* ^ V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) i.O ^ 12^ m U£ 1^ ill 12.2 I.I 2jO 1.8 11.25 1.4 U Photograpliic Sciences Corporation // 4 4 ^^ \ V \\ % V ^>. signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiim^s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, ii est filmi A partir de i'angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. irrata to pelure, nd n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 [private.] RECIPROCITY TREATY AS TO THE FISHERIES, TRADE WITH BRITISH NORTH AMERI- CAN COLONIES, &c. COALS. Propontion for reciprocal arrangemept to admit United States coals into the Jive British North American Provinces; and the coals of the Provinces into the United States; free of duty. It is not surprising that a proposition to admit any foreign coals into this country, free of duty, should rsceive opposition from the home coal interests. It may also be expected that such opposition will be aided by some other interests which c i.iemn the principles of free and unre- stricted trade and commerce, and uphold the doctrine of i^otectiout by a high tariff of duties, on such imports as may compete with our home industry. It is freely conceded, that if the policy o^ protection by such means, can be constitutionally and rightfully maintained, there are no articles that have stronger claims to its enforcement, in this behalf, than the articles of coal and iron. They are both articles of prime necessity, and there are no convenient and sufficient substitutes for them available to the whole country. Every section of the confederacy teems with these important elements of national independence, prosperity, and wealth. Our mountains, plains, and valleys are filled with them, in all their different varieties. Capital^ and labor^ and enterprise are how- ever needed lor their development. It will not be msputed, in this Eaper, that if the money, industry, and energy of our own people can ( e stimulated to engage in the work of development by legitimate means, ' not 'prejudicial to other industrialinterests, those means should be adopted. That other mterests should be sacrificed to uphold those of coal and iron;. and that the latter, important as they are admitted to be, ought to con- trol every, or any other branch of home industry, of any section of the- Union, it is presumed, will not be contended by the most zealous ; cer- tainly not by the most prudent and sagacious advocates of these two 'great mineral products. * The following memoranda show the duties that heretofore have been «iak. Ibreign coals imported into the United States, from the or- ganization of the federal government up to this time : DUTIES ON IMPORTED COALS. By tariff of July 4, 1T89, (went into force August 1, 1789,) per bushel Do Aug. 10,1790 do.. Do.. ..May 2,1792 do.... Do.... June 7, 1794. .....do.... Do. ...Jan. 29,1795 do.... Do Mar. 3,1797 do Do.. ..May 13,1800 do.... Do.... Mar. 27,1804 do.... Do.. ..July 1,1812 do.... Dec. 31,1790, do June 30,1792 do June 30,1794 do , March 31, 1795 do...i. .June 30, 1797, ....do June 30,1800, do June 30,1804 do July 12, 1812,.... do.-.. 30,1816, do 30,1824 do.... 1,1828, ....do.... 2 cents. 3. ..do. 4|i..do. 5.. .do. 5. ..do. 5... do. 5.. .do. 5. ..do. 10 cents — war duties. 5 cents. 6. ..do. 6. ..do. 6... do. Do....Apl. 27,1816 do June Do May 22,1824 do June Do May 19,1828 do Sept. Do... .July 14,1832 do March 3,1833 do.... The compromise act of March 2, 1633, chap. 55„ vol. 3, Statutes of United States, p. 629, graduated the reduction of this duty by a prescribed scale. Do.... Aug. 30, 1852 do....... Aug. 30, 1842, per ton, fl 75; bang about 69.28 fer cent, ad valorem, and the same act imposed a duty on coke, or culm of coal, of 5 cents fer bmhd, equal to about 161.94 per cent, ad valorem. By the tariff act of July 30, 1846, which went in force December 1, 1846, and is now in force, the duty on coals, coke, and culm is, 30 per cent, ad valorem. The tariff bill reported by the Committee of Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, at this session, proposes a duty on im- ported coals, and on coke or culm, of 20 per cent, ad valorem. Mr. Sec- retary Guthrie, in the finance report of this session, recommends coals, and coke or culm, to be charged 26 per cent, ad valorem. The British provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ask, that in the convention for the settlement of the fishery dispute, and regulat- ing the trade between the five British North American Provinces and the United States, it may be stipulated that provincial coals be admitted into the United States, and United States coals into the Provinces, firee of duty. Neither Canada, Prince Edward's Island, nor Newfoundland, have any coal mines now worked, or that can be worked for many years, and the coal mines of New Brunswick are mostly in the interior, and are not deemed of very great importance at the present time. Ex- cepting for a species of asphaltum^ the New Brunswick mines have not been much worked of late years, and never profitably, and no coals of consequence have been exported from that province. Last year, it is believed, no coals or aspkaltum were sent to the United States from New Brunswick, whilst considerable quantities of anthracite coal were sent thither from the United States. Statement A, (placed for convenience in an appendix,) and the tables it contains, exhibit the extent and value of the coal mines in all the five provinces, their area, annual product heretofore and now, cost of coals at the mines, kinds and qualities of coals, &c., also sundry British and Coloniai accounts of the ex-pitrts fiom, and imports into tije colonies, of coals, for different past years, distinguishing their coal trade with the United States. 8 From the statement and accounts referred to, it will be quite ap- V parent, tbat the only provincial coals imported into the United States, the importation whereof can be increased, or that will be encouraged by the proposed reciprocal arrangement, are the coals of the province of Nova Scotia, usually called the " PictoUy^ or " Sidney" coals. The following tables, (B, C, D, E, and F,) have been compiled from the officially published annual reports of the ♦•Commerce and Naviga- tion of the United States", by the Treasury Department, and in con- nexion with the British and Colonial accounts contained in statement A, exhibit fully the trade of the United States, in foreign and domestic coals, with other countries. . B. Statement of the quantitt/ and value of coala imported^ and foreign coals exported, from 1821 to 1853. Vean. 1831, 1832. 18-33. 1834. 1805 1836. 1827. 1838. 1839. 1830. 183(. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1843. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846 1847 1848 1849, 1850 1851 1853 1853 Coals imported. Quantity. BmheU. 627,737 970,828 854,983 764,815 723,255 970,021 1,127,388 906,200 1,272,970 1,640,295 1,022,245 2,043,389 2,588,102 ♦2,005,522 *1,679,119 ♦3,036,083 ♦4,268,598 ♦3,614,320 ♦5,083,424 ♦4,560,287 ♦4,351,032 ♦3,962,610 Tons. 41, 163 87,073 85,776 156,853 148,021 196,251 198,213 180,439 214,774 183,015 231,508 Average Gout per bushel. CenU. 14.55 14.39 13.05 14.58 15.02 15.01 13.65 11.51 11.47 12.48 10.59 10.03 10.11 9.98 8,54 8.07 8.48 8.53 8.18 8.49 8.48 9.61 Per ton. $2 83 2 72 2 61 2 41 2 51 3 35 206 2 10 3 23 3 22 2 12 Value. Dollaft. 91.352 139,790 111,639 111,545 108,527 145,563 142,677 104,393 145,992 204,773 108,250 211,017 261,575 200,277 143,461 244,995 362,079 308,591 415,761 387,238 369.a'>3 380,635 Dollaen. 116,313 236,963 223,919 378,597 370,985 461,140 409,282 378,817 479, 7&5 406,841 490,010 Rate of duty per bushel. Vents. 5 5 5 5.60 5.57 5.12 5.14 4.71 4.69 4.28 4.38 4.30 Per ton. $175 30per ct. Duties. Dottars. 31,386 48,541 42,740 39,178 43,335 68,301 67,643 54,373 76,3V8 98,417 61,334 133,603 155,286 113,303 ft3,541 155,531 219,375 170,316 336,449 195,149 186,185 170,493 DoUccri, 72,035 152,377 150,108 274,493 178,330 138,342 132,784 113,645 143,935 132,053 147,003 Foreign coals exported. Quantity. BuskeU. 8,318 4,167 3,846 3,414 4,140 1,080 180 1,743 4,758 13,480 4 339 8,784 15,336 7,093 16,450 5,570 75,371 186,336 153,987 474,339 393,754 3V>nf. 8,S57 10,590 11,364 11,635 13,983 13,298 10,118 6,4S0 344 350 499 Average cost. Cents. 39.45 25.87 38.83 36.20 31.04 27.77 36.66 39.13 44.01 23.49 33.05 19.53 20.36 80.78 33.63 33.05 27,37 36.10 S5.13 16.35 13.68 Per ton. 94 02 3 14 3 16 360 309 2 77 3 67 363 4 91 339 304 Value. DoUan. 2,450 1,078 1,105 874 1,385 300 66 em 3,094 2,933 998 1,474 5,387 1,785 20,554 48,640 38,437 76,040 53,716 Dollars. 34,414 33,282 35,957 41,906 40,110 34,143 37,038 16,962 1,690 1,189 1,519 * Under the compromise act of «*arch 3, 1833, chapter 55, 4th volume United States Statutes, page 629. From 1831 to 1842, inclusive, the quantity imported and exported is stated in bushels. From 1843 to 1853 the quantity is given in tons. dron of coal is 53 cwt, or about 73 bushels. A Nova Scotia chaldron U 42 bushels, (generally measurmg 48,) 3,380 Ibe. A London chaldron is 36 bushels. A Boston retail chaldron is 2,500, sometimes 2.700 lbs. The ton is 3,240 lbs., see act of Congress, August 30. 1842, vol. 5, h. V. 8. p. 567. Anthracite coals are always measured by the ton. Bituniindut coala ar« estimatad 98 bushels par ton. A buabal of dry Bituminous coal waigbs from 80 to 85 lbs. •IS : tl D. 41 ill .Ha3 1^2 si 0) a -a 3 g e •«<* m M » |«| S H 8 .a.§s SOQ B« £>•,< u l|« •sfl ill a M V o.si 111 'I' Oig S^i 1: Exports of the United States of domestic mineral coals, and also of foreign m«M> ral coals, frnm United States Report of Commerce and Navigation in 1860, 1851, 1852, anrf 1853. DOMESTIC COALS. 18S0— page 40. 18Sl-pi«e 44. 18ea-pH«38. 1853— page 38. To- 1 1 I V a i 1 i I i 1 1 1 I 1 H 1 l -a > i Danish West Tndiei, 195 4,217 13,859 1,468 72 6,666 20 1,333 35 5 5 4 25 4 43 4 08 4 75 4 &^ 320 6 00 590 500 M30 17,181 57,833 6,505 294 31,709 97 4,037 150 96 95 6 11,039 18,478 6,072 8,785 10,261 2,403 335 460 340 «4 33 4 96 499 4 99 4 35 4 28 4 00 4 34 388 3 55 404 47,108 78,080 36,0QS 99,508 BriUah Weat Indies. Cuba and Spanish Wert Indies Mexico 2,561 8,366 3,645 187 10,124 6 465 108 (3 93 4 95 4 46 3 99 4 49 4 16 4 63 500 i910,090 35,598 16,375 746 45,478 25 2,157 540 9,178 8,673 5,711 9,871 5.488 640 300 25 f 4 00 4 19 490 4 11 434 4 17 362 550 ♦36,759 35,737 93,961 11,817 33,93i 9668 1,088 137 Republic of Central America. ......... New Granada VencKUfila 43,957 Brazil 10, 949 Republic of Uruguay 1 990 1,633 Chli 1,576 1,533 5 34 5 63 8,256 8,566 100 5 3 50 560 350 S8 1,382 Peni.. .•••t*« • 2 10 550 550 11 55 Envland fiftriltnia. .-. .... .... 2bb 921 1,000 915 1,310 2,146 13,603 3,878 500 4 75 3 75 4 34 380 4 09 490 3 93 1,000 Africa 4 975 British East Indies. 3,790 Aurtralin ^948 South Sea & Paciflc. 5,087 China 1,234 8,814 9,997 4 24 443 360 5,139 38,949 8,363 8,768 Canada 9,076 1,102 4 05 4 10 36,813 4,549 8,125 1,831 456 4 37 37,192 8,003 57;9W British N. Ameri- can Coioniea 15,906 38,741 4 31 167,090 37,727 434 163,977 45,336 4 17 188,906 79,510 4 23 336,003 E. FOREIGN COALS. 1850— page 132. 1851-page 136. 185a-page 124. 1853-page 190. To— H s 1 i i 1 1 • 1 5 1 1 > 5,581 $2 25 $19,553 ftrititih RnRt fnHiiiR 194 $5 89 $1,143 British West Imlics British N. A. Colonies. . . Rrr7il 30 480 409 7 33 3 54 6 09 330 1,700 2,490 110 306 377 150 $1 07 $260 Cuba 40 6 75 970 496 3 $3 03 "6*33 $1,500 Dutch Eust Indies 150 4 00 elo Dutch Guiana.. .... . . 19 * 50 6 40 319 From warehouse 6,450 6,380 130 16,963 16,332 540 344 344 1,690 1,690 350 300 50 '.'.'.'.'.'. 1,189 870 319 499 496 3 1,519 1,500 lit "•"i • 5 .« ^ O t. K ^ s> ^ ss I a 'Vioda^joaSBj i d cToJ^ ff^ !? 2 *S *^' 2 I 73 > s ■a 1-^ d^5«gS §i5|ii^^l J22^gs|§ jags '3 rer 2!$ 'or« kT -4"-4" I fc X o e? 'i t" !f • o> ■'-""'PS 1^ '^=^3" "" *S£^ f t--» -JO Winn — f-oo inajjjp SStBO — » r- pffJa — i-CTi' t- ^^S^"^' ^^ '^'^'^ -h" "rf" rf" 'UOdSJJO 38a J 3 £ o fa V s ■< 73 5« a> a > 9 a8PKSSd>S^ 5«£S* 30 5?. : go 00 1^ a — r- 00 g a. »^ *» 8 e toi d r- — o> a a 2 _ i", _ o) ,P o * rt LS f* r- r> rv wj -^i '-J ^r vj wj >.» i.T :r^ ?* .A sii :i 01 to wj r^ a> a: X 10 »" 'C '^ r; t- 1-1 n n 1-5" 1"^ 'jiodai JO 38b J o c ^ • •9 o 3 •S-g'a rj t "- * Ssss s 2.3 u C HQ • -J o • S « ■ ; S S) • V = B 30> rno (N gssia 5 5 o S.a = C ."; is ^ '- * SSJ =«PSO . s So ^ r- = ■3 -a Si 2 §■ o o S. _ _ _ i-o , 'acq 000 5 2 00 « "3 ten B 2 rj a y i) S B e B -■3 3 c o V £ L. b. a H fabfa 2e.S o * 3 •"« o s B » rt) O 15 p e s B B „ a cs cd MO O O > < The fint inquiry is, how will the proposed abrogation of the duty on Provincial coals, imported into the United States, and a like abro- gation of the Provincial import duty on our coals, affect our trade in coals with the Provinces, and particularly with Canada ? It is believed that it can be clearly and conclusively demonstrated by incontrovertible facts and arguments, that the proposed measure cannot, in any degree, injuriously affect our trade with Canada as to coals, or any other product or manufactures. The abrogation of the present ad valorem duty o( 30 per cent., (about 3 cents per bushel on Provincial coals,) cannot induce to any importa- tio« into the United States of the coals of Nova Scotia, for transporta- tion across the United States to Canada, thereby competing with our exports of coals to Canada, for the foUowmg, amongst other reasons: 1. By acts of Congress now in force, all Provincial coals, and other products and merchandise, intended to be transported across the United States to Canada, may be entered for «* re- exportation," or for such transportation, and sent to Canada free of all import duty by the United States. Vide act of March 3, 1845, vol. 6, U. S. Stat., p. 750 ; act of August 8, 1846, vol. 10, ib. p. 77 ; act of March 30, 1849, ib. p. 399; act of September 26, 1850 ; ib. p. 512, § 17 and 18 ; and Warehouse act of 6th of August, 1846 ib. p. 33 ; and general drawback laws. Gordon's Dig. of 1852, pp. 836 to 857, art. 2882 to 2946. Under the acts cited, Nova Scotia cods can now be sent to Canada, via the United States, without import duty being charged ; so that, in thia respect, the proposed arrangement affords them no advantage. From the United States returns, (vide statement D,) of exports of dmiestic mineral coals in the four years ending June 30, 1863, it appears that the domestic mineral coals sent to Canada in that period were m quantity, 39,648 tons, at 4.29 cents per ton, of the value of $170,176. By statement E, (a like return oi' exports o( foreign mineral coals in the same period,) it appears that there were no foreign coals, whatever, sent to Canada from the United States. We imported, same years, large quantities of foreign coals from England, Scotland, and Nova Scotia, (vide statement C,) but not a bushel of it went to Canada. The small quantities that were not consumed in the United States, amounting altogether to about 7673 tons, of the. value of $21,360, it seems, was all sent to England, to the Coast and Island B. N. American colonies, to Brazil, to Cuba, to the British and Dutch East Indies, New Granada, or the British West In- dies. (See statement E.) It should be borne in mind also, that during all that period. United States coals sent to Canada, were under the Can- ada tariff act of 1849 {vide I. D. Andrews' rep. of 1860, (31st Cong. 2d ». 268, and British Pari, doc, Rep. of December 23, 1862, ^. 3,) sub- jected to an import duty of 2J per cent, ad valorem. This duy is proposed to be released, and the effect, therefore, of the proposed ar- rangement, it is fair to presume, would be beneficial, rather than detri- mental to our exportation of coals to Canada. 2. The transportation from Nova Scotia, existing about six months in the year by the Gulf and river St. Lawrence to Lower Canada, has been supposed to be cheaper than through our Atlantic seaports, and over our, and the Canada, railroads, and also to be more direct, and attended with less trans-shipment and trouble ; and yet the Canada ac- 11 4V a count of the imports of coals into Canada, from the coast and island colonies, in the four years before mentioned, shows that but ^7,304, (colonial currency;) v'ldt table 1, in statement A; or $29,216 worth of coals was sent to Canada from the coast and island colonies; not being an exghih of the quantity sent to Canada from the United States, during the same period ; it being by the same Canada account above cited, valued at ^£69,431, (colonial currency,)or $237,724. And by the United States account, (mV/e statement D,) as before mentioned, wo sent to Canada in those years, 39,648 tons, in value $170,176. The apparent discrepancy between the United States and the Can- ada accounts, is reconciled ; when it is considered that in Canada the liscal year ends on the 31st of December of each year, and in the Uni- ted States ojj the 30th of June of each year, since the act of August 26, 1842, (vol. 6, Stat. U. S., p. 637.) It is quite manifest from these facts, that even against the present import duty of 2J per cent, ad val- orem, the Nova Scotia coals, carried by the Gulf and river St. Latorcncey cannot compete successfully with ours in the Canada maikets, though Nova Scotia coals pay no import duty in Canada. 3. If the Nova Scotia coals were as good as ours, they cannot be furnished, even if free of duty, for transportation to Canada, (either to Lower Canada or to Canada West,) via our Atlantic seaports and railroads at as low a price per ton, as similar bituminous, and the semi-bitu* minous coals of the United States, in the interior, can be supplied to Canada. The bituminous, and semi-bituminous, and cannel coals of ultra-montane Pennsylvania, of Ohio, of Michigan, of Indiana, of Illinois, and Wisconsin, and even those of Iowa, and Kentucky, and Missouri, may be supplied by our rivers, canals and railroads, and by the great lakes to Ujyper Canada or "Canada West," cheaper than any coals of like kind and quality. All the lake States, and the States adjoining to them, have readier access to the Canadian markets, than either Pictou or Sidney has to Boston. There is no anthracite coal what- ever abroad, or at home, that can be put into successful competition with that of cis-montane Pennsylvania, or Maryland, or Virginia, in the Canada markets. 4. The bituminous and semi-bituminous coals of Nova Scotia can- not be substituted for the anthracite coal that we now send to Canada, because they will not answer the purposes tor which the anthracite is needed in Canada. {Vide Statement A in Appendix.) 5. Our coals sent to Canada are exchanged for Canadian products, which the province of Nova Scotia cannot receive in exchange for its coals, to the same extent, and for as high prices as we do, whilst our coals are taken in barter for such products. 6. The Canada trade with the United States, above referred to, is established and settled. Commercial connexions have been formed, and interests combined, in the United States and Canada, that will secure its continuance. This trade cannot be disturbed, those connexions broken up, or the interests referred to diverted, by anything in the proposed reciprocity arrangement; but, on the contrary, the commer- cial connexions referred to will become more extended, the inte- rests strengthened, and the trade increased thereby. It is believed that a positive and exclusive dependence by Canada on the United 9 States, will uUitnately grow out of the proposed arrangt'mcnt, as to many products and manufictures, and espccutlly as to coftls. 7. As it respects our exportation of domestic coals to the Coast and Island [jrovinces, there is little doubt that the proposed arrangement would tend to increase the (juantity exported. In the /our yeais ending June 30, 1853, there were cx|K)rlt'd to those provinces (viae Statement D) 9,108 tons of domestic coals, being at $3 96 per ton, of the value of 836,120. Much of this, it is believed, was Permsylvania anthracite coal. It appears from the colonial account of imports into Nova Scotia in the year ending December 31, 1862, that no coals were im[)orted into that province during that year, from the United States. The coals stated in the United States returns, therefore, must have been sent either to New Brunswick, Prince Edward's island, or Newfoundland, or to some, or all of them. The following is an account of our exports of domestic coals to all countries, for every year since 1847. 1848, tons, 9,309; average cost per ton, $5 06; aggregate value, $17,1 12. 1849, tons, 9,(jt)l; do 4 18; do 4(),39C.. 1850, tons, 38,741; do 4 31; do 167,090. 1851,1008,37,727; do 4 34: do 163,977. 1852, tons, 45,336; do 4 17; do 188,M06. 1853, ton», 79,510; do 4 23; do 336,(!03. It is supposed a large portion of these coals are used b our own steamers in foreign trade. 8. The British Parliamentary document of December 23, 1852, before referred to, respecting the Canadian tariff, shows that by the Nova Scotia tariff of 31st of March, 1861, imported coals are exempted from duty (p. 4); and in New Brunswick, by an act of 28th of March, 1851, to continue in force till December 31, 1854, imported coals are charged a duty of ow-? shilling (currency) ycr ton (p. 8); and in Prince Edward's islancl, by an act of 3d of April, 1852, (p. 10,) which act has been con- tinued, coals imported into that province are subject to a duty of 5 per cent, ad valorem; and in Newfoundland, (p. 11,) imported coals are charged a duty of one shilling per ton. All these duties, so far as it respects United States coals, will be dispensed with by the proposed arrangement. Their release will doubtless increase our exportations of our domestic mineral coals to the Coast and Island colonies; and so on the other hand, if the arrangement should be broken off, and the five provinces should impose precisely the same import duty on coals as the United States now do, or may do, (whether 30, 25, or 20 per cent, ad valorem,) it is equally clear, that we should soon cease sending any coals either to Canada, or the other colonies. Nova Scotia and Great Britain, would then supply Canada, Prince Edward's island, Newfoundland; and New Brunswick would be forced, by necessity, to supply herself either from Nova Scotia or Great Britain, or from her own internal re- sources. 9. Anthracite coal does not exist in any of the colonies. For some pur- poses, and especially for domestic fuel, it is superior to the best Pro- vincial coals, and, muceci, to the oest iiiHgiiSn coaiS. It is pptiticuiarlj adapted to other uses than for domestic fuel, for which the highly bituminous coals of Nova Scotia are interior. And further, our Cum- m berland and other acmt-bituminous coals, it has been fouhd, are better for steamships, and some other uses, than the Nova Scotia bituminous coals are ; the latter being, (to quote the language of a gentleman inter- ested in the Nova Scotia mines,) " more rapid in combustion, and not so durable." On the other hand, for the making of gas and some (but very few) other uses, the Nova Scotia coals are preferable to most coals of the Atlantic States, that are raised east of the Alleghany mountains. If the reciprocal release of all duties is agreed to, each of the different va- rieties and qualities of coals in the United States and in the five provinces, now known, or that may hereafter be discovered, will stand upon its relative merits as to adaptation to different uses and purposes, cheapness, facility and certainty of procurement, and in all other respects, in the markets of the United States, and of the five colonies ; and whether the Coast and Island Colonies do or do not furnish an increased demand for our coals, of any kind, will depend on their superiority or inferiority, to the colonial coals. 10. To rely in this age of philosophic and scientific experiment, dis- covery, and improvement, and of continual application of novel materials \o the arts, upon the presumption that any particular species of coals will continue to maintain a present superiority over other coals, for any purpose or use, would be somewhat unwise. Lord Dudley first applied mineral coals to the manufacture of iron, and a century after. Huntsman first used them in making cast-steel; in 1783, Cort invented the process of puddling iron with mineral coals, and also of making bar iron by means of their use; and, in consequence, such coals were chiefly sub- stituted in the iron works of Great Britain for charcoal ; and Mushet's discovery as to the coking of coals, was as late as 1801 ; and as re- cently as 1824, the black-band ore, found by him in Scotland, was first used alone, with the aid of mineral coals ; and in 1833 the hot- blast furnace was first introduced by Neilson, of Glasgow, (Scotland,) and raw coals substituted for coke therein; and until 1837, anthra- cite coal was not successfully used with the hot-blast in smelting iron, nor till 1841 for puddling and reheating iron; and various other dis- coveries have been recently made as to the qualities and properties of diflTerent coals; and even whilst this paper is being written, a me- morial is presented to Congress, by citizens of high respectability, of this city, setting forth the discovery of a mode o^ '' compressing" mineral coals so as to enable a sufficiency to be carried by steamships for long voyages, and soliciting the government to patronize the invention. Whether our coals, or which kinds, or those of Nova Scotia, or those of Great Britain, are the best to employ for " comjrression,'' experience can alone test. The second inquiry is, how will the abrogation of the present duty affect our home coal interests and home trade in coals? It may be, that the release of the duty in the United States upon Nova Scotia coals, unless the " mining company'" in Nova Scotia raises the prices of cnnls at the pit, (as some apprehend,) may increase to some extent the importation of Pictou and Sidney coal», and if new coal- fields should be opened in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, or Prince Ed- ward's Island, or Newfoundland, of o^kr provincial coals also, into the eastern Atlantic ports of the United States for consumption in New England, and if so, the prices of such coals in those markets will probably be lessened. AH these coals are highly bituminous, and the chief consumption will be in the cities and towns of New England for gas ; though m Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and perhaps to a limited extent in Massachusetts, they may be used with other coals for puddling iron,* and for a few other purposes. Bnt no use will probably be made of any Provincial coals in New York, and certainly not farther south. Coals as good for making gas, can now be supplied by Maryland and Virginia to New York, and at as low prices as any provincial coals. Heretofore the chief imports of provincial coals into the United States have been into Boston. In 1853 nearly four-fijlhs of such imports were mto that port. Statement C shows the amount of impofts from all of the Jive colonies for four years, ending June 30, 1853. A table annexed is based on returns from the custom-houses of the ports named therein, and pr^es the facts just staled. Tb^ additional supply of provincial coals thus furnished will neces- sarily induce a corresponding increase of the exports of our products and manufactures to Ncrva Scotia, and the other tnree coast and island Provinces, wherewith to pay for such augmented supply, unless the prices decrease in something like a corresponding ratio to the increased supply, as some intelligent gentlemen predict will be the case. The following answers may, it is conceived, be properly and truth- fully made to the second query above propounded. 1. It is not supposed that the increased importation of the provincial coals, all of which are highly bituminous, will in any degree interfere injuriously with the interests of the anthracite collieries of the United States ; and, on the contrary, it is believed it will benefit the anthracite • In the able pamphlet of John L. Hayes, esq., published in 1850, as a memorial to Con- gress in favor of an increase of the import duty on foreign iron, (p. 19,) he states the follow- ing facts, which show that this cod cannot be used so as to make any but inferior iron : "The superiority of American over British iron is unquestionable.^ Part of the British iron is made from impure ores and sulphurous coal, and the eflfortsof the iron-masters are devoted, especially during periods of low prices, to increase of make, and not of perfection of quality. In many establishments, and especially within the last year or two, iron is made from old re- fuse cinder, which is rich in metal, but contains all the impurities, sulphur, arsenic, and phos- phorus which deteriorate the iron. Mr. Mushet, an English metallurgist, son of the cele- brated David Mushet, says that common Welsh bars do not contain more than ninety per cent, of iron. ' We often hear,' says he, ' of extraordinary makes of pig-iron as to quantity, but never hear at any work that bar-iron has been produced equal in quality to foreign marks; on the contrary, the general quality of British iron is much lower than it was twenty years ago.' We have before us a letter from a former manager of iron works at South Wales, ad- dressed to parties in this country, requesting employment as an inspector of rails. We make the following extract in proof of the above position : ' In consequence of the increased quan- tity of inferior materials, now used in the manufacture of rails, it becomes the more important that foreign purdpasers should employ an inspector who is thoroughly acquainted with every process in iron making, whose business would be to secure them from defective rails, and secure a quality of iron possessing undoubted durability.'" Mr. Overman, in his work on the manufacture of iron, (p. 130,) says: " Suiphurous coal, by improper treatment, will produce sulphurous coke, and consequently sulphurous metal, which, lu all subsequent manipuiations, will be iiOufiuUs, tfoublerome, and expensive. " By sprinkling a little water over red-hot coke, drawn freshly from the oven or pile, we may ascertain whether it contains sulphur." 'i M coal interests. Anthracite coal, as before suggested, is not found in any of the British North American colonies, and they will, if practicable, barter their coals for anthra^ite^ or otherwise procure, and become large consumers of it, for domestic fuel and other uses, to which it is peculiarly adapted, and for which no colonial coals are equal to it. The erports of our domestic coals to Canada were in 1863 (vide state- ment D) 13,G03 tons, of the value of $57,299; of which a considerable portion, it is believed, was anthracite; and to the coast and inland colo- nies we sent 3,878 tons, of the value of $15,206, most whereof was anthracite. This is the United States account; but the Canadian ac- count, before referred to, (No. 1, statement A,) makes the quantity sent to that province appear greater. The fact suggested that provincial coals (Pictou, Sidney, kc) are useful for other purposes, th^i anthracite will not as well answer, and that anthracite is necessary for certain uses for whichlhe highly hituminous codls of Nova Scotia are worthless, is abundantly proved by the documents contained in the appendix. 2. The same fact just stated exists in respect of the semi-bituminous and bituminous coals of the Atlantic States, and the highly bituminous provincial coals, as is proved by the same evidence. They are of dif- ferent qualities and characteristics in several respects, and adapted to different uses and purposes. The statement A snows some of the pe- culiar qualities and characteristics of the provincial coals, and fully verifies the representation now made. They are sometimes valuable to be used with our anthracite and semi-bituminous coals ; but the purposes are very few for which the provincial coals, to be used by themselves, are preferable to ours, at the same or even less prices. When they are preferable for any particular use, they will find a market in the United States, even if the price paid ts higher. This has been the case against the high import duty of 30 per cent, ad valorem, exacted since the first of December, 1S46, and the still more exorbitant tax upon the consumers in the United Slates of $1 75 per ton, or about 69 iW per cent, ad valorem, previously imposed by the tariff of 1842! the exports of Pro- vincial coals to us in 1853, were 120,764 tons, at $1 76 per ton,= $212,847 — the duties were $63,733. The valuation did not, of course, include the cost of freight from Nova Scotia, insurance, &c. Against the colonial exports heretofore stated, our exports to the provinces in 1863, were 17,481 tons, at $3 67 per ton= $62,605. In connexion with this statement, it should be observed that the British "Cunard steamers," running between Liverpool and New York via Boston an'! Halifax, (Nova Scotia,) formerly used provincial (i. e. Pictou or Sydney) coals ; those concerned in the steamers being also deeply interested in the Nova Scotia coal mines, and having the chief control and management of them ; but, nevertheless, those steamers wow principally consume Cumberland coals, (Maryland and IL::aioylvania,) together with a small quantity of Lackawanna and Pitlstown, (also Pennsylvania,) and some Virginia coals — all the varieties amounting to nearly 60,000 tons annually, not included in the preceding accounts. These statements show, on the one hand, that even if the cost of provincial coals, at the doors of the provincial consumer, is less than the cost of our coals there, yet he cannot well, for some purposes, dispense with the use of our coals; and so too, on the other hand, it is the same, 13 to a limited extent, with respect to our purchases of Nova Scotia coals in Boston and New York. And they show, also, that the quantity of our coals consumed in the Provinces, is much greater than that of the provincial coals consumed in the United States, in proportion to the population of the respective countries. It is conceived the conclu- sion thus deduced, from the facts shown by these authentic statistics that there is no cause for apprehension of detriment to our semi-bitu- minous or bituminous coal interests, by the proposed arrangement, is incontrovertible, and that the abrogation by all parties of the duties on coals, will tend to increase the trade in our coals of this character with the provinces. 3. The several preceding statements, and those in the appendix, show, that when provincial coals and coals of the United States, of similar character and quality, and both intended to be api>Ued to similar uses, come into our Atlantic markets, our coals maybe furnished, and pro- fitably, as cheap even in Boston, as the provincial coals, though free of import duties ; and especially since the recent vast increase of the facili- ties of railroad and canal transportation from our collieries in the interior to the Atlantic markets. The average of the wholesale prices current, for each six months of the last four years, of our different coals, and also of the Nova Scotia coals, in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Richmond, (Va.,) and in Halifax, (N. S.,) is given in the appendix, proving the fact just asserted. Some of the causes are hereafter suggested to sustain that proof, and to show that the release of the United States import duty on the provincial coals will not materially alter the case. 4. Coal labor and most other labor is now ordinarily full as high at Pictou and Sidney as in most of the United States, except in some of the southern States, and on the Pacific ; and there is little probability of change in this respect. The following statement of British emigration, from 1851 to 1853, inclusive, shows that labor will not probably be cheapened in the coast and island colonies by European emigration. It is well known that many who emigrate to the colonies soon come to the United States ; and most of the emigrants who stay in the colonies, settle in Canada West. ; 11 < 11 Emigrants from the United Kingdom. To British N. American colunies. To Uuited States. To AuBtra- Ua. 1848 30,065 41,367 32,961 42,605 32,873 34,249 188,233 219,450 223.078 267,857 244,261 228,152 23,904 1849 3v?,191 1850 16,037 1851 25,532 1852 87,881 1853 63,460 [Vide " Statistical abstract of United Kingdom from 1840 to 1853," p. 27, printed by Par- liament in 1854.] 14 The annual "passenger report" of Mr. Marcy, Secretary of State, at the present session of Congress, (Ho. of Reps. Ex. Doc. No. 78, printed March 17, 1854, p. 23,) shows that 163,200 emigrants arrived in the United States in 1853, besides the emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland anJ iiritish America; and that the number from British Amer- ica who came to the United States was 5,613. In the rigorous climate of New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, labor cannot be employed so long, by several months during the year, nor as advantageously, as it can be further south, in the coal mines of the States of Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kentucky, Illinois and Missouri. 6. Nova Scotia coals are subject to a duty, to be paid by the mining company, called a "royalty" or rent charge of 2 shillings or 40 cents per chaldron, at the pits. (See statement A, appendix.) This tax on the coals, which is reimbursed by the purchaser, for it is in- cluded in the price he pays, is differently stated* in one of the docu- ments annexed. It is said "the mining association pay a fixed rent to the government for the privilege of raising 40,000 chaldrons, which amounts to about Is. lOrf. currency (37^ cents per chaldron,) and 20 cents per chaldron on the quantity raised beyond that." Our coals are not burdened by any such governmental duty, nor by any duty. 6. The shipping season generally commences at Pictou and Sidney about the middle of May, and continues un^il the middle of November; after which time, usually, they and the other northern harbors of Nova Scotia are frozen up. Pictou is distant Irom Boston about 700 miles, and Boston is distant fiom New York by sea about 200 miles, and from Philadelphia by sea about 500 miles, and from Baltimore by sea about 650 miles, and from Richmond (Virginia) by sea about 650 miles. From Riphmond, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, there is to New York, shorter inland navigation. The navigation by sea, between Boston and the three ports named south of Boston, is open throughout the year; and but a small part of the inland navigation between New Ycark and Richmond is ever closed, and rarely beyond a few days; and if neces- sity should arise, continuous and uninterrupted railroad transportation for coals can be made in a few days from Richmond to Boston. A comparison of the list of freights by sea, for coals between the different ports named, will show that they are ordinarily cheaper between the United States ports, than between any of them, and Pictou or Sydney. 7. It has been intimated that one cause of the occasional cheapness of European coals in our markets has been, that owing in part to the effect and operation of our navigation laws, and in part to the course of trade, foreign vessels, (and especially the larger class of vessels,) making voy- ages from the other side of the Atlantic to the United States, for cargoes of cotton, rice, tobacco, or other bulky southern products, or flour, pro- visions, &c., of the West, also bulky, find difficulty in procuring full cargoes to this country. The shipments to this country from the old World are principally light articles, not of great bulk, and valuable — . c, manufactures and the like. In the limited direct trade between the old World and the southern ports of the United States, especially is this the case; and in such trade also the European cargoes are gen- ::ui! ^> *ii tn\'< k* mm m erally "assorted." All foreign vessels are interdicted from participa- ting in our coasting trade, and also in our internal river trade. The main part (more than eight-tenths) of the foreign vessels, trading be- tween the old World and this country, trade through the ports east of the Chesapeake bay ; and their deficiency of cargo, on the outward voyage from Europe, is often supplied by taking in salt, or coals, and sometimes iron, that answer for ballast as well as lading, and which are carried very low, and sometimes for merely nominal freight. This cannot possibly be the case in the coal trade from the British North American colonies to the United States. On the contrary, the freights from the coast and island colonies, are generally bulky and heavy, such as oils, fish, plaster, wood, &c. ; whilst the freights from the United States to the colonies (excepting flour and provisions) are generally light and of small bulk, such as tea, manufactures, &c. Therelbre coals from the colonies must always pay freight, whilst the United States coals sent to the colonies, (for similar reasons to those above stated as to the European shipments to us,) may sometimes have to pay nominal freights merely. 8. The Provincial official account of the exports from Nova ScotiUt (contained in the able official report of Governor Sir J. Gaspard Le Marchant, to the Duke of Newcastle, dated October, 23, 1853,) gives the following items as to the exports of 1852. Exports jrom Nova Scotia in 1852. To Great Britain, of all kinds value ^62,677 c. c. = $250,704 British West Indies " 213,034 852,136 Other British N. A. Colonies " 352,185 1,408,740 United States " 257,850 1,031,400 All other countries " 85,035 ' 340,140 Aggregate " 970,780 3,883,120 Exports of coals in 1S52 from Nova Scotia. (Same report.) To British W.Indies, quantity not stated value ^432 c. c, $1,726 Other British N. A. Colonies " 16,925 67,700 United States " 33,781 155,125 All other countries " 769 3,705 Totalexportsof coal— 112,559 tons.. " ^56,907 $ 227,559 The Nova Scotia coals, if equal to ours in quality and general utility, and if they could be f^arnished as cheaply as ours, it would seem, ought (if they were driv: '- from our markets in consequence of the high import duty of 30 pci ::ent. ad valorem levied in the United States) to have found a market in other countries, where they could compete with ours on equal terms. We exported in our fiscal year of 1852, 45,336 tons of domestic coals, valued at $188,906, and among those exports were the following : 16 m T. • • I. ^ir * T r«a . .tons 9,175 vajue $36,782 To British West Indies *""=» ' 35.736 Cuba and Spanish West Indies ^^ »»;^|J gg'^g^ Mexico ^^ o'fti7 11,817 Republic of Central America ^^ ^'»^^ 23^33^ New Granada ,, '^^^ 2^668 Venezuela And it appears that our «P- ^J^f-^tlrrel^'sVu tl" fv^t '^3'8?« \r^l?:x^h'ill^S^"s6;;oo) ibove stated to £^±rf^tsjrt^sf^r^^ t^rfllf .Tfov'or w'sbKrorco is^^o^^^ Sntffia that :r fll^y;h;Colon?es, whilst the Onited^States sent to Canada ^TCeV^^tfsrwtltltaXff^oks have not been a^^^ compe e wTthou°Tn foreign markets where they were o" equal terms, orb' tto Canada markets,°where the Nova ScoUa coals had the advan- ?a4of the Canada import duty of 2i per cent «g^'»f ™-. .^urdy ,S?y afford no warrant fSr the pred ction that a ■^•'l^^f °' *« ^""J,^",^ exacted will enable the Nova Scotia coals to compete with our coals tn °%:Thrutrto which mmeral coals are applied in theUnited States, are chiefly : I. la the manufacture of pig-iron, puddling iron, &c. J .. bar, rolls, and other wrought iron. g' *» castings of metal. 4 Diatilleries and chemical works. 5-. For steam machinery in the manufacture of ;o«on^goo^^^^^ y" " used for printing presses. i: To. Smlp^Zri I.U., river, ferry, .nd h.ri«,r b.... or .»g., .nd other cr.ft propelled by steam power. 10 fuel for all kinds of vessels. II. domestic fuel for dwellings, and for culmary purposes. 18, the making of gas. 13. glass furnaces. It' I'cnnd 'whSiths. gunsmiths, tinsmiths, coppersmiths, armorers, brass and cLoosirion m^ker , instrument and tool makers, saw makers cutlery makers, boUer makers engine makers, and machinists, file cutters, na.l manufacturers, ,6 eve';;tnToftte;m power mills-saw mills, flour mills, plaster mills, oil mills, and in whatsoever business steam raachmery is used. Many of the manufactories of the United States are in Foximity to the collieries, from which the coals used are procured; and this is the case esTecTd^^^^^ respect to the iron manutactories of Pennsylvama, m'';i3 Vi/dnia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, most of which"are also°contiguous to the deposites from winch llieir iron ores ^ S^too" with reference to the immense steam navigation on the great 17 lakes, and on our western rivers, it is in the vicinity of the coal beds from which its supplies of fuel are received. The expense ot transportation by land or water, if for any consider- able distance, is the most material item in estimating the cost of coals.* 10. The idea of Nova Scotia coals, that must pay a rent charge of two shillings per ton before leaving the pits, that must encounter the expense of transportation by sea of 700 miles to Boston, or 900 miles to New York, or 1200 miles to Philadelphia, and then be transhipped and sent overland, either through canals or by railroads, or up rivers, to the places of consumption in the interior; and there undersell our coals raised in the vicinity, is utterly preposterous. Our coal fields and mines are as rich and productive as anjr in the world ; and, as heretofore ob- served, the kinds and qualities of our coals in the different sections of this Union, embrace nearly every known variety ; though, it is conceded, that the Nova Scotia coals are diHerent in one or two particulars from any description of our coals usually found in the markets of the Atlantic cities of the Middle and Eastern States. So far as that difference con- stitutes any superiority of the Nova Scotia coals for any specific use or purpose, they will find a market in those cities, but no farther, as it is undeniable, that for general utility, they are decidedly inferior to our coals. 11. Another important advantage possessed by the domestic coal inter- ests of the United States over foreign coals is, that purchases of our coals can ordinarily be made by consumers, on easier terms, and with greater convenience, than can purchases of foreign coals ; and so as to save the expense of the intervention of the numerous *^ middle-men" between the coal producer and the consumer, which cannot well be avoided in purchasing foreign coals. In the neighborhood of our collieries, and in the vicinity of our primary coal marts, other domestic products or man- ufactures are often bartered for coals, and with mutual advantage to both parties. Arrangements for credits upon purchases can ordinarily be more readily made between the vendor and home purchaser of do- mestic coaL<, thau in respect of purchases of foreign coals. In many cases, except in the large cities, sales of domestic coals are not regu- lated by the strict rules of commercial usage, controlling those of foreign coals. The practice in the United States, pursued more perhaps than in any other country, by all who raise products,of dispensing with mercantile agents, and interchanging with one another their domestic commodities i;)r home use and consumption, has grown up from rela- tions and associations originating in different ways, sectional, Stat^, neighborhood, social and personal in their character; but the custom is so deeply rooted that it cannot be changed. As to the domestic coal trade * Note. — Some years since, two French metallurgists were sent to Great Britain from France, to examine and report as to the British mines, &c. In reporting as to the Iron fur- naces near Glasgow, Scotland, these gentlemen (M. Dufrenay and M. De Beaumont,) e&f : " The establishments in the environs of Glasgow have the inappreciable advantage of being placed in the centre of a coal basin, in which are found united, the coal, the mineral of iron,, the flux, and almost always the refractory clay necessary for the construction of furnaces. Where all the material is taken from the same mine, any number of furnaces and rt^lli^ milU can be included iu one gigautic ostttbiishineuc, and the costs of supcriateiideiiud and admiuig- tration, which are borne by coal, in many of the works required in this country to produce the same quantity of iron, are there united to one. Favored by these facilitieB, the Scotch, fiiroaces are able to make iron at a coit of only £2. Os. 3d. per ton." in this regard, it will require something more than the release of the duty on provincial coals to unsettle it, and change the established chan- nels through which it has been conducted. Our people have become accustomed to this mode of doing business. Many different, important, and influential interests are combined to preserve the present course of trade, and it cannot easily be subverted or disturbed. 12. The statement A in the appendix shows that the "Mining Asso- ciation" of the British provinces have had the management of the coal fields upwards of a quarter of a century, and commenced working the Pjctou and Sidney mines as long ago as 1827; and yet, not 200,000 tons of coals have been raised from the mines in any one year. It would be a deplorable confession of our lack of enterprise and m- dustry, and of our inferiority to the Nova Scotians, for us to apprehend (even if a change of the control of the mines favorable to their mcreased production should take place,) any injurious competition from them in coals, either in our own, or foreign markets. If it were possible that the entire laboring male population of Nova Scotia could engage in coal mining, ihey could not produce two millions of tons of coal annually. If they bought all their food, and drink, and raiment, all their necessaries, and luxuries, abandoned fishing, ship-building, and agriculture, and other employments of manual labor, and devoted themselves exclusively to raising, shipping, and selling coals to the United States, they could not materially affect the domestic coal inter- ets of this country. The stimulant to increased production given bjr the abrogation of the United States duty of 30 per cent, cannot provide them the means of increase ; it will no tchange the tide of European emigration from the United States to Nova Scotia. The exoneration of their coals from this duty will not have the talismanic power overeating additional labor to raise, transport, and ship their coals ; or to give the population of Nova Scotia, and the other colonies, the ability to consume, or other- wise advantageously dispose of the additional stores of our manufac- tures and products, which they must receive in payment for any aug- mented shipments of coals to us. In truth, its effects in any way will be limited as to both countries. 13. There is another consideration that should not be wholly lost sight of. The statement A shows the character of the " gigantic monopoly," controlling the Nova Scotia and Cape Breton coal mines, compiled from unimpeachable authorities. An American author of high intelli- gence, Mr. R. C. Taylor, of Pennsylvania, in his "Statistics of Coal," in writing on this very subject,* ridicules the apprehension of competi- tion from these mines, managed under what he styles "the deplorable • NoTK.— Mr. Taylor, at page 189 of his valuable work, says : " In reciting tLese details, we, SB well as our readers, cannot omit to remark the injuriouB magnitude of such gigantic monopo' lie$ M the one before ub. In this case it covers an extent of more than twelve milliotu of mens, or three times the size of Wales. It is scarcely necessary to say that its tendency is to impoverish the people; to destroy all energy in cultivating the abundant natural resources of . Infl cftnntrv : to prevent all fair and wholesome competition; to narrow the scope of active amd productive industry; and to discourage all individual and general enterprise. On the €ontinuttnce of such a dephrabh syftem, the rival coal proprietors of the United State; maif tttU found their ealeulationt of a remmnerative intemal trade in coal at home, with eten greater sttfetf and uttaiiUjf than on the influence of tariffs, and the rutrietions ofnUenational regtUatione." 10 system," which must continue to be so long as the monopoly is con- tinued. But even if the effect of the proposed arrangement should be con- trary to the opinions now advanced; if the prices of domestic coals to New England, and other consumers of the United States, are cheapened by the proposed reciprocal arrangement, the result should not be dep- recated by this country. The advocates of the doctrine of protec- tion to our domestic manufactures— our iron, cotton, and woollen establishments, whose aggregate capitals now exceed $200,000,000, surely ought not to object; for all those manufactures will be m»i- mediately and directly benefitted. So will our immense steam navi- gating interests on the seas, and in our rivers and lakes; and so will every branch of "home industry" that employs steam power and uses coals for fuel. It does not follow that a reduction df the pnce of coals involves the substitution of foreign coals for domestic coals. The eastern manufacturer wants the domestic markets of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, and the markets in their vicinity. West and South, wherein to dispose of his manufactures. If New England abandons the coals of those States, she is certain to lose (to some extent at least) their markets. Trade will regulate itself as to prices, and as to buyer and seller. It languishes when it ceases to be an interchange of commodities, at fair prices, to both. If domestic coals are reduced in price to the New England manufacturer, by allowing the mtroduc- tion of Nova Scotia coals firee, he is enabled of course to manufacture chcaner, so that, in fact, the same quantity of Pennsylvania, Virginia, or Maryland coals will buy a like quantity and quality of manufactures as at this time. If the prices of the manufactures are lessened in a corres- ponding ratio to the diminution of the present price of coals, the coal producers and the manufacturer mutually realize the same profits as now. • • • u A careful and impartial consideration of all the premises, it is sub- mitted, will result in the conviction, that any alarm lest the exoneration of Nova Scotia, or other provincial coals, from the duty of 30 per cent, now levied in the United States, or from all duties, may be fi-aught with ruin to our domestic coal interests, is causeless. Pictou, or Sydney, or any other provincial coals, cannot thereby be enabled to supplant Pennsylvania, Maryland, or Virginia coals in the New England mar- kets, or even to affect, injuriously, our domestic coal interests, whether of capital or labor, there or elsewhere. In truth the fear that our do- mestic coal trade, now amounting to more than nine millions of tons annually, and increasing at least half a million of tons every year, and the supply not then keeping up with the increasing home demand, can possibly receive detriment from the competition of the comparatively insignificaut product of the provincial coal fields, that yield less than 200,000 tons per annum — from which, too, shipments cannot be niade but about half the year, and the coals also being all of one kind— and, if all the available aid in labor, shipping, and capital that can possibly be ob- tained to increase their production be estimated, and supposing that the colonies can consume or dispose of our products or manufactures, ad- equate to pay for the apprehended increase of the quantity of their coals sent to the United States =U, it is conceived, be regarded as absurd, I I 4 ^i 80 by practical men of an ordinary degree of commercial inteU^^^^^^ Instead of arguments ot this character agamst the onerous tax, the pec^ iSe of the UnTted States are compelled to pay for the P^vilege of us ng Foremen coals, the possessors of coal fields, who entertain any such ap- Sn^o^^ use more economy, and superadded energy and industry, in working their mines and transportmg their coa s to m^irket. And Sh mlans may be safely and fully reUed upon as all-sufficeut to prevent No^I Scotia coals, and in fact all foreign coals, from "y^r.cusly ErnV the^r iust interests. Monopolies, created by legislation and SdSL le«is&n. are partial anfodious. Mononohes of energy, enterprise, and indus ry . not founded on invidious legislative protection LTKverse. Ex^^dence h.s shown that, in af «g;-. ^^'tLat deetniction of the homfl coal InterestB. The toteUigent Mr. R. C. Taylor, oi onusyiv Id his work, before cited, published in 1848, says : . „ „ » Coal trade between British America and the UnUed Statet. "During the discussion of the United State, tariff bUl of IS^^. ^^^^.J^^^t^^J^V"^^ "^i: trsh^^taS^a; tconfirmed by ia-pection of our own tableM,at w^^.^^^^^^^^ of Penisylvabia anthracUe in the same market, and at t^\"™« ^^J".*! J* .^JducC^ demand for anthracite, and the almost total exclusion of American hUumtnou, coal from *^S tf^'e proved to be the ree^t, for while the foreign coal of Boston fur instance, ha. S the mining regions call for an adequate supply of mineral fuel, J d««« JPP^ ^"^ JJ ^T!Lrl*ndLin«romncea are destined to become extensive recipients of American coal, ana w ;^a2:u?t^S:iS;ir«ri^L««ra*/j, «««- ^l- amount of Nova Scotia coal .Uich ma, "':^:^^:^J^£/£k duty on coal imported into the UnRed States.^ a^^^^^^ imBulse was given toward, the close of 1848 to the trade m coal ^o*^ theBn"sh colonies. Se caZefof from 31)0 to 400 tons burthen each. were, on the passing of the act of Con vort's "fcr'tS iroiimd otl»r mmufMture., for *e "ugpiy of >"" '''•™" "f ""JiS "L(°i«r it Neither the coal proprietors, nor the coal laborers, nor the coal coa Burners of this country, nor any interest of consequence, can be jeop- arded by the proposed exoneration. And if the proposed arrangement should cause a large increase of the shipments of coal from Nova Scotia to the United Slates, it is pre- sumed that the exports, from the United States to Nova Scotia, of the cotton, rice, tnr, pitch and turpentine, tobacco, and other nroducts of the southern States ; and of the flour, provisions, &c., of the western States ; and of the anthracite and semi-bituminous coals of the middle States ; and of the manufactures of the middle and eastern States, via our Atlantic ports, will be augmented nari pasm with the increase of our imports of Nova Scotia coals. This must be the inevitable effect of the laws of trade, unless we send the specie to Nova Scotia to . pay for the coals. It is probable, also, that such augmentation of our exports, in return for any additional quantity of Nova Scotia coals we may buy, will not be limited to the increase of our imoorts of coals merely. The effect of opening the Nova Scotia coal-trade, if such in- crease should take place, will reach every article of trade and C3m- merce between the United States and Nova Scotia, and especially those proposed to be reciprocally exempted from duties. Commerce begets commerce. And it is not doubted that, if the Nova Scotia coal-trade should increase, its direct effect will extend to, and have a beneficial influence upon, all the trade and commerce between the United States and New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, and Newfoundland, and soon reach and improve that between the United States and Canada. It will tend to stimulate and invigorate all our commerce with all of the colonies, and give it activity, value, and permanence. The benefits thus resulting to various interests of the United States, will more than counterbalance all the apprehended detriment that this country can re- ceive by the cheapening of Nova Scotia coals, and our domestic coals, in our own markets, and to our own consumers, if such should be the result. That the foreign-coal trade of the United States, or so far as it re- spects the importation of coals, and especially of coals from Nova Scotia, is now chiefly carried in foreign vessels, is shown by statenient F, ante p. 6. As before stated, these importations are principally into Massachusetts, with small quantities to Rhode Island and New York. Some few vessels belonging to the United States, since the amelioration of the British navigation laws, obtain freights in New York, or in New England ports, for Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Prince Edward s Island, or the New Brunswick ports on the gulf of St. Lawrence, or the French Fishing Islands of St. Pierre, or Miquelon, and make up their return cargo in part with Pictou or Sidney coals; but the trade is not very profitable to them. The same statement shews that in 1853, three- fourths of the entire trade between the United States and the coast and island colonies, was in British colonial vessels. The carrying trade t^ " 1848.— The expectation suggesLea in the last parngfapii has noi bit:izs.s:tJy -"■^ir-^. That there has been no larger demand for the provincial coal we ascribe only to the simple fact that no bUuminous coal will hereafter be able to supplant the use ofanthracUe for general purposes, and especially for domestic we."— See page 200, " Statutus of Coal. ; / !i between the United States and Canada, U quite equally divided between the augniented commerce proauceu uv » j* I.-.r-^n Vlntips will cive cal exfrnption of certain leadmj, art.ctes '"»^-f^\^„'i''^J; ^„l?„d ^tt flTthat'our Canada and other colonial trade and navigation now our foreign "ade. « now about 146,000 me^^ y .^ ^^ ^^^ 146,600, and it "PPf "»'''»'** Sridlb NorSi American colonies, in the ,ilh Canada an/the otter four Bn^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^y,_ ^l'^ elo Nex? to lie whaM cod and mackerel fisheries, our ,n all 66,620. Next '" «« ™ ^ , ; ;, ,he best nursery of, and "1:*^'^'' rXTteCent,1^d patriotic native American seamen, "= "^ I"d bv^he'counlrT TaS "S na,iomU intercH «/ high imporia^, possessed by the country. •«" . , . „alumal ttauman. Addi- S«i o^ht u, '>'f-''^^f.^^^yl^^^S^y.\\\ stimulate and uonal ™P S""^"' '° 'Xn o^^^^ of seamen, that whilst in peace l^^fr^^rSS'to'^S'^e^^^rof r flag upon the oceani time I'?t"7o»^.H^r.S»rlTrf'ii*76)^^^^^ repress the mtroducuon of »"'"* .^r'.h" j-^estic coal interests of thereby protect and «"«'^e<^^^y ^^nrmTasr affected the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir^nia, tor .t tne m ^, ^^ ^^ ultramontane coal mterests at all. It w A. very sngntiy. tariff of 1846 r^P''*^• Iv LtcrihedXT^^^^^^ "> '"^""'"' ao per cent, ad valorem may l-^ »«"'''e^^°J° provinces were not U,e same domesuc coal mtou^^^^^^ ^,^ j„„„ae really regarded by the ™^'"f „ °"' to require such measure to coal iotere .'s, us »[ ^^"^"^^^XXnor wSrth special exemption prevent »r..,e..aon by rtmw^^^^ arrangemLt does not, if !f?„"l.!l5^•|S. .t,;. do.nS BrUM cU. or any foreign »als.excep i";p\he^e British No^^ '^"e1srrUM\itfemVGuSrs recommendation is ^opted. rduywm4tdSSto'26 per cent, ad valorem; ortf the new A.. tariff bill reported in the House of Repr«ientaUvea is passed af pn- aented, the duty will be rc°"P^»""°'%7Xkv that ranks next after is supposed, to rank next •<'h^;^»« J-XKucky ; nor Indiana, I, faciUtiesfor the ^^^^Zlk^^U^'^^^^^^^'^^ '^^ ^" are completed, the competition oi ui ^^ ^^^^ lantic States in m neral f ^^^pf^^^^fV^^tiror U^^^^^^ North Amer- Ihere will be no rivalry fr«";^, ^reat Britmn, or the br^^^^ iean colonies, or ^^^^^^.^^ ^^^^ be fevor of *" r;^^Lrr of ewr being "depmdcn^' on any foreign coun- ^"%r;fow no inSgeSct^en^oftl^ United States indulges any ^prehensZlha" t frie people of ^^l'''>'ii;r^y:rZl^:S't;> Mexico bordering us, on the south, and on ^^^ /m^^^^j^ar arcesstothe States still iurther south ot both American cui » rSngo^er upwards of 67 flegre.. oflon^Uule , and fio. ,h 4Tjh ^GtS^ Mexico, or one or die^o^^^^^^^^ mmmsmm S:yhr.ugl«l the Union, either of iron, copper, lead, .mc, coa.^ vamy» lur "h variety of metals and minerals, rich in « unsurpassed intelligence, enterprise, and energy; the idea of any "^ aa tf> tVinc#3 nF ^xrh\rh snoh nroduct is over the sum specified, and many establishments are altogether omitted, and most of the compilations understate the marshal's returns. The ofl&cer flkving charge of the unpublished schedules, m commum- the different census accounts 9V®^®li,jneTand established has been, formation, the only thing ^^''^l^%'''l''''^^'l^^^ if not that those who are m search of «f Ae«/i^ and ^^^ ^JJ^^^^ ^igi^d; 8atis6ed of their disappointment in ^^^fXEe^e Ls repo^^^ is pretty insomuch as the ^n/^^i-ble character of ^^^^^^^^^ of them: Published census accounts of 1840, p. 355. . ,„ , . .oAn toM 863,849 Anthracite coal raised in the United State, in 1840 .^^.--^ — .^ Semi-bituminous, bituminous, and cannel coals raisea in in« « 985,824 1840, 27,603,191 bushels, at 28 bushels per ton - ^^^ 3^013 Number of men employed in raising anthracite coal •-• 3 ,,gg Do do do othercoals ^^ f4,355.602 Capital invested in raising anthracite coals • 1,868,862 Do d«-"-*'*^®''*?*l'V*-5";Mn'7*"^"V"""!'- 1,528,110 Coals consumed in 1699 iron manufactories m 1840, (p. 354,) Unpublished census, Mcounts of 1850. 383 Number of coal-raising establishmentB .-.. '".'.'.'.. .... tons 4, 408,750 Product (bushels of coalat28 bushels per ton) -j-- $6,299,376 Value at pits of coal rMsed " 13,875 Number of men employed \ $304,976 Monthly wages '. $7,992,731 Capital invested - •••;;;-; V'^^'^V^'IZri" or evidently stated incorrectly, the The foregoing items from the unpublished f<=»™« ""^f ' ^^g as 10 "*«^ ,p, . ^1 given are taken from the je- june 30, 1850. i he Items oei g ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ stract of the Census,' (pp. 154 to lt>"»; w"/^" l^^ number of colliers or prepared with care and stati stical ability.* 1 he n umbe^o^c^^ .No„.-Therewereinl850colliersorxoaltr^^^^^ in cotton factories, 34,409; m woollen f!^*«"«\** 'T^J ' JTd S miU 47 409; in glass facto- i„«.u.Us, 57.579^; Um.b^^^^ ,.U founders, ,,353; turers, 2,046; saw-makers, 554; tin«niths, 11,747. ^j,^ United States had then 525946 The^commerce and naj;igation^-port of^l^^^^ ^^^ 233.steamers, inj^2, 969 steamers ; and in 1853, 271 «^'J»«" ;^ "J^'Jf »' '^Ce aS uJJards of 20 steamships tons, and it is estimated there are 2,000 steam ^e"*"; . ^°^™ "*," I g^eam frigates are to Sd Vessels in the naval, revenue, and ««««* XSJ^J'^Ss^nuX^ Sfferfnt branches be built. The United States use at least 50,000 tons ot coals annuaiiy '"«'«' ^ of the pablio service. 87 coal traders in the United States in 1860, 2,948, and in which none are allowed to either Pennsylvania or Louisiana, and the numbers of di^rent occupations, &c., &c., have been taken from the published " Census Report,'' p. 67 to 79, &c. COALS RAISED ANB COALS CONSUMED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1850. Domestk coals consumed in United States in 1850, Jrorn " Abstract of Census," pp. 154 to 160. In 1094, manufactorie* of cotton goods ^ ^?i'SJ In 1,559 do woollengoods «1-'o4o In 377 do pigiron o^'-J" In 1,391 do castings Roa*n«a In 4S8 do wrought iron - p***'""* Total quantity --■ .......-..-—• 1,540,965 The exports of domestic coals same year, as per United States Report on Com- merceand Navigation, for 1860, p. 40, were, (value, $167,090) *J.7ol Estimated quantity of domestic coals consumed in the United States in 1850, /or all other uses and purposes than above specified, and under statement of quantities above given, as was used in the manufaotories mentioned 5,6W),UW Estimated total quantity of coal raised in the United States in 1850 7, 079, 746 The tons are estimated at 28 bushels per ton, and weighing 2,240 pounds. The estimated value of the coals raised, (7, 079. 746 tons,) at $2 50 per to"' »'e'S'^'»' *" kinds of coals, and in the various different localities where they are raised, is |I7,b99 *>. The " Abstract of the Census" {ihid) states, also, that the quantities of "coke, culm, and charcoal" used in the United States mthe same manufactories above mentioned were as follows : Bushds. !U 165 236 In pig iron manufaotonos ^' J43 750 «"»'"«■•- ::*.*.:::!''.."!! i4',5io;828 wrought iron ' Total - 71,819,814 What quantities of" coke, culm, and charcoal" were used in same year, 1850, for uses and purposes besides those above specified, cannot be stated from any certain data. The imports into the United States of foreign coals for same year, 1850, and the exports of foreign coals same year, were as follows, (vide statements B, C, and E) : Tons. Value. Imports offoreign coals into the United States in 1850 ieO,439 tSTS. 817 (p. %6) .do from do do 6,480 bb,m}£ {j>. iM) Exports.... Foreign coals consumed in the United States in 1850 — 173,959 311.855 The memoranda in the appendix contains estimates of the quantities of all the mineral coal (anthracite, semi-bituminous, bituminous, and cannel coals, &c.,) raised in the United Slates, in the year ending June 30, 1S54; and also of the quantities supposed to have been raised ki several of the different States, in the same year, upon which the estimate as to 1864 are in part based. The absence of authentic and f,o,*o;« Aat^ wK*.rpnn to found these estimates precludes the idea oi their being advanced as any thing else than conjectural indices, or approximations to the true quantities. Notice is made also ot the movement and progress of the domestic coal trade, prices of diflerent I coals at different places, in past years, and in 1864; ^^^ l^^^^^J^'^'^ Ty increase of the raising of coals « "-« .^l^' ""PJl™ ^^^^.^^ of Jny product of this country, and it is bel;ev^^ «^^^^^^ . Ihe cotton crop of the southern section ^^ /he United State^^ shown, and of the cost of transportation and prices of freights between different ports and places. The statistics therein ^ven have been gaTh ei C col^ercial newspapers -^ other pubh^^^^^^^^ o^^e United States. All the statements presented with this pape^^^^^^^^ to hive been compiled from the returns of the United States treasury, ly b^fulirrS "pon, a, may also those taken from the official ^'^^^t^^T^c^ has suggested that the quantity annuaCsed by New England, for two or three years past, of Penn- svlv^^ia. Virginia, and Maryland coals, is an average of about Sootons. Acarelulconsiderationof the f ^tistic« now p~ has induced the opinion that the quantity stated is too small. This op n on is strengthened into conviction by the fact, (proved beyond a^l nEestion by the census returns for 1860, that m the year named, at lea^t ?63 000 ^ns of mineral coal were consumed by the New Lngl^^^^^^ cot ton woollen, pig iron, castings, and wrought iron ^manufactories and Slersrtive aSd a half millions of byshels of coke, culm, and charcoal were also consumed in that year in the ^-^^ fl^^Z^^Z^^t^l wrought iron manufactories. These quantities do "ot inc ude ^e coals ^&c used f .r railroad locomotives, for domestic fuel, for ^lass manutac mri^s for gas foroth^ manufactories and mills, for P"ntmg presses, for st;amship; and steamboats, and many «*er Purposes Th^^^ not include the consumption by those whose ««t«J^„^"f"^^^^^^^ produce over $600 annually. Nor is ^^e ^^"^""JP^'^,",^,,^^ X^^^^^ &c., by the 13,932 black and white smiths, the 286 armorers, the »1 £ ument'makers, the 90 boiler-makers, the 101 brass and composi- btrke s, the 485 cutlery-makers, the 318 gl^is^n^^^^f^^"^!^ ' ^^-^ 46 fiS-cutters, the 301 gunsmiths, the 9,741 machimsts, the 940 nail marfacCers, the 69 law-makers, the 2,124 tinsmiths, or the 143 dumber &c. &c , in the six New England States (vide Census Re- W Pre^^^^^^^ &c.) included. Considering the increased con- LmptLnlce'l860,iti^ confidently assumed that -t to ^ha. .u. millions of tons of mineral coals, &c.. were consumed »« few England during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854 And "^arlyaQ of these coals were domJic. and from the three middle Atlantic States, b^^ mentioned ; and nearly the whole of the coke, culm, and charcoal used ?y the same consumers, and others in the United States, «^«^ domestic also, as but fifty tons were imported into the United States, in 1853 and non; in 1852. ^Not more than 110,000 tons of f«^7J_^"^^„^' ^^;;^^^^ say about 20,000 tons was probably British, and 90,000 tons JNova s7otia coals, it is estimated were used in all Ne^y England dr ring the year 1854. The total immrts of all foreign coals into the United States ?n IRfll l..« the ern^or/of same coals, was 231,009 tons, of which i08,83l'tons were from Great Britain and ^f 1?"^' ^f. 1?^"'^,^* ^^"? from the British North American Colonies ; and of which it is estimated that one-fifth of the European coals, and four-fifths of the provincial coals, so imported, being near the quantities just specified, were consumed 29 in New England in 1863. As the imjwrts of foreign coals have not increased in the last year, the same estimate is made for 1864. The domestic coals exported in 1863 were 79,160 tons. The quantity has increased in 1854. It is supposed that the domestic coals sold to foreign steamers for fuel, on their voyages from our ports on the Atlantic, m the Gulf of Mexico, on the Pacific, and in the great lakes, (and there- fore for foreign consumption^ though not included in the accounts of do- mestic exports,) if the quantities could be obtained, when added to the exports, would nearly equal the total of all the foreign coals imported and used in the United Stales. As before noticed, there is sold annually in Boston and New York quite 60,000 tons of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland semi-bituminous and bituminous coals to the British Cunard steamers alone. Estimating the annual increase since 1860 at ten per cent, per annum, the quantity of coals raised in the United ^tates m 1854 would be as follows : Quantity estimated to have been raised in 1860 7,000,000 tons. Ten per cent, per annum increase for four years 2,800,000 " Quantity raised in 1864 9,800,000 " But to prevent the charge of over-estimate, the quantity is now set down at nine millions of tons, which is certainly beneath the true quantity raised, and this does not include- the quantity of domestic coke, culm, Sec, that cannot have fallen short of ninety millions of bushels in the same year. A statement in aypendix contains an estimate, based on the best authorities that could be procured for reference, of the acres in square miles of the coal-fields of some of the principal coal countries of the world, wiih their present supposed annual production and exportation. The areas of the different coal-fields of Great Britain and the British Isles and Ireland have been variously estimated. The aggregate area of those fields is now generally set down at 11,860 square miles.* The annual production of these mines has also been difft^rently stated. The following statement gives the production for the year 1854 at forty- two millions of tons. The consumption and exportation is estimated as follows : ;1 til t>\\ •Note —The statement referred to shows that Great Britain is hrstof the countries of the old world as to extent of coal-fields, production, and exports of coals ; but the single State of Il- linois has /«ur times, and Iowa has twice the area of coal-fields that Groat Britain has. Vir-- cinia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Ohio, each exceed Great Britain in such area; and Illi- nois, Iowa, and Virginia, each exceed such area in Great Britain and all Lurope united. In production. Great Britain stands first, and the United States next; and of the United States, Pennsylvania far exceeds any other State in production, and in fact she produces more than half the entire quantity raised in the United States. The British North American provinces exceed in area the coal-fields of Great Britain and all Europe together, but do not equal Vir- ginia, Iowa, or Illinois. See vol. 1, p. 26, Sir Charles Lyell's travels m the United States, describing the coal-fields of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. ill 80 Production of coal in Great Britain and Ireland in 1864. Tom. - ^ . 22,600,000 Domestic connnnption and nnaller mamtfaotureB -• •- g^oO.OOO Production of pig-iron \'.'.'.'.'..'. 1,000,000 Cotton mannfacture* • " 1,«00,000 WooUen, linen, and »ilk manu&cturei, &c ^ __ 400,000 Balt-worka ■'/.'. 700,000 Lime-workB •• [ 1,300,000 Railroad carriages, Bteameri, &c. 1,500,000 Bhipped from Great Britain to Ireland __ 38,000,0fi0 42,000,000 Total production in 1854 === Mr. McCuUoch in his " Commercial Dictionary," of 1847, ^«J;\'^ 298 London edition of 1860, gives .the production a 34,600,0^^^^^ for he year 1845. Mr. Spackman, m his work, published m London n 1847 styled " An Analysis of the occupations ot the people, p. 96, St mJ;s?hetotaf production for 1846 at 38,400,000 . on.. Insomuch L the official returns of the exports of Great Brita n, for 1845, show Lta^reater quantity. by731,000 tons, was exported to the colonies and considered that less than U per cent, per annum is a lowed ioi he Lcreased consumption since 1846, and that no account is taken of the consumption of Ireland, except by including the exports to tha island ?rom Great Britain, it is believed this estimate of forty-two millions of onT for 1854 will be regarded as equally •' moderaler The estimated average value of these coals at the ?its is about 10 shillings per ton, or illKoO. The average cost of these coals to consumers m cities and owns, to which they cin be transported readdy ^nd cheaply, and ^ purchasers in ports of 'shipment abroad, varies from 11 shilhngs to 36 ^"^KsTrlrurces of the United States,. both in -1 and iron; the nearer equalization of the wages of labor in this and the old World, con inuaUy taking place in consequence of the emigration of hundreds o? thousands of tli^best Eurooean laborers hither every year ; the fac that foreign capital is constantly seeking profitable and safe investment, here, to e!cape^he apprehended political convulsions in the old World; and the unequalled enterprise and industry of our people, caused by ?he cheering^nd invigorating influences of our repubhcan institutions upon the working men, rendir it quite certain that in less than a quar- ler of a century we shall outstrip every nation on the globe m the pro- duction of coal and iron, and in t he manufacture of iron; and that we ' .. .- Z , , -_ fv-;- ...u;»-* •M«n.,^on'B " TtritUh SfAtlatioB. (London, 1831,) pp. f" to 74- Porter's " Progress ol the Nation," (London, 1851,) P- 274, &«! Marshall s atat^ 258, 259, &c. »1 shall be in advance of every other people in agricultural products, and in navigating and commercial resources. Coal and iron have been and yet are two of the most important ele- ments of the vast wealth and gigantic power of the British empire.* The attainment of her high position by us is not so likely to be accelerated or even aided by legislative restrictions, as to the trade and commerce between this and other countries, or legislative efforts by us to stifle or depress the industry of any other nation, as it is to be retarded by such measures. Whatever increase may occur in the cjuantity of coals raised in this countiy, it will be less attributable to legislative wisdom in imposing fetters upon the foreign coal trade, than to the superior natural advantages we possess in our rich and exhaustlesa coal fields ; to the extended and increasing markets at home and abroad ; to the rapidly augmenting facilities for the transportation of our coals from the interior to the seaboard markets, and to the energy of our citizens. No increase stimulated and quickened by restrictions in the form of oner- ous impost duties on foreign coal, can be depended upon as per- manent. Prosperity thus created is factitious and in continual peril. The federal government may rightfully, and ought to, encourage, ad- vance, and protect the development of our home resources by provid- ing for the use in our public works, and by our army and navy, of do- mestic coals and iron, even it at higher cost than the foreign articles, when the quality is equal. But generally ♦' laisser lesfaire" is the true rule that the coal and iron interests of the United States should main- tain. Stringent courses as to the trade and commerce of any other coun- try, even if in retaliation for illiberal restrictions enforced against us, cannot result in good to this, though they may harm the other country. It is believed such illiberal policy is discarded by a large majority of the people of the United States. For the last fifteen years the most en- lightened and free nations of the earth have been maintaining and put- ting into operation the wiser principles of ^'freedom of trade.^' We are in practice behind several of them; for the average rate of duty im- posed by the tariff' of '46 is higher than the average rate prescribed by • Note.— BridBh authors, in writing upon this subject, say: "As rospocts the supply of coal, Britain is singularly favored ; a large portion of the surface of the country having under it continuous and thick beds of this valuable mineral— vastly more precious to us than would have been the mines of the precious metals like those of Peru and Mexico ; for coal, since it has been applied to the steam engine, is really hoarded power, applicable to almost every pur- pose which human labor, directed by ingenuity, can accomplish. It is the possession of her coal mines which has rendered Britain, in relation to the whole world, what a city is to the rural districts which surround it— the producer and dispenser of the various products of art and iadaatry. "—McCulloch's Dictionary of Commerce, p. 296. " The value of the mineral products of England would be greatly inferior to what it actually is, wore it not for the abund- ant supply of good coal found in various districts of the kingdom. It cannot be necessary to point out the many advantages which it derives from the possession of our coal mines, the sources of greater riches than ever issued from the mines of Peru, or from the diamond grounds at the base of the Neela Mulla mountms. But for our command of fuel, the inven- tions of Watt and Arkwri^ht would have been of small account; our iron mmes must long since have ceased to be worked, and nearly every important branch of manufacture which we now possess, must have been rendered impracticable, or, at best, have been conducted upon ft comparatively insignificant scale."- Porter's Progress of the British Nation,'' p. 273. "Our coal mines have been sometimes called the black Indies; and it is certajn that they have con- ferred a iiiou»ittud iiuies moi'e i'eai advautage on us than wc have uerived from tb6 conqa-ost o. the Mogul empire, or than we should have reaped from the dominion of Mexico and Peru. — McCuUoch's Account of the British Empire, vol. 1, p. 597. ■t \ Co.n.,'iltie "f W,,y. ""''"«»»"?, "^X S o^ imp""«to be paid by tl,o Unitcl *,*.«, .lo not >'""8f' *„"i^Se^„pred in the counlnes U.0 cmsuracr a. the Umtod '''"«^'.''' "'^^i, ;„ euch instance, a few arU- „a,nea. Of cou.su, lo arrive at 'h'^ '«^«^J'" « ^enl. in Great cles. -uch ,.» tobacco (^''.ch pays nearly .^_ ^^^ Britain,) >m: .f'^''^^™' 1"'" ''fri^^eolonies upon the i.nportauoa ol acted ill ly- l>"l;''h North A™"^""",^ j^g not exceed Vii per cent. -;!''n;:3';lnu::nv%l;rXirorr:r^^^ „nd inannlacturcs ol Creat Bntain. States will be The increase ol the demand for "'»'' ^ '"^ „f ^n Wnds, steam caused by ibc increase ol the "''« "^ ^.i""^* and upon oar inland ,„unulaciJ,ri...s, '""'%''«"" Sfind ntb" augmented use of coals waters, loc;.,iuot.ves for ™V' topmost coinpetent to form a correct fo, ,us and or '>'™-»;;/":'„J,S«Td to excess the convicfon that, opinion on tins subject have not "«»'»"•= eoiinlrv will not be equal to il „,„ny years to cou.e, the =" '^^ '7,"h\,7earThe deficiency will be the don..nd lor honie "'"^""'P"""' '', .u'^ .|,nemand will continue to near live hundred th.msand tonss and hat t^ d^™- ^^, the exceed the supnly. ''"'» 'fr;;^„iS„diX,andOhio, &c., are more deficiency unul the n.d h'"*' "''TH™; ^j,„jiible wealth brought fully opened, and a '^'g" Pf '»" "L, vet S' „"' '"*'"""''' "'"'""' into- n,:,rket, .y-- ""^A^^ " AlUhe A a'nic cities rely principaUy riCn,"y rr V giir atKl Lyland for domestic coal, and on SUa SS and Nov=„ Scotia for ^- '-jS^^tet the augmentation brought into .lie United >?tates '»' »-^' " f^' ° d Xd it is^ stated, and for particular purpo.es. ^^- '^"^" ■mdr.r„»rt 4,000,000 tons, now raise 40,000,000 tons of coals ""»"; > ' ' ? „ i"^ i„er«ising as the Living 3S,OOU,000 tons tiir home consumpmui^^^lncr^^ S»v ihHt th..r.> i* m> lH»sit.vo ^'^'^>''"f ;;f * X'J^^^^^^^^^ pre*-/ interesta of the country; Thw» our lo«klauiro U sviri^ly uoi to "^'^^^f'f J^,S;7.!Jh) .-eL. Inmatteri of legislation or it i« tH>«m.l .0 l.H»K forwartl, .vo« for a P*"^»^;;fX«u'ht al^^^^ be conadered, unle*. wme A...-1 «rra,u:...n.ujt, tho »u«oroat*of remote pen«>^«'Wg^t atway8J»^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ j^^ d other he new by the lives of paid by auntries ew arti- i Great luiy ex- atioi of )er cent, an ours ; oanufac- products } will be Is, steam ar inland ■ of coals a correct ition that, B equal to 2y will be ontinue to ke up the ,, are more }i brought i markets, principally al, and on will yield a full housand, and a ij taking off the un not at ail tat- ow that the re- ; in fact, I maj \£ consvnftion. of the country ; of legislation or red, unleaa some inply of coals in omcwhore in the sao to ddoy ; but 33 use of coals is in the United States, it is not extravagant to estimate that, in twenty years, the home demand will exceed 20,000,000 ot tons annually. The anthracite coal of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia will find its way west, and the bituminous coal of the same States continue to supply the Atlantic border; whilst the States of Ilhnois, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri >yill meet the wants of the ultramontane region; but so soon as the railroad trans-^ i)ortation contemplated is completed, all will send a portion of their vast stores of superior coal to the seaports for exportation, and at cheap- <3r imces than any other coals can be supplied. A sagacious writer on the subject of the increase of coals in the United States estimates that, in less than thirty years, as much as 35,000,000 tons will be raised unnoally, smd find a profitable market. It is not a little extraordinary that, whilst most of the statesmen ot this country denounce the restrictive tariff system, ^"^ yp\;^^^\^f^^^^\ i'rom some of the despotic governmental senilities ot the old World, and boast that we are in advan(-e of mankind in respect to the doctrines ot *' freedom of trade," some of them still cling to the protective ,r5mon l^ws- n common language, ana a. Ill iifr pxceoi as tni; lICb oi coiii!i!<^«« > — ^7 — -- .. _, _n orlm, and those growing ont of their P--'" -»"X' ™^ the bonds created by commercial and social intimacy, may render then- 86 dependent upon each other; when with feelings of honest pride we can hail this new star in the constellation of American Republics, the inter- ests and the duty of those who may administer the governmental msti- tutions of both, will prompt the establishment of a system of com- mercial intercourse between them untrammelled and uiisliackled by any exaction or any imposition. With such mutual arrangements and by the cultivation of harmony and peace, the two united will be a power paramount on the land and on the sea, at home and abroad, and not only superior to any now existing, but to any recorded in history. It will be the triumph o^ American principles and the establishment of Ameri- can supremacy. APPENDIX- Coals in the British -possessions in North America. Pacific country.— In the report of the Rxploring cxpodition by Cap- lain WilUcs, United States navy, it is stated that coals ot gojxl quahty may be found on Vancouver's island, but that the Hudson Bay Com- pany had tried them, and owing to their being taken too near the surface, they did not do well. Indications of coal are found m New Albion, near Fraser's river. , , tt •. i o. . • i„ «r [ Jn Washington and Oregon Territories, on the United States side ot the 49th parallel, there is reported to be an ubundance of coal. Gov- ernor Stevens states there are extensive supplies near 1 uget s sound.J Canada.— ^o discoveries of coal-fields have as yet been made in Upper Canada ("Canada West") to justity the expectation of their being worked. Andrewis Rep. of 1860, p. 83. Taylor^s Stattstics of Coat p. 184. Martin's British Colonies, p. 181. MoGrefror s torn, i^tat., rot. 6, V' 193. , r 1 "^ No. l,ro/?iaa/. J— Statement of the quantities and values of coa s im- ported into Canada during the years 1860, '61, '62, and '63, distin- guishing the countries whence imported, from inspector-general s othce, customs department at Quebec, June 12, 1864 : 1850— Valuei. QreAt Britain. B. N. A. Colonies United States. Totals Tons imported. £13,833 $56,338 1,247 8,606 23,686 4,988 34,424 94,744 39,790 1851 — Values. £24,600 870 10,765 36,135 $98,000 3,480 43,060 1852— Values. £22,309 1,127 13,005 144,640 71,243 36,441 $89,236 4,508 52,020 155,764 72,823 la-iS— Values. £20,850 4,060 27,055 51,165 $80,200 16,240 108,220 204,660 80,053 Frincc Edward island.-lt is stated to be, "in respect f^t^ g^« °^' apparently a continuation of the great Nova Scoua and New Brun ,- w"Sk coal-field," but no coals have been exFK)rted therefrom, nor an mines worked there. Andrews, (I860,) p, 83. Taylor 206, and Map 208 . Newfoundland.-&ome coals have been found there, but no mines are worked. Ibid and Martin 161 ; Andrews's Rep. of 1862, p. f^^'^' Gregor, ib. p. 342, states that 366 tons were exported to the United Ss in 1836, 1840, and 1841; but it is presumed these were ballast "t^XS-There are extensive coal-fields in the interior d" thifpro^ce. The area is estimated -t^.OOOsqi^re miles making with the other provinces 18,000 square miles. ^^2/^^! ^^''/Tavlor p mines in this province are described in Martin, P; 2**' ^"^^^^^^^^^ 186. The coal mines have not been worked lor ^^e jeare,^^ ^^ coals proved indiflferent and the procuring ^^/^"^J^^'^^^^rAffidal vhohZ is found in large quantities m NewBrunswick.^ :*^*'^. S?cf ?* returns of the exports of 6oals from New BrunswicK, ir^m xo^o .o SHs as followF: 1828, 66 chaldrons 1829, f ^ ^\^f ^Ji/,^^^ 70 chaldrons; 1831, none; l^f, 3 chaldrons; 1833, 138 chal^^^^^^^ 1834, 687 chaldrons; 1836, 604 chaldrons; 1836, 17 chaldrons, ibJ/, 38 ' f'i *w3 Si < r 12 chaldrons; and in 1838, none. Martin, p. 244. Andres's Report, 1850, at pages below cited, gives the following accounts from the Co- lonial returns : New Brunswick — Exports and Imports. S": '^°' '" ^' ''''^'' 'T8,S' il;]!l-^^f' ^^'"?l-:^r'"f %fS ^o^CBriUin, £16,836. Exports, 1843, (p. 400,) Imports, " " Exports, 1845, (p. 430,) Imports, " " Exports, 1848, (p. 404,) Imports, " " Exports, 1849, (p. 431,) imports, " (p. 432,) —to « — fVom " 2,011, 1,T74— to " 20,191, 13,554— from " ' ' — to " — fVom " 1,312, 750— to « 24,438, -from " 1,642; 1,699; to none ; from 470; 624; to 611 ; from « « « 105. 782; 1S6. 1,548; 13,339. S,192. Statements B, C, D, and E, give the subsequent years from United States returns. A letter dated June 29, 1854, from a highly intelligent colonist, states: "No coals or a^phalte went from this province {N. H.) to the United States in 1853, while large quantiues of anthracite were '""E Scotia.— The " General Mining Association," as tenants of the British crown and lessees of the late Duive of York, have a monopoly ot all the mines and minerals in this province, including Cape Breton. 1 ne lease is for 60 years from 1827, at a rent of ^3,000 sterling, equal to ^3,333 currency, or $13,332 per annum. It limits the quantity ot coals to be raised to 20,000 New Castle chaldrons, unless a tax or "royalty of 2s. currency is paid for all over that quantity. In 1845 the limit was extended to 26,000 New Castle chaldrons, or 62,000 London chaldrons ; equal to 65,000 tons, or thereabouts. The capital of the company is ^400,000 sterling, or $1,936,000; and the association owns 14,000 acres " The " Albion" mines, near Pictou ; the Sydney ; the Bridgeport, and Bras D'or mines, on Cape Breton, and the Cumberland, (" Joggins, ) near the head of the Bay of Fundy, are all that have as yet been worked. The product of the latter is very small, and the Joggins coals are also said to be indifferent, though some years since anticipa- tions were entertained of their being valuable. In Andrews s report ot 1850, p. 95, is a detailed statement of the Albim and Sydney mines from 1840 to 1848, inclusive, (and coals large and small, and sittings, are included,) and it appears that, in the nine years stated, they both raised but 42-^,680 chaldrons, or about 535,000 tons; making an average ot biit about 50,444 tons raised per annum. At page 96, same book, is a like detailed abstract for 1849 of each one of all the five mines. It gives the following quantities in chaldrons : Cumberland, Joggins Albion, Pictou Sydney Bridgeport Bras D'or Total duddrons Total tons Raised. Exported to U.S. 923chal 32,323 " 26,482 " 16 " 59,944 " 74,930 " 201 chdl. 27,961 " 6,665 " 34,812 " 48,515 " To Colonies. Home consumption. 666 chal. 1,265 " 7,376 " 9,307 11,384 54 chal. 3,097 " 12,466 " 16 " 20 " 15,823 " 19,880 " m 13,353. It Statements of the product of these mines, other than the above, for dif- ferent years anterior to 1849, and of the amount of "royalty" paid for coals raised, and the exjmrts from and imports into Nova Scotia and Cape Breton prior to said year, both Colonial and of the United States, are to be found in the following authorities: Martin, pp. 230, 233, 234. Taylor, 199, 200. McGregor, 296. Andrews's Report on85Q, pp. 96, 97, 98, 348, 356, 362, 370 et yassm. And all the data show that the total production of all those mines in no one year, prior to 1849, exceeded 200,000 tons, and the highest export to the United States ot coals from them was in 1848, being 153,122 tons. No official account of the entire jrrod'mt of these mines since 1849 is had; but the statements of the exports from Nova Scotia and Cape Bre- ton of coals since thai year, when compared with the product m 1849, above given, as to the proportion exported, and that retained tor home consumption, (less than 29 per cent, of the whole, and less than 50 per cent, of the exports to the United States,) will enable an estimate to be made of the annual product that will not be out oi the a^ ay. 1 he tol- lowing statements are therefore given of the Colonial accounts ot the exports of coals to the United States from Novia Scotia, &c., being taken from Andrews's report of 1862, at the pages cited : The exports of coals from Great Britain and Ireland, to all countries, as stated m the British accounts, are as follows: Years. 3840. 1845. 1850 1851 1862 Tons. Value. 1,606,080 2,531,282 3,361,888 3,468,515 3,636,621 Value. ^576,000 973,635 1,284,224 1,302,473 1,359,685 $2,787,840 4,711,393 6,185,642 6,303,669 6,580,875 Exports /torn Nova Scotia of coals to the United States, {colonial returns,) from Andrew's Report of 1852. 1849 (p. 565). 1850 (p. 565). 1852 (p. 557). Chaldrons. 69,625 71,472 47,376 Tons. 87,036 89,475 59,226 In 1852, according to Governor Sir G. Le Marchand's official report of the province to the Duke ot Newcastle, before referred to, the whole quantity exported was 112,559 tons-value, ^56,907. c. c, equal to 2««fv af^a . ^l.A tU««Ql.i«r^f thp rnakfixnorted to the United States was ^38,781 c. €., equal to $155,124; anct to the British Norjh Ajn'-ejC'in Colonies, £16,925c. c, equal to $67,770 ; and to the British West In- dies, ^431 c. c, equal to $1,724 ; and all other places, i;7G9 c. c, equal to $3,076. 40 i A letter from E. Cunard, esq., dated July 5, 1854, gives the follow- ing statement of exports to the United States of all kinds of coal: 1851— From Pictou, 41,828 chaldrons; Sydney, 8,486 chaldrons— total, 50,314 chaldrona. 1852 — From Pictou, 55, 952 chaldrons ; Sydney, 8,540 chaldrons — total, 04,492 chaldrons. 1853— From Pictou, 72, 838 chaldrons ; Sydney, 8,153 chaldrons- total, 80,991 chaldrons. The following is from the United States treasury accounts of imports of coals into the United States from Great Britain and Ireland, and from the B. N. A. Colonies, from 1843 to 1849 inclusive. The four years since are given in detail in statement C, ante, page 4 : Years. 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 Great Britain and Ireland. Tons. 27, 132 34,883 27,294 59,384 55, 106 42,358 65,148 Value. $83,9(8 116,578 99,718 176,596 174, 959 145, 789 160, 312 British N. A. Colonies. Tons. 13, 185 51,196 52, 207 95,230 92, 180 153, 122 93,256 Vati ue. $28,734 115,906 122,975 195,452 194, 173 312,294 245,840 And the account of the exports from the other colonies into Canada of coals for 1^0, '51, '52, and '53, (No. 1, below,) shows that the entire value of all the colonial coals sent to Canada in these years was but ^7,303 c. c, or $29,212. Imports of coal from B. N. A. colonies into U. S.—from U. S. returns. Veaw. Into United Suites. Into Boston. Into New York. Into Philadelphia. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. Tons. Valuo. 1850 98,256 116,960 87,512 120,764 $188,784 221,681 161,764 212,847 55,730 51,615 68,713 89,843 $105,291 96.134 120;037 156,623 12,909 12,033 6,943 11,419 $96,434 25,462 14,718 24,672 2,488 2,148 7,293 8,296 $4,541 3,995 13,314 13,619 1851 1852 1853 Statement of the principal coal countries of Europe and North America. ; the area, in square miles, of knawn ^coal-fields in each; and the estimated production and exports of each in 1854. Countries. Area in sq. miles. Gt. Britain, Ireland, and British Isles Belgium France Prussia and Prussian States Russia Austrian States. Spain British North American Colonies. , United States 1,160 550 1,720 GOO Unkno'n 3,410 18,000 163,157 Production in tons. 42,000,000 6,500,000 5,000,000 4,500,000 1,300,000 i,i;i;u,uuu 500,000 200,000 9,142,000 Exports in tons. 4,000,000 2,000,000 100,000 1,000,OOJ None. *uu,uuO 100,000 140,000 80,000 he follow- al: 14 chaldronR. )2 chaldrons. II chaldrons. of imports ;land, and The four . Colonies. Vati ue. $28,734 115,906 122,975 195,452 194, 173 312,294 245, 840 Canada of the entire was but etums. Philadelphia. s. Valuo. !8 18 m $4,541 3,995 13,314 13,619 America. ; estimated Exports in tons. t,000,000 J,000,000 100,000 L,000,OOJ ^one. 400,000 100,000 140,000 80,000 41 These figures nre, of course, mere estimates, based upon supposed increase of suppc ^d product and exports of past years. The areas are taken from geological works of authority. , ^_ ^ „ ^ _, , The increase of the export of coals from the United States to Canada has been regular and steady since it first commenced, about fifteen years ago. It has now increased to upwards of 13,000 tons annually. The statements referred to at page 2, as being m this appendix, as to prices of freights for coals between different ports, and as to prices o different coals at different places, are omitted for want of yreme and authentic data in time to compile the same. From Pictou to Boston, S3 50 per chaldron of 36 bushels is now ordmarly charged for freight; but freights and prices vary according to demand for vessels and tor coals. (See Taylor, pp. 203 and 204, &c., as to prices of different coals, and relative value, &c.) So, inland transportation by railroads and canals, from collieries to the Atlantic ports, varies according to de- mand for coals; and, in fact, the cost of transportation pretty much regulates and controls the prices of coals. The coal interests, and those of the comumers, are generally subordinate to the railroad and canal interests in this respect, and with injurious effect. The statements as to the character and qualities of the different coals are omitted, because of the difficulty of condensing them so as to be satisfactory. (See Tavlor, p. 193, &c., and Professor Walter R. Johnson's Report to the Secretary of the Navy in 1543, Senate Document No. 38r, 1st session 28th Congress, on this subject.) ' The increase of coals in Pennsylvania since 1819 has been from 365 tons that year, o{ anthra<:ite coals, to 5,600,000 tons m 1854. A state- ment of the quantity of anthracite coals raised m that State from 1819, has been erroneously published, by Mr. McGregor and others, as being of the entire quantity of coals raised in the United States. It is of the anthracite coal raised in Pennsylvania alone. The accounts of semi-bitu- minous and bituminous coals raised in Pennsylvania cannot be accu- rately obtained. At Pittsburg in 1853, it is ascertained, there were 22,305,000 bushels consumed, and 14,403,921 bushels were sent from the market of that city elsewhere; making 36 708,921 bushels, at 28 bushels per ton, equal to 1,311,033 tons, at that point alone. {State- ment of A. Cummings, esq., to Hon. J. IbbbiTis, of I a.) 42 00 CO 1 B O i g s? 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