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(^Rtprinted fiom the Canadian Natnrallst.) 
 
 ri ^f 
 
 ON THE J"^ 
 
 MARINE MOLLUS 
 
 OF 
 
 E \STERN CANADA. 
 
 By J. F. WiiiTEAVES, F.G.S., etc. 
 
 Our knowledge of the distribution of the mr.rine niollusca in 
 Lower Canada is still very limited. In 1858 Principal Dawson 
 published in this Journal (vol. iii., p. 329) a list of shells 
 collected by him in Gaspe Bay ; the number of species recorded 
 is thirty-eight. In 1859 Prof. K. Bell gave a list of sixty-nine 
 marine molluscs, collected in various parts of the Gulf of the 
 St. Lawrence (see vol. iv., p. 197) ; a few of these were pro- 
 cured in New Brunswick. Since that time some additional 
 species have been collected by ot ler observers. In Aur- t, 18G7, 
 through the kindness of Messrs. John Luce and G. De Carteret, 
 of the firm of W. Frewen & Co., I was enabled to carry on 
 careful dredging operations at Grande Grove, in Gaspe Bay. In 
 this paper it is proposed — 1st, to give a list of the species 
 dredged by myself at Grande Grove, and, 2nd, a catalogue 
 of all the marine moUusca known to inhabit Lower Canada at 
 the present date. 
 
 Grande Greve is a fishing station on the North-east side of 
 Gaspe Bay, and is sheltered by the narrow atrip of land of 
 which Cape Gaspe is the extremity. The rocks of Oriskany 
 sandstone here dip slopingly towards the sea, which deepens very 
 rapidly from the shore, so that but few shells can be collected 
 unless tht! dredge is used. A fortnight was devoted to a careful 
 examination of this particular spot, and seventy-five species were 
 procured, as follows: — 
 
 PALLIOBRANCHIATA. 
 
 Rhi/nchoneUa jjsittacea Gmelin : — Frequent, alive on stones in 
 from 10 to 20 fathoms. 
 
 LAMEI.LIBRANCIIIATA. 
 
 Anomia ephi'ppiuni Linn. — On stones and shells with the 
 above ; the var. aculcata frecjuent. 
 
 I tit 
 
 i t (t 
 
 I 
 
< 
 
 Amusium tctmicostutum Mighels (n= Pccten Magellaniais 
 Lam.) : — Alive ia 1 to 10 fathoms. 
 
 Pecten IsUmdlcus Chemnitz : — Living in from 5 to 40 fathoms 
 
 water. 
 
 Nucula tenuis Montagu, and var. expanca (= iV. eocpunsa 
 Reeve) : — Alive in 40 to 50 fathoms mud. The Nucula injlata 
 of Hancock, from Greenland, etc., is apparently only a variety of 
 this species, and is probably the same as N. cxpajisa lleeve. 
 
 Nucula ddpUnodonta Migh. : — With the above, but much 
 more abundant. The shell is covered with a ferruginous coat 
 like the British Lucina ferruginosa. 
 
 Leda peniula Muller :— Six fine living specimens in 50 fathoms 
 mud. 
 
 Leda minuta Mull.— One, living, with the above. 
 
 Yoldla. myalls Couthuouy :— Hare, with the two preceding ; 
 but not infrequent in the stomachs of flat fish caught oif Grande 
 Gr^ve. 
 
 Crenella glandida Totten :— A few taken living in from 20 to 
 
 40 fathoms. 
 
 Crenella decussata Mont. (= C. ciccrcula Moll.)— Abundant, 
 living in mud, in from 20 to 60 fathoms. Quite distinct from 
 the preceding, but larger than the average of British specimens. 
 
 Modlolaria discors Linn, and var. hrvigata Gray : — Hare, 
 living with the above. 
 
 Modlolaria nigra Gray :— One fine living specimen on a stone, 
 in about 20 fathoms, 
 
 Modlola modiolus Linn.— Fragments of large specimens in 
 shingle at 20 fathoms. 
 
 Mytilus edulis Linn.- Common on the beach and in shallow 
 
 water. 
 
 Cardium Islandicum Linn. — In sandy mud, at 30 to 50 
 fathoms, and abundantly from fishes' stomachs. 
 
 Cardium pinnulatum Conrad : — Alive, with the preceding. 
 
 Serripes Groenlandicus Chemn. — Largo and fine, in mud, at 
 20 to 50 fathoms. Found in the English Ked-Crag deposits. 
 
 Astarte striata Leach, and var. glohosa : — In 20 to GO 
 fathoms mud. 
 
 Astarte Banksii Leach :— With the preceding, but rarer. This 
 species and the foregoing are barely specifically distinct from the 
 A. compressa of English authors. They exactly correspond with 
 the two so-called species from Greenland. 
 
 •.. . . 
 
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 Astnrtc undam Gould (= J. latlsuJai Ilanloy) : — Large and 
 fine, in 50 to GO fathoms luud. Very variable in sculpture. 
 The New England variety, with prominent and distant ribs, 
 which some of the Gaspe cxuniplos approach, can hardly be 
 separated from the Astarte Onvdii var. undulatd of Searles' 
 Wood's Crag MoUusca. 
 
 Astarte semisidcnta Leach : — With the preceding a few speci- 
 mens occurred, which I refer, with doubt, to this species. 
 
 Gardita borealis Conrad : — Living, at various depths. 
 
 Axinus Gould'd Philippi : — A few living, at 20 to 60 fathoms. 
 
 Venus Jiuctuosa Gould, sp. — Extremely abundant, living in 
 20 to 50 fathoms. 
 
 Macoma sabulosa Spenglcr (= Tellina proxima and calcarea, 
 auct.) : — Scarce, in 20 to 50 fathoms ; also from stomachs of fishes. 
 
 Macoma Groenlandica Beck, sp. — Scarce, in shallow water. 
 Probably conspecific with the SnnguinolarUi fusca of Say from 
 New England, with the West Coast Macoma inconnpicua of 
 Brod. et Sow, and with the European Tdllna Balthlca of 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 3It/a armaria Linn. — Occasional, on the shore. 
 
 Mya truncata Linn. — One dead but fresh adult, and living 
 fry taken in 10 to 20 fathoms. 
 
 Saxicava (^Panopcca') Nurvegica Spenglcr : — Six dead but fresh 
 specimens, in 50 fathoms mud. 
 
 Saxicava rugosa Linn, and var. arctlca; — Common, burrow- 
 ing into stones in from 10 to 20 fathoms. 
 
 Anatlna papi/rarca Say : — One alive, in 50 fathoms mud. 
 
 Thracla myopds Moller : — A few taken with the above. 
 
 Lijonsia (^Pandorina) arenosa Moll. — Living in sandy mud, 
 in 30 to 50 fathoms. The shell is covered with particles of sand, 
 as the specific name implies. 
 
 Pandora (^Kennerh/a) glaclalis'Lcach : — Living with the above. 
 Externally it closely resembles the Pandora ohtusa of Forbes aud 
 Hanley, which is the Sohn pinna of Montague. According to 
 Dr. P. P. Carpenter, P. gluclalls has an internal ossicle, which 
 is wanting in the British shell. 
 
 ■ i' 
 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 Cyllchna alba Brown : — Living in 40 to 60 fathoms. 
 Tonicia marmorca 0. Fubr. — Common on stones, in 10 to 20 
 fathoms. 
 
 I 
 
« ' 
 
 Lrpfochifon nlhim Linn. — With the above; frequent. 
 Tectara tcKtudiiialis Mull.— In very shallow water. 
 Lepeta cam Miill.— On stones, in 20 to 50 fathoms, living. 
 Gemoria Noavhina Linn. — Living with the above. 
 Margarita striata Brod. ct Sow. {=:^f. cincrea Gould). 
 Margarita Grcrnlavdica Chenin. and var. nndulata. 
 Margarita ohscura Couth. 
 
 Margarita varicma Migh. :— These four species were taken 
 living, in from 30 to 50 fathoms mud, the last being by far tlie 
 most abundant. The M. variatsa is the same as the 3L 
 elcgantissima of Searlcs' Wood's Crag MoUusca. 
 
 Lacuna vincta Fabr. — On sea-weeds in shallow water. 
 Littorina Uttoralis Linn, fide Jeffreys (= L. palUata Say) : 
 — Common on rocks on the shore. 
 
 Littorina rudis Mont.— With the above. The varieties patula 
 and tenehrosa were common, but I did not meet with the type. 
 L. Groenlandica Chemn. appears to be a variety of this species. 
 
 Scalaria Groenlandioi Perry :— One living specimen on a 
 stone, in 20 fathoms water. 
 
 Mesalia (?) erosa Couth.— Abundant, living in 20 to 50 
 fathoms mud. 
 
 Mesalia (]) reticulata Migh.- With the above, but less frequent. 
 Aporrhais occidentaHs Beck :— Alive, with the two preceding. 
 Mencstlio alhuhi KoU.— Three living; adult specimens were 
 taken oa a stone, from about 20 fathoms water. 
 
 Veliitina {Morvillia) Zonata Gould :— Three examples taken 
 on stones in deep water. 
 
 Velutina haliotoidea Mull.— One taken living, with the above. 
 Natica affinis Gmelin (= iV. clausa Brod. et Sow.):— Fine, 
 in about 40 fathoms. 
 
 Limatia Groenlandica Moll.— Very large, living with the 
 
 above. 
 
 Lunatia heros Say :— Frequent in sandy parts of Gasp«S Bay, 
 but rare opposite Grande Greve. 
 
 Plmrotoma hicarinata Couth : — Rare, in 30 to 50 fiithoms. 
 
 BcUi nohilis Moll.— A few living, at the same depth as the 
 above. 
 
 Bela exarata Moll.— One living, in about 40 fathoms. 
 
 Bela scalaris Moll.— In mud, at from 30 to 50 fathoms. 1 
 regard these three as good species, distinct from the British B. 
 turricula, cf whicii I have never seen typical specimens in Canada. 
 
t « 
 
 1- 
 
 Bt:ht (Jvnimita Couth. — Frequent, living in from 30 to 50 
 fathoms mud. 
 
 Bda p'/ramUhdis Strom (= Fum.s pfenrotorinrins Coutli. 
 F. rufm Gould and B. Vnhlli Miill.) :— With the preceding, 
 but rare. 
 
 Niissa. tnvlttata Say : — Living, a little above the village of 
 Gaspe Basin, where the water is brackish. 
 
 Buco'num umhitum Linn. — Several varieties of this species 
 were dredged in deep water. I regard the Baccinum xindahitnm 
 of Moiler and the B. Lahradorcnsc of Reeve, as varieties of this 
 protean mollusc. 
 
 Buccinuin tenue Gray (=1 B. scalariformc Moll.): — Alive, in 
 60 fathoms mud. 
 
 F'L ■ Hms Kroyrrl Moll. sp. — One living specimen, with 
 t' e pir "; it is i\\G Buccinum artnceum of Reeve and the 
 
 jva 'of V, .. P-ir:!ist. 
 
 ,syd •oiv. 'micr>3taf.us 8iiy : — One dead immature spoci- 
 ►: 3 Jre .\- - iCup '^u er. 
 
 ^ fH' l-ni j-jnm:s Gould: — Not rare, living in about 
 ;-iO iaihoh. . 
 
 Trophnn Giinne: i L /en : — Living in about 30 fathoms. 
 Troplion chithraias Linn. — One taken with T. Gnnncri. 
 Trlchotropls horcalls Brod. et Sow. 
 
 Admctc vlrldula 0. Fabr. — The two last species were fine, and 
 frequent in 30 to 40 fathoms. 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 ? LoUgo lUccehrom Lesuer : — Abundant ; is used by the fisher- 
 men largely as a bait for cod. 
 
 Among other invertebrates dredged here were Metridium 
 margtnatum Edw. et Haime, Alcijoniiim rnhifonnc Ehrenb., 
 Echinarachnius pirma Linn., Ophiopliolls acuhata Lutk., 
 Ophioglyplia rolusfn, and 0. Sarsii, with other commoner forms, 
 and some fine sponges. 
 
 It is thought desirable to place on record a list of the sea 
 shells known to inhabit the River and Gulf of the St. Lawrence, 
 north of New Brunswick, and south of north-eastern Labrador. 
 The species enumerated in the preceding list are included, and 
 only unrecorded localities are given for rare species. My thanks 
 are due to Principal Dawson, to Drs. Stimpsou, and P. P. 
 
 14 
 
« i* 
 
 6 
 
 Ciirpoiitor, i'nd to Messrs. S. Ilauloy and J. G. JoffroyH, for tlicir 
 kind critical assistance in tlic identification of difficult species. 
 At the same time, having carefully compared the Canadian shclis 
 witli Mollcr'.s types in the Briti.sh 3Iuseum, and in the cabinets 
 of Messrs. Ilanley and Jeffreys, tliis and the preceding list must 
 be regarded as the expression of my own indi\idual judgment oq 
 the several species. 
 
 LIST OP THE MARINE MOLLUSOA OF EASTERN CANADA. 
 
 PALr-IOBRASCHIATA. 
 
 llhynchonolla psittacoa, Gmd. 
 
 LAMELLIBRAXCIIIATA. 
 
 I 
 
 Anomia ephippiuin, Linn. 
 
 and var. aculcata. 
 Limoft subauriculata, Mont. 
 Amu.sium tcnuicostntuin, Migh. 
 Pocton Islandicus, Chcu.n. 
 Nucula tenuis Mt nt. 
 
 and var. expansa. 
 Nucula delphinodonta, Migli. 
 Leda pornula, Miill. 
 
 minuta, Miill. 
 
 Yoldia myalin, Couthuouy, 
 
 (is the Lodalimatula of Principal 
 Dawson's list). 
 Cronella poetinula, Gould ; 
 
 (Mingan, J. Richardson, Jr). 
 
 glandula, Totton. 
 
 decussata, Mont. 
 
 Modiolaria discors, Gray, 
 
 and var. loevigata. 
 
 nigra. Gray. 
 
 Modiola modiolus, Linn. 
 
 plicatula, Lamarck. 
 
 Mytilus edulis, Linn. 
 Cardium Islandieum, Linn. 
 
 pinnulatum, Conr. 
 
 iSerripos (rrocnlandicus. Chemnitz; 
 Axinus Gouldii, Phil. 
 
 Astarte borealis? Chcmn. 
 (Marsouin, Prof. R. Eell). 
 
 r.ndata, Gould. 
 
 seniisulcata? Loach. 
 
 striata, Leach. 
 
 IJanksii, Leach. 
 
 quadrans, Gould ; 
 
 (Mingan, J. Richardson, Jr). 
 
 Cardita borealis, Conr. 
 Gemma Tottenii, Stimp. 
 
 (= Venus gemma, Tottcn). 
 Venus fluctuosa, Gould. 
 Mactra polynema, Stimp. 
 
 (= M. ovalis, Gould — namo ])ro- 
 occupied). 
 Ceronia deaurata, Turton, 
 
 (= Mesodesma Jauresii, Do Joan- 
 nis) ; Little Metis, J. F. AV . 
 Ceronia arctata, Conrad ; 
 
 (This species I believe to be the 
 young of the preceding). 
 Macoma Gnienlandica, Bock. 
 
 sabulosa, Spengl. 
 
 Tellina (Angulus) tenera, S.ay ; 
 
 (collected in Gaspd Bay by Prin- 
 cipal Dawson). 
 Solcn ensis, Linn. 
 Machipra costata ? Say. 
 Mya arenaria, Linn. 
 
 truncata, Linn. 
 
 Crj'todaria siliqua, Spengl. 
 
 (Tadoussac, Principal Dawson ; 
 Little Metis, J. P. Whith- 
 eaves). 
 Panopoea Norvegica, Spengl. 
 Saxicava rugosa, and var. arctica. 
 Anatina papyracea. Say. 
 Thracia myopsis, Moll. 
 Lyonsia (Pandorina) arenosa, Miill. 
 
 (is the Osteodesmahyalinaof Prof. 
 Bell's list, butnotof Conrnd). 
 Pandora glacialis. Leach. 
 Zirphoea crispata, Linn. 
 
« I* 
 
 ■ ■( 
 
 -I 
 
 OIHTEROPODA, 
 
 Opi»thobrnnchlat(i . 
 
 Cylichna alba, Brown. 
 
 Progobranchiata, 
 Tonicia mnrniorcn, O. Fabr. Lunatisi trisoriata, Rny. 
 
 Lcptochiton albun, Linn. 
 Aniiculu, l<^inor8onii, Couthuouy ; 
 
 (Gasp<; Bay, Principal Dawson). 
 Lopota cocca, Miill. 
 Comorianoachina, Linn. 
 Margarita striata, Brod. ot Sow. 
 
 obscura, Couth. 
 
 variccsa, Migh. 
 
 (jrcenlandic.i, (Jliomn. 
 
 and var. undulata. 
 
 holicina, 0. Fabr. 
 
 Adoorbis (Molleria) cobtulata, Moll. ; 
 
 (Mingan, J. Richardson, Jr). 
 Rissoa minuta, Totten ; 
 
 (Little Metis, J. F. W.) 
 castanoa, Miiller ; 
 
 (Mingan, J. Richardson, Jr). 
 Lacuna vincta, Fabr. 
 
 littoralis, Linn. 
 
 Littorina rudis, Montagu; 
 
 vars. patula and tenubrosa. 
 Scalaria Groenlandica, Perry. 
 Mosalia orosa, Couthuouy, 
 
 (= Turritella polaris, Moilor). 
 y reticulata, Mighels, 
 
 (= Turritella lactea, Moller). 
 Aporrhais occidentalis. Beck ; 
 
 (Mingan, J. Richardson, Jr). 
 Mcnestho albula, Mcill. 
 A'clutina haliotoidea, MliU. 
 
 (Morvillia) Zonata, Gould. 
 
 Lamellaria perspicua, Linn. 
 Natica affinis, Ginelin. 
 Lunatia heros. Say. 
 
 Groenlandica, MMl. 
 
 Bulbus flavus, Gould. 
 Amauropsis Islandica, Omolin, 
 
 (= Natica helicoidos, Johnstone). 
 Pleurotoina bicarinata. Couth. 
 Bela nobili?, MoU. 
 
 scalaris, Moll. 
 
 exarata, Miill. 
 
 decussata. Couth. 
 
 ])yraniidiilis, Strom. 
 
 Astyris llolboUi, Bock ; smooth var. 
 
 (= Colunibella rosacea, Gould) ; 
 
 Mingan, J. Richardson, Jr. 
 Purpura lapillus, Linn. 
 Nassa trivittati, Say. 
 Buccinum undatuin, Linn. 
 
 (varieties = B. undulatum Miill. 
 and B. Labradorense, Reeve). 
 
 tenuc. Gray. 
 
 Buccinofusus Kroyeri, Miill. 
 Chrysodoinus tornatus, Gould. 
 
 decomcostatus. Say, 
 
 (varieties occur with characters 
 intermediate between this 
 and the preceding species). 
 
 Islandicus? Chemn. 
 
 (?= Fusus Spitzbcrgenais, Reeve) . 
 
 pygmocus, Gould. 
 
 Trophon clathratus, Linn, 
 
 scalariforme, Gould. 
 
 (Junneri, Lovc'n. 
 
 craticulatus, 0. Fabr. 
 
 (= T. Fabricii, Beck) ; 
 
 Mingan, J- Richardson, Jr. 
 Trichotropis boroalis, Brod. ot Sow. 
 Adoicto viridula, 0. Fabr. 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 Loligo illocobrosa? Lesuer. 
 
 The following species have been found in Labrador, but have 
 not yet been taken living in the area in question: — 
 
 Terobratella LabraJorcnsis, Sow. 
 Yoldia sapotilia, Gould. 
 Leda buccata, Mcill. 
 
 Mactra solidissimn, 
 Thracia Conradi, Couth. 
 Cliono limacin.a, Phipps. 
 
 I 
 
8 
 
 I 1* 
 
 I/.nmcina helicina, rhipps. Tnritolla aclculft, Stintips. 
 
 Hiillii '.jortonius, Migh. Bella violacoa, Migh. 
 
 occultiv, Migh. canctlliUa, Migh. 
 
 Phllino lin'-olata, Couth. Buocinum GrocnlftniUcuin, Hancock. 
 
 Pilidium ruboUum, Fabr, Ommastrophcs todarus? 
 ScissurcUa cri^pata, Flora. 
 
 All of thcHC, with Iho exception of the lirst sj-ecies, are y^ken 
 on the authority of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr. (this Journal, vol. 
 viii., page 401. Throughout Dr Packord's article, wherever 
 the depth of water ia give- as " feet," read " fathoms "). 
 
 Oatrmi Vlrginiana f Lam., Venus tmrcenana Say, Crept- 
 duhi fomkatn, C. plana, and Nosm ohsoh'Ui live in the Buy 
 of Chaleur, but barely within the limits wo have prescribed. 
 
 M'chain sqicnna Biairv., Fasclvhinn llcjuta Mighels, and 
 Fttsiis ventn'rosiiH Gray, occur both north and south of Lower 
 Canada, but they have not as yei been taken in its waters. 
 
 Lastly, a few sshells are found in the post pliocene beds of Lower 
 Canada, which, as yet, have not been detected as members of ita 
 recent fauna. These are : — 
 
 Terobratolla Spitzbcrgonsis? Dav. 
 Loda truncata, Brown. 
 Cardium Dawsoni, Stimp. 
 Astarto Laurontiana, Lyell. 
 Macoma inflata, StiiMp. 
 
 Cyli<;1ina nucleola, Reeve. 
 Buocinum glaciale, Linn. 
 Buccinum Qroenlandicuin, Ilanc. 
 
 cyaneuni, Brug. 
 
 Tottonii, Stiinp. 
 
 ■ 
 
 The tnree last named ppecies of Bucinum are quoted on the 
 authority of Dr. Stimp.son. The Terebratella has been referred 
 to the T. Lahradonnsis of Sowerby. Having seen recent speci- 
 mens of this shell from Halifax, N. S., and fossil examples from 
 llivi^re-du-Lonp, it seems to me to come nearer to Davidson B 
 Terehratella Spitzhergoisis. 
 
 At depths as great as fifty fathoms and upwards in Gasp6 Bay, 
 the mud or sand brought up ^y the dredge, even in July and 
 August, is icy cold. It is not improbable that in this bay one of 
 the° branches of the cold northerly arctic current may 
 flow. An experiment made by Dr. Fortin of trying to 
 naturalize oysters in Gasp6 Bay eeems to have failed. Oysters 
 are very sensitive to cold, and not only does extreme cold exist at 
 the bottom in deep water all the year round, but the surface is 
 frozen over along the shore during the winter. 
 
 The marine moUusea of the River and Gulf of the St. Lawrence 
 arc remarkable, first, for the extreme antiquity of many of the 
 species, and secondly, for their wide geographical range. The 
 
 ► r« 
 
tm^m 
 
 > 
 
 9 
 
 niajoiily of them lidonsj: to an arctic or Pub-arctic fauna, which ii 
 to R hirge extent circuinpolar. In time, fiomc date back to a 
 period as old as that in which the European coralline craur was 
 deposited, and durinjr tlie formation of the European tcrtiaries and 
 poHt-plioc'.'ne beds, many species lived in the seas of (Ireat 
 Britain, etc., which are now extinct there but which still live on 
 the western side of tha Atlantic. There may bo porhap.^. in 
 addition to this, a small local assemblage eonsi-tinji of species 
 Apparently of a more recent date of creation and confined to a 
 comparaiivuly limited area. Nearly all of the Greenland shells 
 will probably be yet detected in the lliver and Gulf of the 
 St. Lawrence. W hen we po-ssess more definite information as to 
 the geo„'rr.phic".l distribution of the livi- ' marine invertebrates 
 of the Dominion, we shall be better al understand the con- 
 
 ditions under which the Canadian post-pUoceno beds were 
 deposited. And furtlu-r, a careful comparison is still required 
 between the recent invertebrate? of lO northern seas, and the 
 fossils of the tertiary and post tertiary teas of Europe and North 
 Araeric.i. Not. only would the results of such investigations add 
 to our knowledge of physical geol«igy, and help to form a ':ey 
 towards the solution of the problem of the rationale of the 
 geographical distribution of plants and aniumls, but it might 
 also throw some light on that vexed question the origin of species. 
 These arctic or sub-arctic molluscs are not only in many cases of 
 hi"h antiquity, but from their wide spread distribution we get an 
 opportunity of studying the modifications of species caused by 
 altered physical conditions.