IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. {■/ ''/ ?.■ 'AT #3 ^ M, 1.0 I.I 'SIM IIIM - IIIM |||m ; m 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -^ 6" — ► % <^ /}. >> c* ^. /A ''¥ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D n □ D D n □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul^e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli§ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these havs heen omitted from filming/ II se peut quo certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsiiue cela §tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filn des. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a dt6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans !a mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes n Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es y n Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piqu^es Pages detached/ Pages detachees Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in6gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire I I Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es d nouveau de fagon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. □ Additional comments;/ Commentaires supplSmentaires; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X SOX y 12X 16X 20X : 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: La Bibliothdque de la Ville de Montreal L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce d la g6n^rosit6 de: La Bibliotheque de la Ville de Montreal The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont film^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une emprainte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commengant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en termina.it par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuve/.t dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m-Mm J. "f 2(}39^ 428f;2 j>^/3^ > f^ i J\ /.. I 1 ,-. . . RADISSON AND GROSEILLIERS. Daring and liardy tar luorc than most of those xoyagcurs who have filled the annals of the Northwest with romance and adventure, Picrre-Rspnt Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseillicrs are to the history of the Lake Superior country what Jean Nicolet is to the history of the Lake Michigan region. A few words about the first visits of white men to the upper lakes. In 1634 Nicolet,' leaving his hoiue on the St. Lawrence River, ascended the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing and descended French River to Lake Huron, whence he went as far north as Sault .Stc. Marie. Without, so far as history records, catching a glimpse of the great fresh water sea which pours its flood over those falls, Nicolet turned his face westward, in search f)f the Orient, and came to our own state, ascending tiie Fon River as far. perhaps, as Berlin- Just twenty years later, following in the footsteps of Nicolet, there came tf) Wisconsin two nameless vnyageurs, who, according to the Jesuit Relations of 1656, returned to Quebec in August of that year from a voyage of two years to the region of Green Bay. In the Jes- uit Relations of 1658 we learn more about this voyage, but on th^ whole the details are so meager that one becomes curious as to iuit liow and wluMc the explorers spent the two years of their daring pilgrimage. In .August, iWx), as we learn from the Jesuit Relations of tiiat year, tliere returned to Quebec two nameless voyageurs who had ex plored the southern shore of Lake Superior, had visited the Hurons — fugitives first from the Irotjuois anil then from the Sioux — near I'ne headwaters of the Black River, in northwestern Wisconsin, and wiio had been guests of honor in the skin lodges and nuul cabins of the Siou.\ of northern Minnesota, these latter Indians, by the way, having most vopiously wept over the I'>enchmen, a custom that Radisson is the first writer to describe. For more than two hundred years the two l'"renchmen who were the pioneer explorers of Lake Superior have remained nameless. Ti is now certain that they were Radisson and Groseillicrs. The identity of the earlier exi)lorers, they who visited the dreeii Bay regi!)ii t. Ilnilorfiolil, "Kiscovory of thi' Ndriiiwcsi In tt',;li 'J, Tli\v.;il('S, •■'riic .Si.iiy ol' Wi.srciiislri. " \i l.H N.\I>ISSU.\ AM) (IHOSHlLUKJiS. DelvvoiMi 1O54 and i<)5(), is hy no means so clear; in fact, it may never be positively known. But there is some evidence that they also were Radisson and GroseiiiitTs. Kadisson was the son ol Sehastian-Hayet Radisson and Madeleine Herault and he was a native of St. Malo, in IJrittany. AlthouKli lie was a mere youth when on May 21, 1651, he settled with his parents at Three Ri\ers, on the St. Lawrence, nearly midway between Quebec and Montreal, and although one Mlizabcth Radisson became a bride in 1657, some writers assert that Elizabeth was our explorer's daugh- ter, it appears that at Three Rivers at that time there was another Pierre-Esprit Radisson,-' who, with his wife, liad come from a parish in Paris. Suite, a I'rench-Canadian historian, states' that the elder Pierre-Esprit Radisson was our explorer's father, whose widow mar- ried Scbastien Hayet, by whom she had three daughters, Marguerite, Francoise and Elizabeth. Against this theory are the facts that Radis- son was not out of his teens when he arrived in New France in i6;si and that his sister Marguerite, wluj must have been his junior accord ing to Suite's theory, became a wife in 1646. The truth seems to be that the elder Pierre-Esprit Radissf)n was an uncle of Marguerite and Francoise and of our explorer, and that he was the father of Eliz- abeth. » Groseilliers was born in Brie, I'raUce, of humble parents, and m his boyhood served a family in Tours, a member of which. Sister B"r- nard, accompanied Mother Mary of the Incarnation, a name illustri- ous in the religious history of New France, to .America. Groseilliers himself came to America some time before he was twenty-one years of age and entered the service of the Jesuits in the capacity of donne. or volunteer lay helper, remaining with them a number of years. In 1646, having become familiar with the region lying between the Fren -h settlements and Lake Huron, as well as conversant with the Huron and Algonkin languages, he engaged in the fur trade with the Tfuron rndians. (Iroseilliers was married twice and l)()tli ol his weddings poss^'ss much interest. On September 3, 1O47, ho married Helene Martin, a daughter of .Xbraham Martin, whose name is borne by the histo.-ic plains of Quebec. She, the widow of Claude Etienne at the time h>it she married Groseilliers, was a goddaughter of the great Chatuplain, who had given to her the Christian name of his own wife. Slu died in 1651, and on August 24, 186,^ Groseilliers married .Marguerite R.id- isson, also a widow, the elder sister of the man who was destined to be his almost insei)aral)le companion. Radisson has given us a record ol iiis wanderings, but it was not until 1S85 that his joiirn;iI was i)nhlishe(i. the credit for this valuable '■'<. UiiiiHH'. ••CliiMiail 1-1, U;i(lis«.);i." Mriiiulis nl' ilic Kn.Viil .Siirk't.v of Ciiiiinlii. IS!).-,. 4. lIlKtoIri' (1i>K ('iiiiuillriisfniiKiiis ."«. OIdiiiii'. RADISSON AND OROSEILLIERS. 19 h' contribution to American history being due to the Prince Society of Boston. The manuscript of Radisson's first four voyages, including two journeys to the west in company with GroseilHcrs, are in the Hodleian Library, while his narratives of subscciueiit experiences at Hudson Bay are in the British Museum. Before they were lodged in these secure places, the Radisson manuscripts were nearly lost at one time, being treated as worthless, but they were finally rescued by col- lectors." Radisson's first voyage was as a captive into the country of the Mohawks, by whom he was captured during the year following nis arrival in New France, while he was hunting along the St. Lawrence River;' his second voyage, also an individual experience, was as a member of the French colony among the Onondagas, another Iro- quois nation; his third voyage was a journey that he says that he and Groseilliers made to the west, including a descent far down the Mis- sissippi River, and his fourth voyage was a journey that he and Gro- seilliers made along the south shore of Lake Superior to northern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota. Our interest naturally centers in the two western voyages. It is a peculiar fact that Radisson does not give the year in which he and Groseilliers started upon or returned from either of their western journeys. But in his account of the second western voyage, he makes allusions to contemporaneous events, and with these guides, and some other evidence which is at hand, the exact day that his second western voyage, the one to Lake Superior, came to an end, can be established with absolute certainty. It becomes necessary to consider this second voyage before taking up the Mississippi River narrative. There is a conflict of authority as to the route that Radisson and Groseilliers took in coming west the second time. Two French- Canadian writers,^ one of them* the most recent contributor to 'he literature of the subject, state that they followed the lower lakes, visit- ing Niagara Falls, navigating Take Erie and passing the spot where now stands the city of Detroit. These writers base their theory upon an exaggerated description by Radisson of a waterfall that they passed in coming west. It is plain, however, that Radisson means to state that he and Groseilliers came west both times by the Ottawa River route. Radisson says that they ascended the "river of the meadows," crossed "the lake of the castors" and descended the "river of the Sor- cerers" to the "first great lake." In the Jesuit Relations we find that the Ottawa River was in those days called the River of the Prairies, fi. See Wis. Hist. Colls., Vol. XI., pp. frt ami 65, for an account ot the history of tlicse MSS. 7. DIonne; L. A. Prud'homme, St. Boniface, Manitoba, "Notes HistorlqiiPrj sur la vie de P. E. Radisson," published In 1892. 8. Dionne. 20 RADISSOA' AXD GROSEfLLIHliS. uliicli Radisson, writing in I-jikHsIi, changed into "river of tlie nie.id- ows," prairie in I'^rencli aiul meadow in Kngiisli l)einK syiiononioiis; the "laki- of tile eastors" that Kadisson nienti(;ns is p'ainly Lake Nip- issing — Radisson says tliat it was thirty leagues in compass; the Nip- issing Indians, wlio lived along French River, wtre called So cercrs by the i'rench, hence Radisson's "river of the Sorcerers"; Radis- son's "first great lake" is most certainly Lake Huron, the first great lake that the French encountered in coming west hy way of the Ottawa. At the mouth of French River, Radisson and Groseilliers, who- had left the French settlements contrary to the mandate of the l-'rench king's representatives at Quebec, turned their faces westward and were soon at Sault Ste. Marie, where they rested and feasted. Radisson says that at that idace they found the truth of what the Indians had often said, that they "should make good cheare of a fish that they cnll Assickmack, wch signifieth a white fish. The beare, the castors, and ye Oiiniack showed themselves often, but to their cost; indeed, it was to us like a terrestriall paradise." From the Sault the explorers went to Chequamegon Bay. Radisson gives us very clear descriptions of the pl.ices that they passed on the way, including the Grand Portal, to which he gave his Christian name, and Keweenaw Bay and Kewee- naw Point. They portaged across Keweenaw Point. Their Huron companions, who had accomiianied them all the way from the lower St. Lawrence, left them at Che(|uamegon Bay to visit their own na- ti 4:(;i. 4;w. RAVISSON AM) UROSKlLLIKIiK. 21 viir oiiacti'd in that dismal wiiitiT camp, wluri' imw may he tine (•[ th'j llourisliiiiK towns of northwestern Wisconsin, would he hard to fvcel in graphic power. They ate the hark of trees, jiovvder made of hones, filthy fins. "Wc hecanie the image of death." Radisson writes. "VW- mistook oprselves very often, taking tlie living for tlie dead and yc dead for the living."" Later in the winter, after a storm had hrou.;lit relief from famine, by making it i)ossihle for them to Inmt, the Freiicli- men and their Indian companions wandered into the Sioux country, hiiwecn the St. Croi.x and upper Mississi|)pi Rivers, and were vis teiJ hy the Sioux. Somewliere in that country, according to Radisson. they built a fort 600 l)y»6o3 feet. From the fort Radisson visited 'he Christinoes. at three days" journey, and he and Groseiil'ers spent sl.< weeks in a Sioux camp which was seven days' journey from the big fort. They returned to Chetiuamegon Bay before Lake Superior was free of ice and Radisson says that from that ])oint they went to the B ly of tile North, as Hudson's Bay was called by the French in tiiose days. Rad'sson speaks of finding on the shore of Hiidson"s Bay barracks that Europeans had built, and there is no doubt that he claims for bi.i'self and Groseilliers the discovery of Hudson"s Bay by an iid I'ul route. He says that they returned from the northern bay by another ri\cr than that by which they had reached it. About the middle of \iiiiter they reached the big fort in northern Minnesota and during til." following summer they returned to the French settlements. This voyage terminated in August. 1660. and Radisson and Gro- S'-iiliers are the two nameless exi)iorers of Lake .Superior who.'>e achievements are recorded in the Jesuit Relations of that year. Almost every writer on the subject niair ns that it was the first western voy- age of Radisson and (iroseilliers which terminated at this time, but Radisson himself says that in returning from the Lake Superior voy- age he and Groseilliers passed the Long Sault. on the Ottawa River, very soon after the mas.>iacrc of Dollard and his companions by the Iroc|uais. a memorable event in early Canadian history which occnrrc.l in JSfay. 1660. Morecner. on the outward \ oyage. when he ^avc his own name to the Grand Portal, he says that lie was the first Christian that had seen it. a statement that would no! be true h;ul the Lako Superior voyage taken place at a later date, for Father .Men.ird, the first cl('r;jynian to set foot upon Wisconsin soil, passed the Pictured Rock-i of Lake Superior in the fall of 1660.'" Willi the exception of b.is story about going to Hudson Ray, Radisson's narrative of liis Lake Superior voyage tallies with what the Jesuit Relations say alinut ilie iv,o nameless explorers and the places they saw, the Indians whom they visited and tlic customs of those Indians. The situation, summed up briefly, is simply this: The Jesuit Rela- tions tell us of two Frenchmen who went to the head of Lake Supe- lll. .ll'SUit Urlatinll. lOOS. oo liADISSON AND OROSEILLIKRS. iior, visited tlie Ilurons and the Sioux and returned in August, 1660. Kadisson describes a similar journey by himself and Groscilliers .ml while he makes no direct statement of the time of his return, his nar- lative shows that it was in the summer of 1660. Finally, the Journal of the Jesuits, a sort of diary kept at Quebec, sets at rest any pos- sible doubt on the subjuct by nientioniuK the arrival of the same Indian Hotilla that brought down the two Frenchmen to (Juebec and by sup- plying the name of Groscilliers as one of the two explorers who are nameless in the Jesuit Relations. '^ There is hardly a writer on this subject who does not assert that Radisson and Groseillicrs came west after 1660. Not a vestige of proof to supi)ort their assertions is adduced, and it is safe to say, the facts compel one to say, that the Lake Superior voyage which ended in 1660 was the last voyage that Radisson and Groscilliers made to the west. Many writers, without advancing any proof in support of their statements, declare that Radisson and Groscilliers' Lake Superif)r voy- age began in 1661 and ended in 1663. In the Journal of the Jesuits, which is unimpeachable authority, we find that Groscilliers was at Que- bec in May, 1662, and this alone explodes the 1661-3 theory. Other writers declare that Radisson and Groscilliers returned from their first western voyage in August, 1660, and started west again r.t once, not returning from their second and last voyage to the upper I.'ikes until 1662, late in the summer. These writers overlook the face of Groseillicrs' presence in Quebec in May, 1662, and they also fail to account for the fact of an addition to the Groseillicrs family in 1662. In connection with this voyage, one more error remains to be pointed out, and in the history of the northwest there is not an error that is more widespread. I refer to the statement in many standard historical works, including Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America" and his "From Cartier to Frontcnac," that Father Men- ard and Radisson and Groscilliers came west together in August, 1660. Father Menard, as a matter of fact, came west with the same Indians 11. "On the 17tli [August] Monseigneur of Petrao [Laval, (list blsliop of Quebec] left for his visit • » • » He arrived at Montreal on the 21st • • » where tlie Ottawtts hod arrived on the 19th. They were lu number throe hundred. Des GrosUliMcs was In their company, who hud gone to them the year before. They liad departed froiu Ijtko Superior with one hundred canoes; forty turned back, and sixty arrived, loaded with peltry to the value of 200,tiOO llvres. At Montreal they left to the value of ■Ift.tXX) llvres, end brought the rest to Throe Rivers. They come la twenty-sl.\ days, but are two months In going back. Des Grosilleres wintered witli the Boeuf tribe, who were about four thousand, and belonged to the sedentary Nadoueseronons. The Father Monar, the Father Albanel, and six other Frenchmen went back with them."— Journal dns Jt'suites, par M. M. les Abbes Laverdierfi et Casgraln, Quebec, 1871. Father Albanel, persecuted and abandoned by the Indians, soon retraced his steps to the French settle- ment. Father Menard pushed onward and in August. 1601, perished In the forests of Northwestern Wisconsin. RADISSON AND (iliOSKt LLIEIiS. 23 \vlio liad accompanied Radisson and Groscillicrs tci the French settle- incnts, upon their return from Laiyage. penetrated to Hudson's Bay. Radisson states that the Lake Superior voyage took two years, but neither the Jesuit Relations'- nor he Journal of the Jesuits mentions more than one winter's stay in the west by oiir explorers. Moreover, Pierre-Esprit Radis on, on April 15, 1659, jvas t'oiifathcr of a daughter of Groseiiiiers, Father Menard performin^j the corcmony. We have seen that the c were two men named Pierre- Esprit Radisson at Three Rivers at that time and we might take it for granted that it was the elder Pierre who stood sponsor on this occh- sion were it not for the intimation in the Jesuit Relations and in the Journal of the Jesuits that both Radisson and Groseiiiiers were gon-i only a year on their Lake Superior voyage, which ended in August, ](6o. On the other band, there is some evidence in support of Radis- son's claim that he and Groscillicrs did reach Hudson Bay from Lake Superior. Noel Jeremie, who commanded at Hudson Bay for tho 12. "The.v imssoil tlio winter on llic sliores of Ijiiki' Siipprlnr. (l\irln); wlilrh time tlu'y mnK8 I'incon Kivcr, near tiic Grand I'orta^e, on the north shoro of Lake Superiwing spring to take him and Radisson to Hudson Bay. Disappointed by the Rochelle merchant, they engaged with some Boston merchants to un- dertake a voyage \o Hudson Bay. and in the spring of 166.3 they started for the region which, on account of its richness in furs, they longed 17. Tlio .Tcsiilt rcliilloim .sl.nto tliiU Ir liir.H the kc'.'p.n- of tlio storo at Moiiln.iil liad not bouRlit a \m\\n- skin in a .vcar. that Ihc llmiin.s k.-pt awa.v from r.iaaila and lliat the Altronkln countr.v was (11s|h^„|,1c.I. Tlie fur iiado will, tho Indians. It slionld be reinouil"'rL\l. was the life of the colony. IK. .snlli'. UK Ildd. lii). ••'I'll., ships from Franf,. airiv.'d at ^mi'Iu'o In .luly. .\nt;usl „r >;cpl..inl„M'. anil relurnod in Xoveiuher"— IMrkman, ••The old Ue)r|i,„. i,, Canada." EADISSON A\D GROSEILLIERS. 29 in reach; but at Hudson Straits the captain turned l)ack-, his plea hcinj,' a shortness ol provisions. At Boston tiiey made another engagoinent to go to Hudson Bay, niercliants agreeing to equip two ships for thcni. Tile sliips were not furnislied and litigation witli the Boston merchants resulted, our adventurers iieing unsuccessful. This nuist have been in 1664. The following year some of the English commis- sioners appointed to attend to the evacuation of New York by the Dutch induced the two Frenchmen to go from Boston to the court of England and urge the establishment of fur-trading centers at Hudson Bay, which, although it had been explored many years before by Eng- lish navigators, including Hudson and Button, had never been settled by any nation. In England, Radisson and Groseilliers won the favor of Prince Rupert and w.re granted an audience by Charles H, who at that time, on account of the plague in London, held court at Oxford. The king granted the adventurers forty shillings a week and chand)ers at Windsor and promised them a ship in the spring of 1666. But it was not until 1668 that the proposed expedition to Hudson's Bay started, and then a storm drove Radisson's ship, the Eagle. Capt. Stannard. back to England. wMiie the Nonsucli. which bore Groseilliers and was commanded by Capt. Zachary Gillam. went on to Hudson's Bay. The result of the expedition was the establishment during the same year of a fort at the mouth of the Nemiskau River, now known as Rupert's River, at the head of James Bay. where Fort Rupert stands to-day. The following year Radisson himself took possession of Port Nelson in the name of the English king. It was in 1668, after being forced back to England, that Ra(' son finished his account of his Lake Supe- rior voyage. Our two adventurers thus became the promoters of the TTuilson's Bay company, which was chartered in 1670 by Charles II, Prince Ru- pert being at the head of it. The company was given exclusive pos- session of Hudson's Bay and of all the territory drained by the streams running into it. In return for this royal grant, Cliarles H modestly stipulated that the company was to give him every year two elks and two black beavers. About the time that tiie Hudson's Bay Company was chartered, Radisson married a daughter of John Kirke. one of the charter mem- bers of llie company, and a descendant of one of the Kirkes who m i6i(; forced Champlain to surrender Quebec to the English. Some time after the incorporation ol the Hudson Bay Company, John Kiri.»^.^„„.,J> cult and perilous journey. Radisson states that he and Groseilliers'' T^^**?! ^Y***"**"^ left the English service in that same year, whether as a result of '^*^ ^^^ /'" ^f*"^ Father Albanel's persuasion, or the suspicions of the English, or'*^*^ ^ C^**4U<^iUuf/ both, it is hard to divine. A few years later we find Father Albaneb^M '^ ^ 'ICt IuJL in the west, at the head of the missions around Green Bay. He de-^^ /^..^r 6i^k** L Cu*- servedly occupies a high place among the Jesuit missionaries oi j "/ /T / ' New France. i^*** 'Qta^M.tt Ofoott^jUyj Radisson and Groseilliers were pardoned by Louis XIV. and they/^^*^' ^<>'^^*^*«v/i.^j! re-appeared in New France in 1678. Frontenac had no employment^ ' for them, however, and Radisson joined the French fleet which reduced tiie island of Tobago and other Dutch possessions in th West Indies. Groseilliers remained with his family at Three Rivers. In 1681, after he had twice visited England to persuade his wife to live with him in France, Radisson appeared again at Quebec and entered the service of the Company of the North. He and Gro- seilliers were placed in command of two ships and sailed for Hudson's Bay to plant a French establishment. They anchored in Hayes River. They had many adventures, including the capture of the English governor, one Bridger. The ship which had brought Bridger to the bay was commanded by Capt. Zachary Gillam, who commanded the ship that had brought Groseilliers to Hudson's Bay in 1668. In the winter of 1682-3 Gillam's ship was crushed by the ice and he was drowned. His son, who had charge of a Boston ship, was captured by the French by strategy and his vessel was seized. Leaving a son of Groseilliers in charge at Port Nelson, and sending Bridger to James Bay, Radisson and Groseilliers went to Quebec. De la Barre, the governor of New France, returned the Boston ship to its owners, and for so doing was reprimanded by Seignelay. the French minister of marine, who said the English would not fail to use the surrender of the ship to strengthen their claim to Nelson River. On April 10, 1684. Louis XIV wrote to de la Barre that the Eng- lish king had complained to him about the acts of Radisson and Gro- seilliers. The French king suggested to his representative in New France that it would be well to propose to the commandant at Hud- son Bay that neither the French nor the English should have power 32 HADISSUX AM) (IROSEILLIERS. to make any new cstablislimetits in tlial ii'^non. tlic wily uKinanh add- \nii tliat tlu' ])r<)i)i)sili(ni would no doulii \n- rt-adily accipted, a'^ tlie I'JiKlisli iiad no power to prcxent his snhjn-ts from forming I'stahiish- nients at Nelson River, at that time a l-'reneh possession. De la Barre I.)r()l)ahly sent this dispatcli to Hudson's Bay l)y way of l.ake Superior, for in the sunnner of 1684. Du Luth, one of the niijst noted of I'Vench l)ushranjj;ers, was in the upjjer lake country, and wrote to de la Barre that he had reeei\ed the dispatclics for young Groseilliers at Nelson River and that in compliance with the French governor's order to omit no step to ensure the prompt delivery of the dispatches, one Pere,^- a noted coureur de hois, would leave at once for Hudson's Bay. It was late in 1683 when Radisson and Groseilliers returned to Quebec from Hudson's Bay and a few weeks later they were in I'aris. Lord Preston, the English ambassador, who had been comi)laining about tiieir acts at Hudson's Bay. induced them to re-enter the Hud- son's Bay Company's service. Radisson, leaving Groseilliers in Kng- land, sailed at once for Hudson's Bay, and took possession lor the French post at Nelson River, as well as of a large (|uaiUity of valuable furs which the French had obtained since the i)revious year. Young Groseilliers, according to Radisson, promptly surrendered the post. The furs taken from the French were valued at from 300,000 to 400,000 livres. Radissfjn went back to London the same year. It is recorded that in 1685 Radisson and his nei)hew had gone up Hayes, or St. Tbcrese, Riser, intending to spend the winter. In 1686 de Troyes and Iberville, with a comiiany of other French-Canadians, captured I""orts Hayes. Rupert and Albany. Denonville. in a letter to bis superiors, afterward stated that he had ordered de 'J'royes to cap- ture only the fort which contained Radisson. for whom a reward h:id been authoiized. The expedition did. not capture Radisson. however, for in the month of March. 1(187. Louis X[\' himself wrote to Denon- \ille that Radisson had done a great deal of harm to the colony and was likely to do more. He atlvised the capture of Radisson, and if he could not be captured, he suggested that an attempt be made to prevail upon him to leave the Fnglish ser\ ice, and to this end the kin;,; Mthor- ized the governor and the intendant of New France to make any suit- ;il)ie term.-, with him. Thi's Rac'issoii had become the cause of a great; monarch's an.xiety. Radisson and Groseilliers were traitors both to France and to Fngland. but their lo\e of gold was mixed with a love of adventure, ' with great runbition. and it may be doubted whether New I'r.ince ever contained two bolder, more enterprising spirits. 22. KliiKsford. "Tlic Ilistoiy of ('.in.id;!." slnlos tliiit llif Kii^IIkIi dctaliiod Ppre unit tliiit In Iti.Sd. wi.cn dr Ticiyi's and tlicrvlMi' di'unindcd tliiit lio lie smiondi'ivd ti> thcni. I1m>.v wi'ic tiild Hint lie Imd ln'tii sent In I'iimmm'. Mmrsi' Itlvir. Icadln;,' Icj llud- 8(111 liay, f.)rnii-'!ly Iji.ro Terr's name. RADISSOX AXD (IROSEI LIJ KRS. 83 There seems to he little rlouht that hotli of them died in Kiik laiul.^" far from tlieir native land, fartlier from the scenes of tl memorable achievements. HENRY COLIN CAMPBELI leir , -■:!. Clmrlcvolx siiys Hint tin,H,- ,s ,ll(cl In Ciiii and Itiicllssoii In KiikI.uhI I»I.,M.,.. „....,.,ts timl (in,s,.|lll,.,M Mis., ,lli.,l ,:, Ki.pl.uMl mi.l 1». Is s, irte.! l.j- tlir fuct Hint tiM- I.l,il„iinnin. K..in«l„j;l,,,i,. .Irs f.iiiilll...' .•aiimU..|iii,.s .!....« n.,t .'..ntiilii nnv ni.nll.m „f (inwIllLTs' Inst .In.vs. l!,.sl.l,.s. th.. Inst tl.nt Is kii.nvn of (;r.,s<.|lll.T« I,".- was It, MiKlniul, :ui .,1.1 nmn. „„.! ,i i- all Ihc .litniustniKes It Is most rousonahl.. i,. sii|i|Mjsc tlint ill' iIImI ill Hint .■.miitiy. ^ \ A lilUUOOHAl'HICAL LIST. AUTllOBS. RoBK. Aloxaiulcr— HiHtoiy of iljc North-Wcgt. i'.i.uplM.ll, Honry C.-Unll.atlon Xo. 2, Milwaukee, January, 18U0 Oliarlovolx-Hlstory of New France, vol. III. hook 10. Davidson, the Rev. John N.^In UMuanicd WLsconsIn,' 1805. Vol. XII.. Wis Illst Colls. r.lon.,0, I>r. N. B.-Chou«rt et Uadlsson, In Memoirs of Itoyal .Soclcly of VniuuH for 180:t and lHiH. Klll.s, Voya^'o to Hudson Hay, 171(1 and 1747. <;nriieau -History of Canada, vol. I., pp. ;{52, .'ina. (Juerlii Maritime History of frame, nil. 111. HehlK.rd, S. D.-Wlsoonsln Under French Dominion. Jer.'iiiie-Uelutlon de la Baye d'Hudson. Amsterdam, 17-12. Kln^'sford The History of Canaila. (tttawa, 188!).' M.irlln, ,Sarah (irc.eno and Dehonih Beaumont Martln-Hlstoric Green Bay Mary, .Motli^T Mary of the Incarnation— Ix'tter XXXV Nelll, the Key. E. D., D. D.-Dev«lopment of Trade on Lake Superior. St I'aul 1800. Vol. V. .Minn. Hist. Colls. Vol. X., Wis. IIKst. Colls' Vol. IV., Wlnsor's Narrative and Critical History of America Magazine of Weslern History, vol. VII. Neville, Klla Hoes— Historic (Jrern Bay. 1803. Oldml-von— British Empire. 1741. Purkman-lntroductlon to 1893 edition of I^ Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. Note to 1804 Edition of The Old Boglmc In Canada, p. 132 Irotherl,., de la-Hlstolre de I'Amerldue septentrlonale. ITmniomme, A. L.-Notes Historlques sur la vie d-o V. E. de Hadlsson Kadlsson'8 Voyages.-l'rlnce Society, Boston, 1886. See Vol. XI., Wis. Hist. Colls Kol.son's Account of Sl.x Years' Uesldence in Hudson Bay Shea, .John Gllmary-Discovery of the Jlississlppl. Suite— Histoire des Canadicns-francals. T, .*^ ^'"-l? '"' ^'■""'" '"""• """'"■^'"^'l "' I* Canada-francal.,, 188!) and 18')0 ThwnlteB, R. G.-The Story of Wisconsin, Vol. XI , Wis. Hist. Colls. Vol. XHI., Wis. Hist. Colls. Turner, F. J.-The Character and Imluence of the Fur Trade In Wlscon.,ln In Pro- ceedings Wis. Historical Society, 188") Verwyst-The Kev. Chrysostom. O. S. F.-Vol. XIII., Wis. Hist. Colls A\ lusor, Justln-From Cartier to Froutenac. REPORTS, DOCUMENTS AND COLLECTIONS. Canadian Archives. Canadian Families, Genealogical Dictionary of. Canadian Documents. Jesuit Relations. HADJU.'SOA AAD UliUSEl l.LI EUa. 3fi MIn lif, \(ii. I. .IihiiKk. .Iimii'IiiiI dl" tlii' Mlliiicsi.tit IIInI. )'(i11i.i-I|(iI1s. vol. \. Ni'W KriilK'C, C.ill.'clliiii of Ilcic iilN Ki'liiiliii; t., Ilii Niw York Coloiiliil liiii'iiiiji'iiiN. Vol. r.\. I'liilliiiiicnliiiy XISS. ^^■'►' "Ill IIIhI. rolls, , Vols. X.. \l., Xll., XIII. N,,ol,,.s I..n„,s |..,,.olrH. .ho .Io«„ll UHntlonH ,..„! ,l„, „,.,.. K.al.,.,- Vmv*-s,'H .Mis- H on r, I.„l,orH ol .\lHn,„,.|t,., .M..„.,v.l ...