Str. I. R. T. Bk. L. T. T. £'■■ T. Vil. Bay Machoura T. Mackenzie Mackenzie's . Mackinaw . . R. In. Cy. Mackintosh .... C. Mucon iCy. Macon Macf luar .... Mncuwar . . . . Macquariu . . . Macquarie . . . Macquariea . . Macquarica . . Mucri Macy'g Mudagascar . . Mudawasca . . Madeira Madeira Madeiras . . . . Maden Is. T. Har T. R. I. T. I. I. R. R. I. Is. T. Madina T. Polynt'siii . Virginia .. Kngland North America lirit. America . Kraiieu Franca Ml it. America . Russia (trccniand Arabia . . . Norway . . V. Diemcn'sLd. Sm •f !-) f - »,, I- iif . V.I >■'-.. i .t • J vi' JO hi' m Hi CUN8ULTINU INDKX. Mtdiion Madixdii MiuljioMciiinli Miiilrnii Mailriil .Mull urn Miuliirn .M.iilvfjffi Mni^ailoxa Miignnii M;ij(.iti)Otr Mugdnlcri Mugilalciiii MiiKdiilrtia Mugiliik'iia 'Ma^riliili'tm Mii(filcl)nr(} . Miiffcllnn . . . Majrcllun'v . . Mu)rurno .... .MaghitiHkaya M.i/jnrlin . . Miignitiiaia . Mn|;riiiii*o .... Magnusu.. . . Magon .Vf neufl MaMnjran . . , Malmiiiiddy . Maho M iitio Maho M.iheo Nfahirka iVeiirtang iVIahmora .... Mnliou Malirah Malirca Arabs Maliuliish .... Maliunga .... Mai.1 Maiaoiti Maimatchin .. Main Mainagua. . . . Mnino Mainland .... Maison's Maitland M;ijnmbo .... Majoor Majorca Maju .MajmRa MaKamic .... Makoko Makooana .... Makosses .... Makova Makulla MiMniiri Tvr. . Indiana KiiNU'rn Hvti . . . Ilindiioiitan . . . •'^jjain llindn(iHt:in . . . Mtliiyfiia I. Affiutin liiiimiu . Afrifu MaKudo.\a .... Ja|>an ANJatir ItiiHitia. Ilrit. AmcriiNi . •New (irriiada . SpilHl«'r(f('ii . . . Iliicniw Ayrrs . New (ircnada . Prumla Patagonia .... Arc' Polynesia I. j Norway T. Adiatir ItiiHsia. I. New .S. Wales . T. Asialic KuMia. It. lirit. America . Fi. lirit. America . T. Persia Sh. Polynesia T. Oylon R. Ilind'mHtnn . ■ . I. Indian Ocean,. Id. Indian Ocean . Bk. Indian Ocean .. T. Hindoustan . . . T. Aaiatiu Russia. T. Morocco Cy. China Dii. Arabia Tr. Africa T. Russia Cty. Africa R. Asiatic Russia. I. Polynesia Cy. Mongolia R. Asiatic Russia . I. Polynesia St. United States. . I. Shetland Is. .. . I. Polynesia T. New S.Wales. Bay Madagascar. . . I. Polynesia I. Mediterran, Sea T. Barbary . . R. Peru R. Soudan... Cty. Africa Tr. Africa ... Tr. Africa ... Tr. Africa.... Dis. Arabia . . . Rd (id IJf Rk r, d Rh Ti Wa Ph Ph Vo Va lib Hg Mn I 1 II h Mc Hn V f Na Tb Vj Pc Eb Kb Pf Uf Rh Rf Pi Pi Pi R« Uc Le Sf P«f ^8 Pc Ni Vc Pq Xb Lb Bh Wl 'A Mo Mc Hj Mb Ni Nk 2J Pg Www o(ruMi)*«. Makulla Mala Malahrign Mttlarea .Malicna Malaga Malancs Malanta Malankcrd Malayan Malaysia Malcolm .Malabar Mald.n Maldivas Miildoiiiidi) iMalobuin Malenillo Mulespiiia Malctivo Malfln Malliada Malheur Mullk .Malimba Malin Malincs Mulkin Mallar Mnllieola Mallon Malloudo Mallooin .Malmo Malono Malo|ipo Malplo Mais Malstrom Malta Malung Malwa Mamach Mamadysk .... Mamafhio Mama Inferior . Mamala Mamalcck .... Mamas Mama Su|)crior Mambookies.. . Mamchco Maminisca. .. . Mamoro Mampoor Man Mana Manachan .... Manai Manambatou . . Manamliourc . . T. Pt. I. Cy. rttr. ?• I. T. Sea Div R. C/Ht, I. Is. r. r. Ilk. c. r. It. T. R. Rks. R. ilar T. T. I^ I. I. T, I. T. T. R. I. R. I. I. T. Pr. T. T. I. R. Ch. T. T. R. Tr. T. L. R. ?■ R. R. I. C. R. lur. Uu. Arabia New (ircnada I'olviiesia. . . . .Vtalaya Malaysia . . . M|iain Brazil Auxlraliisia . . Turkey Asia Oceaniea ... Ilrit. America IlindcKwtan . Polynesia. . . . Asia I'rnguay ... IlindooHtan . Ilahamas . . . 'Japan (Vyion IliueiioH Ayrei |llru'/.il [Oregon Ter.. Asia AlVica Ireland Belgium .... Asiatic Russia. Sweden AuitlralaHia .... PolyncHia Borneo Polynesia Sweden Asiatic Russia. Africa New Ori'iiada . Noru ay Lofl'ddey Is. .. . Mediterran. Sea Sweden Hiiidoostan . . Asiatic Russia Russia Mo'/ambii|uo . Asiatic Russia. Asia Soudan Equador Asiatic Russia. Africa Siam Brit. America . Bolivia Africa Chili Guiana Madagascar .. . Polynesia Madagoscar. . . Madagascar . . . «mlnn ■ PolynvRiii " ' Aula N'' I'ruKimy . ■ • • ' ' , llimlooiilun • ■ • 1^ ', ItalmnmH M ' IJnpan p '' jOylon pi' Ihuoiio* Ayrci . H k IHruJiil H.J. |( )rijfon Ter .K.iABia lAlVica Irulund .• ■ Dols;iuni ■ • Amiitic RusHiB. Sweden AUHlriilftHitt.. . . Polynt'Bia 'Borneo IPolyncBia jSwcdcn jAsiatic RuHsia I Africa New (fffiiada Norway Lofl"i>di'y I«. V. '. M b I. Pr. r. Dty, [. R. R. I. C. R. McdiU-rmn. Sea Sweden Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Russia. RutBia Mo!sanil)i Ha Ai Fa Ge Lh X m Gl Gl Vg Le Pk Qf Nk Ug Hd Xf Wi Ni OJ Oi Lg Nihm of FUcct, ie. Massuah Massy Mastovska . . . . Masulipatum... Matagorda . . . . Matagorda . . . . Matamoras . . . . Matapan Matava Matca Matelots Matelots Matemba Matera ....... Mathews's . . . . Matiev Matifo Matilda Matimo Matisma Matiuchkin . . . Matochkine . . . Matoll Matsmay Matsmay Matsmay Mattabellas . . . . Matthias Mattogrosso .. . Mattootce Mattura Matty's Matumbagh . . . Maturin Maturu Maturuas Matwi Moty Matzol Maudarness . . . Mauhes Maui Maule Maulmein Maumee Maupiti Mauritius Maurua Mauti Maximova . . . . Maxwell May Maya Mayagucz Mayara Mayaveron .. . . Mayhew Mayo Mayobamba . . . Mayorgo Mayotta T. Dis. T. T. Bay t! C. I. I. Is. Rf. T. I. I. C. Bk. I. I. C. St. Cty. ?• St. I. I. Pr. I. T. » T. Dep R. Tr. I. I. C. C. Tr. I. R. T. R. I. L L I. T. Bay C. R. T. T. T. T. I. T. FatilwD. I Ref. Uti. Nubia Asliantec Asiatic Russia. Hindoostan . . . Texas Texas Mexico Greece Kurile Islands. Polynesia Polynesia Polynesia Africa Naples Polynesia Russia ....... Algiers Polynesia Mozambique . . Japan Asiatic Russia. Nova Zcmbla. . Africa Japan Japan Japan Australasia ... . Australasia.. . . Brazil Australasia .... Ceylon Australasia... . Madagascar .. . Venezuela • ■ • ■ Brazil Brazil North America Brit America . Asiatic Russia. Iceland South America Sandwich Is.. . Chili Birmah Ohio Polynesia Indian Ocean . Polynesia Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Brit America . New Jersey . . . Asiatic Ruasia. Porto Rico .... Barbary Hindoostan . . , Mississippi. . . . Cape Verd Is. . Peru Polynesia Indian Ocean . Og Lh Qc Rg Ff Ff Ff N" Wd Cj Vh Vh Ni Nd Xh Pb Me Ck Oj Vc Xb Pa Ok Vd Vd Vd Ui Vi Ij Xi Rh Vi Oj Hh Hi Hi Ab Fb Ra Kb li Bf Hi Sg Gd gl Tb Ga He Vc if Rg Ge Ka Gi pj ?-^!&. rubia Of Asiatic Russia. U c iindoostttii • • • ^ K I'exas ^ ' roxas Ff Mexico ^' Kurilo Islands. Wd Polynesia t-j Polynesia P' '' Polynesia ♦ ■? Africa N. JNaplcs Nd Polynesia ^ h iRussia W'> .Algiers Mc .Polynesia \^ ^ Mozambique . • 19 J Japan Aeiatic Russia NovaZcmbla. Africa Japan Japan jjapan Australasia . I Australasia. Brazil Australasia . ICeylon... . • [Australasia . Madagascar ;p Venezuela • Brazil [Brazil , [North America A b iBiit. America .|F b Asiatic Russia Iceland ISouth America iSandwich Is.. • Ichili I iBirmah »(? Ohio Gd Polynesia P j Indian Ocean .|P j Polynesia .. ■ • Polynesia — Asiatic Russia Brit America New Jersey . . Asiatic Russia. Porto Rico .... Barbary \^' Hindoostan ...|Rg Jay r. r. Mississippi. Cape Verd Is. Peru... Polynesia Indian Ocean Names of Flues, lu. Mayrchlat Mayro Maysi Maysvillo Mayumba Mayumba Mayvillc Mazagan Mazagoo Mazamba Mazaiideran .. . . Mazanillo Mazapil Mazappa Mazatlan Mazavamba . . . . Mazeira Mazcira Mazerooncy . . . . Mazula Mazura McAskill's McCarty's MeCluer's McCulloch McDonnel . .. .. McDoual iMcGiilivray . ., . McGillivray . . . . Mclntirc McKay's McKinley McKinley , McLood , MoTavish's . . . , McVicor c Meaksima . . . . . Mcangis Mccan Selasso . Mecatina Mecca Mecklenburg Schwerin .18 Mecklenburg Strclitz ...19 Mecon Medde Medicine Mediclana Medina Medina Medinct Sultan Mediterranean . Mcdiuro Medroosa Medwa Mecaday Meerpore Megna Mchadin Meherran CONSULTING INDEX. 67 T. Dis. T. T. T T. T. Pr. Pi. T. T. T. Tartary Peru Cuba Kentucky.. .. Loango Loango New York ... Morocco Brazil Africa jPersia I New Grenada jMexico • Mozambique . JMexico Dis. I Africa Arabia Arabia Guiana Congo Mozambique . Polynesia .... Scnegambia . . Australasia . . Brit America Brit America Brit America Oregon Tor. . Brit America Polynesia. . . . Brit / merica Brit America Brit America Brit America Brit America Brit America Japan Malaysia .... Abyssinia. . . . Labrador .... Arabia G. Is. R. T. T. Is. I. In. C. C. G. R. I. C. Pk. Bay K. Ft. Bay G. I. Is. T. Har Cy. G.D G.D R. T. R. Vil. Cy. T. T. Sea I. T. T. T. T. R. T. Cly. Germany . Germany .... Laos Hindoostan . . Missouri Ter. Patagonia . . . Arabia New Grenada Tripoli Polynesia . . Fezzan .... Africa Birmah.. .. Sinde Hindoostan Arabia .... Africa .... Rsl. Uts. Pd Hi Hf Ge Mi Mi Gd Le i Pe Gh Ff Oj Ef Oj Pf Qf Ih Mi Oj \Vh Ui Ha Eb Fa Ed Db Gm Fb Db Fb Dc Eb Db Ue Uh Og He Of Mc Mc R«r Ed Hm Of Hh Ne Ne Xh Nf ^« Sg Qf Sf Of Oh ol Places, to. Mei-ponte Mejdoucharsky . Mekdusk Mekran Mela Molumo Melano Melghig Mcliana Mclinda Melinda Melinquc McliU Mclkl.ii Mollilla Mellipt-lli Mellish's Mellish's Mcllish's Melo Melville Melville Melville .< Melville Melville Melville Melville Melville Melville Mcmba Koma . . Mcmcl Memphis Menangkaboo . . Mondawcc Mende Mendeli Mendocino Mendoza Mendoza Meng Mennomonies.. . Menorondro . . . , Menuf Menzaleh Menzelinsk Meofak Mcoobonish . . . . Mequinas Merasche Merawe Mercedes Merchants' Merchants' Merchooakin . . . Mercury Mercury lUerguenHotun. Mergui Meriato Meribowhey. .. , Merida Class. RlsiliaD. I. Cty. Pr. Po. Pt I. L. T. Cty T. T. T. T. T. T. I. I. Rfs. T. Bay Bay C. Pen, I. I. So. Mt MU Pt T. T. T. Cy. T. C. Pr. 9: T. R. T. I. T. T. L. Cy. T. T. T Bay Is< C. Bay T. Arc. Pt T. T. Brazil Nova Zembla . Africa Bcloochistan . Patagonia . . . Mozambique . Malaysia . . . Barbary Algiers Africa Africa , Buenos Ay res Africa Asiatic Russia. Morocco Chili Australasia . . Polynesia. . .. Australasia . . . Buenos Ayres New S. Wales Greenland . . . Brit America Brit America New Holland . . Brit America . Brit. America . Brit America . Greenland .... Mozambique . . Prussia Tennessee .... Sumatra Borneo France Persia Mexico Buenos Ayres . Buenos Ayres . Tonquin Wisconsin Ter, Madagascar.. . Egypt Eg/pt Asiatic Russia. Arabia Brit America . Morocco Asiatic Turkey Nubia Buenos Ayres Brit America Greenland . . . Asiatic Russia New Zealand . . Africa Mantchooria Bay of Bengal . New Grenada AfVica Mexico Oh Qf Hm Oj Ui Mo Me Oi Oi HI Nk Qb Lc Hi Vi Xe Wj HI Vj Ha Ha Gb ^j Ea Eb Db la Oj No Ge Sh Ti Md Pe Dd HI HI Sf Gd Ok Oe Oe Pc Of Gd Le Oe Sf Hb la Vt XI Mk Ud Gh Nk Gf ■ 'fi •'*'. ' '1^ .'.i-.-' k; ■■".■' Mttii 68 CONSULTING INDEX. Nunei nf rUcn, ftc. Mcrida Mcrida Mcrinova Morilan Meria Eavoo . . . Mcrmantau • . ■ . Morra Merrumengows . Mcru al Uud . . . Mcr t Mcrvo Mcscala Meseritz Mcshuril Mcsjid Ali Mcsjid Hussein ' Mcskamy Messa Messina < Mestoota Metiurata Mesurata ...... Meta Meta Metelin Methye Methye Metko Mutverskaya... Metz Mewar Mexia Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mezari Mezone Mczene Mezene .' Mezieres Mezraz Mglin Mhyshkin Miaco Miali Miamis Miana Mill in Miasiiija Michigan Michigan Michigan Michipicotton.. Michipicotton.. Michipicotton.. Michoacan .... Middeisis Middle Middle Middle L. T. Tr. T. r. r. T. L. T. §" T. C. T. R. I. L. L. Dis T. Cy. Pr. R. Rep. St. 6. Cy. C. T. Bay R. T. Dis, T. T. £'• Tr. T. R. R. St Cy. L. Bay I. St T. L. I. I. Venezuela . . . , Spain Asiatic Russia. Arabia Polynesia .... Louisiana. . . . Syria tVfrica Tartary . . . Hindoos tan Great Bucliariu Mexico Prussia Mozambique ■ Arabia Arabia lirit. America Suse Sicily Fczzan Tripoli Tripoli Asiftic Russia. New Grenada . Archipclogo. . . Brit America . Brit America . Soudan Russia France Sindc Africa North America Mexico North America Mexico .... Oregon Ter. Russia .... Russia Russia Franco Soudan Russia Russia Japan ....... Asiatii! Russia Michigan .... Persia Brazil Russia United States. Indiana United States. Upper Canada Upper Canada Upper Canada . Mexico Bcrgoo Lower Canada. South Shetland Australasia . . . &£ Hh Le R c P »• Aj Ff Oe Oi Qe Rf Qe Fg Nc Oj Oe Oc Gc Lf Ne Nf Ne Ne Vc Hh Nc Ec Ec Ng Ob Md Qf Mi Ee Fg Gf l« Dd Ob Ob Ob Md Ng Oc Oc Ve Tc 6d Pe li Pb Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Fg Ng He lo Ul Nunes of riacft, A' Is. I. Str. I. T. Middleburg . . Middle Savage Middleton's . . Middlfton's .. Middle Vigtcn ISIidia IMidian iT. Midroc T. Micr |T. Mijjortlieyn .... Tr. Mikhalovtt T. Mikulin Bay Mikulin C. Milam T. Milan Cy. Mildred L. Milk R. Milkof. T. Mill I. Mille I. Milledgcville . . . Cy. Millsburg T. M ill's Point ... T. Milno Ld. Milo I. Milovloyskik . . . T. Miltsin Mt Milwalky T. Minas Geraes.. . Pr. Min&himadiva . . Vol. Minch (the) .... Mindanao T. Minden Cy. Mindoro Sea Mindoro 'I. Mineral Point . . Minerva Mingan Ming Kiang ,. . . Mingrelia Minno Minicoy Minict Minorca Minsk 31. Minsk Mintow Miosen Miquelon ...... Mirador Miranda Mirepole Miri Mirim Mirimichi Miscou Misener's Missao Miggelad Missevri Miosiessy T. I. Vil. R. cty. R. Rks T. I. Pr. Cy. T. L. I. T. T. T. R. L. Bay Bks. T. R. T. C. Polynesia Brit Aincr'' : Australasia .... Au8trala''iu . . . Norway Turkey Arabia Algiers Mexico .\rrica Asiatic Russia. Russia Russia Texas Italy Brit. America . Missouri Ter. . Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Polynesia Georgia Liberia Kentucky Scorcsby's Ld. Archipelago .. . Asiatic Russia. Morocco Wisconsin Ter. Brazil Patagonia Scotland Mindanao .... Prussia Malaysia ..... Malaysia Wisconsin Ter. Polynesia .... Lower Canada Ciiina Asia Portugal Asia Egypt Mediterran. Sea Russia Russia Banca Norway Newfoundland. Brazil Portugal Russia Venezuela Uruguay N. Brunswick . Lower Canada. Asia Brazil Africa Turkey New Holland.. Hif. Uti. Ak Hb Wk VVli Mb Nd or Mc Ff Pg Tb b Pb Ff .Md Fb Ed Wc Gb Xh Ge Lh Ge Ka Ne Sc Le Gd Jj Hm Lc Uh Mc Uh Ug Ed Cj He Se Od Ld Qh Of Md Nc Nc Ti Mb Id li Ld Oc Hh LI Hd Hd Ri Hi, Ng Nd I .-•»',. n Rtf. FDlltKfll. I Ixtf, 'olyncsia K' k Iril. Aincr'' : jH ^ Australasia . - . . VV k Australasia . . . VVli 'Jorwuy \^}\ rurkey N ^ \ral)ia |^\ ' Mgiers ' Mexico Africa Asiatic Russia. Russia Russia Texas Italy Brit. America Missouri Tcr. . Asiatic Russia. Brit, America . Polynesia.. Georgia . Liberia I* " Kentucky pe Scorcsby's Ld. K a Archipelago .. . N c Asiatic Russia. Sc Morocco |L Wisconsin Ter " JBrazil Patagonia Scotland Mindanao ... Prussia Mc Malaysia jU h iMalaysia Ug Wisconsin Ter. E d Polynesia C j 1. Lower Canada. IHc Ciiina lay iks Asia Portugal. Asia .... Egypt Mediterran. Sea Russia Russia Banca iNorway Newfoundland. Brazil Portugal Russia ' Venezuela . . . • Uruguay N. Brunswick Lower Canada Asia Brazil Africa. Turkey New Holland.. CONSULTING INDEX. ft) Num of Flam, te. Clui. Midsima Missinaby .... Alissinnippi .... Mississauga .... Mississippi Missiasippi MIssolonglii .... Missouri Missouri iMissouri Mistaken Mistcpec Mitau Milcliell's Mitclii Alitiaro Mitoc Mitre ,. Mittun Mitucheff Miyas Mizcn Mizimbatty .... Moa Moab iMoars , Mobateo Mobile Mobile Mobota Mocambira Mocanguclas . . . Mocarango Muclia Mocha Mock Mocoa Mocomoco Mocroslobodska . Modena Modena Modon Moe Mocn MofTen Mogarra Mogaun Moggouok .... Mogliilev . . .32 Moghilev Moghdakaya . . Mogi Mogincale..... Mogodore MografFa Arabs Mograt Moliong Laung Mohawk Mohilla Mohin Mohylev T. hBllkn. Japan Uo ! Brit America . Gd ! Brit. America . EC 1 Upper Canada. Gd 1 United States. . Go North America Gf Greece Ne : United States.. Fe 1 United States.. Fd Wisconsin Ter. Fe Now Zealand. . Xm Mexico Fff Russia No Polynesia .... Xi China Te Polynesia Bj Thibet Se : Australasia... . Xj , Sinde Qf Nova Zambia. . Pa Asiatic Russia. Qc Ireland Lc Africa Oj Malaysia Ui Syria Oe Brit. America . Go Africa Nk Alabama Ge Alabama Ge Africa Ok Brazil li Africii ...«•••• Nj ' Nj ; Africa Arabia Og Chili HI 1 Mb Norway New Grenada . Hh Sumatra Si , Asiatic Russia . Sc ; Italy M d Italy M d Greece Ne i Norway Mb . Denmark Mc Spitsbergen . . . M a , Egypt No Birmah Sf Labrador lo ; Russia Oc Russia Oc 1 Asiatic Russia. Tt Bro»:i Ik Mozambique . . Oj Morocco Le Africa Lf Nubia Off Laos Sg Hd New York .... Indian Ocean . Oj Mantchooria . . Ud ! Russia Nd ! Ruiei o( FUcn, lu. Moigolotskoi . Mojabra Mojaysk Mokamba .... Mokanrushy . Moklijenskaya Mokur Molcou Moldavia Molineaux . . . Mollcr Mollcr Moluccas .... Molucquc Atollon Monia Monibas Mombas Mombas Mompox Mona Mona Monado Mona Passage . Moncao Monchaboo.. .. Mondego Moniia Mongolia Mongaro Mongeaboong.. Mongearts .... Mongella Monge's Monghadjar . . . Monica Monkey Key . . Monk's Monmouth .... Monmouth .... Monncron Mono Emugi .. Munpan Monroe Monroe Monrovia Monselmine < . . Monsol Montafar ...... Montsi/ue Montague Montague Montague Montague Montalegro.. .. Montargis Montauk Montclovez. . . . Monte Christo . Montego Monterey Monterey G. T. T. T. I. T. T. T. Cty. Bay Bay Is. I. R. T. R. T. T. I. T. Str. T. &• I. R. T. T. Tr. I. Pt. Mt. R. I. Is. C. I. I. Cty T. T. f. T. Tr. T. Pt I. C. C. I. Po. T. T. Pt T. I. Bay T. T. Ref, Lets. Asiatic Russia. V a Barca Nf Russia O c Mozambique . . O j Kurilo Islands. Wd Russia P b Russia N a Mantchooria . . V d Europe N d New Zealand. . Xm Nova Zcinbla ..Pa Polynesia C j Malaysia U i Asia Q h Asiatic Russia. V b Africa O i Africa O i Africa O i New Grenada . H h Birmah Sf West Indies.. . II g Celebes Uh West Indies.. . Hg Brazil I i Birmah Sf Portugal L d Indian Ocean . O i Africa O j Africa N j Borneo T h Africa L f Persian Gulf.. Pf Seghalien V d Tartary P d Paraguay Ik S. Pacific Oc... OI New Grenada . H g Patagonia . • • > H n Malaysia U f Seghalien V d Africa uaoB Louisiana . . . Michigan.. . Liberia Africa Africa.. .... Luzon North America Patagonia . . . Sandwich Ld, Australasia.. New Britain Brazil France .... Long Island . Mexico Mediterran. Sea Jamaica .... Mexico Mexico Oi Sf Fe Gd Lh Lf Ni Ug Cc Gm Kn Wl Wi li Md Hd Ff Md «? Ff Dc lX\-f:m: W::M M W'h - .\ i, I I 70 CONSULTING INDEX. NuM ot Fluai, tc. Clia. taKlm. Monterey Bay Moiitcsik Tr. Moiitevcrde ... .1. Montevideo 'v. Montgomery . . . 'i. Montgomery's . . Gr. Montpelicr ... Cy. Montircliicr Cv Montreal...., .'Cy. Montreal R. Montreal R. Montrcddy iT. Montrose IT. Montrose |T. Montserrat 'I. Monzo jC. Moocoowan . . . . 'R. Moogroove IT. Moollty ;T. Moolooa jCty. Moon (of the) ..'MU. Moondah R. Moore's 'I. Moore's 'I. Moorghab. IR. Moorglmub T. Moorja T. Moorshedabad . . Cy. Moose Dis. Moose R. Moose R, Moose L. Moose L. Moose Head. .. . <^ I Asiatic Uussiu. O d Auslralasia . . ■ Africa Lotfoden Is. .. . .'Guatemala .. . • r I Brit. America . |Polynesin iNew Grenada . iNorway y iSpitsbcrgen . . ■ Asiatic Russia . lAustria Asiatic Turkey Corca 'Africa •. ■ i Asiatic Russia. ! Brit. America . Soudan Mantcliooria . . i Asiatic Russia. Tb Asiatic Russia. V a Australasia... . France ....... Asiatic Russia. 'Hindoostan . ■ . I Asiatic Russia. t. Sandwich Is. .. t. |Sandwich Is. . . Scorcsby's Ld. . Asiatic Russia. Soongaria Brazil ' Mantdiooria . Asiatic Bussia CONSULTING INDEX. 71 NuiM of llaCH, fee CbM. Mourskaya. . . . Mourzuk Moutnoi Moutoii Moviza Mowee Moxoa Mozambique .. . Mozambique . . . Mozambique . . . Mozambique.. . M'layr Mount Carmel . Mount Desert.. Mount Meadow Mucliima Muckie Mucuixes Mucwaunpore . Mud Mudago Mudgc MuGalla Miigford Mughess. .f w. Mugnt Muiron MuktM Mu'at Mulg'rave Mulgrave Mulgrave Mull Multnomah . . . Mumbarack . . • Mumilla Mundlah Mungari ■ Munich ' Mu Nimigi . • . < Munnipore Munster ' Muonloniska ■ • < Muonio .Murcia Murdock Murmur Murot Murray Murray Firth... Murray Maxwell Murray'* .... Murray's . . . • Murtaso Murucuru.. .. Murusuru. . . . Musa Musangani . ■ . Muscat Muscle Muicus Rir. uu. I. Asiatic Rusaia. S c Fczzan N f Asiatic Russia . Q a Nova Scotia. .. Hd Africa N j Sandwich Is.. . B t' Bolivia] H j Africa U j Mozambique . . O i Indian Ocean . O k Mozambique . . O j Russia N c Illinois G e Maine H d Brit. America . F b Benguela Mi Sumatra S h Africa M j Hindoostan . . . U i° Greenland ....lb Soudan N g Brit. America . lE a Africa Oi Labrador IH o Africa IN f III Tk Ne Uc Xh Xh Oc Lc Dd 2« Po Rf Ng Md Oi Sf Mc Nb Nb Le Ha Mg Ph VI Lc 6b Wi Vi Od Nj ^j Nj Pf Ed Buenos Ayres . Australasia .'. . Tripoli Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Polynesia North America Scotland Oregon Ter... . Nubia Asiatic Turkey Hindoostan . . . Africa Bavaria Africa Birmah Prussia Russia Sweden Spain Greenland . . . Soudan Mogadoza . . . New S. Wales Scotland Brit America . Australasia .... Australasia... . Russia Cazoinbo Africa Arabia Africa Arabia Missouri Bay of Bengal. MiniM or Flaeea, fee. Musfeia Muagrave's . . . Musked Musk Ox .... Musolimy. .. . Mussendom . . Muisir MuBsy Mustachewan . Mustavas .... Mustcong .. . . Mutra Muttra Mutukano.. . . Muzimba .... Muzimbas.. . . Myandung . . . Myggenes... . Myra Myrick ...... Mysol Mysore Mysore Mysory MywooUa .... Nabajoa Nabdjoa Nabajoas Nabel Nachack Nachtegal Naciiniento ... Nackiloo Nacogdoches . . Nadanfoen .... Nadeschda .... Nadeshda Nadrama Nagel Nagercoil Nagoja • Nagore Nagpore Naffy Bania Nahney Nain Nain Nakasusuklok . . Nakshivan Nakies Nalym Nalymskoi Namaqua, Great Namoqua, Little ^ambu Nambu Namoh.. Namroo Namur Namurick T. I. ?■ Iky C. I. T. L. T. T. T. T. C. R. Tr. T. I. T. C. I. Pr. T. iL I. T. R. Tr. T. C. L r. T. T. Bay 8tr. T, I. T. T. T. T. T. R. T. Sta. I. T. Tr. R. T. Ld. Ld. T. C. Soudan Polynesia Persia Brit. America . Arabia Arabia Kurilu Islands. Africa Brit. America . Buenos Ayres . Cabul Arabia Hindoostan . . . Asiatic Russia. Mozambique . . Africa Birmah Faroe Islands . Asiatic Turkey Africa Malaysia . . . . . Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Australasia... . Polynesia I. T. T. Is. Mexico Mexico Mexico Tunis Labrador .... Indian Ocean . Chili Persia Texas Mnntchooria . Mantchooria . Kuriks Islands Barbary Russia Hindoostan . . Japan Hindoostan . . < Hindoostan . . . Austria Brit America . Persia Labrador Labrador Asiatic Russia. Sonegambia . . . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Africa Africa J^pan Japan China Little Thibet . . Belgium Polynesia Hit. UU. Mh Vh Po Kb Pf Pf Wd Mf Gc Hk Qf Pf Rf Wc Oj Sg Lb Ne Kg III Rg Rjr Vi Xj Ef Ee Eo Me He Pra HI Pf Fe Ud Vo Wd Me Ob Rh Vo Qf Rf Nd Db Pe He He Pe Si Qb Nk Nk Ve Vd Tf Re Mc \xh\ ■m *i 1 I it ■■' .'X: m ^ > ' -li. ■ -.1 ■ - * III 11% i m\ m.: IV - ?l m Si *«-" mm 73 CONSULTING INDEX. Nuw of FluM, fee. Nui.-chang iThibct China . Nhncy ( 'y. jFranco Nandere . Nangaaaki < Naiigdar . . Nan-kan)j . . Nan.kiang Nankii jCy. Nanking . 'r, ,T. R. ,Cy, ,..Cy. \r.. Hindoostan . . ■ 'Japan lAsiatic Kusgiu . ^Ciiina ,China Mantchooria . ■ Uk. Nnn-ningr {Cy, Nuno Balundo . . Pr, Nanriyn !L. Cy. (^'hina Nan-tciipng Nantus Nantiicket ... Nan-yunc; .Van-youg .... Naoaquiacaw . . Nttouf! San poo . Kapuitiani'' ,. . , N:i|«!i,"iu: ..... N-Mwriina .... NUfU. iilsh N«.Uitu Niptcs Nnplos Napo Napoli Narborough's .. N.irbonne NurciRsa Natoondam . . . Nareenda Nareenda Nargan Namol Narrow Narva Narym Nasca Nashville Nwi Nawwn NaMau 17 . Naaaau Nassau Naisuck Nate Natal NaUl Natal Natal Natal Natal Natal, First . . . Natal, Lost. .. . Natoshkwen . . . Natchez Naethitoches . . Nathunz B<.nijuela .... TavLixy China ,. .y.,. . Fr.ince MaspuriUbetts, China China Brit. America Thibfct Loochoo Luzon i Trinidad Is.. . I Brit. America Caspian Sea. . Km.lltaly ?• ■' T. I. T. Cy, ?• Cy. ?• R. T. T. T. IL. I. L L T. Bay T. I. T. T. T. ?• C. D. C. L T. T. T. T. Cat Po. C. I. ft Pt R. 9: Naples Equador Gieece Gallapagos . . . . France Polynesia Bay of Bengal. Madagascar.. . Madagascar. . . Russia Hindoostan . . . South Shetland Russia Asiatic Russia. Peru Tennessee . . . , Russia Guinea Germany Nova Zembla. . Bahamas Hindoostan . . . New Grenada , Brazil Sumatra Africa Africa CafFraria Indian Ocean . CafTraria CafFraria Labrador .... Mississippi. . . Louisiana. . . . Persia Re Tf Md Kg Ue V c Tf To \Ui i 6 Tf M: Tf Ld H<' Te Tf He Ro Uf Vg Hg Fb Pe Md Md Hi Ne Fi Md 2^ n pj Nc Rf lo Nc Ro SJ 6e Nb Ih Mc Qa Gf ii Ji Sh 0} Ok Ok Pi Nl Oi He Fe Fe Pe Nuiti of rbcM^ kc. CUa. Natividad T. .Jia-ui Natividad :!'t. Natki h't. Nattavar ,T. Naturaliste [C, Naluroliste .... iMt Nat; d Na\ucot Navarino Navaririi Navasii Navia Navigators'.. .. Ncvihoelavoo . Navo;(« Navy Boari . . ,;r. Naxi h.. Naynnok . Naysiad . . NazaT<'.t. . . Nazareth . . Nazareth . . Nazareth . . Naze Neacote., . Necau .... Noches . . . Nccker . . . Nederlondi Ncdjeron.. Necbjed . . Needle .... Needles. .. . Needveditza Neembuco . Neepigon . . Neepigon . . Negapatam . Negorabo . . Negracka .. Negrais. ... Negrete. ... Negril Negrillo ... Negro Negro Negroponte . Negros .... Nehaund.. . Neishloi . . . Neisse Nellore .... Nelson . . . Nelson .... Nelson .... Nelson's . . . Nelson's . . . Nemiskaw . Nemoy .... Nemtchicov Neosho ISta. T. In, 1. fr. in. 1. T. T. T. r. R. Bk. C. T. T. R. I. I. Dis. Pr. Rk. L R. T. Bay Ho. T. T. Fk. C. T. Pt I. R. R. I. I. T. T. T. T. Dis. R. Ft. Ch. Is. L. Tr. T. j.Vfcjiict IMantcUoor'a . "ivvrdt'n ':< i; HollauJ. jMssir lIolla:id. jAKi,i»'. Tiirl-r Hl'.f'oOStll)! . ' VViscoiifiin Tur.j(i , iGreecu West Indies. . Spain ...... Polycesia. ... "ulynesia. . .. Peru. Brit America Archir^;lago ., jMcxi', , . . . Russii-. 1 k'Vazil Urazil Africa Indian Ocean. Norway Hindoostan . . Barbary Texas N. Pacific Oc Polynesia .... Arabia Arabia Australasia . . Southern Ocean Russia Paraguay Brit Amer' ■», . Brit America . Hindoostan . . . Ceylon Missouri Ter. . Birmah Chili Jamaica Mexico Uruguay Brazil Archipelago. . . Malaysia ... . Persia Russia Prussia Hindoostan . . . Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Australasia... . South Shetland Brit. America ■ Missouri Ter. . Asiatic Russia. Western Ter, i New I ixVew Ij New jNew New . Newfi New ( I New ( New ( New( I' New . I New i New I New i I Hi Rrciil Mexiio . • ■ • "iViiiU'iJ ^'., i; Holla" !• Mb»^ nolla:id. . liV.'iocstui! ■ ■ • Wiscoiifiin Tur. O d 'Greece iWcst Indies... Spain . . iPolyceaitt ^'olyne»ia jPcru. ■ BriU Aviicricii Archii>;lago .. jMcxi; RuBuii-. ': k^razil lUrazil jAfrica Indian Ocean JNorway iHindooatan • Barbary.... Texas Ff N. Pacific Oc . B f Polynesia .... Arabia Arabia Australasia .. Southern Ocean Russia Paraguay Brit. Amer' za, - Brit America . Hindoostan . • • ■ . Coylon Tt. Missouri Ter. . Birmah [•. piili »t Jamaica Mexico Uruguay Brazil ' Archipelago. • . Malaysia ... Persia Russia . . . . • Prussia Hindoostan . . Brit America Brit America Brit America Australasia.... South Shetland Brit. America . Missouri Ter. . Asiatic Russia. Western Ter. .. r. r. r. T. Dis. R. Ft. Ch, Is. L. Tr. T. Sta. CONSULTING INDEX. NUQM of rluMi 4c. Ncow N'cpaul Nipiliji'o Ni'pinita Nupisxing N<;|K)inaceno.< . . Nora Nuibuddah Ncruklita Ncrja Norpa Nerpitcliic Nertcliinsk Nurtcliinsk Nertchinskoi . . . Ncrvoski Ncsoe Nusseby Nesuketonga . . . Ncsviz NCUHC Neustadt Nevel Neverg Nevil's Nevis New New Albany . . . ! New Amsterdam New Archangel Newark Newark New Balade . ... Newborn New Boston .. . . New Britain . . . , New Brunswick New Brunswick Newburyport . . . Now Cacerea . . . New Caledonia . ! New Caledonia . New Castle New Castle Newcastle jNcwCoimbra... New Cornwall . . New Discovery , New Dongola.. c New Ek:hota .... Newfoundland . . Newfoundland . . Now Friesland. . New Georgia . . . New Georgia . . . New Grenada.. . New Guinea .... New Hampshire New Hanover . . New Hanover . . New Haven .... FntlUlw. I. jPolynesia . . . . X j Cty. Hindoostan . . . !R f II. jHrit America .|H r It. JAsiatii: Ku83ia.|T a L. I Upper Canada . G d T. jUrozil HI K. Aiiiatic Russia . V b R. Hindooatin . . . R f T. Russia O c T. Russia P V R. Asiatic Russia. T <* L. Asiatic Russia. X b Pr. Asiatic Russia. To r. Asiatic Russia. T c T. iVsiatic Russia. T c T. Asiatic Russia. P b I. Norwoy N b T. Russia N a R. Missouri Ter. . F c T. Russia No R. North Carolina G o T. .\ustria N d T. Russia N c Cy. France M d Bay Brit America . F b I. West Indies... Hg I. Polynesia I g T. Indiana Go T, Guiana L h Sta. North America C c Cy. Upper Canada . G d I. Labrador He I. N. Pacific Oo. . E g T. North Carolina G e T. lUinois F d I. Australasia .... W i Cty. North America H d Ho. Brit America . 6 d T. N. Hampshire . H d T. Luzon Ug Cty. North America D c I. Australasia . . . X k T. N. Brunswick . H d T. New S. Wales . Wl T. England Lc T. Brazil ' . . . I j Cty. Brit America . D c L Polynesia X j Cy. Nubia Og T. Georgia G e I. North America I d Bk. Newfoundland. I d Dis. Spitsbergen . . . N a Col. Liberia L h If.' Australasia .... W i Rop. South America H h I. Australasia .. . . V i St UnitedStates. . Hd Cty. Oregon Ter. . . D c Australasia . . . W i Cy. Connecticut .. . Hd Nana of riicii, tc New Hebrides . . New Hvrnhut . . New Holland .. . New Ilulaleiiiborg New Ireland . . . New Jersey .... New Lattakoo . . New Leon New Macao .... New Madrid . . . Newmansville . . New Mexico.. . . New Nantucket. Ncwnham New Norfolk . . . New North Wales New Oran New Orleans . . . Newport New Providence Newry New Santander . Hew Segovia . . . New Segovia . . . New Shuniachie New Siberia. . . . New Smyrna . . . New South Green- land New South Wales New South Wales New Tcherkask New Work .... New Year .... New Year's . . . New Year's.... New York .... New York .... Neyoor Ney va Nezperces Nezperces Ngantong Nna-triang Niagara Nias Nicaragua .... Nicaragua Nicaragua Nice '. Nicholas First . . Nicholson's.. .. . Nickol Nicobar Nicolskoe Nicopol Nicosia Nicotera Nicoya Niegin Nieuwvelds .... Is. .Sta. Cty, St. r. St T. T. T. Ter, I. C. Cty, Cty, T. 9.y- Cy. I. T. T. T. T. T. I. T. Cty. Cty Cty, ?• I. Har I. St ?• T. Ft Tr. ?• Falls c. St T. L. T. C. Sh. Bay Is. T. T. C. T. 6. T. Bgn Australasia . . . . Greenland . . . . Australia Brit America . Australasia... . United States ,. Africa Mexico Tonquin Missouri Florida Mexico Polynesia North America Brit America . Brit America . Buenos Ayrcs . Louisiana Rhodo Island. . Bahamas Ireland Mexico Guatemala .. . . Luzon Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. 'Florida Rtr. Uu. Southern Ocean Brit. America . Australia Russia Newfoundland. AuHtrpJasia .... Staten Island .. Patagonia United States. . New York .... Hindoostan . . . New Grenada . Oregon Ter... . Oregon Ter.. .. China Cochin China . Upper Canada . Brit America . Guatemala .... Guatemala .. . . Guatemala .... Sardinia Brit America . Polynesia New Holland .. Bajr of Bengal. Asiatic Russia. Turkey Cyprus Naples Guatemala .... Russia Cape Colony I b Uk Fb Wi Hd Na Ff Tf Go (Jf Fe Ah lie Do Fb Hk Ff Hd Gf Lc Ff Gg Ug Pd Va Gf lo Fc Vk Od Id Uj Hn Hn Gd Hd Rh Hh Ed Ed Te Tg Od Hb Gg Md Fa Ak Tk Sh Re Nd Oe Ne 6h Oo Ni J > > .♦ ' ) , I ■, 1 , i' ! ; ; u U ":-' ij ''iif I -Ilk 'W % I^J ^i "A \ 74 CONSULTING INDEX. NuiM of FlKH, kc. NitVoo Nigata .... Nijfcf Niglitiiij;i»lo Ni^'lilinguto Nifritin Niili:m .... NijoraB Nikitinakaiii. . • ■ Nikitsk Nikolacv Nikolacvska .... NikoUk Nikolskaya Nila Nile Niles Nildinski NillandouB Atol- Ion Nilinat Niman Nini^outa Niiiatcc Nino Degroo . . . Ning •.•••• Ninghai-wci . . . . Ningo Ninff.po Ninjcnican Ninna Nipartolik Nipashco Niphon Nirio Nishaporc Nishney Villuish Nisibcen Niames Nisncdwitzk.. . . Nima Niua Nitobcguon .... Nitzi NiuchoUk Niuk Niumen Nixon Nizabad Nizapatam Niznei Novgo- rod 23. Niznei Novgorod Noagong Noalis Noalove Noel Nogai Nogden Noir Nokinska r. r. R. I. I. Cty. Tr. T. T. T. r. T. T. (. R. T. T. Lik. Lh Ve Mie: Liberia. . . Japan .... Africa .... Toiiquin T f '^uthorn Uccanfj 1 Africa JM g Sandwich I*.. . B f Mexico U c Asiatic Rusnia. P c IRuuia Q c iRuimia |u d AHiatic RuMia. Q c RusHia P c Asiatic RuHsia. P d Malayiiia U i Africa Of Miclii|ran CI d Asiatic Russia. Q b Asia Oregon Tor,. Mnntchooria Mimtchooria Birinah ..... A.ila Mongolia Dahomey China Asiatic Russia. R. jMantchooria . . Bay Brit. America . Qh Dd Ud Ud Sf Qh Tc Mh Uf Vc Uc He Fb Vo Xj Po BriL America Japan Polynesia. . .. Persia Asiatic Russia. U b Asiatic Turkey O e France |M d Russia O c Tartery P e Turkey N d Brit America . H c Japan U e Russia Ob Russia |0 b Mantchooria . . 'U c Patagonia .... JG in Asiatic Russia. P d Hindoostan . . . R g Nam o< num, kt. Noki.sima . . . . . Nolinsk Nomlirc de i . Nordvik Norfolk Russia Russia Hindoostan . . . Australasia . . . Madagascar. . , Bay of Bengal . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Patagonia . . . . Asiatic Rusnia. Oc Oc Rf Vi Ok Sg Wb Vc Hn Ub Norfolk Norfolk Norfolk Norfolk Norija Norkoping Norksulik Norman Noro Noro Norogaiiie Norrland Norsio Nortli North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North North N'nrtham North Arroii .. . . North Branch . . North Branch . . North Cape . . . . North Cape North Cape Del gaita Nortli Carolina. . North Devon . . . North East L T. T. T. Is. T. T. (;. iL T. 'Mo, JDiv. |T. ic. r So. Mt T. I'l'. It. iFt. T. |R. IT. tvHliiim. jJupan V c jRussia P c Mexico F f Africa L g Bay uf Bengal. Hli Russia N c Suso T p Suso L f Java T i Beloochistan . . Q f Oregon Ter. . . . D d Norway N b Sweden N b Asiatic Russia . T a Virginia G c Australasia... . Xk Gullapagos .... F i North America O c lUI. Uli. Ld V. Dieincn Russia . . . Sweden Greenland . . . Brit. America Mnntchooria . Mantchooria . Mexico Div. Sweden iT. c. - Ic. I. I. I. I. I. Sea R. n. Ch. Bay Bay Pt Bl. Fk. Fk. Fk T. Is. R. R. C. C. C. St a- Sweden Isle of Georgia Iceland Norway Asiatic Rush' ■ Brazil N. 8. Greenland Oregon Ter. . . Indian Ocean . . Malaysia Malaysia Polynesia Europe Brit 4merica . As" 'o Russia. I'^.uropc 'i)nt America . '^ghalien Oregon Ter. . . . Brit America . Missouri Ter. . Missouri Oregon Tor. . . New Holland. . Ireland Brit America . Brit America . NewZtialand.. N. Caledonia . . Ajnn Unii.ed States . Brit. America Spitsbf^rgen . . Vm Pb Nc b Db Ud va Ef Nb Nb Jn Kb Nb Ab Ih lo Dc Oi Sj Uf Vf Mc Gc Ub Lc Hb Vc Dc Hb Fo Fd Ed Tl I Le I Dc Ec XI Wkf Pg Ge Gd Na FiiaMoa. fian .. iBiiia ■ I'xico . V c Vc Ff Vica ll'B ly of Bengal . S li itsBia ISO 180 iva elm)chiKtDn irc){on Tcr. . • • I lotway wcden.. . . .. ■ ksiutic Kusaio. Virginia iiiHtralasta.- • • rullii|)ago8 iNc Tp Lf Ti Qf Ud iNb Nb Ta CJc Xk .„ . V Sotth America v> c V. Dicmcn's Ld. (luHHta Sweden Greenland .... Brit. America . Mimtchooria . . iManlchooria ••[* ^ Mexico E . 'Sweden N ^ Sweden P" >• Isle of Georgia J n Iceland V^" Norway \" ^ Asiatic Rusk'' iA b Rraxil II h N. 8. Greenland 1 o Oregon Tcr. . . |D c Indian Ocean.. j'^J Malay Bia |S j Malaysia |JJ J. Polynesia t^uropo Brit. America Ah' '"^ Russia. i'.uropc 1 Jut America . I jeghalien Oregon Tcr. . . . Brit America Missouri Tcr. Missouri \i.^. Oregon Ter. . New Holland. Ireland ' Brit. America Brit. Ar'ierica New Ztialand. N. Caledonia . y- Ajan United States . [Brit America ISpitebergen . . CON.SULTING INDKX. Nuim a( FhcM, tt, I CiM, Nortli Kast Bay Nortlvrn Trian-I gle I. Nortli Kdrelniid . C. Nortli (Jcnrgia ..'('ty. North tJreciiland Cly. Nortli Kyn €. .Northliiifd L. .\urtli .Vatuiias.. I. North Middlesex Cty. North Mountain (>. .North FoyuM.. . . Tr. .Vortli l{or|uepiz . I. North Shoal .... I. North Soinirsc't . t'ty. North Thames. . R. North Uist 1. Norttmniberland ('. Northuiiiliorland I. North West .... I'o. .North West . . . . Pt North West .... C. Norton So. Norway 'Cty. Norway JDis. .Norwich Cy. Nose 'C. Nos Labou 'MU*. Nosovoo ....... T. Nossw Seijiora do Porto (;alvo . JT. NoHsa Scnhora | DfBtcrro T. Nossa Senhora | do Rosario . . . iT. Not ^L. Notchck jBay Notingham I. Nolo T. Noto .C. Notro Dame. . . . ;Bay Notway R, Nouba iDis. i Nouboucoulagh . R. jNouk I. Nnukaii Vil. I .Noumcn R. Nours^T R. Nouri^mk Is. Nova da Madre do Dioa Nova Dcreonya . Nova Rudonda .. Nova Scotia .... Nov ay a Ladogo. Nova Zembia . . . Nov. Bicliza .... Novgorod . . .16. Novi Bazar Nov Lepel Novocctskoie . . . Greenland . . ■ ■ t Caribbean Sea. K. (ieor^r(.',s Sd. Brit America . Greenland . . . . Norway Brit. America . .MalayHia Urit. America . .^linsouri Patagonia Indian (K'oan .. Caribbean Sea . Brit. Aiiicrira . Brit. America . Scotland New S. Wales . Aiistrulasia ... . Isle of Fr"- ice. 'Africa' . . . . . 'New Holland. . North America KurofM Brit America . England Egypt Arabia Asiatic Russia . Brazil . Brazil T. T. Ft Cty. T. I. T. Pr. T. T. T. [Brazil Russia j Asiatic Russia. I Brit America . I Japan Japan Newfoundland. Brit America . Nubia Asiatic Russia. Greenland . . . . Asiatic Russia. Mantchooria . . Africa Greenland . . . . Brazil Asiatic Russia. Benguela North America Russia Arctic Ocean . . Russia Russia Turkey Russia Asiatic Russia. la "ir lo Fd d Na Fb Th Fd Ed Hm Pi Gg Fd Fa Lc VI Wk Pk Mj Tk Bb Mb Fc Mc Of 115 Ji Ik Ik Ob Xb Gb Vo Vo Id Go or Ua Jb Ab Ud Mj Jb Ih Qc Mj Hd Ob P» Oc Oc Nd No Sc Nunet x( riicM, te. I CU«^ Novodvinsk .... |T. Novogradok .... 'T, Novo Kho|)crsk{.^T. Novomoskovsk . . T. Novo Troki . . T. Novot-/:onrol> i- I toiK'vakoi . . . . T. Nov. Volhynskoi T. Now-eliow Cy Nowogrod T. Noyakanu T. Noyen T. Nubia Cty. Nubian I)es. Nuheemabad . . . T. >fui»koi :T. Nukaliivah I. Nuklma R. Russia . Russia Russia Russia . Russia C. R. R. I. I. R. Nulchai Nuincz Nun Nunersoi: Nunnivack .. . . Nura Nureniburg . . . Nuriiiis Nuttletartic . . . Nuweo Bunder. Nuyt's Nuyl's Nuyt's Nyamez IT, Nybundan |T, Bay T. Arc. Ld. iRfs. Ny Carleby Nylfc Nykoping , Nyland .. . Nymphs . . Nyons .... Oahu Oak Oanna OazBca Oaxaca Oban Obderskoi . . , Obo Oberaba . . . . Oboino . . . . O'Brien's . . . Obskaya .. .. Observatory . Obva Obviusk . . . , Oby Oca Ocana Ocean Oceanskio.. . OchoUk . . , IT. Dis. T. Pr. Pt T. I. R. I. St. ?• L. T. I. G. In. R. T. I. R. T. I. Is. Pr. Asiatic Russia. Russia 'China Russia Asiatic Russia. Corea Africa Nubia Persia Asiatic Russiii. Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Scneganibia . . . Africa Greenland . . . . North America Tartary jBavaria Russia I Labrador iHindoostan . . . AustraluMia.. . . New Holland. . 'Australasia . . . [Turkey Persia 'Russia Soudan Sweden Russia Patagonia . . . . Franco 75 Rrf. UU. Ob No Oc Od Nc Tc Nc Tf Nc Wb Ud Of Of Pf Tb iCi Uc Vc I'g Mh lb A b Qc Md Nb He (if Ul Ul Ul Nd Pe Kb Mb Nc Nb Hm Md Sandwich Is. .. iBrit America . j Polynesia Mexico Mexico Scotland Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Bolivia Asiatic Russia. South Shetland Asiatic Russia. Brit America . Russia Russia Malaysia ... ■ Brazil Mexico Polynesia Nova Zembia .. Asiatic Russia. Bf Fc l« Fg L c Qb ttb l'. lo Qb Dc Pc Pc Ui !.^ Xi Qa Wb " '} H 'F, m 76 CONSULTING INDEX. NUM' ' FIlMir Ac. OclioUk Orlintiik Ochin Ocriicock ( >croni O.luib Oddc i Oduy ! OdoH«a ' Odt'ypoio ' Odjii Odoli i Ddowari Oodonlmr^' Oei-cliow OuiraH OciraH j Oeland < >uno OcDcl < )f(xlcn Og'apock Ogden's Dgdcnubur^r . . . . Ogflmo I Ohatoo, !. Ohia Ohio Ohio Ohila Oioun Oitaina Oitz Ojom Ojiighina Ok^ Okhantk Oki Okinagon Okinagnn Okinagaii Okinskoi Okkak Okkak Okkakaio Oklndnikovo. .. . Okoaaki Okosir Okcta Okul Ola Olancho Old Old Old Bengviela.. . . Old Birnce Old Caconda . . . Old Calabar.... Old ("roce Old Dongola.. .. Uldenburg . .13. Cy. L. In. T. T. r. T. Cv. T. I. T. Cy. V. Cy. Cv V. I. I. 1. T. K. :iar T. I. I. I. St. R. ?■ T. T U* Pt. R. R. T. I. L. R. Ho. T. I. Sta. Bay T. I. R. T. DlB. T. Ft. Ho. T. ?: R. T. Cy. G.D ^•IUM. A^iiatir. RuBoin. W r. Aiiiutic Ruii;oI T. Olikoi I. Oliphnnt'i |R. Oliniaran |l. Olinda jCy. Olniviro R. Olivin 'C. Olmutz jT. Olomate {'!'. Olonctz 10. Pr. (Moiiotz T. Olou Kotnlnuk .. T. Olouto-rovskot . . T. Olouto-rovskoi . . Bay Olou 'I'ourg'ioi. . R. Olug Yulduz . Olulorsky .... Olvispol Olympus Oni Omaguas .... Omahas Ombay Ombay Oinboa Omrcon . . . • Onienak Omcrpore .... Ommanncv . . Oniou Omokc Omolon Omoloy Omon Omon Omona Omorigcskoi.. Omsk Omskarka .... Omulcwka .... Ona Onango Onega Onega Onega Onega Onega Onemen Ongole Brazil AMiutic Ruiwia. 'i'ri|M>li Mongolia Asiatic KuKsia. Asiatic Kii»sia. 'Aniatic KuKsia. I Asiatic Kunttia. JRuKxia Asiutio Russia. lAiiiatit: Russia. I Franco Russia Asiatic Russia. Ca\n' (Colony . . Polynesia Brazil Asiatic Russia. A'^iutiu UuHsiu. Austria Mexico RuH»la Russia Mongolia Asiiitic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Turtary i'' I Mongolia C:. JAsiatic Russia . '1'. jRussia jOrcgon Tcr. . , .Vsiatic Russia. E<|uador Wl stern 'Per. . Malaysia Malaysia Egypt Asiatic Russia. Greenland .... Hindoostan . . . North America Guatemala .. . . Mantchooria . . Asiatic Russia. Astatic Russia. Arabia Asia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Ru.ssia. Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. jHindooslan . . . Mt R. 'P. T. I. Str. T. T. Dis, T. C. T. T. R. R. Pr. Sea R. T. T. T. R. T. I. IT. !c. G. L. R. Bay T. J.i He Mo Hd Tr I' b T« Q« i)|> Ta Ta Ld Nd VV( Nl Vh Ji VVb VVr Nd EC Ob Ob Td Xb Xb Qd Rd Xb Od Dd Re Hi Fd Ui Ui Of Vb lu iRf Df |Vc |\Vb lUtt Pf Qf Vb Re Qc Qb Vb Tc Vo Ob Ob Ob Ob Oh Xb riwil Ui I xiutic Uiii«ia.|H c ■nHi; !^\" loiiKoliii i" " iMalu- Kuiwift • 1^ l> k«itttic KiiMitt- '1" n Uiiilic Husnia. Q n {uBBia J , ' Xiiiatic! UuKnitt. T a ^ Kruiico '' " Rii^m |N;' Abiiitic UiiHsitt . jW 1 CuiH- i;oli)iiy .. N I Pulyiiciiia V li Hra7.il .J' A«i»tic Russia. >V o AsiutU! RuHiiii. VV c Auhtriu |N d Asiatic Russia. Re Equttilor Hi Western Ter. A* <} Malaysia U » Malaysia U i Egypt.........O[ Asiatic Russia. V o I. 'Greenland 'I" JHindoostan ■ •\^' North Amcrica|D c JGuatemaltt .•••I^B Mantchooria . . | v i; Asittlio Russia. IjVb JAsiatic Russia. |L ii Arabia Asia .• • I Asiatic Russia. tAsiatic Russia. I Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Vb Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Russia Russia Russia ' Russia ^. Russia rl ay Asiatic Russia. X B Hindoostan .• .p ? CONHULI'INt. l.NUKX. NunM nf rWM, a«. CIh^I INMlilm. OnKUC R. OiiiMiin C. Dniii'kotan I. Ono I. (IniM'iiso I. < ItlDIl R. ( tiumifow ... I. ( liKiro T. Onlarlij L, Onion;; Jnva.. . . Is. Onviirdanacs ... . ('. ( )ny Pt. ( >ii7.a R. Ouch T. Oodcr T. Oogdi T. Ooglit I. Ooglit Is. < )ojc'in T. Oukatisha R. Ooli-u I. Oolool I. ( )om(!rcoti! T. Oonalushka .... I. Ooncctnak I. Oorakantslia,. . . Mts. Oorookor I. Oortung T. Oosi T. Oo-sima I. Opala |Vol Opiiro !I. *)|K.'lousas .T. Opiriiiwick .... .SU< UM>. Ophir Oporto Opotchka . . . . Oppeln Oquitao Oraison Oran Orange Orange Orange Orangeburg . . Orangerie . . . . Orchilia Orchon Orcava Orebro Oregon Oregon Oregrund . . . , Orcguotus.. . . Oreguatus . . . . Oref Orel Oreinjatcha . . Orenburg . . . . Orenburg Orense Mt. ?: I. T. I. C. R. T. Har I. R. T. T. Ter. R. 'I'. Tr. R. Pr. T. R, Pr. T. T. .Miuit('h(K)ria . . U c .XKiiitic KiiNNia. A b Kurilo iHlamln. Wd Polynesia A k Polyni'siii K j .\«iatic Russia. jTd Polynesia JA j iiindooNtnn . . • jU g North .Vinerioa 'ii li Australasia • . . W i Icclaiiil Kb New Ouiiicu . i U i C-iingo M i Iltiiiloo.^tan . . . i<4 t° Iliiidiiostaii . . . (4 r Persia P u Drit. AmeriiTa . G h Brit, Anieriea . G b illndooHtan . . .IR f Asiatic Russia. IT a Polynesia iV h Polynesia jVVIi iliiidoostan . . .'Q I' North America JA c North America IB c Asiatic Russia. iV b Polynesia 'U h Little Bucharia Q d Japan IJ e Japan V o :\»iiitic Russia. W c Polynesia C j Ijouisiana F o Greenland . , . . lA a Sumatra S b Portugal L d Russia 'No Prussia. ..... .[N o Mexico IB Aastrtlasia . , . Algiers Malaysia Brazil AfVica South Carolina Australasia... , Venezuela Mongolia Turkey Sweden United States. . Oregon Ter... . Sweden Sou*ii America Brazil Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. jSpoin NantM M nim, Ac. Wi Lo Uf Lh No Ge Wi ?J Nd No Ed Dd Nb Li Ii Oc Oe Wb Pc Pc Ld Orfa Orliii Orlui ( Irgain .... Orliey Ori I )riental . . . Oriii Noi . , . < )rin(>co . . . . OrinoMt('rKUii(l T. (Miiiki Tr. ( )>(ruiiiiui |T. ( Nirov .... < >Htroviiui ()t«({0 ., Utaiieilo . Oti'lmkov ( )tilia rouiM. lur. T. C. Po. I. T. In. Otcowliy 'I. OliM-n Tr. Otrmito T. Otrar ;T. Olttr Bay Otlor IL. Otter Isii. (Jtter Cr. Otter Tttil |l. Oltowii T. (Hlowaa |Tr. Otwuy C. Oimlin iT. Oubu |L. Ouliiimkoi ,T. Oii-cliow ICy. Ou-cliow 11; Uuda Cy. Oudn ,R. Oiido Pr. Oudtf Cy, Oudiikoi Cy, Ouc R. Ouci-ining Cy. Oucn-chow Cy. Outk Pr. Ould ;Cy. Oufa |r. Ougulagltmiout . Tr. Ougdun !K, Ougeuo |T. Oumu |r. Ouicatai iR, Ouiiiboucuu Ouinskoio Ouistkou.'toun . . Oilkakcc Oukcsima Ouki Ouki Kitcha.... Oukinskoi Ouleninouren .. . OulouBianmoudim Oumct Porelaztos Ou-mong Ounas . . , Oundo. .. Ounja . . . T. T. T. L. I. T. R. C. R. T. T. Cy. R. L. T, Spain li u RuMin <) <' livlgilllll 'M lia Miirilili<)«riii . . Ani.ilic KumiiB. Ilni/.il M. Asiulir KiiNHia. Asiatic Russia. Tliib* t CajM) Cdlony . . 8outli America CniH) Colony . . Ilrazil Asiatic RuHsia. iVlongolia Peru Tliilwt Venezuela .... Sumatra |S i ('amhodia iTg Buenos Ayres . jIlTi Prussia 'M c Vb Vb 8f Nl li Nl i .So d Hi f nil Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russtia. Russia Missouri Tcr. . Congo iEngland Italy Ilindooatnn . . . Asia Birma)) Malaysia Senega mbia .. . Polynesia Mongolia Malaya Thibet Mantchooria . . New Zealand. . Sweden Peru Scotland Mongolia Russia Asiatic Russia. Siam Spain Hindoostnn . . . Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Malaysia ... . Bolivia Soongaria Buenos Ayres Sumatra Spain Mexico Wb Qc Nc Fd Mi Lc Md Re Ul> 8f Ui L«f Vg Se 8h Se Ud XI Nb Hi Lo Sd Nb Xb Sg Md Rf Wb Uh Th Qd Hk Si Ld Nusa n( rum, *r. CIsa. Palermo jCy. Sicily Palmtilie Cty, Hal(/.kliua 'l\ PallmnHan |T. I'nilumouttah • • . Sta. Pallus Ml. Pallena JT. I'allisera Is, I'allisser C. Pain I*. Palma 11. Palma T. Palma |T. Palma T. Pnliiii\ C. t'aliMiireinliu.. • .jC. Palmas iC, Polmer iBay Polmer IPt. Palmer's jLd. Palmern jC. I'ulmcrston jl. Palmyra Rns Syria Palmyra Pt. Ilindoostan Palmyras Is. Hyriu l-'abul .Mongolia iliiulooslan • . . |Japan Ceylon Polynesia New Zealand. . Australasia ... . Canary Isles . . Canary Isles . . Chili Spain Mexico Angola Liberia Brit. America . Brit. America . Southern Ocean Sardinia . Polynesia Paloloo I. Palos T. Polos T. Pulle. L. Palumhi I. Pama I. Panicr Dig, Pampas 'Pis. Pam|H'lonu Cv. Pain|>elona il. Pamplico jSc Panama |Cy. Panama |Bay Panares lis. Panchina T. Panctou R. Pandora . . . . Pandora's . . . Pandora's . . . Panga Pangany . . . . Pangootaran. Paniany . . . . Panicheira . . Pannavia . . . Panot Panovskaya . Pansa Pantar Pantelaria . . . Pantura .... Panuco Pany Pao-king .... Pao-ning .... Paoo R. Ld. R. Pr. R. I. T. T. Bay R. T. T. I. I. Sta. T. I. Cy. ?■ 7:i tut. Lak. mT Oo Qa Sd Rh iVd Rh Xin Vj K f K f II h Me i;f Mi Lh <;b I'j a lie Mo Ilk Oo Rf Bh Wg Ti Ld 8f No Vf (je HI Ld Hh Go Gh Gh Hk Re Thibet Se Australasia.. New Guinea Polynesia. . . Congo Africa Malaysia . . . Hindoostan . Africa Africa Russia Asiatic Russia. South Peru Malaysia . . Mediterran. Sea 1 Ceylon . . . Mexico. . . Malaysia . China .... China .... Polynesia . Polynesia Polynesia Celebes Spain Tliibct Barcu Eastern Sea .. . Tartary Buenos Ayres . Spain New Grenada . North Carolina Now Grenada . Now Grenada . Chili Asiatic Russia. m mm 'M 80 CONSULTING INDEX. Names of Plun, fce. Paote-chow .... Paoting Papagayo Papagiiyos .... Papakawa .... Papasr,uiaro. . . Papey Paps of Pindea Papuy Paquash Para Para Para Paidcatii Paracels Pardo Paragua Paraguay Paraguay I. Paraguay R. Pura Hotun .... jT. Paraiba :Pr. Paraiba Cy, Paraiba R. Paraibo-do-sul . . R. Parantaribo .... Cy, Paramatta iT. Parana Cy. Parana iR. Parana !R. Cy. Cy. G. T. I. T. I. MU T. L. Pr. i'- T. Bk. R. R. Paranaguay . . . . Paranahyba . • . < Parana Pancma. Pardo Parece Vola . . . . Paribouaca Parin Parinacota . . . . . Paris Parita Parker's Parma Parma Parmatchouson Parnaiba Paropamisan . . Parovskoie .... Parral Parry Parry Parry Parry Parry Parry's Parry's Parry' Parry's ParUda Paruro Pas Pkjado China China Guatuinala .. . . Brazil Scncgambia . . . 'Mexico Iceland Patagonia . . . . Chili Brit. America . Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil China Sea . . . . 'Brazil Venezuela .... Rep. South America Malaysia Bolivia Mongolia .. . . . Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Guiana New S. Wales . Buenos Ayres . Buenos Ayres . Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Polynesia Lower Canada. Mantchooria . . South Peru. . . France New Grenada Polynesia . . . . < Italy Italy Thibet Brazil Persia Asiatic Russia Mexico Brit. America Brit America Scoresby's Ld. Upper Canada Brit America Polynesia .... Polynesia . . . Polynesia .... Brit America N. Pacific Oc. South Peru . . . Russia E>luador Ref. Leu. Bay R. R. R. I. R. T. Mt S' I. D. ?■ R. Mtfl. T. T. C. C. C. So. Po. Gr. I. I. Bay T. Fd. C. To Tc «& I k Kg Vt 1Kb Hm HI iMc 'li Hi Ik Hh Ik iTh Ilk Td Ji Ji k Ih Wl II II Ik Ik H k Vf Hd Td Hj Md Gh Xi Md Md Se Ji Qe Sc Ff Da Ha Ka Gd Fb Vf Tk ^« Eb Eg Hj Na Gl Namn of Places, Ac. Paso del Norte Passandava . . . Passandava . . . Passanee Passara Passaro Passau Passe Passier Passion Paslo Pastol Patabiica .... Patagonia. . . . Patalan Fatanagoh . . . Patanee Patani C. Patani T. Patchacha 'R. Patchacliinskoi . C. Patcliatka R. Patchusan jl. C. T. T. C. T. T. T. Rks T. Bay T. Rer. L I. C. R. T. Cy. Paternoster Patcrson's Patience . Patixa... Patki.... Patna ... Patquashaguina. L' Patrick Po. Patrocinio !I. Patroschilka |T, Patta jT. Patterson's iGr. Patton 'c. ...R. . . . . T. Patype Pau Paucartambo Paujang .... Paulista Paumoor Paunch Pavia Pawnee Pawnee Picts. . Pawnees Payan Paylovsk Payta Paysandu Pays del Diablo Peace Peace River . . . Peacock Peak Peak Peak Peak Peak Peak •'I. Mexico Madagascar. Madagascar. Beloochistan . . Borneo Sicily Bavaria Sumatra Borneo N. Pacific Oc. . New Grenada . North America Peru Cty.jSouth America T. iJava Birmah Africa Malaya Malaya Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Rur^ia. Eastern Sea. . . Malaysia Australasia... . r'cglialien .... Brazil Java- Kindoostan . . . Upper Canada . Scotland Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Melinda Polynesia New S. Wales . Brazil Franco Bolivia Malaysia . . . . . Brazil Hindoostan . . . '" uoostan . . . .< ' <.bardy . . . . K-.iisouri Ter. . [Mexico .Missouri Ter. . j Mongolia Russia Peru Uruguay .... Buenos Ayres . Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Canary Isles . . Kurilo Islands. Japan Bay jUpper Canada . R. jUpper Canada . Mt8.|Azanaga I. T. T. T. Cy. Vil. Tr. Tr. T. T. T. T. Dis. R. Ho. His. I. I. ICh Fo V Qf '!' h No Md Sh Ti Eg Gh ! Ub «j Hm Ti Sg j Nk I Sh I Sh Xb Xb Xbj Uf Ti X ni Vd U Ti Rf Gd Lc Xf Sc Xh vii Jj i Ldi «i Th' Jk Qe, Md^ Fd' Fe' Fd Se ; Oc Gi Lli II ! Eci Eel Eb' Kf wd; Vd! 6d| Oil Lf ! '■i-i,Uil", ' V". " "?, ,1. '■■V ?oMM. 1^1,, vTcxico P? Madagascar.. . P J Mndiigasear...|P J Uuloocliistan . . Q « Borneo i'l"l» Sicily No Bavatia jM a Sumatra P h Borneo F ' N. Pacific Oc. . E g INcw Grenada . >1ltlt Si CONSULTING INDEX. NaoHii of PItceff ftc. Poter First I. Petic Petite Tcrre Potorca .... Petoroa .... Pctotlan T. Pctowacli T. Perseus Sh. Petouno Hoturt |Cy. Petriitau T. Petriu T. Petro Baulossliain . T. Petrozavodslv . . Cy. Petropaulovskoio T. Petropaulovskoio T. Pctrovsk T. Petrovsk |T. T. T. R. ?■ C. T. I. iPo. S. Pacific Oc. Mexico West Indies. . Chili Vol. Buenos Ayrcs Rer. UU. Fo Ef Hg HI HI Pctrovsk .... Peym Peza Philadelphia . Philadelphia. Philip Broke Philippopolis Phillip Phillip Phillipine jls. Phillipolis Sta. Phillips I. Phillips J. Phillips.. jBay Phillipstadt JT. Phipps C. jNorth America Russia Pennsylvania. N. Pacific Oc. Shannon Is. . . Turkey Australasia . . . New S. Wales Malaysia .... Afi-ica Polynesia . . . , Polynesia Brit America . Sweden Phoenix jl. Phugen |T. Phuyen |T. Piacina ;R. Piacinskoie L. Pialilza T. Piatnitskoie T. Piauhi 'Pr. Piauhi R. Piavo L. Picada T. Pichai T. Pichano T. Pickaninny Bas sam Pickersgill Pico Picombas Picos Pictoi' IT. Pictured Rks Polynesia Cochin China . Cochin China . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia Asiatic Russia. Brazil Brazil Russia Brazil Siam Buenos Ayres . Piekougamis Pielia Pielis Pierro au Calumet Pigeon Plh-kwan Pijin • ■ • (jruinca Isle of Georgia Azores Brazil Peru Nova Scotia. . . Michigan R. Lower Canada. T. Russia L. Russia Ho. iBrit America . I. Polynesia Har China T. Mantchooria . . NusM o( Flacn, tc. CIlM Mexico F g ^Brit. America . H a ;Atlantic Ocean K d Mantchooria . . U d Poland No Siam IS g I Asiatic Russia. P c jRussia Ob ■ Asiatic Russia. S c Asiatic Russia. VV c Russia p d Russia P c Russia |0 c Little BuchariaRd Pb Gd Af Ka Nd XI VI Uff Nk Vh Cj Cb Mc Cc Ai le Tg Sa Sb Ob So Ji Ji Ob 'A Pike L. Pike Ls. Piko R. Pike's I. Pike's Pk. Pilar ;T. Pilaya T. Pilconiiiyo R. Pilcumayo -R. Pilemetz T. Pilgrim I. Pillan's C. Pillar 'C. Pillar C Lh Jn Ke Ij Gi Hd Gd Hd Ob Ob Fo Vf ur Ud Pillau T. Piloutai T. Pilsen T. Pina I. Pinare R. Pinchabos T. Pinches I. Pine Pt. Pino R. Pinega ,T. Pincga jR. Pine's !l. Pine's I. Piney 1. Ping-liai jT. Ping-leang Cy. Ping-lo Cy. Pingloso Cy. Ping-ting Cy. Pi.,g-tou :Cy. Ping-yuen Cy. Pinnacle I. Brit. America . F c Brit. America . D c | Brit. America . D c S. Pacific Oc... Ek ] Missouri Ter, . E d Brazil I j Bolivia H k Bolivia Ilk Buenos Ayres . 'H k Russia P b 8. Pacific Oc.'Fk Scorcsby's Ld.. K b Patagonia . . . , H n V. Diemcn's Ld. V m Prussia IN c Mongolia Austria Afi-ica Brazil Peru Equador Brit America , Wjsconsin Ter Russia Russia ^0 b Australasiri.. . . X k Cuba 'Gf Australasia . . . . U i Td Mdl tV : Hi Gi [ Fd' Ob Corea . China . China . China China , China Pino |T. Pinsk |T. Pinyang Cy. Pinzon's Bay Pipestone R. Pipley T. Piramides R. Piranhas R. Pirate Is. Piretibbi L. Pirtan R. Pirtcliina T. Pis L Pi°i Cv. Ffsagua 1^ Pisania T. Pisco T. Pisgah Is. Pisiluk T. Pissou R. Pit R. Pitangiii T. Pitcairn's I. Pitclien R. Pitea T. China North America Mexico .". Russia China Brazil Brit America . Hindoostan . . . Mexico Brazil Tonquin Fjowcr Canada. Mantchooria . . Asiatic Rc^sia. Polynesia Tuscany South Peru.... Senegambia. . . Peru ... Southern Ocean Siam Liberia Asiatic Russia. Brazil Polynesia Dk M&ntchooria . . V c Sweden ...... N b Uei Te! Tf To: Tei Ue^ Tf Ab: Ec' No' Te Ih Fc Rf Ee: Ji Tf : He Uc Rb Wg: Md Hj Lg ■'' 84 CONSULTING INDEX. NuBM or rbCM, kC Cl>» Porongos L. Porpoise . . Porsangcr Porsken Port Porlolcgro Portalegre Fortandick .... Port au Prince PortCasilda... Port CresBon . . . Port Deaite . . . Portillo iPort La Nasca. Pt Fd. T. Po. 9: T. T. T. T. R. Pt T. Portland l^. Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portlock'g Port Longo Port Macquarie . Port Mahon .■. . Port Nambu • • • . Porto Beilo Porto BcUo..... Porto Bucarelli . Porto Cabello... Porto Calvo .... Porto Cordova . . Po:to de Ano Nuevo Porto de Oaama. Porto de Coquini' bo Porto del Huasco Porto do Moi. . Porto Grande . . Porto Nipe .... Porto Praja .. . Porto Rico .... Porto Santo . . . Porto Seguro . . Porto Vecchio . Port Rafael ... Port Royal .... Port San Jago . . 'L Portsmouth .... Portamouth . . . , Port Spain JPortugal Pi>i»en i'oMi PoMession Po«we»"ion Popsemion Fo, IM. Prince of Wales' Foreland Prince Regent's. Prince Regent's. Prince Regent's. Prince's Prince's Prince's Princess Augusta Princess Cliar- lottc's Princess Char- lotto's PrincessofWales Princess \oyal Prince William's Prince William's Prince William's Pr.Wm. Henry's Principe Regeato Pripri Prisrcnd Prislina Probaschenija . Procoueivskaya Prome Propria Proskuroy Prostoy Prouzana Providence .... Providence .... Providence .... Providence .... Providence .... Providence .... Providence .... Providence Wreck Providentia .... Prcne Prussia Pruth Prypetz Pskov 20 I'akov Psyche Ptolemeita .... Puachun Pudiva Puelches ..... Puerco Puesortok Piiget Puget'g Pulicat ....... Pulmerola Pulo Anna .... Pulo Baniack.. Pulo Binting . . Palo BoutoQ , . . Pulo Brala .... taUkai. c. Bay In. R. I. I. I. Sh. Bay Mon Is. Is. Ld, I. So. I. T. T. T. T. C. T. T. T. T. I. T. I. I. k Ch. Rka L. Rk. Sh. I. Km. T. R. Pr. ?■ T. T. I. Tr. R. C. C. So. T. 1. I. I. I. I. I. N. Caledonia . . Brit America ■ Brit America . New Holland . . Africa Mp.laysia ... . Southern Ocean Indian Ocean . New S. Wales Brit America Polynesia .... lOregon Ter. . I Brit America Polynesia . . . jNorth America Polynesia Brazil . . . Siam.... Turkey.. Turkey Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Birmah Brazil Russia Russia Russia Australasia . . . Malaysia Rhode Island . . Brit America . Bahamas Indian Ocean . . Brit America . Eastern Soa. . . Australasia ... . Madagascar. . . Europe Russia Russia Russia Russia Pofiian Gulf . . Barca ChiU Australasia... . Patagonia Mexico Greenland North America C c Xk Ha Fa Uj Mh Ti Kn 01 Vj Ga ^j Do Ca ^j Cb J I Sg Nd Nd Ta Tc J 1 Nd Pb Nc Vi Uh Hd Ec Gf Pi Eb Uf li No Ni Nc Nc Nc Pf Ne HI Xk Hm Fe Ub Oregon Ter . Hiudoostan . Naples Polynesia . . < Malaysia . . . Malaysia . • . StT. of Malacca Malayan Sea . . Dd Rg Md Uh Sh Sh Sh Th Polo Brostra . . . . Pulo Camba ... , Pulo Cup^-) .... Pulo Caro .... Pulo Condore .. Pulo Laut Pulo Lingin . . . Pulo Lozin .... Pulo Mankap . . Pulo Mariero . ■ Pulo Mintaon , . Pulo Nyas .... Pulo Ouro .... Pulo Panjang . . Pulo Pinang. . . Pulo Rondo . . . Pulo Sapata . . . Pulo Taya .... Pulo Timon .. . PuloUbi Pulo Ubi, False Pulo Way .... Puna PuniUa Punjaub Punjgoor Puno Puno Punta de Toro . Puolango PurceU Purdie's Purdy's Pureg Purtfatory Punficaocoo . . . Purneak Puru Purus Putten Puttuik Putu Mayo. ■ . . Putzig Fuula Puzulatka Pyhajocki Pyhea Pyktaarta Pyramid Pyrenees Pyrcneos Pytkowa Quadra Qualan Quallah Battco Qualo Qualocn Quangtang.. . . Quarken Quarrellers. . . . I. I. I. I. lb. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. Rk. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. rniUoik T. D.p Cy. Ft T. Bay Is. I. T. Bay T. T. I. R. T. T. R. T. L. Har T. Ti I. Rk. Mts. Mts Mt I. I. T. T. I. T. I. Tr. Malaysia .... Malaysia ... Malayan Sea . Gulf of Siam Malayan Sex Malaysia . . . Malaysia . . . Malayan ?.a Malaysia . . . Polynesia ... Malaysia . . . Malaysia . . . Asia Malaysia . . . Str. of Malacca Malaysia Malayan Sea . China Sea . . . Malayan Sea . Gulf of Siam . Gulf of Siam. Malaysia .... Equador '^hili 'Hindoostan . . . IQ e Beloochistan . South Peru . . . South Peru... . Chili Russia ....... Brit America . New Holland . . Australasia . . . . Beloochistan . . Patagonia Uruguay Hindoostan . . . Russia Brazil Hindoostan . . . Poland Equador Russia Russia Russia Russia . . . . . New Zciland. . Poljmesia V. Piemen's Ld, Europe South America P''S8ia 0.«gon Ter. . . . Polynesia Sumatra Senegambia. • . Norway Birmah Sweden Brit America . Ml ■ ;• ''if: >!■ ..m . . "V. « , ;■'/ ■ 8 I \m 66 CONSULTING INDEX. NamM ot FhcMf kc ' Quebec .... Quccliucabi Qucda Qiifldal .... Queen Adoluide's Queen Adelaide's Range Queen Anne's QuecnCharlotte's Queen Charlotte's QuecnCharlotte's QuoenCharlottc's Queen's .... Quci-ling . . . Quelpaert . . . Quorctaro .• . Querctaro .. . Querimba .. . ^iuorimba . . . Quosnell's .. . Quiboxe .... Quibdo ..... Quibo Quickjock . . Quickmee.. . Quiica Quiliman . . . Quillimane .. Quillota .... Quiloa Quiloa Quiloo ... . Quimban- oy. Quimpei'.. . . Quina Quincey .... Quindonn . . Qaingeioba . Quinhoic. . . Quintao .... Qui Parle .. . Qaipuni;o .. . Quirpon .... Quisimafugo Quissama ... Qutteve Quito Quitta... ., Quizung . . Quoin Qiiorra Quorri Raab... Rabac . . Rabat . . Rabba RacRa Rhocoi R a... Rachov • Cy. Vol. T. Pt. Arc. Mts C. Arc, So. So. C. Cy. I. St. 9y- Cty. Is. R. T. T. T. R. T. T. ay. T. Sta. T. T. T. r. I. T. T. T. L. T. I. R. Pr. T. T. R. I. R. T. T. T. ^- T. Fk. C. T. Lower Cintda. Patagonia • • . • Malaya < Chili Patagonia . .,• Brit. America Greenland ... Australasia ■ . Oregon Ter.. . New Zealand. Oregon Ter. . Brit. America China Corca Mexico Mexico Africa Mozambique . Oregon Ter. . . Matemba New Grenada . New Grenada . Sweden Birmah South Peru. . . . Chili Mozambique . . Chili Afirica Quiloa Hindoostan . . . Africa France Congo lUinois Matemba Congo Cochin China . Brazil Wisconsin Ter. Africa Newfoundland. Africa. Benguela Mozambique . . Equador Dahomey Mozambique - . Bay of Bengal. Africa Soudan. . . . . Ber. uu. Hd Hm Sh Hm Hn Fb lb Xj Dc Xm Dc Gb Tf Ue Ff Ff Oj Oj Do It Gh Nb HI Oj Hi Oj Oi Rh Nj Ld Ni Fe Ni Ni 1? Fd Nj Ic Oi Ml OJ Gi Mh 21 Mg Mg Nd Of Le Soudan M h Austria . ■ Arabia . . Morocco . Nuum of FUmi, lie. Asiatic Turkey Wisconsin Ter. Newfoundland . Poland Ce Fd Id Nc Raouach Radack Chain . Radama Radama Radtnanso . . . . Radoe Radom Radstock RufRea Raft Rages Ragusa Raiatca Rniny Rainy Lake . . . Raivaivi) Rajani rndiy. . . Rii jenial Rajour Rajpoor Rajpootana . . . . Rakkeriak . . . . Raleigh Raleigh Ralei«a Ee Xh V Nc Mb Nc Fa Uj Gc Hj Nd Bj Fd Fd Ck Sf Qe Q? Qf Hb 6e Hb Hh Xh Vc Pf Qg tie Rf Hj Of Rf If Sf Nl) 8f Pk XJ »e Dd Fb Ak Xb Ck Nbl Bk j Qf I Ph Ph P? Oe Of Pf P« I milKn. lexibo olyncsia. • • ladagaBcar. fadagascar. i wcden Jorway Mb •oland No Jrit. America .Fa '^ewHolland.. U j Srit, America .Gc Bolivia jH j_ \ustria '^^ Polynesia North America Brit. America . Polynesia HindooBtan . . . HindooBtan . ■ . Hindoostan • • ■ , - Tlindoostan ...jQg HindooBtan . . . [Q f Brit. America . H b North Carolina Brit America . Guiana Polynesia Seghalien Arabia Hindooetan • • Barca Hindoostan . . West Indies .. Arabia Hindoostan .. Birmah Sandwich Is. . Caribbean Sea Chili Sweden Hindoostan .. Madagascar . . New Zealand. Krmah Oregon Ter. . Brit America ■ jF ■> iPolynesia |Ak Asiatic Russia. X b Polynesia.. .. Asiatic Russia Sweden ■ . . . Polynesia . • . ■ Polynesia- . . . Arabia' Barcni ...... Africa Ajan Africa Asiatic Turkey Nubia ..< Arabia .< Afifica. . CONSULTING INDEX. • otnwMike. CUa. Ras Hatbon .... RasJillah Ras Mubber . . . . Ras Macliereeb . Ras Muchaot. . . Kas Roccaa . . . . Rassypour Ras Tanhora . . . RjriUlKhyle... Ras Urabea . . . . Rat Ratchin Sopa . . . Ratlibone Ratibor Ratisbon Raudancsa Raukoke Rauino Ravee ......... Raven Ravenna ....... Rawa Rawa Rawan Mrad . . . Ray Raya Raynpore Raziitin Raznchina Re Real Realejo Reaper Reurson Rebncsoe Recherche (of ;he) Recif Recreation Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Doer .... Red Head. >.. Red Knife . . . Red Lake .... I Redoudo ...... Redondo Rcdoutkale. . . Red River.. .. Red Rock.... Red Sand Refun Regan ftegisto RegnevadHoe . Africa Arabia Ajan Arabia ■ Arabia Arabia Tartary ...'... Arabia Ajan ... Aflrica Oregon Ter. . . Thibet Scoreaby's Ld, Prussia Bavaria Iceland Kurik) Islands. Russia Hindoostan . . . Polynesia Italy Austria Poland Thibet Nowfoup''' lid. Java Hiiidoostan ■ •. Barca Asiatic Russia. France Bra'il Guatemala .... Polynesia Polynesia Norway Australasift .. .. Cape Colony . . Ptrfynrsiii Africa jOg MadagaBcar . . • .P j United StJites. . F e Wisconsin Ter 'F d Texas Missouri Ter. Wisconsiu Ter. : Brit. A.nerica New tiolland. Brit. America . jE c Greenland ... Brit. Americii . Brit America ■ Galiapagos .... Patagonia .... JAsialic Russia. Brit America . Brit America . Bra^a Japan .< Cabul Brazil ....... Norway NuMij(ruoM,ae. Reid Reid Reikianoos ... Reikiaviig .... Rein Deer Rein Deer Rein Deer Reliance Remedios Rennell Rennell Rennell's Rennell's Rennes Republican .... Repulse Ropulau ....... Requcua Rerooa , Resafa Rcselo Reshd Resolution . . . . . Rosolution . . . . Resolution Resolution Retimo Icctino Rettenbenk Reunion Revel 18, Revel Rcvilla Rcvillagi^odo • ■ . Revillagigedu. . . Revj Rewah . .' Rey Rhio Riiotic Island .. . Rhodcr Rhone , Rhybinsk Rhylsk Riah" ... .. , . . Ri Riazane ... .36. Riazane Ribe Ribnoe Rica dti Oro . . . . Rica de Plata. . . Ricarees Riecboro Rice Trevor's... Richards' Richards' ...... Richardson Richardson's . . . Ricbe Richmond R. Bay C. r. I. Is. Ld. Ft T. Mt K'. I. So. T. Fk. Bay Bay T. I. T. T. Cy. Ft L T. Dis. I. Pr. Cy. T. Is. I. T. T. I. S. St. L R. T. T. T. T. Pr, §" T. L L Tr. T. I. Bay L Ch. Bay C. Cy. Oregon Ter... . Brit America . Iceland Iceland Spitsbergen . . . Brit America . Spitabcrgun . . , Brit. America . New Grenada . Brit America . Brit America . Australasia... . Oregon Ter. . . France Missouri Ter. , Brit. America Now a Wales , Spain Polynesia i' yria Sweden Persi.! Polynesia Brit America . AustraluBiu . . Brit. America . Candia New Grenada.. Greenland .... Indian Ocean . Russia Russia Mexico N. Pacific Oc . North America Russia Hindoostan . . . New Grenada . Malaysia United States. . Mediterran. Sea France Russia Russia ...... Mongolia .... Russia Russia Russia Denmark .... Asiatic Russia Poiynesia. . . Polynesia .... Missouri Ter. Georgia Patagonia . . . Brit America Brit America Brit. America Brit America . Now Guinea . Virginia ';•«) 'f JMim, II in ii: 88 CONSULTING INDEX. ttauM of Plaott, lu. Richmond Richmond Klcovsitaya RidanjT Rider Rii'tohitzii Rifzitzi 'f 't'a 'i'Ba 't'Rby kil Riley Rimatnra Riniba Rimini Rimniii Rindc Rinlcioping. .... Rio Rio Colorado . . . Rio de la Hacha Rio do laPlaU.. Rio Grande .... Rio Grande do Norto Rio Grande do Sul Rioja Rioja do la Nueva Rio Janeiro .... Rio Janeiro .... Rio Mnf;dalcna.. Rio Negro Rio Negro Rio Negro Rio Negro Riou Riou's Riparoonee Ripon Rivers Rivoli Rizeh R. McLeod'8 . . . Roanoke RobcUo Roberts' Roberts' Robertson Robinson Robson's Rocailteux Roccis Rpchcfort Rochester Rochookoko .... Rock Rock Rock Rockingham . . . Rocky Rocky G. T. T. I*. T. T. T. Cy. G. Brit. America . News. Wales . Asiatic Russia. Malayan Sea . . Arabia Pr. T. C. Is. T. I. R. T. R. T. Pr. Pr. Pr. Sy- Pr. Cy. R. T. R. R. R. Po. II. |R- I. c. Gc VVl Tc Sh Pk Oc No Nc Nc Fa Brit. America . \F a Russia Russia Russia ■ Russia Bay Brit. America Cy. Darftir C. I. Haf. Uli. NUMt of FiMM, tc ClM Polynesia B k Bcnguela M j [Italy M d 'Seghulien V o iRussia lO b Denmark M c Japan JV d Mexico |E e New Grenada . IH g South America \l I Mexico F f Brazil Brazil [Buenos Ay res Buenos Ay res IBrazil JBrazil New Grenada Ji I k Hk Hk Ji Brazil 'H Hg Brazil BucnoM Ayrcs . New Grenada.. North America Polynesia ..... Gumea Brit. America . Celebes Bay New S. Wales . T. JAsiatic Turkey Bay I Brit. America . R. North Carolina T. Brazil I. South Shetland Rks Polynesia C. Brit. America . Mt I Brit. America . Rf. ! Southern Ocean C. Asiatic Russia. I. Venezuela Cy. France T. NewYorkl.... I. Eastern Sea. • . R. Illinois I. Oregon Tcr. . . Ho. Brit Amnrica . Bay New S. Wales . I. .Brit. America . I. (Polynesia .... Hi HI Hh Cc Ci IJi Fb Uh VI Od Eb 6e Jk lo Ci Ha Cb Ml Wa Hg Ld Gd Uf Fd Dc Fc V Gc Xj Rocky I. Rocky Bay Rocky "jb. Rocky IShs. Rocky Pt. Rocky. Mtg. Rocky Mountain Ho. Rocky Mountain Ho. Rocky Mountain Indians Tr. Rodbar T. Rodda It. Rode Fd. Rodney (T. Rodney C. Rodney |C. Roebuck 'Bay Roe Buck |Ld. Rocs |R. Roguuguado. . .. L. Roktlle 'R. Rokol iBk. Rokol Rk. Roma I. Rvmagnas T. Romaino C. Roman T. RomandoB T. RomanoT T. Romans C. RomanzofT 'C. RomanzotT C. Romanzoff I, HomaniofF ^Mt Romanzov Po. Romberg 'C. Rat Ub. Rome Rome Romeiros dos Castilhanos. Romi'l Romelia Romen Romsdal Romsdat Rona Ronda Ronde Ronelmmn . . . Rono-sima . . . Rooapooa .... Roostam Roper Rornov Rorstad Rosa Rosaretta .... Rosas Roscoe Rose Rose Cy. T. Po. Pr. T. T. Is. I. T. I. T. I. R. T. C. T. T. Pt. Sh. T. R. I. I. Malaysia .... Labrador .... Brit America Malaysia .... New Zealand. North America Brit. America . Brit. America . Brit. America . Cabul Arabia Ireland Mississippi. . . . North America New Guinea . . New Holland . . Spitsbergen . . . New Holland. . Peru Scnegambia . . . Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean iMalavsia .... iPeru". jSouth Carolina Turkey liolivia R'ipsia Florida ., jJapan {North America iPolynesia ^North America Mexico Mnntch(x>ria . . Italy New York .... Indian Ocean , . Greenland .... Turkey Russia ....... Norway Norway Scotland Spain Indian Ocean.. Gothland Eastern Sea .. . Africa Tartary Brit. America . Russia Norway Buenos Ayres . Australasia... . Spain Brit. America . Polynesia North America I c Kb I Ti I Xm' Ec 1 Dc E c ' Dc Qc Pff Kb Fo Ab Vj V] Ma Uj Hj Lh Lc Lc Ul ^j Go Nd 'o{ Gf Vd Ab f.l Ee Vc Md! Gd I Qk| lb Nd Oc Mb Mb Lc Ld Pj Ne Uf ?^ Ha! Nc! Mb Htn XI : Mdj Db Aj! Ce I layiiia . ■ • • jroilor . . • • t America ilaysia . . ■ ■ w /(^nUnd ' irth America E c it. America ■ Dc it America . |E c ■it. America ibul rnbia ■eland . . . • • lissiBBippi- • orlh America A b ew Guinea • • V J lew Holland.. jUj pitsbergcn . . lew Holland. 'eru ....•••■• iencgambia. . • Vllaiitic Ocean Vtluiilic Ocean Vlalavaia Peru" ■• i„- South Carolma G o Turkey N d IJolivia Ij RwBJa P« Florida Gf Japan V d North America A b Polynesia C j i North America O b iMcxico Ee Mnntohooria . . V c ;Italy Md New York.... Gd Indian Ocean . . Q k Greenland ....lb iTurkey Nd RuBBia 19.1 INorwa^ iNorway Scotland Spain ilndian Ocean |Gothland .... ' Eastern Sea Mb Mb Africa |Nj Tartary Brit. America . Russia Norway Buenos Ayres Australasia... Spain I Brit. America IPolynesia • • ■ • North America C e CONSULTING INDEX. luau or riKO, Ac CUm. Roseau . . • I' Uoscneuth Kositto . . Ucsicr . . . . Koalavie . ■ lta«8 .... Rosa ■ • . • KohikI .. . RosBcl's. . Rossiena . Koi!socbi Itoat liuab »* Rostalt Vy. KiMtOCl. Koslov . , Kosvig Rottco Rotterdar.i . . . • Rotumah Knucn Rouge Roum Round.... f... Round Round Hill Rouni Rovanicmi .... Rovlsoe Rovno Rowley's Roxburg Roxo Roxo Royal Royal Royal Royal Royal Company's Royale Ruao Ruatan Ruengai Rufus Rugen Rugcnwalde .. . . Rum Rum Rum Rumby Rum Kej Runaway Rungpore Running Water . Ruovesr Rupando Rupert ........ Rupert Rivsr . . . Rupert Rivet... Rupert's Ruratn Russia I. I, I. Dominica T.. . • Scorcdby's Ld.. %yp' Lower Canada. Russia Urit America . Hrit. America . Australasia . . . Hay of Bengal . Russia .'\siatic Kussia. LoflToden Isles . >M b Rat Hg Ka Oe Hd Oc Ga Ba Wj Sg Wb No Arabia .Mecklenburg .. Russia Norway Malaysia Holland Polynesia Franco Arabia Asiatic Turkey FulyiieBia Cape Verd Is. . Labrador Kurile Islands. Russia Norway ...... Russia Australasia.. . . Polynesia Mexico Senegambia .. . Jamaica South Carolina , Isle of Georgia Indian Ocean . Southern Ocean Wisconsin Ter. Polynesia Guatemala .. ■ . AA^ica New S.Wales. Baltic Sea Prussia Scotland Wisconsin .... Brit America . Africa Bahamas New Zealand. . HinduoBtan . . . Missouri Tcr. . Russia .Africa Brit. America . Brit America . Brit Amr ica . Brit America . Polynesia Europe KuoM of rt«c«, ftf . Pf Me Oc Mb Uj Mc Xj Mi Qf Oc X i I c Wd Nb Na No U Ff Kg «& Go Jn Qm Vn Gd Wg G? Oi VI Mc Nc Lc Fd Eb Mh Of XI Rf Fd Nb Nk Gc He Gc Fc Bk Oc Russian C Russian |Ter. Pr. Is. T. T. T. I. I. Kutisian Lapland Rutland.... Rutlaum .. . RutHohuck . niithiimporo Rutui Ryk Yso... Suada Saatz Saba Subannou Sabonqui Habnra , t Sabart Sabi.... Subia Sabia.. ...... Sabine Sabine Sabine Sabine Sabine's Sabinez Sabla Sable Sable Sible iSable Sable Saboon Sabounsky . . . . Sabrao Sacah lichen . . . Sacality Sachanine Sachama Sdckett's Har. . Sackwa Sacramento . . . Sacramentr, . . . Sacs Sadodoo Saddle Sadde Saddle Sado Sadras ,. ^. ,,,,. Saeglek. ....... Safe Safiee Safsen Sagan Sagarawida . . . Baginaw Saginaw Sagis Saguenay Sahara Toitlm. Japun North Aimtrioa Russia Bay of Bengal. Hiudooslun . . .iK t' Turkey |N d Hmdoustan . . . |K f Polynesia Spitsbergen . . . T. Arabia T. Austria I. West indiei . . Pt Borneo . ■ T. Mexico....... T. Brazil T. Tripoli C Azonuga Cty. Africa IR. Mozambique . . C. North America jls. Greenland .... iR. Louisiana ..... IPt Brit. America . II. Brit America . IT. Mexico T. Peniia I. Nova Scotia . . . C. Nova Scotia .. . C. Florida C. Asiatic Russia . Pt Tartary T. Africa T. Asiatic Russia. L Malaysia ... . T. Mexico R. Madagascar... Is. Nova Zomhia. . T. Asiatic Russia. T. New York.... T. Soudan T. Uruguay .... R. Mexico Tr. iViflConsin Ter, 'T. Senegambia .. . i. Malaysia I. Malayan Sea . . Pt Spitsbergen . . . I. Japan T. Hindoostan . . . Bay Labrador Hor Spitsbergen . . . T. Morocco T. Sweden Pruflsia Bay Java T. Michigan Bay Michigan R. Tartary R. Lower Canada. Des. Africa ■y" J t t J 8» M ) ', f i^ F h^h 90 CONSULTING INDEX. Ntiraafln. . u Siihul Hiiiil Saidiittml Sailiir^H Horn. Sjiiiia St. Aiffnari . . , Kt. St. St. St. St. 81. AlfiMuiiilro . . Aiimro .\innro Ainbronio . • . Aniiroia .... Andrew .... St Amdrcw'i . . . St. Aiulrcw'a . . . St. Aniirnw's , . . St. AndrowV . . . St. An|[;olo St. Aiiisia St. Ann St. Annn .St. Anna St. Anna St Anna St. Anna St. Anno St. Anno'g St. Ai.thony St. Anthony .... St. Anticf) -^t. Antnino M. Antonio. .. . ist. .K.lonio Sv. Ari'onio 1 ,V'. A,! onio S;. Arlonio f • ■ ^^ R W miinTcr. |Fd V. ."«» l{^' Polynesia I»J ' Houfbon I»l8 ..T I H'stagoiua Hi lEquKclor Hh UKvli »? Mexico J" ' nucnwi Avrci . ' ' iSpain {' " iPatoRonia f\^ JEqimdor j' • ' jBrit. America . Cb iPolyncji* ^ « iMalayonS' a. .|i " . .Malayan 8ca . . iT g Spain Vi West Indies... IHK I Asiatic Ruswa IChiii iBucnoii Ayrcs . ji r JBenguela |M j Brazil |U Madagascar..., -J J a Pacific Oc.jGjj la Pacific Oc....^ki Veneiuela Hlji Venezuela • ■ • • " ,* i 'pili- !H Equador i" ' Uui ?^ Guiana }^\ Capo Colony .. J" | Labrador.....' 10 lAustralaaia ...!«' lArkanaaa . . . . ■ * e Lower Canada, no Brazil.. J J Benguela m Kquador ^^ >Uxico f*/ iBrazil \« _.. iBrazil JJ 3y. Uruguay ' " Z^. Bolivia Pt New Grenada CONiSl I riNCJ INUEX. .St Franci«villu. St. (ioorgo • . . Sf. (jeorife .... > < roorgo .... S(. (ioargo .... St. (ioiirgo .... Si. (icurga C. 1st. (Jrurgo'i .. ..iT. St. (ioorge'd ..,,iB« j St {Joorgo'ii , . . . C. St. (leorgn's , ... Oil St. (inorge'g .... Soil St. t^uurgc'ii . . . .|I. St (Jtorgo'i ....'R. St Hnrion.. . St. Helena . . St Helena . . St. Ilelt ii'g . . St. Herincnegildo St. Ignauio T. St. Ildct'onan . . . lit. Si, IncB C. St. Jago IT. St. Jngtt It. St. Jago I. St Jainri ^ St. JamoB '^ St. James St JaiiK:i( St Jnucliira .... St Joao St Joao del Roy St. JoaodoPalma St. Joaqiiim . St Joaqiiim i St Joaiiuim . . . . |R. 'stJohn !C. .St John C St John |C. St John JL. St John R. St John's St John's St. John's St John's St John's St John's St John's St John's St Jose St Jose St Jose de May- pure St Jose de Mos< samedy St Josed'Encocho St Joseph St. Joseph St Joseph St. Joseph St Joseph nailK». I^iii. I 91 \Mt. "I T. T. I. Po. Gd Hm St Juan lit St Juan R. St. Juan . . . StJnari Ft- St. Jimi, " St. Juiiii . St Julien Hi, Jnlion St. Kilila... St. Konstantiiiuv iT. St Kovcl |T. St lAurent .... I. St. I..awrence . . . 'Bay St l,awrcnco . . . (i. St Lawrence . . . Is. St Lawrence . . .'R. St Lazaro |C. St. Lorenza C. St Lorcnza ^R. St. liOrenzo I. St Louis Cy. St. Louis Cy. St Louis ^Y. St. Louis C. St Louis H. St Lucas <'. St. Lucia Bay St. Lucia Ray St Lucia C. St Lucia il. St. Lucia Ill T. Michigan. Pen.Tiiiiigonia. Cy. Ilolivia . . . Portii Rico (iuotcinala jMoxioo If r 'New Grenada .|H h [Polynesia V f 'Guatemala .. . .IG g Guatemala .. . . !(• g 'Bolivia Hk New Grenada .'(i h Pol\ ncsia C k '>» Ayrei . H k Spitsbergen . . West Indies.. N. Brunswick Michigan. . .. Australasia . . Brazil Brazil T. Venezuela Brazil Congo. ...... Florida Scnegambia . . Indian Ocean. Brit America Florida M a Hg Hd Od Wi 1 Ik Hh l^i Gf Lt- Pi Fc Gf St Lucia St. Luzia St. Luzia St. Maloes . . . . St MarceVu o .. , St Margarita .. . St. Maria Maior St Mark's St Martin St Martin St Martin*» St Mary St Mary 9t Mary St Mary SI. Mary's St Mary's St. Mary's St Mary's St Mary's St Mary's R. T. T. T. T. L T. iT. ). \. Pt T. C. e. Ii Cy. I Bay C. C. I. Is. Fg .-. Ld ^'onia Hm land L c Ii ussia N d Knisis IN Imlian Oeean . P i Asiatic Rusnia.lA b Nprth Amerinn IH d North America ;A b Iiforth Amorica :H d Mezioo Ef Equador G i Brazil I j Peru O i Missouri F e SeneguuiLia ... Kg Hayli H g Labrador .... I c Wisconsin Ter. F d Mexico E f Borneo IT h Madiitjascar. . . P k CaftVar. i.. . . . . O k W..(it Indies... iHg Cape VorU Is. . ! K g Caffraria 10 k Brazil . . Brazil France ...:... Brazil Mexico BoenoH Ayres . Florida Patagonia .... West Indies.. . Cape Colony . . Bourbon Isle . . Portugal Senegambia .. . Azores Georgia Mewfoundland. Africa Madagascar . ■ ■ Madagascar. . . Labrador a Ld Hh Ef Ik Go On Hg NT Pk Le Kk Ke Go Id Ok Ok I o ft b', • n .,^l.M. m- B oa IhMa W riHM, At. Clw. , CONHULTING INDEX. St. Mntlico I. Tolynoiia , St. Miitlii'cM ....rr. Ilrazil .St. Mittlimii Uty I'utuKonia . St. Mitllitw .... I. St. Miiurii |I, .St. Maurice JR. 511. Michael jC. St. Michuel I. St. .Michael'* ...'Bay .St. Michael'i ...Hk. St. Miguel 'T. .St. MiKUi'l St. Miguel . . . St. Mit(uel . . . St. NviK< St. Nicholai . . SL Nicolai il. St. Patrick •» lld.C T. T. T. T. T. .Si. Paul St. Paul St. Paul Sl I'auldeUianilo St. Paulo do Oli. venco.. ., St. Paul'i . . St Pttul'a . . St Paul's . . St Paul'* . . St Paul'* . . St. Paul's . . St Paul'. . . St Pedro . . St. Pedro . . St. Pedro . . St Pedro . . St Pedro del R»v St Pedro de laaco .... St Pedro de Rio Grande . . St Pertii . . . St Peter.. 8t Poter'a.. StPeter'a.. St Peter's.. St Petersburg; 17 St Petersburg St Phillip.... St. Pierre .... 8t Pierre .... St. Pierre St Pietro .... St Roman . . . St Roque .... St Roque .... St Rosa St Salvador . . St Salvador . . St Salvador . . St Salvador . . St Sebastian . T. I. I. Cy. t. C. C. I. I. I. I. R. T. I. I. R. T. T. ?• L. I. iiay of U)un(lor I'utugonia . . . Mexico Franco West Indies. Asiatic Turliey lAsiatio Russia. iAfrica Cape Verd Is. , Soongaria Brit. America . I Asiatic Russia. Soudan jBucnos Ayres . Mexico iBuenoB Ayres . Chili iNubia ' iSpain I Mexico 15, ' Mexico Siam Malaya 8. PaciBcOc... Borneo Malaysia y Cape Colony . . Brazil Moroeco •■ . Massachusetts. Ho New Jersey . Cape Colony Hindooetan . jEqnador • •• • f, Naples . . . • Hayti Asiatic Russia, SMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 u« U^ 12.2 S? 114 ■" m lit 111 u li 1.4 ILd — 6" Photographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WfST MAIN STREIT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas m i i CONSULTING INDEX. 93 Nlme* of PUoM, IK. Salibabo Sulidulcn Saline Snlisbiiry Salisbury Salkacw Silmnn Salmon Salonica Saloor Salsctto Salt Salta I Sulta Sullen Sallhidak Solt Kay Salvajres Salvatierra ... Salwatty .Salwcn Salzburg ■Samann Samana Kay . . Samanco Samar Samarang Samarov Samnrov I Sambas I Sambas I Sambclong .... Sambio Sambro Sambuloi ..... Samcil vSamercand .... LSamganooda... I Sami I Samina Cor^ . . i Samoa jSamoilovo I Samow j Samoyeds ; Samsanna ...... i Samsoun . ..... i Sana Sana San Andres .... San Antonia San Antonio. • . . San Antonio. . . . San Augustin . . . San Barbara. . . . >San Barbara. . . . San Bernardi . . . San Bias San Buenaventura San Buenaventi'ra San Cataline... . San Catherina . . Clai Is. T. L. I. Pt. I. R. It Cy. T. I. L. Pr. T. Fd. I. I. Is. T. I. R. T. I. T. I. T. T. T. Dis. T. I. T. C. C. T. Cy. liar T, T. I. T. I. Tr. I. T. T. Vil. Cy. T. T. T. T. I. T. Cy. T. R. I. Pr. FMllion. Malaysia Norway Texas Brit. America . North Atnerica Asiatic Russia. Oregon Tor... . Oregon Ter. .. . Turkey Slindoostan . . . Asia Africa Buenos Ay res . Buenos Ay res . Norway North America Bahamas Atlantic Ocean Brazil Australasia... . Birmah Austria Hayti Bahamas Peru Malaysia ... . Java Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Borneo Malaysia ..... Bay of Bengal . Russia Nuva Scotia .. . Asiatic Russia . Arabia Great Ducbaria North America Africa Soudan Polynesia Ajiatic Russia. Malaysia Asiatic Russia. Eastern Sea .. . Asiatic Turkey Arabia Peru Mexico Texas Mexico Mexico Texas Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Brazil U 1 Mb Fo Gb Dc Ta Ed Ec Nd S^ Qg Nf Hk Hk Md Be Hf Ke li Ui Sf Md Hg Hf Gi Ug Ti Pc Qb Th Th Sh Nb Hd Ra Pf Qo Ac Lg Mg Aj Sc Uj Rb Uf Od 0^ Gi Ed Ff De Ff Ee Ee Ee Ee Ef Ee De Ee Ik Nunes Ll Placei, Ac. Sancian I. I. T. !hI8. ll. San Clemcntc Sancol Sancori Sand Sandalwood . Sandana |C. Sanday I, Sanders' |I. Snn Diego iT. San Diego |T. San Diego Po, Sandoc I. San Domingos Soriano Sandoniir Sandown Sandowcy Sandusky . . . . . Sundvig Sandwich Sandwich Sandwich < Sandwich Sandwich Sandwich Sandwich Sandy Sandy , . , Sandy , Sandy , Sandy , Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy , Sandy Sandy Sandy T. T. Pt T. %l- T. C. Bay Har Ld. I. Is. Bay 1^ Des. Des. Hk. I. I. il. I. :is. L. Pt. San f elipa |T. San Felipe jT. San Felipe de Austin iT. San Fernando . San Francisco . San Francisco ■ San Francisco . Songa Sanga San Gabriel . . , Sangallan Sangar Sangara San GertTudis . Sangexuga . . . . Sangoulina . . . . Sanguay Sangwin Sanho , San Isabel . . . , T. It. Bay Bay |T. St It. I- |c. Cty. T. T. T. I. T. T. Vil. China Mexico Mindanao . . , , Gulfof Siam. Brit America . Malaysia .... Java Scotland Sandwich Ld. Mexico Mexico Mexico Faroe Islands Uruguay .... Poland Japan Birmah Ohio Norway Upper Canada New S. Wales Labrador .... Africa Southern Ocean Australasia... N. Pacific Oc. New Zealand. Michigan .... News. Wales Buenos Ayres Mexico New Jersey... Indian Ocean Australasia... Polynesia .... Indian Ocean . Mexico Brit. America Massachusetts Mexico Brazil Texas Mexico , Mexico Mexico Me.\l(;o Sweden Japan Mexico Peru Japan Africa Mexico Brazil Asiatic Russia. Malaysia Liberia Corca Mexico Bff. Tf Eo Uh |S Fb Ui Ti Lc Kn Ec Ee Ee Lb II No Ve Sg Gd M b Gd I c MIt Kn Xj Bf XI Gd Wk HI Ee Hd Pj Qi Ff Fc Hd Ff Hi Ff Ee Ef Ee De Nb Vd Ee Gj Vd Lh Ef V\ Uh Lh Ue Ee '.il . • \ ■I t \.- ■)■■ li- ■<' ,■ I ..!• : ■ ^ Ir-: f i'" i \: * * ^v ■ ! (I ft: m i' S 94 CONSULTING INDEX. tiunm of riiCM, &'. San Isabella S. Aniuy . • San J ago . . San Jajjo . . San Jago ■ • (^anJoaodasduas Barras . San Jose ■ San Joso . SanJosedoPimas San Juan ■ ■ ■ San Juan . ■• Sa'n Juan ■ ■ ■ San Juan dc la FroMtera . . . Sanki Sam poo Sun Luis San Luis San Luis do la Punta ....... San Luis Obispo San Luis Potosi . San Luis Key . . San Maria San Marino .... San Miguel .... San Miguel . . . San Miguel .... San Miguel .... San Miguel .... San Patrico .... San Paulo San Paulo San Pedro San Pedro San Pedro San Pedro Sanpou San Raphael.. .. San Rosa San Salvador . . . Sandanding .... Santa Catalina. . Santa Christiana Santa Cruz Santa Cruz ..... Santa Cruz Sunta Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Santa Cruz de Sierra Santa Cruz de la Sierra . Santa Fo. T. R. Cy. T, T. T. I. Sta. T. Pr. T. T. rnliion. Cuba Asiatic Russia Cuba Mexico Mexico la T. R. Pr. T. T. T. St. T. R. Rep. T. T. T. G. I. T. Pr. Cv. T'. T. I. R. T. T. T. T. T. I. la. Cy. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. Bay I. Pa Dep T. Pr. Brazil .... Mexico .. , Mexico .. . Mexico .. . Buenos Ayres . Mexico Cuba Buenos Ayres Thibet Buenos Ayres Mexico I Buenos AyroB 'Mexico Mexico Mexico Mejcico Italy Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Texas Brazil Brazil Mexico Mexico ■ Polynesia Mexico Corea .Mexico Mexico Cuba Africa Caribbean Sea. Polynesia . . . . Morocco Venezuela . . . . . Capo Verd Is. . Canary Isles . . Brazil Brazil Luzon Mexico Africa Mexico Australasia . . . Patagonia Bolivia . Bolivia Buenos Ayres Ref. UH. Rf VVb Gf Ef Ff li Ef Ef Ef HI Eg Gf HI Re HI Ff HI De Ff Eo Ec Md Ef Ee De Ef De Ff Ik Ik Ef Fff Ci Ee Ue Dc Ef Gf Lg «jr Ci Le Hh Kf Ij J,i Vg Ee Nk Eo xi Hm Hj Hj HI Nunn o( FIkh, tc. Santa Fe St. Santa Fo |Cy. Santa Fe Cy. Santa Fo T. Santa.fou T. Santa Maria. ... I. Santa Maria . . . . C. Santa Martha. .. Cy. Santander T. Santarem T. Santa Rosa I. Santa Rosa I. Santce R. San Teresa T. Sun Thomas.. . . I. Santiago |Pr. Santiago Cy. Santiago T. Santiago T. Santiago T. Santiago del Es- terro Santillana Santoce Santona Santorino Santos Sanybel San Ynes Saona Saonncs Sapagua Sappero Saptin Sapy Sapy Saragossa Saranga Sarano Saransk Sarapoole Sarasoo Saratoga ....... Saratov 39 . Saratov Sarawan Sarayacu Sardinia Sardinia , Saree Sarepta Sarhou Keim . . Sarigon Sariguan Same Sarnmas Sarpa Sartam Ourei.. Sartarinov Sartor FnlUm. T. T. T. T. I. ?• T. I. T. T. T. R. T. Str. Cy. Is. R. T. T. R. T. Pr. ^y- T. T. Km. I. T. T. Sea T. T. I. I. Tr. R. T. T. I. Mexico Mexico Buenos Ayres . Chili China Chili Uruguay New Grenada . . Spain Portugal Mexico N. Pacific Oc. . South Carolina. Mexico Mexico iBuenos Ayres . Chili Equador New Grenada . New Grenada.. Buenos Ayres . Spain Brazil •.ip'ain Archipelogo. . . Brazil Florida Mexico Hayti Mozambique . . Buenos Ay res.. Russia jOregon Ter. . . . iSumbava I Malaysia {Spain I Malaysia .... Africa Russia Russia iTartaiy iNcv York ., [Russia iRnssia Bcloochistan Peru •Italy JMediterran. Sea Persia Asiatic Russia. Atlantic Ocean Mantchooria . . Cambodia Polynesia Africa South America Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Norway Bat Leu. Fe Fo II HI Sf HI I 1 Hp Ld Le Ee E? Ge Ef Ec Hk HI Gi Hh Gh Hk Ld Jj Ld Ne Ik Gf Ee Hg Oj Hk Nb Ed Ti Ti Ld Uh Lg Oc Pc Qd Hd Fc Pc Qf Hi Md Md Pe Od Je Ud Tg Vg Kg li Od Rb Qb Mb fSbica. (Sell, looniagii^ louten's ;ico ;ico no» Ayres li na lit aguiiy ..•• , wGrenadR.. nii ain \^'^ itucral ■ •" cxico Pacific Oc. . lUth Carolina. exico Icxico ueiios AyrcB . hili jqundor Jew (Jrcnada ijcwt>rciiada..|"n Buenos Ayrcs Spain Brazil fjljain .Arcliipelogo.-- Brazil I Florida Mexico Hayli Mozambique . Buenos Ay res... ^, Kussia "" OrcgonTer....*;*! Sumbava * Malaysia ' '^. Spain ,, , Malaysia.. •• ^^ " Afirica ^B Russia I Tartaiy ^^ Russia 'I Russia L f Bcloochistan . . "* ' iPcru Jltaly • , Mediterran. Sea Persia :" nAl Asiatic Russia. Y" J lAtUntic Ocean - • i iMantchoona ..""1 Cambodia »« j Polynesia * » ■ Africa ••■ •.•••,!* I South America i > , [Asiatic Russia. O a 1 Asiatic Russia. RB lAsiatio Russia. U"!, Norway -I^^ CONSULTING INDEX. 95 Nunn or FUco, tc Clw- Sarytcheff Saskatchawan . . Saskatchawaii . . Sassari Satalia Satalia Satara Satisfaction Saugra Sault do St. Mary Saumarez Saunders Saunders Saundenon'sIIope Sava Savai Savan Savannah Savannah Savanna la Mar. Save Savona Savonol Savoy Sawarcama .... SaxeCoburg.l5. Saxe Gotha..l4. Saxe Weimar 13 Saxony Saya de Molha.. Sayansk Sayansk Sayer Sajtpan ...... Sbica Sctnderoon . . . Scarl)oro Scorboro Scarborough's Scarbro. Scarcies Scarpanto .... Scatnri Scela Balundo Schamer ..... Schonk ....'. SchemniU ■ . . Sche&ectady. . Schetchmas . . Schewhap .... Schiacha SchiashkotoB . Schiatam .... Schirinki .... SchiBchuiareff. .t Schitka Schlisselburg . Schoncck .... Schoog ^oomagins . Schouten'a . . . ?: Ref. Nova Zembla. . P a Brit. America . E c Brit. America . E c Sardinia M d Asiatic Turkey O e Asiatic Turkey O e Hindoostan . . . Q g Australasia... . Wj Arabia P g Upper Canada . G d Brit. America . H a New Zealand. . Xm Falkland Is.... Hn Greenland .... la Malaysia ... . U j Polynesia A j Brit. America . F c Georgia G e Hayti Hg Jamaica Gg Austria N d Sardinia M d Persia 'P f Md Fd Mc Mc Mc Europe Missouri Ter. Germany... . Germany . . . Germany... . Crerniany iMc Indian Ocean.. Q j Asiatic Russia. S c Asiatic Russia. S o Bay of Bengal., S h Polynesia V jf Arabia Of Syria O e Efngland Ue Tobago Hgr Polynesia X h Malaysia T g Sene^ambia. . . L fi Archipelago .. . N e Cape Breton ...Id Benguela M j Arabia O e Australasia . . . W i Austria Nd New York.... Hd Russia P b Oregon Tcr. . . E c Barca jNf Kurile Islands. iWd Thibet Sf Wo Ab To Ob No Korile Islands. North America Asiatic Russia. Russia Prussia Polynesia jWh North AmerioaJB o jV. Diemen'sLd.jV m Nana o( PUca, kc Schoutcn's I, Schwerin Cy. Scilly Is. Scilly Is. Scio I. Scopia T. Scoresby C. Scoresby's So. Scoresby's Land Cty, Scotland ... Scott's Scott's Scott' Scutari .... Scutari .... Sdorovskoio Scaforth . . . Sea Horse. . Km. Bay Is. Rf. T. I- C. Bk. I. I. I. Pt. C. L. Is. R. Is. Is. I. Pr. I'- la. C. L Sea Horse Sea Horse Sea Horse Sea Horse Seal Seal Seal Seal Seal Sea Lions Seals Sea of Azov . .. Seare Scara Searle Sebaldine Sebastian Sebastian Lopes Sebastian Vascaino Bay Sebenico jT. Sebez T. SebhB |T. Sebha Rous . . . . iC. Se.chow |Cy. Sechura {T. Seckoo iR. Second I. Second Volcano . J. Sedang T. Seddon 'C. Sedffwick Mt Sediaga .R. Seg L. Segedden ;T. Seger ;Dii. Seger ......... Cy. Seghalien Cty. SeghalioD Sea Seghalien Oula Hotun Sego Segonam Segaro T. cy. Is. Pr. Australasia... Mecklenburg . England Polynesia .... Arcliipclago. . Turkey Brit. America Greenland ... Greenland . , . Great Britain . Oregon Ter. . Oregon Ter... Australasia . . Asiatic Turkey Turkey Asiatic Russia. Scoresby's Ld.. Malaysia Spitsbergen . . . Spitsbergen . . . Spitsbergen . . . Brit..America . Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Labrador Brit. America . Nova Scotia . . . Falkland Is.. . . Spitsbergen . . . Russia Brazil Brazil Brit. America . Falkland Is.... Madagascar . . . Polynesia Mexico Austria Russia Fezzan Algiers China Peru Little Thibet . Madagascar.. Polynesia. . . . Borneo Greenland . . . Brit. America Russia IF b Russia |0 b Africa M f Arabia P g Arabia P g Asia V c Asia Vd Vi Mc Ld Bj Ne Nd Fa Ka Ka Lc Dc Do Uj Nd Nd Ra Ka Tg Na Na Na Gb Va He Ic Fc Hd In Na Od Ji Ji Hb Hn y/( Ef Nd No Nf Me Tf 6i Re Ok Vf Th la Cb Mantchooria . . Afrird North Amsrioa Brazil Ud Ao Jj '*-|T, t ■ \ > \ i .■.. J. ■ ., ^ ■ 1 ,. ""^'■:: a. '■' . ^- W-:- ,: ^ ■WJIL II lUPP'IVi 96 CONSULTING INDEX. Ntmet of HacM, Ac. Selioan Cuni.. . . Seliwun Scino St'istan Scjininessa Sciinmessa Stiklo Solboo Sclcfkeh Sulcma Sutcmskoi Sclcntai Selcnti Sclime Sclinga Selinga Sclinginsk Scllach Svllemporo . . . . Scllwood Semancclha . . • . Semar Seinbcwghew. •■ Scmbo Semenoffskoy • ■ . Semenov Scmeva Semiarskoe ScminoleB Semi Oetrov ... . Semi Palatyne . . Semi PoloUkaya SemiBoposhnoi . . Semitach Semlin Sena Sena Se-nan Senegal Senegal Senegambia . . . . Se-ngan Seng Miao8e.. . . Senhora Scnicn Senxemi Senlis Senna Senna Sennaar Scnnaar Sennerut Sena Senta Sentinel Separation Seppinga Seppinga Serajevo Serampoi^ Serar Fr. r. R. Pr. S'- r. I. T. K. R. T. Sta. R. R. ?: T. Bay T.' R. T. T. I. T. T. T. Tr. T. T, T. I. I. T. Gov. T. Cy. Col. R. Cty. Bay R. T. 5f Dis. ?'■ T. T. I. Pt C. C. T. S^' T. milka. Patagonia Sinde .... France . . Cabul .... Barbary . . Barbary .. Arabia . . . Norway . . Asiatic Turkey Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia . Tartary . . Asiatic Turkey Africa. . . . Mongolia . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Hindooiitan . . Brit. America Brazil Asiatic Russia. Birmah . . . Congo .... Asiatic Russia. Russia . . . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Florida Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Aleoutian Arc. . Aleoutian Arc. Austria Africa Mozambique . . China Africa Senegambia • . . AiVica China China Bolivia Norway Mantchooria . . France Persia Russia Nubia Nubia Greenland .... France Buenos Ayres . Ba^ of Bengal. BriL America . Brit America . North America Turkey Hindoostan . . . Hindoostan . . . Hm Qf Md Qo Lo Lc Of Mb Oo Ta Ta Qc Oe Of Sd Tc Tc Vb Rf Db li Wb 8f Mi Ua Oc Po Qb Gf Ob Re Re Xc Xc Nd Oj O Tf Kg J«f Tf Tf Hk Nb Vc Md Pe Nc lb Md Hk %% Fa Ab Nd Rf Rg Nunea of FUm, kc Sercliucha Serdobol Serdzo Kamcn . . Sereana Sorcth Sercth Stiigatcli Sorgbuisk Sergiev Sergippe Sergippo del Rey Seringa >atam> . . Soringupatam. .. Serinpalo Seritza Soriaika Series Scrmatta Sermonuua Scroa Serouge Serpa Scrramobim .... Serranilla Serreek Serro Borborema SerroCubutam.. Serro Estrondo . . Serro Hibiapaba Serroor Serro Tabatinga Serro Tromba . . Seruk Servia Sesters Se-tching Seteoel Setia Settee Settee Setting SenheTipar Sevanoe Sevastopol Seven Seven Seven Seven Stones . . . Severn Severn Severn Severn Sevilia Seville Seychelle Seychelles Seychelles Shabee Shackleton Shadipore Shadrin C. T. C. Is. T. R. T. T. T. Pr. T. Cy, Sh. T. T. R. I. I. C. I. T. T. T. I. T. Mts. MU. MU. Mts. T. Mts. Mts. T. Pr. R. ?■ T. Dis. T. L. I. I. T. la. Is. Is. Rks Dis. Ft. ila R. Pt ? Is. Bk. T. C. T. T. rMUoD, Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Caribbean Sea . Austria 'I'urkey Russia AHiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Brazil Brazil Hindoostan . . . Australasia .... Sencgambic .. . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Malaysia Greenland .... Malaysia Hindoostan . . . Brazil Brazil Caribbean Sea. Persia Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Hindoostan . . . Brazil Brazil Svria Turkey Liberia China Polynesia Candia ....... Africa Africa Brit America . Asia Norway Russia Russia Polynesia Lower Cattuda. Jan May en Is.. Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Cuba Spain Indian Ocean.. Indian Ocean.. Indian Ocean.. Arabia Greenland .... Hindoostan . ■ . Asiatic Russia. Del. Leu. Pb Ob Ab «6 Nd Nd Pc Pc Pc J.i V Rg vvi Kg Ub T« Cj Ui Jb Ui Rf li Ji ?f Ji Ik Ji Qg ij ij Oe Nd Lh Tf Wh Ne Mi Mi Fc Qh Mb Od Ob Wh He La 6c Gc Fc; 6c Gg Le Pi Pi Pi Pf la Qe Qc lusiiia luaxia Vsiutic UuBBia. Caribbean Sea . Austria Turkey Kussia P "^ AHiatic Russia. IP c Asiatic Russia Brazil Brazil Hiiidoostan . . . jR g Australasia VVl Scncganibic .. . Kg Asiatic Russia. U b Asiatic Russia. T a Polynesia |C j Malaysia . . Gre«nland . Malaysia ■ . Hinduostan Brazil Brazil ICaribbean Sea. Persia Brazil Brazil s.JBrazil «.| Brazil Hindoostan Brazil Brazil Syria Turkey.... Liberia .. •■ China Polynesia. . Candia .... AfVica Africa ™' Brit America . Fc A»ia Qh Norway M"l RuMia Od R«"'»: EV Polynesia ""] Lower Cauada.lHc Jan May en Is.. Brit. America . Brit America . Brit America ■ Bfit America . CuU Spain Indian Ocean. {Indian Ocean . Indian Ocean. lArabia Greenland . . . • Hindoostan • ■ • Asiatic Russia. CONSULTING INDEX. 97 Nkiiim of riice*, kc. SImcp ■ Slialirond ... Slmltra Sli;>.laurovo . . . Shallow Shallow Shaniatawa . Shamba Shaino Shanagur ... .Shanday Shangalla . . . Shnng'-hac . . < Shang Pecan Sliuiigrii .... .Shannon .... Shannon .... Shdnsc Shantcbon . . hantung C. T. T. T. I. Pt R. R. Des. T. T. Tr. Cy. Mu. Tr. R. I. Pr. T. Pr. Shantung 'C. Rcf. ua. Shark's Sharnia Sharlms Sliarra Slmrrock Shary ' Shat-ul Arab . . • . SImvli Shawnco Shawnees .SImwpore Shayuk Slicb Shcfar Sheffield Shcibnn Shclburno .Shdlif Shelvock's Shendy ........ Shcnk'oursk . . . . Shensc Sherbro Sherbrook Shcrdoff's Shcri Subz Shershell Shcrson's Shcthawncy . . . . Shetland Shibam Shienne Shiennes Shih-poo Shikarporo ... . I Shikanga IShilkanokoi.... I Shilluks Shinten Ship Bay T. Tr. Tr. Mt. R. R. T. T. Tr. T. R. Sta. T. Bay C. R. I. T. T. Pr. I. T. I. T. T. I. L. Is. T. R. Tr. ??• T. T. Tr. T. Ch. Japan Persia Arabia Asiiilic HuHsia. Auatralasia . . ■ Seghalien Brit. America . Mclinda Mongolia Asiatic Russia. Japan Abyssinia Chma Mantcliouria . . Africa jNj Ireland L c Northern Ocean K China .Siam China China New Holland Arabia Missouri Tcr. Mongolia .... Brit. America Soudan Arabia Russia Illinois Missouri Ter. Hindoostan . . Little Thibet . Africa Arabia Brit America Africa [Nova Scotia . . I Algiers Mexico Nubia iRussia iChina iSenegambia .. Nova Scotia. . Polynesia .... Great Buchoria Algiers Polynesia .... Brit America Scotland Arabia Missouri Ter. Missouri Tcr. China iSindc Africa lAaiatic Russia lAfrica iTonquin Bahamas .... NaaiM o( Flacci, tc. Vd Pc Of I Wb| Xj Vc Fc Oi Sd Va Vo Og Ue Vd To To Uo Tk l^ Fd Sd Gc N^ PF No Go Fo Rf Ro Of Of Hb Og Hd Me Ef Og Ob Te Lh Hd Rj Qo Me Xi Fc Lc l« Fd Fd Uf Qf Nk Vc 28 Tf Gf Ship •Shipako Shippcgan Shiraz Shire Shirreff Sliirvan Shoal Slioal Haven.. . , Shoal Water..., Shoban Sliooniacc Slioshones Sliourlong Shouya Showy Shrewsbury . . . . Sliumla Shun-to SImrali Shurukha Shustcr Siak Siak Sialutok Siain Siam Siam Siang-^'ang Siano Siao , Siapia Siattoko Sibb Siberia Sibicia Sibillcta Sibungoo Sicasica Sichoui , Sicily Sickly Sicuana Sidby Si''mouth Sidney Sidney Sidney's Sidon Sidra Sienega Sienna Sierra Aricua. . . Sierra Chappada Sierra de Acho.. Sierra dc las Grullas SierradelosMira bres Sierra Loono . . . Sierra Madro . . . FoaUoa. I. T. I. '«'■ C. Pr. Bay R. L. Sta. R. Tr. T. T. T. T. Cy. ?• T. Cy. Dis. T. I. Cty. T. G. ?• I. R. I. T. T, T. Dis. T. T. I. R. Cy. T, C. T. I. Is. T. G. T. T. Mts. Louisiana Africa N. Brunswick . Persia Africa South Slictland Asiatic Russia. New S. Wales . News. Wales . Brit America . Barca N e Birmali Sf Oregon Ter. . . . Thibet Russia Soudan England iTurkoy China Asiatic Russia. Persia Persia Sumatra Sumatra Greenland .... Asia Siam Siam China Russia Malaysia .... Brazil Brit. America . Belonchistan . . Ai'.a Barbary Mexico Borneo Bolivia Corea Mcditerran. Sea Oregon Tcr. . South Peru.. . Russia New S. Wales New S. Wales Polynesia .... Polynesia .... Syria Mediterran. Sea Ntw Grenada Tuscany .... Guinea ,Mts. Brazil Mts. Mexico Mt8. Mexico E e Mts.'Moxico . Col. I Africa.. Mts.lMoxico . f'^ ' 5* •'.1 ■,•:■>■ ■•»•■■ it!;. ^ -?' ¥■ ■'■ J^MmMMUMmU i k a t H ^W^ UIvMlK ' M «!■ lu 98 CONSULTINU INDKX. Namw or PUCM, ftc Sierra Vurdc- .. . .'Mts. Siurra Viilcun. . • Mtii, SievHk T. Sifiins Tr. Siglunciis C. Silioii R. Si Kinn^ R. Sikirlili L. Siitlu T. Siltlum T. Sikni T. Sikoko I. Silan T. Silodii T. Silhet T. Silimpdi R. Silipica T. .SiliHtria T. Silivria T. Silla T. Siiova R. Silver I. Silver Kays .... Sh. Siinari Vol, Simbirsk.... 38. Pr. Simbirsk ^T. Siincoc IL. Simirno :T, Simla |T. Simo R. Simpang iT. Simpheropol . . . . ]T. Simpson 'Ft Simpson |R, Simpson's . . Simpson's. . Sinai Sinaloa .... Sinaloa .... Hrf. uu. I. Is. Mt Cy. St. Sincapore 'St. Sincaporc |T. Sincapore I. Sindal Ch. Sinde Cty, Sindc R. Sindo R. Sines C. Si-ngan Cy. Sinhoa rl\ Sinia JR. Siniaveiw C. Sini: mjar Sin-kae 'C' Sinkel SInkess . . . Sinnamari Sinope. . .. Siolka Ston Siout Sioux I. T. Mt T. Cy. Tr. Guiana Asiatic Turkey Mongc''a Switzerland . . . Egypt Wisconsin Tcr. Mexico K d Uuenos Ayrus.. El 1 Russia O c Mongolia So Iceland Kb Tartary JU d China T f Tartary JQ d Arabia P f HindooRtan . . . 'R f Guiana I li Japan U c Mexico jG f Sumatra Si llindoostim . . . S f Mantcliooria . . 'U c Buenos Ayres . 'H k Turkey N d Turkey |N d Africa L g Russia Q b Polynesia JX c Bahamas II f Buenos Ayres . H k Russia P c Russia |P c Upper Canada . G d Asiatic Russia. 'W a Hindoostan . . , R c Russia N b Sumatra Si Russia O d Brit America . D b Brit America . D c Polynesia Ah Polynesia X h Arabia Of Mexico Ef Mexico E f Asia S h Sincapore I. .. . S h Asia S h Asia Q h Asia Q f Sinde ;Q f Kaschgur Q c Portugal 'L c Tg Qb Vd Oc China Cochin China.. Asiatic Russia . Seghalien Asiatic Turkey China U c Sumatra S h Malaysia ... .Si Ih Oe Td Md Of Fd Sioux R. Hijialay JT. Siparuonce IR. Sir IR. Sira Killa iT. Sira .Mourcn .. . .IR. Sira Pouritou . . . 'T. Sir Bibys II. Sire f'y- Sir Ed. IVllcws .|Gr. Siret Bay Sir G. Clerk's... II. SirG.Cockburn's'Bay Sirgoojah T. Sirguntclii 'T. Sirhiiul T. Sir II. Martin's .1. Sirohi Cy. SiH;il T. Sisal Bk. Sisters Is. .Sisters I. Sitchcvsk T. Sitka Is. Sitka I. Siloe C. Sitomlia T. Siutei C. Siverna R. Sivvah Cy. Siwas Cy. .'^i/.cboli T. •Skagen T. Skagcn C. Skager Rack . . . Str. Skalliolt T. Skara 'T. Skaw C. Skedatskoi !T. Skelleft IR. Skeleftca JT, Skcoch Bay Skiddy's 'Gr. Skiddy's Sh. Skin Lodge [R. Skioerstad .... .IT. T. T. T. I. g" Str. ^7- IW. Uli. Wisconsin Tcr. F d Negros jU h Ciuiana 'l h Tartary JQd Cabul U .Mantohuoria . . U d Mongolia S d - - • Fb Og Vj Wb Kb Fb Ri ISc Ro Skopin Skougsoo . . . . Skvira Sky Sla Slave Sleeve Sleswiek . . . . . Sligo Slinc Slipper Table. Slobicidskoya .. Slonyra Smoky Small T. Hd. I. T. T. C. I. Brit. America Abyssinia.. ■ . Austriil.isia,. . Asiatic Russia Brit America Brit America Hindoostan . . Mongolia .... Hindoostan . . Polynesia C i Hindoostan . . .'Q f Mexico 'G f .Mexico F f .Arabian Sea.. . P g S. Pacific Oc.Ia Ml Russia 'Or .North America C c North America iC c Spitsbergen . . .jM a Russia O c Vc Vb Nf Oe Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Burca Asiatic Turkey Turkey IN d Denmark LM c Iceland Kb Denmark 'Mc Iceland 'Kb Sweden 'Mc Denmark LM c j Asiatic Russia. S c Sweden N b Sweden N b Brit. America . 6 b I Polynesia Wh Polynesia Vh ' Missouri Ter. . E d Norway ......Mb Russia c Russia |N b Russia ■ Scotland Morocco Brit America . Denmark Denmark Ireland Ireland Bay of Bengal. Russia Russia ....... New S. Wales . N. Pacific Oc. . Nd Lc Le Eb Mc Mc Le Le Sg Pc Nc Wi Af -47 - • ,-. A ■taB Palllm. M. ItlM. VUconnin Tcr.JK <1 "JfKfO" iV,'' Jiiiiina ' " rurlary U u Jabul UH Miintchoorla • • "J 'J Urit. America . F b Abyssinia O B Austral.iHia.... Vj Asiatic Russia. « b lUrit. America ..h b ij 'flrit. Ameiica . Fb | jHindoostan ... Ri Monpolia 'So Hmdoostan •• -Rf I'olyneBia tl i Hindoostan •••'fi' Mexico j^f IMexico ^1^' I Arabian Si-a... Pp !s. Pacific (Jc... I Am IRussia jO '• North America C c JNorth America 'C c Spitsbergen ...Ma iRussia • • Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Burca Asiatic Turkey O c Turltey N "i Denmark Mc Iceland Kb Denmark Mc Iceland Kb Sweden Mc Oc Vc Ub Nf I. itr. Id. Denmark Asiatic Russia Sweden Sweden Brit. America ^ Polynesia ;Wi Polynesia Vh Missouri Tcr. .Ed Norway Mb Russia |0c Russia |«5 Russia N d Scotland Morocco Brit. America . Denmark jDcnmark Ilrcland Ireland ' Bay of Bengal Russia Russia New 8.Wale« N. Pacific Oc CONSULTING INDEX. Nunn ol ruca, kt. Smninu Sniitli .Smith Smith's Smith's Smith's Smith's Smo<:len Siiioko Smoky Hil).... Smnluiisk . . .'iii. Siiiolonsk Smooth Rock .. . Smyrna Sjnytl Smyth's Snake Siinkc Snapper Snares Sneciiw Bergen . .Snulliniir Sncttisiinm Snow Snowy Snowy SnugCorncrCove I Soak Sobair Sohboo .Society Society Sockatoo Sockna Sncorro ........ Socorro Socotra Socovalo Sodankyla Sodcrforg ...... Sodcrliainn .... .'^iya .... . Socvig. ..... . , Sot'ala Solala Sofala Sofdc .Sofin SoPostutc •Sohagcpore . . . .Sohar Sohcrab Sohnporo .... Soijam Soimovnov . . . Soin Soke Assa . ■ . Solander's .... Solar I Soldin Solcim Clai R. C. Ft. Hay So. Is. I. I. t;. Fk. Pr. c;y. R. I". I. Tr. R. I. Is. Mt. Ft. Pt I. Mts. Mts. U a (ib Fo Db ki a Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . •Vli.ssoiiri 'I'er. , Brit. America . Brit. Aiiurica < Soulhtrii Oei'ari II o Scort'sby'.H Ijd..|K' a .Vorway ^l 1> AlVica Ok Fo Oc Oc lie T. Dis. Sta. Is. Is. Vy. cy. T. I. I. T. T. T. T. T. T, ?■ Bay T. Dis. T. T. T. T. T. T. C. I. T. I. I. T. T. ■Mi^'souri Tcr... Russia Russia Brit. America . Asiatic Turkey N o .North America jU a Polyiirsia 'X g Orcyon Tcr. . . lid Ori'gnnTor..,. E d New e.VV ales. iVj Hrit. America . jF a Alrica JN I Wisconsin Ter.jFd North ^Vmerica iD c South Shetland |il d Oregon Tcr. ..Ko New Zealand. . iX m North America C b Persia ;P o Barbary L o Burgoo N g Brit. America .,F b Polynesia B j Soudan JM g Tripoli jN f New Grenada.. Hh N. Pacific Oc. . [E g Arabian Sea. . .iP g Benguela iM j Russia N b Sweden .... Sweden Hindoostan . Norway Africa Mozambiquo Mozambique Norway .... Celebes Afi-ica Hindoostan . Arabia Beloochistan Hindoostan . Mantchooria Seghalien . . . . Polynesia. . .< Suse Australasia . . Malaysia ... Prussia Norw ay Nb Nb Sf M b 8i Ok Mb Ui Me Rf Pf Qf Rf Vd Vd Vh Lf X m Ui Nc Mb NuiN of rUcM, ke. CIuM. SdUmkic I.Mt. Sol (ialitskaya..|T. Siiliaiioi T. Solihamik |T. Solitary I. Si.lij Karta T. .Sdlomlio I. Solomon's Is. Solomim's Arc Solomon's Fk. Soluvt'lskoi Is. Solsogaii T. Solt T. Sol Vilchegodsk 'J". Solway Flh, Soinatilics Peo, Soiiibcrctc jT. Sombokbut ]T. .Sombrero jl. Somer Is, Sompil T. Sondre Grande. .'I. Sondrcvalle |T. Songari R. Songari Oula . . . R. Songa Songa . . . |I. Songora |T. Sonho T. Sonmeanee iT. Sonmcanco jBay nalltoa. H'J I Kiir. I Ula. Sonora . Sonora Sonsonate . . . Soolioy Sooka Congo . Soolimuna. . . Sooloo St. T. T. T. T. Cty. Arc. Sooloo |l. Soongaria Cty. Soor T. Soosoo T. Sophia Cy. Sophia T. Soposhna T. Soposhna R. Sorat !C. Sorata jMt Soratchio iT. Sorell C. Sorelle JR. Soroc Soroto Sorotoanga Sorscle Sosimola Sosnovetz Sosnovskoe Sosva Sothin Soto de la Marina Sou I. T. T. T. T. I. T. R. T. T. T. Turtary Russia 'Asiatic Russia. Russia Polynesia Java Malaysia Indian Ocean.. Australasia .. . . .Missouri Tcr... Russia iLuzon I Austria I Russia Scotland Alrica jMexico Cambodia Wist Indies. . . AtluMlie Ocean Thibet Polynesia Norway iMantcliooria . . {Mnntcliooria . . Indian Ocean.. Malaya Congo Beloochistan . . Beloochistan.. . Mexico Mexico Guatemala .. . . Asiatic Russia. Congo Africa Malaysia Malaysia Asia Arabia Sumatra Turkey Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Tunis Bolivia Asiatic Russia. V. Diemen's Ld. Ijowcr Canada. Nc -ay Mongolia Mongolia Sweden Russia Russia Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia . Mantchooria . . Mexico Persia Re Oo Tc Pc ^i Ti Ti Ui IWi Fo Ob Ug Nd Pb Lc Oh iFf S« Hg Ho Sf Mb Ud 'Ud Oi Sh Ml Qf ''I . S'llll.OIIC Ii. S iiikDum.knlo . . tV. Siiiliinii 1. Sinilmt.iic nay 8oiiloiidt'iiaiii , . . T. Souiiiostrov .... T. Souiiiv iT. Mouiiiy Id, S'iti|i(>ii f.. Sour IT. Suiiraliaya T. Souru T. .Soiirmiin Cy, Suutli 'liay South C. .South h. .South II. South l. South 'I. South I. South Fli. Southampton ...('. Soutlminpton . . . 'Is. South Arran. . . .'fs. South Hrunch .. . R. South Branch .. . R. South liraiich .. .Ho. South Cape 'C. ."^oiith ('arolina .. St. .South East Bay South East lid. South Eost Pt. .Southern Po. .Southern Alps . . Mtg. Southern AiistraUa Cty . Soutlicrn Georgia I. Southern Thule . ! South Greenland Cty. I South Hook . . , . C. South Hook C. South Hook . . . . C. South Natunaa. . I. South Orkney . . Is. South Peru Rep South Poyas Tr. South River .... Ho. South's Bay Asia AMJntic RuHHia. ;ThilH't i.Vova ZtMiiMn .. iNovu Zi iiilila. . X'hinu ("lina Aiiiatiu KuKNia, Africa Axialii- Russia. iiuxsia MoiijroHa China 'ANiutio Ruania. .MoiitTDlia Asialii: Russtiu. Mluri!! Nova /t'inl)ln .. AHintic RuBHia. RuHHJa RuNHia Asialii: Russia. ,Mon;rolid Syria Java Brazil ThilM't Grui'uland .... Sf)itNher(jen . . . Falkland Is.. . . jPolynusia IPolynusia I Polynesia Australasia . . . Missouri Ter. . I Brit. America . Brit. America . I Ireland Brit. America . I Brit. America . {Brit. Anx^rica . JNew Cali'donia I United States.. :Greenland .... Spitsbergen . . . Japan New Zealand . . New Zealand . . Australasia . . . Southern Ocean Sandwich Ld. . Antarctic Oc. . Jan May en I... Spitsbergen . . . Spitsbergen . . . Malaysia Southern Ocean South America Patagonia Brit America . Brit. America . Itot. Qh" Ub So Pb Pa |To \Vo Od Mg Rtt Oc Sd "r f sa Od I. h ;p .1 To Ob iOo Re :8d Oo I'l-i |Ji lib |Ma II n jVf Vf IVo 1 o Gb Gb Lo Dc Ec Ec Xk Ge lb Na Vd X m Xm VI Jn Kn I b La Ma Na Th lo Hj Hm Gc Eb NuiiM lit I'l^cto, kc. !Pt, Is, r. I. South Slu^lland.. Is South SoulhVVestKuy .South Wiiygat ..|str. South West . . South West . . Souworotr .... Souzcl .Sovc'l Soverck .Sowallick .... Soyoti Spufariefa .... SiHiin .SpanlMTg .... .Spandau SpiiniHli .Spanish Spartan .Spartivento. . . Hal. Uu. Southern Oci'on 1 o 1 CariblKian Soa. U g ' Spitsbergen . . . N a ' V, Diiinii'irHl.d. V III Lower ('aimda. II d .Mts Tr. Bay ',"■ r. r. Pks I. Polynesia Brazil Gull'ot"ri)n(|uiii Asiatic Turkey Brit. America . o.. Ha iSpask S|>ask .S|)eak(!r's S|Hcdwcll S|K;iglit'i . S|)encer .. S|)cncer .. S|)cncer's Spencer's Spico Spirido Nova . . . Spiti Spitsbergen .... Spilsbcrguii (West) Split Split T. r. Bk. C. T. C. C. Bay G. Is. T. Dis. I. Dia. t;. Ft. S|)okain R. Spokain Ho. Springfield T. Springfield T. Spry C. SfjuaUy I. S'V K AHiutic'riirkty*'/' Hril. Aiii«ri'» •Jla lAnialir. KuHHia. He ! North America H I) iKuroiw 1^;;^ J"!'"". Kic I'ruHnia •'• *• Jninoica y, 8 'Mexico '•'.'; I'olyncia PJ " \Sa\>\v» f" lUiiHsia ••'1'^ AHiulic lluHHia. I c Indian Occnii.. U> Novu Zcmlila. ■ I a iHarbaiioi» ^ K (North America C c Hrit. America . \i a \ I. Malay "ia ABialic Russia I.ittlc Thibet (Arctic Ocean IB. Si>itHl)erKcn . . Oregon Ter. iBrit. America .. 'iOrejTon Ter io. Oregon Ter. f' llUnoin.. ■• iMissouri . !Nova Scotia JAustrulaHia . Naplea , lAaiaticUuEsia.'Wb Russia ••P^ , I Aniatio Russia. il|o r. rr I. c. T. Vfiniic Russia. Japan jlceland 'Norway ,1. 1 Missouri Tor... Bk. Indian Ocean.. JBrit. America . Sweden J^ " Russia "» i 1. Austria...... JlOi, Mts J Asiatic Russia. IWD T. lAsiaticRu*sia.^«c Bay Brit. America . bO Bk. Indian Ocean. OK T. Russia |" f ! |Gr. Polyresia »^ CONSl'I.TlN(J INUKX. Ml Niianol Ham,*!. Claa. Sl:irbuek'« .Stiirtfard Stiirit/.it Sliiroc IniitiiUkiH' St;iriit/i)uruiikai- luiii'vkoi Si.iroy .Stirt .siiitin Sliitcn Statcn St.iti's of tlio ('liiireh Stilts Foreliuid .. StHuntuii Stavangtir Stavro|K>le Stavrnpolu Stuvum Stud Stoop Stcllcnbosch .... Stensi'Iu Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephenson Stettin .Stcubenvillo .... Stevenson Stewart Stewart Steycr I Stinking Water. Stockhohn .Stockton Stolbovoy Stoipe Istoiio .Stone Wall Stony Stor Stora Stora Stnrdol .Storko Storm Strait of Dover . StraitofGibrolUr Stralsund . . • • Strasburg .... Streaky .Strekatda .... Strclitz Strogonov .... Strom Stromo Strommen.. . . Strong's !?■ hmllim. Polynesia I'riiii»ia RllHKJ.l Aaiittiu Uusxia. Axial ic RiiHsi-i. KtlM-lIll LIviiiKston . . . . li'atiig'jnia . . . . iKurllu iMJandu, (Greenland . . . . lUl liT No 1) V. Sh Td Oc II o II m Vd Ju ']'. Italy Spitdlifrguii . . . (.'Iiiiia Norway Asiitic RiiHHia . Asiiitie RuHsia. Norway Kusterii Si'a . . . New lloliand. . t^ape Colony . . Sweden ...... New Zealand . . North America Oregon Ter... . Australasia.. . . Falkland Is.... Illinois Prussia Ohio Scorcsby's Ld. . Australasia.. . . AustrulaBia.. . . Austria Missouri Ter. . Sweden Liberia Asiatic Russia . Prussia Brit. America . Missouri Africa Sweden Algiers Sweden Norway Russia V. Dicmen's Ld. England Prussia France New Holland • . Asiatic Russia. Mecklenburg , , Japan Sweden Faroe Islands . Norway Polynesia Md Na i;o .Me Od I'l; M b (Jf Tk Nl Nb Xm Ub Uc Vi ■In Fd .Me Ud Ka Wi Vi Md Bd No Lh Va No Ec Ed Mf Mb Mo Nb Mb Nb Vm Mc Le Mc Md Ul Ub Mc Vd xNb Lb Mb Wh NintM M llicMt 4e. Stuart .Stuart Stuart's Slukka .Sturgeon . . . . .Sturgeon. . . . Stuttg.ird . . . Siialii) (fniiidi Simdiva Atoll Silukeiii . . . Siihziiwar . . . Succadena . . .Suecess Siiehitcpic . . .Siiclililen . . . Suckling . . . Suciiru Siideroo .Siienhou . . . . Suez SutTreu Sufkuwullick Sugaren . . . . Sugar Louf,. Sugiir Louf.. Suick Suifong Suigutoi . . . . Suipacha. . . . Sukkortop . . . SuUkot Sulen Sulimania. . . Sullapilla . . . Sulphur Sulphur Sultanii . . . . Sultin Sultus Sumasinta . . Sumatra . . . . Sumbatikila . Sumbava - . . . Sumbava.. .. Sumbhulpore Sumschu.. .. Sun&van . . . . Sunda Sunday ... . Sunday Sundsio Sundswald . . Sunflower ,. . Suomussalmi Superior . . . . Surat Suriago Suriago Surinam .. . . Surinam .. . . ! Surinam R. |L. r. . L. ii'- I. r. lik. T. . . . Hay . . . C. R. I. fy. r. Bay c;. jT. |L Pt. T. R. T. T. Sta. T. I. T. T. I. I. T. Pt. Dvs. R. I. T. T. I. T. I. T. Str. Is. I. T. T. R. T, L. Cy. T. Is. Ck)l, T. R. talMM. Oregon Ter, . . lirit. Arm riea . .North Ainrrieu |Siisu lirit. America . liril. Aiiu rira . Wirleiiiburg . . .Vl'riea Asia Nubin Cabul Borneo Indian Ocean . (lUiiteinala .... Japan Nurlh America Brazil Furou Islands . China KlOpt .Mantchooria . . Brit. America . Lilicria AuHtraliisia.. . . St. Helena .Arabia Mantchooria . . Asiatic Russia. Bolivia Greenland .... Nubia Norway Asiatic Turkey Ilindoostan . Polynesia .. . Eastern Sea. Persia Africa Little Bucharia Mexico Malaysia Africa Sumbava Malaysia Hindoostan . . . Kurile Islands. Persia Malaysia Malaysia Polynesia Sweden Sweden Mississippi. . . . Russia North America Hindoostan . . . Mindanao .... Malaysia Guiana Guiana Guiana Krl. tall. 1)0 i)e lib r, f Fd Fd VI d "I Qh •>j Ue I'i I'i Vd Cb Ik Lb Td Oo Vd Ha Lh XI I'j Pf Ud Qb Ilk I b Of Mb Oc 5? Uf Po Nf Rd F« Si Lh Ti Ti nf Wc Pe Ti Si Ak Nb Nb Fe Nb Gd Qf Uh ^' lh lh ,1 9* # 'J I ♦ t ■it *::^| ,■ ;■/ ■■ tH w ti- ^, , 1(1 J CONHULTINO INDKX. Sum. 'TT S,H. T, S,i... 'j'Jy. SiHiMiH Tr. SlIM^CX I. SiitHfX L. SiiHii'X ilnr SlllU'(rO 'R. Siitt..ii Mill II.. Svi'iiizimm T. Sviu«k IT. Sviutoi '('. Sviutoi W Sviiiloi ('. Svilaiiiitltoy T. Sviiioo Ii. Svinoc I. Swains I. Swampy ic. Hwaiiipy I'l. Swampy T.nku . . Ilo. Swan I. SwMii Ho. Siviiii Kiviir .... DU. Swan Kivcr .... (.'ol. Siviiri'H I. Swciiruh Cy. Sw(!li Mantcliooria . . ^Spain I Polynesia jPolyncHia Handwicli Is.. . Polyneiiia .Syria China Asiatic Rusxia. Asiatic HuHsia. Asiatic KuHxia. Asiatic RusHia. Asiatic RiiHNia. Asiatic Russia . China China China Tarlary China China Formosa China Russia Nubia Japan Malaysia ... . Asiatic Russia. Mongolia Cuinliodia Asiatic Russia. China Coft'raria Algiers Russia Tartary Celebes Mongolia Spain New Holland. . P« Jj I' J C k Tl. Xj «'« Uc Oe Su N 11 Lu 1. 1 Xg Od Sd II h Ac Nk N(? Mo Uc Lc 11 J (" k in jc;i !()c iTe Wc Sa Stt Sa Sa Wl) L'f Tc Tl Pd Sd Sc Uf Te Pc Og Do Ui Vb Sd Th[ Ab To 01 Me Nc Qd Ui Sd Le IMikM. rnia .•• • rii/.il . • • • i)lyiii'»iii. iiikU'iiialii (ONSULTINO INUKX. iCIaM. fiHlIbiu. . •' llirlmry J' '' HiirUry ' ' ^' I'olyiifHm ^t- KuxHift \]" Mongolia 7' Mimlaii;i« I'" Norlli Aiiitiica Ac Africa -^K Alricii -^Z ■rri|K)ii •; '' Spiiin '' /' I'olyutHia ||j ,SanV »1 Cliina Cliinn China iTartary China r.- China ^^' FormoBa \}i' China ' * ■. Rusaia IJ''' Ms.JNubia i" S ^ K-in.; !J AsiaticRuHwa. V D Mongolia i»a Camliodia ' " , Asiatic RusBia. A u i > China «' r. Caffraria V" AlgierB iM« Russia ^', Tttrtary ^° ' Celebes ^' Mongolia »° Spain V'lii |New Holland.. lU. I. r. T«lca ,T. Tiili'iihimim . ■ ' . Hiy 'I'niioliti Vil. 'I'aluotin* '!>' Tah ITahtf TaliKimn . ■ Tnllahnssuu . . . , Tttli.vka !K. 'ralHain'i 11 Tamil |K. 'ranialiiia . . 'raiiiari<|:t . . TaiMalavi! .. 'rniiiuiih|iaH TaniaiiliiuM TuTnlHlaii . - - . - Tanibt/. I'r 'rainb., . > J' * * it. 104 CONSULTING INDEX. Nunes of rtyco, &c Taw:illy 'I'.iwpo Tauec . '''ay Tnyf Tm 'i'azovskayd . . . , Tazovskaya . . . . Tazovskoo I'cliacosa 'I'cliad Tcliadobskii . . . . I. U. \l. T. a. T. G. T. T. L. T. 'I'diadobcta R. Tcli'ignn T. Tcliiigma 'C. Tchiiliaia Pt. MB Tcliahan Poulac Tcliahaasan . . . . Tchaiteng Tclialei Tchamnayomdoii . Tcliong-cha . . . . Tchang-cliow.. . Tcliangchow . . . Tchang-te I'chang-tc Tchankour Tchantai Tcliuny Tchao-chow .. . . Tchao-king . . . . Tchaon Tchaounskaia . . Tchapogirska.. . Tch-.ptou Tchara Tcliarin Nor . . . Tchclyabinsk. . . Tclieniaclievsko. Tcliempol Tcherdyne Tcheremchovkoi Tcheremi Tcherepovetz . . . Tclicrkask Tclier'kov Tcherikovs Tclitsrnaia Tcliernigov..44. Tchernigov Tchprnoi Tchcrnorctskoi,. Tchernoyargk . . Tchertaila Tcheskaya Tchctucu Tchija Tchin-chow .... Tching-cliow . . . Tchinghench .. . Tching-hiang . L. T. R. T. L. Cy. Cy. T. Cy. T. Is. L. Cy. '^ Bay T. L. R. L. T. T. R. T. T. R. T. T. T. I. R. Pr. T. T. T. T. T. G. T. T. Cy. T. Cy. Tching-kiang.. . Cy. Posidon. j^.[,. MalaysiaT.~'iiJT Malaysia T li Scotland Lc Arabia O (' Asiatic Russia. U b Asiatic Russi:i. R b Asiatic Russia. R b Asiatic Russia. R b iMongolia So Soudan IN g Asiatic Russia. ^S b Asiatic Russia. |S c Mongoiia |T d Asiatic Russia. W c Mantcliuoria . . |V c Mongolia iT d Mantcliooi'ia . . U d Mongolia So Muntcliooria . . U d Tliibct So 'Cliina iTf China T f Corea U d Tf Te So I China .... China .... Tliibft . . . Asiatic Russia. V c Asiatic Russia. R c China Tf China 'J' f Asiatic Russia. 'X b Asiatic Russia. 'X b Asiatic Russia. T b Mongolia Td Asiatic Russia . T c Thibet S e Asiatic Russia . Q c Asiatic Russia. Q b Asiatic Russia. U c Russia P b Asiatic Russia. R c Asiatic Russia. U b Russia O c Asiatic Russia. O d Russia O c North America B c Asiatic Russia. T o Russia ■ O c Russia 'O c Asiatic Russia. ^R c Asiatic Russia. R c Asiatic Russia. P d Asiatic ''ussia. P c Russia P b Mantchooria . . U d TJiibot So China Te China Tf Tartary Q d China S f China To Naiiit-9 of rUces, Ac. Potitloo. R. T. T. IT. IT. Tcliiiij,'-ting .... C;y. 'i"cliiug-tun Cy. Tchinnan Cy. Tcliinsk T. 'I'chinskaya . . . . C. Tcliinypou . . . Tcliiraki Tchiriki Tchirindeskoi Tchirliin Tchistopobyie. Tchitta Tcl)i-yncn jCy. Tclioi'.ng Cy. Tchotl Hotun...'T. Tchoiia R. Tchongking. . . . -Cy, Tclioiitori jT. 'J'chori 'R. Tchornaja 'R. Tcliosaii jT. Tchougtttchi .. . . 'Pen Tchougatchi.. . .|Tr, Tchougoulkhak . jT China ........ ;Cliina Cliina lAsiatic Ruiisia. Hff. Uif. Tc Sc Tf Tchouktouia . . . T. Tchoulgue T. Tchoulgue 1'. Tchoulkova .... •l\ Tchouna R. Tchourinskoi .. . T. Tchouskoi T. Tchudskoo L. Tchuisova R. Tchuklchi Pr. Tchuktchi C. Tchuktchi C. Tchusa R. Tci-cliow Cy. Tci-nan 9- Tcitchouam . Toapy .... Tebes . . . Tebur .... Tecolatlan Tcdeles... Teen-tsin . Teenfung . Teerawitle Teetenguy Tecz Tefelneh.. Tefflis. . . . Teflc Tegazza . . Tcgcrliy . . Tpgorarin iDis. Tegorarin T. Tcgulet IT. Tehama iDis. Teheran jCy. TehuantciMJC . . . |T. T. I. T. T. T. T. ?■ C. T. T. T. g- T. Cy. Asiatic Russia. W c ,China S e Mongolia T d Maiitoliooria . . U e Asiatic Russia . T b Abyssinia O g Russia P e Asiatic Russia. T o China T f China S c j Mantchooria . . U d [Asiatic Russia. |T b iChina '1' f ^Mongolia S d [Asiatic Russia. |R c \siatic Russia. 'X b Ue Cc Bb Rd Oc Ud Ud Sb Corea . North America North America Soorigaria iRussia iMantchooria . . jMantchooria . . Asiatic Russia. I Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia . Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia . Asiatic Russia . China China Mongolia Polynesia Algiers Arabia Mexico Algiers China Hainan New Zealand . . Mantchooria . . Bcloochistan . . Morocco Asiatic Russia. Brazil Africa Fezzan Sc Ub Tc Nc Pc Xb Wa Ab Uc Tc Tc Sd Ek Me Of Ff Me Te Tg Xin Ud Qf Le Pd "it Lf I Nf i Mel Me: Oh ?v "" ! Mexico Fg | Barbary . . Barbary .. Abyssinia. Arabia . . Persia. ■ ./' : w Foktlon. Ti ;iiina .• • • ;iiina I*' 'Ai'ini * Vsiutic Ruiiaia.pv \sialic liutsia. VV L'hina . • ^ Mongolia j* Maiitdiooria . -ly Asiatic Russia. 1 Abyssinia ^ Russia • Mfj Asiatic Russia, i Ciiina P jCliina I* iMantciiooria . . | I Asiatic Russia, r iCIiina I Mongolia ' I Asiatic Russia. | Asiatic Russia. I Corea i 1. North America North America I Soorigaria iRussia i.Mantehooria iMantciiooria . .jj I Asiatic Russia. • I Asiatic Russia. I 1 Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia.] IRussia 'Russia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. I Asiatic Russia.] |Cliina . . . ■ , China . • • • Mongolia . Polynesia . Algiers .. . Arabia . . . Mexico. .. Algiers .. China ... Hainan . . New Zealand. Mantchooria Beloochistan . . r Morocco. . • ■_••] Asiatic Russia.. Brazil lAfrica i Feizan ' Barbary Barbary Abyssinia Arabia fy. Persia Mexico CONSULTING INDKX. 1U5 Nunn of FUcea, kc Claal. roilttoQ. ,r. iT. Cy. T. Tr. Cy. ,R. T. I. T. T. Tr, 'IVlmuiitcpec . Teliucl ..... Tchy Tc'iinoli Tciii-ciiow . . IVjiun Toju;is Tcjuco Teki^s Tikrit Tulak 'I'elav Tolcbiiiskoi . Tcleouts .... Telliagucss |T. Tellicherry |T. Tolliii iT. ; 'IVlniiu jT. Telmsoe ■!. Telsli ;T. Tumbe jCty. Tonibc R. Tenibo R. Teindeguc |T. Tumenak ll. Tomenos iT. Ternusvar T. Tomutam 'l. Tciniscaniing.. .|L. Temiscainiiig.. . To 111 post Tenacui Tench's Tendi'niii ■Teneinber TonLTilTu TenerilVc Toncry Teriiji Tunis Ti-'iikourguin . . . Tennessee ToHiirasec Tcnsill Tipaslo Topic TuDoli Rer. Leu. Bay iMoxico F g L. Patagonia Mm TriiKili Mo Naples N d China Tf .Vlantchoorui . . U d Mexico F c Biazil Jj Soongiiria R d Asiatic Turkey O e Asiatic Russia. W b Asiatic Rus^^ia. P d Asiatic Russia. T c Asiatic Russia. R c Africa M f Hindoostan . . . R g Russia No Mantchooria . . V c Norway N a Russia N c Africa Ok rembc Ok Mozambique . . Oj Mantchooria . . U d Greenland ....lb Candia No Austria N d Polynesia \Vh Lower Canada. G d Iiower Canada . G d Newfoundland. I d Mongolia S d Australasia.. . . Vv i Africa N h Australasia . . . . U i New Grenada ...H h Canary Isles . .|K f Paraguay I k Algiers ;Mo Tartary Q,c. Asiatic Russia.) A b United States. . G e United States. . G c Morocco L e Russia N b Mexico Ff Ho. Bay T. I. T. I. T. I. R. T. L. Pt. St. R. R. T. T. R. Turaino |T. " leranffo . ( I LTboQ . . I TLTceiru , f Tcrccro. I TereboU . . . i Tcree [ Terefsa .... ' Terek Tcrkiri .... Termez T. Terminos JL. Ternay Bay I. T. I. R. T. T. I. R. L. Paraguay Ik Italy Md Australasia... . V i Fezzan N f Azores K o Buenos Ay res,. H 1 Asiatic Turkey O d Cabul Q o Bay of Bengal. S h Asiatic Russia. P d Thibet S e Great Buclioria Q o Mexico Fg Mantchooria . . V d Ternenia ;Bay Seghalien |V d NunM of Placa*, &c. Terodant Terracina Torre Haute.. . . Torres des Arsa- aides Tersekan Torsi Terwola Teschen Teshoo Looinhoo Tcshoo Loom boo Tessermint Tessowa Tet Tetc Teto Tetuan Tetuaroa Tculada Tevego Texada Texas Texeiros Texel Texupa Teyoa Teyven Tczcuco Tczoiras Thames Tharutougha . . . Thasos Thectinah Theiss Theopolis Tlieresienstadt. . Theveholekved . . Tiieyeholekyek . Thian-chan . . . . ThianChan .... Thibet Thiers Thieweyarayetli Thinoh Third Third Volcano .. Thirteen low . . , Thistle Tholiosary . . . . , Thorn Thomas's Kay . Thompson .... Thompson .... Thompson's . . • ■ Thorn Thousand j Thousand |. Thousand (tho) Tliree Brothers' I Three Kings . . ,i Three Paps . . . T. I. R. R. T. T. Pr. Cy. C. T. T. T. T. T. I. C. T. PI. :t;ty. Vig. I. T. L T. T. T. IR. T. I. R. R. T. T. L. L. Morocco L Italy. Indiana Ref. ut>. Md Go Australasia.. . . W i Tartary Q c Tartary ti d Russia IN b Austria iN b Thibet R ThiM R f Greenland ... .1 b Ffzzan N f Lc Nj L e Cj Me Ik HI Fe Jg Mc Ue t? M c Tb Nd Eb Nd Ni Morocco Benguela Mozambiciuo . . Morocco Polynesia Sardinia Paraguay Buenos Ayres . Nortli America .\tlantic Ocean Holland Mexico Polynesia Corea Mexico Brazil England Asiatic Russia. Archipelago. . . Brit. America . Austria Cape Colony . . Austria jN d Brit. America .;F b Brit. America . F b jMt. .•jQongaria R d ,Mts. Mongolia R d Cty. Asia So |T. France Md L. Brit, America . E b T. Egypt Oe I. Madagascar. ..Ok L Polynesia Vf Is. Polynesia V li I. New S. Wales . V i iT. Russia P c I. Greenland .... la I. Caribbean Sea. Gg {Ft. Oregon Ter. . . D c iHar Brit, America . G b |R. Oregon Ter.... Dc T. Prussia No 'Is. Malaysia iT i L. Brit. America . :F d Is. Spitsbergen . . . |N a I. Indian Ocean . . Q i I. Australasia.. . .|X 1 Mt. Oregon Tor.., .|Dd * : ■ % ^ it '* 'i ■m:^ O '=fr •r .#i. ^X' ' '''"' WJ 106 CONSULTING INDEX. C Ashantcc T. Lower Canada. la. AuHtralasia . . . L PolyncHia . . . . Mta. Mongolia NinM of Flam, te. Three Points . . Three Rivers . . Three Sisters .. Thrum Cap . . . , Thsoiin(j-ling . . 'I'hursu jT. Scotland . . . Tiacka 'L ;Polynesia. . 'I'iaoyu-sii Is. Eastern Sea Tiara Mt». .Scghalien . . Tibboo Bergoo. . Tr. Africa Til)boo Rsc.'mde.iTr. ! Africa Tibboos |Tr. j Africa Tibboos iTr. Scnegambiu Tiber |K. |ltaly Tibcsty ,Cty. Africa Tiburon I. Tickeley |T. Ticunas jTr. Tidcr I Tidcr's Is. Tidon T. Tidsi T. Tiepenna Pt Tieret T. Is R. T. I. t Ticrra del Fucgo Tiete Tiev Tiger Tiger Tiger's .... Tiger's IL Tiggerinduina . . T. Tigidfa T. Tigil iT. Tiiii !r. Tigro ]Pr. Tigro jR. Tigris R. Tikhvin T. Tilapa |T. Tilear |T. Tilla dou Madon jls. Tilla dou Matis . jls. Tillanchong .... I. Tillen jHd. Tilsit |T. Tim jT. Tim R. Tima T. Timbilller Bay Timbo Timbuctoo . Time Timoka.. . . Timou .... Timor Timorlaoct . Timpanagos Tinareh . . . Tinching . . Tindel T. Cy. T. T. T. I. I. L. T. Cy. Mexico Ilindoostan ■ . . Equador Africa Itrit. America . Celebes Morocco Russia Tripoli South America Brazil Russia Australasia .... Malaysia China Sea .... Eastern Sea. . . Africa Fezzan Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Abyssinia 'Equador JAsiatic Turkey jRussia JMoxico jMadagascar .. . Maldives ..... Maldives Bay of Bengitl . Ireland Prussia Russia Asiatic Russia. Arabia Louisiana Scnegambia i . . Africa Africa Florida Thibet Malaysia . . Australasia. Mexico .... Nubia China Biy lAfrica. Ref. U'J. rTh iid Wj Ro Lc V f V c Ng N f Lh iMd Nf E f Rg Hi Kit U c Vh Lc Ob .Mo Hn Ik Oo Vi Ui Tg Tf Mf M f Wc Wc Og Hi Oe Oc Fg Ok Qh Uh Sh Lc No Oc Rb Of jFf Lg Lh Gf Sf Ui Uj Fd Of To Kg NuuM of Plieet, Ac. ' Citw Ting-liao ...... Tinlio.sa ....... Tinian Tinney Tintunia Tiouk Kiirssou.. Tiouk Karagan . Tiraspol Tireyineg Tiriberskoi Tirooti 'lyrcc Titicnca Titnieg Titoo Tiunienc Tivdli Tjak Tlcmseii Tlinpieskaya . . . Tobago Tobin Tobol Tobolsk Tobolsk Tobolsk Tobuco Tocia Tocuyo Todos los Santos Todos Santos .. . Todos Santos .. . Tokat Tokay Toker Toktoi Tolaga Toledo Toledo Tolo Token Tolu Tolu Toluco Tom Tomb Toinchina Tomic Tominee Tomo Tom's Tomsk .... Tomsk .... Tonalo .... Tonamaca . Tonca Tondano . . . Tonder .... Tondon .... Tonga Tonira Raf. !Cy. China T f [I. Hainan T g 1. Polynesia ;V g Ft. Brit. America . E b iUes.lAfrica Ms Tartaiy P d Tartary 'P d Nd Eb Ob Russia Brit. America Russia Dis. Borneo Th I. !Scutland |L c , L. .Bolivia 'H j . L. jBrit. America . F b Bay Patagonia ... H m |t. >L. It. T. 'is. Gov Pr. T. T. T. I. T. r, Pt. R. \siatic Russia. Q c Italy |Md Sweden N b lAlgicrs jL e Asiatic Rus.sia. .S b ;VVest Indies ... Hg iScorcsby's Ld.. K a JAsiatic Russia, (i c Asiatic Russia. R c Asiatic Russia. (2 c Asiatic Russia. Q c .Mexico Ff Od Hgi Ve Ec Ef Oc Nd Db Wb XI Le Gd Ui III Gh Gh Asiatic Turkey Venezuela .... Polynesia Bay 'Mexico Sta. Mexico jAsiatic Turkey 'Austria IBrit. America . Asiatic Russia. Bay |New Zealund. . Cy. jSpain [T. lOhio Bay Celebes R. Chili INcw Grenada . New Grenada . 'Mexico iFg Asiatic Russia. iR c jPer8ianGulf..Pf JAsiatic Russia. T c Suse L f ! Bay Celebes U i T. |Venczuela . . . . |H h jBrit. \n>crica .,G b Asiatic Russia. |S a {Asiatic Russia. R c Mexico |F g Mexico Fg Asiatic Russia . ;S c L Pr. T. T, T. T. T. T. ? Is. .Celebes I Denmark ... JMantchooria [Polynesia ... I Polynesia.. .. Vh Mc Vd Ak Ak ♦ rniUM. .^hina i'J^ ' Hainan T g I'alyufsm > i; Brit. America -Kb Africa ,}' S Turtiity } <\ Tartary 'V[d IRussia \^^<^ Brit. Aini:rica .jl^ u IHussia lO b Borneo rii iScotland IL c 'Bolivia Hj I Brit. America . t o Patagonia . • • I'm 1 Asiatic Russia. Qc Ituly ^l Sweden Nb I Algiers 'Asiatic Russia West Indies. . IScoresby'a Ld. j Asiatic Rus^'ia.;^c IV 'Asiatic Russia. Re Asiatic Russia. Q c 1 Asiatic Russia. Qc iMexico l*'f lAsiatic Turkey Od [Venezuela H g Polynesia V« hy 'Mexico Ec a. Mexico r^ ' 'Asiatic Turkey We lAustria ^^ U iBrit. America .iUb . lAsiatic Russia uy |New Zealand y, 'Spain '. 'Ohio lay Celebes Chili iNcw (Jrenada New Grenada . ■Mexico iFg'i 'Asiatic Russia. |Rc j Persian Gult'..;P' \ lAsiatic Russia. 1 « Suse jj'f iay Celebes ,U ' ■^- ^Venezuela • • • • I'J J Brit. \n»erica . Gb JAsiutio Russia. ;»» 'Asiatic Russia. Re Mexico 1,S Mexico ^ g Asiatic Russia. «c I I. Pr. r. r. r. Celebes. .. loenmark — Cy. IMantchooria I. iPolynesia . . . Is. IPolynesia... CONSULTliNG INDEX. NuiHofrtacaiilU. ICUk Tongalia T. TungalalKX) .... I. 'I'ong.chow Cy. Tongoi 'T. Tong-shan .... il. Tong-ting IIou..'L. Tonkicn jT. Tonquin Cty. Tonquin G, Tonaberg T. Tonyn T. iTonyn [C. Tooar iSta. Tuofoa I> Toola 34. 'Pr. 'I'oola IT. Toomalooa !l. I. T. T. L. R. L. C. Tr. T. Tr. T. T. T. Bar T. R. Fiaitiiio. I'ouinanooan 'I'oorsheez. . . Toosi Tootawney . . Tootonez .... Top Topham .... Topinanibas Topolcvia . . . Tuqucdos . . . Tor Toraito Torapa Torda Torfanc Torgi Bazar . ! Torna jBay Tornca JCy. Tornea Cape Colony ..™' Mexico !V Hindoostan •••'J*' , Africa O? Sweden Nb IndianOcean.'Oi r. r. p. ;ta. r. r. Lb. r. r. r. Sea Tr. R. R. Cty 5^- R. Asia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Equador Africa ;'"" Tunis Me New Grenada.. In n BuenoB Ayres Buenos Ayres CONSULTING INDEX. 10!) NUM or Flun, kc Clm. Turcomania . • Turfan Turfan Turgai Turin Turke Turkestan . . . Turkestan . . . Turkestan (Chi- nese) Turkestan (Usbek) Turkey Turkey Turkey Turk's Turnagain Turnaguin Turnagain Turon Turon Turtle Turtle Turtle Turtle Turtle Turtle Dove .... Tury Tuscaloosa Tuscany Tuscumbia Tuskui Tuspan Tustepec Tustla.... Tutuilla Tuy Tuzla Tuzur Tver 21. Tver Twelve ApostleB Twin Twins Two Two Bnys Twofold Two Groujw .... Two Peaks Twunt Tydoro Tyniskaya Typansan Tyre Tyrol Tyrun Ty«. Tzai Tzarevokokinaisk Tziliina Tzokurin Txug. „ Tartory Little Bucharia Little Bucliiiria Tartarjr Siiirdinia .... Africa Asia Tortary .... [Chinese Empire iTartary lAsia ! Europe Malaysia .... Bahamas .... New Zealand. Brit. America BriL America Cochin China Cochin China Polynesia . . . Malaysia .... Australasia . . BriL America Java Australasia... Brazil Alabama .... lUly Alabama .... Little Bucharia Mexico Mexico Mexico Polynesia. . .. Spain Asiatic Russia Mantchooria . Russia Russia Wisconsin . , . Wisconsin . . . Brit Amerioa Polynesia. ... Patagonia .... New&Walea Polynesia. . . . BriL America Algiers Malaysia .... Asiatic Russia Eastern Sea. . . Syria < Austria Little Bucharia Norway Tartary Russia Russia Mongolia Russia Rar. IM. Pd Rd Qd Ud Md Ng Qd Qd Rd Qd Oe Nd Ti Hf X m Eb Dc Is Tg Vi Ec Ti Tk Ji Ge Md Ge Qd Ff Ld Oe Vc Oc Oc Fd Fd Gc Wh Hm VI £j Ec Le Uh Rb Uf Oo Md Rd Nb Qd Pc Pb Sd Ob Hum ot PUcMikc Uaupes Ubai Ubatuba Ucayale Udalsai Udiai-milai Udirick Udoma Udoma Udoina Cross . . . Uclille Uitenhage Ujan Ujanda Ulea Ulea Ulcaborg 3. Uleaborg lllentai Ulia Ulkan Ulm ., Umba Umbre Umea Umea Umea Umerapoora .... Ummesogier... . Umgua Uraritsir Unaub Underoot Un^ava Unicom Union Union Union Unjigah Unmak Unst Upalta Upemavik Upernavik Upola Upper Upper Abbetibbe Upper Canada . . Upper Halix. . . . Upper Irtysh . . . UpperKamtchatka Upper Nippewan Upper Oudinsk . Upper Torneo Upright Upsa Upaa Upaal Upstart Urak Ural bUa, R. L. T. R. R. I. I. L. R. T. T. T. R. R. L. R. Pr. T. R. R. R. T. T. R. T. L. R. 9: R. ?• I. B. Bay Rks Sta. Str. R. I. I. T. Dis. Sta. I. L. L. Pr. T. R. T. Ho. T. T. C. L. R. T. C. R. R. tailioa. Venezuela .... Bolivia Brazil Equador Asiatic Russia. Polynesia Polynesia Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. South Peru.... Capo Colony . . Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia Russia Russia Russia Tartary Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Wirtemburg . . Russia Africa Sweden Sweden Sweden Birmah Barca Oregon Ter.. . . Hindoostan . . . Polynesia Asia BriL America . Spitsbergen . . . Icdian Ocean . Missouri Ter... Brit. America . BriL America . North America Scotland Buenoa Avrea . Greenland .... Greenland .... Polynesia Oregon Ter... . Brit. America . North America Sweden Mongolia Asiatic Russia. BriL Amerioa . Asiatic RusBia. Sweden North America Mongolia .... Mongolia .... Sweden New S.WakB Asiatic Russia Tartary Rer. LiU. Hi Hj Jk Hi Uc Xg Xg Vb Vc Vc Nl Uc Wb Nb Nb Nb Nb Qc Vc Vc Md Ob Ni Nb No Nb Sf Nf Dd Qe Vh Qg He Na 01 Fe Eb Ec Ac Lc HI la la ^j Ec Gd Gd Nb Rd Wc Eo To Nb Ca Sd Sd Nc Dj Vc Pd ■ ■■'?: f--- i\. i t mm^ 'h:. W'i no CONSULTING INDEX. tlumrcat Duclmriii Venezuela .... Mexico Tartary Mongolia Tartary Cabul •Mongolia Polynesia ..... Ireland Brazil Brazil South America Uruguay Persia Persia Kurilc Islands. Brazil Tartary Patagonia .... Tartary Asiiantee .Mediterran. Sea Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. .Mantchooria . . New York .... Holland Lower Canada. Asiatic Russia. Pc Hi Ud 11 h Ef Qd Sd Qd Qe Rd Vf Lc Van-chow T. U II Pc Pe Wd li Qd Hn Qd Lh Me Ub Va Ud Gd .Mc Gd Vb Brazil Florida Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Tunis Russia North America Chili France Spain Brazil Venezuela .... Ireland Malta Corsica Russia Spain Mexico Mexico Equador Mexico North Carolina Turkey Chili New Guinea . . Asiatic Turkey Missouri. .. . Hainan NaiiM of ru Texas vFf Asiatic Russia. V 6 ly Russia ^b Russia "* Russia Ob Russia ^* Russia ^c Fra;ice M*| ^ South America Hb !p Venezuela • • • • Jj 1 i Italy S* Hindoostan •••1^? Mexico I* C Mexico \*i Guatemala •••'K'' Guatemala Og jSeneeambia .. • K ! iSt Tliomas's I. Ml Brazil •■•fk'l New Grenada . «» g France.. »* Buenos Ayres.n* AsiaUc Russia. 1 c Asiatic Russia. Fc Asiatic Russia, re It. Asiatic Russia. Ub [Spitsbergen.. -IW CONSULTING INDEX. Ill Hum al FImh, ka. Vermciha Vermillion ..... Vermillion Vermont Verona • . Vcrro Versailles Venhny Kolymsk Vcrshny Villuisk Vuscnburg ..... Vesicgonsk Vesoul Vcster Horn .... Vesuvius Vcszprin ....... Vctlooga Vcvay Voyros Vliytogra Viana Viasma Viasniki Viatka 13. Viatka Viborg 9. Viborg Vichada Viciosas Vlcksburg Vicsa Victoria Victoria Vidal Vidal Vienna Viesca Vigeroe Vigia Vigia Vigo Vigo Vijften Vijima Vilcabamba .... Vilkomir Viliu Bella Villa Boa Villa Boim Villach Villa Clara Villa de C.Frio. Villa del Forte . . Villa de la Purifi. cacion Villa del Fuerte. Villa del Principe Villa do Contas . Villa do Principe Villa Guiana Villa Maria , Day Bonguela Bay Louisiana Ft !Brit America . St. Unit'd States., Cy. lUly T. iRussia ?• Cy. T. T. T. C. Iceland ....... Ml Naples T. ^UHtria T. Russia T. Indiana T. Brazil T. Russia T. Brazil T. Russia T. Russia Pr. Russia T. Russia Fr, Russia T. Russia R. iNew Grenada I. Caribbean Sea MiiHin. France Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Russia RusNia France T. T. R. Har C. Rk. 5f- I. T. T. T. L. Is. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. T. Cy. Mississippi. .. . Brazil Aflrica Brit. America . Africa AtSnlic Ocean Austria Texas Norway Mexico Brazil Spain Russia Norway Russia Peru Russia Brazil Brazil Brazil Austria Cuba Brazil Brazil T. Mexico T. Mexico T. 'Cuba T, T. T. T. Brazil .... Brazil .... Venezuela . Brazil .... iw. Leu. M^ Ft^ Ec 11 d Md Nc Md Wb Ub Nc Oc Md Kb Nd Nd Pc Ge li |Ob li Oc Oc Pc Pc Nb- Nb Hh S2 Fe Ji Mj Fa Ok Lc Nd Fe Mb r,' Ld Ob Mb Pb Hj Nc il Md Gf Jk Ji F(? Ef Gf jj- Jj Hh Ij Nkmei of P1aN% Ac. ViiTa^lJovirT^ Princcza .... Villa Nova da Princcza Villa Nova del Rev Villa Nova Villaret Villa Rice, Villa Rica Villarica Villa Salado .... Villui Vinconncs Vingorla Virgin Virgin Virgin Gorda .. . Virginia Virgin's Virgin's VirFzerv Viscavna Vischcr's Viseu Vistula Vitchcgda Vitebsk 27. Vitebsk Vitim Vitimskaya Vittoria Vizagapatam . . . Vizianagnam . . . Vizicrabad . . . . Vladimir 23. Vladimir ; Vladimir Vofsen Vogenoe Vohemaire Voikoski Voja Vojigorska Voknavolotz .... Volcano Volcano Volcano Volga Volffina Volhynia... .45. Volkhov Volmar Vologda ...11. Vologda Volomki Volta Voltas Voltri Volunteer Vomavin T. T. T. C. ?: T. Vil. R. S" Is. Bks. I. St Bay |C. L. C. L T. R, T. Pr. T. T. T. T. T. Pr. S" Bay Bay T. L. T. T. Bay L R. T. Pr. R. T. Pr. ^' R. C. T. I. Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil New Holland • . Brazil Buenos Ayres . Chili Mexico Asiatic Russia. Indiana Hindoustan . . . West Indies. . Newfoundland . West Indies. . United States . Mexico Patagonia .... Russia Mexico Australasia ... Brazil ■ Russia Russia Russia Russia Asiatic Russia Asiatic Russia Spain Hindoostan . . Hindoostan . . Hindoostan . . Russia Russia Russia Spitsbergen . . Norway Madagascar .. Asiatic Russia Russia Russia Russia Japan Polynesia .... Polynesia .. . . . Russia Asiatic Russia, Russia , Russia , Russia Russia Russia , Russia Guinea Africa Sardinia ...... Polynesia Russia R«r. uu. Ik Ji I i VJ i HI Eo Tb (ie Hg Id Hg Ge £e Hn Nc De Wl Hj Nc Pb Nc Oc Tc Tc Ld Rg S« Re Oc Oc No Na Mb Pj Qb Ob Pb Nb Vd Vf Wf Oc Ra Nc Oc Nc Pb Oc Oc Mh Nk Nd Pf Pc ' T| f •■■• .t t «ppfp 119 CONSULTING INDEX. NUMt of FUcM, 4c. Voroftkaya. . . . Voronuj: ... .41 Voroncz VoroMcz Voroiiia.. ..... Voronov Vorya VoRminak VoHiivconskoo.. Vuutulmng .... Vou-ting Vox Vym \yn Waago Wabaah Wadan VVaday Wadroag Wadsoc Wady al Kora . VVady D.ik he . Wady el Kliargeh Wady el Lugh- Ihaman Wady Farafreh . Wady Kawar... Wady Noon .... Wady Zomzen ■ . Wager Wajunga WakaRh Wake's Wake's Ledge . . Waldeck....23. Wales Walet Walgnind Walgumas Walker Walker Walker's Wallace Wallachia Wallah Wallah . Wallig's Wallis'B Walmsley Walpole Walsbak Walsingham... . Walter Bathurst Walwich Wamba Wamkrore Wamwax Wanfrel Wapticacooe... . Wara Waranger r. Pr. ^/: R. C. R. Bay T. Cy. ?• R. R. I. R. T. T. Dii. T. T. Oa. T. T. O. L. T. T. R. Cty. Tt. I. Bks Cty. Cty. T, I. L. C. C. Bay Bay Pr, R. I. I. L. L L C. C. Bay Dig, T. I. R. R. Asiatic Russia. Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia Asiatic Russia. Russia Asiatic Russia. China China RusMia Asiatic Russia. Russia Furoo Islands . United Htatcs. . Tripoli AfVica Borbary Russia Arabia Egypt Egypt Fbzzan Effypt Africa Suse Tripoli Brit. America . Africa Oregon Tor... . Polynesia Polynesia Germany Great Britain .. Africa Russia Sweden Brit America . Greenland . . . . Cape Colony . . Scoresby's Ld. Turkey Oregon Ter. .. . Polynesia Isle of Georgia BriL America . Australasia... ■ Iceland Brit America . Brit America . AfVica Africa Senegambia • . . Australasia.. . . Sweder Oregon Ver.. . . Bergoo Russia Htl. UK. Wc Oc Oo Ob Ob Ob Qb Pb Re To To Ob Qb Pb Lb Ge Nf Ng Me Na Of Nf Nf Mf Nf Mg Lf Me 6b Ng Ud Xg Xg Mc Lc 'A Nb Fo la Nl Ka Nd Ed Aj Jn Eb Xk Kb Hg Ga Mk Ni Jff vT Nb Ed Ng jNa Warangol Warasdin Warbcrg Warduhuus . . . . Wardoe Warce Wargala Wargula Wargela Warnmg Warreconne .... Warren Warren Warren Warrender Warrow Warsaw Warsaw Wasa 4. Wasa Wasalmy Wash (the) Washagamy ... . Washington ... . Washington ... . Washington . . . . Wauhinglon .. . . Washington .. . . Washington .. . . Washita (False). Washoo WasiliefTo Wasilieffskoy . . . Waskayow Waskur Wassaw Wasseen. ...... Wasscla Wassiboo Wastcras Watchman's... . Watcrford Watlings' Kay.. Wawa Waygat Waygat Waygatch . . . . , Waygatch . . . . . Waygeeoo Webbe Webuck Weeks' Weeks' Wchisk Wei Weide Weide Weihai-wei Weldychuck . . . Wellesley' Wellington T. r. T. T. I. Cy. Dis. T. Sta. MU. R. T. R. Ft C. Cty. ?■■ Pr. T. R. L. S'- T. T. Is. L R. T. C. I. L. R. Dis. Pks. Cty. T. T. C. T. I. T. I. Sta. I. Str. I. R. C. I. I. R. Pr. Bay R. T. L. Is. Ch. liindoostan . . . Austria Sweden Russia Russia Benin Barbary Barbary Africa New S. Wales . Wisconsin Ter. Pennsylvania. . Brit America . Brit America . Brit America . Guiana Poland Illinois Russia Russia Brit. America . England Brit America . D. of Columbia Pennsylvania. . Arkanima Texa Polynesia Polynesia Western Tor.. . Soudan Kurile Islands. Asiatic Russia. Brit. America . Asiatic Russia- Ashantee Africa Africa Africa Sweden Patagonia Ireland Bahamas Soudan Greenland .... Greenland .... Russia Russia Polynesia Africa Labrador Polynesia Polynesia Brit. America . Thibet Spitsbergen . . . Greenland .... China Brit America . Australasia... . Brit. America . Nd Mc Oa Oa Mh Me Me Mf Wk Fd Gd Fb Db Ga Ih Nc Fd Nb Nb He Mc He Ge Gd Fe Fc SJ Bh Fe Mh Wd Ua Fc Qb Lh Oi Lg Lg Nc Hm Lo Hf Mb la la Pb Pb Uh Oh Ic Wf Xg Go Sf M« lb Ue Eb V Fa IMt. induostan ■ • ■ R g UBtria Nd wcdun Mo utaia pJ * UMia 'J * lenin Mh larbary M« >«rbary Me Uric* Mf AKiiiti''. RiiHHia-y J Miiiilchooritt .. Ud Icliiiid K^ iMiiiitchoorhi ..jUd 'Cliinii 17/ lAHiulie RuMia.Qe IMixico *'« Arabia "' Russia ••••■.••;!,"; A«alioRuMia. Wb Asiatic Ru«aia. Wb AwnticRuHnia.Rc lAaiaticRuaaia. Vb Soudan Mh IChina '« lUruguay J ' IChina U/ IMantchootia ..Uc China Tf China »• Soudan Mg Polyncaia Vh Ichili n' [Russia "" iNorth America Thibet RuMia IBraiil — Little Bucharia Llulo Buchana R d Nova Scotia... Hd' Cngland... RuMia . • . • Riusia . . • ■ Sottdan • ■ . ■ Little Thibet . . Asiatic Ruaaia. Brit. America . MiasiaaipP'-"" China ••■ Aalatio Ruaaia. Birmah Scotland . Scotland leakJh'"* ■- lAfrica fy 7 Q. CONSULTINtJ INDfJC. 115 ■ •( riMHiat. Yfllow Yellow Yi'llow KniTo. . . Yell'iw Mnngoli Vi'llow .Stone .. . Yoiimna Ycii.en Yen Yen cliow V'nui Yenisei Yoniwi Ycniaei Yon.nf(an Yt'n.|iin^ Ycou Yi'ppe Yeid Yczdikhast Yhirrita Yiknrova Yli)(an Ylijaaka Yinilo Yobuty Yo-chow Yonjf.chow .... Yong-ning-chow Yon-ping Yopcz York York York York York York York York York York York Minater . . York's Yorobicva Youghall Youf Young William's Yourin .... Youxpell... Yozo Ypilay .... Yrcoo . ... Yrcoulou . . Yshock Yucatan ... Yu.chow . . , YucB-chow Yuen Kiang Yuen-yang. Yuma , Yungei Yung Ling CiMk R. L IK. Tr. K. T. Pr. 8ta. Cv. T. (). T. R. Cy. ?• IV, ^?: R. T. T. T. R. T. Cy. g; Dis. £y- T. T. C. C. C. Is. Sa Ft I. Pen. T. T. I. Is. C. L. R. T. T. T. Pt Sta. China Te Wiiinoniiin Ter. F H llrit. America .|K b Monirolia iS n - " - Vd Pf Ng To [Jo Ra So :epe Cv, : Lin? Ml Missouri Tur... Arabia Arabia Africa China Corca Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. Asiatic Russia. H c Cliina China Soudan Missouri Ter.. Persia Persia New Grenada Asiatic Russia Mindanao Russia Manlchooria . Asliantco China China China China Mexico Brit. America ■ Rngland Now Holland. . Virginia < Brit. America . Brit. America . New S. Wales . Australasio.. . . New Holland . . Brit. America . Patagonia .... New S. Wales . Asiatic Russia. Ireland Polynesia Polynesia Brit. America . Oregon Ter. . . Mantchooria . . Paraguay Mantchooria . . Mantchooria . . Nova Zembla. . Mexico China China China China Bahamas China Thibet To Tf Po Po Hh .Sc Vh Nb Vc Lh Tf Tf Tf To F(( Fc Lc Tl He Oa Ha Vj V Uj Ec Hn V 1 Sc Lc Vh Wh Gb Ed Vd Ik Ud Vd Qa «lf To Tf Tf Tc Gf Sf Se of PIMM, at. Yungning Yung-ning.i.'how Yu-nhing Yunnan Yunnan Yunshan Yun-tai-chan . . Yupoo Yarleveli Zab /abnra . . . , . /iicatccns . . . /acutvcns . . . Zacatnia . . . , Zacutula . . . . Zachco Zachiversk . Zagany Zaguanagas . Zairo Zaitsova . . . . Zaizan Zak Zainbczo , . . . Zambezi . . . , Zangucbar . . Zanto Zanzibar . . . . Zanzibar .. . Zaria Zarnsk Zavara Zawaja Zealand Zebato Zebce Zobid Zebu ■■■,.... Zechoe .*. . . . Cba. tT Cy. (;y. Pr. Cy. Pr. Cy. Pr. r. jThibet . iCIiina .. k'hina .. |China . . China .. liirnmh . China . . Mantchooria Ruaaia Zeeriwin-zeriman Zcghawa Zeghen Zeffzeg Zekhova Zelania Zomeo Zcndoro Zerbi Zerib Zeyla Zhe.hol. ....... Zimba Zimbao Zimbuas Zimora Zinti Zirianea Zirmie Znaym Dis. T. r' !^' R. I. T. T. R. R. T. L. R. R. R. ?■ ?'■ T. T. Pt. L. I. I. R. T. I. R. SU. T. T. Dis. Bay C. T. Cty. T. T. T. Tr. T. Tr, T. T. R. T. T. Barbary Arabia Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico West Indies. . . Asiatic Russia. .Soudan Mexico Congo Asiatic Russia. Mongolia Africa Cazombo Mozambique . . Africa Ionian Isles .. . Africa Indian Ocean.. Soudan Russia Mozambique Africa Denmark . . . New Grenada . AfVica Arabia Malaysia A&ica Sahara DarAir Fezzon Soudan Russia Nova Zembla .. Birmah Africa Tripoli Barbary Abyssinia Mantchooria . . Africa Motapa South America Russia Bolivia Asiatic Russia. Soudan Austria ail. uu. Sf To I'o Hf Sf Sf re Ud Oc Mo Pf Ff Ff F|f "If V b Mg E Mi Sc Rd Nk Nj Oj Oi No Oi Oi Mg Oo Ok Oh Mc Gh Oh Og NT Lf Ng Nf Mg Pb Qa Sf Oh Me Me ?3 Oj ?,' Nc Hk Nc Mg Hi ;:^.:. .,^- m i;< LTINO INDKX. /o:i- ... 'Zuaro . • ' /oKimif .■ /iH>tiiikio> /iHilaM ■• • /oliiia. . . /xiwan . • • /tirla.... /iilia. • ■ > /uMiba . • 1'/iiiiilmi. Zuinbo . I •'• T. T. T. Tr. T. T. T. T. Dap T. T. T. Hvrin rriiMiU Houdun MYwA CatlViiri* . . ■ ■ Anialic KuM'm ItiiMia Tiiriit Fuznan Vi'iiozuolu ' Lcnu' •' ' ■ . r 1(11 nil Ik UK O Mu Mt{ Oh HI) Oc Mu N f 'I. „ /iirlcli /iir|Niiie . . . /iirriili . ■ • '/iliirt'hrnk /iiytUr /«•' /vi'iii|{iiriHl ZverinoniiU'Viluiy«T. CtMI> T. ft /viiriilk /.wartliiiUn* . . . /wiirli'ii KiK'.k . /wcllrrulam . . ' Zwoll Zytomir • T. R. C. T. T. T. Switzerland . . . I'olynvHi • • • I C»lml ' t^apc Colony . • tJirmin t)cenii KiinkIii A*iiitic Ruiiia. Turkey C«iHi Colon V . ■ JNova Z 'fS IwitMfrlttnd . . . M I 'olyri«»W |V| ;»biil IP • ;bIk! Ctitony . . N 1 .■criiian »)ce«M M i- IliiMiiiii O c AHiiitic Kuaiiia. W <' Turkey N d L'ti|K! Colony ..Sk Nov» Z<'nil>l« ..,H » t'u|Hi ('oloiiy . .iN I llullaiid Mc Kuiwm Nc GENERAL VIEW THE WORLD. 117 III A •:»t#i 9 ,' ^^ ■ ■ jj#: m ■'Hkf'-'-lie.S: GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORLD. AMERICA. America, is a vast continent comprising one of the grand divisions of the globe; it contains an extent of territory nearly equal to half of the other three conti- nental divisions, constituting about three-tenths of the dry land on the surface of the earth ; it is washed on both sides by vast oceans, on the cast by the Atlantic, and on the west by the Pacific. It ranges from north to south through 125 degrees of latitude, and in its widest part 118 degree!) uf longitude, being in length about 9000 miles, and in average breadth about 2()0U ; the extent of sur- face has been variously estimated at from 17,303,000 to 14,622,000 square miles, but in every estimate allowance must bo made for the uncertainty of tlie northern limits, and our still imperfect acquaintance witli some of the coasts. America comprehends the whole of the tropical and temperate climates, with part of the arctic on both sides of the equator. The whole of the continent north of latitude 55° may be considered as a frozen region. In Greenland and around Hudson's Bay, mercury freezes in winter, and ice and snow accumulate on the land and water and covers a great part of the country throughout the year. The winter begins in August and continues for nine months. In summer the heat is as great as in New England ; it continues however for too short a period to bring grain to maturity, and cultivation is very little practised. Vegetation is too scanty to supply the inhabitants with any considerable part of their food, they therefore live chiefly on seals and other productions of the sea. Between 55° and 44° north the climate of North America is still severe. In winter the cold is intense, and the snow, which begins to fall in November, remains till May. The summer advances with such rapidity that the season of spring is i hardly known. In June the fields and forests are covered with luxuriant verdure ; grain is abundant and in some portions is cultivated with success. The temper ate portions of North America may be considered as extending from 46° to 37° north latitude. These regions are prolific in grass, the various descriptions of grain, and a variety of fruits are produced in great abundance. From 37° north to the latitude of 40 degrees south the climate is hot, and the products constitute some of the most valuable articles of commerce, being chiefly tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, cofiee, sugar, and the various tropical fruits. Beyond latitude 40° south the climate again becomes cold, and at Tierra del Fuego it is severe ; at the South Shetland Islands, in latitude 63° and 64° south, the climate is that of Greenland and Spitsbergen ; islands of ice are tossing through the seas, and the land is peopled only by those animal forms peculiar to the Antarctic Circle. Na- ture in this continent assumes an aspect of peculiar magnificence, for whether we consider its mountains, its rivers, its lakes, its forests, or its plains, America appears to be dLstinguished in all those leading features by a grandeur not to be found in the other parts of the globe. This continent contains a great variety of wild animals, and since its discovery the species usually domesticated in Europe have been introduced and are now found in great abundance. The birds are exceedingly numerous, and are sakl to be more beautiful in their plumage than those of the old continent, but in their notes less melodious. us ' 1| M- AMERICA. The vegetable kingdom is in the highest degree rich and varied, many of the trees are amongst the meet ornamental and useful, the fruits are rich and in great profusion, the plants and flowering shrubs exceedingly diversified and beautiful, and almost all the various species of grain necessary to sustain life are cultivated and aifurd abundant crops. In mineral treasures America surpasses all the other quarters of the globe. iSouth America and Mexico abound particularly in the precious metals, and such ample supplies have been carried to European markets that their value has been greatly diminished since the discovery of the American mines; all the more common metals, minerals, and precious stones, are found in great profusion, and many of them furnish the materials for extensive and important manufactures. The inhabitants of this continent have been estimated by various writers at from 20 millions to 50 millions, but are probably about 44 millions; of this num- ber about 18 millions are supposed to be whites, 10 millions of the aboriginal race, 8 millions of negroes, and 8 millions of the mixed race, as mulattoes, zam- boes, &.C. The whiles are chiefly English in the north, and Spaniards in the south, with come French, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, &c. The negroes are Africans, whom the cupidity of the European races has dragged into slavery, or descendants of the earlier victims of a barbarous traffic. The aboriginal population consists of two distinct races, the Esquimaux, inhab- iting the maritime districts of the Arctic regions, and the copper-coloured Indians, who are spread over all the rest of the continent ; their origin has been a subject of much investigation, but the total absence of historical records among the Indians themselves, renders it difficult to arrive at any satisfactory result II has been discovered that there are remarkable resemblances between some of the languages of Asia and those of the Indians, and hence it becomes nearly certain that they came from the Asiatic continent, but at what period they emigrated it is impossible to determine. It is evident that they are a distinct people, being essentially different in several respects from any of the existing races on the eastern continent. The natives in some parts, particularly Mexico and Peru, were considerably ad- vanced in civilization. Those inhabiting Mexico were denominated Aztecs ; their government was a sort of feudal monarchy, in which the nobles and priests mono- polized the power, the mass of the people being mere serfs attached to the soil The Aztecs had neither tame animals, money, nor artificial roads ; but they were acquainted with the arts of weaving cloth, hewing stone, carving in wood, and of modellinp; in soft substances. Their method of picture writing, though rude, com- pared with the alphabets of the nations of the old world, was superior to any thing else found in the new, and enabled them to transmit intelligence and to re- cord events with sufficient distinctness. Their calendar was more accurate than that of the Greeks and Romans, and evinced a degree of scientific skill that bu created suspicions of a foreign origin. The government of the Peruvians, or Quichuas, was a theocracy of the most despotic character ; the sacred Incas, descendants of the sun, were at once tem- poral and spiritual sovereigns, and the people, or children of the earth, were kept m a state of complete servitude, living according to minute regulations which re- duced them to mere machines, labouring in common, and holding no property. The Quichuas employed the lama as a beast of burden; constructed roads of great extent and solidity ; built suspension-bridges of a most ingenions kind ; fornied chisels of a hard alloy of copper and tin ; underetood the art of moving lori^e masses, and excelled the Aztecs in the perfection of their masonry, but were in- ferior to the latter in their mode of computing time and in their method of recoid- ingevents. The political state of America presents some striking features and contrasts. The native tribes who still survive, are partly held in subjection by Europeen Americans ; but the greater number wander over their extensive wilds, either in rude independence, or ruled despotically by their chiefs and caciques. The Eu- ropean colonists, who form now by far the moat numerous and important part a the population, were long held in subjection to the mother countries, the chief rf iried, many of the , rich and in great . led and beautiful, | life are cultivated ; Msaea all the other jcious metals, and i hat their value has nines; all the more Treat profusion, ana Jl manufactures. r various writers at] llions; of thisnum- M of the aboriginal , as mulattoes, zam- . ,d Spaniards m the , Swedes, &c. The ices has dragged mto I traffic. . 1. v 1 18 Esquimaux, mhalv (per-coloured Indians,! rln has been a subject. 1 records among the, factory result It has between some of the ecomes nearly certam| ■iod they emigrated it l , distinct people, bemg existing raceeonthe| ,wereconrideTablyad. minated Aztecs; thett ,bles and priests mono- ft attached to the BoiL I broads; but they were farvinginwood,andrt|l tinir, though rude, com- 1.^ superior to anyj intelligence and tore- M more accurate than «ientific8kUlthatha8| L tiieocracy of the mA Bun, were at once tern- 1 of the earth, were kep^ te regulations which re- W holding no prop«2- onstructed roads of g««J ingeniwis kind; formej [hrart of moving l«^\ P'ma«.nry,butwere«- their method of recoTO I Iff fbaturea and contnirtB. I rsSSti««bvBuwpe« fand caciqueB. JM «« i Is and important Pg J p, rnitntries. the AirfjMJ NORTH AMEUICA. 101 which were Spain and Great Britain ; but the preater part of them have now es- tablii'hod their independence, and have generally adopted the republican form of government. Another political element is formed by the negroes, who are mostly in a state of slavery ; u numrroiis body of them, however, in one of the finest West Indian Islnnds, have emancipated themselves and become a free people ; while Great Britain has recently bestowed restricted liberty on the large numbers by whom her islands are cultivated. There yet remain about 5 millions of black slaves in Brazil and the United States, besides a considerable number in the other European colonies. Alany of the indigenous tribes have become, at least in name and outward forms, converted to Christianity ; but a great number still cherish the crude no- tions and rude ceremonials of their native faith. Tlie European Americans have commonly retained the religious creed of their mother country, so that, while in tlie French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies, the Roman Catholic is the prevail- ing system, those countries that have been settled by English colonists are chiefly of the Protestant persuasions. The negroea have generally been instructed in the elements of Christianity. Tho whole number of Human Catholics may be estimated at about 2^ millions, of Protestants 15 millions, and of unconverted Indians 1^ millions : on this estimate, however, the negroes are considered as be- longing to the denomination embraced by their masters. No part of the world presents so great a number of languages spoken by so few individuals, as the American continent. It is estimated that more than 438 languages, and 2000 dialects, are here spoken by about 10 millions of indigenous natives, and consequently, about one half of the known tongues in the world are spoken by about one eighth of the population. An analogy of structure, however, so remarkable, has been found to pervade all the American languages as far as they are yet known, that they have been designated polysynthetic, a term descrip- tive of their remarkable powers of composition. No class of languages equals the American in its astonishing capacity for expressing several ideas and modifi- cations of ideas, in one word ; and idioms of naked savages are not less regular and complicated in structure than rich in words. From the country of the Esqui- maux to the Straits of Magellan, mother tongues, in their roots iiave, if the ex- pression may be allowed, the same physiognomy. It is in consequence of this similarity of structure, that the Indians of the missions could learn the tongue of a different tribe much more easily than the Spanish, and the monks had once adopted the practice of communicating with a great number of hordes through the medium of one of the native languages. NORTH AMERICA. North Ambrica comprises that portion of the New World extending from 8° to 70° north latitude, and from 65° to 168° west longitude. The area of this vast region is about 7,200,000 square miles, exclusive of the islands lying west and north-west of Baffin's Bay and Barrow's Strait. Presenting a broad i>ont to the Arctic Seas, it gradually expands in width to about 50° north latitude, when it again contracts its dimensions until it terminates in the Isthmus of Darien. Its winding outline presents a great extent of sea coast, which is estimated to amount to auout 0500 miles on the eastern, and somewhat more on the western side, exclusive of those on the frozen shores of the northern border. Mountain ranges, peculiarly distinguished by their magnitude and continuity, pervade this ruarter of the world. Those of North America consist of t*o great chains, the eastern and western ; the latter, or Rocky Mountain range, known also as the Chipewayan. Passing through Guatemala from the Isthmus of Darien, it spreads out, in Mexico, into extensive table-lands, crowned by lofly volcanic peaks : running thence through ths western regions of the United States, and the 11 U\. im iT' 132 MOR'IH AMERICA, British poseessionp, it finally sinks to n level on the shores of the Polar Sea, west- ward of the Mackenzie River. Its extent is prohulily not U^ss than 5lKtO miles, and in its fjeneral course it is nearly pariillul to the Pacific Ocean, forming ihe preat dividing ridge, or lino of e^paration, between the eastern and western waters, the principal of which have their origin in its rugged declivities. The only other extensive range is the Alleghany or Appalachian, which, run- ning parallel to the eastern coast of the United Stdtes, throws off some irregular and rather slightly connected branches diverging into Canada, Labrador and the vicinity of Hudson's Bay. This consists principally of 'wo parallel chains, the Alleghany and the Blue Ridge. Those, however, are not so extensive in their range, nor do they attain the elevation of the great western chain. The rivers of America constitute perhaps her prnndest natural features, or at least those in which she may claim the most decided pre-eminence over the other quarters of the globe. They are unequalled, both in their length of course and in the vast masses which they (wur into the ocean. The principal of these take their rise in the great western chain, from its eastern side, whence, being swelled by numerous streams, they roll, broatl and spacious, across the great interior plain, until they approach the eastern range of mountains : thence they derive a fresh and copious series of tributaries, till, bearing, as it were, the waters of half a continent, they reach the ocean. Thus, the Missouri (which, notwithstanding the I error which has given the name of tin; Mississippi to tho united channel, is un- doubtedly, in a physical view, the main stnjam) takes its rise in the Rocky Moun- tains, then flows eastward into the great central valley, where it is joined by the Mississippi, and there receives, from the Alleghany chain, the copious tribute of | the Ohio. In its course thence southward, it receives tributaries both from tlie pastern and western range. The St. Lawrence and Mississippi proper derive their ample stores not from any mountain chain, but from that cold watery region of sivamps and forests which forms the northern prolongation of the great central plain. The Mackenzie and Great ^ish River which flows through the north into the Arctic Sea, have a long diversified course, but, from the barren regions which they traverse, are of no commercial value. The Lakes of North America are numerous and important ; they are not, how- ever, mountain lakes, ror formed by mountain streams. They originate in those great wooded and watery plains whence the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence take their rise. The chain of connected lakes on the upper course of the latter river, Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior, form the largest bodies of fresh water in the world. Communicating with the sea by the broad channel of the St Lawrence, and in a country whose population is rapidlv increasing, the; are becoming of the greatest importance to commerce. Similar lakes extend to the northward as far as the Arctic Sea ; the Lake of the Woods, the Athabasca, ' the Great Slave, and the Great Bear Lake ; but these, unconnected with any other sea, and firozen for the greater part of the year, cannot serve any commer-i cial purpose. ! The Plains of the New World form almost as great and remarkable an object | as its mountains. In North America, of those more especially worthy of atten-j tion, the first is the plain along the Atlantic, between that ocean and the eastern ! range of mountains. To that belongs the original territory of the United States. It is a region of natural forests; of mixed, but rather poor mil, and of but tnode-| rate fertility. The second is that on the opposite side of the continent, between | the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean ; a country with a mild and humid , atmosphere, as far north as 55°, but inhospitable beyond that latitude. The most| extensive is the great central valley of the Mississippi, rich and well wooded on the east side ; bare, but not unfertile in the middle ; dry, sandy, and almost a desert on the west This vast plateau is prolonged without interruption, from the Gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Polar Sea, so that, as has been observed, one of its borders is covered with the palms and the splendid foliage of the tropica, while, in the other, the last buds of arctic vegetation expire. The area of this great plain is estimated at 3,240,000 square miles. -^r- e Polar Sea, west- 8 than 5tHH) mill*, cean, forming ihe item and western eclivities. ichian, which, run- off some irregular I, Labrador and the j larallcl chains, the; 1 extensive in their i :hain. ural features, or all ence over the other , ngth of course and; icipal of tliese take lence, being swelled great interior plain, 1 they derive afresh; he waters of half a notwithstanding the; lited channel, is un- in the Rocky Moun- ire it is joined by the , e copious tribute of ,1 utaries both from tlie nple stores not from swamps and foresto lain. The Mackenzie' 3 Arctic Sea, have a ley traverse, are of no , t; they are not, how- ey originate in those j nd the St. Lawrence! r course of the latter, the largest bodies of the broad channel of | ^.idly increasing, they imilar lakes extend 10 1 Voods, the Athabasca,! inconnected with any at serve any commer- 1 remarkable an object cially worthy of atten-! ocean and the eastern! f of the United Steles. Boil, and of but mode- he continent, between with a mild and humid; at latitude. The most ch and well wooded on y, sandy, and almost a t interruption, from thei has been obeerved, one foliage of the tropic8,| lire. The area of this NORTH AMERICA. 133 It was formerly believed, on the authority of Buflbn, that the animals of Ame- rica were inferior in nize to those of the eastern continent. The researches of modern naturalists have not only refuted this error, but have established the fact, that where any difference of size exists in animals of the same class, the superi- ority in most cases is on the American side. The animnl kingdom of North Ame- rica embraces a considerable variety of species, some of which are not found in other parts of the world. or tliu Benr species those peculiar to North America are the Grizzly, Barren Ground, and Black Dears, The great Polar, or White Bear, is found also in the Arctic regions of Europe and Asia. In North America it inhabits the continent as fur south as Ltibrndor and Hudson's Bay, its principal residence is on fields of ice, with which it frequently floats a great distiince from land. These huge crea- tures feed mostly on nniinul substances, and as they swim and dive well, they hunt seals and other marine nnimals with great success. The White Bear pos- sesses prodigious strength, and often attacks sailors who visit the Arctic seas. It is also remarkable for its attaclimcnt to its young, and is of a dirty or yellowish white colour. The (Irizzly Bear, the most powerful and dangerous animal of North .America, inhabiting both sides of the Rocky Mountains, is, when full grown, reported to exceed 800 pounds in weight, and its strength so great that it has been i known to drag to a considerable distance a buffalo weighing KXIO pounds; the cubs of this species run climb trees, but the adult animal cannot : the hunter may thus oscapo, but the infuriated beast will sometimes keep watch below, and thus confine his enemy for many hours. This is a carnivorous species, but will occa- sionally eat vegetables. The Borrcn Ground Bear receives its name from the circumstance of its inhabiting only that ticction of the continent called the Barren Lands, or grounds situated north of 60°; tiiis is a formidable aniinni, and is ir.i-rh dreaded by the Indians, who are very careful to avoid burning bones in their en- campments, or any thing that might attract its notice. It frcriuents the sea coast in autumn in considerable numbers, for the purpose of feeding on fish. In size it is between the Grizzly and the Black Bear. The Black Bear of North America is different from the European animal of the samo name. It has a milder disposi- tion, and lives more on vegetables: its favourite lood is the different kinds of ber- ries, and it will not, except from necessity, subsist on animnl substances. The Cin- namon Bear of the traders, and found in the vicinity of Hudson's Bay, is consi- dered only an accidental variety of the Black Bear. Of the Deer kind there are several species not (bund in the old continent. The Moose Deer resembles the Elk of Europe, but is of a different species; it is the largest of the Deer kind found in America, and perhaps in the world, being in height to the shoulder full six feet, and weighs when full grown from 100() to 12(K) pounds; it is a solitary animal, and the most shy and wary of all the Deer species : it was formerly fbund as far south as the Ohio River, but now occurs most frequently in the countries north of the great lakes and in the unsettled parts of Cfanada, and also occasionally in the northern sections of New Hampshire, Maine, &c. The Wapiti or American Elk is second in size only to the Moose, and formerly ranged over all the middle parts of the continent : it is now fbund only in the remote western districts of the United States and Canada, and also west of the Rocky Mountains. The size and appearance of the Elk are imposing ; his air denotes confidence of great strength, while his towering horns exhibit weapons capable of doing much injury when offensively employed. The Elk is -hy and retiring, and has very acute senses ; the flesh is highly prized as food, and tiie horns when in a soil state are considered a delicacy. The Indians make bows of the perfect horn, which are highly serviceable from their elasticity ; and from their skins they prepare various articles of dress, and apply them also to other purposes. The Caribou, or American Reindeer, is a different species from the Reindeer of the old continent ; it is found in all the high northern latitudes of North America, and has never been domesticated or used as a beast of draught by the natives, being considered only as game ; there are two species, the Wood- land and the Barren Ground Caribou. The Virginia Deer is one of the most ele- •m .V' ■■ISk:- m ?d 1;^ •#• 124 NORTH AMERICA. (jant of the Aiiiorican animnls of its class ; it lives in largo herd!", ant! is found over II cunsidiTuble [wrtion of North Aniericn; it is said to display great enmity to the Kattlfenake, which it contrives to crush by leaping witli its fore-feet con- joined and dropping perpendicularly on the serpent, boundinjj away with great liirlitnetiH, and repeating this attack until his enemy is destroyed. One species of Antelope, the prong-horned, is peculiar to America ; it ia a griiceful and fleet animal, so switl that it seems rather to fly than leap from rock I to rock in the rugged regions whicli it inhabits; they live in small families, and I uru found in the vast plain of the Missouri und Saskatchawan, in the vicinity of llie Rocky Mountains. The American Bison, or Bnfllilo, once common in the United States, has gra- (hmlly disappeared before the w hite population ; it now only exists to the west of tlic iWississippi, anil roams over the vast grassy plains in the vicniity of tiie Rocky Mountuin.s; liero it is found in inmiense herds, umnunting, it is said, oftentimes to from r)(M)0 to 10,(){tO licad ; the flesh is tender and juicy, and the tongue and htnnp, or wiij, are in particular esteemed great delicacies. The Musk Ox derives its name from its flesh, when in a lean state, smelling strongly of that substance. It is trul;' an Arctic aiiimal, being lovmd only in the barren lands beyond llie (.ireat Slave Lake, and as far north ns Melville Island in 75°. In size the Musk Ox scarcely equals that of the small Highland cattle, the carcase when cleaned not weighing more than 13 cvvt. ; it assembles in hords and flees at the sight of nmn ; it is unich hunted both by the Indians and K:'(|uimaux. Ili.'rds of wild Horses roam over the great plains on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, and like those existing under similar circumstances in the southern continent, are the oH'spring of the European animal, imported soon after the first settlement of the country. They are found from Texas to the plains of the Sas- katchawan, and are of great importance to the Nomadic Tribes, who train them not only for transporting their tents and families from place to place, but also for the purposes of war, the chase, and of tbod ; the fleah of the horse being thus mostly used by the S|Mkains and several other tribes, and likewise at times by tl e residents of tlie Mudson's Bay Company's posts op the Columbia River and i s brunches. A lew individuals of the Wild Horse purchased by citizens of the United States from the Indians, have been found remarkable for their speed and bottom. Of the Cat kind this continent contains several species, all equally remarkable, like their congeners of the old world, tor the beauty and diversity of their colour, and the treachery of their disposition. The cougor, or puma, called also the pan- Iher, is the largest and most tbrmidable of its class found in North America : it is about one-third less in size than the lion, and of suflicient strength to carry a man up a tree; though now rare in the more settled parts of the continent, it is occa- sionully met with in the remote districts of the United States. It preys upon calves, sheep, &.C., but has also been known to attack man. The jaguar, an ani- mal of the cat kind, resembling the panther, is found, though rarely, in Mexico ; ulso ihe ocelet and tiger-cat. The Rocky Mountain sheep and goat inhabit the same range of mountains from which they derive their name; the latter is about the size of the domestic i sheep, its fleece hanging down on both sides like thut of the merino breed, the ; hair is long and straight, coarser than that of the sheep, but finer than that of the domestic goat ; the Rocky Mountain sheep is larger than any domestic sheep ; the iiorns of the ram are immense, in some of the old ones so mi'ch so as to prevent the animal's feeding on ' level ground. The hair is like that of the reindeer, at first short, fine and flexible, but as the winter advances it becomes coarse, dry and brittle, though it feels soft; it is then so close as to become erect; they collect in! flocks from three to thirty, the young rams and females herding together, while I the old rams form separate flocks. The principal fur-bearing animals of North America are the beaver, musq'iash, or muskrat, pine-marten, pekan, or fisher, the Canada lynx, raccoon, and stoat, on ermine. These animals are all diligently hunted, both by Indians and the inha-' bitants of those settled parts of the continent in which any of them are yet found ; ■II- erds, and is tmiml I ^Iny preiit enmity I its fore-fet't con- away witl» {,"^<^'^^ 1. . . America; it w a m leap from rock I small families, and , , in the vicinity of ,(1 States, has gra- Kists to the west of Miiity of the Rocky I, ig Knid, oftentimes nd tlie tongue and 10 Musk Ox derives ^ of tlul substance. 1 lands beyond tlu; In size the Musk rcaao when cleaned flees at the sight ot , 1 sides of the Rocky nces in the southern d soon after the first ^e plains of the Sas- •ibes, who train theinj to place, but also fori the horse being thus ewise at times by tl ti lumbia River and i s il by citizens of the for their speed and 11 equally remarkable, ersity of their colour, J, called also the pun- North America : it is rength to carry a man J continent, it is occa- tates. It preys upon The jaguar, an ani- gh rarely, in Mexico; - range of mountains I size of the domestic the merino breed, the t finer than that of the ] ly domestic sheep ; the nii'ch so as to prevcn bat of the reindeer, at j ecomes coarse, dry and • erect; they collect m i lerding together, while the beaver, musq'iash, rt, raccoon, and stoat, or I y Indians and the inha-j of them arc yet fo_""gJ NORTH AMKRU A. 125 tlieir skins make an important item of export to Europe, particularly from Canada ; soirn of these aniinnls are nvideiitiy dncrcasin!.' with jjrent rapidity. Tlio well known beaver is now almosit excUisivcly contined to CimiiHa and tiie north-west (listrioti of America ; even here, however, llioir nnmbors are daily diminishing, hi till! year 174M the imports of bnaver skins into tbo ports of I/)nilon and Ko- cliolle exceeded I.")(MHH); in l^<'27 the import, tiiongli from four times the extent of fur country known in ITl.'J, was less tluin 50,0(1(1; of tlio musquash, iM-twoon 4(MMWM) nmt .T()0,(tOO skins are annually exported from Canada, and of the pine- marten 1(K1,000 skins; tlie latter are used tor trimming?, and will dye so well as to imitate sables and other expensive furs, hence they have always been an im- portant article of commerce. The sea-otter also furnishes a largo amount of valuable furs, principally to the Ru.asians on the north-west coast. The dog kind exhibits several varieties not found in other parts of the world ; of these the Newfoundland dog is remarkable for its .«agacity, great bulk and strength. The Ksquiinaux dog, also a large variety, is very useful to the Esqui- maux and the traders in drawing their furs and baggage. The North American (log is used in the Hudson's Iky countries both as a beast of draught and in the cliaae, and also for food, its flesh being esteemed by the Canadian voyagers, or canoe-men, superior to all other. Foxes and wolves abound in most parts of the central and northern regions of tlie continent ; of the former there are the arctic, sooty, cross, black, gray, and red fox, and of the latter, the Mexican, the gray, red, black, dusky, and barking, or prairie-wolf. Of the opossum, found from Pennsylvania to Brazil, there are several species, of wliich the Virginia, or common opossum, is well known in the United States; also, the skunk, marmots of diflerent species, squirrels, hares, and a great variety of other smaller animals. The whale species are numerous on the northern coasts ; the most useful and remarkable are the common and spermaceti whale, and the nnrwhalc, or sea- unicorn. The common seal frequents the sea coasts perhaps throughout the ! world, but is in North America most numerous in high northern latitudes, and is I of the greatest use to the Esquimaux and other inhabitants of those frozen mgioiis, furnishing them with all the necessaries of life; t>>ey are of various kinds, as the hocled, harp, fetid, ursine, and great seal. Most of the Birds of North America, and especially those of the United States, are now rendered as familiar to the European naturalist as those of his own coun- try ; for they have been more ably and more fully illustrated than those of any part of the world. Rapacious birds are here a^ numerous as in other parts of the earth, ond of a great many diflerent species, including eagles, vultures, hawks, falcons, owls, &,z. The white-headed or bald-headed eagle is well known as be- j ing the chosen emblem of our own republic. It is common to both continents ; but, while it seems almost entirely confined to the arctic regions of the old world, it abounds in the milder rej^ions of th^ United States, in the new. It is notorious for its Ir.wlesB 'labits; robbing the fidh-hawk of his hard-won victim, and even compellikig the vulture to disgorge its filthv prey. The vultures are the great Californian vuiture, black vulture, and turkey buzzard. The first seems to be con- fined to California and the adjoining regions west of the Rocky Mountains: they build their nests in the must secret parts of the pine forests: they measure from four to four and a half feet in lengtli. Their food is carrion or dead fish, and they will in no instance attack any living animal, unless it be wounded and unable to walk. In searching for their prey, they soar to a great height ; and, on discover- ing a wounded deer or other animal, they follow it«i track until it sinks disabled I to the ground. Although only one bird may be first in possession, it is soon sur- rounded by great numbers, who all fall upon the carcase, and devour it to a skele- ton within an hour, even though it be a horse or a stag. The black vulture and turkey buzzard are both well known ind numerous in the southern States of our Union, where, notwithstanding their filthy habits, they are protected by law and common usage, being of great utility in devouring putrid animal matter which would otherwise be highly ofl«nsive and injurious. 'J'he W'ld turkey is peculiar to America : it is a fine large bird, of brilliant 11* m * ■ ' .*♦■ m M .#•' wliito-hcndod cafrlr, n i,izy, cowardly, tyninnirni bird, living on thr liilioiirn of olbfTs, nnd iniiro tmittHl to reproBeiit an iiiii)crinl despotic poverii- tni'iit tliiin thn rppiiblic of Aiiicric!!. Of tlif! diirk kind, of wbich thcro nr« ninny fprnies, tlic bpst-known is thn ran- va^J-b.ick. It is |)pciilinr to Aniprira, nnd is inoro cclpbrntpd tbnn nny otlicr fur the pxrollpnt flavour of itH flpsli : they aro found mostly in Chptifippnke Uny nnd tho noijrlibouriujf rivorfl. In wiiitor, thpy nro occnsioimlly bo niimprous as to covpr the water to tlm extpnl of cevprnl nrrps; this bird is nn expert diver, and livos on the bullioiis niot of a wntpr-j»ras9 resprnblinj'' pnrden rrlery in taste, to wliich is nitriliutpd its ppculinr flavour; tlipy dive in from 8 to H ti'Ct of water, nnd are freiiuently nttended by the widppon, or bald-pain dufk, who never dives himself, but watches the risinjr of the ciinvns-bnck, and, before he hna his eyes well opened, Hnatches thn delicious morse! from his mouth and makes off: on this account, the two s|)ccies live in continual contention. l*erha|>B the most characteristic of American birds is thn hitmmin^-bird, re- murkabic alike for its diminutive size and the brilHant metallic lustre of its plu- mnjre : they are most numerous in South America, but are found in the northern continent as flir north m 45^. Vast flitrht.i of piifpons migrate periodically to difleront parts of the continent, frequently extendinnf for many miles on each side, darkening the entire atnio- spherp, anil otlon requiring four or five days to pass over a particular place. Of the birds of jjjame, the principal are the frrouFO, pheasant, partridge, &c. The ppecie.s of prouse am more numerous, and entirely distinct tirom those of K\\- rope. The largest and most valuable is the Cock of the Plains. Some other of the peculiar American birds are the mockinp-binl, blue jay, and whip-poor-will. Parrots and parroquets aliound in Mexico; and in the United States there is one species of pariot. The sens, lakes, and rivers of North America swarm with a great variety of delicious fiiih. The cod, so well known in commerce, is found only in the north ern seas. Theii* great rendezvous is on the Bank of Newfoundland and other sand-banks that lie ofl' the coasts of the northern parts of the United Stntes: thc.«e situations they prefer on account of the number of worms produced in those sandy bottoms, which tempt them to resort there for food. Some conception may be formed of their amazing fecundity, from the fact that nearly ten millions of egg) have been counted in one fi.oh of a moderate size. The mackerel and alewife fisheries, along tho coasts of the United States, also give employment and food to great number.^ of persons. The shad is t ken in large quantities in all the rivers of the Atlantic States, and in the proper season is highly esteemed. The salmon is also found in the northern rivers of the United States and Canada, on both sides of the continent, nnd is especially plentiful in Columbia River. The white-fish,or titameg of the traders, is caught in all the great lakes from Canadi to the Arctic Ocean. It is a delicious article of food, and as many as 000 barrels have been taken at a single fishery on Ijake Superior. The Reptiles of America are numerous, and, like the generality of this class in other parts of the world, the nrwjority are apparently useless, and some dangerous. In North America, the alligator does not occur north of the Carolinas and the Red River of Louisiana. In severe winters he buries himself in the mud, and lies in a torpid state. The rattlesnakes are peculiar to the New World, and are particularly fbrmidaWe on account of the deadly venom of their bite. There are four or five species of this reptile, all of which reach the length of five or six feet The common species of the United States is extremely Bumerous about the sources of the Columbia River. There are several kinds of land tortoises, but they are all of a moderate size. Some curious salamand,. inave been recently discovered, and the celebrated siren is an inhabitant of the muddy lakes of Georgia and South Carolina. This sin- -'^ I Iho liHtrr in rearwl ■■} wcHxlc by it. Of tier cniblpin of mir iral bird, living on ial lU'spotic Rovern- t-knnwn if thn ran- tbnn miy other tor BO numrrous bs tn in expert diver, and 1 crlcry in tnatc, to J to H I'ti't of WIlttT, fk, who nnver dives ■forB hp lins his ryi's d makiw otf : on this hnrnmins-bird, re- llic lustre of its P'"- found in the northern irtsof the continent,] inp the entire atmo- ariiculnr place, ensant, parlridfre. &c. Incl from thofe ot tM- lains. Some other of y, and whip-poor-will, d States there is one fith a trreat variety of iind only in the north- nvfovindland and otlier 'United Slntes: thci^e ■oduced in those sandy lie conception may be y ten millions of eggs mackerel and nlewile employment and food •c (pianlities in all the li^hly esteemed. The States and Canada, on Columbia River. The reat lakes from Canadi as many as 900 borrek] nerality of this class in a, and some dangerous. ' the Cirolinas and the imself in the mud, and MS New World, and are their bite. There are ,e length of five or BIX ely numerous about vne ] all of a moderate size, ind the celebrated siren ith Carolina. This sin- 1 NORTH AMKKICA. l!i7 gular reptile has lon(( ,)crplexed nnturnliHtH, some thinkinff it a tadpole or imper- ti'ct frojf; It iH now, h.iwuvur, fully aticortuined to Iw an aiTult animal. The aborif;inal .Americans all conntitute, at the presmt dny, by their physical clmrnctorH not Iush tliiin by their hn^ruajrcK, a nice (iilli'rent from thnxe known iK-lure tiiu (liscuvijry of America, and proHorve thr.iiijjhnut this viit*t e.xlent of coun- try and variety of climiitcs, the same KssentinI clmraotiTisticH. They hiivo n cop- pur ciilour, rc.sutnbliii|r tliiit of rusty iron or cinnamon, coarse, ^trtiij^lit, hluck hiiir, iii>;li oiiuek-bones, and sunken lyva; it has been alHriiied tiint they nre without li'ard.s but it is wi'll iiscertniiieil that this in nut the case nHtunilly, but tlitit most of tlieiii take great pains to pluck them out. Almost all tiie Indiiuis near Mexic^o, mid thn.so on the north-west coast, wear mustachios. The American Indians are (fenerally erect and of tine forms, with few instances of decrepitude or detormity ; lliey liavf cleaner limbs, not so muscular, iind with less tendency to corpulence, j limn the whites. As a race tliey have countenances that are frenernlly unjoyoiis, stern and ruminatini;; it is with them either SHK>4.S|oNri IN NOKi'll \Mi:i{l('A. iiiHtitiitionii, nrtii, inilii>>try, iinil rchifioii; iit tlin aiiiin tirm^ fvt'ry |i)iiliinthropic man will wifli llii'HO (•fl5)rtH ot IwMK'Volciir ' nil ikihhiIiIi' min'OKH. Niirtli AtiK'ricn Ih |M)litiriilly illvulrci into tlii> Ki<|MililirH of llin (JiiitotI StntcM, ' Texas MrxKM), nnii (■iiiiti'inalii, wliic.li (iccu|>y tin' ri'iilrnl nml Hoiitlicrn (nrtnol' till' niiitiiii-nt. 'i'lio ivirtlinrii, lliu caHtiTti, iiiiil cnntml partn, nonliiiri tin' |)04. s«^NHti>rii mtIiuii tluMi* clnuiwd liy Hii.-iNia. 'riiu.tolluwiiitr Cdliinati's nf tin.' arciiH in wn-arc iiiilfi*, iiinl tho ixppii- Intion ol' llio ruHpoctivi' iliviNioiiM iit tin* iircHt'iit tiiiio, in prubulily a» nuur iiii uppruxi- inutiun to the truth u circiimiitaiiiH'H will |>i0(l,(MIO t{,l)(l(l,llim 3,:i(;i),oi)o i,.'ii;(i,(i(i(i ti5(),(l(l() AO.OOI) 7,160,000 yt>.>» alx)ri};incei, or Inilinnn, to fij millions; and mrlliona 8(M) thouiiand arc of ne- f^.o ind liiixcU races. RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. That part of North America claimed by Ruiisia is a territory of considerable extent, and cDinpriscii the north-western portion of the continent, beinf; that prt of it adjacent to Asia; it is bounded north by the Arctic Ocean, east by the Brit- ish posHt'Sdionx, from which it is soparated by the 141° of lon|;itude, west from Greenwich; foulh by tho Pacific Ocean and the Oregon Tc.ritory; west by Bhorinfr's Strait and the Pacific Ocean. The coast seems to be chiefly alpine, in sonic parts rising into snow-capped summits, of which the most remarkable moun- tain is i!!t. Klias; it is probably a volcanic peak, and is elevated to the height of 17,8r>0 feet above the level of tho sea, and is said to bo visible 50 leajfues from tlio coast. In this region there are computed to be lOiK) white inhabitants, who are mostly traders ; the savages are estimated at near SiOfiOO ; they barter the fura obtained in hunting with the Russians, for fire-arms, beads, tobacco, and other nrticles. The Russians have a number of factories, or trading establishments, on various parts of the coast: the principal of tlicse are at Sitcha, or New Arch- angel, Kodiak, and Oonalaska. The Alooutian Islands may be considered as belonging to tliia region ; thejr form a long and numerous group, extending westward from the Peninsula of Ah- aska to Kamtsohatka. They appear to be a continuation of the lofly volcanic ranges which traverse the opposite regions of the two continents. These islands are inhabited by a race sharing, in a measure, the features and aspect of the Mon- gols and Biiquimaux. Considered as savages, they are mild in their manners and deportment, and display a considerable degree of industry and ingenuity : they dwell in large subterranean mansions, or rather villages, partitioned into numerous apartments, and containing from 50 to 100, or even liX) inhabitants. These abodes, covered with turf, are almost on a level with the surrounding country, from which they are scarcely to be distinguished. . Sitcha, or New Archangel, on one of tho islands belonging to the Archipelagic of George III. may be considered the capital of the territories of Russia on this continent ; it is a village of about 1000 inhabitants, the houses of which, includ- ing the fortifications and public buildings, are built of wood, and are neat and well kept The management of the trade at this and the other ports, has been inju- dieiousljr vested by the Russian government in ^ exclusive company, resident at ^'^^Mfe'llViiii CA. I l>liilniilliropic man' I ho UnitJMl HfnU's' I wMitliiTn pnrU ol' «, nontmn tin- ]yn- itioii tliiw" cliiimi'il iiilfH. nii'l the |xi|)ii- asiuMir iinapiiroxi- 1 iilntlnn. iim.noo MMI.IIIIO iiiii.itim ll'iO.OOO Biint to ir»J miUionn:' tlioiwand arc of nc- AMERICA. ritory of considprobl* inent, being that part can, east by the Brit- 1 h)n|;itii(le, west from I Tc.ritory; west by Dbe chiefly alpine, in] iBt reniarkablo moun- 1 atcd to the height of ; Kiblo 'A) IcttRues from rliite inhabitants, who; i,000; thoy barter the' uls, tobacco, and other ng establishments, on Sitcha, or New Arch- to tins reRion; they the Peninsula of Ah- of the lofty volcanic | nenU. These islands] indaspectoftheMon-l in their manners and and ingenuity: they rtitioned into numerous I itanta. These abodes, J ig country, from which ing to the Archipelago nries of Russia on this | uses of which, includ"! , and are neat and well I r ports, has been inju-| e company, resident at^ IIKirisil |'(»ssi:ssi(»Ns IN 'IRTTI VMi l*» Irkoulxk. 'l'h(> grand uhi<>ct of their trwlo t» < • r hum of tho R«>a-(ittor mill iilhcr nniiiiiiU, t<)r (lii> niiirki*t nf ('uniiiii, wii < tli' \i in vrry I'xti'MHivn ili'iniiiid. Tlio aiiiiiial vitliio iif thn film drown by RuMm trutn her North Amen- cull iNMMCNiioiw huii been ostiiuatud at i!ir2(N>,(KK). llRITISir WSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERIC^A. Tim; postspHxidnH of (Jront Oritaiii in North America are an asNoinblagn of vast ill-ili'lliii'd iiMil Hlriiu't.'linif ti!rrituri of the )?rt'iili'h( of tins now t'xictiinf Kumpcnn riioirircliieM. TliiM country, takon in its lull oxtcnt, is iMMiiidcd iiurtli liy tlii! Arctic Sea, eact liy till' Atlantic Ocean mid liulIin'H Bay, south by tlin Uiiilud StatcH itnd the At- liiiitic Oci.'uu, and Wfst by tlui American pownoHi^ions of RiiHMin. Itn nr(!n i» equal ti) iilHHit that of the United States. Alnrnt ono tenth part only of this voxt terri- tiiry Ih uh yet xottled by a civilized population. Tiiu actual occiipatiuu by white settlers extends along the northern, and, in the lower |>art of its course, the soulli- iTii, Imiik of the St. Iiawreiice, tho northern shores of Like Ontario aiul I^ke Erie, and, in part, the ensturn coast.'' of Ijake Huron: it reorli's, though only in Kdiiio iiistaiice.s, thirty or l!)rty miles into the interior. The Company which en- jiivs the exclusive trade of Hudson's Bay, maintains several torts on its western ^ll(lre; they have also small tiirts on the leading lakes and rivers of the interior, called Ilmises, where they are secure against the uttark of the Indians scattered over the expanse of these desolate wilds, and can form a store of the articles ne- cessary fiir the fur trade. Beyond this occupancy they have not attempted to ex- ercise any jurisdiction, nor, as ha.s lately appeared, coiihl a peaceable colony form ilseir without imminent danger from these rude tenants of the wild. 'I'lie climate is very severe, much exceeding what is felt under the same lati- tiiilo in tho old continent. Lower Canada for six and Upper Canada for five months of the year have a moan temperature below the' freezing point, and are liiirind in perpetual snow ; yet after that period the sun bn aks out with sucli force, thul large crops of the most valuable grain can be rait-od on the great extent of li.'rtile land of which the territory consists. Upper Canada is finely watered, clad Willi immimsn forests of valuable timber, and contains alxiut ten millions of acres ciipihle of culture. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are well wcxxled countries, l)iit less fertile ; and though tho winters are less severe, tho heavy fogs that pre- vail for a great part of the year are still more ditiagreeable llmii the frosu and mows of Canada. 'I'he river St. Ijiwrence is the principal feature of this region, and one of the noblest river channels in the world. It is difficult to suy where it begins. It has been held to issue from I,nke Superior, a vast body of water, fed by about fifty streams, of which the St. Louis and Grand Portage Rivers are the principal ; but, ill I'uct, the lakes are merely connected by short canals, through which the surplus wntcrs of one are poured into the other. These canals bear the local names of Si. (^lair, Detroit, Niagara, &c. The last is distinguished by its falls, the most niagnificent in the world. From Luke Ontario to iMontreal the river is broken by a succession of rocks, cataracts, and rapids, which render navigation very danger- ous. It is after passing Montreal that it rolls in full grandeur in a deep continu- ous clinnncl, conveying large ships and rafts down to Quebec. The navigation is blocked up for half the year by the ice, which even in spring encumbers it for some weeks with floating fragments. The other rivers of Lower Canada are its tributaries. On the north are the Utawas and the Saguenay, large navigable rivers flowing through a region little known : the former is supposed ta have a course of about 6(10 miles, but its navi- gation is much interrupted by rapids; the latter is remarkable for its great depth R *t -. ■ " , . f • I i ■■ I; I , ■ I ril* ff 'Ml \nn llUiriSIJ |'((SJ4H|u.NH IN Noinil >II,HHA. niwl wiillti, nnil \i* naviunbln tiir IM) iiiiIi'h to tU thIlH-, tor tlin djutnnrti of ntfiut iVI iiiili'H ii. Iiiirt llii> ii|i|H':irari(;i> ut' n liiii)f iiiniintaiii liiki*. 'l'li<< Sr. ,Mniirirt< jn aim n (■ Si. I^iwririci', IM ci'irliriiti'il liir iIh iHMiitirul cntiiriu'i. which (loiirii ii iiir^it voIiiiim' <>r wiitrr over n |iri'ri|iilr)iH Irdj^f. On tin- i ciimnili' riiMliiii)^ ilciwii n prrciini • KM) li'i't in ht'i^'ht; and llic Sori'lji' or Kirlii'iitMi, the iiiitlot ot' l,iil<)- ('liaiii|)|iiiii. 'j'hi' 'I'liiiiiicH, llowinif into l,nkM St. Clnir, nml tlu' ()u»e, are tlin priiici|wil rivrri. of Upper (.'iiniidn. 'I'liu St. John, wliirh riwH in Mnini\ ix naviunhh' "^(t riiiji s liy urn vcKsi'N, hill jt^t rciiirsn Ih niiuh hrokcn hy f^iil.s and rupjd^, Tlif Miruiiiiclii is till' other prineipil rivi'r of N(IO niilen, ami coverinir an area of ;{.">,( MM) winari? iiiilett. It diwharireH itn w.ilrr'* Ihroiiifh the river nr Strait of St. .Mary, ">() iiiile« loii^', into Lake Huron, wIiil-Ii likewine reeeivPH tlnw of Lake .Miehi^ran. Lake Huron in "JHO niile.< in lenj/th, and IM) in lireadth, ex- cliiHive of the lar^e bay on the iiorth-eaHtern hliore, called (ieoririnn Bay, which ia alMiiit 80 iiiiled in leii^rth by 'M) in hrendth. An outlet, called tlii> river St. Clnir, expiindii, after a conrse of 40 miien, into a lakn of the h:iiii(> name, Vi4 niilen in lont'lh, am! HO in brondth, which ajjain contraclH, and criterH l.uko Krip under flic nnnie of the river Detroit, VJTj iiiilea in lenirth. Lake Krie, tlin next link in this preat chain, if 270 miles in lonjjth, hy tVoni ','.') to ")() in breadth. Tlie river Nin- Ifarn, HO niilos lonir, cnrrioH its mirpliix waters over a pcrpendiciilar procipico 1H5 feet liiffh, into I.ako Ontario, which ifi alnait 1!M) miles in lenirth, hy 10 in breadth. 'I'lin surface of Lake Superior is about Oii.") feet alH)ve the lefel of flie (ica ; its mRdiuin depth iHH) feet; the descent to Luke Ilurfin is by the Siinlt or I-'all of St. Mary 211 feet, and by rapids and the (rradiial descent of the river, 21 feet, (jiviiiff r>HO feet for the elevation of the surface of I,aki! Huron, v.liose depth is eipml to that of Lake Superior. Ijike p]ri>; is iniicli shallower, not exceeding a mean of 120 font, and liavinpf its Kiirfiice .")(iO feet mIhivo liifjii water, while I^iike Ontario has a depth of .'MM) feet, and its sin,! z's is '.',:]<) lower than that of Lake Fric. TIip waters of these lakes are clear and potable, and they al)f)iind with fish, amonpj which are trout, weitrhinjr from 75 to KM) pounds, stiirircon, white fish, pike, bnss, &c. They are navii(able by larpe vesseN, and a great number of steamboats nn- viffate their watnr.s. Irfike Siincoe, which is connected with Lake Huron, is already disturbed by the plash of the stoamiioat. L:iko Nepissinjr is a considerable! body of water, which a rapid and broken stN?am unites with Lake Huron. In thn interior, are several smaller lakes, of which the principal is the Lake of the Woods, whoso winding chores are H(K) miles in circumference. Farther to the north-west is IjakeVVinnipeek. The namt nii^nifiea muildy, and is descriptive of Us waters. There is a water communicntion with Lake Superior by the rivers Winnipeok and IiJiPluie. Still farther to the north-west, a number of lakes ex- tend nearly in a lino, at various distances from each other, connected by a water communication, except in two or three cases, where porturres or carry injr.places intervene. This is the principal navigable route to the waters of the Arctic Sea, and is much frequented by the fur traders during the short period of summer in theso regions. The principal divisions of British America are New Britain, with the provinces of Upper Canada, liower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Iklward's Island, and Newfoundland. The constitution of government for the provinces has been modelled on that of the mother country. Each province has a governor and a legislative council ap- pointed by the crown, and a house of commons or representatives chosen by the inhabitants, upon moderate qualifications. The government of Canada was ad- ministered by a governor and council appointed by the crown, until 1791, when the constitutional act divided the country into two provinces, and established a constitutional government for each. In liOwer Canada, the legislative cos.ncil is f lA. itniirti cil' ftlout 8* III'" '» ;li I'iiIIh illlii till" St. I II lnrtfO VIlllMIK' ol' ' 'riiiicm; lli'- Clmti-l in heiKlit; nivi llu'l tlii> principiil rivTH i'i(.ml)|i' HI tnili s liy, The Mirainiclii iii p;irt of tlio worlil In- lurL'i'ft o!' till'!' ' •rior, wliicli in t.'H niilps, mill coviTim: iinmtrh llio river or •wiw! rcfcivoH tlinw I iin ill lirrnilll), px-j Icoru'inn Buy. wliicli 1 \\w river St. ("Inir. . nniiie. '24 iiiilpst in |.:iko Krip under tlio tlm next link in thisi Ih. Tlie river Nm_-' liciiliir prncipico !(>■') j rth, hy K) in lireiullti. ie»el of the t'Pn ; i'"! < Siiult or Fall of St. river, -Jl feP'. civinir] (isL> (leplli is P<1<"»' ^"1 [jxceeiliiip a nieiin of i while Liikn Oiitnrio t of Liikt! Kric. Thel nnd with fiKJi, amonsrl kvhite fi^h, pikP, bnss,: )er of dteninboats nn- ni\\ Lftko Unron, isj sinT is n considerable j Lake Huron. Fnthnj 1 is the Luke of the j nee. Further to the, , nnd iH deseriptivn of Superior by the riversi number of lakes c.v-' connected by a water! res or carry injT-placcs !ers of the Arctic Sen, period of summer in| tin, with the provinces jotia, Prince Evl ward 8 en modelled on that of legisliitive council ap- ntalives chosen by the !nt of Canada was ad- own, until 1791, when nccs, and established a legislative cot.ncin9j FJUlTlsH >v»WEs.skiNj« IM South amkhica. lai spiKiiiiled liir life, iind cofl»ifts of ;j-t mfiiiborB; nnd the hoiino of imKemhly, olpctoii liir titur yearH, in rniii|i,)Mod of' •*'^ nieiiilMTH, in Upper ('iiimila, tlie chief oxt'Cii- tive otHcor i« ntyli'd ii'iilenaiit-^overnor ; the leffwiativtt co'incil cuiisiiith of 17 meniU'rH, and the houxe of imm-mhly of .''id. nilist pii^oted hy the two huiiMex bo. comn a law when ajfri ed to by Hit) >{ov|i; and it is not unusual to have half tho Jury Kn>j;lish and the other half French. In •' er Cnnnda the 'I" 10 cunsti- Canada are nm- , |ier Canada work, roads, InwH are wholly Kii^Mish, as is also tho ca^e in the other i • tutions of the other provinces also resemble that of (T|>;i' mi The revenue of Iiower Canada is about #HO((,(H J . • |J.')00,(XH). These siuns form tho public rowjurces of liii , pioynd in tho current expenses of the provincial jjoverniien i. has a debt of between three and tour millions, contracted iiir pubii canals, iic. The r "enditure (n tho British government, out of thu imperial reve. niies, was for the two provinces, in 18!M, jC26:j,2.')0 ; of which jCWiw was for civil, and tho remainder for military purposes; and for the other four North Ame- rican colonies, for the same year, £102,812; of which all but £2i),4'V> was for naval and military purposes : their revenue, during the same period, amounted to £186,680. The natural reflources of British America are more ample than would be infer- red from its dreary aspect and the vast snows imdcr which it is buried. Canada has a very fertile soil, especially in its upper colony ; and though it be free fVom snow only during five months of the year, the heat of that period is sufficient to ripen the most valuable kinds of grain. The vast uncleared tracts are covered with eKcellent timber. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are less fertile, yet they contain much good land, and are well timbered. Newfoundland has on its shores the most valuable cod-fishery in the world. Even the iinrncnse northern wastes are covered with a proflision of animals, noted for their rich and beautifUl furs, which form the foundation of an extensive and valuable trade. The commerce of British America is of vast importance the fur trade, the original object for opening an intercourse with this part of the world, was carried on in the first place, chiefly from the shores of Hudson's Bay ; but it was there injudiciously placed in the hands of an exclusive company, which greatly diminished its ac- tivity. Upwards of forty years ago some enterprising merchants of Montreal established the 5forth-we8t Company, who, employing numerous and active agents, carried on their business with spirit and enterprise. The eager rivalry of the two com- panies, operating in regions beyond the pale of law, gave birth to many deeds of fraud and violenee : within these few years, however, an union has healed the deadly enmity between them, and, by acting in concert, they h. ve determined to ditxinish the issue of ardent spirits, and even to adopt every practical mean^ for the moral and religious improvement of the Indiana. Tho furs exported from Quebec, for 1B91, amounted in value to £211,000. The timber (fade, the value of which thirty years ago did not exceed £32,000, has now sutpassed all others in magnitude. The timber is obtained from the im- meii3e forests on the shores of tite great interior lakes. The trees are cut down during the winter by American axemen, who are peculiarly skilful ; and the busi- ness is attended with great hardship, both from the work itaelf, and the incle- l:i '•<* f . i ■ • txtx tr iiH t'^ m ' . f HiAta 132 BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. mency of the season. The trees, when felled, are jjut together into immense rufts, which nrc floated down the St. Lawrence to tluebec. The Canada mer- chants lately estimated the capital invested in this business at JC1,2.j(MH)0. U is also carried on to a preat extent from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and even from Cape Breton. The exports to all quarters amounted, in 18H1, to i;i,0;)H,Ol)(l sterlinfr : other articles, the produce chiefly of agriculture, amounted, in the year ltt31, to i;056,r)94. The shippinfif employed between England and her American colonies was, in 1820, inwards iG(«), of 4:n,124 tons ; outwards 16ry2 ships, of 418,1 12 tons. The value of the imports into Britain, in 1829, was £1,088,622 ; of the exports £2,064,128. To the West Indies the colonies export, of their timber and ajri- cultural staples, to a considerable amount, and receive in return the well known produce of those Islands; and with the United States Canada holds a great inter- course across Lake Champlain, sending mostly salt and peltries; and in return taking chiefly tea, tobacco, and other luxuries, clandestinely, which the strict colo- nial rules would require her to receive from the mother country. The fishery is pursued upon these shores, to an extent not surpassed anywhere, else upon the globe. The rich supply of cod in the Newfoundland banks ia wholly unparalleled : although all the nations of Europe have been lading cargoes of fish for centuries, no sensible diminution of them has been felt. The English employ about 40,000 tons of shipping, and 3000 men, in this fishery : in 1831, they exported in fish, oil, and seal-skins, to the amount of £834,182; and the Americans and French, in the same year, exported, the latter, to upwards of £257,250 in value, and the former, to the amount of £425,000. The interior communications of Canada are almost solely by the river St. Law- rence and the lakes, which open a very extensive navigation into the country. It is seriously obstructed, however, between Montreal and Lake Ontario, where a series of rapids occur, over which only canoes can shoot, and all heavy goods must be landed and shipped. Great exertions have been made to improve, by | canals, the interior communicati' -,:' of Canada. The chief object has been to' obviate the continual series of obstructions in the navigation of the St. Lawrence | River, above Montreal. One canal has been constructed from that city to Lai Chine, a distance of eight miles, at an expense of £130,000: another is the; Greenville canal, eight miles long, constructed to avoid certain obstructions in the navigation of the Lower Utawas River. The principal operation, however, is the Rideau canal, reaching from the Utawas River to Kingston. It is 135 miles long, connecting together a chain of lakes, which admit of steam navigation ; and the dimensions are such as to allow vessels of from 100 to 125 tons to pass. The, estimated expense was £486,000. The enterprise of private individuals has con-; structed the Welland canal ; which, at an expense of £270,000, has united the | lakes Ontario and Erie. It is 42 miles long, and is more capacious than the New; York canal : it will allow vessels of 125 tons to pass through. The Chambly ; canal opens a navigation, by the Sorelle River, from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. Area in square milei. Population. New Britain 1,900,000 60,000 Upper Canada 140,000 360,000 Lower Canada 237,000 535,000 New Brunswick 27,000 100,000 Nova Scotia, with Cape Breton 18,900 190,000 Prince Edward's Island 2,100 35,000 Newfoundland 35,000 80,000 Total 2,360,000 1,360,000 «IW*H f A. er into immense ['he Cunnda mer- ' inswicl?, tind even unled, in the year | n colonies was, in 18,1 12 tons, ilie a; of the exporU r timber and agn- rntliewell known holds a great mter- ies; and in return hich the strict colo-; ry. mrpossed anywhere rfoundland banks is been lading cargoes ,felt. TheEnghsh ,18 fishery, m 1>W1. £834,182; and the tter, to upwards ot M). by the river St Law. ion into the country. , ake Ontario, where a and all heavy goods 1 made to improve, by .f object has been to \ of the St. Lawrence from that city to La 1 000: another is the| iln obstructions in the [peration, however, w Iston. It is 135 mile [team navigation; ana 25 tons to pass, ine 'le individuals has con. fO,000,hM united the, ipacious than the New , Cgh. TheChambly 'chMnplain to the St I Population. 60,000 |. 360,000 535,000 ,. 100,000 ,. 190,000 35,000 80,000 1^60,000 NEW URITAIN. 133 NEW BRITAIN. New Britain la that large portion of British America situated north of the Canadas and the United States, and stretching northward to the dreary and deso- late shores of tiie Arctic Sea. It comprises Labrador, New North and New South Wales, Prince William's Land, Boothia Felix, lately discovered by Captain Ross, and tlie North Georgia Islands. Hudson's Bay divides the country into two great divisions: on the east is Labrador and East Main, and on the west New North and New South Wales; these have been further subdivided, by the traders of tiic Hudson's Bay Company, into various smaller districts, which are, however, of no political importance. The face of the country is generally a vast plain, intersected with numerous lakes and rivers, some of which roll into the unexplored seas of the north, and : ethers into Hudson's Bay : among the former are the Mackenzie, the Copper Mine, and Tiileweecho, or Great Fish Hiver, lately explored by Captain Back; and into the latter the principal are Churchill, Nelson, Severn, and Albany Rivers. The interior streams are the Saskatchawan, Winnipeek, and Ked River, flowing into Lake Winnipeek ; and the Athabasca and Peace Rivers, emptying into Lake Athabasca : these may properly be considered head branches of the Mackenzie, as their waters finally reach the ocean through its channel. The lakes are exceedingly numerous ; some are extensive, and second only to the great Canadian lakes, and aflbrdin^, during the brief period of summer, a long and almost continuous canoe navigation from Lake Superior to the Arctic Sea. Of these Winnipeek, or Muddy Lake, Athabasca Lake, Great Slave, and Great Bear Lakes, are the principal : they are situated in a range Iving N. W. from each other, and afford, for a short period, an almost uninterrupted navigation from Lake Superior to the Arctic Ocean. Lake Winnipeek is 270 miles long, and from 15 to 18 broad : it receives numerous civers and enjoys a considerable extent of canoe navigation. Athabasca Lake, lying between 500 and 600 miles N. W. of Lake Winnipeek, is in length about 200 miles, with a breadth of from 16 to 16 miles : it receives several large streams, and is connected, by Slave River, with Great Slave Lake, still farther to the N. W., which is one of the largest bodies of fresh water in North America, excepting Lakes Superior and Huron, and per- haps Lake Michigan. From Great Slave Lake flows Mackenzie's River, which, in its course to the ocean, receives, from the eastward, the water of the Great Bear Lake : it is about 200 miles in extent each way, and ia deeply indented by several large peninsulas. I In winter such is the severity of the climate in this region, that even in 57° the j lakes freeze 8 feet thick; brandy and mercury congeal; the irocks sometimes split with a noise like that uf the heaviest artillery, scattering the fragments to a great distance. The temperature is capricious and the changes suddea The Au- rora Borealis sheds a light sometimes equal to that of the full moon. The vege- tation in the northern parts is very scanty, but adjoining the northern boundary of the United States there are some fertile spots along the Red River of Lake Winnipeek. Lord Selkirk purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company a terri- tory of 116,000 acres, and formed the settlements of Pembina and Assiniboia : the soil has been found tolerably fertile, but the great distance from a market, being 2800 miles from New Orleans, and 1900 from Bufialo, must long prevent it from rising to much importance. It has sufiered severely from contests with the Indians, fomented by the jealousy of the fur-traders. Moreover, in consequence of the recent settlement of the boundary line with the United States, haljf of it has been included within their territory. The only trade in these regions is that of fiirs ; to &cilitate which, the Hud- son's Bay Company have established forts and trading-houses in various quarters, extending fVom Hudson's Bay west into the territories claimed by the United States. On the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and to the north, almost to the Arc- tic Sea, from these forts, &.C., agents arc sent amongst the Indians to collect furs. 12 P 'n *-4l: 11^ ■¥' J r J»^- jB>^« M m iiiH» 134 NRW BRITAIN. in exchange for siicli European commodities as are prized by them. The fure exported, in IKI'2, from Hudson's Bay amounted to the value of £110,000. The coasts of Labrador, and indeed the whole of the northern parts of this rcnrjon, from (Jrecnland to Bhcrinij's Strait, is inhabited by the Esquimaux, a race of isavaires who sustain existence chiefly by feedinfr on whales and seals, except in the more southern parts of Labrador : of tlie skins of the latter they make their boats and clothes, and of his sinews they make thread. They travel over tlie snow in sledges drawn by dogs, of which they have a very hardy and saga- cious breed, and will draw a considerable load 60 miles in a day. Their huts iiave been met with as far north as 70°. Little, squat, and feeble, tiie complexion of these polar men has little of the copper colour of the other American alwri- gines, ami is rather of a dirty, reddish yellow. Their summer huts are circular, covered with deer-skins, and entered by creeping on the belly. Yet these iso- lated and simple beings have been taught by necessity, many inventions, which are highly creditable to their ingenuity. They make their winter habitations of frozen snow, in a few hours, exceedingly comfortable, and which remain durable till melted by the heat of the ensuing summer. Some of the tribes have canoes, made of the skin of the sea-calf, with which they sail with amazing swillncss, Tliey also work a gray and porous stone into neat pitchers and kettles, and those in the vicinity of Bhering's Strait display great ingenuity in the manufacture of trinkets and utensils of the fossil ivory, with which some parts of those regions abound. The Esquimaux met with by Captain Parry, in North Georgia, were exceeding lively and cheerful, more so than even the negro, the native of a sunny climate, and of a region producing spontaneously all the fruita of the earth. They are so fond of dancing that it seems almost their natural gait ; and they are always ready to return raillery or mimicry. They are, far more than the Indians, a social and domestic people. This is apparent in their good treatment to females, and their care and affection for their children. Among these people, on the coast of Labra- dor, the Moravian missionaries have established several settlements ; Nain, Okkak, Ilopedale, &c., and have, besides teaching them many useful things, built a ma^ gazine, in which each of the uttives might deposite his useless stores, prevailing on them to set apart a tenth for widowd and orphans. This is the true way to convert a savage people, by showing them the palpable fruits of the gospel. The Indiana occupying this region are principally the Assiniboines, Kniste- neaux, or Crees, Chippewayans, Beaver, Hare, Dog-rib, Copper Indians, &.c. The Assiiuboines are a tribe of Sioux ; they are divided into several smaller tribes, as the Black-foot, Fall, and Blood Indians, iic. They rear many horses, and subsist chiefly on the bufl'alo. The Knisteneaux, or Crees, inhabit a wide ext«it of country in the vicinity of Lake Athabasca : they were once numerous, but are now reduced to about 500 in number ; they are a well-formed race, and their women are the handsomest of all the Indian females ; thdy arc hospitable, generous, and mild, when not infuriated by spirits ; they do not, however, consider chastity a virtue, and are not unkind to tSeir women. The Chippewayans live to the north of the latter, and near the Great Slave Lake : their appearance is singular, with high projecting cheek-bones, broad faces, and wide nostrils ; they are persevering, incorrigible beggars, yet not dishonest, and so deeply in • UPPER CANADA. Uppeii Canada, commencing at Lake St. Francis, above Montreal, extends along the whole chain of the great lakes, almost to the western boundary of Lake Superior. Until 1781 it was a mere district attached to Quebec, at which period a number of American loyalists and disbanded soldiers were settled in it, and the name of Upper Cana^la bestowed. Comparatively but n small part of this province is settled, and many portions of it are yet unexplored. The settlements are chiefly along the rivers St. Lawrence and Utnwas, and lakes Erie and Ontario. The soil is in general excellent, and yields abundant crops of grain, wheat, Indian corn, hops, flax, &.c. Cultivation, in Upper Canada, is still in an incipient state, but is rapidly ad- vancing in consequence of the influx of British settlers. Government, for Bonie lime, allowed to every settler, fifty or even a hundred acres of land, upon pay- ment of fees amounting to about a shilling per acre ; but since 1827 the lands have been disposed of by public auction. Among emigrants ))os8es8Gd of capital, a ui .at proportion have of late made tin ,r purchases from the Canada Company. This body, incorporated in 1820, bought i'rom government, tracts of land equal to '2,300,000 teres, for which they engaged to pay the sum of £295,000, by sixteen annual instalments. These lands are dispersed through every part of Upper Canada ; but the largest portion, amounting to about a million of acres, and ex- tending about sixty miles in length, is along the eastern phore of Lake Huron. The Company found towns and villages, form roadsi, and lay out the ground in convenient lots, and have agents on the eiwt, who aflbrd every information and aid to emigrants. The climate of Upper Canada is salubrious, and epidemic diseases almost un- known. Th#winters ore shorter and less rigorous than in the lower province : the spring opens, and agricultural labours commence, from six weeks to two months eatiier than in the neighbourhood of Quebec. The summer heats are also more moderate, and the autumn pleasant and favourable for securing the produce of all the late crops. Population is advancing with great rapidity : it has hitherto been confined to the St. Lawrence and the shores of the lakes, but is now becom- ing more difl'used over the interior. New towns are extending in the fertile for- est, some of which, in rapidity of increase, vie with those of the United Slates. Great extents of fertile land are yet unoccupied, and the parent country is fur- nishing every facility for traoaporting to these forests her surplus population, great numbers of whom, however, finally make their way to the United States. Toronto and Kinn ton, on «the northern shore of Lake Ontario, are the two principal towns of Upper Canada. Toronto, formerly York, near the north-west end of the lake, owes its support to its being the seat of government and of the courts, and to the extensive settlements recently formed to the north and east of it Population 10,000. Kingston, near the north-east point of the lake, has a commodious harbour, and is a neat little town with about 0000 inhabitants. Some of the other towns on Lake Ontario are Cobourg, Port Hope, and Haniilton. On the Niagara River are the villages of Niagara, Queenstown, ami Chippewa. I Sandwich, in the western part of the province, and opposite to Detroit, is .. thriving little town ; as is also London, on the Thames, with a population of '?'J00 inhabitants. On the east shore of Lake Huron is the ncrt and flourishing town of Goderich, with a good harbour at the mouth of the Maitland River; and at the bottom of Lake Manitouline, or Georgian Buy, is Penetangnishene, a British nnval station, from which a steamboat runs occasionally to St. Joseph's Island, at the west end of Ihe lake, on which is kept a small detachment of British troops. Upper Canada is divided into 11 districts, which are subdivided into 2ii coun- ties. It is bounded on the north-east by Lower Canada, north by New Britain, ' west and south by the United States. The lines of division are, fiom Lower Canada, the Utawas River; from New Britain, an imaginary line separating the waters flowing into the lakes from those of Hudson's Iky ; and, from the United t *i m. I) if Wi 136 LOWEH CANADA. States, a nominal line extendin^^ through the centre of Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, and their connecting streams, and thence down the middle of the River St. Lawrence to Lake St. Francis, and thence north-west and nurth-csBt to the Utawas River. In tlii!< province is exhibited one of the most sublime and magnificent of Na- ture's works, by the Niagara river. The accumulated waters flowing from four ' great lakes and all their tributaries, arc precipitated over the Falls of Niagara, the mightiest cataract in the world. The whole mass is poured in one tre- mondniis plunge of Idfj feet in heiirht. The noise, tumult, and rapidity of this fulling sea; the rolling clouds of foam, the vast volumes of vapour which rise into the air, the brilliancy and variety of the tints, and the beautiful rainbows which span the abyss; the lofly banks and immense woods which surround this wonder- ful scene, have been considered by e.xperienced travellers as eclipsing every simi- lar phenomenon. The noise is heard, and the cloud of vapours seen, at the dis- tance of several miles. The fall on the Canadian side is 63U feet wide, of a semi- circular form ; that on the American side only 310 feet, and 165 feet in height, being six or seven feet higher than the former. The one, called the Crescent or Horse-shoe Rill, descends in a mighty sea-green wave; the other, broken by rocks into foam, resembles a sheet of molten silver. Travellers descend, with the cer- tainty of being drenched to the skin, but without danger, to the foot of the fall, and even beneath it. There arc now excellent inns on both sides of the falls, which are crowded with visitants during the summer months. LOWER CANADA. LowKR Canada extends along the River St. Lawrence, on both aides, fVom its mouth to Lake St. Francis, a short distance above Montreal. A considerable part of the province extends nominally into unexplored regions that are unoccupied by white inhabitants. At the mouth of the St. Lawrence the country is rugged and mountainous, and the climate very severe ; but the upper and more southerly por- tions of the province are well watered, fertile, and with a milder climate than the lower part. All sections, however, have the winters of Sweden, though in the latitude of France. The summers are warm and short, and the transition from winter to summer is very rapid, leaving scarcely more than a month for tlic sea- son of spring. Mcire than three-fourths of the inhabitants of the country are of French de- scent, and speak the French language ; they are all Catholics, and much attached to their priests : the remainder are mostly natives of Great Britain and their de- scendants. Education is much neglected, and the mass of the people are very ig- norant and illiterate. The Quebec Mercury lately gravely proposed the estab-! lishment of a seminary for the instruction of those members of their parliament who could neither read nor write. The native French Canadians are called; habitans. They are gay, satisfied with a little, and strongly attached to their re-: ligion and native country. In the management of periogues and canoes on the , lakes and long rivers, they have no rivals. They are also remarkably ingenious; in making their own domestic implements. The countenance of the Canadian isj long and thin ; his complexion sun-burnt and swarthy, inclining towards that of j the Indian ; his eyes black and lively ; with lank and meagre cheeks, a sharp and prominent chin, and such easy and polite manners, as though he hsxi always lived ^ in the great world, rather than amid thick forests. Their intercourse with each other is to the last degree afiectionate, and a Frenr h "^anadian village constitute one family. Their cheerfulness, whether in prosperuy or adversity, is inexhausti- ble, and more valuable to them than all the boasted attainments of philosophy In winter, their dress is that of the Russians ; their social intercourse that of the age of Louis XIV. As soon as the penance of their long fast is ended, their feasting begins. The firiends and relatives assemble. Turkeys, pies, and all the dainties of the season, decorate the board. Cofl^e is introduced. The violin is ■til l a ll ' ■ I y r Superior, Huron, vn. the middle of est and nortl»-eaHt iBgnificcnt of Na- flowing from four Falls of Niagarft, poured in one tre- md rapidity of tins iiir which rise into [ul rainbows which ' ■round this wonder- clips'-ng every siini- irs seen, at the dia- eet wide, of a semi- 165 feet in height, lied the Crescent or her, broken by rocks scend, with the cer- the foot of the lull, h sides of the falls,. n both sides, from its' A cOhsiderabie part iBt are unoccupied by' ;ountry is rugged and d more south-rly por- Ider climate than the veden, though in the id the transition from a month for U»o sea- try are of French de- 58, and much attached t Britain and their de- he people are very ig-, y proposed the esUb-, rs of their parliament Canadians are called I y attached to their re- 1 ues and canoes on the I remarkably ingenious I ice of the Canadian is; ilining towards that ot; re cheeks, a sharp and fh he had always lived ■intercourse with each, lian village constitutes dversity. is inexhausti- nenU of philosophy cial intercourse that 01 ong fest is ended, their irkeys,piee,anda the iduced Theviolmw LOWER CANADA. 137 linard, and those gay and simple pcopio arc the most invctcrato dancers in tiio woriii. There is a marked difTorencP between this province and the United States in thfe hiibits of the people, their huildiiijrs, and their nimios of livinjj. An indivi- dual from the hitler country, wlio happens to be in ('aiiaila, will bo reminded by every thing about him, that he is not at homo. I^ower Canada is divided into four districts, wliich are Hubdiviiled into 40 counties, and is separated from the States of New York and Vt^rmont by the 4.")° of nurtli latitude; from New Hampshire and Maine, by-the liighlands running between the rivers wiiich llow into the St. J,awrence, and those emptying into the Atlantic Ocean; from New lirunswick liy the River Ristigouchc; IWmii New Britain by tlio ridge separating the waters nt' Hudson's Bay from those of the St. Lawrence; and from Upper ('aruda by the Utawns River: the outline of the province is about 2250 miles in e.xtent. The city of Qiieuec, tiie capital of Canada, is singularly situated, half on a plain alonn the nortliek-n bank of the St. liawrence, and the other half on tliL top of a titeop perpendicular rock, 1)^)0 feet higii. Tliesc are called the Upper and Ijower towns, (iiioboc, as a military station, is very strong; its fortilications ren- der it almost a secor,d Oihraltur. It was one of the most brilliant scenes of Brit- ish glory. Near it, on the plains of Abraham, Wolfe, at the cost of his lift, gained llio splendid victory which annexed Canada to the British empire. The popula- tion of Ciiieboc is alxiut 25,(K)(): its commerce is considerable, as all the vessels, from Brilain and other foreign quarters, stop there and unload th«>ir cargoes : 1132 vessels arrived in IKJ."), estimated at 323,tKX) tons. The town of Three Rivers, containing alxiut 3U(X) inhabitants, is situated on the River St. Lawrence, 9() miles above Quebec. The commercial copital of Canada is Montreal ; it is situated immediately below the rapids, at a point where the ample stream of the Utawas flows into the St. Lavrencc. Most of the business, even of Quebec, is carried on by branches from the Montreal houses. It derives a great impulse from the transactions of the Hudson's Bay Fur Company ; ond it is the centre of the commerce with the United States, carried on by Lake Champlain and the Hudson. -Vessels of 6()0 or 700 tons can, notwithstanding some difficulties, come up to Montreal ; its wharf presents a busy scene, — the tall masts of merchantmen from the Thames, the Mersey, and the Clyde, with the steam-packets which ply between Quebec and Montreal, The island of Montreal is about thirty miles in length, and seven in breadth ; it is of alluvial .soil, the most fertile in Lower Canada, and also the most highly cultivated. The view over it, of fruitful fields, gay country-houses, and the streams by which it is encircled, is one of the most pleasing that can be ima- gined. The interior of the town is not so attractive. It is substantially, but (jloomily, built of dark gray limestone, with roofs of tin, the o ily kind, it is said, which can stand e intense cold of winter ; while the windows and doors are .«iiut in with massuo plates of iron. The streets, though tolerably regular, were inconveniently narrow ; but of late several have been formed, extending the whole length of the town, that are commodious and niry. The new cathedral, opened in 1829, is considered one of the handsomest structures in America. It is 25.5 feet long, 134 broad, 220 feet high in its principal front ; and it is capable of containing 10,(KM) persons. Two Catholic seminaries, the English church, and the general hospital, are also handsome structures. The population amounts to SO.OOO. The village of La Prairie, on the south bank of the river, is the medium of com ! munication between Montreal and the United Stntes. Dorchester, on the Sorelle, ■ is a considerable village. La Chine, above the rapids, which interrupt the navigation above Montreal, is an important dep6t for the interior trade. A number of townships have been ■ formed along the northern bank of the Uta'vas, the part of Jjower Canada chiefly resorted to by emigrants. The country is level and fertile, but its progress is much obstructed by the number ol" old unimproved grants ; so that the population does not much exceed iiSOO. Hull and Bylown are small improving towns on the river ; the latter on the south, and the former on the north side. l.ViI I , 12* S m M 138 NEW nUUNSWlCK. The tract of coiitrtry lyinjj to the south-east of the 6l. Lawrence, on the bor- ders of Vermont, New liiiiiipMhire, and Miiinc, huH of Into years attracted many settlers, to whom it is known under the name of the Eustvjrn Townships. The Ifind.s liere arc hehl in free and common socca(;e, and the Englisli law prevails. The |N)pulation of the townships is now about 5(),U0(). Stansteud and Sherbrooki! are the principal towns of this tine and flourishing region. On the eoulh aide of the St. Lawrence River arc the neat and thriving villages of St. Thomas and Kniiiouraska; the former about 2() and the latter U<) miles below Quebec. Ka- mouraska is pleasantly situated, and much resorted to by the citizens of the capi- ' tal tor the benetic of sea-buthmg. The district of Gas))e remains to complete the description of Lower Canada. \ It is on the south side of the St. Lawrence, near its mouth, bordering on Now j Oiiinswick. It is a country of irregular and sometimes mountainous surface, con- taining numerous lakes, and watered by several rivers, of which the Restigoucho is the principal. The territory is covered with dense forests, inhabited by 70UU or 8()IIU wixidmen and tishermcn, and exports some fish, oil, and timber. The cod-tinhcry employs 1B0.m ml iv,t' l'^& 140 PKINCK KDWAiUrS IHr.ANO— N'KWFOl'XDr.ANI). Cnpp nrt'ton ii n Inrpo ixlnnd, 80|)arntP(l tVoiri Novn Scotii by T^'t. fi.'or{je'B(Jiiir find till' (iiit ofi'imHOnn, u jjrriit piirt nl' wliirli in not nioro I inn a inili; bioa'!. Tlip ii,0(H), chiefly Scotch Ire Chailottetown isl other small towns in 1 ,th. Prince Town, &c. led at the mouth of tho Vlh America. The in led It presents h hpm 1 lytorren,andthet.m- Ea to be well fitted for fently visited by dreary Ih are the most valuable I upon the banks, whichl 'and^broughtdownftonJ NKWFOUNDI.AM). Ihe tropics by the j^lf stream, which alxo lK miles in len/rth, by IM wide; and to the westward are the (Ireen and VVhalo Dtrnks. These are the yreat ren- (lozvoiiH of the codfish, and form the tishinfr-^rround for some iJ.")(K) to lOtH) vessels, and lioin ;).'»,WMI to 40,(M)0 Americans, Kn^rlish, and French, chielly, however, the tirsi and last. The banks are freciuently enveloped in dense togs from April to DeciMuber. So early was the value of the Newfoundland fisheries discovered, that in ir)17, only twenty years after the first voyage, upwards of fifty vessels, of ditfercnt na- tincr>, indur-lry, nml fntiTpri;'!' of tlio uili;il)itahtH. 'I'hcy occupy lliu rnost viilimhl)> nml productivi- portion of IVortli Anicrir i, iind rank aninn^riit tlio nioxt puworful connnurciul and wciiltliy niilions of the /.'l'>li<'. 'I'lio IJnitcil Htiiti'H lire Kitnalpd between '21" UO' nnd .'iP 40' N. liititndp, nnd lontritudo l?'-" !•;., iinil l'S}° W. lonfrilndi-, uxtondnij? tlironjfli 21) dt'irrpCH of lit''- tudi; iind '>H tU-iitcon of lonpitiidc, iind comprise a siiperliciril iircn of iipwiirdH of v!,;M)(MI(M) Kijunro niilcH. TIip frontier lino Iiiih n loiifrtli of l(t,(l(H( niilfH, of wliieli .ilK)ut 'MUM iirr fca-contit, nnd TJOO liike-ronht. A Inn' driiwn ncroBS from the At- lantic to the Pacific, tliron^li tlin centre, i.s alnMit 'SM) niiios in Icnfftli. So vast a rejfion of coiirHO includo.'i a preiit variety of surface, soil, and climate. It (ibonndH in navi^jalde rivers, and n larfro proportion of it i.-i siisceptibln of culti- vation, nnd is of a quality calculated to repay tli(> lalxnir bestowed u|)on it, iniirv than almost any other rejfion of the same extent in tlio world; but n sni.Tll portion of itn siirliici! ia occupied by mountains, which, from their lieij;lit or ruf.'f{e(lnesii, forbid nil nttempls to render them productive in the means of subsistence to man. There are no {rreat desertf, and few barrens; notliinfr like the vu»t sterile plains which c.\ist in other puits of the world. The basins of the rivers are excoed- infjfly priKluclivc : llmt of the Mississippi, includini; the Mis.^ouri, in undoubtedly tiie linest valley on the plobo. It is abundantly watered by atrenms, v liich not only pive fertility to their borders. Imt are ready to waft the jrifts of the soil to the ocean, and brinp back to the inhabitant tin; jirodncts of nil other climes. The soil returns an ample harvest for all that . planted in it, and the climate is favour- able to almost every production of the earth that can sustain life or incrcuso its luxuries. Thoufrh lyinp within the temperate zone, the United States embrace a (r^ "t variety of climate. In the northern parts, the winters are lonp and severe; Sn- ellen falls to the depth of two or three feet, nn-j jjion adapted to the wine grape, which thrives best in places removed from both' the torrid and frigid zones. The United States are intersected by two principal and two sulxjrdinate rnnsrcs of mountnins, the Rocky and Alleghany, the Oznrk and Green Mountains. The Rocky Mountain, or Chippewaynn range, forms the great dividing ridge of North America, separating the wnters which flow in opptjsite directions, towards thfi great oceans which bound the opposite sides of the continent. They are 8ituates. The White Mountains, m New Hampshire, are the most elevated in New Hnftland. Mount Katahdin, or Ktaodin, near the centre of the state of Maine, is the highest in that state. Tho view tVom its summit is fmn and varied, and extends over H() or 1(H> miles. The other principal huifrhts in Maine are WnssatiKiuoik Mountain, Mount Abraham, Alount Bigelow, Speckled Mountain. The Ozark Mountains extend from Texas, through tho western purt of Arkan- sas, into tho l(>ad-mine region of Missouri. Their general direction is nearly similar to that of tho Alleghany ringc, and their altitude is supposed to ho about '2tHM) feet above the sea. The territory of the United States is washed by three seas, tho Atlantic Ocean on the east, the (iulf of Mexico un tho south, and the I'aciflc Ocean on the west. The principal bays and sounds on the Atlantic border, are Passamaquoddy Boy, which lies between the state of Maine and the British province of New Bruns- wick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Capo Cod, on the coast of Massachusetts; liong Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Con- necticut ; Delaware Bay, between Cope May and Cape Hcniopen, which sepa- rates New Jersey from Delaware ; Chesapeake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, and extends in a northern di- rection for 2(H) miles, through the states of Virginia and Maryland; and Albe- marle and Pamplico Sounds, on the coost of North Corolina. In the Gulf of Mexico, the principal bays are Chatham Bay, near the s uthern extremity of the peninsula of Florida; Appalachie Bay; and Mobile Bay, in Alabama. In the Pacilic, the Gulf of Georgia is the most important inlet on the western coast of the United States. It separates Q,udra and Vancouver'a Island from the main land, and is about 120 miles in length from north to south, and from 5 to 20 miles in width. The great lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, not being altogether in the United States, have been described elsewhere. The boundary between the Bri- tish and American territories passes through their centre, allotting,' about an equal share of their vast waters to each nation. Lake Michigan is wholly within the territory of the United States. It is connected with Huron by the Strait of Michillimackinac, ond is about 320 miles in length, and from 55 to 60 miles wide, with an area of 10,200 square miles. The country around the head of this lake is settling rapidly ; and the mildness of the climate, the excellence of the soil, and the probable speedy junction of its waters with those of the Mississippi, will shortly till this portion of the west with population and wealth. By the St. Clair River, of 35 miles course, the waters of Huron rapidly descend to the St. Clair, a shallow lake about 90 miles in circuit. Detroit River connecta Lakes St. Clair and Erie. The other lakes of any magnitude in the United States are Champlain in New- York, Winnipiaeogee in New Hampshire, and Moose Head in Maine. Lake Champlain separates the States of New York and Vermont, and is in extent 140 miles nearly north and south. It is connected with the Hudson river by the Champlain canal, and with the St Lawrence river by the Sorelle, or Riche- lieu. Large and elegant steam-boats ply daily between Whitehall and St John's, Lower Canada, which touch at the principal places, and numerous travellers are constantly passing and repassing this route during the season of navigation. Lake Winnipiseogce is one of the most picturesque sheets of water in New England. It is very irregular in form, and contains a number of islands, some of which are cultivated. The lake is about 22 miles long, and from 1 to 6 miles wid',. Moose Head Lake is situated in the central parts of Maine, It is of an irre- gular form, about 38 miles in length, and from 2 to 12 wide. The main branch ^> 144 DNITKI) STATfM. Mm'. :^'Wl of KeniD'iM'ck river floWi flrom it. Around it, at vnriou* diatanCM, are lituntod notiir ul' tliu lii(;lit>nt iiiountninH iii Miiinu. Til)! KiviTH wliicli water (lie tsmlory of tlio United Statea aro numnrou<«, ami »uiiiu (it them aiiionir thn mont important in tlii; world. No portion of tlio ^lolii* |N)Mi<'H)i 8 or 9 tons. Susquehannah River, one of the largeat in Pennsylvania, is formed by its north and west bninchea, which unite at NorthumirMrland. Its north, or longest branch, rises in Otaego lake, New York, fVoni whesice to its mouth is about 460 miles. The Potomac River rises in two braacha^ m the Alleghany Mountains, and forms, during its course to Chesapeake bay, the boundary between Virginia and Maryland. It is navigable for vessels ui large burthen to Washington city. Its junction at Harper's Ferry with tiie Sheaandoah, is regarded as a great curiouty. Its length is about 335 miles. Jatnea River pursues a course of upwards of 400 miles, and. unites with the south part of Chesapeake Bay at Hcmpton Roads. It is navigable for sloops to Richmond, where the Great Falls formerly presented an obstruction, but a canal has been made around them, and the river ia now navigable for batteaux 230 miles above the city Savannah River separates South Carolina from Georgia, and enters the Atlantic 17 muies below Savannah, to which city it is navigable fpr vessels of large bur- den. Steam-boats ascend the river to Augusta fidls. BBBSiaSMaBBBBBBBBBBaBBaB^BBBHBBBaBSaB^BB^aHBaaaBiBi^S w «.»•—■ incM, are lituaUtl aro numnroui", •ml jrlion of 0»o ffliit"** ■ iit inoro ({riieriilly B (liviilod into tbiir of Iho Alle(?liiiny 1 of the Alleiflmny U. The MiimiHsippi valloy incliidfiil bo- j *liich, ripitiR on Ihu ino to the Facitic inlly in the SUitc of olwcot and l'ro!<()cct. hero navij^tion imil I from the aca-portB ilea. in Maine. It ib the lie. It is naviRRblfl Ita wliole course if nKland, rises in the ,W8 into I^ing Island liable to Hartford for small steam-boata to d. The head waters d. Itfl banks present s and hills, delightful nd many of the most Tieroua branches, and fiiles, unites with the most important rivers voters are very great, plum canals, it is coD' ,> liable lor ships of u) Albany and Troy. eparates Pennsylvania ly, after a course of essels of the greatest r the tide at Trenton, 9 tons. . is formed by its north »rth, or longest branch, is about 460 miles. jhany Mountains, and ietween Virginia and Washington city. lt« ed as a great curiosity r», and. unites with the javigable for sloops to jbstruction. but a caml gable for batteaux 23" and enters the Atlantic! J vessels of large bur-| IINITKI) STA'I'IX 143 A|>i'i'li"'lii<'i>l'i. whirh (liHrlinr^jiM iim'lf into llic buy of tho namti rmiin', in lli" (iiill ol IMi'xIco, JH foriiit'd liy ilii- iiiiiiin of \\w ('tiultahoochrn ami Flint riviTji. Tim fnriiior in imvii^alvd ti> CoIiimiIkih by Hti'iiiri-lHnitH : on its linad-watiTs are nrinicroiiH f{nli!-iiiini% The Apitnluciiicula and Chatt^hcKxihco united, are about 4*2.') miles in k'tiirth. The Mobile Itivcr is formed bv the Junction of the Ainbnma and Tonibi'ckboo i rivcrn, 40 inili'« iiIhivc Mobilo. Tjio luMid-wiitorH of tlit.' .Muliiiinu rmu iii llio tfold- { rogioii of < it.'or){iu, not fur from tliu Nourcitn nf thts Cliatliiilio«cii(M>, and ultur a Mouth- ! wt'ift coiirMi) of m-ar THMl •nil«'», form n juiiolioii with iho ToiiilKiokbcc. Stuum- IkiiiIm adcund to Mont((oinery, a distance, by the niuunduis of the rivers, of near limt miles. The MissiMsip|)i is the lnr(;cMt river of North Amoricn, and one of tho tioblost in tlio world — watcrinif a more fortilo rc(;ioii, and liavint; a lurjreT courso of unin- terrupted navJKntion, than any other known stream. Ita coiifHi? — tak 'n in con- nexion with itM mighty auxiliary, the MisMoiiri — is ostimatiui at •t4!M) iiiiIch in ItMiffth. Tho spiicu ilrnincd by its waters is supposed to exceed l.Mdd.lNM) mjiiuru miles, being upwards of two-thirds of tho whole territory of the binled Htntt-n, or about one twenty-eighth piirt of tho tcrra(|ucouM surface of tho ^lobe. In no por- tion of the world has tho triumph of art over the obstncloa of nature been so com- plete. The introduction of steam-navigation has Iwcn productive of immense advantages, and has been carried to a greater extent than on any other river. Mississippi proper rises west of I^ke Superior, in a dreiiry and dewlatn region, amidst lakes and swamps, and, after pursuing n south-east courso of about 000 miles, reaches the falls of 8t. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly 16 feet, and where are 08 feet of ranids. Thence it flows a south-eastu^rly, and then southerly direction ; and after forming the boundary between Missouri, Arkansas Territory, and Louisiana, on tho west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, on the east, discharges itf waters, through many mouths, into the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly !3(MM> miles long, and is navigable for steam-boats to the falls of St. Anthony. The following are the principal tributaries of the Mis- sissippi fVom the west: — The St. Peter's, which joins it at Fort Snolling, is a stream of about 400 miles, flowing a south-east course. The Des Moines, a river of about 400 miles in length, enters the Mississippi about 130 miles above the Missouri. The Missouri enters the Mississippi river about 18 miles above St. Louis, after a course of 3217 miles. Although it loses its name at its confluence with the latter, it is much the longer stream of the two; but the Mississippi, having been first discovered and explored, has retained its name to the Gulf of Mexico. This e.ror being now past remedy, the Missouri must bo considered as a tributary of the Mississipi. It is formed of numerous branches, which rise among the Rocky Mountains, between the parallels of 42° and 48° N. Latitude. The most remote aro the JefTerson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers. The only obstruction that occurs to its navigation is at the Great Falls, a distance of 2575 miles from the Missis- sippi. Here the river descends 362 feet in 18 miles : the descent is by four great pitches or cataracts, of 98, 19, 49, and 26 feet, respectively. The wi ]th oT the river is about 350 yards, and the cataracts are considered to be, next to those of Niagara, the grandest in the world. About 100 miles above, is the place called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains. This river was lately ascended by a steam- vessel 300 miles above the Yellow Stone, a distance from tho mouth of the Mis- sissippi of 3460 miles. The larg;c8t tributaries of the Missouri are, the Yellow Stone, of 1100 miles in length, tho Platte, or Shallow river, of 1600 miles course, and the Kanzaa, of 1200 miles in length. They all rise in the Rocky Mountains, and flow through a flat prairie country, inhabited by a widely scattered Indian population. Tho Arkansas is, after the Missouri, the most considerable tributary of the Mis- sissippi from the west. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and ita course is com- puted to be about 2000 miles. It enters the Mississippi river about 540 miles below the Missouri. Steam-boats can generally ascend this rirer to the mouth 13 146 UNITED STATE ft "I ■n * (■*■. ill' of the Cnn:ulinn. its largest tributary, and occasionally to Cantonment Gibson, 640 milos from the Mississippi river. The Uoii River ia tlio first tributary stream of any note which enters the Mis- sissippi, ill ascending from its rnouth. It has a course of about 1500 miles, and flows througli immense prairies of a red soil. The principal tributaries of the Mississippi which flow into it from the east- ward are as follows : — Chippewoy River, 200 miles in length, enters the Mississippi at the lower end of Lake Pepin. The Wisconsin River joins the Mississippi about 4 or 5 miles below the town of I'rairie du Chiou. In part of its course it approaches so near the Fo.\ River of Green Bay, as to leave a portage of only IJ miles. It is one of the great natu- ral channels of communication between the lakes and the Mississippi. The Illinois River enters the Mississippi 18 miles above the Missouri, after a course of more than 400 milea. It is near a quarter of a mile wide at its mouth, ! and has a remarkably smooth, gentle current. The Ohio River is the largest eastern tributary of the Mississippi. At its junction, and for 1(K) miles above, it is as large as the parent stream. This river, from its commencement, affords the most delightful prospects. Tributaries of romantic and beautiful character come in almost at equal distances, as lateral canals. The Ohio is formed by the union of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separa- ting the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from Virginia and Kentucky, and fiills into the Missistippi 103 miles below the Missouri. Its current is gentle, and is nowhere broken by any considerable falls, except at Louisville, in Ken- tucky, where the water descends 22^ feet in 2 miles. This obstruction is now obviated by the Louisville and Portland canal, which affords a passage to steam- boats of small draft, at all seasons, to the upper parts of the river at Pittsburg. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, a fine navigable river, which rises in the north-east part of Indiana. It is in length about 45() miles. The Cumberland River rises in the mountains, on the eastern boundary of Kentucky. At high water, it is navigable for boats almost to its source, and for steam-boats to Nashville at all seasons. I Tennessee River is formed by the union of several large branches, which rising in the mountainous country in western Virginia and North Carolina, unite in one in the vicinity of Knoxville, enters the Ohio 46 miles above the Mississippi, and 12 below the Cumberland. Its entire course from the source of its longest branch, is 850 miles distant from the Ohio. It is navigable for steam-boats, in most stages of the water, to Florence, at the foot of the Muscle Shoals. This is the most important of all the tributaries of the Ohio. The Yazoo, the most southern of the principal eastern tributaries of the Mis- sissippi, has a course of 240 miles, and discharges its waters into tlie Mississippi about 12 miler above the Walnut Hills. The most considerable river on the Pacific side of the Rocky Mountains is the Columbia, or Oregon. Its head-waters interlock with the Arkansas, Rio del Norte, &c. : it is about 1400 miles in length, its principal branches are Lewlj's or Saptin river, 1000 miles in extent ; Clark's or Flat Head river, 700 miles long, M'Gillivray's, Okinagan, &c. Fort George or Astoria, Fort Vancouver, and others, on these waters, are trading v:stablishments belonging to the British Hud- son's Bay Company. Vessels of 300 tons may ascend the Columbia, 125 miles; and large sloops may go up to the head of tide, 183 miles from the Ocean. Minerals abound in the United States in great variety and profusipn. Iron is very generally diflTused, and is very abundant. Lead, limestone, and coal both of the anthracite and bituminous kind, abound in quantities supposed to be inex- haustible, especially of the former description. Gold has recently been found to a considerable amount in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. The most valuable mines are in North Carolina and Georgia. It is difficult to ascertain the amount of gold found in the United States; but the value of the metal sent to the Mint, from 1823 to 1836, was $4,377,500, pro- .<,r imcnt Gibson, 610 !h enters the Mis- ut 1500 miles, ami o it from the east- li at the lower end les below the town | icar the Fox River D of the great natu- sissippi. he Missouri, after a , 3 wide at its mouth, j Mississippi. At its stream. This river, BtB. Tributaries of distances, as lateral y and Monongahela 3T 945 miles, separa- and Kentucky, and 3 current is gentle, t Louisville, in Ken- s obstruction is now^ a passage to steam- river at Pittsburg, lavigable river, which 450 miles. ' eastern boundary of to its source, and for Tge branches, which North Carolina, unite; above the Mississippi,' source of its longest lie for steam-boats, in iscle Shoals. This is tributaries of the Mis- 'I irs into the Mississippi ocky Mountains is the he Arkansas, Rw del! ra^ches are Lew.j'sor river, 700 miles long,| Fort Vancouver, and nir to the British Hud- Columbia, 125 miles;! from the Ocean. . 1 md profusipn. Iron » •stone, and coal both of supposed to be inex- recently been found to lina, Georgia, Alabama, Carolina and Georgia. United States ; but the 9, was $4,377,500, pro;Jl UNITED STATES. 147 bably not ono half of the produce for that period, as lorge amounts of it are sent to Europe uncoined. The lead-mines of Missouri, Illinois and Wisconsin, are said to be the richest in quality in tiie world ; and the (juantity of that metal cx- traetod from the ore, within the last few years, has i)ccii so great as to cxchido almost entirely the foreign article from our markets. The nnnuni produce of the Missouri mines is estimated at 3 million, and of the Illinois and Wisconsin, 8 mil- lion irounds. Salt springs abound in many parts of the Union, and large (junntitics are manu- factured in New York, Western Pennsylvania, Western Virginia, Ohio, nnii Illinois: it is also made from sea-water in some parts of New England. The whole amount made is stated to be about 7 million bushels. The United States form a federal republic. Each of the States is independent, and has the exclusive control of all concerns merely local ; but the defence of the country, the regulation of commerce, and all the general concerns of the confede- racy, arc committed, by the constitution, to a general government. The legislative power is vested in a Congress, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each Stale, chosen every two years, for a period of six years, so that one-third of the Senate is renewed biennially. The number of senators is a^. present 5'i. Tlie members of the House of Representatives are chosen every two years, each State being entitled to a number proportionate to its population, in a ratio, in the States which do not admit of slavery, of one to every 47,700 inhabitants; and in the Slates where there arc slaves, of one for every 47,700 of the free white population, and one for every 79,.500 of the slaves. Tl>e number of representatives is now 240. Tiie judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of ono chief and six associate judges; of 33 District Courts, of one judge each, except that six of the States are divided into two districts each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the judge of the district, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court. Tlie executive jxiwer is vested in u President, who, together with the Vice- President, is chosen for four years, by electors from all the States. The principal subordinate officers of the executive department are the Secretaries of State, of tiie Treasury, of War, and of the Navy, the Postmaster General, and the Attor- ney General. The President must be a native-born citizen, or have been a citizen at the adoption of the constitution, of 35 years of ago, and have resided in the United States 14 years. The present constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, and has since been amended. It secures to the people the grand principles of freedom, liberty of conscience in matters of religion, liberty of the press, trial by jury, and the right of choosing and being chosen to office. The principal executive officers are the Secretaries of State, at War, and of the Navy, the Postmaster General, and the Attorney General. They are remoya- I ble at the will of the President, and, with the Vice-President, form the cabinet. Tiio Department of State was created in 1789. The Secretary conducts the ne- j gotiations with foreign powers, and corresponds with the public ministers of the United States abroad, and with those of foreign states near the United States. He has the charge of the United States seal, preserves the originals of laws and treaties, and of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse between the United Slates and foreign nations ; he grants passports to American citizens visiting foreign countries, has the control of the patent office, and preserves the evidence of copy-rights. Tliere are attached to the Department of State a Diplomatic Bureau, a Consular Bureau, a Home Bureau, the Archives, and the Patent Office. The Treasury Dfipartment was created in 1789. The Secretary superintends the jfisca'. concerns of the government ; he is required to report to Congress annu- ally the state of the finances, and recommends such measures as he thinks proper for improving the condition of the revenue. The Treasury Department comprises the offices of the Secretary, two Controllers, five Auditors, the Register, the Treasurer, and the Solicitor of the Treasury. As there is at present no direct taxation by the general government, the reve- % 1 » ' ^^V^:[ 148 UNITED STATES. nuc is cliipfly derived from duties on imports, the sales of public lands, bank-stock, post-offices, lead-mines, &.C. 't^" revenue on imports is the most important, The receipts into the treasury of the United States during the year 1830 amounted to 47,(591,898 dollars; tnose from duties, 22,52;),li)l ; those from lands, 24,()0(),0()0, and the residue from miscellaneous sources. The expenditures fur all ol)j('Cts durinij the year are estimated at !12,000,000 dollars. Balance in the trea- sury on tiie ist January, 1837, 41,7'23,9r)9 dollars, which, with the exception of ,").()(K),()00 dollars, are to be transferred to the several States, in accordance with the act rejfulating the dcposites of the public money. The second great source of revenue is the national dqmain, or public lands, which consists of tracts of ter- ritory ceded to the general government by the several States; of the lands in liie territory of I^uisiana, purchased from France ; and those in Florida, acquired by treaty from Spain. A vast portion of this land is occupied by the Indians, who are considered as proprietors of the soil, till the government extinguish their title by purchase. A General hand Office at Washington directs the sale of these territories. All the lands are surveyed before sale ; they are divided into town- ships of si;: miles square, which are subdivided into sections of one mile square, containinac each 640 acres, and sold in sections, half, quarter, and half-quarter sec- tions. The minin.um price is fixed by law at a dollar and a quarter. All sales are made for cash. Salt-springs and lead-mines are reserved, but may be sold by special orders from the I'reside.it. One section of 640 acres is reserved in each township, as a fund for the peipetual support of schools. Five per cent, on all sales of land are reserved, thrf e-tifths of which are expended by Congress in making roads leading to the States in which the lands are situated, and two-iiilhe are expended by the States for the p''' motion of learning. In the year 1820, the sales of the public lands produced J I : ' lollars, which had increased in 1834 to 6,099,981, in 1835 exceeded 12,00( .d in 1836 had increased to the as- tonishing sum of 24,000,000 dollars. .iirease of population in the Western States, the extensive introduction of sfentn-vessels on the rivers and lakes, and the increased tiicilitics of intercourse and transportation by rail-roads and canals, have concurred with the extraordinary high price of cotton in producing this won- derful result. The whole quantity of public lands sold is 44,500,000 acres; quan- tity granted for various purposes, 16,040,02-1 acres; unsold, within the limits of i the States and Territories, at the end of 1835, 220,000,000 acres ; beyond those limits, 750,000,000; whole quantity surveyed, 122,300,000: total cost of the lands, 58,439,824 dollars ; total receipts thus far, 64,029,496 dollars. The War Department was created in 1789 : to this department belong the di- rection and government of the army; the erection of fortifications; the e.xecution of topographical surveys ; and the direction of Indian Affairs. Attached to it are a Requisition Bureau, a Bounty-Land Bureau, a Pension office, an office of Indi^n Affairs, an Engineer office, a Topographical office, an Ordnance office, &c. The Army of the United States consists of 2 regiments of dragoons, 4 of artil- lery, and 7 of infantry, containing, at the commencement of 1837, an aggregate amount of 6283 men, including a corps of Engineers, Topographical Engineers, and Ordnance department; the whole being under the command of a Major Gene- ral and two Brigadier Generals. The expenditure of the year 1836, for the mili- tary service, including fortifications, ordnance, Indian affairs, pensions, arming the militia, and internal improvements, was 20,322,083 dollars and 19 cents. The office of Secretary of the Navy was created in 1798 ; and there is a Board of Navy Commissioners, established in 1815, attached to the department. The navy, though on a small scale, acquired great reputation during the three yean' war, when the American ships successfully encountered those of the mistresB of the ocean. Much has since been done, both in enlarging the number of vessels, and extending and constructing suitable dock-yards ; but the naval force is not considered adequate to the exigencies of the country. It consists of 53 v«s.sel8, of which there are 13 ships of the line, 16 frigates, 2 barques, I steam frigate, 14 sloops of war, 2 brigs, and 5 schooners. Of the above, there are on the stocks, 5 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 2 barques, 1 steam frigate, and 1 schooner: total 16. In ordinary, 7 ships of the line, 4 frigates, and 5 sloops of war: total 16. In anda, bank-stock, 3t important. T the year 1830 'those from lands. :penditures for all ilance in the trea- the exception of n accordance with icond great source 8 of tracts of ter- 3f the lands in the lorida, acquired by y the Indians, who tinguish their title the sale of these divided into town- Df one mile square, id half-quarter sec- quarter. All sales but may be sold by is reserved in each 'ivc per cent, on all led by Congress in lated, and two-fifths , the year 1820, the id increased in 1834 ncreased to the as- tion in the Western vers and lakes, and lil-roads and canals, producing this won- 00,000 acres ; quan- vithin the limits ol acres ; beyond those )tal cost of the lands, tment belong the di- tions ; the execution , Attached to it are e, an office of Indi-iJi ice office, &c. | dragoons, 4 of artil- f 1837, an aggregate (graphical Engineers, md ofa Major Gene- ar 1836, for the mill- pensions, arming the id 19 cents. i ; and there isaBoaro lie department The I iring the three yean 96 of the mistre* « he number of vessels, le naval force is not lonsista of 53 vas-sels, i 38, 1 steam frigate, 14 1 e are on the stocks, o 1 Bchooner : totol 16. of war: total 16. In UNITED ST.VriiS. 14:1 commission, 1 ship of the line, 5 frigntcs, 9 s'.oops of war, 2 brigs, nnd 4 schoon- ers; total 21 : besides materials for 4 ships of the line, 8 frigates, and 6 sloops of war. The naval appropriation for the year 1837 was .'■),lft7,21)0 dollars, and for the surveying and exploring expedition, 340,431 Jjllars. There are seven navy- yards belonging to the United States, viz. : at Portsmouth ; at Charlestown, in Bo.=ton Harbour; at Brooklyn, on VVallabout Bay, opposite New-York; at Phila- delphia; at Washington ; at Gosport, o))])osite Norfolk, Virginia; and at Pensa- cola, Florida. There are graving or dry-docks at Charlestown and Gosport, and a third is constructing at Brooklyn. The General Post Office is under the superintendence ofa Postmaster General, who has the appointment of the postmasters throughout the country, and the power of making contracts for carrying the mail. The post routes cover an ex- tent of 118,264 miles, on which the mails are carried 27,.^>78,620 miles a year. The number of post-offices is 11,100; the revenue of the department for the year l'*ii'» was 3,398,455 dollars; the expenditure, 2,755,623 dollars, 75 cents. The office of the Mint of the United States was established at Philadelphia in 1792, and in 1835 an act was passed for establishing a branch in New Orleans, for the coinage of gold and silver, and branches at Charlotte, North Carolina, and Dalilonega, Georgia, for the coinage of gold ; the general direction being under the control of the Director of the Mint at Philadelphia. The coinage is executed by machines propelled by steam-power; the value of the coinage during the year ; 18;}5 was 5,608,607 dollars, comprising 2,186,175 dollars in gold coins, 3,444,003 in silver, and 39,489 in copper, making 1.5,996,;M2 pieces of coin ; and in the year 183G, from January Ist to November 1st, the coinage amounted to 6,496,440 dol- ; lars, of which the gold was 3,619,440, and silver 2,877,000 dollars. The chief agricultural occupations in the eastern states are grazing and the dairy. The middle states are principally devoted to the cultivation of wheat and ! Indian corn; the snithern to '. ^at of tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice ; and the western to Indian corn and wheat. Slave labour is chiefly employed in the south- em and in some of the middle and western states. The cotton crop, in 1836, was estimated at 480 million pounds, of the value of 80 million dollars. Tobacco 80,000 hogsheads, of the value of 6 million dollars ; of rice to the amount of 2^ million dollars ; and of sugar and molasses, of the former 100,000 hogsheads, and of the latter 63,000 hogsheads. The amount of wheat, rye, Indian corn, &.c. I raised in the country, it Is impossible to estimate with any degree of certainty, but it no doubt amounts to several million barrels. The manufactures of the United States are considerable, and gradually increas- ing. The eastern and middle states, which are most abundantly supplied with water-power, are most extensively engaged in manufactures, eapecially of cotton, woollen, iron, glass; paper, wood, &c. In 1810, the value of manufactures in the United States was estimated at #172,762,o76. The present annual value is com- puted at $350,000,000 ; and the capital invested in all the manufactories of the Union is estimated at more than 1000 millions. Most of the American manu- factures are designed ibr home consumption; yet, in 1834, domestic manufactures were exported to the amount of $8,567,590. The manufactures of cotton goods amount to about 50 millions of dollars ; woollen 70 millions; leather and its manafactures 45 millions ; hats, caps, bon- nets, &c. 15 millions; cabinet-ware 10 millions; cables and cordage, paper and glass-ware, each 6 millions; soap and candles nearly 12, and of manufactured tobacco and reflned sugar, each about 2 millions of dollars. In 1810 there was above 80 million gallons of spirituous liquors distilled from com and rye, and up- wards of 5 million from molasses ; and, although it is stated that, in 1835, 4000 distilleries had been stopped by the progress of the temperance reform, vast quan- tities of these poisonous liquors are still prepared. j The commerce of the United States is, next to that of Great Britain, the largest | in the world. It consists principally in the exchange of agricultural produce, for the manufactures of other countries, and the productions of tropical climates. All vessels engaged in the foreign trade are registered by the collector of the district to which they belong, and those employed in the coasting trade and fisheries are ' :* * *■ ,1-' 13 • K» nA^t mr: i'^^ iim ISO I'M'IEl) STATES. enniUfiil and licensed by tlie same officer. At the comtneiiccinniit of tlie year 18;}."> llier(! was of reiri.>itere(l tonnaire h.j7,4.'}S, including l()H,Ofi() tons employed ill the wiiale-lisliery ; the enrolled and licensed ionna;fe amounted to THU.OIS, and ti.-liiii^f-vessels 117,H.')0; total 1,7.')H,!K)7 ; and, diirin^r tlio ycai 18H4, there was liiiili m the United States, rcfristered tonnajro 52,0^i, and of enrolled ton:. .j,a' (i,">,'i()7; total llH,;j;)t); the number of ve«sel» built amounted to 0r)7, includinif M stt-am-l>oats. The number of vessels and tonnaffe entering the ports of the ! United Stales, durinjj the year 18;}."), was 11,'JiW vessels, amounting to 1,9})3,'J()8 tons: of which liY^ii ves.sols, and 1,H.V2,(>.')H tons were American, and 42G1) ves- f(ds, o' . vessels, of U,0:U,:i41 tons; of which 7'J85 vessels, and l,40(),r)17 tons, were American, and i'2'M vessels, of G3(),H24 tons, wore foreign. The value of the ini|K)rt8 of the year 1h;J(), ending on the MOth of September, ib estimated at 17U,.')40,(HH( dollars; showing an increase, com mred with the preceding year, of 2M,044,VJ.")rt dollars. The exports, during the arne period, are estimated at 121,789,(M)0 dollars; of which lOl.lO.'i.OOl) dolliir.'^ v ire domestic products, and the residue foreign; exhi- biting an aggregate increase, compared with the preceding year, of 35,42H dol- lars, and an amount exceeding the average of the last three years by 5,8'2U,loU dollars. The iTiost important article of export is cotton ; of which there were sent to Europe, ir, 1835, of the value of G4,961,y02 dollars ; of tobacco there was ex- ported 8,2r)0,r)77 dollars; of flour, wheat, corn, rye-meal, rice, &c. 8,88U,977 dol- lars; ofcod-lish and the produce of the fisheries, 2,174,.'>24 dollars; of staves, shingles, naval etoroB, oak bark, &,c. 4,542,(K)1 dollars; of beef, pork, horses, and mules, and other agricultural products, 2,901,8!X) dollars ; of cotton gcxjds, 2,8.'i8,(5"!l dollars; the other principal articles of e:;port are skins and t'urs, ilax-seed, soap and candles, manufactures of leather, of iron, of household furniture, &.c. &.c. Most of the fish'^ries are carried on from the New England states, and ill New England ship.H. The whale-tishery is prosecuted in the Atlantic ocean, chiefly south of t!ie line, for the right or black whale, anu in the Southern, Indian, and Pacific oceans, for the spermaceti v.'hale. In the year 1835, 1()8,()()0 tons of ship- ping were employed in this business ; and in the course of the year 1835, sper- maceti and whale oil was brought home, of the value of about 6,500,000 dollars. Seal oil and furs are also obtained in the Antarctic seas by these adventurous sea- men. The fishery is carried on chiefly from the ports of Nantucket and New , Bixllbrd, and also, but on a less scale, from New London, Sag Harbour, Warren, Bristol, Hudson, &.c. About 10,000 met are engaged in it, and the seamen are paid, not by fixed wages, but by a certain share in the profit^! of the voyage. Those in the Pacific and Southern ocesiiB are generally absent from two to three years at a time. 'J'he cod-fishery is pursued on the banks and coasts of Newfoundland, and on the Labrador coasts. It employs upwards of 60,000 tons of small crall, some of which make several trips a year; those on the coast-fisheries generally remain longer. The produce of this fishery may be estiuiated A from 1,2(H),()0() to 1,.'MI0,000 dollars a year. The mockerel fishery employs about 50,000 tons ot" shipping, rnd produces about 2,000,000 dollars ann-ually. No part of the world presents sucli an extensive river commerce. Steam ves- sels, u grand improvement, first introduced in America, ply on all the principnl streams, ond of upwards of 100,000 tons of this species of craft belonging to the United Stales in i8;j4, rilir.ost the whole was on the interior waters. On the M»- sissippi and its trihuturies alone, an extent of 8000 miles was traversed by 230 steani-lwats. Neither the States nor individuals have been slow in improving and extendiiig these natural advantages; and the spirit with which they have under- taken, and the perseverance they have shown in executing the most magnificent plans, have shed a lustre on the American name. The great land-locked bays of the coast have been connected by a chain of canals, aflbrding a safe internal water-route from Narragansett Bay to Albemarle Sound. The eastern and west- ern waters have been united by several channels, which either turn the Allegha- nies or surmount their summits. The waters of t!ie lakes and the Mississippi iff milt of the yeiir (i() tons employed il to 7H3,Glti, 1111(1 1H;M, tlifre was enrolled ton;. .>;e i to 957, includinir • the ports of Hit; ntingtol,«i)3,!)(i:li 3nn, and 4201) ves- 1 U,:)ir).ves8e!o, of I ^rc American, and i ho iniiH>rt8 of the ?«,r>4(MHK» dollars;' 2:<,(544,-2.->rt dollars, j 8»,(H)0 dollars; ot idue foreign ; exhi- ifcar, of 3r),4-2;» dol- years by 5,8-iy,lo0 I there were sent to jl l)acco there was cx- , &c. 8,383,977 dol- I dollars; of staves ■ef, pork, horses, and tlong(H)d9,2,858,(Wli furs, Uax-seed, soap, rniture, &.c. &c. \ 1 states, and iti NeW; lantic ocean, chiefly Southern, Indian, and \ 1()8,(K)0 tons of ship- 1 the year 1835, sper- , out 6,500,000 dollars, lese adventurous sea- Nantucket and New , ag Harbour, Warren,, , and the seamen are rofiU of the voyage. lent from two to three ■ Slewfoundland, and on i. f amall crall, some ot | Ties generally remain I A from 1,2(H),00() to about 50,000 tons o? immerce. Steam yes- j yon all the prinoipHl craft belonging to the waters. O" t'*? M* was traversed by ^i| slow in improvinjf and i which they have under- T the most magnihceiU 'at land-locked bays ot brding a safe internal l| The eastern and west- ither turn the Alleirha:, kes and the Mississippi UN 111 ; I) ST AT IX 1.51 I have been connected at various points, and the obstacles in the navigation of the most important rivers have been overcome by removing the bars or lodges which obstructed their channels, oi by sidn-cuLs, locks, and diim.i. Tlio whole length of tliis artific'il navigation is not loss tiian ;{5*f] I '* '.iS»l' ISQ UNITED 8TATES. in 1(}47, a scliool wos established by law in every town or neighbourhood of 50 families, and a fcIiooI for the higher branches, for every 100 fainilies. The nnnibor of colleges in the United States is (58; of medical schools 23; of law schools 9; of theological seminaries H7. The country does not yet, however, furnish the scholar with those facilities for n finished learned education which arc aHurdcd by the scientific and literary establishments of Kurope, and the want of good libraries is sensibly felt by every one who ims attempted much learned re- search. The largest collection of Imoks in the United Statt-s does not contain r)0,(KX) volumes, and there are few which even approach that number. The Phi- ladelphia Library has 42,()(K) volumes ; the Cambridge University Library about the same number; the Boston Athenmum 30,000; the New- York Society Library tW,0(H); and the Library of Congress 20,000. Most of the States of the Union have made some legislative provision for cotii' mon school instruction, anJ in some States (especially in Massachusetts, Connec- ticut, New- York, and Virginia), large funds are set apart for this purpose. Pri- vate schools and academies of the higher order are quite numerous, especially in New England; so that few grow up without enjoying the means of elementary instruction, or, if they desire it, ot a more e.xtendo(l liberal education. In the Sabbath-schools of the United States, which are doing much for the intellectual as well 08 moral improvement of the young, about 000,000 children are weekly instructed by more than 80,000 teachers. There is no established church in the United States, religion being led to the voluntary choice of the people. No sect is favoured by the laws beyond another ; it being an essential principle in the national and state governments, that legisla- tion may of right interfere in the concerns of public worship only so far as to pro- tect every individual in the unmolested exercise of that of his choico. Nor is any legislative provision made for the support of religion, except that, in Massachu- setts, the legislature is enjoined to require, and in New Hampshire is empowered to authorize, the several towns and parishes to make adequate provision, at their own ey"'""8e, for the support of Protestant ministers. The same was the case in Connec ,ut, until 1818, when it was abolished by the new constitution. But in all the other Slates, the support of religion is lefl entirely to the voluntary zeal of its professors. The numbers of established churches, or congregations, are estimated at over 15,000, and the ministers at about 12,000. The Presbyterians, including Congre- gationalists, are the most numerous denomination. The Baptists are estimated as second in numerical amount ; and the Methodists, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Universalists, Lutheitins, Christians, German Reformed, and Friends or Quakers, probably rank in point of numbers in the order in which they are mentioned. Other sects, respectable in amount of numbers, are Unitarians, Associate and other Methodists, Freewill Baptists, Dutch Reformed Menonites, Associate and Cumberland Presbyterians, Tunkers, and many others. In fact, almost all the sects of Christianity are represented in our country. There are no early enumerations of the population on which much reliance can be placed ; but, in 1753, the number was estimated at 1,051,000. A regular de- cennial census, taker, since 1790, gave, at that period, S.0T9,827; in 1800, 5,;«)5,925; in 1810, 7,239,814; in 1820, 9,638,131. It is most interesting to con- sider, us the immensity of unoccupied land leaves full scope for this power of mul- tiplication, how vast the future numbers may be with which this region will be peopled, and which will render it mtch the greatest state that ever existed in an- cient or modern times. It is calcuLUed, upon good grounds, that in a century it will contain 160,000,000; and still, oeing only half as populous as Britain or France, leave ample scope for future increase. The Americans, should they con- tinue united, would then become the greatest nation in the world ; and the most powerful states of Europe would rank as secondary to them. The population, exclusive of the aboriginal races within the United States' limits, whose numbers are not comprised in the above statements, consists of three classes : whites, free coloured persons, and slaves, whose relative proportions at five different periods '^re here given : [ibourhood of 50 lies. il schools 23; of lot yet, however, ication which are and the want of much learned re- does not contain mbcr. ThePhi- )ity Library about k Society Library provision for com- ] ichusetta, Conncc- his purpose. I'ri- rou8, especially in ms of elementary education. In the for the intellectual lildren are weekly 1 being left to the vs beyond another ; ments, that legisla- j nly so far as to pro- choice. Nor is any , that, in Massachu- ishire is empowered provision, at their me was the case in )nstitution. But in the voluntary zeal e estimated at over I, including Congre- sta are estimated as s, Roman Catholics, 'Viends or Quakers, hey are mentioned, •ians, Associate and nites, Associate and fact, almost all the h much reliance can 000. A regular de- .rT9,827; in 1800, 3t interesting to con- )r this power of mul- i this region will be t ever existed in an- that in a century it pulous as Britain or ms, should they con- world ; and the most the United States' mU, consists of three elative proportions at UNITED STATKS. 153 WhilPK. Blnvfln. Free coloiirnil. nno .%i7a,4(i4 on;,*!? .')(>,46.'» 1H(I() 4,.3()»,48l) H'»3,041 l()8,:m 1810 r>,HHi,(l(»4 I,l!tl,;i(i4 lHtvl46 IHJO 7,8t)l,7l() 1,,5;W,03M a3d,.'-i-J4 1830 10,5:i(!,V>48 2,00i),043 3l;),5U'J III regard to these numbers it is to be observed that in tlie census of 1790, are not included tiic inhabitants of the Mississippi and Northwest Territories, esti- innted at about liJ,(KK>; and that between 18(M) and 1^10, I^uiisiana was acquired with about .WiOtK) inhabitants, and .SJJ.OOO Africans were brought into the country. Tin; *oilovving Htntument shows the relative rate of inoreaso of the whole popula- ticm, and of each of the three classes, in the two periods from 1^10 to 1820, and from 1820 to IBJIO, 1810—1820. 1820—1830. Tnrrcaso of whole (ropulation. 33,3 per cent .33.4 per cent. Wliitcs 34 33.9 Sl!iv.H aS.G 30.6 Freo Blacks 24.8 37.4 niucks 28.5 31.5 I ifiia 158. 9,75U| Tool. I 11(1,540' 141.r1«ll K>,41lli 37S,717 lltl.lIO ailH.MI: ■Ma.i-20 i\:.tu iH4,i;i!i: ii,4i:i 4;m,:i7.1: ;t,7:t7I ai.lHW t?,l*i7| 3i!i,7j>i inn.n:tiil 74H,:)0H •.11:1,427' :)!i3.7,')i iuo,.'i7-.'i a4il.07;i 1(I7,IW4 8i,54rt ;!'J,'.'I14 TnlJl. .MlVM. l.'!I,7Iill IKI,7(li| l.')4,4i:5 4!j;i.i4.5 'r>i.iK« yii,!i4!> «o-.',:«i.') «4.','7.1, .34 1., I If, HH),-.'1)0 47H,lo;) .Ui.s:!! Kw.ini ; I f.fJO 3,48!) .TSl Ml '.'0.34:1 l\2,4'i'J 1.7nii fi,I33 in,5,(i:i5 :i4,'>.7iii IM:i,i4(i !l74.li'W ,5.M.,5«0 41,5.113 2.'>2,4:W 40,332 -fi,,"),'.!! am ,727 4WI.511 230,7(10 24„VJfl I2,2«> 50,H4,'5 24,023 103' 310! 1.1.017 10,K'.l 7!'5 4,1771 U^.'MI'J, 3!'a.siH iriH.ii24i v.h;.:«>.'> 105,2 in; Total, I Slivn, 308,3.33 77,777 844.1(11 2:15,704 52:1,287: H3.0,TO 27.'>,20!Ji 1.3?i.rtl2 'J?-: .'.■r.'i 48 117 10,0H8 4,7(12 17,088 34,0(10) 44.5;)3 8U,,'ilil| " "237; 1(18 3,01) 5,;iii3 34 7.,17.'>' 1,040,4,W| 72,74'J| 407.:wo: 1,005.37!!' n38,(<2!»| 502.741 340.!i87 (127.(101 J 75.44.- 15:1.407 422.8i;ii .'iil4,317i 58l,4:i4 147,178, .M.aii' (t(),,W« 33,03 8,800 14,273 211| 4,30!ll 107,:i!W| 425.15;* 20,5,0 171 258,4751 140,(13(1 4i.8r.il 32,814| (111.0041 80.107 120,732 lOO 017 10,223 o,:ir i,or 3!H),0S3 200,328 280,033 Cin,4(W 07,100 907,003 l,01h,(;08 1,348,2.33 70,748 447.040 1.211.403 737,087 581,1851 5l(l.f23 30!>„527 i:iO,l31 2I3,7:iO (i81,H04 (187,IP17i 1I37,!10.'I: .34:1.031 ]37,455 140,445, .30,834; .34,7:10 30,0391 »0,368| 14 2S 7H 9.3,'H 403 3.303 102,9 ;» 30 m 40 40 to 30 ,50 to 00 (10 10 70 70 to 80 80 to 00 nOlo 100 Inwards of 100., Tolala,... Feinilef. 021.0.34 7,V).074 o:w,85(i ,500,254 018,411 55S,.VI1 350,04(1 223..504 i3i.:«7 58,3.30 17,431 2,.523 238 COLUimED FOFULATION. Fr« Milri.'Pree Fsmalef.'Mils Slim. Fem-ile SIi\r». ITiider 10 Of 10 to 24..,, 24 10 36.... .10 to 53.... ,55 10 100. . . . Upwards of 100. Totals. 48,075 43.070 87,(150 22 271 irio:) 209 47,329 48,i:w :t2,541 24,327 13.423 .380 153,4,53 ! 100,140 .353.408 312,5(;7 183,3^3 118,880 4 1, .545 748 1.012,823 347,P05 :i08.770 185.780 111,887 41,430 070 000,820 I White*. Olacka . , 15,355,133.5,171.115 Blind. 3,074 1,470 Totals 3,444 VnJ tnd numb. .... 3,303 . , , , 743 0,100 ti # «'fe t . • t ■:■!. V .,)■ ■■.t' (' ■ im '■'■:* \W>' T4. 'I I' 154 UNrnil) STATKS. Tho wliolo niiriilxT of Alwripini'i* cxi.-tiii),'' nt proHi'nt within Iho torrilnriiil jlirisiliclii)ii (if lliu Uiiiliul StiitCH, is Lvsliiiiitluil at :{:i:t,ltil, ot' wlicmi iilxiut SI,(HI() rcNidi' west of tliu Rocky Mouiitnin.x, niui llic ri'sidiio ciist oC tliiit ri'srion. Ol'lln? Iiiiiiiiiis rcciiiin'r fiist of tiio l{()ci(y MoiiiiliiinH, riT,i;i;{ are cast of llii! .Missi?si|i|ii river, of wlioiii 1^,1)1^ am under treaty Kli|iiilation.i to rciiiovf westward of llmt Btrcuiii, l-'t.diH) liave renioved from tin; enct to the weiiil are the Sioux, I'aw- nce.s, Co'iKinche'-', Maridans, .MinutanM'n, Blackfurl, and As»iniUiine:i. The most hinnauL' (!xcrtions iiave CMH-riintly hei;n in operalion, on the part of tlic (reiitTid {jovernnient, to iireservr the racr- fr.iin extinction, hy severe provisions lo prevent their ohtaininjj ardent sjuritn, and hy unwearied ulllirts to train tiiein to the arts and a(;riculture, and lo impart to them the bles.siiii;H of eihication and Christianity. Under tiie system adopted hy tlic irovernment. a^rents and suh-iifients, interprc (its and nKM.haiiici', are em|)loyed amonif the dilleriMit Indian Iribef, to carry thrao purposes into elFect ; and the President is nulliorized to cause the stores of the licensed traders to he searched, and it' ardent sjiirits are found uinon^ the articles for sale, the wludo {foods are forfeited to the (government. The whole number of Indian schools established anion;,' them, partly by chari- table associations of the diU'erent relijfious deiioininntioiis, and partly by iieciiiii:iry aid from the government, is 01. Tlie i IniliaiiH, nii'.visc ru till! Sioiix. l'"^^'- U.iiif;'. Tlio most liirt l)t" lllU (Jl'IKTttl lovifimirt to iiri'ViMit nil tlii-m to till! iirts on anil I'lirisliimily- • .„Hoiits, iiiUTpri iiTs j ribi's-, to carry lluac jiu the nlores of llic j iiinoii;,' tho articka icin, pirlly by chari- I pnrily I'y l«'<'ii»i''fy ,v;iHi iilliiwutl ill l"";!*'.! Tlin wliolo nuiiilicr i icliidiiiL' 1")0 Hchulars ose educnliiMi in t- { tho IMiUtu, and tlwl iKipulation, ami whicli Mie States arc iliviileil in?, exceiit in South where thoy arc callcil , Pennsylvania, New ividcd into townships, 3 STATES. of the Hudson, viz.,;! sland, and Connecticut. lish oriijin, and tliough periods been connected of their country, they , Tiou3 instruction, and,, } the circumstanceB ot longed wars, they pre- able abroad as they are ] interior, it is mountain- -shore presents in gene- , ■ih flats of moderate ex- j an almost constant suc- UNITEI) STATES. M.-i cession of short hills and narrow valli'vs. There are no oxtonsivo plains throiijjh- out the wtioie of New Knfrhiml. Miirh of tho noil 'm frood, yot in jjenerai it rc- i|iiireH dili);ent cultivation, and coiiipelrf the farmer to uho ^reat induntry to pro- cure tol(!rablo crops; and altlioiiijh it well rrpnyH tho iulKiur of the hiishandinnn, it is on tho whole less truitful than many other parts of the United States. Most of the i\ew Hn;;hind Slates are larjjeiy cniraged in timiiiifactures. The ilifVerent eHtahlislHnents of various kinds are too niunerous to specify. The cotton fiictorics, in particular, iniiploy a vast number of hands and a preat amount of capital. A proof of the result of these preat cstablishmrntH may be found in the tact that twenty-tivo years apo tho chief cottons of thn United States were im- ported from India. New Hn<;land now sends her manufactured cottons there, and Hnds the trade profitable. Since tho manufacturing; system has prevailed, tiiis part of tho Union has rapidly incrensed in population and business. I The New Englanders are extensively enpaped in the Hank and whale fisheries. This pursuit eiiii)l()ys many thousands of hands, furnishes one of the most im|H)r- taiit items in this section of the United States, and trains vast numbers of the most experienced and intrepid mariners in the world. An active commerce is carried on from the ports of Now England with all parts of the world ; their ships sprecd their sails in every sea, and her lumber manufactures and the produce of her fisheries arc extensively exported. Almost every villaj^e carries on some liandicratl, and the farmer otlen employs the lonjf winter evenings in some gainful task. Thus are produced many little objects which althoujrh in appearance of small value, yet in the aggregate constitute a source of considerable wealth to the community, and aro produced to such an ex- tent as almost to rival in value the products of the large manufacturing establish- ments. From the first settlement of the country, the inhabitants of New England have been a religious people. The entire freedom of opinion enjoyed by them has led to a diversity of religious denominations. In almost every town and village are several places of public worship belonging to the difTerent sects common in the country, among which aro Congregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Unitarians, &c. It is disreputable for a man to have no religious belief, and there are few wiio do not give their support to some one moiM)iit(K)l(, anil thu ArixMtook; with thn Penobscot, KeiinelMick, AmlruKCOKijin, tiavt,, I'li'Mfiiiiit, Duiniiriucotta, Hiul Union rivorN. Thu 8oa-c()UBt of Mnini; ia rnrnarkiibly indnntcd with bnyg and Inlets, winch afford );rcat tariliticM for navigation und cominurce. Tho principal aro Cavco, I'o- noltMcot, Frenchnian'H, Kn^fliHhnian'H, MachiaM, and I'aiMama(|uuddy bayti. The lakp!4 an; no nunicroua, that it is OMtimated one-Hixth ot' llju surtiico of the State conMiiita of water, and indeed they form one of tho charactcri:*tic featurex of the country. Some of them aro remarkable for their pictureMjue beauties, and many of thcni will no doubt be useful mediums of communication when their vicinity is more populous. Tho most noted aro MixMohcud, Uinba((og, Hoba^o, the Schoodic Lnketi, and I.ako Chesiincnnk. The soil im tho coast is varimiH, and of but moderate fertility : in the interior, most of tho land is inoro productive, and somo of it, especially on the Kcnnebci k and Penobscot rivers, is fertile, and well adapted to agriculture and gming. One of the most important productions of this State is white-pine timber, which i« found chiefly on the Upper Kcnnebcck and Penobscot rivers, and also on the Aliasfash. As there m no other tract of country yielding this lumber to any con- sidoruhlu extent in the Atlantic States, the lands producing^ it have lately much advanced in price. The value of tho lumber cut and sawed annually is e^imated at #10,000,000; the yearly amount of the wool grown, l|2,U00,000; and of lime manufactured in thu State, t§l,00(),0(K). The total shipping belonging to the State amounU to 225,329 tons, and about .'lO.OOO tons are annually built The value ul imports in the year 1835 was #883,389; of exports, #1,059,307, of which all but <|tl4,416 was of domestic produce, The constitution makes it the duty of the legislature to require the several towns to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the support of public schools, and to encourage and suitably endow acudemies, colleges, and scminariee of learning. In pursuance of this provision, each town is reijuired by law to raise annually a sura equal to forty cents for each inhabitant, which is distributed amonf^ the town schools m the ratio of the number of scholars in each. Furttier grants are also made by the State in aid of their support There are in the State 30 academies, a Baptist college at Watcrvillo, a Con- gregationalist theological seminary in Bangor, a Wesleyan theological semina/y at Readheld, and Bowdoin College, with a medical school, at Brunswick. The number of pupils in tlie common schools is about 15,000. The principal religioue denominations are Baptists, Congregationalists, and Methodista; there are also Friends, Universalists, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, du;. All of tlie towns are in the southern part of the State, in which, indeed, nearly the whole of the population is concentrated. There are some settlements on the St Johns, in the northern part, which is, however, at present under British juris- diction, and through which there ia a road leading from Frederickton, in New Brunswick, to the River St Lawrence. The central part is almost wholly unin- habited, und covered with primitive forests, which are visited only by hunters and lumberers. A rail-road from the coost-scctioti of this State to Quebec haa been proposed. The most favourable route has been u.sccrt'iined to be from Bel tiist; distance 277 miles, cost 5,000,000 dollars. Maine is divided into 10 counties. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1765 20,788 1790 96,540 1800 151,719 1810 298,705 1820 298,335 1830 399,455 INCR£A8K* From 1765 to 1 790 ........ 75,753 1790 to 1800 55,179 1800 to 1810 76,986 1810 to 1820 69,630 1820 to 1830 101,120 Of the above population of 1830, were, white males, 200,687 ; white females, 197,591. Of which, 153 are deaf and dumb ; 154 are blind ; and foieigners, not naturalized, 3526. Of free coloured persons, there are, ro'Jes, 600; females, 571: coloured deaf and dumb, 16 ; blind, 1. lie AllaRMh, Wiil- ntlroBCOKgin, Siw '<, iind inloto, wlucli ipal nro Caisco, I'o- xldy bay*. Iljo surtaco of the iracleristic foaturen enquo beeuliuB, anil licBlion when tlwir , Umbagog, tiobano, ily : in the interior, y on the Kennebrrk awl grazing. One ne timber, which i» ra, and aUo on tl>e g lumber to any con- ; it have lately raucli ated at l8llO,000,000; lime manufactured in le State araounU to B value ol imnorUin ^ich all but l»14,41C| 3 require the Beversll the support of public llegea, and Beminariee Huired by law to raise h is distributed amonK Bach. Further grants at Watcrvillo, a Con- , theological aeminary at Brunswick. The The principal religion* odisu; there are al8o| which, indeed, nearly mio settlements on the I nt under British juris- 1 Frederickton, in New is almost wholly umn- cd only by hunters and ite to Quebec hafl been I led to be from Belfiist; ed into 10 counties. I0D8. .... 75,759 55,179 76,986 69,630 101,120 !00,687; whitefemal^l ind; and fowigners, not Jes, 600; females, 571. rNiTi:i» .^rvriH I. '.7 Till' city of l'orHn!iii Im iIm- lnr|,'ci,(M)l, \n MOW believed to exceed 1(I,(KKI. The city of UiiiiL'or, the inont iiii()orlHnt plnci! on tliu I'eiiolisrot, hrtM treliled itM popiilntion Kiiice H;«(; it is iit preHeiit iilHuit MHKI. From '.WO iniliioiiH to '100 iiiilliiin feet of iunibcr, are baid to be amiimlly i'X(K)rted from tliin place. AiiuiiHlii, tim capital of the State, occiipicH both Rid>?« of the Konncberk river, .')() niilcH from its iiioiitli it contains ii liiindHome Slate.|IoiiH(! of (rranito, and an I' lilted StatOH ArHenal. Helow Aiijiiiatu, are llnllovvel, and (Jardiner, IkiIIi lloiiriHli- inif towns; and ut the head of bhip navi^ration, and alxiiit Ut miles from tin.' nea IM U.ith, noted tiir itM ti|i.|)-hnil(lint'. From Thoinatiiton in ex|K)rted large <|uaiititinH iif lime, ninrbli! ami {,'i:iiiilo. Some of the other principal towns in Maiitu, are KaHlj>ort, Mucliiud, Calais, Urono, UcltuHt, Uriin^wick, Sacu, and York. STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Tiiw State is bounded on the north by Ix)wcr Canada; on the enst, by Maine iiiiil the Atlantic Ocean; south by MasHachuHCtts ; and went by Vernont. It is in lenffth, from north to south, alwut IflO miles ; ami Irom east to west, 70 is nlwiit the avernffp breadth. It in, in area, H,5(M) wpmre miles. The seii-ccMiKt of this State, from I'iscataqua Harbor to the south buundary, is but 18 miles in extent. The country on the coast is level : in the interior, the surface is greatly diversi- fied hy hills and valleys, and contain.s several mountains of considerable height; Hinoni,' which nro the White Mountains, the most elevated of anv in the New Knifliind StatcH. The other considerable elevations are, Moosehillock, Monad- nock, Kenrsnrpp, Sunapee, Ossipeo, &c. The White Mountains arc distinguished by the nomes of Washington, Frank- lin, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Pleasant. Mount Washington is (i,l'28 fuet in height. . They are covered with snow ten months in the year, and nro often seen from a great distance at sea, and frequently hefore nny intermediate land, although they are at leost o.^ miles in the nearest direction from the const. The w ild and sublime character of their scenery, causes them to l)e annually visited by numerous travellers. The oscent to their summits is attended with considerable fatigue, but has been surmounted in a few instances by ladies. The view is rendered uncommonly grand ond picturesque, by the magnitude of the elevation, the extent and variety of the surrounding seen ry, and above all, by tlie husfe and desolate piles of rocks extending to a great ustance in every dirpc- tion. In the .vestern pass of these mountains, there is n remarkable gap called the Notch, which is esteemed one of the grandest natural curiosities in the United Istatos. To an admirer of the wonders of nature, the passage through the Notch, and the views from the summit, affoi-d a rich repast. Though inferior to the .\ndotf or the Alps in elevation, yet they display the grande.st mountain scenery, surpassing everything of the kind to he seen elsewhere in this country. The principal Rivers of Now England have their origin, either wholly or in part, in this State. These are, the Connecticut, Merrimack, Androscoggin, Saco, and Piscataqua. The other most considerable streams are, the Upper and Lower Ainonoosuck, Sugar River, Ashuelot, Contoocook, Magallaway, and Nashua. The principal I^akes are the Winnipiseogee, Umbagog, Ossipee, Sunapee, Squam, and Newfound Ixike. The inhabitants of New Hampshire nro principally engaged in agriculture: the chief proilucts arc Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, &.c. and liorses imd cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. are largely exported. There are some large manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the State. 14 ----------—-.—--——— ■in ■I lis J: ■ «,■■ •H 1j8 UNl'li:i) HTATI-X In !•<:):», tlifTc wcrn in Now Iliiin|>( ('iiriliiii.>-iiiillH. MitiiiiliictiiicH lire aUti cnrriiil on in liiiiiilu>r< to n <'uiimi!i'[iiIi|i- fxii'iit, iind fiotiii' vchhi'Ih arc cniplnvi'il in tin' Imnk nrwl xlion- tiHlirri('!< ; but iniiny (pf tin' iiilmliitdnln Iimvc the State cvi-ry year in Nrarcli of rmploynicril. 'I'lii- iiiini'ml n-Honrcrs III' Ni-w llaniprliir'' arn iiiil >rrcat. ('nppcr iM tininil nt rniTicoiiiii, ami iron in aliiiiiihint in l.ixlion ami Friii iiiii , |>liinil)ii(rn or lilack l(wl iiico occiirn in M'vcriil pliiccH, piirliciilarly al Unntol. A tiin'-ifruiiKMl ^rmniip, w'hicli iH i|iiarri('il in many plao'N, alliinlN iiii )X('i-lli-nt liiiililiii<; niiitorini. Tiii> lorpNt iilliirilH iilninilaiu'i! of excellent tiniiicr, nnd liu; wliitn pine HuiiK'tiini'n nt- taini* tlio hoif^lit of '^00 foot, with a titrai^'lit trunk oix fuel nnd upwanlf in tliniii"tiT, AlM)iit cii'lit iniion from I lie fnant arc tlic IsIch nf Nhoalx, iii'lonpinjf partly to Now llniiipNiiiri! ami pirtly to jMnino. 'I'licy lie hctwmm PnrtKinoiilh nnd Now- ImryiHirt, nml nri; hardly iiiciro limit n cluster of ruckn rinin;,' nl)ovo tlu; \vati>r. 'I'lic itilinliituiilH are nlM.ut one hundred ; they live wdidy by liwhitnf, nnd in con- nexion wilh tliorti! of the hhori.' in their iiniiu'diiit'! nei^'lilKHirhood, who follow lliR hniiie iiiodi? of life, nre the most riidti and nncivili/ed beiii;.'H in Now Kn).'laiiil, except the Indians. IIIliirlH have recently hoen ninde to iinprovu their condition, and they have now n inoetini,'-hoiiBf!, Hcht/0, .... 141,8".'; 1800 lH3,8.i8 1810, .... SM,4C0 1820 244,101 18;iO 269,328 INCRKASE. From 17ilO to 1W)0, . 1800 to IHIO, . 1810 to 1H20 3!t,701 1820tolH30, .... 25,167 41,073 30,602 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 131,184; white Females, 137,.'J37; ileaf and dumb, 135; blind, 105; aliens, 410. Total, wliitea, 'J()8,721. — Free colored, 002; deaf and dumb, 9. Portsmouth, the only sea-port, and the InrgCBt town in the State, ia pleasnntly aituntcd on the I'iscntaqna, three miles from the sea. It has one of the iinciit harlHuirs in the world, affordinfr 40 feet of water in the channel at low tide, nnd being easily accessible to vessels of the largest size, nnd cotnpletely landlocked. It is protected by several forts. The tides rise ten feet. The town stands on a peninsular elevation, sloping towards the harbour, and is well built. It contains seven churches, seven banking-houses, the county buildings, &c., and is well sup- plied with good water brought from the neighbourhood. Two wooden bridges have been built across the Piscnlaqun, one of which is 1750 feet long. There is here a navy-yard belonging to the United States, situated on Navy Island, on the east side of the river, and within the limits of Maine. The population of Ports- mouth is 8082. Concord, the capital of the State, on the west side of the Merrimack river, is handsomely built on two principal streets; has the State-House, and State Prison of granite, besides banks, churclif.s, hotels, &,c ; population 3727. In the south- east part of the State, are several towns 1 irgnly engaged in manufactures : these are, Dover, Somersworth, Newmarket, and Exeter, which, besides its mills and manufactures, contains Phillips's Academy, n well known and respectable Semi- nary. These are all on navigable rivers, furnishing fine mill-seats and constant \vll<'ii niillii, 0()lt in);-iiiillH, mill 'JiKI to II CUIIMlll'lllllll' 'iHlirrii!!* ; Imt many iliiyiiK'iit. ("opixT IH timiiil nf iiniliitlfo "f I'lii'k ii»'-Krum<'1KU) 2:>,1G7 lales, 131,184; white , 410. Total, whitBii, de State, is plcttsnntly has one of the fincfl innel at low tide, and :otnpletely landlocked. The town stands on n veil built. It contains 3, &c., and is well sup- Two wooden bridges feet long. There is )n Navy Island, on the le population of Ports- le Merrimack river, is louse, and State Prison | 1 3727. In the soiilh- n manufactures : these , besides its mills and und respectable Scmi- mill-seats and constant i'Nrn;i) htatks. I.V.I niiMimiiiiciition with the sea. Nnnhua, near the wiufh linn of Ihi- Sliite, contniuii I ,-tvrnl larifi! rotton milN; il.<* (Nipiilntidn in IKMI wiih .'ilMi.'), hnviiij^ ruiliiT rmiri' tlinii ilniihli'd It Hincrt H;I(»: llniiover, llie neiit of Diirtiiioiitli I'dllt-jrc, Hiiverliill nnd l^niicaHtcr, nrn townM of lietwecii 'MM and IMHtO iiihiiliilantM; and Ainliersl and Ktieno are neat thrivin;,' towiw bolweon tho Mjrriiimck and Connecticut rivcru. STATE OF VKllMONT. ViiHMONT Is Imundod N. b^ J>owpr C'nnadn; K. by New irnin|)Hliirei H. by MiiNsaciiuxPltM; VV. by New \ork; from which it in M'piiriiled, in part, by I,iikt> ('haniphiin. It in HM iiiileH in k'ii;;tli, iViuii iiorlh toboiilli; 00 iiiiles iii bri-ailtli on the northern, and III on the Koiithurn Ujuiidury; and uontains an area of KI.'Jl'.^ a(|imrf,' niilei*, or fi,.");i."i,(>H(l acren. Till! (ireen .MoiintaiiiH, from which the state derivoH it.t name, on arcoiint of the overfreeni with which tlir.'y are covered, occupy a larsfo part of the State; iv '. ino.tt of itrt Mirliiee is imcveii. The raiiife pasws throiijfli its wholu lonf,'th, (ilioiit half-way het' eeii Ijike ('hamplam and the ('oiii'.ectirut river. From these moiiiituiiiii, many ulreaiiiH take their riwe : the mont im|)ortant are, Otter creek, Onioi, river, l,a Moile, and MiHHiwpie, which empty into l,iike Chum- plain, in the west; tho VViiite, I'asumpsie, and West rivers, which flow into tho Ciiiini jticut, on 'lO east. The scenery of this Stat s romaniic, and beautiful ; tlic air pure, and health- ful; and tho natives iiidust <, r, intelliifent, and hospiiihlo. The Koil is fertile; ni, a' sorts of (,'rain, (. the little village of to 16 or 20 feet wide, I cut in the solid rock, odstock, v,ith 3044 in- t on the Connecticut, :es receive particular rsity. UNITED STATES. 161 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, This State is bounded north by Vermont and Now Hampshire; east by tho At- lantic Ocean ; south by Rliode Island and Connecticut ; nnd west by New Vork. Tiic average e.xtent, from north to soutii, is 70 miles ; and from east to west, 140 : area, foOO scpiare miles. Tlio Green Mountains range through the central parts of the' State, from north to south. 'J'liese mountains, in their whole extent, iibound in noble elevations, dark green forests, pleasant and sheltered valleys, and an infmite variety of impressive scenery. The highest peaks are Saddle Mt., Taghkomc, Mt. Tom, Mt. Holyoke, &.c. Alassachusetts has no large rivers wholly within her bounds. The Merrimack passes out of New Hampshire into the northern division of the State, emptying into the sea at Newburyport. Tho Connecticut, in traversing it from north to south, nearly bisects the State. The Housatonic, Charles, and Ipswich, Neponset, and Taunton, though they have short courses, are pleasant streams. The deep bay, between Capo Ann and Cape Cod, which has given name to the State, has caused it to be known in the other States by the name of the Bay State. Cape Ann bounds it on the north, and Cape Cod on the south. Agriculture receives here great attention, and is conducted with a superior degree of skill and intelligence. Massachusetts is no doubt the best cultivated State in the Union. Both the Legislature and Agricultural Societies have made great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty husbandry, and to introduce the best foreign breeds of sheep and cattle. Commerce, manufactures, and the fish- eries, are, however, the great objects of pursuit. The shipping belonging to this State amounts to about 480,000 tons; being greater than that of any other State, and nearly one-third of the whole tonnage of the country : 1522 vessels, of 269.497 tons, entered, and 1459 vessels, of 248,188 tons, cleared at the different ports in 1835. The value of tlie imports, for the same year, was 19,800,373 dollars; of exports, 10,1'»3,700; of which 5,464,499 were of domestic produce. There is also an active and extensive coasting trade carried on with all parts of the Union: the imports being chiefly raw produce and provisions, and the exports manufactured articles. The herring, or alewive, and mackerel fisheries, are carried on along sliore ; the cod-fishery chiefly on the great banks, and the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts ; the whale-fishery in the South Atlantic, the Pacific, Indian, and Antarctic Oceans. Two hundred and ninety vessels, of about 90,000 tons, with upwards of 7000 men, were engaged in ihe whale-fishery, in 1834; and, during the year 1835, there was brought in sperm oil, whale oil, and whalebone, to the amount of five million dollars. In 1834 there were inspected 252,880 barrels of mackerel. The cod-fishery is also liirgely prosecuted from almost all the towns on the coast, and yields annually upwards of 400,000 quintals of fish and 6000 barrels of oil, of the value of more than one million dollars. In Massachusetts there is a larger amount of capital invested in manufactures than in any other State in the Union : in 1831 there were 850 cotton-mills, con- suming 24,871,981 pounds of cotton, and producing 79,231,000 yards of cloth ; at present the number of the mills exceeds 300 ; also 125 woollen mills, manufac- turing broadcloths, flannels, satinets, blankets, carpets, &c. There are likewise numerous carding-machines. The wool used in household manufactures is esti- mated at about 8,000,000 dollars. The silk manufacture has been successfully introduced: also iron manufactures, including nails, machinery of all sorts, hollow ware, cutlery, &c. The making of boots and shoes occupies the whole popula- tion of several considerable towns ; and large quantities are exported. Other productions of manufacturing industry are carried on in families, and furnish an important source of gain to the rural population. The braiding and plaiting of straw and palm-leaf hats and bonnets is a branch of household industry which, though but lately introduced, already employs several thousand females. Of a similar character, but locally more confined, is the manufacture of brooms from the broom-corn, ■'bout one million being annually made. Ship-building is exten- 14* V . % ■', i ^■■• ■t- 162 UNITED STATES. sively carried oi-: the shippin;^ built in 18;)3 amounting to3;i,(KK) tons. And salt in also itiutiiifi'.cturoil from isea-wator, chiefly by solar evaporation, to the amount | of aixiut 5(M(.'>H)() bushels a year. ; Viiri important works of internal improvement have been executed, which afToril /jr.at convenience and facility to travellinsr and transportation: they are thf ' iMidil'jsex canal, which extends from Boston to Ixiwell, 20 miles; the Biiickstoiie j canal, from Worcester to I'rovidence, Rhode Island, 4r» miles, and the Hampshire , { and Hampden canal, 20 miles in lcn long, hy 200 in width, has 76 warehouses equally spacious. Commercial wharf is 1100 feet, by 160, with a range of 34 granite warehouses. As a commercial city, Boston is the second in the United States, in the amount of its business. In the beginning of 1835, the shipping belonging to the port was ■-'12,530 tons; entered in 1835, 1S)4,420 tons; cleared, lHl,293 tons; duties paid, 2,845,884 dollars; annual value of imports, 10,{K)0,(KK( ; of exports, 10,(HK),000 dollars. The number of banking institutions is 28, with an aggregate capital of '^4,080,000 dollars; of insurance companies, 30, with a capital of about O.oitO.OOO. This city has ever been distinguished for its attention to education. The free schools arc, the Latin school, the High school, nine grammar and writing schools, ■J7 primary schools, and one African school for blacks. There are also numerous private schools for children of both se.xes. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Historical Society, and the Natural History Society, are among the learned societies. There are 51 churches, 2 theatres, an Odeon, &c. Charlestown, which is connected with Boston by three bridges, stands on a lofty peninsula, the centre of which is occupied by Bunker Hill. Though irrcErnlarly i built, it commands many fine views of the harbour and the surrounding country. TliG Bunker Hill Monument, of granite, is yet unfinished. It will tbrm an obe- lisk, rising to the height of 220 feet from its base, which is 50 feet square. The United States' Dock-yard, comprising a number of store-houses, arsenals, maga- zines, barracks, and slips, with a graving or dry-dock, built of hewn granite, in the most solid manner, at the cost of 677,000 dollars, covers an extent of about sixty acres. The population of the town is 8787. Adjoining Charlestown is : Cambridge, the seat of Harvard University, with f)071 inhabitants. At Water- town, iidjoining Cambridge, there is an United States' Arsenal. To the south-west is the little town of Brighton, noted for its cattle market, in which, in the year 1835, the sales of cattle, calves, sheep, and swine, amounted to 1,878,032 dollars. Lynn, a neat and thriving town, whose inhabitants, beside making 2,000,000 pair of shoos annually, carry on the cod and whale fisheries, in- creased iu population from 6138 in 1830, to 9847 in 1836. A long beach of smooth, hard sand, terminates in the rocky little peninsula of Nahant, a favourite watering-place of the neighbouring towns. Marblehead, long the principal seat of the cod fishery, has of late turned its attention partly to mechanical industry, particularly to shoemaking, which occupies the winter leisure of many of its imrdy fishermen. About 60 sail of small fishing-vessels, manned by almut 500 men and boys, are owned here. Population, 5150. The city of Salem, with 13,886 inhabitants, is noted for the commercial enter- prise and industrious spirit of its citizens. It was long largely engaged in the East India and China trade, and its coasting and foreign trade is ^l\\\ consider- nble; but it labours under the disadvantage of not having a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels. The inhabitants have lately engaged in the whale fishery, in which they employ 15 ships, of 3500 tons; the whole shipping of the port amounts to 31,877 tons. The city is neatly built, and it contains an Athena?- %l Hm\ « Ui l JI .11*9 .'At m 1G.J UNITKD STATES. urn, a MnriiiP Alusrum, n vnlimtilo collection of niitiinil and urtificinl ciiriositie^, belonVi ; population, fi;i88. The south point of the {;reat bay from which the State takes its name, is Cape Cod, a lonfj irrep\itar peninsula, of 7.') miles in length, by from ij to '20 in breadth. It consists chiefly of hills of white sand, mostly destitute of vegetation. The houses are in some places built upon stakes driven into the ground, with open spaces between, for the sand to drift through. The cape, notwithstanding, is well inhabited, and supports a population of '2*^,000, the majority of which subsists by the fi.sheries and the coasting-trade. South of Cape Cod is the island of Nan- tucket, containing the town of the same name, with 726(J inhabitants, all crowded together close upon the harbour, which lies on the northern side. Tho island is merely a sand-bank, 15 miles in length, by about !j or 6 in breadth, slightly ele- vated above the ocean. Tliere are, however, some productive spots ; and about 14,000 sheep and ."MM) cows are raised, which feed in one pasture, the land beino' held in common. The inhabitants aro distinguished for their enterprise. Th?y have about 75 ships engaged in the whale-fishery, and a considerable number o'" small vessels in the coasting-trade: (34,545 tons of shipping are owned here, and 2(KK) men and boys belonging to the island are employed in navigation. Martha's Vineyard is somewhat longer than Nantucket, and contains considerable wood- land. The inhabitants are mostly pilots and tishermen ; but some salt and woollen cloth are made. Holmes' Hole, a safe and capacious harbour, on the northern coast, is an important station for ships waiting for favourable weather to pass Cape Cod. Fifty-seven miles south of Bostoii, and situated on Buzzard's Bay, is New Bed- ford, the great seat of the whale-fishery. It is a handsomely built to'.vn, snd has a safe and capacious harbour. The population, which in 1830 amounted to 75l»2, at present exceeds 11,(300. The shipping of the district, which includes several other towns on the bay, is 76,849 tons: nearly the whole of this is employed in the whale-fishery ; and in 183.5, 84,966 barrels of sperm and 49,764 of whale oil were brought in here. There are here ten large establishments in which epermn- ceti candles are made and oil is prepared ; four banks, with a capital of 1,'300,000 dollars; an insurance office, 14 churche«i and chapels, an academy, &c. In this State there are nearly 40 millions of dollars invested in manufacturing stock; of which 6^ millions are employed in f^well alone. This place, which is the greatest manufacturing town in the United States, has been very rapid in iti growth, and may be considered the Manchester of America. It was commenced in 1813, but its principal increase dates from 182*2: it now contains 20,(KH) inha- bitants. Its various cotton and woollen factories give employment to near 7000 operatives, the greater part of whom are females. About 12^ million pounds of cotton, and near seven hundred thousand pounds of wmd, are expanded annually in the production of 40 million yards of cotton and woollen goods and carpeting. The supply of water-power, from the Merrimack, is convenient and unfailing. Lowell also contains powder-mills, flannel-works, grist and saw-mills, glass- works, &c. Among the other places noted for manufactures, are Fall River village, near r m icinl curio^itiPS | loUy of iin"^""-'" lions ofiionars; 1 churcbc?, ami arable. Ro isl e Merrimack Its .sent, but its. tra.lc are also carried on 9 its name, i« Cape 5to20inbrewUh.l f vegetation. I "« , . ground, with op-M' ,ithstandinfr. isw-^U ,f which subsists by the island ot Nan- ibitants, all cvow. ed side. The island's breadth, Bliphtye^ ■ ive spots; and about pture! the land bem? ir enterprise. *" J.] .siderable "'""^^ " Ji are owned here, and, ,avigation. Marthas >« considerable wood- ome salt and woollen Tr-on the northern irablo weather to pass fd'sBay.iBNewBedJ L built to-;;r., a"d has IsO amounted to -.)\^.- fhich includes ^ever f this is employed m 'Id 49,764 of whale ol 'ents in which sperg, acapita\ofl,5lH.>,0t'"| ' This place, which. been very r«P''l !" 'M It was commcnceo ^ contains 20.(HW" J;- [ploymenttonearJlW '121 million poun-^^ ,°' ;««. expanded annually '";3 and carpeting, .ve'nient and unfa^ and saw-mills, g"^ | j-all River villaffe^ UNI'lEU STATES. mrt tjic mouth of Taunton River; Taunton, on the river of the same name, ami H2 mill's soutli-wfst from Rostoii ; Worcester, west from IJoaton; SpriniftieUl and Norlh- ntnpton, both on Connecticut River; 1'ilt.sfield, in the western, and Adams, in the nortli-weslern part of the State. STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. Rkodf. Island is bounded north and east by Massachusetts, south by the Atlan- tic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. Its extent, from north to south, is about 48 miles, anil from east to west, 42 ; area, 1500 square miles. The thee of the coun- try is mostly level, except in the north-west, part of which is hilly and rocky. The soil is (,'encrally better adapted to grazing than tillaire. A larije proportion of ilie north-western anil western part of the Slate has a thin and lean soil, but the islands and country bordering on Narragansett Bay are of great fertility, and are celebrated for their fine cattle, and the abundance and excellence of their but- ter and ciieesc. The products are corn, rye, barley, oats, and some wheat. The island of Rhode Island is celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated nppear- aiii'c, abounding in smooth swells, and being divided with great uniformity into woll-tilled fields. The climate much resembles that of Massachusetts and Con- iircticul in its salubrity : tlie parts of the State adjacent to the sea are favoured witii refreshing breezes in summer, and its winter is the most miid of any of the New England States. The rivers are small, with courses of not more than fifty or sixty miles, and liischarging an inconsiderable quantity of water; but as they descend from two hundred to tour hundred and fifty feet, and are steady in their supply of water, tiioy furnish a great number of valuable mill-seats; and they have been exten- fslvoly applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, Pawtuxet, and Paw- jlcaluck, arc the principal streams. I Some iron ore, marble, and freestone, ive found, and onthracitc coal occurs in jj extensive beds, but, although it has hern pronounced of a good quality, it has not I'been much worked. The inhabitants have occupied thenisolves with commerce, i the fisheries, and manufactures, ralhi^r tha.i with agriculture. In 1832, there 'were in the State 110 cotton-mills, ':2 woollen-mills, .') bleacheries, 2 calico-print i works, 10 iron-founderies, '.]() machine-shops, 40 tanneries, &c. Since that periixl j the number has been much increased : there is a silk manufactory in Providence, jjimil lace is made in Ne'Vfiort. jl The people of Hliodt* Island not having made a constitution for themselves, the j: L'Kvernment is sti'i conducted according to the provisions of the royal charter of \ lfiO:j. The offic al style is the State of Rliofle Island and Providence Plantations. I T!.e Governor ond Lieutenant-Ciovernor are chosen annually by popular vote. I The legislature, htyled the General Assembly, consists of two houses, a Senate, 1 chosen annually, md a House of Representatives, chosen semi-annually, which I; meet lour times r year. The judges and other civil officers are appointed an- niially by the Gei.eral Assembly. The State appropriates 10,000 dollars a year jliir the support of common schools, and a somewhat larger sum is raised by the I towns for the same purpose, in addition to which, considerable Rums are raised by 'individual subscription, in order to keep the free schools open some time longer Uhan the public funds would admit. There arc in the State 323 free schools, ,vith ii|iwnrds of 17,0(K) pupils. Brown University, at Providence, is a respectable institution on the plan of the other IVew England colleges. The Baptists and j ConsTogationalists are the most numerous sects; the Episcopalians and Methodists aie also numerous, and there are some Friends, Roman Catholics, and Univer- salists. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701, 10,000; in 1730, 17,935; in 1748, 34,123; in 1755, 40.636; in 1774, •i9,678; in 1783, 51,809. 4 ■- y t...'f ■ ij,r|{j! ■',■ \ lG(i UNITKD STATES. IiirriMisi?. j Hlnvoi". Ip noo, GR.naj hin IMK) CII.IW i>.|.i 7ti,!i:n l-Ji), Kl.O.VI J',;};W; white Vc- t\v,'i, •■' '•■iS; .ii (■'. id'himb, 4H; blinil,;")?; aliens, ll(»:i. Total wliites, iKMi'^l. — Froc colourc^l Ma.ec, ir)44; Females, 'JO'^'O. Total, ;}rj(H.— Slavcc, Alulef, J); Females, 11. 'rmai, 14. The principal city of Rhode Island is Providence, the second in New Fnirliind in point of populiitijii, wealth, and commerce. It is silusteil iit the hciul of .\ar- rii!j'ini>ett Bay, and it iiccessihio to the liirtresst nierciiant vessels: it curries on an active coastiir.; iii ' tiireifrn trade. The population of the city incre;»sed from l(),y.';;> ill l-.O, to 19,277 m ina"). Hero are Ki banks with a capital of nlxiiit live Miillioi; ('i)llars; also a number of cotton-mills, bleacheries, dye-honses, nin- ciii'; •-shops, iron-tiiunderies, &.c. Amonir the public buildin^js are the Sliit(' Iloii^r?, the ;, -I'l ^,i' JJtown University, tho arcade, a handsome granite cdilico, lljurtcen chuicJvs, &,c. Steam-lwats, of the lartfcst and finest class, keep up a daily com- munication with New York, durinjj the irreater part of tho year; the Bliirkslone canal, and Boston and Providence rail-road, terminate hero; and a contiiniation of the latter to Stonington in Connecticut, is now in proirress. Pawtucki-t River, alMve Providence, is the seat of extensive manufactures. North Providoiici', nn the Massachusetts border, contains the inanufaoliirinL' villaijc of Pawtucket, o|)po- site which is the town of Pawtucket in that Statu. The whole nianutiittiiriiK' district is also commonly called Pawtucket, and it contains '20 cotton-mills, besiJc machine-shops, calico-printinff works, iron-work.«, &.C. There is a population ol' about (JOOO souls on both sides of the river. Above this the I'awtuckel takes the name of the Blackstone, and furnishes mill-seats which have created the villnjre of \V(,onsocket Falls, also situated on both sides of the river, in the townships of Smithlield and Cuniberland. Tliere are also manufacturinfj establishments in other parts of SmiihKeld. The population at the Falls is alwut :)(H)I>. Warwick, on the I'awtn.xet River and Narragansett Bay, is a manufacturing and (ifhinj,' town, with SryJiJ inhabitants. Bri.stoi, on the eastern shore of the bay, is a bH.«y town, with 3054 inhabitants actively enjraged in the foreir- Is : It curries dii iin ;ity incicaKnl Croin a cnpitiil "f i»t>fi"t lesi, (lye-liouses', iiin- trfi the Slnl(! Hon.'^i', ilo t'tlitico, toiirtpen eei) up a (lnil.V com- eur; the I'.l:i'-k^t"i«: ml 11 contiiiiuition i)t I'liwtiick'-t River, j Jorth I'rovidoKcc, nii of I'awtuckot, oppo- ,vhi>lc innnufiiclnriiiL' I) cotton-niilli', bcfulc re is a popviliition ol I'awtucket takes the j •e created the vdlnire ■ -, in the townships ot ] ,,T establishments m 3ut:ilH)t». Warwick, iictunns niul hfiiinj,' Willi 3054 inhabitants 1 le fishery. N^avly "t tc one of llie principal n Recount of >ts plm- md its a.lvanta^'PS tor ^beinsrsali', cnpacious, alledlA.rt Adams; butj V in Providence. 1 o- . V, and Block Island, at 'The latter, although d in the fisheries: T. south by Long Island I nt is 90 miles in length, l ,c principal rivers are, I Naujratuck. The face, em parts, mountainous., t neglected its cultiva- 1 to the northern bound- patches of wheat, corn, cultivated and ffUitfuM UNITi;!) SIA'l'JX lti7 and ."oine iwrtions are beautiful, us well from the gifts of nature as the improve- ments of iirt. The chief prcKluctions are Indian corn, ryo, wheat, in many p.irts, oats, barley, buckwheat, flax in larfje (luantitics, etc. Orchards are numerous, and cider is made fur exportation. 'I'lie Kioto is, however, generally heller adapted to grazing tlian tillage, and its fine mcudows and ])a.'^lu^e.^ enable tin- fariiier to feed great numbers of neat cuttle, horses, and sheep. The (juantity of butter and cheese, annually made, i.s great, and of well-known excellence. The fisheries are curried on from several of the ports ; and there are valuable shad fisheries im tlio rivers. There are uIkhiI 12,000 tons of f-hijjping from tiiis State in tiio wlmle fishery; and, in IKM, 30,000 barrels <;f whale uiid sperm oil were brought in. The coasting trade is considerable, but most of the foreign trade is corried on tiiroiigh New York. The nianiifaclures of Coniieclidit are considerable, and the ingenuity and in- dustry of the people in this ri-spect have a reputation coextensive with the Union. The principal articles are cotton and woollen gnwis, clocks, combs, and bullons, tin and wooden ware. Implements, and utensils of various descriptions are among the protlucts of manufacturing industry. In 1832, there were in the State 104 cotton-mills and 80 woollen factories. The annual value of cotton and woollen goods, iron manufucture.s, axes, boots and shoes, buttons and combs, paper, coaches and wagons, with other urticles, amounted to an aggregate of 8,(K)0,000 dollars. Common schools are supported by the proceeds of the school fund belonging to the State, which are distributed among the school districts in proportion to the number of children in each, between the nges of four and sixteen years. The money thus distributed is applied solely to paying the expense of instruction, the other charges being paid by the districts. The number of children of the above description is about 84,000. The school fund amounts to about 1,930,000 dollars, and the income is about 84,000 dollars. Tliere are also upwards of 30 academies and high echools in the State: and three colleges — Vale College at New Haven, Washington College at Hartford, and the Wesleyan University, at Norwich. Yale College is one of the oldest and most respectable, and the most frequented of the collegiate institutions in the country. Attached to it are a theological ileparlment, a medical institute, and a law school. The duties of instruction are performed by twenty-seven teachers. The Congregationalista are the most numerous religious sect ; after them rank the Baptists, Methodists, and Episcopalians; and there are some Universalists, Roman Catholics, and Shakers. The Farmington canal extends from New Haven to the Massachusetts line, 56 miles ; whence it is continued to Northampton, by the Hampshire and Hampden canal. Enfield canal, 5^ miles in length, serves to overcome a fall in the Con- necticut, and supplies valuable mill-seats. A rail-road is in progress from Provi- dence to Stonington, in this State, 45 miles in length ; it is intended to be con- nected by a steam ferry-boat with the termination of the Long Island rail-road. Another rail-road is also in progress between New Haven and Hartford, a dis- tance of 40 miles. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1701, . . 30,000 In 1790, . . .. 237,946 INCREASE. 1749, . . 100,000 1800, . . .. 251,002 From 1790 to 1800, . . . 13,056 1756, . . 130,611 1810, . . .. 261,942 1800 to 1810, . . . 10,940 1774, . .. 197,856 1820, . . .. 275,248 1810 to 1830, . . . . 13,306 178g, . . 209,150 1830, . . .. 297,665 1820 to 1830, .. . 22,417 Of the obove population of 1830, there were, white Males, 143,047 ; white Females, 140,556; of which are, deaf and dumb, 294; blind, 188; aliens, 1481. Total, whites, 289,603. — Free coloured, 8047; slaves, 25; deaf and dumb, 6; blind, 7. Total, 8075. New Haven, the principal city of the State, is beautifully situated on a bay of the same name. The harbour is safe and spacious, but it is shallow and gradually ^^i ^■*m 9'' 'i m .yr 168 IINITKI) STA'lIX tilling; n|). Tlio city is rcpuliiriy lui i out and neatly built: many of thn hou»os liiivc line I'nriicn.s; Koino of the prinnpiil strootsi arc tjordiTeil by roWH of hIiikIc trt't'H, iiikI tlic pnncipnl wpiare in line y orniiiiiontod in tlio wiine iimnnrr. Ainoii;; ' tilt' piil)lic ImiUlin^TH nro the Slntt'-ljoiisp, tlio Stittc-IIofipital, tlio Ilall.-iof Viili' ("(illi'L'c, ten cliiirclic!?, &c. One of tiie wharves here inH!t4:) teet in Icufrlli. The! coHstiiifj and fori'ijjn trade of New Haven is considerable: striiui-boats and pacliclH keep up u rejriiliir and ou^y cominnitication with New York; and there are nonie extensive; ninnutiicturies, particularly in firo-arins, carriui^i;!', &.c. The populalKiii is Kl.t)?!^. On the s iininit of West Kock, in the vicinity of the city, is a email cave, in which (JoH'e and VVhalley, two of the repicide jud^jes of Charles I. were conrealed, and which is still called " the Jud^jes' ('ave.'' Uridfrc- jMirt, south-west of Mew Haven, is a busy, thrivin<'- town, witii a good Imrlxjur iin llie Sound. In tlic interior nro Dnnbury and Litchfield, with uoino manuliic- tureti. North-ca«t from Now Haven, on the banks of the Connecticut River, is the city of Harttbrd ; a neat and pleasant town, with considerable coastinp trade. It stands in a fertile and hiffhly cultivated district, abouiulin\i!'<'s by ri)W8 of hIiiuIp innimcr. Aimm^' Uifi llnlhHof Yiili- !l in lenpth. Tin- BtoMii-boiils anil f York ; mul llirre rriaK"!*"! "S^c. '1 w icinity of the city upiciilR iutl^i-H of os' Cave."' Bridfjc a RCKxl lmrlx)ur on ith Bttiiic inaiuil'ac cticut River, is the 1 coasting trnde. U neiit and floiirisliing and easy communi- of abotit mw ; in jtweon Hartford and re employed on the r llaitford is about publishing, shoe-ma- caring' apparel, &c, twelve churches, the The Asylum for the \ America, was found- uc'icn in the various useful arts. Several the support of their accessible to vessels I is considerable. The! b buildinfra neat. Itsl tid woollen goods, fire- il Is. Saybrook, at the I [by Europeans in Con- 1 l-jty ; but the unticipa- J Lndon: it is the princi- irbours in the country. ,| kis place to the whale- 1 opulation, 4356. Nor- kuringcitv, situated in jj pic, and is already ex- . lie township seventeen i B, &c. Population or L south-east corner ot fes on the shore-fishery Ida, the River St. Law- east by the Atlantic .Virginia. As a region, Llvania, Maryland, and I I, and from east to west.J I'NITKI) srATKS. 1(1'.) I :)(M) mik-j, with an area of lir>,(HH) wjuoro miles, nnd occupies one of tiie fim'st |mrls of the I'liion. Till' siirtiici' pre.wnfs every variety of mountain, hill, plain and valley. The .Appaliichmii, or .Mlc^haiiy Riiiijjc, cvti'iidH Ihronifh this rcijiiiii, from soiilli-wfi^l Id n()rth-cii* rank amnnL'st the most imporfaiit and useful of our navitrabin stream.^; Iiiit the Sus(|iieiittuiiili is, notwithstanding' its Icnirlh, but little available without the aid of arlilicial naviiration. The mineral iirodiictioiis are various and valuable. FJitumiiious nnd anthriirito coal, .several kiml.s of iron ere, salt, lime, excellent buililin^x materials, anil clays iisetiil in the arts, are amon;,' the treasures in which it alHiiiiids. Miniii;f iiidii-^iry lias nciiiiired imixirtpnco from the activity and success vitli wiiicli it has lately been pushed ; and the public works of this section are particularly remarkable for their number and magnitiiilo. In jreneral the soil is fertile, nnd imrlicnlarly favourable to the provlviiiiiii ; mill wvni liy Likr Knc, I'l'iiiHylviiiiiu, niid the; Nin|;iiru kivur. Lt.'niriii, :il)i iiiilt'.i; liriMilili, W\ : coiitiiiiiiriK iiUmt 'KMMHI i<(|iiiire idiIoh. 'I'liw Siitlc luriiiH u (HirticMi ol' tin; fli'viiifil tiililc-liiml o! llie rnitoil SIuIph, hriiKi'ii Ml Moiiio |>liiri>.x liy uiniiiitiiiiiiiUM riiliri'H of iiii'DiiHiilrriilili) iduvtition, 'iml i.iii- tuMiiM;r I'oiiii! I'l'iiiiiikalilu t-iuii.-i, whicii liiria the busing ul° lakoM, ur iliu cliaii- ikIh 1(1' tho rivorH. Till! principiil rivorj* iiro tin; HiiHiiiii, in tiie central coiiii- tit'-i, w'lero It in extensively insi-d tor .i^'rirultiiral piir|H)ne.s. l.iincMtonc likewise oocurB. Salt is procured in iiliundnnce from the Onondaira salt-sprimrM. in the township of Salina; the hriiio is condiirteil to Salina, Syracuse, uiid oihur noigli- honrinj,' villiij^es*, where the salt \a ohtained hy lxiilin(r, hy wdur evH|X)ratinn, uiiii hy uriiticiiil eva|)oration, 4.') fjalloiw of water yield, nif u bushel of wall; thorn art' hop; 1,."»1(VJ!)(> miperlit^ial feet of viiIh, uiid ;{-l"j;j ketflen anil pans; tilt; (|Uiuilily of :=alt iiiiide in I'^'M wnH N-i7,r)(H bushels; in H;)(l, lA'.UWMi; in iKiT). "J.-JtHLHit?. The well-known tiiirin^'H of ItalUton und Sarato},'u are (lartly wilint^ ]Kirtly ehalv- lieate, and the water is exported in considerable tiuantiiies not only toother States, but to fbreiirn coiintrie.-.. In the western part of the Stale there arc burninj,' Hprinirs, yielilint; cnrhiircited hydrogen, whicli is applied to economical uses in the neifrhlKiiiriii,',' villujfOB. Wheat Ih the preut airricullural staple of the State, and flour and provisiops are Inrufcly exported. The iimnufiiclurcs of New York are also extensive and llouribhinir; 'he optrre- .'.rat.c value of manufactured articles, in the year iHSii, was stateil to he (iO,(J()0,(H)7 dollars; that ot the raw materials used, amounted to the sum of lU.UIO.tKW dollars. Ii'. adilitiou to the.so, there wt;r«; made in liimilieH, cloth, (lanriols, and other woolleny, and cotton, linen, &c., of the ayrreirute value of 2,02i(,!)'^4 dollars. The cotton and woollen mills produced 2-l,17r),;i57 yards of cotton clutli, (j,(i2(i,058 of woollen, und ((W((,'2(W of cotton and woollen. The commerce r)t' New York is also on a great scale, as, beside supplyini; her own wants and exporting: her surplus pnxluctions, she imports a larffo share of the foreiffn articles coiisimied in the neighhoiirin^' Atlantic Stales, as well as in many of the Western Stales, to which her natural and artificial channels of communi- cation give her access; and her great commercial emporium is the outlet for the produce of the same regions. Thus in IH'M), tho value of the importations was 88,1!j1,:M)5 dollars, or nearly throe-tillhs of the whole imports of the country; while that of the exports was aO,!)4r),v'(il dollars, or more than one-fourth of the whole exports of the Uniteil Statt;8. Tin; shipping bt;loiiging to the State at the entl of IHlJo amounted to IJHl,7!J2 tons, making New York second only to Massa- chusetts in point of tonnage. The amount' of loll collected on the Sttito canuU increased from l.CJ.'MviMJ ilollars in 18Sl», to 1,,'}4H,108 in lf<.'35, notwithstandinp several very preot reduction:) of the rates of toll. The total value of the articles which reached tide-wnter, is estimated to have excet?ded 2(),00<),0(K) dollars. Forty-live ships, of 13,(KKI tons, sailed to the whale-fishery in the same year, chiefly from Sag Harbour, Hudson, Newburgh, and I'oiighkeepeie. This State is distinguished for its magnilicent public works, constructed for the purpose of ciinnocting the great central hasin of the lakes ond the St. Lawrence , with the Atlantic; (Hiii miles of canal navigation have been obtained, at the cost of 13,497,568 dollars; and goods are now carried by water from New York to Chicago, 1400 miles ; to Florence, Alabama, 1935 miles ; to Nashville, Tennessee, j| ch Sow Jcr-rv, «n• ikcB, or llio cl'Ki'- e, Siigqiiclmnntili. pint of Ww llllll'H inuKU.! boftuVifnllv Lily level, ricli, uud ualily in tl'O ""'^l'- ..ukKtii, iinil «""l''' in Vlie centnil coiin l.imeslonolikewitffi salt-ppriiUf!', in tlie ^,,., lUuli.ilierneiKli- iliir evii|X)ralinli. ulid ,1 ofwiU; tliorearr „„»; llu- .iu.uiliiy ot 1 . i„ IKIT,. '>:M)m wiUnp, l«rtly '•''"'!'• only to "llit'f i^"'^'-'''' i; there arc burniii!,' ;onomical usea in the ,ur and provisiora aru ] Lribl.int.'; tlicBpjrre; L,.a to lie tiD.fitW.*'*" „n:i,'U)0,922 dollais. , llannelM, and oilier ] w'l i)^4 doUnrB. 1 '"; m' cloth, «,(3-i«.0'>'*"' 1 bcrtidc supplying h" L a large slinrc ot llic .» uH well as in many I plmniu'lB of cou.iniini- fm is the outlet tor Hie tlie imporUlions was ports of the country ; him one-fourth ot he nir to the State at Die | second only to Massa- 1 cd on the suite canals 1H:}5, not withstand inR il value of the article8 1 .d 2(),(KK),0(K) dollars., f,ry in the same year,, 'fkTconstructedforthej aid the St. Lawrence ,n obtained at the cort Iter from New York to Nashville, TennesseeJ CNITKI) STATKS. 171 l-TtO rnilod, iVr. The grrnt trunk Ih thi' Krii? ciiniii, cxtendinp (Vom Rufliilo tm Lake Km? to th'' Mmlhon, IttH iuIIi'm. Frovinum ha.^ ren-iitly lieen made thr en- I iT;,'in|? this frrcat work, tbi; loimrKt of the kind m th(! world, l>y iiicn^UHini; the width to (Ml, and the depth to (t t'ei'l, lenifthenin^' the Icutk-* to l(i') feet, anil I'on- striictini; a double Hi>t ,f hll-lookn, at the estimated uoi-t of almve IO,;«IO,0(M) dol- jarn. The Cbamplnin canal exteiidH from l^iko ("lmiiii)liiin, at NVIuti'lwill, to the junetiim of the Krii- canal with the lliid.^ori, (14 niile;i, with a nnvi^fablc t'eeder of I'] miles; lockiijre, IMS fccf, by 'Jl locks. Other iiranchcH of tliix work, jicrvad- iiilf diU'erent partu of llie Stale, are the Onwego cuiial, !H miles, ciniiiretinp the Krw ranul, at Salina, with Ijike Ontario; Ciynira ni.il Seneca canal, v.'!! miles, extendin^f from (leneva to Montezuma on tin 'Irie cnnal, and IIiuh rontiniiin!.' tlie imvifjatKin throtufh tlione two lakes; CriHikeil l,ak(.', m miie-i, cdiincctini' that bike with Seneta l,ake; ('hemiint' canal, from the head of the latter lo the Kiver Chomimcr. or Tiojja, at KImiru, 'J.T miles, with a navi;,'nble feeder from I'ainted I'ojit lo KIniira, of 1(5 miles; Chenaiifro caii.il, Jl miles in hviiftli, from Hinybiim- tiiti, on the ('heimniro, to Utica. Appropriations were made by the Lei'islfiture in llie sv'usion of H;«l, ibr ihe conxtruction of the Ulack l{iver canal, 7."' miles in lent'th, from Rome nn the Frio canal, toCarlliBKe on Hhick River; and the (iene- fcc Valley canal, from Kuchenter to Oleaii, on the Aijerhiiny River, 107 iniles. Beside thesie works ooiistructeil by the State, the pniicipal canal niachf by a pri- vate company, is the Ihjiiiware and Ilndson, pxtenilmir fmm the month of Ronnil- (iiit ('reck, on the hitler River, to Port Jerv . i on the Delaware, up that river to tli«! month of the F/ickawaxen, and alont^ the bitter to HoiU'silalo in Pennsylvania ; total lenj;tli, 109 miles, of which 'M are in Pennsylvania. From Honesdale a nil-road rims to the coal-mines at Carbondale, u di.«Vancc of Ifl miles, pashinj,' over M(M)9ic Mountain, which is l.'iHO feet alHjve tide-water, and 8.">() above tlie conl-ininos. Two j^'rent projects, which will undoubtedly soon be executed, de- ervp to bo mentioned here: these are a ship canal round the (alls of Niagara, and I another from Oswerrt), by the Osiwego River, Oneida Lake, and the Mohawk, to the Hudson, thus enabling; vessels from the upper lakes to reach New York with- out brcakiiij; bulk. The tbllowing are the principal rnil-ronds already completed : — the Mohawk nnil Hudson, from Albany to Schenectady, 15 miles, continued northwardly by the Schenectady and Saratopra rnil-road, !i"2 mile?, and westward by the Schenec- tady and Ulica rail-road, 77 miles; the Auburn and Syracuse rail-road, 26 miles; the Tonawanda rail-road, from Rochester to Attica, 'U miles; the Ithoca and Owoifo, 29 miles from the Snsquehannah to Cayuija lake; the Rensellaer and Snratoira rail-road, from Troy to Ballstrin, 2.') miles; the Brooklyn and Jamaica niii-road, 12 miles. It is also intended to connect the detached links Ixttween 'Albany and Butl'alo, hj as to form an unbroken line of road between those two places; and rail-roads are now in progress from Hudson and Greenbush to West Stockbridge, in .Massachusetts, which will 'ervc to connect Boston, by the Massa- cliuRclts western rail-road, with Ijoko Erie. The Ix)njf Island rail-road, from Jamaica to Greenport; the New York and Erie rail-road, from Tappan, on the Hiidaon, to liako Erie, 480 miles; and the New York and Albany rail-road, be- tween those two cities, a distance of 100 miles, are in progress. The latter pa8.ses up the western side of the river, partly through Connecticut and Massa- chusetts; iriil a tunnel under the Huds<5n at Albany, has been projected. The lejjish ,i,r ' consists of two houses, the Senate, chosen for the term of four years, anu th' An.ambly, elected annually; the former are chosen by senatorial ilistrjc-te. !)7(r the latter by counties. A Governor and ],ieu tenant-Governor are ciiosen i>y popular election for the term of two years. The chancellor and superior judged are appointed by the Governor and Senate, and hold their office (luriDnr prood behaviour, or until the age of 60 years; the inferior judges are ap- pointed by the same outhorities, for the term of five years. Every white male citizen of the age of 21 years, who has resided in the State for one year next preceding thtj election, is entitled to vote ; but coloured persons must be possessed of a clear freeliold of the value of 250 dollars, in order to be qualified electors. Ample provision is made for common education, and there is no country in the u '4 ■4> r: t* f n ■ m' ?£.'■ B. IMTi;!) STATIX 17Q worlil v^h•^>' tlir iHHiy iit' the |i< tdwns, (111 I'linililinti tli.it ciirli town riiiHi; liy tiix n hhiii <'i|iiiil to that which it rl'(•(•lVl•^^ rriiiii Ihi' Sliito; ihi.' whcilo ot" thi'Mi- muiih in cxitoiiilt'd noli'ly in thn piijiiii-nt nf li'iichtTH' wiij.n!N, ill iidilitiiin ti) which the crcctioli of fhi- holiool-hounc, iiiiil oilier iiindi'iiliil i'.\|M'ii8i'H, nri! iit tho chiir(ji« of tho whool JistrictH. Tlii) Hidiooi fund, nt the clortc of IKf), iiiiioiintiMl to I,h7'),1I>',' dolliirH. Thii iiuiiihiT of nclmol dix- trictH lit Ihiit tiiiM! Wfirt lO.lIl'J; of which ri'turim wrni rcccivrd from 1«(70, con. t:iiiiin;r .Ml.'tOl piipiln; the cuiii of Dlv!,!'"! dolliirH wa» distrihiilrd iiinon^' these diHtrictH hy till! State, under tiio name cd' piiliiic inoni'y, of wliidi KMI.IMMI dolhirit wiiH received from the coiiiiiion j^cIuhiI fund, l!i;j,7(H) wiih raisiul \>y a property tnx, mid the remainder was derived I'roni local funds; and the sum ot 'll!t,'^7H doUiirM wis riiiHed hy the scIuhiI di.«tricts. I'roviHion lias also heun made at tiio piihlic expetise, for tilt; cdiiontioii of teachers, hy the eHtahli'liy- terians, at Auburn; the Buptists, nt Ilninilton; and the Jjiitheraiis, at Ilnrtwick. TliiTi' are likewise medical scIkmiIs in New York and at Fairfield. 'I'lie principal relitfioiis s1,')17. It consists, in part, of the descendants of the orijfinal Dutch settlers, who have at present, however, lost in ■i f/reat measure their national characteristics, and the descendants of the (Jer- man palatines, who removed thither in the beirinning of the last century, with some emigrants from Great Urituin and other Kuropuan countries. But the mass of the people arc of New Enjjlnnd origin or descent, and they are favourably distinfruished for enterprise, intelligence, and virtue. New York is divided for civil pur|K)ses into C)7 counties, containing 9 cities, and 707 townships, with 122 incorporated villages, many of which have diflerent names from the townships in which they arc situated : POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. INCRKASE. SLATES. 586,050 '21,;)J ini-ni, .. 30,000 In 1800, . . 586,050 1731, . 50,31)5 1810, , . 95'J,04'J 171!), . 100,000 1820, . . 1,372,812 1771, . 103,338 1825, . . .1,616,458 nyo, . 340,120 1830, . . 1,918,608 From 1790 to 1800, . . 215,930 2(),(;i:t 1800 to 1810, ..372,999 15,017 1810tolH20, ..413,7G3| lU,OHt< 1820 to 1830, ..545,7961 76 Of the above populatton of 1830, there were, white Males, 951,.')16 ; white Females, 916,070; deaf and dumb, 842; blind, 042; aliens, 52,488. Total, 1,8«8,166.— Free Coloured Males, 21,465; Females, 23,404. Total, 44,809. Slaves— Males, 12; Females, 64. Total, 76. The city of New- York is the largest, most wealthy, and most flourishing, of all Americon cities ; the greatest commercial emporium of America, and, after Lon- don, the greatest in the world. No city in the world possesses equal advantages for foreign commeTce and in- land trade. Two long linos of canals, stretching back in every direction, have increased its natural advantages, and rendered it the great mart of an almost in- iOf; .'w York. The iDiHf till! town*, I vliich it rcriMVi-!* ' till' pilJIIHMlt 111 liimsi', iiixl "itloT Tilt! wIkkiI I'liiiil, Iff lit' i«cllini\ illH- troin lM)7,93(i 2o,(;i:)|| 37a,'.l!t!)i 15,0li 413,703, lO.ltHt* 545,796i 76 ales, 9.')l,r)16 ; white ens, 52,488. Total, 404. Total, 44,809. lost flourishing, of all erica, and, after Lon- 1 Tn commerce and in- every direction, have nart of an almost in-j n I ii ii i T nn m mmmmtmtmm I'MTi:!) .STA'IKS. 17,1 ilofinitf fvti'iit of iiiiiiitry, while itM llieilitieH of comniiinirntiiin with nil jwrtii of Ihf worlil, linvf riiiule it ilin lhoroii)r|itiiri) nf the Niiiiiit vnst rcifinn. Tlie iiroj/n'M of iu |Ni|iiilulJ(H». i\fW-Vork in well built ant! regularly laid out, with the t'.X(!i'ption ".f the older part, in which tin- HlrectM art' crowtlftl, iiurrnw, and t-rnoki'il; hut iIiin how I'oriiiH only a small |K»rtiim of the city. It in cliiclly an a >.;rt'nt mart of fiiriicn niitt in- laiiil coiiiinerce that New-Vork w moKt nilvniitiij'cously known. Tlu) Nhippimr lic- longin;j to thti port in the hi'giniiing of iKJ.'i, amounted to It.'iO.VJV'y toim; entered (luring Iho year, ■Kt.Vi'l') toiLs; cleared, ;)(MI,:tH() tonn: wlmlt.' minihrr of arriVMJn I'niin tiireigii jiort.'i in HM,'), v.'(Mi>. Theri) are 1(1 regular pinkelb plying lietween tills place and Liverpool; \(\ packets to llavro; with lines to liondon. Vera Criiz, Cnrtliagona, itc. 'I'lio whole number of paHHengern arrived here from loreign ciiuiitriiH, in tho live years from 1H;U to 1h;M1, was y().'),.-)(K), 'I'hc inland and roasting-trade is also immense. 'I'liern are hero 'Si liankiiig InstitutionH, with n capital of lH,H(Jl,v>(K) thdlars, and 111 insurance conipuiiies, with a capital of ll.HOO.tMM) dollars. Among the public biiildingH are the City Hall, a liUndsome eililico of white marble, with a front of 'JKl feet; the Hall of the University, a Kplonilid building, 1H{) by KM) feet; the Hull of Columbia C^illege; the Hospital; the City Lyceum; L"")*) churches; Astor House, a hotel, of Ciiiincy granite, 2(K) feet by !.')() and 77 feet high, containing IMK) rooms; tho Almshouse at flellovue, on Kast IMver ; tho Penitentiary, on Uliickwell's Island, in the same river, several miles from tho city; the Custom House, an elegant building, 177 feet long, by HH feet wide, on the model of the Parthenon; tho new Exchange about to bo erected in place of the one destroyed by firo in lH!(r>, &,c. Tlio benevolent societies ure numerous and well supported. They comprise an Hospital, with which is cimnected a Lunatic Asylum at Uloomingdalc ; an Hos- pital at Bellovue, for tho sick and insane poor, connected with tho city Alms- house ; three Dispensaries; an Institution for tho Blind; ono for the Deaf and Dumb; and a great numbicr of orphan asylums, relief associations, education, bible, and tract societies. Sic. Neither is New- York behind her sister cities in her literary and scicntitic establishments. Beside tho educational institutions already mentioned, tho Historical Society; the Now- York Society Library, with S.V'OO volumes; the Lyceum of Natural History, and tho American Lyceum, have pub- lished some voluablo papers; while tho Mercantile Library Association, and the .\pprcntice8* Library, show that the merchants and mechanics are not indiiferont to the intellectual improvement of their apprentices and clerks. There are also here an Academy of Fine Arts and an Academy of Design. The American Institute, for the promotion of domestic industry by the distribution of premiums and other rewards, holds annual fairs for the exhibition of tho products of American industry. Tho city of Brooklyn, on Long Island, opposite to New- York, is pleasantly situ- ated on a rising ground which commands an agreeable view, and it partakes in the commercial activity and prosperity of its neighbour. Here is a Navy-yard of the United State.?, on Wallabout Bay. There are in Brooklyn a handsome city hall, 17 churches, 3 banks, 2 insurance companies, &c. Steam ferry-boats are constantly running between this place and New- York, and a rail-road extends to Jamaica, 12 miles of which, the continuation to Grecnport, is already in progress, lu population has increased from 15,394 in 1830, to 24,529 in 183.5. About 50 miles above the city of New-York, and on the west side of the Hudson, is West Point, a celebrated military post duringjthe! war of independence, and now the seat of the United States Military Acaflemy for tho education of officers of the army. Newburgh, 10 miles above West Point, and on the right bank, with 5000 inhabitants, antl Poughkoepsie, 14 miles higher, on tho left, with 6281, are neat, thriving villages, with considerable trade, and several ships engaged in the whale- fishery. Near the head of ship navigation, 117 miles from the sea, stands the city of Hudson, on a commanding eminence on the left bank of the river. Its trade and manufactures are extensive and increasing, and it has eleven ships, of about 15* y* > I Mi i^-' I'Vf 174 dMIED STATES. 4000 tons, engajred in the whale-fishery. The city is well laid out and prettily built, and the ncif^iibourhood presents nany charming prospects. The population in 1830 amounted to 5392, and in 1835 to 5531. On the western bank of the Hudson River, 145 miles above New- York, is the city of Albany, the ca;:,ital, and in point of size the second city of the State. Its wealtii and trade have been greatly increased by the opening of the Erie and Champlain canals, which terminate in a large basin in the city ; and its situation renders it a great thoroughfare, not only for traders, but also for travellers on the rortlicrn route. It contains several handsome public buildings, among which are the old Slate Hall ; the new State Hall, and the City Hall, both of white marble ; the Academy, of red freestone ; 14 churches, &c. The Albany Institute, with a library, and hinet of minerals, coins, and casts ; the Athenieiim has a library of above 80Ui> volumes; and there is also an Academy of Fine Arts here. Regular steam-packets leave twice a day for New- York; numerous canal-packets and rail-road cars are constantly departing for the nortnern and western routes ; and several lines of stage-coaches keep up a communication with the east. The number of persons who annually pass through the city has been, estimated at up- wards of 600,000. The population in 1820 was 12,630; in 1830, 24,209, and in 1836, 28,109. The city of Troy, si.x miles above Albany, is situated on the oppo- site side of the river. The trade and manufactures of this place are both con- siderable. The city is regularly laid out and prettily built. The population in 1830 was 11,405, and in 1835, 16,959, having increased nearly 50 per cent, in five years. Nearly north from Albany, at a distance of 29 and 36 miles respect- ively, are the most frequented of American watering-places, Ballston Spa and Saratoga. At the eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the head of a deep bay, is Sacket's Harbour, an important naval station during the three years' war; and on the Black River, 7 miles from its mouth, is the flourishing village of Watertown, prettily situated and neatly built, with a population of 3500 inhabitants. Up the valley of the Mohawk, and along the line of the Grand Canal and its branches, are a number of cities and towns, which have sprung up, as if by en- chantment, in the bosom of a wilderness. Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Os- wego, Auburn, Ithaca, Seneca, Canandaigua, Rochester, Lockport, and Buffalo, are the principal. The city of Schenectady, situated in the midst of a fertile tract, affording numerous mill-seats, traversed by the canal, and connected by rail- roads with Albany, Saratoga, and Utica, has an extensive and increasing trade, and some manufactures. It is the seat of Union College, one of the principal collegiate institutions in the State. The population increased from 4268 in 1830, to 6272 in 1835. Upwards of ninety miles north-west from Albany, on the Grand Canal, is the city of Utica. In 1794, the spot contained only 4 or 5 lof, houses, in the midst of p wilderness: in 1835, the city had a population of 10,183 souls, 13 churches', an ai alemy, a State and county Lyceum, a city library, a Mechanic's Association, ^ - th an extensive trade, and numerous manufactories and mills. Utica is in the valley of the Saquoit, which, on a territory of ten miles square, has a population of about 30,000, and contains numerous cotton, saw, and grist mills, with bleach- eries, woollen manufactories, machine-shops, &.c. Still farther west, on the canal, are the villages of Salina, Syracuse, Geddes, and Liverpool, the seat of the Onondaga salt-springs, which are the property of the State : the manufacturers pay a duty of six cents a bushel, and in the year 1835 made 2,209,867 bushels, much of which is sent out of the State. The works are capable of producing three million bushels a year. Population of Syracuse in 1835, 4105 ; of Salina, 2500. From Syracuse, a branch canal extends to Oswego, on Lake Ontario, one of the most flourishing villages in the State : the river of the same name furnishes an inexhaustible water-power, which is very extensively employed for useful purposes; and an excellent harbour, protected by piers, con- structed by the general government. Since the opening of the Welland canal, a considerable portion of the trade of the upper lakes, as well as that of I^ke On- tario, enters at Oswego, and large quantities of wheat are brought in to be ground m ■- lAiL.i ..;=L out and prettily The population •lew-York, is the of the State. Its r of the Erie and ' and iU eituation r travellers on the gs, among which ill, both of white B Albany Institute, I Athenceiim has a of Fine ArU here, jrous canal-packets I nd western routes ;| rith the east. The! en. estimated at up- ^30, 24,209, and in ituatcd on the oppo- place are both con- \ The population in I ,arly 50 per cent, in id m miles respect- •s, Ballston Spa and ad of a deep bay, is .years' war; and on llage of Walertown, inhabitants. I Grand Canal and its | ungup, asifbycn- Jtica, Syracuse, 08- Kjkport, and Buffalo, he midst of a fertile nd connected by rail- and increasing trade, one of the F>nX 3d from 4268 m 1830,] P Grand Canal, is the ouses, in the midst ol Bouls, Wchurchep.an echanic's Association, lills. Utica is in the luare, has a population || •iBt mills, with bleach- ina, Syracuse, Geddes, ch are the property ot ushel, and in the year the State. The works mlation of Syracuse IP lal extends to Oswego, le State: the river ot ich is very extensively protected by Pf>-8. *'''"■ f the Welland canal, a \\ as that of lAke On- 1 wrought in to be grou"-' UNITED STATES. 175 here. The population of the village nearly doubled between 1830 and 1835, having incrctsed from 2117 to 4000 inhabitants. The city of Rochester, situated on the Genesee, seven miles from its raouth, and traversed by the Great Canal, is a busy and flourishing town. The river has here a fall of upwards of 90 feet, and a few miles below, it descends by a fall of 75 feet to the level of Jjike Ontario: the whole descent from Rochester is 255 feet. The motive power thus produced is constant and immense, and there are now in the city 21 large flour-mills, several cotton and woollen mannfactorios, and a great number of other manufacturing establishments. The aqueduct over the river is a fine piece of work, consisting of ten arches of hewn stone. The popu- lation of the city increased from 1502 in 1820, to 9269 in 1830, and 14,404 in 1835. The city of Buffalo, at the western termination of the canal, has a harbour on Lake Erie, protected by a long pier. The city is well built and finely situ- ated, overlooking the lake ; and it contains a great number of large warehouses and manufactories. The population in 1820 was 2095 ; in 1830, 6321 ; and in 1835, 15,661. The lake-trade is very e.xtensive. In 1817, there were but 25 vessels, end no steam-boat, on Lake Erie ; and in 1835 they amounted to 375 sloops, schooners, and brigs, and 34 steam-boats, most of which exceeded 200 tons burthen; beside several ships, &,c. Bufialo contains,'in addition to its nu- merous churches, a handsome exchange, a large and splendid theatre, &c. The village of Ithaca, at the head of Cayuga Lake, increased its population from 3324 in 1830, to 5000 in 1835. By the Owego rail-road it is connected with the Sus- quehannah, ond by the lake, with the Eric canal and tide-water. Its situation is highly picturesque. There are numerous manufacturing establishments here. STATE OP NEW JERSEY. The State of New Jersey is bounded north by New York, east by the Atlantic Ocean and New York, south by Delaware Bay, and west by Pennsylvania. It is 138 miles in length, and 50 miles in breadth ; the area is about 6600 square miles. The soil of this State is not naturally well adapted to agricultural pursuits, much of the land being either sandy or marshy ; yet its proximity to two of the largest markets in the United States, and the industry of the inhabitants, have rendered it exceedingly productive of all sorts of grain, fruits, and vegetables, common to the climate. New Jersey is intersected by many navigable rivers, and has numer- ous streams for mills, iron works, and every species of manufactures requiring water-power. The principal of these streams are the Raritan, Hackensack, Pas- saic, Salem, Tom, Cohanzey, and Maurice rivers. New Jersey abounds in valuable iron ores ; rich veins of zinc ore occur in the northern part of the State; copper also abounds, and has been extensively worked. The greater part of the sandy tract is covered with extensive pine forests, which have aflPorded supplies of fuel for the numerous furnaces of the State, and the steam-boats of the neighbouring waters ; the middle section is the most highly improved and wealthy part of the State, being divided into small farms and kitchen-gardens, which are carefblly cultivated, and which find a ready market in the numerous manufacturing towns of the district, and in the great cities of the adjacent States. The northern counties contain much good pasture land, with numerous fine farms. The apples and cider of the north are as noted for their superior quality as the peaches of the south. The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly devoted to agriculture, commerce being mostly carried on through the ports of New York and Pennsylvania ; the north-eastern corner is, however, the seat of flourishing manufactures. The shad and oyster fisheries in the rivers and great estuaries that border on the State, ftffbrd a profitable employment to many of the inhabitants. The value of the iron manufactures was estimated, in 1830, at about 1,000,000 dollars annually ; of glass, 500,000; of cottons, 2,000,000; of lyoollens, 2.')0,000; but all these branches have very much increased since that time. Hats, boots snd shoes, carriages, harne^js, &.c., are also Ibrgely produced. ' '•■ t-. ) • ' •!* :^^ M ,J^- \J/ -*^*- ' 1 1 1 f|H ■■?;iH •i^^ 176 UNITED STATES. The syslem of common school instruction liiis hitherto been defective; but, in consequence of tiie recent elVorts of the friends of education, measures have been commenced which promise cheerinif results. The State possesses a school-fund, which commenced in 1810. The income from it, which is about iiifiJ2,()00, is annually distributed, in small sums, to such towns as raise an equal amount for the support of schools. There are two colleges in New Jersey; the College of New Jersey, or Nassau Ilall, at Princeton, is a highly respectable institution ; it has thirteen instructors, upwards of 200 students. •: library of 8000 volumes, &c. Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, was iLuiiued by the Dutch Reformed Ciiurch, and has a theological seminary connected with it. The Presbyterians have also a distinguished theological school at Princeton. There are several academies and high scIkmjIs in the State. The Presbyterians are the prevalent suet ; but the Baptists, Methodists, Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, and Friends, are numerous, and there are some Roman Catholics, Universalists, &.c. Several important canal and rail-road routes connect the eastern and western waters, or unite different sections of the State. The Morris canal extends from Jersey City to the Delaware opposite Easton, 102 miles; inclined planes have been in part used instead of locks, and the boats raised and let down in a frame or cradle, moved by water-power. The Delaware and Raritan canal, uniting the navigable waters of the rivers from which it takes its name, extends from Borden- town, through Trenton, to New Brunswick, 45 miles, admitting vessels of 100 tons ; a navigable feeder, 23 miles in length, extends from Bull's Island, in the Delaware, to Trenton. The Camden and Amboy rail-road is an important work on the great line of travel between the north and south, 61 mile's in length. The Patersoii and Hudson rail-road, from Paterson to Jersey City, opposite New York, is 14 miles long; the New Jersey rail-road extends from New Brunswick, through Newark, to the last-mentioned road, a few miles from the Hudson ; length, 28 miles. The Camden and Woodbury rail-road, 8 miles, is in progress. The city of Trenton, on the east bank of the Delaware, at the head of sloop navigation, is the capital qf the State. It is regularly laid out, and contains the State-House, State-Prison, and eight churches. A wooden bridge 1000 feet in length here crosses the river, just below the falls, and the Delaware and Raritan canal passes through the city. The falls afford extensive water-power for manu- facturing purposes, and there are ten mills and manufactories in the vicinity. Population, 3925. Ten miles from Trenton is the village of Princeton, the seat of New Jersey College, and celebrated in the revolutionary history for the action of January 3d, 1777. The city of New Brunswick, at the head of sloop navigation on the Raritan, and at the termination of the Delaware and Raritan canal, and the New Jersey rail-road, is the depdtof the produce of a fertile district, and a place of considerable trada The upper streets are spacious and handsome, and command a fine pros- pect. Here are Rutgers College, and a theological seminary of the Dutch Reformed. The population of the city is about 60(K). At the mouth of the Raritan stands the city of Amboy, or Perth Amboy, with a good harbour, which is, however, little used. ElizabethtoWAi is a pretty and thriving town near Newark Bay, with 3450 inhabitants; it contains several mills. The city of Newark, the largest and most important town in New Jersey, stands on the Passaic, three miles from Newark Bay, and has easy communication with Now York by means of steam-boats and the New Jersey rail-road; the Morris canal al.-.o passes through the city. Newark is prettily situated and well built, with spacious streets and handsome houses, many of which are ornamented with fine shade trees. The manufactures are extensive, and its surplus produce sent off is estimated to amount to 8,000,000 dollars yearly. Carriages, shoes and boots, saddlery, jewelry, hats, furniture, &,c., are among the articles produced. The popuUtioti in 1830 was 10,953, in 1835 about 16,000. Paterson, at the falls of the Passaic, wliich afford an immense water-power, and are extensively applied to economical purposes, is one of the principal manufacturing towns in the country. Here are cotton-mills, with numerous other works, such as paper-mills, machine- shops, button factories, iron and brass founderies, nail factories, woollen-mills, &-c. m fcctive ; but, in surcs have been is a sclinol-tutiil, wul «W2,0(H), i8 qual amount for 1 ; the College of [e institution; it KM) volumes, &.c. Reformed Churcli, 1 :erian8 have also •al academies and cnt sect; but the Is, are numerous, item and western anal extends from lined planes have I lown in a frame or j cunal, uniting Uie , Lends from Borden- in|x vessels of 100 lull's Island, in the] an important work I e's in lenerth. The] )ppos\tc New York, Brunswick, through I ludson; length, '28 1 irogress. I the head of sloop ut, and contains the bridge KKX) feet m laware and Raritan | ter-power for manu- 1 ries in the vicinity. Princeton, the seat listcry for the action ] tion on the Raritan, ind the New Jersey place of considerable ommund a fine pros- inary of the Dutch »erth Amboy, with a ,w.i is a pretty and jntains several miUs. ] ,wn in New Jersey, easy communication rail-road; the Morris lated and well built, are ornamented with surplus produce sent .ges, shoes and boots cles produced. 1 lie I 3r8on,at the fo"3«t ,, e extensively appueu towns in the country, paper-mills, machiiie- woollen-mills, &c. | UNITED STATES. 177 The town contains ten churches, and the population increased from 7731, in 1830, ' to about l-i,(HH), ill 1H35. IJelow Tronton, on the Delaware, is Bordentown, pleasantly situated on elo- vnted {frouiid overlooking the river, and standing at tiu; ttTiiiination of the Dela- wiiro and Raritan canal. The city of Burliii2;ton, below Bordentown, is also a iiciit little town prettily situated on the banks of the rivi-r, with "JOTO inhnbitaiits. Sti'uni-boats from Philadelphia touch at these places several tiiiii's ii day. The city of Camden, opposite Piiihulolphia, carries on some branches of maiuifacturiiig mdustry ; ten steam ferry-boats are constantly plying between the two cities. l>o|)iilation, 23-10. Xew Jersey is divided into 14 countiea, which are subdivided into I'JO town- iiliips. Owing to the groat emigration, the population increased slowly unti' I'^'iO, but since that time the increase has been more rapid, on account of the g»"Wth of manufactures. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. East and West Jorsey, in 1701, 15,000 ; in 1749, 60,000. In 1790 184,139 1800 211,149 1810 245,.562 1820 277,375 1830 320,82.3 From 1790 to 1800, 27,010 1800 to 1810 3.1,413 1810 to 1820 32,013 1820 to 1830 43,248 Of the foregoing population of 1830, there were, white Males, 15"2,rr29; white Fpnmles, 147,737; deaf and dumb, 207; blind, 20."): aliens, 3365. Total whites, 300,266. Free coloured, 18,303 ; slaves, 2254. Total coloured, 20,557. 1 1 .423 12,422 lO.KSl 2,254 , COMMONWEALTH OP PENNSYLVANIA. This State, which, from her central position, her dimensions, her natural re- sources, her great lines of communication, and her population, may rank as one nf the most important in the Union, is bounded on the north by New York and lake Eric, east by New Jersey, south-east by Delaware, south by Maryland and Virginia, and west by part of Virginia and Ohio. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 307 miles, and its breadth \tY7; area, 46,000 square miles. The principal rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehannah, Ju)iif.*T, Alleghany, Monongahela, and Ohio. The various ridges of the Alle- cli.i";,' ' inge intersect the central parts of this State, whose general direction is iVom aouth-west to north-east. The valleys between many of these ridges are often of a rich black soil, suited well to the various kinds of grass and grain. Some of the mountains admit of cultivation almost to their summits. No State in the Union shows to the passing traveller a richer agriculture than this. It is emphatically a grain country, raising the greatest abundance of fine wheat. It I pruduces all the fruits and productions of the northern and middle States, and is particularly famous for the great size, strength, and excellence, of its breed of (Inmglit horses. Pennsylvania spread? a wide surface in the Ohio valley, and is rapidly ad- vancing in wealth nnd population. New towns and villages are springinjr up in every direction. The State abounds in all the elements of wealth and power. Public opinion has given it a strong impulse towards manufactures, and it has a ifigantic system of internal improvements. Its inhabitants, though composed of all nations, are distinguished for their habits of order, industry, and frugality. The passing stranger, as he traverses the State, is struck with the noble roads and public works, with the well-cultivated farms and their commodious nnd im- perishable stone houses, and oflen still larger stone barns. An agricultural coun- try' alike charming and rich, spreads under his eye. Tlio mineral wealth of Pennsylvania is very great, nnd, although but recently ft!.ijSl^\ l^i' ". *l> m M't m 178 UNi'i'Ki) STA rr;s. t)o conl of I'ciiiisylvaiiia is ot" two kin(l.-<, tlit' Aniliriicile niiJ BitiiniinuiiR, vvliirh nrc (jiiitc (liHtiiict in tlicir (|ii!ilitii's nriil locali- ties. Tlif,' first is found in llii' eastern i)arl of the State, between llio Delaware anil Susiiueliannah Rivers, and is estimated to cover an extent of about (y-l,(NI() acres. In IK\^\ the (|uimtity sent from the coal reijion, e.xdusivo of that .'^hiiij::"! by the Sustiuehannali, was upwards of (KKM'dO tons, valued at uiure than ;),(!( 1(1,0(1(1 dollars. 'J'lii! bituminous coal is li.iind in tlio weslern parts of tin; State : it is HU|)pose(l that about ■1(10,(100 tons are annually consumed in l'ittsliuri,'li, and at the diifercnt salt-works on the Kiskiniinetas, ii:c., Im -idcs what is sent down tln' river Ohio to Cincinnati, New Orleans, and other towns. Ahoiit 1,()0(),(M)0 busiiels of salt arc manufactured yearly at the works on the Kiskiniinetiu*, Allej^fjiaiiy, and Beaver. Iron ore of nn excellent quality in abundant and extensively wroiifrlit. Tlio iron-mines in the eastern part of the State wen; e.xplored and worked at an eiirly [leriod of colonial settlement, and lind become an interest of yreut value before the Revolution. Since the pence of ITH!?, with much fluctuation, iron ha.s at all times enijiloyed a vast uniount of capital and labour. In I'-IW, upwards of (!() furnaces, and 100 forges, ])roiluced near i)0,000 tons of p'jj iron, blooms, bar iron, and castinjrs; and no doubt the amount has much increased since that time. 'I'ho iii:iiiufactureH of Pennsylvania constitute an important branch of its iiidu.->try ; tiiey include cotton and woollen floods, iron ware of all kinds, maiiutiicturcs of leather, hats, paper, furniture, porcelain, &c. In the year l^M'J, there were (17 cotton factories in the State, with an agfrregatc? capital of :i,7.')'^,50O dollar.s, anil mnkin;? annually 21,!?;52,66T yiirds of cloth. The total value of inanuliictiucs, i'lcludinj; about 2.')0 difTcrent articles, is estimated at upwards of 70,0()0,(XK) ilollars. riie foreiffn commerce of Pennsylvania is in part carried on throui:li Xcw York, Baltimore, and New Orleans; and its actual amount cannot therfliire be fully nscortnincd. The value of the direct imports in l^'M, was l'2,;jH't,!K37 dol- lars ; of exports, H,7.'en made for the gm ipl.ia, in which about i academics, 2 univrr- ,,,,U. The Univ"r.ily mnocted with it is the Hates. Tiie VVesieni r,r, which has a merti- lusle: Alleghany Col-; Pennsylvania College, Labour CoUefriateln- ■, are now in operation. , by Mr (lirard, andin-il 9 not yet ortranizecl. , relifrioiis sects. InBi ,ie.xt m point of num- " with Bome Moravians nication have been ex- rrnnd scale. Those of UNITKI) sr.VTES. 1711 the State consist of several divisions comiwsod of rail-roads and cnnaia, cxtcndin^r across the country from tide-water to the Ohio, and branchinjj oil' in ditrercnt di- rections to almost every section of the State. Tlic jrrand trunk extends from I'hi- ladelphia to I'itt.iburgh, a distance, by thifl route, of 4(M) miles. The fir ft division of the work, from I'hiladolpliiu to Columbia on the Susqiie- Imnnali, ij a rai!-rond, HI miles in lenfjtli. At Columbia, the canal befjins, and is continuer u)i the Susfi'jehannah and Juniata, to llolidaysburfr, 17'J miles. Tiie canal is 10 feet wide at top, and 4 feet deep. The Alleifhnny ridge is then sur- mounted by flic Alleghany Portage 'iail-road, !17 miles in length, with a rise and fall of 25V0 feet: the summit-level is 2400 feet above the sea. At Johnstown, the route .8 ayain continued by a canal, down tl-<' Kiskiminetus and Alleghany, to Pittsburgh, 104 miles. A branch of this great undertaking is the Sus,,545 IHIO 810,0!ll 1820, 1,04!),313 1830 1,348,^33 INCREASE. From 1701 to 17G3 260,000 1763tal7U0 154,373 niJOtolSOO 168,172 1800 to 1810 207,.'>4(i 1810 to 1820 231»,222 1820 to 1830 2U8,920 SLAVES, 3,737 1,706 705 211 403 Of the above population of 1830, there were white males, 56.'j,812 ; white females, G44,0H8 ; deaf and dumb, T-IS ; blind, 475 ,- aliens, ir),36.5 ; total, l,309,9()tt. Free coloured males, 18,377 ; females, 19,5i)3 ; total, 37,930. Slaves, males, 172 ; females, 2iU; total, 403. The city of Philadelphia, the principal city of the State, and one of the most regularly laid out and handsomely built in the world, stands between the Dela- ware and the Schuylkill Rivers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 100 miles from the sea by the course of the former. It yields to none in the Union in the wealtii, industry, and intelligence of its citizens. Philadelphia has the advantage of a double jwrt, connected with very remote sections; thut on the Schuylkill is accessible to vessels of 300 tons, and is the great depot for the coal of the ifite- rior ; the other, on the Delaware, admits the largest merchant-vessels to the doors of the ware-houses, and is spacious and secure. The streets are broad and straight, crossing each nther m right angles, ami dividing the city into numerous squares, some of wli a have been reserved for r,ublic walks, and are ornamented with fine shade and flowering trees. The dwelling-houses are neat and commodiou'j, and Uio public buildings, j;tinerally con- structed of white marble, are the most elegant in the country. Two bridges cross the Schuylkill, one of which is remarkable for its urch of 324 feet span, the longest in the world. Numerous steam-boats afford constant and easy communi- cation with Baltimore and New York, and, with the rail-roads into the interior, render this city the great thoroughfare between the north and south, and the cast and west. Philadelphic includes the City P'oper, with Soutliwark, MoyamenpiniTi and Passyunk, on the south; and Kensington, Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, and Penn Township, on the north; having a population in 1790, of 42,620; in 1^10, of 9fi,664; and in 1830, of 167,811. The manufactures of Philadelphia are various and extensive : her foreign com- merce is considerable : the arrivals from foreign porta in 1835 having o^'fi 429 ; and the value of her imports being between 10,000,000 and 12,000,(XX) dollars l year: her inland commerce is also very extensive, and rapidly increasing, in con- sequeuce of tiie facilities afibrded by the numerous canals aiiu rail-roads that critre here, nftbrding an easy communication with all sections of t^ ; Stati and with the great western valley. There are about iM)0,000 barrel. " flour, and 3600 hogsheads of tobacco inspected, and upwards of 800,000 bushels of grain measured here annually. T.he shipping belonging to the port in 183.5, was 83,520 tons. There are in the city 16 banks, with a capital of 51,900,000 dollars. Philadelphia is noted for the number and excellence of its benevolent institutions. Among these are the Penn- sylvania Hospital, the Dispensary, Wills' Hospital for the lame and blind ; the ill itutions for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind ; the Aims-House, Magdalen Asylum, Orplian Asylums, Girard College for Orphans, &c. The Society for alle- viating the miseries of public prisons, has not only distinguished itself by its suc- cessful effi)rts in reforming the pena! code of the State, but in improving the con- ditions of the prisons : the dij?cipline adopted by the influence of this Society con- sists in solitary confinement with lalwur; and the penitentiaries of Pennsylvania are conducted on this plan. The learned institution's of Philadelphia are equally distinguished: they are the American Philosophical Society, the Academy ot tliJ led into townships 33. SLAVES. 60.000 54,373 3,737 fiH.niJ I 1,706 !()7,546 1 7il5 )3;t,222 211 2U8,y2U I 403 es, 505,812; white 35; toUil,l,309,'J00. Slaves, males, 172; ind one of the most s between tlie Dela- iction, nnd KH) miles ; in the Union in the iia has the advantage t on the Schuylkill is the coal of the into- [vt-vessels to the doors r at right angles, ami avc been reserved for lowering trees. The ildings, generally cott tuntry. Two bridges of 324 feet span, the nt and easy communi- ^ )ads into the inlenw, ,nd south, and the oast k, MoyamensiiiS. "^"^ ,s, Spring Garden, aiid [), of 42,520; inl^W,, 3ive: her foreign com- 1 L835 having o"pn 4^; id 1'1,000,000 dollars u dly increasing, in eon- ila aiu. rail-roads that tions of t^ ^. Stati am H) barrel. " ^o»r, and 0,000 bushels of gram I ■ons. There are in the' delphia is noted for the )ng these are the Penn- , tame and blind ; he \lm8-House, Magdalen ■ The Socictr for alle- ished itself by its siic- n in improving the con- nce of this Society con- diaries of Pennsylvania >hiladelphia are equally •iety, the \cademy ot UNITED STATKS. IHl Xatural Sciences, tiio Pennsylvania Historical Society, and the Franklin Irwtitutp ; nil of which liiivo piiblitihcd xoiiie valimblt! volumes. The Medical ScliooLs urn also iiuicli frccnit'iited and liiijlily cclclirHted. Thi> City Library, inrliiding tin" l/)j,'iitiian collection, consistH of 'I'J,!!!!!) volumes. There is uUo an .Acadfiny of Fine .Vrls here. Free schools are supiKirled at the piihlic charge, and educate about ItdOO .scholars annually, at an expense of about r)(),(l(IO dollars. The princi- pal public buildings are the Ignited States Bank, on the model of the Parthenon, and the Pennsylvania Bank, of the Ionic order, both elegant specimens of clu.»sicitl architecture: the iMint, a handsome building, with Ionic porticoes f)2 feet long on each front; the Exchange, 95 feet by 114, containing a spacious Hall, News Kooin, the Post Office, &.c. ; the Girard Bank, tlie Girard College, a splendid struc- ture, 111 feet by 109, with a colonnade of Grecian Corinthian columns, entirely surrounding it; all of these buildings are of white marble. Tiie United States Marine A.sylum, capable of accommodating 400 men, with a front of 3^5 feel; the Aims-House, on the west bank of the Schuylkill, consisting of four distinct buildings, with nearly 400 rooms; the State-House, interesting from its having been the place where the Declaration of Independence was adopted and promul- I gated ; the United States Arsenal, (Xtc, also deserve mention. There are here KM) churches and places of public worship, including 2 synagogues. The State peni- tentiary and the County prison are not less remarknble for their architecture, than for their discipline. The County Prison, built of tiuincy Granite, has a front of 310 feet by 525 in depth. There is a Navy- Yard here, but ships of war of the largest class cannot ascend to the city with their armament. The inhabitants are liberally sup|>liod with water by the Fairmount works, constructed at an expense of 432,500 dollars; 93 miles of pipe convey it to all parts of the city. The daily consun'i tion in summer is about 4,000,000 gallons, The annual rents amount to 92,110 dollars, and the annual charge to 14,0(Mt. Frankford and G-irmantown are flourishing towns in the vicinity of Philadel- phia. The former is the seat of numerous manufacturing establishments, incliid- ! ing several cotton-miils, calico-print works, and bleacheries, wixillen-mills, iron works, &,c. Here are also an Arsenal of the United States, and a Lunatic Asy- lum, belonging to the Friends. Gerinantown is a flourishing and pleasant town, with 4311 inhabitants, containing a bank, some manutiictures. Sic. The other most important places in Pennsylvnnia are Lancaster City, Harrisburg, Reading, Easton, and Pottsville, in the eastern section of the State : in the western are Pittsburgh, Beaver, iStc. The City of Lancaster, 62 miles west of Philadelphia, pleasantly situated in the fertile and highly cultivated Conestoga valley, is one of the handsomest in the State : the streets are regular, and among the public buildings are 12 churches, an academy, &,c. Its trade is extensive, and the manufactures various and consi- derable : it is noted for the superior quality of its rifles, coaches, rail-road cars, • stockings, saddlery, &c. The population amounts to 7704. Lancaster is con- nected with Philadelphia and Harrisburg by rail-roads, and with the Susqiiehan- nah, below Columbia, by a canal. Harrisburg, the capital of tlie State, elands on the letl hank of the Siisque- hannah. The State-House is a neat and commodious building, from the m\->n]a. of which is one of the finest panoramic views in the United States, Here are 'also a Court-House and a number of churches. Population, in lK3(t, 4,312. Be- lyond the Susquehannah are the thriving towns of Carlisle and Chambersburg: the ' former containing 3707, and the latter 2783 inhabitants. Carlisle is the seat of Dickinson College. Reading, about 50 miles north-west from Philadelphia, is a prosperous town on the left bank of the Schuylkill, and at the termination of the Union Canal, The town is regularly built, and was originally settled by Germans : several newspa- pers are still printed in that language, though English is generally understood. Population, 5856. Easton, at the confluence of the Lehigh and the Delaware, a.id the termination of the Morris canal, is one of the most flourishing inland towns in the State. In its immediate neighbourhootl are numerous flour-mills, oil-mills, saw-mills, &c. """ To '^ ~^ "* ^:^i.' '1; • i ;!'^ 18a I'MIKI) STATES. 'I'lic nitiiaiii)i) in liJ;i,'lily pirtiirpi<|Ui', iinil it citnlniii!' tivo rliiirclifs, a mnmml liibfiur (•(illi'!,'iiilc' iiij^litiitioti, II library with a iniiicralofjicnl ciiliinct, iVc. Tlip popiilaiioii III l"*;)!! \MiH :I7(K), hilt lit pri'^'i'rit in (ibmit TiOdK. I'otlsviile is sitimtivl in a wild (li(-tricl 111) lliu Sclmylkill, in tlio niiilft ot'llio (^oal rc^rio'i- It cuntnins tiimiy liand- Hiiiic ilwolliiip!', iuk! itf pDiiiiiiintioii, wliicli in l^^'Ji") ilnl not nxcoivl IWH), nKumiilod, III l-'.")."i, to ;tH;Ut. Miiu''li (yliMiil<, lirsl sottlrd in 1h';r(iiind ; but, in ucblitiiin to ilic coal trade, it enjoy« tlie iidvantiipo of an extonsivp WHti'r-|X)\vc'r, wliicii in used for iniiniitiictnrinfj purposes: and itH jKipnbition at present exceeds VJ(MK). VViike^lmrre i-tandH in tlie deli^'htful valley of" VN'yoniinjr, whose rural beauty, and jieaeeful Hliniiei, once »tuined with blood and desolated with lire, have been consecrated by the doatliless muse. The population of NVilkesbarre is \l'iii'A. I'lttsburfjh, the prineipnl city of Western Pennsylvania, is built at the junction of the Monoiifjahela luid llie Allej'liany. The city proper includes only the trad between the riverH; but, as the 111 ■ towns of IJirrninji:liam, Alieghanytown, &.C., rpiilly tbriii a jinrl of l'itl..iburi^h, they must properly be included m its depcription, i'erhaps its site is iiiirivullcd in the world, cominandina; a navigation of about .'Mt.ddl) miles, which gives it access to the most fertile region on the face of t)ie f;lobe, surrounded by ine.vhaui-tible bed.s of the most useful miiicralt". Connected by artificial works which top the groat natural barrier on the east, with the three principal cities of the Atlantic border on one side, and by othera not less extensive, with those great ifiland seas that already bear on their l)osomi« the trade of indus- trious inillion.s, Pittsburgh in doubtless destined to become one of the most important centres of' population, industry, and wealth, in the United States. The population of the place in IHOO was nlwut KJOO; in IS'JO, 10,0(K); in 18;«f, 18,(XX), of which the city proper comprised r2,5G8; and in IbSu it was estimated to exceed 35,0(MI. In ISU'i there were here I'H) steam-engines, 1ft large founderies and engine fac- tories, with numerous small works; rolling-mills, cotton establishments, v/hite lead factories, breweries, saw and grist-mills, glass works, with brass founderies, steel manufuctories, tanneries, salt works, pap6r-milis, rrianufiictories ni' cutlery and agricultural implements, &c., arc among the 300 manufucturing esloblishnicnts of I'lttsburgh. The city is regularly built, but the clouds of smoke in which it is constantly enveloped give it rather a dingy appearance. Among the public establishments here, are the Alleghany Arsenal, belonging to the United States, the Western Penitentiary of the State, the Western University, a Presbyterian aiii' a Reformed Theological Seminary, 50 churches and places of worship, 55 Sunday schoolg, 60 common and 12 select schools, &c. A Bteam-enginc supplies the city with 1,500,000 gallons of water daily. In the district to the south of Pittsburgh, Washington, Brownsville, and Union, are thriving towns. Canonsburg is the seat of Jefi'erson College. Below Pittsburgh, Beaver, at the mouth of the river of the same name, is a thriving town, which h indebted for its prosperity to the great water-power afforded by the falls of fh; t stream. Numerous mills and manufacturing establishments have recently becu erected on both sides of the river above the village, and the whole population cf the neighbourhood it; about 5000. The completion of the connecting link.' between the Ohio and Pennsylvania canals will give a great impulse to the trode of this place. Erie, on the lake of the same name, is important on account of its harbour, which is protected by several piers. This place is increasing rapidly, and bids fair to become of considerable comuiercial importance. STATE OF DELAWARE. The boundaries of this State i:re,— on the north Pennsylvania, on the south Maryland, on the east Delaware Bay and the Allanuc Ocean, and on the west Pennsylvania and Maryland. The extent from north to south is PO miles; from east to west 25 miles; area in square niilei.-, 2120. The principal Kti'eanis, besides the Delaware, which forms a \K a mniuiiil labmir TliP itopulaiiiiii iiluiitoil ill a Willi tniiiH iimiiy liaiij- •,1 :UM), aiiuiiiutpd, ilt on very hmki'ii ro of an exteiisivp its jKipu lilt ion at llry oi'VN'yfiininfr, joil nnd (Icsolutoil "he population of .It at the junction (Ins only the tract eghnnytowr, &c., in its (Iflpcription. vi gat ion of about on the face of tlie •ali«. Connected by st, with the three not loss extensive, the trade of indus- the most important The population 18,U(K>, of whioli 1 to exceed 3J,0()t), iea and eri};'ine fiic- ablishmenls, v/hite th brass fonnderiea, toriesf'i' cutlery and jT establishments of moke in which it is Among the public I the United Slates, iity, a Presbyterian jccs oi' worship, |» jam-cnginc supplies A^nsville, and Union, .. Below Pittsburgh, iving town, which is by the falls of thtt ' have recently beci. | whole population cf | 18 connecting link.' | impulse to the trade f :ount of its harbour, ing rapidly, and bids l^lvania, on the south jan, and on the west :est 25 miles ; area in aware, which forms a liNITKI) STA'l'IS. IKI part of its boundary, are Drandywino creek, Christiana creek. Duck crtek, Mis- pillion creek, and Indian, Choptiink, and A'anticoke rivirs. The general aspect of Delaware is that of an extended plain, mostly favourable lor cultivation. (.hi the table-land forming the dividing ridge between tlio Delaware and Chesa- pi'^ko Bays, is a cliain of swamp*, from which the wat<'r8 descend in one direction ro I 'ljCH,ipeake, and in the other to Delaware Hay. 'I'lie upper part of the State iu generally a tine tract of country, anil well adapted to the growiiiif of wheat, and other grains. The staple cominodity, however, is wheat, which is pto3 4,177 4,.509 3,292 Of the above population of 1830, there were, while Males, 28,845; white Fe- males, 28,756; deaf and dumb, 35; blind, 18; aliens, 313. Total whites, 57,601. Free coloured Males, 7882; Females, 7973. Total, 15,855. Slaves— Males, 1806; Females, 1486. Total, 3292. The city of Wilmington, pleasantly Bituated near the junction of the Brandy- wine and Christiana, is a well-built, growing tov/n, and the most important in the State. It contains an arsenal, hospital, 13 churches, &c., and is supplied with water by water-works on the Brnndywine. Its trade is extensive, and it sends Beveval ships to the wbale-fishery. In the immediate vicinity there are about 100 mills and manufactories, producing flour, paper, iron-ware, powder, and cotton and woollen goods; the Brandy wine flour-mills are among the most extensive in the United Slates. The population, which in 1830 was 6628, is now about 10,(XX). New Castle, below Wilmington, is a little village at Ihe termination of the rail- road. Dover, the seat of government, contains the State-House, and about 1500 inhabitants. Lewistown is a village near Cape Henlopen, in front of which bos been erected the Delaware Breakwater. The work consists of two piers, an ice- breaker 15{K) feet in length, and a breakwater 3600 feet long, not yet fully com- pleted ; estimated cost 2,216,9.'j0 dollars. m n- "Mt .m* 184 UNI'IKU 8TATEH. 8TATK OP MARYI.ANl). iNr\iivt,\M) m l)i;un(l('fiiiia. I.Piiirlh 1!KI iiiili'H, iiiul IvlO mill's III bri'iultli; nr-u in wnmri miles lO.H.'iO, in iicrra 7,(M)H,(MH). TIhi principal rivers iin- llin I'otonmc, which iliviiles it troin Virjfinin, tlio SnH(|neliiinniili, I'n- liipsco, I'nwtnxent, Klk, SuHsafras, (.'licMter, ('luiptank, Nunticoke, iiiiil I'ciccmioke. Tlie iiiuntiiiie part of this Stutc is pnnetrnted I'lir into the inferior by Clii-ii- IV iki! n.iy, lis a vast river diviilinjf it into two distinct portiotiH, called tho pastern western Mhores, TIich' shores inchidi; a level, low, and alluvial coiinlry, ^rsccted by tide-w:ilir rivers and rrei>|r Hoiitli are siihject to interiiiittentn. Tlio (jenuine whito wheal, which is . p[K)v('d to be ptH'uliar to Ibiti State, is raised on these BhoroH. Aliove the tide- waters, the land k^coniis a>;reenbly iindiilatinrr, Reyniid this rommoncoB il' Alleijhaiiy iiioiintain, with its nninerous ridjjes; thn valleys between them un li loaiiiy and ricli soil, yielding line wheat niid all the priKlnctions of the iniddli tof,'etlier with Koniu of those of the .southern States. Thn natio'inl i-./ad passe- throiifrh the wide and fi.Ttile valleys in whicli Frederick a.id Hagcrstown are situated, beiiiiT linNid bolta of the same admirable soil whicli i8 Hcen in Lancatttor cotmly, I'eniisylvania. Anionjj these iiniiintains and hills the nir is elastic, the cliiiiate siiluhrioiH, and the waters clear imd transparent. Ill iiiiunil'iiiliirea and coiiininrcn, Maryland su.stnins n very reFpectablc rank; niinicroits woollen and cotton-mills, copper and iron rollinc-inills are established in and near Ikllimore, and are also scattered over t-ther (wrts of the State. Flour unil tobiicco are the Ptapio prothictions : the e.vport.-i cf the former are very {jrent, and of ilin latter the product is ccnsideroblo and jf e.vc(dlcnt (piality. The horrini; and shod li.-iieries iire i>clively carried on, one yield valuable rcturnfl, coii- stilutinfj an important article J' trade, as well as of liome consiiih, lion ; the com- merce of .Maryland is oxtensive, and hi.r ports serve iis the outlets of Inrrfc Uoila of pro Uictivi) country in Virjjinia, Pennsylvania, and Ui' Western States, whose consumption is also in part supplied throupfh the san.c ihannels. Her imixirts from foreiiji' countries amounted in l^'Xt to .Vi47,15;{ l(dlnrs; her exports to y,'J'2.J,'i:Vl dollars; and lier coasting trade is also valuable. T.';«» shipping belong- ing to the State amounted in the bejfinninp of that year to l()l,r)H/' 'ens. 'I'liere in a free school fund of r>(>,(IOO dollars, belonfjinjj to dilFerent counties, and appropriated to the education of indiijent children, and the proceeds of a small school fund belonging to the State, are also applied to the same object. The State also cfrants annually a sum of 5000 dollars to the University of Marylaid, and a further sum, amounting in IS.'Jo to 18,600 dollars, to other colleges, acacis- mies, and schools. The colleges are St. John's College, at Annapolis, St. M'irj's at Baltimore, Mount St. Mary'.s at Emmittsburg, and Mount Hope, nf ar Baltimor ;. The Academical and Medical Departments of the University of Maryland, it Baltimore, are in operation, and there is also another medical school, styled tie Washington Medical College, in the same rity. The Roman Catholics, Episco- palians, and Methodists, are the prevailing sects; and the Presbyterians, Baptists, German Reformed, and P'riends, are pretty numerous. There are also some Univer.-=iali8t8, Lutherans, Swcdenborgians, Tunkers, and Menonists. The canals and rail-roads of Maryland are on a gigantic scale ; the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is to extend from Georgetown to Pittsburg, 340 miles; it is already completed to above Williamsport, 105 miles, and is in progress to Cum- berland, 185 miles, an appropriation of 3,000,000 dollars having recently been made by the State, to enable the Company to finish this section of the work. The cost of this work, thus far, is estimated to have been about 4,100,00{) dollars. The Legislature of the State has also appropriated 1,000,000 for the construction of branches to Baltimore and Annapolis. The Susquehannah Canal, extending from Columbia to Port Deposit, is in progress. The Baltimore and Ohio rail-road is (completed to Harper's Ferry, 80 miles, where it is connected with the Winches- ter rail-road ; the work is now going on towards Cumberland, and an appropria- ; onst by Dplnwnn- I liKl inili on n inndi' by tliii Slalo to aid iti itH coinplptioM. A liraiicli has been conxtnii-li'd to Wiinhington, n didliinrc of ;t'J mile.', Iriitii a point nUml 1'2 niilcH from Uultlinore. Niiinbrr of piinenj^nrs conveyeil on the rond in IKt.'), 1)7,758; to-m of morchandiHp, 7'.^,lhVt; rcrpipts V(IM,.')(iH dollara; pxpen»en, I.Vlt'iiW dollurs; I'lcro are UK) bunlen ear;", and 44 paiwengi-r cars, with gevpii |(K;(imotivo pngint'o, employed on tim rund. It Uhh U-en nxcertamed by survvn, to bo practicablo In carry the rail-road over the Alle^'bany .Moiiiilains, at nn el' vn- lion of 2278 ff'Pt, without having rpcournn to (ho iixi; .if inclined planes, '.''lie lialtimore and I'liiladelphia rail-rond is ehiefly iiilhisotale; the wliide distauoe IK \fi miles; from Baltimore, by Havre do (.irace, to the IX-lawaro State line, 5H miles; the SuHquelmnnuh will be erossed by a steam ferry-boat ; the wurk i.-< nearly comph-ted. The Baltimore and Sus<|uehan!i' ■• rail-road extend.H from ililtimore, by York, to the Susi|iiehBnnali, 7.'i inikv i^i. ; iltio appioncbini; itn completion. A ntil-road from the northern part cf i.i c *,. isrn Shore to W.r.o- loko Bay, is alxiut to bo constructed, and the >■■!'.'• %,y v<',eU l.CHKMMHf dollars lU'ariln it.-* execution. Marylaixl is divided into nineteen counties, of whii h Pi^'iit are on the Kastcrn, I eleven on the Western Shore. In IH'JO, the ixipiilation of the Kastern Shore vBS l',»l,(ll7 ; in ISJO, it had sunk to Ui),472; that of the Western Shore, on the other hanil, had increased from 27r),7;);i, to I)27,5fii^. Of the whole popula- tion, amounting to 447,(MO, l.'').'i,!);i2 were blacks. The number of slaves had lessened, from Ill,r»()2 in IHlO, to 102,()!12 in 18aO. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In IfifiO, 12,000; in 1070, lfl,(K)0; in 1701, 25,000, in 173;i, 30,000; in 1749. 8r),000; in 1765, 10«,0(M); in 1763,70,000 whites. Inl7f)0 317,788 IHDO 34.1,834 1810, 3H(I,54B IHOO 407.350 l«3n 446,91.1 ■LAVES. 103,036 108,554 111,503 107,3!)8 102,878 From 17!)0 (o 1800 26,096 1800 to 1810 34,722 1810 to 1820 16,804 1820 to 1830 39,563 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 147,315 ; white Females, 143,778; deaf and dumb, 131; blind, 136. Total, whites, 291,093. Fr«c Coloured Males. 34,920; Females, 28,022. Total, 52,945;. Slaves- Males, 53,429: Females, 49,449. Total, 102,878. I i.iltimore, ihe principal city of the State, and, ia point of population, the third ia the Union, stands on an arm o' Patapsco Bay, about 14 miles from the Chesa- peake, and 200 from the sea, by the ship channel. The harbour is capacious and wt'e, and cmisista of an inner basin, into which vessels of 200 tons can entei, and an outer harliour, at Pell's Point, accessible to the largest merchant-ships. The entrance ia commaiuled and defe' ' li by Fort M'Henry. Baltimore possesses nearly the whole trade of Maryla. „, that of part of Westt ii Virginia and Pennsvl- vaaia, and t!ie Wt&le.tn Slates, and its inland communication has been extended and facilitated, by the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. Manu- faCkirea of cotton, woollen, paper, powder, alum, chrome yellow, pottery, &.C., jsru also carried 09 in the city and neighbourhooil. Baltit.iore ia the greatest flour market in the world; the quantity of flour inspected in 1835, amounted to 510,600 bbls. and 21,3;):3 half-barrels with 1405 hhils. and 4301 barrels of Indian corn meai, and 4b07 barrels of rye flour. Its foreign trade hoe, however, some- what declined ; its shipping amounted, in 1833, to 59,870 tons. The number of hankH, in IBS'l, was ten, v/ith a capital of about 7,000,000 dollarj. The public buildings are, 45 ahurchea, two hospitals, a penitentiary, exchange, the college •nd university halls, &.<•- The Battle Monument, erocted in memory of thr mic- ccssful defence «f the city, when attacked by the Bdti.sh, in 1814, is an elegant marbl'j uliilisk, 35 feet hi^h, on which are inscribed the names of those who fell in tbat gallknt atfair. The Washington Monument is the most splendid structure af the kind in the country ; it is a Ooric column (>f white marble, with a circular lii* ' ■' ' Y -rr •■' / Ift''>'^,. i.f u". !>!.! V{*A !"■ m Ir^li l.NITKI) STATKS. MtnirrnKP iiifiilc, liy wliicli ynii aNocnil to tlin top; llic column '■* 1 to t'i>i>l in hci^lit, mill 'JO I'rct in iliiiiiK'Irr nt l)olt.oin; it NtiinilM tipon ii hiiNo 'j:i ti'ct lii(fli, nnil In hiit- nioiinli'il liy ii cdliwwil HtiiliU' of lln' Tiitlirr of hin Country. 'I'lio |-lxrliiin|r<' in u liirifi; hikI liiiiulmini*! odificc, IttMl I'l-ct by HO; tho Konmn ('atliolic CatlH'clrnl is, |)i'rlin|M, tlii> tincHt r.liiircli in tlii> rminlry, nnd it contiiiiiN xonin |;oo the United States. The Congress meets here annually on the first Mon- day of December; and the Supreme Federal Court also holds ita annual sessions here. HOfpot in lifiglit, ■■I'l, hijfli. nml in Hiir- riic Kxchain;'' i" « itlidlic Cftllifilrnl in, )iiii< ^'(kmI pnintiiiKi. r Im)Ii1 and ixTHCvcr- In 17 50 to 100 miles broad, and, in general, covered with pine forests. Beyond this, towards the Alleghanies, it becomes elevated and hilly, and then mountainous. Those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which boF- ). * ! ■ ! m ^- ' ' : .4./ .■ ! -V UNITLU STATES. 188 (ler on the Gulf of Mexico, are low and level. In the interior they are diversi- fied and in some parts mountainous. Tho low countries in all the Southern States are mostly Iwrren, except on the borders of rivers, where the soil is very fertile. ^ The inhabitants of the t3outhern States are nearly all occupied with agricul- ; ture. Tho commerce, which is extensive, is principally in the hands of foreign- 1 crs, or of their northern countrymen, and carried on in northern vessels. The rjreat staples of this region are cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco: nearly the whole of the cotton crop of the United States is raised here, which, with rice and sugar, is confined to its southern section : in the northern the principal productions are tobacco, wheat, and corn: in the low regions of the Carolinas pitch-pine grows in great perfection; and tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber, are the staples of these districts. Gold is almost exclusively confined to the upper and middle portions of this region, and is now so extensively found as to have become an object of national importance. ... , , . The population is chiefly of English descent, but is in some places somewhat mixed. There are many descendants of the P'rench and Spanish, particularly in I^uisiana and Florida. In Louisiana the French language is extensively spoken, and the laws and some of tho newspapers arc printed both in that tongue and in English. The negroes, who form about two-fifths of the population, constitute a separate class, and are mo.-tly held in slavery. Tho Indians are still numerous, although IheChoctaws have been recently removed, and the Creeks are now emigrating, to the western Territory. The Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Seminolcs, however, still remain. .,.,,,■ n The inhabitants of the Southern States are seldom collectal together m villages and towns, like their northern countrymen, but live in a scattered manner over the country. This is in a measure owing to the predominance of agriculture over commercial and mechanical occupations, but principally to the circumstance that the bull: of the labour is performed by slaves. Instead of small proprietors tilling their little farm with their own hands, we hero find extensive plantations culti- vated under the direction of tht owner or his agent, who merely attends to the pecuniary aflairs, directs the operations and oversees the labourers. This state of things has a decided influence upon the manners and character of the people, yet there are individual diflferences so great that no general description will apply equally to4lie Virginian, the Carolinian, and the Louisianian. Generosity, grc t hospitality, a high sense of honour, and a manly independence of thought and conduct, are among the favourable traits of the southern character. The poorer class of whites are in general less frugal and industrious, and enjoy fewer advan- tages in respect to education and religious instruction than the same class in the N'- 11 States. 'vers of the Southern States, south of Chesapeake Bay, are generally dis- tip jd by sluggish currenta, and sand-bars at their mouths. Although there is no stream, exclusively belonging to this section of the Union, that can be ranked 'n point of extent with the great rivers of the country, there are several which, from the length of their course and the volume of waters which they flow, would in other countries be considered as large streams ; and there are not a few which furnish useful navigable channels. The population of the Southern States, in 1830, was 3,744,017; of whom, 1,556,517 were slaves. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. Natbre has bestowed on Virginia advantage of position, soil, climate, and navi- gable rivers. She is often distinguished by the title of the Ancient Dominion, probably from the circumstance of her having been the first settled of the colonies. This State is bounded on the north by Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Ohio; south by North Carolina and Tennessee; east by Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by Kentucky and Ohio. Extent from north to south, 220 miles ; from east to west, 370 miles. Area, about 64,000 square miles. Ever 08 chai the 1*0 Hivann Gn.'at h The I middle I the mo I The dis and slot valleys unhoaiti tains. ' Union, t parts col wheat, c The ten highest ( Tlie n liincstoiii beatc, an stones, S, bowels will douL OF the is found ( Anna net James Ri which th j counties, Alabama. found sufl veral con mines, soi Vast fi^ kinds; of miles, in I excellent I from the v I quantities, j coal. Salt spr I the water nawha Ri' 3,000,000 ginia conti of which J; of them ar The Sta dollars, the direction o the interco Canal unite with Alber canals hav doah, and I James and improvemei waters witl .-VvVt^s^'*" '^'**^ " " ^« w "a.n i ju-a iX&^xCi^m h- , and navi- I Dominion, le colonies. |hio; south I )cean, and Lilea; from UNITED STATES. 18!) Every portion of Virginia ia penetrated by fine rivers and streams, useful either as channels of navigation, or tor mechanical purposes. The principal rivers are the Potomac, Shenandoah, James. Rappahannock, Matlapoiiy, I'aiiiuiiky, York, Rivannah, Appomattox, Hlizaheth, Nottoway, Moherrin, Staunton, Ohio, Sandy, j (jreat Kanawha, Little Kanawha, and the Monongahela and its principal branches. j The Alleghany range of mountains, with its numerous ridges, covers the whole ! middle section of this State, and gives it a rugged surface. The country east of I the mountains descends gradually to the flat and sandy alluvion of the coast. I The district west of the mountains is hilly. The soil varies greatly, being sandy ! and sterile on the coast, very fertile on the banks of rivers, and productive in the 1 valleys of tiie Alleghanies. The climate ia equally varied, being hot, moist, and 1 unhealthy in tiie lower alluvial country, and coo! and salubrious among the moun- tains. To the productions common to the northern and middle sections of the Union, this State adds tiie sweet potato, the finest tobacco, and in the southern parts cotton as a crop. The productions of the north and the soutii, apples and wheat, cotton and tobacco, meet here as in Tennessee in the western country. The temperature, soil, and circumstances, are supposed to be favourable in the highest degree to the cultivation of the grape and the silk mulberry. The mineral wealth of Virginia ia boundless; gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, limestone, marls, gypsum, magncsian, copperas, and alum earths, thermal, chaly- beate, and sulphuretted springs, e.vcellent marbles, granites, soap-stones and sand- stones, &.C., are among the treasures as yet for the most part lying idle in the bowels of the earth. Mining industry has, however, recently taken a start, and will doubtless soon afford profitable employment to many of the inhabitants. Of the metallic products of Virginia, gold ia at present the most important. It is found on both sides of the North and Rapid Ann Rivers, of the North and South Anna near their heads, of the Rivanna in the lower part of its course, and of the James River above and below the mouth of the Rivanna. The belt of country in which this metal exists, extends through Spottsylvania, and some neighbouring counties, in a south-west direction, into North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. In tills State the gold is dift'used over large surfaces, and has not been found sufficiently in mass, except in a few places, to make mining profitable. Se- veral companies, in difl^erent parts of the gold region, are at present working mines, some of which promise to yield a handsome remuneration. Vast fields of coal exist in Virginia, both of the bituminous and anthracite kinds ; of the former great beds have been found spreading over an extent of many miles, in which the seams are sometimes 30, 40, and even 60 feet thick, and of excellent quality. Coal has been mined and exported in considerable quantities from the vicinity of Richmond, for many years past. Iron ore exists also in vast quantities, in various parts ; in some places it is found between immense layers of coal. Salt springs occur at various places ; at some of which works for manufacturing the water into salt have been erected : the most important are on the Great Ka- nawha River, in the vicinity of Charleston. The quantity made here is about 3,W)0,000 bushels annually ; 70 gallons of brine yielding 1 bushel of salt. Vir- ginia contains a profusion of mineral 8)>rings, of great and various virtues, many of which have acquired much reputation for their medicinal properties, and some of them are much resorted to. The State has a fund for internal improvement amounting to nearly 3,000,000 dollars, the income of which, exceeding 280,000 dollars, is applied, under the direction of a Board of Public Works, to aid in useful undertakings for facilitating the intercommunication between difierent parts of the State. The Dismal Swamp Canal unites Deep Creek with Joyce's Creek, and thus connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound ; it is 6^ feet deep, 40 wide, and 22^ miles long. Short canals have been constructed roimd the falls of the Appomattox, Dan, Shenan- doah, and Rappahannock. But the greatest work undertaken in this State is the James and Kanawha Communication, which comprises canals and dams for the improvement of the James River, above Richmond, a canal connecting its head waters with the New River, and the improvement of the navigation of that river 4 ■va|r*i :"li!i" -'!■«-■!«;!-'■ ino UNITKD STATES. and thcKnrwwhn to Clmrlcston. The portion of tho work between Uich.nnn.l anil Lyiu'hiiiinr is in an advanced state, and tlio continuation above that point w also 111 pro.rr. s.-. Several iniporlant rail-roads liave been conslructod. 1 lie 1 o- terxburi and Uoanoko ri.il-road extendi* Iroin I'etor^bur;,' to Uh-kely on the Roan- oke, tiO mile.-.. A continuation of this work is now in projrress to Ru-hnioiKl.^'J miles The Ilichinond and I'oloniae rail-ro;i(i, from Richmond llirouffh !• redericks- 'bur.' to tho Potomac, 75 miles, also in progress, will complete the connexion between the Potomac and Roanoke. The Winchester rail-road extends Irom Winchester to Harper's Ferry, HO miles, and is there connected with the JUIti- moro and Ohio rail-rond. Tlie Portsmouth and Roanoke rail-road extends from Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk, to Weldon, on the Roanoke, 77 miles. I The Literary Fund belcnfriiii,' to the State amounted, in WY^, to 1,.').")1,P')7 dol- lars, and the revenue from the same to 78,:M() dollars. In 1^17. a permanent ^ appropriation was made of 45,000 dollav.s a year lor the instruction of poor children, to be distributed among tho several counties and towns in proportion to their wliite population. 'J'here are numerous grammar schools and academies iii the htate, and in many families the children are instructed by domestic tutors. The college ot William and Mary, at Williamsburg, is the oldci^t in the United States ailcr Har- vard College; it was chartered in 10i)l. The University of Virginia, established at Charlottesville, i.-=, however, the most important educational institution in the State; it con^sts of nine schools, namely, of Ancient Languages, Modern Languages, Mathematics Nalurcl Philosophy, Chemistry and Materia Medicn, Medicine, Anatomy and Surgery, Moral i liilosc)- phy, and Law ; and each student attends on"y to such schools as ho clioo.-:es. J ho University went into operation in 18-.25, and it receives 15,000 dolliirs a year from the Stale ; the library consists of 10,500 volumes. Washington Colle-re at Lex- ington, Hampden-Sidney College in Prince Edward County, and Randnip i-Mucon Colle,5r.O 3:»,ti:)5 41,571 ito Females, 694,270. blind, 445. on several J give to the )lBin called il square of in gravelled •-House, one ue of Wash- iifice of the itentiary, 16 three reser' lich raise at 111 UNITKI) STATUS. 191 the rate of 800,(K)0 pillona in the <24 houri<. llichrnond la 110 miles from the mouth of the river, wliieii carries 15 feet of water to within a few miles of the city, and atlbrds boat navijjation for VJ20 miles above the tiills. 'J'hose advanta(;es enable it to carry on an extensive trade, ImjIIi inland and by sea; the annual value of the exports beinjj about ;},(MK),000 dollars, in addition to a valuable coasting trade. Largo quantiti(!s of wheat, (lour, tobacco, &c., are brought down by the James River canal. The falls of the river immediately alwvc the city aflbrd an unlunited watrr-jwwcr, which is largely a|)|>lied to manufacturing purposes; there are hero and in the village of Manchester, opposite to Kichmoud, 4 large flour- mills with 52 run of stones, grinding annually about 700,(100 busiujls of wheat, 3 cotton-mills, tobacco manufactories, a cannon tbiindery, 2 rolling and slitting-mills, paper-mills, &c. The [Mpulation in 18.')0 was l-i.OOO; at present, including that of Manchester, which is connected with it by u bridge, it exceeds 20,000. A rail-road extends from Manchester to the coal-mines, on the same side of the river, 13 miles, which yield at present above ."ilMKH) t< is of coal annually. The principal sea- port of this State is Norfol.i. \vhich is situated on the Eliza- beth River, eight miles from llamptoti lioads. i .? harbour is deep and capacious. expansion of James River just • world, and is capable of con- Old Point Comfort and a sand- in width, and is defended by ituation of Norfolk, in regard means of the Dismal Swamp vo made it the chief commer- easy of access, and perfectly secure; the Road, above its mouth, affords the finest anchorage in '. taining its united navies. The entrance, betweci bar called the Rip Raps, is rather more than a n. Fort ISIonroe and Fort Calhoun. The favourable to the ser, and its connexion with the interior L canal and the Forlemouth and Roanoke rail-road, cial depdt of Virginia, and, in 1835, 18,801 tons of shipping belonged to the port. The town is built on low ground, and the neighbo irhood is marshy ; the principal streets are well paved and clean, but the others are less commodious and more irregular. The buildings are not distinguished for elegance, but some improve- ments have been made of late years in this respect. There are eight churches, a marine hospital, a theatre, lyccum, &c., and a population of 9816. At Gosport, in Portsmoutii. on the opposite side of the river, is one of the most important navy- yards of the United States, containing a magnificent dry-dock, of hewn granite, constructed at a cost of 974,356 dollars. Population of Portsmouth, 2000. Suf- folk is a thriving little town to the south-west, with 1200 inhabitants; it stands on the Nansemond river, and is accessible to vessels of 100 tons. Petersburg, on the right bank of the Appomattox river, is a handsome and flou- rishing town, with 8,322 inhabitants, combining an active trade in cotton, flour, and tobacco, with manufacturing industry. Vessels druwing seven feet of water come up to the town, but large ships unload at City Point, at the mouth of the river. The falls of the Appomattox furnish ample water-power, and there are here seve- ral cotton-mills, merchant flour-mills, a brass and iron foundery, tanneries, cotton- seed oil-mills, &,c. North-west from Richmond, and on tlie Ravenna river, is Charlottesville, with about 1000 inhabitants. It is pleasantly situated in a charming valley, and derives its interest from its being the seat of Virginia University. The halls of this highly icspectable and valuable institution form a fine collection of buildings. Three miles from Charlottesville is Monticello, the seat of the late President Jef- ferson. The mansion occupies a lofty summit of the South- West Mountain, 500 feet above the Rivanna, and commands a view of the Blue Ridge on the west, and of the low country as far aa the eye can reach on the east. A simple granite obelisk over the grave of Jeflferson bears this inscription, written by himself: Thomas J Jferson, Author of the Declaration of Independence, and Founder of the University of Virginia. Nearly west from Richmond, and 120 miles distant, is Lynchburg, situated on the southern bank of James River, which is here bold and broken. It is a neat and flourishing town, carrying on an active trade, and containing some manufactories. The water-power atForc'ed by the river is par- tially employed in propelling a cotton-mill witii 2-300 spindles, and several saw and flour-mills; and there are here tanneries, tobacco factories, smitheries, &c. The town is supplied with water from a reservoir containing 400,000 gallons, fed f 'i < ■■ [W^ ', 1 k , ! i ( .i'f :-m:m • S-iJf*-' m' rv:', ■'i;* mKWJ^'' 193 UNITED STATES. by a double fore inff- pump, and placed at bucH an elevation as to throw a copious ftri'Hiii over tiie U>\m of tiie iioutics. I.ynclibiirp is ono of tlio largest toimcco umr- kets in llie uorl.l, Iroui 10,000 to 10,0(H) IiIuIh. iiavinjf been inspected iiere annu- ally durinjf the last ten ycarw. Population, 4ti;iO. bi.'.nville, on tlio Dan river, wiiieli is navijjfiible by boats some distance above, w a. tluiirishin^ villujifo, with KKH) inhabitants; its (Njsition cumnianda some trade, and ihcre are some iiianufac- lories here. The Cireat Valley Section conBists of an elevated table-land between the Blue ' ilid^e and the Alleghany chain, from 1*200 to IfMQ feet above the sea. It is, however, traversed by several mountain chains, fonnini^ numerous subordinate valleys, at once fertile and picturcslaiii, with many swamp.s and iiil'tii from the sea. Tho greater portion of this district, except aloiijj tho vvater-cuur^es, is a vast forest of evergreens. Th(! rich lands near tin) swamps anil rivers .ire insalubrious. Having piissed this monotonous region, we emerge to the pleasant and mild p.irts of the State, at the base of tho Alleglmnies, t'roiii whoso suininits tho eye tra- verses an immense extent of beaiitil'iil country to tho v,'est, and visjim is lost in the agreeable succession of hill, dale, forest, and valley, with an clastic and salu- brious atmosphere. In the western part of Ihi; Stato the Blue llidgc, wiiioh forms the separating lino between the waters of the Atlantic and tho Mississippi, attains an elevation of about 5.")(I0 foot. Tho western boundary of tho Stale is formed by the pro- longation of tho same ridge ; its dilTorent parts arc known by various local names, one of which, the Black Mountain, has been recently ascertained to bo the most lofty in the United .States, east of tho Rocky Mouniains ; its height is 6-17(1 feet, or 48 feet more elevated than Mt. Woshington, in Now Hampshire: another sum- mit of tho Blue Ridge, the Roan Mountains, is(i01'.8 feet in height, forming on its top a broad level meadow, of considerable extent. Tho tract between the two ridges is an elevated table-land, from 20(M) to 2.")(M) feet above the sea. North Carolina abounds in considerable rivers, but enjoys few facilities for navi- gation in proportion to the number and size of the strenma, which arc shallow or broken in their course, or lose themselves in logoons difficult of access, or are obstructed by bars. The Chowan, which is formed by the junction of the Me- lierrin and Nottoway, flows into Albemarle Sound, and admits small vessels to Murfrecsboro'. The Roanoke also empties itself into tho same shallow bosin. The Tar River and the Neuse both flow into Pamplico Sound: the first is navi- gable 90 miles, to Tarboro', and the latter to Kingston. Cape Fear River, the principal stream, which has its whole course within the State, rising on the north- ern border, pursues a south-easterly course of 280 miles; and at Cape Fear, the Waecamaw, tho Lumber, and Yadkin, which take the names of the Little and Great Pedee, and the Catawba, which rises in the Blue Ridge, all flow into South Carolina; while the French, Broad, Little Tennessee, Hiwassee, and New River, descend in an opposite direction from the same mountain. The swamps are a striking feature in the eastern part of the State. The Great Dismal Swamp lies in the northeastern part and extends into Virginia. It is 30 miles in length and 10 in breadth. In the centre, on the Virginia side, is Lake Drummond, 15 miles in circuit; a canal is carried through it from Norfolk to Al- bemarle Sound. Bctwc ; Albemarle and Pamplico Sound is another, called Alli- gator or Little Dismal S ei\p; this has been partly drained, by means of a canal, and the land rendered fit fot the cultivation of rice. These swampr have a clay bottom, over which lies a thick stiatum of vegetable compost The drained lands are found to be exceedingly fertile. The pine forests of North Carolina, which cover nearly the wholo of the east- ern part of the State, yield not only much lumber tor exportation, but also nearly all the resinous matter used in ship-building in this country. The resinous pro- ducts are turpentine, spirits of turpentine, rosin, tar, antl pitch ; turpentin is merely the sap of the tree obtained by making an incision in the bark ; the tur- pentine flows out in drops, which fall into a box placed to receive them. Among the mineral productions, the most important appear to be gold and iron. The gold region of North Carolina embraces tho section on both sides of the Blue Ridge, and extends to the cast of the Yadkin. The doposite or surfoce mines are the most easily worked, but the vein mines are the most durable. In almost any part of this district, gold may be found in greater or less abundance mixed with the soil. It exists in grains or masses from almost imperceptible particles, to pieces of one or two pounds weight ; one of tho largest lumps ever found, wrb "n" *: ■ ^i\ . »!;.*' ■':' il m t 1liapel Hill, about 30 miles from Raleigh, is th(! princi[)ul educational institution in the State; there is a pretty large num- ber of academies, but no system of general cducalion has been adopted. The MetlKMlii^ts and Baptisi.>) are the most numerous religious sects, and there are also a good many i'rcsbyterians and Episcopalians, with some Lutherans, Moravians, Friends, and Roman Catholics. The Stale is divided into 05 counties, and contains a population of 737,i)87, of which 472,84(i are whites, 10,540 free blacks, ami 245,(>01 slavca. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. , In 1701, 5,000; in 1749, 45,000; in 1763, 95,000. INCREASE. BLAVU. INCREASK. In 1790 .193,951 ] 100,.57l 1800 478,103 I From 1790 to 1800 84,152 13.3,896 .33,275 1810, .')55,.500 ISOOtolHIO 77,397 168,824 3.'),,'ja8 1820, 638,«i29 1 1810 toI820 83,329 20.5,017 36,193 1830, 738,470 1 , 1820 to 1830 99 641 245,601 40,584 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 235,054; white Fe- males, 236,880; deaf and dumb, 230; blind, 223; aliens, 206: total whites, 472,843. Free coloured Males, 9,561 ; Females, 9,982: total, 19,543. Slaves- Moles, 124.313; Femoles, 121,288: total, 245,601. Raleigh, the capital of the State, not far from the west bank of Ihc Neuse, ij i thriving town with 1700 inhabitants. A fine Slate-House of granite is now ere.:t- ing here, in place of the one destroyed by tire in 1831, when Canova's statue of Washington was unfortunately ruined. Fayelteville is a busy and flourishing town at the head of boat navigation on Cape Fear River, with 2868 inhabitants. It contains an United States Armoury. Sulem, Salisbury, and Charlotte, are small towns in this section. The last mentioned has of late rapidly increased in population and importance on account of its proximity to the gold mines, and has at present 2000 inhabitants. A mint for the coinage of gold is now erecting here. Beaufort, the only port of North Carolina directly upon the sea, admits vessels drawing 12 feet of water, and the harbour is safe and commodious; but the town is inconsiderable. Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea on Cape Fear River, is the most important commercial town of the State, and it carries on a considerable trade with the West Indies. The population is about 3000. Newbern, on the .::-i^S@Sf;*:?«-'»>'--"---*'**« ■■^■^•memmmr.t (• ivri! mini- ' ■liiuinisliins I ninji i>t' III'-' •ti iiiiil ollit^r iicuH to t>rf- jf the Euro- 1 tho wcBlfrn produclioiiH JO, the iiioru liidiiui-corn, UMHK) biilfH. sflioUl iiulus- rry the irmlo IB, and 'I'lm ; the thcililic« a bulky clia- il Swamp ('a- I Stale. The Beaufort, and jli and GaBlou from Raleigh, ,ty large num- iilopted. The there are also | ns, Moraviana, of 737,987, of \Vt8. INCREASE. ,571 3,a'.)6 33,Q75 1,824 3.'-.,.528 >,017 36,193 ,,6U1 40,584 )54 ; white Fe- total whites, 543. Slaves— Iho Neuse, Ij i te is now erp it- ova's btatuc of nd flourishing j68 inhabitants. Charlotte, are lly increased in mines, and has erecting here, admits vessels ; but tiie town ar River, is the a considerable lewbern, on the I'NrrKI) STATIX I'.i.-i Hoiith Imnk of the Rivnr Noumi, H) miles rmm l'iiiii|ili((i Mound, is a place of somo i comiiicrcc, nithoiiLrJi lur);o vt'rtMcJH cannot ciiin); u|i tn tlin town, and tlin navigation M ii>(li(fiis and dillicult t<)r sinnlli.'r cratl. Ncwlicrn in pIciLsnutly xituiitod and well limit, niid, with n ixipulatiim of ;1762 moiiIm, is tho principal (own in the Hlnte. VVHHhinirton and 'larUiro' on tin; Piimplirn Kiver, I'lyiiioutli and Halifax on tlin Kiianokf, I'^liMiton un tliu Cliowan, and Kli/aboth on the l'aH<|uotunk, an; small tradmi; luwnii. STATK OP SOUTH CAROLINA. Tub Slate of South Carolina in lioundcd on tho. north and nortli-rast tiy North Carolina, soulh-eost liy the Atlantic Ocean, and wmtli-wect liy (i('(ir;;m, iroiu which it '\H separated by tlio Savannah river ; it is iii length 1^8 tnilos, liy l(jO in breadth, the urea being niKiiit :!0,(KMI sipiaro miles. The rivers of South ("arolina uirord stinio considernblo imvigahlo farilitins for Hiimll river cratl; but in tho lower part of tlioir course they are shallow, and ! obstructed by Imrs. Tho principal are the W'uccnniaw, Pcdee, Black river, San- tee, Cooper, Ashley, Stuno, Edisto, Ashapo, Cuiiibuhec, Coosaw, Druad, and Savannah. The harbours of this State aro gonoruUy of little value; but tho coarft presents numerous entronces, which arc accessible to small vessels, and which atibrd I iulvantages for an active coasting trade. Tho harlxnir of Chnrletitun is obstructoil at the entrance by a dangerous sand-bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit small vessels. The harbour uf Beaufort or Port Royal is tho best in tliu State, and is sufficient to receive a navy, but is little frequented. Stone Inlet lia« nine or ten feet of water, and was used during the blockade of Charleston in 1775. St. Helena Sound is the most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast, but, although about three miles wide und ten miles long, it ia too much beset with shoals to be of any great commercial value. Tlie sea-coast ia bordered with a fine chain of islands, between which and tho shore, there is a very convenient navigation. Tiie main land is by nature divided into the lower and upper country. The low country extends 80 or 100 miles from the coast, and is covered with extensive forests of pitch-pine, culled pine barrens, interspersed with swamps and marshes of a rich soil : beyond this is the sand-hill region, 00 miles in width, the sterile hills of which have been compared to tlie arrested waves of the sea in a storm. To this distance the broad extent of country is denominated the lower country ; beyond it wo approacli tho ridge or upper country, the Atlantic ascent of which is precipitoua. From the summit stretches a tine bolt of table-land, fertile and well cultivated, watered by rivers, and irrigated by smaller streams, extending from tho Savannah to Broad river. The country beyond the ridge resembles in its scenery the most interesting of the northern States. The traveller ia gratified by the pleasant alternation of hill and dale, the lively verdure of the hills is contrasted with the deeper tints uf tho extensive forests which decorate their sides, and in tho valleys broad rivera roll their streama through the varied beautiea of luxuriant and cultivated fields. The ascent hence to tho mountains ia gradual and imperceptible. A number of moiin- taina of striking forma, here awell with their peaks to a very conaiderable eleva- tion. Table Mountain ia the most conapicuoua ; its summit is aupposed to be 4000 feet above the level of the sea. The low country ia infested with many of the diaeaaea which spring from a warm, moist, and unelastic atmosphere. Of these, the most frequent are fevers, from which the inhabitants suffer more than from any, or perhaps from all other diseases together. The districts of the upper country enjoy as salubrious a climate as any part of the United States. During the most unhealthful period of the year, it ia customary for the wealthy South Carolinians to seek relaxation in a tour /n ' , ' Vy . I II l#* ^.-««^*- -»e"rss!5M^' ««*« I'lO IJM'Ii;!) STAIKS. 'iitli Carolina, hut tlii* com- in the cx|H)rtM of hiT dwm ntino, 011(1 iunibcr, iinil ut' Kirth ('ari)lina, ami in tiic 'Ic, fur hodiR cuMHiiin|iti(in. lliiM Stntn. Alth(iu;(li tiiu ' m\» tiiuii in North ('iiroliiiii. ijvillo. Marhio, liincstuni-, fiirlh, talc, and iiioNt of the 'hroufrhoiit tho State; and. j through tin' northern States, or in n Kijoiirn at oouiu of tho wslormK-plucuit in thu I u|iliiiii| i-oiiiitry. ' I'hii ftii|il(! coinniutlitina nf thia Stato are ootton and rioo, of which Kcnat quan- ' titii'N urn iiiiiiuiiily ci\|K)rti'il. I Till' t'littoii crui) of South (^iiroliim \* ahnut , or m'a i^lIlllll Uiin . I{iri>, tirxt intriHliicril in lliDi'l, IS raiMC'il only in tho low country, wImti' tlir in iih'iihc mwiiiii|)h hi which it i.'* iffown iiKiy hi! riiHily irrijfnl'.j, hy iiii'iiiih of tlio rim of tho tiilc in Ihi' rivrrH. Tilt* rico i>.x|Nirli'il from tin' I'nitcd Stiiti^n, chi(;tly the iinxliini' of South Ciirollmi, viirii'H from i'JIMWMI lo ITri.lMH) lirrci'f, of tlin viiliii i.f from y,(KMMMItl to nnirly I .'1,0; 10,1 M I', ( (lolliir-i. Inill;,'o \\:\» for hhiik timi! oIH- nl tint ntlipli'M of IImn SlllK'i ilH cultiv.'ition NMiH iiitroiluuoil iii tint iiiidiilo of tin; I'lnt I'i'iitiiry, and iit tlir hmikiiii; out of till' ritvolutioiiiiry w.ir, iiImiuI l,(MM>,(MMI poii iiIm wi'ro i>.x|)orti'il iiniiiiiilly ; hut liuMitd tilt! cloHo of till! ti'ntury Iht.' prii-o win m much lowered hy lurife iiii|iiirt;ilioii-i from thu V..\.A Indiuit into Kii(;lund, thai ii {(avo way tu cutton, whieh i.s riiiH"d on thu vuino liuidti, 'I'liero lire no niiiniiracturod of tiny importance in :■' liieree of the Stutn is iiei;e«n«rily extenxive; it cout-l raw priHiuce, incliidin;r rice, cotton, tar, pitch, I ir lar;,'!' (iMiiiitilieM of till' proihu'tiona of (ieorj,'ia mi i import of muiiiifactiired urticlei), wineM, tropical friii' < 'I'lin reiridii ill which j^old in found oxtondH thr lU niinoM file iiliuiiiliiiit, tliodit((jln;js have heen less nut i' V'uriuiiN ocliren, used in i>aintiii<;, uro tliiind near \ iron nnd lead ore, potters' clay, fullera' earth, nitre i useful fo^tsilH, arc common. Free pcIiooIh fijr poor children have been establiBlio in the l)eirinniii(» of 1h;1;1, KliM) children were innLrctcd, in H17 schools, at a clmrgo of ;17,(K)0 dollars. There is a considerable number of useful and reiipeclu- blo acndemies; thu Charleston College in Charleston, and the Collego of South Cnroliiiu at ('olutnbia, are valuable institutinni^; thi! latter has a library of 10,(11)0 volumes, ond has been liberiilly endowed by the State. There are three niediciil schfKtln in Charleston, n I'resbyterian Theological Seminary ot (.'olumbia, a Lutheran Theoloirical Seminary at Lexington, and a Baptist Theological Semi- nary nt the High Hills. The prevailing religious sects are Dnptists, MetluHlists, and Presbyterians; there are also many P'pibcopalians and Lutherans, and Boine Roman Catholics. Several nset'ul conals have been constructed in this State, but none of them is of great extent; tho Santee canal extends from the head of sloop navigation on Cooper's River, IM miles from Clmrloslon, to the river Santee, a distance of 25i miles, and forms the channel to tho sea for large quantities of the produce of the upper country. The Charleston and Augusta rail-road, extending from the former city to Hamburg on tho Savannah, opposite Augusto, 13.') miles in length, is the longest work of the kind yet constructed. Another great work is now projected, and the necessary reconnoissance has proved its practicability. This is the Charleston and Cincinnati rail-road, which will pass through Columbia, up the valley of the Broad River into North Carolina, surmount the Blue Ridge by inclined planes, and follow down the valley of the French Broad River, to Knox- ville, whence it will be continued through Lexington to the Ohio river; the esti- mated cost is 10,000,000 dollare; whole distance, 600 miles. South Carolina is divided into 20 districts, which are subdivided for local objects into parishes. Of the whole population, amounting lo 581,18.5, the whites are 2.57,864, and the slaves 31.5,401 ; there are also 7920 free blacks; the blacks are therefore considerably more numerous than the whites, and as they are unequally distributed, their numerical superiority is still greater in the low country, where they are to the whites os three to one ; 'n the hilly country, the whites are rather the most numerous, and in the western part of the State there are nearly three whites to one black. ■^■■'.'iStij^ ■ •■^»»!KS>ll«li»IN?IM«*ww*i!*5*l*ll MIIMMm.- ■f^ |)lacuii in tho I I ^rnat fjunn- 1, III' wiiii^li n iMtriMliicril in H III wliji'li it III till' riVtTH. iitli Ciiiciliim, Kid t(( ni'iirly iJH Sliiir ; it" tlic lirrikini; I'll iinniiiilly ; •rcil l>y liifL"' coltiiii, wliicli but tho com- tM of liiT own iiibiT, imd of m, ntiil m the CIJIIKUIIIIlllllII. AUIioukI' 111" ortli Ciiroliim. ilo, liinnstuni', id most of tlie lio State ; and, schoolrt, at u 1 and rospnctu- llego of South pry of 1(M>0() Ihrco uiediciil Columbia, a dofficiil Hcmi- Is, Meliiiidistg, am, and Bonic Mio of them is navipntion on lislaiice of 22 )roduco of the jni llie ♦'omier .---Rth, is the low projfictod. This is the lumbia, up the Ihie Ridpe by liver, to Knox- Iver; the esti- • local objects lie whites are blacks are are nncqunlly puntry, where I are rather nearly three ■Mn UNITBD OTATIIS. I!i7 rortTi,ATiov AT niFFEni^NT rr.Rinns III 170'. h>'M)i in nt'.l, .'Ill.imUi in ITlU, lil.dlli); in l'it>:>, '111,1100 wlilti'ii, nnil nO.OOU I'liliiurciJ. IM'nrvaK. Nl.tVM. INCRRAOK. In 17110, 'J4I»,07:J 107,0!' t iHoo, ■Mr,,:m\ 11 From I7II0 to iHoo jicriiH I i(i,i:.i :t!),(ir,7 iMio .ii.'),! i:. iHOo to iHio (iii.wi i:Mi,:iti.-. :,o,'ji i IH'JO, ,'>0J,7U i INIO to IHJO, .... H(i,(Wll a.-,H,17."i i tW.l 10 1h;io, 581,458 l! inao to 1H30, .... 7S,717 :il.'i,3t;,'i I .Ili.HllO Of the above population of 1S30, there were, white Males, l:H),r>W; wliilo l-V iimli'H, 127,27:1; iliuf and dumb, 174; blind, 102; alieuH, 4H1>. 'roiiil whites, 2:>7,M7H. Free coli)ur<-d Males, :«172; Females, 4241). Totnl, 7021. Slaves— •Males, l(i.VI2.") ; FVinalus, l«0,04(l. Total slaves, :»l"),:«iri. (Mmrlnston, tho principal city of South Carolina, and tho only considernblo city in the Atlantic States south of tho I'otomac, stands on a point of land between tho Ashley and CiM)per Rivers, six miles from tho ocean. Tho city is rejruhirly laid out, with streets runnini^ east and west from Ashley to Cooper River, ond others intorHoctinj; them ncurly at Tighl an^rles, fh)ni north to south. It is also in (rencrni well built. Amnn^ the public buildinfra are It) churches, the City Hall, FiXchnnfe, two Arsenals, Theatre, Collctfo Halls, Alnis-House, Orphan Asylum, &.C. ; tho ('ity Library contains about irMKX) volumes, and the Orphan Asylum supports and educates 150 destitute children. Tho city is healthier than the surrounding country, and tho plann . from tho low country, and many opulent West Indians, spend the summer here. Its commerce is extensive, comprising nearly the whole of that of tho State, and ita shipping amounts to li'),244 tons. Tho population increased from 16,711, in 1900, to a0,289 in 1830, of which num- ber 12,U2H were whites; including the Neck, which is adorned with numerous plantations in a high state of cultivation, tho population may bo stated to exceed 40,000 souls. The approach to the city is defended by Fort Moultrie, on Sulli- van's Island, at the mouth of tho harbour, and by Castle Pincknoy opposite the extreme point of the city within. Columbia, tho capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Congaree, below the junction of the Saluda and Broad Rivers. It is regularly laid out with very wide streets, and ft a neatly built town with 3310 inhabitants. It con- tains a handsome State-House, a Linatic Asylum, the Halls of South Carolina Collrgc, and several churches. Granby is a little town on the opposite side of the river. Camden is a place of some trade, situated on a rising ground on the Wateree, with about 1500 inhabitants. Beaufort, to tho south of Charleston, is a little town on Port Royal Island, about 16 miles from the Hen, with a fine harbour, which is little used. George- town, to the north on Winyaw Bay, being the dep6t of an extensive and well- cultivated district, has considerable trade, but is not accessible to vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water. It is, however, unhealthy, and during the autumn, many of the inhabitants resort to North Island at the mouth of the bay. Cherew is also a small trading town on the PeUee near the North Carolina line. In the middle country, Orangeburg, Hamburg, Camden, and Columbia, are the principal towns. Hamburg derives its importance from its being the inland terminus of the rail-road from Charleston to the Savannah River, . . ... , STATE OP GEORGIA. Gkoroia is bounded north by Tennessee and North Carolina, north-east by South Carolina, and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Florida, and west by Alabama. Length, 300 miles ; breadth, 200 ; area, 56,000 stjuare miles. The principal rivers of Georgia are the Savannah, (which forms the boundary between 17' f I *■.■ t WP •^.^• — rmm f m u * l OWB 138 UNITED STATES. it and South Carolina,) Alatainaha, Ogeecheo, Satilla, Ockmulgce, Oovinee, St. Mary's, Flint, Chattahoochee, Talljipousa, and Coosa. The coast of Georgia, fiir four or five miles inland, is a salt marsh, mostly uninhabited. In front of this, towards the sea, there is a chain of islands rf a gray, rich soil, covered in their natural state with pine, hickory, and live-oak, and yielding on cultivation the finest quality of sea-island cotton. The principal are Wassaw, Ossabaw, St. Catlieririp, Sapelo, St. Simon's, Jekyl, and Cumberland. Beyond the swamps which line the coast, commences that extensive range of pine-barrens closely re- sembling those of South Carolina; above this range the country begins to be pleasantly diversified by gentle undulations. This region is bounded on the west by the Blue Ridge, which here swells into elevations 1500 feet in height, which thence suljside, and are lost in the sea. Beyond the mountains is an extensive and rich table-country, with a black soil of great fertility. The climate of Georgia diflbrs but little from that of South Carolina. The low-country planters liave their sickly season and summer retreats in the high pine woods. The districts central to the rice-swamps, in the Carolinas and Georgia, are universally insalubrious. There are districts in this State that ap- proach nearer to tropical temperature than any part of South CoroHna, and better adapted to the eugar-cane, olive, and sweet orange. The hilly and western parts arc as healthy as any in America. As an average of the temperature, winter may be said to commence in the middle of December, and terminate in the mid- dle of February. The climate of the low-country compares very nearly with that of Louisiana. The mineral resources of Georgia arc vtiy imperfectly known ; copper and iron have been found, but the most valuable mineral production, hitherto, has been gold. Although first found here but a few years ago, a large quantity has already been procured, chiefly from deposits, and scarcely any attempts have been made to carry on systematic mining operations. The gold occurs in the northern part of the State, on both sides of Chattahoochee as far north as the Blue Ridge, and to a considerable, but not well-ascertained distance on the south. The Indian Springs of Butts county are sulphureous waters, and are much resorted to for their efficacy in cutaneous and rheumatic complaints. The Madison Springs, near Athens, are chalybeate. The great agricultural staples of Georgia are cotton and rice ; the cotton crop of the year 1835 was estimated at 300,000 bales; the export of rice for the same year amounted to about 25,000 casks. The other exports are tar, pitch, turpen- tine, and lumber — tlie products of the pine forests. Georgia is well supplied with useful navigable channels, which are highly necessary for the transportation of its bulky staples. A canal from the Savannah to the Ogeechee, 13 miles, is the only artificial channel of navigation. The Georgia rail-road from Augusta to Athens, 114 miles, with branches to Greens- boro' and Warrenton, and the Central rail-road from Savannah to Macon, 200 miles, are now in progress. The Macon and Forsyth rail-road, 25 miles, is a continuation of the latter work. Surveys have also been made preparatory to the construction of a rail-road from Athens to the Tennessee, or to the Mississippi, at Memphis. The State has an academic fund, the proceeds of which are distributed annually among the academies; the sum thus divided in 1834 was 18,710 dollars, and there is a considerable number of respectable academies. There is also a poor school fund, the income of which is divided among the counties, according to their respective population, but no general system of common education has been established ; 18,078 .Hars were distributed for the instruction of the poor in 1834. There is a college at Athens, styled the University of Georgia. The Baptists and Methodists are numerous, and t' » Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Christians number many adherents. There are also some Roman Catholics, Friends, Lutherans, &c. The State is divided into 90 counties ; the population increased from 340,987 in 1820, to 516,823 in 1830 ; number of slaves at the former period 149,658, at the latter 217,531 ; there are but few free blacks. r-fc^ .. ■ ; j^< -g^/^.^ttt?t^**»^=<*tfy^,gj Ocvinee, St. Georgia, for rent of this, !red in tiieir Itivation the )ssahaw, St. the swamps IS closely re- iegins to be I on the west leight, which an extensive rolina. The in the high larolinas anil i5tate that np- na, and better western parts •ature, winter te in the niid- nearly with i; copper and lerto, has been ;y has already e been madei northern part ue Ridge, and | The Indian Bsorted to for lison Springs, cotton crop for the same pitch, turpen- are highly the Savannah gation. The to Greens- Macon, 200 25 miles, is a preparatory to Mississippi, lUted annually dollars, and also a poor according tol tion has been the poor in eorgia. The byterians, and an C?tholica, from 340,987 k) 149,658, at UNITED STATEa 199 POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1749 6,000 1790, .... 8a,.548 1800 162,686 1810 2i<2,4.3.') 1820, .... 348,989 1830 516,567 SLAVES. 29,264 59,699 105,218 INCHEASG. 30,435 45,519 149,656 I 44.438 217,470 j 67,814 From 1790 to 1800, . . 80,138 1800 to 1810, 89,747 1810 to 1820, 88,4.')6 1820 to 1830 165,.578 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 153,236; white Fe- males, 143,378; deaf and dumb, 147; blind, 143; aliens, 86: total whites, 296,614. Free coloured Males, 1256; Females, 1227: total, 2483. Slaves- Males, 108,946; Females, 108,524: total, 217,470. The city of Savannah is advantageously situated for a commercial town, being accessible to large ships from the sea, and communicating with the interior by the noble river on which it stands. It is built on the southern side of the Savannah, on a high bank rising abou. 50 feet above the water, from which it makes a fine appearance, with its spacious and regular streets, and its handsome public build- ings, mingling pleasantly with the groves of trees wiiicli surround them and adorn the squares and principal streets. The site was formerly unhealthy, on account of the surrounding swamps, but this evil has been cured by judicious drainings, and by the substitution of the dry for the wet culture of rice around the city. In 1820 it suffered so much from a terrible fire, that its prosperity re- ceived a temporary check, and the population (7423) was less in 1830 than it had been (7523) in 1820 ; but it has recovered from this shock, and is at present one of the most flourishing cities in the Southern States, its population having in- creased to 11,000 in 1835. Savannah is the chief commercial dep6t in the State, and most of the cotton and rice, with large quantities of the other articles of exportation, pass through this port. In 1835 the exports amounted to 14,000,000 dollars; 20 steam-boats of a large class, and 50 steam tow-boats are employed on the river, and the shipping of the port amounts to 14,000 tons. Among the public buildings are ten churches, an Exchange, City-Hall, Hospital, Theatre, &c. The city of Augusta, the great interior emporium of the State, stands on the Savannah, at the head of steam-boat navigation. It is handsomely built, and con- tains a City-Hull, 6.3ven churches, an Hospital, Arsenal, Theatre, &c. ; a bridge across the Savannah, 1200 feet long, connects it with Hamburg. The population amounted, in 1830, to 6695, but had increased to nearly 8000 in 1835. Augusta is the depdt of an extensive tract of productive and populous country, and is con- nected with the sea by the Charleston and Hamburg rail-road, and the Savannah river ; 175,000 bales of cotton were brought into the city in 1835. Milledgeville, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Oconee, at the head of steam-lioat navigation, and is a place of some trade; the population in 1835 exceeded 2000 inhabitants. It contains the State-House, the Peniten- tiary, on the Auburn plan, &c. Athens, a thriving little town above Milledge- ville, is the seat of the University of Georgia. Macon, on the Ocmulgee, consisted in 1822 of a single cabin ; in 1830 it had a population of 2600 souls, and at present the number of inhabitants is 3.500. Its trade is extensive and growing, and there is a great number of saw and grist- mills in the vicinity; 80,000 bales of cotton were shipped from Macon in 18;)5, and 8 steam-boats were employed on the Ocmulgee, beside numerous tow-boats and pole-boats. Columbus is situated on the Chattahoochee, just below the falls, and 430 miles from the sea. The town was first laid out in 1828, when the site was yet cover- ed with the native forest, and in 1835 it contained 4000 inhabitantp, with several churches, newspapers, &,c. Steam-boats run regularly from here to New Orleans, and 40,000 bales of cotton were shipped from the town in 1835, when there were no less than 12 steam-boats employed on the Chattahoochee. Dahlonega, in the northern part of the State, between the Chastatee and Etowa, is the seat of one of the offices of the United States Mint. «i • ■ V li; •' ' V t i ■J ■ . l.i 1 imri r-' ■ i. ■ ■■■V |i ■ "■ L ■-: -I 200 UNITED STATES. Darien is a neat and thriving little town, with an active trade in cou >ii, and in the lumber which is brought down the river in large quantities. Its population is alwul 2500. Brunswick, with a fine epacious harbour, is situated on Turtle river about 10 miles nearly due west from the opening between St. Simon's and Jekyll islands. A rail-road from this place to St. Mark's, on Appalachee Bay, is contemplated. St. Mn.ry's, a small town on the river of the same name, just above its entrance into Cumberland Sound, derives importance from its deep and commodious harbour, the most southerly on the coast from Georgia to Florida Point. FLORIDA TERRITORY. Florida is bounded north by Alabama and Georgia, from the last of which it is separated in part by the River St. Mary's; east by the Atlantic Ocean; south and west by the Gulf of Mexico. Formerly the name of Florida was applied to the whole country east of the Mississippi, and bounded on the north as follows: By the River St. Mary's, from the sea to its source ; thence west, to the jimction of the Flint River with the Appalachicola; then up the Appalachicola to the parallel of .31° north latitude; then due west along that parallel to the Mississippi. The River Appalachicola divided this country into East and West Florida. The part lying between the Mississippi and Pearl River is now included in the State of Louisiana ; the part between Pearl River and the Perdido, belongs to the States of Mississippi and Alabama ; and the part east of the Perdido is the country that is now called Florida. Its mean length, from north to south, is 380 miles, and the mean breadth 150, the area being 57,750 square miles. The surface of Florida is in general level, and not much elevated above the sea. It is intersected by numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers, of which the principal are the St. John's, Appalachicola, Suwnnee, Ocklockony, Choctawhatchie, Escambia, and Yellow- Water Rivers. The southern part of the peninsula is a mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp rocks, interspersed with a scat- tered growth of shrubby pines. The gulf stream setting along the coast has here worn away the land, forming those islands, keys and rocks, known by the general name of the Reefs, and by the Spaniards called cayos, between which and the main land is a navigable chan- nel. These islands contain some settlements and many good harbours. One of the most important is Key West, or Thompson's Island, 6 miles long and tvvo in breadth, on which is the town of Key West, a naval station, and the seat of an admiralty court: the harbour is good, well sheltered and commodious, and of suffi- cient depth of water to admit the largest vessels. The eddies which set towards the shore from the gulf stream cause many ship- wrecks on this part of the coast, furnishing employment to the Bahama wreckers. The soil of Florida is in some parts, especially on the banks of the rivers, equal to any in the world ; in other parts, it is indifferent ; and there are large tracts which are represented to be of little value. Live-oak timber, one of the most valuable products of Florida, is cut and ex- ported to a considerable amount ; also cedar logs, boards, staves, hides, tallow, and bees-wax. The fig, pomegranate, orange, and date, are among the fruits ; cotton is the chief agricultural staple, the annual crop being about 60,000 bales ; the sugar-cane is also pretty extensively cultivated ; rice is raised in large quantities; and indigo formerly furnished a valuable article of exportation, but is now only raised for family use. But Florida is on the whole better suited for a grazing country; and its vast herds of cattle, horses, swine, &c., find a boundless extent of range in its fine pastures. The climate, from October to June, is generally salubrious ; but the months of July, August, and September, are extremely hot and uncomfortable ; and during this season, fevers are prevalent. At St. Augustine, however, the climate is de- lightful, and this place is the resort of invalids. The population in 1830 amounted to 34,720 ; the different classes of which are as follows : whites, 18,375 ; free coloured, 844 ; slaves, 15,501. i^^0^^m^^!m'/0»-'&t*KMI^^^^&^-- )it >ii, iind in ta population (1 on Turtle Simon's and ichee Bay, is name, just its deep and la to Florida of which it is ,n ; south and ipplicd to the 3 follows: By e junction of ;o the prallel sissippi. The la. The part 1 the State of i to the States e country that miles, and the above the sea. i principal are hie, Escambia, a mere marsh, d with a scat- ! land, forming Reefs, and by avigable chan- u.s. One of ng and tvyo in the seat of an 8, and of sufR- jse many ship- lama wreckers. ke rivers, equal [re large tracts I is cut and ex- iles, tallow, and thiits; cotton bales; the rge quantities ; |ut is now only for a grazing landless extent I the months of |e; and during ■ climate is de- 1830 amounted 18,375; free UNITED STATES. 2U1 1 There arc about 3000 Indiana in the peninsula in addition to the population as above stated. They are known under the name of Scininoles, but they belong to tho Muscogee or Creek Nation, from whom, however, they have long been politi- cally scpiirotcd. Graduiiliy driven back from their original hunting-grounds to tiie great morass of the South, they were induced to enter into a treaty to aban- don the Territory and remove to the west. Preparations were made for their removal in ISSij, but they showed great reluctance to go, and finally commenced open hostilities under an able chief, named Oseola. St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States, stands at the junction of two sniull creeks, called the Matanzas and the North River. It is regularly built, but the :-treets are narrow; the houses are generally two stories liijli, surrounded with balconies and piazzas, and built of a shell-stone, or a concretion of shells and sand. Many of them are deserted and in ruins, the population of the place hav- ing been reduced from between 4000 and 5000 to about iiOOO, mostly Sp:miard8 and negroes. The nunnery, now used as barracks, is an imposing structure in the Spanish style ; there is a monument 30 or 40 feet high in the public square, coiun)cmorative of the Spanish Constitution ; and the Castle of St. Marks is a massive and noble work, completed in 1710. Although the country is poor, yet there are fine gardens in and around the town ; the beautiful orange groves, which ornnmented the neighbourhood and were very profitable to their owner.s, were mostly ilestroyed by the late severe cold. To the north, on Amelia Island, is the little village of Fernandina, during the embargo and late war an important depot. Jacksonville, on the St. John's, is a flourishing town, forming the depdt of the trade of the surrounding country ; it is also a considerable thoroughfare, and the projected East Florida roil-ioad is to run from this point to St. Marks. In the middle section of the Territory, are St. Marks, Tallahassee, Quiiicy, Marianna, Monticello, and Appalachicola. St. Marks is the shipping port of a populous and productive district, and is a growing town, with a good harbour ; the entrance affords 12 feet of water, but up to the town, 8 miles from the sea, the bay carries only feet. A rail-road connects St. Marks with the capital, Tallahassee, 21 miles. A work of the same kind, 190 miles in length, is contemplated from hence to Brunswick, Georgia. Tallahassee stands on an eminence in a fertile district, and contains the Capitol, several churches and banks, with about 1200 inhabitants. Appalachicola is a flourishing little town, nt the mouth of the river of the same name. About 50,000 bales of cotton were exported from Appalachicola during the year 1535. St. Joseph's, on the bay of the same name, is also a place of growing trade ; the bay aflbrds 25 to 33 feet of water, and is well sheltered from all winds. A rail- road from St. Joseph's to the little lake or lagoon of VVimico, connects the town with the River Appalachicola. Pensacola, on the bay of the same name, is im- portant as a naval station of the United States; it is accessible to small vessels through Santa Rosa Sound, a long, shallow lagoon, sheltered by the Island of Santa Rosa, which also fronts the Bay of Pensacola, and through the main chan- nel to ships of war, up to the Navy-Yurd, about six miles below the town. The population of Pensacola is about 2000. STATE OF ALABAMA. The State of Alabama is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Georgia, south by Florida, and west by the State of Mississippi. Length 280 miles ; breadth 160 miles; area 46,000 squire miles. The principal rivers a-e the Alabama, Tombeckbe, Black Warrior, Coosa, Tal- lapoosa, Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Perdido, and Cahawba. The southern part of the country, which borders on the Gulf of Mexico and West Florida, for the space of 50 miles wide, is low and level, covered with pine, cypress, &c. ; in the middle it is hilly, with some tracts of open land ; the northern part is somewhat broken and mountainous, and the country generally is more ele- vated alwve the sea, than most other parts of the UnilC'<),(XH) bales. There are extensive beds of bitu- minous coal and iron ore in the central part of the State, both of which are of e.\cellent quality, and several forges are in operation on the Cahawba. Gold is found in the northern section, and good marble has been obtained from the central tract; but the mineral resources of Alabama have never boen carefully explored. The value of the exports from Alabama in 1834 was 5,064,047 dollars. Alabama^ has a sea-coast of only 60 miles, which, however, contains Mobile Bay, one of the deepest basins on the Gulf. It is about 30 miles long, and from 3 to 18 broad, and the main entrance has 15 feet of water at low tide ; but vessels drawing more than 8 or 9 teet cannot approach nearer than 11 miles from the town of Mobile, except at high water. Small vessels may go to New Orleans by an inland channel, through Pascagoula Sound, a long', shallow lagoon, lying between a range of low sand islands and the mainland. Several useful works have already been constructed, or are in active progress in this youthful State. The Tuscumbia and Decatur rail-road extends round the Muscle Shoals of the Tennessee river, 45 miles. And there is also a canal, 60 feet wide and 6 feet deep, surmounting the same obstruction. The Florida and Georgia rail-road, from Pensacola to Columbus, 210 miles; the Montgomery and Chattahoochee rail-road, from Montgomery to West Point, Georgia, 85 miles, and the Wetumpka and Coosa rail-road, are in progress. The coiinexion of these works with the valley of the Tennessee is also contemplated. The growth of Alabama has been extremely rapid, there having been a constant tide of immigration, chiefly of planters with their slaves, from the Atlantic Stales. In 1810 the population did not amount to 10,000; in 1820 it was 127,901, and in 1830 It was 309,527, including 117,549 slaves. As the high price of cotton, and the bringing into the market of extensive tracts of Indian lands, have contributed to keep up immigration into Alabama, its population may be estimated to have exceeded 400,000 in 1835. The constitution enjoins it upon the General Assembly to encourage schools and the means of education within the State; and by act of Congress in 1819, one section of 640 acres of the public lands, in each township, was reserved for the support of common schools in the township; two entire townships, or 46,080 acres, were also granted to the Slate for the support of a seminary of learnmg, the pro- ceeds of which have been appropriated to the endowment of the University of Alabama, m Tuscaloosa. Lagrange College, at New Tuscaloosa, on the Tennes- see, and Spring Hill College, near Mobile, are also useful institutions, and there are numerous academ ies in the State. Tlie Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyte- ^ *t .i^^^j^^j^ Bs«* yggg|i ; i ' viy' y:.^ijL>jini[i»ij)Bia,« VM sl part. Tlio , oak, hickory, | ■jfctable, niid lU tributary inessco river, liglily advaii- i between tbc allnpoosn, anil irirm ofin;iiiy ,'reiit fertility, siiie of thi.', is xt to the river ;nsivc body of post oak, (log- reading plains I, herbage, and icenery, •erne southern ed in consider- ■ the Gulf; but il staple. The 'Q beds of bitu- r which are of iwba. Gold is •om the central jfuUy explored, lars. iontains Mobile .long, and from de ; but vessels miles from the lew Orleans by lagoon, lying active progress I ;enda round the Iso a canal, CO he Florida and ontgouiery and , 8.'» miles, and exion of these been a constant Atlantic States. 127,901, and in ) of cotton, and ave contributed mated to have bourage schools bss in 1819, one reserved for the or 46,080 acres, irnmg, the pro- le University of Ion the Tennes- lions, and there L and Presbyte- UNITEL) STATES, 203 ria.'i';, are the prevailing sects, and there arc some Episcopaliana and Roman Catholics. Alabama is divided into 46 counties. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1810, less than 10,000; in 1816, 29,683; in 1818, 70,543. INCRKASE. In 1820, 127,901 1827 244,041 1830, 309,527 jj From 1820 to 1830, .181,626 SLAVED. I INCREABK. 4I,H79 I 93,008 I 51,129 117,549 I 24,541 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 100,846; white Fe- males, 89,560; deaf and dumb, 89; blind, 68; aliens, 65. Total whites, 1!X),4(XJ. Free coloured Males, 844; Females, 728, Total, 1572. Slaves— Males, 59,170; Females, 58,379. Total, 117,549. The city of Mobile is a flourishing commercial town, being the dep6t for nearly the whole State of Alabama and part of Georgia and Mississippi ; it is built on a dry and elevated spot, but was formerly rendered unhealthy by tiie surrounding marshes ; these, however, have been drained, and the streets have been paved with shells, and of late years Mobile has not suflered from diseases. The harbour is ^1food, and numerous steam-boats run on the river and to New Orleans. The annual export of cotton from the port is about 250,000 bales. The population in 1830 was 3194 ; in 1835 it was estimated to exceed 6000. Blakely, on the oppo- site side of the bay, on a high, open, and healthy site, with deeper water and a harbour easier of access than that of Mobile, has not thriven in the &ame manner, and ia only a little village. Montgomery, near the head of the Alabama, is a busy, growing place, with about 2000 inhabitants. Wetumpka, on the Coosa, at the head of steam-boat navigation, was cut out of the forest in 1832, and in 1835 it was a place of con- siderable business, with 1200 inhabitants. Gainesville, on the Tombeckbe river, is a thriving place, lately settled. Tuscaloosa, the capital, stands in a rich district, on a fine site, nea;: the centre of the State, on the Black Warrior river, and, being accessible to steam-boats, is a place of considerable trade ; it contains the State-House, the halls of the Univer- sity, the county buildings, &c. The population of the town is about 2000. Florence, below Muscle Shoals, at the head of steam-boat navigation on the Tennessee, is a growing place of about 2000 inhabitants, with a prosperous and increasing trade. Tuscumbia, opposite to Florence, is also a thriving town. Above the Shoals, and about ten miles north of the river, is Huntsville, situated in a very fertile and beautiful region, with about 2500 inhabitants. STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. The State of Mississippi is bounded on the north by Tennessee, east by Ala- bama, south by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, west by Louisiana and Arkan- sas. It is about 300 miles in average length, and 160 in breadth ; area, about 48,000 square miles. The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Pearl, Pascagoula, Yazoo, Big Black, Tennessee, and the western branches of the Tombeckbe. The Mississippi forms the western boundary from lat. 31° to 35° north ; 308 miles in a right line, but by the course of the river near 700 miles. The Yazoo or Mississippi Swamp is an extensive tract of country north of the Yazoo river, and between that river and the Mi^^iissippi, about 175 miles in length and 50 in breadth, with an area of 7(KX) square miles. A considerable part of it is annually overflowed by the waters of the Mississippi, and at that period it assumes the appearance of a vast marine forest. Many parts of it have an excellent soil, and produce large crops of cotton, &.c. ; it is also intersected by numerous creeks and bayous, leading to and from the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. I ►• •>■ '^ ■i . 'I- I. v\ ,.m T: M- ^ t iii "mx» 304 UNITED STATES. Numerous mounds, walls, and enclosures, are found in it, attesting the cxislonco of a cons-idcrublo population at some former period. The Cold Water river, the hcnil branch of the \uzoo, communicates with the Mississippi by a bityou or creek culli.'d tlio Yazoo Puss, through which boats of considerable burthen pass and repass durinjj pcrio: to'.ul whiter, 70,44;J. Froo cnlmircd MiilfH, •J-'-i ; I'Viiiiiles, 'Sil : totul, oM. Slaves— Mules, 3;J,()9I) ; Femalus, »i,rm) : total, (io.O.VJ. ' Nalclipz, I ho largpst and most important town in flio State, is situated on the cast bank of the Mississippi, :<()()« miles ttlK)ve New (Jrlcans, It eonsists of two distinct parts; the lowor town, called Natchez under the Hill, or tho Lundmg, is built on a dead hivel on tlu; marf^in of the river, nb(jut half a mile in Innglh, iinil from KMl to 2(K) yiinis in breadth, and is occupied by warehouses, tipplinsr-sli'jps, bourding-bouses tiir the Imatincn, &c. ; the upper town stands on a lotty bank or bluftl rising abruptly to t!ic heiglit of ."BOO feet, and is the rcsidmice of the bettor class of citizens. The streets arc wide, regularly disposed, and adorned with line sliiide-trees, while many of the houses are embosomed in groves of the orange, palmetto, and other trees, and ornamental shri.bs. This place lia.s been occasion- ally visited by the yellow fever and other diseases, but it is during the greater part of tho year an agreeable and hoaltlifiil residence, and s'^ems of late years to have lost its character for insalubrity. Natchez is HOO miles above New Orleans, yet it carries on a considerable direct trode with foreign countries, and largo ships come up to the town. Its river and inland trade is, however, more extensive, [n 18:35, 3."i,(HH) bales of cotton were shipped from the port. Its population in 1H:J0 was '2'ii)0, but at present it is probably 4r)00. Vicksburg, 10() miles above Natchez, and about 12 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo River, stands in a picturesque situation, on tho declivity of several con- siderable eminences, called tho Walnut Hills, rising abruptly from the river. It is surrounded by numerous large and rich plantations, and is the depdt of a large tract of newly settled country, which a few years since was owned and occupied solely by Indians. In 18;1.5 it shipped off 55,000 bales of cotton, and contnins at present probably HoViO inhabitants, liaving doubled its numbers within the last 2 years. 'I'iie merchants have commenced a direct intercourse by sea with the At- lantic ports, and are making exertions to have it declared a port of entry. All the trade of the Yazoo country centres in this place. Vicksburg is upwards of 500 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, by the Mississippi River. On the west bank of Pearl River is Jackaon, the capital of the State: it is finely situated in a plain about a half mile square, on which stand the State-House, the Penitentiary, and some other public buildings. It contains about 1000 inha- bitants. WoodviUe, in the south-western part of the State, 18 miles from the Missis- sippi, is B very pretty, and growing village with 1000 inhabitants. The little vil- lage of Fort Adams is considered as its port on the Mississippi, but WoodviUe is now connected with the river at St. Francisville by a rail-road. Port Gibson, or Gibsonport, is a flourishing little town, prettily situated in a charming tract of country on the Bayou Pierre, and laid out with great regularity. The river is navigable for steam-boats to this place in time of high water, and a rail-road connects it with Grand Gulf, its port on the Mississippi. The latter, finely situated on a. natural terrace, receding to a crescent of wooded hills, takes its name from a remarkable eddy in the river, and is a thriving town with 1000 inhabitants; ,55,000 bales of cotton were shipped from this place in 16i35. Port Gibson has 1200 inhabitants. Grenada and Manchester, both on tho Yazoo, are thriving places, as are also Aberdeen and Columbus, on the Tombeckbe : the latter place has a population of more than 2000, and an extensive commercial business is transacted here. STATE OF LOUISIANA. Ix>visiANA IS bounded on the north by the States of Arkansas and Mississippi ; on the cast, by the latter State ; on the south, by the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the | I west, by the republic of Texas. The 33d degree of north latitude is the northern j "~18 ' ^ f: •I' « ; ■ W Iri t mi i ■ml r ^ •MRMnSVt ana I'MTlOl) STATES. bouDilnry, wcjit of tlio MisHiBsippi rivi-r ; nnd llio IUhI Acfjeo on tlio east of tlmt river; lln' I'l'arl River la itn c.xlrciiK! casturn boundary, ami thi; Siil)inn its we(<(- Grn. k ill ill IciiLTlli '.^40 iiiilub', by 210 in brcudtli, and contuina 4M,'J*J() liqimre miles. 'I'lirei'-liiurlhs of tbo State ore without an elevation that can be properly called II hill. The pine woodw {'enernliy have a surfuce of a very peculiar character, riNinir into fine .«we!l(<, with table surfaces on llic eununit, and valleys inlerveninir (Viiin MO to '10 fi'i't deep. The alluvial soil is level, and the swamp.'', whi(di are the only iuundiited alluvions, are dead flats. The vast prairies, which constitute a liirfjc portion of the surflu'o of the State, have, in a remarkable degree, all the distinctive aspects of prairies. To the eye they seem as level us the still surface of a lake. They are, except the quaking prairies, higher ond drier than the I savatinas of Florida. Tliat part of the surtace of the State periodically overflowed by the waters of the Mississippi, was found to contain, from a survey made by order of the x(overn- ment of the United States in 1828, an extent of ab-)ve 5,000,000 acres, a preat proportion of which is deemed unfit for cultivation in its present condition. Tliis immense alluvial tract embraces soil of various descriptions, which by proper drainincr may be rendered capable of producing all the staple commodities of tiiis rejjion. The Missisbippi, after having formed the boundary of the State for about 4')0 miles, enters its limits, HW miles from the sea by the course of the river channel. Throu'jiiout this distance of 800 miles, its western bank is low, and flooded in hi!;h slaires of the river. Outlets, or bayous, receive its .s'^'dus waters during the period of tlie annual inundation, which are carried otl h. them to the sea : the principal of these bayous are the Atchalafaya, Plaquemine, J^a Fourche, &c. The rivers in thi.s Sto'e, in addition to the Mississippi, are, the Re'. River; the Washita, flowinnr into the Red River; the Toche, Vermillion, Mermentau, and Calcnsiu, run into the Gulf of Mexico, together with the Pearl, en the east, and the Sabine, on the west. The Red River is the most, important, and, indeed, with the exception of two or three insignificant streams on the eastern side above Baton Roujre, the only tributary of theMississippi within this State. Soon after enterinpr I/)uisiana, its bed is choked up by an immense accumulation of fallen timber, called The Raft; and the water is here dispersed into numerous chan- nels, and spread over wide expanses. The Raft extended formerly over a dis- tance of 160 miles; but 130 miles of it have been removed by the exertions of the fieneral povernment, and the whole mass will soon be cleared away. On the banks of the Mississippi, Ia Fourche, the Teche, and the Vermillion, I below lat. 30° 12' north, wherever the soil is elevated above the annual inunda- tions, supar ci'n be produced ; and the lands are generally devoted to this crop. In all other parts of the State, cotton is the staple. The best districts for cotton are the banks of Red River, Washita, Teche, and the Mississippi. Rice is more particularly cor^fined to the banks of the Mississippi, where irrigation can be easily performed. — The quantity of land within the State adapted to the cultiva- tion of the three staples, has been estimated as follows: sugar, 250,000 acres; rice, 250,000 ; cotton, 2,400,000. Some of the sugar-planters have derived a revenue in some years of $600 from the labour of each of their slaves; from #,'150 to $450 is the ordinary calculation. The cultivation of cotton is believed to be equally profitable. The amount of sugar has gradually increased in this State, from 1783 to the present time. The crop of sugar is now from 70,000 to 90,000 hhds. ; and of cotton, about 200,000 hales. The prairies of the west afford fine pastures, and here are found large herds of cattle and horses. Rice, maize, tobacco, and indigo are also produced. In the eastern part of the State, between the Mississippi and Pearl Rivers, much lumber is cut for exportation, and some tar, pitch, and turpentine are prepared. There are valuable school lands in Ix)uisiana, reserved, like those in the other new States, on the sale of the Public Lands, and there are three colleges in the State, Jjouisiana College at Jackson, Frankl; i College at Opelousa.*, and Jefl'erson College; in 1835, the Legislature voted an allowance of 15,000 dolhiis a year to cast of timt no itsi wi!Ht- (/•"■JO n(iuarD spnrly rnlled ir cliiirurttT, 1 inti-rvfiiiiiL' s, which lire cii constitutt; Hffpf, nil the still surface icr timii tlio lie waters of ' the iTovcrn- ;rcs, a proat ilitioii. This ch by propor xiilies of tliis fur about 4')0 iver ciiannol. lid flooded in vuters during 1 to the sea : Foiirchc, &c. "'. River J the irmenluu, and the past, and , and, indeed, jrn Fide above •. S(Mjn after ition of fallen imerous chan- ly over a dis- cxertions of way. le Vermillion, nual inunda- to this crop, icts for cotton Rice is more fat ion can be o the cultiva- 50,000 acres; ve derived a tilaves; from is believed reased in this rom 70,000 to 8 of the west lorscs. Rice, of the State, exportation, in the other jUepes in the and Jefferson Ihus a year to 'f UNITED 8TATKS. 'J117 each of these institutions, and somo attempts have boon made, althouirh with not iriiich success, to provide for the uducntioii of piwr children. There is a Mcdicitl School in Now Orleans. Thi' Roman CatholicH form the majority of the popula- tion; but there nro many Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Epi.icopaliani'. Several rail-roads are constructinp in the Statj. The New Orl.ianE and Nash- villo rail-road is in projrrcHs from New Orleans to Iho Mississippi State line, *«H miles. This vast work, when finished, will no doubt brini; a preat increaco of trade to New Orleans : it will be upwards of fjOO miles in li-npth. The Atcliahi- faya rail-road, from New Orleans to that river, is also in progress, and a rail-rond has been made from Alexandria to a point on the Hayou Humf, a diHlancc of HO milea The VViHidvillc and St. Krunci.svillo ruil-road, HO miles, is priacipiilly within this State. The Now Orleans and Techn Canal, extending from the Mis- sissippi to the river Toche, is in progress. S .W 9 •J08 UNI ri;0 .SI'AThX liiiir fei't iiIkivi! tliu liiVt'l 1)1' till) oily nt liiirli wiilrr, hmiI i'vimi in low Htiiirca iit'uri(<'r III iiIkjvc tilt' ."WiiiiiiH III till! ri'iir, n lf3U'r, nr liiibiiiikiiiriit, I'riiiii tiiiir to iiji^lii liu't lii^'li, liiin lii'i'ii iiiitilc nil iili'ii); till) river l(i |ircvi>iit iiiiiiiiliilinim; ii liri'iicli ur cru- \ii"-i' Miiiii'tiiiii>H iicciiiH III lliirt (like, liiit it i'< riiri'ly iiiTiiiitliil to ilo iiiiicli liiiiiip^fu lii'li're It iH ( liiM'd, Ainoii;r till' |iii|j|ic IiiiiIiIiii);m an^ tint Koniiin Ciitliolir Ciilio ilril, II iiiiii-Hivt' mill iiii|i(ii*iii;,r liiiiliiin;; willi l^uir tiiwrrri, tlio Slutc>il(iui>i-, ('iii^ii (it'Orli'iiiiH, tlif (lliiirity lliiM|iitHl, in wliii'li tXMIIl jHitii'iits li.ivc liiTii ri'ccivi'il in ii Min^rlc yoir, ami tliri'u oilier liiiH|ijtnlN, tlie Orpliiiii Axylnin, liCc. Tlie cliiiriliiliie iiixtiiiitKUH iiru niiiiieroiiH hikI vvi.II con- iliiri-il. l'o|Miliiii Ill I'^IO, n.-.'J'J; in l^'JO, y7,l7il; in I^.IO. KI.MKt; nml hi Isr), iilxjut 7(),IK)U, uxlIuhivo ut' liuiii 4(),U()U to 5U,(M)0 bttiin{rurii iluriiitf the winter. D'lnnlilH'inville, liir moiiid time the rapituj of tiio State, in ii villii)(c \vi(li nlioiit JOIKI iiiliiibil.iiit!', ut llie iiiiiiilli (if till! I.iiloiirclie outlet. Itiilon Uoil^'e, I'M) inileH, |iy tlin river, iiliove Now (Jrle.iiiw, in a pretty villiii;''! willi Iioi1!li btyle, anil it coiitalnd n iiiilitiiry post uiiil nn arsenal ol' the lliiileil St ti'N. It vtmiii.-i on the lirttl hi;r|ilanil or hliill' jioinl puitdeil in niicenilinir tht> river, hiif altiioii^h, cmitnisted with the ileail level that surrounds it, the wile has the appearance i)l'hcini,r ipiitc elevated, it is only '4° 40' on the nortli, extendinif from east to west 'J30() miles, and from north to south 1100 miles, comprising an area of l,fi8;),000 square miles. The Chipewayan or Rocky Mountain rnnj^e are tho most important mountains in this region. They are but imperfectly known to us, and present a very rupged and sterile appearance, and oppose generally a formidable barrier to an intercourse between the countries on their opposite sides. The other elevations are tho Ouirk Mountains, extending from Missouri south-west to Mexico; tho Black llilN, between the Missouri and Yellow-Stone rivers ; and between the former river and the St. Peter's river a low ridge intervenes, known as the Cotenu des I'rairies; farther to the eastward, and immediately south of Lake Superior, the Porcupine ^IJ^SSSf^^' 111/1'* (il'ttnliT I r to <'ij{lit li'i't ! liri'iicli or (TO- I lililt'li ilnirii>|/u i iitliiilii' Cillio- ciii^f, (aiKtori)- lIlCillri'H, HIIIIDI :y llii»*|iititl, III itlllT llOH|litlllH, 1111(1 will C'cill- ll.:i!t!^ip|)i liy c of 11 rich col- 1 nun:'. Nalclii- ' }» towards lliu |ii>|iuliiti(iii in II I k'riy till! coiitrc j II, horses, mill MartiiiMVilii;, the north, aro utl by a furtili' IS. lio, Kentucky, tho urjriiiiized Missouri and leriii (jrovcni- tlii; whole of ! Mountains to I i»d df^reo of irth, oxtondinj? | comprising an :ant mountains a very rujrijed an intercourse are tho Ozark Black IlilN, rmer river and des I'rairies; the Porcupine "r^i BBS! SKBt NITi:!) STATIX L'dll Miftintiinn extend, »eprtrnlin;| tho rivers of I^ike Hiipnrinr fVom thotn of the Mis- Miwljipi nnd l^tkn iMirlii|rnii. 'Hie iiiiineiiMe pniirien of thin repion conntitiitn tho tnnut rrmarkahln feiitiire of ihr roiinfry. TlieHe lire level pliiiiis ctretchinjr itn far hn the eye can reiirli, totiilly dr?<* iliite of tree*, tind covered with tail L'rn«n or llowerinir Hhriibn. Some have nil iirxiiiliitinff ciirlace, and are culled rollinif prairies; tliewe are the mont exteii«ive, nnd are the tiivoiirite resort of the biiirnlo. Here, without a tree or a Hlrenin of water, the trnvidh-r may wander Ibr days, and discover nnthiiiu but a ffMssy ocean iNMiiidi'd on all xides by the horizon. In the dry season the Indiniis set tire to the (jtiish; and tho wide conrtnL'ratioii which ensues, ol\en ssirprises the bison, deer, and other wild aniiimis, who are unable to escape from the tianies, and are burned to death. Much of this gmt country, cspflcially tho northern ami western parts, reninins to be explored. Of the rcfrion west of the Mississippi, hardly any tliinir was known before the bej^iiining of tho present century, when the fjovernmenl of the United Htates dispatched ('nptains Lewis and Clark on an expedition of dis- covery. These officers, at the head of n largo party, well eipiipped, proceeded up the Alissoiiri in boats to its source, crossed the Rtn-ky Mountains to the I'ucillc Ocean, and returned by the same course. The southern part was explored by an expedition under l-ieut. Pike; and at a later period, Major I/on? and other travel- lers have visited different parts of the country. Hut the great physical feiituros of this region are its giant rivers, with their hundred arms spreading for thousands of miles through every corner of the terri- tory, and bringing its most ren.nle recesses, in tho very heail of a vast continent, almost into contact with tho sen. Tho main trunk of this great system of rivers has been already described. Tho Ohio, on the east, nnd the Arkansas, Red River, and Platte, on tho west, are the greatest of the subordinate streams. The first, firnthering up the waters of one of the most fertile regions of the globe, bears upon its gentle current the products of a highly cultivated country. The last mentioned take their way for a considerable part of their course through barren tracts of sand. Tho Arkansas, however, has vast tracts of productive territory for many hundred miles in the lower part of its course. The Red River also passes through a less desert region than tho Platte, the country in its lower part being highly fertile. The Alleghany and Monongnhelrt, rising in Pennsylvania and Virginia, unite at Pittsburgh, and take the name of Ohio. From Pittsburgh to the Missis- sippi, tho river has a course of OfM) miles, receiving numerous navigable streams, from the two great inclined planes between which it runs. "Tho great rivers, which form so striking a natural feature of this region, give to the mode of travelling and transportation in general, a peculiar cast, nnd have created a peculiar class of men, called boatmen. Craft of all descriptions are found on these waters. There are tfie rude, shapeless masses, that denote the infancy of navigation, and the powerful and richly adorned steam-boat which makes its perfection ; together with all the intermediate forms between these extremes. Since the use of steam-boats, numbers of the other craft have disap- peared, and the number of river boatmen has been diminished by many thousands." The first steam-boat on these waters was built at Pittsburgh, in 1811 ; since that time, in a period of 2-5 years, about 600 have been built at diflerent places, some of which arc from 400 to 500 tons burthen, but the greater number are from 00 to 150, 200, and 300 tons ; there are at present not far fVom 300 steam-boats on the Mississippi and its tributaries, making an aggregate of about 60,0orts of manufactured goods and culimial produce are imported. The character of the Western States is mixed, but the predominant traits are those of Virginia, and of New England. Kentucky was settled from Virginia and North Candina; while Ohio is a scion of New Knglnnd. These two States have 16* 2B * i^ i §• 1 '■ 1 i 1 1 ■ ) ■■■ ( H.:'J' V . 1 i ■rsr mo UNI'IKI) STATIX in turn ffnt tlioir jKipuliilinii llirilior wfnt. 'ful llii'ni i* uiiirli MiTtmnnl rhurnc.tnt, iniii'li of the i)|ir'tirit':n itnd tlit>ir ilnhO'tiilnntx, who nm- ti!atfh (<»vii(fi'-, whnun hH wcri' (rnrriminH, n\ul whip IcMi^rhi 111 llm ihri'fhijl 1 »r Iheir hcnrlhs nml nllnrn. Tho p<>|iiilntiiin of iho wuKliTii Mlnti'ii nml 'I'lT'i'iirii'M, in |h;«(, wiih :),()l.VI7Vi; (if whom ;);MI,47IJ i^'TR hIiivi'n, Tliu iiil. )l'it;;iii.-i ol iIiim iicctuiii hiivi' mnco /frt'iitly inuP'nMt.'il, nntl aro \>Ta haUiy not h>K>i thiiii •I.IKMMNM). 'i'\w iici.'rt by I'c.niitj I m i "H' '''rjfiiiia; Noiith by thn Oliio HiviT, winch scpariitct it from Wci'' m V ir: nio . '. ' ixoiituoky ; nnd wrnt by Iiidi- unu. U>^ h'MKlh ih VilO inih'H, ma moan hicadth ''*l(l, cnntainin); iibtiiit 4(MMH> n(|Uiirp iniirn. Tiie Ohio lliv.r foii/n Ihr i^undary of tlii» Hlate, on tho south- cuHt nnd Mouth, liir nc r WM) u ilf!). The rivers which ilow miIm ' ako F,rie on thn north, aro Mnunioo, HiindiiNky, lliiroii, Vorinillion, Dlii' I, < n^iiimirn, (iriiti I, nnd A»hlnbula; those on Ihn south llowin;r into th>' Ohio, nrn lIii< MnHkin^nin, (lockhockin)f, Littlo nnd (ircnt Mi- iiiiii. The Au-( jlaizo and St. Mury'i^ in th' wostcrn part of tho State, arc brandies of tho Manint'i', 'l'h, but they N(ddoiii riR(! ini<> cijinidcrable mountainH. Immediately upon the banks of tiio Ohio, and sevcrul of its tributaries, am niiiiierous tract« of interval or rnea- dow-iiinil, of (frent fertility. In the interior, un both Hides of the Scioto, and on tho (ireiit and Little Miami, are perlinptt tlio most nxtensivo bcxiieg of level and rich land in the Slate. In many parts there are larpo prairies, particularly on the head waters of the Mu8kinf;uin ond Scioto, and between the Scioto nnd tho two Miarnis. Some of these prairies are low and marshy; other prairies arc elevated, and are frccpicntly called barrens; not always on account of their sterility, for they are oden fertile. The most elevated tracts of country between tho rivers, i are thu wettest and most marshy in tho State ; and the driest land is that which borders on the various streams of water. This State produces abundantly everything which grows in tho middle States. Corn grows luxuriantly : wheat grows finely ; and flour is exporte.'■, 4 milef ■ of Zanesville, on Brush Creek, and in some other f ■ . iJu" .prings are tuund on some of the eastern waters of Muskingumi mid j on iStiil Creek, 28 miles south-east of Chillicothe, where there arc considerable! salt-works. The manufactures of the State are yet in their infancy, but are rapidly increas- ing in importance. The local position of Ohio give? i (rrwit facilities tor trade; the Ohio River afllirds direct communication with all u.e aouxsiy m the valley of the Missi.oHippi, while by means of Lake Erie on the north il lominiimcates with ^.i^ mill rlinritctiT, intH, wli" '•"' ■ ifiirriHoiiH, II H ■ iiilnliiin "t" 111!' ;);wi,4T:i ^^' i-'^ il, mill iiri' pru- Tlii-y nro lu'lil ly liidmiid yt by Lftko Erin III by tlio Ohio il wrst by Iiiili- l iibimt -HMMM) , on tlio simlh- iipo, Siimliiwky, ! on Ibo soiitli anil (Sront Mi- te, are branclieH I,nko Erio, nro |l><» rii«tc!rn mid njfly niiincrouc, upon tlio bankH .ntorval or inea- 3 Scioto, and on fg of lovol and ticulorly on the jlo and tho two US arc olcvatod, Bir ftrrility, for vcen the rivers, ! d ia that which I middle States. 3tl in vast qunn- Many Bleaiii- ver, for the nia- ivater, are to bo prcxliiced abun- lually. Horses, \n eastern innr- 11 the towns on )W York. has been disco- ly on the south in some other uskinpum, mid re considerable rapidly increas- iities for trade; n the valley of nunicates with *•< IINI'IKI) STATKH. 911 Cnnniln and Nr>v Vork. Tin' nnrlliciri nml oMxtiTii rounlu'M i'X|Kirf t'ri'nt i|iinnii- iicH i>f nirricultiirnl prodiiro to Mnutri'iil mid .\i>w Vork, iiml miici? tin- riiii.' .\nw Vnrk and I'liilaih-lphin ; nii aclivi' TTpoi vprnli' in iiNo 1 irrit'il mi il^wn tli',; river, by wny of Nl>, > (owii^liip is di\ I into hcIiooI distnrtH, nml thcwe di«trictii wliirh support n ^ch(K•l (iif three im. 'is in n yenr are enlilli.'d lo receive their fpiiiii "f the Stnf"'s iiinney. 'i'here ai ^boiit Jit reMpri-tnlde niMiJcniii's in llie LSt'it. The I'liiv rsity ot Ohi", nt AtheiiH; Minnii Umv.TKity, nt Oxtlird ; Ken- yon C'l "W, at hini^tnn ; nml the Iflw Hch'Hil, • ('inr niiiiti, arc devoted lo nr 'tesHioniii tiidies. ''ho preduiiii- nnnt relijjioiiH siv nro I le I'reHbyteriaiis, Metlie mmIs, ami 'ipiists. I'ho I.iitlier fni iins, EpisoopnlimH, (Jernirin Itetoniied. nnd FrieinH, are nl "'ii nre soine Iloiiian ''ir olicfl, nniversulists, Hhal<(T«, and i. uls Jeriis'ilem Clmreh. The public works w eh have been already executed, or in injT to completion, ar a mii;.'tiitudo to strike us with snr »\iV'X tho intiint chnrn'i of the State. Two great works, croi north to south, connect me wnters of the Ohio wilh'those of l! throiifrh them with the llnntic Ocean, Tho Ohio '"anal e.\ mouth nt tho mon li of i " Scioto, up tho valley of that river across the intorme •io Canal at Defiame, UK) miles, i pleted. The Wabash and I ie Canal, extending from Perrysbur; mee, to tho Indiana State li \ whence it is continued to the V State, is now in progress; thr neclion within Ohio iH S() miles in li ite. The amount of tolls roceiveu !ar»; on that section of tho Miami ( Cincinnati, 52,232 dollars. The M xtonding from Akron, on tho Ohio C nnd there tho iNow works are executed by the i*- Canal in 1835, was 185.317 dn operation, viz. from Dayton ti Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, ipproach- ,vli I we con- Ihe Slate from reat III 0, 3,000 1800 45,.36,5 1810 230,760 18'.'0 581,431 1830 937,903 INCRKASE. From 1790 to 1800 42,3G.5 1800 to 1810 lerv'ifis 1810 to 1820, 3,50,(174 1820 to 1830r 356,4()«J Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 479,790 ; wiiite Females, 448,303; deaf and dumb, 446 ; blind, 251 ; aliens, 5524: Total, whites, 928,093.— Free coloured Males, 4826; Females, 4760: total, 9586. The city of Cincinnati, the principal town in the Slate, and the largest city in the west, is situated on the firs-t and second banks of the Ohio river. The streets are drawn with great regularity in lines parallel and at right angles to the river. There are here 26 churches, an Hospital, a Lunatic Asylum, a Theatre, &c., and the free sciiools of the city are numerous ai/J on an excellent footing. The growth of Cincinnati lrj!« been astonishingly rapid; it was founded in 1789, and in 1800 it had a (jopulation of 750 souls; in 1820, the number of inhabitants had increased to 9642; in 1830, to 24,831, and in 1835 it exceeded 31,000. It has become the seat of extensive manufactures, and it carries on an active trade by the river and canal. In 1836, the number was upwards of 50; 100 steam-engines, 240 cotton-gins, and 20 sugar-mills were made, and 22 steam-boats were built, in 1835. Braes and iron founderies, cotton-factories, rolling and slitting-mills, saw and grist-mills, and chemical laboratories, are among the manufacturing establish- ments ; the value of manufactured articles produced in 1835 was estimated at 5,000,000 dollars. There were in that year 2237 steam-boat arrivals, and the value of the exports was estimated at 6,000,000 dollars; the amount of toll col- lected on the canal at Cincinnati was 25,803 dollars. Beef, pork, wheat and flour, whiskey, with various manufactured articles, arc among the exports. Columbus, the capital of the State, is pleasantly situated on the Scioto, in a ricfi and beautiful district, at the intersection of the r^jrer by the National Road, and a branch of the Ohio Canal. It is built on a regular plan, with a pretty square in the centre of the town, round which stand some of the principal public buildings. Here are the State-House, an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, a new Penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn plan, Court-Houses, five churches, &c. Population, in 1830, 2437; in 1835, 4000. Chillicothe stands between Paint Creek and the Scioto, and the streets, extend- ing across the neck from river to river, are intersected at right angles by others running parallel to the Scioto. Population, in 1830, 2840 ; in 1835 it exceeded 4000. The manufactures of the place are pretty extensive, and are rapidly in- creasing. Portsmouth, at the southern end of the Ohio Canal, derives importance from its situation ; its trade ia considerable, and there are here several iron- fourderies, nail-factories, saw and grist-mills, &c. Population, in 1630, 1066 ; at present it is nearly double that number. Zanesville stands at the head of steam-boat navigation on the Muskingum, by which and the Ohio Canal it has a water communication with New Orleans and New York. The falls in the river have made Zanesville the seat of numerous mills and manufacturing establishments, including flour-mills, saw-mills, iron- founderies, paper, cotton, and oil-mills, glass-works, &c. The population in 18:^0 was 3094; in 1835, including the little village of Putnam, on the opposite side of the river, it was 5200. Two bridges cross the river here, and the town con- tains S churches, an atheneeum, two academies, &c. Marietta, at the mouth of the Muskingum, is the oldest town in the State ; it is pleasantly situated partly on a lower and partly on an upper plain, with wide streets, shaded with trees, green squares, and neat buildings. There are numerous mounds and embank- ments in and around the town. Ship-building was formerly carried on here, and many steam-boats are still built; several saw-mills, an iron-foundery, tanneries, &c., also furnish occupation to the inhabitants, whose number is 1200. Steuben- ville, on the Ohio, in the midst of a rich and populous district, contains a number of woollen and cotton manufactories, iron and brass founderies, steam-engine and 'r/a-L:-'!i;^ig:- . . 42,305 .. 18:),3!)5 . . 350,674 . . 356,4t)!) ),790; white 'otal, wliites, irgest city in The streets I to the river, itre, &c., and botin^. Tiie in 1789, and habitants had ,000. It hap live trade by team-engines, were built, in inv-tnills, saw rinw establish- I estimated at ivals, and the nt of toll col- rk, wheat and ixports. 3 Scioto, in a National Road, with a pretty 'incipal public Dumb, a new churches, &c. treats, c.xtend- (fles by others 35 it exceeded rapidly in- 'es importance several iron- 830,1066; at [uskingum, by Orleans and of numerous w-mills, iron- ilation in ISJiO opposite side the town con- the mouth of iituated partly ed with trees, and embank- on here, and ery, tanneries, 00. Steuben- ains a number .m-engine and IMTKI) STATES. 213 innchino fuctorios, copperas workf, Kcveral tanneries, and saw and Hoiir-mills, a clii'iiiicii! lalioriitnry, &r., with a piipiiintion of tiifin wiiils. Clc!Vt.l;ui(l, itio iiionl inipiirtiiiil liike-])ort of Ohio, stands on an elevated pliiin at the iiioiitli of the ('iivaliou'' Ilivcr imd of Iho Oliio Canul. Its harbour has been seciin.Ml by arti- ficial pie.'s, and is commodious and easy of access. The population in l^DO was l()7(j ; in li^y.") it. amounted to 4'J(I(), exclusive of the liltle villaire of Brooklyn on llio opposite side of llio river, which contained 1000 inhabitants. Tlie number of arrivals in IH^M.") w(!re 8!).") iake-ve.--sels and 080 steam-boats, ainonntini; to about 'J7(',(1II0 tons. Tiie amount of canal tolls paid here in liie same year was ■iVJ,718 dollars. Huron, a thriving little town further west, is the depot of a very rich and ^ouri^lnn^r district, and Xorwalk, in its rear, situated in n hiohly tirtih! co\inlry, (•'ititains .'^ome manufacturing establishments. Portland or H«ndu.-ky city is situated on a fine bay, with a good harbour, and is a busy and growing place. Tiie.'ie villages have each about 1000 inhabitants. Perrysburg, at the head of •^teuin-lioat navigation on the iMautiiee, is prettily situated upon a high bank below llic I'alls of the river; its situation combines great advantages Uith for navigation and nianiifnctiires, and the completion of the Wabash and Krie Canal will give it now imnortancij. Toledo, fijnnerly Fort Lawrence, is a flourishing town, further down the river, with 12000 inhabitants. Dayton, on the Miami, at the junction of the Mad River which furnishes a great number of niill-seats, is a rapidly growing town, in a highly productive region. It carries on an active trade by the Miami Canal, and it contains numer- ous saw and grist-mills, several woollen and cotton factories, an oil-mill, and other manufactories. Population, in 18J)0, 2954; in 1835, 3800. COMMMONWEALTH OP KENTUCKY. KivKTvcKY is hounded on the north by the Ohio river, which separates it from the States of Ohio, Ii;diaiia, and Illinois; east by Virginia, south by Tennessee, and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the State of Missouri; the greatest length is about 400 niilo.s, breadth 170, area 40,500 square miles. The principal rivers of Kentucky are the Ohio, which flows along the State (i'Xi iiiil(^s, following its windings; the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Ken- lucky, Green, Licking, Big Sandy, Salt, and Rolling. Cumberland Mountains form the south-east boundary of this State. The eastern cmmties, bordering on Virginia, are mountainous and broken. A tract from 5 to iiO miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly and broken land, interspersed with many fertile valleys.' Between this strip. Green river, and the eastern coun- ties, lies what has been called the garden of the State. This is the most populous part, and is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 wide. The .'urface of this district is agreeably undulating, and the soil black and friable, producing black walnut, black cherry, honey locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar-tree, mulberry, elm, ash, fotton-wood, and white thorn. The whole State, below the mountains, rests on an immense bed of limestone, usually about eight feet below the surtiice. There are everywhere apertures in this limestone, through which the waters of the rivers sink into the earth. The large rivers of Kentucky, for this reason, are more diminished during the dry season, than those of any other part of the United States, and the small streams entirely disappear. The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities; the rivers having generally worn very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices fi)rmed by Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime, presenting perpendicular rocks of 300 feet of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and diflicnit ascent, four times ns high. In the south-west part of the Slate, between Green river anrl the Cumberland, there are several won>ler!'ul caves. The principal prtHluetions of Kentucky are hemp, tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn. Salt springs are numerous, and supply not only this State, but a great part of Ohio and Temiesfee, with this mineral. The principal mamifiictures are cloth, n^k ^K,^ JU..^ f ' i . ■ 1. ,t 1- ■i^mi' 911 UNITKD STATES. s|iirilH, coniairo, Silk, and inaple-sujrar. lUnn\\ tolmcco, nnd wlioat, are tho prin- cipal <'.v|)(irls. 'i'liu.-aterials. Some important works have been e.xecnted tor the purpose of e.\tendins, &c. In 1830 the population was 6104. Frankfort, tho capital, stands on the right bank of the Kentucky river, in a highly picturesque situation ; the site of the town is an alluvial bottom, above nro thn prin- Now ()rl(!!in.i, isvillo, on llio uaviiraliiiii on imiDitiicluriiiff New Orleans, iinerciul rela- ^ommrrco, but its nmtcriiils. liiij^ lh(! tiicili- tho most inaij- s of tlie Ohio; at tlic surface rred in its con- f ciinals ; it lias a total lockafre and tlio cost of il-roail extonds miissioiicrs was the State, and but in many of cral respectable a University, at te institution in ns at Danville; Uefre, a Konian l»rincpton; and an Episcopalian illc, and a Deaf are the Haplista a considerable ,Avr.a. \-2,m) 3,;}4'i 0,73'J .350 INCREASE. 30,nu 37,ai7 40,171 •14,til8 white Females, bites, 51^,678. Mules, «'J,2ai ; seat of govorn- llescribed. The Ixises and public jlrees border and Ithe citizens are and luxuriant lunatic Asylum, Ire here several Irks, cotton-bag- cky river, in a bottom, above UNITED STATES. which the river hills rise abruptly to the height of upwards of 200 feet, jjivinp a bold, wild character to the scenery, which contrasts fmely with the rpjint, rural beauty of the town itself. Sleani-boats go up to Frankfort, fiO miles tVom the mouth of the river, and kccl-boats much higher. The State-House is a handnome edifice, built of white marble taken from the banks of the river, and there is here a penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn plan. The population is KWO. I^uisville, the principal city of Kentucky, and in point of wealth, trade, and population, one of the most important towns beyond the mountains, is finely situated on an extensive and gently sloping plain, at the mouth of Beargrass creek, and above the falls of the Ohio. The l/ouisville and Portland canal enables large steam-boats to reach I/)uisville at all stages of the water. Louisville carries on the most extensive trade of any of the western towns, many thousands of tlat-boats arriving here yearly from all parts of the upper Ohio, and steam-boats arriving and departirjg daily in every direction. Tiie population of I^ouisville, which in 1800 amounted to 000 souls, had increased in 1885 to 19,9<>8. The manufactures are various and extensive, comprising cotton-yarn and stuffs, iron, cotton-bagging, cordage, hats, &.c. The town is well built and regularly laid out, with spacious, straight, and well-paved streets, running parallel to the river, intersected bv others meeting them at right angles, and the landing is convenient for boats. I'here is a Nautical Asylum for disabled boatmen at Louisville. Portland is a growing little village at the lower end of the canal. Maysville is the first considerable town of Kentucky which is passed in descend- ing the river Ohio. It is the depot of the upper part of the State, and its trade is pretty extensive ; it has also some manufiictures. The population in 1830 was 2040, but it has since probably doubled. Maysville occupies a narrow, but some- what elevated bottom, at the mouth of Limestone creek, which affords a harbour for boats. Newport and Covington are thriving towns, situated on the opposite banks of the Licking river, and opposite to Cincinnati; they are the seats of some manufacturing industry, as well as of an active trade, and contained together, in 18115, about 4(KK) inhabitants. At Newport there is an United States Arsenal. About 20 miles south-west is the celebrated Big Bone Lick, which is much resort- ed to by invalids in the warm season. STATE OP TENNESSEE. Tennessee is bounded on the north by Kentucky ; east by North Carolina; south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi ; and west by Arkansas Territory, from which it is separated by the Mississippi River. It is 430 miles long, and 104 broad, and contains 40,(KK) square miles. The principal rivers are Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, Duck, Holston, French-Broad, Nolichucky, Hiwassee, Tellico, Reelfoot, Obion, Forked Deer, Wolf, and Elk River. Tennessee is washed by the great river Mississippi on the west, and the fine rivers Tennessee and Cumberland pass through it in very serpentine courses. West Tennessee lying between the Mississippi and the Tennessee Rivers, is a level or slightly undulating plain: east of this section is Middle Tennessee, of a moderately hilly surface. The eastern part of the State adjoining North Carolina, is known by the name of East Tennessee: it abounds in inountains>, many of them lofty, and presenting scenery peculiarly grand and picturesque. Of these moun- tains the Cumberland, or great Laurel Ridge, is the most remarkable. Stone, Iron, Bald, Smoky, or Unaka mountains, join each other, and form, in a direction nearly north-east and south-west, the eastern boundary of the State. The soil in a country so uneven must be very various. The western prt of the State has a black, rich soil; in the middle arc great quantities of c.vccllent land ; in the eastern, part of the mountains arc barren, but there are many fertile valleys. The climate is generally hpaltliful. In East Tennessee, the heat is so temper- ed by the mountain air on one side, and by refreshing breezes from the Gulf of r m . / at i-»i* •■ "t! * ■ f» 216 UNITED STATES. Mfvici llip other, llmt lliis part of the State hiis nni> uf tlio most desirable cliiiiatfs III North Ainorica. The middle part resniiihlos Krnlticky in climato. 'J'hc ;rr<'nl. husinosf nf tii'e State is afrriciiltiire. The soil produces abtiDduntly cotton and lolmccii, which are the staple commodities. The inhabitants also raise a iiioiitil'til supply of grain, priiss, and Criiit. They export cotton, tobacco, and lliiiir, in considerable 7, producinar about 27,0(K> tons of metal annu- ally ; there are also several rolling-mills and nail-tiictorJes in this section. Coal is tbund in the Cumberland Mountams of excellent (|uality and in great quan- tities; it is carried from Crab Orchard Mountain, near Emery's River, down the Tennessee to New Orleans, a distance of about 171K» miles. Go(h1 marble, marl, buhr-stone, nitrous earth, and other useful minerals are tbund, and there are some valuable mineral springs. Various plans have been proposed for connecting different parts of Tennessee with the sea-board sections of the Union ; the eastern part of the State will pro- bably soon have an outlet in that direction by means of the projected rail-road from Kno.wille to Charleston, forming part of the great Ohio and Charleston rail- road. Surveys have been made by which the practicability has been ascertained of a piissajre over the mountains, both from North Carolina towards Knoxville, and from (Jeorgia towards the Tennessee river, in the southern part of the Stale ; another great work is in actual progress from New Orleans to Nashville, of up- wards of rUKf miles in extent, which will ensure an expeditious transit at all sea- sons between the extreme and intermediate points, and several other local works of the same kind are in contemplation. The State has a school fund, the interest of which is distributed to such school districU a.«> provide a school-house, but little has yet been done towards the estab- lishment of a common school system throughout the State. There are here several respectable academies, and live collegiate institutions: Nashville Uni- versity at Nashville, East Tennesse*? College at Knoxville, Greenville College at Greenville, Jackson College near Columbia, and Washington College in Wash- irigton County ; there is also a Theological Seminary at Maryville. The Metho- dists and Baptists are the most numerous religious bodies in Tennessee; the Presbyterians are also numerous, and there are some Episcopalians, Lutherans, Friends, &c. Tennessee is divided into 62 counties. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In 1800 105,602 1810 261,727 1820 420,813 1830, 681,903 INCREASE. SLAVES. 13,584 44,.535 80,107 141,603 INCREASE. 30,951 35,572 61,496 From 1800 to 1810 156,125 1810 to 1820, 1,59,086 1820 to 1830, 261,090 Of the above population of 1830, there were, white Males, 275,068; white Fe- males, 260,680; deaf and dumb, 208; blind, 176; aliens, 121: total whites, 535,748. Free coloured Males, 2330; Females, 2225: total, 4555. Slaves- Males, 70,216 ; Females, 71,387: total, 141,603. Nashville, the capital, and the only considerable city of the State, is pleasantly situated on the southern bank of the Cumberland, in a fertile and picturesque tract. The site is elevated and uneven, and the town is well built, containing, beside some elegant dwelling-houses, the Court-House, a Lunatic Asylum, a Peni- le' »*s^^^^!^^*«sk; most dnsirable in clittmlo. ces ubtiniliintly taiits ilia) ruise n, totraoco, and nrticlcs. Thr bcrliuid Rivpr.s. 13. This Stiite ures ; and troin (•a-|M)rts on the , coal, ond salt, inatically work- re is a. consider- \isep atone the of metal annu- ; section. Coal in preal quan- Liver, down the d marble, marl, there arc some Is of Tennessee State will pro- ijectcd rail-road Charleston rail- een ascertained /ards Knoxville, Tt of the Statu ; .e.s produce a broken and uneven surface. North of these hilLs 111! the Flat VVoods, 7(1 miles wide. Bordering on all the principal atroains, oxci!pt the Ohio, there are strips of hottoin and prairie land ; twth together, from three to six mill's in width. Between the VValwsh nnd I.ako Michigan, the coun- try is mostly champaign, abounding alternately with wood-lands, prairies, lakes, uud Hwumps. A range of hills run parallel with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Groat Mi- !.mi to Blue River, alternately approaching to within a few rods, ond receding to tlie ilistaiico of two miles. Inmiediately below Blue River, the hills disappear, and there is presented to view an immense tract of level land, covered with a hoavy growth of timber. 'I'lio agricultural e.\|M)rts are beef, pork, cattle, horse.i, swine, Indian-corn, hemp, tob;i';co, tStc. ; ginseng, boos'-wa.\, feathers, and whiskey are also exported, but we hjv( no means of estimating the value of the trar(lsville, are useful inbtitutions. Acade- mil's have been etitablislied in several of the eounties. The Methodists and Bap- tists arc the prevailing religions sects; the Presbyterians and Friend^i are nume- rous, and there are iiumaii Catliolics, Episcopalians, ^c, Indiana ie divided into tii) counties. POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. In isnn :,,Mi IHIO, 21,.W0 IWO 117,17rt 1830, 3.ll,r.8:i SMVES. 1 133 I 237 i I'M) 1 From IHOn to 1810 1?,S7!) IHIO to iHiO, 12;.Mm8 1820 to 18.30, lit 1,101 Of tlic above population of ISIIO, there were, white Males, 170,513 ; Females, ' 101,507; deaf and dumb, 104; blind, 7-2; aliens, 2H0: totil whites, 338,020. Free coloured Males, 17!W ; Females, 1770 : total, 3502. In■■' ■'^- T ' r "i. 'r : ■ :•■■ e^ h \i: P '!■. " .. 1. 'i 'i-iO I'MIKU S'lATKS. nortli-wc!<(t'rii Hi'clioii is ii lillly, brnkcii roiintry, lli(iiii;li tlinro nri> im iiii:!! iiiKiin- luiiit". 'I In; cliiimli.' rt!»fiiili|i's that nt' Iinlmiia uiid Ohio. Tlio soil is iift'tieriilly very ti>rlilt>, uikI yii'Ids abuiiiluiit harvests. Aliii/i' in the Htii|)h> prixhictiun of tho Stato, nnd tho avnrn^jn prndncf! is .')0 hiishfls to thi! iicru. Wheat ih also riiiMf.'d in hrgo (|uuntitif!<, iind yit-lds lloiir of .•^iipiTiur (jiiiility ; ry is iniieh used t()r ilistillution. Hemp, tolmcci), iiiid cotton, which is iiiohlly coiisinned in hoiisehohl nianiifucturcs, hut it* u\m ex|)<)rled, tlie cui-tor-oil bean, from which htrt;e ((iiantities of ud arc I'.iiulc' fur ('.\-|H)rtutioii, and I the coiiiinoii ({rains, are also amonfj the pnxliicts. I,:ir{;c herds of caitle are kept I with little tionhle, and (jreal nntnheiH are driven out of tlif> State, or H'lit down the riviT in flat-lHmls. Thousands of hogs are raised with little attcntiuii or expense, and pork is larjrely exixirted. Coal, biilt, and lime, iron, lead, and copper, aro amon^ tlio known mineral nro- dnctioiis of Illinois, but its bosom has not yet been explored tor iLs huhleii treasurcH. Coal is very ahimdant in many quarters, and is considerably worked. Lead is Ibnnd in the nortli-western corner of the State in exhaut^tless i|uantitie r. the li.-ad- di;.';,'iii},'8 extend from the Wisconsin to the neijrhbourhood of Uwk River, and on both sides of the Mississippi, 'I'lic Indians and French had been lon^r accustomed to procure the ore, but it was nut until l>i'4'2 that tiic process of separating tho nietai was betruii tu ha carried on liere. Since that time, up to the end of IKi'i, 7(>,4'J(),!i<'J7 pounds of lead have been mode here, and upwards of i:i,(l(M),()li() pounds have been smelted in one year; but the business havin'.i iiounds; in l^Hl, 7,()71,.")7!); and in IH-Vy, only ;i,7'>4,yiM) ; this statement includes the produce of W isconsin Territory as well as of Illinois. Some salt is made near Slmwnectown; near Danville, on the Little Vermillion; and near Brownvilk*, on Muddy Creek. The sprinjTs arc owned by the Slate, and leased to tho nianutacturers. The same provision has b;;en made by Congress for the support of public schools in this as in the other new States, by the appropriation of certain proportions of tho |)ublic land to this purpo.ie. But the scattered state of the population has as yet prevented a general system of public education from being carried into opera- tion. There are several respectable ocadcmies in the State, and Illinois ("ollege at Jacksonville, Shurtlett" College ut Alton, and the Alton Theological Seminary, at the same place, bid fair to be useful institutions. The MothudisU and Jbplioto are the most numerous religious sects, and there are many Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, &.C. An important public work has lately been commenced in this State, which will effect the junction of the Mississippi and Lake Michigan: the Illinois and Chicago canal, extending from Chicago on the lake to a point below the rapids of the Illi- nois, a distance of about 100 miles, is in progress, forming the fourth navigable chan- nel from the Mississippi valley to the great lakes. The part of the National Road between Terre Haute ond Vandalia, ia not yet completed, and that part which is to extend from Vaudalia west to the Mississippi, ia not yet begun. Several important rail-roads are also proposed, which, when completed, will no doubt greatly increase the commercial prosperity of the State. The most extensive work of the kind contemplated, is to extend from Galena, in the lead-mine region, immediately south of the north line of the State, to the mouth of the Ohio. It will traverse the whole length of Illinois from north to south, and be upwards of 400 miles in length. Another will extend from Peoria, on the Illinois river, to a point on the Wabash, connecting the two rivers. One is likewise to be carried from Mount Carmel, on the Wabash river, to Alton, on the Mississippi. There are also several others of minor importance proposed. The population of Illinois has increased with the same amazing rapidity as that of the neighbouring Slates. The constitution provides that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes; and as negroes coming into the State are required to give bonds with security, that they will not become chargeable as paupers, there are few blacks. L,,, . ... . ... ■ ^ •* ft^ti^A^ . ,^lil«*,..^-A. ._ ^. „ je-. - -Kj.-- no Itiijli iiKiiin- il IX iri'iieriilly prodiicn is r)0 , yields fli)iir of CO, mill collmi, I I ('X|X)rli'(l, llie xporlutioii, 1111(1 ciiitlf uri' krpt ' p, or M'lil down le ttltcntiuti ur | vu iiiiiioral pro- 1 iddi'ii treiihurcs. j irkt'.l. Lend iw lilit; 1 : lliu IcnJ- k Rivor, and on iiijf ucru.'-tonnMl ' st'piiralin!'' tlio ^ i(! t'lid of IK);"), (l(H),()li(> poundtj j urdoiif, tlic (iro- iiiuls; in ISU, till' priMliice of JSIiuwnt'ctown; ■ Muddy Creek, •urs. )f public schools 1 proportions of ipulation lias as ■ried into opcra- Uliiiois College L'icttl Seminary, ^Is and Jlipiioto terians, lloinan ate, which will ais and Cliicngo pids of the Uli- [lavigttble chan- National Road part which is ! gun. Several will no doubt most extensive id-iiiine region, Ohio. It will iwnrds of 400 ver, to a point le carried from There are also ■apidity as that ler slavery nor otherwise than e are required le as paupers. UNITKU STATIX a-ji POPUI.i ).V AT DIFFEKKNT I'KRIOUS. In IHIO l-i:i»i\ INrRKAHE. IWO, r):>,ii\ I From IHK) lo Ik.'I! tii.itS!* IH-'IO, I.')7,.'i7.') I lft:i() to 1h;)(), l(l^,3(iJ Of the nliovp population of IKM), there war*, white Males, 82,2(K2; white Fe- mali'H, 7'J,{)74 ; deaf and dumb, (i4 ; blind, :tO; nlieiis, 4'k7: total whites, l.VS,!?!!, Free uiloureil Males, 1100; Females, IViOO: total coloured, '.WOO. Whole popula- tion, 1')7,.j75. The most thriving town in Illinois, and the principal depiU of the Slate, is Chi- cago, on Ijiiko Michigan, at the mouth of a small river of the same name. The canal now in progress from this place to the Illinois river, when completed will bring a vast increase of trade to Chicago, and probably render it in time one of the principal places in the Western States. The town is pleasantly situated on a iiigh plain, on lioth sides of the river, which atTords ea!«y access to the centre of business. An artificial harlmur has been made by the construction of piers, which, extending some distance into the lake, prevent the accumulation of sand on the bar. Tho country around is a high, dry, and fertile prairie, and on the north branch of the ('hicago, and along the lake shore, are extensive bodies of fine tim- ber. The town has grown up within four or tivo years, and contains at present siv churches, a bann, .)l warehouses, a printing-otficc, an academy, and nearMMH) nhabitants. In 18M5 there were 207 arrivals of brigs and schooners, beside seve ral of steam-bonts. Vandalia, the capital of the State, is a small town, with a population of about 'M) inhabitants. It is on the route of the National Road, on the west bank of the Kaskaskia river, about BO miles north-east of St. Ix)uis. The buildings, public and private, arc respectable, if we regard the few yearp which have elapsed since the site was a wilderness. It is proposed to remove the seat of the State govern- ment from Vandalia to a position farther north. The most commercial place in this State on the Mississippi river is Alton, situated on the bluSs at the northern termination of the American Bottom, two miles and a half above the tnouth of the Missouri, and eighteen below that of the Illinois. It is the western depdt of the produce of Illinois. Possessing a fine, com- modious harbour, with an excellent landing for steam-boats, formed by a level rock of a convenient height, which makes a natural wharf, Alton has become the centre of an active and daily growing trade. The population at present exceeds 2000. There are here four churches, a lyceum, 2 printing-offices, and a penitentiary ; and the picturesque site of the town is well set off by its neat houses, surrounded by tasteful piazzas and gay shrubbery. Upper Alton, in the rear of Alton, and about three miles distant, is the seat of ShurtlefT College and a theological seminary. Edwardsville is a neat and thriving village, to the north of Alton. Peoria is beautifully situated at the foot of the lake of that name, and on the Illinois river. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. Ottawa, above the rnpids, and at the western termination of the Illinois and Michigan canal, ia also a flourishing village, with deep water and a good landing. Cahokia and Kaskaskia are old French villages on the American Bottom, with not more than 500 to 600 inhabitants, most of whom are French. Those and similar sites are found unhealthy for new settlers, but their occupants do not sufl^er in this respect. " The villages of Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, oiid Cahokia, were built up b^ their industry in places where Americans probably would have perished." This bottom is remarkable for the number and size of the mounds, which are scattered " like gigantic hay-cocks," over its surface. Seventy of these may be counted on the Edwardsville road, near Cahokia ; and the principal mound, which is surrounded by a group of sixteen or eighteen smaller ones, is ninety feet in height, with a base of 600 yards in circumference. Springfield, near the centre of the State, on the border of a beautiful prairie, and surrounded by one ( f the most fertile tracts in the world, and Jacksonville, further west, in the midst of a beautifully undulating and now cultivated prairie, are busy, flourishing towns, with about 20CO inhabitants each. Bloomrngton, further south, is also a growing village. 19* BBSH=BaBBS==--==-— ---=-=-- 1 I ;t-t • I* U*-- "^'•^ tMtt IJNITKI) STAl I^M. On till* Mii nnli'-i Imiir niiil of liiilt' tlinl wiiltli, ni (In- iimulli uf KiM'k Itivrr, Hlniiili* Fiirt Arinntrimjr, n llnileil SiiiIi-h inilitnry piist. Ilijfln'r ii|i, a I'l'w inilrH I'rnin (iin iiikiiIIi of Frvtr IIivit, wIiicIi i» navitriitili.' tiir Mti'iiiii-lNinlM to till' tiiwii, IK (iuluua, tt pru(i|ifruua villagu in llio loud Uiatnct, with abuul I'JUO iiiliabitunto. STATE OP MinilOAN. Thk country to which this nanu- of Michit'nn han hi'en UHunlly nppliiii in a lariri- piMiinstilu, with itM liiitM* ri.'.stinir ii|xin tlio StiitoH ul'Oliio uiiil liHliunii, iiml Iminnlitil on tliu CHat and north-uiixt by I^ukn lliirun, tiir a dintancc iifViTH) miiIuh, ami liiuinir iiukfl Michiffnn tur its wrxti'm Imiindary, an pxtrnt ol' '2(M) niilcs. It in in |i'n)(th iilMiut 'JHb, and in bruadtli at thu widi>«t part lUO inilca. ItH area b«in)f :M,IM)U M|niirnin8ula, liirniin^r a part ot' the ru|{ion nominally attached to her while under u territorial |;ovi'rninent, and added |M!rnianently to her territory on her ndinixxion ati a (number of the American cont'eileraey. It iH bounded on the north by Lake Su|)erior; on tlu> eaut by St. Mary'n Kivori on the Houtli by l,akcH Huron and Miciii^ran: hiVi .oiith-weHt by the Mennoinonie and Mintreal Kivcrs; the latter eiiiptyiii;; inti' I- ''e iSu;M>rior, and the liirmer into(ireen Hay : it iri in leii);th rroiii eii8t to went, ubxiii ')'M inilea ; and in breadth it variea from 10(1 to !)() or 411 imiIi'h ; the area in probably about 28,(X)U «i|uare mileii; inakinf; the area of Iho whole State aliout Wi.OtfJ miles. The northern peniniiula is but little known, having been explored only by huntcm and trappers : the Hurfuce is said to be more irreifular than that of the southern section, and also much less suited for agriculturpi purpoHes, but it will neverthelefii doubtless become of importance on account of the larire tKxlies of pine timber contained in various parts; and also from the valuable fisheries on the shores of Lake Superior, white fish beir.;' taken in great abundance. The rivers '•ro r,umerous and How mostly into Lake Superior; they arc in general short ii their length of course, and much broken by falls and rapids. The shores of the lake are mostly low, and but little indented by bays and harbours; and as the prevailing winds are from the north-west, and sweep with great fury over the wide unsheltered expanse of the iake, navigation is more stormy and dangerous than alon;r ibe Canada shore. The Pictured Rocks, so named from their picturesque appearance, are a remark- able natural curiosity. They form a perpendicular wall, extending near l', nuf fhall tlii< Hiili' of lottery tickftH \m nllownl, It iiiiil*i n pruvixinn of thn cnnRtitutinn, tliiit till' l.i'!.riHliituro hIiiiII iMirniirair)' hy all Muitiililn mh'iidn tin- |ironiotir n HyHtiMii of i-oiiiiniiii ^I'lioiil!*, Iiy wliicli n Hclinul nIiiiII Im< ki'jit ii|i nild iiii|i|iiirti>d in piicIi ncIiihiI iliHlrii't lit. |i'ii>t llirt'o iiiiinlliH in nvrry yi'ir; iind, hh nikui nn ttin ciriMiinNtiinni's of till' Stiitii will iNirinit, kIiiiII providi^ liir tin; cHtnlilmliincnt nf lilirii-ioH, oiir iii Ii'iiMt in t'ni'li towiiiiliip, MriiMiiriM Imvc nlrcmly lici-ii tnkt'ii hy tlh' I'rosliytoriiins tiir till! I'HtnliliHliinont nf a rol|p|(i! at Ami)' ArlNiiir, hy tho MctluxliMtii ol anutlier ut Spriiur Arlxiiir, and hy tlii< Ilnptiittx of ii third in Kitliiniazoo county. Till! Mtntii JH dividi-d iiitii ;H i:iiiiiitlfi<. In IHIO, thn popiiliition niii'iinti'd to 47W; in IH'JO, it wan HS|»rt; in Iflnit, oxeluHivc of tliu i-oiinlii'ii now liuloiij^mK to VViHConnin, '.'^.(HM; and in \^'M, H7.-27:». Tho city of Dt'troit, the principal ploco in Miohiffon, in Mitnotod on a rininu plain on tho wCMtcrn nlioro of lictroit Rivor, wliicii iiniti'H l.iik( iiiid Nt. i'lair. Fuw pInooH can bii inoro adiiiirahly Hitnatcd tiir a coinnicrcial city, and few liavn a iiioro Holid proniiHo of prrniiinnnt proepcrity. Tho city in ri'f;ul»rly laid out and neatly hiiilt, and during tho lant five or Hix yeart> itH hiiHinexs and popula- tion have increaned coininenHurately with the '?rowtli of the fertile country ui itH rear. In I'CWI, the niiintM^r of tho inliahitants wan 'i'J^J^i; in IKJ."), it wiih esti- iiiated at H(NKI. The public biiildiii|;fi aro five churches, of which tlii< larirent and moNt Htrikinir in the llonian ('atlinlic Ciithcdral, a State-IIoiiHe, Academy, iind county l)iiililin(;8. Detroit is thn de|HH of all the country on thn upper lakeit, and there aro nixteon or oi^htcon large atcam-bouta plying between thin port and Chi- cn<;o and ButFalo. Atnoni? the gmall towns .-pringinff up in Michigan, aro Palmer, on St. Cluir Kivcr, Anno Arbour, on the Huron, with almut KHM) inhabitants; also, Adrian and .Monroe, on the River Raisin; the latter is about 2 miles from the mouth of the river, and is accessible to slnam-lwats. It contains several saw ond grist-millH, a woollen manufactory, and an iron foundcry. The rivers atFord a number of rnill- seats, with a plentiful supply of water. The population, in 18!{5, was about 2(HH>. At the head of St. Clair River, at the nutlet of liake Huron, on a commanding position, stands Fort Gratiot, a United States military post ; Mackinaw is on Michil- iiinackinac Island ot tho entrance of Lake Mici ir'^n. STATE OF MISSOURI. This State is bounded north by Wisconsin Territory ; west by the Western or Indian Territory ; east by the Aiississippi River, which separates it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; and south by the State of Arkansas. Its length is about 'iHO miles, and medium breadth 230, the area being about 05,000 square miles. The Mississippi River runs 460 miles along ti.j eastern border of the State, whilst the Missouri flowing for 200 miles along the western boundary, and through its c. otre for 350 miles, enters the former stream a short distance above St l/ouis. Tiie western line of this State, south of the Missouri River, is the meridian which passes through the point of junction of the Kansas and the Mis- souri Rivers. Besides the great rivers Mississippi and Missouri,- this State is watered by vari- ous others of considerable magnitude. The largest are the Osage, Grand, Salt, Chariton, Gasconade, Merriniac or Maramec, Big Black, and St. Francis. The Osage is a large river, navigable for boats 660 miles'. Much of the surface in the central portion of the section south of the Missouri is mountainous, or rather hilly, being traversed in different directions by the chains of the Ozark Moun- tains, one of which under the name of the Iron Mountain divides the waters of the St Francis and White Rivers from those of the Maramec and Gasconade, and another forms the water-shed between the Gasconade and Osage ; but these ridges are not very lofly. Between the Osage and Missouri, and north of the Hi JL_. r r * i> conHtitutiori, iitiiiii of inti'l- n HyHtPiii lit' III riicli tit'liixil [•iiiiiHliiiiri's of ■!>, iPlir III '.i'IikI esliyUTiiiiis liir I ot anottuir ut Wim ; in l'*'M, ; 1111(1 in ISM, >(1 on n t'\»\\\\i 'i4 Fric mill St. nl city, nnil ftiw H ri>);uliiriy litiil iBHs ami populii- ti country u( IIm H.'», it wiis* t^Hti- iln! lurir<'Ht imd , Aniili'iny, nnd ippcr liikt's, nnd liti purt and Ciii- ler, on St. Cluir 8 ; also, Adriun m the mouth of inil ({riHt-niillH, a r number of mill- waa about 2(HK). commanding ittw k on Michil- the Western or it from Illinois, Its length is . 05,()0() square n border oi the n boundary, and ■t distance above iri River, is the sas and the Mis- watered by vari- ge. Grand, Salt, .. Francis. The le surface in the _inou8, or rather he Ozark Moun- es the waters of and Gasconade, )sage ; but these nd north of the vnttnn liTATisd. M5 liitlcf, ill" iNinitfry in iinitnl .'''i? nnd nirrPf-sMy divorHif'ctl, wliilf in tin- •mitli-enut Ix'lvvcrn tin- Hm/ Uliick Himt and flio MiHHinhippi, tin' whnli- liiirl, Willi llii' (i.x('t'|»- liiiii of n iiiirriiw hllip nil the iNinlrr of tlif liiltrr, ix ii luw, iiiiitiilulnl iniiriiori, liiriiiiiiu: a |Niitioii (if till! ^rt'ttt swamp uf which tlu; |iiinei|iiil piirt la in tlm Stiito of ArkiiUrtiM. The liiiiiin iKirilerinjf on the Mixuniirl, am oxiiprdincly ricli. Thoy ronnist of ii -Iriiliiiii iif hliick iilliiviiil Moil, (if uiikiiiiun dcplli. An ynii rcccdi' I'rniii the lidiik-* of till' iivi'rx, III!' Iiiiiil riM(>><, piinMini; xuiiirlnni'N ifriiiliiilly, nml i'oiih'Iiiiii'n iihrupt- ly, mill cli'Viilcil liiireiiH, (linly riilijcH, nnd rm.ky clilfM. A pnrlniii nf liii" Stiilc iH, tiii-K'liirc, iiiifil tiir ciiltiviition ; tint tins piirt of it, linwi'vrr, is ricli iii ininiTiil iri'iiKiirt'H. Till' liiiiil in fiilu'r M-ry li'rtil niohl remnrkahle fi.'ntiire in Misfouri is its lend-mines, which mo (>.^tinlnted to cover iin iiren of nlKj"l IHKKl w]ii»r,' niiles. The centre of the lead mine dis- trict is nhoiit 70 miles sou -wcHt from St. I/iuis, nnd the prinripnl di^a'iugs are included in nn extent of !MI miles in one direction by 15 in .inothcr. The load- on? is found in detached masses, nnd not in veins. The businesH of miniri; is, coiiseiiucntly, very iincertniii. The ore is of that species called pnlt'iin, nnd yields from 7.'» to K) per cent. Atxiut :),(M)((,(M)0 pounds of lend Br(! annunlly miule, (riving' employment to ilxnit i"2(M) hnndi*. In tiiis regioi,, are likewise found copper, zinc, man^aueee, uiitiinony, cnlnminc, cobalt, Sic, Those lead- mmes were wroiijrlit liy the I'Vench, KM) years npro. Numerous shot-factories nre established nlonj; the high rocky bliifTH of tho Mis- si.sisippi, which renders the erection of towers uiinocessnry. Iron is found in in- exlmustible (juantities, nnd is pretty extensively wrought. Conl iil^o alionnds par- ticularly along till' Missouri, nnd nluminuus and nitrous earth, marble, salt-springs, sulphuretted nnd tliermni waters, die, occur. There nre three colle>'e» in the State: St. Lou in University in St. I.ouis, and St. Mary's Collngo at IVrryville, ('nlholic institutions, and Marion Collej^o at Palmyra. The Baptists and Metho- dists ure the most numerous sects; the Presbyterians and Roman Catholics are also pretty numerous, and there arc some K}pisco|nlii)ns. Missouri is divided into 52 counties. The population is as follows: Total. Blavei. 1810 (includin|r Arkansni) 30,84.5 ,%0I 1 1820 fi6,r)86 10,222 1830 140,4.W 2r),0!tl 1832 176,276 32,184 Of the foregoing population of IBJiO, there were, white Mnles, fll,40.'j; white Females, .'):i,;J9(»; deaf nnd .iomb, 27; blind, 27: toUl whites, 114.795. Free coloured, 569; Slaves, 25,091 : total, 140,455. St. I/)uis is tho commerciii! capital of Missouri, nnd the largest town west of the Mississippi. It is built on two banks: the first, not much raised above the level of the river, contains two narrow streets running parallel with its course, nnd the second or higher bank, which spreads out into a wide plain in the rear, comprises the rest of tho city. The upper part is well laid out with spacious and regular stieets. St. Irfiuis was founded in 1764, but it continued to be an incon- siderable village while the country remained in the hands of the Spanish and "^ 2D ■ t' .* ■ f . IT ■ ' 11 f 1 ■ 1 V.*- WfiiPiiWi gvw 1226 UNITED STATES. French. It is the emporium of tiie Upper Missouri ami Missi.isippi, and must in- cruiisi: rapidly iu importance as the vast rejrions to tiio north ami west necome occupied hy industrious cultivators. The lead mines in its vicinity and tlie cr.ttib- lisliiiients connected wilii the Indian aj^encies, land offices, and army supplies, also create a good deal of business. The number of steam-boat arrivals in IHU"), was HOU, tonnape 100,000. The population is now chiefly composed of Ameri- cans, but there are many French, with some Germana and Hpaniards. There are tour or five Protestant Churches and a Roman Catholic Cathedral. In the vicinity I are an United States Arsenal and Jetferson Barracks, extensive stone hnildinrrs with accommodations fi)r 000 or 700 men. In 1830, it contained !\S'>2 inhabi- tants, and, in IKJfj, upwards of 10,000. St. Louis stands nearly in the centre of the Great Valley, on the right bank of tlie Mississippi, 17 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, 175 miles above the mouth of the Ohio, 13.")0 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and 850 from Washinirlon. It has easy water commimication with the country at the toot of the Rocky Mountains, iifiOO miles distant by the course of the river, on one side, and with Quebi'c and JVcw York, 1800 to XJOOO miles, on the other; and with New Orleans, 1250 miles to the south, and Fort Snelling', 8fi0 miles to the north. St. Charles, 20 miles above the mouth of the Missouri, and tlie same distance north-west froi i St. Louis, is a pleasant villaije containinfj nearly I'M) inhabi- tants, of whom about one-third are of French descent ; it consists of one Ion? street, on which are many handsome buildings. St. Charles was for a number of years the capital of the State. Jefferson City, on the south side of the Missouri river, and near the centre of the State, is the capital of Missouri ; it contains the State-House, and a Penitentiary ; its site is not a fortunate selection, ami it has not in consequence prospered. Higher up the stream are the villages of Franklin, IJooneville, Kcytesville, Lex- ington, and Liberty; this is the most western settlement in the United States, in which a newspaper is published, being 11'1'2 miles from Washington City, and 324 west of St. Louis. Westport at the mouth of the Kan.sas, is the most wester- ly village in the Union. Ilerculaneum, 30 miles below St. Louis, is a small town, which contains numerous shot-works, and serves as one of the ports of the lead district. St. Genevieve is another old French village, built on a high alluvial bank which the river is now washing away. Cape (Jirardeau, situated on n high bluti'in the midst of a rich district, is the depot of the southern part of the State. New Madrid is an inconsiderable village, on a high alluvial bank, which, like that of St. Genevieve, has been mostly carried away by the river. The village also Eufiered from the earthquake of 1811. STATE OF ARKANSAS. Arkansas is bounded on the north by Missouri, east by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Tennessee and the State of Mississippi, south by Louisiana, and west by the Western or Indian Territory and the northern part of Texas. Its southern line is the 33d degree of north latitude, ami northern 36° 30'. Its length, from north to south, is 245 miles, and mean breadth about 212 ; its area is 51,960 square miles. The principal river is the Arkansas, which flows down from the Rocky Moun- tains. Its course is nearly through the centre of the State from west to east; ond it aflijrds at all times steam-boat navigation to Little Rock, 300 miles from the Mississippi, and occasionally to Cantonment Gibson, nearly 3.50 miles higher up; the other important streams are the Red River, (which flows through the south- west angle of the State,) St. Francis, White, and Washita rivers. Arkanpas has considerable advantages for commerce ; nearly every pai't of it has a direct and easy communication with New Orleans, the great emporium of trade i for the whole Mississippi valley. | The surface of the country exhibits much variety. In the eastern portion, ' along the Mississippi river, it is level, and often overflown by that noble river and , «!,.- ^* 'Sw^mi )i, and nitist in- I'l west iiocomc T ami till! ot^ib- nriiiy titipplios, rrivals in li^Ii"), Dscd of Aiiicri- (Is. Thoro arc In thi^ vicinity stnno liiiildiniTS h1 ^i>*ii2 inhabi- n tlin piMitre of plow tlie moutli miles iVdin the cummunication a distant bv tlio k, lS(M)to'l20(l(» ■outli, and Fort ! sanip distance ly l.')fl() inhabi- sts of one Ion? for a number of j be centre of the a Penitentiary ; encp prospered, eytesville, Lex- fn'itpd State?, in mirUm City, and iie most wepter- uis, is a small ! tiie ports of tlie ; 1 a liiirii alluvial uated on a hifiPR rVJ,'!': ft* on tlip riglit ;n.s, l,(nvistmr(r, 3r ot'tlic Siale; he Mi!i»iis8ippi; on, Red River : ; ries. The two lid the iniprove- of inhabitants. a vast tract of lichi^an on the )f Mibsouri and miles, and from r about 3()0,(K)0 |r known, ond is It is settled by order : its great ■acting such nu- pse before those nany towns and region is a vast es, which gene- U feet above the I from Lake Su- and other rivers .ch the sea after 3 same point the rctic circle and the far distant !t. Peters, CLip- ike Winnipeek, Superior; the Sioux, &c., the generally a fine ilks, bears and for their furs. )f their objects. of the various jLakc Michigan which consti- [dance, and also of the richest jssippi River, on I its limits arc into the State of the Missis- Ihe Mississippi, of Michigan, 1:). png which Fort point of land e most remote UNITED STATIM. military post occupied by the United States troops. Fort Winnebago stands iit the portage betwoun tiie Wisconsin and Fo,\ Rivers ; the waters of tiie two slroams here approach so close to each other, and are so nearly on a level, thot boats, in wet seasons, have been floated from one to the other: it is proposed to join them pcrnnincDtly ut this place by a canal. Steam-boats have ascended the Wisconsin to liio portage. The route in this direction between the lakes and the Missis- sippi River, will probably attain in lime some commercial importance. Fort Craw- ford, situated a little above the mouth of the Wisconsin, and almost adjoining the village of Prairie du Chien, has a small garrison : also Fort Howard, near the entrance of Fox River into Green Bay; here is a good harbour, and in the vici- nity are the thriving villages of Green Bay, Navarino, and Astor. Fort Des Moines, on the west side of the Mississippi, and a few miles above tiie mouth of the Des Moines River, is a United States garrison. Above this place and on the banks of the River Mississippi, several towns have been laid off, some of which have a few inhabitants; among them is the town of Madi^'on, on the site of old Fort Madison. Burlington, with about (i(K) inhabit- ants, has been selected as the capital of Wisconsin until the year 1840, wlifn the seat of government will be transferred to the city of Madison, on the Fourth Lake, one of liie head tributaries of Rock River, and at n distance about equal Iwtvveen Lake Miclii ;an and the Mississippi. Another small town on the west side ol' the Mississippi is Davenport, directly opposite to the mouth "of Rock River: higher up the stream is Dubuque, opposite the northern boundary line of the State of Illi- nois; it is a tliriving place of about 120() inhabitants, and finely situated, being in the centre of a rich mineral and agricultural district. A few miles north i^^ Peru, also an improving village, with 5()U or 6(H) inhabitants. The principal settlements on the east side of the Mississippi, are Prairie du Chien, Cassville, &e. ; the former is about five miles above the mouth of the Wisconsin River : it is f ituated on a beautiful prairie, and has been long inhabited, mostly by French trader:) and their descendants, half-breeds, &c. Population, 600. Cassville, some distance south of the Wisconsin River, is a small town, and but lately settled, as are also Belmont, Mineral Point, and Dodgeville : these arc at various distances east of the Mississippi, F.nd between it and Lake Michigan ; they are situated in the midst of a rich mining district, and will probably improve as the country around them fills up with population. Madison city, already mentioned, the city of the Four Lakes, and Wisconsin city, all on the head waters of Rock River, are, it is believed, as yet merely nomi- nal towns. The city of Milwalky, at the mouth of the river cT the same name where it empties into Lake Michigan, although laid out but 2 or 3 years ago, is already a place of some trade, and will probably increase, being the only tolerable harbour on the west side of tbo lake between Chicago and Green Bay. A rail- road is about to be constructed . . om this place westward, through Belmont to Mis- sissippi city, a newly laid-out town on the east bank of the River Mississippi, and in the vicinity of Cassville; distance about 175 miles. The village of Petribina, the southernmost settlement of Lord Selkirk's colony, falls within the limits of Wisconsin ; it is situated on the banks of the Red River of Lake Winnipeek. There are several Missionary stations in different parts of the territory, of whiih two are among the Sioux, five among the Chippeways, two at Green Bay, among the Mennomonies and Stockbridge Indians, and one among the Sacs and Foxes. The aboriginal tribes in Wisconsin arc the Sioux, Chippeways, Winnebagoes, Mennomonies, the Stockbridge Indians, from the State of Ni-w Yo>k, the lowas, Sacs and Foxes, and some Ottowas and Pottawatomies. '. WESTERN OR INDIAN TERRITORY. The Western or Indian Territory is the country assigned by the government of the United States for the future residence of the Indians, many of whom have emigrated from the south-eastern parts of the Union, and numbers are preparing to take up their residence in it. It is about 600 miles in extent from north to south 20 *■ t . I 1 . I|!t'' ; 5 -■f. ■■■■rs^: '^-r^ri?---- . ^': 230 UNITED STATES. in the eastern, and in the western part almut 3()0; and from east to west, im- niodiutcly boyond Arkansas, it in nlxjiit ii'20; but, westward of the central and northern piirtH of Missouri, it is full UtK) miles in breadth. It contains an area of about •JK),01K( .square iniles. A belt of about 'Mi) miles of the most eastern part of this repion, and adjoininaf tiif States of Arkansas and Afissouri, is supposed to be favourabln for settlement : the soil is affirmed to be jjenerally very fertile, and it is watered by numerous rivers, creeks, and rivulets, none of which, however, are suitable tor navijration. The chief streams are the Red, Arkansas, Kanzas, and Platte Rivers, with their nuuierous tributaries: they flow in an eastern direction from the Rocky Moun- t'lins towards the Mis,souri and Mississippi Rivers, of which they are all branches. Tiio PDuntry, in its Kenerul character, is high and undulating, rather level tiian iiilly; tlioujrh some iwrtions, particularly in the south-eastern part.", are entitled to the latter appellation, where it is traversed by several low ranges of the Ozark iMounttins, here termed the Kiameche hills: tiiere is less marshy land and stagnant water than is usual in the Western country. Tlie atmosphere is salubrious, and the climate precisely such as is desired; being about the same as that inhabited by the Indians to the east of the Missis- sippi. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore, and many saline springs, suitable for nianutiicturing salt. The most serious defect is a want of timber, but it is one which time will remedy, as has been demonstrated by the rapid growth of timber in prairie countries which have been settled; where the grazing of stock, by diminishing the quantity of grass, renders the annual fires less destructive to the growtii of wood : the prairies are covered with grass, much of which is of suit- able length for the scythe. This country will produce, it is believed, all the varieties of grain, vegetables, and agricultural products, which are raised in the States of the same latitude east of the Mississippi. It is also admirably adapted for the raising of domestic animals of every description. At the close of the year 1836, the population of the Western Territory amount- ed to 67,921 Indians, upwards of two-thirds of whom have emigrated from the States east of the Mississippi River. The remainder appertain to tribes long resident in this region. The numbers belonging to each clasi and tribe respec- tively are as follows : INDIGENOUS TRIBES. TrilMss. Population. Pawnees 10,000 Puncahs 800 Omaha 1,400 Otucs and MigsourieB .... 1,600 Kansas 1,471 Tribes. Qua paws Osages . . Population. . . . . 450 .... 5,510 Total 21,231 EMIGRANT TRIBE& Trilws. Population. Chippewas, Ottawas, and Pottawatomies 1,712 Choctaws 15,000 Quapaws 476 Creeks 17,834 Scminolcs 407 Appalachicolas 265 Cherokces 6,072 Kickapoos 588 Delawarcs 826 TriliRB. Population. Shawanees 1,272 Ottawas 200 Weas 222 Piankeshaws 162 Peorins and Kaskaskias 132 Scnecas 251 Senecas and Shawanees 211 Total 45,690 In addition to the above, there are 48,918 Indians, of various tribes, now east of the Mississippi, under treaty stipulations to remove west of that f ' cam : many of ihem are making preparations for that purpose ; and the whole, no doubt, will, in a few years, be permanently settled in the territory assigned them. The emigrant Tribes occupy 74,312 acres of land, and the indigenous about 33,670 acres. The Choctaws, Creeks, Cherokees, and Shawanees, are the mosti ^^Mimio -mmi' ' » :'IU II 11,|, ' asl to wcj't, im- llic contriil 011(1 tains an area of n, and adjoinins: for settlement : cd by nuiniroiis for navigation. vori=, with their e Rocky Moun- ire all branches, ilhcr level than rt.", are entitled (' ranges of the narshy land and 1 as is desired ; t of the Mistiis- springs, suitable ber, but it is one growth of timber ;ing of stock, by estruciive to the which is of suit- )elieved, all the re raised in the Imirably adapted 'erritory amount- grated from the n to tribes long and tribe respec- Fopulatinn. . . 450 . . 5,510 Total 21,231 tribes, now east ! ' cam : many no doubt, will, lem. digenous about s, are the most 'VT*^ UNITED STATEa 231 advanced towards civilization of nny of the Indian tribes in this quarter. They have generally good houses, well-fenced and well-tilled fields, and own horses and cattle to a considerable extent: they have also native mechanics and mer- chnnts among them, of whom some of the Cherokees have from 5,(HK) to 15,(100 dollars capital. They likewise carry on spinning and weaving, and have some saw and grist-mills and cotton-gins. About ."MK) bales of cotton were raised by the Choctaws, in 18.S5. They have also adopted an improved system of govern- ment : the Choctaws and Cree.ks, in particular, have a written constitution ; and the former has introduced the trial by jury. The country of the Choctaws, or Choctawland, the most southern in this Terri- tory, is situated between the Red River on the south, and the Canadian River and the Arkansas north : it is M'20 miles in length, and from 05 to 1 10 in breadth. It in divided into three districts, each of which has its own chief, t()r whom ihe Federal Government is about to build houses. Fort Towson, a military post be- longing to the Uu'ted States on the Kiameche, is within the limits of this nation. The Board of Foreign Missions has six stations, and there art} also two Baptist and one iMetholist Mission. The (Jreek country is novth of Choctawland and west of Neosho, a brai.ch of the Arkansas: it is about two-thirds the area of Choctawland, and extends to the western boundary of the Western Territory. The government is administered by a general council of the nation, in accordance with the provisions of a written constitution. Tt.ere are among the Creek;i two Baptist and orie Methodist Mis- sionary Station, aiid also one of the Board of Foreign Missionei. Several of the natives are missionaries. The Cherokee country is north and east of the Creek: the eastern part extends to the river Arkansas, and also to the west boundary of the State of Arkansas; this tract is about the same in area as 'J..c Creek country. The settleraentR are mostly in C- J eastern section. They manufacture salt from the springs ca tfie Illinois and other streams, and own a large number of horses and cattle. Fort Gibson, on the Arkansas, is in the Cherokee territory : there are here three missions of the Board of Foreign Missions, with 18 missionaries and a print- ing-press; together with a Baptist and a Methodist Mission. The Osages are indigenous natives, and a portion of them have yet made no improvement in the arts of civilization: some of them, however, particularly a band on the Neosho, have tolerable houses, own some cattle, and have begun to use the plough : the remainder of the nation have not altered their habits. Their territory extends north of the Cherokees, with a width of 50 miles from the Neosho to the Mexican frontier. Adjoining the south-west corner of Missouri, and extending to the Neosho, are the Quapaws, the united band of Senecas and Shawanees, iind tl.s band of Senecas and Mohawks. irlher north, on the head-waters of the Osage River, are the small bands of Piankeshaws, Weas, Kaskios, and Ottawos; all of these have made some progress towards civilization, and have some Missionary Stations among them. On the south bank of the Kansas, and adjoinin.^ the State of Missouri, are the Shawanees : they are among the most imjiruved of the Indian tribi^s. The Metho- dists and Baptists have missions among them; and at the Shawanee Station, under the care of the latter, there is a printing-press, from which have been issued school-books, and collections of sacred poetry, in several Indian languages; a monthly journal is also printed here in the Shawanee language, and the valu- able Annual Register of Mr. M'Coy is also from this press. On the north side of the Kansas River are the Delawares, w'lose condition is similar to that of the Shawanees: among them are a Methodist and u Baptist Mis- sion. The Kansas, an indigenous tribe, inhabit both sides of the river of the same name, and mostly west of the Shawanee and Delaware: t'ley live princi- pally by the chase, and are the poorest of all the tribes hitherto mentioned. The Kiokapoos reside on the Missouri, to the north of the Delaware country. There is a Methodist Missionary Station in their country. Fort Leavenworth is in the t: *i'^ ; ■ « ' 233 UNITED STATES, Kicknp33 dicular, and the beholder can discern, amid the various forms which they exhibit, Iho Hliapos of ruined castles and otiier edifices. The principiil aboriginal races are the Pawnees, the various tribes of Sioux, Ricnrees, Mandnns. Bluckfoot Indians, &c. ; most of them appear to be nomadic in their habits, and being in possession of an ample store of horses, roam from place tu place in quest of bufiulo and other game. OREGOiN TERRITORY. The country extending westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and lying between 42° and .'34° 40' of north latitude, is generally known by the name of the Oregon Territory, and is claimed both by the United States and Great Britain. On the north and the east, as far south as the 40°, it is bounded by the southern part of the British possessions, and southward of the 49° by the Missouri Territory; south by the Republic of Mexico; and weit by the Pacific Ocean : it is in length about 880 miles, with an average breadth of 5.50 : area, about 4.50,000 square miles. Tlie surface of the country, so far as it is known, is broken and mountainous ; it is traversed on its eastern boundary by the vast ridges of the Rocky Mountain.^ many of the elevated peaks of which rise above the limits of perpetual congela- tion. Westward of the mountains the country descends by regular slopes, in form of immense terraces or descending plains, disposed regularly one below the other. At the distance of from 120 to 160 miles from the Pacific, and nearly parallel with the coast, a range of mountains extend, which have as yet received no gene- ral designation ; the highest peaks have been named Mount Jefi^erson, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helen's, Mount Regnier, &c. The only rivers ex^^lored in this territory are the Columbia or Oregon, and its branches. This noble stream has its head waters near those of the Missouri, and collects its tribute for a wide extent along the western dividing ridges of the Rocky Mountains; its principal tributaries are Lewis', Clark's or Flat Head, M'Gillivray's, Okinagan, and the Multnomah rivers. The Columbia and its branches abound in the finest salmon, which seem to constitute the chief article of food of the natives west of the Rocky Mountains. Seals and other equatic animals are taken in great numbers, and the skins shipped to China, which consti- tutes one of the chief articles of trade from this part of the world. The country bordering on the Columbia and its branches, is represented as having a good soil, and is covered with heavy timber, consisting chiefly of various species of fir ; many of the trees being of enormous height. The only other river of any note is Frazer's or Tacoutche Tesse, which flows into the Gulf of Georgia. On the head waters of these streams the Hudson's &y Company has some trading-houses or forts. There are several lakes iihthiB' region ; the largest are the Flat Bow, the Upper and Lower Lakes of the Coiffin- bia, the Okinagan, and the KuUcespelm Lakes, from which flows a considerable branch of the Columbia. To this region the United States have acquired a title by the Louisiana treaty, by the discovery of the principal river, and by interior exploration. It is, how- ever, contested by Great Britain, who claims, not that the title is in her, but that the region is unappropriated, and open to the first comer. By a convention con- cluded in 1828, to last twelve years, it was agreed between the United States and Great Britain that neither government should take possession of it, or occupy it, to the exclusion of the other, during the period of the convention, which either party might renounce upon giving twelve months' notice. This territory has been so named in the congressional discussions that havp taken place in reference to the country. It was first discovered by the Spaniards, who, however, did not penetrate into the interior. In 1791 Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston, entered the great river of this region, and from him it received the name of his ship. The celebrated navigator, Capt. Vancouver, was then at Nootka Sound, and the discovery was very frankly and fortunately com- ■;,1 ill l-' m f'm • J . fS' m 2£ 20* V T^ «ir 231 LNI'I'Kl) STATIiS. muiiiciitiMl tu liiiii, wlio 8oiit one of liin priiicipiil ollicorg to c.xnniiiio tlie cliniinci, ; and in hi* niirrntivo ndinils the fact; lliim ptiici]i)? rhn ri({lit of prinr d xcovcry in , till! I'liilt'd StatcH, Ix'yond ilixpiite, on nrilioh evidciicK. In HOf), J.nwiH iind ("lurk wort! H(!nt oiil l)y the Unitc'd Status' (ioVL'rnrnnnl, fur the oxprt'siH pnrpoui! of I'xpliirifii,' tins country: they navi(;ati'd tliu Min.soiiri lo its Bourci!, and crossin;? , the Rocky MountHlns, duscijnded tiie Columbia River to tho Pacific Ocean, ami hpcnl the winter on its shores; they retiirni'd hy tho same river to tho motintaina, ; iiiid inoitt of the exiict inforniatiun thul we have of tho country is from liiem. The (|iiestion of settlin); this territory pornianontly, hns heen more liian once debated inConpress: were such settlement authorized, and feiid(;rcd secure by the reipiisito military cBtablislmients, there can bo no doubt that it woiilil receive I birjfe accessions of nettlers. Some attempts have been made by individuals to induce the United Status' (jovcrnment to take [xjusesHion t'orinally of the territory ; and in l^riiicipal de|)«it Astoria. This colony ot liiO men, went out well provided for trade and njTricultiiro. Two years aller the first sctllement of Astoria, they had estal>- lished themselvea ut live other places ; these posts, however, liave not been sus- tained : some hove laen alrandoned, and others have passed into the possession of the British Hudson's Buy ('ompany, which has trading establishments, extending through various parts of this rei^ion, from lli^ mountains to the Pacific. The climate .. m the coast of the Pacific is believed to be milder than on the same parallels ot latitude on the Atlantic. When I^wis and Clark lell this coun- try in March, the prairies were in blossom, and the forwardness of the season seems to have corresponded with that of North Carolina, at the same period. The winters are rainy, and among the mountains tiiO cold is very severe. On the coast of this territory are the countries, denominated by British navi- gators, New Georgia, and New Hanover; and immediately north of the northern head waters of the Columbia, and west of the Rocky Mountains, is New Caledo- nia; the climate of which is severe in winter and hot in summer; the soil is ptxir, but th(.' fur-bearing animals are numerous. The aboriginal tribes are the Chil- cotin, Talcotins, Attnas, &c. ; and on the Columbia and its branches, are the Flat Heads, Flat Bows, Pointed Hearts, Pierced Noses, &c. ; also the Shoshone or Snake Indians, who are the most numerous and powerful, and estimated at about 15,(NH). The whole of the native tribes in this territory are probably about 80,U()0 in number. Many portions of this territory, and perhaps the greater part, is well adapted for aorricultural purposes. At some of the fur-trading establishments belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, farmirg has been commenced on a Hmall scale, nnd found to succeed well. At Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia River, 130 milpa from the Pacific Ocean, 3000 bushels of wheat of excellent quality were raised in mK>: and apples, pears, peaches, and all the usual kinds of garden vegetables, grow in abundance. At Caldwell, a trading station on the north fork of the Co- lumbia, 160 miles above its junction with the main river, is another farm in suc- cessful operation: also a grist-mill. Several Missionaries arrived here lately from the United States; they have been well received by the traders and Indians, and have every prospect before them of being unimpeded in their labours of love and benevolence. It has been already mentioned, that the prairie lands an; quite likely to be more or less covered with timber, in time to come; and there are also the other requisites for human sustenance and improvement. As emigration presses to the west, there is little doubt therefore that most of the regions we have just been describing will come to be peopled by numerous, and thriving communities. )-,• -Kcmei a the chnnnci, r (1 xcDVcry in r», l,f!\vi« iintl ri'n.t purp- ;e not becm bus' le poBBCsuion of icnt«, extending; cific, hler than on the k letl this coiin- m of tiic season 1 ne period. The re. by British navi- of the northern ia Now Caiedo- I the soil is jxxjf, )e8 are the Chil- les, are the Flat Shoshone or iniated at about bly ubout 80,000 , ;i is well adapted , nts belonging toj Rmall scale, and | iver, 130 milpn ity were ruised rden vcpetablce, fork of the Co- her farm in slic- ed here lately j lers and Indians, labours of love uite likely to be e also the other )n presses to the I have just been imunities. ^mm^K^ss .— ^ KKPUUiaC OK lEXAS. a35 REPUllLIC OF TEXAS. Tub Republic of Texas, which was, until lately, an integral portion of Mexico, foriniMl, in conjunction with ('oahuiln, one of f'le Slates of Ihut confi'dnnicy. To I thu ptH)|)lo of the United States this iiifunt republic is [K-culiarly intcrcMtiujr, from . the rircuinstances attending ilH Htrugpln with the parent Stuto, the jjiilliintry dis- plftvt'd by \Uf citizens in the field, its iniinel£.4A.l»4^ '. -..ll: lltll-Wl'.-t, lllf ikIiii;,' iiortli- mrti'M ot' till' licli iinniPiim' unio. In t\w ill imiwrlnncd the IIixmIh a Hnd Trmidnil nil niiviiriibli! iH nonni(lcr('il can niivifjiito Htin, )N) inili'i< imzuij itt 'J(H) i un thia rivor 10 richest and world. Th.! bout OU niiloti, Bs in the high iowH into iNla- bntructud liy u ) niik'8. The can navigublo r \a free from underwood, is The seasons revails during December and istinc and Nu- reams flowinf^ the Brnzos !r with San iutt'alo Bayou, of Houston, the Republic ; )loy to advan- [ sea-ports and obably 40,000 )r 4000 Mcxi- it 2500 in |ifrhly efficient ia upon the which, by a adopted. 'resident was all times an by intestine This per- fnited States, t quarter; [menting the le 8omev/hat iticipate that her indepen- MK.XICO. ■xi; ml: XI CO. Mf.xiro in an extnnnivo unil noblt! territory, furininj? the greafer pnrt of I hit I viifl iriii't of land wliieli coiiiiecl.-< loifeilicr Norllieni and SoiiIIhtm AiiiernM. ()ri),'iimlly a native empire, utli'rwurdu tlie |iriiiei|)al of tin' S'liaiiHli vieeroyallies. It iH now a ;;ri'at iiide|ienili'iit re|ml)lic, It has Hometiiin's lieeii coiiHiilcreil as exti'iidin^' to the JMtlimuM of I'aiiuiiiii, which won, in miiiie de;;rei', iiniler tlie JiiriH- ilii tiiiii 111' the \ leeroy of Mexico; hut an (iiialemahi, to llie Hoiitliwaril of .Mexico I'lniHT, wii.s always a «e|mr«to iiitendeiiey, mid has now erected it-,elf into nn iiiilr|iciiileiil repiiblie, it iiiiint reerive a iteparate notice. Its lenijlli may lie statod III iilKMit '.'•'HHI miles; the breadth varies I'rom lv!.~> miles in the islliimis of 'ri>liiiiin- ti'pce, anil nearly :)()() at tlui mam centre of the republic, between .Acapiiico and Vira ("rnz, to about I'J'K) on tim parallel of a.'i^ north latitude, and ii arly M")() between the Uoeky Mountains and the ocean in the uxtri'iiie north. The whole hiirtiiee may be, therefore, described as lyinuf betwei-n KMP and 12.')° VV. lonff., iind I-V^ and 4'J'' N. bit,, with an area of i,4'KI,(IIH) stpjnre miles. The surface of Mt;xi('o is elevated, eoiii|)osiinr part of that vast rid^fe wliicii runs aloiiir the whole continent of America parallel to the I'acilie, and which In tlie stHt miles, chiefly through wild and savage tract.s infested by the Apaches and Ca- inanclies, into the Gulf of Mexico. The Sacramento, and Buenaventura are rivers of Upper Calitornia of which, however, our knowledge is slight. TheCo- lorailo of the west is a large river, but its course is through countries thinly peopled and little known. It falls into the Gulf of California, atler receiving the Gila, a considerable stream. The lakes of Mexico are numerous, and appear to be the remains of others, of vast extent, which formerly covered a much larger proportion of this lotly plain. The valley of Mexico is covered with small lakes, which occupy nearly a Iburth of its surface; but the only one on a great scale is that of Ciiapala, in Michoacan, which is estimated to contain an area of about 1800 M(|uare miles. As an agricultural country, Mexico has been celebrated for the vast variety of productions which can be raised, accorriing to the different degrees of elevation of its great tabular mass of territory. It is divided into warm lands (tierrus culien- tes), temperate lands (tierras templadas), and cold lands (lierras frias). The warm lands, however, tlioiigli capable of yieldini; in profusion all the productions of the torrid zone, are subject to so deadly u pestilence, that even the natives pre- ferred to inhabit a (morer soil on the higher grounds; and Europeans, except the few fixed by commercial avidity, pass through it in trembling haste, as if ileatli pursued them. The cold lands, again, are nearly devoid of vegetation, exhibiting I I • : fi li t ■■; •■ t 1 ■ •J3H Mi:xi< It. on n li'W M'lilli'ri'd «pol« tlin pInntM of' tlio north. Il i.^ imly on tlio " ltMn|)iTiiti' liiii'lf," l!iiil till' ri'nl find clli'i'livM VK^fiilntion i'MkIm; iiml tlii-n? Ilii' liiir't |iUtiH (if till' iimmI ;fi'iiiiil li'iii|>('riiti' fliiiintcM iirt- pro'liirccl in lusher prrrfcticiii tlitin in inii.i iiiliiT piirtM (if till! Idimvn worM. Tin! .\Ii'\ii'.in wIi hi:;li, that llntiilxijilt ciilrnhiti'H 51),(MH( cnimr<» iniico nmy iio til tiir it. Of all vrjri'liilili'^ it yitiliU llin jfrt-alfHt nrii|Xjrtion ot nliincnt with tlii" Irtii't rnltiiro. it Ih'iitm t'rnii in li'ii inoiitliM iitlor pinntint;, nml llicn rcipiircH only to Imvo tin; Htiilks rut, tlml new KJiiiotM limy Hprin;^ Iroiii tln'in, nnil to lio iln'/ iiml dri,>! riHit.i. 'I'lio uinoiiiit of niitritivf xiiliHlunne yiiddod liy il, ih to lliiit of wliout, nn I'M to I, niid to tliiit of iH)tatocH, itM -J I to 1. Tiif manioc root, undor the Hainr rliiiiati", can be inadi! to prodiiw abiindnncc of |mliitiildi' and \vli()lf>>orric tlirim. 'I'lif .M''.\if:ans Hot niiudi valiii! alwi on lliu iiiQfrncy, which \» i-vimfivcly cnltivatoil, and yiiddh anniiully iilioiit l.'H) ipinrln of ii Hwi-ct jnico, rasily convertible into piibpii-, tlii' tiivouribl fpriiKMitcd jiipior of tlin pcopb.'. Sii^'ar, coll'i-c, and cotton, ufi' all pro- duced of e.Kcelli.'nt quality, b\it only fi>r int.trnal use; and cacao, thoiiijli an iini- ver«al beverai;i', i.s procnnMl by iinfiortntion. ('(K-liimvil i.s alinusl the only arlicle collectod cxlenuivcdy for e.\|)ort. Tlie ctiltnrn it lalmrious, niid liaa iliiiiini.Hlied of late, but the price hus not increased, stibHtitutes bein;.' eiiiployi'd. 'I'liere in hIjjo iiuliffu, hilt it in inferior tii that of (tiiateninlri. Vanilla, the llavonriM; material of tho chocolate, is obtained in the tore.-tn of Onxucn and V^eraCruz, and oxporled i to thn iimount of HOOtW. or 1(I,(KM»/. vnino annually. ! Munufuctnres in Mc.vieo aro, and must lonjj con'inuo, in a very rude Htafr, Tlierc are, however, conoidernblc fabiicH of coarrifi red earlhnnware, which i.t used in nil tho operatioiw of cookery ; also timnufiictnrps of coarne \\()nllcn.-< and cottons. Tho amount of these, in ffixid limes, wn.s reckoned at 7,IMH(,(MMt dollars; but de- clined duriufi the troublus. Working in pold ond silver has, as niitflit be expected, been a tiivourito occupation. ServicPH of plate, worth lilMMHt or 4(M() ddlliirs, have Ihh'ii inanufuclurod at Mexico, which, for elojfancn ami fine worlaiianship, may rival the best of tho kind in Huropo. Glass has also made jjreat pr(>;.'r('ss. The coaches of .Mexico have lonjj been colobrated both for ^ood construction u\.\ beauty, it bcin^f tho particular ambition of nil who possibly can, to have iii • .>.icb. Tlie coinmerco of Mexico docs not correspond with its frroat fame N.r wealth. The e.xiwrl.s of the precious metals tiinii tho principal arlicle; ~xt 'o this is cochineal; to which may be added, ■-uiriit, flour, iniliiro, provisioHR. «ii i^arsa- (Mirilla, .jiilnp, losfwood, and pimento. The exports at Vera Cruz in 1S84. imounted to 12,08'J,(HMI didlars, of which 7,4H7,(KM> were for Fluropean intd oliNx'r foreiijn ports; 4,;i(10,(MM) for American ports; and 'J^-l.OfX) for other M»'xican ports. The imiwrts, consi.stinif chiefly of manufactured ^oods, wine, brnml'*. snd metals, were from Kurojic 1,40«*,0(K); America, :3,02t',(KK) ; other Me.xica* p..rts, '2()'2,(H¥). Un- der tho Spanish rejrime. Vera Cruz and Acapiilco had a nnonopoly if the trade; but since the revolution, a considerable amount has cfmied m other ports, of | which the chief are, in the northern part of the (lulf, Tmhwco, and Soto la Ma-j rina; Campeachy and Tabasco in tho south ; San Bllas ni I .Mazatlan on tho west- ern coast; and (iuaymos in tho Gulf of California. The value of exports from the llnitod Slates to Mexico in 18:14 was 4,0(KK(K10 dollars. The mines, however, aro tho prand objects which have connected the idea of unbounded wealth and romantic sjilondonr with the name of Mexico. Gold and silver, by a natural illusion, have always shone in tne eyes of mankind with a lustre beyond that of any other metnl. Peru, indeetl. oflers sold in greater abun- dance; but Mexico, since the first discovery, has produced more silver than all tho rest of the world united. Tho silver ore of Mexico is far from rich; it seldom yields more than three '>r four ounces to the quintal of earth, while that of Saxony t tlip "liMiipirntp' III' liiH'^i |iUiiti>! ■rt'iTtioii tliiiii III wrU tliiit ot' nil naliiri' or iirl it IS till' iiricliiy lit' liiiliiiii corn, tli(> iiii llii> Htiiiiiliiiir ml ry irrnw on FuriluT (lii\vii| F", ifrnww .-"u liiy[li, ' )!' till V('tfi'tlllili':< •. It liiMirn rriili • Ktiilks iMit, tlmt ripund tlio roiitfi, nut, iw l\Ki li> I, iiiip riiiiiiitt', (-IIII 'I'lin Mi'xiciins fiitRil, iiiiil yii'lilH into |)iiliiiii', till' tton, iift' all |ii'(>- 1, tliiiiii;li nil nni- ; , Ihft only nriic'li! 118 (lilnllli^4|ll'll lit' I. TliiTi' in iiUo voiiriti;,' iii:itt'riiil uz, uiul e.\|iurlL'il , I very nulo statp. | ri', wliirli irt iisoil ll'llS llllli lllttdllS. (IdlliirH ; lint ilo- (jlit lie I'.vpi'cti'd, "4(t,(ll)(t (iolliirs, c \vi)i'luiiun)rts. The ml mofnls, were •,H1'J,(HK). Un- it' the trade; other ports, of nd Soto la Ma- nn on the wcst-j of exports from i cted the idea of j xico. Oold and 1 nankind with a in greater nbun- silver than all rich ; it seldom that of Saxony Mi;xi(t). •,'.);» yioldi* ten nr I'ven litli'cn oiinccri. It in nituutoil aJNu very ii>'i.'|i ni the (ground. '"' I......... - ^ ; ^..^ olitaiiind Willi roiiipurativi'ly ten nr rven (itli'cn oiinccri. It rill' i|u»iitity, liownver, m in niany canes iiniiii'iiHi little il'tticiilly ; liir, in^ti'ail of licin^, an iisnai, plnci'd in the heart iit' dreary and aliiiiiHt iiacci'MHililu dcHi'rlM, the niiiicH iiiciipy the very licut NitiiatiuiiH of the (;reat tahli' pliiin, are Mirroiindrd with lirillnmt Ne^etatioii, und . ilii nil the nieanii of i'iiiiir>irtable HiihniHti'iice. Thi'n.' are IKMH) niincH in Mexieo; nuwtt of tliitni, how- ever, are Mow iinpriHliictive, and even riiiiiniiH: hut advi.'iitiirerN have liei'ii encour- aged to bi'i^iii, and to perricvere while a particle of their capital runiuined, hy the eiiiirinoiis prolllit whicli have, in a tew iiiMtanceN, hnen realizedi, The priMJuce of the niini'H eontiniied inureuMinj; till tlio ciiuiinenceiiient of the late revolution. From i7.')() to 17.")!), the avcrai{u appeared to be l(l,r)(l(t,0(H> ilol- laru; troiii 1771 to H(»;j, it was KMH-S.OOl); but in the tirnt years of the present century, the diitie-i levied iinplieil an amount of VJ'J,(I(M(,(>(),(K)() didlurs, had llillen in IH'^') to ;t,t).')l,()(M). The mint of Mexico is a prodi(;ious establishment, in which all the processes are carried on vnth the jfrealest activity. It is capable of stamiiini,' 100,000 dol- lars within the hour. Ho rapid an operation is seldom requireu ; yet liiero have passed tlirout(h it probably ufiwards of :i,()0(),0(HMIO(> dollars. Owin(,' to the unsettled state of the country, we can ^jive nothini;^ certain as to the military Ibrco of the republic. The army is not large, nnd recent events have proved that it is not very efficient. The watit of harbours iiiiist ever prevent Mexico from being a (jreut maritime power. Ijiltle confidence can bo placed in any statements relative to the tinuncoa. The annual revenue is stated to bo about 15,(H)0,U(M) dollars. Tlie territory of the republic, conaistinf; of the old vicoroyolty of Now Spain, of the captaincy-general of Yucatan, and of the commanilancy-general of the Internal Provinces, was divided by the constitution of 1824 into nineteen States, four Territories, and the Federal District: this arrangeinont was subverted by the decree of 1835, which provided for a new division of the country into departments. The population of the Mexican States has been estimated, by different authors, at from 5 to 10 millions, but appears to be generally reckoned at near 8 millions. Btatei, Area, Hq. Miloa. Tabasco 14,670 Vera Cruz 27,660 Ooxaca SIfiRO La Pucbia 18.440 Mexico aS.^'iO Querotaro 7,500 Federal District Michoaean 23,466 Jalisco 70,001) (luanaxuato 8,000 Zacatccas 10,950 Durango 54,500 Chihuahua 107,500 San Luis Potosi 10,000 TuiiMulipan .1.'),100 Now l.con 21,000 Coahuila 33,600 Sonera and Sinoloa 2.54,700 Yucatan 70,500 Chia|)a 18,750 Territory of New Mexico 200,000 Territory of Californias 425,000 Territory of Colima Territory of TIascala Populmiiin 75,000 150,000 660,000 900,(KM) 1,500,000 100,000 200,000 460,000 870,000 500,000 200,000 150,000 190,000 300,000 150,000 100,000 60,000 300,000 570,000 92,000 60,000 50,000 10,000 10,000 (.'apltal. Tabasco (V. Hcrraoaa). Xalapu. Oaxaca. La Puebla. TIalpan. Queretaro. '' Mexico. Valludolid. Ouadalaxara. Guanaxuato, Zacatecas. Durango. Chihuahua. San Luis Potoei, Apuayo. Monterey. Monclova, Sinaloa. Merida. Chiapa. Santa Fe. Monterey, Colima. TIascala. i ?' i„ !■■ ■7n '.> :i» ■■ •i 240 MEXICO Tho ellipses of Rocioty are simnfiilnrly varied, and arc characterized by distinc- tions more strikinif tlinn tiiose observable in otiier countries. They are four, more distinct and ahnost more alien to each other than if they were separate people, actintcd by the strongest sentiments of national rivalry. Those classes are, na- tive Spaniards, Spaniards born in America, the mi.xed castes, and the Indians. Tiiu nittivo Spaniards, called Chapctones, did not exceed 70,(K)0 or 80,()0(), and j the irreator number of these have now been expelled ; but. prior to the late revo- ; liition, the court of Madrid, either through jealousy of the Americans, or through ! personal interest, bestowed exclusively upon them every office in its colonies. ] Tl'.ey deported theni.selves as beings of a decidedly superior order to tiie Creole I Spaniards, who, they openly asserted, were an efl'eminate and ignorant race, inca- pable of any elevated and liberal occupation. Tliey are now fallen from their high estate. They are stripped of all their honours and dignities; many of them reduced to extreme poverty, and allowed only to exist under strict surveillance by a government to whom they are objects of perpetual jealousy. The Creoles, or American.s, as they prefer to call themselves, even when they were depressed beneath the preponderance of the Europeans, formed a privileged class in comparison with other natives. They are fond of splendour, and delight to ride on horses richly caparisoned. Many of them, descended from the first conquerors, or enriched by speculation in the mines, enjoy fortunes almost more than princfc". • Forty or fifty thousand pounds a year is not an uncommon income even for families who do not possess mines. The entire number of those denominated whites in Mexico, is about 1,300,000, of whom all except the small number of Europeans above mentioned are Creoles. Very few of these, however, are free from a mixture of Indian blood. The charge of ignorance is generally advanced against this class; and, notwithstanding some decided exceptions, and a peculiar aptitude, which most of them are said to dis- play in learning the principles ot science, cannot be wholly denied. The causes, however, which have produced this mental degradation, are now at an end ; and though beneficial changes are not to be effected by magic, there can be no doubt that the permanent advantage of a free government will enable the Mexicans to take the station for which nature hae destined them. The Indians, descendants of the original possessors of Mexico, still survive, to the supposed amount of nearly 4,000,000, and are, consequently, nearly three times as numerous as the white race. They bear the general features of those aborigines who have been found in all parts of North and South America. They have the same swarthy or copper colour, the flat and smooth hair, small beard, squat body, long eye, with the corner curving up towards the temples, prominent cheekbones, thick lips, and an expression of gentleness in the mouth, strongly contrasted with a gloomy and severe look. Their hair is coarse, but smooth, and so glossy as to appear in a constant state of humidity. They share with the rest of their countrymen, and with most races of very swarthy complexion, an exemp- tion from almost every species of deformity. The mixed castes form a very numerous part of the population of Mexico, be- ing estimated at about 2,500 000. They are either mulattoes, descended from mixture of the white with the negro; zambots, from the negro and Indian; or mestizoes, from mixture of the white with tho Indian. The latter, in consequence of tho hapnily small number of negroes introduced into Mexico, compose seven- eighths of its mixed population. To be white, was formerly in Mexico a badge of rank, and almost a title of nobility. When a Mexican considered himself slighted by another, he would ask, "Am I not as white as yourself]" From a re- finement of vanity, the inhabitants of the colonies enriched their language with terms for the finest shades which result from the degeneration of the primitive co- lour. The union of a mestizo, or mulatto, with a white, produces what is called a quarteron ; and the union of a quarteron with a white produces a quinteron ; after which, the next generation is accounted white. The Catholic religion was introduced into Mexico at the time of the conquest, with a body of clergy, both secular and regular, who do not possess the exorbitant wealth which has been ascribed t" them. The archbishop of Mexico, and the ' ■ ]• '1 1 i/.ed by distinc- ' are fuiir, more icparatc people, classeH are, na- ,lic Indians. I or 80,(KH), and the late revo- ans, or tlirou^rli in its colonies. ;r to the Creole irant race, inca- ilen from their many of them surveillance by jven when they led a privileged 3ur, and delijrht 1 from the first es almost more ommon income ibout 1,500,000, led are Creoles, xl. The charge ihstanding some are said to dis- 1. The causes, at an end ; and 3an be no doubt he Mexicans to still survive, to y, nearly three atures of those merica. They ', small beard, lies, prominent nouth, strongly ut smooth, and with the rest [ion, an exemp- of Mexico, be- lescended from nd Indian ; m consequence ompose seven- lexico a badge idered himself From a re- language with e primitive co- what is called a quinteron; the conquest, the exorbitant exico, and the kv: MEXICO. -Ml » pjtrlit bi.ihops under him, have not among them more than r)0O,(HKl dollars a ye ir. iN'uitlier is the number of clergy greater than corresponds to the c.vtent and i)opn- liitioii of the country. They do not exceed 10,000; or, inclu(iin!> every piM^on connected with the cir:rcli, 1;{,(I00 or il,(l(KI. A number of tiio lower clergy, (■s|)fciiilly in the Indiiiii vili:igL'.~', are e.vcessivcly poor, tiicir income not e.xceeiliiig KMt doliiirs a year. The intluciice and revenue of the church also have consider- ably diujinishod during the revolution. The sciences have not yet FJione very bright in this part of the western hemi- sphere. Few governments, however, have expended more in the promotion of physical science than that of Spain in America. It sent three botanical cxiHidi- tions into Mexico and otiier parts of its transatlantic territory, which cost 400,1100 dollars. Geometry and astronomy have made considerable progress in Mexico. A botanical ganlen and collections of minerals were formed in Mexico on a great scale. The school uf mines produced great advantages to the country, and the pupils were initiated even in the highest branches of mathematics. These liahts, "ccording to the most recent accounts, had sutfered a temporary eclipse, in conse- (juence of the long revolution ; but the new government iias endeavoured to re- vive them. The fine arts were also promoted with great zeal by the old government, which, at an expense of 40,000 dollars, transported to Mexico, across the rocky passes uf the Cordilleras, a collection of casts of tlie finest antique stj tues. The Academy of the Fine Arts possessed an income of 25,000 dollars a year, chiefly supplied liy government; and the benefit of its exertions was seen in the beauty of the public edifices which adorned the capital. The amusements are chiefly those of Old Spain ; bull-fights, and religious pro- cessions. The theatre is still far inferior to that of the mother-country. The state of Mexico comprises tlio Valley of Mexico, a fine and splendid re- gion, variegated by extensive lakes, and surrounded by some of the loiliest vol- canic peaks of the ijew world. Its circumference is about 200 miles, and it forms the very centre of the great table-land of Anahuac, elevated from 6000 to 8000 feet above the level of the sea- In the centre of tliis valley stands the city of Mexico, long considered the largest city of America ; but it is now surpassed by New- York, Philadelphia, and perhaps even by Rio Janeiro. Some estimates have raised its population to 200,000; but it probably ranges from 120,000 to 140,000. It is beyond dispute the most splendid. " Mexico is undoubtedly one of the finest cities built by Europeans in either hemisphere: with the exception of St, Petersburg, Berlin, and Philadelphia, and some quarters of Westminster, there does not exist a city of the same extent which can be compared to the capi- tal of New Spain, for the uniform level of the ground on which it stands, for the regularity and breadth of the streets, and the extent of the squares and public places. The architecture is generally of a very pure style, and there are even edifices of a very beautiful structure." The palate of the late viceroys, the cathedral, built in what is termed the Gothic style, several of the convent^, and some private palaces, reared upon plans furnished by the pupils of the Academy of the Fine Arts, ate of great extent and magnificence ; yet, upon the whole, it is rather the arrangement, regularity, and general eflect of the city, which render it so striking. Nothing, in particular, can be more enchanting than the view of the city and valley from the surrounding heights. The eye sweeps over a vast extent of cultivated fields, to the very base of the colossal mountains covered with perpetual snow. The city appears as if washed by the waters of the Lake of Tezcuco, which, surrounded by villages and hamlets, resembles the most beau- tiful of the Swiss lakes, and the rich cultivation of the vicinity forms a striking contrast with the naked mountains. Among these rise the famous volcano Po- pocatepetl and the mountain of Iztaccihuatl, of which the first, an enormous cone, burns occasionally, throwing up smoke and ashes, in the midst of eternal snows. The police of the city is excellent; most of the streets are handsomely paved, lighted, and cleansed. The markets are remarkably well supplied with animal and vegetable productions, brought by crowds of canoes along the Lake of Chalco and the canal leading to it. These canoes are often guided by females, who at 21 2F vSfl; ■i4 ill .J: _ii;-^' ' ' m '■ *•: ■'iri-' aid MLXICO. the same time are weaving cotton in their simple portable looms, or pluckin'r fowls--, and liirowin^' the feathers into the wutor. Most of the flowers and nwU have been ru^wl in rhinumpas, or flontin;,' {riirdons. They consist of rails formed of reeds, roots, and buslius, and coven-d witii '' . k salnie nioiiki, which, heini,' irri- iratL'd by the water of the lake, becomes exti'idinjrly fertile. It is a frreat'disad- vantajje to Mexico, however, that it stands nearly on a level with the surrouiidiiiL' lake ; which, in seasons of heavy rains, jverwhelms it with destructive inundations. The construction of a dcsaoiir, or canal, to carry ofl' the waters of the Lake of Zuiiip:iniro, and of the principal river by which it is fed, has, since KW!), pre- vented any very desolatinir H.xkI. The dosairue, thonjrh not conducted wilii skill and judjfuient, cost 5,(KK).(K)() dollars, and is one of the most stupendous hydraulic works ever executed. Were it filled with water, the largest vessels of war might pass by it through the range of mountains which bound the plain of Mexico. The ulaims, however, have been frequent, and cannot well cease, while the level of that lakt' is twenty feet above that of the groat square of Mexico. Acapulco, on the west coast, has been celebrated in an extraordinary degree as almost the centre of the wealth of America; the port whence the rich Spanish galleons took their departure to spread the wealth of the western over the east- ern heiiiisphere. It ib eie of the most magnificent harbours in the world, seeming as if it were excavated by art out of a vast circuit of granite rocks, which shul out all view of the sea. Yet \^hile Vera Cruz, with its wretched anchorage amid sand-banks, annually received from 400 to TKIO vessels, that of Acapulco scarcely received ten, even in the time of the Manili.! galloon, the discontinuance of which reduced it to a state of insignificance. It is said, however, of late to have consi- derably revived, and its customs, after falling so low as 10,000 dollars, had risen, in lfi->0, to 400,000. Tlie state of I'uebla stretches nearly acros.T th table-land. It has few mines, but contains an e. high, eminently fertile in wheat, maize, and fr-. mountain in Mexico, exceeds by 2000 feet the h- .. has for several centuries tlirown up cnly smoke anil ashes. La Puebla, or Puebla de los Angeles, is a handsome and large city. It is en- tirely Spanish, having been founded since the conquest. The streets are straight, broad, and cross each other at right angles, dividing the whole into spacious squares. They are well paved, and have broad foot-paths. The houses are large and lofty, the walls often covered with paintings, while the roof is ornamented with glazed tiles. The cathedral is a vast pile, with little external ornament: but the interior is rich beyond description. The high altar is composed of the most beautiful marble and precious stones: its numerous and lofty columns, with plinths and capitals of burnished gold, its statues and other ornaments, have an unequalled elfect. In manufactures it takes the lead of other Mexican cities: those of woollen have declined, but those of earthenware and glass are still flour- ishing. The population is estimated at from 08,000 to 90,000. Cholula, the ancient capital of a great independs.it republic, has declined into a town, containing- (jOOO souls. The pyramid of Cholula is the work of art which, next to the pyramids of Egypt, approaches nearest in magnitude and vastness to those of nature. It is not nearly so high as the Great Pyramid, being only 172 teet; but the length is nearly double; 1835 feet, instead of 728. Vera Cruz occupies a great length of sea-coast on the Gulf, but it is compara- tively narrow. It extends inland from the level of the Gulf of Mexico to that of the great central table -land. In a day's journey the inhabitants may ascend from regions of the most sufibcating heat to those of eternal snow. This state is capable of yielding in abundance the most precious productions; and within a recent period, sugar, tobacco, and cotton, all of excellent quality, have been raised to a much greater extent: but the horror with which the climate is viewed both by Europeans and Indians is such, that the greater part of it remains a complete desert, whore often, for many leaguot;, there are only to be seen two or three hiiU, with herds of cattle, half wild, straying round them. Vera Cruz, in which centres almostlill the trade of Mexico, is well and hand- ■■'"lent, and over the high table plain, (iOOO feet P,,: ocatepetl, the loftiest a. in Europe. The volcano iickiii'^lDwIs, ii(t rotits liiivi! lis t'ormod of rh, bein? irri- a (Treat di.-iiul- n siirniuiKlliiL' e iniiiuliilioiis. ■ tlio 1-iiko of ! ICO KWS), pro- \ ;loJ with skill lous liydruiillc s of war mii,'lit Mexico. Tlin a the level of lary degree as e rich Spanish over tlie east- ivorld, seeiuinfr ks, wliich sliiit 1 nciiorjge uund | piilco scarcely uance of wiiicii ] to have consi- lars, had risen, 1 over the high ilain, OOUO feet tl, the loftiest The volcano city. It is en- Its are straight, into spacious louses are large is ornamented •nal ornament iniwsod of the columns, with iients, liave an ilexican cities: are still flour- Ls declined into 1-k of art which, iiid vastnoss to jeing only 172 it is compara- iMexico to that )its may ascend This state is and within a ive been raised is viewed lH)th lins a complete I or three huts, IwcU and hand- MEXICO. 'Jl.T *^ somely built of the submarine material called ma(lre|K)rp, which is also made into lime; and its red and while cui)()las-, towers, am' battlements, have a splendid elli'ct when seen from the water. The strec -^ al.so are kept extrtmely neat and clean; yet it is considered the most disngreeaiiio of all places of residence. This arises not merely from the pestilence which taints the air; the surrounding coun- try i." covered with sand blown into hillocks, which, reflecting the rays of the sun, render the he»t :r!ore oppressive. There is not a garden or a mill now within many miles ol it ; and the only water which can be drimk is that which falls from the clouds. The markets are bad for every article except fish, of which many jieautitul species are here caught. The place appears to have sensibly declined since the dissolution of the ties which connected Mexico with the mother-country. The (wpiilation of Vera Cruz is about 701 M). The castle of 8,in Juan de Ulloa, the last hold of Spain in the New World, and which commands the entrance of the port, is of immense strength. The line cai/ada or paved road, from Vera Cruz into the interior, runs up to tlie handsome town of Xalapa or Jalapa, the capital of the state. The I'ueute del Key or lloyal Bridge, Iw-tween the two cities, is a stupendous work of solid ma- sonry thrown over a wild and steep ravine. Xalapa is comnimiiously situated in a delightful district, about UMM) feet above the sea. It has 1'2,(K)() inhabitants, and was formerly the residence of the rich Spanish merchants of Vera Cruz dur- ing the sickly season. The neighbourhood is finely wocjded, and is particularly remarkable for the medical article jaiap, which takes its name from the city. On the coast, to the south, are the ports of Alvarado and Huasacualco, the for- mer of which became the principal entrepot on the Gulf, during the occupation of San Junn de Ulloa by the Spanish forces; and the latter derives some interest from its situation at the termination of the proposed canal, from the Gulf of Mexico to that of Tehuantepec. The state of Queretaro, detached from the intendency of Mexico, lies to the west of Vera Cruz. It is wholly on th ' central table-land, and contains some rich mines of silver, but the inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture. Querc- taro, the capital, is one of the most beautiful and delightfully situated, as well as one of the most industrious and wealthy cities of Mexico. The streets all cross each other at right angles, and terminate in its three principal squares. Its acpie- duct, about ten miles in length, with its bold and lofty arches, and its splendid churches and convents, give the city an air of magnificence. The convent of Santa Clara is more than two miles in circuit. Population 40,(H)0. San Juan del Rio is remarkable for its great fair, and for its famous sanctuary, a magnificent temple, visited by great numbers of pilgrims. Alichoacan, or Valladolid, is an extensive state, situated to the north and west of that of Mexico, on the summit and western declivity of the tab'ie-land, in the nnliealthy tract along the coa^t, enjoys a fine and temperate climate, is intersected with hills and charming valleys, and presents ine appearance, unusual in the tor- i rid zone, of extensive and well-watered meadows. This territory has been marked by some phenomena of the most striking nature. On the 29th of September, 1759, from the centre of a thousand small burning cones, was thrown up the vol- cano of .Torullo, a mountain of scoria! and ashes, 1700 feet high. In an extensive plain, covered with the most beautiful vegetation, deep subterraneous noises, accompanied by frequent earthquakes, continued for the space of fifty or sixty days. On the night of the 28th of September, the sounds recommenced with such fury, that all the inhabitants fled from the district. A large tract of ground was seen to rise up and swell like an inflated bladder, and spectators reported that, throughout this space, flames were seen to issue forth, and fragments of burn- ing rocks were thrown up to prodigious heights; and that, through a thick cloud of ashes illumined by the volcanic fire, the softened surface of the earth appeared to heave like an agitated sea. The plain is still covered with numerous small cones, sending forth from their crevices a vapour, the heat of which often rises to 9")°. From among these rise six large hilis, of which the highest is Jorullo, still burning, ond throwing up immense quantities of scorified and basaltic lava. The only large town in the state is Valladolid, with 25,000 inhabitants, delightfully iLi mi w'm. f -,«rT^i 211 MEXICO. .^itiiatod. (iUltO feet above the sea, wlicrc snow sometimes fulls. There arc several iiiint'.s, but nunc of tirst-rate magnitude, li has wide, clean streets, a magnificent cntlii'(lr:il, and a hiindsome plnza. C/ii;inii.\uato is one of the sinnllest but most populous of all the titatns. It owes its liitiiu to the great mine of Valeiiciunn, discovered late in the last cnluiy, niuiiil which rose one of the most uplondid cities in the New World. Bt'ivveen irOti and HO.'J, this mine yielded silver to the amount of l(jr),()(M(,(K)l( dolhirs. Since that time it has suHerod a severe deterioration from the effects of the revo- lutionary contest, and has declined also in consequence of the greater depth of tlie workings, and the increased ditliculty of clearing olf the water. This state also contains the celebrated IJa.xio, a ricii itiain, highly cultivated, uml pronibrerete, and The beauty ss and variety iMEXI(;o. •J 1,1 of its productions, render it one of the most delightful countries in the world. 'I'lieso advantages wers appreciated at an early period, when it became the seat ( f an advanced civili/.ation. Oaxaca has no mines of any im|)ortancc, and has, l.;('rcl()re, attracted less attention than tho more northern parts of the table-land, though in every other respect inferior to it. Oaxaco, the capital, called Ante- (juera at the time of the coiujue.st, is a Hourishing place ; in 170ti, it had '24,000 inhabitants, and although it Hutlbred severely during the revolution, its present population is about 40,0()0. Tehuantepec, its only port, is not a gotnl one; but it IS of considerable value as a channel by which the indigo of Guatemala is con- veyed to Kurope. Tlie little state of Tabasco, to the north of Chiapa, is ch'cfly covered with vast forests, which contain valuable dye-woods; tho cultivated lands yield cacao, to- bucco, popper, coftee, and indigo; but during tho rainy season a large portion of tho state is under water, and the only method of communication is by canoes. It contains no large towns. The capital is the little town of lleniiosa. Tabasco, at tiie mouth of the river Tabasco, is remarkable as tho spot upon which Cortez landed in his memorable expedition to Mexico. The state of Yucatan, comprising tlie peninsula of that name, forme the east- ern e.xtremily of Mexico. It is a vast plain, only intersected by u chain of moun- tains, which do not rise above 4000 t'eot. It is thus excessively hot; yet, from its extreme dryness, it is by no means so unhealthy as mosi of the low lands under this burning zone. The heat is too great for the ripening of European g: aini and the only articles whicn it yields for subsistence are maize and roots. This was the first part of Mexico in which the Spaniards landed, and, though it be less im- proved than the interior, they found, to their surprise, indications that civilization was in a more advanced state here than in the islands; stone houses, pyramidal temples, enclosed fields, and a clothed and civilized people. Having no mines, however, it owes its commercial importance solely to its valuijble products, log- wood and mahogany. Merida, the capital, is a small town. Campeachy, also a small town, is, however, a fortified place, and is important on acf junt of its har- bour, from which is shipped the logwood cut in the vicinity. On the other side of the peninsula the British possess the settlement of Honduras. The population consists of about 4000 persons, of whom about 300 are whites, and the rest In- dians, negroes, and mixed breeds. Balize, the capital of the settlement, is a well- built town, on both sides of the r'./er of the same name. The colony was founded for the purpose of cutting logwood and mahogany, and its exports in 1830 were of the valv:? of 1,500,000 dollars. Chiapa formed the most northerly district of Guatemala ; but the greater part of it, on a late occasion, separated itself from Guatemala, and united with Mexico. The soil is fertile, and capable of yielding, in profusion, tropical fruits and grain. Though low, yet it is free from damp, and not unhealthy. Chiupa of the Spaniards, called also CiudH Real, though ranking as the capital, is now only a small place of 4000 inhabitants. Chiapa of the Indians is larger, and carries on a considerable trade. There are several other large villages, chiefly Indian. Near Palenque, the most northern of these, Don Antonio del Rio traced, in 1787, the remains of the great ancient city of Culhuacan. Fourteen large buildings, called by the natives the Stone Houses, remain nearly entire ; and for three or four leagues cither way, the fragments of the other fallen buildings are seen Extending along the mountain. They are of a rude and massive con- struction, well calculated for durability ; and the principal apartments are adorned with numerous figures in relief, representing^ human beings of strange form, and variously habited and adorned. The state of Tamaulipas occupies* the whole coast from the river Panuco, or Tampico, to the Nueces. It is difficult of access, as it contains few harlwurs, and a continual surf breaks along the whole shore, which, during the prevalence of the Northers from November to March, is tremendously increased. I'he Del Norte traverses the northern part of the state, and the Panuco, or Tumpico, the southern. The latter abounds in shrimps, which are boiled in salt and water, dried and packed in small bales, and sent to all parts of the country. Tampico de -»1* . i*i A ^ .^ , : . 1 ■ i * . ■ 1 nij II I'* I III m •'! ,''v •■illi MKXICO. Ills 'riiiiiiiiili|»a:-, or .\fw Tuiiipico, nnur the moiilh of tliu rivi^r, wnn foiind'Ml in l'r'21, iitiil liiis nipidly incrnififd on uccnimt ot" lU coniincrcial lulviintntfes, winch i havo altra(Meil Ihithfi' iiili.'iliitaiits of Altiiiiiira, oiicl' n pluco of ». 'ruin|)/('ci hna now about TiOIH) iiihahitantx, but it sufl'urs luulcr u wnnt of pxid wuliT. "I'ho river is iiuvifiablo for small vessels, HO miles to I'annco, n place cele- brated in the history of tiie coiKjuest, and still remnrkable for the remains of build- in;!'.-^, weapons, and utensils t!>und in its vicinity. Furtlii^r north, on the Stintander, IS the port of Solo la Marina, with some trade, and on tlio Del Norte is Matamoras. Asccndinij the table-land to the west of Tamaulipas, we enter the state of San I.uis Fotosi, which conlnins some of the i idlest silver mines of Mexico. The in- liabitants are describinl u.:i industrious, and they supply the btat<>.s of Lnnn niid Coahuilu with cloth, hats, wearing' apparel, ik-c. The capital, of the same name, is a neat and well-built town, contaimn;r a mint, and many handsome churches and convents, and it carries on nn iictivi; trade with the interior. Including the suburbs, it is said to havo a |Xjpiihition of r)(),(HM). Calorce, whose mines are snr- passed in riches enly by those of Guanaxuatu, is built in a wild and ruffrred rcffion, ut the toot of a dreary mountain, surruuudcd by huge bare rocks, and intersected by deep narrow ravines. The state of New Leon, lying to the cast of the Sierra Madre, is yet Butficiontly elevated alwve the sea to enjoy a deliijlitful climate. Monterey, the capital, is a well-built town, with about 12,()l)() iidiabilants, many of whom arc wealthy Span- iards. Linares is also a neat town, in a liighly cultivated district, ond has o po- pulation of tilMH). West and north of New Leon is the state of Coahnila, comprisinfj a compara- tively narrow tract south of the Nueces, and between Tamaulipas and Chihuahua. Its extreme soutiiern part lies on the central table-land, and the dreary mountains and barren plains in tiie vicinity of Saltillo present a slrikinjf contrast to the fer- tile land ond luxuriant herbajfo of the Tierra Calienle of New Leon. Leona Vi- cario, formerly Saltillo, the capital, is o neat town, with 12,(M)U inhabitants. The whole of the north-eastern part of New Spain was occupied by the ex- tensive intfMulency of San Luis I'otosi, which comprisid the provinces of San Luis, New Santander, New Leon, Coaluiila, and Texas; the four last-named form- inij what were termcc.' j Internal Provinces of the East. Only a small (wrtion of this vast tract lyin^ jn its western border, is mountainous, the fjreater part be- ing low and level, and containinjr extensive prairies. The coast is delicient in harbours, and is lined with lonjr, low, narrow islands of oand, Ibrminp a succession of shallow lagoons. The mouths of the rivers are also blocked up by sand-bars. This intendency is now divided into four states. Proccedin<; again into the interior, we lind the central table-land occupied by tlie states of Durango and Chihuahua, formerly composing the intendency of New Biscay, or Durango. "To the inhabitants of the southern and central provinces," says VVard, " everything north of Zaoatecas is terra incognita, and the traveller i is surprised, after passing it, to find an improvement in the manners ond charac- ter of the inhabitants. Durango, where tlie change first becomes visible, may be considered as the key of the whole north, which is peopled by the descendants of a race of settlers from the most industrious provinces of Spain (Biscay, Navarre, and Catalonia), who have preserved their blood u neon tarn inated by any cross with the aborigines, and who retain most of the habits and feelings of their forefal'r^rs. They have much loyalty and generous frankness, great natural pfditeness, and considerable octivity botli of body and mind. Ths women, instead of pa.ssing their days in languor and idleness, are actively employed in affairs of the household, and neatness and comfort are nowhere so great and (.general as in the north. These characteristics extend, with some local mo. Tho cinnute in tein|)erate and healtht'iil, the land is well watered and well W(X)0(), and in some places is only 100 milea The surface haa been estimated at 200,(M)0 square miles, which, though it appears small when compared with the other American states, is nearly double the whole extent of the British Islands. The surface of Guatemala does not display that lofly and rugged character which generally marks the neighbouring portions of the American continent. The chain of the Andes, which raises such a tremendous snowy barrier through the greater part of the continent, sinks in the isthmus of Panama into a mere rocky dike, connecting North and South America. Near Nicaragua, it seems to become little more than an insensible ridge, eloping down to the shores of the opposite oceans. Proceeding north-west, it soon rises and presents to the Pacific a lotly range, in which are twenty-one volcances, partly burning and partly extinct. The loftiest, called the volcano of Guatemala, being covered with snow for several months in the year, cannot bo much less than 10,(X)0 feet high. Hence Guate- mala!, though it does not present n continuous table-land, like Mexico, has high mountain valleys, enjoying a cool and agreeable air, and producing the grain and tho fruits of the temperate zone. The eastern part, swelling somewhat into the form of o peninsula, and known by the name of Mosquitia, or the Mosquito shore, consists of a vast and savage forest, beat by the burning rays of the sun, and occu- pied by rude and unsubdued Indians. The waters which descend from the Andes of Guatemala fall into one or other of the opposite oceans, and do not swell into rivers of any importance; but there is one grand aqueous feature, the Lake of Nicaragua, 150 miles in length, and 60 in breadth, and having almost throughout a depth of ten fathoms. Numerous streams, flowing from diflerent quarters, form this great body of water, which lias only one outlet in the river San Juan, which flov/s from it into the Atlantic. The surface of the lake is diversified and adorned with small islands, in one of whicli is a volcanic mountain. It communicates by a navigable channel of 26 miles. mis Imvu csta- 1 rill' liirMU'r aro ' iitiiiniiii^r iibiiul I u'y iiru kindly ! le si'Ulnmcnts, IIIIHHKIIIH llllVl! thl'iil, tilt! Innil ! idiictivi'. 'I'iu; I aiiciscii, wliicli |)|ili('a of IVchIi How, inantfT.n, ini.Mits lit Silka It, iluiil-boardii, wvcini'iitioned, St fanily plain, lern, by 71H) in iiiiitaina iniur- ;rica. tract between n, assumed the V Grenada ; on m, and the Ca- in. Measured lilcs in length ; I places is only miles, which, tatea, is nearly ged character :an continent. larrier through la into a mere a, it seems to shores of the to the Pacific partly e.xtinct. low for several Hence Guate- ixico, has high the grain and cwhat into the losfiuito shore, sun, and occu- lo one or other ice ; but there length, and 60 J Numerous j ter, which has ' Atlantic. The one of whicli i of 26 miles. (;r.vTi;.MAi,.\. 94!) with a hiiihIIit luki-, (■allcil the I,iiko of Leon, which iiiiiy almost hit comtidercd as n briiiiL'li of it, ami is ■')() milt's long by 'M broad. Till! prixJiicIivc (|u;ililifs of (iiiiitciiiiila arc, if possibk', siiporior fven to those of otIiiT ('oiiiiiri(\s 111 till! friiitfiil cliiimtos of Aiiiuricii. I.iki' .Mexico, it yii^lds in dillitri'iit ri!;,non.-<, and ut smiill distaiictis from ('uch otliur, all tin* viirii'tii's of fruit ami frriiii peculiar to the tropiiNil and teiiiperato zones. Of fruits, MJveriil of the iiio.- higlie.it pert'ectuiii. The indigo, wliii:li Itirms N) large II p;irt of the coiniiierco of Alexico, is almost entirely (iiiati.'iiiiilaii. 'i'lio cuiMo of Socoiiusoo is said to be the very finest in the world, tlioiigh it is ciilti- vati'il on too small a sc.ili! to enter much into tin? market of Kiirope. Vanilla, however, till! other iiigrtidient of chocolate, is procured to ii great tixtent from this (|ii irter. .Su!,'ar, cotton, cocliiiical, mahogany, ami dyi'-wooils, un.- also exported, 'i'iiere are iiiiiiiiiliictiires of cotton and porcelain, some of llieiii tine, but only for iiileriial coiisiiiiiption ; and the fabrics in wrought gold and silver arc said to |ios- si'ss irreat iiii.ril, As to commerce, Guatemala labours uiiiler the disadvantage of iioL having oil cither ocean a port capable of reciMving large ships; and its com- iiiuditii's iiave to bear a heavy land-carriage, and a coasting voyage, before they arrive at Vera Cruz. (iiiiteiiiiilii ii'ioiiiids in mines, particularly of silver; some of which have been iiiidnrt.ikeu by iiii Knglish compmy, in the expectation of their proving productive ; bill tho result is yet uncertain. Canals are naturally an uni.'ertaking beyond the infant resources of Guatemala ; but one is in coiitemplatioii, which, if executed, will be the greatest and most im- portant woik of this kind on tho globe. This is a canal to connect the Atlantic and I'licilic, navigable llir tiio largest vessels, so as to enable European vessels to reach Cliina and parts of India by an easier and more direct course, — thus causing an important revoliiticn in the commercial world. It will, probably, bo under- taken trtjiii the Lake cf Nicaragua, which communicates witli the Atlantic by the broad channel of the Han Juan, and is separated from the I'licific by an interval of from sixtc-en to twenty miles in breadth, through which it seems certain that a good level could be fo iiid. To execute, therefore, a canal of the dimensions of the Caledonian, is, even at present, completely within tho reach of human skill and resources. It is an undertaking indeed, wliich does not belong to tho government within whoso limits it is placed; and, though the capitalists ofNorlh America or J]iiropo would liiid no dilliciilty in providing the funds, the political atmosphere of Central America is scarcely yet so settled, that they might look forward with full contidenre to compensation ttir the large advances which would be necessary. 'J'he pojiiilation cannot bo considered as well ascertained. It does not fall short of CMKIO.OOO. Aliout one-half of the whole number aro Indians, one-fifth whiles, and three-tenths mixed races. There are no negroes in tho country. 'i'lio govcrntniMit is federal republican in its form, being modelled on that of the United States. A federal congress, composed of a senate and house of represent- atives, chosen the latter by the pijople, the former by tho states, and a president, also cho.-ion liy the popular vote, manage tho general concerns of the confederacy. Hach .Ktato has its respective legislature and executive chief for tho administra- tion of its domestic alliiirs. Tiie territory of the republic, together with the present Mexican state Chiapas, formed the Spanish captaincy-general of Guotemala until I82I, when it was incor- porated with Mexico. On the fall of Iturbide, in 1824, it separated itself from the latter, and constituted itself an independent republic, under the title of the Federal Republic of Central America. The confederacy consists of five states, and a federal district, as follows. Stntps. Population. riipitnl. Guafpiiii 800,000 Old Guatcnialii. San S ilviidor .S.50,000 San Salvador. Honduras 250,000 Comnyagua. Costa Rica 1.50,000 San Juan. Nicaragua 2.'>0,000 Leon. Federal District, Now Guatemala. 2G b^'' 'M. *• i ■ I l in l.")V.'7, iii tlic tool ot lui cnorinons monntain, rallrd tin- N'olcano of WaliT (do Al'iih). and wliicli tcni soon jiiHtdicd that litli>; tor, a ti-w yours aOorward^, an ii(|n('ons eruption l)iirst liirtli, of llie imo.«1 tiirniidaldo clmrncfer, wliicli overwhelm'') me whole city, and hnrieij in its nuns a jrreat part of the niliahilani-. App^illed liy tins disaster, the Spaniards removed the city to nnother sitiialion in a lie.iiiliCnl and linely watered valley, which yndded iii prol'nsion all the nece-isaries and luxu- ries of life. A riew town, also called Santiat'o de (iiiatemala, wiih here erccle I. IJiit the site, with all its felicities, had terrihlc drlects. It was liiilile to dreadtiil 1 hlioclis 111' e.irlliipiake and volcanic, eruptions, wliirh reiidereil tllH exi-tence of Ms inhahilaiits conslaiitly insecure, and their fate ulli'ii tragical. In the alnivo snc- cession of calainitier', severe ult:icks of pi'slileiice wi'ro interspnrsei!. At ienjflh, ill 177"), th(! series was consuinniiitecl hy n truly appilliii'f eartlKimiko, tho sliockn of which. Continuing' at intervals frnfu June to lU'ixMiiher, reduced thr* cily nearly to II heap of ruins. 'V\w Spanish ffoverninenl, on lioiiKf ndvcrlised of Ihis disnsti-r, cent out instructions to n.'inove to another site; 'out llli^•, perhaps well-meant, order, hem;^ executed in nn uhrupt and despotic inamier, only ii:ri,Tivati>il at fir-t the miseries of the unfortunale cily. iXinv (iiiatemala wa.t huill in the valley ot' Mi.vco, in a situation not so fertile and beautiful, but extremely healthy, and fx- empl Iroiii the dreadt'ul calamities ol' which the old cily had been a victim. It was reared in the usual ro};ular manner and with nnuieroiis sipiariv-i; the houses are neat, tliouji'li low, to initiirate the dan;:er of enrthipiake ; the churches and other public edilicos on a smaller scale, but of very elcLfaiit desi^Mi. The citizen ■", ' suppo^eil to aiiiount to IJi'MMM), ply, with very considerahh; d licence, the trades of weiivinir, jiottery, workinif in silver, and emhroidery; its chief articles of tratio are indit,'o and cacao. Old (iualeiiiala likewise has rifjen from its iinlies, and a ;rreat pro|>orlioii of its e.xilcH have uradiially I'ound t!ii'ir way bick to their tianier abixle. llavinj,' attained n (wpulalion of H.Oilt), it 'las lieen reinvoi-ted, not with the privilejros af ii city, but those of a town. San Salvador, to the wnith, is the capital of the state of the same name, which contains nlnive JkHMWMt people, and firms a very rich tract, yieldimj most of the indiifo which is the staple of the kin<,'doiii. 'I'lie capital, in a line valley, con- tained, in 177*^, n iiopulation of i"J,0()0, cliietly employed in the iiidii;!) trade. A , variety of volcanic movements desolate this province, while they pre.-iMit curious phenomena to tho view of the observer. The state of Nicarajfiia lies to the south of the precedini;. 'I'lie territory is rich in all the tropical t'ruits, but in none which belon;; to the temperate climes. It has, iiowever, vast savannahs covered with nuirierous herds of cattle, which are I'ont even to the market of tho capital. Hut tlie most prominent object in this province is the lake, and the chief interest exciteil by it is the projected oceanic canal; luith of which have been already mentioiuMl. I,eon, or Sin Leon do Ni- caragua, is a place of about 2(),(MH) inhabitants, of whom about K'do re Spaniards, with a collefre, which in ltil'2 was allowed by the Cortes to be converted into nn j university. It occupies an advantaKCOua position on the northwestern shore of the I lake of the same nunie, whicli communicates by its outlet with Lake Nicarafrua. ] Fourteen leagues distant is the fine harbour of Kealejo in the Pacific, separated I only by a level country over which there is a good road. Nicaragua, on the lake I of the same name, is a town of about 8()(M) inhabitants. Its port is San Juan, at I tho inoulli of the navigable outlet of the lake. I Costa Rica, or the Rich Coast, to the south of Nicr.ragua, seems named ironi- ! ' cally, being in a state of e.xtreme and deplorable poverty. It is very capable, I however, of yielding tho common tropical products; but tho inroads of the Huc- I cancers caused a (ie.sertion, from which it has never recovered. Cartago, how- :liiiii) of viilcn- It i.-l luTC licit iltor nro in III"' 111 COIlMctH prii- frc it cirnnt i>(' I i-li'Viilioi) not t WHS iMC'Ctcij livino ot' W'liirr iil)i'rwiirilH, iii\ I ciVlTWlll'lltl'-l iits, A|)|iiillfil I ill II lii'.iiilil'iil iirifs mill lii.vii- I licp! frciMc I. ililo to (Iri'iicitiil xistcnco of it-< the iiIkivi' Min- 'i(. At lt'nf»tli, ; ik", llio siiofk i tlir* city nciiriy of tliis ilisii.'^tcr, |H Wc'lj-llll'llllt, r.iviitiNJ lit lir-t II till! vnlli'y lit' ciiltliy, nii'l t-.\- 1 II a viftiin. It I I's; tlir lioiisiM ' chiiri'lio^ mill , Till' I'iti/.PM -, ] i\ till! tr:i(lt!s ol' fticlos ot' trmle tH iihIii'^, mill ii tlii'ir tiiniMT i .■btcd, [Hit witii I naiiic, wliicli r most dl' llio j III! valley, con- iiTQ triiilc. A irL'.-iont curious le territory is !i'rate diiii'^s. Itlf, wliicii iiri! olii(?ct in this 'cted oceanic 1 Leon lie Ni- ne Spaniard.", iviTted into an ' •ti iilioro ot'the lie Nicarairuii. :itic, separated ui, (in the lake s San Juan, at | i named ironi- '. very capable, ' U of the Ruc- Cartaf;o, how- 'iMi; wi;sr indikk ■^1 ever, in the heart of llie province, has a |K>pulation of 20,(M)0 peraoni, of whom tHI(( are, or were, SpniiiarilH. I Till' eastern part of the repiildic coDHixts of the etatc of lloiidiirnfi, m) named from the iM'nmsiila wliicli Neparates it frum Viicatuii. The wliule coaxt Ih tint, marshy, hot, and extremely unhealthy, tlioii!.'li Kome parts of the interior rise intii hilly and temperate tracts. Tins rej;ioii is covered witli lliick liirests coiiliiinin^r the valiialde trees of miilio(rmiy and Io^'WihhI. The iiiahotfiir.y trees nro very thinly scattered, and are cut down hy ((aii^'s of iieijroeH, preceded liy what is called the liiider, who iiioiiiits the t(i|is of the hiil nltiiont oxcludivcly miifnr, colfoo, and otliur nrticica, tlio uae uf which huil Utiiiiii' iri'iicriil (ivir tlic nviliArd wtirlil. Tho i\|iuiid, iniiy bn (H"),7(I0/. A few olhrr iirtirli-n, llioiijfh vi'ry secondary to tlioi-(< iiiiovc iiientKuu'd, jam priMliici'd ju ihi'.si' JshudH. Cotton wa^ tlirnicrly conHidiTcd (iiii! of their xtii- ph'H. In IT"!), tho prmhiro \,iin ri.HHMKM) Hih. ; aixl in 1*"",'m, it wm iihiiost tho very sanio, or ri.wiMMKIO. In l"*:tl and IKW, it avrrajfrd only l.!)5(MHHI IIih, The United Slater havo riupplanted tin; ixlandH, IkiIIi aH to the altiindiincc and (|iiality of tliiH coniiiiodity. Vol the cotton of tho latter, thoui,»h inti'rior to tho lM>t Anier- icnn, Ntill iiiaintainH a rei-pectiilile pric<> in tho market, ("acao, tho priii(;i|iiil ma- terial of chocolate, linM aino much declined, chiefly perluipi oa iiicoiint of that Itcvernfre heinj; almont entirely disused in Uritain. Thu avcrajfo of 1h,*U and IHll'J WOH l,(l"i(»,(KMI ll)H. Manutiicturintf industry, from tho peciilinr etato of socioty in tliouc islands, scarcely e\i! .'M their clothing, nnd a {.'real proportion of their daily tinKl. They supply tho British empire with noarly all tho sugar, rum, and colleo, coii-umod in it. In lw;W, tho ;H.*),lKM ty. ttl 'Mk., wuk ■'^K (.'iiiliiiiH, th<' lonni, :t.."ii:MMM> l,r)7(MMKt/, I mill llritiiin, in . |Hiiiiiil, limy bt; licivt^ iiitMitionfil, ilK! of thiir Hlll- \va« iiliiiii! indemnilied by having diHtrihuted anionff th n the large sum of 'M),(MK>,(MM)/. sterling, to he raised by small tddi- lioimrtax I on the principl articles of West India produce. A considernhlo port of tl ;) negro population have already obtained their liberty, which was cither granted hy masters who had conceived an attachment to them, or eurncd by the industrioi i employment of their loifui'e hours. The intercourse, also, betwoe the black ind white roces has , reduced a number of mulattoes, who arc never ensiuvod. The division of the West India 'inds, as thev appear interesting to us, is, according to the nations by whc i ( 'y are occupied, into BritiHh, Himnish, French, Dutch, to which arc to bo added \ ''..w Danish and Swedish, and, finally, the inde- pendent negro republi • "f Hayti. The British poesesi ■ay. hough not the wo ' .xtensivo or naturally fruitful, are, since those of Pranct have -lunk into secondary importance, undoubtedly the best cultivated, most woakny, and productive. Perha))8 no part of the globe, in pro- portion to ita extent, yields such an amount of valuable commodities for exporta- tion. The followiog table exhibita the population and commerce of each of these islands. «« ^« riacei. Anti^a Barbadoos Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat '''- ' ''.ristopher's .... Si). ;jucia St. Vincent Tobaeo TortoTa and Virgin la, Anguilla Trinidad Bahamas Bermudas Wbitei. 1,370 15,029 791 2,154 37 330 700 1,612 8G6 1,301 2e£ 477 365 3,683 4,240 4,181 Free Col. Blavei. 29,537 3,020 4,326 81,500 4,077 15,392 2,450 23,604 152 322,421 814 6^262 2,000 9,142 3,000 19,085 2,828 13,348 2,824 22,997 1,195 12,091 1,296 5,399 327 2,388 16,302 23,776 2,991 9,705 1,068 4,371 General Value of Imp. into Britain. 146,657 369,828 57,478 93,015 2,761,483 830 25,223 97,254 51,505 99,891 51,568 5,666 361,077 51,524 24,817 Exp. from Britain. 123,101 293,417 24,583 88,247 1,684,726 7,531 21,456 71,717 37,681 94,665 49,326 4,922 252,851 39,571 22,400 Jamaica is the largest and most valuable island in the British West Indies. The lofly range of the Blue Mountains in the interior, covered with ancient and majestic forests, gives to ita landscapes a grand and varied aspect From these ■Bi T7 iawHr; 'mi'' ffflS;, mm ill 354 TKE WEST INDIES. heif^hts descend about a h\indre(] rivera, or rather rills, which dash down the steeps in numerous cascades, and, atler a short course, reach the sea. From theso elevated tracts the ishnd is supplied with the ve/retabJe productions of a tem- perate climate ; and the Guinea grass, which has prospered remarkably, enables the planters to maintain numerous and valuable h^rds of cattle. Yet the soil is considered to be by no means universally good, and its actual fertility is ascribed in a great measure to diligent manuring and cultivation. The abundance of w ater must always be a main source of fertility in tropical countries. The rum of Ja- maica is considered superior to that of any of the other districts; but its coffee ranks second to that of Berbice. Pimento, the plantations of which are extremely ornamental, is peculiar to this island, and haa been oflen termed Jamaica pepper. With her natural and acquired advantages, however, Jamaica has not been pre- served from the pestilential influence of the climate, which renders it extremely dangerous to European constitutions. The towns of Jamaica, as of thr r'.her islands, are all sea-ports, and supported by commerce. Spanish Town, or Santiago de la Vega, the most ancient, and still tiie seat of the legislature and courts, is of comparatively little importance, and has not more than 40()() or 5000 inhabitants. Port Royal, possessed of a secure and spacious harbour, was, in the end of the seventeenth century, enriched both by the trade of the island, and the contraband traffic with the Spanish main. It was then, with the exception of Mexico and Lima, the most splendid and opulent city in the New World. Suddenly an earthquake swallowed up the greater part of. the city and itE inhabitants. Yet the advantages of its situation caused it to be soon rebuilt ; and ten years afler, when it had been burnt to the ground, it was reared again from its ashes. But in 1722 it was assailed by a hurricane, the most dreadful ever known, even in these latitudes. The sea rose seventeen or eighteen feet, undermined and overthrew a great part of the houses ; the shipping in the harbour was entirely destroyed, with the exception of a few large vessels, which had only their masts and rigging swept away. Port Royal, being then viewed as a fatal spot, was abandoned for Kingston, and is now reduced to 200 or 300 houses. The fortifications, however, which are very strong, are still kept up, and the navy- yard is maintained there. Kingston, about twenty miles N.E., is now the princi- pal town of Jama'ca. Its commerce, though not equal to what that of Port Royal once w.'.s, is great, and is &voured by a spacious s.r.i commodious roadsteeid. Its population exceeds 30,000. All these towns are on the south-eastern coast, which is the most level and fertile, and most favourable for trade. Montego Bay, a place with about 4000 inhabitants, carries on the more limited commerce of the northern coast. Savanna la Mar, in the west, is little more than a village ; it has a good harbour, and a little trade. The Grand and Little Cayman, which are inhabited only by a few hundred fishermen and pilots, may be considered as appendages to Jamaica. Barbadoes was the earliest settled and improved of all the English possessions. Having no mountains in the centre, it is less copiously watered than the other Antilles; and, being farther out in the Atlantic, is peculiarly exposed to the gene- ral scourge of hurricane. Its soil, though deficient in depth, being composed chiefly of a fine black mould, is well fitted for the culture of sugar; and its rich plantations, diversified by the gentle hills which rise in the interior, present a delightful landscape. Bridgetown, the capital, is one of the gayest and hand- somest towns and one of tne strongest military posts, in the West Indies, con- taining above 20,000 inhabitants. It has an excellent harbour, much frequented, not only for the trade of the island, but by vessels which, in consequence of ita easterly position, reach it before any of the other islands, and touch there fiw refreshment. Antigua, St Christopher's, and several others now to be me>itioned, form what arc called the Leeward Islands, which, running from east to west, are supposed to be less exposed to the action of tho trade wind. All the Leeward Islands have one governor, who resides at Antigua. Hence John's Town, its capital, admired for its agreeable situation and the regularity of its buildings, derives a considera- ble degree of importance, and is a favourite resort. It has about 15,000 inhabit- ^£m. ri: dash down the (a. From these itions of a tern- irkably, enables Yet the soil is tility is ascribed ndance of w ater rhe rum of Ja- s ; but its coffee h are extremely Jamaica pepper, as not been pre- ers it extremely 8, and supported ancient, and still importance, and ised of a secure y, enriciied both panish main. It ndid and opulent the greater part tion caused it to e ground, it was 'ricane, the most teen or eighteen 3 shipping in the e vessels, which f then viewed as JO or 30U houses, kp, and the navy- now tlie princi- at af Port Royal 3 roadstead. Its srn coast, which ego Bay, a place ( of the northern e ; it has a good ch are inhabited 13 appendages to lish possessions, i than the other ised to the gene- being composed :ar ; and its rich terior, present a lyest and hand- iest Indies, con- luch frequented, isequence of its touch there ftr )ned, form what are supposed to rd Islands have apital, admired \ fen a considera- 15,000 inhabit- I '1i|pi» THE WEST INDIES. 25S ants. English Harbour, on the southern coast, with a royal dock-yard, is an im- portant naval station. St. Christopher's, known often by the familiar appellation of St. Kitt's, was first occupied by the English in 162i) ; and, though repeatedly disputed by the Spa- niards end French, has, with the exception of some short intervals, remained in the possession of Britain. The interior, rising into the lofty peak of Mount Mi- sery, is peculiarly rugged and mountainous, but the plain along the sea surpasses in richness and beauty that of any of the other islands, abounding in the black mould which is peculiarly fitted for sugar. Basseterre, the capital, on the south- west coast, contains 6000 or 7000 inhabitants. The other Leeward Islands consist of Montserrat, Nevis, Barbuda, Anguilla, and the Virgin Islands. The first is agreeable and picturesque, but by no means fertile. Nevis is a small, but beautiful and fertile island, consisting of one conical mountain above twenty miles in circuit Charlestown is the capital. Barbuda and Anguilla, still smaller, are also fertile, but little cultivated : Anguilla has a valuable salt-pond; the tobacco of Barbuda is particularly esteemed. The Virgin Islands are, upon the whole, the most arid and least productive of any in the West Indies. They are numerous, and in some degree shared by the Spaniards and Dutch ; but Tortola, the only one of much consideration, Anegada, and Virgin Gorda, belong to the English. Dominica is a large island, but not productive altogether in proportion to its extent, much of the surface b<^ing mountainous and rugged. Several of its vol- canic summits throw out, from time to time, burning euiphur; but they do not act to any destructive extent. It is interspersed, however, with fertile valleys; a large quantity of coffee is raised on the sides of the hills. Roseau, or Charlotte- town, the capital, is by no means so flourishing as before the fire of 1781 ; it is well built, but many of the houses are unoccupied. Its population may amount to500a St Vincent's is one of the most elevated and rugged of the Antilles. It son- tains the only very active volcano in these islands, which, afcer being dormant for a century, burst forth in 1612 with tremendous violence, exhibiting the most aw- ful phenoinena. Several plantations were destroyed, and almost all those on the eastern oitst were covered with a layer of ashes ten inches deep. The peak of Morne Garou is nearly 5000 feet high. Yet the intermediate valleys, being fertile in a high deffree, render St. Vincent's, on the whole, a rery productive island. It contains fimall remnants of the native Carib race, mingled with some free negroes, who were earlv introduced, and have adopted many of the Indian usages. Kings- ton, the capitaf, has been supposed to contain 8000 inhabitants. Grenada exhibits a considerable variety of surface, which, on the whole, how- ever, ia extremely productive, and renders it an important acquisition. The scenery, though not so grand as that of some of the others, is peculiarly beautiful, and has been compared to that of Italy, St George, the capital, named formerly Fort Royal, possesses one of the most commodious harbours in the West Indies, and has been strongly fortified. The Grenadines, or Grenadilloa, lying between Grenada and St. Vincent, produce some sugar and coiTee. Tobago, or Tabago, is a small but fertile and beautiful island. Notwithstanding its southerly situation, the heat is tempered by breezes from the surrounding ocean, while at the same time it appears to be out of the ftack of those hurricanes which have desolated so many of the other islands. It yields the fruits and other products common to the West India islands with thoee of the bordering Spanish main. Scarborough, a town of about 8000 inhabitants, is its capital. St. Lucia was ceded to Greet Britain in 1815. Its h.^h peaks, called Pitons by tho French, and 8ugar>loaves by the English, are visible at some distance at sea. The soil is productive, but the climate is unhealthy. On the western side is Port Castries, or Carenage, one of the best harbours in these islands. The town has a population of about 5000 souls, Trinidad, separated only by a strait firom the coast of South America, where that mainland is traversed by the branches of the Orinoco, shares in a great mea- sure its character. It is covered with magnificent forests, and presents scenery ¥ m r. mi h' r.> i 1 p «' 'J ■ 256 THE WEST INDIES. peculiarly grand and picturesqu'j. The island is unhealthy, but fruitful. One re- niarkublo object in this island ':s a lake of asphaltum three miles in circumference. Tiiis i>ubstance, being rendered ductile by heat, and mingled with grease or pitch, is employed with advantage in greasing the bottoms of ships.' Trinidad contains still about iKH) native Indians. Port Spain (Puerto Espaiia) is a considerable town, well fortified, and with or, excellent harbour. It is built regularly and handsomely, with a fine shaded v : ,. and spacious market; and the churches, both Protestant and Catholic, are very richly ornamented. The Lucayos, r.- Bahama Islands, form a very extended and numerous group, being successively parallel, first to Florida, then to Cuba and part of Hayti. The group comprises about G50 islets and islands, of which only 14 are of considerable size; the rest are mere rocks and islets, called here keys, or kays, from the Span- ish cayo. The Bahamas, notwithstanding their favourable situation, have never been productive in the West India staples. The soil is in general arid and rocky ; and even those islands which might be capable of improvement have been neglected. Between the western islands and the coast of Florida is the Bahama channel, through which that celebrated current called the Gulf'Btream, from the Gulf of Mexico, rushes with such impetuosity that it is perceptible upon the northern coasts of Europe. Its force renders the passage extremely dangerous, and has given occasion to frequent wrecks. The principal islands are the Great Bahama and Abaco, on the Little Bahama Bank ; Eleuthera, New Providence, Guanahani, or St. Salvador, or Cat Island, remarkable as the point first discovered by Columbus; Yuma, and Exuma, on the Groat Bahama Bank; and Mayaguana, Inagua, the Caycos and Turks' islands, further south. The difficulty of naviga- tioti in these seas is increased by the great bank of Bahama, interposed between Cuba and these islands. Nassau, in the island of New Providence, from its situa- tion upon this frequented channel, is a place of some importance. It is the gene- ral seat of government, and contains a population of about 5000 persr "s. The Bermudas, situated in the midst of the Atlantic, about 600 miles east from the coast of North America, may, for want of a more appropriate place, be de- scribed here. About 400 are numbered ; but most of these are mere rocks, and only eight possess any real importance. The Bermudas are peculiarlyfortunate ; being exempted from the scorching heats of the tropic, enjoying aln«»t a con- tinued spring, and being clothed in perpetual verdure. But though they afford thus an agreeable and healthfdl residence, they have not proved productive in any of those commodities which can become the staple of an important traffic. Cot- Ion has been tried, but without any great success. They have been used as a place of deportation tor criminals, but in this respect are now superseded by the Austra- lian settlements. The rocky nature of the coasts renders them easily defensible, but unfavorable to navigation. St. George, the seat of government, on an island of the same name, is only a large villoge. Spanish Islands. :* The western colonies of Spain, which for some centuries comprised the greater part of the American continent, with all its richest and most splendid regions, are now limited to the two islands of Cuba and Porto Rico. Yet these are so con- siderable and so fruitful, that, since a more liberal policy has been adopted towards them, they have in no small degree compensated for her immense losses. Cuba, the finest and largest of the West India islands, is about 780 miles in length by 52 in mean breadth, and has a superficial area of 43,500 square miles, being nearly equal in extent to all the other islands taken together. It is tra- versed throughout its whole extent by chains of itiountains, whose highest peslp>, Potrillo and Cobre, attain an elevation of more than 8500 frp* ; »nd the p'liiis BS^' neath are copiously watered, and rendered fit for producing, in the highest perfec- tion, all the objects of tropical culture. The situpiion of Cuba, commanding the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico and the communication between North and South America, gives it a high commercial and political importance; yet Spain long viewed it merely as the key of her great possessions, and the passage by which she reached them ; and this great island did not, in the value of its produce, equal % itful. One re- circumference. :rea8e or pitch, inidad contains jidernble town, id handsomely, wth Protestant imerous group, )f Hayti. The of considerable from the Span- on, have never irid and rocky ; 2nt have been is the Bahama Team, from the itible upon the lely dangerous, i are the Great ew Providence, first discovered nd Maynguana, lulty of naviga- rposed between , from its situa- It is the gene- iersr"8. miles east from te place, be de- nere rocks, and iarlyfortunate ; g almost a con- ugh they aiford oductive in any it traffic. Cot- used as a place by the Austra- laily defensible, it, on an island the greater lid regions, ate )ese are so con- [dopted towards losses. It 780 miles in square miles, . er. It is tra- highest peak", the p'liLis SJft- lighest perfec- ^mmanding the jrth and South lyet Spain long )6age by which [produce, equal THE WEST INDIES. some of the smallest of the Antilles. But during the last thirty years, a concur- rence of circumstances has rendered it the richest of the European colonies in any part of llie globe. Within the period last mentioned, and especially since the separation of the continental colonies from the mother-country, a more liberol and protecting policy ha-s been adopted ; the ports of the island have been thrown open; stnmtcers and emigronts have been encouroged to settle there; and, amid the political agitations of the mother-country, the expulsion of the Spanish resi- dents from Hispaniola, the cession of Ijouisinna and Florida to a foreign power, and the disasters of those, who, in the contiufntnl stotes of America, adhered to Old Spain, Cuba has become a general place of refuge. Its progress, from these causes, has been most e.Ktraordinnry. At the close of the last century, it was obliged to draw from the rich colony of New Spain the sums necessary for the support of its civil administration and the payment of its garrisons; of late yeari», it has been able not only to provide for its own exigencies, but to afford important aid to the mother-country in her contest with her revolted colonies. In 1778, the revenue of the island amounted to 88r),3.'>8 dollars; in 1704, to 1,130,918 dollars; and in 1830, to no. less than 8,972,548 dollars, a sum superior to the revenue of most of the secondary kingdoms of Europe. Nor has the progress of its popula- tion been less remarkable ; in 1775, it amounted to only 172,620 ; in 1827, it had increased to 704,487. The inhabitants have applied themselves with surprising success to the culture of the great West India staples, sugar and coffee; between 1760 and 1767, the exports of sugar amounted to only 5,570,000 lbs. ; in 1832, they are believed to have exceeded 250,000,000 lbs. In 1800, there were only 80 coffee plantations on the island ; in 1827, they amounted to 2067. Four censuses have been taken of the population of Cuba, giving the following general results: in 1775, 171,620 souls; in 1791, 272,801 ; in 1817, 593,033; in 1827, 704,487. The following table shows the character of the population at the first and last named periods : — 1775. ' 1827. Whites 96,440 311,051 Free Mulattoes 19,327 57,514 Free Blacks 11,520 48,980 Slaves 44,3 33 286,942 i- ' Totals 171,620 704,487 The principal articles of export from Cuba are sugar, rum, molasses, cofTee, wax, tobacco, and cigars, with honey, hides, cotton, fruits, &c. The principal im- ports are corn and grain of all sorts, lumber, dried fish, and salt provisions, chiefly from the United States; cotton goods, hardware, and various other manufactured articles, such as hats, shoes, cabinet-ware, carriages, &.C., from the United States and tireat Britain ; linens from Germany and Ireland ; silver and gold, indigo and cochineal, from the Spanish-American states ; wines, spirits, &c., from France and Spain, wit.i such other articles of luxury and use as an opulent agricultural com- munity; :u a tropical climate, requires. The total value of the imports for the year 1833, amounted to no less than $18,511,132; of exports, to $13,996,100. The following table shows the extent of the commercial transactions of Cuba with other countries, in the year 1833. Countriea. Imports. Exporta. Spain e4,013,730 2,713,525 . United States 4,462 500 4,384,900 Great Britain 1,62.5,172 911,000 Spanish- American States 1,371,325 19,680 Hanse Towns 934,375... 1,504,120 > France 927,980 531,300 Havana, or the Havannah, the capital of Cuba, is one of the greatest and most flourishing cities of the New World. It once carried on the whole, and still re- tains more than two-thirds, of the commerce of the island. The harbour is ad- mirable, capable of containing a thousand large vessels, and allowing them to come close to the quay : its narrow entrance has been found disastrous when fleets 22' 2H 1 ij i t ■ -l*'*' •" :^< '' B.* * li 1 HoS THE WEST INDIES. were seekiiifr slieltor from a pursuing enemy. The fortifications, particularly the Moro and I'unta castles, are remarkably strontj. The city presents a magnificent appearance from the sea, its numerous spires being intermingled with lolly and luxuriant trees. The churches are handsome and richly ornamented ; and several private mansions are reckoned to be worth above 60,00(M. each. The interior, however, for the most part consists of narrow, ill-paved, and dirty streets, crowded with merchandise and wagons, and presenting entirely the appearance of busy trade. Yet the alamcda, or public walk, and the opera, on the appearance of a favourite performer, exhibit a gay and even splendid aspect. The recently con- structed suburbs are also built in a superior style. The Havannah has patriotic and literary societies, which are improving. Seven journals are published, one of them in English. The population by the census of 1827 was 112,000, and has since considerably increased. Matunzas, about sixty miles east of the capital, is pleasantly situated on.", low plain not much above the level of the sea, and is now the second commercial tawn m the island. The harbour is capacious, easy of access, and sheltered from all winds, except those from the north-east, which are not dangerous here. The population of the place amounts to 'u lut 15,000. In 1830 it exported upwards of .50,000,000 lbs. of sugar, and nearly b,000,000 lbs. of coftee ; 220 vessels entered, and J504 leil its port in that year. As the vicinity is rapidly becoming settled and brought under cultivation, its importance is daily increasing. Trinidad is one of the most populous and thriving |)laces on the island, since the removal of the restrictions on its trade. It is well built, and standing on the southern shore, it is beyond the influence of the northers which are experienced on the other side of the island. Its harbour is capacious, but exposed, and its commerce considerable. Population 12,500. To the west lies Xagua, a small town, but having one of the best harbours in the world, formed by the magnificent bay of the same name. Puerto Principe, situated in the interior, is a poor, dirty, and ill-built town, in a wet spot, which in many places is only passable on raised footpaths. Its inland trade is considerable. By the census it appears to have a population of 49,000 inhabitants. The little town of Nuevitas, lately founded on a bay of the same name on the northern coast, serves as its port. In the eastern part of the island is Santiago de Cuba, once the capital of Cuba. It is one of the oldest and best built towns of the colony, and contains 26,740 inhabitants. Bayamo or San Salvador, an old town in the interior, has a popula- tion of 7500 souls. Its port is the thriving little commercial town of Manzanillo^ wltBf^aOOO inhabitants. To the west is Holguin, with 8000 inhabitants, and at the eastern extremity of the island is Baracoa, now much reduced, but remarkable as ; the first settlement formed by the Spaniards on this beautiful island. Porto Rico, or Puerto Rico, the smallest of the Great Antilles, is about 100 miles in length by 36 in mean breadth, and has a superficies of 4000 square miles. Although inferior to none of the islands in fertility and general importance, it was long neglected by Spain, and until the beginning of the present century its wealth was derived entirely from its woods and pastures. Porto Rico is traversed by a lofly mountain ridge, which in the eastern part rises to the height of about 4000 feet ; on each side of this central ridge lie rich and beautiful valleys, well watered and well wooded, below which stretch the fertile plains that contain the thriving agricultural and commercial towns. The population in 1830 was 323,838 ; of this number only 34,240 were slaves, 127,287 were free coloured persons, and 162,311 whites. The law makes no distinction between the white and the coloured classes, and the whites are in the habit of intermixing freely Virith the people of colour. The exports are sugar and coflee, with cattle, tobacco, rum, cotton, &c. ; the imports are the same as those of Cuba. The annual value of the imports is about 3,000,000 dollars, of exports 4;000,000, two-thirds of which are in American bot- toms; of 58,526 tons, the tonnage arrived in 1830, 29,906 was American, and 15,163 Spanish. T(ie Capital, Puerto Rico, or San Juan, is a large, neat, and well-built town on the northern coast, with a deep, safe, and capacious harbour. It is very strongly j fortified, "and contains about 30,000 inhabitants. The other towns are small i) m •;^ii- -=.a«iB'- mrticularly the j 9 a mafTiiificent : with lolly and . id ; and several ' The interior, trects, crowded i arance of busy ppearanco of u le recently con- ali lias patriotic published, one 12,000, and has ;uated on,", low )mmercial Uxwn iltorcd from all )us here. The ported upwards vessels entered, ling settled and inidad is one of removal of the hern shore, it is le other side of ce considerable, ving one of the tame name, built town, in a ths. Its inland lation of 49,000 lay of the same capital of Cuba, contains 26,740 r, has a popula- of Manzanillo, ants, and at the t remarkable as is about 100 )<) square mi'.c [wrtnncc, it was ntury its wealth traversed by a of about 4000 B, well WHtered lin the thriving $23,838; of this tns, and 162,311 lolourcd claases, pie of colour. otton, &c. ; the imports is about American bot- American, and ll-built town on is very strongly vns are small; THE WKST INDIES. 259 Mayague and Aguadilla on the west const. Ponce and Guayama on the southern, and Paxardo, are the principal ports. Tlie little island of Bieque, or Crab Island^ lying off the eastern coast, is cluimod by Great Britain. French Islands. The possessions of France in the West Indies, previous to the revolutionary war, were more valuable than those of any other nation. The exports from St. Domingo alone amounted to 25,000,000 dollars. That valuable island is now entirely lost to her. During the laic war all her islands were captured, and she ceaf t> n ^^ .JSi... •w- m m 360 THE WEST INDIES. Williamstadt, its cnpitnl, however, with a fine harbour, has still a considerable trade, and a population ot" HlHKt. Tiic Danes have three snull islands in tiie West Indies. St. Croix, or Santa Cruz, the principal one, liuK to the south of the Virgin Is' nds: it has a surface I of ci/rhty-one sfjuitre miles, and a population of about 94,0(10, all slaves, except 2'')00 w>i,;ew iiifl I.'idO free coloured. It is pnxluctive, in proportion to its extent, in tht ufi;!il VVcRt lii'lian .slides. Christiunsted, the capital, has ^tHlO inhabi- tfini'i. H;.. 'rhnnias, one of il.o Virgin Islands, is of little importance, unless as a favoiimMc '.'iition fci introdiioii;'' into the other islands those goods which the great Btai's luivi.- d iciarea coutri.; ;i> . St. Thomas, the capital, with an active trade and 30«l<' !nhftbi(^•.n: J, (■(•ivnins ab i it 'jalf of the population of the island. St. John's, anftlu'r of U '. siirr;'. j^roeip, >:•■ \< 'y small, and only noted for its excellent harbour. The Swedes have only one small island, St. Bartholomew, situated alxjut fifty miles ii^rth of St. Christopher's. It is not quite twenty-five square miles in ex- tent, und is generally described us fertile and well cultivated, though an eye- witness assures us that neither of these characters can apply to it. Gustavia, the CBpitpl, acquired consiileri Me wealth during the war, when it continued long [ to bo idniost the oijly w 'trai p. I't in these seas. i Hayli. ' Fayti, i;o,w tir '„iepcwi>"nt negro republic, forms one of the most peculiar and interesti.i;.; portir •s jf the W'iw World. It is a very fine island, situated between Jfimaica r< kI Porto Rico, about 4.'M) miles in length, and 110 in breadth, and hav- ing au area of 28,000 scjuare miles. In the centre rises the lofty range of the mountains of Cibao, of which the peak of La Scrrania rises to the height of 9000, and that of La Sella to ^000 feet. These mountains are covered nearly to the summit with vegetation und noble woods, and from them descend numerous s'treams, which, uniting in tour large rivers, bestow extreme fertility on the plains beneath. The principal productions of the island are, in the west and south, coffee, the sugar-cane (which is chiefly employed in the making of tatlia, the ' ordinary rum of the country), and cotton ; in the north, coffee, the splendid sugar estates about the Cape having been mostly abandoned or converted to other uses; in the east, cattle with some tobacco. Mahogany and Campeachy wood, Lignum- v'liw, Braziietto, honey, wax, and fruits, are also important articles of production. I'Ke French revolution caused an extraordinary change in the state of Hayti. In 1791 the Assembly caused to be proclaimed throughout the island their favour- ite di'Ctrine, that all men were free and equal. This proclamation gave rise, in the first instance, to a ^-ontest between the white and the free colourwl population. But while these parties were contending for the application of the principle, the slaves folt that it applied also to them. They rose in a body, massacred or drove out the other two classes, and became entire masters of French St. Domingo. This revolution, with the excesses which accompanied it, soon ended, like other revolutions, in a military despotism, which was established in 1806 by Dessalines, who assumed the title of James I, He was succeeded by Christophe, his second in command, who named himself Henry I., hereditary king of Hayti. Mean- time, however, the republic of Hayti was established in another part of the island, under the presidency, first of Petion, and then of Beyer. Henry, harassed by attacks from this and other quarters, ended his life by suicide in 1820. Boyer then, by a series of vigorous operations, not only extended his sway over all the French part of the island, but annexed to it also that belonging to Spain (1822) ; so that the whole is now comprehended in the republic of Hayti. France in 1R03 made strong efforts to regain this valuable island, but without success. At length, on the 17th of April, 1625, a treaty was concluded, by which she ac- knowledged the independence of Hayti, on condition of receiving the large sura of 150,000,000 francs, to be paid in five annual instalments. An independent negro state was thus established in Hayti ; but the people have not derived all the benefits which they eanguinely expected. Released from their former compulsory toil, they have not yet learned to subject them- selves to thd restraints of regular industry. The first absolute rulers made the ^Wr^^5^ T a considerable Croix, or Santa ■ t ims a surface I I slavcp, cxcrpt on to its extent, IBS rjtKM) inhiihi- nce, unless as a wiiicli the {Treat Rctive trade and ind. St. John's, cellent harbour, lated al)out fifty re miles in ex- tiiough an eye- to it. Gustavia, t continued long nst peculiar and lituated between •eadth, and hav- [^y range of the ! height of 9000, ed nearly to the scend numerous ity on the plains west and south, ing of taffia, the e splendid sugar " to other uses ; wood. Lignum- of production, i state of Hayti. and their favour- gave rise, in ur^ population, he principle, the ssacred or drove ch St. Domingo, nded, like other by Dessalines, phe, his second Hayti. Mean- der part of the Henry, harassed n 1820. Boyer r&y over all the Spain (1822); yti. France in ut success. At which she aa g the large sura but the people cted. Released subject them- ulcrs made the . 'I THE WEST INDIES. am most extraordinary efforts to overcome the indolence which soon bogan to display itsnlf. The (Vx/e Rural directed thnt the labourer fIiouIiI lix himself on a certain estate, whicli ho was never afterwards to quit without a |),iK.''|K)rt from the govern- mniil. His hours of lalwur and rest were fixed by stuiuie. The wliip, at first permitted, was ultimately prohibited ; but as every military otlleer was allowed to chastise with a thick cane, and almost every proprietor held a comminsion, the labourer was not much relieved. By these means, the produce of 18(H) was raised to about a third of that of 1789. But such violent regulations could not continue to be enlbrcod amid the .succeeding agitations, and under a republican re/fime. Altnast all traces of laborious culture were soon obliterated : large tracts, which had been one entire sugar-garden, presented now only n few scattered plantations. The export of sugar, which in 18(M3 had been 47,r)16,ri;31 lbs., cnounted in 1825 to 'SfiO lbs. Cotlee, which continued to be a staple production, was also much diminished. The only indemnification which the people sought was in the easy task of cutting down the forests of mahogany and campeachy wood, which were found of greater value than had been supposed. Within the last few years, a considerable increase has taken place in the exports of coffee, cotton, maliogany, lobucco, and other articles. 'J'he population of Hoyti is probably not less than 800,000. The value of the exports, in 1832, was )8(J},800,000 ; of imports, $4,100,000; entered, 350 ships of 48,398 tons; left, 330 ships of 46,116 tons; the number of American vessels much exceeding those trading under any other flag. The great article of export was coffee to the amount of 42,476,800 lbs., and the value of #3,320,000; other articles were mahogany and campeachy wood of the value of (l-KM^OOO ; cotton, %124,000 ; tobacco, it05,0(K), &c. The imports are flour, salt provisions, lumber, &c., from the United States; cotton goods and other" manufactured articles, from Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany ; wines, jewellery, &lc., from France. 'J'he government of Hayti is professedly republican, but it has been well de- scribed as practically a military democracy. The chief executive officer is the President, who holds tlie place tor lire. There is a Senate, consisting of 24 mem- bers, named lor life by the House of Representatives from a list of candidates presented by the President. The Representatives are chosen for the term of six years by the parishes, but the body of the people takes but little interest in the elections. The President proposes the laws and financial arrangements, which are acceded to with little discussion. The revenue of the state is about 81,500,000; the expenditure is considerably more. The army amounts to 45,000 men. The religion of the Haytians is Roman Catholic, but there is little atten- tion paid to the subject, and the state of morals is described as exceedingly bad ; other religions are tolerated. Whites are not allowed to hold landed property, or to carry arms. Port au Prince, in the department of the West, is the capital, and the chief seat of trade. It has a secure and excellent roadstead, but the country around is marshy, and, during the summer, very unhealthy. The city is built mostly of wood, its streets unpaved, and containing no remarkable edifices. The population may be from 12,000 to 15,000. Petit Goave and Jaquemel are small towns in the same department, with good harbours and some trade. Cape Haytien, formerly Cape Fran^ais or Cape Henry, in the department of the North, the seat of the kingdom established by Christophe, is better built, with well-paved streets, and some handsome squares, and has a population of about 10,000. Near it is the citadel, constructed at vast expense on the top of a mountain, as a place of security for himself and his treasurea Aux Cayes or Les Cayes, is a neat town, with a flourishing trade ; but it was almost destroyed by a hurricane, in August, 1831. Jereniie is a place of con- siderable trade. Gonaives is a small town with a good harbour. St. Domingo, the capital of the Spanish part of the island, presents the remains of a very liand- some city ; a solid and spacious cathedral, a large arsenal, houses in general com- modious and well built ; but it has been long in a state of decay, and is not sup- posed to contain now above 10,000 inhabitants. ••'t ■ A i* R!^ iM: ill mammmmfmmmmm li('i2 SOUTH AMCinCA. SOUTH AMERICA. South AmrrIoa, which is comprised botweon tho 12lh deprco of north and the ')s'\h of south latitude, and which sprcadH in brnndtli from 'Mi° to Hl° VV. Ion., in iiii'rior in ilimcnNinnH to the northern portion of the continent, by almost 1,(K)0,(KK) t4(|(iare miles. Its coast is also less indrnted by lar{,'o bays, but it pritsenta l\w. name tapering form to tho south. Its grontcst breadth, about nix deifreea south of tlio etiuator, is IWlMt milen, and its lenjfth 4rj(K.!. In tliis vast country, rivers roll tlirough an extent of 4000 miles, and are so bnwd that tho eye cannot reach from one shore to the other. In one point, are seen niountain-summitH nimve the clouds, white with t^nows tl.ii never melt; while their bases rear the banana and pine-apple. In a diiy, u man run pass through all climates, from that of the equator to that of Nova Zcmbh. In some places, volcanoes, too numerous to be classed, throw out smoke and rtamcH. Slili, in other places, are vast and deep forests aboun(lin)T in all tho grand (lowering and gigantic vegetation of tropical climates, which spreads an immense extent, that has never yet resounded with the woodman's axe. Nature here shows herself alternately in unexampled magnificence, beauty, sublimity, power, and terror. South America may be divided into five distinct physical regions. 1. Tie low country on the shores of tho Pacific, about 4000 miles in length, and fro: ."M) to 200 ill breadth: the two extremities of this district arc fertile, the middle a sandy desert. 2. The basin of the Orinoco, surrounded by the Andes and their branches, and consisting of extcnsiver plains nearly destitute of wood, but covered with a high herbage during a part of the year. 3. The basin t)f the Amazon, a vast plain, with a rich soil and a hutriid climate, and exhibiting a surprising luxuriance of vegetation. 4. The great southern plain of the Pampas; in parts, dry and barren, and in parts, covered with a strong growth of weeds and wild grass. 5. The high country of Brazil, eastward of the Parana and the Araguay, presenting altcrnato ridges and valleys, thickly covered with wood on the Atlantic slope. The most extensive in range, and, with one exception, the loftiest mountains on the globe, extend throuf his continent from its northern to its southern extrem- ity, and impart to it a cliaructor of unequalled grandeur and magnificence. The principal chain of tho Andes runs from north to south, at a distance from the shore of the pacific Ocean, varying- from one to two hundied miles, and appears to ex- tend through the isthmus of Darien, and to be connected with the great western chain of North America. The elevation of the Andes is by no means uniform. In some places it rises to more than 20,000 feet, while in others it sinks to lees than one half that height, The whole range seems to rest upon volcanic fires, and numeroi's ppp^ 3 are constantly burning. These mountains send off several Bubordina'', rvlgbi.) the principal and the most extensive is that which stretches along the north.Tn coast of the continent towards the island of Trinidad, and is known as the cl.ain of Venezuela: its highoat summits are usually estimated at firom 14,000 to 15.000 feet in height. The main ridge of the Andos commences at the isthmus of Darien, and, in its progress southwani, shoots up, under the Equator, into the lofly Kummits of Chimborazo and Antisana, while it spreads ter- ror by tho tremendous volcanoes of Pinchincu and Catopaxi. On reaching the elevated regions of Bolivia, it forms a vast mass, amidst whose lorty peaks tower Mount Sorata, of 25,250, and Mount Uliinani, of 24,850 feet elevation, surpaising in height all the other peaks of this great chain, and second only to the most ele- vated summitii of the Himmaleh Mountains. Passing onward between Buenos Ayres and Chili, the Andes preserve this elevation very little diminished ; but toward the most southern extreme, they fall gradually to less than one-fourth of their greatest height, and assume an aspect dreary and desolate, in correspondence with tho wintry severity of the climate. The principal ridge generally rises ab- ruptly, with numerous and frightful precipices, hiding its lofty summits in the clouds, or rising with awful majesty into the pure regions of tho air above thera. north and the 1° W. Ion,, is iiofit 1,(KK),(KH) I priisents llio jn'CB pouth of ?■(•, ami are so one point, nra never moll; ninn can pnsH bin. In »)me rtamcs. Slili, llowfring and 3 extent, that shows herself ind terror. 1. Tie low ind fro: JM) to iiiddlc a sandy iheir branches, Mvcrcd with a mazon, a vast in^ luxuriance >art8, dry and k'ild gmes. 5. ly, presenting ntic alope. mountains on them extrem- P.cence. The rom the shore ppears to ex- ffrcat western eans uniform. sinkii to lees volcanic fires, d off several ich stretches nidad, and is estimated at commences up, under the it spreads ter- reaching the peaks tower >n, surpaisinjgr the most ele- ween Buenos inished; but one-fourth of irrespondence ally rises ab- mmits in the above them. SOUTH AMBRKJA. aua They are covered with perpetual snow, but the uniform temperature of the equa- torial and tropic-ul rej^ions prevents the formation of ((lacicrs. The mountains which traverse the uustern vection of Brazil, in their position and relation to the great plains uf the continent, present a striking resemblance to the Apnalachian or Alleghany system uf North America. Rising south of the Amazon River, they extend, by several nearly parallel ranges, to the Rio de la Plata, beyond which they finally sink into the vast plains of the Pampas. The whole of these eastern ranges are, however, low in elevation, compared with the great western chain. They generally roach from 2(KM( to IKMIO ft!ct, and in a few cases are elevated to near (MJOU feet, and are not, it is believed, in any instance, the seat of volcanic action. The rivers of Hoiilh America have undisputed claims to rank amongst the gr'^atest on tho globe, whether considered in their vast length of course, depth and breadth of stream, or in their capacity for an extenjive and continuous inland navigation. Of these, the Amazon, or Maranon, is the most important and promi- nent. This great stream, with its mighty branches, the Madeira, Caqueta, Rio Negro, &.C., drain an extent of country estimated to equal nearly the whole of Europe, flowing through regions which will no doubt one day be the finest in the world. They roll, at present, through savage deserts and impenetrable forests, which have never felt the axe or the plough. The immense size of the Amazon would admit of a ship navigotion of from lOUO to 2000 miles, did not the rapidity of the current prevent; but it will no doubt at some future period yield to the power of steam. The boat navigation extends about 2500 miles, to the Pongo or rapids at Jaen, where the river passes a subordinate chain of tho Andes. 1'he Rio de la Plata, or Parang opens to the ocean with an estuary of 150 miles in breadth. Its ship navigation extends to Buenos / yres, and that for boats 1600 miles farther. By its tributaries, the Paraguay, Pilcon.aya, and Vermejo, navigation is cariied through a great range of country, almost m their sources. The Orinoco, though not equalling either the Amazon or Rio de la Plata, is nevertheless an impoftant stream. By its means, and that of its tributary, the Meta, vessels of suitable bur- then may ascend from the ocean almost to the foot of the Andes. Its entire course is not far short of 1500 miles. When it meets the sea, its green-coloured waves strongly contrast with the blue of the ocean. The aspect of the outlet of this immense stream, convinced Columbus that such a body of fresh water could only issue from a continent. Here it was, while feeling the refreshing land-breeze charged with the aromatic fragrance of a boundless wilderness of flowers, and contemplating the ethereal mildness of the sky, the great discoverer imagined hiir Mf near the garden of Eden, and tliat the Orinoco was one of the four great rivers mentioned in the Scriptures as issuing from Paradise. Between the Orinoco and the Amazon there is a singular communication by means of the Casiquiare River, which flows alter- nately into each stream, according as the waters of either prevail. The southern portion of this continent contains an animal population which is in a measure peculiar, and oflers a large variety of forms and characters, which have no corresponding types among the proditutions of any other country. Of the carnivorous animals, the jaguar, the cougar or puma, the ocelot, and mougar, are the chief of the cat family. The lama, a useful animal, of the camel kind ; the vicuna, the tapir, the peccary, resembling the domestic hog, the capibarra, the chinchilla, a hind of rat that furnishes the chinchilla fur, the coypou, resembling the beaver of the northern continent, the sloth, the agouti, the ant-eaters, the armadillo and Brazilian porcupine, and monkeys of various kinds. The jaguar, or American tiger, is a formidable animal, and is in size between the tiger and leopard of the old continent. It is found from Guiana to Paraguay, and is a solitary animal, inhabiting thick virgin forests. They attack cows, and : even bulls of four years old, but are especially enemies to horses. It will seldom attack man, except when strongly pressed by hunger : instances, however, are | known of persons having been seized and carried ofT by them. The cougar is found in different parts of South America, and is believed to be the same animal as the North American panther. N-V*^:^ '\«JikK-;;LiUiktte;-~.-' ■• 1 P I ^■r- I; : K V, 4 - . ■! ... V Sfe" - . JsB> M ''^ •mf \9H SOUTH AMF.RHM. \ t Tho tapir, or aula, ia of tlio «i7.i) of a nnmll cow, but without linrriM, and with a ttiiort iKikt (i liiil ; tiio lega arc nlmrt and lhi(:l<, and tho fett have small black hoof». Hix Kkin ID m thick and hard as to bo nlinoHt iinpcnotrabio to a i/tJ^t; fur which roaxun IhK Indianti tniiku ahiolda of it. I'lic tapir Huldoni atira otit but in tho nifjlit, anil (iolifrhla in thu walt'r, where ho oftencr lives than on land. He ia chieHy tg bo found in niimiius, and tvldoin f^oca far from tho borders of rivcra or lakca. He awiina and divoa with singular facility. Thia animal ia comfnonly found in Brazil, I'uraf^uny, Uuicna, and in all tho extent of South America, from tho oxtrunuty of Chili to (Joloinbiu. Tho lama roseiDbloa a very amall camel, ia gentle ni.l confldin^f in its mannera; ita carriu);u ia (fraooful und even beautiful; thoy abound in (freat nuinbura from I'uUisi lu Caruccua, und iimko tho chief richea of tlie Indinns and Spaniarda, who rear them. Thoir lleah ia enloeiMe at certain periods, to be marked and counted, but in all other respects they are left to the unrestrained exercise of their natural freedom. The horned cattle are principally valuable for their hidea and tallow, which are for the most part shipped to European ports, and constitute two of the principal commodities of South American exportation. The custom of hunting cattle for this purpose is becoming, in South America, a particular Si. ..f, — m, and witli a ill black lioofH. m; for which It III the ni({lit, e is cliii'fly to or Iftkoa. He jiiml in Brazil, extruinity of n its rnannpra ; nuTiihura trom Spaniards, who d to carry bur- poiinds wci{;ht aiN:end and do- sly accompany 1 mines to the vd thousand of long, soft, and )r three pounds ill not travel at jry, whothor it than the lama, lits the highest r chinchilla is a :reat estimation )g for spinning. under ground, ica. The Cay- iir, and general es not form the well known. lakes of South The sloth all its life in lives not upon stitute its food. meatic animals ind even they •g, which they ked variety at beast of bur- and fine wool, of both spe- da. all strangers od, by the first if America; in ireedom; innu- noa Ayres, and of the pam- in North Ame- by particular marked and ed exercise of for their hidea and constitute The custom a particular ROrfTH AMKUICA. 'iu:, Iriiil'', and a nnlivn is nrvcr ronMidiTcil proprrly educated till ho can throw llif InFhi), or iiMU till! kiiili), with skill uiiii ilcxti'rity, III till! p:iin|iiiH tlicrc nro iiuiiiitdiis ir(>i)|H (A' wild liorsoH, which, tluMii;h of loss j iiii)iurtiiiii!u tliiiii tlio hiiriii'il cattle, nr)< nut witliiiiit tliuir iist^s to llic inliiiliituntti; III tiii't, tlicy I'lirriish llio only iiiciiii.i of cro* iiig thi'm- cxtcnsivu pliiiii.", niiil fcMisu- (jiiL'titly, of roiiniiiiniciitiri;,' with the nnighlxjiiring coiintricH. 'riio traveller aiid Ins giiidu Htit oil' (in liiirHi.'lmck, driving u truop of tlicHU aniiniilH heloro tlioiii : when imu bciidt is iwliniistud, uiiotlifr is uocuriHl liy iiitjaiiH of th*; Iiimimi; the Haddio irf chaniTud, the rider iiiniintH nnd coiitiiiuuti hix joiiriirv, ropoating tlio snnu' oporu- tiuii uH uflcn as rvipiiHitt!, till he arrivus at liiu stutioii lor lli, 'I'wo rimii ilwy iiinrifiiiiili'ly hi'i/,i< its toii;,'ili>, mill (I'lir oiil itrt i«> t(irnii; their );cni>riil tixKl, liovvnvor, Ih ciirriDM, or (l)'nrl iriiinc, 'I'lic xkiii of ilic condor ih ho tliirkly riotlioil with down and I'ciillicrH, thiit it in rnpiililc ot' witli»lnniliii|{ tnuHkot-lmlJH, whtjii not clnmdy lircd, mid tlio hinl IM killfd with j^rinit dilliciilty. 'I'ln' kinif of tin- viiltiiri! in ii Hinnllcr ximtjch tlinri till! condor; itn winj^H, t'roin lip to tip, nn* nlK)iit hix feet: it im roinnrkiihlo for thn viiiicty of itM roloiirM, nnil tho liiiKht tmtM of hiiio mid vermilion which mark itK niiki'd hrnd iind ni'ckj it is occiiitionHlly vccn om thr north bh Kloriii)>ric form nnd charncterri are invariiihly ihn Hnmo, or ditfbr only in Irillintf circumHtnnce». Ono of tho nioHt remarknble fwh of »Sonth America iH tlu.' crymnotuH, or electric et-l ; it pfWHOHHes tho >)in!(iilar property of titnnnini; its prey by an electrical !w|iiit(i. 'i'lic iliiiiriiiiiil b*il)lc In Hiirii|i<'iin lrnvclliTH, wan no run- im to be mjM at a vi-ry lii^li prico. ('iirnivoriiiiH iiiHcctH, miil uInii hucIi hh IitiI ii|kiii dead iininiiil iimttcr iirr « lilrly dixpi'iHi'il. AiitH nrc the iiiiivitkiiI reiiiovcrM ot' all xiicli otfuiixivt! miiI)- htmicvM lu Hr<< too Hiiinll liir tin- I'ihkI of V'liitiiri'H, and tlii> diiiiinutivu hi/.i! of thi'iiu litllu iifjciitH iH amply coiiipriiNNti'd by llu! incuiii'riviibli' iiiyriudo of thi'ir niiiii- Ik'I'h, 'I'Imi ('ochincMJ x* iivarly tlin only iiiro'i't wliicli Iihn bcfii tiirni'd In ^'reat loiiiiiirrcial iict'ount, The Ijoiicy-Ui'o of I'.iiropo w unknown, but thfre are ■iviTiil wild !.|K'i;it'n of iJiia liiniiiy, whom! lioiicycoiiibi arc funned in trues, and iiiiu'h Hou(,'lit iil)<>r by the iiiitivi-8. On the diHcovcry of the NfW World, it was found by the Hpaninrds in poiwPi- nioii of varioiiH trilM'N of liidiiins, ueiwrally of a morn vcntb; iiiid Ii'nh warlike I'liaracier, ihmi iIiono wliicli inbabiti'd North Atiicripn. 'I'lii-y wt-ro iloiibllcKs the Miini! riiL'is b4it tilt! iiif1ii('nc(. of a xollcr climate hud probiiliiy Hiibdiird their vi^niur mid eoiirii|;<'. With the criifj in one hand, mid lh(> Hword in tlie other, the ruth- lexrf inviiilerN iMik |>').sne>ain took iKmHe-wiou of the Wentern and I'ortii^'al of the Eubtern portion. Thus it was arruiiKud into two great politi- cal diviMiuns, 'l"he Indian linn only boon [irost'rved to any extent in the Now World, where he huH minified wilh the white man and adopted IiIh habits, or where iiiipc.ietra- bie nnwhuluiuHiin tiireflrt or cold inho^^pitable rej^ionw have jirotected, or where, as III the case of llw Arnucano.H of ('hili, his own coura^'e has soved him from ex- termination. The i.slunds of the Wi»8t Indies present the sinjfiiiar spectacle of a wlKile race of poople, (hat has disappeared wiljiin thu limits of recent and au- thentic history : their place is ocuupiud by the white man of Kiirope as the master, and the black of Africa as the slave. The copper or bronze hue of the skin is, with come sli^rht exceptions, common to alimoHt all tlie natives of America, upon which thn climate, the situation or the mode of liviiifr, appear not to exercine the smallest influence. iSomc of the tribes in (iiiiana are nearly black, thoU);h easily distinf;uisliL'd from the ne/^ro. The colour of the natives of Brazil and California, is ejpially deep, although the lattoi- inhabits the temperate zone, and the former lives near the tropics. Thu natives of New Spain are darker than the Indians of Quito and New Grenada, who inhabit a precisely analogous climate. Those who, in the torrid zone, inhabit the most elevated table-land of the Cordilleras or of the Andes, have a complexion as much copper-coloured as those who cultivate the Banana under a burning sun, in the narrowest and deepest valleys of the equinoctial regions. The Indians who inhabit the mountains are clothed and were bo long before the conaiicst, while the Aborigines that wander on the plains of South America, are pertectly or nearly naked, and consequently are always exposed to the vertical rays of the Sun. These facts sliow that the colour of the American depends very little on the local situation which he actually occupies; and never in the .same individual are those parts of the body that are constantly covered of a fairer colour than those in contact with the air. In tlie warmer sections of the continent, the Aborigines live upon fruits or roots : in less genial regions, they are obliged to have recourse to the chase : on the rivers or along the shores of lakes, or on the sea-coasts, they depend on fish as their main article of food. In an emergency the Indians do not scruple to feed on ser- penti;!, toads, and lizards, and on the larva of insects, and other disgusting objects, Some roast their meat, others boil it, and not only several savage tribes, but even the civilized Peruvians, eat their flesh raw. The Ottomacs, a tribe near the Orinoco, eat a species of unctuous clay, and the same practice has been found to prevail among some tribes in Brazil, and on the borders of the Arctic Ocean. A number of tribes in Brazil, and in the basin of the Orinoco, and some in all parts of America, indulge in the horrid banquet of human flesh. j im ■.■:■ 1 1 <■ *■•■ .; W M ■ w^ l ■ - - — IK.': 268 SOUTH A^'ERICA. Amongst the aborigines throuffhout ihe continent, with some rare exceptions, the woiniin is the slave of the man. She performs all the meninl offices, carries the burdens, cultivates the ground, and in man" cases is not allowei to eat or j speak in the presence of the other sex. Polygamy is by no means uncommon among the native tribes; but it is often checked by the difficulty of procuring or supporting more than one wife, and some nations do not countenance the practice. Some tribes kill their prisoners; others adopt them into all the privileges of the tribe, and yet others employ them aa slaves, in which capacity they are turned over to the women. The governments of Spain and Portugal, aided by the devout zeal of several religious orders, have supported missions in Mexico, La Plata, Peru, Brazil, and New Greniida, for more than two centuries: most of these have been lately aban- doned, in consequence of the rif-ont revolutions in those countries, and seem to have left no traces of their e.v .iice. A few friars, or priests, settled among the savages, instructed them in the forms of the Roman Catholic religion, and taught them some of the more useful arts; but these establishments were generally mo- delled upon the plan of the Peruvian theocracy; the converts were kept under a complete state of tutelage ; the produce of their labour became the common pro- perty of the community, which was managed by their religious fathers, and no progress was made in establishing an independent, self-sustaining social system. South America contains the following political divisions. The republics of New Grenada, Venezuela, end Equador, or Equator, comprise what constituted, until 1831, the Republic of Colombia: they occupy the northern part of the continent. The colonies of Guiana, belonging lo Great Britain, France, and Holland, are in the north-east. The empire of Brazil, the most extensive and populous of all the South American states, extends over the central, and more than one-half of the eastern, section of the southern continent. West of Brazil is the republic of Eo- iivi" (forrae'Iy known as Upper Peru), and those of Peru and South Peru. The regions forming the territory of these states were once all coiuprehended under the general name of Peru. Southward of these, and along the western coast, ex- tends the republic of Chili. Eastward of Chili, and occupying mostly the central parts of the continent, is the republic of Buenoe Ayres, known also as the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, and likewise as the Argentine Republic. Be- tween Buenoa Ayres and Brazil is situated the dictatorship of Paraguay, and the Republic Oriental de TUruguay, commonly called Uruguay : it was aiso formerly known by the several names of Montevideo, the Banda Oriental, and the Cispla- tine Republic. The most southern part of South America is Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego. These regions are entirely occupied by native tribes, and are very little known. The estimates of the areas and population of all the above-mentioned territo- ries are very uncertain, and but little reliance is to be placed on them. Authori- ties often di^er very much, and in general they are but conjectural. Aren in square miles. Population. K Grenada 380,000 I,fi87,l00 Venezuela 425,000 900,00) Equador 130,000 600,000 Guiana 115,000 182,501 Brazil 3,000,000 6,000,000 Peru 280,000 700,000 South Peru 125,000 800,000 Bolivia 400,000 1,716,000 Buenos Ayres 860,000 700,000 Paraguay 88,000 150,000 Uruguay 92,000 75,000 ' . Chill.. 172,000 1,500,000 Patagonia 320,000 30,000 Total 6,387,000 14,040,600 J ire exceptions, I offices, carries | lowe^ to eat or I sans uncommon of procuring or CO the practice, rivileges of the they are turned zeal of several eru, Brazil, and Ben lately aban- !s, and seem to ttled among the rion, and taught t e generally mo- 1 ire kept under a he common pro- fathers, and no social system, epublics of New ;onstituted, until )f the continent. Holland, are in ipulous of all the one-half of the ! republic of Eo- luth Peru. The lended under the istern coast, ex- ostly the central so as the United Republic. Be- raguay, and the as aiso formerly , and the Cispla- gonia, including tribes, and are mtioned territo- them. Authori- il. loa 0) loo loi 00 ]oo GO 00 00 loo loo )0 COLOMBIA, OR, NEW GRENADA, VENEZUELA, AND EQUADOR OR EQUATOR. Colombia is the name given to the extensive territory of an independent state, which took the lead among the newly-formed republics in what was formerly Spanish South America. Recent changes have subdivided it into three portions, which have assumed the appellations of New Grenada, Venezuela, and the Equa- dor ; but it i.s .still convenient to give its physical features under the general ap- pellation of Colombia. Colombia, in its general outline, occupies nearly the whole north and north- western part of South America, and comprehends the two governments included Ly the Spaniards under the names of the viceroyalty of New Grenada, comprising Quito, and the captaincy-general of the Caraccas, or Venezuela, including Span- ish Guiana. It is bounded on the north by the great gulf of the Atlantic, which is enclosed between its shore and the long chain of the West India islands, com- monly called the Caribbean Sea. On this side also a narrow land boundary con- nects it with Guatemala, but its limits on that side are unsettled. On the west it stretches along the boundless expanse of the Pacific, from the vicinity of the Gulf of Dulce on the north, to the River Tumbez on the south : thence it is divided from Peru by an irregular south-easterly line extending to the Javari River. By that stream, part of the Amazon River, and a nominal line ex- tending first north, and then east, it is separated from Brazil ; and by the latter boundary, continued in a northerly course to the mouth of the Orinoco, it is di- vided from Guiana. The outline of this great region is probably not less than 6500 miles. It is in extent from north to south about 1400, and fVom east to west 1650 miles. The surface of Colombia, its mountains and plains, are of the most varied char- acter, and on the most majestic scale, presenting forms and phenomena the most grand and awful that are to be found on the globe. The summits of the Andes have ceased, indeed, to rank os the very loftiest on earth. The Himmaleh, the mountain boundary of Hindoostan, is not only higher, but presents, perhaps, a grander continuity of unbroken and gigantic steeps. But, ascending from the low country by a series of tabular plains and broad valleys, it presents at no single point any very astonishing elevation. It has nothing to resemble those solitary gigantic cones, which, in the Colombian Cordillera, shoot up towards the sky, and even under the burning influence of the equator remr.in buried to a great depth in perpetual snow. Chimborazo, the giant of the west, stands yet unsealed by mor- tal foot. Humboldt and his companions made extraordinary exertions to reach its summit, and arrived at about 2000 feet from that point, then believed to be the greatest elevation ever attained by man. They were enveloped in thick fogs, and in an atmosphere of the most piercing cold ; they breathed with difficulty, and blood burst from the eyes and lips. The form of the mountain, which is that of a truncated cone, appears everywhere sublime, but peculiarly so from the coast of tl e Pacific at nearly 200 miles distance, whence it resembles an enormous semi- transparent dome defined by the deep azure of the sky ; dim, yet too decided in outline to be mistaken for a cloud. The height is 21,440 feet. Antisana, tliough only 19,000 feet, ia remarkable for having a village on its side at the height of 13,500 feet, once believed the highest inhabited spot on the globe. The most tremendous volcanoes in the world arc those which burst from this mountain range. Cotopaxi is the most formidable in the Andes, and, indeed, on the globe. This mountain is 18,898 feet high, consequently more elevated than Vesuvius would be if placed on the top of Tenoriffe. In the course of the last century, it had five great eruptions, and one in 1803. In some of these it has been averred that Cotopaxi was heard at the distance of 600 miles, and that on the coast of the Pacific, at 140 miles distance, it sounded like thunder, or like the discharge of a continuous bi-.ttery of cannon. From this and the other South ti'3* '■' 'v4 ■i n ■i ^^i mm>^ »lu i"t- 970 COLOMBIA. American craters are ejected not only the usual volcanic substances, but tor'ents of boiiin)^ water and mud, often containing great quantities of dead tishes. Some- times, atler successive eruptions, the undermii.ed walls of the mountain fall in, and become a mass of tremendous ruin. Such was the fate of El Altai, which once reared its head above Chimborazo, and of another very lofty volcano, which, in 1698, fell with a similar crash. The general range of the Andes, as it passes through Colombia, is divided in the north into three parallel chains, of which the eastern has between it and the middle chain the plain of Santa Fe de Bogota, and some others, which constitute the most valuable part of New Grenada. Farther south, these chains unite into two, of which tlie most elevated, comprising nil the highest volcanic summits, is on the western side, facing the expanse of the Pacific. Between it and the par- allel chain i? interposed the table plain't)f Quito, about twenty miles in breadth, and of the most surpassing richness and beauty. To the east also the Andes throw out a chain, called the chain of Vonenuela, which runs parallel to the sea along the coast of Caraccas, as far as Cumanri, leaving along the shore a plain rich in the most valuable tropical productions. The Llanos form another extensive portion of the Colombian territory, com- mencing where the mountain ranges terminate, and reaching east and south to the Orinoco. They consist of immense flats, covered with magnificent forests and vast savannahs, in which the grass often grows above the human height, covering from view both man and horse. A great extent is inundated by the Orinoco and its large tributaries. The soil is fertile in the extreme ; but the unhealthiness of the climate deters settlers who are not urged by extreme necessity. Among its rivers, Colombia may rank several, the greatest both of the Old and the New World. She sets one foot, as it were, on the Amazon : bat that river, being scarcely accessible, and the country near it occupied only by a few scattered missions from Peru, cannot be considered, in any practical sense, as Colombian. The same observation may almost apply to its great tributaries, the Napo, the lea, or Putumayo, and the Japura, or Caqueta, which descend to it from the Andes of Quit". Tlie secondary but still immense stream of the Orinoco rises in the south- ern part of the mountains of Parime, and, winding round them, flows first west, then north, till it takes its final course eastward to the Atlantic, It enters that ocean by a delta of about fifty channels, and after a course of 1380 miles. From the boundless expanse of the Llanos, the Orinoco receives several mighty rivers that have their sources in the Andes, — the Guaviare, the Meta, and the Apure; the last of which, flowing through the plains of Venezuela, and drawing its waters from the coast chain, is alone very important in a commercial view. These shores may in future ages become the magnificent seats of empire, but at present they are overgrown with forests and thickets, peopled only by wandering Caribs, and presenting but a few scattered missions and settlements. The really useful streams are those of smaller dimensions, which, running like long canals between the mountain chains, bring down the products of those high valleys, at present the only cultivated part of Colombia. The Magdalena, the largest and most commodious of these streams, has a course of more than 500 miles between the eastern and middle chain of the Cordilleras, oflbrding to the plain of Santa Fe a communication with the sea. The Cauca runs '"»tween the middle and western chain ; and, after a course of nearly equal lenp , joins the Magdalena before it falls into the sea near Carthagena. The Magdalena is throughout navigable, though the voyage is rendered painful by the heat and the myriads of insects. The navigation of the Cauca is by no means so good. To the south, the still smaller rivers of Esmeraldas and of Guayaquil aflbrd to the republic of the Equa- dor an important means of communicating with the Pacific Ocean. There are scarcely any lakes of importance. We must except, however, that of Maracaybo, which, though it communicates with the sea, yet, unless in strong winds blowing from thence, preserves its waters fresh and unmixed. There are also dispersed throughout the territory various little collections of water on the declivities of hills, and others formed by the expansions of rivers. The constitution of Colombia was formed in a congress assembled at Cucuta, on tifej'r ;es, but tor'ents 1 tishes. Some- nountain fall in, El Altai, which volcano, which, jia, is divided in Iween it and the which constitute ;hains unite into janic summits, is n it and the par- miles in breadth, t also the Andes arallel to the sea shore a plain rich n territory, com Bast and south to ificent forests and height, covering r the Orinoco and unhealthiness of ity. th of the Old and »: bat that river, )y a few scattered ise, as Colombian, the Napo, the lea, rom the Andes of rises in the south- 1, flows first west, ic. It enters that JO miles. ;es several mighty I he Meta, and the I luela, and drawing | commercial view, of empire, but at inly by wandering lents. The really like long canals high valleys, at the largest and ~ miles between I plain of Santa Fe liddle and western fdalena before it „p^..jut navigable, lyriada of insects. ;he Bouth, the still iblic of the Equa- ept, however, that unless in strong liixed. There are of water on the fled at Cucuto, on COLOMBIA. 271 tiie 18th July, 1821. Another had been framed, two years before, at Santo Tome, ')Ut only for the province of Venezuela, which, after some resistance, was obliged li yield its claim to the superior power and population of New Grenada. The basis judiciously taken was that of the United States of North America, and the alterations are even such as to give it somewhat less of a democratic character. The legislative power was vested in a congress, consisting of two bodies, the sdnate and the house of representatives. The executive was vested in a presi- dent and vice-president, the former of whom was elected for four, and could not continue in office for a consecutive period of more than eight years. Neither he nor any of the ministers could be members of the congress, llis salary was fixed at ^0,000 dollars, and that of the vice-president at 16,001) dollars per nnnum. The constitutions of the three states newly formed from the fragments of ♦^'i- lombia, are, with some variations, the same r.s that of Ci'icutn. Attempts ii-ive been made to unite them into a confuderary, which should manage their foreign relations; but the project has never succeeded, and seems now to be abandoned. The amount of the foreign debt of Colombia was in 1H24 nearly 30,00(),00*i' dollars, since which time no interest has been paid, and it has consequently in- creased to about 50,000,000. It has been recognised by the new states as a com- mon burden, which shall be distributed on equitable principles among them, and each has declared its readiness to meet its respective responsibilities. The territory of Colombia is chiefly distinguished by its vast capacities for im- provement, which are developed only in a very imperfect degree. The soil is as various as the states that compose the territory. New Grenada, though a moun- tainous country, is fertile in all kinds of grain and fruit, and s\ich are the natural resources of this part of South America, that, if its inhabitants were active ttnd industrious, it might become one of the richest and most important countries in the world. Agriculture in this country, beyond any other in Spanish America, or perhaps in the world, is capable of supplying in the utmost variety the rich.st productions of the vegetable kingdom. That which chiefly distinguishes it is the cacao, a fruit at once palatable and nutritious, which in the country yields an article of food, and in Europe forms the basis of the chocolate. The cacao of Cnraccas is generally reckoned the best in the world. The produce is in value nearly 5,000,000 dollars. The tobacco of Caraccas is much superior to that of Virginia, yielding only to that of Cuba and the Rio Negro. Quinquina, or Jesuit's bark, one of the most valuable articles in the materia medica, is now the produce almost exclu- sively of Colombia. Cofiee, cotton, and sugar, find all most favourable soils. In- digo was once a very important article, being exported from Caraccas, in the most prosperous times, to the value of 1,0 Hucha, notwithstanding their great name^ do not yield more than 100,000 dollars a year. Manufacturing industry can scarcely be said to exist. The leather of Carora, the hammocks of Marquesita Island, and the blankets of Tocuyo, arc objects of little importance, even in re^pect to internal consumption. Commerce, in consequence of the very circumstance last mentioned, has a pecu- liar activity. From the total want of manufactures, almost the whole population must be clothed in foreign fabrics. In 1831, the exports from Caraccas consisted of coftee, cacao, and indigo, with hides, sarsaparilla, and sugar. The entire value amounted to 887,099 dollars. The imports to 97."),019 dollars. In 1831, there cleared out iVom La Guayra 90 vessels; burthen, 9470 tons; of these 9 vessels and 909 tons wore for England ; 28 vessels and 3882 tons for the United States. Trade is understood to be on the whole in a prosperous state. The internal traffic wii; one da)^ probably be immense, upon the Orinoco, the Apure, the Meta, and by the Cassiquiare, with the Rio Negro and the Amazons; but all the regions wa- tered by these mighty rivers are as yet little better than deserts. The cataracts also of Atures and Maypiires prevent navigation from being carried much above the lowest bend of the Orinoco. ''^he population of Colombia cannot be computed with any precision from exist- ing data. Venezuela, in 1834, according to official statements, had 900,000; that of Naw Grenada was ascertained by a census of that year to be 1,687,100; and the republic of the Equador is estimated to contain about 600,000 souls, making an aggregate of 3,187,100. The following table shows the relative proportion of the different races : — Vnnezuela. New Grenada. Equador. Total. Whites 200,000 1,058,000 157,000 1,415,000 Indians 207,000 376,050 39.3,000 976,050 Free Coloured . . 433,000 168,700 42,000 643,700 Slaves 60.00 84,350 8,000 152^50 TotaU 900,000 l^S^TOOO 600,000 348V00 The character of !.he Colombians is, probably, much influenced by the sudden transition from a depressing despotism to an extreme degree of liberty. They re- tain much of the gravity, temperance, and sobriety of the Spaniards, with a share of their prid?, suspicious temper, and neglect of cleanliness. A courtesy some- what stately and studied prevails in their demeanour. It is not easy to gain their confidence ; but .vhen that is once obtained, they aie extremely friendly and cor- dial. They are hospitable to foreigners, whom, from national pride, however, they regard with secret jealousy. The great mass of thi Colombians was kept in the most profound ignorance daring the three centuries of Spanis-h government, your-fiflhs of the inhabitants, ires and other In tho moun- inll size, liya- > llacha, anie- and Anserma. 3se were neg- I to lf*10 were 2U,0(H),()(H), or mes, and some >r, quicksilver, I Venezuela is lor to the cele- luintalH of ex- ly the expense mense rock of ■, the only one ; )f Panama and B than 100,000 tlier of Carora, , arc objects of led, has a pecu- hole population iccas consisted ho entire value In 1831, there ;hese 9 vessels United States. internal traffic je Meta, and by le regions wa- The cataracts ed much above iion from exist- 900,000; that 1,687,100; and souls, making i proportion of Total. . 1,415,000 . 976,050 . 643,700 . 152^50 . 3^87,100 by the sudden ?rt'y. They re- la, with a share jcourtesy some- iy to gain their idly and cor- however, they (ind ipTnorance Ihe mhahitants. NEW GRENADA. comprehending the Indians, slaves, artisans, and labourers, did not even learn to read or write; and the children even of the more opulent classes were only tiiught n'uding, writing, and arithmetic. Some, however, pursued their studies in the colleges, in order to fit tiiemselves for the only employments to which the Creoles could aspire, those of clergymen and Iswyera. There were universities or col- leges at Caroccaa, Bogota, and Quito; but the whole system of education was ex- tremely defective, and the scholars remained ignorant of the actual state of sci- ence and phili sof/hy in Eurcpe. Of lute years, great progress has been maue in all the departing its of knowledge; free ingress of books from all quarters, the establishment of newspapers and journak, and the liberty of tho press which now exists, have greatly tended to enlighten the community. The relif-ion i.-, as yet exclusively tho Roman Ca;!! jlic, and its ceremonies are observed with the strictest punctuality. The parish priests rule in the villages Willi almost absolute sway ; but their influence, uniting together the diflVrent classes and sexes, is considered on the whole advantageous. Many of the young men who have had more enlarged means of information, have begun to discard the Catholic creed ; but a general scepticism, rather than any rational system of religion, seems to have taken the place of their ancient faith. The races are as numerous and as variously crossed as in Me.xico, The negro maintains his place in the scale of humanity ; and the mulattoes Paez and Padilla have ranked among the foremost of the heroes v/'uo achieved the national inde- pendence. Of the native Indian tribes within this territory, the Caribs are tae ruling peo- ple. No nation in the world is stamped with a deeper brand of ferocity, the very name, converted into ca.mibals, being applied to signify devourers of human flesh. The charge appears to have been greatly exaggerated by the Spaniards, who cer- tainly met with a most fierce resistance, and sought by this allegation to justify the system of enslaving and exterminating the savage tribes. They were sup- posed to have been exterminated, but it has been lately ascertained that there must be still about 40,000 of pure and unmixed blood. They are a tine tall race, whose figures, of a reddish copper colour, with their picturesque drapery, resem- ble antique statues of bronze. They shave great part of the forehead, which gives them somewhat the appearance of monks: tiiey wear only a tull on the crown. They have dark intelligent eyes, a gravity in their manners, and in ti^eir fi iitures an expression of severity, and even of sadness. The amusements of Colombia are chiefly borrowed from the mother-country. Dancing is passionately followed in the several forms of the fandang(>, the bol >, and tho Spanish country-dance. Bull and cock fighting are equally favour- ite sports, and tend to keep alive that ferocity which is the main blemish ill the moral character of the Spaniards. NEW GRENADA. The new states which have been formed by the division of tho former republic of Colom 'ia are, Venezuela, in the east; New Grenada, in the north and centre; and Equador or Equator, in the south-west. New Grenada, comprising the ancient \iceroyalty of that name, extends from 2" S. to 12° N. lat., and from 68° to Ha° W. long., over an area of 380,000 square miles. It is the most populous t d powerful of the Colombian republics; its population by a census of 1835 was 1,687,100, It ia divided into five depart- me.. J, which are subdivided into eighteen provinces, Depniimsntt, Copital§. Pnpul,itioD. Isthmus Panama 10,800 Magdalena Carthngcna 18,000 Boyncn . , . , Tunja 400 Cundinar.iarca Bogota 30,000 Cauca Pop,iyin S.'i.OOO 2K ■\4 '^' * -■ 'j\ -m .^-' r^rrr- m:: II W^^' 274 NEW GRENADA. Bo,Ti'tii, tlio capital of Now Grunadn, is sitantod on n tabic plain, oO miles by 25, iiiiii HOOO feet above the level of the sen. This plain, thonnrti under the line, has the climate of Uritain, and even of Scotland, thoujjh without the chani;e of scasiiiis, the perpetual temperature being that of spriiifj or autumn, and the thermometer aeldom falling below 47° or rising above 70^^, The otdy altonialion is formed by the wet seasons, which are two : the first comprehending Marcli, April, and May; the second, September, October, and November; and these, being colder than the others, make two winters and two summers. The suriound- ing |)lain is excessively fertile, fine, and fruitful, yielding two crops in the year of the best European grain. It is hemmed in by lofly mountains, rugged preci- pices, roaring torrents, and frightful abysses. The city of Bogota itstif is eii- clo.sed in a grand mountain circuit, clifls of 1000 feet rising immediately above it. The city was founded in 1538, by Quesada, and rapidly increased : it is now sup- posed to contain 30,000 inhabitants. Its streets and squares are open and spa- cious, but the houses are generally heavy and old-liisliioned; and even the late palace of the viceroy displays little magnificence. The beauty of the city rests wholly on its ecclesiastical edifices, which consist of twenty-si.x churches and twelve convents. Many of the former are not only splendid, but built with gome taste; and their numerous spires, amid the grandeur of the surrounding scenery, give it a very fine appearance. It contains an university and archiepiscopal see, and carries on a considerable trade in cotton goods, hides, ami grain. The scenery of tiiS plain of Bogota is marked by many striking and picturesque featun-.-; Among these are particularly conspicaous the Full of Tequendama and the natural bridges of Icononzo. The first ia formed by the river Bogota. Its moi-fl of waters, previously spread to a considerable breudtli, are contracffd to forty feet, and dashed down a precipice 650 feet high, into an almopt t'ntf.r; .less abyss. The bridge of Icononzo is a natural arch across a chasm " > feci deep, at the bottom of which flowo a rapid torrent, which would have bocu otberwwe impassable. Honda, the port of Bogota, is situated on the Mag'^alena river, about 55 miles N. \V. from the capital: it has considerable trade, with a populution of about 10,000 inhaiitants. The town has some good buildings, the climote i.s hot but not unhealthy, and the banks of the river are infested with mosquitoes. Popayan is a handsome city, built more regularly and elegantly tha'i Santa Fe, and inhabited by manj' opulent merchants, who have suficrcd severely by the revolution. Its site, on the river Cauca, is picturesque; the climate delicious, notwithstanding the frequent rains ind tempests, ll enjoys a considerable trade in European merchandise, which ii receives from Carthagena, and distributes to Quito and other neighbouriny districts, together with the products of its fertile soil. Above it rises the volcano of Purace, continually emitting flames, unless when obstructed by the substances thrown out by itself, in wiiich case Indians are employed to clear it, lest the sul (orraneous flame should produce cartiiquake. From its summit a river descends to Popayan, so impregnated with acid sub- stances, that the Spaniards call it Vinagre. Cali is a clean and well-built towi'. in a delightful siL;..xtion ; and the inliabitants have attained considerable pros- perity by e.xporting tobacco and other produce of the interior. Lower down the river is Cartago, in a situation which the cold blasts from tlio s^uowy mountains would lender inclement, were it not sheltered by a ridgo of lower hills. The surrounding country contains many valuable mines, and would be most rich in cacao, coffee, sui;ar, '-.nj all tropical productions, if cultivators and a market could be found. Pasto is h considerable town, and the inhabitants manufacture a pecu- liar species of cabinst-work <.f considerable elegance. It is surrounded by vol- canoes, and is accessible only tiirough rugged and narrow passes. Previous to 1834, when it wa.- lestroyed by an earthquake, its population amounted to 10,000. Carthagena, long considered by the Spaniards as the bulwark of their posses- sions in America, equally noted for the succe.ssful attacks of Drake and the buc- caneers, and for the disastrous failure of Vernon in 1741, has lost much of its former importance. The fortifications are considerably decayed, yet it is the chief arsenal of the republic. The packet-boats, which maintain the intercourse! jmi .-"^p .vit ;iin, oO miles by 1 under tlio line, t the chunj^c of ututiin, and the ' only ultoniation ?hendin{^ March, iber; and these, Thesurioiind- irops in the year lis, rugijed preci- fotji ilscif is en- ediulely above it. (1 : it is now sup- e open and «pu- m\ even the late of the city rests ix cliurclios and t built with gouie Bunding scenery, rchiepiscopal see, 'ain. r a:id picturesque Tequendttina and iv«^r Bogota. Its ire contractod to ilmopt tiithdiuless 3m " • feel deep, e beeu otherwwe ;r, about 53 miles pubtion of about ilimate in hot but uitoes. y tlia-i Santa Fe, severely by tlie ;limnte delicious, onsiderrible trade nd distributes to ucts of its fertile »{j tlameH, unless case Indians are luce eartliquake. with acid sub- well-built town, Dnsiderable pros- Lower down the ^uowJ' mountains jwer hills. The be most rich in d a market could jufacturo a pecu- rrounded by vol- iCd. Previous to junted to 10,000. of their posses- ke and the buc- lost much of its d, ypt it is the ti the intercourse NEW GRENADA. 275 with Europe and the United States, sail to and from Carthapena ; and it absorbs most of the commerce of the Mngdalena and its tributaries. It stands on a low, sandy point in the delta of the former river, and notwithstanding there are some handsome churches and convents, it has on the wholo a gloomy aspect. Its popu- lation is supposed to amount to about 18,000. Turbaco, a little Indian village in the vicinity, to which the wealthy Carthaginian!^ retire in the hot season, is dis- tinguished by the curious phenomenon of the volcnncifos (little volcanoes), con- sisting of about 20 cones, from 20 to 2^ feet high, whence issue constant erup- tions of gas, sometimes accompanied with mud and water. Tolu, in a rich vege- table district of this province, is noted for the balsam bearing its name. Mompo.v, in the province of the same name, derives some importance from its population of 10,()00 souls. Ocana, a village higher up in the same province, was the seat of a congress in 1828. Rio Hacha is a small town with a harbour, and once the seat of a pearl fishery, which never proved very successful. Farther west is Santa Martha, situated in a country pervaded by u detached range of lofty moun- tains. It has a good harbour, is strongly fortified, and carries on considerable trade. Its population is about (),0fl0 souls. The city of Tunja was the Indian capital of Cundinamnrca, and continued, even under the Spaniards, to bo a rich place, till it was superseded by Santa Fe. Sogamozo was a celebrated place of Indian pilgrimage, and contained a temple of the Sun. The town of Socorra is rudely built, but contains 12,000 inhabitants, busily employed in coarse cotton fabrics. Pamplona is a considerable and pleasant ttiwn in a lofty situation. Rosario de Cucutn, farther north, is remarkable for the session of the constituent congress in 1821. Casanare, 190 miles N. E. from Bogoti'i on the river of the sain-) name, forms the medium by which the provinces on the Magdalena communicate with the Llanos and the coast of Caraccas; under the old r( jjime the influence of the merchants of Carthagena caused it to be shut up, in order to secure their own monopoly of the Santa Fe trade ; but as such absurd restrictions aro now abolished, the Casanaro may bocomo an impor- tant channel of commerce. Panama and Porto Belio, on the opposite sides of the isthmus, bore a great name in America, when they were the exclusive channel by which the wealth of Peru was conveyed to the mother-country. Now, when both that wealth is diminished, and a great part of it is transported round Cape Horn, their con- sequence has much declined. Yet Panama, nn the coast of the Pacific, is still a fortified place, and carries on some trade. It contains a beautiful cathedral, tour monasteries, now deserted, and other large buildings, and maintains a population of 10,800. Porto Bello, bo called from its fine harbour, is in a state of decay, and its pestilential climate has given it the nanit> of the grave of Europeans It is now inhabited only by a few negroes rnd mulattoes, the whole population not ex'ceeding 1200. Here was once held the richest feir in America, but its trade is now chiefly removed to Chagres, a miserable little town with 1000 inhabitants. The usual routes across the isthmus are from Porto Bello and Chagres to Panama ; but the harbour of Chagres is not good, and does not admit vessels of more than twelve feet draft, and the climate of Porto Bello is so fatal that nv white man can remain there more than a few weeks, and even negroes suffer from its effects. There have been, from time to time, various projects for the construction of a canal, or a rail-road, so as to unite the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, at this linrrow neck of land. But the political state of the country is as yet somewhat unsettled ; and hence capitalitits are deterred from advancing the necessary funds. At isome more propitious period, when affairs shall be permanently tranquillized, doubtless such a communication will bo opened. Near Cape San Bias is a fishery of pearls and turtle ; the former carried on by an English company to little advantage, the latter affording profitable employment to about 120 individuals, who drive a trade in the flesh, oil, and shell of the ! turtles. Chorrera, ten miles from Panama, has 4000 inhabitants. Santiago is I a place of some consequence, with 5000 inhabitants. Nata in the same pro- vince has a population of 4000. | * rl il i.'.i> V ■ , /ill < Thb republic of Venczuola, consistinj? of the former captoincy-gencrftl of Caraccas, to whicJi wan attached the extensive tract known under the name of Hpanifih Guiana, extends from the Orinoco to the Gulf of Venezuela. It stretches o'. jr an area of 42r),(KH) Mjuurc miles, lying between 60° to 72" W. long., and 2" S. and 12° N. lat. It is divided into four uupartments, which are subdivided into 12 provinces, with a population estimated at about 900,000. DopBrtmenti. Capilnla. Popiilallon. Orinoco Varinaa 3,000 Matiuin Cumana 10,000 Venezuela Carnccag 33,000 Zuiia Murocaybo 20,000 Venezuela bears a completely opposite I'^nect to the two former divisions. While they consist of the declivities and valkya of the lofliest Andes, Venezuela forms a plain of immense extent, leaching westward to and beyond the Orinoco. This rerrion is divided into three parts, distmguished by the most marked contrasts both natural and social. The first consists .if the forest territory beyond the Orinoco. It exists in an entirely unsubdued and savage state, peopled by the Caribs and other tribes, who roam from place to place, and wage almost continual war with each other. A few only have been formed by the missionaries into re- ductions, and inured to the habits of civilized life. The second part consists of the Llanoe ; boundless plains, where the eye, in the compass of a wide horizon, often does not discover an eminence of six feet high. Like the Pampas of l^a Plata, they are covered with the most luxuriant pastures, on which it is estimated 1,200,000 oxen, 180,000 horses, and 90,000 mules are fed. Some of the great proprietors possess 14,000 head of cattle. The export of the hides of these ani- mals forms one of the principal branches of the commerce of Venezuela- The third division, consisting of a coast about 600 miles long, and the territory imm< diately adjoining to it, mcludes all that exhibits any degree of culture or civiliza- tion. Here the West India products, and particularly cacao of superior quality, are cultivated to a considerable extent ; and a trade is carried on, which, though interrupted by the revolutionary war and other calamities, is likely, in periods of tranquillity, to b» revived and extended. Caraccas, situatod a few miles from the const, has always been the capital of Venezuela, ard previous to 1812 was a very large city, containing above 40,000 inhabitants. On the 26th of March, it was overthrown by one of uie most dread- ful earthquakes recorded in either hemisphere. After four in the evening, two successive shocks were felt, during which the ground was in continual undulation, and heaved like a fluid in a state of ebullition. The danger was then thought to be over, when a subterranean noise was heard, like the rolling of loud thunder ; it was followed by two shocks, one perpendicular and one undulatory, so tre- mendous, that in a few seconds the whole city was in ruins. Several of the loftiest churches fell, burying 3000 or 4000 of the inhabitants, and they were so completely destroyed, that none of rbe fragments were more than five or six feet above the ground. Nearly 10,000 pert:ons perished on the spot, besides many more who died afterwards, in consequence of vyuURds and privations. The agitation of the revolutionary contest obstructed the revival of Caraccas, and in 1830 it did not contain above 23,000 inhabitants. The city is finely situated, in a valley be- tween the sea and the lofty mountain of the S'.lla, whose two peaks rise to the height ot nearly 9000 feet The cathedral "s spacious, but massive and heavy. Alta Gracla, its most elegant church, was overthrown by the earthquake. There is an university, on a very large scale, though the objects of instruction are some- what obsolete. La Guayra, about twelve miles from Caraccas, of which it is the ;ort, notwith- standing it! unhealthy climate and bad harbour, is tl\e seat of a very considerable iM aincy-gencrnl of tier Iho name of lela. It Btrelches W. long., and 2' e tjubdivided into ilatlnn. 00 no 00 00 former divisionB. Andes, Venezuela yond the Orinoco. t maiked coutrasls ritory beyond the te, peopled by the e almost continual gsionaries into re- d part consiuts of of a wide horizon, he Porapas of La ich it is estimated Some of the great ides of these mi- [Venezuela. The le territory immr ;ultUTe or civiliza- f superior quality, on, which, though Leiy, in periods of sen the capital of [line above 40,000 >f we most dread- the evening, two tinual undulation, then thought to of loud thunder ; dulatory, so tre- Several of the and they were so an five or six feet esides many more The agitation of and in 1830 it did jd, in a valley be- peaks rise to the issive and heavy. rthquake. There ruction are some- the ;ort, notwith- very considerable i:iit'AUoit. a?: trailc'. Similar disasters have reduced it from a population of 13,000 to scarcely r>(K(0; but it is now revivin/^, Several liirffo cities occur on the long line of coast which e.xtflnds wr ftward from CaruccaH. Valencia tlourishctt in consequence of the fine interior territory, the if)>dn of which is conducted through it, whence it is supposed to maintain a popul.itiuu of about 15,000. Its port, about ten leagues distant, called Puerto Ca- beilo, has an admirable harbour, nut is extremely unhcaltliy. Com, on(;(3 the capital of Venezuela, having lost that distinction and a great part of Its trade, is now much decayed. Maracaybo, happily situated at the junc- tion between a bay and a large lake reaching far into the interior, early became n great city. It contains many descendants of the early conquerors, who live in proud indolence: the rest of the inhabitants gain wealth by traffic; and the whole are supposed to bo nearly 20,000. Truxillo, in a fine country near the head of the lake, early became one of the most flourishing cities in America; but being, in 1078, plundered and reduced to ashes by Gramont the buccaneer, il has reco- vered only in o far as tu be a tolerable country town, though presenting monu- ments of its lurmer importance. It is almost rivalled by Mcrida, a neat town to the west of it. Some considerable cities occur on the coast to the east of Caraccas. Cumana is situated on an extensive and fertile plain on the Gulf of Cariano, bounded by a curtain of rude mountains covered by luxuriant forests. NumerouH herds run wild on its savannahs, and in the plain on the coast very fine tobacco is cultivoted. It has u very spacious and noble harbour, and the gulf on which it ii^ situated affords good anctioragc. Mules, cattle, and provisions are exported to the West Indies; but there is no longer nwm for the very large contraband which prevailed when the Spanish Main was generally closed against Britain. The in- habitants, formerly reckoned at 18,000, do not probably now much exceed 10,000. Cumana has suffered dreadfully by enrthquokes : that of 1700 laid it completely in ruins; hence it contains no lofly or im)X)rtant edifice. Now Barcelona, to the westward, on an extensive plain overrun by wild cattle, carries on a similar trade, which supports a population of about 5000. In the island of Margarita is the little town of Pampatar, which has been de- clared a free port. The great plains in the interior of Venezuela and on the Orinoco, possessing neither manufactures nor commerce, cannot contain cities of any magnitude. Yet Varinas was reckoned a neat and handsome phce, and, notwithstanding severe losses during the revolutionary war, has still 3000 inhabitants. San Fernando derives some importance from the commerce of the Apure, on which it is situated. Angostura, the only city yet founded on the Orinoco, notwithstanding recent losses, is still about equal to Varinas, and is the seat of a bishop and a college. It was in this region that report placed the fabulous El Dorado, the golden kingdom of Manoa, which v/aa the object of so many expeditions in the 16th century. Here, it was asserted, there were more splendid cities and greater abundance of goid, than even the wealthy Peru could boast ; and as late as 1780, a large party of Spa.'>iards perished in search of this imaginary region. REPUBLIC OF THE EQUADOR, or EQUATOR. The republic of the Equador, comprising the old Spanish presidency of Quito, which was annexed to the viceroyalty of New Grenada in 1718, extends from 67° W. Ion. en the Amazon, to the Pacific, and from 7° S. to 2° N. lat. On the Pa- cific it occupies tlie coast from the Mira to the Tumbe/.; its superficial area is about 130,000 square miles. The republic is divided into three departments, which are subdivided into eight provinces, and has a population of about 600,000. 24 '0'-^ i' '■ ' jMl- w» m 878 liQUADOR. Di'liiitimi'iilt. <'»|iituli>. r<'|iiilHtiiiir, Kiiuador Q.iilo 7(1,000 <nt of tho Kqiiador forriw the fincbl toble |tluiii in all Amnrici. It iins (IV 'jMifHRe 'jrciultli of about lliirty riiilcH, r^ncloHnd bolwcon two imriilli'l riiiis<'n (li tiio lotlinst AndoH. In Noil uiul chiiiutc, I |Knigps!i(!ii a felicity aliiiuot apiiroarli- lOK to thttt wliirh fablo Iium nucribcil to tla- jjoldcii n|,'o. Tlin tliiimto i.i thai of a licrpotiml Hprinir, at oncu brni^ii und <'i|tiiil, and oven dnrint; tlio four umntliH of rain, tlio nuirnni);fi nnd fVunin;fH are cli'ar and bcuuliful. Vi'^rt;lation never ceases ; llie country IS called the cvergrern Huito; the Ireeo iiml nieaduwH are crowned with perpttna) verdure. The European seen with n«tonishinent the ploiij/h and the Biokle u" :e in equal uctivily ; herbs of iIk- Baine Hix'cir^H hert! fndin^r tlir(iii;;h aire, there b'. 'Uiint; to bud; one ll'iwer druopniir, and iU «i^ter nntbldin(,' its beau- ti(!8 to the b( Standing on an I'minenee, the spectator views llin tints of spriiif'', Kunnner, ani. 'Uluinn, all blended. But the feature which renders tho view from Quito tlie inoBt enchantinve this lieiiiitiful valley, and restinj^, as it werri, on its verdant hills, there rise all ttu; lot\K'.>t volcanic cones of the Andes. From one [K)int of view, eleven may be dis- covered, cliid in perpetual snow. The productions of Quito are equally various as at Santa Fc, all grada'.ions of climate occurrinjf in a similar proximity; but the inot-t valuable ure those of the temperate climates; grain, fruits, and ricii pasturage, Quito, leaning, as it were, on the side of Pichincha, more than (KWO foci above the sea, is one of the linctit and lartrest cities in tie! New World. It iiaw four streets, broad, handsome, and well paved, and three spaoious fii'.mres, in which the principal convents and dwelling-houses are pituatcd; but iht rest, e.xtendinjf up tho sides of Pichincha, are crcoked and irregular. The churches and convents are built with great niagnificence and even some taste. The im>f\ elegant is the college formerly belonging to tho Jesuit.s, linely adorned with <,-i)rinthittn pilli-', and wreaths of flowers executed in stone. Tlie convent of San Francisco is of vast ext,3nt, ^ nd has a massive yet neat facade of the Tuscan order. Quito has two tmiversities, which are numerously attended and carefully conam 'ed; and it is considered comparatively cs a isort of South American Athens. 1 ;ic inhabit- ants are gay, volatile, hospitable, and courteous. Quito is noted for lu viands, particularly ices, confectionary, maize, and jiotato cakes. Vast quantities of chce, " are consumed, mixed with pumpkins, gourds, pulse, and other vegetables. Tho population is about 70,000, of whicli only one-sixth are whites, the mestizos a third, Indians a third, and the rest negroes. l.atBCunga, 50 milea Bouth from Quito, ia a place of some importance, with 16,000 inhabitants. Iliobambo, 90 miles south of Quito, is a large and handsome town. The streets arc wide and straight, the buildings of stone and mortar, but low on account of earthquakes. It has several manuliictories of cloth, baizes, &c. The town has been twice (in tlie years 1098 and 1746) almost ruined by eruptions from Mount Chimborazo. Population 20,000. Cuenca, 150 rniles south of Quito, ia a town of 20,000 inhabitants. The streets are straight and broad, and the houses mostly built of adobes, or unburnt bricks. The environs are fertile and pleasant. Loxa is a small town, with a population of 8 or 0000 inhabitants: in its vicinity is produced in large quantities the celebrated quinine bark, or cascarilla de Loja. It is south of Cuenca about 80 miles. Otuvalo has from 15 to 20,000 inhabitants, with some manufactures of cotton goods: the country in its vicinity is well adapted for pasturage, and abounds in cattle ; large qnanlitics of cheese are also made in the neighbourhood. It is north- east of Quito. Ibarra, or St. Mignel d'Ibarra, is a neat town, with a large and hnndeome church, also a college, several convents, &c. Population 10 or 12,000. Ibarra •- situated north-east of Quito about 50 miles. Guayaquil, on the bay of the same name, founded by Pizarro in 1533, contains -akJik. ^Jfib^ W" ^5r%. inn. 10 Ml Ml I 11 Anx-riort. U I imnillL'l riinjri'H !iiio«t np|)r()iii:li- iiitc i.-< tliiit of II four iiiuiilhH of )n never coast'!' ; vei arc crowiKil ttm ])loii!.'li mid ! liidiMK lliroiijrh tol(liii(j iu boHii- tiiitMot'Mprin;^, r» tlie view from 1 tlmt above this ere rise all th(i ;ven may be dis- ill griula'ions of are thoso of tln> 0(H30 fee; above )rld. It iiiiH four res, in wliicli tlie >st, c.xtcndiiij,' up lios and convents Dsl elegant i« the lonnthian pill ' -, In Francisco is of rdrr. Quito has onaui 'od; and it i ,.u inhabit- for u.! viands, antitipsofchci'. " ipetablea. The the mestizos a iportance, with and handsome and mortar, but 3loth, baizes, &c. ined by eruptions nts. The streets unburnt bricks. in its vicinity scarilla de Loja. ctures of cotton and abounds in xxl. It is nortli- and handsome 2,000. Ibarra • n 1533, contains •J(t,(l(WI inhnbitnnfi, and in one of th'i tnoiit HnuriNhins; commnrrial citing in Houth Aint'rica. Its dockyard is partunlnrly fxti'nsivo. It priHloced one ship of 7(M) I ns: very I'oniinonly vphspIs of ;i(H( or -KM) tons aro built ilnTo: hut it is chiefly I . 'I K)r «cli(Kin»"rH of IW to 'JIM) toiH. 'I'ht! Iiduhi's stand in tine picturonqup con- lii.H I, alon(( thu suIch ind the top of a lull : tlicy on- hiiiiilsoinn and coiMmixlioiis ; hut iiivio of the public e.lirtrr.s urn very splcnditl. 'I'lic iiimiml food is not of very ^r<)od i|iinlily, hut nowhere does there exist a tiner fruit market; the plantain ic ^irpixtsed to be more esteemed and (taten th:in in any other pliu-e. (iiiaya(|uil, like l'".t:ypt, hiiH it."* pla};ui'-<. The nir swarms witii mosipiitoes and other flies still more turiiii'ntin},' ; the ground teems with snakes, centipedes, and other reptiles, whose l>ite ciiuses lever mid inllamination. There is a caiiieleon whose scratch is he lieved to be mortal, a belief which seems (piite chimerical, hut which greatly ha- rasses the citizens. The ants cannot he prevented from t'.iii'i'' «ven the dishes: iiid sometimes, when a tart is cut up, they are seen runi"ii)T ''0 i all directions, •vinfr llie interior a vnid. 1/istly, the shores are crow ''; '' >• i'H -.iMifators, whose ' ■ cannot, by the utmost exertion, ho kept withi - .; ij \.U 'the hid:es of (Jimyaiiuil is celebrated throuiflu it ali iins as lair us any Huropeaii, wilh blue eyes and lij,'hi hdir. Tlu'y have .iffreetible paiety, joined to a propriety of conduct, which renders the (if this place particularly eiijjnjfinjj. ,\. out 170 l('a(jii('-i west of the coast is the fine group of the Galapagos (Tor- foiHi-i Islands, deriving their iiiime from the abundance of a gigantic species of l.ind tortoise, called the elephant tortoise. The islands, which enjoy a delightful climate and a fertile soil, have recently been occupied by a colony from Giinyuquil. laljii limits. The ca; they have GUIANA. Guiana was once morn extensive than at present; it included the whole of that portion of South Amerii i lyiog between the Orinoco and the Amazon Rivera, of which tlio northern pai cnlled Spanish (luiana, now belongs to Venezuela, and the southern, k own a,s I'urluguese (iuianu, is attached to the Brazilian province of Para. The region at present styled Guiana, extends along the coast from Cape Bar- rima, at the mouth of the Orinoco, to the Oyapock River, a distance of about T.IO miles, and e.xtending in the interior, to the mountains at the source of the Ksse- quiho, Sufiuiim, and Marowyne, or Mnroni Rivers, about 350 miles; comprising an area ol alwut liri,000 square miles. Along the sea-shore the country presents the nf.|)oarancc of an extensive and uniibrni plain. It is covered generally with thick tbrests, even to the water's edge ; anil the coast is so low and flat that nothin^; is t I u . '1' I •■:/: ^■n ' iir. ,1. : soo GUIANA. Inin, mid Wf'ni cimtirini'il In that |x>wt!r liy tin: trnnty of HI I. Thry cxtcnil nlMxit KHI iiiili'.-< iiliint( tint coiiNt, iiiid I'iM'.li colixiy ih MituiitiMl ut tho iiinutli ol n liroiid riviT, lii'nrinir itH iivvii niimc. 'I'liti territory iit low, tliit, iilliiviul, iitid in ninny |mrL'< in plncn ; liritish imliiNtry hiiH nil down thti wimkIm, und, iivailiMK it.sctll' ut° tho niiliirtti ti>rtilily of thu w)il, hiiM rvndcntd thix onn of the iiioit proiliictivo rcirionH in Ihu Nuw World. Dfinurarn rnnkH, nM to prodiico, Mfcniiu only to Jiiiniiion: itH nun In inferior only to liorH; nnil tho coHim! of Ik-rhicit rankri ubovo timt of iiny of tliu ihIuiuIh. Nlnbrook, now (ii'orKctown, iH huilt on tho lll^^ hunk of thu riviT DBinuriira, The houtien are of wofxl, hoIiIoiii iiIkivo two xtoritts liif^'h, and, with n view to cix)lnui<, und with a coiiHidorable Hjiot of |;roiind attached to each hoUHe. Agriculture iii carried on in Uritish (luiiinii on a (rf'it nculn ; many of tho plan- tations have from !'A)0 to l.jIM) lubourern ; and jD.'iOiddO have been often laid out in th(t cmbankmcntK and buililin^M of a new estate, beiure uiiy returns whatever were received; the profltx, however, are always rcniuneratiiif;, and fretpiitntly great. Surinam conslituteiH the most im|M)rtuiit part of the Dutch wcHlrrn iKiHsosHions. Dutch (iuianu formerly included J)cmerara, Derbicc, and Esse(|uil)0 ; but Uritain liavin^r in the lust war captured thcHO three districts, her capital was employed v'ith such advanta;;o in improving; them, that she determined, at the pcacp, on retaining them, and lefl to Holland tho less valuable territory of Hurinam Proper. This coast, like that uf the rest of Guiana, is llat and alluvial, and is traversed by several broad rivers, coming^ from a considerable diHtanco in the interior. That of Surinam has a channel about four miles wide, hut shallow nnd rocky, navigable only lor boats. Tho Dutch, since they reijaiiied possession of it, have made very considerable efforts for its improvement, und it is decidedly rising in importance. Paramaribo, at the mouth ot the river, where it ullords e.xcellent anchorage for vessels, is a considerable town, well built of wood, and arranged in regular streets, adorned with fine trees. Its commerce, though now surpassed by thot carried on in Knglish (Juiano, is considerable, and supports a population of IH.UUU or '.i!U,UUU pcrbons. Cayenne extends along tho coast of Guiana, from the Marowyne to tho Oyupock River, a distance of about iiOU miles. It is bounded west by Surinam, on the south and east by Brazil, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. It is an allu- vial, swampy region, covered with majestic forests. The trees astonish Europeans, not only by their prodigious size, but by their great variety. Fine aromatics, un- known to the other regions of tlie west, have been cultivated there with success. I'hc Cayenne-pepper is the most pungent and delicate kind of that spice ; and the clove, long exclusively attached to the Moluccas has succeeded so well, that a part of the consumption of Europe is supplied from Cayenne. The cutting down of these noble woods would afford the material of a valuable timber trade, and the ground thus cleared would be fit for sugar and every kind of West India produce. Yet the tract is cultivated in only a few scattered patches, not exceeding in all 1I),U(X) acres. Serious obstacles are indeed presented by the pestilential vapours exhaled from these dark woods and marshes. In a settlement, on a great scale, attempted at Kourou, in 1763, no less than 13,0U0 persons perished, so that the deportation to Cayenne of deputies obnoxious to the ruling jJarty, during the revo- lution, was inflicted, as conveying almost a sentence of death. Yet if due pre- cautions were used and the woods cleared, it would probably bo as healthy as any other settlement in this quarter. The population of Cayenne, in 1830, amounted to '25,250; of whom 19,260 were slaves, and 3786 whites. The annual value of the exports to France is 2,500,000 francs, of imports 1,800,000. ■,il. 1-' il'i ■ , W f^' ' ji!,;i •'•«i mi I'Ih'jt i-xtrnil iilxiut iiiiiiitli i)t II hroail 'lul, iinil ill iiiiiriy IMWHOMHion (if l)ri- Niiioi! tlint tiiiK! n il (low II tliH wimkIm, ri'il tliiH onn of tlio l)f l)«Tbic(! {I'towii, In Imill on H^liloiii iiIkivc two luli'il porticdt'D anil il instcuil of frIllHM :li pr(!tii!nU a busy biili'H. The town I coiiHidcrablo pro- n.iKU'ruble wrullli. Iiiiiti-il, iiiterauctc'd icli lioiiso. iiiiiiiy of tlio plan- II ot'tiMi Inid out in na vvlmtovor were reiiiK'iitly gruiit. OBtCrn |)UHML>8HI0nS, :|iiilM>; but Uritain itnl WQH employed , lit the pence, on f Surinam Proper, nd is traversed by le interior. Thnt J rocky, nnviirable t, hiive made very in^ in importance, lent anchorage for in rejjnlar streets, by that carried on ■ 18,000 or 20,000 ne to the Oyapock y Surinam, on the an. It is an allu- itoniah Europeans, ne aromatics, un- lere with success, lat spice ; and the ;d so well, thot a rhe cutting down ber trade, and the }8t India produce. exceeding in all tstilential vapours on a great scale, ished, 80 that the , during the revo- Yet if due pre- 18 healthy as any 1 1830, amounted ) anivual value of I Hi -T -iiii'fmrmtttiBiYTmTnriiiiir-"— -"T— "■ <■-■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) //^.^^-^ M/. /£ Ws9 ■i^ Ilii 12.2 1.1 Hi 14.0 IL25 II 1.4 1^1 2.0 i.6 6" -► Photografte Sdaices Carporation 4Sk \ W^' ri>- <^ ^. ;\ 23 WtST MAIN STRUT WIBSTH.N.Y. 14510 ( 71* ) 172-4503 4^^" ^ SfeL, ^ % CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical Microraproductions / institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas i-'Tb ^ m _ 3E= BRAZIL. 281 Cayenne Proper consists of an alluvial island, about eighteen miles long and ten liroad, formed by the branches of the river of that name, on which is Cay- enne, the capital of the colony, a small town neatly built of wood, with a spacious and commodious road, and a population of 30(H). Kourou, Sinnamaree, and Oya- puck, arc small settlements scattered along the coast. EMPIRE OF BRAZIL. Brazil is a very extensive region, which occupies nearly the whole of the eastern tracts of South America, and, after being long held as a Portuguese colony, has of late, by peculiar circumstances, been formed into a separate em- pire. It extends over more than half the continent of South America, and is bounded on the east by the Atlantic, wi.ose shores describe round it an irregular arch, broken by very few bays or inlets of any consequence. In the interior, this empire borders on every side upon the former provinces of Spain ; but the two nations, in the course of 300 years, could not determine on the boundary lines to be drawn through the interior of these vast deserts. The dimensions of this immense range of territory may be taken from about 4° N. to 32° S. lat., and from about 35° to 73° W. Ion. This will give about 2500 miles of extreme length, and about the same in extreme breadth. The area of the whole has been estimated at upwards of 3,000,000 square miles. It is thus twenty-five times the extent of the British Islands, nearly twice that of Mexico, and greater by a fourth than the entire domain of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is rather more than half of all South America. Of this immense space, indeed, not above a fourth can be considered as at present in an effective and productive state; and that part is scarcely cultivated and peopled up to a fourth of its actual capacity. But nearly the whole, from soil, climate, and communications, is capable of being brought, at some future and distant pe- riml, into full improvement. The Brazilian ranges of mountains are of great extent, but reach, by no means, to that stupendous height which distinguishes the Andes of Colombia and Peru. The principal mass of these mountains lies N. W. of Rio de Janeiro, towards the sources of the rivers San Francisco, Parana, and Tocantines, and are not gene- rally higher than from 20C0 to 3000 feet; only a few detached peaks rising to about 6000. Rivers, the greatest in America and in the world, flow around the borders or through the territories of Brazil. Its northern part is watered by the course of the Amazon, its western by the Madeira and the Paraguay. Within its territory flow, tributary to the Amazon, the Topayos, the Xingu, and the Negro, which, though here secondary, may rival the greatest waters of the other continents. The Tocantines and the Parnaiba flow into the sea on the northern coast. But at present the most useful rivers are those between the coast chain and the sea, none of which can attain any long course. Much the greatest is the Rio Francisco, wiiich, flowing northward along the back of these mountains to their termination, there finds its way to the Atlantic. There are two Rios Grandes, one falling into the sea north of Pernambuco, the other (Rio Grande do Sul) in the extreme south, watering the province that bears its name. Lakes are not leading features in Brazil: but in the southern province of Rio Grande, there are the Patos and the Mirim, extensive and shallow, communicating { with the sea, yet chiefly fresh, and forming the receptacle of all the streams which come down from tlie interior. Farther inland, the Paraguay and Parana, by their superfluous waters, form the Lakes Xa.ayez and Ibera, which spread, in the rainy season, over a prodigious extent of ground. The form of government in Brazil is an hereditary constitutional monarchy. The sovereign, who has the title of emperor, has the power of making peace and war, concluding treaties with foreign powers, nominating the principal officers of 24' 2L ■j*" m -:■•« I ■ill I Si i vM w rt* W\ m^i 383 BRAZIL. tlie empire and of the provinces, tfcc. The legfislative body is composed of two houses chosen by indirect election, that is, by electors chosen for this purpose. The KPnaiois are elected fur life; the deputies or representatives, for the term of four yours. Each province has also its local assembly and governor, for adminis- tering' provincial aAkirs. There is, however, a great ditncuky in enforcing the mentiures uf any general and central administration over so wide an extent of country, and over provinces so deeply imbued with a local spirit. The northern districts, in particular, have made vigorous attempts, and still cherish the wish, to form a separate and republican government, on the model of those now estab- lished over the rest of America. The revenue of Brazil is stated at about 15,000,000 dollars. This is burdened with a debt of 50,(K)0,000 dollars. The military force consists of 30,000 troops of the line, with 50,000 militia; and there is a marine, composed of 3 ships uf the line, 8 frigates, and 25 smaller vessels. The natural capacities of Brazil are fully equal to those of any region in the New World. The soil is capable of yielding profusely, sugar, cotton, coffee, to- bacco, all the richest tropical productions; the forests are immense, and abound in the most valuable timber; the fields are covered with numberless herds of cattle; and the most precious of metals are tbund nenr the surface of the earth. Its chief defect is, that, destitute of those fine elevated table-lands, which cover so much of Spanish America, it affords no eligible situation for European colonists; and the labouring classes consist almost wholly of negro slaves; a circumstance adverse to its prosperity, and necessarily engendering many eyils. Dense and impenetrable forests cover a great part of the interior of Brozil, and exhibit a luxuriance of vegetation almost peculiar to the central regions of South America. "The infinite variety of tints which these woods display, give them an aspect wholly different from those of Europe. Each of the lofly sons of the forest has an effect dibtinct from that of the test. The brilliant white of the sil- ver tree, the brown head of the Maiigoa, the purple flowers of the Brazil wood, the yellow laburnums, the deep red fungus, and the carmine-coloured lichens, which invest the trunks and the bark, all mingle in brilliant confusion, forming groups finely contrasted and diversified. The gigantic height of the palms, with their varying crowns, give to these forests an incomparable majesty. All these ore interrtioven with a network of creeping and climbing plants, so close as to form roL.id the large trees a verdant wall, which the eye is unable to penetrate ; and many of the flowering species, that climb up the trunks, spread forth and pre- sent the appearance of parterres hanging in the air. These woods are not a silent scene, unless during the deepest heat of noon, but are crowded and rendered vocal by the greatest variety of the animal tribes. Birds of the most singular forms and most superb plumage flutter through the bushes. The toucan rattles his large hollow bill ; the busy orioles creep out of their long pendent nests ; the amorous thrush, the chattering manikin, the full tones of the nightingale, amuse the hunter; while the humming-birds, rivalling, in lustre, diamonds, emeralds, end sapphire.s, hover round the brightest flowers. Myriads of the most brilliant bee- tles buzz in the air; and the gayest butterflies, rivalling in splendour the colours of the rainbow, flutter from flower to flower. Meantime, the beautiful, but some- times dangerous, race of lizards and serpents, exceeding in splendour the enamel of the flowers, glide out of the leaves and hollows of the trees. Troope of squirrels and monkeys leap from bo\igh to bough, and large bodies of ants, issuing from their nests, creep along the ground." It concerns us here to remark, that these immense forests are rich in timber of every description for use and orna- ment, suited either for carpentry, shipbuilding, dyeing, or furniture. That kind especially called Brazil wood is particularly celebrat^ for the beautifiil red dye which it produces. Agriculture is exercised in Brazil upon valuable products, and in fertile soils, but in a very slovenly manner. The farmers, till of late, were a most ignorant race, not believing that there iwere any countries in the world except Portugal and Brazil, nor any, except the last, in which the sugar-cane grew. They have begun, however, to hold intercourse with the world in general, and to introduce nqposB imposed of two "or this purpose, for the term of lor, for adminis- in enforcing the e an extent of The northern ish the wish, to lose now estab- 'his is burdened )f 30,000 troops d of 3 ships uf ly region in the otton, coffee, to- !, and abound in lierds of cattle ; the earth. Its which cover so opcan colonists; a circumstance )r of Brazil, and epions of South )lay, give them ofty sons of the vhite of the sil- he Brazil wood, oloured lichens, nfusion, forming the palms, with esty. All these so close as to lie to penetrate ; id forth and pre- are not a silent rendered vocal singular forms rattles his large s; the amorous ale, amuse the }, emeralds, and M brilliant bee- lour the colours itiful, but some- lour the enamel !es. Troops of of ants, issuing to remark, that )r use and orna- re. That kind eautiful red dye I in fertile soils, L most ignorant xcept Portugal w. They have tnd to introduce BRAZIL. 883 improved processes from the West India islands. Land is so obundont that they never think cf employing nmnure, but break up a fresh spot whenever a cultivated one is e.xhiii-ted. They do not even grub up the trees, but plant the sugar-canes among the stumps, the luxuriant shoots from which cannot be cleared away with- out great labour. Among the objects of culture, sugar has long been prominent; the rich and moist soils on a great part of the coast being particularly suited to it. Cotton has of late become a leading article, in consequence of the extensive demand in Britain. The best is that of Pernambuco. Tobacco is cultivated, along with the sugar, for homo use, and is an object of troffic between the provinces. Coffee is only of recent introduction ; but within these few years the culture has been ko vastly extended as to render it the most important object of Brazilian commerco. For food, chiefly to the negroes, manioc and kidneybeans are the articles most raised. Maize and bananas are not so much used as in most tropical countries. Rice is largely cultivated only in Maranham. Cattle multiply to ai) immense extent in all the provinces of Brazil, but more especially in the south. The great farms contain 2000, ,3000, 4000, and some- times even 40,000 head. The bulk of these roam at large in a wild stnte, with no attendance except that of two or three peons or herdsmen, riding constantly round the wide pastures, to keep them within the bounds, and defend them against the attacks of wild beasts. Once a year only, they are collected within on en- closure, and branded with the mark of the master. Portions of these roving herds are from time to time caught and killed, chiefly for the hide, though the flesh also is dried in a peculiar manner, and sent to the northern provinces, A certain number, notwithstanding, are tamed, to supply milk, and to serve for i.neat, which is considered more delicate than that of the wild cattle. Mines, however, form the most celebrated, though by no means the most valua- ble, source of Brazilian wealth. The gold of Brazil occurs, like that of Afiica, in the form of dust brought down by streams which descend from the hills, and from which it is separated by agitation in water. No attempts seem yet to have been made to penetrate into the interior deposits of this precious metal. The produce of gold has greatly diminished, and on the whole the precious metal has proved to Brazil a fatal gifl. The eager search and hope have continued afler the amount ceased to repny the labour. A few instances of wealth suddenly acquired have generated a dislike of steady and regular occupation ; and the rich soil in the neighbourhood of the mines, and from which the most solid wealth might have been derived, is allowed to lie waste. The flflh, claimed by the king, though extensively evaded, presses heavily on this branch of industry. The diamonds of Brazil are a source of wealth still more brilliant, yet even less productive. The principal diamond ground is in a circuit of sixteen leagues round Tejuco, in the district of Serro do Frio. The trade has been monopolised by the government ; and, as usual in such cases, has been conducted at a very great expense. Not less than 35,0001. annually is said to be expended in officers, negroes, machinery, and instruments. All proprietors resident near the spot eagerly profiler their negroes at a very low rate ; to which proceeding it is alleged that sinister motives frequently impel them. The diamonds of Brazil are found in a situation similar to that of the gold, among portions of alluvial earth. Of all the depositories of diamonds, the most celebrated is the river Jiquitonhonha, which flows nearly as broad as the Thames at Windsor. The diamonds of Brazil are larger than those of India, and as brilliant, but not so hard. At the first dis- covery of the mines, they sent forth no less than a thousand ounces of diamonds, which made a prodigious impiession on the market; but of late their annual pro- duce has not much exceeded 22,000 carats. Of other mineral products, iron and copper are said to abound in the interior province of Matto Grosso; but they have not yet been worked. There are also topazes larger than those of Saxony and Siberia, tourmalines, and rock crystal. Manufactures have made smaller progress in Brazil than in any other of the South American colonies. The only fabric of importance is that of gold and 11 ;.l . * ^ y :Si^;: mm 384 URAZIL. Milver, which is carried on in Iho capital to 'x great extent. The articles wrought uro of ijreat beauty, and are an object even of export. Coiiiinnrco HouriMlies in consequRnco of the very dependence of the country u))()n forcif^n mnnufactures, as well as the voluablc products of ii's soil. Rio Jiiiieiro iH the centre of trade for the southern coasts, which send to it provisions tor iu own consumption, as well as hides, tobacco, sugar, and cotton ; vaut trains of loaded mules also come nnd go to the i»-.terior provinces, especially S. I'uulo and Minas Geraes. Bahia carries on most of her trade, and Pe~nanibuco and Maranham nearly all of theirs, direct with Europe and the United Htates. The southern i)rovince8 export wheat, hides, horn, hair, and tallow ; the middle, gold nnd precious stones; and the northern, cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and Brazil W(X)d. Tho imports are chiefly wines, brandy, and oil, from Portugal ; cotton, woollens, linens, hardware, and other manufactured articles from Great Britain ; and flour, salted provisions, navul stores, and household furniture, from the United States. The total value of the exports is about 25,()0(),()00 dollars a year, com- prising 1(10,000 tons of sugar, 40,000 tons of coflee, llW.OOO bags of cotton, 5l)'.),000 hides, &c. The value of the exports from the United States into Brazil is about 2,000,(HK) dollars; of imports trom Brazil, nearly 5,000,000. Great Britain imports into Brazil nearly 20,000,000 dollars worth of her manufactures annually. The population of Brazil has been very vaguely estimated, and generally much under the truth. It cannot at present be less than 5,()(M),000, of which about one- litlh are whites, three-fillhs slaves, and the renioinder free coloured persons. The great predominance of tho negro ]X)pulation distinguishes Brazil unfavour- ably from the other South American states. By tho above statement, it appears that not a fourth of the population are of unmixed white race, and that more than half the entire number are slaves. The continual importation of these negroes, the numbers who perished in tho voyage, and the manner in which they were ex- hibited in open market, presented scenes equally distressing and degrading to humanity. By a law of the state, however, this importation was, in February, 1830, finally to cease. The existii'>g slaves are exposed, of course, to all the capricious and brutal treatment of their masters ; and with less protection from law than in the West Indies. On the whole, however, their actual condition is more favourable. Even the multitude of festivals affords a relief to the slave, and gives him opportunities of doing a good deal for himself. Public opinion is against the master who obstructs the negro in endeavouring to procure his own emancipation, and refuses a reasonable price for it. What is of more importance, as soon as the negro or mulatto is free, he labours no longer under that proscrip- tion which pursues him in some countries. He is admissible to all offices, is equal to the white in the eye of the law, and not very much inferior in public opinion: even at the royal levee, negro ofScers have been seen taking in their black coarse hands the fair hands of the queen, and applying thern to their lips. And it is supposed that, in the event of a slave insurrection, all the class of free negroes would make common cause with the whites. Religion in Brazil is almost universally the Catholic. It was provided, how- ever, by treaty with England, that British subjects at Rio might erect a church without a bell and after the manner of a private dwelling. The clergy are sup- ported by the government, which formerly made a composition with the court of Rome, and on release of the payment of tithes contracted to give a stipend of 200 dollars to the ecclesiastics. This is at present an insufficient salary, and the clergy would live in poverty were not many of them skilful cultivators. This may perhaps be the reason why so many blacks are in orders. Had the tithes been retained the clergy would now be the most opulent class. Thne is one archbishop and six bishops, who are paid on the same economical scale, and their best support comes from fees in the ecclesiastical tribunals. Science, literature, and art have scarcely yet any existence in Brazil. Some of the higher classes, and of the officers of the government, are well informed, and the sea-port towns are beginning to imbibe the spirit and knowledge of Europe ; but these improvements have made little way into the Interior. In 1B08, » ^^» .■■ l » l - ' tides wrought jf the country ' its soil. Rio it provisions m ; vast trains cially S. Punio -nambuco and 1 vStates. The e middle, gold :co, and Brazil rtugal ; cotton, Great Britain ; rom the United rs a year, com- Mijjs of cotton, itea into Brazil (K),(MH). Great ■r raanufacturea generally much liich about one- k1 persons. Brazil unt'avour- (lent, it appears that more than r these negroes, h they were ex- id degrading to 18, in February, urse, to all the protection from jal condition is ef to the slave, 'ablic opinion is rocurc his own are importance, r that proscrip- all oliicee, is ferior in public taking in their a to their lips. ;he class of free provided, how- erect a church clergy are sup- th the court of re a stipend of salary, and the Itivators. This Had the tithes There is one scale, and their Brazil. Some ! well informed, knowledge of terior. In 1808, BRAZIL. 9^5 the prince regent carried out a library of 7(),(HK) volumec, which is open to the p;;!,'!!''; and tlioro is a nuiHeuin, containing a fine collection of diiiinonds, cryt*tiil» of gold, and other Brazilian minerals, but not rich in any other rcxpect. The plan of founding an university is not yet executed ; and the Brazilians who seek a finished education must cross the sea to Coimbra. The Indians in Brazil are in a much more uncivilised and unpromising state than ill the Spanish settlements. They have never been inrorporatcd m any slmpo with the Muropean population, but have always retired before the progress of civilisation into the depths of their forests. They have Imrrowed, indeed, from the Portuguese some scanty portion of raiment. But they have never attempted the taming of animals, or the planting of grain; they subsist solely on the spon- taneous fruits of the earth, the roots which they con dig up, and the game brought down by their arrow, which they shoot with marvellous dexterity, taking an almost unerring aim at the distance of forty or fifty yards. The provinces of Brazil, 18 in number, are divi .'d into smaller divisions called comarcu.i. Tiiey can scarcely as yet bo exhibited in nny very minute local and Btatialical details. In taking a view of their leading features, we may divide them into the provinces of the southern coast, Rio Janeiro, St. Catharine, Rio Grande do Sul ai. I Kspiritu Santo; those of the northern coast, Bahia, Sergippe, Pernainbuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte, Seara, Piauhy and Maranhani ; the interior provinces, Minas Geraes, San Paulo, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Purn. Rio Janeiro, the capital of the empire, may now, perhaps, rank as the largest and most nourishing city of South America. It lies on the western side of a noble bay, seventy or eighty miles in circumference, forming one of the most spacious and secure receptacles for shipping in the world. It is studded with upwards of 100 islands; the ships of all nations are seen ftassing through its channels, and innumerable little boats flitting about The shore rises immediate- ly into green and wooded hills, thickly planted with villas and convents, and behind which lofty mountains shoot up their heads in the most picturep-que and romantic forms. These objects compose the most enchanting scene that can be imagined. The town is tolerably well built, much in the European style, the houses being three or four stories high, though the streets are rather narrow. Two of them extend the whole length, with new and broad streets striking off from them ; and there are several very handsome squares. The town is well supplied with water, by excellent aqueduc'3. There is a greater stir and bustle tl>:iu is usual in a South American city, though the crowd of half-naked blacks and niululloes offends the eye of the newly arrived European. The population has been fixed only by rude conjecture. Before the arrival of the court, it was supposed to fall short of 100,000; but that event caused a groat increase, and it has even been estimated as high as 150,000. The environs of 'Rio de Janeiro are delightful in the extreme, the valleys and sides of the hills being covered with trees, shrubs, and creeping plants of peculiar beauty. The bay of Botta- fogo, and the sides of the rude and lofty mountain called the Con ivado, are the spots most particularly ceiebrated. The king has a rural palace, called San Christovao, of light and pavilion-like hrchitecture, and which from its site has a much more pleasing effect than that in the city. We have already noticed the trade of Rio Janeiro, centring in itself that of all southern Brazil. The cultiva- tion of sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and other tropical products, is rapidly ex- tending; but the greater part of the flour made use of is brought from the United States and the Cape of Good Hope. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the British. The arsenal, the dockyard, and marine establishments are on a small island within the harbour St. Catharine is a long narrow province, which is chiefly remarkable for the island of the same name. It has a fine climate: its perp tual verdure and its conical rocky hills give it a beautiful aspect from the sea. The town of Nossa Senhora, or St. Catharine, has ."JCKM) or 6000 inhabitants, many of wliom have chosen it merely as n agreeable residence. The coa.st is as yet thinly peopled, thouf,h it contains several excellent harbours, as Laguna, and San Francisco, on a lii;. W: ^ ^ ^ wr^t^ « mnaiJiH i^- i'i « 1 Aj SbC HKAZIL rivpr of llio winin nnine, which will iiicriMso in importance wiion n rond is opened ov(T till' iriDunlaiiH into llio liiii! plain of ( )rotiivii. llio (Jruiulo do Hnl, the uioct souiliprn provinno, eomprisps a lonjf extent of level nnd iilluvml const, in which the liirifc lukoH of I'litoH mid Miriin rnn punillel with till- st.'ii. 'riio pliiins nro covered with vnst herd.s of cattle, which afford hides nnd | cliarqiie, or heef dried in a peculiar manner, innkin;r a copiotis object of export. Some of llio fazeiMlan, or fiirniH, comprise no less than ()(I(),()(M( acres. The chief town is I'orialeijre, with 12,(KH) inhabitants, to which the opporlimiiiesof its trade have attracted even Kn^lish scltlerd. Ueinfr situated nt the heiid of the lake, its maritime intercourse is carried on by the [Hirt of tit. I'edro, or Rio Grande, which is ilsu nourishing. 'i'he provinces of Hspiritii Santo and Scfjiiro extend for about 400 miles alonir the coast northward from Uio; but thoiii^h the latter was the point (irst discovered, and thoiigii they possesa ample natural advnntaifes, they have remained always in a comparatively rude and unimproved state. The Rio Doce is the priiiripul stream in this rej;:on ; it can be ascended only in canoes propelled by iiolej. It is in most jdaces Ixirdered by forests uo thick and impenctroble, as seldom to leave {Troune. on which a house could stand. Of the sea-ports, the most iiniwrt'iiit is Victoria, to wiiich may be added those bearing the names of the provinces, Espi- ritu Santo, and Porto Secure; aa also Benovento and St. Mattlieos. The;ie towns consist generally of houses one story high, and the streets are straggling, mipaved, and covered with grass. In Porto Seguro, tlioiigli so iieur the sua, they have no other foixl than salted fish, which renders the scurvy very prevalent. The tine province of Bahia follows north from the two ruilo regions already de- scribed. It is the most flourishing and industrious part of all Urazil. Besides being originally the metropolitan province, it was long occupied by the Dutch, who intrwluced their own commercial and improving habits. The city of Baliia, or St. Salvador, is situated within Capo St. Antonio, the east- ern boundary of the noblo bay of AH Saints, which strikingly resembles that of Rio Janeiro. Around the bay the sites and prospects are beautiful in the extreme. Every stop brings to view some magnificent scene; the woods, the steep banks and gently sloping lawns, generally opening to the sea or the lake behind the town, have a peculiar freshness and amenity. With these attractions the interior does not correspond, at least that of the lower town, whore the houses are high, the streets confined and narrow, wretchedly paved, never cleaned, and therefore disgustingly dirty. The upper town, however, placed upon the side of a hill which rises abruptly behind, though not well built, has iv number of handsome private houses and public buildings. The cathedral and several other churches are handsome and richly ornamented ; but the finest of them, the Ex-Jcjuits' church, built entirely of marble imported from Europe, has been converted into barracks. Gaming, the resource of vacant minds, ij eageily followed by both sexes. Intellectual pursuits seem little regarded: ni though there is a large library, with some valuable manuscripts respecting ■ i.' interior of America, it is allowed to lie in a neglected slate. The police is bad, I .e dagger being generally worn, and too often used: the deaths by assassination are estimated at 2U0 in the year; yet St. Salvador is esteemed the gayest city in Brazil. In 18H2, 124 Brit- ish ships, of the burc'sn of 27,119 tons, cleared out from Bahia. Its population amounts to 120,000 souls. Of the other towns of Bahia, Cachoeira, the principal, is handsome and well built, and contains nearly 16,000 inhabitants. Jacobina, more in the interior, was formerly enriched by mines, which are now given up. Ilheos, or San George, a prettily situated port, was once very considerable, but is now of little impartance. Pcrnambuco is the next province to Bahia, with the intervention of (be small and unimportant one of Seregipe. Pernambuco ranks decidedly as the third pro- vince in the empire, being comparatively very industrious, and having experi- enced a rapid improvement from the extension of the growth and export of cotton. What is called the town of Pernambuco is a compound of four towns: Olinda, seated above on a range of rocky hills, and the most ancient, but now much de- cayed ; Recife, built on a sand-bank level with the water, and deriving its name mmm a, roiu] is opoticd d houacH, gurroiinded by a Binf^iiliir xcnnn of round billH and broken rorks, with tracta entirely Hterile, and otherH covered with the most luxuriant ver- dure. Its HJtuation in do agreeable and central, that an intention waHonce formed of iniikin)f it the capital ot Bra/.il. Villa Rica may bo regarded an the El IK)rado of Brazil, from its highly productive ffold mined, already (IcBcribed. The place is larjfo, its inhabitants bein>{ variouBly reported from 8500 to '2(),(MK). Tejiico, tho capital of the diamond district of Serro do Frio, ii situated in a most dreary tract, where all tho nccoHsarica of lifo niust bo brou((ht from a considerable di(>tance. It is well built, on very rugfrcd ground, and contains 0()00 fVeo inhabitants, and as many slaves employed in searching for diamonds. Villa do Principe, in a fine Country, on the liorders of tho diamond district, enjoys a more solid prosperity, and contains about ,')(NK) people. There are still several exterior provinces of Brazil, which have been occupied by the Fortupuese only at a few detached points, while by far the greater part remains in full possession of the unsubdued Indians. These provinces are, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Para. Goyaz is a province, or rather kingdom, of vast extent, watered by tho mighty streams of the Tocantines and the Aragiiay, which unite in their progress towards the Amazons. Gold was the lure which attracted settlers into this desolate and unfrequented region ; and in tho country round Villa Boa, the capital, the quan- tity produced was for some time considerable, though now it is much diminished. Villa Boa contains also a governor, a bishop, and about 6()00 inhabitants. Matto Grosso, west of Goyaz, is a still vaster region, extending far into the inte- rior, and bounded only by the Madeira and the Upper Ia Plata. The principal settlement is at Cuiaba, in the south-western district, where it can hold communi- cation with the more civilised regions. Here, too, gold was tho first attraction, and even when the quantities which it produced began to diminish, the country was found so fine and fertile, that its cultivation amply indemnified tho settlers. They amounted, in 1809, to 30,000. The official capital, however, is Villa Bella, on the Guapure, one of the principal heads of the Madeira; a neat small city, perhaps the most advanced point which the Portuguese hold in America. Para forms the northern section of this vast region. The greater part is, if possible, still less known or occupied than even Matto Grooso; but there is a dis- trict near the mouth of the great river, which is not only very fertile, but culti- vated to a considerable extent. It is well fitted for sugar, and, since the cotton trade rose to such importance, has particularly prospered, yielding a description little inferior to that of Bahia. The population of the capital, Para or Belem, has been stated at 20,000 ; but probably this includes the immediately surround- ing district. The water communications, however, of this city with the interior are so immense, that it must continue to advance with the progressive settlement of the provinces of Goyaz and Matto Grossa PERU. Peru, of all the regions south of the Gulf of Mexico, is the most celebrated for wealth and ancient civilisation. Its very name is proverbially used to denote profuse abundance of the most precious metals. The following general descrip- tion will apply to what was originally Peru, now comprising three separate re- publics, the local description of each will be given under their respective heads. The boundaries of Peru are on the west the Paciflc, forming a long line of coast between 4° and 25° of S. laL, which, probably exceeds 2000 miles in ex- tent On the north, the boundary is formed by a winding line drawn from the Javari in a northwesterly direction to the Pacific Ocean at Tumbez. On the east, Peru is separated from Brazil by lines vaguely drawn through barbarous regions 11 BsnB^ l> IK, wort! not the mnlnHH trcsNiirog town of white- hillH and broken Bt luxurinnt vcr- wftH oncfi t'orinod iH tlin El IKirndo ( il. Tho place is j K). Ti'jiico, tlio lost dronry trnct, ilerabic difi:i{(i ■JM'.I I which cannot very properly be mid to h<>liin|{ oithor to one or tho nlhrr. On tliu Moiiili, tho goiioral iNMiiidiiry in luriiicd liy u lino drawn from tho I'urafru&y in nlxiiit !W"^ H. Int. westerly, to tho AiuIpn, tlioiice wmth with tho crent of tho iwmiii- tiiiiiH to uliiiiit 25'' Hdiitli, and Iroiii thoi <■ wontwnrd to the I'ucitlc. I'oni will tli>iM Ihi about l.VK) iiiiIuh in lon((th, and 7W in brciidth. Tho Niirtiii'o of tliiH oxtonNivu torritory i ■ of the boldcisl and most varied dw- Acription. It ix croMwd, and in a gruiit nion«uro covered, by tho AikIom, in thojr groiiteHt extent and lolliciit height. Very high ■iininiilii occur in tho weHtorn chain facing the Piiciflc, and arc seen in lol\y Miiccewjion from the citieH of tlii> coHHt. Tliu IttNl in in H° H. lat., after which there duot occur onn for Jrid niiloH. Dot tho inii^htieHt part of tho riingo in that oxt. iiding over Oolivin, or Upper I'uru. It is both the most spaciouM and thp higlieft of (ill the branches of tho Andes. It contiiins the stupendouii peaks of Sorata and Illnnani, the hi^hotit in tho New World ; on I which rise, the former to tho height of ij.'),4()0 and tlie latter of '24,')i'M) ubovo tho level of tho hcb. It encloses an extcnHive tablo-lnnd, scarcely anywhere less than ri,(M)0 f'ci't high, and peculiarly distinguished tiir thi; great altitude at which ftill cultivation, large towns, and even citieii, are ttitiiatod. In this lofty difitrict also are found tho rich mines of Futosi. Between the AtuloH and tho sea cxtonds tho plain of Peru, where tho chief Hpanish settlements liavt! been formed. It is from 50 to 100 miles in breadth, partly covered with branehcs from tho Andes, but towards tho sea forming a flat expanse of land, often white with saline incrustations, and absolutely a desert, unless where one of tho broad streams, or rather torrentn, from the mountains, can bo directed over it The interior is bordered, and partly traversed, by the greatest rivers in the world. Tho Amazon commences its unrivalled courso among the Peruvian Andes, and with its gitint branches collecting the water of a thouMnd floods, rolls its vast and mighty volume eastward to tho Ocean. Peru has for its eastern boimdary part of the courses of the Madeira and the Paraguay ; but these belong more properly to Brazil and Paraguay. In the south the Pilcomayo falls into the Paraguay, having passed through the richest mineral region in tho world. Lakes in South America are not very grand or characteristic features; yet Peru contains one enclosed in its ereatcst table-land, the Lake of Titicaca, which, though twenty times tho size of the Lake of Geneva, cannot como into any com- petition with the mighty inland seas of Canada. Peru, in consequencu of its liberation, was formed into two separate republics : one, consisting of Lower Peru, considered now. as Peru proper ; and the other of i Upper Peru, or Bolivia, to which may be added by tho division of the former the republic of South Peru. It must be owned, however, tliat our information re- j spccting the organisation and present state of these republics is very imperfect The revenue of Lower Peru is said to amount to 1,2.')0,000/., its debt somewhat above 0,000,000/., and its army at 7500. The revenue of Bolivia is stated at only 460,000/., its debt 750,000/. Agriculture is not the branch on which the wealth of Peru in any great degree rests. The plain on the sea-coast is a sandy desert, and the sides of the moun- tains are steep and broktfl into ravines; while the paranieras or table-lands at the summit of the Cordillera are rendered nearly unfit for cultivation by the extreme cold and the perpetual snow which covers them; so that it is almost solely through the neglected remains of the Indian terraces and irrigating canals, that any of the elevated tracts are rendered very productive. Some of the valleys, also, and of the lands along the rivers, are extremely fertile. Maize is the staple grain and chief food of the natives, in the various forms of bread, puddings, por- ridge, and roasted grain. It ia also made into a fermented liquor called cAi'ca, which ia agreeable enough ; but, unfortunately for the fastidious taste of Eu- ropeans, the Indian women copsider it their duty carefully to chew it, as a means of fermentation. For wbMt, Peru is dependent upon the Chilian province of Concepcion. The sugar-cane is cultivated with decided success, though not on a very great scale. Fruits of every climate, from the successive slopes of the Cordillera, are poured down into the markets of Lima. The neighbourhood of Pisco is covered with vines, from the grapes of which are made 150,000 gallona I '1^ .! ,; ,^' . ^1 25 2M K .* M fit:.r /.f t MO perO. of pxri'llftit bmndy ; but the win»! nf IVrii \icmnrMvt nn mrrit. Iptirnriinnhi, balHiiiiiH, tiii'diciiiiil plantM, nnil valiiiilih' ilyi'-wcHHU mny iilw) hnH, lilnnkrtH, flnnn<>li4, baize, and |)urliciiliirly poiiilwii, a Irnlly Morn thr<)ii|;lix(iciitu very tiiip Hlif^rrc work in (;ol'l "n*' Hdvcr, and their mnU and otlicr ariiclpM of liirniliirn made t'roin (troHN and niNhpH aro very imich ndniired. In ;,r('n('ral, howuvor, tho I'eruvianit l(x)k to Kurupo fur a aupply of all the tincr iniiiiuliictur(!8. The niineH have been the aonrce of tho unrivalled wealth of I'erii. Theac aro Rented ill tho inmoHt depth of tho Andex, approached only by steep and pcrilou* ptiHvc!), nnd in niountaina which roach tho limit of perpetual mow. Tho ailver iMuuntuiii of Potosi, in liolivia or Up|)er Peru, liax no equal in the world. It riNCH tu tho hcipfht of 10,(MM) fuut, is eighteen inilea in circunifcrencn, and forma uno entire inaaa of ore. It appear* from tho city dvcd all over with metallic tiiitu, Kreeii, ornnge, yellow, uny, ond roio-colour. rhou|;h iiinco the con(|ueHt upwards of l,(i(K(,(XM),()(K) dollara have been dmwn from it, tho mountain i.H atill only honey-couib(!d, a* it were, at tho surtiirp; ore titill liua at a somewhat frrcatcr depth, and is in aomo places overflowed with wa'.er. Yet it has sunk into such a state of decay, that in the ten years endiufr 1H'.2I>, the annual produce is nut believed to have exceeded i):i(),(HH) dollars. Dut tho present depressed state of tho mine is chiefly owinj; to the late political convulsions, and tho ex- haustion of all the capital that wns f)rmerly employed. The mirp>-- of Pasco are situated at a proilifriuus hei((ht, on the Andes, more than !:),()(». ieel above the sea. They are chiefly in the mountain of I^uricocha, forming a bod of brown ironiitone, about three miles hng and one and a half broad ; fVom every ton of which two or three murks of silver aru extracted. These mines, before the revolution, yielded annually 181,0(N) Iba. troy of silver. Dy that convulsion their working; was for a time suspended, but has been lately resumed. There are mines ulso at Ilualgayas in the province of Truxillo, and liuunlaya in that of Arequipa, All the Peruvian mines, however, are fo much declined, that their produce, during the entire period, tVom 1819 to 1829, was under 4,5()(MHK) doU lara. The gold mines are found chiefly in the interior district of Tarma, border- ing on the Amazon. The mines of mercury are considered equally precious with those of silver, from ita scarcity and its necessity in amalgamation. The dis- covery, therefore, of the mines of Ouanca-Velica was of the greatest importance, and they yielded at one time an iiiiiiien»e amount. They are at present, how- ever, alinobt useless, in consequence of the most valuable part of the works hav- ing fallen in. Commerce, during the late crisis, can scarcely ho said to have had an existence in Peru ; nevertheless we must describe what haei been, hh likely to exist again, when peace and security revive. The export trade rests almost entirely on gold and silver, with a little bark, cacao, cotton, rugar, copjMr and tin, vicugna wool, ^.c. The value which, before 1789, rcorcely exceeded 2,000,(100 dollars, had risen between 1785 and 1794 to 6,680,000. The imports consist of all the articles of European manufacture, except those coarse and common fabrics, which are produced in the country itself. From the peculiar state of society, in which European habits prevail without European industry, the market for foreign goods is here, as in the other American states, much mare than in proportion to their wealth and population. A good deal of Peruvian produce is imported at second- hand from Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso. The population of Peru, according to enumerations made about 1803, amount- ed to 1,076,000. It has since been estimated by Humboldt at 1,400.000, by the Patriots in 1818, at 1,700,000, and by Malte Brun, in 1820, at 1,S00,000, of whom 1 10,000 were whites, 900,000 Indians, 320,000 Mestizos, and 100,000 fVee and enslaved negroes. This last estimate is probably as near the truth as any other, and as the circumstances of the country have been imfavourable to any increase il *i-*!. ■%. KMMI^ 1. Ip«>rn('iinnhi, irntioii»'(l. iiiri iliHtricti tw iu-Ih, bai7.<>, nnd i)iii;h()iit SjniniKh nH on tlu" coiiHt [i. Till! Indiiiiin mntii and other eh niltnirod. In of bII tho tincr 'nrii. TliMO nro nop and perilous low. Tho iilvor n the world. It renco, nnd forms cr with mctiillic ICO Iho conquest mountain '\» otill nt B domewhat Yet it liBH mink c annual produce iregent dcpreMcd lions, and tho ex- ipf' of I'a«co aro Uij ieet above Iho a bed of brown Vom every ton of nineg, before the t convulsion their ned. There are nlaya in that of dined, thut their ler 4,5(XMXM) dol- if Tarma, border- lly precious with intion. The die- atest importance, at present, how- f the works hav- had an existence y to exist again, entirely on pold in, vicu(;na wool, ,000 dollars, >iad }f all the articles brics, which ore ociety, in which for foreign goods oportion to their wrted at aecond- ut 1803, amount- 1,400,000, by the i00,000, of whom [00,000 fVee and ith as any other, to any increase! "^ I' MM). 991 of popen CHtMiialed to ronlain l,71fl,IHMI, of which r>l(l,(HM) nre KuropennN niiil mixed rncm, -iHttitHK) Indiiinii, nnd VUtMMNI not diNtinjcuiHJied. ThoD (he region uiiiUt conNJiterntion will coiilnin in nil M,'JI(I,IMM) itilmbitaiitR. Tlin charHClrr of the Creolen, or native SiMiniardN, of I'eru, n pninted iiniler colours Hoinewlint (ohm lliilterin); tlinn that of '.ho snnie cinitit in nlmoHt nny of the (illier HtnteH. The pre|K)nderancn of the European SpnninrilH nppenrx to hnve liet'ii nioH! overwlieliniii^ tlinn elsewhere. This political degrndntion, with tin Ijeiiernl dilVuNJon of wenltli and facility of HubniMtcnce, soeniM tr) Imve been the ehief cauw" of the uiiervnted utale into which tho nntivoH of Lima had Hiiiik. The iiiiiii! inhahitnntN nre ileNcribed ns nlmoot too insignificnnt n rnce to be worthy of mention ; destitute of all energy both mental and iKxIily ; so Hint, notwitlmtandint; the e,xten8ive triidn, there nre not nbovo two or three mercnntilu hoiiHes rnrried on by native I'eruvmim; all the rent nre conducted by forcijjrnera, innny of whom nro (rom t'liiii nnd Duenon AyreH. The ladies net a much more conspicuous piirt; tliouifh not nlwnyx, we are sorry to say, nitogetlicr to their credit. From their enrliPHt years lliey are jml to coUMidor theitiMelves nn the objects of ndmirutiun uiid hoiimgo; and a svHtem of tlj" most deeidixl co<]uelry, or nt lonst tlirtntion, is ex- l:ibli:ho(l. (iHiniii}; prevnils niHo nnionff both sexen to n destructive extont; nnd lliiiiilied nro extremely ill nmnaged. Yet tho Peruvinni aro courteous, liuiimne, lio.''|)ilnble, and )renerous. In tho country, tliOHo nmiable qualities are rombincc with eqiml mirth, but a nuicli greater degree of simplicity. The Indians, or native I'ornvinns, nro still, over all I'eru, tho most numerous clnss. They present nothing of thai tierce aspect, ond that untamed and fero- cious character, which render the Caribo, tho Brazilinns, and the Indians of (^ann- iln, Ko terrible to European settlors. They have small features, '.ittle feet, well turned limbs; sleek, coorse, black hair, and scarcely any beard. The mixed races ore more numerous than tho pure Spaniards, though less no than tho Indians. They coiinit>t of the usual multiplied branches from the three original stocks of Europcnns, Indians, and Negroes. The mestizo is strong, swarthy, with little beard, laborious, and well disposed ; the mulatto is less robust, but is acute, talkative, imaginative, fond of dress and parade. The zambo (mu- latto and negro) is violent, morose, and stubborn, prone to many vices, and guilty of more robberies and murders than any other cloaa, only excepting tho Chinos (negro-Indian), said to be tha very worst mixed breed in existence, u^ly, lazy, .stupid, and cruel. The religion, as in every country over which Spain ever reigned, is exclusively Catholic. Lima is the seat of an archbishop, who had for suffragans the bitihops of Cuzco, of Panama, two in Chili, and six in the south of Colombia; but this extensive jurisdiction must now bo curtailed. Immense wealth has been accumu- lated by several of the convents, from pious donations. Some of the clergy nre respectable, but a great proportion of the friars are said to lead very dissolute lives, and to promote, rnther than check, the general licentiousness. Although no toleration is admitted, yet in 1812 the inquisitio" was abolished. Literature is n-^t in so utterly depressed a state at Lima as in the other cities to the south of the Isthmus of Darien. Besides several colleges, there is a highly endowed university, founded in 1549, on the model of that of Salamanca. The professors do not deliver lectures; but examinations and disputations arc maintained with considerable diligence. The amusements consist of the theatre, which, at Lima, is tolerably conduct- ed ; bull-fi^^hts, cock-fights, and religious processions; and the rage for public diversions, as already observed, is extreme. 1'he I'xtensive region which once bore the common name of Peru comprises at present three independent states ; the republic of Peru, the republic of Bolivia, and tho republic of South Peru. The republic of Pern, though much reduced by the defection of its four south- ern departments, is still a considerable territory, comprising about 1000 miles of sea-coast, nnd extending into the interior, on the tenth degree of south latitude, full WM) miles, with nn area of about 350,(^0 square miles, and a population of * if r V9 ■ II- U^'f", 293 PERU. probably 700,000. A large portion of the east part of this republic is unsettled and even unexplored by Europeana, being still in the possession of the aborigines, I of whom many of the tribes are stated to be exceedingly savage, and some of tlicrn cannibals. 'I'iie republic is divided into three departments, which arc subdivided into pro- vinces. 1 Departinenta. Cnpitala. Truxillo, or Libcrtad Truxillo. Lima Lima. Junin Tarma. Lima, next to Mexico the most splendid city of Spanish America, is situated about six miles in the interior, from its poit of Callao. It is of a form nearly semicircular ; two miles long, and one and a half broad ; the base being washed by the river Limac. It is surrounded by a wall of brick and clay, twelve feet high, but capable merely of serving for purposes of police. The houses run in straight lines, dividing the city into a multitude of square! of various forms and dimensions. The plaza, or principal square, is, as in other Spanish cities, sur- rounded by all the finest edifices. The viceroy's palace, however, is an old plas- tered and unsightly structure, of a reddish colour, the lowest «tory of which is strangely occupied by a row of mean shops, above which is a gallery open to the public. The apartments now employed as government offices display some ves- tiges of decayed magnificence. The cathedral is- an elegant building, with a stone front, and two towers of considerable height; and the interior, particularly .the great altar, is, or at least was, excessively rich. There are twenty-five con- vents in Lima, with cliurches attached to them; and fifteen nunneries. The con- vent of San Francisco, with its appendoges, is the most extensive, and though not so rich, is more elegant than the cathedral. An immense treasure in the pre- cious metals was contained in these establishments; but during the revolution, great part has been abstracted, though the base materials substituted have been carefully gilded over. The population of Lima is about 70,000, of whom about 25,000 are Spaniards, 2500 clergy, 15,000 free mulattoes, 15,000 slaves, 7200 mestizos, and 5200 Indians. Callao, communicating with Ijima by a very fine road, has an excellent harbour formed by two islands. The forts by which it is defended are handsome and strong; and Callao itsc^lf is a considerable town, with 6000 inhabitanU. In proceeding southward from Lima, the coast becomes very desolate. Pisco, though bearing the name of a city, is, in fact, only a poor village. On islands near it, however, are vast accumulations of the excrement of birds, forming the richest manure that is anywhere known. The vines in the neighbourhood pro- duce fruit, from which is made a large quantity of good brandy. On the coast to the north of Lima is Truxillo, a handsome little town, a minia- ture of Lima, and built in the same gay style. By its port of Guanchaco, which has a tolerable roadstead, Truxillo sends the produce of its territory to Lima, and receives foreign manufactured goods in return. It contains about 12,000 inhabit- ants. Sanna is the seat of a considerable trade, and Lambayeque, to the north of Truxillo, is the most thriving place between Lima and Guayaquil. Piura, still farther north, is generally accounted the most ancient city in South America, though it is not exactly on the site of the city foimded by Pizarro. Its district is noted for the finest breed of mules in Peru, sometimes selling for 250 dollars each ; also for a very fine breed of goats, from whose skins they manufacture good cordovans ; and they make also some cotton cloths, though not on so great a scale as at Lambayeque. Payta, celebrated for the successfiil descent of Anson in 1741, is a commodious and well-frequented sea-port, the most northerly in Peru. It being in a complete desert of sand, potable water is brought from a distance of twblve miles, and sold at a high price. The northern interior of Peru, forming part of the departments of Junin and Truxillo, occupies various levels in the great interior table-land of the Andes. They present that variety of rich and valuable produce, which generally marks »-m.>V — ..-.. ——jJttkata I " ^Jn^ i i 'wwi * m . The department of Arequipa fills the spaco between the ocean and the Andes. It is one of the most fertile provinces in Peru ; rich in maize, sugar, and vines, from which an esteemed red wine is made. There are some considerable silver mines, but not to be compared to those on the other side of the mountains. Are- quipa is a large city, considerably in the interior, in an agreeable and healthy cli- mate. The population has been estimated at 24,000. Arequipa has stood, not- withstanding shocks of earthquakes repeated three or four times in each century. Near it is a great volcano, whence ariso clouds of ashes, which reach even to the ocean. Islay, its sea-port, is only a village. Arica was originally a port of con- siderable importance : but since the earthquake of 160!), and the plunder of the place, in 1080, by the pirate Warren, it has been in a great measure deserted, and the population has emigrated to Tacno, which is a thriving town, about thirty miles in the interior, employing extensive droves of mules to carry the merchan- dise landed at Arica into tlie provinces beyond the Andes. Moqiiehua, another interior place, is chiefly noted for the good wine produced in its district. In the southern part, which is a sterile desert, are the silver mines of Guantajaya. Huamungo and Gunnca-Velica, in Ayacucho, occupy ihe more southern valleys of the Andes. The former has many districts very fertile in green pasture, and its capital, of the same name, is a great and very handsome city, built of stone, and adorned with magnificent public places and squares. It has an university of royal foundation, richly endowed, and contains 16,000 inhabitants. Guanca- Velica is bleak and cold, only distinguished for the rich mines of mercury, which once rendered it a flourishing place, but are now so much declined that the popu- lation is reduced to 5000. The little village of Ayacucho, which gives name to the department, was the theatre of the victory which (1824) delivered South America from the Spanish yoke. Cuzco, the grand me'ropolitan seat of the ancient empire of Peru, is situated ea3t of these provinces, and somewhat deep in the interior. The Peruvian fabrics of woollens and of cordovan leather, exist still on a more extended scale than in any of the provinces yet mentioned. The imperial city of Cuzco, even in its fallen state, is still handsome, and even splendid. The cathedral is described as a noble pile. The Dominican church has been built from the materials of the ancient temple, on the same site, and the. altar has taken place of the image of that deity. On an eminence are the walls of the fortress of the Incas, raised to a great height, and bc.ilt of truly astonishing masses of stone. Cuzco is stated to contuin 32,000 inhabitants, of whom three-fourths are pure Indians, the rest mes- tizos, with only a small and diminishing proportion of Spaniards. The manufac- tures are considerable. Cuzco threw off the Spanish yoke earlier than Lima, but the city was soon retaken by the royalists, and remained with them till the final extinction of their power. To the south of Cuzco, in the department of Puno, is the town of the same name, containing a college and 7000 inhabitants. Coquito is much decayed since the celebrated insurrection of Tupac Amaru, at the end of the last centory, when it had a population of 30,000. The surface of Puno is much of it table-land, elevated 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is cold as compared with the coast, and very healthy : its productions are cattle, in great abundance, barley, always cut green for horses, and potatoes. It has also some manufactories of woollen cloths. The lama, the vicuna, and the Alpaca, are very numerous: the latter are kept in flocks for the sake of their wool : limy are a species simila.* to the vicuna. \yacucho, Cuzco, lation is probably of Peru, or about in and the Andea. sugar, and vines, lonsiderable silver mountains. Are- e and healthy cli' pa has stood, not- 8 in each century. reach even to tlie illy a port of con- he plunder of the isure deserted, and town, about thirty larry the merchan- Vloquehua, another ts district. In the Guantajaya. •e southern valleys green pasture, and ity, built of stone, IS an university of ibitants. Guanca- of mercury, which ined that the popu- hich gives name to 4) delivered South )f Peru, is situated le Peruvian fabrics nded scale than in Cuzco, even in its ral is described as materials of the :e of the image of the Incas, raised to Cuzco is stated to ians, the rest mes- ds. The manufac- lier than Lima, but them till the final town of the same ouch decayed since last cealary, when 000 feet above the he coast, and very , always cut green wllen ciolhs. The er are kept in flocks Duna. •'fei'*I.L BOLIVIA. 2931 BOLIVIA. The republic of Bolivia was established in 1825, previous to which time the territory was attached to the viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata. It extends from 5S^ to 71° W. loner., and the moin body lies between 11° and 22° S. !at. ; but a nar- row tongue of land on the sea projects southwards as far as 2:1°. It has an area of about 4(K),000 square miha, with a population of about 1,700,000. Bolivia forms an extensive territory, situated south and somewhat cast of Lower Peru, with which it assimilates in aspect and productions. This is among thi! least known regions of the globe, yet one which its natural features render peculiarly interesting. It is now ascertained to contain the lofliest mountain peaks in the New World, yielding in height only to those of the Himmaleh. The summit of Sorata wns found to be 25,250 feet ligh; that of Illimani, 24,350; so that Chim- borazo, which is only 21,440, must lide its diminished head. The very elevated table-plain from which these colossal summits rise appears to have prevented their extraordinary elevation from becoming sensible, till it was determined by baro- metrical measurement. This tn'ole-plain, though not the most elevated, seems undoubtedly the most fruitful and populous on the globe. It yields copious har- vests of rye, maize, barley, and even wheat ; it has cities above the region of the clouds; villages which would overtop the white pinnacles of the Jungfrau and the Schreckhorn ; cottages as high as the top of Mont Blanc. The following are among the most remarkable heights: — the city of Potosi, 1.3,350 feet (its mines, 16,060); of Oruro, 12,442; of La Paz, 12,194; of Chuquisaca, 9332; of Cochabamba, 8440. This State is interesting from the variety, extent, and value of the minerals it affords. Gold is found in considerable quantity on the mountainous districts, but hitherto it has not been very extensively mined. It occurs associated with anti- mony, silver, and other minerals, and sometimes in masses of considerable size : the largest mass on record is one which was detached by means of lightning from a mountain near to La Paz, and for which 11,269 dollars were paid. But by far the greater part of the gold pro<;ured in Bolivia is obtained by washing the sands of rivers: the most productive of these cavaderos,oT gold-washings, is that of Tipuani. Silver has hitherto been the principal metallic production of Bolivia, and has conferred on it its great celebrity. In the rich mountain of Potosi alone, according to records kept at Potosi, of the qtiinlas, or royal duties, from the year 1745 to the year 1800, no less than 823,9.50,509 dollars were coined during that period ; and if to this be added the amount of the preceding years, not included, and that obtained in a clandestine manner, without the payment of the customary dues, not less than 1,647,001,018 dollars have been obtained from this source alone in the space of 255 years. The silver mines of Portugalete, in the province of Chicas, have acquired celebrity on account of the richness as well as the quantity of their ores, which yield from sixty to eighty marks of silver to the caxon, while those of Potosi only afford about ten marks from the same quantity of ore. At La Plata, Porco, and Lipos, there are silver mines, especially one in the latter province, celebrated for the purity of its ores, which were formerly in great repute,' but since eclipsed by the more important ones of Potosi and of other places. In Carangas there are rich silver mines ; and formerly thost^ of Oruro were very pro- ductive. Bolivia is divided into seven departments: — Chuquisaca, La Paz, Potosi, Cocha- bamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Moxos and Chiquitos. The capital is Chuqui- saca, or La Plata, so named from the silver mines in its vicinity. It is a hnnd- some city, containing about 12,000 inhabitants. Notwithstanding its astonishing elevation, the country round is fertile and smiling. There is an university nume- rously attended, and a library, said to be one of the best in South America. La Paz, wit', a population of 40,000, is the chief city of Bolivia, and is sur- rounded by the most interesting objects in that country. A few miles to the south is Mt. Illimani, and at some distance to the north rises that of Soruta, both already described as the highest mountains in the New World. At some distance to the :■■)] r. n m U: m 396 CHILI. north-west is the g;reat lake of Titicaca, about 150 miles long, and the largest in South America. Putosi enjoys the greatest fame of any city in this region, but retains few traces of the wealth which gained for it this celebrity. It is probably the most elevated city in the world, being 13,000 feet above the sea, and consequently higher than the I'eak of Teneriffe. It is not a well-built town; the streets are narrow end irregular, and most of the houses indifferent. It has, however, a college and a mint. Reports vary greatly both as to ita past and present population. The assertion that, in its most flourishing state, it ever contained 130,000, ia probably much exaggerated. It now contains 9000 inhabitants. There are some other considerable places in this region. Oruro has not more than 4000 or 5000 inhabitants; .hut the mines in its vicinity were once important. Cochahamba, in the midst of a fertile though mountainous territory, hns been snid to contain 30,000 inhabitants. Santa Cruz do la Sierra, situated amid an exten- sive plain in the eastward, is an ill-built town, with a population of about 0(K)O. Large tracts in this quarter are occupied by the Moxos and Chiquitos, Indian tribes nearly independent, unless so far as the missionaries have reclaimed them from their savage habits. Tarija, a small province to the southward, belonging to the territory of Buenos Ayres, has voluntarily united itself with Bolivia. This republic, in its small extent of coast, has only one port, that of Cobija or Puerto de Lamar, which labours under a deficiency of fresh water ; so that they are obliged at present to receive almost all their foreign commodities across the moun- tains, by way of Arica. CHILI. Chili, which has been called the Italy of South America, consists of a long narrow band of territory situated between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. Its northern boundary is formed by the desert of Atacama, nearly on the tropic of Capricorn, or about 24° south, and its southern the Gulf of Guaiteca or Chiloe, including the island of that name in about 44° thus embracing a length of 20° or 1400 miles. The boundary on the side of Buenos Ayres is formed by a line drawn along the culminant point of the Andes, and through their eternal snows. From this line to the coast of the Pacific must be measured the breadth of Chili, not averaging more than 200 miles. The superficial content is estimated at 172,000 square miles ; firom which, however, must be taken oif the considerable portion held by the Araucanos. The surface of Chili consists of portions the most strikingly dissimilar, but passing into each other by regular and insensible gradations. Between its moun- tain and ocean limit is a transition from the firozen to the torrid zone, similar to that which takes place in Mexico and Colombia, though not quite so abrupt. The range of the Chilian Andei seems peculiarly massive and unbroken ; and the per- petual snow which covers it to a considerable depth, even at the points chosen as of most easy accesp, cannot well consist with a height of less than 14,000 or 15,000 feet The sides of these mountains are generally fertile and beautiful ; foliage and verdure with rich pastures extend evi n to the border of the perpetual snow, and many of the upper valleys present such romantic and enchanting scenes, that Chili has been called the garden of South America. It is, however, a heavy misfortune to the Chilians, that the ground is not secure under their feet There are said to be 14 active volcanoes within Chili, beitide several that occasionally or constantly discharge smoke. Repeated earthquakes have Icid their cities in ruins ; and from time to time shocks are felt, which even when slight are rendered dreadful by recollection and anticipation. There is no river in Chili deserving the name. The Maule and Bfobio are navigable for a short distance. Numberless torrents dash down from the steeps of the Cordillera, but with such rapidity that no boat can navigate their channel, and even in their estuaries the stream is too rapid to allow vessels to find in them I the largeat in ains few traces 3 most elevated lly hipher than are narrow and II college and a (pulation. The UOO, ia probably ro has not more once important, y, hnfl been said amid an exten- I of about 9()00. 'hiquitoB, Indian reclaimed them rd, belonginsr to 1 Bolivia. This Cobija or Puerto o that they are icross the moun- meista of a long cific Ocean. Its on the tropic of iteca or Chiloe, length of 20" or )rmed by a line ir eternal snows, breadth of Chili, is estimated at the considerable dissimilar, but itween its moun- zone, similar to 80 abrupt. The en ; and the per- points chosen as than 14,000 or and beautiful; of the perpetual and enchanting ind is not secure bin Chili, beside ted earthquakes felt, which even and Biobio are from the stee|W e their chan I to find in them are sepsj nel, I CHILI. S!)7 a secure harbour. In return, every quarter of the country has the advantage of being at a very siiort distance from the sea-const. The political system of Chili is in a vocillating and uncertain state. The con- gress was to be composed of deputies chosen on the principle of direct election, and of one deputy for every 15,000 inhabitants. A considerable disposition seems to prevail for a federal form of go/ernment. The finances of the Republic are not in the most flourishing condition : the in- come amounted a few years ago to 1,300,000 dollars, and the annual expenditure to 1,066,948 dollars, making the heavy deficit of 666,948 dollars. A loan, the capital of which was 1,000,0(K(I. sterling, was raised in I^ondon in 1822. The army, under the pressure of circumstances, has been supported on a large scale, compared with the population and resources of Chili. That country sent into Peru, in support of the patriotic cause, no less than 7i300 troops, who had been well disciplined, and who proved brove and effective. Besides these, about ;U)00 remained in the country. The militia consists chiefly of cavalry, who are ill disciplined, but brave, and admirable riders. The navy, though it distinguished itself under Lord Cochrane, never formed any considerable force, comprising only one ship of sixty guns, two or three of til\y, with some corvettes and gun-brigs. Being old ships purchased from Britain, and having been in hard service, they are now considerably decayed, and the pre- sent state of the Chilian resources will probably prevent much being done to re- pair them. Agriculture is carried on extensively, though with very rude implements, of the same form with those that were introduced 300 years ago. The plough is only a piece of knee timber, shod at one end with a flat plate of iron, into which a long pole is fixed by means of wedges. Wheat has been hitherto the chief object of agriculture ; its quality is .fine, though small-grained. Potatoes, in this their native soil, grow in perfection; pumpkins, lettuces, and cabbages are reared with care and success ; and fruits, with but very little culture, are produced in prolusion and of excellent quality. A good deal of wine is made, though not of the first excellence ; the flavour of the best somewhat resembling Malaga. The greatest extent of ground, however, is laid out in cattle farms, which are managed with great success. The horses are small, but beautiful, and of fine temper and spirit, so that they are preferred to those of Buenos Ayres. Thi; oxen and mules are equal to any in the world. Agriculture, as in Mexico, is much impeded by the enormous grants which were made to individuals at the time of the conquest; yet it is stated, that in many districts fine land may be obtained at the rate of a dollar for two acres. The manufactures, as over all South America, consist only of coarse articles made by the country people for domestic use, with the simplest instruments. They bring to market ponchos, hats, shoes, coarse shifls, coarse earthenware, and some- times jars of fine clay. Mining is the branch of industry for which Chili has been most celebrated, but it is not the source of her most substantial wealth. The mines occur in the in- terior from Coquimbo, in a barren tract in the northern part of the country The metaU are gold, silver, and copper. The h iter is by far the most abundant, there being many hundred mines of it ; the others are much rarer, and, as they attract more speculators, generally answer much worse : hence, the common saying is, that if a man finds a copper mine, he is sure to gain ; if it be silver, he may gain or he may not; but if it be gold, he is sure to lose. At present the average pro- duce of the gold and silver mines may b<* estimated at about 850,000 dollars, and that of copper at 720,000 dollars. Commerce in Chili labours under great difficulties from its extreme remoteness ; since it is separated by about half the circumference of the globe from the civi- lised countries of Europe, Asia, and even North America. The principal articles of export from Chili to Great Britain, the United States, and India, are the pre- cious metals from Valparaiso, Coquimbo, Huasco, and Copiapo. From the latter ports are shipped large quantities of copper, and from Valparaiso of liides. The chief exports from Concepcion are timber, wheat, flour, and fruits, principally to 2N ; '!!: iJ 'I 4 ''il m ■rri .:. 1 ^1 II At! 398 m^'('";, A \ •,.V!;; - AVt: ' ■ '?t CHILI. Peru. Ctiili iinporta flour, cottons, furniture, tobncco, &.C., from tlio United Stntns, ninniifiictured articles of all descriptions from Great Britain, »'\\Uf>, winen, per- fumoiy, &c., from France, spices, tea, sugar, coffee, &c„ from other counlrii'^. At present the annual value of the trade with Great Britain is about F),(MM>,0(H) dollar?, and of that witli the United States, 2,500,000 dollars, exclusive of the supplies to the whalers and other ships. Beside Ihcir dealings with Europe, the Chilians havt; also a considerable trar'e with Peru, to which, as already mention- ed, they export wheat, flour, &.c. ; they have also, notwithstanding the formidable obstacles opposed by the Andes, u considerable trade with BuenoA Ayres. Fi-^hing is neglected by the Chilians, though many fine species are found in their seas. The shell-fish arc particularly delicote. The population of Chili, is more involved in doubt than that of any State of South America, but is believed from authentic accounts not to fall short of l,r>00,0(M). The sdcial state of Chili differs scarcely by a shade from that of the rest of Spanish America. There is the same native courteousness, politeness, kindness ot heart, ignorance, extravagant lovo of diversion, abject superstition, and pro- pensity to quarrelling. This last passion, which among the lower orders is fed chiefly by a resort to pulperias, is ollogcd to bo morn prominent than amonff other AmericanH, and oftener productive of bloodshed. The ladies often con neither write nor read; but travellers join in praising their natural talents, and the un- studied grace of their manners. And some conceive the general deportment of those in the higher ranks to be almost une:€ ( f great value when the surround- ing country becomes more populous and civil U(h1, Osomb, built about forty miles distant, is the most southern town in the New •' 'ontinent The territory of the Araucanos, or Arauco, ■ nn extensive district, which inter- poses itfelf between the Spanish districts of Concepcion and Valdivia. It extends north ard south for about three degrees of latitude, reaching inland to the moun- tains. I'his region, celebrated in Spanish story and song, is described as really one of the finest in South America. The Araucanos, having adopted the rude agriculture of tho Spaniards, raise Indian corn in abundance ; they grow most whilo Bt HuMco, ly on t)io bnnka nf nd pastiirago. lu rer, and copper, of mnected with llio ;h the inhabitants, city, kindneaa, and may be considered I eing onco in about 1 to. That of 1810 lies lying scattered of large sun-dried nrds, like so tnanv rch of 1a Merced, r quitted it when it | had they remained, is bounded on the slivia, and is consi- ghly endowed with inest temperate cli- nary and gorden of I the southern mar- dded barley, maize, inc, the best in the hich the demand at sroua and valuable, cion, with four con- ly handsome houses liave disputed with I of Santiago, were ling regular streets ind and hospitable, ratively few irregu- lonteft; alternately d by both, but espe- from the calamities 835. Talcahuano, nts, on a large bay, reputation of being vherefore, being of ry, tliey are nearly I lies in extent, wa- very productive in tut the missionaries peaceable and tole- situated about six- ies, and is the best vhen the surround- It about forty miles strict, which inter- Idivia. It extends land to the moun- described as really adopted the rude they grow moat (iin.i. ;ti)i ndinirable potntoen, which are, probably, indigenous; and have a good stock of JiorHi-H mid liornud cnttlc. Thi; whuir cniintry is divided into four diHtriitH, povcrnt'd liy iiernditnry ruiors, called ((h/hiji, confflriorated together for their own tjciictit, and tlio injury of thoir ncight)uurs. I'urlicular districts are ruled by Rub- ordinato chiufH, also hereditary, called ulmrnrx. When war is declarod, the to(iuw elect one of themselves, or even some other chief, who assumes the supreme command. They have appended the European musket to their own original arms of the bow, arrow, and club. When they set forth on an expedition, each indi- vidual merely carries a small bag of parched meal, trusting that ere lung he will 1)0 comfortably quartered on the torritory of his enemies. During the Spimistli dominion every new governor of Chili goncrallv endeavoured to distinguinli liiiii- self by the conijuest of Arauco; and having asKembled an army, he usually beat them in the field ; but he soon found himself obliged, by a continued Heries of harassing warfare, to sue for poaco from a proud race, whom nothing would ever induce to make the first advances Though resisting all attempts at conquest, they hove entered into a treaty with the republican government, and even agreed to a species of political union, though a long interval must elapse before this can be completely efi'ected. The island of Chiloe is the southernmost province of Chili: it is in length, from north to south, 120 miles, and in the widest part about (10 miles broad : the whole island is mountainous and covered with trees. The climate is rather damp and rainy, but notwithstanding healthy. The inhabitants are in appearance like northern Europeans, manly, athletic, robust, and fresh coloured. The productions are wheat, barley, potatoes, and most kinds of European vegetables and fruits. The island swarms with hogs: its hams are celebrated, and are exported in con- siderable quantities. The inhabitants are very cheerful, and appear to ho the happiest race alive ; their amusements are singing and dancing. Murder, robbery, or persons being in debt, are never heard of. The principal towns are St. Carlos, the capital, Chacao, Dalcahue, and Castro ; ull of them have good harbours, in which vessels of any burthen may anchor with perfect safety. The islands attached to Chiloe are 03 in number, of which 30 are inhabited : they are situated eastward, and between it and the coast of Patagonia, and are denominated the Archipelago of Chiloe. The Islands of Juan Fernandez may be considered as an appendage of Chili. They form a group of two small islands, called Mas-a-Tierra, and Mas-a-Fuero. The principal island is so diversified by loily hills, streams, and varied vegetation, that it has been described as one of the most enchanting spots on the globe. It was early noted as being the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk, during seve- ral years ; an event upon which Defoe founded his celebrated narrative of Robin- son Crusoe. The island afterwards afforded to Anson the means of recruiting his shattered squadron, after the passage of Cape Horn. It has been used by the Chi- lians as a place for confining convicts, but wus recently granted to a North Ame- rican merchant, who proposes to make it a depdt for supplying trading and whal- ing vessels with proviaiona. REPUBLIC OF BUENOS AYRES. (LA PLATA, OR ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.) BuKNoa Atrks, or La Plata, is the name given to an extensive region of South America, and which, under Spanish dominion, formed one of the principal vice- royalties. It had then annexed to it Upper Peru, including the mines of Potoai ; but this country has, by recent events, been severed from it, and forms now an independent republic under the name of Bolivia. The remaining territory con- sists chiefly of detached cities, with surrounding cultivated tracts, which form, as it were, oases in a vast expanse of uninhabited plain. Buenos Ayres, the prin- cipal city, and commanding the navigation of the river, has endeavoured to form the whole into a republic, of which she herself shall be the capital, or at least the M ■ . ^ 26 ,#b- 4 w f 3()!J IIUKNOH AYRKH, ll'iliTiil liiMil ; !)tit ihftrp rniuns lliron^rli tli" ililliTPiit diiilrictii, n iilmn^f provincial ciiiril, wliicli Han liitliorlo rfrKlrriuJ tlim iiiiidii iMi|K?rt«'ct nml prccnrioiin. lliii'MKH Ayro* limy, in n very gonvrnl vu>w, Im conniiicri'il an occiipyinij^ ncBrly the wliiiln brcmllh ot' Ainoricn, miutli iVoiii llic tropic of ('upricorn, ii'iivinff only tlin iiiiriow Ktrip ot' ('liili on tlio wpHt, nnd on tlif cnnt a iirctiun cut out of it by iirn/.il. On the imrlh thn i'llcomayn, wliiln it runw from v/Kut to oaiit, turm* tliu nnturni iKJiindnry from Upper Peru; but atlvr it« (rrcot bri'(l uh uoiiliiiut'd caMtward, cultiii^r tbn I'arafruny Kivur, and on- waril!4 to tlio I'limiiH. On thp PiiMt, tlio iMiundury of Druzij nmy Im* coniiidorod nn li\)>il by tlio Parana nnd thu Uru);uny, tlioiiKb- tlio dlNtricts iinrncdiat(?ly wont uf tli(>'>(> KtrnaiiiM have nut, ainco tlin revolution, bonn actually poHHCsacd by Biienna AyrcH; nnd mniih of lliu IMatii, tlio Atlmitic ia the cloar boundary. On the aouth, tlio Rio Noifro toriiiiimtoa tlio aettleinpiita in tliiM quurtor. On tlie west, the uni- form boundary is Chili, aopnrat<*( jjrnss, without a weed ; lastly, a foroHl of low over(rroen trees and shrubs, stundinfc so wide, that a horse can gallop through them. At the end of this oconn plain, tho Andes shoot up abruptly their wull of unbroken rock, covered with eternal snow, which to the traveller from the entit appears to present nn impenetrable barrier. The banks of the Plata consist also of immcnso plains, thouf^h not quite so level, nor covered with such varied vegetation. Of tho rivers of this ref^ion, the chief is the Rio de La Plata, which enters the Ocean with a breadth of 150 miles, and is navi);able for vessels of the greatest burthen to the city of Buenos Ayrea, and was formerly so for ships of consider- able size to Assumpcion, 1000 milea in tbo interior; but this is now impracticable, owin^ to accumulations of sand which have obstructed the course of the channel. The La Plata ia properly a continuation of the river Paraguay, which, (lowing south from the centre of the continent, after passing the marshy Jjake of Paraye!i, receives from tho centre and border of Bolivia, the Pilcomaya and Vermejo, both navigable. At Corrientes, 900 miles from the sea, the Paraguay is joined by the Parana, which robs the former of its name ; flowing onwards the united current receives from the west the Salado, and from the north the Uruguay, when tho collected waters of thia great stream, now 30 miles in width and completely fresh, are finally merged in the Rio de La Plato, and mingle with the Ocean afler a course of about 2200 miles. Large rivers, the Saladillo, and the Colorado, run acrosis the Pampas, and are supposed to reach the Atlantic. The latter rises in the Cordillera east of Coquimbo, and has a course of IWK) miles, during which it forms numerous lakes; but it has not yet attained any commercial importance; and another, the Rio Negro, forms the extreme southern boundary. There are several lakes, aa that of Ibera in the Entre Rios, fully 80 miles in length; some round Mendoza, formed by the streams descending from thu Andes; and others farther in the interior; but none of these can be said to correspond in grandeur to the other features of thia region. The constitution of Buenos Ayrcs is that of a representative republic. The legislative power is exercised by two chambers, the representatives and the sena- tors; the former consisting of forty-one deputies elected by the direct suffrages of the provinces, and renewed by half their number every two years; the senate is formed by two deputies for each province, making thirty in all, who are renewed by one-third at a time : they are elected by eleven members of each province. 'I he executive power is exercised by a citizen holding tho title of president, elected in the same mar.ner as the senators, and holding his oflSce for five years. He is re-eligible, and his powers are very extensive. .^ Htrontf provincial 'cnnoiiH, I occiipyiniif nrnrly ciirn, li.'HVini^ only un cut out of it i)y (o oniit, tbrrn* tliii . tlie Kouth, tliu lino uny Kivur, nnil oii- f \m> COUNillRriHl AH uicdintt'ly wPHt of HNOHHcd hy IluoncM ry. On tho iimith, tliR wuiit, till) uni- Andps. Tliu con- ut 8(i(),00U square miivo and unlfurin, dopo of the Andoa, j level of more than I portion! : tho tlrAt j times to tlin lirif^ht . a weed ; lastly, a a horse can jfallopi it up abruptly their ! traveller from the if the I'luta consist k1 with auch varied ! I, which enters the als of the (greatest shipa of consider- now impracticable, rso of the channel, lay, which, flowing f Ijake of Parayex, and Vermejo, both ly ia joined by tho he united current Jruguay, when the d completely fresh, the Ocean afler a the Colorado, run The latter rises in !8, during which it crciai importance ; ary. n, fully 80 miles in g from the Andes ; id to correspond in ve republic. The lives and the sena- direct suffrages of ars; the senate is who are renewed of each province, title of president, ffice for five yearn. IICKNOH AYRtt .ii):j The revenue of the republic, coniinting of cuntmns, excioe, and direct Inx, i* eirtimated nt abtMit :MMN),(NM) dollars a year ; and there is a debt of 4,ri(NMHN) tloi- Ifirs. The provmren, smre the breakmg up of the rongress in IHIU, have re- mtined in n xtate of seiMration; though they have aMiisted Ruenoii Ayren in hei j wnr with llrnr.il. In I'nrnguny, Dr. F'rancia rontmues to exercifte a moMt nbiu)liitn and tyrnnniriil sway over tin* iirnorant natives, for the reports of his death seem to be prcnmture. The Ilnnda Oriental lins tiiriuetl a He[mrate republie. The Hgrii-ultural produce conxiHtM nliiiOHt entirely in the va^t herds of horses and hnrneil eiittio which cover those boiiiiillcHS plniuH, clothed with rirh herlmge, which constitute the I'ampns. The gaucho, or farmer, hiis no cure in rearing or feeding; l»e has only to throw over them the lasso, or lung leathern no barrels of American flour. The milk in not iiuide into cheese or butter; ond garden vejretiibles are no object of culture, the gniicho considering tli(>in as fiKxl lit only for beasts. In this naked and exposeil country there is a groat want of timber lor fuel ; the peoch tree has been found to grow, and answer the purpose of fuel better than any other. Paraguay proit aro made better than those liitlierto supplied by tho Manchester manufacturers, who are exerting themselves, how- ever, to improve the fabric of this article. Tho indolence, which tho .South Americans inherit from tho Spaniards, will, probably, long prevent them from becoming a manufacturing people. The commerce of Buenos Ayres is largo, compared with the population and general wealth of the state. The country is dependent on foreign supplies for almost every article, both of manufactured gorxls ond colonial produce, and even tor a little grain; in return for which it gives the refuse of its cattle, hides, horns, hair, and tallow. The value of the commercial traniiaclionR of tho United States with tho Argentine Republic is about '2,r)(IO,(l(M) dollars. The trade with Great Britain has increased considerably. A very considerable inland trade is also carried on by enormous wagons, which are driven across the Pampas to Mendoza, and other towns at tho foot of tho Cordillera. They carry some manu- factures and colonial goo^la, and bring back wine, brandy, and mineral produce. The intercourse with the countries up the river is, at present, obstructed by political causes. The population of the territory of Buenos Ayres bears, undoubtedly, a very small proportion to its vast extent. It ia by no means well ascertained, but is generally supposed not to exceed 700,000. Society, over all Spanish America, wears a very uniform aspect. The crcole.s, now everywhere the ruling class, are acute, polite, courteous, indolent, unenter- prising, passionately fond of diversion, especially in the forms of dancing and gaming. Every lady holds her tertulia, or evening party, to which even the pas- sing stranger will sometimes be invited. They are less charged with intrigue, however, than in some other great cities of South America ; the conduct of the young laidies is very strictly watched, and they are married at thirteen or four- teen. The lower ranks pass through the streets in a very orderly manner; but they are too much addicted to frequenting pulperias, or drinking-hoiises, where gaming sometimes j-ives rise to deadly quarrels. Horses being easily procured I at Buenos Ayres, it is an object of pride to keep a number of flne quality, on the | h^ .(■ r .M fiAi ' I M 1 li. ' i 'Si' M ■'! tljn Mm 1 ii ll 104 BUKNOS AYRKH. n> till' Miodt iiotiv' H' ' the iiio>- iii(liil)mt of luorlalii. M" will ncoiir tlii' c'Miiitry wlini 'lays at t'uli ^.v i''|>, brem. mg wild horMvH, or chiir the iai;unr ur III!' (mtricli ; but oiici! alif^htod niiil Hentt'i '^ tliu HkeUituii of a hurxi lieaii, iiotliiii^ ciiii iiiiliKM! him lo tiKAo. I Id coiwiders ii ' 'I'lrradaliuii to wt i 'lol (') Ih'- i,'r()iiiid; ixi lliiit, iiutwitliKtaiidiiiff fi ((nnemi vi^u > iri"<>l pretcrnntii tho low<>r liriilM iirti wi'uk and U'lit, and ho h incapable m walkiii){ to nny di»i. 'u, I'lx (Iwcliintr \« a mud cottajfo, with oii 'iNtrtinunt, ^nd lo ■warmiii(( wil insects, that in NUtnmor tho wludo family, wi xhI in ski h, iloop in i\w open uir. AH rdiind in a ditiw^rt, with tho excfptiuii i. 'ho rorrut or circular tipot, cncloiod i,* Hiaki'H, into which tho cattio uro drivoii. Neither (;r/iin iiur vo^<'tAbl*>H ant culti-l vHti'd, nor In tho ciiw niiidy to yield milk. -nf m thu only tixjil; and it In roasted, i>r rather twiHtud, on lur;(o spits stuck in i.iu floor, in a slantinK direction, ho 'ts to ovorhani^ the tiro, a twist lieinK from time u> time ((ivoi '" o.\|k>so nil sides o << iiMMit in succession, and slices are cut by tlio surround iii tiimily : the jiiict'^ i roiirHO, full into tho tire, and are lost. A c«'rtii . pro|)un. jn become robbers, :ur which Vocation these desolate plains iiflbrd srop*- Tho Indians of tho I'ampns, a navapfo and tcrribli race, lirlven before the Gauclii . Iinvo in no dnjfroo coalesced with them, but continue m a state uf deadly iiiiW rni;in^r hostility. Whoever encounters them iii tli>>Mi wilds must cx|>ert dent'i in its most terrible forms fur his immediate lot; and I b travellers, nieetinff < xh other, ns'f with tromblini; voice, if any Indians h <^ been -^cen on the roi;to. They appear of the genuine Arauco breed; ore notil' iiountod, havinjj each two or three horsoH, so that, when one is exhausted, the ri r lonps on anotiior. They ileli((ht in midnij^ht expedition and surprise. On reach ni^ tj o hut of an unfortu- nate (iaucho, these marauders set tiro to the roi '. wbe; tho family, who, at the same time, hear the wild cry which announces tliLir doo . must rush to the door, nnd are instantly killed, without any distinction, except ^' the younf; girls, who are placed on horaeback, and carried off to servo us wivcf n which capacity they are well treated. A large body wcro lately in a state > regular war with tlie colonists, but they have been defeated, and driven beyond i '! Colorado. The Catholic religion prevails exclusively in these Btu* h, as over all South America; but the splendour of the churches, and the cndo\ nienta of t|ie clergy, appear to be greater here, compared at least with the meaiir 'if supporting them, than in any other province. There prevails, also, a particu r laxity in the con- duct of tho clergy. A late traveller, one Sunday evening, i ■ passing the arena tor cock-iighting, saw a number of clergymen, each with u ighting-cock under his arm. The government at Buenos Ayres has shown a con iderable activity in reforming tho abuses of tho church, having suppressed a numlter of convents, and at one time prohibited any accession to the number of monks md nuns; but the influence of these communities is still very strong in the int< rior provinces, to which this conduct of Buenos Ayres lias rather served as a ground of disunion. Knowledge, as in the other new States, is encouraged by tne (^'ivemmont, with- out having yet made any very deep impression on the body of the people. Several large schools have been established on the plan of mutual instruction, and an uni- versity has even been founded, without permission from tlie pope ; but it is little more than a classical r-chool. Proviiici's. Cipitsli. Fopulstion. Tiicuman Tucuman | 5,000 Salta Salta 2,000 Corriontcs Corrientes 5,000 Rioja Rioja du la Nueva 3,000 Catamnrca ... Catamorca 1,200 Santiago Snntinfiro del Estcro 8,000 San Juan Sun Junn do la Frontera 10,000 .♦• fimn nil tliti (liii< u boKKar bug* uii itl Biiproprintn the Tliu ^iiiichi) IK !'• will ncoiir till' the inttuitr ur jf -i head, riothiii)( Bt I '.lOl to th>.- lain the lower iiy (1I.--1 I'. I'm iiiijj wii iiiBecis, 'w i)|H)n air. AH spot, cncloaud h» •I'tjibli'M «ri' oulli' ; uikI it in roatteil, (liriiction, mi ns to Mu nil iiidnri ti <> ly : tlio juices i [)come robl)vrii, or i.'forp the Gauclii , ntu ut' deadly iiii.l Hi ex|M'rf denih m irM, meeting > -cU len on the riii;lo. , havint; each two )D anotiior. Tlify hut of iin unfortu- iniiiy, who, at the t runh to the door, young KirlO) who iich capacity they liar war with tin.' slorado. us over all South nta of the clergy, Hupporting them, Inxity in the con- [)a8tiii)g the arena hting-cock under leriible activity in of convents, and lid nuns ; but the rior provinces, to nd or disunion. ivernmont, with- pcople. Several ction, And an uni- M. ; but it ia little Population. .t 5,ono . 2,000 . 5,000 . 2.000 . 1,200 . 8,000 . 10,000 IIUKNOS AYHKS. ;i05 rnivlnraif. L'lpUll*. t>i>|i4vlHll>in ( ordiivi Cnrdovn 1 0,1101) Kiiiti Kit Hunt k F« 1,000 i;iitr>' HiiM i'ariiiiii l.'i.OOO Ml ndoiii MimilcM (4,000 Han I.uiii Han l.uU dn I* Punta 2,0(HI KiirniMi Ayrri IIuohm Ayrea 70,0UO Cliufo (Indian Trrrllnry) - The city of Huonoa Ayrea ia aituato.l on llm i^niiihnrn Imnk of the Rio il,. in I'lnto, about '200 iniica above it* nioiilli; and, being rnim>ilnlKiut twenty fent above the river, and proaenting thn apirea of iiiiiiiproiia chiircliea iind convent*!, it inukvN ratlier a line appearance. The hoiiNi'H are new, huilt nf brick, whito-waMJiod, iind with flat riNifH, over which may he taken a plenaant and oven extensive walk. The winiloMs urn protected by iron br.ru, cau! roi'; on the land suln have a very monotonous aspect, being animated neither by Viinnd vegetation, nor by tlie chirping of birds. Tiie population ia CMtimated ut 70,000. Jiitrgu veaacls cannot approach nearer than two ur three leagues. The province of Kntro RioH, which is situated higher up, between the Uruguay and the Flata, derives from these two rivers some of tha moat extensive and rich alluvial plnins on the surface of the globe. Kven the swampy and inundated 1} tracts might easily be converted into the most luxuriant meadows. The herb of (Paraguay is found there, and it is auppni>ed might be prodiicerl of equully good iuality OS in the upper quarter, whore only it has been hitherto reared in perfec- on. Corrientes, at the junction of the Parsguay and the Parana, must, from this l>py situation, rise in time much above its present iruKlorate importance. Ixtwer udwn, on the oppoeite side of thn river, is Santa Fu, dixtant eighty leagues from Rnonos Ayres, which has risen to considerable importance by becoming a depAt lo the g()o«ls on the river. This city, with its district, has formed itself at present into an independent State, strongly repelling all union with Buenos Ayres. The population of the town is not supposed to exceed 4000. Cordova, Tucuman, and Salta form together an extensive region, which has been often comprehended vnder the general appellation of Tucuman. They fill II" virt of the interval between the Paraguay and the Andes, which does not con- of dead level plains, like those in the south, but is crossed by branches of the Andes, and even by parallel chains. Between these mountains are found valleys »nd extended plains of great *ertility, in which uvery species of tropical produce Id raised ; but the prevailing stofjk consists in cattle, sheep, and, above all, mules, which, being indispensable for conveyance acrost* the Andes, are reared witli great tcare, and exported in great numbers to Peru. The people bear the rcputntion of being moro industrious, religious, and ordorly, than those of the other provinces. Of the capitals of these provinces, Cortiova is a neat small town, well paved, w a handsome cathedral and market-place. It possesses the only university in till interior provinces, which has recently produced some men of considerable eminence. It carries on a miuiufacture of cloth, and a trade in mules. Salta is a considerable place of 400 houses, situated in the beautiful valley of Lerma, on the high road from Buenos Ayres to Potosi. It is the capital of a bishopric. About 60,000 mules are reared in the neighbourhood. An annual fair is held m February and March for mules and horses. The people, and those of other towns in the district, have a hard struggle to maintain with the tribes of unsubdued Indians, who hem them in on all sides. Tucuman and Santiago del Estoro are also old towns, situated in fertile plains, and deriving some importance from their position on the main route fh>m Buenos Ayres to Peru. Near Tucuman are some silver- mines, not yet worked. Mendoza, a province separated from that of Cordova, consists of some beautiful, fine, and well-watered valleys, overshadowed by the amazing rocky and snowy steeps of the Andes. Its staples are the same as at Cordova, mules, wool, cloth. A considerable number of mines of gold, silver, and copper occur both here and 26* 20 11 ■' J* i* :: .1 r ), ■n 'ri:i <:--MK]i i ■- i 1 mm. :m PAUA(;UAY. fartlier north. The imporlanco of Mendoza rest.s on its fertile soil, and on its \ic'wtir the sojn route of cointniinicntinn between Buenos Ayres and Chili; which, thoujrli ruffijcd, leading over the lotliest sleeps of the Andes, is a continual tho- roujrlilaro. A product, almost unique in America, is that of wines and brandies, wliicli are very tolerable, and are sent to the neighbouring provinces. Mendoza is a neat town, well built of brick, the p reels refreshed by streams from the river, and the interiorof the houses well fitted up. The population is generally reckoned from 8000 to 10,000. They are described as a quiet, respectable, well-disposed people, though they give themselves up Without reserve to the indolence gene- rated by the climate, enjoying an unbroken siesta, or sleep, from twelve to five in the afternoon, when they rise to walk on Uw alameda, which commands a noble view of the plain and the Andes: but this is the usual train of life in these interior cities. San Luis, to the east of Mendoza, on a frequented though circuitous route from Buenos Ayres, is a much smaller place, consisting of a number of mud huts, scattered over a large 8pa^e of ground, but in a situation highly picluresquc, being enclosed by a lofty branch of the chain of Cordova. San Juan de la Frontera, to the north of Mendoza, has another but much less frequented route through the Andes. The town is said to contain 10,000 or 12,000 inhabitants. PARAGUAY. Paraguay is situated between the Parana and Paraguay rivers. It is a fine district, and is probably 500 miles in length, and upwards of 200 in breadth. The soil is extremely fertile and abounds in various vegetable productions, and vast herds of cattle and horses feed on its rich plains. The population is supposed to be about 150,000, of whom 7000 or 8000 are probably wliites, and the remainder mestizos and Indians. This State declared its independence in the year 1813, and established a go- vernment of several members. In about three years this government was dis- solved, when it fell under the absolute dominion of a person of the name of Fran- cia. Having taken a degree at the university of Cordova, he applied his know- ledge in astronomy and physics, and the instruments connected with those sci- ences, to impress this simple race with a belief in his supernatural powers. By these and other arts, he rules them with absolute sway, under the title of dictator of Paraguay; and his first maxim is to allow no person or thing to come into or go out of Paraguay, Of tilings, the most valuable is the herb of Paraguay, which the neighbouring countries, were they permitted, would take off to the value of 1,000,000 dollars; and of persons, Bonpland, the illustrious botanist and companion of Humboldt, was long detanied in prison, though recently liberated. The cabildo, or municipal government of the several towns, is chosen annually by the people. Indians, as well as Creoles and mixed breeds, are eligible to these otfices. There is, as is stated, perfect security for person and property : each dis- trict is made responsible for every theft committed within it. All the inhabitants are instructed in the first rudiments of education. Public schools are established everywhere. Every person is required to be employed at some business or other, and mendicity is unknown ; and notwithstanding the strictness and rigour of the dictator's government, the p6ople appear to be contented and happy. Assumpciou, the metropolis, is a considerable place, with about 7000 inhabitants, but with little regu.uiiiy and beajity. It is built on a bank above the river, which is daily wash- ing away part of the ground beneath it. This place, with the smaller ones of Curuguatty and Villa Rica, were the staples for the herb of Paraguay. Neem- buco, Concepcion, and Itapua, are also small towns, with a population of 2000 or 3000 each. The herb or tea which derives its name from this region, is an evergreen plant or small tree, of the holly family. It grows wild in the woods fringing the rivers and streams which fall into the Uruguay, Parana and Paraguay. The use of this herb is general in Buenos Ayres, and also in Chili, Peru, and some parts of Co- »> le soil, and on its and Chili ; which, ]s a continual tho- •ines and brandies, Dvii.'ces. Mendozii irns from the river, generally reckoned table, well-disposed le indolence gene- ra twelve to five in commands a noble j ife in these interior igh circuitous route umber of mud huts, f picturesque, being n de la Frontera, to route through the mts. rivers. It is a fine !00 in breadth. The roductions, and vast ation is supposed to and the remainder id established a go- [overnment was dis- ■ the name of Fran- ! applied his know- ;ted with those sci- lalural powers. By || the title of dictator ng to come into or herb of Paraguay, luld take off" to the istrious botanist and ecently liberated. is chosen annually are eligible to these property : each dis- AU the inhabitants lools are established e business or other, is and rigour of the lappy. Assumpcioii, lants, but with little hich is daily wash- he smaller ones of Paraguay. Neem- )pulation of 2000 or an evergreen plant I fringing the rivers y. The use of this some parts of Co- =r,-f| URUGUAY. 307 lombia. The custom hus been derived from the aborigines, and it is so univor- sally diffused that it is estimated 50,000 quintals were used in 1800. To drink this infusion, it is customary to put a pinch of the leaves into a cup, or small cala- bash called mato (from which the name of the plant, yerva mate, is derived), full of hot water, and to drink off the fluid immediately, by imbibing it through a little tube or sucker, pierced with holes in the lower part, whirh only allow the passage of the water, and keep back the leaves that float on the surtiice. Sugar ami a little lemon-peel are added to improve the flavour. It is usually sipped the first thing in the morning, and several times inthocomst; of the day. It was the common practice to pass the same tube trom mouth to mouth, but the custom is becoming unfashionable. Novicta frequently burn their lips or scald the tongue. The Jcsuitjj planted many of these trees round their towns and missions, fur tht? convenience of preparing and exporting the leaf; but their example has not been followed, and the plants are mostly found in wild and secluded spots. The South Americans ascribe many virtues to this plant, which is ccrtninly aperient and diuretic. Like opium, it produces some singular iind contrary efl'ects, giving sleep to the restless and spirit to the torpid. Those who have once con- tracted the habit of taking it, do not find it easy to leave it oft", or even to use it in moderation ; though when taken to excess, it brings on similar disorders to those produced by the immoderate use of strong liquors. URUGUAY. (ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF THE URUGUAY.) Tira tract of country which lies on the north of the Rio do la Plata and on the east of the Uruguay, formerly made u port of the Spanish viceroyalty of Buenos Ay res, under the name of the Banda Oriental. After having been nine years in the hands of the ferocious Artigus, it was incorporated with Brazil under the title of Provincia Cisplatina. The contending claims of the two powers led to a war, which was finally terminated by the establishment of an independent republic, which has an area of about 92,000 s(|uare miles, and a population of 75,000. Its otiicial title is Oriental Republic of the Uruguay. ?.Ionte Video, capital of the republic, stands on the northern bank of the Plata, and has the best harbour upon that river, which, however, is exposed to the vio- lence of the pamperos or south-west winds. It has suflered severely in passing through the hands of Artigas, and subsequently by the war between Buenos Ayres and Brazil : its population is reduced to about 15,000. It is well built, with wide and regular streets, and the country around is agreeably diversified with hills and valleys; the gardens abound with the finest fruits and flowers, but there is other' wise little cultivation ; though extensive cattle farms are found in the interior. It exports large quantities of hides. Below Monte Video is the small port of Mal- donado, and above, the still smaller one of Colonia del Sacramento, with a good harbour. In this State, high up on the Uruguay river, are the remains of some of the settlements and towns called the Missions, which have been the theme of elo- quence, of history, and of song. The Jesuits, on these beautiful and remote plains, collected into a body nearly H00,000 of the natives, from the ignorant wan- dering and tigrce tribes in the vicinity, who lived under their sway, and paid them a homage bordering almost on adoration. They trained them to arts and manu- factures, and brought them to relish the blessings of security and order ; they carried on agriculture with great success, and were also armed and disciplined after the European method. The Jesuits appear to hnve been enlightened and hutnane, and certainly there is no parallel to their success, in modern history. They were, however, suspected by the court of Spain of aiming at the establish- ment of an independent empire in South America, subject to them alone; and on the suppression of their order in Europe, the JesuitR were driven from their set- - ■ 0* :i ■■^fl 7^- f* :*?'; '. -I ,1 'I 308 PATAGONIjV, tiements, which, being taken under the control of the crown until the suppression of Spanish authority in America, have fallen into decay, and do not at this time probably contain the one-tenth of the population of their days of prosperity. The principal town in the missions is San Francisco Borja, containing about 1300 inliabitanta. PATAGONIA. Patagonia is in full possession of an Indian race, all mounted on horseback, and in habits and aspect closely resembling those who desolate the Pampas. They have drawn the attention of navigators by their size, and have been actually re- ported as a nation of giants. Although this be exaggerated, yet they really seem tall above the ordinary standard. They are described to be excollent horsemen. The eastern coast of this country is bordered by a prolongation of the Andes; but these mountains, after passing Chili, display no longer that slupendous elevation which has marked so great a portion of their range. Their general height from thence to the Straits of Magellan is not supposed to exceed 30(H) feet, though some peaks rise to 5000 or 6000, when they wear a most dreary aspect, being covered with perpetual ice and snow. This part of the chain has no valley inter- posed between it and the ocean, whose stormy waves beat direct against its cliffs, and have furrowed the land into almost numberless islands, separated from the continent and each other by long and narrow channels. One continental penin- sula alone, that of Tres Montes, is said to be directly exposed to the waves of the Pacific. Of these isles, the largest and most northerly, called Wellington, is separated from the continent by the channel of Mesier, 160 miles long, whose shores are bordered by luw hills, covered with thick woods. To the southward is the archipelago of Madre de Dies, which is little known ; but the channel of Conccpcion, which divides it from the continent, is broad and safe, and the oppo- site coast deeply indented with bays, the principal of which, called St. Andrew, is terminated by abrupt mountains, covered by enormous glaciers. Next fbllows Hanover Island, of considerable extent, and to the south of it a numerous group, called the Archipelago of Queen Adelaide, which borders on the Straits of Ma- gellan. Opposite to the southern boundary of the American coast extends the dreary region of Tierra del Fuego. Narrow straits, crowded with islets, divide it into three parts, of which the most eastern, and much the largest, is called King Charles's Land ; the middle and smallest, Clarence Island ; the most westerly. Desolation Land. Between Tierra del Fuego and the continent extends the Icng narrow winding strait, cebbrated under the uame of Magellan, who by it first penetrated into the Pacific Ocean. Staten Land, another large island, lies off the eastern coast, from which it is separated by the Straits of Le Maire. One of the islands belonging to the group, called Hermit, is remarkable as containing Cape Horn, the most southerly point of America, and being directly the wastes of the ocean which surround the Ant- arctic pole. It was once deemed " infamous Ibr tempests ;" but it is now found that in a proper season Cape Horn may be passed with little danger, and it is commonly preferred to the winding and difficult channel of Magellan. The Petcherais, who inhabit Tierra del Fuego, are a handful of miserable savages, in the lowest state of wretchedness, and subsisting solely by the shell-fish which they pick up on the shore. The Spaniards made an early attempt to form a set- tlement at Port Famine, in the middle of the strait, but could not maintain it. The easteni coast of Patagonia is comparatively low. That immediately north of the straits is covered in a great measure with extensive plains, or pampas; but from Port St Julian, in about 49° S. lat. to 44°, it is broken by considerable emi- nences. Ports Desire, St Julian, and Santa Cruz, afford tolerable anchorage, often resorted to by vessels destined for the southern fishery. The natives are seldom seen on this coast, which they are said to frequent only fbr the purpose of interring their dead. fel i. il the suppression not at thia time ' prosperity. containing about ited on horseback, he Pampas. They been actually re- ; they really seem :cellent horsemen, of the Andes; but pendous elevation neral height from 8000 feet, thouffl' jary aspect, being as no valley inter- ;t against its cliffs, epiirated from the continental penin- ;o the waves of the led Wellington, is miles long, whose 'o the southward is ut the channel of ife, and the oppo- lled St. Andrew, is prs. Ne.xt follows numerous group, the Straite of Ma- extends the dreary lets, divide it into est, is called King he most westerly, it extends the Icng an, who by it first , from which it is iging to the group, )st southerly point surround the Ant^ it it is now found danger, and it is . Magellan. The erable savages, in shell-fish which jmpt to form a set- not maintain it. immediately north ns, or pampiis; but considerable emi- ierable anchorage. The natives are for the purpose of EUROPE. 309 EUROPE. Europe, though it is the least of those four great divisions of the globe to which geographers have applied the name of Continents, holds the second place in the scalo of population, and the first in importance, whether considered with respect to itself or to its influence on the rest of the world. It is the theatre most crowded witli civil and political events. Here the moral perceptions, the mental powers, and the physical energies of man have made the greatest progress ; here arts, sciences, and civilization have flourished and continue to flourish in unri- valled splendour; and here too, man enjoys all that superiority which these attain- ments so pre-eminently confer. Europe is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, and on the west by the Atlantic. On the south, the grand inlet of the Mediterranean divides it from Africa; and the Grecian Archipelago, with its subordinate branch, connected only by a narrow strait, the Euxinc or Bhick Sea, divides it from a great pan of Asia. Between tiie north-east extremity of the Black Sea and the Northern Ocean is an interval of 1400 or 1500 miles of land, forming the eastern boundary of Europe, of which about one-half is occupied by the Uial Mountains, and the remainder by the Rivers Volga and Don. The length of Europe, from the western part of Por- tugal to the Ural Mountains on the east, is about :33IK) miles; and from the North Ciipe in Norway, to the southern extremity of G'eece, 24150 ; the area being about 3,'J5(),00() square miles. Tiie form of tliis continent is singularly broken and varied. While Asia, Af- rica, and the two Americas are each formed into a vast inland expanse, Europe is split into many distinct portions; peninsulas, large islands, and kingdoms, with extended and winding coasts. This form arises chiefly out of its inland seas, which penetrate farther, and are more deeply embayed, than those of any other part of tlu> globe. Numerous gulfs, scarcely secondary in magnitude and import- ance, branch out from them. The mountains and the plains of Europe do not dis- play those immense unbroken groups, or those level and almost endless expanses, which give so va.st and monotonous a character to the interior regions of Asia and Africa. In general they are separated into smaller portions, and are happily and commodiously interchanged. They have kept Europe divided into a number of separate nations, holding easy intercourse. Probably, this relative position has been one great cause of that intellectual activity, and those vigorous exertions in all liberal and ingenious arts, which have raised this part of the globe to so high a pre-eminence. The immense inland plains of Russia and Poland, presenting an ospect wholly Asiatic, remained, even atler the civilization and improvement of all western Europe, sunk in the deepest barbarism, from which they are but slowly and with diflifculty emerging. Tiie surface of Europe is very diversified. Its mountains do not reach that stu- pendous height, nor stretch in such unbroken chains, as those of Asia and Ame- rica. The principal ranges of mountains are the Scandinavian, or Dofraticid range, the Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, and Carpathic.ns. The Scandinavian chain commences at the southern extremity of Norway, and, running north, soon becomes the boundary between Sweden and Norway. The Pyrenees run in an easterly direction, from the southern part of the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, form- ing the boundary between France and Spain. The Alps, the lolliest mountains in Europe, form the western and northern boundary of Italy, separating it from France, Switzerland, and Germany. The Apennines commence near the Medi- terranean, at the south-western extremity, and pursuing an easterly course around tiie Gulf of Genoa, turn to the south-east, and pass in that direction to the south- ern extremity of Italy. The Carpathian Mountoins encircle Hungary on three sides, separating it from Germany on the north-west, from Galicia on the north- east, and from Turkey on the south-east. At the southern extremity of the range a branch proceeds in a southerly direction across the Danube,' to the centre of Eu- ■■(• I 310 EUROPE. ropeiiii Turkey, connecting the Carpathian Mountains with the great eastern brunch of the Alps. The rivers of Kurope arc numerous, but none of them of the very first niapni- ludo. The two hirgest flow throu^jh the ^rcat enstorn plain, a somi-Asiatic region, and terminate in dirtant and interior sens, whoro they contribute little to commer- cial intercourse. The Volpa, which alone can come into rivalry with the jjreat rivers of Asia, passes the Asiatic limit, where it spreads into tiie jjfreat interior e.xpnnse of the Caspian. The Black Sea absorbs the other rivers from the jrreat plain of Russia and Poland : it receives also the noble stream of the Danube, which belonjjs indeed to the central repfion of Europe; but directinrf its lower course throujjh barbarous and uncultivated rcjfinn.s and terminating; in this distant receptacle, it conduces only in a secondary dei^reo to the distribution of wealth and plenty tlirouffh the continent. Western Europe is too much broken into sepa- rate portions, and crossed by high mountain barriers, to allow to its rivers a lonijth of more than from 4(M) to 600 miles; and they have usually their entire course through a single country. The Rhine, the Elbe, and Ihn Oder, throufrh Ger- many; the F.oire, the Rhone, and the Garonne, through Franco; the I'o through Italy ; the Ebro, the Donro, the Tagns, and the Gnadahjuivir, through Spain. The northern rivers of Uritain a:id Scandinavia, restricted to a still narrower field, seldom accomplish as long a course as 200 miles. Yet, though Europe Hoes not present the grand rivers which distinguish the greater continents, it is on the whole happily and comniodiously watered. Almost every part of it enjoys the benefit of river communication; it is neither overspread by the dreary swamps of America, nor the sandy deserts which render uninhabitable so great a part of Asia and Africa. The lakes of Europe are chiefly enclosed within its mountain regions; but few of them are of sufficient magnitude to rank as inland seas. Those alone entitled to this distinction are the Ladoga and the OnegR, which, forming o sort of conti- nuation of the Gulf of Finland, and being situated in bleak and frozen regions, minister very little to internal intercourse. The others worthy of notice are the VVenner and Wetter, in Sweden; the Swiss lakes of Geneva, Lucctne, and Con- stance; the Platten Sea or Lake, in Austria; and the Lakes Garda, Como, and Maggiore, in Italy, &.c. The European soil is distinguished for prwluctions, perhaps surpassing in value those of any other quarter bf the globe. Grain, of one description or another, is raised over its whole surface, excepting in the extreme north; wines throughout all its southern kingdoms.- In hemp, flax, and wool, those staple materials of clothing, Europe is equally pre-eminent. Silk, another valuable commodity, it produces copiously, though not so as to be independent of supplies from India and China. Except the horse and the camel, for which Asia is renowned, Europe con- tains the most valuable as well as the most numerous breeds of domestic animals. Its northern forests produce the finest timbci in the world, with the exception of the teak ; and its iron, the most useful of metals, surpasses that of the rest of the world : but all the more precious substances, gold, silver, pearls, jewei.s, exist in an extent so limited as scarcely to be deserving of mention. The cultivation of the soil is carried on with much greater diligence than in any countries except in the south-east of Asia, while in science, skill, and the extent of capital employed upon it, European agriculture is quite unrivalled. Ill manufacturing industry, this quarter of the world has, within these few cen- turies, far surpassed all the others of the globe. The looms and workshops of Europe yield a variety of fine and beautiful fabrics, in such profusion, and at so cheap a rate, as to place them within the reach of almost every class of society. This continent thus clothes all the young nations which have issued from her own bosom, and which fill nearly (wo entire quarters of the habitable earth. Commerce, on so great a scale as to connect together the distant quarters of the world, can hardly be said to exist out of Europe. European vessels are found in the utmost bounds of Asia and America, in the snowy regions of either pole, and crowding the ports of the Austral continent. There is not now a place on earth, however remote, aflT)rding any scope for the employment of commercial capital, 'Wi.;i4 .1^ tlic great eastern c very first inapni- iomi-Asiatic region, ' te little to comtiipr- j airy with tlie prroat j tlic great interior i vera from the £frnat am of the Danube, directinpr its lower Btin^ in tiiis dii-tant tribiition of wealth :h broken inlot^epa- J its rivers a lensfth their entire course Oder, through Ger- ;e ; the Po through vir, through Spain, still narrower field, gh Europe does not ilinont.-', it is on the irt of it enjoys the c dreary swamps of j great a part of Asia ] it> regions ; but few Phose alone entitled ling a sort of conti- aiid frozen regions, hy of notice are the , Lucerne, and Con- 8 Garda, Como, and surpassing in value •iption or another, is wines throughout staple materials of mblo commodity, it plies from India and lowned, Europe con- >f domestic animals, ith the ex-ception of it of the rest of the Is, jewels, exist in The cultivation of countries except in of capital employed t\ ithin these few cen- is and workshops of profubion, and at so ■ry class of society, ssued from her own )le earth. tant quarters of the vessels are found in of either pole, and iw a place on earth, •ommercial capital, KUROPE. 311 which is not immediately filled with the same promptitude as if it had been situ- ated in the heart of Europe. The ships of liiat continent exceed those of all the others in number and dimensions, and are more skilfully navigated, with the exception of those States in the Western Continent colonized by Europeans, which are beginning to lurm a commercial and maritime system, modelled on tliat of Europe — a system which may one Jay surpass the original. The population of Europe, though more closely calculated than that of any other quarter of the globe, is yet li»r from being ascertained on data that are very pre- cise. In regard to some districts, and in particular to the whole of the Turkish empire, no census has ever been instituted ; in others, the computation id founded only on the number of houses: and in some, ten, twenty, and thirty years have elapsed since any was attempted. At tsie present time the population of the whole continent, and including all the diil'erent races, is estimated by the best writers at from 220 to 225 millions. The people uf Europe are divided chiefly into three great races, which differ, to a very marked degree, in language, political situation, and habits of life. These are the Sclavonic, the Teutonic, and the Romish. The Sclavonic races consist of about twenty-five millions of Russians, ten mil- lions of Poles, Lithuanians, and Letts, and about ten millionc of other races, known under the names of Windes, Tcheches, Slawakes, Croats, Morlachians, which have found their way into eastern Germany, Hungary, and Ulyria. The Sclavo- nians are, in general, less improved than other Europeans. They have only some infant tbrnis of art and literature, which have sprung up from the imitation of those of the eastern nations. They are generally subjected to absolute monarchy, and the greater part of them are only beginning to emerge from the degrading condition of personal slavery. The majority profess that form of Christianity acknowledged by the Greek Church. Yet they are a brave, enterprising, and persevering race, and have established themselves as a ruling and conquering people, in referv>nce to all the contiguous nations of Europe and Asia. The Teutonic raco occupies generally the centre and north of Europe; besides Germany, their original seat, they have filled the greater part of Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and Great Britain, and may be reckoned at fifty millions. The Teu- tonic people generally are brave, iiardy, intelligent, and industrious, though some- what blunt and unpolished. All the sciences, and even the arts, both useful and ornamental, have been carried among them to the highest perfection ; yet they are accused of wanting some of the graces and elegancies which embellish the courts and fashionable circles of the south, by whom they are treated as semi- barbarians. A great majority of the Teutonic nations are Protestants ; and that profession is in a great measure confined to them, and to the nations in the other parts of the world who have sprung from them. The race called Romish comprehends the modern inhabitants of France, Italy, and Spain. They were the most early civilized of the modern nations, and have carried the polish of manners and the cultivation of the elegant arts to a higher pitch than any other known nation. In solid energy and intelligence, they scarcely equal the Teutonic nationa The Roman Catholic is the ruling religion in all these countries, and has among them her metropolitan sent. Certain interesting and antique races inhabit the rude and mountainous ex- tremities of Europe. They are the Gael, the Cymri, and the Basques, the de- scendants of the Celts, the most ancient possessors of western Europe. The first inhabit the chief part of Ireland, and the Highlands of Scotland ; the Cyrari, partly Wales and Britany, and partly in the south of France, and in the north of Spain, where they are called Basques. Having retained their habits and lan- guage during many ages, they cherish a fond attachment to antiquity, and trace their pedigree higher than any of Ihe Romish or Teutonic nobles. They are pro- bably about 6,830,000 in number, of which the Gael amount to 4,500,000, the Cymri L700,000, and the Basques 630,000. The Greeks, once the most illustrious of all th'> races, are spread through dif- ferent parts of the Turkish empire. Depressed by two thousand years of slavery, they had ceased to display those hi|;h attributes which excited the admiration of I M ■ »! i\ r 3!!;^'. IS"f (?■' ■'/ ml m ■!i *.'■ "I Tfnilr.-'' ■(,'!.• 313 EUROPE. mankind ; but the proep«>ct8 of indb, endenco which they have now opened for tlifniseiveH, afford eonio hope that they may regain their place in the scale of na- tionH. Tiieir number mijy be about ii,10(),00(). Tlie Jews, that singularly inte- rt'stmff people, are spread through all Europe, but especially the easttirn countries, I'uland, Russia, and Turkey : they are supposed rather to exceed 2,(HK),0()0. The (iypsics, in an humbler sphere, are widely scattered over all Europe, to the sup- |)osed number of :MU,()UO ; a wild, roaming, demi-savage race, of unknown origin, but probably Asiatic rather than Egyptian. Other races are, the Turks, the ruling people in the Ottomah Empire ; and the Magyars, who prevail in Hungary and Transylvania, arc originally Asiatic. The former amount to 3,25(),0U0, and the latter to 3,tX)0,00(). The religion of Europe is almost entirely monotheistic. A mere handful of pagans, the Samoycds, are found in its north-eastern extremity, on the shores of the Icy Sea. Europe is almost entirely Christian ; and the small population of Mahomedans who have found their way into it consist of Asiatic races, Turks, and Tartars. The Jews, however generally diffused, have nowhere a national church, nor arc they, in any nation, fully identified with the 'oody of the people. The Christiana of Europe are divided into three great churches, the Greek, the Latin or Roman Catholic, and the Protestant. In learning, art, science, and all the pursuits which develope the intellectual nature of man, and which retine and enlarge his ideas, Europe has far surpassed | every other continent. The empires of southern and eastern Asia alone have an ancient traditional literature of which the remains are yet preserved. But, be- sides being now in a very decayed state, it never included any authentic history, sound philosophy, or accurate knowledge of nature. An extravagant, though sometimes poetical mythology, proverbial maxims of wisdom, and a poetry replete with bold and hyperbolical images, compose almost its entire circle. The science of Europe has been employed with equal success in exploring the most distant regions of the universe, and in improving the condition of man in society. The invention of printing, and the consequent general diffusion of information among all classes, are features especially European. By their means, in its en- lightened countries, the essential branchee o^ knowledge are now placed within the reach of the humblest classes, and even the highest branches are not abso- lutely beyond their attainment. The endowments for the support of learning are very extensive, founded in a great measure during the middle ages, and bearing some stamp of the then infant state of literature ; but they are now adapting themselves to modern improvements. The extensive and extending institutions for the instruction of the lower orders have produced a general diffusion of intel- ligence, to which, in the other parts of the world, if we except America, there is nothing analogous. The political state of Europe is also peculiarly fortunate. Elsewhere, with rare exceptions, a turbulent anarchy prevails, or vast smpires are subjected to the absolute sway of a single despot. It is in this continent only that the secret has been found out of establishing a regular and constitutional liberty, in which the extremes of tyranny and licentiousness are eqx.ally avoided. Even the absolute monarchies are generally administered with mildnesf*, according to legal forms, and afford to the bulk of the people a tolerable secvirity of person and property. The European states have also established amob|^ themselves a balance of power, which sets bounds to the encroachments of any particular state, and has repeat- edly rescued the whole continent from the imminent danger of universal subjuga- tion. The military and naval power has been raised to a height to which none of the other continents can offer any effectual resistance. A great proportion of them has now b^en conquered, occupied, or colonized by Europe ; and if the whole is not re<^tu^ under this condition, it is only through distance and exten- sive deserts tiiut many great countries still preserve their independence. The native animals of Europe are neither so varied nor so extensive as those of more genial climes. The mo'.t useful and important of the domestic kinds have been introduced from other regions. The horse, originally from Arabia, or, aococding to the opinion of some, from Tartary, has, by cultivation and education, ■A ' B now openwJ for ti the scale of na- \t ein^ularly inte- easttirn countrie*, (1 2,(H»0,000. The irope, to the Bup- if unknown origin, B, the Turks, the irevail in Hungary to 3,250,000, and ^ mere handful of , on the shores of mall population of ! races, Turks, and a national church, ■ the people. The Greek, the Latin pe the intellectual e has far surpassed Asia alone have an reserved. But, be- r authentic history, (travagant, though nd a poetry replete ircle. The science g the most distant n in society, sion of information r means, in its en- now placed within shea are not abso- »ort of learning are ages, and bearing are now adapting ending institutions diffusion of intel- America, there is Elsewhere, with ire subjected to the that the secret has erty, in which the Even the absolute iig to legal forms, irson and property, balance of power, te, and has repeat- universal suhjuga- t to which none of freat proportion of Europe; and if the istance and exten- >endence, jxtensive as those he domestic kinds lly from Arabia, or, tion and education, EUROPE. 313 been brought to a high state of perfection, and has become varied in kind to a great extent. The ass, the dog, and cat, are also believed to have an eastern origin. The ox, one of the most valuable of nature's git\s to man, appears to have existed in a wild state over the whole of Europe, but whether as a distinct species or a mere variety, is still uncertain. At what time this breed was exter- minated from the open forests is not known ; but it was confined to parks, in Dri- tain, long before the Reformation. The race hernien: this is especially the case with the codfish on the chorea of Norway, and the herring of the British coast. Tho countless myriads of these llsh wliich visit annually the northern shores of Europe, migrate from the Arctic 'I Sea.s, and appear off the Hhetland Isles in April and May. These uru only tho tiircrunners of the grand division, which comes in June ; and their appearance is marked by certain signs, and by the numbers of birds which tbllow to prey upon them ; but when the main body approaches, its breadth and depth are such as to alter the very appearance of the ocean. It is divided into distinct columns of live or six miles in length and three or finir in breadth, and they drive tho water before them with a kind of rippling. Sometimes they sink for ten or iifleen minutes, thou ritn compered to almoat any other European atate. Foreata of tall and tfleomy iiiiip atrotch over the plaina, or hang on the aidca of the moun- taina; the (ground fur five niontha in the year ia buried under anow; cultivation apf>t>ara only in acattered patchea. 'I'lio mountaina coiiaiMt chiefly of the dark and lofly chain of the Dofrafielda, which were for ajrca a barrier between the two oeperate and hoatile atatca of Swodon and Norway, but are now included within the united kingdom. In poaa- ing through Norway, aome of ita pinnaclea exceed bKMN) feet. Chaina of becond- ary elevation run through Ijipland; but, in approaching the North Cape, they iigain rise aa high aa before, and face the polar aeaa with clitfa of prodigioua magnitude. The rivers are numcroiia, Sweden beingf a country profuacly watered ; but, oa tlii'y ri.Mo in the DofratiiOdo, and troveme the divided breadth of the peninHiila, they Hcldoiii attain any material length of courae. The largeat ia the Dahl, which falls into the eea ut (jeffle, al\er a courae of 260 milea. The meet important ax to navif'ation are thoae which form the outlet to the lakes, poilicularly the Gotha, reaching from the lake Wener to Gottenburg. The Glommen and the Dramme lire pretty considerable rivera, running from north to south, and down which con- siderable quantities of timber are floated. Lapland poura a number of large strcoma into the heod of the Gulf of Bothnia ; but these are usually chained m ice, and at no time can be aubservient to the purposes of agriculture or naviga- tion. LAkes form the grand depository of the surplus waters of Sweden. The Wener bears almoat the character of an inland sea, and the completion of the canal of TrOlhiktto, by enabling its coasts to communicate by the Gotha with Gnttenburg, has given them almost the full advantages of a maritime site. The Wetter, though equal in length, covers not nearly so great an extent of ground. Mhler, or Malar, is a norrow, winding loch, or, more strictly, a boy, running I sixty miles into the interior from Stockholm, to whose environs its variegated and rocky shores give a beautiful wildnes». Small lakes, enclosed between hills, are of very frequent occurrence, both in Norway and Sweden. The constitution of Sweden is one of the few in Europe, which has always preserved some portion of that representative system which had been formed in remote ages. Towards the close, indeed, of the lost century, it was reduced by Gustavus III. to little more than a form. Bernadotte, iiowever, an elected monarch, without any national claim, was obliged to court the favour of the nation, and, with that view, to re-establish the rights of ita ancient diet This is now rather an antique and cumbrous form of legislature, consisting of four orders ; the nobles, the clergy, the peasants, and the burghers ; who sit and vote in separate houses. In the division of powers, the royal prerogative is ample. The king appoints to all offices civil and military, and he is obliged to convoke the diet only once in five years, and to continue its sittings three months ; but he may make the meet- ings more frequent, and longer. He has olso a negative upon the laws proposed by the diet In regard to the diet itself, the division rests with a majority of the houses ; but if they be two againat two, the balance is struck by the committee of state, a body composed ofa certain number of members from each. No tax can be levied, or loan obtained, without the consent of the diet The storthing of Norway, restored by Bernadotte, is possessed of much higher I privileges than the Swedish diet It assembles more frequently, and at its own i ...t. nlly known u 8co cmo point of H<" xtroine poinU ot ... Bit, will hlllo exceed J ictrilory, icarcoly a The Ijiplaii'ler, who ly be included within ive a ruffgcd and re- 'an state. Foreata of he aidoN of the moun- ler anow; cultivation lin of the Uofmfielda, and hoatile atatca of id kingdom. In paaa- t. Chaina of second- ho North Cape, they Ch clifla of prodigious isely watered ; but, aa idth of the peninHula, ;eiit ia the Dahl, which ho most important ax paKicularly the Golha, imen and the Dramrnr I and down which con- ra a number of largo re uaually chained in agriculture or naviga- ira of Sweden. The the completion of the ! by the Gotha with maritime site. The t an extent of (ground, rictly, a bay, running rons its variegated and Med between hilla, are pe, which haa alwaya] h had been formed in iry, it waa reduced by however, an elected lurt the favour of the ancient diet Thia is re, consisting of four era ; who sit and vote The king appoinU the diet only once in may make the meet ipon the laws proposed with a majority of the uck by the committee from each. No tax diet sewed of much higher lently, and at iU own te , IWCf)KN AND mntWAY. ;ii7 time, without any control frrmi thf king; and it allows to him only a iiu»(M>nKivi' 1 1 to, olili^ring him to nrci^pt nny projcrt whirh hnn Iktm lliroc tiincn proMi'iiIrd liy tin* Htorlliinif. 'I'liRHt' ri};hl!« having lH<<>n oiico |frnnt(>it hm pri'r, Iiiih hi vain iiindo Kovcrnl iitli-rn|)lH to aliri|>iililiiMiii Kjiirit prcvniln in Norway, and the iiilliii'Dco, nnil iilmoHt rxiHtrnco, of tlii^ nolilcs, Im nearly nniiilnlntcd. Tlio rrvrMiiu) of Hwfdi-n i» nliont #.'i,(HK),(HH) i\ year. 'I'Ih) iiiilitnry forop is at prfi-ont l.Mi^,.V»tt: rt'^iiliir army, 4.'>,U(1 ; lanilwclir or iiiiliiia, IKi.IKlH. Ot tlio llir- iiicr, Hwfilrn fiirnishi* "Ut/.Md, Norway II.IMH); and of tli(> IntttT, the ohuro of Swrdrn is H:j,:«m, anil of Norway UMKK(. 'I'lio troops am raiwd liy roimcriplion : liii-y on'y rrroivo nay when on oclual survico; rciiiaininj;, ot other tiiiiPH, in the provinccM, where they employ theniHulves in ciiltivnlint; Iniids OHiji<;iir'(l to them llir thoir Hupiiort Hwcf any peculiar (Wrvuur uf»<)ii (111' (iiihject, Th« wuin extent tnd thin imfJalion of the iior»-h«»iit disttK'ti* iM\i:iual or exceed that which HcoiUnd cnjoya ; and to thia may probably bo in a gto^l nieaaure aacrib<>d their Heucrnlly ineritoiioua conduct Norway ia not nearly ao literary a country aa dwcdcn; it liaa oven b«cn atatcd that there ia not in the whole country a ainKle boolcMiller'H ahop. Thia waa in a ffrcat meaaure owinv to the jcalouay of Den- mark, which would not allow an univoraity to b« founded even in Cnriitianiu, which uied to be a rival to that of Copenhagen. In acicnct', tlin Hwcdoa, conaiderin^ their poverty and remote aituation, have made a very diatinf^uiahed (i^fure. Tliey have cultivated, with peculiar ardour, botany and minoralojry, which yomo of thir countrymen mainly contributed to raian to tlio rank of aciencca; and have alao made lar^fo contributiona to chomiiitry, which ia atill ably puraued by aeveral di«ttn(;uiahed individuala. Althou(;h hiatory and poetry have been cultivated, they have not pnxluced any writcra whose repu- tation liaa apread throughout Kurope, From the limited aphcre of the Hwcdish lan|rua|;c, few worka of acience are written in it, or tranalatcd into it: hence the literati of Sweden are particularly well veracd in the languagea of foreign nationa. Stockholm, the capital, ia aituated at the junction of the lake Malar with an inlet of the Baltic. It atanda upon aeven amall rocky ialanda, beaides two penin- aulaa, and ia built upon pilca. A variety of picturesque viewa are formed by num- bcrleaa rocka of granite riaing boldly from the aurface of the water, partly hare and craggy, partly dotted with houaea, or adorned with gardens and trcea. The central island ia borderid by a stately row of building the residences of the prin- cipal merchants. It contains the palace and otlier public buildings; but the houses being high, and the streets narrow, its appearance is somewhat gloomy. The number of bridges, great and ainall, in thia capital, ia thirteen. At a short distance from the royal palace stands a fine statue of Gustavus III., in bronze, on a pedestal of polished porphyry. The city has likewise nn arsenal, a mint, an exchange, and two theatres. The harbour is deep and capacious, though difficult of access: a thousand sail of shipping may lie here in safety, and the largest ves- sels can approach close to the quay. Population, 78,000. Upsal, formerly the great metropolis of Sweden, is aituated on an extensive plain, upon the small stream Fyrisa. In the centre is a square, from which the streets extend in straight lines. Thia town is famous for its beautiful cathedral, and for iu university, which has a library of 40,000 volumes. Population 5000. Gottenburg, near the mouth of the River Gota, hai a circumference of three miles. It is regularly fortified, and in the upper part of the town, the streets rise above each other like an amphitheatre. Some of the modern buildings are of brick, but the greater number are of wood, and painted red. The harbour ^ i apa- cious, and the commerce considerable. Population, 25,000. Carlscrona, on the bay of the Baltic, is the station of the Swedish navy, and has a harbour which is defended at its entrance by two strong forts. It is cele- brated for its docks, which are separated from the town by a nigii wall, and one of which is cut out of the solid rock. Population, 13,800. Orebro, at the western extremity of Lake Hielmar, carries on an extensive trade. Population, 3400. Malinoe, exactly opposite Copenhagen, contains about 5000 inhabitants, and possesses some ommerce, though the harboun ia bad. Falun, 160 miles north of Stockholm, ia remarkable for its extensive copper- mines. The number of forges here give the town a very sombre appearance. Population, 4700. Oefle, on the Gulf of Bothnia, is a well-built town, with aome foreign com- merce. Population, 10,000. I any p«»culiM f«rvo*j lie nof*A«'i'i districf^ very ilcleclite. One ilif jff n«ral »prc»d of or Bxceeo animals are tamed and trained with considerable dif- ficulty ; and they are sometimes restive : but, in general, they bound over hill and dale with surprising celerity. Their dress is carefully contrived for the purposes of warmth. The under part, or shirt, is composed of sheep's skin with the wool inwards ; while the exterior coat is formed by the skin of the rein-deer, or some other animal, having the fur outwards. They add fur gloves, and a woollen pointed red cap. The entire population of Lapland is about 60,000, or one inhabitant to every three square miles. Even this scanty measure is supported on the sea-coasts only by a supply of fish. The Laplanders are a harmless race, among whom great crimes are unknown. Only one murder has been heard of in twenty years ; and the absence of theft is proved by that of bars, bolts, and other safeguards. They do not show that open hospitality and warmth of heart, for which rude nations are so often celebrated. They arc cold, shy, mistrustful, and difficult to treat with, at least unless tobacco or brandy be brought in as a mediator. They were formerly very superstitious; and the Lapland witches were famous for their empire over the winds, which they enclosed in bags, and sold to the mariner. The magic drum and the enchanted chain are still in occasional use. Yet the Laplanders have been converted to Christianity, and are attentive to its duties, coming often from vast distances to attend divine service, though the instructions are conveyed to them only through the broken medium of an interpreter. The sea-coast of Lapland presents a continuation of the same bold and rocky features which distinguish that of Norway. Here, too, the fishery is carried on with activity. It is chiefly in the hands of a Finnish race, called Quans, who have pushed across Lapland, and exert an activity unknown to the natives of that region. The Russians from Archangel, also, not only bring their meal to exchange fur fish, but carry on the fishery themselves to a great extent. In July and Au gust they cover with their small three-masted vessels all the fiords and sounds, and throw out lilies that are sometimes two miles long, and contain 600 or 700 hooks; so that their vessels are filled with the utmost rapidity. The government has founded, on the large island of Qualoe, the town of Ham merfest, one of the most northern in Europe, and destined as a rival to Archangel ; but the settlement has never taken root in this ungenial climate, and continues also, with one exception, to be the smallest that exists. Mageroe, the most north' erly of the islands, consists of steep rocks rising perpendicularly from the sea, and ascended as if by stairs. The northern point of this island is formed by the North Cape, the grand boundary of the European continent, facing the depths of the Polar Ocean. It consists of aA enormous mass of naked rock, parted by the action of the waves into pyramidal cHfia, down which large fragments are conti- nually falling. DENMARK. Denmark is an ancient kingdom, formerly very powerful, holding sway over the surrounding regions, and, as a predatory state, the terror of all Europe. Though now reduced to the secondary rank, her situation renders her of importance in the general system of the Continent. Denmark consists mainly of an extensive peninsula, shooting out from the north- west corner of Germany, and a cluster of large islands to the east of the penin- sula. The Danish peninsula is termed Jutland ; and the islands in the interior of the Baltic, interposed between Jutland and Scandinavia, are Zealand, Funen, i^ ;■■ 2Ci •, ' i^i*. 1 A ■', hi*' ' -' ■ mm-- - '^ 322 DENMARK. Udcnsop, nn(] a few otliors of .smaller note. Deiimnrk holds al.sn the Gcrnif«n ter- ritories of Sleswick and llolstein; with Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and some scttieiniMits on the coaHt of Greenland, remnanUs of her former maritime power; tnifethor with the colonies in the East a|id West Indies, and on the coast of (Jiiinca. The extent of the dominions of a country broken into such a variety of detached [jortions can with difficulty be estimated. The only compact tnass consists of .lut- land, Sleswick, and llolstein; bounded on t!ic west and north by the North Sea or (iorman Ocean; on the east by the sound.s which form the entrance of the Riiltic ; on the south by the Elbe. This tract lies generally between T);).^^ and •")7.l° north latitude,. and 8° and 11° east lon<^itude. We havo thus a ienifth of '2H() miles, and a breadth of l'.iO. The total area of the Danish monarchy, is about 22,()(K) square mile.i. The surface of Denmark is nearly flat; forminar, with the exception of Hol- land, the lowest part of the great plain of Northern Germany. The islands, in particular, in many places, rise only a few feet al)ovc the level of the sea. The soil, as in the rest of this plain, is frequently sandy and marshy ; the climati; humid, though not linble to those severe frosts which provail in the interior of Scandinavia. Hence it affords good pasturan;e, and its soil is favourable to the growth of the coarser species of grain. The insular and peninsular character of her territory gives Denmark an o.xtent f coast which certainly does not fall lort of 600 miles; and there is ,=aid to be no part of the land more than ten miles dis- tant from the sea. This structure leaves no room for the formation of any rivers of the least consequence, e.xcopt the Eyder in llolstein, and the canal of Kiel, by which an important communication is formed between the ocean and the Baltic. Jutland contains a number of shallow but extensive lakes, closely bordering on the sea, with which they in many places communicate, and may hence be regarded as The agricnlturo of Denmark is conducted under considerable disadvantages, both of climate and soil. The clitnato, though not subject to severe frost or intense cold, is chill and damp ; and the land consists, in a great measure, of sand and marsh. Every part of the kingdom, however, is capable of some cultivation, and occasional tracts of luxuriant fertility occur. Such arc the islands of Zealand, Laaland, and Falster; and, in a still greater degree, the sea-coast of Sleswick and llolstein ; for the interior is arid ami sandy. The industry of the peasant in Den- mark Proper suffers many severe checks; he has been but recently cmancip.ited from personal bondage, and is still subjected to many feudal usages. Life-leases, under which the payment is made in produce or personal services, are common. The proprietors are generally embarrassonl, ani'. unable to expend much on the improvement of their lands. The fiirmers of Holstein and Sleswick carry on the process of cultivation with great skill and activity. The chill moisture of the climote is less favourable to the cultivation of wheat than if barley, rye, and oats; all of which afford a large surplus for exportation. The rearing of cattle is also an extensive branch of industry, though too little attention has been paid to the improvement of the breeds, unless on the west coast of Sleswick, on whose moist and rich meadows is produced what bears a high reputation under the name of " Hamburg beef." Over all Denmark, the produce of the dairy forms the basis of a large export trade. The manufactures of Denmark arc extremely rude, and consist chiefly in work- inn up the flax and wool of the country in a coarse form for domestic use. A great proportion also of the wool is exported. Government have employed great efforts to raise Denmark to the rank of a manufacturing country ; and some fabrics in the diflTerent kinds of cloth, brandy, sugar-refining, &.C., have, under its patron- age, been set on foot in the large towns ; but these are all languishing, arid with difficulty support foreign competition. The commerce of Denmark is in a more active state than the other branches of industry ; though it is still not such as to give her a prominent place among the powers of Europe. The basis consists in the exportation of its raw produce. The grain exported from Jutland, consisting of wheat, rye, barley, and oats. «l^ mmim 1 1 also tlie Gcrmnn ter- roc Islnmis, and soitir intr niaritinio power; and on tho coast of 1 a variety of detached :t mass consistH of Jut- ^rth by the North Sea the entrance of tlie illy between MA^ and !iV'» thus a ienijth of ish moniirchy, is aliont :he exception of IIol- lany. The ialandn, in eve! of the sea. The I marshy ; the climate ■vail in the interior of 1 is favourable to the ninsnlar character of nly does' not fill! uirt )ro than ten miles dii- rmation of any rivers 1 the canal of Kiel, by ocean and the Baltic. osely bordering on the hence be regarded as lie disadvantages, both severe frost or intense measnrc, of sand and some cultivation, and 10 islands of Zealand, coast of Sleswick and )f tho peasant in Den- recently emancipated usages. liife-leases, services, are common, expend much on the Sleswick carry on the chill moisture of the barley, rye, and oats ; iring of cattle is also I has been paid to the wick, on whoso moist m under the name of iry forms the basis of nsist chiefly in work- for domestic use. A have employed great try; and some fabrics ave, under its patron- anguishing, and with in the other branches )minent place among a of its raw produce, ^e, barley, and oats,! UEN.MARK. 3:^3 amounted, in 1825, to the value of 2,300,000 dollars ; and of butter and cheese. l.bOO.OOO dollars. Holstein and Sleswick, called the duchies, export largely of the same productions as Jutland. Denmark, from its situation between the northern and middlj states, has a con- siderable carrying trade of the bulky articles produced by tho former; and has also a good deal of ship-building. Doth the whale and herring-fiaheries arc like- wise carried on to some extent. The constitution of Denmark, originally founded on the ba«is of the moot com- plete feudal independence, to the extent of rendering the monarchy itself elective, underwent a complete change in 1660, when Frederick III. had the address to obtain an act by which the crown was declared hereditary, and himself invested with supreme and absolute power. The sway of the Danish princes has, liow- ever, been exceedingly mild and popular, and their despotic power exerted in a manner beneficial to the people, as it limited the oppressive rights exercised by the nobles. These, however, continue to be extremely obnoxious ; and it is only within a very few years that the body of the people were emancipated from a state of personal slavery. The nobles are few in number, consisting only of one duke, nineteen counts, and twelve barons. Tiie king himself presides at the supreme national tribunal. The revenue amounts to from about #7,500,000 to $8,000;000. There is n nominal debt of $75,000,000 ; but the interest paid upon it is small. The military and naval establishments are on a scale suited to Ct j;reat<;r coun- try than what remains of Denmark. The army is kept up to nearly 40,000 regu- lar troops and 60,000 militia. The navy consists of six ships of the line, six frigates, and four corvettes, besides smaller vessels. The sailors being all ri^gis- tered, no difficulty is ever found in manning the navy. The population of the Pani^h dominions in 1832, amounted to 2,049,000 ; of which 1,510,000 were in its ancient domain of tho islands Jutland and Sleswick ; 404,000 in Holstein; 40,000 in Lauenburg; 51,000 in Iceland; 14,000 in Green- land and the Faroe Islands. The Danish colonies are Ciristians* i.rg, and other stations in Guinea, with 44,000 inhabitants ; Sarta Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies, with 47,000 ; and Tranquebar and factories on the Co- romandel coast, in the East Indies, with 60,000. The Danes are generally quiet, tranquil, and industricus. The inhabitants of the towns, who are chiefly engaged in trade, have a great share of the patient, thrifly, and persevering habits of the Dutch. The peasantry, poor and oppres.ls«-- i'*3g';: f-'i \fW" ':M rr M ■•■I. . of the Baltic, and is ind is eni^aged in the ind is a place of some t in a political view, lated in the Northern st verge of the civi- 210 in bi-eadth ; con- situation, to the polar gh, with which it is character. Barley lies ; cablMtges, and a means in perfection, ndance of fish which ng about half of the Hecia, with its of which six have of Iceland, and rank of the globe. They d vapour, to a great announce their ap> ediately afler which, ' steam, bursts forth, A hundred and fifly tinue to play in the ice Uie most brilliant e, are instantly pro- minutes within the Stones thrown into lus to the eruption, basin of the Grest xty-four feet Every sautiful petrifactions. HOLLAND. I.pavcs, {,ra88, rushes, arc converted into wiiito stone, preservingr entire every i fihrf. The Sulphur Mountains, 'vitli their caldrons of boiling mud, present another pheudinpnon wiiich the traveller beholds with the utniost astonislimenl. These consist chiefly of clay, coveriid with a crust, which is hot to the touch, and of sulphur, from almost every part of which, gas and steam arc perpetually escapirv. Souietiuies a loud noise guides the traveller to a spot where caldrons of black boilinir mud, largely impregnated with this mineral substance, ore throwing up, at short intervals, their eruptions. That on the Krabia had a diameter equal to that of tho Great Geysar, and rose to the height of thirty feet. The situation of the spectator here is not only awful, but even dangerous; standing, on a support which feebly sustains him, over an abyss where tire and brimstone are in dreadful and incessant action. The civil and social state of Iceland presents features no less interesting. It was discovered about the year 840, by Nado!stablished a system of unre- strained toleration. Even popery, notwithstanding the grounds which the nation hud to dread a..d hate it, was allowed to be profeued with the utmost freedom. The government allows salaries, of a greater oi* less amount, to the clergy of every persuasion, only making those of the Presbyterion ministers higher than the others. There arc, bcBides, Lutherans, Daptlets, J«w8, Quakers, Armenians, and Catholics. By the budget of 1833, 1,330,000 florins were voted tut tho sup- port of the Protestant worship, and 400,000 for the Catholic. In naval aflairs, Holland, no longer tho maritime rival but the close ally of Britain, made only faint attempts to raise her navy from the low state to which it was reduced by the disasters uf the revolutionary war. It consists, at present, of six tiliips of the line, sixteen large class and seven small class frigates, thirty corvettes and brigs, four steam vessels, and about eighty armed barks, of five guns, tor the defence of the interior waters. The foreign possessions of Holland, after being entirely wrested from her during the war, were, with the exception of Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, D>'^merara, and Berbice, restored in 1814. In the East Indies, she possesses the Moluccas, the extensive and fertile island of Java, with settlements on Sumatra, Celebes, and Borneo; and some facti'ies on the coast of Malabar and Coromandel. In Africa, she retains El Mina, and other factories on the Gold Coast. Her West India colonies are not, and never were, very considerable, unless as commercial r^epdts. Both the navy and the colonial possessions, in the separation of the two kingdoms, remain with HuUand. The government is a constitutional monarchy, with some resemblance to the British, though the sovereign in Holland has greater powers, and the two houses of assembly are much less powerful than the British Commons and Peers, The constitution provides for the security of persons and property, for trials within tiiree days, and for the liberty of the press, under the responsibility of him who writes, prints, or distributes. Religious toleration is secured, and judges cannot be removed by the executive. Holland is divided into 10 provinces: North Hollan;^, South Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland, Overyssel, Cicr.'he, Groningen, Friesland, and North Bra- bant. By u J .nsus taken in 1833, the population of Holland was 2,745,000. The public debt of the Netherlands, in 1826, amounted to 832,334,500 florins, which was almost wholly contracted by the Dutch, principally during their pro- ' ) '1^ ' i + lili^' !i ' ;)aH HOLLAND. !,0. trautcii nriil (rloriotiH Ktrupfflo for indept'iiilcnce, and partly diirinof tlio pnrkxl timt llolliitiil uiis ronnpclod with Franco. It Iihh bt^rn settled that llull'.nd sliould nshiiiim Kix-tliirteontliH of tlie NrlherlnniliHli deht, and Be|i,'iiiin the reinuininpr seven; liiit tho liilter has not hitherto paid any purl of the interest. Thf expendi- ture oftho l>e ch kingdom in IKV.i was 4(>,:iH"),H41) florinf, exchisive of44.lHM),(MH» tlir cxlrnori' . .ies on account uf tho war eRtablishmcntx, Tho former sum includcH ihi) inlerRst on tho vvholo debt, amounlinff to 'Jl,(tvil,484 florins. Tho Dutch scliool of paintin^r has been eminently succcMHful in a low sphere. Under l{eiiibrandt and lim disciples, subjects of common lifn and vulvar humour wore trciilcd with a native force, which, bein;; aided by brilliant efl'ects of lijjht and Kimde, have rendered this school exceedingly populur, thourniiii) Oi-can. It fxtciidn from 41)" 'JTi' to Til ' ;MI' N. lat., and from Vi ' 10' to (C^ 30 H. Ion., and coinpriw'H t3,(NM) Miuarn miles. The cliiof rivers are llio Hcheldt and Mat.'su. The Mchelilt rinob in Franco and (lows nortli-naHterly into this country, whore it turns to the north and nortli-west, and, di'.'iihng into spvnril chnniiels, falls into the (iernmn Ocean. Though nut rcmurkuble tiir length, it is a wide and deep river. Antwerp and Ghent aro situ- ated upon it. The Alaese lluws through the eastern part of the country from France to liollaiul. The climate much resembles that of the south of England. In the interior the air is salubrious: but u|)on the coast of Flanders, and about the mouths of the Scheldt, the air is moist and unhealthy. The Will, in general, is moderately fertile. In Luxemburg, Liege, and Nanuir, are considerable stony an' 33U IIKUaUM. in tlio riiriiKT (lu((Mlpand llio third by 4(H dtudent*. Bcaidcn iiilii'MH'iinm, which aro only collut;)!! on a smaller «calo, thure are primary HchoiilM III cvt'iy villiijre, hy which the In'nefita of education arc communicated to the lowmt rHiikiJ. in IrtlW, there were r)VWli primary Hchooln in Uolffium, with jnO.WW piipil.S boHidu I'MH in the uthcnuiuini), and 17rt8 in thu univuraitieH. Annuiil uxpenoe, 71U,'<2()U francit. Tiio f^overnincnt of Bclf;ium is a congtitutinnal monarchy, with a Menate and HoiiHo of UepreRcntativen, the membnrfl of which oro electeil by tho people, tho lifi-t tor ei)(ht and the latter for tiiiir years. In Ih;)!), tho expenditure of the Htato wiiH 7:),(MMI,(KM) francH, nearly threc-fiUhfl hciii); ahsorlxid by thu military, which it ban been necoH8ary to keep on thn War EiitabliHhment. Ucljfium Ih divided into cif(lit provincoH, the population of which, in 18U13, was 3,791,(HIU. Drusseig, tho cap.ial, stands on both sides of tho little river Sonne, flowing into ! the Scheldt. The city was formerly ourroundcd by a doublo wall and ditch, but these liavo been demolished, and the spneo formed into a handsome public walk planted with trees. The suburbs arc extensive, and there are many neighbourin;; villages joined to tho citv by lonjr avenues. The lower part of tho town consiiits of narrow streets and old houses. The upper part is modern and re)(ular, with line buildin;;s and a beautiful park laid out m larfro rc^rular walks, shaded with trees and surrounded by palaces, public offices, and ule^^ant private houses. Public fountains are intorsperstd througnout the city, and a large canal here leaves tho river. The Hotel do Villc is remarkable for its exquisite gothic spire, which looks like tho work of fairy hands. There nro many tine 8(|uares and palaces, and in the Orange palace is a library of lOU.OUO volumes. Half a leaguo from the city is thn splendid palace of Schoonenburg. Brussels is distinguished for its manutactures of laces, carpets, tapestry, woollen and cotton cloths, silk stockings, gold and silv(.f laco, and earthen ware. Population, 72,800. Ghent stands at the confluenco of three rivers with the Scheldt, and is 7 miles in comp.iss, but contains within its walls many fields and unoccupied grounds. Many of its canals arc bordered with quays planted with rows of trees. The houses arc large, but heavy and inelegant; here is a fine Gothic cathedral with marble floors and nillars. Ghent has manufactures of fine lace, cotton, lin. -<, woollen, silk, papei ".d leather : the trade of the city has lately increased. Po- pulation, 81,041. Antwerp, on the Scheldt, is a large and well-built city, surrounded by a wall with carriage roads on the top planted with rows of trees. Tho city is built in the form of a semicircle, and is intersected by canals. The cathedral is one of the finest gothic structures in the world, and ita spire is unrivalled ; it is 441 feet high, and deserves, according to the saying of Charles V., to be kept in a gloss case and shown only on holidays. Tht: Stadthouse and Exchange are noble edi- fices. The harbour is deep and capacious. In the height of its prosperity, Ant- werp was one of the most flourishing and wealthy commercial cities in the world, and contained 200,000 inhabitants. Its commerce has greatly declined, and the city lids a decayed and solitary appearance. The inhabitants carry on a few manufactures. Population, 05,000. Liege, on the Maese, is divided into three parts by the river, and has extensive suburbs. The houses are high, and many of the streets narrow, crooked and gloomy. Most of the inhabitants are engaged in manufactures and trade. Iron, coal, and alum, abound in the neighbourhood and afford occupation for all tho industry of the place. The manufactures consist of iron, fire-arms, clock-work, nails, &.C. Population, 40,300. Bruges, 8 miles from the sea, stands in a fertile plain. It communicates with ' the sea and the towns in tho interior by canals. Here are a college, an academy for painting, sculpture, and architecture, several literary societies^ a public library of 6000 volumes, and a botanical garden. The manufacture of lace employs 6000 people, and there are 200 schools in which children are taught this art. The niverxiticM of liouvnin, j tliu lirHt wiiH tttti'tiikvl M Ntuilrntii. Ufiuli'ri ru arc primary ncIiooIh cuiniiiunicatiHl to tli(> HflKium, Willi :m),WW univoraitiuH. Aiiiiuiil , hy, with a yenato and :tt«(l by tlio poopin, the [peiiditiiro of tlie Statu ' tliu military, which it lcl(;ium is divided into l.tMH). or yonno, flowinff into l)lo wall and ditch, but handbomo public walk ire many noiglibourin); j Tt of the town conBisls i «iern and rp((ular, with lar walks, shadud with privote lumges. Public ; ) caniil huro loaves llio , ,e {fothic epire, which s 8(|tiareH and pnlaccii, . Half a lea)(uu from' I ia distinguiMhed for its 1 cloths, silk stockingi<, [). Scheldt, and is 7 miles d unoccupied grounds, h rows of trees. The Gothic cathedral with fine lace, cotton, lin. ■<, lately increased, Po- ' , surrounded by a wall The city is built in cathedral is one of the rivalled ; it is 441 feet '., to be kept in a glass change are noble edi- of its prosperity, Ant- cial cities in the world, eatly declined, and the bilants carry on a few iver, and has extensive narrow, crooked and lures and trade. Iron, occupation for all the fire-arms, c)ock(M). H|m im fumoiiH tor its minoral spriiigH situated in a valley surroiindml by stonp woody liills: it has also some nianufactureti, (icmappos and Waterloo are colebratod lor the battles f''n lo En',- land Nuvcriil times a week, and it lian a great trade in the oxportati ,n of grain and other products. Population, IO,(iU(). BRITISH ISLANDS. The British Imi.'.mds, ploced nearly in the north-westjrn angle of Europe, command peculiar advantages, no less tor natural strength in war, than as an em- jioriiim of commerce in peace. On tho southern side, they ore almost in contact with France, Holland, and Germany, tor ages the most enlightened and floiirixh- ing countries of the civilized world; on the east, a wide expanse of sea separates tliem from tho bleak region of Scandinavia; on the west, they overlcwk tho At- lantic Ocean, whose limit, in another hemi.tphero, is the coast of America; while, in the extreme north, they may bo almost said to face the unexplored expanse of tho Polar Sea. Exclusive of tho northern insular appendages, they may be con- sidered as situated between the fiftieth and tifly-ninth dep'rees of north latilu('e, and between the second degree of east, and the tenth of west longitude. They are geographically divided into two islands of unequal magnitude. Great Britain and Ireland. Britain, again, is divided into two unequal parts, — Englond, which, including Wales, contains .')7,06() squaro miles; and Scotlond, which con- tains 29,()00. The three, though united into one kingdom, respectively exhibit peculiarities which characterize them as distinct countries. The constitution of Great Britain is an hereditary monorchy, in which the power of the sovereign is controlled by tho influence of the aristocracy in tho house of peers, and by that of the democracy in the house of commons. The House of Lords is composed of all the nobility of England who have attained th>i dge of 21 years and who labour under no disqualification ; of 16 representative peers from Scotland, of 28 representative peers from Ireland ; and likewise of 30 spiritual lords, viz. the two English archbishops and twenty-four bishops, and one archbishop and three bishops of Ireland, The house of commons consists of 656 members, of which 471 English members are chosen by counties, universities, cities, and boroughs ; for Wales 29, and for Scotland 53, members, chosen by counties, cities, and boroughs ; and for Ireland there are 105 members, chosen by counties, universities, cities, and boroughs. The ministry is composed of the first lords of the treasury, the chancellor of the exche([uer, the three ."ecretaries of foreign affairs, of the home department, and of war, the lord chancellor, the president of the council, the treasurer of the navy, the paymaster of the forces, the commissioners of the treasury, and other persons of high trust. The first lord of the treasury is mostly considered the premier, or prime minister. The navy is the force on which Great Britain mainly relie« for maintaining her own independence and her ascendency over foreign nations. By it she has ac- quired, in a measure, the sovereignty of the seas, and the advantages which that sovereignty confers, of securing her possessions in the most distant quarters of the globe, of protecting her commerce and sustaining the exertions of her armies during war. During the most active period of the last maritime war, the number of seamen in emplcyment amounted to 140,000; and there were in commission 160 sail of the line, and 150 frigates, with 30,000 marines. The estimate for '^i ;^ 'Hi. i, r 3.rj nrurisii islands. I HUl i'i)iii|>r('liriiili'il VJ,(XMI himiuiiii ntnl I((,(HN1 innrinri*. Tlie \>ny i>t llin«^ fufii nciKiiiriiN III l,IH|,(MN)/., Iliiir rlll)M^i| III niNiiit an ('i|iiiil xiiiii. I'lii'fi' clinrifoM willi l,l)'i| to 'J(HI,(NM) ro);iilar IriKipa oxriiixivo uf nixiiit KNMNMI nmhrKliiMl militia, n h^r^r^^ iiiiiiititit ol" l(>cnl tnllitja nnd vcilimtrtTH, to wliicli ini^lit bU) Ui addi'il 11 iiiiimIht nt' mcmii'iilH ompliiycd in tlio IcrrilorinH of ihii K.inl India •'otDpiiny, nnd in iN pny. At^iT llio pence of 1^1,') a rapid rediirlinn of lint military •••(InliliHliment wan (•lli'i'li'd. Till! mililia worn diHomlMnlicd, tint rojjul'H" torco wns ri-diircd, nnd in KW> tlin c-HtiinntPM wore for M|,*j7l men, indepiMidnnt of 11),7VJ() rmpldyrd in liulin and paid out of Iho land revonim ot" that country. The clinriri) tor thcH*' CorcnH wan .*>,7'<1,MH/., liiil nlnml half of thin kiimi conHistcil nl' lialt-|my, retired nllownncuH, pcnMiono, nnd other clmr;it<'* coimeipient on tho former iinmcnno eittalv liHliment. The nnlionnl debt of (Jreal Britain in 771),"),00(W., ami tho people employed number about r)00,0(»0. The valuo of silk goods made is reckoned at 10,0(M),000«. : of tho dilTerent manufactures of metals, the entire produce is 17,000,000/., employ- insr ;V)0,000 people. The imports into Great Britain, in 182.^ amounted to £43,1.37,4812, and the exports to £")7,3;J."),.'»13. Two-thirds of the commerce of tho kingdom is carried on at tho port of London ; and one-sixth part of the shipping beloniys to that city. In 18;54, there belonged to the British empire, 25,055 vessels, of 2,716,000 tons, and navigated by 10^,001 men. The entrie.s and clearances for the coasting-trade, i in 1832, amounted each to 8,.')()0,000 tons. Besides these, in the same year, 4540 foreign vessels, comprising 039,979 tons, and navigated by 35,309 men, entered the ports of Great Britain. Coal, the most valuable of all the mineral substances from which Britain derives her prosperity, exists in vast (piantities, in various parts of the island : the amount «M*Sa 'ho piiy of tho»«i men irii, Willi till! C(wt (if ur ciirrffit cxponwi to '< clinrifrH of* llm ilock- irn'ly of "llii-r iti'inK, I iH,(MK)/. Ill linll-pny iiiii|| f CHtiiimto lor liii) ypir nch wnrx, nmountml tnj kIiciI niilili«, II lurirn Imi ndclnl n iiunitH>r nt' ii|)iiiiy, mill III it< pay. iry rslnliliMliiiit'iit WB« I wn'« rciiiirrd, nnil in f ll),7Vj() oiii|il(iyr(l in Tlin clmrir), St. Vincent, (Ircna/la and tho (irenadinca, Tobago, Trinidad, Hundu rax, or the Bjiliso Territory, and tho Colonies in Guiana. mrur^ATION OF TIIK nRlTISII EMPIRB AND COLONIES. Grcnt llritain and Irchnd aMll.H.Tl North Amcrirnn ColonicH I,3n0,()n0 Wr«t Inriiiui and South American fiOO.OOO Alricnn .100,000 CVyloii, Provinccii in nirnmb, Sincaporc, A,c 1,. 178,(100 ( )c.nnic.in !).5,0()n Ea»t India Company 12.1,000,000 Total 15I,ia i,S34 ENGLAND. ENoiAtro is bounded on tho south by tho English Channel ; on tho cast by tho German Sea ; on the north by Scotlond, from wliich it is separated by the Tweed, the Cheviot hills, and tho Frith of Solway; on tho west by tho Irish Sea and St, (Jporge's Channel : tho promontory of the LandVEnd, forming its south-western extremity, faces tho vast expanse of the Atlantic. The greatest dimension of England is from south to north, between the Lizard Point, 40° .')8' N., and Berwick on Tweed, .'i.'j° 45' N. ; four hundred miles in length. Tho points of extreme breadth ore the Land'a-End, in 5° 41' VV., and I/iwcstofTe, in 1° 44' E., forming a space of about 280 miles. The general aspect of this country is varied and delightful. In some parts, ver- dant plains extend as far as the eye can reach, watered by copious Ftreains. In other parts, are pleasing diversities of gently rising hills and bending vale.-i, fer- tile in grain, waving with wood, aw interspersed with meadows. Some tracts iibonnd with prospects of the more romantic kind; embracing lofty mountains crairgy rocks, deep narrow dells, and tumbling torrents. There are also, hero and there, black moors and wide uncultivated heaths. The general aspect of Wales is bold, romantic and mountainous. It consists of ranges of lolly eminences and impending crags, intersected by numerous and deep ravines, with extensive val- leys, and affording endle.ss views of wild mountain scenery. U^ iif ■■■ / r ...j, 1 m?' ^4' *i m life ■--■I ■;..;■ *--v 334 ENGLAND. The rivers of England, though deficient in magnitude, are numerous, commo- dious, and valuable ; flowing through broad vales and wide-spreading plains. The largest is the Severn, which rises near Plinlimmon, a high mountain in Wales. Its embouchure forms a wide bay, called the Bristol Channel. It is 2()0 miles long, and is navigable in the latter part of its course. The tide rolls up this stream in waves three or four feet high. The Thames rises near the Severn in the lower part of its course, and flows east into the German Ocean. If is 160 miles long, and is navigable for ships to London, 60 miles. This is the most important river of Great Britain for naviga- tion. The Mersey is a small stream flowing south-west into the Irish Sea at Liv- erpool ; it is navigable 35 miles. The Dee rises in Wales, and flows north-west into the Irish Sea near the mouth of the Mersey. The Trent and Ouse rise in the north, and by their junction form the Ilumber, which is a good navigable stream, and falls into the German Ocean. The lakes are numerous and occur principally in the north-west portions of the kingdom, of which Windermere, the largest, only twel''e miles long and one broad, has been raised to d' tinction by the taste of the age fov picturesque beauty, rather than as a geographical feature of the country. England has an atmosphere of fogs, rain, and perpetual change ; yet the climate is mild. The rigours of winter and the heats of summer are less felt than on the continent under the same parallel. The winds from the sea temper the extremes of heat and cold ; the changes, however, are sudden. Westerly and south- westerly winds are most prevalent, and also the most violent. Next are the north and north-east. The perpetual moisture of the air is sometimes unfavourable to the crops, but its general eflfcct is to cover the whole island with the deepest ver- dure. The meadows and fields are usually green throughout the winter: and the transient snows that occasionally fell upon them are insuflicient to deprive them of their brilliancy. Many kinds of kitchen vegetables, as cabbages, cauliflowers, broccoli, and celery, often remain uninjured in the gardens through the winter. Mines form one of the most copious sources of the wealth of England. The useful metals and minerals, those which aflbrd the instruments of manufacture and are subservient to the daily purposes of life, are now drawn from the earth more copiously there than in any other country. Her most valuable metals are iron, copper, and tin ; her principal minerals are coal and salt. Notwithstanding the general inferiority of the soil, England is under such excellent cultivation, that the country may be considered as one great garden. Farming is, in many parts, conducted on a great scale, by men of intelligence, enterprise and capital ; and the science as well as practice of agriculture is carried to a high degree of per- fection. In the northern counties, the farms are large, and are leased generally for 21 years. In the southern counties, the farms are smaller, and the tenants are often proprietors. The commerce of England is unrivalled by that of any other nation in the world. Every quarter of the globe seems tributary to the enterprise and perseverance of this great commercial people. The manufactures of this kingdom far surpass in amount and variety, those of any other nation that has ever existed ; and form the most astonishing display of the fruits of human industry and skill. The vast numbers of people employed in them, give no adequate idea of their immense extent, as the great perfection to which labour-saving machinery is carried in England, enables one man to do the work of 150. The cotton manufacture would have required, half a century ago, 50,000,000 men, and the power now employed in it alone in Great Britain exceeds the manufacturing industry of all the rest of Europe collectively. The other most important branches are woollen, silk, linen, and hardware. In the northern counties of England are great manufactures of broadcloth and every other kind of woollen goods, principally in the West Riding of Yorkshire, at Leeds, Wakefield, Bradford, Halifax, and Huddersfield. Sheffield has manu- factures of cutlery and plated goods. Manchester, and its neighbourhood, is the I great seat of the cotton manufacture. In the midland counties, are the Cheshire monufactures of silk, cotton, linen, | »W,WJM1J | |, ,AJ I _ > 1 || , are numerous, commo- -spreadinf; plains. The n;h mountain in Wales, mnel. It ia 2()0 miles The tide rolls up this of its course, and flowa is navig-able for ships to Ireat Britain for navijja- ito the Irish Sea at Liv- ;s, and flows north-west Trent and Ouse rise in ch is a good na\%able rth-wcst portions of the ''e miles long and one for picturesque beauty, hange ; yet the climate are less felt than on the ea temper the extremes Westerly and south- it. Next are the north netimes unfavourable to id with the deepest ver- >ut the winter: and the fficient to deprive them cabbages, cauliflowers, I through the winter, alth of England. The )nts of manufacture and in from the earth more iluable metals are iron, Notwithstanding the ellent cultivation, that ming is, in many parts, rprise and capital ; and ) a high degree of per- nd are leased generally Icr, and the tenants are her nation in the world. se and perseverance of kingdom far surpass in • existed ; and form the and skill. The vast idea of their immense nachinery is carried in ton manufacture would e power now employed ustry of all the rest of re woollen, silk, linen, ures of broadcloth and St Riding of Yorkshire, SheflSeld has manu- i neighbourhood, is the 8 of silk, cotton, linen, ENGLAND. 335 iron, and china ware: the stocking manufactures of Nottingham ; the woollen of Leicestershire ; the pottery of Staffordshire ; the hardware of Birmingham ; the ribands of Coventry ; the carpeting of Kidderminster ; the broadcloth of Stroud. Flannels are the chief article of Welsh manufacture. In the Bouthem counties are the cotton, paper, and blankets of Berkshire ; the flannels of Salisbury ; the cordage of Dorsetshire; the woollens of every sort in Devonshire; and every kind of goods, particularly the finer articles of upholstery, jewelry and every material of luxury, are manufactured in and about London. The interior navigation of England is justly regarded as one of tlie prime sources of her prosperity. Till the middle of last century, the making of canals did net enter into the system of English economy. In 1755, was formed the San- kcy canal, a line of twelve miles, to supply Liverpool with coal from the pits at St. Helen's. The example then set by the Duke of Bridgewater gave a general impulse to the nation. Since that time, upwards of 30,000,000{. sterling have been expended in this object. Twenty-one canals have been carried across the central chain of hills, by processes in which no cost has been spa'ed; all the resources of art and genius have been employed ; every obstacle, hoAvever formi- dable, which nature could present, has been vanquished. By locks, an^ by inclined planes, the vessels are conveyed up and down the most rugged steeps ; they are even carried across navigable rivers by bridges. When other means fail, the cngmeer has cut through the heart of rocks and hills a subterraneous passage. Of those tunnels, as they are called, there are said to be forty-eight, the entire length of which is at least forty miles. The canals, in total length, amount to more than 2600 miles. The longest extends from Liverpool on the Mersey, to Leeds on the Humber, 130 miles, afford- ing a navigation for vessels of 30 tons completely across the island. It has 2 tunnels and many locks. The Grand Junction Canal extends from the neighbour- hood of London, to the Oxford Canal ; it is 93 miles long, and has 2 tunnels ; one above a mile, and the other nearly 2 miles in length ; it has 101 locks. The Grand Trunk is a part of the same communication ; it is 03 miles in length, and has 4 tunnels, amounting to 2 miles. The Ashby de la Zouch Canal is 40 miles long, extending from the Coventry Canal to an iron railway. It has 2 tunnels, 2 aqueduct bridges, and an iron railway branching from it. The Bridgewater Canal is 40 miles in length, and extending from the Mersey, divides into 2 branches, one terminating at Manchester, and the other at Pennington. This, with the Trent and Mersey Canal, forms a communication of 70 miles ; 16 miles of this canal are under ground among the mountains. Our limits will not permit us to give further details. The canals of England communicate with one another, and afford immense facilities for internal commerce. Railways form another contrivance, by which the conveyance of goods is won- derfully facilitated, by causing the wheels to roll over a sm.ooth surface of iron. I Railways were at first used only on a small scale, chiefly in the coal-mines round I Newcastle, for conveying the mineral from the interior to the surface, and thence I to the place of shipping ; and it is reckoned that round that city there is an extent of about three hundred miles of these railways. They were gradually employed on a greater scale, particularly in Wales, where the county of Glamorgan has one twenty-five miles long, and in all two hundred miles of railway. The railway between Manchester and Liverpool extends thirty-one miles, and is carried over sixty-three bridges, thirty of which pass over the turnpike road, and one over the river Irwell. The entire cost was about 820,000/. : but the intercourse has been so extensive as to aflSjrd an ample remuneration. The Cromford and High Peak railway is carried over the high mountainous district of Derbyshire, connecting the two canals which bear these names. Its length is thirty-three miles, carried over fifl;y bridges, and rising to a level of 992 feet above the Cromford Canal. The entire expense has not exceeded 180,000i. The population of England in former times was imperfectly known, being calcu- lated only from very vague surveys and estimates. In 1377 the results of a poll- tax were given as 2,300,000 ; but from the many evasions to which sucl) a census would give rise, that number was probably below the truth. In the reign of Eliza- m .X.. m it ''A b '>*. ;,> £ iitSj _ 336 ENGLAND. both, (lurinjj the alarm of a menaced Spaniah invnsioti in 1575, a pretty careful survey was made, the result of which gave 4,500,000. At the time of the Revo- lution, the increase appeared to be about a million. From the commencement of the present century decennial enumcratioDB have been made, of which the follow- ing are the results : — Kniland < Wuk'9 Army, Navy, Ac. Ptipuktlon. 1801. ii,:i3l.4U 541,.';4lt 470,S»8 Total. : 0,343,5Vtf IncTCue (wr ceut. 13 27! FopuUlion, 1811. Increue [■crcenl. Bn,7*'8 640,300 17} 17 10,804,178 341 Papulation, 18JI. In^rrue percfot. FnpDixtiOD, ISII. 11,201,437 717,43H 310,300 IG 13 13,09f>,3.T8 277,017 13,298,175 38 14,180,591 The national character of the English exhibits some very bold and marked fea- tures. Of thc<:n the most conspicuous is that love of liberty which pervades all classes. The liberty for which the English have successfully contended, includes the right of tliinking, saying, writing, and doing most things which opinion may dictate, and incl.iiation prompt. The knowledge that the highest offices and dig- nities in the et.ite are accessible to all, redoubles their activity, and encourages them to perseverance. It is but little more than a century since they began to be distinguished as a manufacturing and commercial people, yet they have already outstripped other European nations in mechanical ingenuity, in industry, and in mercantile enterprise. The enormous increase of capital, and the substitution of machinery for human labour in most of their manufactures, neem likely at no dis- tant period to produce a total change in the condition of British society. The English are the most provident people in the world. More than a million of individuals are members of friendly societies, and the deposits in savings banks exceed 13,000,000/. The great extension of life insurances affords another proof of this laudable disposition. The English also deserve to be called a humane peo- ple, zealous, both from feeling and from principle, for the promotion of everything that tends to the welfare of their fellow-creatures. Crime in England has under- gone a considerable change. Highway robbery, so prevalent towards the begin- ning and middle of last century, is now nearly unknown, and all sorts of crimes and violence have been materially lessened. On the other hand, there has been a very rapid increase, particularly within the last twenty years, of crimes against property. A material change has recently been effected in the criminal law of England, by the abolition of an immense number of capital punishments. The institutions for public education in England are extensive and splendidly endowed. The two Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are not only the wealthiest, but the most ancient in Europe. The London University and King's College have been recently instituted. The schools of Eton, Westminster, St. Paul's, Winchester, Harrow, and Rugby, are nearly on the same scale as our colleges. There are multitudes of other schools, public and private, and in them aH a long-cotiiinued, systematic, and thorough course of instruction is given. Though ^ucaticn at any of these institutions is expensive, yet eo general is the conviction of its superior importance, that the children of all persons in tollable circumstances are well educated. The children of the poorer classes, by means of Sunday schools and the efforts of their parents, are generally taught to read and write. Immense numbers of volumes, consisting of the works of the best English authors, are circulated in every part of the kingdom, in the form of weekly or monthly pamphlets, at a very cheap rate. Even the poorest mechanics and labourers are in tha habit of spending a considerable part of their leisure in the perusal of these publications. The Episcopal Protestant religion is that established by law, and the king is the head of the church. There are two archbishops, and twenty-four bishops, all of whom, except the Bishop of Sodor ani Man, are peers of the realm, and have seats in the House of Lords. The Archbishop of Canterbury is called the Primate of all England, and his rank is that next below the royal family. . The Archbishop of York is called the Primate of England. The bishops have some temporal au- thority, and the ncclesinstical jurisdiction extends to all questions of births, mar- mma u in 1575, a pretty careful At the time of the Revo- •"roin the commencement of I mode, of which the follow- Ponuhtion, 1821. percfOI. PnpDUtiOD, ISJl. n,«il,437 717,43rt 310,300 16 13 13,098,3.18 M)5,!0« 277,017 18,998,175 88 14,180,591 ! very bold and marked fea- ■ liberty which pervades all essfuUy contended, includes : things which opinion may the highest offices and dig- lir activity, and encourages itury since they began to be ople, yet they have already genuity, in industry, and in . ital, and the substitution of tures, neem likely at no dis- 3f British society, /orld. More than a million le deposits in savings banks ranees affords another proof to be called a humane peo- he promotion of everything rime in England has under- evaleni towards the begin- wn, and all sorts of crimes other hand, there has been ity years, of crimes against ted in the criminal law of pital punishments, e extensive and splendidly mbridge are not only the idon University and King's of Eton, Westminster, St. on the same scale as our ic and private, and in them le of inBtructioi is given, nsive, yet so general is the of all persons in tollable > poorer classes, by means generally taught to read of the works of the best kingdom, in the form of I'en the poorest mechanics ble part of their leisure in d by law, and the king is i nd twenty-four bishops, all 3r8 of the realm, and have bury is called the Primate ,1 family. . The Archbishop IS have some temporal au- II questions of births, mar- ENGLAND. 337 riagcs, deaths, probate of wills, and delinquencies of the inferior clergy. Under tlie bishops, are the deans, prebendaries, archdeauonF^, rectors, priests, curates, and deacons. The churchwardens overlook '.he alms ibr the poor. The clergy of the established church are a learned and pious body, though many individuals there arc in it, who have neither learning nor piety. The dissenters are a numerous body, and have many ministers of great learning and purity of mind. The dis- senters are chiefly Methodists, Baptists, ar.a Quakers. The Catholics ore numer- ous, and have several colleges and convents. England is divided into 40 counties. The small islands attached to England are unimportant. Man, thirty miles in length by twelve in breadth, is nearly equidistant from each of the three kingdoms. It comprises a considerable e.\tcnt of level territory ; but rises in the interior into iiigh mountains, anirng which Snowfell, nearly 20(JU feet high, stands conspicuous. Man ranked long as an independent sovereignty, held by the £}arls of Derby, and is celebrated for the gallant defence made by the countess of that name for Uhprles I. It descended aflerwards to the Duke of Athol, from whom the sovereignty was purchased, in 1765, by the British government, with a view to the prevention of smuggling, and to the establishment of a free trade. The natives are a Celtic race. Castletown, the capital, is the neatest town in the island ; and in its centre. Castle Uuthven, the ancient palace of the kings of Man, rears its gloomy and majestic brow. Douglas, however, as being tlie spot in which the whole trade circulates, is now of superior importance, and has attracted a great number of English settlers. The tScilly Isles, situated at soihe distance from the western extremity of Cornwall, are tenanted by 2000 poor inhabitants, who raise a little grain, but depend chietlv upon fishing, pilotage, and the making of kelp. Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, with Sark, form a group naturally French, and originally part of the patrimony of the Norman kings, which the naval superiority of England has enabled her to retain. The climate is mild and agreeable, and the soil generally fertile. Jersey, the finest of the group, is so abundant in orchards, that cider forms the chief object of exportation. St. Helier, the capital of Jersey, is a handsome town. London is the metropolis of the United Kingdom, the seat of legislation, of juris- prudence, and of government ; it is the principal residence of the sovereign, at which aiikirs of state are transacted, and regulations maintained with foreign courts. It is the centre of all important operations, whether of commerce or finance, and of correspondence with every quarter of the globe. The City lies on both sides of the river Thames. It is seven miles long, Ave miles wide, and con- tains an area of about thirty square miles. More particularly it is considered under three divisions ; the City proper, in the east ; Westminster, in the w«st. and Southwark, on the south side of the river. The buildings are generally of brick. The streets in some parts are wide, and few are so narrow as not to admit two carriages abreast. At the west end, they are mostly straight, and sufficiently broad for five or six carriages. Here are the residences of the nobility and the rich. Regent street, in this quarter, is probably the most magnificent street in the world. In the City, or the central and oldest part, the streets are narrow and crooked, but here the great business of London is transacted. The east end is occupied by shops, victualling-houses, and people connected with commerce. Here are immense timber-yards, docks, and magazines. London contains a great number of squares: the handsomest is Grosvenor Square, an area of six acres, and containing an equestrian statue of George II. The buildings around it are the most superb in Lonuon. The largest square is that called Lincoln's Inn Fields, which occupies a space just equal to that covered by the great pyramid of Egypt The finest public walks are at the west end ; Green Park, Hyde Park, St. James's Park, and Regent's Park, are beautiful fields and gardens, ornamented with trees ; tliese are the resort of thousands who walk fur exercis pleasure. These parks are very extensive. Hyde Park con- tains 304 acres, ...d in the afternoon of Sunday is thronged by crowds of fashion- able people who pour along the promenades, like the ebbing and flowing tide. In Regent's Park is an immense edifice called the Coliseum, in which may be seen 29 2S I iV tk ■¥ 338 ENGLAND. a panorama of London as viewed from the dome of St. Paul's. The f^ardenR of the Zoological Society are alao in thia park. They nre clcpnntly laid out, and contain an interesting collection of rare animalb from all parts of the 'vorld. The churches of London have the most prominent and imposing share in its architectural splendour. I'^t. Paul's Cathedral m the most magnificent edifice in the city, but is pent up in h narrow area, and surrounded by shops and buildings of a mean appearance. The interior of the cathedral does not equal its noble exterior. L would be little else than an immense vault with heavy columns, were it not relieved by monumental statuary. Westminster Abbey, some distance higher up the river, is one of the noblest existing monuments of Gothic architecture. It Ima a vast, airy, and lofly appear- ance, which inspires feelings of awe and ventration. The chapel of Henry VII., ai the east ?nd of the church, is unrivalled for gorgeous magnificence. The city of Westminster and north-eastern suburb of London contain many splendid modern churches, almost all in the classic style. London has few public edifices, com- pared to its great size and wealth. Westminster Hall was once a palace : here the kings of England are crowned, and here the parliament hold their sittings. It has the largest hall without pillars in Europe. St. James's Palace is an ill- looking brick building, but contains spacious and splendid apartments. The Tower is a vast inclosure upon the river. It contains several streets, and is surrounded by a wail and ditch. The Monument, at the foot of London bridge, is a fluted Doric column, in a bad situation : it is 202 feet high, and commemo- rates the great (ire of London. The Bank of England, in the heart of the city, is a vast and splendid pile, covering 8 acres. Somerset House, in the Strand, is one of the largest and most splendid edifices in the city. There are 6 bridges over the Thames: of these, Waterloo bridge is built of granite, and Southwark and Vauxhall bridges, of iron. A more remarkable object is the Tunnel, a passage under the river at a point where a bridge would be de- trimental to the navigation. This work was performed by sinking a perpendicular shafl near the river, and working horizontally under the bottom of the Thames. This city has 13 theatres, of which Drury Lane, Covent Garden, and the King's theatre or Italian Opera, are among the first in Europe. It has 147 hospitals ; 16 schools of medicine ; as many of law ; 5 of theology ; 18 public libraries ; 300 elementary free schools ; 1700 dispensaries, where the poor receive medicine and attendance gratis ; 14 prisons ; and 50 newspapers, printing 50,000 daily. 15,000 vessels lie at a time in the docks and at the wharves ; 1500 carriages a day leave the city at stated hours ; 4000 wagons are employed in the country trade ; the annual commerce of the city is estimated at 130 millions sterling. London is the principal literary ..>mporium of the kingdom. Almost all books of importance are there printed and published, and thence distributed over the kingdom, forming a considerable branch of commerce. The annual value sold is estimated at from 1,000,000^. ^o 2,000,000/. sterling. The population of the city, in 1830, was 1,474,060. Liverpool, at the mouth of the Mersey, on the Irish Sea, is an important com- mercial city, enjoying a vast trade by sea, and communicating with all parts of the interior b^ canals and rail-roads. The city stretches along the east bank of the river 3 miles, with a breadth of one mile. It is irregularly built, but the pub- lic buildings are elegant. The Exchange is perhaps the most splendid structure which a mercantile community ever raised from its own resources : it cost 100,000 pounds, and is double the size of the Royal Exchange of London. The Town Hall is another noble edifice. In the west of the city are quays and docks of great extent The largest dock will contain 100 ships afloat. The commerce of the place employs 10,000 vessels, and pays 3,500,000/. sterling to th» revenue in duties. Here are also manufactories of porcelain, soap, sugar, &c., with large breweries and founderies. The Lyceum and Athenteutn have each a library of 10,000 volumes. The population in 1831 was 165,175. Manchester, in popdatiou and manufacturing industry, ranks next to London. Its streets and lanes are crowded together, without any regard to regularity or convenience. The river Irwell passes through its centre, and there are bridges J.VIV -t^*- 1 Paul's. The ffardens of e elepnntly laid out, and I parts of the '.vorUI. nil imposing' Bhare in its ost nrnfrniHcent edifice in ?d by shops and buildings does not equal its noble vilh heavy columns, were er, is one of the noblest i6t, airy, and lody appenr- 'he chapel of Henry VII., inagnificcnv.e. The city lin many splendid modern few public edifices, com- waa once a palace: here iament hold their sittings, lames's Palace is an ill- id apartments. Eiins several streets, and is e foot of London bridge, feet high, and commemo- , in the heart of the city, t House, in the Strand, is Lterloo bridge is built of h more remarkable object are a bridge would be de- »y sinking a perpendicular s bottom of the Tharops. nt Garden, and the King's It has 147 hospitals ; 16 18 public libraries; 300 loor receive medicine and :ing 50,000 daily. 15,000 5UU carriages a day leave 1 the country trade ; the B sterling, igdom. Almost all books ince distributed over the The annual value sold is he population of the city, Sea, is an in^portant com- icating with all parts of s along the east bank of rularly built, but the pub- c most splendid structure resources : it cost 100,000 of London. The Town are quays and docks of ifloat. The commerce of sterling to th« revenue in p, sugar, &c., with large 1 have each a library of ry, ranks next to London, ly regard to regularity or and there are bridges ENGLAND. 330 on this and another stream in the city. The spectator here is struck with aston- iHhnient at the sight of the immense magazines of goods designed for the mar- kets of every quarter of the globe. A subject of no less astonishment is the con- trnst of the poverty of the arlisana, with tho wealth of their employers. The manufactures consume annually 17(),(K)0,(HX) pounds of cotton. There arc a vast niimlier of founderies and other establishments around the city. Two canals and the rail-road to Liverpool facilitate its trade. Manchester has many literary and bonevolent institutions; a public library of 20,U0U volumes, and a population of 182,812. Birmingham is situated in tho centre of England. The upper part his some regular streets and handsome buildings. Moat of the streets are broad and com- modious. The manufactures of arms, sheet iron, hardware and jewelry, at this pliice, are immense; 22,(KH) families are occupied in them. Here is the celebrited I iiittchiiiury of Watt, the great mechanical inventor. It employs 1200 men, and prwluces every week 1500 muskets. A sii^gle machine for coining money strikes ;)II,IMH) or 40,(M)0 pieces in an hour. Ten canals open a communication with the surrmmding districts. Population 146,986. Leeds, in Yorkshire, is a great market for fine broadcloths, whkh are here sold in two immense halls. York is remarkable for its cathedral, calknl the Minster; the largest Gothic edifice in England, and perhaps in Europe, being 528 feet long. I An insane fanatic set fire to this magnificent structure, in 1829, and a great part of it was dc8troy«d, but most of the damas« has been rcpaireured freestone. It occupies a fine situation upon a rising ground, and is esteemed the handsomest city in England. It has many beautiful promenades, and a magnificent cathedral. Being a place of mere amusement, a la °ge part of its populatk)n is migratory. Population 38,063. Oxford is one of the hanusomest cities in Europe, and contains the most famous university in England, oonsiesting of 24 colleges. These buildings, with seventeen churches, and numerous other academical structures, are surrounded with groves, gardens, avenues of majestic trees, and a variety of winding streams. To these are added the incessant pealing of innumerable bells, and the multitude and mys- tical variety of academic dresses; all combining to produce the most striking effect upon a stranger. Population 20,649. Cambridge, like Oxford, owes its celebrity to its university, which has 13 col- leges. Population 20,917. Wales is a territory whlsh, though united to England by early conquest, still retains the title of a separate principality, and possesses a national aspect. The verdant and extensive plains of western England here give place to the Infly mountain, the deep valley, the roaring torrent, and the frightful precipice. Wales has rivers and torrents without number, which roll through its mountain valleys, and whose banks, adorned with verdure and cultivation, combine in the most striking manner with the lofly and varied summits which tower above them. The loftiest mountains are in North Wales ; its valleys are deeper and narrower ; and it presents more strikingly all th3 characteristic features of Welsh scenery. In South Wales, on the contrary, the valleys are broader, more fertile, and fuller of ! towns and villages; they often even expand into wide plains, still encircled by a tmSSStSSSSSSmSSSSSSSSSS^ i\ fi' "A- .4«; n •! 340 SCOTLAND. m JJ !. mountnin boundary. Apriculturc, in such a country, labours umlpf many dirod- vnntnjrep, and is carriod on loo otlen upon the old system of infield and outfield. Mnnufactures are nearly confined to the article of flannel, which has always been tt fiihrio of the Welsh, in which they still excel their Yorkshire rivals. It is to inininir, however, that the industry of Wales has been chiefly attracted, by the profusion of mineral wealth which nature has lod(^ed in the bowels of its moun- tains. The lead of Flint, Caernarvon, and other counties of North Wales; the copper of Anglesey, and above all, the iron of Glamorpan and other counties in the British Channel, are objects of extensive importance. Coal is found almost everywhere, and is employed either for domestic purposes, or in fusing and re- fining the metallic ores. The V/olsh are a Celtic race, the descendants of the ancient Britons, who, in these mountain recesses, sou(;ht refuge from the destroying sword of the Saxons, which so completely dispossessed them nf the low country of England. They could not resist the overwhelming power of Edward I., who annexed Wales to the Engflish crown. In order to hold it in subjection, however, he was obliged to construct, not only on its frontier, but in its interior, castles of immense extent and streri^th. Yet liiey did not prevent formidable insurrections, in one of which Owen Glendower maintained himself for years as an independent prince. Within the last 3(K) years, the Welsh have been as peaceable as any other subjects of the empire. They have retained, of their feudal habits, only venial failings. Among these is trational pride, through which the genuine Cambrian holds his country and his nation superior to all others, and regards the Sasna or Saxon as a lower race of yesterday. With this i? connected, in a high degree, the pride of pedi- gree; even the humblest Wei' -an tracing his origin far above any lowland genealogy. Strong ties of frier, p subsist between the land-owners and their t^nnnts; manifested, on one side, oy indulgence and protecting kindness; on the other, by a profound veneration for the representatives of the ancient chiefs of their race. The Welsh have many superstitions, mixed with much genuine reli- gious feeling. They are hardy, active, lively, hospitable, kind-hearted ; only a little hot and quarrelsome. Their English neighbours complain that they have not yet attained that pitch of industry and cleanliness in which the former place their pride. Population, in 1831, 805,236. Counties, 12, The chief mountains in Wales are Snowdon, 3571 feet ; Cader-Idris, 3550 ; Corned-Llewellyn, Arran-Towddy, &c. The rivers are the Severn, Wye, Con- way, Towy, Dee, &c. Merthyn-Tydvil, situated in the iron-mine region of Gla- morganshii-e, has become, from a mere village, the most populous place in Wales. Population, 22,083. Swansea has also risen to some importance, from the iron and copper works with which it is surrounded. Coal is likewise largely exported. Its pleasant situation has made it an extensive resort for sea-bathing, and led to the erection of many elegant buildings. Population, 13,694. Caermarthen, situ- ated on the Towy, which admits to it vessels r' 300 tons, is one of the most flourishing and best-bu'.lt towns in Wales. Pc, alation, 9955. Caernarvon is a handsome, well-built place. Its chief ornament is the castle, a stately edifice built by Edward I., to curb the spirit of the newly subdued Welsh. Population, 7642. Some other of the chief towns in Wales are, Holywell, 8969 ; Mold, 8086; Pembroke, 6511; Cardiff, 6187; and Brecknock, 5026. SCOTLAND. SCOTI.AKD is bounded on the south by England, from which it is separated b^ a line drawn along the Tweed, the Cheviot Hills, and thence to the Solway Frith. On every other side it is bounded by the Atlantic, the Northern and the German oceans. The length of Scotland, from the Mull of Galloway, in about 40° 40' to Dunnet Head, Caithness, in 58"= 40', ifi 280 miles. The greatest breadth, from Buchan-Ness to a point on the opposite shore of Inverness is 130 miles. The entire extent of Scotland is 29,600 square miles. In its general outline, ■— ■."■'V.«»-..-. - .Stn^ eW<*ii i T^ labours under tniiny diKod- cm of infield and outfield. | nl, which has alwayi) been Yorkshire rivals. It is to ! n chiefly attracted, by the \ n the bowels of its moun- ities of North Wales ; the ] pan and other counties in | icp. Coal is found almost ; rposes, or in fusing and re- in ancient Britons, who, in yinjf sword of the Saxonn, ountry of England. They I., who annexed Wales to owever, he was obliged to castles of immense extent urrec; ions, in one of which idependent prince. Within IS any other subjects of the ily venial failings. Among Cambrian holds his country asna or Saxon as a lower degree, the pride of pedi- ;in far above any lowland the land-owners and their rotecting kindness; on the s of the ancient chiefs of !d with much genuine reli- Lable, kind-hearted ; only a s complain that they have in which the former place 12. 1 feet ; Cader-Idris, 3550 ; re the Severn, Wye, Con- e iron-mine region of Gla- t populous place in Wales, importance, from the iron likewise largely exported, ar sea-bathing, and led to 3,694. Ca^rmarthen, situ- I tons, is one of the most n, 9955. Caernarvon is a e castle, a stately edifice xiued Welsh. Population, e, Holywell, 8969; Mold, ,5026. which it is separated b^ a iience to the Solway Frith. Northern and the German lloway, in about 40° 40' to he greatest breadth, from ess is 130 miles. In its general outline. 8(^()Tr,.\ND. 341 it consists of two great and perfectly distinct parts: the I/)wland8 and the llijrli- lunds. The former conipreheiula all Scotland poulh of the friths of Forth anil Cly SnOTI,\NI). Ilio oiirfiirc, and hrnco canals havn novor bocomo vory numrroui. Tho "(Ircnt ('iiniil" iiilniits vpsselH of con.iidfTiible dizo to paw from the Frith of Forth to thnt iif Clyili', and thim iuiit« the (irrinan and Atlantic (JcoanB, Branchos to GlaHi^ow iind lo thn fin« coal-fmld nt Monklnnd have boon ndvantngpoudly opcnwl. The Union ('anal, complotod at an oxponHO of nearly 4(MMHK)/„ conncctH the Great ('imul, near it» cBHtern point, with Kilinbnrjjh, by a line of thirty miles through n ] country vory rich in ronl and lime. The Caledonian Canal, uniting the chain of ' lakes which crosses Hcotlnnd diajjonally, allows even ships of war to pass, from i the east coast, into the Atlantic, without encountering the perils of the I'entlaTid Frith and Cape Wrath. It was finished in 1H'2*J, at an expense of nearly l,()(MMHK)/. sterlinpr, entirely defrayed by government. Thn ffatcs of the locks are of iron; the expense of each lock was {KKK)/. The locks are twenty-three in all, eight of which, looking flown from I/ich Kil, where it opens into the west- ern sea, are railed by sailors the "stair of Neptune." The canal is fifty feet broad ; length twenty-two miles, with forty miles of lake navigation. Of the population of Scotland an PFtimato was first attpmpted in the year mVt, when \* was computed to i.e l,20r),380. The reports of the clergy for the " Sta- tistical Account," between 1792 nnd 1708, gave 1,526,492; which was raised by the government enumeration of 18()1 to l,r){)0,000. The census of 1811 gave 1,805,000; which was raised by that of 1821 to 2,09:3,456. In 1831, it was 2,36:j,842. In point of disposition, the Scots are a grave, serious, and reflecting people; but bold, enterprising, ambitious, and imbued with a deep-rooted determination to pursue the objects of their desire, and repel those of their aversion. Under these impulses, they quit, without much regret, 8 land which affords few opportunities of distinction, and seek, either in the metropolis and commercial towns of Eng- land, or in the most distant transmarine regions, that wealth and fame wliicli they eagerly covet; yet, amid this distance and these eager pursuits, their hopes and affections remain fixed on the land of their nativity; and they usually seek to spend the evening of their days in Scotland. To their religious duties the Scots people have always shown an exemplary attention. In Catholic times, the Romish church in Scotland enjoyed more in- fluence, and had acquired a much greater proportion of the national wealth, than in England, But they entered upon the cause of reform with an ardent zeal, which left behind U that of all their neighbours. After a desperate struggle, on which, for nearly a century, the political destinies of the kingdom depended, they obtained their favourite form of presbytery, the most remote from that pompous ritual, for which they nave entertained the most rooted abhorrence. The prin- ciple of presbytery consists in the complete equality of all its clerical members, who have each a separate parish, of which they perform all the ecclesiastical functions. Literature, soon after its revival in Europe, was cultivated in Scotland with peculiar ardour. Even in the age of scholastic pursuits, Duns Scotus and Crich- ton were pre-eminently famed throughout the Continent. When the sounder taste for classical knowledge followed, Buchanan acquired the reputation of writing Latin with great purity. Letters were almost entirely suppressed during the subsequent period, marked by a conflict between a licentious tyranny and an austere religious party, who condemned or despised the exertions of intellect and the creations of fancy ; and literature lay dormant till the middle of the last cen- tury, when Scotland, with a church and universities alike poorly endowed, pro- duced as illustrious a constellation of writers as had been called forth by the most lavish patronage in the great European capitals. The public libraries are not rich. That belonging to the advocates or barris- ters of Edinburgh, contains upwards of 100,000 volumes, among which there are ample materials, both printed and in m-nuscript, for elucidating the national his- tory. The university library is half as i^ -go ; and those of Glasgow, King's Col- lege Aberdeen, and St. Andrew's, are highly respectable. Each of these uni- versities can claim a copy of every new work. Scotland has a native music, simple and pathetic, expressive of rural feelings nuitiproiii. Thn " Orcnt he Frith of Forth to thnt B. Branches to GlaHgow itnjfPoiiHly opcnwl. i'ho (H)7., connectfl the (irent ' if thirty miles through a nal, uniting the chain of lips of war to pass, from 10 perils of the I'pntlaiid I an expense of nearly Thn gates of the locks ! locks are twenty-three re it opens into the weHt- Thn canal is filly feet c navigation. Ipmpted in the year 1755, the clergy for the " Sta- 192 ; which was raised by 'he rensua of 1811 gave >:},456. In 1831, it was 8, and reflecting people; ?p-rooted determination to ir aversion. Under these I affords few opporttinities )mmercial towns of Eng- t wealth and fame which ager pursuits, their hopes ty ; and they usually seek ays shown an exemplary ;otland enjoyed more in- thc national wealth, than )rm with an ardent zeal, a desperate struggle, on 3 kingdom depended, they mote from that pompous abhorrence. The prin- all its clerical members, >rm all the ecclesiastical Itivatcd in Scotland with Duns Scotus and Crich- ent. When the sounder quired the reputation of ntirely suppressed during licentious tyranny and an exertions of intellect and he middle of the last cen- liko poorly endowed, pro- been called forth by the I the advocates or barris- I, among which there are ucidating the national his- e of Glasgow, King's Col- ible. Each of these uni- mpressive of rural feelings 8(()Tr,ANI). .113 and emotions to which she is fondly attached. The rccrrations of the higher ranks arc nearly the same as in Kngland. Dancing is practised with |)eeuliiir ardour, especially by the llighlamler»>, who have favourite national btops and movements. Thn Highlanders retain the remnants of a national costume peculiar to them- Kclves; iho tartan, a mixture of woollen and linen cloth, adorned with brilliant stripes varioiiHly crossing each other, and marking the distinctioim of thn clans; the kilf, or short petticoat, worn by the men, tho hose fastened below tho knee, which is Ictl bare; and the bonnet, which in another shape is also still worn by the shepherds of the border. The divisions am shires or counties, of which there are H'>\: of these, 17 are in the l/iwlands, and tho remaining 10 in tho Highlands. The islands appcndent on Scotlr.nd, form one of its most conspicuous features. Though neither rich nor fertile in proportion to their extent, they e.xhibit a irreat variety of bohl and striking scenery, and are peopled by a race whoso habits of life and forms of society are peculiar to themselves. They may ho divided into the islands at tho mouth ot^ the Clyde; tho Hebrides, or Western Islands, and the Northern Islands, or those of Orkney and Shetland. Tho islands of the Clyde are chiefly Bute and Arran, with the smaller ones of the Cumbrays and Ailsa. The Hebrides or Western Islands lie on the western coast of Scotland. They are about 2(X) in number. The largest is Lewis, 87 miles long. The next in size are Skyc, Mull, and Ulay, Arrun, South Uist, and Jura, Most of them arn small. They are rocky and barren, with hardly a single tree, or even a bush upon them. The vegetation con-sists principally of heath und moss. But the most remarkable feature of these islands is the grcot number of lakes which they contain ; these, however, rather impart gloom than beauty to tho landscape ; their sullen brown waters present the idea of unfathomable depth, and their borders exhibit no cheerful verdure to relievo the eye. The most westerly of the He- brides is St. Kilda. It is small and rocky, yet inhabited. It3 shores are com- posed of enormous precipices, worn by tho sea into caverns, oilen with roofs more lofly than the ceiling of a gothic cathedral. These shores are the resort of vast varieties of seafowl, which the islanders pursue at immense hazards, by swinging with ropes from the perpendicular clifls. There are 87 of these islands inhabited, and several under good cultivation, producing tolerable crops r)r grain, pulse, and potatoes. The inhabitants are about 70,000. Their only articles of trade are horned cattle, sheep, fish, and kelp. One of the smallest of these islands, named Stafla, is remarkable for a singular basaltic cavoni, called Fingal's Cave, 227 feet in length and 42 wide. The entrance resembles a gothic arch, and the floor of the cave is covered with water. The walls of the interior are formed of ranges of basaltic columns, irregularly grouped. This natural architecture is said to surpass, in grandeur and magnificence, the most splendid artificial temples and palaces in the world. At the northern extremity of Scotland lie the Orkneys, or Orcades, about 70 in number, but less than half of them are inhabited. They are rockv, and have a melancholy appearance, with little vegetation besides juniper, wild myrtle, and heath. The soil is boggy or gravelly ; some of the islands contain iron and lead. The sea in this neighbourhood is very tempestuous. In June and July, the twi- light which continues throughout the night is sufficiently strong to enable the inhabitants to read at midnight The population is about 50,000. They have some manufactures of linen and woollen, and have a trade in cattle, fish, oil, and feathers. Vast numbers of sea-fowl frequent the rocky clifl's of these islands, and one of the chief employments of the inhabitants is bird-catching. The Shetland Islands lie about 00 miles north-east of the Orkneys. They have a wild and desolate appearance; but 17 of them are inhabited. Their vegetation is more scanty than that of the Orkneys, and their soil, for the mo6t part, is marshy. The shores are broken and precipitous, and excavated by the sea into natural arches and deep caverns. From October to April, perpetual rains fall. %':. m A ••-' '^ nM- 344 S(()Tr,ANl). BtortDM Id'ut iifTiiinitt tlin NhorcH, niul tho inhaliitnnU* nro cut oft from all commiinU cntion with tho rest of the world; hut Iho aurora borealiH fxhihitn, iit this HcaHon, a hri);htncyii Ri|ual to that of tho full moon. Tho ixjpuhition is about 2(),('(.':i. ItH uituation iH romarkahly picturfMiue. It occiipioH three hi^'h rid^^oii uf land, and in iiurroiindLMl on all Hidcx, except tho I north, by naked, cragi^y rocks. Tho middle ridi^o is tho hii^hcst, and on cither Hide is a deep ravine. Tiio more ancient part of the city occupies the two south- urn ridffes. lliKh street runs alon;ularily and ele- jjuiico in any port of tho world. It communicates with ilie old town by a brid|,'e, and an immense mound of earth crossing tho deep loch or ravine between them. The Castle of fldinburgh is an ancient ibrtress on u rugged rock, mounting abruptly to the height of 2()0 feet. It stands at tho westorn extremity of High street, and the view from its summit always excites the odmiration of a traveller. IlolynxMl House, for many centuries tho residence of the kings of Scotland, is a (Quadrangular cditice in tli<> eastern part of the city. In the centre of F.dinburgh is a vast pile, comprising several editices around Parliament H'' 40' to 10° .'tO' VV. Ion, Its groatesft length from north-eaHt lo Mouth-went iH rilMMit ;MM) miles, and its greatont breadth HM). There ia not u himI ujHin it .'iO miiri tVom the sea. It contains about ;M1,000 m|iiarn miles. Till- surthnn of Ireland cannot on the whole bo called mountainous; its central diHtriots compnuing one vant plain, which crosses the kiiigdoui from cant to weHt. It in, lio\v('v«'r, (liversilied by ranges of mountams, au|H^rior in extent, and, with the exception of those of VValos, equal in elevation to any in Knglond. Tlif HImnnon is without a rival among rivers in the tlireo kingdoms. It rises tar in the north, from I.ough Allen, in the province of ("onnaiight, and hns a riiurne of 17l> miles, throughout the whole of which it is more or less navigable, the only obntruotion which existed having been removed. There are also the Ihrrow, Ikiyne, Foyle, Bann, Ulnckwater, &c. The other rivers a'e rather nu- merous tlian of long course ; but they almost all terminate in wide estuaries and loiiKhs, which diffuso through Ireland the means of water communication, and ntliird a multiplicity of spacious and secure harbours. l/\ke8 or loughs are a conspicuous feature in Ireland, where this last name, like the similar one used in Scotland, is in many insitances applied to arms of the son, I/uigh Neagh i* the largest lake in the United Kingdom, covering nearly 100,(XK) acres. Lough B!rne, I/iugh ('orrib, die, include a great variety of rich and orna- niontcd scenery, I iilHuit 7')(M) tmiH of thctiirn it chirtly >rnl)li> |)ri>t;rr»'H, Tlu! coiniiicrco of lr»>lnii(l <'oiiHif*tii cliit-Hy in llio I'xpnrta of lifr a;fri(Miltiirnl pri> iltictM to otlmr piirts uf tho llritixli oiiipiro. To Hiiirlund iiloiw, tli<>y ainmiiiteil, m IKU, to tliii valui) of l(),, href, pork, biitttT, &c., bcHidi'M liiinn. In tlin Hoino yi>ar, tlic iiii|ii>rt!4 from forei;;n \mrf* wcro l,.VcV,"-iH/. ; exportjs »(<>H,)>:W. In H;«'(, tho vp!«!<«'lii Ix'lonirinjf to Indand iimoiintiul to l'tv2-l; toMM, 101,h-J|); nnvi|;atP(l liy "lUt-X nion iind iNiyH. Ircliind iH xtill denominated n diiitinct kinffdoiii, but it ia (rovernpr lower than in England or Scotland, p.nd the ornamental ones are little cultivated. A taste for music is common, ar.d no man is more welcome in an Irish house than a piper or a harper. Many of the old national airs are sweet, but they are not so widely spread as those of Scotland. Ireland has contributed her full share to tho literature and sciences of the United Kingdom, and there are no names more celebrated than Burke, Swift, [rolnnil. Iiowt'vcr, ini))ortr< ; iiNi) iilmilt I'AM) toiH (it of I'MMM)/. Tlio rottdii ip coniii(l('rnl)li' privri'm. i of luT ttx'"'""'"""' !"■"• aloiii', tlioy aiiiiiiiiited, iii 'nrioiiH kindH, cuttle, Imm>)', mportrt from t'oroijfii |mrln icl* l)('loni;in(; tu Iri.'lntiil on itnil t)()yH. , ill (Tovcrned hv n viceroy \. TInTo iH iiU) ni) Iricn ■CO, ftiid ftttnrni'y (,'rnoral. Ilritnin, in HMt. Th.rn iI(mI tiy IW iMM-rs nnd 100 t of (irent Urituin. Tlin trith tliodo of Kn^land, in fly of EnifliBh, nnd in thn \ Itic rnco prodoininatoH. al pcciilinrity of t'oaturos", if!8. In 18;U, tlio (Kipitla- ndoiibtodly boon of a kind f)lo. '^i«abiliii''H, jwiliticnl, an'' it is only of lato that itry I » been divided, and iv.a' parties, which have I, have been 0" etroct)" of , rather than . outbreak it dejyrco faitliful to their rod in the course of the they have been onffajred. inpletely throw off all re- , however, easily oftended, ! gentry, or less danperouH ^ho condition of the Irish u^es of education, though iucated as the people of r r)fi0,549 scholars, though lun 1300 were founded by 'ho Protestant Society has , twenty-four. These are ck, and devote themselves hey bind themselves by a erics, besides which there r Sunday-schools. There and a Jesuit college at Jin; it has about 400 stu- icipally from the want of )rietors would give. The f.nd the ornamental ones no man is more welcome the old national airs are otiand. ture and sciences of the brated than Burke, Swift, IKKI.AM). matmmm ■Ml (loldHiiiiih, SliiTidiin, and Moure, The irreat national l>cnt of ^'ciiiuh hi'I'iom to lir towardH wit ami )'I(X|uimic(>, and this appears nut only in the dintiiiguiMlii'd men, but in the maim of the people ; for the very beggarN pursue their vocation with a union of thcso two (pialitien that iH otlen irroHiHtiblo. Tiie general religion ih the Catholic, though the extahlished church m that of I England. The Catiiulics of Ireland are therefore taxed fur the mip|xirt uf two hiurarehins. Foiir-fiAhs of the inhabitanU are (Catholics, and the other tillh is cum[)0Hed principally of Fpi^copalinuH, Prexbyterians, Methoditits, and IlaptiatM. j The CHtublinhed church has l archbiifhonrics, and 'AJ hishoprici ; attached to eleven of the latter, are 'll^',H7'i acren of land. There are ',i',\ Catholic archbishops and biHiiops, I.'MM) pariHh prieHt^ IMMRI curates, and OH-t benefices, averaging IHHM) houIh. I In every parish there is a chapel, The eslabliNlied church is chiefly nupported by the poymont of a coiniKwitiou for tithes, and the (-'atholic church by contributions, anil feeu for marriages, burials, iimsseH, &c. The Catholic clergy are exceedingly zealoiiH, and live on ternm of foiniliarity with their Hocks. They advise them on worldly afliiirs, and generally act as their lawyers. The churches have few pic- tures or images. The stipend of a prie>» is about 15(M. a year. In IHXi, tho numbers of the different religious denuniinatiuns were as follows: per rent. Roman Calholics 0,427,71^ fiOi Mumboth of Eitablishod Church b. 'J,0f)4 10} PrcabytorianH 642,35)! Uthor ProteitanU 21,HU8 8 i 7,943,940 Ireland is divided into 4 provinces, Ulster, Lcinster, Munster, and Connaught. These are subdivided into 82 counties. Dublin, tho capital of Ireland, disputes with Edinburgh and Bath tho reputa- tion of being the most beautiful city m the empire. If the brick of which the houses are built impair tho cflect of tho general range of its streets and squares, its public buildings, composed of stone, surpass in grandeur and taste those of any of its rivals. Dublin is uelightfully situated at the bottom of a boy on the oaatorn coast, about a mile from the shore. It is divided by tho little river Lifley into two equal parts. The city is nearly square, l«ing about 2^ miles in extent. The houses are generally of brick, and the streets irregular; but those that run parallel with tho river, are tor the most part uniform and spacious. In the more modern part, they are from 60 to 00 feet wide. There are several line M|uares, one of which, called Stephen's Green, occupies 27 acres, and has a magnificent appear- ance. Sackville street is one of the finest in Europe. No city, in proportion to its size, hAs a greater number of elegant buildings. A vast number of country- seats and villages are scattered over the country in the neighbourhood, and are displayed in a charming manner by tho slope of the ground down to the bay. The high lands of Wicklow bound the prospect in the interior, and render the view in every quarter delightful. Dublin has a considerable trade by sea, and the canals which extend from this point to different parts of the island. The banks of the river are lined with elegant quays, and shipping of 200 tons may come up to the lower part of the city. Here are large manufactures of linen, cotton, woollen, and silk. Population, in 1821, 227,3%'). Cork, the great southern emporium of Ireland, has a population of 107,000, being, in point of wealth and magnitude, the second city in the island. It is situated about 14 milea from the ^cu. It has a good harbour, and a flourisliing trade in the export of salt provisious. The greater part of the city is built upon an island. The public br.ildings are simple in their architecture, but large and convenient. Limerick, iipon the Shannon, has some manufactures, and a large export trade. Popu> icn, 60,000. Londonderry, on the north-west coast, is an ancient place, with a flnc gothic cathedral. It carries on some commerce with America and the West Indies. Population, 20,000. Belfast is the grand empo- rium of the north of Ireland, and ccmmerci- is the main source of its wealth. The linen fabric of the north, together v iili oats, oatmeal, and provisions, are the principal exports. Population, 6:3,000. ' ^"~m^ "n^ MM '»rr h'lt^' ' Ma lUB iivt: **,£ 348 FRANCE. FRANCE. France is a great and powerful kingdom, placed, as it were, in the centre of the civilized world, and for several cenlaries distinguished by the conspicuous part which it has acted on the theatre of Europe. Its population, military power, central situation, vast resources, and active industry, render it peculiarly deserving of an attentive survey. France is bounded north by the English Channel and the Netherlands ; east by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy ; south by the Mediterranean and Spain ; and west by the Atlantic, or rather an open gulf called the Bay of Biscay. From Switzerland, Italy, and Spain, it is separated by mountains. It extends from 42° 30' to 51° 2' north latitude; and from 7° 40' east, to 5° 4' west longitude. Its greatest length from north to south is 590 miles, and ita breadth is about the Eame. It contains 205,000 square miles. The surface of this very extensive territory is in general level, although it bor- ders and is encroached upon by the greatest mountain ranges of Europe. The Alps cover the full half of its eastern frontier. The Pyrenees, which rank second among the chains of the continent, range along the southern border. On the east, where France reaches to the Rhine, are the Vosges, and other chains of moderate height, parallel to thnt river. The only range exclusively French is that of Auvergne, in the centre of the kingdom, which rises to the height of 5000 or 6000 feet, but stretches by a winding line alon^ the left bank of the Allier, parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean, where it is called the Cevennes. But by far the greater part of France, including the whole north and the whole east, is one widely extended plain, which yields in very high perfection all the fruits and products of the temperate zone. The rivers of France, though not of the first magnitude, are noble and commo- dious. Traversing almost every part of the kingdom, they afford ample means of internal navigation ; and the bread plains which border on them yield the most luxuriant harvests. The Loire is the principal. The other great rivers are the Rhone, Garonne, Seine, and the Rhine ; those of secondary rank are the Somme, Adour, Var, Moselle, Isere, Marne, Meuse, &c. France yields in abundance the most solid and useful of all metals, iron. There are about 400 forges in the kingdom, producing upwards of 160,000 tons of metal, valued at 75,000,000 francs. Coal is abundant, but the beds lie at a distance fix)m the sea, and are little worked. There were formerly many copper-mines, but they are now chiefly abandoned. There is a gold-mine, unwrought, in the eastern part of the kingdom. Lead and manganese abound in quantities. Silver, cobalt, nickel, cinnabar, and arsenic, are sometimes found. France, with regard to internal economy, is one of the richest and most flourish- ing countries in the world. In pomt of industry she ranks third after Britain and the Netherlands; while she possesses a greater extent and more natural advantages than either of those great seats of commerce and manufacture. Agriculture is the most flourishing branch, yet it is not in so advanced a state as in Great Britain. It has gained greatly by the French revolution, in consequence of the abolition of feudal rights, corvees, and tithes. The vine occupies the chief attention of the French husbandman. The vineyards of France yield 250 difier- ent sorta of wine ; they occupy 5,000,000 acres, and their average produce is esti- mated at 880,000,000 gallons. In the cultivation of com, the English writers inform us that the agriculture of the French is less skilful and thrifly than their own. Olives are cultivated in the south. Maize and tobacco are raised in many parts. Beets are cultivated for making sugar, and there are above 100 mani:f:>c- tories of thif> article producing between eight and nine millions of pounds annually. The rent of land is very low in France, and the farms are generally small. A large proportion of the people of France are proprietors of the soil. Half the commerce of France is transacted by foreign veosels. In 1827, the import trade was carried on by 3350 vessels, under tho tVench flag, tonnage 353,000, value of cargoes 230,140,000 francs -, and by 4439 foreign vessels, ton- •»f ?'»! 1;^ i-5'- '. alf,' t:;^ i'?:. tu 350 FRANCE. 108 smaller vessels, 17 steam vessels, numerous armed transporU, &c. The l-'ronch navy is now in a hijrh state of efficiency, anil is rapidly increasing. Until the revolution of 1830, tlie Roman Catliolic was the catablislied religion, but no one scot has now any advantage over another. There arc 5 cardinals, all of whom have 30,000 francs a year, pycopt the Archbishop of Paris, who has 100,000 ; 14 archbishops, who receive (except those who are cardinals) 25,000 francs a year; and also tiO bishops, with salaries of 15,000 francs each ; beside a vast number of ecclesiastics of various grades, amounting in number to 36,049. There are 1983 religious establishments, which contain 19,340 women. The Catholic church costs the government annually 40,000,(NM) francs; and the Pro- testant, fi7(»,0lM) francs. The Protestants in France amount to 2,000,(MX), and in Paris to 30,000. They have 90 consistories, 438 churches, and 305 pastors. Before the revolution there were 23 universities in France ; in that grand con- vulsion education was suspended, but its establishments have since been reinstated in a difibrent form. The lycees, now called royal colleges, are 36 in number. The name of university is now confined to Paris; but the provincial establish- ments, bearing the name of academies, are constituted like the universities of other countries. The Protestants have two seminaries for studying divinity at Strasburg and Montauban. In 18^)3, the number of schools of ditl'erent kinds amoimlcd to 34,828, attended by 2,799,000 pupils between the ages of 2 and 15 years, out of 7,731,785, the whole number in France between those ages ; all these establishments arc under the patronage and control of government, which grants annually about 5,000,000 francs for their support. The French excel in chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and belles lettres. Literary associations are very numerous, at the head of whicii stands the Institute in Paris, the most celebrated scientiiic body in tlie world. Every provincial town of consequence has its public library, a museum, and in general a society for pro- moting literature and the arts. There are 273 such libraries in France ; of v/liich 193 contain 3,34.5,287 volumes ; of these 1,125,347 are in Paris. The French language is derived from the Latin. It is esteemed of all languages the most polished, the best adapted to conversation, and the most generally diffused among the nations of Europe. The people of France are active, brave, and inge- nious; they are polished and gay in their deportment and manners; and polite- ness and urbanity may be traced through all classes of society, from the highest to the lowest; those in the upper ranks are very attentive to the graceful accom- plishments, and excel in dancing, fencing, &c., and their example is followed as much as possible by their interiors. The women take an active part in all the concerns and business of life : at court they are politicians; in the city they are merchants, accountants, and shopkeepers ; and in the country they labour on the farms with the men. The local divisions of France, prior to the revolution, were provinces, 32 in number, most of which had formed independent States, and even little kingdoms, when they merged mto the mass of the French monarchy. The National Assembly, however, supersaded this division by oiie into departments, much more minute, the number of which, including Corsica, is 86 ; this arrange- ment has been retained by the Bourbons, and is the basis of all administrative ope- rations. The population of France, in 1780, was estimated at 24,800,000; in 1817, 29,000,000; and at the present time about 32,500,000. The colonie"; of France are, in North America, the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon ; i*^! the West Indies, Guadalupe, Martinico, Marie, Galante, Les Saints, La Desiraje, and St, Martins; in South America, Cayenne; in Africa, Algiers, Senegal. Goree, Albreda, and the hie of Bourbon ; in Asia, Pondicherry and Ka- rikal on the Coromandel coast ; Chandernegore, in Bengal ; and Mahe, on the Malabar coast. The population of the colonies is estimated at 2,285,000, which, added to the population of France, makes a total for the subjects of the French monarchy of 34,785,000. America 235,000 Africa 1,900,000 Asia 160,000 France 32,500.000 Colonics 2,285,000 Total 34,785,000 --l*.....^.,-.. lod transporU, &.c. The rapidly incroasing. IS tho established religion, 'I'hcre are ii cardinals, uU ibishop of Paris, who has ivlio are cardinals) '25,000 UOO francs each ; beside a ting in number to 36,(i49. lin 19,340 women. The MKH) francs ; and the Pro- lount to 2,(K)0,(MX), and in hcs, and 805 pastors, 'ranee ; in that grand con- have since been reinstated iUeges, are 3G in number, t the provincial establish- 1 like the universities of 8 for studying divinity at schools of ditierent kinds ;en the ages of 2 and 15 between those ages; all ;rol of government, which tnomy, and belles lettres. which stands the Institute i. Every provincial town I general a society for pro- •aries in France ; of wliich in Paris, esteemed of all languages ;he most generally diffused re active, brave, and inge- and manners ; and polite- society, from the highest ive to the graceful accom- eir example is followed as I an active part in all the ians ; in the city they are ountry they labour on the ior to the revolution, were cpendent States, and even French monarchy. The by one into departments, rsica, is 86 ; this arrange- I of all administrative opc- imated at 24,800,000; in 000. islands of St. Pierre and [arie, Galante, Lcs Saints, 'enne ; in Africa, Algiers, Vsia, Pondicherry and Ka- ngal; and Mahe, on the lated at 2,2*5,000, which, le subjects of the French 32,.')00.000 a,28.5,000 ~34J857)00 I FRANCE. 351 Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea, situated between the coast of Italy and the Island of Sardinia, about 100 miles from the coast of France, and forms a part of that kingdom ; it is 110 miles in lenpth, and of an unequal breadth ; iireu, 'iHSO square miles. Population, in 1831, 18.5,079. This island is covered with mountains, the principal chain dividing it into two unequal parts; tho high- est summit is Monte Kotonda, 9900 feet, and is covered with snow the preater part of the year. The soil, though stony and but little cultivated, is productive in corn, wine, oranges, lemons, figs, &.c. ; but the chief wealth consists in oil, chest- nuts, and timber. The fisheries are valuable. Bastia, the largest town, has a population of 9527. Ajaccio, on the western coast, was the birth-place of Napoleon. The land in Corsica iij mostly public property. The commerce consists chiefly in the exporta- tion of coral, which abounds on the coasts. A narrow strait on the south divides this island from Sardinia. The main'land of Italy is within 50 miles of the north- ern part. Paris, the capital of France, is the second city in Europe for population, and may bo considered the capital of the world for the sciences, arts, and politeness. It is inclosed by a wall 17 miles in circuit, and is more closely built nnd inhabited than London. Surveyed from a central point it presents a form nearly circular, with the River Seine flowing through it The eastern part is the most ancient, and most irregularly built ; here the streets are narrow and crooked. The west- ern part is modern and well built. The Boulevards constitute a wide mall with (bur rows of trees passing in un irregular course around the central part of the city ; they occupy the site of the ancient walls of Paris, rendered useless by the growing up of the city around them, and ore two miles in extent. There is no- thing in Paris more striking than the Btiulevards. The exterior Boulevard is a broad streak on the outer side of the wall which encircles the city. But a small portion of this is built upon. The Boulevard most frequently mentioned, is in the midst of the city. Different parts of this are culled by different names, ns the Boulevard des Italiens, from its vicinity to the Italian opera, Boulevard du Tem- ple, die. The Champ de Miirs is an oblong park bordered by rows of trees, and extending from the Militory School to the river; it is the spot commonly appropriated to the reviews of troops and great public festivities. The gardens of the Tuileries to the west of the palace are elegantly laid out with gravelled walks, terraces, plots of flowers, shrubs, groves of trees and basins of water, interspersed with beautiful statues in bronze and marble. These are the favourite walks of the Parisians, and on Sundays they resort hither in crowds. The Laxembourg gardens in the southerly part of the city also afford beautiful walks. The Champs Elysees form a spacious common in the western part, and the entrance to the city in this quarter is one of the finest avenues in tlie world. Another fine square in Paris is the Place Vendome, in the centre of which stands a column erected by Napoleon in commemoration of the Austerlitz campaign ; it is covered with bas-reliefs in bronze, made from the cannon taken in the campaign. The banks of the Seine are beautified by noble quays, and the stream is crossed by 16 bridges, 12 of which are of stone, and 2 of iron. On the Pont Nfeuf stands an equestrian statue of Henry IV. in bronze, one of tho finest ornaments of the city. A similar one of Louis XIV. occupies a small area called the Place des Victoires. A great number of elegant fountains adorn and purify the streets and markets. An immense fountain in the shape of an elephant, in bronze, was begun by Napoleon on the spot occupied by the Bastile, but still remains unfin- ished. The church of Notre Dame is a noble gothic edifice, 390 feet in length, with towers 20'^feet high. It was 200 years in building, and was finished about the year 1200. It stands in the most ancient part of Paris, on the island in the Seine called la cite. The church of St. Genevieve is now called the Pantheon, and is designed as a mausoleum for the ashes of celebrated men ; it is a magnificent edi- fice in tho modern style. The Hospital of Invalids is an immense building, designed for the residence of disabled boldiers. It in surmounted by a splendid ,| -1 "■•a k\^ JJSf" 'i ' I J I ....i.! 353 FRANCE. {rilt dome, wliicli uloiic was :3l) yean in building', and is esteemed one of the mas- terpieces of Frencii architecture. Tlie Jurdin des I'luntes is the noblest collection of intercstin&f objects in Natural History that has ever been formed. The public buildinrrs in Paris wiiich deserve notice fur their size and magniticencc ore too numerous even to be mentioned lierc. In this respect Paris is far above London. The Tuileries form an exten- sive and somewhat irregular pile nearly one-fiflli of a mile in front, which has o noble effect. The Louvre is a model of symmetry, and is thought to make the nearest approach to perfection of any modern building. It contains 1()00 paint- ings, 1500 statues, and 20,000 drawings. The libraries of Paris are very large, and formed upon the most liberal prin ciples. Most of them arc public, and accessible at all lin)cs to the rich and poor. Tlic Royal Library contains above 500,000 volumes, besides 100,000 manuscripts, 100,000 medals, many hundreds of thousands of tracts, and 1,500,000 engravings. Tills library is crowded constantly by persons of all classes in pursuit of know- ledge. The other libraries have from 150,000 volumes downward. There ore about 30 theatres, large and small, in Paris. All the theatres in France pay a tenth part of their receipts to the poor. The houses in the older parts of Paris are very high. The streets are generally without sidewalks, and some ore paved witli flat stones. All those parts without the Boulevords are called fauxbourgs. The gates of the city are dcnomiiiatcd barriers, and here passengers must exhibit their passports, and merchandise pay a duty on entering the eity. The population of Paris is 890,531. The neighb')urhood of Paris is highly cultivated, and there are many sites at once beautiful and romantic. The celebrated St. Cloud, with its superb palace, its park, gardens, cascade, fine view and political associations, is within 5 miles; and Versailles, with its magnificent but melancholy grandeur, is within 12 miles of the capital. Lyons is generally considered as the second city in Franco, and as foremost in regard to commerce and industry. It is on the whole a noble city. The quays along the Rhone are superb. The cathedral is highly ornamented in the florid gothic style; tnd the squares, especially the Place de Bellecour, with its foun- tains and statues, nre nowhere surpassed. On the other hand, the old streets ore narrow, bordered by lofty and gloomy walls, and divided by a muddy streani. To turn into them from the quays has been compared to entering subterraneous pas- sages, watered by tht sluices of Cocytus. Lyors suffered dreadfr.lly under the sway of the jacobins, who made it a chief theatre of those atrocities that render- ed them the horror of nj^nkind. To say nothing of the mos.sacres perpetrated under the appellation o^ fusillades and noyades, they studiously broke in pieces all the manufacturing machinery, while with barbarous liands they defaced all the ornaments of the city, filled up the fountains, brok<> the statues in pieces, and dArnolishcd the wliole of the cathedral except the vviills. Her citizens have made diligent efforts to r'^store her prosperity, and pjt without success; still the want of capital and the stagnation of trade ore serious obstructions, and cause the evils of poverty among a large population to be sev erely felt. Population, 107,875. Marseilles, on the Mediterranean, is the ch ef commercial city of France. It is completely inclosed except towards the sea jy a succession of rocky hills, ex- tending in the form of a crescent, with each horn touching the sea. The old town rises to the north like an amphitheatre, md is composed of narrow streets and ill-built houses. The new town is equal in beauty to any city in France; the streets are broad and straight; the squares large and handsome, and the build- ings remarkable for tlieir elegance. The quays are crowded with an immense multitude of persons speaking different languages and wearing the costume of various countries. The environs are well cultivated. Population, 115,943. Bordeaux, near the mouth of the Garonne, is one of the grandest «mporia in France, and, indeed, in Europe. Situated at the mouth of the Garonne, which here allows the largest vessels to ascend to its port, it exports all the valuable produce of this great southern plain, of which the wines arc said to amount to 100,000, and brandy to 20,000 pipes annually. It is engaged also in colonial "f fry- isteenied one of the mas- rcstin^r cbjccU in Natural ,'s in Paris which deserve JUs even to be mentioned Tuileries form an exten- nilc in front, which haa a [1 is thought to make the It contains 1000 paint- m tho most liberal prin ;mca to the rich and poor, ides 100,000 manuscripts, nd 1,500,000 engravings, sscs in pursuit of know- [iownward. ris. All tho theatres in Tiie houses in the older y without sidewalks, and hout tho Boulevards are ihutcd barriers, and here ; pay a duty on entering there are many sites at I, with its superb palace, lations, is within 5 miles; ndeur, is within 12 miles 'ranco, and as foremost in I noble city. The quays ! ornamented in the florid Bellecour, with its foun- hand, the old Htreets atp by a muddy stream. To ering subterraneous pas- red dreadfi.lly under the jse atrocities that render le ma.sFacres perpetrated ludiously broke in pieces lands (Key defaced all the lie statues in pieces, and Her citizens have made success; still the want itions, and cause the evils Population, 107,875. ;rciai city of France. It ession of rocky hills, ex- :hing the sea. The old nposed of narrow streets ;y to any city in France ; I handsome, and the build- owded with an immense wearing the costume of Population, 115,943. the grandest Emporia in h of the Garonne, which t exports all the valuable 8 arc said to amount to engaged also in colonial Tiwwwrl*!^ SPAIN. 353 trade, and in the cod and whale fisheries. Recent travellers remnrk a greater display of wealth and prosperity in this than in any other of the French cuinmer- ciul citifs. Every thing is on a grand scale, and buildings ore in progress, which, when finished, will leave it without a rival in Franco. The theatre, (iosigncd iiller that of Milan, is considered a model of irchitectural beauty. Many of the ecclesiastical structures were founded by the Knglish. A very republican spirit is siiiil to prevail at Bordeaux. Population, 0:),549. Rouen, on the Seine, below Paris, was formerly a place of much wealth, and m fatnous for its manufactirring of jewelry. It is not remarkable for elegance; but displays the quaint and an- tique architecture of many other French towns. Population, 90,000, Nantes, on the Ijoire, near its mouth, i- a considenibie commercial place, and a part of it is very elegantly built. Populu'ion, 71,7^9. Lille, 140 miles north-cast of Paris, is a frontier town, and well fort 'ed; it is surrounded by walls, and was fortified by Vauban ; the citadel is consj »,'red one of the strongest in Europe. Pcpula- tion, 69,8fi0. Toulouse, on the canal of Languedoc, is next in antiquity to Paris. U is surrounded by walls, and has a town house and church of great magnifi- cence. Population, 53,319. Strasburg, on the borders of Germany, is one of the best fortified cities in Europe. The steeple of its cathedral is 574 feet high, and is the loftiest point of any building in Europe. Population, .50,000. Orleans, on the Ixiire, has a noble cathedrsl and bridge. Population, 40,340. Avignon, on the Rhone, was once the residence of the popes ; and Nimes, in tho same neighbourhood, possesses the remains of a largo Roman amphitheatre. Popula- tion, 31,180. Toulon, a little to the east of Marseilles, is an important seaport, and has an arsenal and magazine, containing an immense quantity of stores for the navy. Population, 30,171. Brest, at the entrance of the British Channel, is th(! chief naval station of the kingdom. It has a quay a rjile in length. Popula- tion, 26,655. . SPAIN, Spain forms the principal part of a very extensive peninsula, the most southern, and also the : osl western, portion of Europe; and is only connected by an isthmus about a liunditMl miles brond, traversed by the Pyrenees, a chain holding the second rank among the mountains of Europe. It is thus almost insulated from the rest of the continent. Spain is boundc . north by the Bay of Biscay and France, east and south by the Mediterranean and the Straits of Gibraltar, and west by Portugal and the Atlan- tic. It extends from 35° 57' to 43° 44' north latitude, and from 3° 8' east to 0° 18' w^st longitude. Its greatest length firom east to west is 640 miles, breadth 530, are& 183,0(H) square miles. Spain is a mountainous country, and a large portion of it has an elevated surface. The Pyrenees form its north-eastern barrier, and are connected with the Cantabrian chain, which extends throughout the north of Spain, parallel with the Bay of Biscay. About the middle of this range a second- ary chain separates from it, extending to the south, and branching into four chains, extending to the east and west The mountain of Montsnrrat is a detached emi- nence of the eastern Pyrenees, about 30 miles north-west of Barcelona. It con- sists of a cluster of sharp peaks, rising to the height of 9300 feet, and always capped with clouds. The whole mountain is 24 miles in circumfierence. There are fourteen hermitages upon different parts of these heights, and about half-way up is a magnificent convent of Benedictines. The scenery in every part of this remarkable eminence is strikingly bold and romantic. The rivers of Spain form an important feature in its geography. None of them, however, are of much importance as mediums of communication : they have mostly shallow and rocky beds, and dry up in summer to such a degree as to be nearly useless for navigation. The principal are, the Tagus, Ebto, Guadiuna, Guadal- quivir, Ducro, Guadalavia, Xucar, &c. This country lies in the southern part of the temperate zone. The cold is 30" 2U 0'. 'i'l if 1:1 -'^v h ■i\' \ m& u ^i- ^i:! %'iJ ;j54 SPAIN. never e.vccsbivo oven in the northern purts. In the ooiith, the hcHts uf niidsuniincr wuiild bo iiilolerahle, but Cor the sea-breozo, which bofjins ut nine in tlie niurnin? mid cuntinues till five in tlie evening. The interior ifi mo elovalod, as to be much cooler than niifrht be expected from the Itititude. The two Castiles form a raised plain nearly 2000 feet in height. The provincca along the Mediterranean are the paradise of this kingdom. An everlasting spring seems to reign in this de- lightful country. The sky of Andalusia ia pure azure and gold ; the inhabitants of Seville affirm, that a day waa never known when the sun did not shine upon their city. The greater part of the land in Spain belongs to the nobility, the church, and towns, or corporate bodies. The state of agriculture is wretched in the extreme, iind the implements of husbandry are very rude. Wheat, rye, barley, hemp, and maize, are cultivated in almost all the provinces. Olives arc cultivated in the southern parts ; and in this quarter may be seen large fields of safl'ron, and rice, uui cotton plantations. Every part of the country produces wine. Spain has naturally great commercial advantages, yet the mercantile trade of the kingdom bears no proportion to its capabilities for commerce. The means of transportation internally are very defective. The arricrog or carriers are the travelling merchants ot the country. They have long been accustomed to trade only on certain roads, and hardly anything will tempt them out of their old track. Wine, fiuit, and manufaclured gcxids, are the chief e.vports. The official value of the imports, for 182B, was 3,267,000/. The exports were L.^B-LOOOZ. The chief manufactures are those of silk at Barcolono, Valencia, Seville, and Madrid; they employ 18,000 looms. Spain has the finest wool in Europe, but the woollen fabrics are small. Tobacco is manufactured only at Seville. Leather, paper, huts, and soaps are made in different parts. There is a royal manufactory of niirrort< at St. Ildefonso. Earthen-ware is made in considerable quantities. The distillation of brandy is very extensive. The rivers, as well as the coasts of Spain, abound in fish, particularly anchovies and tunnies, large quantities of which are taken and e.xported. These fisheries constitute the chief occupation of the inhabitants in the province of Galicia. The rearing of sheep is an important branch of industry in Spain. The fineness of the Spanish merino wool is well known. There are no lees than ltl,000 shep- herds, and the number of sheep, in 1826, was 18,687,159. Two shepherds will drive a flock of 1000 or 1200. They leave the mountains of Old Castile in Octo- ber, and feed their flocks in the plains of Estremadura and Andalusia, till May, when they return, and the shearing commences; a season no less joyous in Spain than the vintage. The cultivation and manufacture of barilla is carried on extensively in the districts borflering on the Mediterranean. This alkali is the product of a vegeta- ble, which is planted by seed ; when grown, it is pulled up, stacked and dried. Circular pits arc then made in the ground and heated ; bars are laid across these, and the weed piled upon them, where it melts, drops into the pit, and hardens into a mass. The army of Spain, which under Charles V. and Philip was the bravest and most formidable in Europe, has for a century and a half ranked very low among military nations. It is, however, at present the best organized part of her estal> lishment. It consists of 25,000 royal guards, and 55,(K)0 troops of the line and provincial militia, which, being commanded by experienced officers, formed during a period of protracted warfare, possess a considerable degree of efficiency ; and their discontent being an object of dread, every ef&rt is made to pay them regu- larly. The royalist volunteers, amounting to about 800,000 men, form a band of armed fanatics almost entirely under the command of the priests and monks, and seeking in their favour to lord it both over king and people. The navy, at the commencement of the late war, was at least respectable, and a formidable auxiliary to France. The fatal days of St. Vincent and Trafalgar, and the fruitless expeditions to South America, reduced it to a feeble state. In 1826 it consisted of ten ships of the line, sixteen frigates, and thirty smaller vessels. i^'il.llL. f «wfWM3fB*»re is a royal manufactory nsiderable quantities. The fish, particularly anchovies exported. These fisheries province of Galicia. ,ry in Spain. The fineness no less than IH.OOO shep- 59. Two shepherds will ns of Old Castile in Octo- i and Andalusia, till May, on no less joyous in Spain ed on extensively in the s the product of a veseta- 1 ed up, stacked and dried. | bars are laid across these, ' into the pit, and hardens lilip was the bravest and If ranked very low among ^nized part of her estab- 00 troops of the line and zei officers, formed during legree of efficiency ; and made to pay them regu- 1,000 men, form a band of he priests and monks, and pie. 8 at least respectable, and 3t. Vincent and Trafalgar, it to a feeble state. In igates, and thirty smaller 8P.\IN. I,'>.'> I S|iain is an absolute monarchy, in which the power of the king has no limits but tlio slender barrier that public opinion can, in a country W'tliout cduciition rr a press, interpose. The evils of this kind of governniont have in Spam been prcu- liurly aggravated, by the individual character of the nw.archH. 'I'h" title of Catlio- lic Majesty, which wos granted by the pope to Fordiuun:! in MJXl, nas been con- , tiiiued to the succeeding sovereigns. In the king's titles are enumerated all | lorritorics which he holds, or at any time has held. The hnir apparent is called i I'rincc of Asturia, Infanta is the title of all the other royal children. { Either the spirit or the administration of the laws must be defective, for neither life nor property is universally safe. There are several ancient codes, and the civil and canon laws have some authority. Justice in Spain carries with it inorc terror than mercy ; and is avoided as a pestilence. It is now, as ui the time of Gd Bias, perilous alike for the guilty and the innocent to enter its courts. When a murdiT is committed, all run from the dying victim as they would from the murderer: and when one is tbund murdered in a house, the very walls of the dwelling a.-<: stripped by the hungry followers of justice. The religion is strictly Roman Catholic. The number of archbishoiirics is 8, and there are 51 bishoprics. The archbishop of Toledo is primate of Spain, and his income is nearly 1(K),0(H)/. The ecclesiastics of all classes, including monks and nuns, are 188,02.'3. There are 32,0(K) females confined in cloisters. The king nominates to all ecclesiastical dignities, and even to the smaller beuefices. The clergy are rich, ignorant, and dissolute. They are the most powerful bcxly in Spain, but their influence is diminishing. They retain a strong hold upon the favour of the lower class, and distribute from monasteries daily alma or food to the poor. Yet they give back but little of what they receive, and a monk passes a life of indolence and abundance in Spain. Thcie are tifleen universities in Spain, but these are under the priests, and seem to be so directed as to spread error, and encourage ignorance rather thun knowledge. All the elementory schools nre in no better condition. There is a school of medicine at Madrid, and several of surgery there and at other towns; an academy for engineers, at Zarnora ; one for artillery, at Segovia, togeth- - with a marine school ; and there arc schools tor drawing, mathematics, mining, and com- merce, at other places. There are many associations called learned societies. There are twelve public libraries, besides those belonging to the monasteries. There arc botanic gardens at Madrid, Cadiz, Carthagena, and St. Lucar; a cabinet of natural history, coins, and antiquities, at Madrid ; and several observatories, as at Madrid, Ferrol, &c. The books which it is the policy of the monastic Me- ceeneses to spread, are lives of saints, deaths of martyrs, and legends of the eleven thou.sand virgins. The revenue of Spain was once the largest in Europe, but is now greatly re- duced. In 1828, it amounted to 5,980,000{. The debt in the same year was 160,000,000/.: it is rapidly accumulating. The system of tAxatiun is' very de- fective, and varies according to the exigencies of the government Spain is divided into 14 provinces, some of which have the title of kingdoms; each of these has its separate administration, and most of them are subdivided into several smaller provinces. Of all tne immense territories in America which formerly belonged to Spain, none remain under her dominion but the ishnds of Cuba and Puerto Rico. In Africa, she possesses Ceuta, Melilla, Pennon and Al- bucenas on the Barbary Coast, and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic. In Asia, are the Philippines, Caroline and Ladrone Islands. The number of inhabitants in Spain was estimated, in 1826, at 13,732.172. Of these, 127,345 belonged to the clergy; 100,732 were soldiers, and 14,064 .sailors. The population of the colonies is estimated at 4,088,000, making a total of 17,830,172 for the Spanish monarchy. There are only two navigable canals of any importance. The Imperial Canal was begun by the emperor Chiirles V., with the intention of uniting Navarre with the Mediterranean. It was interrupted for 200 years. It begins at Navarre, and is finished as far as Saragossa. It is 74 feet wide and 10^ feet deep, being navi- gable for vessels of 100 tons. The canal of Castile is partly executed, and is de- ill jf "'i Si* ' RH ?rt''., 3.5« SPAIN. sijrncil to conned the Dtiero with the linrbour of Sniitniidnr on tho liny of Bisony. Thorp nro wivoral otlior small cnnnU in Uirt'crcnt parts of the kintrtlom. Tho Bttlearic ledaniJH nro a group in tho Mcdilerriinean, consistinff of Majorca, Minorcn, Ivica, untl Froinentora, witii Hoino srnnllcr onoc. Mnjoren, tho larijnHl, iH ulioiit KM) tniloH from tho coast. It is 40 milfn in extent each way, and is monntainouH. Minorca iwAsoHiies tho valiiablo harl)our of Port Mnhon. TIk^sc ihlanilM have pro'ifrnlly a good soil, and prixinco oranges, olives, wine, &c., ond they have 184,(M)5 inhabitants. Madrid, tho capital of Cartile, and of " all the Spains," stands on several low hills on the imnien- Caslilian plain, which on tho north appears bounded by the high distant range . the Guadarrania, but on every other sido has no visihio trr- minution. A Humll rivulet, tho MauRanarcH, flows past the city, and talis into the Tagus. Madrid is a superb b<)t somewhat gloomy capital ; thi: Iiousch are high, well built of good stone, not defaced by smoke; the streets arc well paved, and have broad footpathat The main street of Alcala, long, spacious, and lM)rdered on each side by a row of princely houses, attracts particular admiration. Tho I'rado, a wide public walk, bordered by trues, and connected with gardens all open to the public, is equally conducive to ornament and pleasure, There are many public ] Ibunlains, supplied with pure, light, and salubrious water, filtered through beds of gravel and sand, from a distance of seven or eight leagues. The gates built by Ch,'*rlcs III. are uncommonly beautiful, particularly that of Aloala; but in a miserable wall which might he battered down by a three-pounder in half an hour. The royal palace, built by Philip V., is a .spacious and magnificent structure, though the taste displayed in it is a subject of controversy. It contains numerous fine paintings,. which do not equal, however, those of the Eticurial. The Retire, with its fine gardens, was defaced by the French, who made it a military post; an extensive and costly menagerie is now forming within its precincts. The museum of statuary and painting, a new and elegant building, has recei.tly been enriched with some of tho finest pictures from the royal palaces. The cubinet of natural history, supported by the government, is also a handsome structure, and its con- tents valuable. Tlie environs of Madrid are not remarkable tor beauty ; they are much broken into hills and hollows; so that, of the 200 villages situated in them, only three or four can be seen at once. Population, 201,000. Barcelona is, aflor the capital, the largest city, and at the same time the most industrious and flourishing, of all Spain, containing L50,000 inhabitants. The port is artificial, formed by solid and convenient moles, but has a bar at its entrance, which excludes vessels drawing more than twelve feet of water. It carried on a great aijd various traflic; had woollen, silk, and cotton manufitctories, all on a considerable scale ; about a thousand vessels annually entered its port ; and the whole amount of exports was reckoned at 1,750,000/. According to the most re- cent accounts, the late disasters and misgovernment have caused a great declen- sion in the above branches of manufacture ; and instead of the ranges of tall masts assembled within its mole, there are to be seen only a paltry assemblage of fishing-boats and feluccas. The ecclesiastical edifices of Barcelona are handsome, particularly the cathedral, though not of so grand a character as those in some other parts of Spain. The convent of the Dominicans has a singular series of ornaments, the sentences of five hundred heretics decreed by the Inquisition, and under each sentence a representation of the suiTerer, whom the demons, in various shapes, are torturing and devouring. The walls of Barcelona are strong, but its chief dependence ia upon the citadel of Montjuich, which commands it, and is considered almost impregnable. Seville, the capital of Andalusia, was founded by the Phrenicians, and is teauti- fully situated on the Guadalquivir. It rises in the midst of a plain, covered with olive plantations, hamlets, villages, and convents. It was formerly very rich and populous, being tho chief mart for the American and India trade. The public buildinp are very elegant The general appearance of the city indicates the Moorish character of its former possessors. The streets arc narrow, but clean ; the houses are whitewashed, and furnished with balconies ; every third or fourth house has a garden and orangery. The cathedral is one of the largest in Spain, -'ff;jTj*™»;vav'KTVW»iS*Wy*'(«f ■ nr on tlio Ilay of Uiscoy. tho kiniftloni. I n, consintinjf of Mnjorca, 0. Mnjorra, tho iMgrM, oxtont each way, iiiul U of Port Malion. Tlifsc DS, olives, wino, &r., and " stands on sevpral low 1 appoara boiindwl i)y tlio ■r aide has no vinihlc trr- hn ci>v, and thlls into the il ; thi: honscH aru hiph, BPts aro well paved, and ipnoiouH, and l)ordcred on admiration. Tho I'rado, h pardens all open to the There are many public ', filtered tlirouj;h beds of :ue!«. The pates built by hut of Alcala; but in a '-pounder in half an hour, d magnificent structure, y. It contains numerous 10 Escurial. The Retire, adc it a military post ; an I precincts. The museum IS recei.tly been enriched The cc'iinet of natural i structure, and its con- able tor beauty ; they are villages situated in them, ,0()0. the same time the most 100 inhabitants. The port 18 a bar at its entrance, >f water. It carried on a manufactories, all on a entered its port ; and the According to the most re- e caused a great declen- ad of the ranges of tall ly a paltry assemblage of Barcelona are handsome, racter as those in some has a singular series of d by the Inquisition, and im the demons, in various elona are strong, but its ch commands it, and is hrenicians, and is teauti- of a plain, covered with is formerly very rich and India trade. The public )f the city indicates the arc narrow, but clean ; es ; every third or fourth of the largest in Spain, SPAIN. 3S7 iiiid roiilnins th(! tonili of ('nliiinliiiit. The finpcrori* Triijim and Fliidrian wcri- JMirn liiTt'. Tim inhabitants manufacture silk, tubuccu, snutl' and cigiir-t. Popu- lation, !)1,(M^). ("ii.liz, on the Atlantic coaHt, has, hy means of its excellent harbour, (Migrosdcil till' Iriidf once ciijoypd by Sovilli;. '1 his oily stiiud.s upon tlic i.^lt- of I.i-on, whicli 14 ninni'ctpd with the continent by a bridge. iN'ollnnp can surpaxs the betiuty of the town when viewed from the hiirlxjur, and when the eye tiiliim in the numerous roiintry-rent!) in the iioiplibourluKHl. The streets are cleiin, well (lavi'd iind iitrhled. The houses are Honiewhat in tl e iMiMiriHli slyle, with tint rw)t-<, covered witli II hiird planter, nnil the pn-utiT pu of tliuin crowned wttii tiirielH. I'Voin till' luiLrlit of the hou.se.M, tho imrroivneM of the ctreels, and the Hmiillnei'H of tin," wiiiilows, ninny parts of the city have a gloomy nppoarnnee. Here are two catliednilH and a very lurs'e hospital. The city in Htroiiifly lortilieil, and is one of the most important Henportf in Hpuin. Since the loss of the .American Coloniis, however, its comiiierce has been much reduced. Its population has a nioie nii.vifl mid diversified aspect than that of any other city in the kingdom. Population, .-):>.( KM). (iranadn, thn capital of tho kingdom of that name, wa.-j founded hy the Moors; nnd nt llie period of thi.'ir greatest glory, contained 4(M),(HM) inliahitunts. Il is still celebrated cs tho most beouliful city in Hpain, althon^fli its population has dwin- dled to ^0,000. Tho houses are nearly all in the Moorit^h style. It has many lieaiitil'iil s(|imres, tiiimtai;is, nnd public buildings, with 7 collegos and 11 hospitals. In the immediate nei;;hbourhood is tho Alhambrn, u magnificent Moorish palace, occupying the t-pace of a small lown. Every traveller has been struck with ud- iiiirution at the siijht of its splendid halls, iioldcn snloons, courts, alcoves, foun- tains, colonnades, and mosaic pavements, which almost realize tho description of lairy land. Valencia, on the Gundulaviar, nt its entrance into the Mediterranean, has many inn ini factories, nnd is n ricli and elegant city. No town of Spain has so ninny shops, rollee-houses, theatre.s, concerts, balls, amusements, and entert'iinnients of every description. The surrounding country is highly cultivated, nnd forms n de- ;liitlill'ul garden, tho oir of which is loaded with perfumes. The city has a large I commerce in the exportation of silk. Population, Wi.tKK). Cordova, the capital of thn kingdom of that name, stands on thn (iundnlquivir, and makes a splendid appearance at a distance. It contains a magniliccnl cathe- dral with 10 steeples and 4(KM) columns of jasper and mnrble. This building was i)ri;rinnliy a moscpie, nnd was erected by the Caliph Abdalrahman. It ufiiirds an inipiising evidence of the magnificent spirit and refined taste of the Spanish .Mcwrs. Cordova is now famous for its trade in leather. Population, 57,000. Its environs produce the finest brtted of horses in Spain. Snragos.sa, the capital of Arragon, stands on the Ebro, nnd has considerable trade and manufactures. It is remarkable for the siege it sustained against the French, during the peninsular wor. Population, 43,(K)0. Its university has 2000 st.ideiits, but not much literature. Malaga and Alicant, on the Alediterranenn, and Corunna and Bilbao, on the Atlantic, are also con.siderable seaports. The first is reckoned the third commercial town in the kingdom. It ex|Kirts largely the well-known Malaga or mountain wine ; also, fine raisins and other fruits, an- chovies, &c. Population, 52,000. Bilbao is noted for its Inri: ' exports of merino wool. Population, 15,000. To- ledo, once the proud capital o. Spain, contained, in the days of its prosperity, a pojinlation of 2(K),000, which has been reduced to 25,(K)0. Its manufactures of wool and silk, which are said once to have employed nearly 40,000 men, have uis- appenred, and government hns in vain attempted to revive that of swords, of which those formerly manufactui'ed at Toledo were valued above all others. Com- iwstella, or St. Jago de Compostella, contains the ma«t celebrated shrine of tho peninsula, with the body of St. James, its patron. In the chnpel dedicated to him, is his statue, two feet high, of pure gold, illuminated every night by 2000 wax tapers. Gibraltar is an important fortress, situated upon the strait which forms tl:e en- .g-a^. '9 ♦t t% I . . -1^ il ;«,.• "■ Aii'l '^.n 3.'>H AMioKUA— r()i{Ti(;Ar.. trniicp lo tlif .'ili'iliicrrancnn. Tho fortifiriitidnH occupy a f ! batteries, hut witliout eHect. 'I'lin Uritisli rrif^nrd it on one of their mont iiii|Kir- I Innt posHOiiKionH, Thu town in a ffenerni marl tor goods from cvcrjr quarter, und hax a population of lV!,UUO, nioHtly En^^liitli. REPUnLIC OF ANDOUUA. This little republic, with a territory of hardly 200 Hipiore milnj", nnd n popnla- tion of alwul Irt.tMR) houIs, occupies a valley on the southern side of the I'yre- neen, Hitiiated l)elween the Muluduita and tho Moncal, and lying between Foix in France and Ur{;el in Spain, nesido Andorra, the cnpital, a town of 2000 in- habitants, it contains five villa|:j;e8, which export iron and timber. It \f (Governed by a syndic, who jirenides over the council of the valley, anil by two viiiiiierH, ap- pointed, the ono by tJie king of France, and tho other by the bishop of Urgcl. PORTUGAL. PoRTroAL has by political causes alone been separated from Spain. There is no physical peculiarity by whicii the two kingdoms are distinguished. On the contrary, all tho grand natural features of Wpain are prolonged into Portugal, and become Portuguese. The boundaries of Portugal arc the Atlantic Ocean on the west throughout its whole extent, und also on the south ; on tho north the Spani.- ■ bsolute of European governments. The Marquis of Pombal and one or t'lvo ;uor'.' enlightened men found their way into the ministry ; but, in general, mcajui'^s were as ill conducted as possible, and corruption prevailed in every dep.. .•aii-iiit of the state. The course of justice was equally polluted ; and, no adequate salaries being ollowed to the judges, they were under an almost irresistible temptation io accept bribes. The pride of the nobles was nearly as great oa in Spain, without being accompanied by the same lol\y sentiments. They are divided into two branches, the litvlados and the hidalffos, and have held the peasantry in a subjection little short of slavery. AJ>' '■ '"*«^iW- ,„, „■ , ■^r- ' a crnjjjty rock, rising to ; Htrr^cl, |mit\vr«n Foix in ipiliil, (I town of aOdO in- ; 11(1 tinitinr. It iw povorncd ' y, nml l)y two viynifrK, ap-j y the bishop of Urjfcl. ted from Spain. There in ' re distinguished. On the olonged into Portugal, and , )n the west thronghont its ; jani.'ih kingdom of Gnliciu ; ] grentp^t dimension is from nd it extends from G" l.V miles. prolongations of those of and tiioec in the noith of gnitude, cover almost the sque and fertile valleys, th of the Tagus, and the terminations of the great- 'he Douro forms the great Lisbon. The Guadiana, ontier of Portugal. The ilicia ; and the Mondcgo, breadth of the kingdom. I especially after her sub- if European governments. ned men found their way II conducted as possible, ;e. The course of justice allowed to the judges, ept bribes. The pride of leing accompanied by the inches, the lilvlados and >n little short of slavery. I'dRTl'CiAf,, 3i'.i The nrmy of I'urliignl, prior to the revolution, though compo«od muMinolly of !)I),(MM) mm, wuh hi a iiKwt iiictliciont olate, not through wnnt of phyiiical courage iir diHcipJino in the men, but Irum tlie iiicnpniily of (hi! utficers, ami tlio general ilefcctii of the military nyittom. When the French, however, had been driven out of Portugal, nil army of 40,(HM) men was h'vii'd, and discipliiu'd by Ilritish (illicerM, under llio Bupermlendeiice of lx)rd IJercnt'ord ; and thus pre|»ared, the I'Drlnguc'so acted, during the eventful war which tiillowed, in a manner tlint wduhi not have diHgrno.Hi any triHips in Eurojie. The army is still maintained; nnd tliiMigli the nc v government will not briMik Rritish command, yet, under itn intluence, I'ortugiicsc ollicers of merit have 'i"i'n tormed. The navy, which wa^ never coiiHiderrblc, was carried out with tiio royal fhmily to lirazil, and has never been restored. The industry nnd roimnerco of Portugal, which presented so brilliant an aspect (luring her era of prosperity, have sunk lower than those of almost any other European nation. Agriculture did not, until very lately, exporicnco any of thfl improvements which have become genortl in the rest of Europe. The chief object of attention is the vine, which, with the olive and other fruit trees, is cultivated with the utmost diligence in the valleys and on the sides of the hills, in the northern parts of the kingdom. Hero is prcxluced abundantly the port wine, which forms the main basis of Portuguese trade, and finds so copious a market in llritain. The entire pro• •J' Ilk m 360 I'ORTUUAL. in tilt' liiwcNt Htitt>>. Tim tiihk of trticliini; Im iiiip<)N<>il ii|m)ii Ihn iiunikM, wlioun- tliriiMiiil it. IN III ki'i'p oIIiitm mo. l'ortu);iil liaM two uiiiviTHiticn. Tliiil of Coirnlira, foiiniii'il at I.InIioii in I'^tNi, wiiN tninHfiTDMl to (.'oiinlira in 1U(H It cnjoyM miiiHt n'li'lirily, m (liviil) nmlilli' nt^pD. A HiimlliT iinivrriitv wan tiiiinilcil at Kvora in ir)?***. Tlin ortM Imvr; linnl- Iv nn oxintiMn'c in l'ry Iiutin piirtiikcM of llii> xtati' of knowli! nmnkH m iiiiinti'lliifilil*! to tliu Iciiriicil. I.ittin liiiM Ihtmi doni.' ill l'ortii|ral fur tliu nmtliriimticH, tlioiicli kdiiii'- lliiiilf liiiH Ix'rii I'lU'ctcd for j;i'oj(rnpliv. naturnl history, niid botniiy. Tlin numie i.i nim[)l(i mid Hwi't't, and it in cliielly roiilini'il to Konifx. All tlin b»;Ht foroiijii works nrc proliiliiti'd, and rvorylliinjf piilili»lifd \h Hiilijccted to a strict cc;iiw)r!, and ■■ntillod him to rank oniony; thu fuw inodiirn rpic pootfi. No nation, as to character, owes lew to tho opinion of tho world, than tho Por- tii;^no8n. They arn dcHcribcd as indolent, di»»cmb!ing', cowordly, destitute of public (inirit, and at tho same time fierce and deeply revonjjeful. In Spain it is said, Htrip A Spaniard of hid virtues, and he becomcH a ffotxl I'orlujjiK'He. Tiie IM^nHnnlry, however, on repeated occaHionn during tho lato war, dixplayed encrgiuK not unworthy of their anccstorit, in an ago when their glory resoundeu throughout both hninispheres. Tho population of Portugnl, according to tho more probable estimates, ainonntfl to H/tiMMMM). Upon a surface of 38,HIH) wjuare miles, this gives a density of alwut nincty-ono to tho squaro mile, which is remarkable, as exceeding that of Spain nearly in the proportion of three to two. Portugal is divided into six provinces, several of whicli, like those of Spain in reference to events in their nast history, are sometimes called kingdoms. Tho foreign possessions of Portugal aro the Azore, Madeira, and Cupo Verde Islands ; Congo, Anpla, Benguela, and Mozambioue, in Africa ; Goa and Macao, in Asia ; and Timor, in Malaysia. The population ot these is estimated at 1,G82,U(K) : in Africa, 1,057,000; in Asia, 575,000: total of the Portuguese monarchy, 5,162,000. Lisbon, the capital, stands on the north bank of the Tagus, 10 miles from its mouth. It rises gradually from the water, and makes a magnificent appearance from without. The harbour, formed by the expansion of the river, is nine miles wide, and is one of the finest havens in tho world. The interior of the city dib appoints the expectation created b) the first view. It is ill-built, with dirty, nar- row, and crooked streets, yet some parts of modern construction are not wanting in elegance. There are thirteen large squares, the finest of which is the Pra^a do Commercio ; this is fronted by elegant buildings, and bordered toward the river by the handsomest quays in Europe. In the centre is an equestrian statue of Joseph I. The cathedral is magnificent, and remarkable for the boldness of its dome. The Royal Hospital is an excellent institution, and there is a large found- ling hospital. Lisbon has also three observatories, many colleges and academies, 180 churches and chapels, 75 convents, and a royal library of 80,(NK) volumes. But the most remarkable edifice which it contains is the aqueduct of Bcmfica. It is 10 miles in length ; some of its arches are 200 feet high and 100 feet wide. Altogether this is one of the most magnificent structures that have been erected in modern times, and is not inferior to any ancient work of the same kind. There arc three royal palaces in Lisbon and the neighbourhood, and around the city arc between six i^nd seven thousand quintas, or country-house* Population, 260,000. Oporto, or Porto, the ancient capital, and still the second city of the kingdom, is situated near the mouth of the Douro, on the northern bank, though on the southern are two extensive suburbs, supposed to have constituted the ancient city. The modern town is well-built, especially when compared with most others in the peninsula. II|K1II tll(> IIKlllkM, wllU Uff tci kt'l'|) ollllTN HO. iinilcil nt I.ikIm)!! jti I'JINI, ri'lfhrity, \n diviilcil ii.tu iiiiilriMl HtiiilciitN; hilt till' fviiilcil (lurin^f lli(< iiii(lilli> tlK. Tim BrtM hnvn Imrd- nn' inucli rirciiiiiscniii'd. nil |)liil(>H()|)liy. The very iiioiikti Id iiMiiit)-llii;il)li! to iintliriiiiilici*, tliod^li Kiiiiii'. , mid botmiy. Tlio niiiHic ugx. All llio bfiHt lorritjn clcd to a strict cc.'?iw)rnlii|). ry, W(i8 l>y no nioaim coii- nnino througlioul Europe, )i>tfi. f tho world, limn tlin Por- 1^', cowardly, dnntitiitn of (•vonjfefiil. In Spain it la a jrood FortuKiiesc. Tiip ito war, dixpUyod cncrjjioF lory rosoundnu throughout rohftblo estimates, amounts lia gives n density of alxiut I exceeding that of Spain ie.'i, like those of Spain in called kingdoms. Madeira, and Cupo Verde ri Africa; Goa and Macao, 9 is estimated at 1,632,0(K) : le Portuguese monarchy, e Tagus, 10 miles from its I a magnificent appearance of the river, is nine miles he interior of the city dih is ill-built, with dirty, nar- nstruction are not wanting lest of which is the Pra(;a 1 bordered toward the river 8 an equestrian statue of t>le for the boldness of its and there is a large found- ny colleges and academics, library of 80,0(K) volumes, e aqueduct of Bemlica. It t high and KM) feet wide. ires that have been erected : of the same kind. There )d, and around the city arc isea. Population, 260,000. )corid city of the kingdom, hern bank, though on the onstituted the ancient city, red with most others in the Kl SHIA. 361 Thn rliirf dcprnilencn of Oixirlii im i(k triidn willi KM);laiid, which roniiiiiiM iiniiii|Kiiri'(| niniij the (rfiii'ml diiiiiiiiitiiui of tlint uiili .Aiihtii'ii. 'I'licri' ar ' iiImhiI lliirly i;n;;liHli Iioiimph rt'|{uliirly nffilod lii>rp, bciiiili'H n imiiiiIht of iiiurcliKiilH who piiy fn-'incrit vinitu to tlin place. The ()|Hirto wine ciiiri|iiiiiy, wliirli fiijdyt'd Ihi? iiiiinii|Mi|y of the i)<)rt-winu trade of this city, wait aholmliud in HUI. I'upulalion, ('oiiiihrii M hfaiififiilly Mitimff^d on the declivity of a hill, which rises nhcivc the Mondi'tfo; but Iho xtri't'tH, bm in other old Porlinjiiexo towiin, art) erovvded, dirty, mid very Bleep. It hoH been culled tlin Alliens of l*ortugal, from iU extensive iiiiiverMJly, containing eiijlitoon ccliegeH, with forty profoHsorH, and alioiit einiit liiiiidred NludentH, Atlacliud to it in a lilirnry of nearly 40,IKM) voIuiiiun, iiuliidin^r niiiiieroiiN MSH. ; hut the actual value (njiIi of IIicho and the printed worku doo« not Heeiii to have been fully inveiiligalod. I'opiilnlioii, l.^i.tKIO. St. (Jlit'H is a ronitideralilo Ncnport soulh of llio Tagus. It has a large ctporla- tion of salt. Population, l.'iilHKI. Draf^m, near the northern boundary, lias Nome fine Uoiiiiin riiin.'^, Pupiiliitioii, 11,000. Klva:*, in the wcmI, ir* a Htroiigly fortified tnu'n. Population, lO.IKNI. Here is a reiiinrkubin ai|ucdiicl which leads lliu i water intu an enormous subterranean cistern unilnr tlie rainpiirtH of the town. F)vora, to the east of Sctiibul, has many Roman remains, ainonfj which is a tenipio of Oiaiin, now converted into public fhambles. Population, OO'K). Loiriu, ii liltio ^ to the north of l.iHlxni, is beautifully situated in the midst of a narrow valley, and has a fuKioiiH annual fair. Population, TIMK). The convent of IJaialha, niilcn from this place, is one of the most remarkable Gothic structures in Europe. RUSSIA. European Rvshu is the chief portion of an empire of enormous extent, with va.st capacities of improvement, and standing ut present, if not first, at least in the very first rank, among military nations. It is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean, and especially by its great gulf, the White Sea. On the east, those grand natural limits, the mountains called the Urals, and the rivers Volga nnd Don, separate it iVom the Asiatic continent. On the south, it is bounded by the Eiixine S«a and its gulfs, and by European Turkey. Westward, it unites with Russian Poland, which brings it in contact with the dominions of Prussia and Austria. It extends from about the 4.')th to the 68th degree of north latitude, and from the 2lBt to the 02d degree of east longitude; making about 1600 miles from north to soulh, and 1400 fVom east to west. The superficial extent is esli- iiialcd to amount to 1,601,000 square miles ; and of the whole empire, 7,WM),(MH>. The surface of the Russian territory is the moet level of any in Europe. I'hat great tract of low land, which begins in northern Germany, expands in Russia to Its greatest breadth, exceeding 1200 miles. A great portion, in the south espe- cially, consists of those immense levels, called tteppes, over which the eye may range for hundreds of miles without meeting a hill ; only some large ancient tu- muli occasionally diversify their surface. They terminate only at the long chain of the Urals, which, rising like a wall, separates them from the equally vast plains of Siberia. The Urals are scarcely known, unless where the road to Asia paseeci over them : there they are neither very lofty nor very steep, but well wooded, and rich in minerals, especially on the Asiatic side. The mountains of Olonet/., on the north, appear to be a prolongation of those of Sweden ; while, on the extreme south, the Crimea displays some steep and picturesque, tliough not very lafVy ranges. The rivers of Russia are of the first magnitude ; though the distant and insu- lated seas in which they terminate, incalculably diminish their commercial impor- tance. The Volga is the greatest river of the empire and of Europe. It rises in the frontier of Novogorod, not far from the Baltic, and traverses in a S. £. line all the central provinces. After receiving', from the Asiatic side, the Kama, its greatest tributary, it flows chiefly S. S. E., forming the boundary of Europe and 31 2V : M :»;, M fl-vt m mi mi'-- 111 tfe!': -.ill m :ji.. 363 RtISv«:A. A%h, till, after a course of about 2700 miles, it opens by numeruu» nioutha into the Caspian, near Astrachnn. lATge and broad streams, epreadinfr over llio southern plains, slowly make their way to the Black Sen. Of these, the chief are the Dnieper, the Don, one of the bound&ries of Europe, and the smaller east- ern stream of the Dniester. The Dwina, or Duna, risin^r from a source not far distant from that of the Borystlienes, rolls a broad navigable stream towards the Baltic. Another Dwina, in the north, flows towards Archangel ; and during that brief portion of the year when it is free from ice, conveys to that remote haven the commodities of a wide extent of country. Lakes are not very characteristic of Russia ; yet those of Ladoga and Onagn, in tlie north, are several hundred miles in circumference, and form a sort of continuation of the Gulf of Finland. Finland also is covered with numerous winding lakes, of varied form and dimen- sions; but all these, surrounded by flat and bleak shores and frozen plains, present little that is striking in point of scenery, and atford few facilities tor internal in- tercourse. The government of Russia is despotism, under which the knout is administered even to nobles of the highest rank, who may have incurred the displeasure of the sovereign. The emperors have, indeed, endeavoured in some degree to mitigate this absolute power, and have even formed a directing senate of sixty-two mem- bers, divided into departments ; but this body is entirely composed of individuals nominated by the monarch, and serves little other purpose than that of promul- gating his ukases or decrees. Slavery is general. All the lands, with the ex- ception of a few corners, are cultivated by serfs; and the value of a nobleman's estate is reckoned by the number, not of acres, but of slaves. The sovereign power has been generally exerted in a beneficent manner, to ameliorate the con- dition of the slaves, and to promote their emancipation, but hitherto with very imperfect success. Their treatment, on the whole, is far milder than in the West Indies: still the most abject submission is required, and the la.sh is in pretty gene- ral use. They frequently agree with their masters to pay them an annual rent, or obrok, on condition of their being allowed to migrate to towns, and to carry on trades. Many of them have, in this way, acquired very great wealth. The revenues of Russia bear little proportion to the extent of her territory, her natural resources, or even her population. They arise from a capitation-tax from the peasants ; a tax from merchants, on their capital ; custom-house duties on imported goods; stamps, coinage, postoge: government assumes also the mono- poly of distillation ; and, in Siberia, the mines arc wrought on its account, and the tribute of the subject races is paid in furs: but these last sources, subject to the usual mismanagement and corruption of the agents of an absolute government, produce probably very little. The total amount is supposed to be about 13,000,0002. sterling, burdened with a very large amount of debt ; the greater part of which being depreciated paper-money, fetters greatly the operations both of finance and commerce. The military force of Russia is the subject of anxiety and terror to Europe ; and has, indeed, if official statements may be credited, attained to a most enormous amount According to them, it rose, in .1820, to no less than 989,000 men, inde- pendent of the national guard. This was no doubt an exaggeration. In 1832, the whole effective strength of the army is said to have amounted to 656,000 men. The real strength of the Russian army has always consisted, not in its numbers, but in the passive and iron valour of its infantry, and the rapid and skilful move- ments of its irregular cavalry ; the Cossacks, the Baschkirs, and other Asiatic nomades. Its field artillery also has commanded the admiration of the best tacti- cians. To render Russia a naval European power, in which character she had no ex- istence at the coiiuiicncement of the last century, was the object of strenuous effort both to Peter and Catherine. A navy was accordingly created on the Baltic and Black Sea, which enabled Russia to become predominant in both. The pre- sent emperor has shown a strong piedilection in favour of the navy, which has of late years rapidly improved in tnc effective number of ships and men, and in its general organization. In 18S"2, it. consisted of 40 ships of tiie line, 35 frigates, ,■;;- i • m^^: y numerous nioutha into irns, BpreadinfT over llio ;a. Of these, tho chief jpe, and the smaller east- \g from a source not far [Table stream towards the change! ; and during: that 'cys to that remote haven re not very ciiaracteristic orth, are several hundred I of the Gulf of Finland. ' varied form and dimen- and frozen plains, present / facilities for internal in- the knout is administered red the displeasure of the ) some degree to mitigate lenate of sixty-two mem- ! composed of individuals losn than thnt of promul- II the lands, with the ex- he value of a nobleman's f slnvcs. The sovereign ir, to ameliorate the con- on, but hitherto with very r milder than in the West the lash is in pretty gene- ;)ay them an annual rent, to towns, and to carry on r great wealth. ! extent of her territory, ise from a capitation-tax il ; custom-house duties on I assumes also the mono- ht on its account, and the St sources, subject to the an absolute government, ed to be about 13,000,0001. the greater part of which itions both of finance and Bty and terror to Europe ; tttined to a most enormous s than 989,000 men, inde- exaggeration. In 1832, amounted to 656,000 men. isted, not in its numbers, le rapid and skilful move- ihkirs, and other Asiatic miration of the best tacti- clmracter she had no eX- LS the object of strenuous ugly created on the Baltic tninant in both. The pre- of the navy, wiiich has of ships and men, and in its )s of the line, 35 frigates, RUSSIA. 363 28 corvettes and brigs, and nearly 300 smaller vessels, mnnned by about 44,000 men. Tho industry of Russia is in a very unimproved sfutc, owing to her long bar- barism, the prevalence of slavery, and the thin population scattered over immense tracts of territory. These tracts, however, being, in many parts, of great natural fertility, yield a large amount of bulky and useful commodities, which can be ex- changed ftjr the delicate productions and fine manufactures of the south and the west. The agriculture is extremely rude, and can never make much progress while all the husbandmen are enslaved and depressed. In the interior, the plough is a wretched instrimient which, dragged by one horse, merely scratches the surface ; and the harrow is (N/inposed wholly of wood. In the south alone can the land be said to be really ploi ghed ; and, even there, the rotation of crops is very little un- derstwjd. Neverthe' ;s8, in every part of Russia there is a surplus of grain: in the north, chiefly i^'f 'ats, with some rye and barley; in the south, of the very finest wheat, in six i. .'bundance as might render this the granary of the west. The raonufactunve , notwithstanding the efforts made by government, continue ijtill in a rude statt*. The most national of them are coarse fabrics from hemp and flax, sail-cloth, duel; ,^)eeting, sackcloth; all of which are supplied by Russia, of better quality, and m i cheaper rate, than they can be had clseuhere. Govern- ment, also, by the 'hi^h lewards with which th«'y have allured tbreijjn manufac- turers, has succeeded in establishing extensive fabrics of iron and hardware, par- ticularly of arms. 1 iiey have also been able to establish silk and cotton works in the two capitals, b«t tot sufficient for iutefial supply. Coarse woollens, in great quantity, are articles cf domestic manufacture for family use. The commerce of Jlussia is very conKidTabie, in consequence of her large surplus of rude produce, and erf" the extensive wants which luxury Ims created, and which can only be supplied from abroad. The interior communications from one end of the empire to the other, are of va«t extent. The rivers which inter- sect its wide level plains are almost all nsvigai)le; and those which flow into the Baltic approach closely to others which direct their course to the Euxine and the Caspian ; the Dwina to the Dnieper, and the Nova to the Volga. Colonial pro- duce, particularly sugar, cotton-twist, wine, dyewoods, silks, &c., form the princi- pal articles of import. During the year 1830, 5690 ships entered the different ports of the Russian empire, exclusive of tliose on the Cospian Sea. In the course of the same year, 5907 ships cleared out from the different ports. The canal navigation of Russia, so far as it has hitherto been carried, has been exclu- sively the work of government The Canal of Ladoga joins the lake of that name with the Neva; it is 67^ miles long, and 70 feet broad. The Canal of Vishnei Vosholk connects the Caspian Sea at Astrachan, with the Baltic at St. Petersburg. A canal is now in progress to extend the communication from St. Petersburg to Archangel. There are 8 or 10 other canols completed, or in a state of forwardness. These works have all been executed since the accession of Peter the Great. The religion of Russia, so far as relates to establishment, is that of the Greek cliurch, which is professed with many superstitious observances. The worship of images is carried to o great extent, though the letter of the scriptural prohibition is sought to be evaded by having only the drapery in relief, and the face flat and painted. With these representations, not only the churches are filled, but every serf has one in his cottage, to which he pays sundry and uncouth acts of obei- sance. Fajjts are frequent, long, and rigidly observed ; but tit the festivals they indemnify themselves by an excess of eating, which not unfrequently proves fatal. The higher orders of clergy are all monks, well endowed, living usually retired and regular lives, and ofU:n possessed of considerable learning; but they come little in contact with the body of the nation. Of these there are thirty-three bishops and archbishops. The secular clergy hava been estimated at 160,000, and their places of worship at 70,000, There ai^B 480 monasteries, and 156 -nun- neries. The Lutherans, estimated at 2,500,000, are nearly confined to Finland and Livonia. The Crimea, and some other southern districts, are Mahometan, V-* St-.iJ vi/ R- !'S ■ ■ w ' ' *■ 1 Wm\- .' ; ■ mmfi: llections. The university 1 endowed with an income ch has been done to spread at vast expense, that must y parish, or two parishes are 503 general establish- in the capital of each go- ' the universities, of which RUSSIA. 363 there are seven, viz., one at Moscow, St. Pntersbin-g, Wiina, Dorpat, Charkof, Kasan, and Abo. There are several schools for the education of instructers, and upward-s of 150 schools attended by students in theology. The Jews linvo a cele- brated national institution, and there are besides, medical, mineral, mining, ma- rine, and other schools. Many of the amusements in Russia arc those of the children in other countries. A large assembly will often entertain themselves with forfeits and other similar games. In the cities, ice mountains form a favourite recreation. These are inclined planes, high and steep, covered with ice, down which the people descend in cars or on skates, and with the greatest velocity. There are swings used of various sorts, some turning in a perpendicular, nnd others in a horizontal mariner. On certain festivals, all these are placed in the public squares, and the people mi'>gle in the amusements with much animation, and without distinction of rank. St, Petersburg, the metropol.* of the Russian empire, is situated at the rastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland. »»d is built partly upon the mainland, and partly j upon siMfie small islands near ;hf' iiouth of the Ni'va. One of its entrances is i ailornef' with a magnificent tr.'jmp<.*» arch. The foundation of the city is ex- tremely marshy, and so low as to »ul>jM*t the city to frequent inundations from the waters of thf> _^'ulf. h was fount&ed in 1703, by Peter the Great, the spot being then occupiti . only by n. few fishermenS huts. The streets of the city are from 70 tx) 150 fer-r wide, and are mostly intenweted by spacious canals, embankud by parajtets of hewn stone, and spanned at con»»-nient distances by arched L>ridges of magnrficent construci.ion. The quays along ta«» Neva are remarkably magnificent. The English Q.>iay is nearly three miles in Jpnj'th. The houses are usually of brick, covered with stucco, and present a white xnA dazzling appearance at a d'is- tance. The views upon the borders of the Nova are of an extremely grand and lively description. The river is deep, rapid, •uid as transparent as crystal ; and its banks are lined on each side with a continued range of noble buildings. One of the chief subjects worthy of attention here, is the equestrian statue of Peter the Great, in bronze, erected by Catherine II, The Kazan church, built of marble, is a work of stupendous dimensions; but that of St. Isaac, now near its completion, will perhaps surpass it in magnificence. The Admiralty is a spacious and magnificent edifice, ind the spire being covered with gilding, is seen from all parts of the city. The Hermitage, in a palace of the emperor, contains oin of the finest collections of paintings in Europe. The Exchange is beautifully situ- ated, with a quay in front: it is surrounded with pillars, and decoratt^d with mar- ble statues. During the winter, no part of the city is more crowded than the Neva. Inclosed places are allotted lo the skaters; and sledge-races and vario!' St. Peter and St. Puul. In the rebuilding of it, thia exclu- sive use of wood iius been discournged. Cronstadt, on an island 22 miles west of St Petersburg, ia a well-fortilied place, uiid till! principal xtatiun of the Russian navy. Vessels bound for St. Petersburg generally discbarge tbeir cargoes liere. Populotion, 40,0(>0, Kiev, on the Dnie- per, contains a university and some celebrated catacomba. Population, 4U,U()U. Riga, once the capital of Livonia, stands upon the Dunu, miles from the gulf of Finland, and is a place of much commerce. It chiefly exports corn, hemp, tla.x, iron, timber, leather, and tallow. It has a garrison, and a public library with 12,(K)0 volumes. Here is a floating bridfe over the Duna, 2000 feet in length. Population, 36,000. OJessa, tlie emponur i of the RusHian commHrc; on the Black Sea, its situated between ihe mouths of the Dniester and Dnieper. It contains a fine cathedral, a theatre, and several churches. Corn ia the principal article of exportation. The importe are, drieH and conserved fruita from Constantinople, to- bacco, wine, &c. Tlic fortress of Odessa is small, but kept in good order. I'opu- lation, ;}.'j,0(K). Wi'na, on the confluence of the VVilna and the Wilienka, has an extensive commerce, and is the principal winter residence of the nobility. Popu- lation, ;W),000. Simpheropol ia the chief town of Taurida, and has a motley po- pulation of 20,000. Mohilev, on the Dnieper, baa a very considerable commerce with Riga and Odessa. Population, 16,000. Cberson, on the Black Sea, was once a flourishing place, but has greatly declined. Population, 14,000, Nishnei- Novogornd was at first intended by Peter the Great for his capital. It has a cele- brated fair, and is one of the most commercial towns in Russia. Population, 12,000. Novogorod, in the government of the same name, contained, iii the days of its prosperity, 400,000 inluibitants. It has a fortress, a curious cathedral, and churchea ornamented with gilt spires; but its present population does not exceed 10,000. Taganrok, on the promontory commanding an extensive prospect of the sea of Azof, formerly contained 70,000 inhabitants. Its present population ia only 10,000. Pultava, in the government of the same name, is celebrated for the battle in which Charlea XII. of Sweden was defeated. Population, 10,000. Archangel, at the mouth of the Dwiiia, on the While Sea, was formerly the only port by which Russia commun.eated with the rest of Europe. It has an extensive dock, but the harbour is accessible only from July to September. Population, 8000. n POLAND. Poland ia a large coun* y, which, though it has been ao studiously expunged from the map of Europe, ^t ^me still to retain its claim to be considered aa aepa- rate and distinct The ?iame physical aspect characterizes it; and the people, in their character, their language, and all their national feelings, are still Poles. Poland was conquered by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and was subjected to three partitions, in 1772, 1793, and 1795. At ihe laat partition, tlie king waa deposed, ihe country blotted from the list of nations, and the w.hole territory divided between the thi-ee powers above mentioned. Napoleon wrested a portion of this country from he conquerors, and erected it into a state, with the title of the Grand Duchy of ^ Varsaw, in 1807 ; but this government was over- thrown at his downfall. Tht Prussian and Austrian divisions of Poland were attached aa provincea to those monarchies, and the Russian division waa formed into a kingdom as a part of the Russian empire. The Poles remained in quiet submission to Ihe Russian government till 1830, when, on the 29th November, Warsaw rose in insurrection, and the whole king- dom was speedily in revolt. The hope of assistance frcm some of the free go- vernments of Europe, ir. iced them to spurn at all attempts on the part of the Russian emperor to brini? them to submisuion, ind a, bloody struggle with the armies of the autocrat followed. The Poles at firs,t obtained some signal advan- tages; but no foreign power stirred in their behalf; the Russians poured in fresh armies, and in a year from tim breaking out of th'^ revolt, Poland was overpow- uilding of it, this exclu- ', is a well-fortified place, bound for Si. Petersburg HH). Kiev, on the Dnie- ib6. Population, 4U,(H)U. miles from the gulf of exports corn, hemp, flux, nd a public library with ina, 2000 feet in length. [) commfirco on the Black Dnieper. It contains a the principal article of i from Constantinople, to- ept in good order, i^jpu- and the Wilienka, has an :e of the nc^ility. Popu- 'idd, and has a motley po- y considerable commerce on the Black Sea, was ilation, 14,000. Nishnei- lis capital. It has a ccle- I in Russia. Population, ne, contained, in the days a curious cathedral, and pulation does not exceed extensive prospect of the present popiilation is only 3 celebrated for the battle tion, 10,000. Archangel, brmcrly the only port by It has an extensive dock, ^r. Population, 8000. n 80 studiously expunged X) be considered as sepa^ ses it ; and the people, in lings, are still Poles. Austria, and Prussia, and ^. At iiie last partition, of nations, and the w.hole oned. Napoleon wrested id it into a state, with the is government was over- divisions of Poland were issian diviHion was formed ian government till 1830, lion, and the whole king- rcm some of the free go- tempts on the part of tlie bloiody struggle with the tained some signal sdvan- Russians poured in fresh loh, Poland was overpow- POLANFJ. :m eri by numbers and forced again to submit. The R>'«8ian despotism is now fully re-established. lliC partition of Poland Imtween Russia, Austria, and Prussia, took place at three distinct epochs, viz., 1772, 1703, and 1705; and the result of the whole, n 1705, was nearly as follows : w|. m. pnpii)ntion. Russia 108,000 6.700,000 Austria 64,000 4,800,000 Prussia 52,000 3,700.000 Total 284,000 15,200,000 In 1815, further changes were made by the Congress of Vienna, making the distribution of the country nearly as follows : "H' I)' pnpiilRtion. Russia 179,500 7,400,000 Austria 32,000 3,600,000 Cracow 500 90,000 Prussia 25,000 1,600,000 Kingdom of Poland 47,000 3,000,000 Total 284.000 15,690,000 The extent and population of Poland, in 1825, were estimated as follows : they have no doubt since thpt time somewhat increased : »<]■ m. " population. Prussian Poland 25,000 1,700,000 Galicia 32,000 4,000,000 Republic of Cracow 500 110,000 Kingdom of Poland 47,000 3,700,000 Russian Poland 179,500 9,400,000 Total 284,000 18,910,000 The word Polen, or Poland, signifies a plain, a name well suited to the face of the country, which is alm.ost everywhere level, and in many places marshy. The only great mountains are the Carpathians, forming the boundary between Poland and Hungary. Vegetation is a month later than in the same latitude in France, anii the climate, on account of its humidity, and the exhalations from the marshes, is m many parts unhealthy. The soil is badly cultivated, yet sc productive that the annual export of corn is computed to average 16,000,000 bushels. Other ex- ports are hemp, flax, cattle, timber, wax, and honey. The rivers of Poland are the Vistula, Bug, Niemen, Pregel, Dwina, Przypiec, Dnieper, and Dniester. The Poles wore origik^ally . tribe of Sclavonians, and are, except the nobles, among the most illiterate i\nd ieast civilized nations of Europe. The Polish lan- guage is a dialect of the Sclavonic ; but the I^atin is in general use in literary composition, and even in conversation among the higher ranks. There are uni- versities at Cracow, Wilno, Warsaw, and Lemberg. The government of Poland was a monarchy, surr.etimes hereditary, and sometimes elective, limited by a diet. The constituticn has been defined the government of half a million of men of property, styled nobles, over 1,000,000 Jewish traders and 13,000,000 slaves. The inhabitants are Catholics, members of the Greek church, Jews, Lutherans, and Unitarians. The Jews comprise the men of business of the country : the current uioney is chiefly in their hands, and a great proportion of the land is mortgaged to them. Society in Poland consists altogether of two distinct and distant orders, the no- bifls and tho peasantry, without anv intermediate degren. The nobles, who are more numerous than in any other country in Europe, have always, in the eye of the public, formed the people of Poland. They are brave, prompt, frank, hoi>pi- table, and gay. They have been called the French ot the north, and, ooth from ••W" ir 'i '' 'i;^J ;•' i'l ;i '1 En * » * 5*. i¥ Cifi \'\i m 368 KINGDOM OK POLAND. habit." and political connexion, nrr ultaclied lu that UHlion. Before their tiiil, tlirir neijrhbnurs called them " the proud Polos." 'I'hny coii.sidor it the deepest dif>fl;rnce to practi.se any profession, even law or medicine; and, in c.\so of utmost necessity, even prefer the plough. The luxury of modern times, and the variations in the price of grain, h;ive very ffcnerally involved thetn in pecuniary embarrassments, and placed many of their tbrtuncs in the h.inds of Jews. The Jews, sober, industriou.s parsimonious, and cratly, form a numerous and separate people in the heart of Poland. Once a year occur what are culled the Polish contracts, when the nobles repair to the principal towns, Kiev, Minsk, Warsaw, and VVilna, to sell their lands, pay their interest, and nofrotiute all their money transactions. Hither tlioir wives and daughters resort for amusement; speculators bring their wares; usurers, musicians, strolling players, and sharper^, come to ply their respective trades. The Poles, in personal appearance, are hand- some and vigorous. The Polish ladies are celebrated for their beauty, and are considered also more intelligent and agreeable than those of Russia. The pea- santry are not absolute slaves, but they are raised little above that degrading con- dition; un estate being usually estimated by the number of ita peasants. KINGDOM OF POLAND. The kingdom of Poland, comprising the central portion of the preceding coun- try, and consisting of the chief part of what from 1807 to 1813 formed the duchy of Warsaw, is bounded, north by east and west Prussia, east by Russia, south by Austrian Galicia, and west by Prussian Posen. It belongs generally to the vast Polish level. The plain, of which the greater portion of the kingdom consists, is rather of a sandy character, and the overflowing of its largo rivers often converts it into marsh. Generally speaking, however, it is a good grain country, under tolerabh cultivation. The manufactures of linen and wo6llen cloth for domestic consump- tion s.ie considerable, though they produce none or fine quality. In the capital, the making of carriages and harness is of such extent as to assunio almost a na- tional importance. Minerals are not a leading feature, though there are iron mines of some value in the southern range of hills. There is a great transit trade of grain down the Vistula, partly the produce of the kingdom itself, but chiefly of the more fertile regions to the south ; but Polan, when tho linal destiny (if Poland was decided at the congress of Vienna, the Austrian and Russian mo- narchs respectively laid elaim to the city mid territory of Cracow, situated at the point where the uewlv iiiijuired tfrritorie^ ul' these two powers join those of Prus- sia. T princes eir votes to certain repre- £ on themselves the nomi- (Tos from the commcnco- nffrosB of Vienna, in 1814 ed in extent, were formed ned hy a diet. The Ger- he empire of Anstria, the inging to Denmark, I.nx- lanover, of which his Bri- I3avaria, VVirtemberg, and tive German princes, and ford f^roat advantages to I greiil oxtf'ut, and (1, viz. [ing among the noblest in •ipal are the canal of Kiel, iremunde, extending fVom j ru:ssian States. Th'S cli- generally healthy, except j also considered unhealthy, aths abound in the north- wrtions of the interior and ids of grain, flax, madder, Iture is backward in many rmnny may be said to sur- ce been more studitd, or striots are Styria and Ca- Hartz, in Hcnover. The ttnd cinnabar, cobalt, cala- :oal, of which the aggre- of 1000 mineral springs , in Bohemia, Toplitz, in id Aix la Chapelle. ive region cultivated b,y a of plain, solid, somewhat ;he finer manufactures of »uthern Europe and the id on with great diligence, OEKMANY, 371 though lint altogether on tlus oxtenwivo wale, or with the intelligence, which have ronilcn.'il British farming so sucochwful. Tlio cultivatorH are mostly little furmcra or little pruprictiirs, wim till the ground with llieir own hands, and .who, in all tiic Teutonic States, constituto a class culled hauer, or peasants. The improved pro- ci.'.H^os of this important art, however, are making their way, though slowly. Of the various kinds of grain, rye is tin? most extensively cultivated, and forms the fixfl of the great Iwdy of tl»o iwoplo. Wheat is also raised largely, and is of excellent quality, eupeciully in Bavaria and Austria; buckwiieat is sown chiefly on the sandy tracts of northern Germany. Barley and oats, of various kinds, are also general ; and maize almumis in Moravia and the extreme southern districts. I'eas, beans, lentils, and other pulse are prixluced in great abundance, and great i|uantilieii arc sent out from the northern parts. Flax is rait divided into two liiinilifH, lii)(h nod liuw (i-Tmnn, diittin)ruii*li*>d InHii by phyNical ilifrer. Tiey are mui'h interior in civllizn- lioii to the (iuriiiiins, but aro ii laborious raee, t(>.*inorly almost all in a Htato of lH>iidii(;R, but now moHtly cinnncipatcd, luid many of tbem poHnnHHing conHidernble weiilth. ll<>itidcK these lendinif races, there arc alxjul 175,(KH) Ituliuna ; from y(MHH) to VJ."i,(KM» Frenuh, and 2o(MHKI Jews. The (ieriimiia are distinf^uinhed for nttainmentH in literature, Hcioncc, and tlio art8. Tlioy nre particiiiurly eminent in biblical and critical learnin^r, KtatiHticH, political econoiny, mnlheinatic», natronomy, chemistry, and mechanics. In no otlif-r country is authorship so extensively made a buaineas for life. (jcrmany w famoun 't ita iinivcrsitiflR, which aro much resorted to from other j -'tbrf 1802 was 36 ; Bince that period several have ber I "'iinber is 120. Of llioae which stand in the firMt r ' ' '■K\c, and Heidelburg. Vienna is the most i; ii- countrica. The ii Hupprcaged, nnd <'' are GottioKc t nent ati a medic.^ In about 150 t very iarpfe ; besid, libraries open to the public, many of which aro ■ilies, there are numerouH neminaries, atyled Kym- naaia, many of wlii' '> are or .brated bcIiooIn of loarninp'. The Gorman language is epoken by a greater population than any other in Europe, except perhaps the I<'i(jiich. It is derived from tiio Teutonic, and is divided into a number of dialects. The Sa.\ou dialect, called High German, is the language of books and genteel society. In regard to religion, Germany has been the scene of the greatest revolution in modern times. In its bowm the Reformation sprung up; and within it were car- ried on the most formidable of the conflicts between the old and the new system. Elsewhere, one or the other finally prevailed ; but in Germany they have settled ii'o a pretty equal division of the country. Speaking generally, the whole south may be called Catholic ; the whole north. Protectant Of the greater States, the Catholic religion rules in Austria and Bavaria ; " Protestant, in Prussia, Saxony, Hesse, and Hanover. A complete tolerntion i.s now everywhere granted to every profession. The Catholics still hold tne majority, beintr reckoned at 21,000,000, the Protestants only at 14,400,000. Jews, Moravians, Mennonites, Hussites, and Bui7ast of the population. The ordinary concerns of the Germanic Confederation are entrusted to a fede- rative diet of 17 members, and t!i» making or altering of its fundamental laws, to a general assembly of 70 members, from the various States or members of the confideration. The sessions are held at Frankfort on the Maine. The members are equal m rigats, but Austria presides. The following table gives a general view of the Germanic Confederacy, in 1833 : — Bi Mfli. Area in flq. Milet. Population Austria 78,912 '..vS.flOO PruBBia 70,549 10,010,755 Bpvarin 30,997 4,037,017 Saxony 7,300 1.497,508 Hanover 14,720 1,549,000 Wirtemberg 7,500 1,.562,033 Baden 5,800 1,201,309 HcsscCasscI 4,353 649,800 Hosse.Dannstadt 3,600 790,000 Holstein ,,. 3,691 410.,385 Luxemburg 3,347 305,120 Saxe- Weimar 1,408 232,704 Saxe.Cobur{r.(iothn 1,024 156,«S9 8axe.AIt«i)burg 491 114,048 Saxv-Meiningcn-Hilburgbauacn 875 129,588 till' iillicr liiind, lin roiiiitry I rMHMI iiiliah!Unt.M. iVi) ruccH, tlio (icriiinn ntid , '111(1 arc divided into two pliynical difl'er(•nce^', timii cinjf the iBngiiajfc. The much iiirorior in civih/.ti- y ahiioMt nil in a Htati! of m poHHOHHing conMidcrnhle >,(MM) ItaliutiH ; from '^(MHH) iteraturo, Hcionco, and Ihn !ritical learning, etatisticx, and inechanicg. In no C8R for lifo. luch rcHortod to from othor t period noveral liavc bee lich stand in tho first r. Vienna is the moat t ii- public, mony of which arc iH Bt'minaries, styled (fym- ,'. The Gorman laiijjuajje III rope, except perhaps the I into a number of dialects, a^c of books and genteel ' the greatest revolution in p ; and within it were car- old and the new system, jermany they have settled generally, the whole south Of the greater States, tho testAnt, in Prussia, Saxony, srywhero granted to every 1? reckoned at 21,000,000, Mennonites, Hussites, and on are entrusted to a fedo- of its fundamental laws, to Sthtes Of members of the tie Maine. The members lie Confederacy, in 1833 :— Milei. Populitlun " ,..5,000 10,010,755 4,037,017 1,497,508 1,549,000 1,562,033 l,:i01,309 649,800 7'.>0,000 410.385 305,120 232,704 156,659 114,048 129,588 AIMUIA. H'otM. Ar» ill K<|. MlkiT IlriiiiNwiok .., l,.5|.l .Mccklcnidirir-Sriivv, nn , . . , 4,7,'»5 Mrrklcniiiiri; •" itx . . , . , 7Pj llnlHlcjn.Oldii :. \vg 'J,l!ii Ninrdiu 8,164 iViili.'ilt.Di'Nsiiii 363 AnliiiltltiTiibiirg 340 Anhiilt-l'otli. II 331 Hi'U .1 ;irl7.1)iir(,'-.'^i)iHirri-S<;huuciil)urir ai3 Wul(|.-.ik 459 HcnM-lluinburf 138 I'runkfort 113 Iiubcck 129 Brvincii 72 I lainburg^ 134 Kniphauiien 17 Total 261,412 .■)7:i FnpiiUllon. 250, KM) 4.''>0.'J0II H».i:io 9:.i,.')00 3.-.5,H|3 i;ii,iM)i) 40,(1110 36,11(10 61,767 60,000 i.'>,;,()0 3!t,;»oo 5,.'.,'.;i 95,000 6H,,'iOO 77,500 25,500 5(i,000 23,(1(10 55,(100 47,000 4!l,(mO 154,0"& f.aeo 36.4:;3,879 AUSTRIA. The Empire of Austria is not only the first power in Germany, but by its pos- sessions, both within and without, has long ranked among the foremost States in tho general system of Europe. Nearly one half of its territories are in Germany, tlie residue t;omprise Hungary, with ita appendages, Galicia, formerly a part of Poland, and the Lombardo-^'oiietian kingdom in Italy, together with Dalinatia, once a part of the territory belonging to the Republic of Venice. The Austrian monarchy is bounded on the cast by Turkey and Russia ; on the north by J'russia and Saxony ; on the west chiefly by Bavaria, Switzerland, and Sardinia ; and on the south by Tuscany and the States of the Church. The whole territory amounU to 2r).S,000 square miles. The face of the country is various : Styria, the Tyrol, and lllyria, are mountainous; Bohemia and Moravia are encompassed by moun- tains. The Carpathian range extends along the north-east of Hungary. A large portion of the soil is fertile, especially in Lombardy and Plungary. The buHube runs, throughout its whole extent, most' • frwm east to west. The other principal rivers are the Dniester, Teisse, Save, Drave, Inn, Po, and Adige. The lakes are tho Platten-soe and Neusidler-seo, in Hungary ; Traun-see and Altor-see, in Austria Proper ; Cirknitz, in Carinthia ; and Garda and Como, in Lombardy. The Austrian territories abound in various articles, both of necessity and luxury ; i;orn, wine, saffron, cattle, horses, gold, mercury, copper, iron, lead, precious stones, j die, are among her exports. The manufactures consist of thread, cotton, linen, i«ce, silk-stuffs, stockings, spirituous liquors, wrought-iron, steel and brass; glass, porcelain, earthenware, &c. The imports consist mostly of raw materials, as wool, cotton, raw-silk, rice, oil, drugs, and spiceries; a great part of which come f.om the Levant. The foreign trade is, in a great measure, in the hands c f Greek merchants. The established religion is the Roman Catholic, but general toleraion is granted; iid members of the Protestant and Greek churches are numctous in Hungary, I'ronsylvania, and Sclavonia, where they enjoy considerable pri. ileg jb. I 32 - •»«- ■ t < w 1 ,'f 1 i I- '-■it;': .« ■:;:'M ;ni AlIHTUIA. 'I'liiTr nr»' 1» (^nlliolif iirclil)mli(>|)rii'M, Vituiim, (iriiii, I'mcuc, Cxlocui, LfiiilnTK, Oliniil/,, IjiylNicli, (j'lliiin, niul iMiliiii. 'I'hit nuiiilicrH iif tlic diH'crcnt (It'imriiiiin- tioiiM iiri> UN IoIIdvvm: '^'(.(MMMHN) llxtmn CuIIioI'cm; -J.HNMNM) (ircok C>itli<>lu-iHMNN) (irei'k Cliiircli; 'J,7(HM>UU CalviniatK uiul l.uthcranit; 400,000 iim»; fiO.tKKI (IniUirintiH, &.c, 'I'lin >fi)vnrniin.'iit in monarrhy, ncnrly i\l)«»lnto, cxoppt in nomo of the Rlnlfs, pnrtiinilnrly lluii);iiry and TraiiHylvaniu, it iit lirnitod liy cimHtilDtional prDviHimiH. 'I'lif prmciiwl iiiiivcrHitiou orn ihoHo of Vicniiu, I'rntfiio, rcHt, I-«nilM>r(?, I'ndiin, iind I'avia. AcndiMiiics and ^yiniiaHiiimn arc ntiiiu north oflinrfnitny, Thu rovi'rniu of tlic Aiixtrinn ti^rnturieH nuiiuintH to iibmit (Mt,(MMMKK) (lollarH nnnually, and is derived from ii ),fround-rfliil, dilR'rt'nt tnxiis rind tidlH, the ro^^aliu of Halt, nioni*y, niincH, and |K>riH, mid tlio ini|)crial doinainH. Tlio KiniM-ror linit a larijo private fortune unconnected with thu property of the State, from which ho ilcfrnyR a p:irt of hit priviitu expeuses. Th(< p<>ace entAhliohnicnt is V!70<(MM) men ; in time of war the empire can inuin- tain 050,000. In the campitiirn of IHll), Auxtrin brou);ht into the field ;U5,(MK) men. The maintenance of the army coHts more than a third of the whole revenue. The following; Htateninnt, exhibitini; the arcua in square milea and the |)<)pula- tion of the diA'orcnl divisionn uf the Austrian empire, it derived fVom the latoat autliorilieu : — e<|. Milca. AuKlria 14,!I!IU Styrin »,yJl lllyria 13,i:)(i Tyrol 11,70 1 Hoheinia i2(),HHa Moravia 11,H04 llunifury 78,774 Popiilniinn. 7 4,385,(i08 923,315 44279,76.1 Total of Empire. 358,908 33,096,035 The Gorman territoriea bclon(rin(f to the Austrian Emperor conaist of the arch- duchy of Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Styria, lllyria, and Tyrol : these, with Hun- frary, are known under the ap[ sllation of the Hereditary States. Lower Austria, or Austria below the Ems, forms as it were the metropolitan province, bcin^r situated in the very heart of this vast empire. It is comiiosed of the deep and warm valley of the Danube, bordered on each side by considerably elevutecl mountain chains. Those on the south form a part of the great Alpine barrier i inferior, however, to the giffantic ranges of Switzerland and the Tyrol. Upper Austria is entirely a mountain region, an assemblage of lofly alps and glaciers, separated by valleys, and even small plains, and presenting landscapes sometimes soft and pleading, sometimes in the highest degree wild and romantic. Upper Austria is boundea, and in a great degree covered, by the Bohemian forest. It is most copiously watered, not only by the Danube, but by the Inn, the Traun, and the Ens; and has the Kanimersee, the Mondsee, the Zellersee, the Traunsee, and other lakes, vvhich are romantic and well supplied with fish, but of little extent. It is needless to say thut the country is little fitted for agricul- tural purposes; yet there is no district of Germany which has been improved with greater diligence. Styria is a considerable inland territory, immediately to the south of Lower Austria, once governed by its own dukes, but long since absorbed in the em[)ire. It is divided into Upper and Lower Styria ; the tbrmer of which, being the west- ern part, is altogether alpine ; while the eastern districts decline into lower moun- tains, then into gentle hills, and finally into almost a level plain, on the borders of Hungary. Tlio grain is chiefly maizo (used both for the cattle and for the bread of the lower orders), rye, and buckwheat; and the annual produce is esti- mated at 7,800,000 bushels. Flax, hemp, and potatoes, are general. lllyria is a rugged and mcuntainous district, with a vigorous but healthy cli- I mate, except on the coast, where it is warm, and tho vegetation luxuriant : the JMm — ._ rrnfiii', ('iiliKM, I,f>inlNcrial lioinaiiiH. The tho property of tha Sintc, wor the empire can umin- f^ht into tho fleld lUri.tNM) ihird of tlio whole roviMiue. imre milui and the |M)pula- 14 dorivcd A-om tho latcit Hq. MUCH, rnpiilntion 3,7:.6 « 11,(10(1 3,()78 3 JH,00() lia 23,37») S,0a7,r)(i4 6,498 39;»,7\.>7 32,000 4,3H-,,(i(W ronticr. l!?'.?43 U23,315 Venetian I 18.534 J^79,764 mpiro.. 258,. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) z « J],.0 I.I ^ m ^^ |i£ i2.0 ■2.5 2.2 I 1.8 L25 iu 11.6 u- theran gymnasium. Population, 41,000. Debreczin, with 40,000 inhabitants, is, next to Pest, the most important commercial town of Hungary. Szegedin, at the junction of the Theiss with its tributary, the Marcs, is a large and strong city, with 30,000 inhabitants, and a flourishing trade in wool and tobacco. Schemnitz, Kremnitz, and Neusohl, are the principal mining towns in Hungary. They are situated in a bold and mountainous country formmg a lower ridge of the Carpa- thians. Schemnitz was founded in 745, and has a population of 17,000 inhabitants. 32' 2X 11 : 1] U i ^1! }vf 1 1 i' t .1 ^-'I'l j '" P- vi nr 378 AUSTRIA. one bnlf of whom are employed in the mines. Kromnitz and Neusohl have eacii about 10,000 inhabitants, the majority of whom are also employed in mining ope- rations. Rnab, or Gyoi, at the confluence of the Raab and the Danube, contains Ki.OOO inhabitanla. Kaschau, in the north-east part of Hungary, near the Car- piitiiian Mountains, contains 15,1300 inhabitants. Temeswar, on the Vega and Teinesch, is finely built and strongly fortified. Population, 14,000. Tokay, a small town of fjlKK) inhabitants, situated on the Theiss, is celebrated for its wine, being esteemed the best in Hungary. The prime Tokay, or Tokay Ausbruch, as it is termed, sells in Vienna at the rate of 121. sterling per dozen. Croatia is a district which, though possessing a people and language of its own, has for some time been attached to Hungary, and sends deputies to the Hun- garian diet. Adjoining the Illyrian frontier it is mountainous; but eastward the country declines into a level plain, traversed by the Save. Corn, cattle of small size, and tobacco of good quality, are its staples. The Croats form bodies of light horse rather distinguished in irregular warfare. Area, 3756 square miles. Popu- lation, 614,000. Agram is a large and strong town, on the Save, without manu- factures, but with 11 good deal of trade, both on the river and between Hungary and the Adriatic. Population, 17,0s, (lax, 'icmp, Imps, cattle, sheep, horses, &c. The mineral pnxiuclions are inm, copiMT, Ic; d, vitriol, alum, salt, coal, and especially amber, of which iJUO tuns Mi' annually collected. 'I'lie cnmnierro of Prussia, though conducted with some advantages, both iiiari- fimc and inland, is in an early stage. The exports qousist of linen, woollens, hanhvare, corn, wool, timber, pitch, tar, potash, lin.seed, tobacco, wax, cattle, iiorsps, &c. The amount is stated a! 4 or jCr),0(MMK)(), and the imports at abmit JL;;!,.")()1),()1)0. Prussia, though more an agricultural than a trading country, has (lisiricts of groat activity in manufactures. Silesia and Westphalia have lung i)pcn noted fur their linens. Other manufactures are woollens, hardware, leather, cirthonware, glass, paper, tobacco, &,c. Cotton works have lately been intro- duced, and brewing is a branch of great importance. Thu annual value of the niiuuifactures is atout Jt;7,000,0(K). The government is a hereditary monarchy. The king is assisted by a ministry, or cabinet, on n similar footing to that in England ; but there is no representative as.'iembly. There are four orders of knighthood, and the noblesse, or gentry, are numerous, comprising about tiO.lXK) families. In the eastern part there arc from •1 to 5,000,(X)0 serfs, or peasants, attached to the soil. The religion of the royal family is the Calvinist, but there is no limitation, and all denominations arc tolerated, and are on an equal footing. In 1817, the Luthe- rans and Calvinists of Prussia, and some other parts of Germany, fornied a union under the name of Evangelical Christians. The relative numbers have been stated as lliUows: Lutherans and Calvinists, 8,500,000; Catholics, -VWO.OOO; Jews, I. '0,000; Anabaptists, 20,000; Moravians, 18,000; Unitarians. Pietists, &c., 14.000. The universities are those of Berlin, Halle, Breslau, Konigsberg, Bonn, and Griefswalde; and there are gymnasiums at Berlin, Magdeburg, Schul-Pforte, Oantsic, Konigsberg, Breslau, &c. Education is much more advanced in the north tlian iii the south of Germany, and a considerable part of the Prussian States are well furnished with elementary schools, particularly Brandenburg, Saxony, and a part of Prussia Proper. The common language is the German. The annual revenue is about j£9,000,000. There is no paper currency ; oil is paid in gold and silver. The national debt is computed at about jC40,(llOO,t)0(' ..art of which is iredeemable every year. Prussia is famous for the military disc.; \\r.-i of its army. The total number of troops under arms in 181.5, exceeded 200,00>\ They have been since somewhat reduced, but at present amount to about 140,000 me.i. They arc recruited, by conscription, from the class of young men between twenty and twenty-five years of age, who are all liable to be called upon for three years' ser- vice. The Landwehr consists of all the able-bodied men under forty years, if not in the army, and may be called into service in the event of a war. The Land- sturm are those above 40 able to carry arms; in time of war the dut> of this class is to preserve the internal peace and security of the country. The Landwehr of the W'ciV class an)ount to 227,000; the second to 180,000; making the whole war estabiisliment 530,000 men. The Germ in dominions of Prussia are extensive and scattered, variously acquired i by successive inheritance and conquest. They consist of Brandenburg, the origi- nal basis of the monarchy ; of Pomerania and Silesia ; and of territories in Saxony, in Westphalia, and on the Rhine. Branilenburg for.ms a great mass of territory in the eastern part of the north of Germany, bordering on Poland. It is usually called the Mark of Brandenburg, and comprises the cities of Berlin, Frankfort, and Stettin ; it is neither the most fertile nor the most beautiful part of this great country. It consists of a vast plain of sand, in some places presenting a dead level, in others blown into hills of liitle 't I :M t:;^ 3H9 PRUSSIA. cleviition. Tho /jrain, though carefully cullivntcd, is not sufflcient for internal Bupjiiy, but ia of oxccllunt ijuality. I'liini'raniii in u ionj,' line of nnrrow, sandy conHt, lyin^f nloiifr tho Ikllic. Tho Odor lurro cntiTH that sea, forniinj;? at ita nioulh a liir"i' and wnidntff htijf, or hay, on tho oppoHilo bide of which are tho lurj^c ifiundti ot Uireduin and VVoliin. Tho soil is in many parts far from prcnluctivo; yot in otiinrs, o^pocMally that which formerly heloMi;cd tu Sweden, it is m.idc by industry t<) yield liarveittA of ^rani more than cullicient fur the interior supply. Silesia is an extonaive oblong tract between Bohemia and Poland. It wn» ori- ginally a I'olisli province; but (jerman settlers have now occupied the groator part of it, and introduced industry and prosperity. From its fertility, ami tin; mdustry of its inhahitantH, it is considered the brightest jewel in the Prussian crown. Tlic Oder, rising on its Botithern border, divides it into two nearly ecpial parts, of which the western is muuntainous or hilly: its p.)pulation is altogether (jerman, and it ia tho seal of the principal manufactures; while the easti-rn con- sista, in a great measure, of Hat and Kandy jjlaina, and is partly occupied by Scla- vonic races. Silesia is, perhaps, the most manufacturing country in all Germuny ; ita linens, in particular, are considered the best in tho world for pliancy, brilliant whiteness, and durability. Prussian Saxony forms a largo extent of straggling territory, consisting of por- tions severed at various times and in variou.s ways from all the neighbouring states, great and small, sometimes having fragments enclosed within them, and some- times cnclot'ing within itself fragments of them. Generally speakintr, it may bo viewed as nearly a stpiaro territory, extending on both sides of tho Kibe, between lloyal Saxony, Brandenburg, and Hanover. It belongs generally to tho vost, wide, flat plain of northern Germany, though on its western side it borders on the Hartz and the forest of Thuringia. There -ite considerable sandy and marshy tracts, but u)X)n tho whole it is abundantly productive of grain, which is cultivated with par- ticular skill and diligence, Prussian Westphalia is also an aggregate of a number of small detached parts ; but, by cessions and arrondissemens it has been formed into a pretty compact ter- ritory, situated between Hanover and Holland, and extending from the Weser nearly to the Rhine. It extends to 8272 square miles, and its tliree governments of Munster, Minden, and Arensberg, contained, in 1827, a population of 1,207,712. The Lippe divides it into two parts ; the northern belongs to the great plain, which ia sandy and marshy, but affords some good corn-land ; the southern is covered with ranges of little rocky hills branching from tho Hartz, which render the soil oflen unfit for tho plough, but it is always covered with fine wood. Tho staple to which Westphalia owes ita celebrity consists in its liog.«, which surpass those of all tho other provinces, producing tlio hums so much famed throughout Europe. The Rhenish territories of Prussia formerly consisted of two provinces; one bearing tho compound appellation of Julich-Cleve-Berg, and the other that of the Lower Rhine, which have recently been incorporated into one province, bearing the name of the Rhine. Julich-Clove-Berg occupies almost ninety miles of tho course of the Rhino, extending on both sides of that river. Of all the Prussian territories, it is the least favoured by nature. On the eastern bank extends a continuous range of mountains, including the remarkable group called the Siebengebirge, or Seven Hills; not, indeed, exceeding the height of 200() feet, but naked and rugged. The opposite bank is, indeed, level, but consists almost entirely of sandy plains and wide morasses : the country, therefore, does not produce corn sufficient for its own consumption, nor auy thing in abundance except flax. Under these natural disadvantages, however, the inhabitants exert a manufacturing industry beyond what is found in any other part of Prussia or even of Germany. Berg has been called England in miniature, such is the variety of fabrics carried on there. Cloth, metals, and tobacco, are worked up in almost every shape, and are exported to the value of 3,000,000" rix-doUars. The consequence is, that this district, so little mi MimMw,»Li-4 ! .uMiiieM fli!tj^r'^**^' sulfinenl for inle ildiifT Iho Ikllic. Thn il windiitjj hiitf, "f liny, loin uiid VVdilin. 'I'lio I, <>i ounlry in ail Gerniiiny ; ; rill for pliancy, brilliuiil •itory, consisting of por- tlii! noijrlibourins stulos, .vitliin tlietn, and some- ally HpeukinL', it may bo us of tlic Kibe, betweon lurnlly to the vast, wide, I it borders on the Ilartz ly and marshy tracts, but h is cultivated with pur- a( small detached parts ; ito a pretty compact ter- ending from the Wcser d its three (rovernments : jwpulation of 1,207,712. anjjs to the great plain, ii-lund; the southern is the Hartz, which render .. with fine wood. The its hops, which surpass much famed throughout of two provinces; one nd the other that of the Ito one province, bearing e course of the Rhine, isian territories, it is the s a continuous range of Siebengebirge, or Seven but naked and rugged, entirely of sandy plains ice corn sufficient for its X. Under these natural ituring industry beyond jrniany. Berg has been carried on there. Cloth, , and are exported to the at this district, so little I'UUSSIA. 383 fnvoiirod by nature, is the moat populouo, in relation to its extent, of any that belong.'i to Prussia. Tlio province of the I/)Wpr Rhine occiipins a cdnfidi'rably greotnr extent of the coiirw of the river liii;tier up than timt \n»t dt'HcrilxMl. 'I \w principiil (Mirt of it licliiiiijcd fornierly to the arclibishopric of Treves, which, with various little states and citifs, lias now merged into the I'russinn ilominioii. The Hhine Hows through the iiiiddle «t thin iraC, receiving on one side the Moselle, and on the other the I^lin and the Licg. Tiio province of Prussia forms an extensive rongo of sca-cooirt, describing a sort of Bi'inicirclo of nearly 40(> miles round the southern shore of the Ilnltic, and extending from 50 to 100 miles into the interior. The whole is a continuoiw and iiliiiost dead level, scarcely rising above the surface of the water on which it bor- dcrn. Only in the south-east quarter appear a few sand-hills, blown together by ilie winds: one of them rises to THK) feet, but none of the others attain half that elevation. A portion of this province formerly belonged to Poland. Prussian industry is divided between agriculture and commerce; manufactures btiiig yet in their infancy. The soil is in many places sandy and marshy ; yet there are few piirta which are not fit either for grain, fla.\, or hemp, and many tracts are very productive. The cattle are numerous, and the breeds in general I good ; that of horses, in some part", is extremely fine. Posen, bearing the title of grand duchy, is now the principal part of the Polish territory annexed to Prussio. It forms an extensive level plain, analogous in all lis features to that which crosses the whole north of Europe. The country is finely watered, having the Vistula for its eastern boundary ; while the Wartha, receiving the considerable tributaries of the Nctze and the Obra, traverses it from east to west, enters Germany, and falls into the Odor at Kuatrin. Population of the provinces of Prussia in 1827 : 8q. Mile*. Populntion. Brandenburg 15,480 l,92fi,995 Pomtrania 18,363 86<), gymnasiums, and 250 other seminaries of learning, with vorious charitable institutions. It is the centre of learning for the north of Germany, and has manufactures of silk, cotton, woollen, porcelain, jewelry, &c. Population, 223,520. Potsdam, on the Havel, is one of the most elegant cities in the Prussian do- minions. It has a splendid royal palace, and many fine architectural embellish- .•'■ -»'*i ^l \y V u ■-!i > M. Ml HAVAUIA. mciitM. It linw nlnu n cnniion founilury and iiianiilhctiiri'i of lilk ami vnlvctH. I'd- |iiiliitj(in, :i(),IHN). On ti lull in tin: nei);liti liTiml tnidc. l'(i|Miiuti(in, h7,IH). Mufrdeliiirt;, the ('ii|)ital (if Saxony, on tlio I'lllic, in II liiindHoiiie city, with a nulilc paluro, an nrNonal, and a nm^Miilircnt f;olliic cathedral. It ha^• nmniitiictnri'M of Hilk, wiMillcn, cotton, linen, &c. l'o|iiiliitiiiii, !VJ,(I()(). .MiiiHcr, thu canital of WeHtphnliu, ih an ordiimry plniif, but linn an university, with n'verul oolk'pcs and hcIiooIm. I'o|n)lalion, 1^,21'-'. Coloffiic, tlio capital of Jiilich-t'lfve-Hcrir, on thu llhinu, in one ot' thu uldoHt citioH in Murope. It ha.H a isri'.ii niiiiihcr of uncii.Mit I'hnrchus. 'J'liu cutlicdriil in ;in immunHc ^'otiiic pile, tiiiiinifd in the l!Uli century, hut yet uiifinifclied. The city Iia8 n deciiyed look. It liaH niannllicturcH uf Milk, linen, woollen, Incu, and thread, and io celc- lirali.'d t()r itH Cologne \v;iter, of which it fX))ortH W((,IKK) or iHMHKi Husks. Popu- lation, <{4,(M)(I. Coblent/, tho capital uf l»wcr Uiiinc, at the junction of tlio llhine and MorcIIc, iti a well-built city, with considurublo trade and Home inanu- facliireH. It liaH a bridffo of Iwuts over the Rhine, and one of stone over the Mo- t^elle. population, ir),(K)(). I'ohon, tho capital of tho Duchy of PoNcn, on a branch of tlin Oder, ia a compactly built town, with an univerpity. Population, !^r),0(K), Konijisbtirp, tho capital of hatit I'msuiu, on the Prejjel, is 7 milcH in circumference, and oontuiiiii many clefrnrU bnildiiifrs, and an univerHity of hi(;li reputation. Part of the town KtandH on an iulund in the river. It in a place of considcrablo trade, Population, <)U,(KK). Dantzic, the capital of West Prussia, on tho Vistula, near the Niiithern shoro of the Baltic, has a f(oo(l harbour, and was onco the chief town of tho lianHoatic-lcairuc, The houses are hifrh and tho Btrceta crooked. It hua much commcrco and internal trade, exporting hemp, flax, linen, timber, potash, SiC. It has a groat annual fair in July and August, which lasts six weeks. Popu- lation, including tho military, •')'2,B21. Aix-la-Chapcllo, onco the capital of tho Gorman empire, is famous for its warm hatha. Many parts uf it arc elegant, and it has nianufacturca of cloth and needles. Population, i)2,00(>. Dusseldorf, on the Khinc, is a handsome modern city, with considerable trade and manufucturca. Population, 27,0(K). Halle, in Saxony, is a flourishing city on the Saale. It is celebrated for its university and literary institutions. It has also many manufac- tures. Populotion, 21,500. Frankfort, on the Oder, ia a rich and handsome city, with an university, three great annual fairs, and manufactures of woollen, silk, and leather. Population, 12,000. BAVARIA. TniB kingdom is bounded north by Ilcsse Darmstadt, Hesse Cassel, Saxe Mein- ingcn, Saxe Cobourg, and the kingdom of Saxony ; east and south by the Aus- trian states, and west by Wirtembcrg, Baden, and Hesse Darmstadt. It contains 30,997 square miles, and 4,0i37,017 inhabitants. The north-eastern limit is skirted by a chain of mountains, and another rango extends across the northern part. The country is watered by the Danube and its numerous head streams : the northern part is traversed by the Mayne, and the western by the Rhine. The Lake of Constance lies partly within this territory, and there are other small lakes. Much of the coil is unproductive from its ruggedness and marshy quality. The best arable land lies along the Danube and Inn. A great part of the country is covered with forests. The mountains contain quarries of marblo and mines of quicksilver. Iron and copper are also produced. Agriculture is so much neglected in Bavaria that except in very productive years the kingdom does not produce sufficient grain for its own consumption. Wine is the chief article of produce along the llhine and Mayne. Fruit is raised in great quantities. Hops, flax, and garden vegeta- bles, are also cultivated. There are some manufactures of woollen cloth, but tliis I of lilk onil vnlvotH. I'o- iiiiiIh tlio )mliiirti'il. IkfViiriH ih a ciiiiMtiliiiiiinul iiMiiiiirrliy. Tlii> iiittiiiiiiil hhhimiiIiIv iuii- ^lHtJM)f two I'li'tmiwr?*. livery riii/cn cniDys purli'ct ri|iiiility in tho vyvn of llii' i,i\v. 'I'hi' army (itiioiiiitH to .^II.hih mi'ii. Miiiiii'h, till) cn|>itiil, is HiMi)>'il ill ii piiiin mi tlu< Iscr. It is a wolMiiiilt city, iiiw! iniiiiy lit' it.s I'dilicrs iiro very >pl''iiiliil. It Ii.ih mi iiiiiviThily, ii iilirnry of lOd.'HiO viiliiiiii'H, mill II i^iiilory of piiintint;.-! rmiki'd miiiiii)r tlii> liiu'st in Miiriipi>. I'ii|iiil i- timi, HI,|HN). Itiitinlioii, on tin' Dmmlio, wiin uiiro an iinpcriul i-ity. It in liiiilt in (111' loriii of a cri'M.'i'iit, miil u- i*tri)ii(,'ly fortilii'il. h, Ims ciinsidorulilo cniiiiiiiTi'i' by tliu riM.'r. I'lipiiiiitiiiii, '.Mi.lMIO. Aiii:»l)iir;,' vviis iilso liiriiicrly an iinpcriiil rity. miil wiiM fiiiiiiilod by till' |{i)lii:iii:i in tlio ri'i(,'ii of Ain;iihliiH. Dm- limrlli of llin liniisis iMi! biiiil of Mtoiii', anil till! ri'iiwiiiiiier nf tiiiibor mid cli'y. Tin- |iiibiic biiililiiiifM iirr iimfjiiiticiMit, and llio city is oni! of tlii' hunilsoiiifst in (ii-riiimiy, I'lipiiliitinii, ;t'J,(Hi(l. N'liri'iiiljiirt,', on llio Kognitz, liiis liirKi' iiiuiiiifuctiircH, nml ci'voriil iliiirrln's iiuti'd for tlii'ir ltp;uilil'ul piiiiitiiiyH, VViitclii's, briist", nml jrlobi's, woro iiivcnti'il in tliid city. Popiiiiilion, 'ItMMHt. Phsj-iui, ut tin' cniifliioiiri' of tho Inn mid Diiiiiilir. iri III) miciunt town, Ktrun;i:ly fortifu'd. Popiiliitinii, IO,li(Ht. Ilmnbo.^r, mi tlir llt'H;nit/., is a lino city, witli ii inni,'nificoiit cuHtlo. Popiiiiitiim, iJ(l,(HH). U'lirt/.- burg, on tho Muync, has a largo trudu in wine. Population, ^U,(HM). SAXONY. Tins kingdom is lioundcd north and north-enst by Prus.iin, south and south-oast liy Austria, south-west by Bavnria, west by Reus and Altonberg, and north-west by Prussia. It contains 7'..'0<> wpuire milos, and 1,4H7,()(M) inhnbilantH. It is wutiired by the Elbe, Muldawn, and many other small streams, which flow throiijrli liuauliful valleys, forming luiidscnpes of the most charming appearance. The soil ill tho valleys and level parts is fertile. The vegetable products are similar to tliiiso of tho other parts of northern (lermany. Saxony has lost its princiiml agri- cultural provinces, and little is raised in the kingdom except corn. Manufactures arc uctive, and employ three-lirths of the populution. Tho wool trade of Saxony centres at Leipzig. Trade is flourishing aid is much facilitated by the Elbe and it.s tributaries. Saxony is a constitutional moiwri'liy. Tho army amounts to about 10,(MMt men. The electorate of So.xony was roisi'd to a. kingdom in IHUO, und tlirined a part of the Rhenish confederation. The limitd of tho country were much reduced by the Congress of Vienna, in Itiio. Dresden, the capital, standf) on the Elbe. It ia elegantly built; ilio houses arc all of freestone, and nearly all of tho same height. It has numerous palaces and public buildings, beautiful in architecture, and magnificently furnished. Dresden is called th»> German Florence : it has a gallery of 1184 paintings, inestimable in value; many establishmenta for the fine arts and for education ; a royal library with above 250,000 volumes, and three other public libraries. The city is strongly fortified. Population, 00,000. Leipzig is ono of the moet important cities in Germany. It stands in a plain watered by tho Pleissc, the Elster, and the Partha. The city is well built and surrounded by spacious and handsome suburbs, between which and the town is an elegant walk of lime trees. The streets are clean and commodious, and the houses are mostly very high. Here are held, yearly, three great fairs, which draw together above 2000 merchants and a vast concourse of purchasers. Tho books sold at these fairs are valued at nearly 1,000,000 dollars annually, and the other commodities at about 18,000,000. All sorts of manufiic- tiires are carried on here ; in particular, those of gold, silver, silk, woollen, and linen yarn. Leipzig has been the scene of many sieges and battles: the two most memorable ore the victory gained by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, over the Auslrians, in 1641, and that of the allies, over Napoleon, in 1818. Popula- tion, 41,000. Chemnitz has large manufactures of cotton and woollen cloth. 33 aY »•) ;^i % 3dG IIANOVIOR. hosiery, and silk handkerchiefs. Population, 10,()()(). Frcyberff, on a branch of the Miildawa, is a famous niininfj town. It elands on a lotly site, and is coui- plutely undermined by galleries and caverns. Population, l'J,UOO. KINGDOM OF HANOVER. Tnif.1 kingdom is bounded north by thi) German Ocean and Oldenburg' ; east by Ilolsitein, Mecklenburg, Prussia, and Brunswick; soutli by Prussia, Hessp, and Lippe, and west by Holland. It contain! 14,720 square miles, and 1,.549,(K)0 in- habitants. The Ilartz Mojntains occur/y a portion of territory in the south, de- tached froi.n the main body of the kin,';dorn ; otherwise the whole country is an immense plain, divrsitied here and there by .sand-hills, sterile heaths, and moors. The sandy coil is interspersed with blocks of granite. The Elbe washes the north-eastern tou'.idary, and the Weser, Leino, Aller, and Ilmenau, water ditlerent parts of the country. There are many shallow lakes, and on the coast is a wide bay formed by the burstinf? in of the sea, in 1277, when above 50 villages were des-tniyed. The mineral products are numerous. Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, colialt, zinc, marble, slate, limestone, coal, manganese, calamine, vitriol, and sul- phur, are produced here. The mines of the Ilartz are rich in silver, and afford annually 1,172,733 dollars. The leud mine of Caroline produces yearly 194,000 dollars. The salt spring.s are also productive. This country does not produce sufficient grain for its own subsistence, and in some parts the land is so poor, that 6000 of the inhabitants leave the country annually for Holland, in quest of em- ployment. The articles of cultivation are various sorts of grain, hops, flax, and garden vegetables. In the sandy soil potatoes are raised. On the heaths of Luneberg considerable numbers of bees are reared. The manufactures consist of linens from fla.x, coarse damasks, yarn, silver plate, gold and silver lace, jew- elry, amber, saddlery. The internal trade is assisted by four annual fairs at Han- over, and two at Osnaburg, where are sold the commodities purchased at the fairs of Brunswick, L?ipzig, and Frankfort. The chief exports are hor£?s, cattle, wax, lead, linens, leather, salt, oats, barley, thread, iron, copper, peat, and timber. The king of Hanover is the king of Great Britain, but the interests of the two countries are kept apart. It has occasionally happened, however, that this connexion with a German state has involved Great Britain in continental disputes from which she might have otherwise been exempted. Hanover is a constitutional monarchy, and has a general assembly consisting of two chambers. The administration is directed by a Governor General appointed by the king. The army amounts to 13,000 men. Nine of the towns are garrisoned. Hanover, the capital, stands on the Leine, in the midst of a sandy plain. It is built in the form of a half-moon, and has several handsome streets. The houses are generally of brick and timber in alternate layers, and resemble in appearance the stern of a ship of the 16th century. The date of their erection is always marked upon them. In those of 1565, each story projects over the one below it, and all are embellished with confused mixtures of medallions. Pagan deities, war- riors, and verses from the Psalms. The electoral palace is an ele^ nt structure of hewn stone. The public library has 24,000 volumes. The environs of the city are very pleasant. Population, 28,200. Gottingen, on the Leine, is famous for its university, which has one of the largest and best libraries in Europe, con- taining 300,000 volumes. The town stands in a valley, and is surrounded with gardens. Population, 9600. Emden, at the mouth of the Em.s, is the chief sea- port of the kingdom. Its commerce is very active, and it employs 300 vessels in the herring fishery. Population, 10,985. Ofnaburg, on a branch of the Ems, is a considerable sesport, famous for the manufacture of coarse linen called Osna- burgs. Popu'ation, 10,000. Luneburg, on the Ilmenau, has an ancient castle, and considerable trade in salt and horses. Population, 12,000. T g4 ft " ..' >-.ti»4iWit!a ' ;f,te^iaiJ^'ii&i^ bcrjif, on a brancli of i^y tiitc, and is com- R. 1 Oldenbur? ; east by Prussia, IIpssp, and] Ics, and 1,549,000 in- ory in tiie south, de- whole country is an le heatlis, and moors, rhe Elbe washes tlie nenau, water different in the coast is a wide 30ve 50 villages were 'er, copper, lead, iron, mine, vitriol, and sul- h in silver, and afford xluces yearly 194,000 ntry does not produce e land is so poor, that land, in quest of em- grain, hops, flax, and I. On the heaths of manufactures consist i and silver lace, jew- r annual fairs at Han- purchased at the fairs re horc 3s, cattle, wax, )eat, and timber. The s of the two countries this connexion with disputes from which istitutional monarchy, /The administration is The army amounts to a sandy plain. It is streets. The houses se'.nble in appearance ir erection is always over the one below it, IS, Pagan deities, war- an ele^ nt structure The environs of the the Leine, is famous raries in Europe, con- nd is surrounded with jms, is the chief sea- mploys 300 vessels in branch of the Ems, is rse linen called Osna- as an ancient castle, OO. WIRTEMBliRG— BADEN. 387 KINGDOM OF WIRTEMBERG. This kingdom is bounded north-east, east, and south-east, by Bavaria ; south by the l^ike of ConsUince; south-west, west, north-west, and north, by Baden. It j contains 7.500 square mile*i, and 1,562,0^3 inhabitants. It is traversed by several ridpes of mountains. It is watered by the Ncckar and Danube, with their several head streams. The climate is mild and healthy, but in the more elevated parts the winters arc severe. The soil is very fertile. The minerals are silver, copper, iron, cobalt, sulphur, coal, limestone, alabaster, agate, &c. Warm baths and me- dicinal springs are numerous, and those of Heilbron are particularly celebrated. This kingdom produces great supplies of grain, chietly spelt; fi ' rye and wheat arc little cultivated. Flax and hemp are raised, and the mountains are covered with vines which produce a rich and wholesome wine called Neckar. Cherries are cultivated extensively in some parts, for manufacturing the strong liquor culled Kirschwasser. Fruit trees are abundant: cider and perry arc made in great quantities. A singular, yet considerable branch of industry, is the feed- ing of snails; millions of which are fattened in the neighbourhood of Ulm during the autumn, and exported to Vienna and Italy. Manufactures are not numerous; but some cloth and lace are made in a few of the towns ; and there are many largo distilleries and oil mills. The exports are cattle, corn, wood, tar, potash, oil, and a few manufactured goods. Wirtemberg is a constiiutional monarchy. The legislative body consists of two chambers, one of the nobility, and the other electoral. The army amounts to 5943 men. Stutgard, the capital, is situated near the Neckar. It is indiflerently built, but contains a magnificent royal palace; an academy for painting, sculpture, and architecture ; a large opera-house and theatre. It is surrounded by a wall, flanked with towers. The suburbs are large and handsome. The seminaries of learning are numerous and respectable : the royal library has 200,000 volumes. The in- habitants manufacture silks, hosiery, and ribands. Population, 32,000. Ulm, on the Danube, at the head of navigation for large vessels, has the largest cathedral in Germany, with five spires, and an organ with 2952 pipes. It has some com- merce by the river. Population, 14,000. GRAND DUCHY OF BADEN. This territory is bounded north by Hesse ; east by Bavaria, Wirtemberg, and Hohenzollern; south by Switzerland, and west by France. It contains 5800 square miles, and 1,201,300 inhabitants. The whole country forms the eastern side of a valley traversed by the Rhine, and bounded on the east by the Black Forest. The Rhine washes the western limit, and some of its tributaries pass through this country. The Danube rises in the southern part The Lake of Constance forms a part of the south-eastern boundary. The soil is good and vege- tation luxuriant There are mines of silver and iron, and quarries of freestone and marble. Mineral springs and hot baths are very numerous. In the city of Baden are above 300 hot baths, some of which are scalding hot ; all of them spring out of rocks of alum, salt, and sulphur. Corn, fruits, the vine, almonds, and chestnuts, are raised in this country; but wine is the chief product The government is constitutional, and the sovereignty hereditary. The army amounts to 11,566 men. Carlsruhe, the capital, is 3 miles from the Rhine. It is one of the finest cities in Germany. All the streets diverge in straight lines from the castle in the cen- tre. The houses are regularly built The public library has 70,000 volumes. The gardens of the grand duke are very handsome. Population, 20,000. Mann- heim, on the Rhino, is regularly built in squares, and with houses all of the same height It has a magnificent castle, 750 feet in length, and a library of 70,000 M f 389 HESSIAN STATES. vuluines. A bridge of boats here crosses the Rhine. Populiition, 21,0(K). Ileiilel- l)orgrain abundantly produced in the suiTounding coun- tries ; for whose use it imports wine, colonial produce, and manufactured articles, fiiibeck, for an old town, is well built cf stone. It has 22,000 inhabitants. Popu- lation of the State, 47,000. Bremen, at the mouth of the Weser, is enriched by the commerce of that important river, down which are brought the productions of interior Germany. The city is situated on both sides of the river, and has 40,000 inhabitants. The '4 ■".u i'i vM' ■^:-fi -;-&.- '""""-"iP *"*'^— '"■■'i^l«"«PMiw.*»i— — ffiiiM ^,it,f^giigiim'mm^minm*iymmmmmmm0m9Klll^ini^^ 992 SWITZERLAND. old town consists of nan ^ streets, bordered by high gloomy houses, built in the fashion of the middle ages: but there is a new town, in a much more elegant style. The government, which once approached to an oligarchy, is now almost purely democratic. In 1829, tiicro entered Bremen H81 vessels. The chief im- ports were coftee, sugar, cotton, tobacco, wine, and grain. Square miles, 72. Po- pulation, 4i>,000. Frankfort on the Maync, the seat of the Germanic Diet, stands on both sides of the Mayne, and is one of the most important trading towns in Germany. It has two annual fairs, in March and September, which draw hither above 1500 merchants from every country of Europe. The chief articles of traffic are cot- tons, woollens, and books. The city was once strongly fortified, but the defences have been converted into public walks. The buildings are indifferent. The whole territory of Frankfort comprises 113 square miles, and 5.''%000 inhabitants, most of whom belong to the city. The government is republican, and the in- habitants mostly Protestants. SWITZERLAND. Switzerland is a mountainous territory in the centre of Europe, occupying the north and west of the great range of tlie Alps which divides France and Ger- many from Italy. It is remarkable for the grandeur of its natural features and scenery, and for the freedom of its political institutions. This territory forms a confederacy composed of 22 cantons, each of which is an independent republic ; but, for mutual security, they are united together, and governed by a general diet, and are known as the Helvetic Confederacy or Helvetic Republic. Switzerland is bounded north by the grand duchy of Baden and the kingdom of Wirtemberg ; east by the Austrian province of Tyrol ; south by the Sardinian and the Lombardo Venetian states, and west by France. Its length from east to west is 200 miles ; its breadth from north to south, 130 ; and its superficial extent has been estimated by some at 15,000 square miles. Two distinct ranges of mountains traverse this region. The chain of the Jura stretches from south-west to north-east. The Alps form a more extensive chain, and run nearly parallel to the Jura, with numerous branches known among geographers by the names of the Pennine, Lepontine, and Rhffitian Alps. These mountains cover a great part of the country, and ex- hibit inaccessible peaks covered with snow ; eternal and boundless wastes of ice ; valleys surrounded by immense precipices; in contrast with wooded and undu- lating slopes, vine-clad fields, and bright patches of vegetation. Mont Blanc, the highest summit in Europe, overlooks the vale of Chamouni in Savoy ; a district not comprised within the political limits of Switzerland, but which pertains to it in a geographical character. This mountain is 15,614 feet in height: it is capped with eternal snow, and the approach to the top is so full of diiRculty and hazard that it has never been ascended except in four or five in- stances. The Rhine has its three sources in the Rhsetian Alps, and, passing through the Lake of Constance, flows to the westward until it reaches ^sle. The Rhone is formed by different streams from Mounts Grimsel and Farca, and flows into the Lake of Geneva. The Tesino issues from Mount Gries, and traverses Lake Mag- giore in Italy. The Inn rises in the Grisons, runs north-east, and subsequently joins the Denubc. The Lake of Geneva, called also Leman, is 40 miles long. It is 1230 feet above the level of the sea, and its greatest depth ia about 1000 feet. The waters of this lake are beautifully transparent, and the surrounding scenery has long been celebrated for its magnificence. The Lake of Constance is about 45 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. The Lake Lugano is at an elevation of 880 French feet above the sea. The Lake of Lucerne is above 20 miles in length, and from 8 to 10 in breadth : its greatest depth is about 600 feet, and its navigation dan- iy^"/'-'i-.^,| 'tSSi'^Ste" ' ! H ' l l fff l f •4**^ liouees, built in the much more elegant rciiy, ia now almost I jla. The chief im- uaro miles, 72. Po- stands on both sides ns in Germany. It f hither above 1500 8 of traffic are cot- ed, but the defences e indifferent. The 5^,000 inhabitants, ublican, and the in- Europe, occupying les France and Ger- atural features and lis territory forms a dependent republic; id by a general diet, lublic. Switzerland )m of Wirtemberg; n and the Lombardo y west is 200 miles ; t has been estimated untains traverse this ist. The Alps form ura, with numerous Pennine, Lepontine, he country, and ex- dless wastes of ice ; 1 wooded and undu- )n. ale of Chamouni in of Switzerland, but tain is 15,814 feet in he top is 80 full of pt in four or five in- passing through the isle. The Rhone is and flows into the traverses Lake Mag- t, and subsequently ng. It is 1230 feet 10 feet. The waters cenary has long been 8 about 4.') miles in ation of 880 French I in length, and from I its navigation dan- SVVITZKRLAND. 393 I jriM-oiiH. Among the numerous other lakes are those of Zurich, Neufchatcl, Thun, j llricntz, JMornt, and Biol. I 'J'.'io general surfiice of Switzerland exceeds, in rugged sublimity, any other ! (lortiun of Europe. Nature seems iiere to linve formed everything on her grniulest ] .-(.ale, ntid ortbrs the most striking contrasts. Icy peaks rise nito the uir close ijpiin thn borders of fertile valleys ; luxuriant corn-fields arc eurrounded by im- mense and dreary plains of ice ; in one step the traveller passes from the ever- liititiiig snow to the freshest verdure, or from glaciers of chilling coldness to val- leys I'rum whose rocky sides the sunbeams are reflected with almost scorching power. The nature of the country presents numerous obstacles to its cultiva- tion; but tlieyhavc been, in a great measure, overcome by the industry of the iiilmliitanta The traces of the plough are visible on the sides of precipices apparently inaccessible; and spots which nature seemed to have doomed to eternal sterility, arc crowned with vegetation. The produce of grain is generally equal to (lie consumption ; but pasturage is the chief object of the farmnr. The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods, linen, silk, leather, jcw- flry-ware, and particularly watches. Though in the centre of Europe, Switzer- land is much restricted in its commercial intercourse by the barriers of the Alps nnd tiic prohibitory systems of the neighbouring States. Tlie chief exports are cattle, slicep, linen, lace, silks, jewelry, een very flourishing the same name, upon college and public IS, and silk haudker- uated on three emi- gothic cathedral of on the lake of the )y a wall and towers. ' in relief by the late I one of the finest in many of the greatest decline, but is filled tlic most lofly recol- ;e peninsula, bounded Austria and the Adri- wmmmk ITALY. 3!»,> atic Sea, aouth and south-west, by the Mediterranean, niul on the west, in the northern parts, by Franco: it.s length is ostiumteil at 70<) miles; its breadth in very uni'ipial ; on the north, along the Alps, about :).'>0; in the central parts, aUml 140; and at tlie extremity of ('alabria, only 7"i mih^s. Tiio wliolc extent may bo reckoned at l'J7,(MH) !Mpiare miles, includinir Hicily and Sardinia. The surface of Italy is t'.o most finely diversified of any country in the world ; it has the lofliest mountains and the most beautiful plains in Kuropc. The Alps I extend along tho whole of her northern frontier, and some of their proudest pin- nacles. Mount Diane, Si. Bernard, &.C., arc within tho Italian territory, nnd their white summits arc seen amid the clouds in continuous grandeur, along tho whole extent of tho plains of Lombardy. Tho Appeninos are a chain purely Italian, ranging through the penin.sula from north to south; it does not aspire to the awful heigbtt or wrap itself in the perpetual snows uf tho Alps. Its highest pinnacles do not rise much above 9500 foot. The plains of Italy are as remarkable for their oxtremo beauty as tho mountains for their grondeur. Tho most extensive is that of Ijombardy, between the Alps and the Appenines, which, being profusely watered, highly cultivated, and under a genial climate, is perhaps the richest and most productive region in Kurop>^ The rivers of Italy scarcely correspond to their fame, or to the lofty and classic recollections attached to their names. The Po, v/ith its branches in tho north, is tho most prominent, and flows into the Adriatic, after a course of about 4(K) miles. The others in tho same region are much smaller in their length of course : they are the Piave, Brenta, Adigo, and the Arno. The well-known Tiber, Pescara, Garigliano, and Ombrone, are iu the centre; and the Votturno, Ofanto, Brandana, and Sele, in the south. The lakes are tho Maggiore, Como, and Garda, in Lom- bardy, with Perugia and Bolsano, in the States of the Church, together w°th Ce- lano, in Naples. Italy is chiefly divided among five potentates. The Emperor of Austria, who holds Lombardy and Venice, to which may le odded Parma and Placentia, the appanage of Alaria Louisa ; the King of Sardinia, who has Piedmont, Savoy and Genoa ; the Grand Duke of Tuscony ; the Pope, temporal ruler of the States of the Church ; the King of Naples and Sicily ; beside these, the Duchies of Modena and Lucca, the Principality of iMonaco, and the Republic of San Marino, form separate, though they hardly deserve the name of independent States. The area in square miles, and the population of the several Italian States, are aa follows : 8q. Milei. Population. Lombardo- Venetian kingdom 18,534 4,37!),7R4 Sardinia 29,534 4,300,000 Tuscany 8,759 1,275,000 States of tho Church 17,572 2,502,329 Naples 43,052 7,434,300 Parma 2,250 440,000 Modena 2,145 400,000 Lucca 434 145,000 San Marino 32 8,400 Monaco 50 6,500 Total 122,358 20,881,293 The Italians are descended from different nations, which at various times over- ran Italy, though they are now blended into one race. A few Greeks live on the coast of the Adriatic ; there are Germans in Lombardy, Venice, &:c., and Jews scattered over the country ; but there are not probably 200,(XK) inhabitants who are not Italians. The Italians are distinguished for their animated and expressive countenances, and they have very brilliant eyes. They arc generally of dark complexions, well-formed and active. The women have black or auburn hair, and most of the requisites for beauty. Among the inhabitants are many cripples and deformed: for the poor in Italy suffer many hordships and privations: but among tiic lowest class, and especially at Naples, the human form is seen in its g^'eatest perfection, and tho half-clad lazzaroni are the best models for a sculptor. i.V' *• ' i ''i : i;-- 3!! Jf :i:m; irvrv. Ill nil (lie Stiilt'rt (if hilly tlierti iirr llir iiNiinl i^rndmi uf l']tirii|>i'uii nobility; nm llii^ iiiiliviilimlf* lire niort! iiiiiiii'riiiiN limn ihiwtiol'llit; unniu cIuhm in tiny olhfr romi- try. Ill Miitiic nf thn Htaturi :>(' linly all tlu< wiii!* of tim iiotiility nml tlirir mdiih, bcnr (lilt (iri^innl titlo. Uf cuurao numbcrit aro imlii^unt; and many of thcni nrr known lo holioii charity. Nonn of till! hijrlxjr claM in the Roman Stntn, nnrivf(l of tlio iidvimlM)'i' winch iH alwiiyn dorivod from the rcmdoncn of llii! lamicd pro|)ri«>torM. All tlic o|ii.'rationH of ii^riciiltiiro uro inipcrli.'ct, hih! nil tho implciiiPiitH rudo. TIr' very vviiK* nnd oil, iiro otlnn spoiled from want of !«kill. Af^riciiltiin.* \» not the roml In vvr.'iltli; it In linrdly n incnnH of mipport; nnd thr> pcuHantA arc (jeiifrnliy hnifunrs. Komc, Niiplcr*, iind tho townn of Inu tioulli, nn* inteBted with iiiLMidicantH, wIiom' iliHtresii in nut alwayu assumed, for in this country of furtility, muny arc without tixxl. Tho written lnnj»nagn of Itoly is uniform, though there ore various dialcrtH spoken in dilibrriiit diHtricto, and in Savoy the more general lan^'un^'O \» t\w French. Tho It-lian \h founded on tho liiitin, which it nearly reHomblcs, and is wi Hweet nnd liquid that it in consocralod to music in all Kurupean countries; yi-t thoii(;li coll to n great degree, it is distinguished for force. The lonpiingf in s|Kiken with the most purity at Rome, Sicnnu, and Florence ; but the Venetian dia- lect is the most musical. Tho Roman Catholic religion is established throughout ftaly, nnd nowhere olw; has it Bu many splendid accessories, addressed to tho senses nnd the imagination. There aro Protestant communities in I'iedmont, which however are much restricted, though guMcrully tho Italians uro not intolerant, and Protestants, Greeks, and Mussulmans, may approach the Pope himself. The English at Rome have on the great festivals ot tin- church a conspicuous place assigned them. In literature and science tho world is deeply indebted lo Itoly : first, for tho classical works which she produced during her Augustan age, and then for tho brilliant revival of literature under her auspices, after a long night of ignorance. In the Iburteenth, fifteenth, nnd sixteenth centuries, she could boast of jxHits and historians unrivalled amongst those of any age or country; and although her lite- rary greatness has suffered some decay, she has not ceased to produce, from time to time, men eminent in the various departments of learning. The literary col- lections of this region are of singular value. Tho library of the Vatican, if not the most extensive, is probably the most valuable in the world. The number of volumes contained in it is estimated at about H0(),000, and tho manuscripts, the most curious and valuable part, at 50,000. Tho libraries of Florence, Bologna, and Milan, though secondary to the former, contain, however, a rich store of an- cient manuscripts and early printed works, formed by the munificent princes who once reigned over these cities. The fine arts, in Italy, have attained a splendour quite unrivalled in any modern country, and have ever flourished in that region as their cho«en and peculiar soil. Painting, in the sixteenth century, and in the Roman and Florentine school.^, reached a height of perfection unequalled perhaps even in ancient times, in all the qualities of form, design, and expression, which constitute tho highest excel- lence of the art: no names can yet rival those of Michael Angelo and Raphael. The sculpture of Italy, even during its happy stages, did not equal that of tho ancient schools. In the present age, however, the genius of Canova has burst forth with a brilliancy which has enabled modern times, in this art, almost to rival antiquity. In architecture also, this country has no modern rival. Though some of the northern nations may have erected more huge and costly structures, none of them diiv----.;«^^r^-^,<- ^^^^^^ :itn>p<>an nobility ; ntnl liiMH ill uny othiT cimhi- loliilily niwl llit'ir H.m.', ami many of tlicni urr in nil luly, live in tin' ivt' aro (ifoncriilly hoifjjnrs. itli niumliciiiitM, ^^ll(l^;inM liiiH iNiiihlt'd ii siiniiiir pri'-iiiiiiii'iK'e ; and for n long |)i>riii in breadth. Tlio Ishintl of Sardinia lies to the south of Corsica, and is separated from it by 11 iiorrow Htrnit. It extends from ;ts'' W to 41° 14' N. lat. It is Ifl'i miles in length, and 70 in mean bri^adth. The continental dominions contain lU,7'jr) s({uare miles, and the island iW(K): total, •Ji),.^»:U. Coiitincntnl Sardinia is inclosed on three sides by the Alps and the Apennines, which gives it an irregular surface, and renders the scenery more Hiiblime, and tli(! climate colder, than in southern Italy. On the east, it descends gradually into the beautiful plains which tbrm the basin of the I'o. in Piedmont, the soil is very fertile and well cultivated. The plains prmluce rice, maize, and other grains, and tlie hills are covered with vineyards and olive-yards. The pastures are very rich, niid grazing is an important branch of their husbandry. Savoy is a rugged pro- vince, resembling Switzerland in its character, and lying among the lotliest of the Alps near Mount Blanc and Mount Cenis. The irregularity of the surface renders cultivation very difficult, and it is naturally one of the [Kwrest countries ill Kurope. The Savoyards are but poorly instructed; but their industry, frti- "Tiility, and sobriety, enable them to gain a comfortable subsistence. The moun- tiiiiiouH parts give rise to a great number of small streams, which unite to form tlie Po. The Rhone forms part of the north-western boundary, and receives the most of thoi' fnwi' uriifltin? Aincn'i'M in I'iodnmnt nnii Siivoy. Tlit tiintiv liint in iliri'clnl liy a Sii|irt'mt> Cciuiifil of Stitti', a Cmun'il cii' I'ltmnri'i', it ('(iinii'il ol' iiiililcx. Tin' army ('(inHiKlM ut »'H,00() nioii, and the navy, nl' Vi k\u\>h ot' !y\ (riiriH, and (I nr h Hinallcr vr-xcU. I'libtic ln^tru^tl(ln h iMitiroly in IIk^ liaiwU ol' tlio rh-tjiy and .liNuitH, (iyniiin- r western coa.-t assniiic Iho cli^irniier nl inoiin- tains, (iiain, notwithstandinif thn most wretch, d cultivation, /iil'iriln a mirpliiH ti>r export, '["he wines are reckoned e(|iial to tiio-e of Spain, and tim (dives to tlio>'- of (.lenon and Provence. 'I'lie salt-works and the tunny Kliery ure very inipir- tant olijects ; and the Mitiiation of Sardniiii, in the lii-art of tiM' .Mediterranean, and with a iiiniiher of tine harUinrs, miL'lil allnrd the opportunity of in exleiisive com- iiierce. \'et the population is in the nio^it iincnlliviited and Haviiffe stiite, ivrhaps, ol' any in Kiirope. Tho peasantry in the interior lire cluthed, in a jrrpit ni. nsiire, in shairiry poat or slienp bkiiis; tht'y Hulisist chielly liy the phhIiio! of tlieir tlockn, nnd liy hnntin^r; nnd {,'o constantly armed, li)r their own defence, njfnin.'ft the mi- inuruiis and di-spornte linnditti, hy whom tho nioiintnins are infested. A roiiHider- able iMirtion of the horses, cattle, and sheep, are in n wild slntc. The S.irdinian t'ovprinnenl is makii'i' exertions to improve the condition of the island, by the tiirnmtioii of roads, .'. c. Cajjliari anil Sas.-nri are liotli considerable towns; the former haviiifr ."oni ; trade, but crowded, ill-built, nnd ill-paved ; the hitter, Miialler, but more clennnt. Onsta(.'no bus a tine harliour, and tlouriiihcB by the tunny Hshery, and by tho culture of wine in its neifjlibourluxj*]. Turin, in I'iedmont, the capital of the kitiirdoiii, is vitimted on the western bank of tho I'o, at tho loot of a ron;,'o of beantiful hills. It is the most rejfiilnrly built of all the Italian cities, with broad, straiL'ht, and clean streets, and is admired tiir tho symmetry of its s(piarps, tho splendour of its hotels, and the irr'nernl clearance of its houses. It has 4 splendid gnU's, adorned with pillars and cased with mar- ble; 11(1 churche.s, a university, nnd many fine palaces. The royal palace is spacious, and :-urroundod with delightful jjnrden.-'. The outward view of thi' city is very im[X)sing, and it his no mean (suburbs or mouldering walls. Population, 114,(HK». Genoa stands on the shore of a broad pulf to which it gives its name. This city fipreads over a wide semicircular tract of rc'in nnd declivities, and tho nspect of Its white buildintjs ascendiiijr in reirulnr |iii>-ri.,'^- ..< f, /in the sea, is liijrhly' magnit'icont. Tho i; terior consists of street*, ')T r'li'i'.r, i "es, 8 or 10 '\ < wide, between immensely high palaces. When • -■ • !" !< i.,\ '.leir corni . appear almost to touch across tho Klreet, leaving u , i blue ,ky between. Two of the streets only are accessible to carrinffes. The Strada Baibi is one of the most magnificent streets in the world, and is full of splendid palaces. Genoa has a public library of 5(),(MIU vulnmes, and a university. Its harlmur is one of the finest in Europe, and it has a considerable trade. Population, 80,(KM). Nice is beautifully situated on the Gulf of Genoa, and has a go•' tin' r. The c.»i»l rtnlu'ry Tli« (fnVfrniiH'Hl i» ci'N, n (■|iiiii''il of lri"iK. I'or. ,' :c>,(HK(. ('(•lit, l-4,(NM)i Muiiiiuvi, I, "•)(); Verii.H iH.tMMh I III. It in «ell built, with ' iiher tovviii. A»ti, 'W,<**'(*; .\ ivarra, l."),(M)0. IMtlNCll'AI.ITY OP MONACO. Thin liltlo Htate, ronipri.^iiiK OritN) iiihiibitant^, on no iiquDri mile*, jg Hituated \M(hiii llie Siiriliiiiiiii lirrilury. The iiiiiitiil in ^f imco, a vii .ii" uith KMM) in- liiiliiuiniM. The princi|>aliiy tjf Monaco m iiiulci |>rotL'cli. of tho king of Siirdmiu. I THE L(^Mn.ARI)()-VK.M:TIAN KINCDOM. AvwRiA.^i Itai.t, or tho [/»Mn\Rim-VKNKTi\N KixinoM, n miitii cf fhe prent plain ot' the Po, bordered, dn oik.' side, by the liiirhe-.t niiii.'e'* '" the \lp^. on the mIIht by those of the Appeiiines. It has not tho elasMie mleti . nd nii .'iiimeiilH of Koine, nor the brilliant skiei of Nii|)les; yet it would be -litli'-iilf to Iind on tlio i;lolie II territory of the siinie extent eipially line, 'I'lie liixMriiMl rtilily of this vast plain, the jirand, alinoj-t iniiifie, landscapes presented by ihcH'nr leni declivity of the Alps, and the lakes wiiirli spreiid iit their t'eet ; tlie fmf slif r^ nf the Adri- atic — unite in niakinfr it one of the tiiost deMirahie re'.'ions in Kur' e. It it) an a^fifrejrate . several |M)rtion.s tlii't wen,- politirnlly very distinct. This kinurdoin occiipieM the en»»"r:i part of .N'nrlhern Italy. They c nsis*. of two divisions: tlio Uopublic of Venice in the cnui, and Loinbardy ii the « hI. They are lK)iindeke of Cnmo, !ftj miles in len^ftli, aid still farther east, the Lake of (iarda: it is Ht) miles lonjf, and H miles wide. Tli^re are several other smaller lakes in tho nei^rhboiirho I 'H 403 PAUMA— rxa A. visitors from every quarter of the civilized ffiobo. Here stands that Venus which eiichuiits the world. The Ijaurentiim library Ims lv!(l,()00 voliinies ; others have !tO,(l(l() iiiid r)0,(MiO. There are many splendid private galleries and libraries. Florence contains a great number of English rcsicients. It was the cradle of the iirts at the time of their regeneration, and the birthplace of J)ante, Machiavulli, Filicaja, Guicciardini, Michael Anjjclo, Galileo, and Amerigo Vespucci. Popula- tion, 8{),(KM». I'isa, on the Arno, near the sea, was once the capital of a republic, the rival of (Jenoa and Venice. It is now decayed, but can still Iwast some marble churche?, a marble palace, a!;'l a marble bridge. Its ancient towers may be traced in the walls of modern houses. The streets are broad, and the Lung' Arno, which e.\- tends alon^ both banks of the river, is much admired. The cathedral is a large gotliic edifice of marble. Near it stands that remarkable structure, the Leaning Tower: it is 190 feet high, and overhangs its base 15 feet, seeming to threaten n tiiU at every instant ; yet it has stood tour hundred years, imd endured the shock of earlh(|uakes which have overthrown many a perpendicular structure. To a spectator looking down from the top, the effect is terrilic. I'isa has a. university, with a library of fi(t,tKK) volumes. In the neighlwurhoml are celebrated baths. Population, 20,000. Leghorn is the chief seaport of Tuscany. It is a neat, well- built, and busy town, with a tolerable harbour. The streets are filled with Eu- ropeans, Turks, Jews, Armenians, Greeks, and Moors, exhibiting a most picturesque variety of costume. Works of art and architectural monuments do not e.xist here. The commerce of the place is very active. Population, 66,000. Sienna has a magnificent cathedral and a university. Population, 18,000. Pistoja, at the foot of the Apennines, was once a republic. Population, I'<2,000. DUCHY OF PARMA. Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, though tliey have been formed 'nto a state for the e.x-empress of France, form in reality a complete appendage of Ijombardy, and a continuation of its great plain, to the foot of the Apennines. They abound in the richest pastures, from which is produced that most celebrated of cheeses, to which Parma gives its name. The dukes of Parma, and especially the cele- brated Alexander Farnese, have ranked among the first generals of Europe. The city of Parma, on a small river of the same name, is large, populous, airy, and clean. It does not contain any remarkable architectural features, except the theatre, modelled on the ancient plan, and perhaps the noblest in the world, but now in a state of decay ; but Parma can boast a school of painting, one of the finest and most interesting that ever existed ; in which grace was the predominant feature. The chief masters were Correggio and Parmegiano, whose works in fresco adt.n the walls and cupolas of the churches in Parma; and the oil pictures, which the French carried off, have now been restored. Population, 30,00i0. Pla- centia, with 28,000 inhabitants, is also a large and well-built city ; but its cele- brated amphitheatre, which surpassed that of Verona, was burnt to the ground in one of the furious civil contests which laid waste Italy. The population of the duchy is about 440,000, and its area, 2240 square miles. DUCHY OF LUCCA. Lucca, though an Etruscan city, is now governed by a duke of its own. It is one of the few Italian republics, which, amid the revolutions of 800 years, main tained its independence. The Lucchese reaped the benefit of this, in the supe- rior education and more decent deportment of her nobles; in that agricultural industry, which, in a degree even beyond what appears in the rest of Italy, has converted a land liable to inundation, and destitute of many natural advantages. '.A . ,. t^S^-':'' ' -mr anils that Venus wliicli I volumes; others have ijuUcrioa and librarius. It was the craillo of the of Dante, Muchiavflli, igo Vespucci. Popula- u ropuhlic, the rival of ' ; some murlile churchoH, s may be traced in the | ! I.unfr'Arno, which ex- he cathedral is a larfre II ! Btructure, the Leaniii!: t, seeniinjj tn threaten i» und endured the shock icular structure. To a I'lsa has a, university, d are celebrated bullis. any. It is a neat, well- eets are tilled with Ku- bitinff a most picturesipie ments do not exist here. , 6(j,0U0. Sienna has a JIH). Pistoja, at the foot 00. con formed into a state appendage of Ijombardy, pennincs. They abound t celebrated of cheeses, and especially the celo- enerals of Europe. The irpe, populous, airy, and iral features, except the loblest in the world, but 1 of painting, one of the ■ace was the predominant legiano, whose works in ina ; and the oil pictures, Population, 30,000. Pla- built city ; but its cele- aa burnt to the ground in The population of the a duke of its own. It is tions of 800 years, inain- icfit of this, in the supe- )le8; in that agricultural in the rest of Italy, has many natural advantages. MODKNA— E((I,L;,-