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 2. British Columbia. Joitnieys in the JJisfricts horderiiig on the Firiser, 
 Thojnpson, and Ilavnson Rivers. By Lieiits. Mayne, k.n., and 
 Palmer, r.e., and Chief-Justice M. Begdie. 
 
 Communicated by the Duke of Newcastle, Colonial OfBce. 
 
 The above coininnnications are written at considerable length, 
 and are so laigely occupied with the description of nnnierons but 
 essential details, that it is impossible to do justice to them in so 
 short an abstract as the following, especially without the assistance 
 of a map. 
 
 Lieutenant IVdnier was ordered by Colonel Moody to make an 
 engineering reconnaissanoo of the neighbourhood of Fraser l^iver. 
 He reports minutely on the steps that should be taken at each point 
 of his route in order to make a good ct)mniunicatit)n for cart or boat 
 traffic. ITe has fixed the geographical positions of numerous places, 
 and he gives a detailed account of all the patches of land available 
 for cultivation which fell under his n(itice. His report is accom- 
 panied by six explanatory plans and three photographic views. 
 
 Lieutenant Mayne was detached Irom J I. M.S. Plumper by order 
 of Captain Eichards on a somewhat similar errand to that above 
 
 VOL. I v. n 
 
84 
 
 MAYNE, PALMER, AND BRGBIK 
 
 [Dec. 12, 1859. 
 
 mentioned. Ho also has brought back a large amount of local in- 
 formation, numerous mineral specimens, and an explanatory map of 
 the country ho visited. 
 
 Mr. Justice Bcgbie, who had held a circuit in those same districts, 
 and had .seized the opportunity of making a reconnaissance of them, 
 also reports the results of his observations as to the capabilities of 
 the country for transit, the groimd suitable for cultivation, &c. 
 
 In speaking of some mutual complaints between whites and 
 Indians tliat were made to him at a village on the Upper T j-aser, he 
 goes on to say : — 
 
 " On the other hand, many cases of cattle stealing were alleged by the 
 whites of all nations against the Indians, and stealing, indeed, of anything 
 which could by iiossibility be eaten. For even the cattle which Indians stole 
 they did not attcnijit to sell or make use of otherwise than as food, i;n<l it was 
 admitted on all hands that many hundreds of Indians had died of absolute 
 starvation during the winter. The Indians said tliat the salmon had Aided 
 them now for three years together. The whites alleged, what is obvious to 
 everybody, that the Indians are extremely averse to work, except under the 
 ]n'essure of immodiate hunger, and that they are so improvidont as rarely to 
 look beyond the wants of a day, and never to consider the wants of a winter 
 befoi'ohand. If I may venture an o]'inion, I should say this is much more 
 true of the savages who have never been brought into contact with civilization 
 than Avith those who liave had even a little aciiuaintauce with the whites. Wo 
 found almost everywhere Indians willing to labo'.ir hard for wages, bargaining 
 acutely for them, and perfectly acquainted with gold dust and the minvite 
 weights for measuring one and two dollars' worth. The circumstances are 
 inconsistent with an utter heedlessness fur next day's rc([uirements, for in all 
 cases we had to find these Indians in provisions as well as wages ; and the 
 amount for the most abject drudgery to which human labour can be \n\t, viz. 
 carrying burdens, being 8s. per day and pirovisions, pretty imiforndy wherever 
 Ave went, shows of itself a A'ery high average rate of profit as the wages of 
 labour in British Columbia. If this is the average remuneration of the most 
 unskilled, Avhat ought skilled labour, sup])orled by capital, to earn ? It was 
 the uniform jiractice of storekeepers to entrust these Indians with their goods, 
 generally 100 lbs. of flour, beans, or jjork, and provisions for their own sub- 
 sistence. Tliefts were said to be imknown, and great care taken of their 
 burthens ; and these individuals who work I found extreniely fleshy and 
 hearty. My impression of the Indian population is, that they have far 
 more natural intelligence, honesty, and good manners than the lowest class — 
 say the agricultural and mining pojndation — of any Eiu'0[tean country I ever 
 visited, England included." 
 
 Mr. Justice Begbic's recapitulation of the chief points he observed 
 
 were : — 
 
 " 1st. The ready submission of a foreign population to the declaration of 
 the will of the Plxeeutive, when expressed cUiarly and discreetly, however 
 contrary to their wishes. 2nd. The great ])reponderance of the Californian or 
 Californianized element of the po]inlation and the i)aucity of British subjects. 
 3rd. The great riches, both auriferous and agricultural, of the country. 
 4tli. The great want of some fixity of tenure lor agricultural purposes ; and 
 fith. The absence of all means of conununication, except by foaming torrents 
 in canoes or over goat-traeks on foot, which venders all productions of the 
 
Deo. 12, 1859.J 
 
 ON BKITISII COLUMBIA. 
 
 36 
 
 { 
 
 I 
 
 country — except such as, like gold, can be carried with great case in sniall 
 weiglit and compass — practically valueless." 
 
 The CiiAiUMAN, in behalf of the Society, returned thanks to his Grace the 
 Duke of N'jwcastle for his kindness in sending these communications, and also 
 to Lieutenants Mayne and Palmer and Chief Justice J'egbie, who had prepared 
 them, and to whom geographers were highly indebted for papers (lescri])tive of 
 this slightly-known country. On looking over the accompanying pictorial 
 sketches, it was evident that vessels of some size could ascend high up the 
 rivers, — a fact which greatly increased the value of I5ritish Columbia. It was 
 very gratifying to see young officers of the navy employed in examining and 
 developing that great distant colony of the British empire, and he was especi- 
 ally pleased to find that one of those so distinguished was the son of his friend 
 Sir liichard Mayne. The red line on the map indicated the separation between 
 the mainland of the United States and that of the British territory ; and in 
 carrying the line eastwards down the river Columbia to the island of San Juan, 
 it must be obvious to every one that it was of the highest importance to Eng- 
 land that she shoiild possess a free transit of her auriferous and other products 
 from the Fraser Kiver and its affluents, by the mouth of the Columbia, to the 
 Pacific. In looking at tlie map suspended before tliem, the attention of the 
 Society was also naturally called to those passes of the Kocky IMountains 
 which Captain Pallisor and his associates had traversed, and also to the point 
 (Fort Cnlville) at which they had recently arrived; and it was to be hoped 
 that, before this session closed, geograjjhers would be in possession of much 
 valuabhi information respecting the interior of this vast country, apparently 
 so rich in gold, Ke regretted tliat the engineer officer, the chief of the survey 
 along the British frontier. Colonel Hawkins, had been prevented from I'cing 
 present. 
 
 Siu Epward Belcuer, r.n., f.r.o.s., on being called upon, said that he 
 regretted he could not afford any information about the district in (juestion, 
 and little even about the coasts of Vancouver Island, as he had not touclied 
 on the coast beyond Nootlca Sound. When he was there, in iHoH, he Ibund 
 the natives were cultivating potatoes, and he alterwards learned that they sold 
 them at very low prices to the whalers : further, that they were imported by 
 these vessels to the Sandwich Islands, where they were in gi'eat demand. 
 
 The point, however, which caused him much concern was the limiting 
 boundary on the 40th ]iarallcl. 
 
 In tlie year 1H38, by direct instructions from the Homo Government, as 
 well as confidential instructions from the naval Conmiander-iu-Chief in the 
 Pacific, it became his duty to rejtort on the Oreuou question, and at that period 
 so little was our Goveriunent aware of the true state of affairs that in his 
 instructions he was taught to exjiect that he wimld find the En.nli.sli located on 
 the northern bank and Americans on the south, and lie was canlioncd particu- 
 larly not to give any ground for ofl'enco on the part of the latter. This 
 division at that period, it would be seen, ])ointed out the Orejjdn as our natural 
 botuidnry, confining us more nearly to the 4(!tb, instead of the lUth, parallel ; 
 but, to his surprise, he found the British colours flying on Fort George, on the 
 southern side of the entrance, and not a single Anicricnn located on the whole 
 line of the Oregon u]i to the Hudson Bay settlement at Fort ^^ancouver! 
 On his arrival there he learned that tlie temporary Goveruor had not only 
 permitted but invited American missionnrics to sctllc on the Wallamette (a 
 southern tributary, but in the Hudson Fay territory), and, moreover, had 
 provided them with seed, sheep,* and every facility for forming a settlement, 
 
 * At this period siicli supi)lies were so iiiii/,:rdl;/ trii/i/(c/d from Her Majesty'- 
 slnps, as to cause tlie other officers of tlie Hndi-on Hay Coinj>aiiy, at Fort Vans 
 couver, to opeiily reprobate the conduct of their chief! 
 
 11 2 
 
3(3 
 
 MAYNK, PALMKH, AND BEGBIE 
 
 [Dec. 12, 1859. 
 
 At length, when a sufficient niimhcr had become located (a hody, he believes, 
 came across the Eocky Mountains), they petitioned the American Government 
 to afford the necessary protection to American citizens, and thus it was that 
 British rule was ousted from tlie Columbia or Oregon River,* Inniiediately 
 subsequent to this he visited Monterey, California, where an insurrection had 
 taken place, and they had declared themselves independent of Mexico. The 
 American Consul there had married the daughter of the then President. He 
 had informed him that "his instructions lully warranted him in stating that 
 the American Government expected the Oregon question was in my liands, 
 that it was to be settled that year, and that if the British Government was dis- 
 posed to meet the question in a fair spirit, the American Government woidd 
 not offer any objection to California being held by Great Britain for the 
 Mexican debt" (at this period the revolutionary chiefs were disposed to ally 
 themselves to England). 
 
 On his reaching San Bias the Vice-Consul informed him that he had been 
 requested by the Minister at Mexico to apply to him for the fiiUest information 
 on all these matters, and he was assured by him (Mr. I'arron) that the tenor 
 of his despatch to the Home Government — a copy of which was furnished to 
 him — would prove most satisfactory (this was as from confidential connnuni- 
 cations with the Embassy). It was subsequently intimated to him, ** That as 
 he was a Commander in the Navy, and had travelled out of his province in 
 communicating direct on such subjects, no notice would be taken of it." The 
 result fully verified the remark. England lost California, the Oregon, and 
 was, to use a nautical phrase, " fleeted up" to the 49th degree. 
 
 1 f the British Government had acted with becoming prudence in 1838, and 
 had viewed well the ground before ceding the Hudson Bay territory, the 
 i^an Juan difficulty never would have presented itself. We had literally been 
 shouldered out of the Oregon territory by the over-zealous desire of this Sub- 
 Governor of Fort Vancouver to introduce American missionaries into the rich 
 lands of the Wallamette. 
 
 Dr. Hodgkin, f.b.g.s., was struck with the statement of one of the writers 
 that the Indian population were destitute of forethought, and made no provision 
 for winter and coming wants. He thought that if the gentlemen employed by 
 Government in these distant services had previously made themselves better 
 acquainted with ethnology, their rejjorts would have been somewhat modified. 
 The early accounts of the natives of North- Western America showed that in 
 the construction of their dwellings and in the curing of fish, &c., they were 
 both disposed and able to provide for their wants. He was, therefore, forced 
 to conclude that their present improvidence was tlie result of their deterioration 
 by the more recent increased communication with whites (fur-traders and 
 gold-seekers). The fact that some were now employed in work proved that 
 they might be useful to themselves and others in this important but too long 
 neglected portion of the I'ritish empire. 
 
 He was glad to be able to say that the present Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies, and his predecessor Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, had taken a warm 
 interest in the aboriginal tribes in that quarter, and he felt assured that, if 
 properly treated and instructed, the native population would prove of great 
 advantage to the settlers who now, whilst seeking gold, can only obtain the 
 means of subsistence at exorbitant prices. 
 
 Intimately connected with this territory was the ])roposed railway passing 
 through British North America, and connecting the AtlanUc with the raoilic 
 Ocean ; and if England did not throw away her money in vifle-elubs and the 
 like expenses, she might easily find the means of making tiiis line, which 
 
 9 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 * \'i(lf p. 297, Voyage of Sulphur, 1837 to 1842 ; and for a compleu' history of 
 the Oregon, viele Washington living's ' Astoria.' 
 
Deo. 12, 1859.] 
 
 ON BlilTISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 37 
 
 J 
 
 Hhould bo regarded an one of th« most important in the filobe. Our foUow- 
 nieml)cr, JaiTios Macqueon, so well l<iiowii by liis African labours, had been 
 loii!^ devoted to this object. 
 
 . lie would mention as bearing on this subject tliat Captain W. Kennedy, the 
 commander of one of the late Arctic expeditions, wlio was partly an Indian by 
 birth, had since the last meeting left England I'or the express purpose of forming, 
 in ctmjunction with one of the chiefs, of excellent probitj' and character, a 
 civilized Indian settlement near the Lake of the Woods, and on the i)robable 
 line of route. It well deserved all the suijjjort and encouragement which could 
 be given to it. 
 
 Mr. John Cbawfuud, f.r.o.s., would not recommend anybody to go particu- 
 larly to New Columbia for gold-digging. He should not like to take up a resi- 
 • U'uce there himself in preference to many other places in America and Australia. 
 With regard to the San Juan difficulty, it was monstrous to suppose that two 
 countries, having millions of square miles of land at their disposal, and bound 
 together by such ties as those of America and England, should go to war about 
 that paltry little island. They were respectively bound, moreover, under a 
 penalty of 20,000,000?. per annum to keep the peace : 20,000,000/. worth of 
 American cotton, tobacco, and corn, came to England every year, and 
 20,000,000/. worth of P^nglish manufactures went to America. It was ridi- 
 culous, therefore, to suppose that war would result from the little unjjleasant- 
 ness that had arisen about a small island. lie cud not agree with Dr. Hodgkin 
 about the voliuiteer (juestion. He thought the movement an excellent one, 
 and would observe that they did not owe it to the Government but to the 
 press of the country, and especially to the Timfs newspaper : in fact, it 
 might be said that tlie press had done it all. Me believed the whole of the 
 gold yearly in'oduced by New Columbia was not more than half a million 
 sterling — the twenty-fourth i)art of what Australia had been yielding for the 
 last eight or ten years. It was not tliat gold did not abound in New 
 Columbia, for there was not the least doubt but that it did, over very 
 extensive fields rich in yield ; there were however physical and he hoped only 
 temporary obstacles to its choai) jiroduction. At the commencement of the 
 Californian and Australian gold discoveries many people were in terror that 
 we would be ruined by the influx of gold — injiuvd by too much gold ; but 
 the fact was, that although gold and silver had been added to our previous 
 supply to the yearly amount of some 50,000,000/., it had produced no dimi- 
 nution whatever in tiie value of the precious metals, while commerce had 
 been vastly promoted by it. In reality, the new supply was so much capital 
 added to the previous ca]iital of the world. And it was worthy of remark 
 that silver had ke]>t pace with gold, so that there was no relative disproportion 
 in the value of the two metals, and this was principally owing to the discovery 
 of tjuicksilver mines in California, upon the price of which the productiveness 
 of the mines of silver always depended. 
 
 The Chairman said that many years ago he had ventured to express the 
 opinion in various writings, and in a lecture delivered at theKoyal Institution, 
 that there need be no ai)prehension of having too much of a good thing, by the 
 discoveries of enormous accumulations of gold ; and the result up to the 
 liresent time seemed to have proved the opinion to have been sound. 
 

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 €9wmi flf iJsi gjofjal (StopRjyftual S^a^ui^ 
 
 
 Thx Babl ds Out and Ripok, Ac, &o., 4to. 
 
 I'^KMif.Capt. Richard, B,N., C.a, &c.| 
 iixan, Cakmel Q., Bengal Arty. I 
 
 MtmoHisoN , Sir Roderick I., O.Q.StJl., &9, 
 Stebb, Ool, W. H., M.P., ke. 
 
 If' 
 
 BiDDULPH, Robert, fikq. 
 
 MajstBi Itiebard Monokton, Eiq., M.P. || Trbvelv am, Sir Walter C, Birt. 
 GAt»pKi Francis, Biq., M.A. B Hoikikim, Thomae, Esq., M.D., *c. 
 
 l^omrtU. 
 
 lV AmowsiitTH, J<An, Xsq. 
 ' Back, R.-Adm/ Sir O. ' 
 
 Bbodix, Sir Benj., Bart. 
 
 ^tctoKiNG, Thomaa H., Esq. 
 
 CUua^OI^PB, The Hon. F. H. G., M.P. 
 
 CBA^inroBO, John, Ewi. 
 
 Dkhnan, Capt. the Hon. J., R.N. 
 
 FZNDI.AT. Alex. Qeo., Eeq. 
 t^* Hamilton, W. J., Esq. 
 
 JaMxs, CoL H., R.E. 
 
 MoKBAT, 0^>t. the Hon. Q. A., R.1N. 
 0|.iphamT| Laurence, Eiq. 
 Poanuxm:^ l(.-General J. E., R.B. 
 Sa»inz!, M.'Oen. Ik, %Ji, 
 SftTMOitt, H. jy., fiiiq.^ M,P. 
 SH«rnBU>, The E*t|«l. 
 Shith, E. Oabome, Eiq. 
 Stavbuet, Thomas, Baq. 
 STBaBXKOKi, Count P. E. de, C.B, \ 
 Warek, J. A,, Esq., if .P. 
 
 B1DDDI4PH, OocKS, and Oo., 43, Ghairing Gross. 
 
 NORTON SHAW. 
 
 KOTAt QEOORAPHICAL SOOIETr, 
 
 15, WIUTEHAM< JPLACE, E.W. 
 
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