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 t'STTERS AND J>A 
 
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 IJP^RACTIO f AOM T«l C O R« I |p.O|f D| H OJ 
 
 SQClETY.iiriTiTUTiD at HALIFAX, 
 
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 Promoting Agriculture 
 
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 PROVINCE or NOVA-SCOTIA. ^ 
 i iBLBCTION OF PAPERS ON VARIOUS BRANCHIt 
 
 U S B A N D R Y, 
 
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 FARMERS AND tAND-HOLDERS 
 
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 ■•►im'tmi . , ; • 
 
 'PiiOVirCEQr..NpVA. SCOTIA. 
 
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 you «r« here prefentcd with ^le proceeiing? of a Socirti, 
 
 I e.ncn Jh Ihl.r.x. fur the purpofe of promoting AisriculVurii 
 - il;^ and juUober({ 
 
 not be exposed chat. .Society of this kind, in th/nrft yor of 
 Hi Ina.t«t,on, and in an infant Colony, could produce Ke 
 
 • ftafk^ofor.gmalp.cce.. The fcheme i. neW. M^ny wfo 
 polftf. . confidcrablc knowlcdjje of Hufband y. h.veZ i 
 ^c. .ty.m comrttitti/g their obfervauons and (J'ntJm^irto 
 wnt ng } other, are t.^mid in fubmitting their compoffi to- 
 the Icrutiny of the public j^ and a ftifl greater J.nSer?\ 
 
 -M m all other countries, accuftomed to proc^^ed Ka* mSe^ 
 of culture, d^nved ^ thefr jinceftors, do not^fle/l whc 
 her .1 may te altered &r the better ; a'nd having no t.rov.: 
 
 any change or innovation. They blindly purfuiaTyftcn 
 
 '^::^:i:i:s;';:::;t'''' ^^" '''-' '^'^-^^ ^ -^ . 
 
 ' wIL^lflt ^'f a"'''"' J* •• hoP'd. will in time be furmounted. 
 When th9 firft impreffioni,of novelty are worn off, men ofS 
 and experience w.Il co,pe fi^rward in greatifr numbeKa.* J com- 
 municate that praajce to the public whi^h they haveS moft 
 advanageout j and as it is natural for rri^qkiJd to purfue t^ r J 
 intereft. others will follow their example, and nriyeofcare 
 PU^kI TnT ^^^"'""*'^-- - lightened a^d^j^dicioi: ' 
 prattice. In the mean time, to fupply the defea of informa- 
 
 of the beft publication, in Europe and America, feveral p ece. 
 
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 ft mtf b« proper licrt to cattttofi jw ^lAn^ i viilgirfrrw- ' 
 ivhich DrevaiU much , nat«cl¥. ih«t Agriculiur«l knowleUgt 
 ^tfivci ff0fn UookH ii mcrt 1 hcory and 8p«cutaiion, wilt* 
 out pra^icc. For want of knotting bf iter, fniTiet-all it AmK 
 / /«nvViyi and (puhi it awav ai utterly ulclcfi. T hii notion 
 • k altogether *roundltfi. fijr infpc^ling tht prtfcni pubiict- 
 ^iori, you. will find that ib« rulta and dirt^iont. contained \a 
 it, arc the refult of long and exteniive practice in Hufbjndr^ \ 
 they point out the mcihodi that have, upon repealed trial, 
 Droved fPoft ruerefftfu|>. In difffrtAtc«untfict, and in dif* 
 ftrent parti of the fjme country, ^ great variety ii fodnd in 
 ihe n>o«lc of coiidwdting Hulbandrv. bume of the(e are prt • 
 ftrable to other* f < and when they Ire-tolleiled, and accurate- 
 Jy,'^BT*^«'«<'» »*»« judicioui Farmer can feledl the beft, and 
 Mapt them to hit own particular foil and fituation. Herrby h« 
 ■vaili himf«lf of the experience of othetN, and avoid* the er- 
 rors to which he would oHicrwife be expofed { and certain it 
 it, that Agriculture has in this way received many of ita moft 
 vahiabje improven»ent8 — particularly in Great- Britain, with 
 which we are bcft acquaioted. This v^ill appear evident from 
 the following brief detail, which itthe more neccflary, ai the 
 prejudice it would remove, irtterferet with the defign of the 
 Society, and will be iniuriou* to the Province. 
 
 The Hrft book on Hulbandrv in our language, was written 
 by Mr. Fiubtrbirt^ Judge of the Common Pleas in the reign 
 of iienry VIIl, and was publifhed in the year 1534. He is 
 called the Father ofEngliihHufbandry) beine the iirft among 
 VI who ftudied the nature of foils, tM laws of vegetation, aiid 
 wrote on the fubjei^.. His treatife was intituled, Tht Book tf 
 Hvfiandryy and contained the rffult of. his obfervations and 
 praftice lor forty years. It kindled emulation for th<i,im« 
 provement of Agriculture, which was in a very imperf^£k 
 . itate at tM time rn hingland i and botfi Ain/ulatcd and in- 
 truded people in the culture of their land. 
 
 The next writer of eminence that (hall here be mentioned, 
 is Sir ^ugh Piatt^ who lived in the time of Queen Elixabetb, 
 when Carrots, Turneps, Uc. were ufua|ly imported into 
 England from Flartdert. He was reckoned the moft ingeni- 
 ©us and judicious Huibandman of that period. ' His Paradife 
 ^ Flora^ %n6 his own unwearied exertions, difcovered and 
 Drought into general ufe a g^reat variety of manures, which 
 were not known or thought ot before. 
 
 Sir Richard Wcfttny who was Ambaflador to F'redfHek V, 
 JEle^lor Palatine, ^nd King of Bohemia, publiibed a Difteurfi 
 9fi tht Hujhandry of Brakant and hlandtrty in 1 645. Th6 
 'Flemings were then deemed the beft Farmers in Europe \ and 
 ^cir fuccefs procc^cdcd from the juft idea they had of Hufr 
 
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 It^pi^i n^tffi Wit l# ctnr lli«tr firttN tnurtU ofwtWt, aoJ 
 
 r kctp them III Hn« tilth, (o a% to make them rclemble a |tr4«iiu 
 
 ;, Sir Rithtrd Wtfttn expUiited'thc KItmJfh modt ol cultivatinfr 
 
 Corn aiul •rtificbl OmfTtt i tii4 it it afTcrttd that KnglAoi 
 
 f' profited in Aariculture to th« amount of ininjr millioni, lift* 
 ing, by the dire^iunt laiJ down in hi« treatile. Inhere wer« 
 dvcraf abl« writcrt on Agriculturt coftmporarv with Sir RU 
 chard \ and thefe agiin were fuccerdcd by Hurttik^ Evitpt 
 •nd other men of enlarged and philufuphic minds, who xottl- 
 oufly txertcd themfilvea for the innpruv«ni«nt of Agriculture 
 and variout branches of Natural Hiltor/i wbic^ art c\6U\f 
 ^ . connected with, and fubfervient to it. 
 
 The prtfenc century hai produced • great nuiiib«r of fS- 
 / fMMI writcrt on Agriculturt. Mr. Tii/f flwdl bt lift 
 
 menttoned,. He wai an ini<;enTou4 man, and a good praC'' 
 tical farmer. He introduced, or at Irall promoted, the Drill 
 pad HorAr-Hoe Huibandry. Hit Theory was peculiar, yef 
 h« realixetrJt to great advantage, lie thought that earth wm 
 the food of plant! \ that manure ferved no other purpofc than 
 to lighten th« foil by the ffrmcniation it occafioncd, whicH 
 «nlarged the p^ure for the roota and Hbret of plants, and fup* 
 plied them moreabundanity with nouriihment \ and thnt bf 
 lufficiently pulverj^ng the foil, the fame purpoft would be 
 equally anfwered./TAlthough hit fyllem was not found adapted 
 to general ufe \ yftt it had this good efFe«i), to lead men to fee 
 the importance ol keeping their land perfc'dlly clean, and in 
 good tilth by frequent plowing, h^ing, harrowing, Uc. It 
 will be fufllcicnt to mention the n%iet of thofe who fucceed. 
 ed Mr. 7«//, fome of whom are ttlive at thii day, and enrich* 
 ing the public with their ufcful writings — thefe are LiJU^ M$rm 
 tinur^ BraJUyy Halts y Hart t^ baktr, £/lit, Randal, Stiilimt^ 
 fittt^ Htmt^ Hunttr^ Toungy Marfijail^ See. &c, Thefe it* 
 fpe^able charadters united Iciciicc with experiment and prac« 
 tice, for the improvement of Agriculture j and their writing«| 
 with thofe of various Societies inftituted in Great Britainand 
 Ireland, for the fame laudable purpofe, eiilig'htened the minds 
 of all who read them, removed the ilrong prejudices in favour 
 of ancient modes of culture, and were inftrumental in railing 
 the practice of Hu(bandry to a (late of perfe<Stioa beyond that 
 of any other country.* 
 
 A fimilar fpirit has for feveral years pad jire vailed in moft 
 parts of Europe, to the great advancement of Agriculture, and 
 beriefit of mankind. But the cafe of Sweden is lb pcculiat^ 
 and theelTedts of induftry, whcndiredled by fcience andjudg.* 
 I|i(nt, are fo remarkable in that kiugdoini that it nuy be pro. 
 
 f^kt^trt md Otr4am^'^uiA Baib Suciety'a Ptf/fri, Vol. 11. p. 310— 14a. 
 
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 ftff t« giv« • (hort ftaltrntnl «| It. SvtiUfl it Mt of (W 
 I northern And b«frffn couniri#« in f.utop«. Stoikhgtm. 
 Ct|lllal, !• ncartjr in the i.«titu<l<; of 60 «l«grflc»— -•itngA 
 4m tho<i(kn<l miJct to iM nortb of lUllifti. Tl« whoS 
 iM(il«m iiovtrfprttd with rockjr mountMiM anti Uktt, lufltiB 
 littk \f§4 rapabU of culiurt, and ii (ubjcd tu all th« fc^erU 
 ^a of fc high a Latiluda. But Swrdfn hat b«en (orign«(f 
 
 Spfod4icing a number of amintnt mtn, who madt great 
 ipfovementa In Natural IliOnry— narticultrl^ in Agficul- 
 liue^ and in Uotanv and Chemidi/, both of which arf foliv 
 |iffi«j}i to AgricuUurt. To tvinct thU ii will be fu^iicot 
 fo mention the name* of £i««4e«i, f^aUtrim, OinJItJt^ Birgm 
 •M«, Md GtlUn^rg. I'hefc men tpplicd the priiiciptea of 
 fkicnceto the improvement of Uulbiiitiry ; tnu uodcf thfttf 
 4tefdionf, thit mod ufefyl irt greatly fluuriihed. To ciU- 
 courage thit and other arti ronned)ed with ir, the prcfenC 
 King of Sweden, one of the mod enlightened monarcha of 
 the age, inftituted a new order of Knighthood, called the Or- 
 4»t tj yafa^ which it conferred on fuchaa have diflinguiibed 
 ihenifelvet in Agriculture, Commerce, or Science, and it 
 held in the highetl ciljmation.* The conrequcnce of thif 
 Drudeni management it, that Sweden affbrdt bread and provj- 
 fioiit in plenty fur iti inhabitanti, which, without ihoCe mca- 
 ^ret, mud be imported froroabrtMd, or the people would pc- 
 ffilb \ and a country which wt would think Icjrcely habitable, 
 or worth cultivation, abounda not only in the ncceflariet, but 
 in all the coiKcniencct and conifortt of life, f 
 
 It ia ncedlcft to enlarge fiirther on thit point. Agriculture^ 
 like jll other arti, hat itt ruica and principUt t • knowjedgt 
 of thefe ia neceflarv to carry it to that degree of perfc^liun 
 which it ia capable of 1 and in proportion to the knowledge 
 •nd application of thofe princblct, it will attain pcrfedtiun. 
 The notion that we (hould,di(rcgard thofe rule'a and |>riticiplci 
 mull originate from profound ignorance, it repugnant to the 
 common fcnCe and experience of mankind, and would feem to 
 imply aa little reflexion in thofe who hold it, at there ti in the 
 tree that vegetatea, or in the plow that diVidet the earth. 
 
 A^ricvlture may be jufily deemed the parent and aurfe of 
 
 • far Cem't rr«M/i, Vol. IV. 
 
 %, 
 
 art! 
 
 f tMMtMng aallar to ihU Km ««««md In iIm Prafftn (tomtnleiM. The 
 Itlni of Praflta, (fathar of the lata illMflriout Fradtrick) a monaroh of diftin. 
 gttiAicdabiliiia 
 
 ' poAbla anco4itaf«intiit 10 Af riculiare, and m«da 
 j^aral cacaltaot rff|alatioM in it* favonr. Baron BttlJiiU ttUa aa, ikai the 
 kafl way of paying tourt to tb« King, waa b* aii«nik>n lo Hutbandr*. The 
 cenfcquenca wai, tkak In a few year* iha rand* of iha Marcliaof Brandan. 
 b«r|b, tb« heaiht and noranaa of Pruflla, wtra covered with a pl«niiAil bar. 
 vaA of tbe AncA com ) and tbe fandy dcfert wbicit aiMndcd to tlia «cry gate* 
 of Berlin, waaeeovertad iaio excallaM laadbyakiMl •( oicoa^ioical^a. 
 
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 ifit ifni fommrrct— ifrt prlnripal fmirct of • iiatiii'tu^, 
 fMrriif. Whtrtvrr Ic it cotuiudlcii withenerff Miui \u4fmmL 
 lhc(« Will flourifli 1 wdtre u <i«cUiM«, lh«(« will (l«ciut« alia. 
 TNf ri«/on U obvioat—Agricuharfl noc«tilf AiMU«« ilMl 
 ftxnl, wiihuuf which m«n cinnot eiift t but it aUo Jlffyfrl 
 llcilih ind « f^tic of inJurtrjr Mitung th« mA($ of p«opl«. Ksgrf 
 ktntiitljr rtfiiUttt t^« prlct of libour. Whtn ftiod it pUntjr^ 
 ft will bt chfipi iiwl wb«n it il rhttp. labour will Mii* 
 ftint i trt4 tbffit,^ tvery branch of \m(\nt(% may K« i-arried a4i 
 witK vigour. I'hit it ih« caf« tvtn in-tild, populuut StAfn^ 
 it U p«culi>iriy fv in young coyniritt, whtr* food mafi b« ikt 
 Mrrt ohjrd). If the inhibicantt catinot rtt(k If tht mfflytfaii ikM 
 mttd bt uidtbtcd for ii lo (Itaiigert. Ilti^by tfit price w(U«i 
 «normoufly bigh, iA4 nih tli« price of libour t ktrcby «H« 
 iMffCilli #iir b«. drained away, and all tbcfr profita carriii 
 off. 1 ho Sute that dependa on othera for proviriont, mmk 
 ever be dcprefl'cd and imnovcrifhed ^ for it a4lualJ/ sa/ltb* 
 ttieea ani pilce of labour In thofe other BtiCM. 
 , Th*fe truth* arc. plain and eafity comprehended. Tbejf 
 Altt^ ftrtke every man with convi*£)ron i and (hey will ac- 
 count for many of the inconveniencet which we fed at |ire- 
 /•nl. They point out tb« rcafo'n whv our fifiieriei are not it 
 profitable at might be cxpeAed, and why cafh It (o &»ci, 
 Thc/ormeraro carried on at a great expence, becaufe proH- 
 fioni are imported, and therefore dear t and our cafh ia drain- 
 ed away t«> pay for thofe provilioni. To 9Xf€t we (houJi 
 thrive and become profperoua whild mattera arethua fituatetf, 
 would be utterly vain i and thit Jttkumliaiice, fo ruinout fo 
 the /community, ia the more moli^mg, u our foU^ io point 
 WferfUUy, i% fuily equal to that of the couritriea firam whick 
 we impbi-t feyerat articlti of jyovi fi n m - i a ouiyrftUMNfttiK it 
 freatl^ itipeHor. ' P -> . 
 
 'mdt BvUa call for relrefi. To apply a remtdt, and en- 
 tiptrlt^ ^it h many worthy charadlcra among lia who wifli to 
 rei^oV'e them, it the (ble objeA and deCgn of thia focicty. 
 Thi^ Agriculture (hould not bavt yet attained the fan)« de- 
 g\t1et of perfection here at in the parent Sftate, (hould not 0£- 
 
 ' ciHoU any Ajrprize. Large capitali, fuperior flcill from Unc 
 ;)fe8(^eriehce; ind cheapneft of labour, are adrantagea which 
 ^0ur felluw-rubje^t in Europe polTeft { but in which we art 
 grcatlv deficient. We may however profit by their example, 
 and adopt the modes of culture that they have found moft ad- 
 vSmageoui. Thia we certaiiUv caA do ; and it ia oaft ail 
 doubt, that the fame degree of ihduftry, judlcioufly diredeA, 
 Wlli produce double of that which it in dir^Aed. Thoaeh a 
 mab (hould toil ever fo roiich } yet if he counteract the lawa 
 
 — jfeAitort - Atiwitof «atufe» W-will alwaya rtftttiit jwi^-at^ 
 
 mm Uttle or oothinir in return for hislabour. 
 
 I- 
 
^> 
 
 t • J • 
 
 • ■ • • • 
 
 t^f Hi Ultn f«r • mo<n«nt •■•itiitw fht Mrtlrulirt whkk 
 fflitif cofNfibuti to thi ftimrifhing (l«tt of Agrtculmrff in 
 Gf«iti UriiAtfi I tml ihtii ju«)g« WTi€(h«r ^<i i'%imi< fmiliM 
 and 4«rtv« iilvtniaft from ilifiii. lli«(« amy kt rtduct^ !• 
 ikt (uilowing ht«<l« . 
 
 t. A fpifii«4 iiWuftry, which •Mttn«lt to t vtrf ^tiicll «l 
 |lfli<i>cuUurff^ tiul It* cvtrjr fp«clcf of caliit. Wrrt tht in- 
 ^•hifantt <i^yN«Vii -Scotia to fft tfcii tfinuil roun4l o^ an Eog- 
 liih Farmar't lahout and aiuntidn, iht)r woutJ be c(iny)nc«4 
 Aai h« ii nttfrt iikU lucd lu hu iiiJullf jf and juUgniant (or fiM* 
 m(k% llMA to Coll and climait. 
 
 S' Kacfiing ibctr fiiUia rich an«t in |«^«^ h«ar( hy iMnurM 
 ■# ytrioifa fom t/uch a« farm'Vard dung, roinpoAt, roarit, 
 limiu rbilll, witt, fand, riay. Mot, woollan ragi, bonaa 4ic« 
 liiiMil|liii ihtrii ill Ailicicnt quaniiiiff ivtiMiCiTdili » 
 tHilththfff are refpc^livf ly adiiitcU. 
 
 ?. Kcfpiiig ihfu firlUt ingooil (ilth | nnt onlf making lh« 
 Nght iindpoiuuk b)f frctiuant plowinc, digging. Harrowing, 
 and hoeing % but clearing it entirely of wecW*, which choaV 
 whatever iccda mo (own or |)lanttd| and lub ibitn M fhtu, 
 MouriilMnanf, 
 
 4. The culture of what art called artificial grafTct, fucb m 
 ctdver of diff'cieni ifindt, lucerne, fanfoin, burnet, (nc. alfo cab- 
 higea of varioui forts in Urge <|uaniiiiet i at well ku turnepa^ 
 |K)uruca, and carreta, and applying them to the raifing and fat* ' 
 tening cattle. By-the cultivation of thofe grifTct, cabTuget and 
 rooii, the fame oi^antiiy of land will (upport twice as many 
 cattle I and the (oil ia p roper Ijr prepared to produce wheat, 
 and otber forta of corn. 
 
 5. A judicious fut-cefllon of crnps, by the alternate cultur« 
 of grain and rout* in the lame .tclJ i and never fuffcring two 
 exhaufting crops to fucceed each other. Ftw articfea in 
 huibandry arc of more confequence to the Farmer than thit 
 atrangemcnt o^cropa 1 hereby land is always kept clean, ia 
 good heart and tilth, and the produce it abundant i where A 
 proper fucceffion of cropa ia negledted, the Farmea'e hopea 
 will be difjppointed. The courfes of cropa in different parte 
 of En|(l4nd, <*ie (ei down in the following papers j^ thefc varv 
 in different placet i but thofe are defervedly cfteemed the belt 
 where turneps, or cfover, or beans come between crops of 
 
 J (rain 1 fo that two exhauftfng crops, at was faid before, do not 
 ucceed each other. t 
 
 6. Great attention in the choice of feed t that it be pcr- 
 fe^ly clean, and of the belt fort ■, and chaneinx it often. 
 
 1 hcfc are the methtidk by which EnpliOi Iiu(Dundry has been 
 advanced to ^| fM^fent high flate of iniprove'ment ^ and here 
 it ii»y be aflccd, ia there any one of them which may not be 
 
 ~w&lSfft 
 
 w ... - 
 
mmmmmm 
 
 
 f ' 
 
 
 J 
 
 .#^#.9 
 
 i • 
 
 4 
 
 'ip 
 
 1 1 r 
 
 .f 
 
 I 
 
 pftAMW U No^tScixU t Htf «• not iM dnrti proW 
 
 llM tfMV MAf b« pfWlikd wi«^«t)U«l ■•IvsnniKS ll«ff m lA 
 SuNfA r Uuf (oil M «<U|»««<i lo «««ff Ilin4 y4 «iq[«lafe»U, mH 
 ^ fuclk «« llMl WmA i«Mlai«»ut Hu()>«iidf««n ^rtlw. Il i« u| 
 gflMiral • (mmi, ffia^U, crambi«n| l<Mm t vtry llQWclaf, Of 
 •vtn iltfll'Min t« Inaiui, «iir«|H m uur dyM^ Uii4i. On if^ 
 |Mili«rn (m i.o«fl| ilM i«fi4 Ml ftmttjr ^ac** i« A<Mi«]r f«if Imq* »' 
 'JNlMICf mi llM lHf% WlkH 1« •|eonliiMi«4 rangt 9tfgm» 
 miu^ml kh»(kM*t or roarfV (l>if« ruck t bul UrfV tfiH ii^ tllA -, 
 liiivftur pMt4« (.oodftiii^ ol ■ ii(iHc, Uutdt ItHun, ti* whollf 
 WtllloMl Aoo«i. PrO|>«rl)r fpcakiag, «rt Mvt no muuowmt, 
 it UaA noA« itMt arc kifh t «n4 $ ^^if rumilanc* p«culiar to 
 Nova.ii<uui^ u, ikM tJM highvA ridf«« ol lin«l g«n«raliy 
 h4t^« .ih« boll lull. No. Ml afodiK'o niofo lujiinrionc^ 
 Jtwktmmt mm M fpiitf ' WM tSttm tti H «^ whT" 
 
 loliffiMf, It ft«iil ^am so to )0 bu<li«tr<}f whmt p«r t€f«, 
 t«A tke t»li«M i(« itiMtkabiy heavy-— udoii accuraf* irtalt, it 
 hit wtifbcU 64H>. ami tvtn 67 fib. por buthal. Nf country 
 proiliicct b«uei' poutoct, turnopa or carrots, or a grcakor 
 i}uanui)r of racli per acre. Flaii, h«mp, buck-whrat, arvl 
 Indian corn, fucctcd wtil 1 and ihe cydtt oyuie in Nuva-ScO' 
 lia ^1 not inferior to anjr ift North- Amorici* ' . . 
 
 Th«i« are notorioui fMl\%, too well known 6» idb^tt of anjf 
 doubt t the pl^ii inference frunilhctn. IS, thai if we are wbl»> 
 gtd to have recourfe to Arangera for j^^vifiooi, it ia not owing 
 tUher to our foU fir^44ifnatot the one ia fertile, the other •• • 
 healthy in a high degree. Our fppng indeed ia later than iit • 
 
 *Countrie« that He farther fouth ( butcountrica which are north 
 of ua, and whofe rprin| ia Ij^r than oura, abounti in provir 
 fioni. * The meyii Latitude of this Province i« 4$ (logre«a> 
 and there it iicarlv the (jinc (hffcrcnce between our Opting an^ 
 that of New- York, for' in(l««re» which ia found twtwetn tht 
 fpring in Middlefcx atid that' o( Vorkfhire, in bnglaiidt vet 
 Ytxkihircit a hnc torn Counti^, though in Latitude '51 a«- 
 
 4l> ii.t . It mil)' with truth be aMertcd, that the Utm qutntitf 
 of land, acre for acre, in Nova*Si^lia, will maintain as nuinjf 
 
 fieople, yield aa much <)orn, at Inl New««Vork, New-Jerfey. 
 'ennljflvania, or anv of the old (ioloiuca i and will ^^ aha 
 fiitten more cattle. «. . • Y* ♦ \ 
 
 But it will be faid, tut the price of labour W high, owing 
 to a thin population, and the Icarcity of labourers, and that 
 few have fufficient capitals to carry on Agriculture with fpi-^ 
 cit,. It mufl be ackniowledged that thi* is very true { thefe yv 
 inconvcniciicea incident to alt new colofilct i there was ft ^ 
 time when this was the cafe of the old coioni(;s i apd from theft 
 circumA«nces fome tnterefting infcc^nces may be deduced. 
 .I^roai tience appears • ^ecefttjr for our Legiflftture, d*d aU 
 
 ^ 
 
 "mi 
 
 m^ 
 
 k 
 
r 
 
 r"i'^1^V*T 
 
 "^^^^ k 
 
 frlendi of the Province to unite, and fall on proper meafurft 
 
 • to procure iiihabiunti. In (he pierentconfulioni of Europe, 
 
 there are ihoufand* Hfho woold be happy to fake fanauary 
 
 • <#!?'**"* "u •^!*'"y *'"• «<^M"<«'"te<i with the date of tWi Pro- 
 ^^ifVince, and il the irieani of coming over were pointed out. Had 
 rtiey but information that there u here an extenfive country* 
 fertile and falabrious i with mild lawi, a' fettled Government, 
 no taxea to^be paid, full liberty of Confcience, withplcneyof 
 landlhat wanta cultivators, befidet many other natural advan- 
 *■«•?; .*">* ■•' **>'• ""tJ'r <he proteaion of Oreat-Britoin j it 
 would fooii turn the tide of eiViigration lo Nova-Scotia. The 
 4»eff Und in the world, without inhabitanta, can be of llttto 
 vfclue. It is human labour that raifea iti value, and drawa from 
 it<he advantages which it is capable o(^affordingt 
 
 from the above rtatertenr, it appears farthe^ how much it 
 behoves the Inhabitants of this Province to chcrifti a fpirit of 
 induftry and frugality » fince hereby only they can Kovire 
 xapitals to defray the neceflary expence of Agriculture, and 
 carry.it on with advantage. Induftry and frugality are the 
 oniy tneans by which a youn^ colony can poffibly Hourifh., 
 1 he nature of things, and the invariable experience of man- 
 kind inconteftibly prove this. No greater misfortune there- 
 fore can befall fuch a colony than to adopt the manners and 
 expenhve mode of living in old, wealthy countries. What 
 may be fuitable to the one, will be ruinous to the other. It 
 will lead to habits of (loth, indolence and improvidence { a 
 ttagnation of bufmefs, a fpirit of rapacity, diftrefs, pover- 
 tyaiid enormous debts will be the confequence ; and it will 
 tehd to deftroy thofe principles of momi honefty, and that 
 mjitual conhdence, without which it ii impoflible for aav 
 \;;;*ommuni^v to profper. 
 
 * Thelaft inference that (hall be deduced from the above 
 Itatemcnt, is an argument \ii favour of the dcfign of this So- 
 ciety, and the ex^jediency of adopting the improvements in 
 ' Agriculture whi^ they propofe, and have been found fo he- 
 nelicial. JJor^can any argument be more forcible or conclu- 
 JM "' ^'^^ P"*^* of labour be high, it behoves the Farmer ^ 
 idf^aveasmuch^iroduce as poflible for that labour j and ex- 
 _perience. hath uniformly evinced thit by the modes of culture 
 now^recommended; the Farmer's profit has been greaUy in- 
 creafcd I jhe fame quantity of labour has yielded doubre what 
 It would havcv otherwife produced. Nay farther, the expence 
 : might bedfminilhed, and fhe profit, by thofe methods, beftill 
 greater. Tert acres of wheat, for inftance, when the foil is in 
 part and inr *" ' ' ' 
 
 ^ggL^JJig^ndiafing tilth, kept cl e an, and fown with good f eet^ 
 
 4. : 
 
 ::t-'- 
 
 L! '''f •? •' ^'u"']?^ of crops; will yield more than /uSe^acreJ 
 CuUiVAtedinthcflovenly manner thatis ufual. . The Umc may 
 
 "^iWWWP* ^riwiw 'J*; 
 
«M«« 
 
 . t 
 
 r 11 J 
 
 ^Tlif^Pu^ *»**T*'^'« *»>« I* cultivated by the Fiifier. 
 ..™«» Fdlow-CleHten., you fee th« defign and viewi of 
 tn« boctet/^ »nd the principleft on which they orocced. You 
 muft becofnvfnced chat their fole aim it to proiiUte th* pubHc 
 Mod, toexciteafpiritofinduftrv, and affilUn direainVtbat 
 induftry, (o that it may he moft bencHclal to yourfelve*, and 
 .19 tha^Mrtmumtf »t Ikrge. for this purpoft, they prdpura 
 ipelbgeweofthofe methods that tend infJhWy to augment 
 the projper.ty of a country i and then lay thofe methods before 
 'w Ml ^ already imported fome valuable feeds ; and 
 
 they will continue to import ft ill more, as their funds will _ 
 enable the<i^« They offer premiums on articles that are de%m- 
 cd moft imoortant, aa a reward of medQ^d a fpur to exer. 
 oon, and fuch of them whofe fituaiioTwill admit of it, are 
 oowreritering on a coUrfc of experiments, to confirm and en« 
 I? ™* •"''"'^**'°" ^^'^^ »*»*y receive from, others. " 
 May they npt therefore expea your concurrence and aid 
 m piiDlecutiag their falutary views f On you the fuccefs of 
 themendeavoura wUI very much depend. In vain do the/ 
 ky before you the moft profitaW© methods of culture, if yoi 
 do not adopt thofe methods j or offer premiums, if you do 
 not exert yourfelves to obtain them. Even the bounty of / 
 Heaven in lo manynaturaladvantages.isbeftowed in vain.ifyoo. 
 do not improve thofe advantages, and avail yourfelves of them? * 
 
 •^. a 1"^*'%^^ ''="" °^ y°"- 'i'hey confider yoZr 
 
 mtereft and good fenfe as fecurities for your zealous concur- 
 
 lence. They earneftly recommend to you a trial of thofe bar- 
 
 ticulars, before-mentioned, by which Britifli Huftiandr/haa 
 
 been fo much improved, to the great emolument of the ro&ion. 
 
 i hele are few in number, and within, your reach ; and to af- 
 
 -fi ft^your memory, they fhall be briefly recited here again— 
 
 Induftry J keeping your fields i« good heart by manure, and 
 
 in good tilth by frequent plowing, and clearing theni entirely 
 
 of weeds } the culture of Grafles, Turneps, Potatoes and 
 
 Cwrota to feed and fatteaGattle ; a judicious courfc of crop«> 
 
 and attention mchufing good feed, and frcqMentlvr changing it. 
 
 Ina word^ induArious, be frugal, be virtuous ; ind 
 
 then, be profpsrous and happy I - ] 
 
 'z::- February 2%y l^qx,' ." :■■%-"»*'". -i/,:.- ..;.• | 
 
 P.S, MUCH praife isdue to feveral Inhabil^ts of the Coun- 
 ty ot Man^ who have formed themfelvesintb a Society for the 
 purpofe of co-operating with the provincia)/Society at Halifiix 
 in promoting Agriculture. A more decid«^proof of their re- 
 prd to the weIfireoftliec<»untry, they could not give. They 
 
 4 
 
 ■teggnririh^the fo l l b wiftg^dleaioft7wifh fome vate TO^ 
 
 ■t 
 
 U- 
 
 i;apert. Thejr Pkin foA Regulation^ are. judicious i and 
 ^'75*5*'* ]• ^'gWy worthy of imitation by other Countiee 
 
IB 
 
 .;tj^>T5« 
 
 \l 
 
 t- 
 
 T -^ 
 
 p,L A N dp A s o c i E Tir;: 
 
 Infti^tfid It Haui AJ<, on th« Uth of PiciiiAli; ijig,' 
 
 Hit Excellency JOHN PARR, Efa, Lreutenwt-iaownop^ 
 and Comm.nder in Chief of the Province of Nw^.Stttui^ 
 
 , . ' Y, "t ■ 
 
 '• A ^^ P*^n wWcrlblng and paying one giilnei» or «L ! 
 . i^ wardj, annually, to be applied tk> fuch purpolca aitto 
 
 SocHfty (hall direa, may be a member of the Sixie^. 
 a. 1 here (ball be a Beneral meeting of the mdmbera at 
 
 Vice-Pr«fident, Treafurer and Secrttary, (hall bt than oh*, 
 fen (o ferve the enfuing year. //. .. „ ,.,,,, .;j" 
 
 3- Twenty Directors (hall bef inoually cholen at the above 
 meeting j and thole Diredton (hall have authotity to make 
 rules, propoCs premium* and e(tabli(K reguhtiona for con- 
 Si" i"Vj «^»'" «^»he Society i and any Ax of them, with 
 »e I'refident, or Vicc.Prdidont, may proceed tobuiineft: 
 But no perfon Hiall be eligible for a Dircdor, unlefsb^ isa 
 member of the Society. / .* c 
 
 4- Ai gentlemen in dift((nt parts of the ProvJiice may b« 
 defirous to become membeft of the Society, and to promote 
 Its defign, fome of thofe, in different diftrias, (ball be chofen 
 for Direa-rs : And thcfe, if not prefent at meetings of the 
 Direaors, may, by letter, fuggeft their fentinknts on any 
 matter j and their letter is to be confidered as equivalent to 
 their vote on that iubje<a. : . . ; . v ..l/,7 \ 
 
 5- There (hall be three ftated timet <in the year for the Di- 
 re«6rs to meet ; namely, the fecond Tuefday in March» 
 June and Septemi^r : But the Prelident or Vice-Pre(ident 
 may call occafional meetings at other times, as bufinefs (hall 
 «quirei and the Trealurer and Secretary, when prefent, 
 (hall have a vote at thofe meetings equally with other mem- 
 
 6. The members (hall pay in their fubfcriiitiwit tto the 
 
 i;!?.k"5^ *^*'' **!?•;? ^'^f ■^""*^ «*•"""« in^Bbcember: 
 And the Treafurer (hall make up his accounts to be laid be- 
 fore the bociety at the (ame time. . ., 
 
 IrlSJ^^ "°"*^*"« Richard Bulkcley (hiU be Pnefident^ 
 ThieHonourable Henry Newton, Vice^Preiideni^Mr. Law- 
 rence Hart(horne, Treafureiv-tand Mr. James datkeTSe, 
 Crfltary^oLt b lt Snr irty i t o ^ c t t ift^U\fm^i..tmm = 
 
 1 . 
 
 ■Mating in December 1790, 
 
 {,» -i^iV'-v *'..'t,m(l .j>,;;j|rr 
 
 .f-.- 
 
 V,.;: '*A -^fih'SiJBtt 
 
 .». 
 
•) • 
 
 or 
 
 p- 
 
 1 
 
 ic 
 
 ■| 
 
 ■e 
 
 
 ti 
 
 1' 
 
 9- 
 
 '■ 
 
 m ■ 
 
 •» « 
 
 .« 
 
 '• 
 
 i- 
 
 ( . 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 ft 
 • 
 
 \ 
 
 a 
 
 • 
 
 c 
 
 
 e 
 
 • » 
 
 n 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 m 
 
 » 
 
 V 
 
 
 t 
 
 ■ . . 
 
 I 
 
 
 /.^^- ■■ . . ■ 
 
 - ^ t ■ - --- --^ ;*-• - ' ■ ■'- .-i^ • 
 
 1 JL^'Jl^'f".?^ '**'• ^^^''Jy •mbrKr*. , grot y^rittf o| oU • 
 lta$i and will comprehend whatever relate* t6 Ajjricultur. 
 in ieneeal-Hb. improvement o/ land by tiffagis m4«ur«! 
 d^Hng or dra.j«ag^he cultivation of Jch graSel anHh^ 
 
 !^P!l V '°''.'"*' *^''"«*^-«h« proper^ Icindt of ftedK 
 
 t^«Jj!r!;?l'!. "^^ T^^V °^ '^i*''"** •"*^ the Aibfe^uenk 
 treatment of them— the culture of fruit and other treei, at 
 we I aa the raif.ng, feeding and management of cattle/art 
 matter* that will eiiMgc the particular attention of thi. So- 
 cietv I and they will ^e oWigcd to all who are converlint in 
 lio^^LW^" (^»,n<^« of farming, for their obferva- 
 lionri atidalfo for information of the modea of pra^ice 
 which they find to be moft fuccefjful, that the ^ociciv ma 
 Thi^ If.",. Tbulkm>wledge will be difftifed, ll.i^J 
 pubHc will derive benefit from the experience of iiSividual, 
 h frequently happens that ufeful dilfoveries and improve 
 
 «.!S.? ^«""'*";5 "« ^»«''o »»»anMnd for want of cor 
 muoH^tian— the; die with thofe who made them j This S 
 
 Jin i;:'" P'*'^'"'''' all difcoveries and i.nprovcmeni. of Sii. 
 livelv benehtfial by conveying them to others. 
 
 Ihet e IS no art more ufeful or rieceffary than Agricult.r 
 hereby mankind procure fubfittence. " The profit of the 
 "earth .. for all i the King himfdf is fcrved by the fiel 
 iLxperience fliews that every ftate, poflefled of an exteifivo 
 and fertile territory, will floirilh. 'and abound in the 
 veniencies of life .ncxaa proportion to the indurtry 
 n..i I, "'Ji*™*.*^'*" ^'" •" AS"">'"rc. No other Xil^anc* 
 Sat. whl^wnV'" P^^f of '*'". «h*n ti^t of the ^^* 
 tate, whole Wealth and power are not more owing to 
 
 actures, or commerce, than to Agriculture; in the 
 Icdtte and praaiceof which, Great-Briuin cootefli 
 iwfles every other kingdom or ftate in Europe , and i 
 
 I'rTS ""V"*'!"'*?' for promoting Agriculture, ha 
 tnhjited mucif to that fuperior koowl?dge%nd praaicc.l 
 rheir example and Aiceefs (hould ftimulate ut to fimnar 
 
 other iiatura^ advantages, Nova-Scotia is inferior iio tei 
 countries and fuperior 4o many. The defign •» ,hJs S^ et 
 
 cMfl^T'^'' '"^""*^" ""^'^^ inhabitant? to their «?' 
 call forth their exertions, and affift them in imprOvii] 
 
 E^^S -''?'* P'?vidence baa fo.boumift.Uy bSftoweSC 
 
 niiklJr fr^l'ii . *"^ ^T^W^ cotnnmniwite 
 
 .», 
 
 
 - 7. ■ 
 
 uj««the,r funds may admit/in caf^ that IhSIK Wed 
 moft likely to pcom^^hofepurpofes : Thty ^ alL^bt m* 
 
 ' ' '^ ' leathrf^- 
 
 T~ i; itfi'n 
 
fP'^fKW^' eii 
 
 
 *f^- 
 
 f H J ^ 
 
 defign. Aauated by ihdi view, .«d motive,, the. fl«uVS! 
 on the .ffiftence of .11 the inh.bir.nt. who p^i.Z£tr. 
 or public fp,r.t, iince the greeteft benefice nS^^cruJt^Z 
 Province from their unit,3 endeivoure , not only br a«]n 
 
 wS Ac« i ^ * ^'"^ advMcein the vdue o/ land., 
 wmch ii the certain conlequence of the former. 
 
 / 
 
 uU 
 
 profperity of the Province, cannot tut meet with the moft 
 seneroui and liberal fuppori j and thofe who have formed tbia 
 bocietv freely Invite communicatioaa upon all fubjcat com- 
 prehended within their extenfive plan.-Such perVdn. S.' 
 dine to become memb.cri, are requefted to fignify ije fame tJi 
 the Secretary, by letter, who will enroll their names a. fuch 
 Jip«i their paying any fum, not lef. than a guinea; inti the 
 ^ of the frcafurer f be SecreUry will farcful^ bfC* 
 fo« the Society every Communication ie may rcceXe.iln" 
 foiteation from gentlemen in the neighbouring ProvinceZlip- 
 on fuch n.«tter. as they may thipk Jonrfuciv? to the genml 
 defign of this inftitution, wfll be gratefully acknowledged. 
 • Halifax^ Nav. 3, 1789. •*» • 
 
 ' '^ III 
 
 tlliV^l'^ ^ ?t ^"^'^y ^""^ promoting Agriculture \^ 
 the Province of Nova-Scotia. held, by Adjournment, at 
 Halifax, the 17th of December, 1789; ^ •"«*"» « 
 
 THE following gentlemen were unanimouAy chofen V'\^ 
 reetora for the enfuing year r -frr - r^ 4 —7 , 
 
 The Right Reverend Bilhop of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Hia Excellency John Weniworth, 
 
 it* R*''«''*n° Andrew ^rown. D.D. 
 
 I he Honourable Charles Morris - 
 
 The Honourable Thomas Cochran. -. 
 
 John Newton, E/qj , 
 
 J«nesMorden, l}^S--:.^_:^^.:^j:^^,^ _^^^^.^ 
 
 Winckworth Tonge, E(qi7^ ^^ / ' 
 
 
 :v Halifax 
 
 
 , "^1 
 
 ' 
 
 :^,i,'i^. 
 
 If-' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
•~'^ fW^W^j^^W 
 
 "W"'$ 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 - Tw^'i'^wfrr- 
 
 Th« Hpn. Timothy RuBfflei.'l>, 
 
 Thooiii BifcUy, Efqj ^ | County of Annapolit 
 
 Edwird Bwron, Efqi Cumberland 
 
 Jofcph Pernette, Efqj Lunenburgh. 
 
 Jamet Brilce, JKfqi I ^ 
 
 lf«c Wilkins, Efqj {County of Sh«Iburn« • 
 
 John Stewart, Efq« Manchrffter. 
 
 Man V obfer vationi were mad. by the membera upon the nft. 
 
 ureana defign of this inftitution, and every argument weni 
 t9 prove, not only ita general utility, but the very great b7ne- 
 
 !t. tJ,at would accrue to the farmer from the partVular at en- 
 *irt «"<^<»"I«8«'"«nt he will e,^|V!rience from thJi Society i 
 >hich, cooneaed as it ii with the general profperity of ii 
 bovine., muft receive that countenance and ATpport/tSI 
 Jvery ertabliflunent, formed on principle.. evidentlV tendZ 
 o«|omote the welfare of a country, will unqueftioniblyVJX 
 izc, from a candid and jiberal community. ^ 
 
 ■! he Secreury read . letter he had received from a member 
 Lt'dn?T^^ "prcOive of the high expedation. he hS 
 formed of the Society, which, being approVed, wa. direftS 
 to be publilhed. with the nncereftlhank. to the writer, for 
 hi. early corrcfpondence and aifurance of a continuance. 
 
 ^,i,<^. ^ 
 
 To tbi S^ntary .f th, Socuty f,r jnmting Jgricuhun in 
 ! / Niva-Siotia. 
 
 sifL '^ •' . • ■- 
 
 I; LATELY read, with fincerc pleafure. the Plan of your 
 ^ • t?^.'"*/* *"*'» »»»««ft"nony of my cordial approbation of 
 the inftitution and wiftc for its fucccfs, I have fentmy name 
 
 being enrolled a member, according to Jour regulatb^^ia. I 
 ijrver paid a guinea with more chelrfulnef. in my I fc, and 
 
 K;!S!;m5^"^ rt^^reareveryfew wh^wouldnotfbl. 
 
 than fuch a Society, or that could be more conducive to its 
 
 n.P!!3'^-u/«"'"'*"''*' •' » ^*='««*^«o'- •'^i like other ar,! 
 It lareducihle to cert a in p ri nr ip l • - * - - ^•'•r*"!, 
 
 ku »i..^ a"l" TT" P""g'PK »ft<Ultoul<t^frfeguU(cd /* 
 
 by ^fervation and experiments ; and thefe, joined to prJo^ ^ 
 •nuftlinitc in carrying this art to perfeaion. " ' '^"^^•" 
 
 •^ . / 
 
 f 
 
 J. 
 
 The 
 
 i4£iv 
 
"■*™'"f-^ 
 
 r 
 
 Tht great utiiitjr of your Society may h«nce. ipptarl Th« 
 fettirr* of a new country, like thii, labour under pccuttir dif« 
 advantages in all thofe rer|MAi, Their circumliancae will 
 not admit of making man^ experimentt i they have little lei- 
 fur* for obfervaiion i their whole time i« emoloycd in procu* 
 ring a fubiiilence by that mode of firming which chance threw 
 in their wayi^ and is fcldum founded on right principles, tic- 
 fidea, different foila and tlimatet require dittereni model of 
 culture. Obfervation, experiments and uraAice oWly can dif« 
 cover what thofe modes are { and the united labours of mann 
 for a fene« of yeartf, are nccelTarjr to make the discovery. 1( 
 is ncedtefs to fav, that vour Society will be higli/ty beneficial 
 in thefe particularSf ana help to condu^ the farmer in this 
 new country, to theright mode of practice. Nay, it will call 
 forth the exertions of the pe^le, and promotf that induftry 
 tvhich ii the principal reqUilitein Agriculture. ' 
 
 i'or my part, 1 glory in rk^ame of Farfner---No clafs of 
 men ii more ulcfuTor refpe^Rle in fociety— aoojI mor* in- 
 dependent or happier. The fiirmer feeds the whole commu« 
 nity-^by his labour all fubfift, of whatever rank or condiition. 
 To him, commerce owes its fupport- — the (ail cannot be fpread 
 without the atiidance of the plough. Agriculture ia a much 
 furer fource of wealth and plenty, than mines of gold and fil- . 
 ver. I'he Spaniards toil to get thofe metals for the farmers 
 of ^reat- Britain, and other < countries } but aie poor them- 
 fdves, in the midft of their miijes. \ ^* 
 
 Thefe fentiments of the impoirtance of Agriculture, are con* 
 iirnKd by the judgment and practice of the yii(c(k nations. I 
 am one of the few farmers who have joined theory and read- 
 ins to the pradlicat part of this moll uleful art i and havecon- 
 fulted many, who have treated of the fubjed. Among the 
 wrhera oh<A|Kficulture, I could, mention fome of the moft ce- 
 lebrated Prince;, Statefmcn and Ppett of antiquity } and I 
 find, that ihe. nations which have been moft diftinguifhed by 
 their wifdom, policy and power, have paid the. molt attention 
 
 iO Agriculture. ;'.-;.- n. ,, i-'.- ;:' „:.:-;'(••.,-.. • ■ 
 
 Agriculture was held In the higheft tftifnatlon by tbt 
 Egyptians ; thry made it an objeS of policy and government } 
 and no country was richer, better peopled, or more powerful, 
 than Egypt: In AfTyria and Pcrlia, the Governors of Pro- 
 vinces were rewarded, if the lands Vere well cultivated in 
 their refpe&ive dillri^s ; but, if negle^e^ they were pu- 
 niflicd. /*•' ■■ ^'„ "'■--■-. ■ 
 
 The pe|cu1iar regard Which the Romani paid jo Ayricuf* 
 
 •i^^^ 
 
 hir e, ii ^tii kno w n. - Som e of thw gi e ateft G e n^ r al r anch 
 Statefmen •were' taken from the plough i and feveral of the 
 mod eminent families derived theii naaaes from the articles 
 
 ,. ... ^•r 
 
 ) 
 
 ■ i 
 
' gy&ffufi^^ji^^:- ^^wr^"*^ 
 
 iT - » r^ -•^"■"TF ^ ^^SHF^^-flipS'^^g^^-^ *T !«-TOI^iy^|^««r-f§W" ■ 
 
 r 17 j 
 
 which their anceftort cultivated with Aicceft ; fuch u tht Fi- 
 bii, Lentuli, ^. &c. To b« caUcd a gtod hujiamdmatt was 
 cxprrffive of th« higheft honour ) and whoever negledcd tha 
 culture of hit land, was fubjcdl to aninrMdverfion by theCen. 
 for. Notwithftanding their enmity to Carthage, yet they 
 procured a tranflation, into Latin, of twcnty-eight books on 
 hufbandry, written by Maffo, a Carthaginian i and w« have, 
 at thif day, fevcral treatilcs on agriculture, written by th«' 
 Romans, which are deemed among the bed upon the fubje^. 
 In a word, their attention to agriculture was a principal foun- 
 dation of their grandeur i bur, when luxury had corrupfed 
 their morsii, this art, like the frugality, virtue, and dilinter- 
 tftedncfi by which they rofe to power, was thrown alidt % 
 and then they depended on Sicily, Egypt and Africa for 
 bread. > 
 
 The Chinefe empire haa fubfifled. tb« longed of ipy that is 
 recorded in hidory \ andthe wifdom difplayed in its policy Is 
 admired by Europeans in this enlightened period. In China, 
 every poffible encouragement is siven to agriculture, which 
 is (a neceflar^ to feea fifty millions of peopl^<-the loweft 
 number at which the population of that empire is eftimated. 
 Among various methods to promote induftry and encourage 
 agriculture in China, one is — that the Emperor, accompanied 
 by iiis court, goes everv year into the held and plows j he 
 fows the land which he haa plowed ; and when the grain is 
 ripe, he reaps it with hts own hand. All the nobles follow 
 the Emperor's example ) ahd this fpirit ts difFufed through 
 e^yery fubordinate dafa of men. 
 
 It would take up too much time to fpecify the ftjeps chat 
 have been taken in modern Europe for the advancement of 
 agriculture. I (ball only obferve in general, that as Europe 
 f merged from barbarifm, and literature was cultivated— 4s 
 ihe inhabitants of any ftate became enlightened, faw their true 
 intereft, and adopted maxims of found policy, agriculture was 
 proportionably encouraged. ' Hence chiefly it is, that ii*e no 
 longer hear of thofe defolatinjE famines in Europe, which 
 formerly fwept oflF thoufands. The partial dearths that fomc- 
 times happen, through unfiivourable feafons, are fpeedly re- 
 lieved by iuppliet from other diftri^s or countries that were 
 more favoured. 
 
 Within thefe few year?, profijjors of rural tectnm'm having 
 been eftabliflied in feveral European univerfities, whofe bufi- 
 nefs IS to teach the principles of agriculture fyftematically and 
 confidtred aa • fewnrr ,^great benefits may W expeft e d fwm— 
 thofe eftablifliment^ ; and I would humblv beg leave to re-^ 
 commend the exsnnple to the attention of thofe gentlemen wha 
 ate ifltruftrd with the government of our publw feminary. A 
 '*j««*^ C ^ ; ^ ," prtftjjir 
 
 iv- 
 
 ■^^ 
 
I 
 
 / 
 
 C •« 3 
 
 frtfiffirtf rural oittnmin^tA Kimi'i QtlUitt MgMU oT In. 
 Mile fcrvkf (o this province. 
 
 In Great- Uriuin, ih« ino(t unwcAficd rxcrtiont tuvt b««ii 
 mWf, for • Cffilury ptft, co promote thit ufofui art. S«vf ril 
 Ad> of Piirli«m«nt were pa/re4 for it* encourag«ineat. Men 
 of the firft chiradker* eminent fur their abilities and of iiide* 
 pendent fortune, not only cmiploycd their pens, to elucidac« 
 the fubjc^ ( but they »Jfo apphed themirlvei witli aidour to 
 make cxperimems tor it> improvement. Societlei were form« 
 cd I and the collcded informacioii derived froifi the memberi 
 of ihofe focietiea, and their numeroua correfpondenta wat 
 communicated to the public. Hereby knowledge waa wid«* 
 ly(pread > a fpirit of induAry wa< excited i bulbandry, in ilt 
 varioul branchei, waa carried on fyttematically, and on right 
 principles. The fanVe meafnea are ftill zcaloufly purfued^ 
 and with Incrcafmg fucced. The refult It fuch at might bo 
 iiaturail]^ eapedUd-— the farmer it amply repaid for hja labour | 
 the natfon is abundantly fuppUed with provilions, Miiich giv« 
 a fpring to commerce and manufii^ures \ an^ great quaittitiet 
 of providons, of every kind, are annually exported. From 
 England, the export of wheat i« cyie year lately was ««# mi//i««, 
 tw9 bumdrtdmid twintj fix tbtufand^ ftvtn h!mdrtddndf§rtf^ 
 ftur hufiitU i the bounty on which, amounted to 7a,433l. be* 
 Ades barley, malt and rye. What a fund 6f wealth is this ? 
 How decided a proof of the benefits rcfulting from agri- 
 culture, when well condudled ! 
 
 Thii detail may ferve to evince. In what high eftimatiort 
 agriculture has been held by the wtfeft nations } and of how 
 iDMfh .importance it ia to the profperity of tnnty country. 
 Thefc^ideas, or fuch as thefc, were, doubtlefs, ftrongly im- 
 ureQ<xt^ the minds of tbofe public. fpirited geiitlemeo, wh« 
 formed tour Society. They Itnew the advantages of (kilful 
 hu(baadr)u and wi(hed their fellow-cltisetta might partake of 
 them. They are intitled to the thanks of evMy inhabiunt. - 
 T^hert is ^ ample field for their exertions in Nova- Scotia j 
 for in few countries it the aMance of foch a Society more 
 • wanted, and few, where it may be of dbrc advanUge. Pro- 
 ceed then with ardour in your laudable defign j and perfe^, 
 by patient pcrfeverancc, what you.bave, with fo much pubKc 
 fpirit, begun. 
 
 ' So far at refpefts myfelf, llhall moft cheerfully contribute," 
 all tb^ IS in my power, to forward the benevolent purpofe ol 
 your Society ; and it is impoffible to think favourably of any 
 man who withholds the help he can give— he muft be a bad 
 member of the community. H>*v»BHH?h-to^offef, tuuceniiii»j 
 agricultMre i but am unwilling to trouUe jou with too much 
 Heiw. if^. . Should this little eflay, oa the general fubjea» 
 
 nftr 
 
 [<t7 
 
"^- 
 
 t "♦ 1 . . 
 
 «iftf lh« Society's approbatiofl, I fhtU hcrtafttr ent«r occifi. 
 ofwily into minuter detailt ofmattcrt vAich, I .conceit, mt 
 iiMcrcfting to th« txrtrutton of your frhvme. 
 
 In ih« iiMtfi timet I hive the honour to bf| with mudl 
 •nc«m und refpe^^, for jrou and the Society, 
 Sir, your very humble fcrvant, 
 
 A^nr.ii, 17I9. COLUMELLA. ' 
 
 AH Icttfrt approved hv the Society atnl defigned fur publi. 
 fAtion, the Secretary will, when«ver reaue(^ed,tninrcnbcfor 
 the prcfa, without diicoverin| the writer s name, which, it if 
 lioped, will remove •vtty dikouragement to a free and fulU 
 communication of fi^ch nutters a« are comprised within th« \ 
 )io«i«ty'apl«n. "^ "^ 
 
 ■Pi 
 
 (.«.♦ 
 
 At t Meeting «»f the DireAort of the Society, January la, 
 
 1789, the Vice Prefident being in the chair, the following 
 
 ' Addles tf the Farmers and other Inhabiunis of Nova- 
 
 Scotiif was affreed to and ordered to be publidied under 
 
 the fignature of the SecflfSr)^ 
 
 r#/^ FARMERS anJtthr INHABITANTS /NQVA, 
 
 i 
 
 1 J I 
 
 3Mit DireAort of the Society for promoting AgrtcQhur«^ 
 in the province of Nova-Scotia, held an occtfionat 
 ting thb day i and bein^ defirous ttr extend, as iboch at 
 jioffible, the benefits of the inilitutidn, were unanimoufly of 
 opinion, 'that if fimilar and fubm-dinate Societies were formed 
 in the different counties and populous diftrifts of the pro-* 
 vince, and to Ife coniidered aa branches of the general Society 
 at Halifax, it would ^reatli^ conduce to that end 1 for there-^ 
 hy information of various kinds may be colle^ed, which could 
 not otherwife be obtained ; and a more cxtenfrve communi- 
 cation might alfo be opened between the feveral parta of the 
 country. *» ■',.... 
 
 iThe Direaors therefore take the libeity offugg^Wfrtg th«* 
 following hints to affift in organizing thefe fmaller Societiet 
 which are to co-operate with the genenkSociety for promo- 
 ting agriculture ; And they beg leave jPco mmend th ^ 
 
 mm" 
 
 I' 
 
 *T^J 
 
 
 ■A- 
 
 -rinr fe r i ou s c o uridention o^ ewfv p it f foff W ho f eela hito.,.. 
 intercfted in the welfare and pro/pr rity of a countrjri whicli 
 by proper in^ftry.and prudence may, in the courfe of a fet^ 
 
 C a 
 
 year*, 
 
 V- 
 
ilBBBt^l^^'^l^'WT^ "^^"""X 
 
 
 I 
 
 t " I 
 
 yttrs k« hr<4i|hi tfito • ftttt •#im|irov«m«nf tiki cuUivMi«M, 
 lh4f will give ti#w vigttur to ilt rtflitrir« and r«mnt«tTt, mmI 
 tender il ■ ¥»\uMbl^ tpptmkgt Co (hetMrtm Aatv, iii4l«(ii(t 
 fourcc of fMroMneni (uppUa* lo our Well. India lfl4iui«. 
 
 I. Thai ihff [)ir«dkuf ur IXtr^dlor» of the gtn«r»l Spcidy In 
 tiell county wilJ rndcavnur, w liton m h iii«x.b« convtnitnr, 
 to form I Society, condfting of fuch ^r(uii« m ihcir neigh- 
 bourhood M trt quAlified to tnfwer ih« purpofct in view i 
 Attd if (here b« feveral populout tiiftri£)t in ■ county, if will 
 be Kivifeabie to form a isocift/iii uch yot iau auLtij m QmU 
 b« found pra^ticabl*. \ 
 
 It. That a DireAor of the general Society (halt a£l at Prt^ 
 fident of caih of thole Societict, and that a Serretary (halt b« 
 choTcn for each, to take down minutes and corie(|>oiid witA 
 the Secretary of the geneial Society it Hahfiw* , 
 
 UI. 'That thefe h^iciici fhail form their owti rutei, and 
 meet at fuch convenient timei aiid placet as ihey Oiall judut 
 bcA for the difpatch of bulinefii. 
 
 IV. Thar thefe Societies will endeavour to procure auth«n« 
 tic intelligence concerning the culture of the following ari'i* 
 dft In tbdr vicinity, vi». — tub«at—karhj-^9sti — r^t—p^tt 
 •^Indlin <iri§^p«tiit«4i-^iurHif$—{grftti Mid inr/4 knim :w- 
 What mode of culture for each, and what kidd of feed it 
 found to fucceed bell. Alfo, what graflct are moil produc- 
 tive and mod nutritivt for cattle. 
 
 V. That whatever intelligence In thefe matters thofe Sopl, 
 cties can procuie, either by their own obfervation and prac« 
 lice or by information from others, in converfation or wri- 
 ting, (hail be tranfmitted to the Secretary at Htlifiu, In /6rdcr 
 that fuch articles as (hall appear ufeful, may be fele^id and 
 laid before the public, with otljer tnuiiiiatooi aod commuiut 
 cations of the geoeral Society. .^ ^ 1 
 
 VI. With the view of profecutiitg more eJlefiuany the ba- 
 iincfs which the Society have in band, and to facilitate the 
 communications of their correfpondents, they, beg leave to 
 prc^fe the following quell ions i to which the different So- 
 ciAies, or others, wiU be pleafed to return anfwcrs as foon 
 as coQvcnienc. 
 
 / «. i// ^i^'-f* t»>it*rniiti WbUtJ 
 
 f. Wh»Jt'«hecourfe of croos for three ^preceding vears, 
 /•nd how many ploughings are ufed before the wheat is (own } 
 ^ 1. Is the w^heat ploughed or harxbw(KfJn,1ind which an- 
 ers bell ? And in what kind of (oil ^ * v . 
 
 Whft kind of wheat fu^eedi beft ? Whether bearded 
 "* ""'"" ' ? Whe ther re d> ^Miitc, A ce. ? 
 
 winter Whei^t fucceed ^ Ani 
 new — whether' light 01 
 
 I in what kind of foil 
 (heavy f ,• 
 
 \ I 
 
 f > 
 
 
 >a i -a-jfa/ \ .^,M*S « « 
 
 « ^Id!>eB!iMi.>iu-..^.>.iA>J 
 
.'-'srlfcK-"' "^ 
 
 Wt 
 
 S" 
 
 / 
 
 I •• 1 
 
 # 
 
 •J. WIlit if tli« WA iim« aiHi rcATim fur (owing wiiiMr 
 wfe««l| iftft what for fv<«iitg fprin^ whmi f 
 
 6. It th« w()««t tubl* to injury hf infect, and what irt 
 lllt^^ Or by fin IK, or bbft, or mikifw f And which it m»(l 
 tubitd to Mv of ihcte-^fht faring or wlMtr «Hlt«l f 
 
 M«nv i|f th« itiovfl ijMtAJoiM will 4p|>ly lo t^leXi Mlf| 
 |jr«, atiJ lixlun corn. 
 
 T h« liociffty will b« vtry cauiioui in rKommemling »nf 
 iMw ai««furcior ilicriiiont in tht ufiMil inotk of huftMiidrjr. 
 1 hey will rtcot|icn«n«i minr but fuch t% cxpcnencr haa «]«• 
 ^Ci«iedl)r proved (u b« ui«(ul i and even tb«f« (huutd b« intro* 
 4«tctd gradually, and firil trttd on a <mall ft^t. Vor at difsr 
 fffini foiIa and clitiiatea rrquire a difl'etciit moJit of culntrt, 
 fht ciip«rini«nta which have iuccccded ill oUur countrtaa majf 
 n«C bo equally fuccefafut in thia provinco. 
 
 In tht mean time, the Society wi(h to rail the attention of 
 ill who art engaged in tbat motk ulcful employment uf agri> 
 culture, to the following particulin. which are nevrfliiry in 
 til counuitt, and without which the farmer 't labour and ho|>ea 
 muft in a great degree be rmdrited every where. 
 
 .1. The farmer ihould he eardul in chouling the feed that 
 hi fowt : For inftanco— hit feed wheat (hould be pcrfc<lily 
 clean, without the mixture of atty^ other feed whatever \ (t 
 fhould be fair and plump i not dark or ihrivelled, or oft bad 
 kind ) and be Ihould change hit feed every two or threa 
 yetrt. » 
 
 2. The foil in which he fowf hit whe.U fhoutd he prepared 
 ;p[nd made light by ploughing or other culture i and thta ii 
 more neceiiary, if the foil be a loam, or clay, tnd it inclined 
 lobe (tiff. Vegetables and pbnti uf all k:ads, like animalf* 
 are nouriihed and increafcd by food : Vegetnblcn and plantit 
 receivt their food chieily from the earth by their roott, which 
 ilrike downwardt fur that purpofe. Hut if the earth be ftifF 
 and hard, the tender roott and Bbrcs of vcgutatitcH ctniint ra- 
 fily enter and fpread j in that calc, tlicy will not tind much 
 food, and the veget.ible mult be checked and Uarvcd in itt 
 growth. Thit it the reafon why in Knglund, where farming 
 '^ii well underftood, (hey plough fu otten for lowing wheat. 
 Untcft the field be prepared by a courfe of cropi for three or 
 four yeart before, they generally give four ploughings, forne* 
 times five : Thit it alw.iyt the c-<fc when ihcy fow » fallow 
 wicii wheat. Hercbythe ibilit feparatcd and mudc light for 
 the root! and Hbrct of wheat to flioot out vigorouliy and 
 fpread for their food i and the iiicreafc of crop thereby gain 
 
 gdrarooly rcp a yt tJiu labour, -a»-the e xpaiienct of tVeiy yi - ar 
 
 amol 
 wnni 
 
 4emonftratet. 
 
 3. The farmer (Iiould be very careful 
 
 to l^cp hi 
 
 hit wheat 
 

 ■■*; 
 
 I 
 
 w*n k« prudent m «,, fcr^L!! . ' ,, ' •^^"' »>«« «i«. h 
 
 ;AMkS CLARKE, 8,cr««^. 
 
 ** ■ m#eflng of the Socief r lb, n.— ^C * 
 
 com* . „,lJ[bcr. ♦^•Tt '• •^^*«»/«»*il4«rta, m./i,! 
 
 pare m rhofc b.n«ff.,rwhkM; f/^!^; ^fl^-*»y P.rtici. 
 »n*/ r«c»iv« and Jiy bcfor* . hV lp "^ ''*^ «"*'« «o time 
 
 *«r^encouH»3(jBHr,3ai '"'7*!»«nt, which, if.ro. 
 
 oxM ioiuoreant ?fflBKSi?'.. '""r '*'' °' P'«l»cing the 
 Th. ffir„^,.|PP» ;o"n^^.„„j. 
 
 Th« Hon«,r.a«iii,SKX s Hi™ 
 
 Willuni Thomnrno iV.. *?'• *^ Hallfcx 
 
 »' 
 
 Willi.™ Thcn-pCtf,. 
 
 Wi 
 
 %^ 
 
 J. M. tfelte BuJkcJe/, Ef<j, \ 
 
 
 
 •,ig»t 
 
 4 
 
 r* 
 
 < . 
 
 • 
 
 I 
 
 (• 
 
 4 a^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 «i * 
 
 insiiijL 
 
A 
 
 
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 f ij |*» 
 
 
 at 
 
 lift 
 
 rl. 
 Ji 
 
 ri 
 
 < . 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 T h««>a||ll(M Cll«itlb«fW 11(411 J u ^ ▼ 
 Mr. lMutS«.»tH, ^ J H»t«*ll. 
 
 ^(>lifi4)H| H«i* Nfwporf. 
 "*" E^i KaJmotitll. 
 
 •a Hill, J "<»♦«•«• 
 
 KfrTlolin lll.fmH ^* j C««#tl!i* ; , 
 Mr. Rob«ri Walk,,, A^lMfiMrf. , |V 
 
 Mr. Kowltr, I ^. , , 
 
 laoMf Moody, Ffqi J "'l^f* 
 Mr, John i*ulh«mu«« Clcmcait. 
 
 ''rhonu. W,IIi4m., Jfij, j Aniiapaiii. 
 John Crawlfjr, Kf^ /^ . 
 
 ^ H*nj«min Ownard, Kfqi { » wmouUlk 
 Mr. David ()gd«n, Arg»lt. 
 , fohn Saricnt, Eroi Barrington. 
 
 Simeon Ptrkini, Kfqj Livtrpool. " . 
 
 John Crcigbfon, Kfqi I, . ^ 
 
 Chriftopher Jcflcn. ffq J ''""•»»'"'l^' 
 |oii4ti«n Prtfcotr, ifjn Chcfttr. 
 
 Wm. Armlroog.Erm |M*nchtft«r. 
 'rhoin«a Hamilcofi, Ffqi /,, ., ^ 
 
 George Dawkini, Efqi 5 ^"""^'y H*»»»<»«f« 
 
 William SulherUrtd, Efqj I „. ^u . .. 
 . N^hola. P. Oldiwg, Efqi j ^^'"^ HA'bowr.- 
 
 •1 imochy Hierlihy, Kfqj Arfiigonifli. 
 John Fralcr, Efq; 1 „ , 
 
 Robert Patterfot,, Efm J »^»«0«- . 
 
 iamci FultoiH Eiq^ Lon^ondefrf. 
 Ir. Robert Ripfey^ ? a i. a r 
 
 Plr.Wm. Black/ }^»>"^' ' 
 --Mr. Robert Former, Cimiherland. 
 
 ()nc of the .mennbcr*, btd beJorc the Society the KentiOi 
 method of preMring whcmt for feed, whicfi being •nproved. 
 was ordered to be publiOicd with a requed that expcrimenti 
 may be mad« in diflPerent p«rti of ijftM province, and the effea* 
 communicated to the Secretary. 
 
 Put a quanticj|of frit water into a tub, fuffieient to mikt it 
 
 I 
 
 * - 
 
 •1 1 
 
 '^^^'"^'i^^^e^i^^^rir^^rTin^ii^irsainr^^ 
 
 »n egg—Have a ftrong wicker bafket of the fiteof lo or il 
 gallons, iq which jqu may »ret nearly a buibcl of wheat at • 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 I . 1 
 
 .'«#' 
 
 .,. 1' 
 
^ 
 
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 'Ci 
 
 "^H.^ 
 
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 ^'t 
 
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 tfme — Ptace the baHcft In the tub which contnlnt the pickle, 
 and put in the wheat, keeping it (lirring for about 5 or 6 mi> 
 nutci, carefully (kimming onwhatever may fwim on tht fur- 
 fdco — Take the bafket out of the pickle and place it on tht 
 rim of the tub, and at Toon at it is pfoperly drained, turn the 
 wheat upon the floor, and fift over it afmall quantity of lime 
 , carefully ftirring it, that everv part may equally partaike of the 
 lihie. A greater quantity (hould not br prepared at a time 
 )lhan may oe wanted for one or two Cucceedins daya— Thit 
 method it geneially confidered a very great, it not an entire 
 jtreventive from fmut or collar bagt in the crop. 
 
 The Secretary it requefted to inform the gentlemen by 
 'letter oftheir appointment, at Dirc^brt, and to tranfmit them 
 the plan of the i^ociety, with a copy of the'proceedtngt which 
 have been publilhed, for their further information. 
 
 JAMES CLARKE, Secretary, 
 
 ■*>•. 
 
 
 >At *a meeting of the Society for promoting Agriculture, in 
 
 the Province of Nova-Scotia, held by adjournment from 
 
 ,' the firft of>March. ^ <:'.'.' 
 
 'JPhe Prefident and Vice-Prefldent being abfent, from indif- 
 ^ pofition, Mr. Morden wat requefted to uk« the chair. 
 
 THE Secretary laid before the Society feveral letteri he 
 had received during its recefs, which were read : That 
 upon Compoft coniaint the moft ufeful information, and the 
 Society hope to be favoured with a continuation of this gentle- 
 man's judicious obfervations. „ ,1^ /' :*. 
 
 The letter from a Farmer, pointing out, from his own ex> 
 perience, the moft effeflual remedy to prevent fmut in wheat, 
 the Society recommend to the farmers in the warmeft manner. 
 It proves the utility of the Kentilh method, heretofore pub- 
 li/hed by the fociety. 
 
 The fociety make their warmeft acknowledgments to Co- 
 lumella, for the many judicious remarks contained in his letr 
 ter of the ift of March. 
 
 The fecretary will have thefe letters publfffbed as foon as 
 
 convenient.' - -.^... _#-~^_--^..^^.^..... .^.^,._._..^ 
 
 ;.. The Society afterwards appointed thefollowirtg gcntkmen 
 Dire£fors, in addition to thofe heretofore-clcAcd. 
 
 George Henpy Monk, Efq; Windfir. 
 Joiin Taylor,, Efqi Si^ibou. 
 
 '^^^ 
 
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 A£\ 
 
 ^ -,«'«*»»»■ 
 
 1 SfS *( JAuiUt 
 
I^PIPW 
 
 
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 L . -.^4SS 
 
 
 On motion by the Right Reverend the Bifliop of Kova- 
 Scotia, it wa« unanimoufly refolvcd, that tlie following prti* 
 miumt fliould b« given, vi/.. '' 
 
 I. A filver medal, value oneffuinea, to the perfo^ who, in 
 the province o( Nova-Scotia, inall raift the largeft quantity 
 of merchantable wheat in either of th^ years l790or 1791. 
 The claimanti of this medal mu(l oroduce to the Society, cer- 
 tificates of the refpeAive quantities of wheat on which their 
 claim's (hall be fum^ed ; and thofe certificates mufi be figned 
 by three or more of the Juflices of the Inferiour Court, at 
 one of the ouarterly feffions btld in the counties refj^e^veljf^ 
 where the claimants refide. ' * 
 
 II. A filver medal, value one euinea, to the peifbti who 
 ihall, between May i, 1790, and May i, 17^2, bring to the 
 market of Halifax for fale, the fatteft ox, or aity other of.the 
 neat kind, whofe four quarters ihall weigh the mo(V, and 
 which has been raifed and fattened in the province of Nova- 
 Scotia. The candidates for this medal muft produce to the 
 Society certificates of the weight and quality of their refpedt- 
 ive Cattle, and Tigned by the clerk of the market in Halifax. . 
 
 III. A Alver medal, vdiiti one guinea^ to any perfon who 
 (hall between this timtf and May i, 179I, produce to the So- 
 ciety the befl iccount in writing of the Flaifter of Paris, as » 
 manure for grafs or grain. The Society expeft that the a- 
 hove account will contain— i. Dire^ions for the beft^ and 
 cheapeft methods of preparing the Plaitter of Paris, by burn- 
 ing and ffrinding. 2. Information of the kind of foil to which 
 it is heft adapted, either for grafs or grain. 3. Infbrmatioa 
 about the quantity of Plaifter of Paris per acre, befl fuitedto 
 grafs or grain, and in different foils. 4. The propereft feafon 
 fv^r laying it on the sround, and the fubfequent treatiment of tho 
 foil, to make it molt produAive in grafs or grain. The claim- 
 ahts of this medal ^re to fend their papers'iealed under cover, 
 amfdireded to the Secretary of the Society } not figned with 
 their aanies ; but dated from the villaKe, or townfhip and 
 couifty in this province where they refpeoively reftde. 
 
 ^'t The medals are to ^be procured from England in thecourfe 
 Wf the enfuing furomer, arid executed in the iieateft manner. 
 The time of giving^ them Has been prolonged af above, to re- 
 move any complaint that the |notice was too mort and limited for 
 the exertions of thofe who ^ere defirous to become claimants. 
 
 JAMES CLARKE, Sec'ry. 
 
 Tt tht SiemTAfcr §/ ti^ AoeicuiiTurai. SociiTy, 0$ 
 
 rf1H€ intention of th^ Society bein^fodbviouOypf the 
 
 W- firft fanportaacetothu country, I am induced to ctqueft 
 
 i^^ D that 
 
 t,/-' 
 
 
>■ 
 
 cost tht following obfervacioni may be coininunicateil to tht 
 next iM«cting. ^^.^ .> , 
 
 ^ £v«ry day'a exMricnce tvincei that our Iblf It goM^ fet, 
 Uich i» tbe.colJnelf of th« climate, tbat wheo land hu been 
 irooraved three or four year* without lianure it growi moflyi 
 j^nd aiterwfrda producet but little : There' arc few countriety 
 tlie<ei9r^ w^ere the article of maaure can be more profitably 
 ^ciVMdtOt becaufe, when well prepared, it not oaly re* 
 plen|(hec the earth with food for vegetables, but by its warmth 
 coui[iter oalancefl the coldnefa of the climate. At what haa 
 btert written on thit fubjc£l is in the bands of but few, t have 
 qi^«fav;oitred to bring together the opinions of the moft mo^ 
 dcrn iMit^y, which from my own experience I can recom-< 
 iD«n4i<^t^<t pra£lice of the farmers in this country, remark- 
 ing at t|ie/ame time, upon the improper ufe wbico too many 
 make of their dung. Lime, Nf^rj, Plaifter of Paris, &c. ^« 
 vc ^ood, and fome of them perhaps the beil of manures ; 
 $ut It ia not in every one's power to procure them, efpecuUyr 
 in fuch quantitie« as are ueciflary for the farmer : But a 
 Compost Js witbin the reach of every perfon and almoft in 
 an/ ouantitlei, and which no prudent perfob|. upon knowing 
 itf ufefulneis, will ever be witnout. , - * * ' " • , . 
 
 T her« is perhaps no one practice in hufbandry more inju- 
 dicioua than that of taking new dung from the\ yard, in the 
 {[jpiriog, and ufing it as a manure for potatoes, fpread over the 
 ground, or in any other way whatever, iks it introduces graft, 
 weeds and noxious plants, which more than balances any 
 little benelit that it can pollfbly do aa « manurt wh«n iifed up 
 that unprepared ttate. >./. . . , ^ 
 
 When new dunj; lies in large heaps it foon grows rery bot| 
 and a violent putrid fermenution comes on, which melts the 
 whole ipto one copimon mafs, reversing what took f\itt in 
 vegetation, bringing that matter which has been the fub- 
 ftanceofformer vegeublesinto fiich a ilate tbat'it will be> 
 come the food for Succeeding vegeubles : But When it is put 
 in finall quantities in the hius of potatoes, or (jpread on the 
 ground ami plowed la, even if it had beeun to grow hot and 
 ferment, it will be immediately cooled bv thto furrounding 
 ear^. In order to keep alive that heat which is necefltiry for 
 )(s. putrefaojon or rotting it muft be kept in large heaps. Let 
 any one fpread new dung over the ground, and in a week's 
 tim^, if the wjcath^r is drv, it itriiriMk little better than dry 
 ftraw i he will now find it has loft mbre than half itt weight, 
 bnd'<iilii4ittt a large proportion of '-^ — ■ --'--- » ■ " 
 
 ilate I have often found it in hilla of potatoes in a dry feafon, 
 y^drt4knumhik\y.M iaapn hurt than good^ by. keepiog^ fill 
 roooifroi^tfac moift earth : If after diis krati^ -fUt it ne£er 
 
 
 J . 
 
 i£!ikii.t% 
 
 ^^Tw^ 
 
 .■aHii^liihc, 
 
— ■ «"" WM W— -r^ wyjlt -j^mW- 
 
 
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 can rfcov«r that which it hai loft by \t» rich moifturt h«ing 
 riiTifM and f vaporaicd by the fun. It flionld thervfpre b« 
 (Uffered to lia In fome convenient plMe in a body tether i 
 
 '^)r which aeani ift moifture is preferved, a faitabfe degree of 
 
 'bftit geifkrated, and a uiiiverfal putrefii£iion takei place, 
 turning fverv jMirt o^ it into urd^r manure ot food for re- 
 
 ^ getablet : r or in iti crude ftatc it Cfn kvc^f be called a 
 n^anure, but only fomethinj; of which i ilnatmre may be niade, 
 ly^aufc there it ho part Qffit but-^lrbat ^nuft be diflblvcd by 
 putrefiiAion b<ifore rt can jfeld mu^h vegetable fbod i hence 
 ^t comet to pafs that if the ftnfon provM wet fopn aftcf it it 
 
 ' ufed* it does (bine good, ft It a^Tordt a little nou*i(hmcnt by 
 beihg potrf IJcd from the wetneft of iHfit feaTon ) but ftiould the 
 jCilfiM proire dl-y, no putref*Aion can place, fO| that of courfe, 
 It MordLho,Ho^r\mft$nit to tegetablet but doet real hurt 1^ 
 ke^^lAg th4 ffi^ound too bffen and hoHow in the hllH where it 
 it [^ut. Ya|a dung; theif, fliobld never be ufed "till it hat 
 |>een in a proper firuyitioh for fermentation and purrd^ion, 
 one year kt lefift j by thit meant the feedt of graft, weedt, or 
 nokjous plaotii, wlH t^oftiy perifl), and the dung by ttfputre- 
 l4^on, b< ftor^ whh great qiiantitiet of proper .food for 
 
 ' Wetablet, pbAeiling^iRofequUitiet which tend tomeHora'te 
 fiid enrich th# land. To accomt>liA thit plan in the fjjtring, 
 it (hOuld ^e put Into the pbce where ^t it intended'iKe gene- 
 
 ' fal Cdnipbft h^p (hould b^ made/ For thit purpofe a hollow 
 
 STacelHotild b^ choftn i ahd If it cannot otherwtfe be had, it 
 )oj[)ld be^ diijg large enough to bold the quantity of manure 
 intended t6 Ue^ade, If a place can be taken fo fttuated as 
 to r^c^ivb the inih ofthedwellinff-houfe,cow-yar^,h9g-fty, 
 &c. (a much the better. It muft pe clayed all over itt bot- 
 tom ^nd fidet. Draint muft- be cut frpm the loweft part of 
 . tHJk cow-yard, and'hog'.fty, into the (dace prepared to receive 
 the Coippoft, to that uhatfoever ii wi&ed out of them by 
 TaiiM> may be carried diredly into the Compoft heap. All 
 kindt of weedt fj^om tlie fidet of fieldt, where they often do 
 much hurt, by (hading and drawing the nourifhment from 
 plantt that grow near them, may be pulled and thrown in : 
 and in hoeing where the land it weedy, fmall children might 
 often be employed to godd advantage in gathering up the 
 weeds after the ^oert,, and throwing them in heaprj' by which 
 they would be prevented from ttking root again, the land 
 would lie clean, and cart loads might in that way be gadfered. 
 Sproutt alfo pulled from the ftubt in new ground «men diey 
 are in afucculerft ftate, before they grow woody or hard 
 (which by the w ay it the beft time to Ijirout new ground) 
 
 
 may be tlurown in iieapi and cinedm; K«eK.W^d,Kll^ 
 apd all forts of fea-weed or graft, may be caill^4 
 
 Da 
 
 iquMRifiet 
 
 iiWi»in'i»ii 
 
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 «n, and it i$ beitn to Mther 7oml!f .k ^T*^.»" ^ *'»"»'»" 
 to leave ai^ of the ^ull t^*f^i' IT^ ^•»'» '**^ »»>•" 
 
 the dungr^T,;i*" f ^ '««CM *re alfo gpod » 
 
 iwo n h5^b%eTde^Sl h? vid ^ '••;?''«^«f "«'/ «no* nini 
 
 earth mJKdedf'^uTtfcn h nf** .rj^'^Wi, ^nHdcrabfe 
 place wSLcthemA ^V ^ J " ^o"^** ^ w«^^ ch9<«n , any 
 
 psctZdot^XL?^ 
 
 Jq a road, and drv *.,.ir ^? • *" .*■"" '^'P fcttljng phcct 
 loIS of good lo^m^dLe^Jl^'''*^^* " I ^^-'f » »»"^rtd 
 
 hcaply thefairti?n^:5tf ^ /j^ ""i^^ «J^J'»« ^ompoft 
 
 pains to 6»e the uXe oWcir caVrf T"^' '^'^ *'* •* «^'« 
 ofconnderableconflTueocc bv V /''L"'*^^^^ **"*' « 
 
 it« fcrment/tiorand putlefS ""^'f «''"- greatly forward 
 the feed. «f wcVd, aKuft bceia^^^^^^^ th- f-lVwben 
 move the Compoft all to SiecnH ?h . r \ "fuV '* ^^ <« 
 
 - ' ' ^ . i - - >f ^ .come 
 
r' 
 
 I • 
 
 eom^ttfit tn the eourfe of th* vm^ »j.i. 
 
 c.p.ble of . quick ^.uTi^JLTT ""'^ "**■« *^> 
 
 pofed to «he.lr oJrKLt^^^^ e,. 
 
 pored ro the ;So;:;kvs^;'^^^^ 
 
 putrid fermentition #lll ^ f«,L:!il!/?T'» »?* •"J^^** 
 
 purrid'v,;^;„^^;";sru"fJ^L;^^ 
 
 he.,S Which wUI g"^|J^^J2JeVe^±^^^^ 
 
 ret « coming « Ae^ wMf 4m, vT^Xift.!; ^ *^?^^ » 
 
 ' rami will not oillr rr2l*S.ri* .KSirSSr^.' "*'»«'«»'^« the 
 
 ten cooling it , bX wKotSJ ^!ilK'"'*'*'"» 'by too f, 
 
 mage bir having its meA fubde aii/.yotarile 3 i^***: 
 by thr An» Ihaw^ t^^ ^nm^htS^XT^^^ 
 «t the hotnm bra fliMrM #»«• •J.^dST'^ ^^ Without clay 
 
 f«i* n^^jiXUntSi^tt^^' ^' 7'»*='»^" »«• from 
 
 thii way of pUttinOTf „,S! du^lnto the'cV^IU**?' '" 
 the farmer mufteSa v^r t-;»kl». * ,?r *•"!!<« heap, 
 
 wWth'fi old ^d'«inr hTJ?? K.r"!:'^ if^i-Mof Z 
 Cortipoft Reap fit C«S j£r h« hf/" ^^ *»* •»*' »''» 
 guUrlyVviJrTieaV ,» thS-* Who^^^ '*- 
 
 : well n.,£cd., ^^.cTriT^^^^^^ 
 
 out «airij<^,fiy that one half hni hTl;. ???^'" n^^with- 
 
 returned Ktl.an5"?/£iJSttoiur^'"* ??""•'«» ^" be 
 ' >rwl iJ?-?? «*** *»»CTcariog in rich*!. ^ ^ ,' 
 
 forte Hich wJiy aa iht A»ve. increafe thtfiSre^ 22 2 
 tfiy quantity they flialt need • And aJT!. ZT^^* ^ ""■•ft 
 
 rherc^are do^UbUefafoiSe ?uch ^^/^r^ 
 the above way, make cbnfideiSe manurrX il?lr"*?»:" 
 year, fwm the waft of the h^^ly , .^J ^1":^* ^^^^.^ 
 good, and wiU produce cucuml^£i.T.."*""^« » 
 than good yard dung. Tv'ionduirJhe mf'' **=• ^"'^'^^ 
 tends to the^ffair of manuriSTh a &^^ *** "^ 
 
 elegantly it wlU ruppoS^^hiW ^^.^^^^ '"*• •""'** 
 
 liibour fiath be«, 1,; vain ^ >*«'«S find that aU hi. 
 
 aQ,.i79w. 
 
 
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-lESfTfJ^PRS^" 
 
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 mit. 
 
 ^^ f** f*W-**T fl^ '*» AomiCUtTUHAi SOCIITV, «l 
 
 I^AI muck «W»|Mr4 toik* moiikw «mU<ni«n A^WMir Ma. 
 
 hind of aciiMWfi-^ t/ivi,iii 4f grw or«Sw>lK«n«r aU.I Ji 
 -fir* ^t^HMlMrwVpSIJijrTOi 
 
 .ttfoJirii/*id«roidiiigMrtwt,,,rwptl|frirMf. 'T'^WWft 
 
 ^ti?!!? •"r*»>»»«^f«»** in^MwiVowMrM^ff oS foot 
 
 • ' ^ri!* ;. u -i*!r *^.'^J'' iwri>#'. ffHl wife obfta- 
 
 «in»kaWy verified than.infjriculfurc J M pverv one almoft 
 
 ..hM<b«»«lmlei«attrer,,,gof,»raakaIkiiowJedge%it wSch 
 
 .he ipakee the AiJuUrd. rf pcrf.aion Jn rhu moft ufefiU m; 
 
 ^^e m'li^! «? ?K ^^JT'*** »"".^'^"«'* i** «i"«»an**. toward 
 ♦Jhe oitddlt of the Jeft century, it met with violent pppofiti- 
 
 ^:*ffL'^*'^lf»^^f»y^^'' ^♦ncralirynf EngliQ, farmers. 
 
 :^The Mjfli^e andwertion* of fir Rich«a. WeftSn, Mr. Eve! 
 
 lyo, Mr. HartlilH «nd other enlightened men of that period 
 
 Byefit bf cu ltivattog clover waa knpww froii eimerienc>. 
 
 thl'MIu y/„", rf ^"l"'/?'*** * '"^ " haibeiSramr^ 
 that thi8 iingle pUnt repaired In a great degree, th^ damaget 
 
 
 i 
 
 V * ^ 
 
V^'^s^^y- 
 
 ''-as ■^i-T^W^sfe^w 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 3« J 
 
 which Enslaad fuflifiwl % lit Jlftniiflfirt elf It #iw In tl# 
 
 rtJp of Chwl«f the Kir a. ^ . 
 
 r h«¥« b««fd Tome ob|«aiont made t» yiMir Saci«ty j but 
 
 thtj wxt fo trilling (h«t Iim •Imda idi«in«d to repeat them. 
 
 Thajr wtr« whifpercd in a low, di Ad«n( tone of voice, at if 
 
 the authors (who wwe ^ew in auihb«r) had been conTciout 
 
 that they betray^d'th^lr own weaknelb by hinting thrm. Mr 
 
 ear wai juft ablf to catch the fcarce audible hints— !*«# wr 
 
 w,ri tHj9unif,rfuch an inJtit„thH-^th0ttbt 1S/b»ria iUuU ^ 
 
 oitrpnHcipal,tfn9t 91th fnarm^^ndibat tltu ffttnrtgmetit war 
 
 n»t btnhjjivtH U th4 raSJiHg and fuU tfmfr mm cattU. Ta 
 
 itate fuch objcaioni, ia to rcAitc them. Howerfr^ aa they 
 
 may Influence feme honed, well-meaning perCons, for wane 
 
 of information, I Oiall beg leave to Examine them briefly in 
 
 their ord*r » and I am chiefly induced to do this becaufe tha* 
 
 refult will be ftvourabic to your Sodfiy, tod throw light oa 
 
 the (late of thif country. ; ■ /^ ; • ,' 
 
 I. The objeaion, that f^#*ri fm fiuni/tr fmcb at, h/Htm. 
 tiMU the Society to promote igriculture, it totally unfound. 
 cd and nugatory. For I would afk— if ahy agriculture if to 
 be carried on among ua, can it be too (oon to put the farmer 
 in the beft method to Increafe the produce of hia land f To 
 call forth his exertibns, and direa them in the way that will 
 be moft advantageous ? Or is it too foon, and are we too 
 youn|to open new fources of convenience, commerce and 
 wealth which are aaually in our power ?— We have about 
 /»r/y /Wtfir</ inhabitant* la this province': Is this multitude 
 too fmall, and too young to beadvantageoufly and profpcrouf. 
 y employed ? The foifof Nova-Scotia (and I fpeak it from 
 knowledge and experience) is capable, by well direded in- 
 duttry,iiotonlvto/upply iti own inhabit/nts with bread; 
 and every other fpecies of food in abundance j but al- 
 fo to ftjrnia a large furpluffage for exportation. Is It too 
 foon tprfet about the means of accompllfting this mod defira- 
 blepurpofe? Isit not at once difgraceful and ruinous, that 
 wheri placed in fo fertile a foil, we fhould be dependant on 
 foreigners for bread f Or would the objeAors wii to conti- 
 nue us in that deoendaniie ; and that we (hould rei0k\n in t 
 torpid, inadive ftite, without any attempt to afflft ourfelveii< 
 when it is fully in our power. .7 
 
 y^hatjroiw Society will have a tendency to prtmiote agrii" 
 Ciflture tnd induftry, ind thereby increafe the quantity of pro* 
 virions,, can »dmn of no doubt. We have the example of 
 
 jLyjiiyjci3iiliT , rd rniintYi 
 
 the- fu e c e ft ^ fiinila r 
 
 _^ eou«^ 
 Societies ill etch, to affure us of it.' The thin^ fpeaks for itfeFf, 
 and carries its own evidence with it. There are many men of 
 
 tobfcfyation and goWt^hfeamctog us, fQfldemlJr capable of 
 
 affifting 
 
 il 
 
 
t. 
 
 sAfflng to «tir7 od the deffgn of tht Socttijr, with rtputttiOA 
 •ml btncfit to in« province ; Amf it supcirt no I«ft abfufil to 
 aitifi thai wv M« I4»jr#««/ tv b« |<M|d ^m«r« » than if w«uld 
 hm to altrt th^t |v« vp l-]«Mg (oIn good Tubjedt, or goo4 ' 
 IfMiibf r« tii Society.. 
 
 a. With rcgitijil %0 our l^dbtriii^ (hejr ait ctrtiinly an ob«^ 
 J«^l of moment^ i)l«X (houul b«v« f vtfjr icaTonable tiicou- 
 fiigcinciit I ,ao«) pcrhapt no country bat grt«ttr advantage^ in 
 tint rcfpe^ thaa Nova«Scotia. But improvtmMti in -Agri, 
 culture, which your Society aimi at. inftcad of inrtrfciing 
 with Ouf f iihcriet, will giWljT afilt 4od profrtota tharn* 
 f i(krf mco, like all ptbara, mull bava bread, and olhar veV — 
 getable aa well at animal ^ food, Thcfa arliclM art fuppfie^ 
 by farmiug i aod if we have them noi of our own. thej muft ' 
 be imported, chiefly from foreigner*, and at fuch prices at * 
 thry are pleaded to put on them. We a^ually import moH 
 of the bread confumed in our Kiflieriea j and hence one Cauf«^ 
 ^ the high price of labour^ which oiujt aver bear a proportion 
 fo the price of provifioni. The reafoi) ia obvidua — no tnan 
 can live without food i if.therefore the price of it be high, he 
 muft charge accordingly for hia labour to fupport hitnwif aa4 
 hit family. I am tuld that in the article of , nib. we are under- . 
 ibid in foreign markcti. The high price <^ labour muft Ur 
 the caufe otthia \ and that again it occafioned by tho high 
 price of food, which it importcdf and muft confeautntly b« . 
 dear \ for in point of fituation, at well at other relpe^, wet' ' 
 have fuperlor advantaset Co any other P<o|4e for carrying on 
 the fUhing bufinert. Now, it it iihpowble that wa can ever 
 have bread and other fdod cheap or plenty, oth'eri|r!fe Chan by 
 extending' and improving our agriculture \ and nothing can 
 conduce more to thefc purpofes, than the otan and defign of 
 four Society. You are thsrefore eflientially ferVing our fifli* . , 
 criet, aa well as the interefta of the province at large { and^^ 
 how any onei who wifliet well to either, can hefttace about 
 uniting -and co-operating with you, it beyond my comptehen- 
 fion, 
 
 3. The obje£lj6n that the S^iety doet not give fufficient 
 encouragement to the raifing and (ale of our own cattle, it 
 more groundleft if poffible, than the former } iince the beft 
 mode * of raifing, feeding, atid managing cattle, it one of thtt 
 profefi'ed obieAa which it defiant -to promote. The a|lvaotaV * 
 ges arifing from fucb infti^utiona as ypun, muft be the work 
 of time and perfevf ring cxertSoni. But people have not pa« 
 lierice to wait for the refult \ thejr vainly exo^ an immedi- 
 ato accttmulari o n o f wealth \ an a ifth t y »rcdi(iippoii(tcd,4he^ 
 
 
 SjeA the inf afure aa good for notbin|r. Now, this it juft as 
 lioaal as it a farmer ^<s% to reprpbi^e the Ibvi^ihg of grlin^ 
 
 ' - - i btcaufe 
 
/ 
 
 JO«fl|c<l < 
 
 f »») 
 
 it «l4Mt not inftantly fpring up, aiul b«tr • ripe, A1Q4 
 
 I0«ilc<l Mr. 
 
 1 »iti Cinrtblt ih«t ftfina f«rin«ri vcrjr mucb (iiritpprovf 
 of tlu imporuiJon of litrt ftock iimI frtfti m«at froti th« Am«« 
 Hcan ^UUf, ami thtiik it i> iiiiurioui to them. Alihougii ibia 
 •« a matter of mere poUtical conAdaratiuii, and with which 
 the Society, at iuch, have nothing to do \ jrtt, having hfarti 
 (o much tin th« fubie^>« I refolvtd to maiia fome enquiry about 
 it, when lately at HaJifax on bufiiicri. I coiiveireil with moil 
 of the principal gentlemen of that place, aa well a* with thofe 
 ■^ middliog rank, on that Doint 1 and I can teflify that tb«^ 
 WMim unanimoufly inclined to encourage our own farmerf| 
 and to purchafe their (ucat, when foli| at a reafonable price, 
 in preference to any that ia importetT M4ny had purchafed 
 little Of no imported ipeat for a twelve-month paft. Thi« 
 branch of trade with the Americana is much oh the decline.! 
 ai>d if my brother tarmcri will only exert themCelvet to fup« 
 ^y the Halifax market* and be content with a moderate pro* 
 ht, I can afliire them they have nothing to fear from this traAc 
 —it will drop of itfelf i efpccially if the laudable plan lately 
 formed by the farmers of Kiug'i county be adopted thro4gli« 
 out theiwovincei ^^ .- vi;.?; ,.■ .■ -u. »i»'-. .•■_■• ' 
 
 lA^ Ittuation enaoni 01) to kt^oi^ inc ftiinii|i^ntt tif pcopU 
 Jn the couatry, better than you probably can, wbo refide ift 
 ^town I thi* induced me to ftate the above matteci, which, I 
 -Conceived, would not be difagrceable to the Society, and 
 may be of fome ufe in other reipedls. Ac the fame time, I 
 have the picafure to tell vou, that for ««# man who hints at 
 toy t'rifling.objedliona of this fore, there are fif^ who highly 
 approve of your Societjf and its proceedings \ and expreft the 
 .,>cfrmeft gratitude to the gentlemen who thus generouflv ex- 
 art tbemlelves for our common welfarf* Vou'have the hear* 
 \y thanks, and will^ I truft, have the concurrence and affift- 
 ance of all that poflTefa anv fliaro of public fpirit, diiinterefted- 
 tiefs, or information^ They are peculiarly pleafed to fee hia 
 Excellency the Oovernor, and other refpecbble chara«3ers^ 
 . at tbe Aead of this ioftitution } and from thence they derivO 
 .flattering expe£kationa of its fuccefs4 \ In thefe cxpe^ationa 
 <4^ey are the more conlirmedt by confidering that your Society 
 . has been formed at the propereft time — the very time when 
 .it was moft wantad, and could be truly feryiceable. A mo> 
 ^ ment'a refla^on on tbe former and prefent iUte of this pro- 
 ^.fince, and its rflatton to other parts of America, will fvilly 
 evince this point. 
 
 ^^omterlyrthyTri iabi t aim of Nova»S« :o tia wc ra fenMn- 
 
 x 
 
 iiumber, and fiiliing vvat the principal bufincfs carried on. 
 iThe old coloaies wtre t^oA a part of t^ l^rltifl>. domiaiont s 
 
 ^' ... ■ . £ ■ >h« 
 
 I 
 
 'h > 
 *ii'^ 
 
. t 
 
 f 
 
 t. Ml 
 
 ♦ * 
 
 tMrnfiiWtinH ir»r#ourf«tfow.fabjfaij an^ iho tvportt/, 
 ifMhoui aiijr rtflf idiofH a»rr«d inU cvtry iH|t«r articU of pfu*. 
 vifion to thit proiriiH*, which wtrt <htrib» •rocurcd chtaptr 
 iM thty fouJd •t'liut timt to nff«<l li«rt. fh* fctnc ii 
 
 now totilljr chao|fd. Ihof. colotiitt tfi ft^trfd from 
 UrtAt. Britain, ihtir InlubiUnts art become rortignerv td uk 
 •n4 Ch«ir tndt with ua U unav<^idably under ftrioaa reOrlc. 
 • I '7^' nximhtr of our people, by natural Incretfe, and a 
 wrge influx of induArioui emigrant!, i« more tbaa double 
 ftnce the commencemeni of the late war. I'hit increafe of 
 people at once enablea im to turn our attention to otber 
 branchea of bufineft and commetce bcfidea fifliing, createtft 
 ^ proportionable demand for bread and other provifioni, and 
 •fforda the meant of raifing them. Bread cannot now be pro- 
 cured at the (»m* moderate price aa formerly from the Amtffi- 
 can State*, who having connc6^ioni with other foreign ftatet, 
 the cafual demandi for their grain, will frequently raife the 
 price vtry high. Befidea all thii, the importatioo of bread 
 and other artirlea from them, will check our own induflt^r 
 will drain away our ci(h» and alm/t JtMs ua poor lid Mp.' 
 pendent on them. • "^ r -5. -y^.. 
 
 Thefc matters are eWJent (o anv man of common fenf^, 
 •nd common information. They Aew clearly the neceffity 
 of our exertions in the line of hufbandry i for we muft note 
 depend on our own labour and produce fof bread, mM every 
 kind of food. They evince how well-timed tbe inftitution 
 of vour Society was j fmce it will give a fpring to induftry, 
 and amft the firmer in the varioua branches of hit bufmeft. 
 Hereby provifiont of all kindt will become cheap and plenty, 
 without which it will be impoffible to profecute our filheriea, 
 or any other fpeciet of commerce, to advanUge. Indeed, if 
 «"y •'"on^ ^* wifli to keep thh country poor, and to enrich 
 the American Statet at our ejtpente; they a<a very confiiK 
 •ntlyin oppofing thit and every other meafure that #ould 
 promote induftry among ut i but on any other principle, their 
 condufl would be abfurd and irrational. , > I 
 
 For my part, I have no intereft to ferve btil what" It citSi- 
 mon to tyery individual In the province. I ardently wifti for 
 itt profperity ; and am c^onfident that nothing it wanting to 
 "?- J *« "PPy *"** flourifliing, but oeconomy and well-dirta- 
 •d induftry in the inhabitantt. We are bleft with a fertile 
 ^ijil for gram and graft, and with a mod healthy climate i w« 
 abound in good harbourt, in extenfive fiiherieti in excellent 
 Juinber for Ihip-burlding and other ufet, and in a variety of 
 "fl^Jiroduaiye tnmM . With ttiefc adtantaget, and fofter- 
 •^ ^ the Parent Staie at we are, it muft be our own faolf If 
 
 
 i- 
 
 "id 
 
 Ji are oh wealthy and profperous j but to improve them 
 
I, 
 
 I 
 
 k « 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 • '-'-wIli'H^! 
 
 -i 
 
 
 f.s 
 
 r II J ' 
 
 •fight hf iWi ottfpoC*. krnif iM oflMt rH^viCon* moft ly 
 
 , fUlt Uft CM oftlf Im .ffdH bf juaiciotti huOMmlr* mi tn t»^ 
 Nnn»« »<iU, to |irom«c« which it Utf oh\U\ inJ dt nm ol 
 ^ouf ^eciflt/. ' • 
 
 I JUvf fh« honour to b«. Sir, 
 The Soci«ix'« trid jrotir 
 .- , Vtrjr humbl* Strvtnf. 
 
 A"wl|,i79o. CULU4IKLLA. 
 
 r# M» StCKITAlT 1^ #l# AdliCVLTUMAI, IoCIItV. it 
 III HAWf A». 
 
 I OBSERVED l.» th. H«ljf„ Journil, of ih« i.th Ftbru. 
 
 «-S 5' 'T/*? S-^*'*!*' ^"•"•» •»»^«V«.ont on ihH 
 
 mod dingeroM. UifMf* J.. wheit, cdled th« fmut , ^n^ Jl 
 
 Pl |J>.I diLafc. I hivritk.,1 lh#^.brriy not To mucS to .fctr. 
 ij«d **" ** V ***""* °"* ***• '•'***'*' '*" *•*" Pfrnicioiii 
 Th#iuthof juftljr obfervt^ that thcrt ar« two forti of fmut | 
 Oflt bt call, rufty fmuH which •• th. word j ih« oth.r dufty 
 Jmut I th« la(» II common amongd barley, oati •nd rw. u • 
 wcUai whcatj but it docs no material injury to the crop : 
 I fuppofa It proc«tdi from fome defedl in the feed. Ai to th« 
 
 !r ! ^! r* "*'" !•" • ?"!' **^« °" • conftderable quantlS^--^ 
 of good floMr. and render it difagreeabU in fincU and tafteT 
 I hf only way to prevent their bad efFecl ii, to wa(h th« 
 wheat in clean water, rk.m off all the fmut and other foul, 
 iiefii, and then d rjr it in the fun or in • kiln j after which ie 
 
 pretend to inveftigate the caufe of the rufty fmut, but bcliev* 
 
 It proceed! from a dcfea in fome of the light underlain feed * 
 
 corn, and not from mifti, or the various intemperaturet of 
 
 Sr, '«; r it ""^ '^"^ •' '' ^'^^'^ ""• «^ contagion from the 
 dirt of fmut adhering to the feed or hian urea, aa the afore- 
 
 Tu'ijlll?."!?!'"*'?"'' . vr""-. ' *""• conOantly followed the ' 
 
 buliiefs of farming in Nova-Scotia t went v-eightyeaw, and «- — 
 nerally foHfed from ao rg 30 bufliels of wheat innuiily. Ind 
 
 IV? > ^^"' i 7r'<'e, and never obferved one fautty gnin rf 
 
 to nTvJnJ'.K V ' ^^'''^ «n<Lwvourcd to incylcatc the meant 
 m prevent the fmut s 
 
 i. 
 
 «« 
 
 jngft them i fome iew have ad«f ted 
 
/ 
 
 r 
 
 v> 
 
 >* ^ 
 
 tit] 
 
 09 mnm with fmi § iWI i «fWtf% tht gtvaft II numWr, p«rt« 
 f^jHjr. «r n.K •! ill > fo that tiry Hitk wli««t «• lo ^ h«4 but 
 
 |h« firmer <ni|(hi to b« ««»)r rtrvnil f«j»f ucurv ••od (««^ | 9 
 bnghi hf •»» lull cralii, rr#« ftrnn «l{ furtt ul miifuf*. ani t« 
 ellanc« hi« fttil «/i«i», (tt w«Hilti l>f,lM(| 10 doii fvrrv year) 1 
 •h.a rhangf «# r«f <l (kould bt MIlM fr«4 « confiiarablt 
 rfiWiiicc, aMt|fromaaiir«ra«tf€»ff. I h«v« often hail paaft, 
 btrltjr, «Mts afKl <Hhtr fjirmg griin rrom F.nghiiMl, and •!• 
 W«)ra f'HimI • rapkt growth and |r«at tttrrffar#, iha hrfl vaar 
 tfjw ully. I havi ht«n ohltgH to frtw wh«at that wm fmutty 
 fnoi ol my vwn raiftng ) whtri no other t ouUI ha had, and thf 
 Mfl I hid rt ff rytd would nai hoid ««i l«# f|»« Und I had pr*^ 
 parad, and hiv« had good cto^ without fmut. I hiM olttn 
 fuppUad my nei^hhm,ra wit? feed wheat, from the (*m9 ht§p 
 I to<»k my owti Irotii-— thtif» ha*a been (mutty, and mina no|, 
 On« inflanct In prticulM I will manll^ii : 8o«itt yt art paO. a 
 fansnt <if mine tame m tha A»rmg and defirad mt to lai him 
 hMV tome feed wheat, the wheat he had, bring l?>ul and fmirt. 
 ^j 1 Itt him have what he wanted, and adviM h'lm tn wbal 
 tninner to prepare it befort he roired It : he wtt mi tMttIv 
 man, and anfwerfd, he knew very w<rll how to raife whaa^ 
 bi^tore he came into thit proymve. 1 told hins notwithftand- 
 f US ail hit knowledge, \f he did not preptre hit reed a« I adt 
 viffd him, hia wheat would molt probably be fmuttj. H« 
 l»ok hii wheat from the (ame heap that I fowed mine from \ 
 Md in thf fall, •• he did not return the feed, i called on him 
 for it I ^hen he faid, ht wti afhtmed to bring it, for hit 
 whttt wai nearly one half fmut, afsd that he waa convinced 
 fpme preparation wm neccllary to prevent it i and he waa th« 
 inor* convinced of thii when he faw my wheat entirely fre« 
 from fmut. Thffo inrtames prove to me that tht caufe of 
 th^mut in the (eed may be dcltroyrd. 
 
 Th« following it the method I prai'lice of pfepurinf feed 
 wheat, to prevent the crop from being fmqtiy :— >Xakflatuh 
 tMat will hold aa much at you intend to f^eep at once, put in 
 «!tap wifp of ftraw in the fame manner yoq da a leech tub | 
 lit it up where you can conveniantiy draw ofFthe liquor you 
 pntf nd to put into it » fill the leech-tub about half full, with 
 'a good picKic : I generally ufe 'the pickle my beef, port, or 
 Qth haa been cured in : If it is foul or not flrong enough, boil 
 it and (kirn it clean, and add more (alt to it ) thert || t^ " 
 
 gtr of making it loo ftrong. When the pickle it prepared, 
 |Nit in the wheat very flowly out of a half buOiel or pail, iii 
 the fame manner aa when it it winnowed, to prevent any 
 
 quantity of th» heavy yriin Ming i n tngerher t ha t might 
 
 
 .» 
 
 f*^ ^^ ***%i^ "7 *»«»»' ^"ft w»A ill •llwWdl i fltitn oHT I 
 
 whert \ 
 
 i^ 
 
' ''flwr-1 
 
 .» 
 
 piM fit tiA h MB ^M (Nt fklil* Aaml* •b«>«( two tntlMt 
 li««^« *ti« w^««t, Hit ii wfU ■^ut with • #kk^ tiM <li« •} 
 •*«r/ thing that fwinti | l«i u llan«| iwvntf fnwr hinif* «< tftd | 
 |itl If llN «r««ili«f it g«fi«r*ltf caU «| (««4 ||4ii« ^ ihu ty.M 
 •^ forij^.tigM te<Hiri Itbtilff, (iltii #tw •# fli« MckU Mii 
 nm^t if ftw «n«9H«r (l0«p«n|. Ut it «fnin • titil*. then iNrii# * 
 •til iht wh««i 0(1 • <l«Kif, t fdKMHh ««rth floor i« it* b* pr#» 
 fwH I bill •• ffM tbrow it om • little IimI tttiU, lift (l44kH 
 lim« on it 1 tlNMii Ur • budMl wai farv« r«r fouf btiUit li ol 
 wMrtt I lArr the wh««i it all out and lim««l, iu#n it a<i<l mi* 
 It " ' * ■ 
 If 
 
 It wtti, fo thai (um« ltttt« mty a4h«r« to «««ry £rliA tf ptiifaiilt. 
 
 If ^ IMIM4 it tmif^ fmtmim It Jit tpriw i 
 
 lllf wmtr wm»r»iemM fh¥0tiH^ It wHT itle no 44ma|« 
 
 tJ£ 
 
 * 
 
 if it lit* on the fiQ0t a fortnight or more, only it mu(t b« turn* 
 t4 ■nd iMM lit t«o tbick, !• prtvtnt Itt bttting, which bowt* 
 if*r^ it ia not fo apt to Jo on an tar^h Huor |— tbki it tbf >' 
 whole proraftxtnil who«vfr wtii ft'thJully |»Mt it in |iiiu!li€«^ 
 Will AimI tH« good tlftdlt oTU. It rchfliiimct ht{>|)cii» ih« itr«## 
 W«r cannot pocuro limt, which h«|Vcarionall v bMn mr ' " 
 0wi\ raff, though rrldoifi i in fuch caftt, gbmi wood tihet will 
 ft! ft u I (Mblliiuit, but, [ thulli, not fo clHcaciout. 1 am a»_ 
 grtful toipfocurt lime for my wheat m fait for my provifioni, ' 
 The farmrr ftyt, ihit procefi i» iruubleiome, beMet the t«^ 
 pern.* of time i fuch language at ihit I have often hrtrd But 
 |htf« art many neccitarjr ihingt to be done in farming, at well 
 p» other emplojrmertm ih«i are untvoidAbly troubteiomo' m4 
 ^Jtoenfive, which, ncvrrthcicft, muft b« done i hefidet in tbit 
 aU, the trouble and rkiien<:c will be amply repaid lo the crop, 
 -4 ain fully perfuided thit oreparafion not otij/ cures or prf« 
 entt the fmur, hut givrt a rtrong vegetation to the firft fprouC 
 )f the grain, which iervettt a manure -^nd bfttert the crop. 
 1 be lime made ufc of fhould b« flacked by the wind, by long 
 anding in an opeh calk in* an airy placa : But if flonc liniS 
 ' uled, it fhould be flawed leifurely by fiuinkling hot water 
 1 It a little at a time, fo Ihat it may be a drv powder before U 
 fmed on the wheat, Manv farmcra in England dilTolve • 
 pound" of grern copprrat in the pickle before they put in th« 
 Wheat, and othcrt diHulve (lone lime in it, to make it mor« 
 powefful J but thii I never experienced. The fmut in wheal 
 ufed formerly to be at prevalent in England, at elfewbert, if 
 "*"• W'Jthoiit preparation, though very kwomit it now. . 
 ^ iMy prciVnt. purpoA? being only to corrcit the en or refpeO- 
 Ink the caufe and cure of the fmut in the wheat, I (hall not ai 
 prVfent fjv any thing on other grain or the cultivation of land, 
 
 °ft^. - ^yc» f"ay be a future coniidcrationr 
 
 U lliw Swnny l6r promoting agrkulture, think thefe rt. 
 ma^ki worth notice, they will make the proper ufc of them, ^ 
 ^ *« H Sir, your Hu mble Servant, 
 
 ii 
 
 —it 
 
 A rAlllEft. 
 
4' 
 
 I 3» I 
 
 \ 
 
 'At* Meeting of the Sorlctjr for promoting Agriculture In 
 the Province of Nova-Scolia> u Halifax, the 13th of 
 December, 1790. « 
 
 ThePrcfidcnt being abfent, theVice-Prefident took theChair, 
 
 IT being the Annivcrfary Eleftion of Officers for the en- 
 fuing year, the following gentlemen were appointed ; 
 
 Governor Wentworth, Prefident, 
 ' The Reverend Dr. Brown, Vite-Prcfidenf, 
 Mr. Hartfiiorne, Treafurcr, 
 Mr. Clarke, Secretary* ^ . 
 
 ^ The Diredtort the fame at laft year, 
 
 .The Secrcury will acquaint Goverppr Wcntworth and 
 pr. Urowu with their appointmenu, 
 
 A<liourncd to the i6(h infant, ' ^ 
 
 
 At a Meeting of the Society for promoting Agriculture in 
 the Province of NtJVa-Scotia, held, by Adjournment, at 
 HtUfax, the |6th of December, 1790/ ., 
 
 . povernor Wcntworth took the Chair « Prefident for the 
 
 - ?nAiingyear. , .^ ^ 
 
 ^ ',.,-'■ -■•••.., .A/^ 
 
 rriHE thanks of the Society were given to Mr. Bulkeleyi 
 
 ■ for hit fervices, as Prehdent, the paft year. 
 
 The Secretary informed the Society, that the Reverend 
 Dr. Brown accepted the appointment of Vice^dident, - 
 
 The SecreUry read a letter he had. received from tb« 
 Reverend Dr. Byles, Secretary of the" Agricultural Society 
 at bt. John 8, Ncw-Brunfwick, enclofing (|^e P|an of that 
 Society, and requeftine a correfpondence» ^ ^ — * 
 
 Read two letters uqder the fignature of Egdoli, containing 
 not only many ufcful remarks upon the advantage refulting 
 from a judicious plan of huftandry, but a number of neceflary 
 hints upon theqcultivation of wheaf. The correfpondence of 
 this ingenious writer is folicited, his communit^tions will be 
 thankfully received and particularly attended to. 
 
 A manufcript entitled « Obfervations on the progrefs of 
 Agriculture in Nova-Scotla and New-Brunfwick,^' was laid 
 before the Society and read. The writer has the warmeft 
 thanks of the Society for the many intereftinf and ioi; 
 portant rema rks conrfl|n..rl' ^« ty„ J^^.-f^,:-^ ^ ^rT ■ a 
 
 .manufcript»-4t-4» 
 
 the 
 
 two 
 
 the time is faft approaching when tne two Dravincei, 
 jnay experience the advantages of the plan whicti |U^ ■ 
 luggeftcd } when that period arrives, hit obfe^ad* 
 
 ■•.^..<- , 
 
 ^'w 
 
 Vl 
 
 
 ..*4' 
 
 I* 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
•%• 
 
 
 r 
 
 t 39 ] ' 
 
 will be pMbliflied, but thejr are too lengthy to be in(frt««l id 
 chefe proceedingf. 
 
 •The Prefident, Vlce-Prendeiit, fhil Blfhop, Mr. GnnR 
 Ur, Almon, and the Secretar/ are appointed a Committee, to 
 whom the Secretary will communi^aV all letters he may re- 
 , ceire from time to time, for the pu^pofe of being examine4 
 •ndrevifed, that the fame may be publiOved without lofs of 
 time, which committee wiH report their proceeding* to the 
 Society: They are alfo requeued to collet from the moft 
 approved writers in England and America, fuoh papers ami 
 letters upon agriculture as arebeft fuited to the foil and cli- 
 mate of this country^ and the circuififtances of the inhabitants, 
 •nd to have the fame printed and publiftied iq the proceedion 
 of the Sqcrety for the laft year, as foon as the nature of the <!«. 
 ligfi will admit, j 
 
 -¥• 
 
 Tt tbt. SbCRITA&Y tf tht JAoRICULTOtAL SociKTir, at 
 
 HaIifax* 
 
 A NUMBER of theprinflpal\inh»bitanti of this provinoe 
 ry, having lately, under the patronage of bis Excdiencr 
 1-ieuteilant-Governor Carle^n, Uftituted a Society for Uw 
 tncouragement of Agriculturi^ » they have judged thatnothioc 
 wiir have a happier tendency 'to prbmote the fMccefs of the? 
 endetvours,than immediately to open an extenfive correfpon- 
 dence with the other Societies which\are eftabliOiedfin diffb. 
 ent parts of America, for the fanie benevolent purpo<«. 
 1 hrough this channel; whenever i^ny valuable difcovery 
 fhall be made, or intelligence obtainc\l, relative to our de- 
 figni the faawilHnftanthr circulate, ahd the benefits refult- 
 ing from it be rapidl^diffufed through >he continent. Fl«t. 
 tering ourfe Ives that this propofal ofTce5>mg up a mutual in- 
 tercourfe will meet with ypur approbati 
 plan of our in^itutiop, and beg leave 
 retpondence* . % 
 
 I wn» Sir, with due reiped, 
 ' , Your moft obedient humb% Servant, 
 
 ^ A M. BYLES, Secretary. 
 
 in, I now enClofe tlie 
 requeftyour cor« 
 
 ^m 
 
 JPUK oranllSfSTirUTION for the Encouragement aiid 
 
 Improvement of AGRICULTURE 
 Niw^BnoMtwicit^ 
 
 in the Province of 
 
 s^ 
 
 '•Pi 
 
 I* 
 
 I. rp VDRY perfon. becoming a membsr, to pay one guU 
 
 ■v"': ■,■.':■ ■■ . , 11, That 
 
 -,♦ »-w«-*4*.i-- 
 
 
 i.'l4^*>i '.rV^HnSji'^f 
 
if 
 
 r 
 
 ,. ^ 
 
 II. /TlMt the aAira of die Sooi«ty b« uii4«r tb« manage" 
 menc/of • Prefidcnt, Vice-Prefident, Treafurer, Secretary* 
 
 Cd / Diredlort, to be cho(iffn froin amongft the mem- 
 
 r^ the firft Wednerday in June Annually, at a general meet- 
 ing of the Society, in the City of Saint Johii, five or n\ore of 
 «rhoin (the Prefidcnt or Vicc-Pcendcnt being one of the 
 toembers) (bail conftitute a quorum. 
 
 III. That the Prefident, Vicc-Preri4tnt,Tre«furer< Secre- 
 tary and Dire^ori meet in the City of Saint John, the firft 
 'WioNiioAYt in March and September. 
 
 . IV. I'hat the Prefident, «nd in his abfooce the Vice-Pre** 
 ~^dent be authorised to call the meetings of the Dire^ori and 
 .oiber officertf or of the fubicribtrs wherever the bufinciii uf 
 
 tbe Society fliaJI require it. 
 
 V. That the Society ufe every^ meant in. their power ttf 
 
 obtain information re(jpe£|jng {hp Q\ut&% of iti inftitutiun^ 
 
 and communicate the fame to the public at large. 
 
 ' VI. That the Society corrcfpond with other Agricultural 
 
 Societies. 
 
 VII. That all Letters to <che Society be addrefled to the 
 ''8ecretat-y< 
 
 ' Villi Tllat Hie fubfcription money be paid ieto the J^nds 
 Mbf^he Tretfarer previous to the aiKiual meetiag in June, tt 
 
 whidi time his accounts (hall bie laid before the Society for 
 
 their infpeAton. " ^ 
 
 IX. That any member not finding it convenient to attend 
 
 the ann(»al meeringjinay depute any other member to a^ and 
 •tote forhim« j 
 
 fl ib* ^EcitKtAftT if the AoRxcutkTuftAL Society, ai 
 
 •^-^ HALirAKi. -> 
 
 "'■ Sr* • ' I . ■ 
 
 WITH infinite firtisfiiaion t faw the inftttutloh of your 
 laudable plan announced in the papers : Eitperience 
 has proved that fuch Societies have the liappieft cfTe^ in pro- 
 moting the (cience of agriculture, even in £ngland, enlighten- 
 ed upon that fubjeA as that ifland doubtlefs is } how much 
 'mere then may we expe6t your patriotic defign will have th^, 
 beft confequences in this new country ? The various defcrip* 
 tions of mien which the fii^of war and other curcumftances 
 have thrown into the province of hrte years, it wdl known to 
 MS all^ and of thefe people how few have hwlfermer opportu - 
 
 nitiet of gdintngexperieiKe in matttrt^f hufbandry i wi yet 
 many are undet the neceffity of.depeodtttg.upontMtfmfloy- 
 Sient for fupmrt. In fuch crrcMWMVWti tbe utility, of your 
 ' ' ,r- , iiftitutioa 
 
14. i 
 
 
 inftitutioa Ihinel with' pcculUr luftre. To diffWe ufeful 
 JcMOwIcdge in a branch of fcience underdood by fevifi though 
 necelTary to be pra^lifed by all, muft fpeak its own eulogy. 
 
 If the occalional obfcrvationt of one (ituated in an 
 dbfcure corner of th« jlrovincc, who^ to fume praAical 
 knowledge in England, joint the experi«nce of many yeara 
 refidence in a new part of this country can be acceptable, or 
 may be thought to further the deflgo of vour ir^ftitution in any 
 degree, I will, if you encouragt the idea, from time to time 
 take the liberty of troubling you with fuch remarkt u (hall 
 occur to mc, and which may be ufeful. ^ 
 
 — Agriculture it a fctence, for the ftudy of which, the life of 
 man ii much too (hort ;~fhence arifet the neceifity of record- 
 ing djfcovcriet for the benefit of our coteinporariet and pofte- 
 rit^y. The ffenerality of praAitionert have not acceil to the ' 
 prcfs ) or, if they had, have too mUch diffidence to venture 
 that method to promulgate their experience. Your Society 
 Open* a door to fuch, as through their meant the province at 
 large may become acquainted with the experiments madb 
 by individual in every quarter; It becomet their care 
 to fele^ from the various information, which may be fenc 
 you, fuch only at contain gdod and ufeful knowledge i in 
 doing this, all the experience it neceflary which, no doubt^ 
 the members of the Society colle£livelv poflefs : but give me 
 leave to (ay, it feemt to me the pirt>li(hmg thit information in 
 the papen only, it leaving the mat\er (hort ( in the mpre dif- 
 tant partt thefe papcrt do not appear regulaily ; they are de- 
 tached and fugitive ; a fubie^ it frequently begun in one pa- 
 per aiid fint(hed in the foUowing. I fubmit to your . better 
 kn«wledge| if thecoinmunicationl which you may deem pro- 
 per to lay before the public {heCiits the prefent method of 
 publidung in thp newt^papert) might not be coUeded quar- 
 terly, or half-yearly, in a (uim|dilet, printed at the e^pence of 
 the Society, and fold by the printet for nio doore than 
 prime coff, to reimburfe (aid e,xpence } wat thit pradiied^ 
 "no doubt, every farmer iti the province would gladly become 
 regular purchafers, and itiwoulaloosappear what number It 
 wat i^ece^vy to print; 
 " - In our Climate it wouW bt ofiteri dfangerbul to adopt ini* 
 jlklicitly tbofe prci^eflet we fee recpmo^ended by authort much 
 __^fteea(edjat home j it^<4t firft neceflary that we ihould, by 
 ^^i^rf^(<) ^ fCReated expcri^nenta of our own^ naturalize and 
 'ton%m them here. Local agricultural knowledg^L can be no ^ 
 other wajn 1»litained than by repeated pcpcrimentf imd careful 
 4>bfefvmiea« I theiefQrehopc ipy bretaef fia i ne^e^i iir ^l^fi^ 
 
 iccond your ende»v9i|rt at to be ifery cx^ and caMreful'tn i 
 hkig itieir experiments; If^con^endto them a frequent u(e of 
 
 <4 
 
 .-. 1.1 
 
 f ^^^. 
 
 irTilAi'i 
 
\ 
 
 " '' \^ * 
 
 f4. 
 
 J . 
 
 (he pen j many good and ufeful binti, whfch ficcafioftally ariftf 
 in the mind, but which cannot on various accodnta |>« imm(<< 
 diacely tried, are loft for want Of memoranduma : And feme" 
 tiAiei when the exueriment it benin, and when the rcfult can. 
 not be known 'till a diftant fearon, the whole intent is perw 
 hapa at a critical time overlookeiJ or totally forgot j ametho« 
 dical memorandum'-book in thefe cafei ii highly ufeful to the 
 • experimenter, and may become fo to the public. 
 
 The beft method I have fe«|i pra£tifed it to divide the me- 
 morandum-book into three equalfolumns like a newt-paper t 
 in the middle, infert the intention you have in making the ex-< 
 periment } thii may be done at the time the idea firUEea your 
 mind, though the feafon rendera it improper to be put in 
 praAice at that time. . In the left hand column explain th« 
 operation and procefs vou purfued during the courfe of the 
 - experiment, minuting this bufmefs at the times performed, 
 ' without frufting to memory i in the right-hand column record 
 the event. ' This method I have found <i;lear and ufeful ) it 
 nut only keeps the knowledge acquired frefii in the memory, 
 but it reminds you of repeating jhe experiment a fecond and 
 a third 'time } for little dependance can be made upon one fin-> 
 
 S'e trial where fo many adventitious misfortunes may fruftratft 
 e defign:. A fuccefsful experiment is not always neccflary 
 to render it of importance { often ufeful information is drawn^ 
 from mifcarriages j for by ihtm the inexperienced are taught 
 to Ihun thofe rocks othersH^ave fplit upon. A well-dire^d 
 experiment, whether fucceis^ or not, will always prove ufe-* 
 ful to the undertaker. 
 
 I have lately feen a letter to the Society, ftgned » Farmer/ 
 upon the utility of Compofts. 1 heartily wifli and hope there 
 will be an increafe of fudi intelligent correfpondents as he 
 feems to appear : I highly approve his do^rine,and fincerely 
 join him jn decryine that moft vile prai^ice of putting hevr 
 dung upon land before it ^as undergone a thorough putre. 
 faAion } befides the reafeft urged by the Farmer againft this 
 pradice, it may be oMprted dung in that ftate is fuHof ani* 
 
 . tnalcuk which you csri'y OQta yonr land to be ready to devour 
 your crop the moment it appears a^ve^ground. )|RefpeAing 
 
 ^ Compofts, I wjU bes your and hli leave, t» fay a few words^ 
 In the prefent ftate of this country, thofe priocefles which are 
 attended with leaft cxpence, will bit generally efteemedtht 
 moft ufefiul. I therefore v^^re to difter~,f«l|l Ihf pni$^ 
 refpedingthe neceffity of eil^ei^ claying the bottom, or ||b{Glt<- 
 ing i| ihrt over fee Compoft l^eap ; the fituatioil I*: 6fttM^|br 
 
 w 
 
 .i^ 
 
 
 =im 
 
 lianimt^,^ta ded fr om ^" 
 
 fou^r and weft by trees or buildinga. The materia^ ie^ wkidi 
 I forn ny cempoft, viz. eanh, dupig, weeds in. a iiit^uleift 
 
 :/ ' 
 
 / 
 
 mifi'mmtimmmmtm 
 
'•A 
 
 ■ i 1 
 
 
 *- 
 
 . I 43 J 
 
 I t 
 
 • llate bkforc the r«ed npen^ fM-we«d of .ay kind, Tea find and 
 
 fli«ll«, hine,. iic. • 1 endeavour to ulac« in fayem, always be- 
 
 ^•fimog with dung, .nd ending with earth. Thefe 1 repeat 
 
 tiJJ my mi«ion will fettle to a convenient height. Round 
 
 . thii heap 1 form a channel into which I endeavor to bring the 
 
 , drains of the houfc. yard, ftable, hog-ftye, &e. and from time 
 
 to tinie I caufe ih^ contemt of this c^niiel to be |throwh up 
 
 With fcoops into the top of this mixtion j likewife, after rains 
 
 V I caufetbe water which drains from or through (he mixtioti. 
 
 lo be thrown back upon it (taking firft the precaution af let- 
 
 , ling ogt the ram water that has run into th« channel) this v«. 
 
 — »y much expediifs the putrefaaion by increafipg the fermen- 
 
 lation. It IS neceflary to be careful in thefc mixtions to add 
 
 nothing which requires an uiturual time to rot i fuch as Fern 
 
 - Oiould farni dung-heaps by theihfclves. In fix months after 
 tfte formation of thirfe mixtions, the various articles of which 
 pev are compofed will be in a proper condition to be turned i 
 
 m a 'i?*!?/'/**'"' J"r**«?'"* '• '**i"'"^ • -''he whole mafs 
 
 wuft be Oiifted on to fr«(h grbund. Begin at one end, and 
 
 - *irith a mattock ojck d^wn the heap perpendicular, the fame 
 
 KT«!'f''''*if'"'^^"''*'J"^^* then with fhovels throw 
 the ftuff to where you intend yo^r new heap to be, within tho . 
 
 ffc"**!!** ^^•"l\".'*y°^' ^^'* jrou will 5ndwillmoft. 
 •fteftuaWy mu an^ Wend the various contents jof the heap iiT 
 one uniform m^fs, and will create a frcft fermenution. Yoi* 
 
 netrajed. . FhiSf w.ll add to the quantity, and fave the trou-t 
 Me of clayipg the bottom. Ub«n forming thi heap 5ic fe- 
 cond time I rJ.fe the top like tSe roof of alou(t, wyenng ij 
 jver wHh earth, t|e cleanfing of ditches, &c. bfiay if a rLf! 
 thepur^ofe of whiVh t fully aofwers,' 7f yourWl* X* 
 nure is intendedirolv ,s of a clay foil, then la th^ e*rth % idd 
 
 f"* •T'' I!!.'* V'*'' ^* *• f^^^y ** y°" <*" i, bJtif youriWl k 
 fandy, add clay j ?Jfperiencc has ptovcd the above method to 
 be good, and therefore it i| rflcomoitnded to/liW brpdwr ftr- 
 mersby ^ 7 EGDcJl 
 
 •i!i • V^^ *'*^'"''« #«'^i^t»a«^irtim4 allows, will'dp 
 good, iy , V /Mmhri, ij^o. 
 
 
 -I 
 
 :i 
 
 
 k^ 
 
 Sin , ^ 
 
 HE fSHowing hints upon the cul/ivatioii of wheat n»^ 
 perbttps prove iifeftil to fome peoble. ^ ' - ^ 
 
 • - Ft ^'^ .. . ^' l^a 
 
 • P«h«jj»^»uift«r «| parU mlibt fona a |oo4 artels tit tlM^ aaU|{eas 
 
 T-T- 
 
 ''1- 
 
 %. — 
 
"""W" 
 
 X 
 
 . V 
 
 iin%' 
 
 ^OTir/— ^may he in a great meifure nrevented bf 
 Brint 4nd Limt. — Steep your feed in fait or fea-wattf, fnad« 
 Orong enough to bear an-«|^g, Chen drais and fift ofcr it (bme 
 frefh Hacked time, tufning iht wbcat till Uii ejicf uftid withw 
 
 Mxthtnfinz Iht pti,^^T%f<Rt\i\ilir\j If the prtcaulfoh hit 
 .been taken to change thefeed, which produced the lee<f you 
 Are to ufe. The exchange it to be rrgulated by the foil not 
 • lliftance— 4ight land to fti^— clay to fandv — poor foil to rith^ 
 'Df*p pltitghing — if the foil permits : rerhapa fmut it nort 
 owing to want of noufifhment to the ear than any other caufa : 
 "^Therefore, if thf roota of wheat have plenty of loofe earth !• 
 »• feed on, the more probability of avoiding that diftctnpcr, i fbf * 
 ^ which rtafonl ftrongly recommend ;is a preventive 
 ' CrW 7i7/0/#.-— Farmers in Nova-Scotia, and indeed ii^ all 
 ',^ parts of America I haye.feen, are fhamefully xlefedivc, in ibif 
 '|Mrt of their bufinefs, 7'hey^eta habit of fcratching among 
 •the ftumps of hew land, which they never Ipave ofF. Neither 
 'have H feen any ploujg;hs which ar« capable of nOaking good 
 'trork. Another neceflary c^re ia > k 
 
 ^ Kttphig, Itttid (Itai^.'^t htve ken one part of a field whIcH 
 ^llas been well tilled'«nd keptcltan from weeds, perfe^ly free 
 from fmut, and anotherpi(tt of the fame field' which was very , 
 '^jfoul, ifvhere the cropy)»s been, little but fmut i yet the feed 
 ' (-And Toil the fame-— oifb part was ploi(ghed by a good work- 
 »l«an, the other «JmkI. n / ^■^.\fi4,mi>,,..^'*.-'-:^.^--:^-h' 
 
 ■'■ Good rich land, lit goid^ tilth, re(|iAAlii^afll feeH^ ^ah j^br 
 
 iand. Small Brained (nay, even fhriVelled wbear, if found) 
 
 is better lot. feed than lafgv ^raln plump wli«at. fi KuOiel of 
 
 the llrft contains more graifit thtfh one of the latter, jconfe* 
 
 ^^uently lefs feed is required, Wheat fown early, and not 
 <too thick) wiH throw outf m;|ny« -ftalks froitt one pfant, 
 
 ~'%tii fuch always produrea (be htaiieft ears. Wheat fown 
 late ii More liable t« be diftroyed by worms and birds, whea 
 iBiOOting, and in a moiflf wet f^on rtint ipoft to ftraw. 
 
 Ftequent plou|;hi^%tH performed 1% a gfeat fecurity for 
 
 ipood crops. I naVir^xBerienced throughOMt a whole farm 
 
 that crops in diffierent Ma* bore in their produce fn exa^ pro* 
 
 'portion to. the nutnbi^r tbf ph>ughings and harrowingb the foil 
 
 > nad received. But it is bad to plough either light or IffiT 
 
 -^land wh^n wet. StiifF iMd fequtfeainore tillage .than light j^ 
 jnd fo ne foils -are fo oKlurate in dry weather| that it is o«>- 
 
 ' cellary to 'reduce t^eno . with a heavy roller, and liitQietlihea 
 
 ^.even a roller fet full of ihort iron teeth ;Pthcfeart impicmegt's. 
 
 mrp]< 
 cvK: 
 
 
 
 "[^owever neceflarjfi', TWieve unknown here. NeyttnleMii^ 
 perhiips the l>^ft wheat crops are obuincd by pnly one jf»lough. 
 jng froois clover lay, i. /.land that has bom ^cdclbver for 
 
 wm'wr 
 
 ^^uLl^^al 
 
^mmmmmm 
 
 11 
 
 ^^f^'ZTT'm^ 
 
 » • 
 
 
 * . ( 
 
 
 th« ftir or iwo jpeart prcccedini, providedit i| cl^ar frpnt 
 werdt. Th« rooti of this graft a^ >i a manure, aini put tli« ' 
 foil in a proper condition to receiva the wheat fec<^^and ai>. * 
 fwert the purpofe of repcated'ploughingi, faving both tim« 
 'ind tatipur. Timoiliy graft ii, I b«Hty«t <>' • contrarr na- 
 ture. -* A Ne>v-Kn|(Lnd farmer informs me they find thii 
 graft there very unfavourable to ^cat. In ploughing theft 
 clover lays troth care and ftill art required. Tire 'fod muft 
 be wjkli turned, fo that there it rio appearance of the graft, 
 nikh, otherwife, will grow among the corn like a mane. 
 InexchanginK feed, it is good policy to chufe it from « poor 
 fqilt^becaiile th#t:hance is more' in your favour, that you four • 
 it In a better. ^ 
 
 Wheat (bould not /ucceed any crop that hat (lood to riuen 
 tht feed. Thtrt are exhaufting cropt, and there are mclio« 
 Ifting cropt : the exhnuOing are, with a few exceptions, fuch 
 ts perfect the feed, as barley, oats, rye, Sec. and thefe are im- 
 proper fore^unnert of wheat, l^he meliorating crops whicli 
 do not {lerfed their feed, ^uch as turnep't, potatoes, clover, 
 8ic. are always eftccmcd the bell preparatives for that grain, 
 more ttlytc'tjily when thcfe crops have been dunged ; for 
 wheat receives ^e moft advantage from manure when it has 
 
 been laid upon the land the pieccding year, having time to 
 get more ioliinately incorporated with the foil. The crops 
 whiCli are art exception to this dodrinc, are fuch, as though 
 Ihcy do perfe£l th|ir feed, jet, from the great (hade and 
 fCarmth they caiffci to* the ground while growing, are fbuni 
 by experience to fertilise inflead of exhaufting it ; futh in 
 'f^rticOlar is hemp, than which nothing precedes wheat witli' 
 nOore advi^ntage. Peafe, when fown broad caft, have Mie like 
 virtue, and fuch kind of crops. It (hduld feem, according to 
 this, maxim, tha^ potatoes, of aH the crops we know, are thd 
 
 "' ,>i(l /or this purpofe y they are ufually planted with martufe»_ 
 Vod when fet in cows, whfeh they always (fiould be, z^ or j 
 fee^ ^ part, they will effie^ually eover and fliaSe the lend | 
 they (b not (lferfc£l their feed, am) the virry a^on of pflttng 
 them out of the eround fo llirt ki|iid:nii>(es the'tnanMre, that 
 it is equj|(to two good ploiighingf ( |)ete thei) it every |hing 
 
 . 'we deiire : But the misfortune is, if we let the potatoes ftiad 
 till they come to full perfedlion, in mod: feafons, it is fu\\ tate 
 in this country to fow wheat ij)ut if you f/icrijtbe' fome- . 
 thing of your potatoe-crop, iu|| take them up about the.' 
 middle of September, and are quick'in your opiration, it may 
 
 , do ^ \f\»t I would uev;r fow wintei|'-wKeat in this climate ilftcV 
 
 I 
 
 •J : 
 
 - / 
 
 V-i 
 
 / . . 
 
 SepttnJbcf;; , 
 
 Wheat land, in ploughing, ihould be thrown up into high 
 lands, perhaps 8| feet, or half a rood, is the moft convenient 
 
 
1 .♦* J 
 
 
 / 
 
 >n. 
 
 ^J^Mih, M rti«n • man etfi wifl in fti* furrowf nu} only m^ 
 
 fttll It up. Cfolli wttn.iurrowi ftould b« ifruck iuh ih- 
 J^a«gh.n proper pUccj,*.iKl th,n iJoin out .„/oiij 
 With . (^le to t.U orth« rain w.t.r » w.tch he firnXw 
 jr-vll It will appear wb.r.u Un^c.a., tW. ^^'^m 
 
 I have (aid thus mucbttp^n'^eculttvaffon of wheat with . 
 .^•wofm,,U,tgthc Idea, of .he No»a-Sco..a W*. ' oft 
 of whom appear extre&ietv «n.i„... .« ,..;/: Tu.f"'".'* "•*»** 
 
 -. . — >..'.|i ui« lucM ui irjc nova-acotia la/mrr« f 
 •f whom appear. xtrettiely aiuiou. lo raif. V«S «... 
 fcapt, in fome inftancei. in A.i^hr «f - . V-' P"'»Jg* 
 
 - ., _^^_^. .Aw^uiEi^ Hiuioui lo raile thatirrain 
 Jllon, our clanaie. upon (he fea-coaft. ii nJ very conLnlii 
 
 anddewi, wi|| 
 
 •m be fubjea to Wighin iron.moJd;/Jc'."The7:rmT 
 therefore, may prob.bfy find other crJu. n^t I able io7u5. 
 
 «wr grain and hai tbif Idvantage, that it may be fown with 
 
 fccceT. any t.oHf before the frg'h ,„d fnow retain; I mii^ 
 
 perhap., at another time trouble the sLi.JLu^'i?i*^ 
 
 perbap. a anothe ,me t.ur^^^S;:l:/:^^^^^^ 
 
 upon 
 
 .man raife. wheat ,t goe. to marlcet/i. fold.an,! M^h^, no 
 further advantage from it ; but raife .commodity whfieii^f 
 you ean fatten cattle, flieep, fwine, &c. and yZ «ln, wlh 
 V ie much augmented, bef.de^e advantage of Sf. mat 
 quantitvof manure. The fea-coaft offthi. JCiSce .^fn- 
 
 doea not contain « country that furpalTe. ft for Vhat purp^ 
 
 Windfor, Horton. tVnwalli,. »nd the long ridge of lanSi 
 
 vicinity of that part of the province, will, if the induftrv an J 
 
 orconomy of the inlubitanti continues to ncreafc. Tn X W 
 
 , .Pfopori.ona«.tba.done. for, few «ir, paM; "uUv fuS! 
 
 ^ Ton 'T^?*P*'«" *"** ^^99\y\H the fifteries, but for export^ • 
 
 of ,.5i«^ ?. r?^ fpiTt^ortmnaWv adapted to the raSing 
 2.!pl. / ?^ **** ^?j**"l"l F "">'» ^«ep, fwine. &c. ThS 
 fciFU in faa providentlafly divided for that purifie to the 
 reciprocal benefit of the inhabitan^g. ^ ^' ^ *"' 
 
 iJJlT *»*°'°#''« ^""J «'«her coaffeneft of ftyle or literary 
 
 jmi»erfea.o«, j wlien thi^dind is engaged wJth dunSJ 
 
 - juid ploughOMies. fuch wJf^t forgivep. ** ^ * , 
 
 PC A- ' e^ ^ .. fGtiOhX.^' 
 
 I,. I. '^,?''®P.7 whM« which hat foiiio fmntamonit it may 
 i» j;.""** 'tV^^^l mmyr^m the eat, when (hot ^ " ^ 
 
 _5?_ 
 
 f»;..^ ^ / u"J^. ^^**""""g »"g eata when ffioMjp intc - 
 «»indle i tho(e wh.^h are in/c^ed appear bUid^iimf blil^f;;;;^" 
 
'» 
 
 #. 
 
 ^ 
 
 lill 
 
 
 _> 
 
 rill 
 
 
 
 •'• 
 
 '* 
 
 t 
 
 ch 
 
 ,s 
 
 ",-• 
 
 ir- 
 
 * '■ 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 I^^ I '♦tJ' 
 
 ina it they ((ro# fowirdt ripe, tbt (hilt ii^ir the ttr, wtll Im 
 b«ni iMckw;|rilf «n<l forwardt i thoTtf Mn ftiould b« cut htf 
 truJ ukcn tw^y in » b«fket i if not (o rf moved, thcr wtU ia 
 cimt burtt tiitir Ikini ind infMI the found ctirn in bloflbm. 
 
 Famicrt whdkccp fhttp, rpay provrd« • rtock of •wt-fooA 
 •gainft thtif^ Umbing-time (which (hould not bt lill May), 
 by rowing turnen.recd pretty thick upon their pocatoe-land, 
 firlt taken up i thofe turncpt will gfow, under the fnow, and 
 giv« (he ewci » AuOa oT njilk ac lanibtng-time, when mod 
 ' •*~ited. 
 
 ■ \\ 
 
 
 9oer«tf for proftltfitaf /Igrfeult^iif |^ tk« 
 
 # >^ Pfovinceof Nova-Scotia, March 8, 1791. 
 
 * Governor \Ventworth in tK« chair. - K ' 
 
 npHE Secretary laid before the Society a letter' from th« 
 A * SSf 'V/ ^^ promoting Agriculture and Rural Econo^ 
 my in lyindror, with a copy of their conftitution and tempo-' 
 rary r^ulitioni, which were feverally read and approved. 
 The Secretary will acknowledge their communfcationi, and 
 urgf a pcrfeverance in the very ufeful and laudable fyftem 
 they have adopted. 
 
 ^'•The Bi(hdp propofed the Honorable Thomat Andrew 
 Strange, Chief Jufticepf the Province, for a member, who 
 wat ufkanimoufly admitted and appointed a Dire^or. Th* 
 Secfetau-jr will acquaint him with thefe proceedjngi. 
 
 Tht following are the Communicatiom received from th« 
 
 ^ £t ^ Society of the County of Hanti. 
 
 T» thi Sip&ITARY §/ tht AORICULTUIIAI/ SoCIITYi H 
 
 fHALIFAX^, » 
 
 IK, 
 
 Sy defire of the Society eftabliflied in thit county for tho 
 improvement of Agriculture and Raral Economy, I 
 I the honour to eoclofe you copiet of our conftitution and 
 temporary regulations. One regular meeting bat been held, 
 fince the adoption of the conftitutien i the (econd yf.% una- 
 voidably poftponed, owing to the aUence of moft crthe mem- 
 bert { and it to take place on the third Saturday of the pre« 
 fcnt moqtht ' 
 
 \\ 
 
 K.I. 
 
 t.. «^^ 
 
 lamdirodrdto inform you of the fahjUSN which havilMeii' 
 prqioied for experiment to the membert of^ie Society. One 
 experiment hat been made on flax, which provet, that, ex- 
 duCvf of (he value of the fe^d, that, which hat ftoqd for ri- 
 
i 
 
 '^^^ 
 
 
 t <• J 
 
 ...... 
 
 pM^ilf fit M^ ^«dtict« » Itfgtr i|uiAlifv ol (la», iiMrIf M 
 hiM M iKat, which «•»• iiullcdgrMn. ti«vtral taiiffrtincnu 
 Wtrt •Uo«t«<l oa iht fubit^) of rti^ii| i«irn«|N, ti lo iIm liiM 
 of fowinji ff**! tnd tH« b«rt mtnurct f**e ihvin, iWc. b<ui itk« 
 cropf b«tng dcAruycii hjr Kr«|»hup|i«r«, iHithirtif rtlulttti. Uil' 
 ftrtpl quaniiiitt of linif, riMrih idimI and plaiiltr of Ptrk, M« 
 \o b« tricUt* maiiurfi on fcvcril crop« in lh« cnfuing finring. 
 Having ohff rvtJ in th« minuttt o( the Qyrbec iicKictv, iht 
 eommunic«(ioa ol • 4ifcovcry hy • Mr. Bakua, of m«rhinffa 
 for 1lhr«(hing wh«af and cleaning benip, tHIt Socitt]f Mf ol 
 opinion that the inirodu^lion of tncr« niachi«c« will b« Higblf 
 UrncHcial to thia countrvi if ibcjr produce ihr cffa^ia tbcf 
 pf0«nif«t and beg leave (tronglv to recommend to the pro« 
 J^incial Society tu procure modela of them, if they are found 
 to aofwer the purpofea^ntended. Tbe WbcM SMChiitc wo^l4 
 be moil immediately neceflary. ^ >• 
 
 * Wf fff in expeaation of feverai communicationl tf ouf 
 litxt meeting, which wc (hall tranfmU to ydUt if they app«ar 
 deserving ot attention. , 
 
 1 baire the honour to be, with grMt rerp«^* i^ • 
 Youir obc^dient fervent, 
 
 JOHN VAN NOiU)£N»/8f6'l3r# 
 
 »»' 
 
 (knflitutittt tf a Stittj^'ftrmii im tht Ctunij •fHmnUi, A/Httd 
 Setliti^ftr tbiimfrnfimtnttf Jgricuhtirt and Jtural Ettnamj. 
 
 I. f I IHE Society (hall confift of a Prefident,a fenior andju« 
 I riior Vice-I'refidentt, a Secretary and Members — and 
 (hallmeet on the firft Saturdfy in July, tl^i firil Saturday iif 
 OAober, the iirft Saturday in January, and the firft Saturday 
 in April annually ; and ac ofrpn Hudci by adjournment, as 
 Ihev (hall think ht. 
 
 ' It. On the fird Saturday in July, annually^ the Society 
 
 (hall rhufc by ballot, their rrcfident, Vice-Prefidents, and Se- 
 
 - crctary i and at every meeting, the Prefidenty or in bis ab- 
 
 i fence, one of the VictoPreiidents accordiftg to foniorky, iiall 
 
 be chairman, and (hall be treated by every mcmbor with the 
 
 fitmoft dcflerenceand reffied { and mall haee abfeluto power 
 
 > to decide all matters of controverfy, that may arifit let ween 
 
 any of (he members, ^d in eafe of rtie abfenct «f tfi^ Pre- 
 
 fidentind both Vice-PrefidenMf, the membere ^cfent flially 
 
 from among (hemfelves, ^ufe ■ chairman for the ttmt being. 
 
 Wi. Every member (hall confider himfelf bound to tttcnd 
 
 it every flaied meeting, unlefa prevented by ■dttaHk'knr(«, 
 
 * or abfence from, the countr, or by Tome other rMfon, after- 
 
 W»rJt to b > t ^r^^mA hy tU m*jf>r|t y pf the SoCJCty . 
 
 IV. 
 
 ^< 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 • 
 
♦c: 
 
 J. 
 
 V 
 
 r 4f ) 
 
 Wf W« ^(ot^ rktil h« «<lmiftffd • oMmbcr of ihit Sddvtr, 
 «M» II HOC ■ rtft4«fH in iht counif il InA fl» monilii •vtry 
 f«ir, IMF a prnpritior of Undt in the Urn*. Ati«J tfttr fhc •• 
 doption of fhit C(jn(lituiion«^«U tdlliiAon fhall bt by h4lliif } 
 All^ nq p€t(un fhdl b« balloucU tot, unlcft h« h«« b««ft ur«« 
 PolH bf« mcbb«r; ai liy prfctdtng qaWttrIf mttiiHg uftM. 
 &oci«i)r, nor Y^9 dcrmcd duly rU.'h-d, unltA it (h«ll appcir 
 »h«« fwo thirda V( If ill 0l t^fl ffitiubfxt urtltiu lluU luv« •«. 
 ttd in bi« r«va|iK ^^ 
 
 V. Ever* p«rro«i gdmitted Into thU Sucltt* (hall pay Into 
 Ihf handi ejf (he btcreurx, for th« uft ol th« Socieiy, the (u,n 
 m njft (hijlingif on fuMvnbing to ih« conttitution, and after- 
 ward* (he fu.n of one thiltinff and chre«-p«ncf, at itch fuccflfd^ 
 Wl qu«'««rly mtf ting of tlie Society. 
 
 • ♦ 
 
 t . 
 
 Kverjf me^ubcr tbji ftiall, for thrtt monthi, nMlt^Tttt 
 p*y the fuma beroremcntioned, or any finra whicb Ihall be itn- 
 pofcdbf the Society, (lull be applied to in writing by (he 8«. 
 cr^tar y^ and if h», doc« not, on fuch application, dTfcharge th« 
 ImWH ■•fcft lh*nf»t quarterly meeting, the Secretary (hall 
 fwake report th^of to the Society, when the name of fuch 
 defaulter (hall be cfafed. and (hall not be reftored, until h« 
 jhall have paid all arreart, and be re-aduiififa by baU»l at be- 
 fore. ■ •• ' '■ Z,^-;. ' '. 'W f , . •.^:|. '• • . . . ■., 
 
 VII. A lltnmng^ rommif fee fliatt t>e app^Sitnted annualTy,' 
 vl«. on the (irit S4tufday in July, to conlilt of the Prefidenr, 
 the two Vice.Preridenta, the Secretary and four/ meinberi, to 
 bechofcnby ballot, whith committee ihalt meet on the Si* 
 *" if* P*^*"'""' to the ordinary meeting of the Society, and 
 at often by adjournment as thcv may think fit, to arrange and 
 prepare the bufinefi for the rubfequent meeting of tht Soci« 
 ety» 
 
 Virij Such exprrimvitt at the Society fhall think fit t^ 
 be made, (hall be allotted at their difcretion to parikular 
 members, who (hall eonfider themfelvea indifpenfabfy bound 
 to make the fame, in the manner dired^ed by the Society y 
 and to make report thereon to the Secreury «t fuch periods 
 the Society (hall direa. • '^^. ,.,,/., 
 
 IX. U flull not be required of any member *to make mor* 
 than one complete experiment in each year j but any mem- 
 ber ma^ without previous direiSipna, lay before the Society 
 any number he may chufc, and may propofe fuch experinientt 
 and improvements as he may think ht, to be taken Jmo con. 
 fideration by the Society. 
 
 __X. The Society (hall keep up a correfpondence with tht 
 General Society formed at Halifax, for promoting Agricul- 
 ture, and will co-operate as far ai poifible in C4fryine\ their 
 purpofes into eflFea. '^ ^ ^ '' •\ 
 
 =^=^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
r m I 
 
 
 f- 
 
 MriSif^ilMt i 
 
 ^•ll|^«coril«d alt 4otuiiom mai« to ifi« i<i«t«|y^ wMk tM 
 thii ciMiAi<iitiofH aiMl tM rtguUiUMM in fofr* for tli« iki« wT 
 
 j^ 
 
 1^* 
 
 TN compliaiiet witli tlit rt<|u«il aTour ^tfip, f ft^J -^ 
 1 M account of th« mcthoii I »mv« for fomc |iifi« mA puf. 
 futd in prtptnng my «rli««t for f^a » which it m fdlowtM 
 I Ult* • bwlft«l of mir h«fl wh««« •imI notir it ilowty iiiM • wi4i 
 ««fl«l n«irt)r fiU«d with «rM«r ,• th«n Air it tnii ftU off iHui. 
 •••r trifM to the furfWi . Tht /wheat b«ing thus cImtc^ oT 
 Itghl graina amJ r««da of wt«<ii, 1 poMr off ihTi walor mA Mt 
 •« frtib. iMving it to foak for iw«U« ho«iri, unlala in vtry 
 warm w«atli«r, when t«ii hoor* will anfwtr. KHm Out I mic 
 th« wfcaac into a ptckla at Orong aa it ran b« maM with Ml ' 
 diffolvcd in cold watar \ \ in ihia fituation I laavt it iw«lv« 
 hourt.~It it to b« obiarvcd, that in ih« above relation, 1 am 
 AiDDoj-ad CO polErra but one vcffel, fliould I have more, oioro 
 buDicIa of wheat would bo under the operation, at the famo 
 
 *il!l* iT?* "'^••' *"*"*l ^'^^ '" P^*'''* '•^ •^'^« •»«*»»•« 
 
 •*•»•» ■-*•• P"* ** ^n balkata to drain for a Caw niautca, if-\ 
 tar thU I fpraad it about thrco inchaa thick oa a floor, liAijig 
 linM ovtr and flirrini it unt^l each grain ii c«itad over iim 
 li«t \ I than (hovel it into a heap, in which fituation I l^vo 
 it for twenl^.foi^ houra at laall. k ^ now AiAckndf piw- 
 jwad for fowinir* Should any t^ii| preheat its being lown 
 for two dayfl, I again fpread and expiolt it to tha air for about ^ 
 fivf minutaa, heaping it immediateljr iftatwu^ m baAxti 
 thia I ra^t nytty da/ oiitil it ia fown. W 
 
 I have purfued thia modo for eight fean wkh tb« gmltil 
 fuccafiswriviouttowhi^hnnrcropa wareaa ftilma to fmiit 
 u«n]rora;rii«igbbo«ri. At the firff ti»e, not having any 
 
 f'?f. "5 l°,*r* T****^ from chf h«l fiiccafe of thWe who 
 ad lioMidthtir llNd but imperfeaiy, I orepared only half of 
 »/ tiad in thii auontr, tha other biOf I fowad without any 
 
 ftfeparatiiMi i 
 
 * 
 
 € 
 
 • TkatMlaif aia at ariii(M 
 i^y't lai li ad , to lai ihatdl 
 
 bamlaiwUtanfiewika 
 
 ikat li wmM be an Iwniiil— li •• Mr. 
 
 2<<kto, laAMa ef waaar, bi mim tlw kanar la taai tha Ugkt paiaa aaiMa 
 
 t jr*l.!?«'«l' •**^ »«««■**« ■■Nifriaefe-iliijafia peA. haA ••' 
 
 ^^^^^ w^^^jjl- ^I^^W ^P ^W^ IMw 
 
 :^^~ -■-- - - - - ■ 
 
 
u 
 
 < 
 
 ^W"' 
 
 »« 
 
 k~ 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 f ii ) 
 
 
 ^«» r««ti)r i« « |r««i j#-,.«. r 
 
 N« |r»tf Ml 
 
 on lit* cotiirarj 
 linitJ 
 
 r 
 
 iitih 
 
 «m«i. uW i»Tr " ^ !"' "'"' l""P""««>n the cut. 
 
 «u.e d,(rWt«. r^^ , .f "l>«'im.nc to try two o, 
 
 '^rgtlt (No.,) wtr. fomcwhat J4rgcr ihai. ihof. ^iMdlJ 
 
 •.,#^ 
 
 i«i 
 
 ■i 
 
€1 
 
 n 
 
•i 
 
 I % 
 
 I 
 
 V. 
 
 t 
 
 io:er.XrS'ofN?,V- '^^^^^^ (No. 3) w. J! 
 
 make i ' •"** cultivation a. nearly Jlk, .. 1 could 
 
 From the firft appearance of the plants, a ftrikin«t diffar. 
 the hills from No. i, had ten. twelve, or fourteen ftalki 
 
 Than f.:.r Jfu ^'^T.^.°*> •« manv inlfancei had not more 
 than fc"r ftalks and ihofe fmalt and /eeblc. The difference 
 -^ though ft.ll very^crcept.blc wa, notfo great toward, the e„ii 
 of the fummer, as at the beginning. * 
 
 tbi;;olc:t7^^^ ''"^^'"'" ^'^^^ ^^^ -" '-^- "p> -^ 
 
 No. I, produced 280 lbs, /' 
 
 ■ • /.^ No. 2. •- 249* ■••'" -.. ' •: *■.' 
 
 ^ ^. No. 3, ,6g 
 
 found to be 6ilb.. 1 litrcfore the produce of No. i wai 
 
 W«nTo'°ra n'd n'""^''' 'f " "''^"'^ ^^^^ 
 con^d^.W. ir °* 3'. "*^»''y »^o buflids. This is very 
 
 com derable. If an acre, planted with cuttings fuchjis No i 
 would produce 200 bunicfs, by planting fu?h as No V\ll 
 «obU'' '°f^ ^\'^"*'''' In fou^irefthebS'^illt 
 
 J am infornjed. that fome farmerrin the province plant on- 
 
 /nii ^w^^^lVTf'^ ^"-^ ^'"'^ 'he reft to their battle or 
 hop. With thcfc the lofs muft^c ftill greater. 
 
 1 defign topuifuethe fubjea farther, and may hereafter 
 commumcatf the refultti^ the Society. "«"»»/ '»«'^"Wf 
 
 - ' ■,- : 
 
 0«/^. Utility cfintroducing th, gintril Cultivotitn of Red 
 . Uovir ,n th,s Province : By mUiam Cottnam Tonge, ify 
 
 AMONGST all the late improvements in the agriculture 
 near ^ltltl^''"^\^^'''^ have brought the fcience fo 
 dover miv hf '°T ^i" ''^'^ "°""^'"y' "^^ ""rodudion of red 
 borl^nt ^K Tti-^ **r °f »»'e principal and mott im- 
 i>ortant ; the ufe of this valuable crop, and turneps, ha, nearly 
 
 ,■■...:.- v^.. ':•:•.,;■• ■ ... ' 'ibiniihcd ^ 
 
 
 • » > 
 
 
 ^fl 
 
^"■«""«!IP"W 
 
 J, 
 
 f 53 J 
 
 baniflied the Dr»ai<;« of employing unprofitable fallows u a 
 
 preparation for cropi of grain. The farmers of G Aat Pri- 
 
 dZntl"''! "O' on'y " the herbage for laying their land. 
 
 «fown to meadow, butalfoasa part of their arable fyftem. 
 
 •xperience teaching them, that the cultivation of it, is one 6f 
 
 nUiSg vSTeVt "'' *"* '*"'^"''* for prcparirfg land for jho 
 
 The introduaion and general ufe ef thit crop, would I am 
 
 convmced. be equally beneficial to this countr? ; to the cir" 
 
 cuinftances of which It appears every way perfe^ly adapted. 
 
 , It It a frofition, which I conceive will be universally affent- 
 
 ^jo, that this province can never become rich or flouriftiinjrr 
 
 until Its inhabitanu can accompliih the raifing of their owii 
 
 Z^J^nZir"'^ !^J^ tTV* »"^ Piriicularly thof; who 
 are^ w,ploycd in culti^iJlni its l«„d,, %u|;rnyariably bedi- 
 
 The caufes of the preftjSt deficiency are not fo be foucht ia 
 tjlTn'l: •"• ^f- °^ '^/o""'^y» hut may eaf.ly be E 
 hMtl nT^^'T* •"'*>'"»P'-«P"<'nanagement of the in- 
 Habitants. 1 he reafon that more wheat is not raifed in this 
 province, is, that^more land is not prepared for that grain x ' 
 and It IS a faa well known to thofe who are acquaintel Zh 
 the general practice, that much wheat is fown without any 
 previous preparation of the land ; the crops beiiig fuch as 
 might be expeded frdm fuch management. ^ 
 
 The complaints made a^ainft this country, as unfavourable 
 «7r» f ' "• ^''""*^ '" '«"<»■■''"" "«■ Pre/udice , the crops 
 aftrrionf*'" IT """^^ ^T °^ '' P*Jp-bly contradi^ing fuch 
 ri«.cl ?a' "•''T '*>':J"d$'""t of men, who have bad expe! 
 rience in agriculture in other countriea a^ well as this. The 
 chief rea natural difadvaniage that the province labours un- 
 aer, II, Wie Ihoitncfs of the feafon for performing the feveral 
 works ot agriculture ; this circumftance may forbid the ufe 
 of that extenhve tillage which is praaifcd under more fovour- 
 able climates, but docs, by no means, extend to prevent every 
 tarmer from railing his own bread and a furplus ftfr fale • the 
 aggregate of which furplus will form a fund not only for the 
 
 Sif/K ► ir r'^'*'' *•■' not employed in the cultivation of 
 Jands, but alfo for exportation, which I cannot rdinquifli tho 
 ho^ of feeing take place from this country. ' U- ' ^ ^ 
 As the (hortnefs of our fcafoi) may pj-eV^nt us from avail- 
 i?f nrl'/S'j/V ^'^.'"'"y/^des of preparing our U„rfs, whic 
 I? ^L "^ " "'^^ different climates, we (hould ungueflio 
 
 --Wr b^ mx^atteniive to the ule oJ thofe whi^W p« 
 liarJy adapted to our own ; and the cultivation of clover ^io- 
 pears t o me one of the, tooft ii npoite»t,of tjtefc. notat pr^fent 
 
 We 
 
 -i- — 
 
 i 
 
 N*,. 
 
 l 
 
> 
 
 
 W.cwinot MfytiitaiUiilx cultivate turnept (one of the 
 irwt ground work, of Modern hufl,.ndry In kU^) toZ 
 
 SSJn^'2."' T"*' 1.*^.'"'^ °'" cllnut/will nof .Do; of o«J 
 fMdingibmi through the winter, and the Uhour of ecttiair 
 Iheo, up ..jd ftor«»^ them, would m.k. them Z cxJXA 
 bnt no fuch obj.di.on liee to the ufe of clover, which mlj 
 Wj hout lof. of time, or •dditlonal expe«Ce ( efcc'epTthe fe^{ 
 
 ceeds them, an^l would by Iving two years in the irround. 
 
 prepwe it in the moft perfedl manner for another crop ofihS 
 , grain, producing m the mean time rnbH beneficial i«Jurni for 
 
 the \»nd .t occupies. By the ufual mode of managcmemL 
 ^-wheat la procured but once, af^er a perfeft mamiHifa wUb^ 
 
 potatoes, or other hoed crops (unlefs by the execrable method 
 
 of fowing it two feafons fucceikvely ) if being ufuaUy follow! 
 
 nefs^j the land is then turned out to grafi, producine little or 
 nothing but weed, until time has rdlSred U to fmrifty b^i^a 
 unh. for the produaion of wheat, without another mSurZ^ 
 orlyingajjrwt length of tlm« in patturei whereas, byfowifS 
 clover fceJwith the wheat, following a hoed crop/ the land^f 
 made to produce two valuable crops of hay andTralk. and . 
 rendered in the hi^heft degree fit fSr the r^epZ of wheat 
 lor let the ground Ibe in any degree rich, on which clover is 
 lown, the deep penetjratmgr 4roots and long fhadowy tout of 
 th.. plant are lure to .Weafe its richnefs, Snd bring it trthat, 
 mellow itate, fo favou^le to the growth of that grain. 
 
 On the whole, I moft earneflly recommend to my brother ' 
 farmers the ufe of this jjlant, the cultivation of which will fo 
 much mcreale the ouaiftity of their wheat land... 
 
 Thegreatobftacic to the adoption of it, isthecoft of feed 
 (ifpurchaled) i and many have betndeterred from raifing it 
 by the difficulties they have experienced in attempting to get 
 It cleaned from the huflcrbut the firft objeaion may be 5>, 
 yuted bypurchafmg but a fmall ouantity of the beft Enfflilh 
 Iced, for a ftock to raife more /rpm j aiid the diffii^ulty of V 
 clcanfing feed may be removed bj^stttnding tojbetollowin» ' 
 : ^ircumftance, which is, that in railing clover, to ripen feed, il 
 la^ecclTary to feed doi^n <>r mow the firft groJvth in the 
 jp^^ng (which tends wholly to ttalksj leaves anS chaft-). , J ^ 
 ^«f^« '» r°)r "P "" «wr midfimmcr J by thIsmcaQs the ' ' 
 
 ^ N!;''^'^°''*^'*?'»''^^'"*>»''« fci? leaves on Wm^ , 
 u- K b« <^0''efwl with large hwds welt filled with feed, 
 
 which parts eafily from the hulk. .''"» 
 
 I n ?" A*^^"^!**" SocietyQlr. BurtnnC) who firft m.nt;»^ _ • 
 
 -■/'■ .• 
 
 •4 
 
 eJ this 
 
 . . tlfcamftiBCe to me, liti raifed as fine clover feed in 
 this way Many imported from England, and will doubtlefs 
 
 : ^ 
 
 
 . 1 . ■.« 
 
 communicate 
 
 . I 
 
M .1 1 l i p 
 
 
 c«mmMtm to My piHba, delirouf of luforniaeioo, dM i 
 thodi hf^ took tp dam it.« 
 
 i 
 
 ',;.«• 
 
 , % r«i>,| ,/ Cthit . BfJrtUim Cktmm Trng,, B/f% 
 
 nj^ktmr^Httit f tttek ii among tk« firft objea* of tiM fbr. 
 
 1, mwr of thit okunrry, and a Tubjea well worthr the ac 
 
 tention or ihoie, who Wi(h to imjirove lU agriciiluir« and rMiil 
 
 To facillrat. thh ^r^t^lhtglwtrtlMmftOfw^mm. 
 ■end, to this Society a method Ihave purfued for three wot* 
 with « Mgree offucceft, which makes me defirout of feeinc 
 the praaice propofod, generally adopted. My mode ii to turn' 
 QMt typo calv gtjgl ila cow, letting them run with her at Iom . 
 
 *r n "'^iflKJ'*"'" '^ ^^^ ^^ ''^^ "^^ veaiitd Z- 
 
 ; ^^he t»^^5tobieat to IM atcmdalto f n Weedfiig oT. 
 ftock are, Firft, the raffing of good cattle j and. Secondly, th^ 
 doing thit with the leaftpoffiblfoxpence. The modt pro- 
 
 * Mr. Barton ha* lliic* MMmaotesMd hli MMh^ at tmAmm -* &^ j^ 
 
 thf S(M«ty, which i» .. f0llow« ,■""■■•• "*^ ** ^'^ •••^ *^«» 
 
 tw^. H« 4o« not d«ira tkac it dieuld b« Vwy rich, m thM would ct«r« tS 
 prtfrfn rowing tho clovor withont uy fort of iraln. Mtf tim tiiht doho4« 7 
 
 H;«lul JTh^'A*^ ■^'" *^ ■»*'*•• •' *«V. h« '••««• l« down, ^' 
 
 •!u ffJ'l-JTf S?!*k'""!^" *l""- J*»^^ *"" •« ••« tlw Atm., hot 
 only th« loatroi, which would otherw ft draw off tho Arensth of th« >!•>* 
 
 ?hif '•"'* It ^^p^Mi^ it. M. lb «o^S«ir«rSlll hy'Tblf K 
 Aftor foedini *>'*«» th* clow quite cloTo, ho remom fhc damr which tho 
 
 *-2Il!/*^. /"'" '»" *^*" »• •>• rfp« by tN opHortnco ofiho* tadi, or bv 
 NW»ing out ronw httwecn the hondi. l/ the feedi ere turned dark, the d^ 
 
 !TJ?'^1''°^?r .Wh«»ltl.fo«clewlyd,yhec«rie.!?l«iV.l;vS 
 • Wfore time, thtefhee it on a xood ctofe ao(^ With common flalU. ThU 
 
 riorf '*!!^* .*iL' •*,*^«>? »»'« «"»•. After throwing .fide the draw with 
 .h.«^L /.I" *'?'•* •'*"'•"• ••• I**"*" «•>• I**"!* tSroughawlderlddlor 
 
 I n Ew Kla nd . they g enwf aU y fep « r»t a the f oo d f rom th e h o C k i n mllli mroMtU 
 
 !r,M V rt"* 'w'' rJ** ■,*,?!!•* *<»««»»<»'»«l »'«»W^ a middling e,«p niaj 
 
 wiJJ fell* at the iowefl computation, for ten poandt. Thit ia a proftt^rkUk - 
 hardly any other application of land, in thit fireWncs, cm ofual. 
 
 A 
 
<l» 
 
 r i« J 
 
 \ 
 
 vtt" ■ 
 
 |K>M tends t<i both 4)bjtA« i and I truft will bt folind effcau- * 
 
 !?'i. w' A*"*'"9E* ^J' ■" ^*'** '"*''• i»>«««P«rini«iit. 
 J A . P/^^WP *"* l^ciency of thit method fo^ raifinff 
 good fto<;k^ ^hat Fcan offer, art tho cattle of three feveral 
 growth!, raifed in thi» manner, Which I may fafely fay will do 
 credit to th« mode of their breeding i But m all who may bt ' 
 inclined to adopt the praaice, may not find it convenient to ^ 
 fee thia evidence of ita utility. I b^g leave to offer the r*t- ' 
 fona why I think thi*. haethod cpnducei to raife better calm 
 . than that ufuallv pruaifed.^ " ., *, ..,4w ■ lA, i v. 
 
 In the firff pJ«ce, I believe the)r get mbre milk | Ibrthc* 
 cow bwng left at her liberty to choole the beft pafture in <h« 
 langc, being frte from anxiety for her c|l^( which ufually ap. 
 peaff to d.ffref. thofe which are kept aplirt from theira), ami 
 not having the bc|l of her fccding.time uken up in going to 
 and returninff fromfthe milking-yard, may naturally be fuppo- 
 fed to give frfuch more milk- than (he would in the ordinary 
 coyrfe of au;tiagement j and the calvci, by theconltant drain 
 ol the milk, may be.fuppofed to increafe the quamity j as ex- 
 perience tellt ui, that the clofer a cow ii milkid the neater 
 HMantity of milk (he will give j and when farmers wlfli to dry 
 * 5,?T» ^^^y. invariably lea^ fome mijk in her udder at every 
 milkmg. Ih the fccond plfce, the calves receive their po'rtion 
 of mdltat'the times that nature diredi them to take it, fand. 
 gcneriUIv fpeaking, flic will he found $he beft guide in futlh 
 matters) and the quantity will be regularly the lame daily^ 
 ^ acircumftanccnot to be attained in the ufual management, it 
 much muff be left to the care of fervants or |oysI Farther, 
 the calves being accuAomed to receive their milk frequently,- 
 and .in fmall portions, do not rely on it as their chief food, 
 but become earlier fatniliarizcc^ to feeding on gnift, whicfi al- 
 io makes theii: weaning more cafy. 
 
 With retard to the economy of this methijid, it would not 
 be inconfidciable if^confined lolely to the faving of-thc labour 
 of tending and fuckling the calves j but this if but a fmall part 
 of the advantage to be expefted. I am as well convinced as 
 I can be H-. gentft-altobfervation (not 'having afcertained the 
 ladts by ex;;»crimcnt)' that a much greater quantity of milk ja 
 obtained frolh two cows, by this method of taking the calf 
 entirely frbm the one, ajjd giving up the other to the mainte- 
 .nancc of the two calves, than by the- ufual method of lettine 
 each give halj her milk to her own Calf ; and after tife wean? 
 ingof thQ calves you have the .nurfing cow't milkatWeli 
 a»''tbq other's. . ■' - ■. . ■ . .^* ^: ' , ■ , ■ ' ^ .*' 
 
 •> 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 » ' ■ . ' 
 
 >• 
 
 
 
 , , . '' 
 
 
 y^'4-'': 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 % 
 
 V. 
 
 Another maiehal advantage to be.dfrive^frt)m this modeJ 
 « the ftvmg hiilf of the near, and enclofe.d cow-pafture on i 
 farm, during riic fore part of the fcafon, when it is m^yff Wantw 
 
 
m 
 
 I 
 
 ►. ■ -; .. 
 
 I 
 
 V. 
 
 • f* f ' 
 
 ^ •■-* ■-[ ■|7J:^;. 
 l•ft fcrtkti««i Mia calvctniiyiirWfi«llntOin¥dilhiii| 
 b*ck range or wood paOiirc, to ih« vtrygreM cof^enitiict ^ 
 molt fanners in thi, country, who generally have an extent S 
 fuch pailure on their farmi. Several objeAiona wire oppo.. 
 fod to thia plan, whiclfati proved ^riviaf in the execution of 
 it. IC was fuggefted, ihac there would be a dTifliculty in ma- ' 
 king the cow»uketo4wo calves at oncei that they would ' 
 
 ?*V*/CV >" '" '•*^**" » ***•* ^^*y *^«>«W^ fnucb reaucd[ 
 in ^elh by the Aicliling, and that the calves would be trouble?^ 
 fome to wean : but f found little trouble in makwra cow » 
 take to two calves. I had only to confiae her in a llantlto.aX 
 an* put both cahres to fuck her at the fame time, and aftt/a * 
 iV^"^ fuckingj when the t»ilk had palled through their • 
 bodies, (hecoul(f not diftinguiih them, on*^ from another, 
 and,tiien 1 turned them to pafture togvthrr. , I never had a 
 farro^r cow Irnce | purftied the praarce, mine always goinK to 
 the bull as loon as the calves were wcintd, which Wought 
 them m very good («afon j they were ever in as goodorde? at,- 
 tbofe which were milked, and I atwavs foMnd lefs diffcuiy in ' 
 yeainng calves railed ii» thia way than in the uftiaf mode^ig* 
 nothing rtorc. was neccfiafy than td' feparate them at once 
 fcdin the cows,. which they forg9t in,a day or tvyo. ^ 
 ^Qn the who!*, I conceive thr Method Vkvrtfty of general 
 ■dopoon, and I be^ leayeearneftly to recommeMtl to fome 
 members, whofe 4ituation .will allpw o^it, to afccTrtain Ky fttr'^ 
 .wpcnAient the^ comparative utility 9f both method's j which 
 may be done by pairing foue <;o#8 at equally aft poffible, turn- 
 ing .out calv^i^meh one of tvifo, frt#rairmg them In thiiifuaj 
 wav with the odier.two, carefully meafi|ring the milk produ- 
 ced by«ach pair m the-^ourfo of the feaion, and weighing 
 the calves !at the end of it. . v ; «/ • ' * * 
 
 
 
 ^v-x 
 
 . 1-,. *. 
 
 r «.— o 
 
 :i':_: 
 
 mLmU. 
 
 -.^^-i: 
 
 '^PO^ expatiate on all the advantages to bir derived from Ac 
 X fuccefsful cultivation of hemp iji this coV^m^y,. woufd b« 
 \ of confiderablc magnitude; and evert, t^^nurtjerate 
 I rii^*l"" J**** mebevonrthe limits oMy prefen^efign ,. 
 I M! therefore only briefly and genetaTly obferve, thajno'^ 
 crooat prefentcultivated in this province, yields half fuch pro. 
 ht from an acre, as hemp } that the extraordinary expence ^ 
 : "fr"j-'*! "^''.'l" ^? }^^ amount of t he produce ^ tW^f^ 
 
 /' 
 
 , >flj?«Jj employrtlent tor pebplc in the tniftlelfuri S- - 
 
 Tr. A 'u*: ff"* * *''"' ^** ^*f ^'*»"» exhacifling the ground. 
 
 It tends highly to prepare it for whWt, deftroyine weedJ 2^ 
 
 and meliorating the foil in a fupri?ing decree iv^lj^l. 
 
 hi 
 
 
 MMM 
 •■iiil 
 
' ; ' 
 
 .H<- 
 
 y 
 
 
 X 
 
 Ir, th«t it ii •Iwrtjr* in demand, cytr product! ci|h, and from 
 the nature of tht dcmandf muft' command a good' price. — 
 1 htfc confiderationt muft be ilronji induccmcnia for prudent 
 farmers to attempt the cuUivati<M^ of hemp ( and to forward 
 their views, and promote their fuccefs, the following dire^i- 
 ons (partly compiled from the, b«ft publications on the fuh- 
 
 1'eA, and partly refultint from four years tuperience in that 
 tufmefs) «« n-eely ofllVred, with hearty good wifliet, that 
 they may anfwer the purpofe ihey are' intended for, and lead 
 to the senrral cultivation of this valuable crop. 
 
 All the authors who treat oi) the raiftng of hemp agree, 
 that the foil for it (hould be deep, ricb| light, and moderately 
 dry. Every part of this defcription points out our fandy 
 dyked marfhet, which lie high on the banks of the creeks, 
 and the high rich intervals, as foils pe^fe£tly adapted to the 
 
 Sowth of this crop \ and Tome trials I have had of the marih 
 il, leave me without a doubt, that it iis in every refpe^ eli- 
 gible for the propagation of hemp { and will not fail, with 
 proper management, to produce the moft bcncificial returns 
 under this crop. Some of our upUndfoils, anfwering nearly 
 to the above defcription, might ferve extremely well Tor this 
 purpofe \ if deep and dry enough, they may be made lightct 
 and richer by tillage and manure. 
 
 The proper foil being chofen, the next confideration is, to 
 prepare it for the feed, and much attention is due to this par^ 
 of the bufincfs. The fucccfs of the undertaking depends a 
 good deal on making the ground fufficiently fine ) for this 
 purpofe, a previous fummer rallow is one of the beft^and mod 
 efficacious preparations, and will be found amply to r^pay itii 
 exprnce, by the goodnds of the crop immediately following 
 it, and the advantage it does the land in future .__lf t his 
 mod^, however, fhould be thought too tedious and efpMlffve, 
 the land may be prepared by plowing it once in the fall and 
 twice in the fpring. Tbefe plowings, I conceive, to be in- 
 difpenfably neceflary ; but the idea qf the coft of them fliould 
 nordifcourage the farmer, aa they are done with lefs labour 
 and expence than he may at firft imagine ; for the land fit for 
 hemp iit naturally mellow, and, after jthe firft plowing, is 
 turned with inconceivable eafe. With the laft plowing, the 
 land ftiould be laid into ridges of about Ax feet' wide (but cer- 
 tainly not wider than eight feet)y^ and then it (hould be har- 
 rowed^ as fine as the border of a garden i which ii eafily done 
 in its mellow ftate. . - 
 
 1 conceive the beft time forfowlngto be, between the loth 
 
 
 and 20th of May, in common years ; earlier or later 
 anfwer, but I think, this period the beft. There is a favour- 
 able period in every fpring, equally free from coldi chilling 
 
 
 
 rams, 
 
 rf7aW«r5<o'-i 
 
•^"^^e^ 
 
 . . t 
 
 A' 
 
 .„^. 
 
 M» 1 
 
 .X 
 
 rainf, tnd dry ptrehing w{n<f« i thi ftowf rt ire then wirtn, 
 • tnd the lir generally in fome degree moift j it ia the time 
 In wMbh vetetition beme to be exerting all if« powert, «Mia 
 It certainly chc favourable moment for Towing hemp, tf ||^ |». 
 duces the ferd to vegetate altogether j an obje« of vaft fm- 
 portance j for if one half ol the crop gett fairly up fome days 
 Won the other, it infallibly fmotheri and keepi down the 
 younger growth. » , 
 
 W^th regard to the quantity of feed for an acre. T hare no. 
 ted the greateft diverfitv of .opinion in the diredUons I have 
 heard and read on the fubjea ^ fome direfiing. to fow four 
 °"2!«j»» «nd fome only half a bufliel i but mod fay three ■ 
 ^uflieli per acre. 'Without attempting to fet up an opinion 
 contrarv to thofe who have had more experience, I 
 fhall only obferve, that, in the courfe of my trialt, fomething 
 left than a bulhel and a half per acre produced a crop which 
 appeared quite thick enough] for irich land ; and two bu(hels 
 per aere, in the fame ground, feemed to produce it at thick 
 a« It could (land. It if to be noted, that, pontrary to the na- 
 ture of ot^er crops, the richeft lah^ requyes the mdft feed in 
 a!''*.^ ?*"#» 5"*" °»> ^hii fubjeft recommends that the feed 
 Ihould be kept in a cellar ten da;s tcfore it is fown. '^ I never 
 pradtifcd this mode, but think it an excellent bne, at it rtuft 
 tend to produce-that equality id the firft ftiQot, which is To 
 important to thef^jccefs of the crop. , 
 
 e I^'J^'^*^ ***'"^ *'"" P^'P^i^e*** and thfe grAund mide per- 
 
 fedtly fin«, a harroW (hould be drawn over it, fo as to makq 
 
 little (cores in it aboutthree inches apart j this done, the feed 
 
 ^Jhould be fown as even as poflible. Some recommend the 
 
 fowing one half length way of the land, and the otheracrofs j 
 
 and I think it a good method, jf the fower has npt a perfe<St 
 
 confidence in the regularity of his laft. for covering in the 
 
 , feed, if the quantity isf.uall, you may rake acrofs the ridgef 
 
 With hay rakrs," which is an eff«aual and not very tediout ' 
 
 method ; but a harrow, with fmall teeth fet very clofe, da«# 
 
 as well and is more expeditious. The cattle that draw thii 
 
 hartow fhould walk in the furrows. WJicn the feed is fown 
 
 aj here dwcaed, the furrows dearcd out with a fingle borft^ 
 
 plow, and the crofs drains well opened, no further care h nii 
 
 ceflary, until the time of pulling, (u|ef»Vomc rank wecr 
 
 ftiould arifc, which ii (hall bC necelTalfto pull i>p) : for the 
 
 crop will effeaually keep down il| feedi of' an inferior 
 
 growth. ' ' 1 
 
 It yUrWl hA be neceffary to obferve, that hemp is naturalJIy 
 ti^tWo-H=~*- -'- '-' "• •'».-. z. 
 
 ^dedint|>tWo kindai the^aalcy- which only blo(feHH.-i ij 
 the female u/hi/«h k«»4re *k« r.«»j i» r>! i^Lj^-. « '#••■. 
 
 the female which bears the feed. In EbgWnd, it is univerfally 
 the pra^wf to pull tjio male hemp by ufilf, leaving the fe. 
 
 male 
 

 ] 
 
 ) — 
 
 if ii 
 
 \ 
 
 If 
 
 iMl« ihrtt wtflki or ■ momh longtr, lo rip«n (he fttd. Os 
 tn« contintm of Amt rica, tNjr g«n«ralfy (with but Urn •»• 
 ICcptioni) pull it Aftogaihtr t fuwing (om^ •xcccdingly thia 
 Sfcr 4 (uooly of Cetd. Th« Uit«r rouft. I ropporr, b« th« pr«<. 
 ' Bet of thu eoyiitrjr i •• th« r«nic cauict which iiiduc« tht A- 
 mericana lo adopt chii mode, opcratt equally Wi thia prqviact, 
 With (he additional one, that the fird pulling >otild inierfcro 
 with our corn harvclU. The reafun* lor preferring thia pracf 
 tict art— fir ii, bccauf«ih«r« ta not, perhaps, fo miich di0«r» 
 f nc« ill the ripening of the feverat kind* of hemp in America, 
 frhere vegei«tionia fo rapid, aa in Kurope, where it loperatid^a 
 •re flower t fecondly, becaufeihe hemp ii ndPiarantcdfor thofe 
 purpofea of making fitie cloth, to which the male pulMaloot 
 " "("*l'y«ppli«d in tnglind j and bttly, (the molt important 
 confidcration) becaufe it U inflniicly the Icaft ejipenfiwe way t 
 for the feparate pulHnjj of an acre of mala hemp, certainly 
 colts, at leal), twice ak much an the taking up of the whde 
 crop togptlitr » bcAdca tbt IrouUc of (wo rottiugs, dryings, 
 
 The true time for pulling the male hemp fingly, is, wt,. 
 the farina (that it, the flour or du^ which is formed in tht^ 
 bloflv^t* of a plant) i* blown off, fiitn the leavea fade ^ni 
 turn yellow, a«# the ftalk begins tpi^row whitiOi J butltwiU ^ 
 be advifablc^o delay the work abok^eight or ten days if.tht * 
 whole c;of> ii to be pulled togcthiWUfiemp is pulled up by 
 th* roots in the fame manner as fljMt, ajid Oiould be dried one 
 or two dava before it is rotted ) thk labour of pulling va>ifi 
 with the ftatc of the foil j if thia '%% mellow and light, th< 
 work is lefs \ if fliffjnid hard, it is proportionably greater % 
 It a medium, I fuppofe about fevcn or eight men would pull 
 an acre in a An^. When a little dried, the hemp fliould be 
 tied imq bundles about a yard round, for takingjihe water. 
 
 In the knowledge of the rotting part of the birtincfs, ImuA 
 cjjinfefs my deficieticy. i found my diredions oil this hea4 
 ycry impcrfca, and have not had fuflicient experience to b« 
 able to malce tbof^y 1 am giving fo ufeful as I could wifti. 1 
 '^all thereCbre giVe thd hcfk iiiltru£iions I have received, ad- 
 
 "-j; fuch obrcrvatidus/ as have occurred io me in the courla 
 iiy own praiSlice. 1 conceive it may be fet down a$ acer- 
 *- that the fofteft water is the bell for the rotting of 
 Some ricoiiimend running water; but for many rea- 
 fons J am inclined to think th^* improper. A flialiuw pond, 
 with a clean bottom, wlui-h can be filled with foft water, and 
 drained out again, wotifd, IcoiKreive, be the moft eflicacioui 
 and convenient for thiii purpofc ; a»d fuch a one n^ight br 
 
 -H . 
 
 • «k 
 
 , / ** 
 
 rtofrwaRIi; ttfciim, at a~very ' finall expencc. 
 The beinp iiiul| not be laid thicker than three feet at the u(.. 
 
 f 
 
 t^^j^-'z. 
 
 TOE" 
 
 '*t 
 
V ' ' 
 
 *. 
 
 mod t Mil, I iMnk, If not mora tinfl two ^ tl w^r<! %« 
 b«ii«r. li ii fuAcient bartly to cuter i( with water, ani tn 
 iMt Aatt il i» to ll« until tiM btrk.^tt frttly from tht Aalh, 
 wtfich it will do in about five daya, if the wtaihcr it w^m 
 and Che water iofi t but otherwiCe it will t»k« a longer timf, 
 «»»• fo twtmv dayf. It muft at .tWt peilod be atttully at- 
 tctid«|io, and immedjately taken up when it^ fhowt thit Up\ 
 of botng watered aaough. It will be neceflary lo let it titaia 
 iwenty-fuur Koura alter it it t4ktn from the w^tcr, (ot it yi fa 
 If itder, at (irll, ih»t much of it irould break and be lod i on 
 thia account, alftH the bundle nuilk be' fct up an- ^ttd^ to |{ro# 
 ftitf, for a day pr two be/ore they arc opened to dry. In th^ 
 ftage« fom« recommend the drying it imineiliatcly, and wheik 
 dfy, (lacking or hourtn||; it| othert diredl that it fhould b« 
 grafted (ix or eight day* on a lulc/ in the manifer of ilax i ani 
 thi« I conceive to be the r^ul* eligible mode. On the vitljole, 
 1 think the beft diredion'that can b« given for this part of thA 
 maiu^emcnt of hempi, to ihofe who are acquainted with tht 
 piocela of cutting flax, ii, to purfue the fame mode tffty firA 
 mofl affiedual and conveniient for thit purpofe, (niakmii. th« 
 neccOary allowance for the'dlflercnt Uzet of the planiiT, for* 
 
 . the quality of both are elTentially the fame, and the fanUi go^ 
 neral principles of management will anfwev. for each. | 
 
 Having premifed thit, I (hall mention a drcumftance ^idl 
 ftama to leid to the difcovery of an ejifier and more expeditU ' 
 out mode of managing thia part of the bulinefa. I had tbi« 
 year, vn p. fmall patch of ground, fome very fine hemp which 
 
 • lluod fo^ feed } after drying it a little on the ground when 
 pulled, and taking out partpfthe feed, I had it fct up againit 
 foiMc fcncet to dry it completely for getting out the remain- 
 der Jn-hcre i( ftood, until the eaWy winter we had this feafoii 
 froae a great paM of it to the ground. About the middle ol" 
 Februaty, oblerving that it appeared perfrdly well" rotted, I* 
 cut up fome bundles of it, and had the fatisfaiti^UlKo find thai 
 it broke beiter and parted more frcefy from the (lalk, thai) any • 
 1 had ever tried before ; and that the hemp was of the firrt 
 quality for llreogih and colour. Should fome future trialt 
 produce the (iine efte(5t that this accident did, nothing mort , 
 will be neceflary after pulling the Kemp, th*n to tie it inftnaU 
 
 , bimdlea and fet it againU fence*, until it is fuhScieiitly ratted, 
 which method will favc the raoft troublcfame and expentiy* 
 procefs in the whole management out of the houiv. ^ 
 
 T.vp drcJling of the Kemp is performed with mills in thojk 
 cOuntVies where the propagation of it is extenlivc ; and rto' 
 di>ut^t they w i ll bff Ctfiilirtt£tc>l hrre when itUs-gcrtcrally ^cu^ 
 
 i_L 
 
 4/ 
 I 
 
 tLMr 
 
 tiwatod in this province. In the mean time, the work is to'b» 
 p^rtoraicd mm hand ^iUcw, (ttiitUr 19 lliofe ufcd for flax | 
 
 \\ 
 
 c 
 
*" !H|fiB{>a ^-^-rajr 
 
 I 
 
 ,M,' 
 
 mirtht lor htwp, two OiouM h« uW, an« Urgt Ibr 4ht firA 
 Nik.ng, wkJ ih« ochtf rmtlUr to finUb ill. ^rtin. mHt«J of 
 JW«.g»ing ^ I h«lir|« hr*k, fhodJ b« vrry ftrong '.ml /houM 
 ft««c but ilirf« fctth bdow and iw» .bovt i i»if (?c.iml tbmiKJ 
 tevt ivt i«fih below, and dmt «b«vf , •»<! (h«uy b* wdo*, 
 fet •• . fine (i»x brake : Ihrrc handf J» frtfm th* larft br«k« 
 
 #©ublt with i twid in ih« miaJlc J«r fwcking iMo • buitaW. 
 Of fych hcmpit I h«d, rotted in ihc imperfta menn.r mint 
 Wit, common Uhourrrt, uitlfed to the btihnefi, could 4reA 
 
 ^ ftotn one UxtH to ohe fourth of a huiidrrd weigbt in • day i 
 bMi I im convinced ihet were the hemp well rotted, »n4 tU 
 
 — fcople ftwH-e exfiert, doubU the quinfity might m done. "/ 
 • A futficicncy of hemp.feed (oY the ufc of a farm miy bi 
 fiifcd on the banki of draini. rvund barm, in the corners of 
 fencei, and other w»rte placet i but if latMi ia fown for tbt 
 puriHjfe, the (ttd (hould be fca(tc/ed ver/thin, not thicker ' 
 than from a pctk i» half a bufhel per acre, and the male hemp 
 fhoijid be pulled out in due fealon i by tbii meant the planii 
 will be largp, branchy, and covered with full fine feed, Al* 
 [ention mull be paid to the ripening of the feed, for much of 
 " ^*" ''1,/*'""** "P* o" infpedion, while the head appeari 
 
 K'P' J ^"•.}!«*"P ^°«'J ^ P""«d ItKbtly, and at much of 
 feed aa will then |>art from it, threlhed out » it mull be aU 
 , ternately ihtcfhcd a.id dried, until all the feed it out, which it 
 then 10 be winnowed and cleaned up. The feed it to be kept 
 in • dry place, and care 4aken to preffrve ic from vermin, 
 which are remarkably fond of it. 
 
 Havinfip ffonc through the direai«5nt on the management of' 
 hemp, I Ihall generally mention the courfe of trialt which 
 *• i r* . * ^r ^'" ^""" '7^7. ' fowed twelve bui^elt of tng- 
 liih feed, which nrVcr j;rew at all j thii (houlii hiake pcopTo 
 cauiiout how they trifll to feed imported from Europe, which 
 ftiould alwayt be tried in mould before it it ufed. The r«m« 
 jear I fowcd a little feed procured from piaritt which had 
 frown here, and which prouuccd vtrf^^U. in 178B, 1 fowed 
 eipht acret which had been pcrfeilly prepared for the purpofe 
 with freOi (ced got in the JerlVys which coft twenty-five Oiil. 
 Iingi per bulbcl. 1 he crop came up equally, atid looked ' 
 beautifully j and hi the opinion of many who faw it, promifed 
 •n abundant produce 1 but a violent torrentof rain, and along 
 continuance of wet vyhicJi came in the latter end of June or 
 beginTmig of July, dcitroycd thtfc flattering appearancet, and 
 »lmoft totally ruipcd ths crop. Ihe water lay ieveral dayt 011 
 the htfmp, and was fuccccdcd by a very hot fun, which Icald- 
 
 ing thg- ir rcm n ri. rtr'tfrrnrytt sr.T^ ,>rt ::: -^.. Tt.T^:r~r~^~r»~ — yi . - 
 
 f--- 
 
 '^-' 
 
 -tng-^hr^ giiiuiid, itintmyca aTrnoU every IhTn^n it |Tom^ 
 patchei which lay higher, cftapcd, and fhcwcd what might 
 
 ^f 
 
 X 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 • , 
 I . 
 
 X 
 
 f «i I 
 
 * t 
 
 
 '^^,. 
 
 imllpi •tfptAt J tx^m Ihv wtio)«. Ont plfCf wMcH I mtif 
 Jif^Ay pro4u«««i «t ih« rAi« of I4i Cwf. |i«r tcrtianJ ihii pr«« 
 d««cc wM tftMaintd from ih« (im« foot, wlicrt lh« h«mp (ccd 
 had l»««ii rtilM thff jrtar btfort. In I ^89 I fowH nmr fotir 
 •cr««, and IimI at &rtl at ftromirini an appearance of a cro|i •§< 
 I couM wiAi far ( but my €X|NKtaUan« wcra deftaiedl bf if 
 IWico>nmon an a<^ri<len< at tbal 9f tho ^zu bcfurc. A m«i4l 
 
 flFioifnt (lail-Aorm Cfmf in th« laitcr crHl of Ju(|t, antl afAoagll 
 • varl«l|r of liatiugr \i\ the iirighh«Mirho4Ht, c(it dovVii tiiy h«iii|i, 
 nearly aa clofe at if it had hern (wept q(t w«th a kythe. Soinfl 
 of thf ttiHlergfowtli af^erwarda f^rung u|s and pro<(ure4 mf 
 
 — ^me hemp ai^ a quantity of feed. I relate fiiefe difaHera €0 
 account for my nut havinv had more tu drfpofe of, end thai 
 ihofe who engage in the buunefa may b« aware of them, though 
 Ihey need not be difcouragtHl on thit account ) at (u^h «ca« 
 dcnta may not happen again In a century. The firft ftorm 
 «ea« fo violent, and tht AmMtfa great, that (eveial of (he (Ireefi 
 in Halifiax were cut to pitcft, Ind many gardena abfotutdf 
 walhetl aw^ \ and the hail (torm waa fo uncommonly fevert 
 in the couffie it took, that hfty fquare* of glafi in vc\^ father's 
 houfe were broken by it 1 although for twenty- fix yeart before 
 il had rMvtr loA a pane by a like accident. The expe^flatioa 
 of a removal and feveral other califea prevented my attempt* ^ 
 
 f ing the culture of hemp on any large Icatc thit year ( but • 
 fotafl fpot I fowed did uncommonly well) producing it nint 
 feet high, and ftill fine enough. 
 
 I (hall conclude with the mention of a circumftance of im* ' ; 
 portance, which ii, that for tfiree yeara fucceffively I foweJ 
 hemp on the fame ground, and allowing for the damage done 
 by the hail, the laft crop wai the bed. Thit year I had wheat, 
 on the fame ground whick dfiS^Jldt produce left than at the rato 
 of 25 by^ela per acre, with only one ploughing in tht fpring \ 
 
 , -a certain proof that the hemp had not impovrnfhed the foil. 
 
 ^ I fubjoin an eftimate of the produce and cxpcncet of an acrt 
 of land cultivated with hemp, to give Come idea of the proftti 
 
 <*. 
 
 ^f~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >A of this bran^H.pf hufbandry. 
 
 perCwfc -e.^^' ^ iC>*7 >•. 
 
 I A plowing jjb-'ti and ]<l ditto tt ^ ^.o 
 Thrc« harrowinxt — — «■ «o 
 
 Two bnlhoU of ford, at ttf — t 
 
 4towiaf, sa««rir«|i fMd, and waitr.furrowleg • 
 Pulling, eilhl day* work, at «yt •■ ' T 
 
 Drying aiM tewndlint, two day* «— e 
 
 : Watering, graAnK, orying and houflne i 
 
 Carting to and from iho watar, fay ono mile o 
 
 4 
 
 $ 
 
 ■O 
 
 f 
 
 a 
 
 kcai or laiil 
 
 ;|tgr 1 
 
 y*tti 
 
 to 
 
 _o_ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 » 
 -o 
 o 
 0' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 w 
 ^w 
 
 too 
 
 'lotal bKyantfi /r. It ; 6 
 
 €l«arffofit fit acia X..6 4 i 
 
 Iflb 
 
 'M 
 

 t 
 
 t •» 1 
 
 III thit ftk«lt«Mi •li«t»d«fic« oi UtKHir it «ll«w«4, tM 
 lif|« pHMt kf llMI ithtmf I (ptrttcttUH* IW ilM ^«Af , 
 ivfcit h it iht K#«*Hii ««p*fK-«. Jn tb« wini*r iMfen Ubo«r- 
 fr« might l>f ^(4 «nd frd fur Ml^lM w«f«« allowH. sn^ 
 «roul«l, ( %ink, faun ilti sior* work. Yfi tfttr 4€4u^ltft« til 
 flip«nr«t, and rtnt ol lanrf, li«r« it • cUar pr«lU t«C0«Jliig 
 lk« wHol* <pr<i«lMr« of an icr« of tlw brfl wheat. Surely illia 
 •MiA N tn iiHiytitinfftii im fMyuaf UuU «f ilHt tiif* 
 
 ««l th« Afrkultuial Sacittjr, Umki4,u4m^ 
 IN ^1 to Mtjournmeni, » ' j 
 
 Oovtrnor Wtntworth in iht chilr,^ 
 
 iHI Secretary acquainttd tht 8ocif«y that (Im Ckiflf 
 __ hfticf icceptrU the a|>(K*irtlmeiit of DtrtiioT, ami 
 IrouU have aifrn<Jc«i tlli* •venuig if hit hralth bati pernutl^. 
 Th« Committee app<)ifiie<l lo publiOi ilie paper* and pr*. 
 ff#fdinga of th« Society, reported their pfoceediilgi, wHkK'' 
 Vtrc approved. 
 The Society refolved to give tile following Premiumti 
 1. A Silver Medal to the perfon who from ApciJ i» 1791, tm 
 ^ Jtin« I, 179a, (hJl clear the largeft (|uantiry of wood-land in 
 t^i orovince. (q aa tuprc{Hift il fut uUmu. »I». to iowjWbtaC 
 iVflttitpotitoea. ^l%.' .• jl ♦ 
 
 t. A Silver Medal to the perfon who, within the abort 
 fpare of time, flull clear and drain, if neceffary, the largeft 
 quantity af fwamp or interval land, aiut pre|>ara it for »f aJow 
 •nd raifing grafi. | -^ V, 
 
 The quantity of land, in elthtr adf^ ttiatAialt cIllllTe a ptr- 
 fon to the medal i« not to be left than ten acrea . The claim, 
 inti muft produce to the Society a certificattof thercfpeaivt 
 ^uanUtifM <>1 Uiid that are cleared, fiunrd by the Deputv.Sufik 
 veyorofihediaria, and by tbi Magittrate* of th« Cotint^ 
 Court where the land liea. ] 
 
 MedaU for clearing the fame auantitift of land aa abov4 
 fpccified, and in like manner, will b« continued from April L 
 
 j^rt'a, 10 June 1, 179J. 
 :$, A Silver Mcdalto the per 
 
 - . (on who m»y produce the beft 
 
 plpef on the nature of the feafont in ihit province— The ^ 
 ^dls in the prcfcnt lyftein of Rural Econorhy, and the ii^- 
 jfcroKemenii of which it is cupablf : Ai the Skiciety it chiefly 
 ■"jifitoui to excite and reward a fpirit of found obfervation in 
 
 hyrhe 
 
 ill 
 
 value of ihc rtatter than the i,orfc4hn:fi or mcfit of till 
 
 # 
 
 
 t-^ 
 
 poftti^Mi 
 
 tile Gom- 
 
 ff* 
 
 ia>-!*. 
 
* 
 
 !*#-- 
 
 PHmdHM 
 
 + *.> 
 
 1 *J 1 
 
 THi lAitt, in i^t dri inimcti mu(k b« p«rf, prtitrv«4 
 fr«m Jirf •♦.<* ktpijn r««M fAi^t iM !• 4rr tiK^ rr«« 
 ft«m ifc. g,««,ul , ..(»!„ w.i^ Ui«» wUI J«ib«k. iti« iiiifou. fdit. 
 
 um will Jiold Imtt buai«lt f•d^ ffMiJc o/ «ifM «ihI light aiJ 
 put • qi4«rifi(]f of llr«w it (h« boilom— fill on* at thZm wifii 
 •ai«», tfKj put ir.i«» It About A* huck«f« ol fiift w«i«r-~ltt it 
 find tbout twtlff ho*ir»~^| wlikjhum. «44 m .i,««h irai« 
 
 •n »b<H.t . ,.,ni <il hmt, which m^dfuy c Ur.f, .ml m«Jk# 
 th«m of i bright .rnbtr coloiir i tMfpTih. Uct (ill • m|« 
 
 •ltd. •lid tht Wti 4fy^4. whuh Will tail, .bout cot d.y » ,« 
 lh.ift.1. ih« (klu mud b€ cooled and put itito.tdrt caflL m 
 i*a "a f*'r 9»^^^J' The /em«i.ii..,t '^••k »»« of th« 
 nrii mu« b« draMTit off and put, on ihr fccwid Uech, filled m 
 Ibt famt .n.«ntf M the hrft. bv which mf«ns«ll ih« fait, art 
 laved, arKi only tht ftrong Ice^ boilad. Pour bufhtlt o# com- 
 mon alhti. produced from beach, birch, Stc. forty ooundt 
 weitfht of falti, which are worth lix (hillings and four pence 
 Eight or f not exceeding) nine buOieU of ilbe. from a(h, elm! 
 hiaple and alder, that «row in low l.ndf, will pfoduce on« 
 hundred weight. 1 hoTe falts are worth to the maMufadurer 
 of p«t or^pearl am eighteen Oiillinga per hundred weight. 
 Al the making the Mt% belongi wholly to the prud^kfcpuf«. 
 Beeper, every bulhei ofeood afhea it worth one fflHafld 
 nine pence, with the rmAll trouble of boiliag. ^"^^ 
 
 ^ Should this province in general tliink that tnduftry ia worth 
 
 ihe.r attention, I am conHdem it i. capable of enporting « 
 
 eaft at much of thofe albr., a. would oay the one half of tKeir 
 
 mporta: And the whole re«fon why |o many have failed in 
 
 the proceft, la owing to the impurity of the aiKea from bavinir 
 
 ■ large quantity of earth mixe^ with tlwm, Which totally de- 
 
 ftroyi their ufcfulncfi. ^« / «• 
 
 i 
 
 V> i-V 
 
 4^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■5? 
 
 fi^rfSlt ,^T'^ry^i''< 'y ^'^'^ 7if" Ms « 
 
 a, CmmitUi •fC»un€ilf.r fr\d, \nd F^nign PhntMtUm^. 
 
 
 4r 
 
 rr .» fuAdently Known. tTiStTTnl intended for • crop ol 
 -•otr-nTr A "l*" "^^^{. well ploughed, cle.nf.d7.na 
 #^'"ftMi Jffd tht (calbn being .rriTtl j which mitt 
 
 
imd convwiiency of tb« 
 
 t W J 
 
 much iccording to the foil, weather, mm convwiiency of th« 
 cultivator, emnding from the asih Mirclh to the 15th June | 
 low the hemp feed, which ought alwayi to be new feed, thin, 
 not exceeding two bu(het« to an acre, and if you have the ad- 
 vantage ofa drill ^ough, ftill left will do. After the land is 
 fowt],go through the whole with a fhovel, and with it <hake 
 •little patht at feven feet dift^lnce from each other, the lengthl 
 ■Way of your piece, fo that at the proper feafon you may reach 
 the female hemo; which you will have occafiOn to pvll our, 
 without tr«m)>flng on. the male, which mufl (land at leaft a 
 ■nenth longer to ripJen its feed. The female hemp, (which 
 li that which heart only floweri and no feed) it known to be 
 ripe by the Howert fading, the farina foecundant falling, and 
 j^mf of the flemt turning yellow. Yon muft then draw out 
 carefully the whole of the female hemp, breaking at little as 
 poflible the ftemt of that which you take, or that which you leave. 
 Immediately at it is gathered, take it in as largehandfuli at 
 70U can, and eithercutting the roots ofF, or heaving them on, 
 .m you like bett (I prefer cutting them off) hold the rook end 
 uppermofi, and with a wooden Iword drc^ off the flotver and 
 leavet, which jrou leave in the field, ftnce they aflift in ma- 
 nuring i pick out any weeds or (poilt plants ; put twelve 
 bandfuls or gripes together to make a bundle | then lay the 
 bundles in water i it is much the beft to be a running tod 
 clealr water, and if (haded and overhung with trees the better ; 
 lay poles Or pl«nks, or whateve/|: elfe you have that is futtable, 
 •erofs a large number together^ fo as to keep them at leaft two 
 Inches under water. Take particular notice which you lay in 
 «m, and how you lay the bundles, in order that you may bo 
 able to get them out again fudceflively as they were Is^d in, 
 without breakiifg or Unglinff.' At the end„of fix diys vifit 
 tfte hemp, and fee whether Ui^c ree^ will draw out from fome.j, 
 of die burtdles. The time rjbquired for foaking depends very 
 much on the nature of the h^mp,'lhe weather, and of ttte wa- 
 ter it is foaked in — from fix days to nine, or even eleven. It 
 is a trouble that is not ill beftowed to fort the hemp for foak- 
 ing, if it is of unequal fizesJ the flendereft generally reouirfne 
 moft foaking: 1 / .. *» V ^T, 6 
 
 When you find any quantity fufficiently foakjed, take it with 
 care, putting the hands ^nder it to prevent brcjikage, and 
 tranfport it to a trough ofc to z tablt \ for there are two me- 
 thods of working it. If yf>u work it in a trough, you muft be 
 provided with one fomeWhat longer than any hemp that y% 
 mean to work in it— twelve or fourteen inches deep, and of 
 what width you think prober, according to the number of per- 
 
 ■«5i. 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 fons you employ at it,^as jone, two, or four. To this trough 
 muft be fitted two pieces /of plank, of a|>out a foot length, but 
 •f fuch width 1^ to ftretch over a bundle >of the hemp as it lies 
 
 . ., .. ./ '.^-: \ ' ' opened 
 
 n. 
 
C!^ V 
 
 ■pM. 
 
 M^ 
 
 ■r 
 
 ^1. 
 
 ; • / C 6; J 
 
 t^HfJ ia the water : thcfe pUnki muft be fet on one fide with 
 lecth of brir» wire, and when the hemp ii ready for drawing, 
 mull be laid on it •« it lici in the water, to keep it ftrait aud 
 immerged. 1 > 
 
 If you work the hemp on a table, you muft, before Uking 
 It out of the water, ope^ a littU the bundles, and rub the ftems 
 between your hand* to get ofT what you can of the flime, and 
 to loofen the rind. You muft likewife pu(b th^ bundk along 
 in the water, with. the loofb end foremoft, to iLofenlhe rind 
 at that end where the operation it to be begur|. If you do 
 not thus rub and fcour your hemp in the wati^r where you 
 foak it you muft do it in the trough. But in ^iihcr cafe you 
 uuft be careful to keep an even and fteady hand to avoid 
 breaking the reed, which, a» many timeiai it liapponf, ren- 
 ders thcoperation of jjctiing the nfeedi but tklious. If it 
 IS wrought on a Ublc, the bundfc muft be frcqiiently though 
 (lightly wetted. If any fuitable method could be taken to 
 make water drip gently on it, it. would be beft. A plank muft 
 be laid on the bundle to keep it fteady. ' 
 
 All matters being properly ^ifpofed, either Qn the table or 
 In the trough, you muft begin at the root end %o pufli back a 
 little of the riud from the ftem j then uking hold of one ftcm' 
 tt% time, and rather near the outfide than middle of the bun- 
 dle, keep your hand and the reed under water (ifydu work in 
 a troueh) and draw it out from the bundle as ftrjiit as polfible, 
 you will find it come out as clean as a fword fronk its fcabbard. 
 As you proceed you may take two, afterwards four, and up to 
 fix or more reeds at a time, which will draw ojit ftill more 
 eafily. When you have drawn out all the reieds that you can 
 find at the root end, lift up the fpiked plank which was at the 
 upper end, leaving on that which was in the middle, and draw 
 out luch pucis o» reed as you may find at the upper end, and 
 which have remained after drawing out what vou could at the 
 root end, beCaufe they were broken. Laftly, take off the 
 plank which lay on the middle, and takeout ^11 the rplicks of 
 reed you can perceive. If your hemp was in Kood condition 
 for drawing, you will find all your^eeds perfeafy cleap on the 
 floor, and the rind, which is the hemp, lying in ftrait threads, 
 in the water or on the table. 
 
 You will perceive that among the hemp thjer^ is a great 
 quantity of gum left looking likea jelly^; this ytiu will waih 
 out as if you were waftiing any long ftrait piece of cloth, ob- 
 ferving not to difplace or twift the threads,- which would 
 thwart the future operation of drefllng or heckling. The 
 finer. aiyd whiter vQujlcfire the hcmn tn he> th^ war/ waters ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 imcTJtiq wnirer youilclirethc hemp tn be, thj ww waters 
 ybu Will run it throueh, fqueezing it out at each iime of wafli- 
 »"g » but 1 think it always right a« the Jaft to ru4it through* 
 
 r^3 ^ ■:'< ^-^A^-- ' • . : ' ^J^l^--^X-i^^^i-^-^-^-^i..-j:^ ±:i:^ — water 
 
 Wiater. 
 
 mmm 
 
 aMmtmmm 
 
I • 
 
 '"vv 
 
 1^1 
 
 [ 68 J o 
 
 Witt r In which » fmall quantity of (oh foap hai been beat up, 
 Jltv the rate of an ounce of foft foap fo three pounds of the 
 hemp when dry. Do not fqueeze it out from this foap water, 
 but hang it to dram, and when a little ftiffened, open a httle 
 the bundle, and lay it to dry on a grafilplat or floor j the for- 
 mer IS preferable. I his foap water is not abfoiutely neceffa. 
 ry. but if certainly of great u(i for foftening the hemp, and 
 rendering it pleafant and eafy to drefs j but may be difpenfed 
 with where it is very inconvenient, and where the hemp is in* 
 tended for cfoarfc purpofcs. It is obvious that all thefe opera, 
 tions would be akrried on to the moft advantage near to fomt 
 gunning dream or l«rgfe lake, if it be a ftanding water, on aq-i 
 -^ount of the great ufe that is made of that clement, and tofave 
 • great deal of the trouble of tranfportation. v^ 
 
 VVhen thus dvicd, the hemp is proper either for drefling or 
 Woring J If the latter, particular care mull be taken that it be 
 thoroughly dry, it will otherwife heat and fpoil. As the 
 hemp peculiarly intended \o be hitherto fpok^n of is the fc- 
 male, or flower-bearing hemp,, which is intended for fine ufes, 
 It IS to be^obferved that it mutt be worked witl^ heckles or 
 hatchcls, fuch m are ufed for fax di effing, and may\be brought 
 to an extreme linenrfs j and the ihorts, having no pieces of 
 ftraw or reed am<m|r them, may be carded and (pun, 4i;j 
 brought into ufe fdv til the fame purpofes as cotton,\ and tW 
 lam« methods ufed for bleaching ^iihd fo^ening. ItVisliU''. 
 wife requifite to work this hemp as foon as pulled, Withdut 
 which the greateft foftnefs and whitenefs cannot be obtijned j 
 anjas this fort generally falls ripe between hay time an^har- 
 veft. when the weather is w^jA and fine, and the women W^ 
 at liberty, it will be a fuitable occalion to draw.and c eanfefho 
 hemp— the dreffitig may be referved for winter.) 
 
 I now proceed to fpeak of the male hemp, which being, a 
 ^ more confidcrable crop, caipot all be worked as faft as iti* 
 DuUedorcut. It is known to be ripe enough by the ftecrs\ 
 becomFhg pale j for if you ftay till the tuft containing the 
 feed appears ripe, or the ftem turns brown, the hemp will be 
 in a great meafure fpoiled. When it is come to a proper ma* 
 tunty, you mutt get a good number of hands, fo as to expe, 
 dite the bufinefs, becaufe fuch as remains landing after it is 
 fjpe, will have its rind fixed to the reed, the gum turned hard 
 and dark-colopred, and the whole operation of drawing be- 
 comes^difficult, troublefome and ungrateful. The leaves are 
 to be ftripped off with a wooden Iword, in. the fame manner as 
 thole of the female hemp, as are likewilc the feed, the branches 
 which grow laterally, and even thr t ' 
 
 ■J' 
 
 * : «; 
 
 ^- ■ .* 
 
 f : t^ 
 
 '%' a,*^ 
 
 t\\K tuft-bearing fe edfei i t the top i 
 
 b V i L- 1 —"■"/I ""« ^^^" M"? ■"'f-pcanngifpftii ii t the top; 
 nut It this latter fliould not ci?>me off clean, It muft be chopi 
 ott.with an iron inftrument.\ All thisjnuft be done over a 
 
 cloth 
 
 \'.r 
 
 ' ^^ 
 
:i 
 
 ■J' 
 
 * ^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 t^ %. 
 
 
 
 «^ 
 
 [ «9 ] 
 
 / _^ 
 
 . ./ ." 
 
 cloth, or on a fpot of ground in the field, well levelled aai 
 fmoothed, to avoid laling any of ihc feed. And it it propoftd, 
 and fai<# lo be fuccef«ful, to leave the feed abroad, covered with 
 the leaves and chaff Ore wed on the land. This certainly faves 
 trouble, and is praftifed in many parts, but ftems to me Ho- 
 venly, and I would rather take it'hpme to a barn j but I «^u1d 
 certamly burn all the roots, and fuch parts as up too hard to 
 rot eafily, and llrew the a(ha*as well as the leaves, and Aich 
 other parts as will ealily rot, upon the ground, as tbrfe mat- 
 ters are reclfioned to go half w% towards manuring the land 
 for next year's crop. The male hemp^^thus ftfipt^of leaves 
 and feed, will generally dry for (loring in twenyr-fpur hours i 
 but at any rate muft not be left long abroad, b« rather ukea 
 into (hed^to dry, whic(i, when thus ftript, it will fpcedily do. 
 Sun and rain would foon fpoil it. That which can be wrought 
 green muftbe treated as htf6re fet forth for the female henjp 5 
 and it is obvious that it is a great advarttage to work it in this 
 manner, rather than to "dry and ItoTc it^ which caufes mucb 
 trouble and exprnce and prol^es left and worfe hemp } but 
 where the crop is coiifiderahle, atr4 the hands few, it is una- 
 voidable. — If, however, much rain comes, it is impratSlicable 
 to dry it for ftoring withoutTpoilinp^ as every year's experi- 
 ence (hews in the prefent recced method j whereas tik 
 wprlcii^ the hemp green entirely avoids this difadvantage ant| 
 inconvcniency, and the hands engaged #ay continue their em- 
 ployment under the (belter of trees, or of a temporary (hed 
 made of a few roughjjolesand H^rdIcs; covered witb ftraw. 
 reedsj S(Ci .« 
 
 All the fame procedure )s to be ufed with the male as with 
 the female hemp, as to drawing, Icouring, ifciPbutas the "reeds 
 of it are Icfs brittle, and the rind coarfer, it requires more 
 foaking, but is eaiier to dr>w, and«produce« much more' and 
 ftrongerhemp. W|fat is ftored muft, Whenjitmed to be 
 wrought, be foaked, peeled, walhed, jffid in general' treated 
 as before faid* In cold, weather it takes long foaking. '^ 
 
 The calculation 9/ txptrtces and profit of an acrt of hemp in this 
 ,r 'f6untry^( England.) ^' , 
 
 Kent 208. per acre V • - . - i o 
 
 Manure the firft year more than otliers, but 1 _;:_:_%_ 
 
 it is moft advantageous to fow after a tuN iz -^^ "j^r 
 nepcrop — fay 40s. ^ - - J ,» 
 
 Three times ploughing and harrowing O 18 O . 
 
 SecJ twn h i ubela— prig c unknown^ bu r^ 
 
 t 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 France, 5s 
 
 Wv_,0 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 E^ 
 
 -«»> 
 
 encrcs 
 
 :» 
 
*«5 
 
 t 70 J 
 
 ""©•' 
 
 Expcncet brought over <> ^ 
 I'ulhng the female hemp, «nd t^mmfng 
 CMttitig male, and trji^ming for punmg in } 
 
 water • ' * - - . J? 
 Getting fronn the reed, and waftiing the fe- 1 ' 
 
 male, jlb. per diem at Qd. — 50 1>undlet >o 
 
 coiitaiuing 1251b. — i6od ; 5 • , J 
 
 Getting the male from the reed, and waflilng i 
 
 141b. oer diem at 9d.— 3751b. a4ld. J * 
 
 Soap I olb. at price iit France 3d. . - 
 
 JThrafhing feedj-^ •- ' ' !>. « '* , - q 
 
 ■.*^. 
 
 Tot^ expence 
 
 Female hemp, 1241b. at only is. but worth 7 , 
 in the rough much more - - i ^ 
 
 Seed ibbufliell^at 5s «~fuppofed under, valued 4 
 'Male hemp J75lb. at yd.J lb. - - ;*^ 1 1 
 Faggou - -/.•,,- - - * . 
 
 \^' 
 
 I 
 
 Total produce 
 Total expence^ 
 
 Total profit 
 
 ' Stippofe the expcnces undcr*rated !los. per acre, and the 
 gain over-rated 41b. 15%. there ftill remains lol. cle^rgainj 
 to which is to be added, that the further improvement of the 
 m^rial in drefTing and fpinning, employs the poor^ and par- 
 ticularly women and children, who are a heavy burthen to 
 the farmer in all countries. 
 
 ,jt Detached Obfervations on Htmp. . » 
 
 IT is capable of being cultivated on all Icinds of land ; the 
 poorer^ land producing the hemp finer in quality, though 
 fmaller in quantity and the rankelt land producing Itrong and 
 long, though coarfe ; and this fort being the eaheft to dr^w 
 and work in the new modc,>the quantity of manure requifite 
 jn the firft inftance is' not above half of that for wheat, and 
 the fubfequent ]^ears not above h^lfof that half, and the hemp 
 ftill improving in quality. All the work in the new method, 
 not excepting the dreffing, is fitter for women than men, and 
 may be pra<^tfed advantageou fly-by cfirry yfltfit;rri 
 
 > 
 
 22 
 7 
 
 »9 
 
 4 
 
 1* 
 
 
 t 
 
 >5 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 • ) 
 
 f a , ^ _j ___j, ^ ^ 
 eachiDg is wanted for the linen mad^ of hemp prepay 
 ^"^ed ii| the new method \ and it is certain, th;ft if the hemp be 
 
 ;^v«'"' » - 
 
 
 7 ~ ? ~ 
 

 [ 71 ] • 
 
 ■/•■ 
 
 /' 
 
 fint, well mankgvi^ «nd drcffed with the fined iax^hackle, It 
 m«y Aipercede Himoft all the ufet offllik, which (lax in a more 
 .uncrrrainand ^e(f ahundant crd'p, requirtt inofe culture aad 
 better land, which it exhauftt i whereaa hemp-ffr<»undt in- 
 creafe in^goodnrrs. If the male hemp intended for cords hat 
 ^bcen n-fated with littl« attention, and but little ftoured or 
 blearh«d, the fliorfs which come firoifi it in dreffing may be 
 fcoured over again, to render them more* ufeabie. The 
 backle, and even the hemp itfelf, mav be a little oiled in the 
 drelfin^, whieh will much fa^litate tnat bufineft, and ioftead 
 of fouling, will rather affift in bleaching the threada, when 
 they come to «be waflied. ' - 
 
 Bpth the dreifing and fpinning.of hemp are beft carried on 
 In a damp place. Hemp is naturally inclined to twift too 
 mueh in^fpinninK. ' 
 
 </ The greateft mjury that gin befiil hemp it that of Ain-ba- 
 king. But iftcr all, the grcateft injujiet that can be done ; 
 to hemp, the new operation may be performed on it \ though 
 withjtttle fucceft, yet fuAicient to render it betteic than that ' 
 which is procured by any other tipenition, whereof I have, at 
 this moment, th((£rftf under Aiy eye. The greateft white- 
 nefs can never be.prbcured but by working it green. If fto- 
 red, the greener it |i got in, the whiter it will be. The more 
 the colour is changed, the worfC/ wi& be the colour of th« 
 thread. 
 
 Fifteen poundsof male hemp may be gotten oflpiq a day by 
 one perfon j onlv ieven potin4!i of female. It it neceflary to ' 
 pick the hemp-plants over at feveraf different periods^, in or- 
 der to avoid having any bad ftemt among the good, whiclr 
 mightipoila whole parcel, elpecially if incei^etr for fine mI 
 
 Thfrtl#lgre»tifefon, frSnr flight tttemrtlhtllitiWn 
 «iMdcl, to thtnk that a dye might be procured from the wate4 
 in which the hemp is fcoured, after that it it gotten off from 
 the reed. ^~"'- 
 
 f ^ 
 
 
 - '^ I % 
 
 ^ It it lil^ewlfe thbught that an inftrument may be i|tai<ned 
 for drawing the reeds from the threads or xind or elfe^if rfnd 
 or threads from^e rdSid, more expeditiouflj^.^ A few bundles 
 hjave- been cleaned with a common rake. 
 >Jn France it is common, at the time df pulling the female 
 hemp, to fcatter turnen feeds in among the (leml <Jf the male 
 Iremp, which are left {landing, and thefe^turnepii frequentjj^ 
 produce a good deal -Of feed for'^eep or catd^e after the male 
 hemp is taj^«i off. It is obvious that whoever has thit effe^, 
 4iav bafidet^the^enefit of-fappofttflg^thc^fto e fc o f a torn, that^— 
 of aiding to maiiure the hcre{i-groundt, (pfpecially if U be» 
 <iieep that ar« ff d p^i it} therefore if this method fails, it<|r 
 
 " ' ' ' ^'' '^ - ':'-; ,:--^ :: .. y ~-r^- .would r—- 
 
 \ *.-^. 
 
 
 ■H\^. 
 
 iitm 
 

 '««wsf both tHlqM»ntit^aiid<qM«lity, y ; :^ " 
 
 ill 
 
 «fl 
 
 
 
 r- 1. 
 
 8l 
 
 W^^hopvic ^nq\iiries,refptaiiw the iiiiDrovem;«». r;. "! 
 
 «^ ^:;lg?;:;>;r "•'^^'f ^'^' ^*f ^ 
 
 The late'aniazing rinprpvemcnts miy te attributi'd ♦« J, 
 „ni?^ ^""^S''"^ o^r^^h JWaft. land. i foidi„R (h^ 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 • < 
 
 i 
 
 .■V . 
 
 i 
 
 Ciiuik ofc 
 
 aJly- J?y th^eiKnl int».rfufli'nn,nfiun.ip., »h| 
 
 rups 
 
* 
 
 
 ■ 'i" '<'<• .*^" ^- 
 
 •' 
 
 . ._. " 
 
 t M 1 
 
 A' 
 
 :i',i»- 
 
 !'f> 
 
 li 
 
 v -«• 
 
 
 |l^ The lirmi bciM gf ntnlly Urgti tfkl h«ld on long letf«t| 
 ^.th« umntt wcr« thereby criabledjui Uy out their money frco* 
 ' i^in improvements, withodP^uig in danger of lohng tlM 
 fvshij^gct criliiig from their cuft iUiJ labour. 
 W<^ podefa one natural fdvanuge, which, perhapt, cannot 
 jjl^r (^iw in M equal degrte in many other countieiy^ 
 >''Wj' III all our Tandy lands, wherever we dig, we fitra««ccUenC 
 i^^^turhfte and yellow marie or clay. The goodnefii4f the marlo 
 "^ia determioH by its ^bftding quick in water. On the firft 
 «(^ difcoverjr of niarlcy* our farmers (pread it in larger qufntitict 
 w than at preCcnt i few laid on left than eiahty loads p«r acre t 
 f' but for near thirty years ptift, the general quantity has been, 
 r^^om forty to ^hy loads (or tons) p«r acrt. The efFe^s dfc 
 this quantity will lad twenty years t « and then half as much 
 .< more added will reftore fertility to the foil, 
 ^ We baT.e however found, thai, on lands wholly fandy, clay 
 bas had a better efFi^d than marie y but where the foil is a 
 " mixture of faiid and loam, or of fand and grftvel, marie doM 
 ! «xccllently. 
 
 It is not, however, to marie and clay only, that our improve-^ 
 ments are owing. Our (heep are folded both fummier and 
 winter. . We fatten beads during the winter on turneps in 
 
 * our farm-yards, inrwhich we alfo keep a large Ji;pck of fwine. 
 Our ftubbles are .cut^ and, with lacge quantities of ftraw con« 
 verted into manurfe. ' Oil cake il alfo laid on v^eat lands to 
 t|i<: amount of two guineas per acre. I'hefe manure^ freelj 
 
 « yfed, have proved the fourcei of wealth to thoufanda^ 
 
 The ufiial couriit of crops among our greateft and beft hr* 
 
 * ■ , mers, is, i. turnepiu :^|fH^rley i 3. clover, or clover and ray» 
 
 'grafs i 4, wheat. Thif courie has of late yeari become vcrjf 
 
 genenal, and keeps the foil cJean. > 
 
 We giafiure for turneps, if poffible, and* aUb for wheat* 
 '^ 5|ometimes our clover is extended to three years, but not fre- 
 ^ ^^uentl^. Of>te, efpeciaUy, our. clo^ero/ten faits tbe thiird 
 
 year, aiid fometimes the fecoojl, if the land be w^t i for 
 
 ■ ^Xh^^kZZS^^^W 
 
 iiv Our fiirmeUt agree in the <4ivit^,'1hat if turnepi are fbiMI 
 
 on a ibttticandition^d fallow, and twtej; hQedri[tid.t)ie land 
 
 ",- ploughed Ihree timeafo^ barlev, tk»f^v^1^nif1^pem^2Xiu^ 
 
 two years without giving a foul crop oTwbeat^'i^Muyl^^ii^ 
 
 ^% 
 
 4 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ »• I 
 
 :fV 
 
 'lu 
 
 r wheats, on clover lavs, are of late almoft ^M^y »*» ^^ 
 in than when f(^ii broad,^j%»', uWe T 
 pecks per acrc^'and find &inX adtyanta; 
 
 ore 
 ft'om 
 Urom the 
 
 allbwf. 
 
 fefr 
 
 e expence of letting J^ hand is^'^rbm MX 
 
 •^ 
 
 "I 
 
 i 
 
 to eigiit fQillings| 
 Mr. Blanche 
 -Urikll eqital r 
 
 acre. On our fallb^ 7wf~^ 
 Ipugh, at lefs thanl^,lffb4: 
 
 iuccefs. 
 K 
 
 ^ -... ^ l:_ 
 
 JL 
 
 ' ' di^ ' 
 
 i _,jjl iiii i ii l»,ji tj i'i 
 
 
 
 %■ 
 
 ^n<i 
 ■: -.The 
 
 •Aiwte 
 
 ^Mli<l. <i"\ 
 
,'T 
 
 ■f. 
 
 I- 
 
 V^- 
 
 .Alk 
 
 ;.,i: 
 
 t *» i 
 
 1 
 
 ^ Th« Norfolk Hudmwity ti, m Mr. Young fuifl juflli ob* 
 
 Itrvedi <|uIm • f/fttm, tvtry Cucc«Av« ptrt of which ird«<« 
 
 . pcndMit on th« fortgoingi •rai ihcrtftMrt il will not admit of 
 
 Buch variation. . 
 
 ^'' ^ Aa ;«very thing dtpenda on tht fuccafa of turnapa, th^ 
 
 Ibccafa dcptndaon gooid hoaing. The/ ara tha only hWow 
 
 III our ufual courfa : nor can we changa them for a mere hi* 
 
 loWf bccaufa the fliaep« ktpt to folJ, and to feed off >ihe clo* 
 
 . ter and ray-grafa, wo«ld then #aryt,^V^« |jv« four plough. 
 
 ingt for tu^iepa, and hoe them well MWe. Th'y often, with 
 
 this cultur4t prove worth ftva guineaa an acrf . * The princi- 
 
 ; m1 part of the cropU drawn and carried into farm yarda for 
 
 ' mtening beafta I the remainder wt feed off with fbecpiiji 
 
 lambt, which clear the land of every part of them. 
 
 We generally mow the firik and fecond growth of cloy tr i 
 not merely on accotinC of the hay, but becaufe, by repeated 
 experience, we are convinced the wheat which followa ia f^t., 
 better than it would be after faf ding. 
 
 Soaper'a alhea are laid on ftrong wet landa with great fuc- 
 ccft } and alfo on paflureaaa • top orcinng in the begini^ng of 
 . 'April. '^ 
 
 Milfduft and foot are ufed on ttieadowt, and anfwer wdt i, 
 the latter II purcliafed at high prices from Norwich. . ; 
 
 The winter focA of cowa is chiefly tdrncps and ftraw, In 
 the farm yards, which art. |c|X well littered with chappc4 
 Hubble and draw. •^.. '^ 
 
 We reckon fix horfea neceflfary for one hundre'd acrea of 
 arable i and with two in a plough we till two acrea in-a day { 
 five „or iix inches deep. Stubbles for fallow are ploughed in 
 during autumn — thia aifo deftroys the weeds. ' 
 
 A good dairy maid with us will uke proper tare of'twentf^ 
 cows ) and to every cow our br^ farAtcrs.keep one hot. 
 
 The common mode of eftimating the eirpence of taking tf" 
 ftrm it> that three rentt will about iiock it, orYour very com- 
 pleatly. 
 
 In fottie pant o^hia county co|ifiderable quantities of cole* 
 feed are raifed} we hand hoe it like turnepa,<an4 by that 
 mains nearly double the value of the crop. ♦ 
 
 Our broad clover fometimea produces near three fbna the 
 firlhNitting per acri, Noufuch, rav^grafs, and* fmall' whita 
 dover/Se^ excellent mixture to lay dbi^n dry lands whh i 
 ^<nd vieldjthetWe^teft hay. " . / 
 
 Near the coaft^rfcatquantirtcf of feat weed» or doxe,iart 
 CoUeAed, an<i ulcd arhunure to gpod piirpofe. W« mix it 
 £ . ■ / -^ " . .X' . / ^.- V •" . ■ . ill 
 
 4' 
 
 
 -V 
 
 tx fmt 
 
 An ESex ^ilcman informi v«i 
 or foortain ihchet tpan ; and tfaat by 
 :|ha baft (Hi M« prodacttb . 
 
 Im (bwa c«l«.liMd in df fit», Ane fooi, ' 
 aNtbe4 ttaa larpctt fuaatity, ud ' 
 
 ■::A''- 
 
 ■f"- 
 
int 
 
 they fc^J, 4nJ bunrh.i^^ti;. 1' *««* «o«^'»'o«».. btfoi^ 
 
 jiA Of (be fitfai«rt roui|d Norwich c.frl iu.* . .k 
 
 a».«.n«., or . c„, wjlh rhr., horfifo? ^ m^f^ ''"' 
 
 ^ A greai de« of bucii,ydi«.i i. f«J«*!!-- ^* 
 
 ^or whrar, .„d .nfwrrwtm "^'''^ ** ' P^^^^^H 
 
 poultry.^ , *""'• 7 •*«"«»« f«««niiig for fwineiiul 
 Many of oiir fkmtrn h.ve cultivated lucern. w.'.!. /; iu 
 
 plough.. .„d two hoWe."li;%. 2t7etoJ*^ W. ft^I ' 
 land ,h«!r„!J.'!f:.w"n^ "'• ^ unnoccOi^^, WCf M wherf (4 . 
 
 #- 
 
 # 
 
 land aboundj with-ftont. 
 
 ■■It" 
 
 ' " ^ f ^f** preceding Lttter abounds with m,ifh .i/u/f\r 
 
 •' - »' "'-'■' — "- ■ " ■ :.-•-";■ ■ 1 
 
 TrJtr«i»Ivto thciuer'tef feAt to me by your Secr«t,rv T f j 
 ; I you the folflmtim anfwer. p. • ^ secretary, I rend 
 
 jljiieir very iau^Jlc^ide^avourta pSe'Sfe'^J ^"'^' "' 
 
 ^^«itv«.,„d -flure^o:irr:™;^;i5:';rr 
 
 ' ' ■ W'"" " "^ °fac<^'<nt /er Vint, 
 
 
 BaJ A^alhng^ July 16^ i««^ 
 
 IMNIEI, miL. 
 
 "-* 
 
; 
 
 r 
 
 P 
 
 per Hiduu 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 y 
 
 
 i 
 
 . f 
 
 f 
 
 . . f 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 ■ * 
 
 
 
 (Mil, 
 
 •1)4 wh# 
 
 nolle (I cr ai«Alur« t 
 •ml If mtyart (uifMmhal ftiH ..wl .«^i^t-_ |^ i „ 
 
 MkJ rollcriift Hit rprmg,. M htMk tn^l pily«,it, jii |«ji ,^„. 
 not b« iDO-tiMMh recmnm*n.l5d^ Wh«n tiM Undt «rt lb mI. 
 
 JlMl ofitA Bvrivqujrurf p«ricrt. / =jv ^ 
 
 \^ «< «ilt, rrom four 
 
 'i,* 
 
 ^ ^1 . 
 
 fii: 
 
 ^ I m ij I nn m 
 
 CO Avi^%ii)i«|i. , ^i . 
 
 ^''^1\^' ^^^••^ ^' »''* '^"'^ <^«MVf« of cr<»pt adopted Iw 
 . your ^tl«iirw«riJl« the JitfcrenKoiUf » / 
 
 . ^^_ad. parley, .,r iiui I . .•• :_: # .* :^^ _ 
 £3^. I^cafc, or bc^j the latter tlwajrt inrowi, hamJ-hocd 
 twice MTiti^ • tvfo-inchf*hue hc»r and between the beam, borfe. 
 
 J^i'CV"^ '1"'^r/.*'*1 '*"'» * Horfc-hoe. After the 
 -iPtini are off we plow ih«JluW with •,br.«,d-(h.rc, and harrow 
 
 Sth"for Xlt '"**'** '^ *"' ''^"" * *'*"* P^!^"« * «^ 
 ^ Go our brijifiarj^, M|ir, <Mlonc (h|iiter|>'^(Aif |^ 
 land, our<:ourfe orcro3Sdllf?renl'.. ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 ift. Wheat. J 4 " "^ ♦>*' i^ 
 
 and eatWiem off with flicipjmr bullock* .^j(i,e fprmZ^ ^*^ 
 
 tZTf7 "^"^ '^'""'"'^ 'h«.li«^- L thetiir^ forty cart- 
 Ioa<li of dung per acre; bometimei Jk aTuidI v feafoni we 
 ««5* /5o?d <?'9^ of iurn«p8 «gfnjr earlH^fqA ' ' , ' 
 
 fev?SM?;'*?*'i" '"^'"f' (^tWRlylt») from §ye:ea 
 
 »aHy if gpjyd hjy and ^U- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ir. 
 
 .J -«• 
 
 ' Cr||f cH flfti off with OMcp, rJpe^ii 
 ^ jy *li *'!*^ ""^ flfii we fow cl( 
 
 ,;-Tf- 
 
 i 
 
 % '^frjf 3d. What manure noW generally in ufe do^ou find 
 
 ;;,,_. , ■ ■- -■ .. ^ .■...- ■ ,. ■■ - , ^ , 
 
 'ZIimI^V '■*i^'"»' '^ *> i MlWB ifcm •fitnli.n I. tmhu n ruck 
 
 nf. 
 
 '»^i , ;S. ^•^''••'»"'r^^'»^~«'"ft''»y.w"Wb«f«»i/VES! 
 
 .1' ■ 
 
 ^« ■ 
 
; 
 
 IHtil 
 
 mJF 
 o(l«Mr« 
 
 »ro«ni 
 
 f 7? I 
 
 -&-^ 
 
 % 
 
 « 
 
 m<»(l ftf?«>tiMf, 9n i<ie foilowing foiN rffpcAivftf, vlt. Hf 
 
 cU#», light («nd, gravt Ity, moorv, col.f iiiui *»rt, or wMt h 
 
 A calltti Aont*br«lhUiMl/ In wh4i i)M«nntimra the fevtril 
 
 ^ manurtt hid on ptr^rt i M wlitc fcsfuts tiid how toiiff irtU 
 
 I* fiP. 
 
 >rana, 
 I four 
 
 fdby 
 
 ier of 
 
 ■ho«4 
 lorft* 
 sr th« 
 
 good 
 rafh) 
 
 ^*)^: ; 
 
 ciri- Jf 
 i we t 
 
 ^« to 
 
 Hnd 
 tnoft. 
 
 ttch lift yiihoiif r#ii«w«l f 
 liV marit 
 
 •#r. On fliH (.liyi or f«n«l, or gravrllf eoM wtt t 
 It or cballt ttrly in iht winlir. at th« riia aT •<< 
 
 ilir, at th« rula •( tj 
 
 C^^Joadt per acr«, whieil will lafi'mrtntK yi'ilT beftO^ 
 thN. dung aitd limoarf fomrtimed added. 
 
 
 ^ C*'"5' 4«'»« Have you dircovei ed any n»w nianure more ef« 
 fcaj^ioua than thoTt generajlv ufed, and which may tafily bo 
 
 •'^'"«<*l»Ji'i«H«*'M>W«f ^ih% wlll|lli|,jihiil4Mldi<Mi 
 
 •t>|^>iicd. 
 
 tEfi 
 
 ^*>#f. Dung made by /at luflockf, fed on hay and oil- 
 ^ke«, and of iheep, fed on the Unie on turnen-Undi. f.irg* 
 Oaen tf^ll eat Iwenty |MHind« «»f oil-cake per day, but Wclck 
 llrifert will ihrivt well with half the quantity. 
 J ^'n 5«h- Whit ia ihf brft top.dreffing iot cold wit oaf- 
 Inrti whioh cannot eafily be drjined ? % 
 
 jtn/Mitr. W^mI -aihca, coal -albcs, with fowit or BlnoM 
 
 -a:* ffwrctd thin. % - j^ • 
 
 Vrr^ 6tS. What matfrJaH do ymi firtd bSl and moft laib 
 
 [or co«^ored drain* or Und ditchca i "^ 
 
 '#r. Kagifcd (lone* or bntk-batu, or rather flat (loiNNI^ 
 
 t^|dg« ttght or ten inchet wfunder and a third over % 
 
 d whf^pt;fc cannot be ha.f, black thorn or other bu(hct. 
 iSorno perph ufe furl with the giaU lide doWnwardt, leaving 
 
 hole below (\h the water. 
 , 4t«'ry 7«^- What are the kindi of wood which you hjve 
 found from experience to thrive bcfl on bleak barren foil*, cold 
 fv^ainpy bogi, and black moory ground ? ^j- 
 
 AHfwtr, Scotch firt on bleak barren foiK efpecially 
 northern afned. On cold fwainpy bogi, the Dutch 
 low will do great thinjji j i>ut aih will fuccccd better, 
 11 far more ufetui und prohiabjf . 
 
 ^wrv 8ih. What arc your mctho«fiof ralfing luccrne.fain- 
 ioiiif and btfrnct j on what landi do you Hnd them to anfwer 
 bcf^ I and <j|irliat the average ptoJuce ? 
 
 jtnfwtr. Xucerne fucceeda bed in drill* one foot afundcr,* 
 and kept clean by a fmall plough drawn by one horfe. Sain- 
 foin flouriUicj molt on chalky and dry ftone-(haitery land, on 
 Whith it will produce two tol|pi per acre on' an aiteragc, for 
 fourteen or fiAcen years. Ikrnn ia in difgrace With ut, wM 
 generailykidaNdeaa ul«)c(s.>> ' 
 
 Siyrf 
 
 s. 
 
 Ik 
 
 ■ . ya £^' 
 
 tush 
 
 - ^f T* *9V*^* • dWanae of «t Ubfl elK^t<«fl ln<:1>ta wouM be Mter , and 
 AMaAon ku d«.it*g« 10 ih* piantt hr iho horfe gci^g betwscM tli« royri. From 
 v.rioui ex|y^im«»i« ma.la it> »fc«ri«n the be« dutjnco Ntvi^cen itw row* of 
 ;,,lacetne;'ilw tn^.i\ and ticavieJ^Zropt have btcn (lom row* i<»o feet apart. 
 
 % 
 
 .^.14^ 
 
"IF 
 
 TrB" 
 
 
 \ 
 
 >s.. 
 
 c 
 
 t »• r 
 
 Hittrj t^k. How 
 it iIm b«A m«th 
 
 !• your lurnt p liM(|«fi«lr^ rondqatrf, titl 
 liMl oT p»«jrt«uii| or (U|>|m(m iti« ttt»$itt 
 iflh« §f im lh« ^pnting pUnta ft L i 
 
 ••n^. To prtvftii <li« r««igc« III ih* dy, i.Mmr guud it ro*n«'. 
 Ikn«t (Jon* toy n»ni»lii| • ligiii rollf r ovti ili«ni with • bunUl* 
 
 Jf>trj loth. Do you prtftr tM 4rltt to iK« brM^-rift m4» 
 u( iuwing griifi i in what inAatN:««, aiid on wh«i ro«U ^ 
 A^/w*'. Whtn l«mlt are foul attd w«ff4y, ihf 4riif it ctf. 
 ••iiily pre ft rabU to tha bto«i.call | it hf thai m«ani, tiM 
 IU)rfff<ho« may b« u(a<l. , 
 
 %tian intlaad of horCta in hulYNindr^ f i , 
 
 Jtjwtr. Where a faiiu confifU ol tfiMt laiHl and good pM* « 
 liMW» iht uf« of oxtn it dcemtd jnefrrabla to (hat wl horfaa. • 
 whrrt man can b« procurtd (o dtivt th#ii» // 
 
 J^/rjr Uih. Onuiicd. ' 
 
 Tl^iurf ijih. What new iniprovfni€i|ta liavt voy inaJ% at 
 •d^fted, in implamanta of hudtandry i i JJ 
 
 Jfn/wtr. Our Intprovemrnta in implfmrnta of hufbandry 
 ha»< of lata vcaii been great and vario«», oarticuJaily in dull 
 pfoMghi, whkh, bv dropping th« feed regularly, and dejwfiU - 
 ing it at 4 proper depth, fave a great dcafof grain. Of cartt 
 Wf ktve a grc4f variety, Come for duntf made (hong with two 
 WkeMi (vr two hof fei, and three wbeela fof one bmk, and u% 
 |h«fio^ lighter kindi, J / / 
 
 '■■■Hv>' • ■' ' .. ' t / * ' / /. 
 
 f n^wmted ydurqueriet toa verv fltitfu! f^rrwr, from whom 
 I received the following anfwera, for land of a middling kind i 
 
 To the firft S^try. We have mofl wJkeat, b«ant, in4 
 vetchet, ifin proper tilth, from ftiff land. /The moti^barlty, 
 pcafe, and oat«, from a lighter foil. Wheat, on an a< 
 twenty-eight bufhett per acre. We hvt three buftieU. ^^ 
 lack of barley fown per acre prnduce«/ftv« quartera tfltr tur 
 nepe. Five bufheli of peafe per acr^ produce from three to 
 four quarters. Four bufhelt of beant, and five bufheU of 
 eats per acre, produce from five lb fix quartera, Vetchc^ 
 &c. fed off", make a gcx>d wheat^JTeafon. :, 
 
 ad. ^ery. A clean fallow, and fowed with clover i after 
 clover, wheat or beam the enUiing fpring on one ear^h, 'j'ur- 
 nepa on four ploughlngs ^ dunged i hand^hocinj OBIIi * 
 Tien barley and cjovcr j next wheal, ^^1 ^ 
 
 3d J^«/ry. Our hcl\ manure it dung from l»CA^«Tattei¥lnr 
 piUc »l Fenaild.iijLtJ c u: aU foiis^^JlVx lay un (inty r i rt . lmiJi per 
 
 
 \ 
 
 •era, (each cait holding thirty buflieU of coal) which, for tur* 
 Mp» Mr wlMiti «riU Ml fix vtart. ' # 
 
"^*!5!». 
 
 Ilk {fMrf. Df oo^dfttt irt tht W#, iM wlW W« niAi««. " 
 i<k jf^fHTf. Clr««n «l<l«f pvUtf (well •• w« ufc r«M h<ip^« fii* 
 
 Ittfi «r ffightf f n ft«f long, two M ih« btMiom gnil cmt tt t«f» | 
 
 «r |r««ii bl4W.ll ihof A CQvtrtd with b«tih, or looft ^(m««» 
 
 Will do. 
 ffh tnd lih !0fitrii§. Th« £imt anfwtv •• from Mr. II iR. 
 ^k 4^*7* '<>' ploMgkingt, (iMijf cMt>loi«(t t4 dwng, snJ 
 
 Nm twk*. 
 
 io(h i?«^>7. Stnt« infwtr m from Mr. Ilitf. ' 
 
 'lath J^r^' Kill jruur (http a* (bun «4 ih« rM app«tr«» 
 
 N 
 
 >s ^^*' 
 
 1^0 fovtunt wilt b« mailt (n Norfolk by farmlrif , wntcH « 
 1^ j<jdicio«u courft nf cropt b« uuitued. That which hit 
 been chiefly adapted by the Norfolk fanncrt ii, id. tutncpe, 
 hotd tivo or tbrto ilmtt ) ad. birUy ) ^. clt^vtf \ or cjovtr 
 and rajr -graft t 4th. wheat. 
 
 Some of th«m« depending on their foita beii^ rieher tbMi 
 Ikeir Hcighboun (for inftance, all the way from Holt, by 
 Aylfliamdotrn through the Flegg hundredt) will fteal a crop 
 of oeafe or ^rlcy after the wheat \ but it ia bad hulbjndry, 
 and haa not been followed by thoTe men who have made for- 
 ttinci. In the above courfe, the turnept are (if poffiblt) mt- 
 nured for i and much of the wheat the fame. Thia ii a no- 
 ble ivftem, which kv<Np> the foil rich \ only one exhaurting 
 crop U taken to a cleanfing and ameliorating ont. The land 
 CanntK poftbly in fuch management be either poor or foul. * 
 
 The only vtriationt are in the duration 6f the clover | 
 which extendt/rom one year to three or four. On the Hrft 
 improvement, ray-grafa was generally fown with it, and it was 
 left on the ground three or four yean : but latterly they four 
 i!0 more ray-grafi than merelK,i^viicicn( for their flocka, and 
 Jtavc it on the ground. TlMrMI'f|f their clover crop it fown 
 alone, and left |)ut one year. yOdiibiona are not clear on thet'o 
 variations. Some think the mo^rn method an improvement | 
 Others tiiat the old one waa better. 
 
 ■fJ^''^i'0U^f''^''^*^ to hazard an idea on thia point. I" 
 ihoutl vW^lrii to condemn the ploutfhing up the clover the 
 firit year \ and fur thefe reafoni. It i« exhauUing the Ijn4 
 more : I'wocropi of corn in four years, exhauft much morei 
 than two [n^^t ywra ; hiinct appeart to me the tnode/n ne- 
 
 Cf ihiv Of buying Ail IM.% at IWd i^tiirteal in acfeT^The mifli 
 la loit fooacr ia tiui method, for thai AMd«i ia eM4t f ropor- 
 
 •• ?• 
 
 
• / 
 
 •<>. 
 
 i ^, 1 
 
 ji' 
 
 u 
 
 fion to tbf quaittil]^ of lilUg. in 4 given rimf. It doci not 
 fink wha* the 1^ jt at fcil 1 but wbii< ic it pulverixing b» 
 the plough. Laftly, the ftock of cattle it left, confeuuently 
 the (luaniuy of 4ung iufcripr i inftcad of fdding twenty-fivS 
 •crei, only twenty ar.e done. They do not pjretend that the 
 wheat after a Uy of two veara ia worfe than^ft^r that of one— " 
 hut thty fay it i« not (o clean. I admit that there will be more 
 trouble in cleaning the turnep fiillbw of twitch j but let that! 
 trouble be carHed to accottnt^ and it will not balance tbt 
 counteriidvantager. Befulei,'^ the beft farmers agrcij, that if 
 the turnep fallow it \ve|l executed j the plants twic^ well hoed, 
 and the landftined thii^e for barlevj ihat» then the t;lover 
 lying two years, will not give.a foul crop of whejtf^ Twitch 
 ge ocrall y cornea frOnafep iiepcglea. v . r-r'. ^ „-^ ^ 
 
 
 •\^ 
 
 
 fk- 
 
 ■f I 
 
 ' Every'link of the chlin ia Norfolk hufbarfdrv*hai frf tn(|. 
 njate a connexion and dcpcndancc, that t^e deftru^ion <iV 
 fingle brfe, ruina thp whole. Every thing dependa not onlrl r 
 on turnips, but on turneps well^oed j an airertion.that'WJU 4t 
 receive but Ihile credit in various part? of the kingdom. 
 
 '^ •• J, fhc' 
 
 1.. . 
 
 #. 
 
 \ 
 '# 
 
 b^-r -,— 
 
 Turneps on Mrell manured land, Uiorbughly hoed, are th« *• 
 
 only fallow in » Norfolk courfe j it i>i therefore *bfolutely ne.' . 
 
 ceflary to make it as complete as pofTiblc. They cannot btV 
 
 changed ^a mere fallow, becaufe the (loci© of fteep kept for . 
 
 folding, an^ating of the clover ai|d ray-graft \ and iarjin.yar<i : 
 
 cattre would then^llftarvc ^ and add to this, that the tillage'- 
 
 r ' ..iT"« ^* latter part of the fummer, &c. ^vhich muft be fu|. ' . : 
 
 ft^tuted inftead of them, would pulveri2;e the fagds too much, ^ ' 
 
 . , ... treading of the cattle that ' 
 
 improved cultjjre ofthia 'i 
 
 important to the: Norfolk hulbandry, that no other . 
 
 fat a common"*'tarmer would 
 Itivate; / * ■ > 
 
 \ay-GraJt, -•'"". '• 
 
 another artide that could not poflibly lie cjtf- ; 
 penfd^ivith. The ligWt parts of the county have neithei^ 
 meado^nqr pafti^res ; their flocks df fheep, dairieK)fcows, 
 thetr fattiTtebegibm_tlj(^fpring^and their horfea all depend oil ' 
 thcfe graO^^lgi^ld fublift bjr nothing elfc j nor couldv 
 they ralTeany wWat without thi«^affi(Virice; . , ' ^ a. -^ 
 . 'TMr4i^ is too light for that grain before it i$ well bound, 'i*^i 
 andjJnattedWether by the roots of the clover, which jre -at ' 
 _ the liwne tiii^ a rich mahtiie for the wheat ! A fallow inft^ 
 ^pfcl«»V»cjB*uld be worfe tli'an nothing, it would render ^«, 
 land i^uch too light. For thefc reafons, which cert^nlyW:, 
 dccifive, nothio ft could b e done h ere Withfiur t\ ^y„r , "^^fi j 
 
 ■w:^.. ^-'-'S'- . V ■ - :";. ■ ■ , ■ - ■■■ ■••.■-' \ miurr 
 
 
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 Ok THi Six-FiiAD 8y«TiH* 
 
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 S Ihav«tri«a diir«r,ntfyftemtof agrtcirfture, «nd%un4 
 
 hJ?. ,«ll" 11;!'% '"•****^ beft adapted to^ur poor l.ndt, 
 ^^ h»ve ukcn th« UUrty to prefefit you with an «xou«t of 
 
 . i^ ^! **?*' "^^ generally ctU a fix.fieJd fyftem/ At I look 
 jpon turhcps to be the grand bafit upon which the beil fupcr* 
 ftruaure of pmaical hwlbind^y caiTbe raifed, I MlbSin 
 wiin tnem. ' ^ i »> 
 
 ■♦V 
 
 
 . Ftrft year, Tumepi^ . , , . . . , 
 ! Second year, Bafley,^ with gr^ft ftedi. 
 
 .." f^S"'' •*^* '*"''/*^,'» 'ofreqMPMtly withbroa^clore/ 
 
 M toteconR tired with it, I ha^c fubftiiuted the follow^li 
 pilxturo.n ?t? place, viz. four Joiindt of white DutdTfiS 
 
 p?h", sivTtr A;:;:^e2r' ^^^' ^ '^•^ --'' -^ ^^ ^ 
 
 Third year, Grift, .•.• ii *i>' .. \ • 
 
 h,^aI!»V°' f"?""* •;*r c«lle fci SbVeptlhirrf oh it'latet 
 
 r 
 
 rK^ , ■"** *^'"^ ""'**'' 8"^ *wo»yi?ar8; itged dofi^'and 
 
 U^fn,,?IT to PW^^^^.the wheat from vfh^ i. gencraUy 
 
 m foundehng in th^ fprine. • * • * ^ ^^ 
 
 Stxth year, Oats i * * 7 / . * 
 
 After which, tucneps.v.^ ^# Av . . .. 
 
 Ai the gctti^ne a croo.pf tui;nepM8 thefeundaUon on which 
 
 H'SSTf^T^'"'''^^^^ hope's oTfuccTft,'^ 
 
 I- V - V. ^^|^;J^«>-«^ th^farme, cannot pay i. 
 
 I. "Ifgrc «»^n arour oatftuhlil^ immediately after h?r^e(H 
 
 ■* youj- courfs the precee^". 
 "jive ajifthcr ploughing^; 
 P provided fOr an ca'rl/^ 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 -s- 
 
 #i 
 
 • 
 
 ■]■'' 
 
 i 
 
 (A 
 
 If 
 
 in 
 
 £ *.f 
 
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f ta ] 
 
 th« moft probable way ^' 
 
 1^ . 
 
 I y. 
 
 I ' 
 
 /• ,!i 
 
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 Ki^. '■'. 
 
 fowlng, which in my opinion, it 
 
 %ct«ding in your turnep crop.* .^ 
 
 V -Al turntps uoon poor land cannot be raifed wirhout dun^, 
 I takt It to 1^ the farmer', intereft to coUea at much at. po?- 
 fihle. not fufFering any ftraw, haulm, or ftubble,uo pafi with- 
 out being converted to manuie j at upon the quantity and ap- 
 plication of that dependt in a great meaTure hit future fuccefs. 
 rije wheat ftubble [haulml Oiould be mown and eolleard 
 together to fome convenient place, at near to the land intended 
 for turnep* the next feafon ft convenient j and, being (lacked 
 round the Cbeep-fold, will not only be of great benefit to the 
 cattle at a (helter, but will be found very ufcful as a comfort, 
 able lodging for them, 
 r J ani aware of one objeaion that may. be made to thit me. 
 - thod of beddmg up, cattle all the winter, which it, that the 
 Heat anfing from the fermentation will make the cattle tender 
 «nd delicate m their conaitutions ; but thit, like many other 
 thingt which at firft appear an evil, may by proper attention 
 be converted into the great^ft good, by laying on at proper 
 *""" • "yef of earth or mould from ditches, highwayt, &c.t 
 After the compoft hat early in the fpring been turned up, 
 •Ihit .fermentation will be found to have converted it t6« va- 
 luable heip of manure, aAd its vicinity to the land where it is 
 intended to be ufed mu ft ft ill add to itt value. 
 
 If manure Ihould be conveniently procured to give a top- 
 dreffinj to the graft feed, at foon at the corn it carried, I am 
 perfuaded the farmer would be amply paid for his expences in 
 the fucceeding crop. 
 
 I be^ leave to fubfcrlbe myfelf, with beft wifhcs for the 
 profpenty of the Society ." 
 
 Your moft obedient «, ■ 
 
 fi' 
 
 And obliged fervanr, 
 
 THOMAS ROBINS. 
 Bold-DouMt Ghuctfttrjhirtt January 7, 1785, - 
 
 .V 
 
 Rtvino 
 
 ?r, 
 
 • ^h« propriety of manurtnc tha Ulod for tiie tornep crap is Indifputable 1 
 but \t the dung be laid on the ftabblef^^diraAly after barveft, \tMi\\\ lofe much 
 of ill ftrehgth before the feafon of tuitiep fowing. The Suffbik and Norfolk 
 rMTintri generally carry their mannreVatef their farm-yards in the fpring, as 
 
 fftiiJ? **** ''*"'' *•'''* '''•°' » '"** ^^ turning it OTcr oncA a month afterward*, 
 it I^Momes fufficiently rotten to be laid on tlte grsun^ in|nediat«iy beforjM^ 
 luriiepk are Town. By this method abupi^Mt crops are 'produced. 
 
 t >och^a fixed fold m»y be of great uf« when the weather it too bad to fold 
 * Jbfrnock m the fields j at 9tittr times the land Will 6e morc'bttiefited by fold- ' 
 IfUlW fl mpapflB i t . 
 
 •I 
 
 '■' , 
 
 % 
 
 ■M^. 
 
y*- 
 
 i 
 
 "IV' 
 
 r •* J 
 
 f^ ,'• 
 
 Rfvitw tf InttUiwinct fnttming Qtvtff Prtm TtUM*t 
 Eafiirn Ttur. ra, IK / 
 
 TN thii review, clover mud not be forgotten j the ufe It ll 
 I of to many parts of the kinedbtn is (o grieat, at to be on« 
 of the pillars of good hufbandrf } andyet it hat not been able 
 ^.to make its way through all the counties : this jrafi U fo'truly 
 ferviceabic to the farmer, that a clejir knowle<%e of its pro-; 
 dudl and va|ue are the only mean^ of fpre^ing the €uUur«» aad^ 
 of improving it where known. ' ^ 
 
 The importance of a grafs that is of To hardy a^ature, as t6 
 bear fowing with corn, and fubjedl to fcarcely iny failure, — 
 that will the very iirft year yield 3 Ton 4 Cwt. of hay at two 
 mowings — that will laft one or perhaps two yeiirs longer, if 
 it fuits the farme.r-r-that is for wheat a better preparatbn 
 than the fineft fallow, requiring at the fame time but one 
 ploughing — all thefe circumftancei unite to render clover an 
 object, of the high^ft confequence to thefe kingdoms } and 
 cannot but amaze one to refle^^, that there are various parti 
 .^f^them, wherein it is ^et unknown. And it is mifetable to 
 think of fo many common fields yet remaininj^ where the far- 
 mers are tied down to mod unprofitable courtes 0!> Halt ^xclttf 
 don of this noble grafs. , • , 
 
 « Ntirieti(beiargott|n, that thefe adv«)i|UgV%ve gaii/e46f', 
 a crop, which may be all, and ufuaify is, cWianed by eattle' 
 at home j hence opens new views of its profit : the ^rmer it 
 enabled to keep great ftocks of cattle on foils^SSirherefe could 
 not otherwife have any i raifinjg; much dung, andkeifping h>s 
 land in great heart. • ^ fi* * 'J: ' 
 
 ' T^e comparative advantage of the^wo aA^icationi of the 
 clover, mowing and feeding is in favbur o¥ the former. I, am 
 hot furprifed at this, for mowiri^.^ill^lways make the land 
 cleaner from weeds, an.cfFed parj^icjUiart^ ob^eryed at Haftejid.} 
 but the (hade of a thick crop is the'^great objl^ in Aimmer^ 
 ht it what it may, 'it will breed (o putrid a fei'n^entatiofi in tfaw ' 
 foil, as to work a far greater ^nd infinitely more regular im* 
 provementf than the random dunging and ftalein^of cattle,* , 
 A|l experience provesi^the bene^fit of thick Chade in fumfmer.- 
 That this comparifon may be the bettCF underftood, 1 ftiill 
 
 compare the pra<aice with the foil. " : \ 
 
 ' J^V, ■'■■ , ■-- . ■■ '■■ .-." ■-;^^*-. -.r :*■■ 
 
 Ittvitw 0/^ 
 
 
 igtnci 
 
 a 
 
 ARROTS 
 J tihgufflicd- 
 
 cenartiwg Garrtts» 
 MafttrnTiur. y^IV, 
 
 in the ntftiute^ of this Toyur msJee 
 
 • ■ t.; 
 
 From T«nttg*g^ 
 
 i 
 
 aHdif... 
 any alperiinf nts o» 
 
 t- * .,. .'"thit 
 
 • X h«w treated the p^lM of feeding tad mowing vM^om *t"l»r|e* In lity 
 ^urfe of £xpc/iiAcaul Agriculcvrc, Vol »d. p. jj», , 
 
 r ■ * 
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 tlMB moft txcttlenc root, thit I think there ii great reafon to 
 expcA it will fooii become common huftMndry i which would 
 be one of the mod fartuMte circumiUncei that could poffibly 
 happen to the agricultujre of Britain. It hat been tried in 
 fcarceiy any place without being adhered to r «Indeed, we mstf 
 fafely pronounce that whoever does juftice to it in the cultiva- 
 tiooy will certainty find it one of the nm>ft profitable crop* in 
 4hp world i but a review of the particulars bringing the moft 
 materiai pointi into one v^w, will'bjrft prove the truth of 
 ijlif tflertion* Wk 
 
 Afr. Moadjft Rttford, 
 Sill. Rich /and at ^*. .* • V 
 
 Cultuft. Ploughed la Inches deep) hand -hoed clean, 9 
 iachet afunder. , 
 
 "-^rnha. 29 Toni it aoi ; alfo 4$ Tqni if ioi. ^ ^ 
 ' M'' Fatting of oxen of from 80 to "lia ilonci four 
 brtfts to an acre 14 weeks, , No food fattens better j as well 
 as oil cak^ ' . , " r .... 
 
 • ' .' ' .' JhHut Ntiyifki v^.. 
 
 Soil. Af&ndyloam, 169. * >• 
 
 Cuiturt. French ploughing J miniiTtiyli'f loads of long 
 ^ung, ThreehcMBings at^.i is od. > 
 
 .• ■■ About Saxmundham% , , '/. 
 
 dm. Rich fand; at 148, a> r 7 
 
 Proiua. 8ooBu(hels.. , /■ " * ** . , 
 
 ' Vft. Fatting bogs, and feeding horfes. ' ? 
 
 Abm fVoodbridgf,., 
 ftil. Rich deep fand, at 20s. ■?" 
 , Bulturt. French plouchcd li inches deep j nomlnuringr 
 Three h;ind hoeings, at from i6i"/^ tii. per tcre. ' » , 
 
 Proia^. egSjufhels, at6d. /.17 98od. ' 
 
 Vft. Feeding horfes j allow sTbufhel per horfc per day, , 
 ^nd give no corn. And fatten hogs completely. ' '' _^ ?- 
 
 Thefe produfts arc great and (hew plainly, that carrots w^N^ a 
 yield a very confidcrable quantity of food. FtKhteen tons the \ 
 
 !».• 
 
 >■* 
 
 J 
 
 
 ' •>! , 
 
 V 
 
 average quantity, of fo rich and folid food mu^ go very far in V^i 
 fattening or keeping any kihd of cattle. ■ < v ~! 
 
 -i**- 
 
 i 
 
 / ; 
 
 Ktvttw if hiiUigenct concirhing Potatoes, Prm Young* t 
 EafitrttTouf. V^>1. IJT, , ^ 
 
 Tr- 
 
 
 ^ 'i 
 
 THE culture of Potatoes is another article of hafbandry « ^^ 
 „ highly defcrvinlp^e Attention of all perfons, whoiare^r 
 drfiirous of advancirft fH^ir hulbandry to pcrf^ftioa. Thl"*^!- 
 ■ following minutes will ifaw, that feW c%yS can in profit fe? 
 
 
 ranked with thqm. 
 
 
 ^. *. -r- 
 
 
 ••* 
 
 
 la^ 
 
 iir**' 
 
 
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 H * 
 
 -»♦.' 
 
I to 
 
 •uM 
 ibly 
 Jin 
 
 Uitf 
 
 I in 
 
 » 9 
 
 
 4*" 
 
 .^IiK4 
 
 
 •'to 
 
 '^ •*• 
 
 our 
 veil 
 
 ong 
 
 > * 
 
 Jay,. 
 th« 
 
 r in 
 
 J? 
 
 ^ iir, "Kendal, ttjilfrtlmt. 
 SmU Dry crumbling loam bn qujuri«t aC aoi« 
 . Cuhurt. Kept clean bv hoeing, to, ,' ^^ '. 
 , Pr$diicl. Six hundred DuOieli, at If. £.'^^0. * ' 
 ' "«- ^' ^PP*'" »" ^*» fatting brawns, boiU them,, and mi 
 two bulheli of rye or barley mtal to 20 of potatdSt'i muff» 
 fattening than corn alone. i, 
 
 Mr. IVhMfttn^ BwuM/ltr^ 
 .Stilt Rich Tand, at 50a. . :, 
 
 Cultur*. Plants in equatly-diflant row*, threel quartera of 
 a yard afunder ; manures with twelveJuadt an acre rott«A 
 dun^ i only the knots or eyes ufed foHlsta ; earthed 1^ v^tlk 
 
 'f 
 
 ■> ♦ 
 
 |Nind-hoe» Teveral timet. 
 ' Mnimu 1767,- 
 1768,- 
 
 I76fr 
 
 I77<V 
 
 -24a buflifflf. 
 -242 
 
 -300 
 
 -^fV^ 
 
 .1* 
 
 J 
 
 t 
 
 Total , 15(^3 
 Average 375 
 
 ../ >■ 
 
 At II. 4d, - • 
 
 11 im '» 
 
 £.t4, 16 fr. 
 
 1 
 
 JL 
 
 tr"r~ 
 
 ng'$ 
 
 
 "S 
 
 ^^~f 
 
 ,< *-*'rfk-'* - .V **■ s 
 ■?■.-! .,; , • 
 
 ^ t^tk Applied chiefly to fattening fwine j fata pbrkera mUk 
 them, and mixes half a peck, barley meal to fti: buibela of po* 
 , fatoes } alfo in half fattening bacon bog*"- - '* 
 
 Thcfe products are very confiderable i £.%6, In acre Oftt 
 * tirop, which like carrots are kept quite clean, and generalljr 
 manured fpr very richly, which confiquently cleans the land^ * 
 •nd as every one knows, greatly improvea it, forms upon th« 
 . whole an object of uncommon importance j and Chews that » 
 ^e culture of potatoes i:»nnot be t<Jo much promoted. 
 
 ^ InpuaUnt'pir raifing of P$tatotf. From tht B^h Socirtv 
 
 ^ . , ' p0ferh mm, .. , ^ 
 
 ' * . A P^^^'UM having been offered by the Bath AgricuU 
 
 r-2 xtV Jure Society, for the cultivation of potntpies by ftrmertj 
 
 -jr-Hpc, whofe rent does not exceed forty poundt^e'r^^nnum j aixr 
 
 the increafe of that valuable rootbeink of great.c^n(fequ«n£# 
 
 .4n.thmrtnn^ Itt^tt.^^ /"-If J.. ...Ill _ ^ji. CI iki^l _t.^ ? • j?i 
 
 •>W 
 
 J,:: 
 
 .> > to the poor, 1 flatter mvfelf it will n^-be thbtiglji impertinent 
 
 Tn m«^ to give fome inftruaionf foir.^hf» r yMih|-lhi»m*\l fJ f | |1 y • 
 

 I'- 
 
 •it 
 
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 f «e J 
 
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 1 «.y obuin . pLniifuI crop.^ " ^^' of ground, how they >^ 
 
 Ih^ foil will allow of It I after ihii f l.«U 1. i*f ^' '' 
 jbJut fix inch,, deep. nnfZtLl - o^n».^ T t ' 
 
 Jt put therein about three inches thick » thu U^ft^ u "''^ 
 
 tj-^ore th.ntwdvinch., ip diameter*, upon hi^dlV!^ 
 ifc/ P****^' **»«'<* be planted whole* u^n wKUh .^<l ?' 
 «rd^n.fl,ouldboft.ken^„drhene.r;hTuf»L^^^^^^^ . 
 
 I« Lie manner the whole plat of ground muil^Je nffj" 
 *ikmg care that each potatoe heit Jeaft fixtteh 1 1? 
 t ; and when. the youne flioott m.l- !l ^ '"*^''** ""^ 
 
 A plentiful fupply of mould (hould be ai*en th«iii ...d »k. 
 ..r.h i,, ,h. mo,, room <h, ?1"», wiTi «i,T» J^S^r *' ' 
 
 other. Tl.it(Io,.„l,m^hod will iXw«r«Sr/' " "■* 
 
 I'ghtci, the foil, and give the roots roo.nto^xpand.T^^^^ 
 
 -V ,., . . .• . .■ i: -■:'.'-..; ^ . -..-.'..'-..- - -v :--ih«uii- 
 
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 (&ouU tM twice liotd, •ndMrthtd up in fowf. Anlfctrt ' 
 iio«., that If cut,, poutot. wt to !»• planted, ertry cutZJ 
 
 ttertwill bet greater ccrtwnty of a crofc ■§ ttoaMaaft*? 
 fcil. «^ i. deftroyed by grub, in^ht wS? *• '^ "^ •^*" 
 
 bt the Mfe ,„ . d.y /cafoa) amend! may ftil) be made by layinf 
 
 tttoti i^t do appear, and covering them with mould, Z^ 
 knot .or )pint tbur ordered will. If the weather prove wet after"' 
 ward!, produce more potatoet than thi original roott. ' 
 ^ r hivtVr^fed potatoes from the applet that grow upon th«' ' 
 haulm, but ttry were very fmall the firft year, t1,ough fSunl •' 
 
 ftcond ye^ ,. but I do not think they willow ai2wtf w ^ 
 good purpofe._^ ■•■■''*■'■''■' f •■ ' " ^ ,r - '^ ■*7f ■ ■ 
 
 I obuined «ie laft yW from til J fintireft potatoe. planted 
 whole, from fpur to fix pound, «t • root, ,md foito, of the fi^ • 
 gle potatoet ^eighcd near two poundt. r" ^•'•^ '"^^ **"; 
 
 I hefe were dug in-w beforeipentionrd, in trenches wher.x 
 the ground wa* covered with weed,, and the i,il wwt ft3 
 
 (TJ ' •^* ^* W '^''^' ^'"*" P°»*»*»«* '^^ held in conteH 
 for planting, >yVbofe whofc prtjudice will not fuffenhew £• 
 try experimout , but I can affu/e them, tharthey w II u"L^ 
 trial fully a|UWr their expeaation. , thiugh I adlifcV^ *^ 
 means Vo d.bbfe in potatoes, at the perfon who ufct theXlibWef - * 
 
 •r-,^- k J \ c"*— "••» -• "IB pcrion wno uiet theXiibblet 
 
 fyex^ndifi?"'^'" **"''"'• yo«^«fibrfi from proper. 
 
 , A good crop mai be obtained by laying^potitoei upon iurt 
 
 at about tweUe or%,urteen incheJ MLtfZf uplXlli 
 
 about fix feet wide, on each fiAe of wCcb a trench fhould be 
 
 ZH'i^^'itTJ''^'"^^* ^"^ tbc turf that come, from 
 oo,^«? r^ ^i"* ^"^'*!f ^""^y fi^« downward, upon the 
 
 trwiche. and be ^re*i over tiie turf, and in Uke m«mer the 
 
 treate^r. And re^iark, tlkat w^ea tfae young {homa appear 
 oZ^Z. &°/ ""***" f-ni^tic trencfTflfo^ST 1??^*/^ 
 
 tl?lv iXr^l""^ ***^ tncourag, diem to exp.^, aOd to- 
 t!kL un ^L 'J^°""« '*"'*•• *«^ »**« the*potltoe. are 
 1«S. InL^h f *"T"*J* '^>^'^^"^P«^rf°n ^nay tuVii the earth 
 again into the trenches, fo as to make the furfiice level ; nnd 
 It will be right to remark, that from tbe lame ground a tetter ^ 
 crop of potatoet may be obtained the following year. 
 
 dung the land, which Oio^ld be once ploughed prevtout there 
 
 <s«a=^ 
 
 .\: 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 
• ••» 
 
 C •• J 
 
 I w4 whtn it ii f»l«ugh«d * recona time, • cartful prrfon 
 tould drop the potato* plants htioH Ihe plough in tvery third 
 arrow at abovt right or ten inch^ apart. Planti that %n 
 ^ut with two «jref are bcft for this piirpofc. Mr rrafon for 
 planting them at fo frtai « diftancc in tvtry third furrow, it, 
 •hat when the fhoott app^^ar, a horfe-ho« may go upon th« twff 
 ^ctnt furrows to keep ttiem clean t and after the* are lhu« 
 id, they fhduld be moj^lded up in ridgtt j and inhu crop 
 taken up about pdloWTr or November, the land wifl b« In 
 jt^cllent comiition to receive a crop of wheat. 
 
 Lands that are futlof twitch or couch graft m^Ty |ji« fif^ 
 clean bvjihii method^ at the horfe-hoeing it at good at a fum- 
 *n#r fallow i and if, when the potatoet are taken up, women 
 •nd children were to pick out fuih filth, not any traces 6f U 
 Would remail i and ^ laying it on heaps and burmii* it, t 
 quantity of a(h«p would be produced for m^nurt, #. 
 
 After ploughing, none (hould ever dibble in "^potafoet , ai 
 the pf rfons who dibble, plant, or hoe them, vill all tread the 
 ground, by which meana it will become f<f bound, that the 
 yoong fibres cannot expand j nor did I ever hear, that from 
 Che dibbling method, more than fifty or Itxty fackt were pro- 
 ceed from one acre j whereas, by ploughing them in as h€» 
 fore-dire£ted, I have obtained more th4n one hundred-facks " 
 per acre; * 
 
 Indeed, I have kn«wn good crops obtained by plpugliinf ' 
 <he land twice, and dropping the plants in every other fursow, 
 ■nd by hand.hoeing and earthing them up afterwi^rds as th« ,. 
 gardenerfc do pcafe ; but this method is not equal to the d- 
 ther; VacaUlt places in hedge-rows might be grubbed and 
 planted with fiotatoes, and g'good crojj^ might be^cxp^aed, at "^ 
 the leaves of tr^es, thorn«,&c. ar« a^obd manuW, and will 
 fiirprifingly encourage their growth wHo, by cultivating Aich 
 l^acei; will then make the moft of his gi;ound, <«nd it will be 
 iffSfine order to receive a crop of corn the folIaWing yiir. 
 
 1 fhall now conclude by<lioimg, tha| gravelly, ftony, Jhalky, 
 •r ftiffclav land, will never produce many potatoes } itad the 
 few they do produce^ vifill be cankered and only fit for pigs i • 
 it is therefore obvious, that fuch foils «re improper. 
 
 Ifthefe'loofe hints are worthy the accleptance of the Bath 
 Agriculture Society^Miw happy in having 'the honour of 
 communicatingjheOi,">«tr5m,, ^ ||^^' «, ; . • 
 
 " l^hjgSytefw.^nc<^^ 
 
 1pi^ro|)edlenit feryant, _ ■ r-. .sJi"._ 
 
 \f .^V'" "JOSEPH SfA^fAte^'^ 
 
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 Sfiilsitd. Firm iki MiM Sttii^ it^^m 
 
 0« tbt NttiL 
 . in Iki mt^ 
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 *j^OTtlfNG foundi (0 wondtrM to ItA-country Afi* 
 , JT^ mcr« It hr«rtng of the con(lu(5t of ttMir brethren in th« 
 WfH, who do not hoc their turnep crop*. Long and uhi^ 
 Vfffbi pra^ice hat gWen the Eaft-countrv farmer the mod 
 CompleM cohvidion, not of the propriety onij, but of th« ak* 
 ft>lutc neceflHy of this operation. 
 
 , Without Hoeing, we (hould get a produce on our bed lands 
 of, perhapi, two, three, or |t moft four tont oii an acre, and 
 <^at chiefly leaf» With honng, we get fro\m twenty to thir- 
 ty-ftve tone of root oiflyt aiid if teat were an objea, mucll 
 nort than it ever' gained without. The difference in tht 
 aiirff quanti^ of tht crope, therefore. Would alone be an ar- 
 gument powerful enough to be perfuafive to meri who will 
 give their undcrilaadiiigt any pUy ; but there are other cir- 
 cuffiftancet not lefa impor^nt, that ought to be taken into 
 confidcrration. „ 
 
 The hoeing not ortly thina the turnepi, and nukea tbem 
 larget but it aeikrmya all weedtvthat may have rifen in th« 
 field from the lalTploughing • a fett^nd hoeing repeats this 1 
 knd in fat/Our^ble kaioiit a^thiill may be given » fo that on( 
 
 and 
 
 gyrcn » 10 tqat one 
 ^ great objedt (the grcatei^ in my opinion) qOnftun^r fitUow- 
 ' fng, th^t d( kWUng we«ds, if better anfwered thin it can bf by 
 jftoMghfng. Whoever will (Coolly conlider^it point, cannot 
 ' /^i) to admit the great efficacy of this improved hu(bandr 
 
 / 4 '""^^'^^ ^'^^ ^'' ^^^j^*-^ '" y*^ '^^^^^'^^'^ ''S^* Summer 
 /„ fallowing it attended in various cafet with a'verf^lMd tteSt, 
 
 I There is r«afoii ta believe, that the a^lcfn of the funtbeatris 
 
 'jji^ipoverilhes the land when in tillage. It volatilizes ind fx^ 
 
 ^jfjAiMS thofe fihct oarUcIes, on which depend, or ynth/yihtdk is 
 
 CoiVieded,- the rood of .plants } but wllcre bufbanmy is very 
 
 ^ ill uiuC^rftood, aAd the farmers have no correft Kieas of the 
 
 ^S><lue arrangement of crops, this evil is properk|fubmUted to, iipL 
 
 i] order to effe£l the deftru^^lon of weeds by pvafffffiinp How 
 
 ^ vkluable then is the turtiep culttire, yi^ich by 
 
 deftroys the weeds, and at the fame time cover 
 
 the s(dion of the fun, in thofe months whicr 
 
 the hotted in the year ! 
 
 If the land be we^ ttUeiandpuV 
 
 ^ink, that many vreeds may rather 
 
 by the (u^nep hufbandry without ^oe 
 
 Ings bti given in a qliicjc fucceffion, tl 
 
 ■be tumbled aboutt tgp fad for vegetatioi 
 
 of hoeing 
 land from 
 ate odentimea 
 
 »ns 
 the 
 
 raim 
 
 % 
 
 w 
 
 loWn and left to I'cf&tit^ tnty 
 
 lam incHnedHfl^" 
 gated than killed 
 if the plough- 
 r^ts ancLjeeds wiU 
 
 ;pai$ j(fhcn the land it 
 
 hoeing 
 
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 liewancf, (btw fKit lilllt Mn«fit ii dtrtvcd from tliM ««ry iiw- • 
 p9rnttmmt\»g<emtM, ' ^ . 
 
 Thai (h« righc conJuA if toko«, Pinnot b« ImiMiiti t>ut 
 Iht qucflioa ii, how to cnfotcc it f Your excrlUnt bocicfy of 
 |ru« attd genuine pMrioff havt <font much Yto almoft vvtry 
 hfknch of hufbandrv j nor hit (hi* ohjr/i h«tn ncgle^tttJ by 
 ihtm : Hut probably, the bed meant olUifremia»tmg the prac- 
 llct. will bf fouiid that of Importing a flew good hoett from 
 Suffolk, [the beft part of the countV for fuch a purpoft is the 
 •ngle betMreen Woodbridge and Orford] and give premiuma 
 r6r all the hantla they inftrua.and to all that arc inllrudUd by 
 Ihtm I witb an honorary rewai'd to that gentleman who (hiU 
 Import one ir more for the fame purpofr. Perhapa this fub- 
 Jeil dcfervea a.furtb^r atttntion previoM* to the n^xt feafon. / 
 
 . ARTHUR YUUhlO. 
 
 '■ ■ . / 
 
 Hf in tbt eultivaiioH »f Bii(k-lVh«at^ 
 Brijlingun, Fr$m tbt Bath Steittj 
 
 f 
 
 'Jin 4((»vnt tf tn 
 
 TFafhry^J 
 
 OlIITLIMIN, 
 
 TJETWEEN the Hth and the aift of June 1783, 1 plough- 
 jD ed a piece of land on Ilriflington common, containing 
 •bout twelve acret. 
 
 It Wat harrowed In th« direction of the plough. Two 
 buOielt per acrt were then fown, and a roller wai run over It. 
 Nine acres of thi« ground is a reddifli fandy loam ; the other 
 three acres a wet cla/, which, for wan< of draining, was fome- 
 What poachy. The former produced a moft luxuriant herb- 
 age, which e(Fe£luall)r got the maftery of every kind of weedit | 
 even the quick-(hooting fern could not keep pace with it. 
 
 The rer^aining three acres of clay failed very much } there 
 tiott being on the whole fo much herbage as on a fmgle acre 
 of the other.' The. crop was harveftcd the beginning of Sep- 
 tember i and produced upwards of twenty waggon loads of 
 i^raw, And only two hundred and thirty buflicU and half of 
 grain, nearly twenty bu(heU per acre. ' ^ V 
 
 Between the 8th and the iid of Od^ober fol!<^w!ngpaiif fame 
 ground was fown with red lam mas wheat, two bu(ttels to/in 
 acre. It bad one ploughing, after which the grain was eared 
 in ; the ridges dreflfed or rijghted, by clofing the furrowi» and 
 trimming the loofe earth. \r 
 . In tbat part of the land Where the buck-wheat had failed. 
 
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 pwlttct ol thii f r«p WM 
 i«ft«f"bi»ftiel» and (Mir. • 
 . w year* prfrr<iin| tfrll exf .. 
 ffhmif to further tht vi«ws of ih« 
 1 hiv« bt«n in tht culture of buck. 
 - ^J^f"^ * Virioui foiU, sihI at ♦ari^ut iim«| 
 
 wng of April 60 tJi« ta<l ol July. 
 
 Th* refuft sf «¥ obf«rvaiioni if, that , ,_„ ,^., „ „„, 
 
 pin ♦• well wnrfh the feiifkaiidman'f alien. iotTi thu it rf*^ 
 
 ii^ 'f h«« in ■ nieliow fandy foil I and fiicceHt w«U in »ny .fry, 
 
 .K' loojr, healthv l»nd, and modcrMely to in • free lu«mr Aon« 
 
 1 f^* , ^ «yf«»8|JlJttJvtrikl!» ifld ii ii^antif fly tt^ur 
 HMlfb fow iripi w«c poaclty grodiMlv •, * '. 
 
 itilddlf of May to tht nftJddle of June. I wduld chooft rather 
 to fow It t¥tn m the beginning of July, than before tlit mid. 
 die of M4/ i fur it U vjtr/ Impalicm of cold Ml itf <u^ ^tci; 
 
 A cfop of buck -wheat li, in my opinion, fo much cUlf. 
 * , gain to the farmer^efing.thtt/hrf land h thereby fo well ^m 
 pared for a fucfecdinu tropi t vca better than a f«ll»w j m» 
 . ' Qdft that rt afford* a uoble ref«»urcc for irairm|'fnanure. 
 • .' ' lam.&e. , , .-.„" '^ 
 
 ^1, ^. ^.. NtHEMIAHiAIWtt 
 
 On tht Situatiom and Stitftr OnharJt i at, J tht Muhtd tf 
 
 , fbrtting Apple Trttt. Frtm Marfltair, Rural Ecntmy if 
 
 GUucejItr^htm AV/. //. > ./ 
 
 ' W ' '"' ' ' ■■.<• .' 
 
 ASPECT Is of much more Jniportance, hti^Tyhin Jocall^*' 
 iy, and appeara to have had due weight in fixipg the 
 Jitea of orchafds, in this diliria j for though orcharda -art 
 found on every hde of hilU, the fouth-eaft, with a Ikrecn to 
 the north, (izm% to be the favourite afpe£V. 4 . 
 
 . The " morning fun" if ellcemed genial to frutV: an ofl' 
 idea; and not merely a ptipular notion i tliouch ia foine de- 
 gree it may be deertied fuch, f - ^ 
 It i« not probable that the quality hf the morning ray* \i 
 , Wiiith fuperior to thoffc of the noon-jdav or evening fun (thf^ 
 popular idea) J but it nppear* dcmonftribly, that a fouth-eafti* 
 ern afpefl colleas agrcatcr quantity of heat, enjoys a loiiter 
 day, than an y other afpca. ^^.. ^ 
 
 n il ■ ,1 ■ M llli r i M IIMI.I.^— — ■ I j^ I M l T lll I.... iiJ i ll lli r i !»■ - III I . 1 I II III! I IIII M .il I 1,1 I II I I H I ■i m n il IIMIIII 
 
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 . It b noon before a wcfterii afpca reflect a ray. In tht 
 morninft, it yrill frequently remain dewy and cold, fevcral 
 boura «fctr vegetation hat been roufed, againft an caftern in- 
 dinatian.' The afternoon lun it, no doubt, more iptenfe, ou 
 the weft than on thee^(i fide of a bill \ but iu duration ik (hort. 
 In an afternoon, the «ir is every where warm j and a regular 
 Aipply of warmth appcari to be more gcnia> to vegetation, than 
 • great and fudden trfuirition from heat to cold. The coolnefs 
 ofthe evening come* on, and vig^ftkiion is probably checked 
 •t ibon, or nearly as foon, in all afpedh. Hence we may, I 
 think, fairly conclude, that the fouth-eaftern afpe^ enjoyt 
 more vegetative hours, and receives a more regular fupply of 
 beat, than any other a^e^h 
 
 Neverthejcffi, on a fruit-liquor farm, it may be prudent to 
 have " plantations" in different afpe^s. Blights (whatever 
 they are) appear to be commuiiicaied to the trees by the wind.~ 
 *n 1783, brchard-fruit was cut off in every fituation, except 
 a north-welt afpca j in which I faW fcveral orchards full* 
 fruited. • > 
 
 A northern afped>, however, hat its dUadvantage j and al. * 
 though it may, in this country, efpecially wher? the foil is 
 warm, 'produce fruits fit for the purpole of liquor j yet in the 
 more northern provinces, it may be altogether inadequate to 
 thatpurpofe. 
 
 A hill dipping to the fouih partakes ofthe nature of a fouth 
 wall. The atmofphere, a few feet from the ground, is pro- 
 bably many degrees hotter on the fouth than on the iforth fide 
 of a regular hill : and the richnefs and flavour of fruit depends 
 much on the heat ofthe atmofphere it matures in. The fruit 
 ofthe branch of a vine, for inftance, which is introduced in- 
 to a flove or green-houfe, is much richer and higher flavored, 
 than that of other branches ofthe fame vine, which remain in 
 the common atmofphere. Hence every means Ihould be ufed 
 to render the atmofphere of an orchara as warm as may be- 
 to colled as much heat within its area as poifible. Therelore, 
 while it enjoys the morning fun, it ought to have a tall woody 
 (kreen to the eaft, to break off the piercing winds from that 
 quarter. The^winds travel horizontally, or nearly fo j while 
 the fun foon gains a Aifficient elevation, to lodge vits rays in^ 
 the atmofphere of a flcreencd orchard. 
 
 Much has been iaid about fruit trees in hedges, in the cyder 
 counties. But this ihould feem to be one of thofe wild ideas, 
 which hafty travellers are liable to catch. 
 
 Crab-trees, perhaps, arc more common in 'the hedges of 
 thif, than they arcjeiw^thofe of other diflridts} and hedge* 
 crabs, het;^t«4»^ji^other places, are fomctimes grafted with 
 apples.}, but I have met with very few iallaocct, in which 
 
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 hediflrfput hav« Iwcn dcfigncdlv, and regularly, filled w|lk 
 •P|Mf trcct. About Bromyitrd, I Uw out or cwolnftano«^ 
 ill which «pplo Creet fromdoCe woody hedgc-ro%n ) blowfting 
 out, on either fide, over the adjoining incloAirct. But the 
 pradtict of planting firuit.tr««t in hcdgea, I apprehend, has 
 never bcia codilii^, and il now, I believe, wbolly laid afidc 
 There art two diradvanta^es attend it : — the hedge iitaevit«> 
 bly deftroyed, atid the fruit is diftcult to collet. 
 
 ad. The foil of orchards. It appears to be fufficiently well 
 afccrtaihed, in this diftrid, that the fame fpecies < f frui^ 
 when produced on different foils, affords, liquors of very dif' 
 ferent qualities. The ftirt applet on the Jimeftone lands oC 
 the Foreft of Dean, yields • cyder, which is marked by ricii* 
 ne(s, (fweetneft), and fullnefs of flavor : while the fame ajh- 
 le, in the vale of Gloucefter, a ilrong deep rich foil^'^affordi^ 
 'liquor, wbofe predominant qualities, without great diligenot 
 in the manufa<5ture of it, and roughnefs and Arength. 
 
 The Hagloe crab, too, feems to ret^uire a calcarious rock 
 to give full richnefs aiid flavor to its liquor. l'heorchard« 
 which yields the nefarious juicf, that has been fpoken of^ hat 
 for its foil a very (hallow loam^ lying on a foft Tandy rock— 
 provincially. a ** dunftone"— vvhich, on examination, proves 
 to be pretty Arongly calcaripiis i and is of a contexture fuft« 
 ciently porous and loofe to aiimit the fibrils of vegetables. 
 
 On the contrary, the fquafh pear draws the fin^ft liquor 
 from deep ftrong land. A plug of foil, taken beneath a pear 
 tree, in a celebrated orchard, in the townfhip of Taynton is a 
 Arong brown clay, without a particje of calcarious earth tn its 
 compofition. Nor does the f^bfoil, a flill Aroii||f redcJajs 
 (hew the leaft marks of calcarioufitv. * #F » 
 
 This contrariety may be recoiicileable in ihe^ecific quadi* 
 ties of thefe fruits. 
 
 The juice of the pear is natjUrally laccharine ; while that 
 of the apple abounds with acidity ) and, if we may venture ta 
 reafon on a fubjed fo little under Aood as is .that of the vege- 
 t^le economy, what is more likely to le(rcn the proportioa 
 of acidity, than the tree w;hich produces it feeding among ^ai» 
 carious earth i its natural deftroyer. 
 
 From the whole of the eyidehre coll«5led in this dil^riift, t 
 am inclined to believe, that there are many fituaiions, cveaia 
 the more northern provinces, notwithftandingthediiadvaatage 
 efjlimature — in which, with due attention to idped, a judici* 
 
 ■""'. .. ■ .. ■ • OttS 
 
 • I have obfervtd a pear-tree llourifli on the fide of a Ci*li Blue-Clay Sw«|| 
 
 (Lartingrcn-hill), where the foil ik fo infertile iliat fcarcdy any herbage, ex. 
 
 cepr the wood fefcue, will grow upon it { and where the native crab evident. 
 
 ly (tarvei for want of nburiOimant. There af many rtmilar fwelia fcaKeritf 
 
 -^w^fW* dWfi<Vr «^tH4f-f^ pretnrfaterthir^ttfetrA-ato e. ^ '"^ 
 
 -i*-^ 
 
 './*' 
 
 confideraSle) ntight be advanced manjfold, b> planting tbetn with fome of 
 the ff^perior forii of pear tree*. 
 
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 Ml choice offHilt, and prlf«r minagtrnt n( of th« liqudr^— 
 
 «Tfn cyder of the firft quality mioht be made.— P^rryof • 
 
 |«odquillt«, I am perfuaded, might be made ia almoft any 
 
 - quarter of the kingdom. ■ * 
 
 Ibt Mttht^ if planting A^tU Trtii* 
 
 » Thit requires (wrticular notice.— I he ordinary method in 
 
 tfceGlouccllerfliirecow-groundf, i« to digahde, v^ide enough 
 
 . to take the roota (if not vrry long) i which being placed 
 
 within it, the mould i« returned upon them in the order in 
 
 which it camt o^t i carefully replacing the fodt on the fur- 
 
 .fcce, that no grating ground may be Io(U A mode of plant- 
 
 iiigt which is too common throuthout the kingdom. 
 
 A wicthod, which is more likely to furceed is this { the 
 iround being fet out with ftake«, driven in the Centers of the 
 ' intended holes, def(^ribe a circle, five or fix feet in diameter, 
 round each flake. If the ground be in a ftate of grafs, re- 
 •lOVt the fward, in (hallow (pits } placing the fods on one lide 
 of the hole. The beft of the loole mould place, by itfelf, on 
 Mother fide ; and the dead earth, from the bottom of the bole, 
 in i third heap. 
 
 The'depth of the holet (hould be rerulated by the nature of 
 Ihefubfoil. Where this is cold and retentive, 'the hole* 
 flNwId not be made much deeper thsin/ the cultivailed foil. — 
 To |o lower is to form a receptacle for Water, Which, by 
 flandmg am^ng the'' rop^s, is very jfrjurious Jojhe plants. 
 On the contrary, in a dry light foil, the holes fHdBbe made 
 confiderably deeper \ as well to obtain a dcgr^pKoolnefs 
 and moifture, as to be able to eiUblifh the plan^<tfrmly in the 
 loil. In foils of a middle quality, the hole (houfd be ^offuch a 
 depth, that, when the fods are thrown to the b^ottom of it, the 
 plant will fland at the fame depth in,|he orchard, as it did in 
 the nurfery. Each hole, therefore, flii^uld be of a depth adapt- 
 ed to the particular root, which is to bfe planked in it. The 
 koles, however, ought for various reaibns, to be made previ-. 
 ous to the day of planting. 
 
 If the (eaibn of planting be fpring, and the ground and the 
 weather be dry, the holes fhoMld be watered, the evening be- 
 fore the day of planting, by throwing two<¥ three pailluls of 
 water into each : a new, but an eligible prai^ice. 
 
 Ill planting, the fods fhould be thrown to the bottom of the 
 hole-f chopt with the fpade ; and covered \lvith fnme of the 
 lineft hi the mould. If the h9ie be fo deep thiit, with thif ad~ 
 vamagp, the bottom will'not be raiiVd hi^>.h|enough for the 
 given plant, fome of the woril of the mould ihoutd be return- 
 ed, before the fods be tllrovvn down! . 
 t'The bottom of the hole being raifcd to a proper liey^hti 
 •fid adjufked ) the lowcll tire ol roots ui e to be Ibread ubon 
 
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re- 
 
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 it: dinwiillditmouthorisonunfi viA fpreidinj thtm, \£ 
 difft^tnt dirc^ioni, %% the bird fprcMlt itt foot when it (landf 
 M a level TuK^act : driwrinff out the rootlets and fibret, whicZ/ 
 fovenlhr belong t6 them \ ipreading them out at a feaiherv of 
 a* the frond oithe forii \ — prefliug them evenly into the (Ui 4 
 and covering theA, hy hand, wjth fome of the fined oftha 
 mould : ooe perfon Headying the plant j another aJjudin^ 
 and bedding the rootat e'ld a third fupplying the mould T 
 which being rai/ed high enough to receive another root, o& 
 another tire of root*, thry are .10 be fprcad out horiz(bntallf 
 upon it, and bedded in a fimilar manner : tbui contihuingw 
 until every foot be bedded, feparately, horizontally (orXuneT. 
 wh»t declining) freely, yet firmly, among the bcft of thd foil ; 
 gr^C care bcinv had to itrork the moulJ well in, by\anV 
 ambnjr the roots beneath the crown, that no hollownefiL n«ir 
 faKe filling may be left : to prevent which, the moulJ,^ftcr 
 t|te roots are all bedded, and (rovered fome depth, (hould bo 
 lllrened, or trodden ha/d (according to the nature of iheVoil 
 ±n^ the ftate of the feiifon) with the foot : the reidaindcr\ ol 
 the mould bcina raifed into a hlllocit round the fte* j for tho 
 tripple life of affording coolnefs, moUlure, and lUbility to tho ' 
 
 plant. ,jfc ; . "%.. i ^ ■, ' >. : 
 
 Ip forming thefehillocki fome lifelehtilUiriiiuirite. TTi^ 
 foil ought not to preft againft the (Tem much higher, in tho 
 orchard thaA it did in the nurfcry : yet it is prpper that thero 
 Ihould beadefcent for rain water, from the rfem \ not towarj 
 it. To tki^ end a dimpH or little difli (hould be maJc on tho 
 lop of the hillock j and, from the rim of this, the (lope fliouli 
 be gentljktothe circumference of the hole \ where the broken 
 ground .(ko^ld .fiftkfome few inches below the level of the or. 
 chard. , -1 \ ./f -^ 
 
 Much if this Will, no doubt, bt deemed tedious and unne^ 
 ^eflary: by t^^fe, I mean, who have been accuftomed to 
 bury the roots Of plants, in the grave-digger's manner : but I 
 can recommend every part of it, to thofe who Wiih to enfuro 
 fuccefs, from dy own praaice \ in which this method of bed- 
 ding the roots arofei and in which only, I believe it has beea 
 ufcd. 
 
 i^ 
 
 \*, 
 
 Fr§m the Aii$fitm RujUltum, Vol. IL A Letter t$ the i^htrt, ' 
 ^Ofder-lfriiit Md metking Ofdify frem a Hereford/bin^ 
 
 Punter* ^" r. .-;::.. ._ .-. : _ W':4 , -. ' / , 
 
 .t. -A -a ■ '^;, . ^ _-.._^._^ -,: ,_. ^_ 4 . - ._, 
 
 :,^-i ilt . 
 
 M 
 
 V purpofe is to employ, profitably I hope, a few hoiirf 
 in y ving you the relttlt of many yeait experience in 
 
 It uTcy Je f . 
 
 .1 •.• I 
 
 TW 
 
 -X- 
 
 i ..' 
 
( 
 
 fj. pro^.d#d ie i. • good fort, which i. iK^^Jg^^cS! 
 
 •Jf fiVrT Ir* '"^"^ .'^ '^*'" experience, the b#ft ml#rrti 
 jple of very deep red. 'by f<in; Vi' oU" ^ 
 
 SfJ^'lT ' V* ^^^' «h* ri.Kl.lhe irirfe Vhejiice. 
 1 hinHy, I have found it « magcim in general true that - 
 gjeet y e with . tough rl„d wiS ^^j^, .^"^ i^^^ 
 
 Fourthfy, The more wllow thL ffeA ^ d^ fruFt. clie lietH.* 
 «nd finer cofoirtfd will the cydei be. * »e^tter 
 
 7 hefe few maximt, n6t too fctrlibulottAV idlwMrf */. fc-w^ 
 Jeenofgrcatfcrviceto me m life rfo^^ulh? h«. hi'T 
 ^mion of them; I do not abfolately nwTiL x? **^«'* 
 JO rjHe but .1, ;xci-,^ion may bemJde ti Jt ; b!?;™! T " 
 feai'on, with a few iiFell.foihded rJleL w U feMLriiT^"'' 
 
 ^ I feldom fuffer my apples to be gathered iill W|b»rn At 
 Aemfclve. to droo from thiftree. ,■ nktiihr th«^ ff 2?»lL. 
 IjjTve for th, mofT p.rt. acquired I ptop^lJ^rt^^rtnLZ^ 
 
 fho^ld LT V!^''' V^' g»*berinr^thJL7forfci?^th7; 
 ftould be bruifed ,n the opcwioa , »n4 th'u I iavT^VZ 
 /bund are^y nece/Tary preoiutioii; ^ ' '^ " '-^^ ''^•y* 
 
 Jer. ft,J - '^ "" ««''"'J«»<''«'n«l,tlit»«fee«riJi«: 
 
 . \n 
 
 1 
 
 -/ ...» .V Mt«*,^ 
 
 • U4C 
 
 umc quantity. 
 
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 I fiiftr my appU« to lit in iIm heap • lonfftr or t duirftf 
 »t, according to th, nature of them, fuch ?• art harS\3 
 lid rcquinug to .« longer, by f.veral day., than tKoJTtK ' 
 
 I havt already ubrerved, that T divide my fruit Into three f»^ 
 ireral forr,,.ccord.ntf to the ft4te of Ui maturity Vave no J 
 to add. that from theft three (brtings I have no Ic^ Jh^hT 
 
 the prefi : at the bottom of the vat it a tan. throu«K Lkf-k 
 • confiderable quantit^r of the prle vi^^u. jukJwiU^^^^^^ 
 without any pre&ng induced bf it. own weigConly Z 
 produce, my beft cyder, and I afway. tun it up by i^ff th* 
 
 ?.t)i'.' IdTn^'^n^;'"^^" '^' "^"' '••/• theVame pro! 
 fWi$ ufed in all the three fortiiigt of applet ; by which 
 
 meant I get. a. I faid before, f.x fort, of cyder, the firft 
 running, from the vat I Immediately put into the veffel in 
 which ,t it to remain » only if it happen, by an J accident a 
 be too fou . I ftrain it firft/ I allow h«e bu7. 3 v^^n^^^^^^^^^ 
 fametri'' ^^ done working I fill the veiTel with fZ 6f thi 
 fame liquor referved for that purpofe : I afterwardt, br de- 
 cree., clofe the vent till it it finally and weli ftopped. ^ 
 
 At totheiuice, which undergoet the aAion of tffcDreft' f 
 
 m thit. a. /oon a. it runt off, tnto veflelt. where I fuffer' iJ 
 
 \ ttr remain about thirty hourt. according to he feafon t^U th« 
 
 .farce, .re precipitated, or fallen to the%ottom ;Tcl wh ch 
 
 Y'zw It off. and tun it up inj(he veflelt in which it t To e. 
 
 ^in, with the precautiont. however^ above-mentioned 
 
 y wWn I treated of the firft runiiingt; "nw^ioned, 
 
 Up^ght ho»rheadt. broader at (he upper head than at the bot- 
 
 wtlor^t«H''"HVf%'"r^^!'^*»" dofi. fcScnting; «ft ,. / 
 twolor three handful, of wheatVbran into! each vefl-el. which "^ 
 
 I {m very careful witli refpe^ to the v^fle^ (nib which I 
 pit inv cyder, al*r.y. avoiding new onet, Jf io^ - thej 
 
 Kfr ?i L» *** '**^°" *" ""y newxafltt, &at if poflibly caiw 
 
 lT/S"i^etr' ^"^'^^^ ^ "f«^inco^mo,;iLyfi„SKg1^ 
 
 \S\L\ T^^^ \T^''^ » '"** '^^ '»*''« 4 ai o^poSunityTrf 
 
 d^in,; thi, I fcafd them with water in which »conSerabS 
 
 Jj!£ «ty of apptei.pul p ha, been boil^J. * ««iwcrawf 
 
 ..v 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 f# ", ' 
 
 ^1^- 
 
 _ ■■ ■ 
 
 anlfCi V9ff 
 nto ir, Mlding 
 
 1 
 
 •WindjH, by pufffng feme unrtackeJ lin^« ,ni„ .., «,„,„, 
 
 li0i« wftain if no lofl|flr hwrd. 
 
 lhtvfoJ*nfomit itofgrcatufr fowirdt tnlirtninff fht 
 t31!i-l" fl'ce «bou< • d«*cn /wr ct .pplei into . hog(J,«J : 
 l«MtM> inclined to think it make* it keep better. 
 
 In J^l ^^^^ll*^*"!!^ ''" ' '^''. J"*" 'l«» •'•»•" I P««' 
 in ewh hogfhcid gbout three <|uirt« of g»KHJ whejif, firft boil. 
 
 H.nd hulleJ, foil to have, in iooM me«lure, (he •ppearMurt 
 «f boiicd net, / • '^•^ T 
 
 ^Vhen I am obirged fo put any eydtr Into • ca(k 1 fufp^, 
 •nda^rn^nh difcover k haa given the liquor a bad tM, f 
 C«He fuOM muilard-feed to be ground in a quern with /omt 
 cyder : this ntixtare, being put into ih« hogihead, it often of 
 great fervice, and reftorea it to its original good tafV^. / 
 
 Cytftr, when it it turned, i« very apt to lofe that fivie mfid 
 teirlt whirh renden h fo pleafant and brifk a liquor i there. 
 fore great caution ii to be ufed with refpedJ to the veiit. Th« 
 IWW, filiraul, a«d ungovernable fpirit fhould be fi*frcred to 
 
 ***>i^'*^^ '""J' ***''J' ^ cfleaed, by leaving a imall vent 
 ytn fqj' 8 few daya i a^r which the barrel muft be clofe 
 ilopperf, for if It get! anv vent, the liquor will fti/iid g great 
 chanc^ of being entirely fpoiled j on the coufrary, ifwell 
 W«ig)^d, though it may dead and flat at hrO, it/will foon re- 
 coveir irftif, maturate, andbe ftt fordVinking. /Thia particu* 
 larbart of the management ^ cyder is critica;, and denenda 
 grtmtly on the temperature of the air, fo that irii impofli#to 
 •Ifve any abfoTule direaiont about it, aa fomething muft flill 
 e left to be learned hy experience, and i(overned W diA 
 cretion. . / , ' / 
 
 I muft give one particular piece of advic^ to fuch as intend 
 making cyder, which ik, that they dlligcn/ly watch the alter- 
 ationUn It upon eyeryl change of weaihe/, aa a (mall rtegled^, 
 ■t 6fe|i times, la often! fatal to many hogfheada, and the dan- 
 ger it much greater n fummer than Tn winter. There it 
 fcarcely any difeafe incjident to thit liqi/or, but what may ea. 
 fily be cured by a timily application :/ if it ia only a littfc in- 
 timed to tertneft, whfat, managed aa above-mentioned, will 
 • *"''* >^ > and the fame/ thing ia glfoVvery good to preferve it, 
 /When it is drawn out of one calk ijito another : the quantity, 
 /When the liquor it tan ia about half a peck to a hogihead ^i 
 /nave fometimea even put a quarrmore. ' 
 
 /. ThIiJimple remedy will, I fiy, cftcn curt the tartnfi|-| 
 ^jhMtraned j but fometimea, when it ia very thfck and four- ' 
 1ft, Itinay be neceflary to raifc a new fermentation, to purge 
 t«ff the lippuritiet and make/them fubfide : this may be foon 
 
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 "dynr 
 
 ~E. 
 
ittd 
 
 / 
 
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 ^ont bf brMinng^th* Mrfh of • ftw applet U ■ pulp wiik (mn9 
 9t ih« It^uoi, Aiiti putting th« whoU iiNa fh« bung.hoU of th« 
 vetTtl t Ihl^ will rair* 4 ferrn«nt. Mt«i cure tii« cyti«r wk«a 
 tkM ft ovtr, it will bt proper 10 ^sw it off into MMih«r c«A t 
 tnJ it will tlfo b€ « v«r)r ufeful prtctution, to put into the lift 
 ntniitfticd vtiTai about a quarter o( a peck of wheat, ptepareil 
 M I have already direilled : tbia will give it' new Mr »nd Mm 
 fita, and make it keep better, end drink mych pteaianter. - 
 I h4ve rometimca alio ufed another method to cure tart ev . 
 der t but it ha« not «lw4yt (u^cer Jed with iiie , why, I can- 
 not Uf^ aa Tonie people, who live not num/ milet fiocn me, 
 have great dcpeiulcnce on it. g| 
 
 Someihing may depend on their foil differing rrnm mine, 
 though (hi* may, to fome of your readers. Teem im |iavc a very 
 remote analogy to the cafe in handl. HtJnntdv it. lo breiik 
 half a doaen new laid egga, and beat them up, Ihclli and all, 
 till thev are brought to a frothy oil : thitii put into the bung 
 hole of a hogfhead, and, at I am credibly informed, lumetimet 
 Drovet a very cfficaciout remedy : it haa fucccrdrd with die, 
 but not fo often as to induce me to depend much upon it » I 
 mention It, however, aa it may prove of more e&cacy with 
 othrra than it h«t with me. ■ 
 
 An indurtr^iut planter will, by the conftancy of bit oMer. 
 vationt mid rcmarkt, always have it in hit power to cure hit 
 own liquor by receipts of his own difcovering \ and for this 
 purpofe I would recommend, that h« be continually making 
 experiments, and that whatever trials he makes, be^ various 
 modcaand^jroportioni j for the remedy that ma^K.of no 
 lervice in one form, i^y pofliblv be very efficacious ^en al- 
 tered with judgment, Irhich judgment can only be acquiredby 
 exoerience and oblcrvation. ° 
 
 it it to be noticed, that, if th« cyder it acid, and at the (ame 
 time clear, it it in a very dangerous ftate, being but rarely re- 
 covered : therefore, in general, when this is the cafe, the cure 
 IS fcarcely worth attempting. 
 
 I have often ufed wheat for the recovery df my cyder in o- 
 ther forms, fometimes putting about half a peck, ung round, in 
 a hogfhead for it to feed on i at other timet I have made 
 dough of coarfe meal, with bran in it, adding fome leaven, 
 ufing no fait, and petting warm cyder, or white wine, infteed 
 of water, into the mixture : this dough I make mto lumpt 
 about as large as my fift, and thruft them into the bung.hole 
 of the hogihead, the quantity being about half a peck of th« 
 meal to a hogfhead. ' r .' 
 
 Many mix different kfndi of rprce^lth their liquor, ptrtl- 
 cularlv ginger, which they think of great ferviccj but in*.. 
 vcr ufe It now, feldom having found any great cffeft refulting 
 
 
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r 100 ) 
 
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 br, I tun known lomr puc ho,r. «,*. ' V ".'"'• " '•. 
 »».f.ribl. to III, drthoi:^. ».?'•"'""• '•''"""1 it 
 
 •rouble , oihTrwife « T V "' .'^'''^'^ ^« "°» love rt,uch 
 
 comfort myfclfTwever J •i^^.t*'* S'"'.^'^ *'"'" •-"•«'• f 
 •'» w.IJ be mo c aSve I^ ^' "fle^»«on, tb.t your read. 
 »«tning i, go^ IndZ^i tbemauer than the m/nner : my 
 
 With great truiK * «>-'l "ow conclude. ,h4t 1 «», 
 
 An Admirer, Reader, and Purchaferofyour Work 
 
 ^-/^•ry,^...,ad.,;64. ^^ ^^'^ ^'^ANJfR. 
 
 m. 
 
 Mr. Bai„^, g.u.fir ,U.fi,, CcuU. Fr.„ r.>..,-J.. 
 'til «/ jQl-'fllur,. f,l. f'l, '"* ' ■*" 
 
 . ".oft cckbaicJ U™„ in t^Uni . ..uJ p.*'.;; '„o 
 
 . man 
 
 
ww^ 
 
 /• 
 
 t iW J 
 
 11 L Whrrm tm^ »m^ a..l 1 .k.. r ^* 
 
 ter# VoJ VIII „ ^^ '"/*"• '••'•I • ^•*A^^» 
 
 •nd prJncipU. .„ ihoTt bt ^hicii Mr. B*li. •Jll^mV 
 provfil hit aock« T " »«*«'»«» U* mtKb ua- 
 
 Th« Ifiding iJ««, whi<!h hM f o»«rntd .11 hii t««rtfa«. 
 
 »»»«« pruhr4bl» mt-t -,h4t m which ihe proportion olfillS! 
 ;«l mt tl la ih. qM.,H„y of ofl.l „ Che RrraX!-Sr"l '^!JS 
 .h.^pro^r,.o« or ch. b.rt «> th. inferlir Jo.«ur?^j;r2 
 
 " l"i« (»<>pri«i)f of (he rutt It obvlnii. tiw) ■> -„. «,„t. 
 rl.nm^nt which might go (o . b«t»Br oZi !• 1 . k • T'. 
 
 -I.. ^.. "*•• PT» *"« P«'n» to attend to in a bfaft are tS«r« 
 
 bead 
 
 • Mr. B. whtn In SttlTolfc. mu^tarad tha 
 
 ltCf!^S»= 
 
 
t * f 
 
 ^ 
 
 WWt vtJ«MM« p«Nii4f. U h«« lM«n r^ttl, but tmpto^tiy, iM ' 
 • lirrvl mi f4Mir (h«r( ilick* mtuwU r-«|Kt(«m |tt« irtM Itttn i 
 ^ dial Oup^ fwtlJt at ih« top and b«t«i««ii, VifetflMl^t ItHt 
 •labaiiO (hiiuM h« U\u»rr, Q|;4<t, antJ Mar, ttf, if^ittjr rifittg it 
 lbe«lti b« frtHti a ditf^dtion lu (altaii aiwi (wtU aboMi (^ i**mp ' ' 
 fmA kitt bofMa. AimI ik« b«il|r'(bo«ii«l liktwifia b« <%uiia rtraii, 
 fif if U fw«IU« ii (hawa wctghi !• • bad 0<M(iLi Again, tK« 
 ftorififli ol iha lag ia whatNlr. Hakawfll caiVi I nmicfUn- 
 llal I ttfidtr whith titia ha claliat all ilio(« p<Jinls winch 
 ffOlliofi, ruAtmi, or paajinlict M¥t M diiatt iH HiM«s *n4 in 
 difarrnt plMrt, callrd atimiMin trt; but ini|MOfMrrly. HaadU ' 
 mck, kofii, bun«/)ag, (ktn,* rolour,f k<. haiia all bacn 
 conltdatad aa imporfant \ buf, in fa^t, noita of thai»t ar« fi*, fstr " , 
 l«« %^txy out of iha(^ ctrCMitf it ancM bt c«Midamna4t in d bttA, 
 br AmiiM, nofwitliifanJiiig itui,. p(#fcr iiim, if bit cafcafa * 
 waa wfli madf| and liMWfld 1 djf^vHii^ lu fil'wa 14 Um va- 
 luabla DoinM. 1 | . ' 
 
 •• Tnia<^oArth« linew, awl of vtr/ great import$nca to gral 
 •Itft I aa far aa rcafoii will permit una to ludga lh« prin^iplca 
 •o wbich it ia founded W jufl, and whorvcr haa thf plaaJura 
 •I vitwing Mr. Bakawtll'a cattia, will k% ihtmi powttfuUf 
 ckc III pit fir J in a^lual pra<!!kica, wilb A (laccart tbat I'aiuidt per- '" ' 
 |nit man/ to rcnain inhdcli. 
 
 '* In ordtr to judge whether a ba#A ha« (ht right difpoA. 
 door to fatten, Mr. Ualiewcilexaminet by lcdiiig..rHik Iricnd 
 Mr. Ciille)r, of Kci^on, near Wooicr, in Noriliumberland, 
 vbo'bat bad an'iiiBntta nuitibar of beaAi, both fat ind lean, go 
 ihroiif h. hii hand*, agfeaa entirely with him in thii'circum- 
 Aanct, and when in >inrrulii and Sulfulli wiiK him could 
 fcarcely believe hia eara^when he waa told, that iaiin .bullociia 
 and (heep were alwaya b<>ught there bv tha eye onjjr.' 
 
 ** SoabfolutcU necclHiry ii the hand in choofing; either, that 
 Ibey both agreed that if (he^y mult crutt to the eye ^ii ii)« light, 
 er to the band in thtf.dark, they would not haiitat^ • moment 
 in preferring the latter. , The form of the hone lin (heep it 
 a|uite bidden \ it ia the hand only that can tell wfhethcr th« 
 Mck it flat, and broad and free«from riJge in the ! back bone, 
 «r examine correAly if the other pointi a'ra ai they Ihould h«* 
 
 ** In a bullodc the fitu^tion of the bono it fcen, but there are 
 
 ••ibcir ci/cuinflaiKci whtcb a;a clfeatial, that the, eye quita 
 
 «a* 'f* ,' ' . ' ! clcapei. 
 
 a Thick hl^i h««tv«r art imtrilljr to bt artctrAcd worib ^krlvlag b«/ifti ■ 
 Ihtnthln. -/ 
 
 \ VtSfk MhMMW, aa wfetM, yallaw, 1Kb Mr. Bahawall liiiaka ira ifdkaitafii 
 af ia«r meat tiiaa tk« aarkcr one*. j^ 
 
 A •< 
 
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t 
 
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 'tl^T^Z^ un4,r .h, (%.„ .**• fol, <i^ .^J oiuI'S 
 
 • C3F A V .. *" ^ P«'tc,yt4, but in* i,y» i, ,i,^ 3 
 
 m^^jJr'*":!'' "''••'i** '*•''•'•"• ''«•" •"-• ""« md «;irr 
 
 loin '; ■"'' ''•'*• f' '•*• •«.pfion.. thai ,bk rul. m« bt 
 
 Vv' ■"'^ "® '"••"1 <"*'r»<M and hatiKinff i with lutk i aif-O- 
 
 L ^ «.!. u Z*'^ J*'"* '""' hM'b«ffi fprcid by Tom* norfont 
 
 ToJ^ huri *"r '^T'l ^'' **'*^«"'^''» br-i' with .'het^ 
 
 The fJncon h** bt.n entirely fpoi led bv breeding for quin! 
 
 "i7.i #iJlh"'' ' ^vh.ch however migie anf^rVhTnTool - 
 
 #41 It r>.gh price, could n«( but be .ueridtd wuh b«d cui^ 
 
 fe^uenc*! when firictt Wl. - ^ ,^ ^ 
 
 mulhl'*! "'l"-'"'^'"'"' P«'"«« •'" fteep. ire the fliort leee To 
 
 -Iw '^^ •"f '•«« «/ Noifolk. the horn. 9f vanoui f«rt. tha t 
 •rrfo much vl lued. 5«c. ic^, huhuA .11. ^d- difl^Ht L. i 
 
 • by"romr"«Kr''**'f illuftryion wljl be thrown an thi. do^rine, 
 SuffSr f^^""""' ^«^- Bakewetl oi.de in Notfolt.oi' 
 
 can fci?c2/i:: ?' "•"•'"'.^ •'' '^^ '»'* «'^'^' » ^ur^ Vert 
 can fcifctif bd two inimd. of the fame fpecie. more differ- "^ 
 
 gowi iiieep. Mr B-kcw^dl jl i« , cj-uef error. ,nd «U hi. nhn. 
 epic, .re worthier. •ri;;\ha,a£i.^i., , J >...,y " P""'- 
 
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 . t«ft« in ihe nirtp. back i r L k'^'u* "** **'^P«fi»Ion to 
 •«« not uncommon inlwn „„ifo„ """"'• * '«'"»- 
 
 T"L;J?S'T. '^t!^' ««-•-«<»" *.v. long,.. 
 
 nuri. •Tk- • P"'^PO'« ofiprinicling them with thit nVh «- 
 
 •w Soc «v i and it ft™, .k "I"'' '*^'"'' "« *«''« of 
 
 ?nd ™o« i?«l%„"i; r ™ Ltr •• Vri?' Jl''?^ 
 »n a recent work on th!> fuh;JA r k^^^i.* .. . ^'^ Kaimsi 
 
 fub?.rvSotS"tUi^^ •PfpofeftnUore' 
 
 wa. induceJ; iy a hi " ^' °^" X*^". -bout Hx month, ago* 
 
 <»ungh5l waV^^^^ '^''/ ^'^""ght, to try whether L 
 
 ;, a^ordingjy evaTora^ <^onvcrted ,nto pot-alhes. He 
 
 • prepare theSHSi Jo em*nl«" t^ ^''''' ^""^'""*«» *• 
 bucking. Aftranu«te.tl ^^ 'J'™ '« <«»« Proceft of 
 
■■"^wpsspi 
 
 Sii »~,3''*'* *• ""'•""•« -""^ •««•*» «* *. 
 
 * No. r. The dunghill. 
 
 A fough, or draia, round ibe botcom of ^ 
 
 M 
 
 A hole, or pic to receive the muck- water froin 
 
 No. a. 
 dunghill. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 . " 'If®- 4' A well, to receive the muck-witer lr«m *k. 
 
 *r»»'ch it •• boileci to the conf.ftenci of trwde^nd^'*?' 
 ward, burned in an oven. The pan. No li^f^^A ,T 
 
 to which deaf plank, are fcrewed, fo at to make i/i2ES 
 twenty inchea in depth.^Qj "* " "****»' 
 
 2^ h!» 3? *''**•" **»« P""*? to the pan wherein it wat bou! 
 ed : But thii expence I Ikall now (avVl •• r A-ii i '''• '*^'- 
 
 '^■^■ 
 
 9 
 
t ' 
 
 t 166 ] 
 M tirt. I .r. It lb. tt 4a,. p^ -^. 
 
 iC-i9 ■! • 
 
 1 a 
 
 PotTdiPT. 
 
 «»niire. But I concelvl T-' ^ '«**«"« it of one fp«.i,, ^ 
 
 r«M U>M that it excitn a m^ un ^'i*;'"*" **.»««'»'". « tIS 
 fcrvijtlaa of muck \SJor ^SI r-T*"^*' *"*"^«" ^ the prt. 
 few, and have been mSTchjJ? u^Tl" '^' ^^ch are yet 
 ^>fc^ Weme„l^Xf.;L' ^^?;fSot:^ '^**^" '^""^ 
 
 '"raSHce^fraSrJfbli!^'*^^^ thi 
 
 SK-IT.PTTT «„ .- . T / '^^' 
 
 SKIIjrUL flax-raifer always nrefcr. ;^W ' , " 
 
 r.i.'SlSVi.*™" -V •« i«i 
 
 i provided 
 wUi>«i»liiii»wUI«ot 
 
 ■ :-\' ■■■■.■■•■ . 
 
 y 
 
 V • 
 
 ■"- 
 

 9 13 • 
 
 iety, b«. 
 
 lend ui 
 
 pccif • «(. 
 
 rery pOi* 
 lltatth« 
 tiitpr«- 
 •rcyet 
 builMuv. 
 
 J 
 
 n Cam- 
 nd Im^ 
 dtotht 
 r in thi 
 
 1 deep 
 year a *^ 
 d clo. 
 yeart 
 
 ned,» 
 
 irided 
 
 W 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 prov ded It b« brouabt to a proper mould, by tilling .ft« W, 
 vcft to ejpofe .t to tTie wintef froft. , and b/repeafcd ploX 
 log. in the fprmg to «ake tha ground fine/ A Jiitle Sd T! 
 ble-dung. or that of pigeoni ' or (heep^ <y .(hei, may be (prtli 
 upon the ffround imoiediatrfy before fowJiig. '»'^«*'^ 
 
 Oround enriched with flidl or other marlt, wHt anArtr weU 
 
 tihie **' * t**" ****** ^''^^ ^' ^^''^ '•' ^**"* 
 
 In dry foil, the broader >nd more level the ridges are laid, 
 fo mueh the better , .^ by that mean., the natural moifturo 
 wiU be longer retained, and the crop rendered mor« equal and 
 uniform j which uniformity i« of great advaotago toVropa of 
 
 All new ground!, or Lh at have lain long tngriAor 
 pafture. oroduce clean crJpi of ftrong flax , but ought to bo 
 plougheJ aa (hallow, and the furrow llid as flat as poffible% 
 
 nax-ferd ought never to be fown off grounds either top 
 wet or dryi but on fuch as retain a natural moifturc : and 
 luch grounds, as are inclined to weeds, ought to be avoided, 
 unlefs prepared by a careful fummer fallow, or by cropTof 
 turneps, cabbage, or potatoes. ,^ 
 
 Before fowing, the bulicy <^ods (hould be broken, or carried 
 
 If,. *?•"'!? * u"** *'**""' ^"•^^'^•ns and every other thing 
 that may hinder the growth of th<;flax, (hould be removed. 
 
 • Choice vfLlnfetd, 
 The brig^htcr In colour, and heavier the feed is,t fo mu^h 
 the better: that which appears, when bruifed, ol a light or 
 yellowifli green, and freOi in the heart, oily, and fmefis and 
 taftes fweet, may be depended upon.J 
 
 , Dutch feed, of the preceding yeas's growth, for the moft 
 part, anfwers beft j but it feldom fucceeds if kept another 
 
 Wl' } 'iP*"* ^*^"*' *•**" *"y «*'»«'' foreign feed. PhilJi- 
 deiphia feed produces fine lint and few bolls, and anfwert ' 
 well in cold wet foils. 
 
 * Of fnvifig Linfttd, 
 
 The quantity of the linfeed fown fliould be proportioned 
 to the condition of the foil; for if the ground be i n good 
 heart, and the feed fown thick, the crop will be in danger of 
 
 iir'"^.' i"*"'* *' " '"^^'^y ^""^ pulling. Nearly three bufliels 
 Winchefter meafure, of Dutch or Riga feed, arc generally 
 fufficient for one Scot's acre \\ and about twp buj(h$ and a 
 
 Oa ^ ^ ha|f 
 
 Afttr plonfhlnf. 
 
 I will make tlw crar* rat th* foanw. 
 
 t J ! Connedicut feed It better than tbt Penniyivanla. 
 
 t Seed Oionld be repeatedly paOed ilhroagh the fcreea, that thM« may 
 
 H Fonr Scot* acrts art equal to five EngUih. 
 
 1 
 
*sf 
 
 t 'Of I 
 
 . ^ 
 
 \ li 
 
 -is'. -T 
 
 hdfofPhiWdphufftd. which, Mltg (he fmdleft grtJntd, 
 go«t the fartheft. » -"t 
 
 The Ume for Towing linfeed ii from the middle of March t« 
 int end of April, at the ground and feafon anfwef 
 
 •t light, It fliould he rolled after baf rowing i cfpccialJv iferafa 
 feed! ve Town along with it«. | * ^ ^ * '* 
 
 OftuttJing FUm. I 
 
 M ouffht to be weeded when the crop ii about four inches 
 long. If lonffer deferred, the weedert wilf fo much break and 
 crook the ftalka, that they will never perhaps recover their 
 Itraitnefi again j and when the flax growt Icrooked, it t«mor« 
 liable to be hurt in the rippling andfwingl ngf. ' \ i 
 
 Quickens (hould not be pulled in weisding ; for. betn^' 
 Wrongly rooted, the pulling would lay open! and .qdanger thf 
 roots of the lint. " :^ * ^ 
 
 If there it an appearance of a fettled drought,! ii better to 
 defer the weeding, than by that operation to expofe the tender 
 • , rooti'^f fhe flax to the drought. 
 
 LJ^*J''''2 ?2 "*' f "''* *'" P""*'*» »''«y o^K*** «o »»« carried 
 TWf toe held, and not laid in the furrowi j where they often 
 toke root again, and at any rate obftrua the growth of the 
 , flax in thefe parti. ' 
 
 Aa young and unflcilful perfons frequently pull up and fpoil 
 "«"**» ^hey ought to be.mixed with thofe of more experi- 
 «"<••• <4nil all ought to take care not to deftroy the flax with 
 their flioes, or by reAing too much on their elbows, when em- 
 ployed in this buiinefs. 
 
 Of pulling Flax. ^ 
 
 If It is intended to (ave both the flax and Ihe feed, the' pul. 
 ling (hould n<^t begin till the ftock becomes yellow, almoAall 
 the leaves fallen, and the bolls turned fo (harp that they will 
 
 ^}^\ *** t ""S*'* *^"* P''^'^"* "Pon their points j alfo one of 
 the lower bolls, cut acrofs the grain with a penknife, appears 
 full of feed, well formed, and firm. But, if the (talk is AnaJl, 
 with few bolls upon it, which is a fign that the fl^ is fifte, it 
 ought to be pulled when the ftalk (irttib^glns to grow vellow. 
 when only th<^ undermoft leaves fall, before the bloom Wquite 
 over, before the bolls turn (harp pointed, and when on(i of the 
 bolls.cut acrofs the feed, appears foft fthd watry. It k^a rule::" 
 With perfons of (kill to follow this la ft method, when they 
 
 think 
 
 "- r J""/!!? •" ''^'^ *?*"''• P'°''«»»<'." «''c "tbof direct, the h«rrow ^. 
 ~" ■«&* w*U Sjf.l'od'"*' **^ ^"^^ *" ^*^* iroun«l, al^ this trooWted ex. 
 
 ■si 
 
 \ ■■ 
 
iger thf 
 
 
 a 
 
 \ 
 
 ■#• ""^^l"? 
 
 I «09 } 
 
 think »h«t about eight haiikt or qiort may bt fpua from t^ 
 - EngNfli pound. 
 
 When flax hai fallen, fuch aa lie* ought to be immediatetr' 
 ' pulled, otherwife it will rot j and thit bring pulled, the rctt 
 ©f the crop will receive the moro air, and be lefa apt to fall. 
 
 When part! «>f the fame field groM^ unequally, (o that fom* 
 parti are ready for pulling before -odiert, what itHt ihould bt 
 puUed, and the reft fuffered to ftund till ready. 
 
 The flax raifer ought to be at great paina l|0 pull, and keep 
 by itfelf, each different kind of lint ; what iaiong andfineiby 
 Itfelf I what ia long and cMrfe by itfelf j what it both ihort 
 ind fin«, by ilfelf I whaTif^oth (hort and coarfe, by itfelf* 
 ■nd, in like manner, every other kind by itfelf : for if the dif- 
 ferent kinds are not thus kept feparate, the flax will be muck 
 damiged in the watering, and the other fucceeding operations. 
 
 While pulling and forting the flax, the weeds ought to be 
 picked out I ocherwife they will hurt the flax in the operati- 
 ons of watering and drefling ; and what is commonly called 
 undergrowth may be thrown away as ufelefs. 
 
 Few perfons that have feen flax pulled, are ignorant of tlit 
 method of laying it in handfuU acrofi each other, upon bandg 
 compofed of fome of the ftalk*. Laying the handfuls in tbife 
 way, admits fuflicient air, and keeps them feparate and reai 
 for the rippler. , , > 
 
 Managtmint tf tbt trap afitr puUlngy andhtftn rippling^ 
 
 If the flax is not of the fineft kind, the crof»^andfuls, afi%. 
 lying tweiiry-four houra as above defcribed, (hould be turned 
 upon the band; and then, after lying other twenty-four 
 hours, (hould be boufid up in (heaves, "and ftacked likecbri^ 
 but not covered with head (heaves. If the weather is/dry, 
 in about a fortnight's time the feed will be fufficiently/woa 
 for rippling, and may then be ren^ved to the barn. But if 
 the flax is fine, in about twelvejtours after it it pullld, it 
 (hould be put into (lacks j and, if^the weather continucls dry, 
 in tWQ or three days more Jjt^mijy be rippled. / 
 
 Keeping the flax uniyatered tifl next fpring, is attended 
 with many b«d Confequences. For when too much d#ied, by 
 long keeping, it is not fo eafily nor fo fafely waterjfed ; the 
 
 Jyxmtj of the flax becomes thereby harfher andcojirfir ; it is 
 ubje^ to danger from vermin, and other accidents, 
 the winter \ the water in fpring, or beginning of ' 
 not fo foft and warm as in harveft, and near a yeai 
 prafticcy is loft, of the ufe of th4 Lint.* 
 
 ' -*^ 
 
 gH^ 
 
 • If you wilh to have, »ery fine fiac, pull when the ftalki 
 jrnlow; ind, before you pu: it into your pond to rot, chop of 
 and branches. . » r r 
 
 c^ 
 
 e!:>n to turn 
 *i\ the roou 
 
 k^^ U -V ^^^f^ « , 
 
 ^^HB^^C 
 
'^IP^'^P^BE^ ■% ' "^ i|r ^ffiE?^'" 
 
 » 
 
 ^: 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 r "4 J 
 
 0/ 
 
 The fee*! ought by all meant to be reparated from the flax 
 beA>re watcrmg j fer If put into tbe water along with the 
 f M, it it apt to breed vermin, and diR^lour it i bcrtdei, 
 «r«n the MTcakcft fecdt and the hu(ka make an excellent feed 
 for horfes and cattle i in particular, they are found to give a 
 4ae coat or fkjn to horfet. 
 
 When the feed it to be won for fowinff, it (hould be 
 rippled wiihin doort I for rain and damp will difcolour, and 
 lender it unfit for fowing. 
 
 'I'he handfuli for rippling fhould not be great, m that en- 
 Aingert the lint in going through the comb, 
 
 After rippling, the flax-raifer, will perceive, that he U abU 
 to aflbrt each fize and quality of tlTe Hax, more exadl y thaii 
 lie could do before. 
 
 Ofwinntwingthi StiJ, ' 
 
 .^ The bollt, after rippling, (hould be fifited through a wide 
 fiddle, to free them from the wreck of the flax, and if thit 
 riddling be done Wore the wind, to fcperate the bollt and 
 ^d from duft, fo much the better. Then the bollt fhould 
 be carried tua (hillin-mill : but if there it no fuch mill in the 
 lieighbourhood, the feed muft be threlhed out with flaili. 
 After this operation, the whole fhould paft through fannerti 
 and difl'ercnt fievcs, to clean the feed at much at poffible froni 
 broken huHct, duft, weak feed, &c. Being thut cleaned, i^ 
 fliould be carried to a free-aired loft, |U|d fpread thin, and 
 often turned for fome time, to prevent ft from heating : and 
 •« the feed driet, it may be laid up thicker together, and 
 leldomer turned, till at laft it It fit for the market or fowing. 
 
 MaHagimint.of the Flaxy afUr rippling^ and btftn watering. 
 
 Rufbct fliould be pulled and dried during the fummer, for 
 tying the handfuls of flax for the w^^er. 
 
 They fave flax, and anfwer weir for thii purpofe, ^ai they 
 do not eafily rot in the water i and may be dried again, and 
 kept for the next year't ufe. ..* ,,i 
 
 The flax, from the rippling comb, belnff properly Ibrted, 
 as before mentioned, (hould be put up in £iall beeW, never 
 larger than a man can cafilv grafp with bc»th hit hands, and 
 tied flacfc with a band of rufljet. The flax that hat flood long 
 in the field, will be bent or crooked, and therefore muft be 
 carefully flraitened With one*t handt and kncet» and laid evca 
 together in a mow, in a fliade or barn. : / 4 : 
 
 The mow ought to be raifcd regularly one row above 
 nothcr unt il it nfrn to-the^ioftingr o r it prefled down wtth - 
 
 'I 
 
 it nffH tn-the^ioftingr or it prefled^own wtth- 
 logs 01 boaids, and a fufficient weight abttve them. In thit 
 
 fjtuaiion 
 
t "» J 
 
 flrJitlon it (houM remain from twtlyt to iwtmtf.fou, hontt. 
 Hording M the flax ii dry. Thii comprefHng. and UvmJ 
 pf rh« flax together, melloirt if alfo, and prepares it the betttf 
 foe the watering. ^ 
 
 0/w4Htriiig F/tM, ^ f- 
 ] I. running dream waftea the lint, makes it white, and 
 Wj iuentlycarr.es it away. Loughs, by the great quantity 
 ■n4 motion of the water, wafte the flax alfo. and whiten Z 
 though not fo much as running (heama. Both rivers anJ 
 lotiahs, water the flax quicker than canals. 
 
 — ^2K ■"l"*'! °"?*'^ .*** *•• '^"^"^'^ in canals, which fliould. if 
 PottWe, be dug in clay ground, as that foil retains the water 
 belt : but if a firm retentitre foil cannot be found, the botiona 
 or fides of the canal, or both the bottom and fides may be lined 
 
 might fall down, a ditch mav be dug on each f.di of the <fanaL 
 •nd hlled with cby, which will prevent both extraneout 
 ^ter from entering, and th« water from within from running 
 
 »u.^f^T^'i*^'\^c ^ ^^^ '*»"8. f«v«n feet broad, 1in4 
 two fwtand a half deep, will generally water the growth oT 
 
 bottom will be too cold ; confequently the flax will not befo 
 A*t C^xf* Tr"j^ watered. But if the ground he loofc, 
 and fubjca to lofe water, then the camd may be filled to thi ' 
 dewb of three feet, but deeper is not advifeable.* 
 
 The canal ought,ifpoflible,tobe filled with freflifoft water 
 frona a river or brook two or three weeks before the flax is 
 put in, and exposed all that time to the heat of the furt. Tho 
 treater way the river or brook has run, *he fofter, and there- 
 Jore the better will the water be. Springs, or (hort runs Trom 
 MIt, are too cojd, unlefs the water be allowed to ftand loni 
 
 A I .S*^: ^" ^''°'" *^«'' «' 'fon '» v*rv ^ for flaxT 
 »;ii- li- P*Ti'^°^«*"» thrown into a glafs of water, 
 wiU immediateljr difcover if it comes from icoiH by turning it 
 
 !!? *J! J u*"'' ™°'*'. **^ *'^" *'"8«* 'n proportion to the 
 .quantity of that mineral it contains. ' 
 
 •| The canal ought not to be under any (hade ; as this, be- 
 
 fides preventing thr fun from foftening the water, would make 
 
 . JJll?f ■'■*^r" r^ °^"!'^ '^^'^ ^*»« '^'«' '^ »»rought to 
 L5!°g!; *''''?/ "*^' P'*".*» "fi"g i» •"* numbert of fmSll in- 
 fc. H md r e ptil e s genewtny, «id fau bbUt of air nhng oti thg 
 
 1 
 
 ,%., 
 
 i 
 
 ^. 
 
 Wy^ ' * ^ 
 
 . t&f ^^^Lia^^l^^^^ 
 

 I ■'■/■ 
 
 / 
 
 I ' 
 
 i- 
 
 ** 
 
 I- 
 
 i 't 
 
 ^5- 
 
 / r lit J 
 
 5 ^^ ""^W, 
 
 ■/ 
 
 Th« foonrr Hax it witertd in (h« Umt Tcafon in ..ki^k U l- 
 
 Jf A. f«o™( row OM,l.pp,„g ,1,, luiWof A. fi,n rqw , „a 
 fc on (.11 ih. c«.| b« Hli.d. V„m,„ „, fond.ft „f ,fc, J^ 
 
 fcnb. puidownmoB , but, u ihu .„d «uo„„ ,h, ».,„.« 
 
 the grady fide noit th« «„. to keep it cle«n if thrir. ll 
 
 S:' B^^r^ou'iheT' " "• ""*' i:Ster:i;T;unlViVd^^^^^ 
 H #«^ ??f * ^^ no OI.MI to be To miich prefled down. 
 
 lour ibtUnt, «... be lud iiliiii«/iu.|. ,bov. tbt Hu . .^ 
 
 w/j.jtojj"'''"^ ■'°"» •«•• «'■»•.«<>"" - •5ru:j 
 
 When the flax it fufliciently watered, it feels foft totli« 
 fT •?*» «*»f "•''* P««« e.% with theiiwni W ifc cJ 
 
 beet! out 0/ the different parts of the caqal , and out ofth! 
 
 f tleb^LT'r'.***"'.' •***»"* ^«"' iochesdm^tTSa 
 If the boon breaka freelr, and can be drawn cafily from th. 
 
 fl.x ^.thout any of tie h.rle adijcring, then U «.7S Jt! 
 pended upon that thr ftdk ia fufficientJr w«ter2^ Wh.^ ' 
 thefe refigna are foun^, the flax ftiould C. U7„%« 'of tJ^«! . 
 ».al, beet after beer apd c«?h genciv rinfed in the wnVr t^ 
 cleanfe It from the filt^ that hu gathered about it and Mth^ 
 Imt .s then very tendek and theliet fl.ck^fl^'it l^tj 
 carefully and gently habdled. ■ ' ^ 
 
 Great care ought toi be taken, thatlwwit li oye» AmuT T^ 
 and a. the coarfcit i.l[,o„cft witered.^ Sfclim jfLflTrc 
 
 - mixed 
 
 ^ hi» diufllea wnTBgn og 
 
 after that time and tvcn to 
 (01 flai^or bcmp, 
 
 Ih; 
 
 ,!••* '• NM^yhNMla, bfcaoft o«r wtathw 
 midiltoelOttobcr, i. warmoMygh i^mJ 
 
 C 
 
w 
 
 tbt Winn 
 
 ileicribcd, 
 
 rhich U is 
 ratar tfttr 
 
 Into tli« 
 Mir crop. 
 ibov« (h« 
 rop-endt 
 J*' i and 
 Iht ttju 
 th«| rea. 
 warin«ft 
 : advirt- 
 
 covered 
 offodai 
 » flax li^ 
 liicolour^ 
 ddown, 
 ;h every 
 rulhei, 
 >c difco* 
 X ) and 
 ' other 
 
 which 
 efooio 
 oftho 
 Break 
 t| and 
 nn ch« 
 bede. 
 When 
 heca*/ 
 ter, to 
 aithc 
 uftbt 
 
 m 
 
 r itj J 
 
 «wnt,.f„urhoirs Which wmh.T. .r/"'"! "«*"'"H « 
 w" in unlkilful h4nJi *• "^ "»/ J""* <tain»r- 
 
 ^•tn^ o« .It iw.^. ,„^ I. out Tk. „J.fc ! f/*** •' troun.1 (wwj^ !i2 
 
 "»^ P«t Ihr., «, four (lii, '••!:: "'. ^•'V*^ •»«tom«|,o«r iJo! Jg 
 ywr wall, ,o ».r.y.n. ,h.r*^« • ***ir^' «' '••'*^'' •"-«» •»• l«in,4M2 iS 
 
 ir nr«m wllJ hiL4u!,iS ?r^-. f!.rr> •* "^* ^•"•. «L M-riK 
 
 r*i' w.t,r in It inuoi bTln?. **• "r^"* <W« «rf f a. 
 
 yowr nrMoi wili . 
 
 f warm, •htnfo,.?i:\S?j;;«'';i '« *"^'"^ ""• "'•"'rfoLr K 
 

 •f 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 WMMl ii»«ihud, p^tt o# ih« «rop frt »lk«yi Found v.ry dif-' 
 ffrtnlly pr.ptfed, and of d.lTcrfnt coUm, btcayft ii f, !«,. 
 poAbIt lo h«v« u .11 .q«.lly ,«p,fed to th* fun .nd wc.ih«r. 
 WUhoui frrqu.rii turnin| : which in thii couniry x% i d.fliruU 
 •nrf •Jiptnfi.r, op^ralMW. and hai bt en found v.r* ha»ard,«* 
 on account uf high wind«, • '...."• 
 
 »■ laid «n th« fida of the canal t« dram ^ and at thi. tim« ih« 
 fla, bcng my wndtr. it muft te gtntly hindl.d. When 
 
 ^Mcd, ch, f4nd. drawn up near the crop .,kI, a«d n«h beet 
 ftt U|«ft It. ro<Mt ti«!. fpread op«n to tll« wind, aaii ^ht prac- 
 
 Sni !(*''' •'"»^*'H '« 0»rwd open the beet., .nJ%»: 
 &t«« be iSL^:^^^^^^^ polibi.ta.hTun.nd.ln-n.ll 
 
 !rJ '^^^.••"f^to dram, it will h« in danger of heaimr. 
 
 topr.»5nt which they mufi be laid afund«r, U, give th.m tiS 
 awrt «ir. umii dry weather happens. „ 
 
 SL , i ' m.nd wrN r.f« , cll«n mor* wclchi mu(l be uui „n la 
 
 k^p It M«d.r w.i.r Wh.n ih« ltrm«it.Hon i. ov.,.",!,. «., •V.l^.^l, ,o ihe 
 boilom, ih,« 1 1, ,1m, H, draw It o«t. .nd fp,«d 1, on ih. ,ro^d . hMtb. 
 for, ,o« do thK wfl, ii «k.«, by .H«n.ttl, dr.r«i„, you? p„^d L mww 
 •f your low.r Joint, .«dch.r,|«,Uwl.h cl./n w.er tyVur'^^pL' n« 
 In .try foft w*i«r. in «iry «»«ai m%n\m, wiU mi fu»ct.nil. In tou, d... .* 
 r«m«U. U will r.q«|.. .Hhtd.y^ .ndVonmlmn m u!. '{"b^'rht^J ii 
 th« rol. cni«rlo« by which yo« ar. to b« dlr«««d. |„ ,-„ r.mmVr whJ-'.l ! 
 fun ,. ,.ry powerful. I, wi|lh.„.,,tfiry ,p p.» ,^o fill trouT'o* thi .oJ 
 Of yourd.n., on. on .ha„pa.r cor*«. .bi-oth.r on xU.T^t^l^.^l 
 
 In ih. lower bon of ih« tl.t.Kr,^, ihcr.-ftould b« . fp,ln. A«ed to ore ^ 
 
 f- 
 
 ,% « 
 
 
 /4. 
 
 ^ 
 
f- 
 
 ■ 
 
 ffm tk, drntum %,.«. ltd. n. f^, 3^, ^ * 
 
 MA VINO for four xctn p.^, .^« uf« «r pl^ifl., ofPtrii. 
 or Ijr|»(Mm «• . m4nuft up«w »*r.ely «| f„,U, ^ ,^ 
 jnc cirium(ram»,~-l b«g |m», i„ Uy Wfort y«u ,hf r.fult 
 Of mjrMpc,,m€nf,,,ogf»hfr with fomt «b«rMU«i„ i.J|wi|ii« 
 
 fro.., |h. y^ of ,h„ ^,„«,, J •merttmiog ir. opinion. th4l it 
 do,, „oc, „, Mfcif, contain .ny nuirim.nt to pT.ni.. but thti 
 
 vt(«utlofi ,, for, rhori limt N»,idJy promotrd, y,i i,»r«uil 
 become. c*h4uftcd, .nJ i. Irf, WXxmtx xxxlilT * 'f "^ 
 II- \'t\ *.'*• ^*'" *7«5- I fuwtd three ■crtt of g tiaht 
 U il- '^'iL com.inir,g I. litil. cUy, with bmUy .ml dov.r. 
 In the month of April, die follourmg year, I divided the A«ld 
 Into three part., -nd ftrewed f.x btiJcU of French gJpJlnl 
 on Nrt. I I the fame quintity of the Amaric4.i lypfu.ii. 
 brought romth. B.y ofjpundy. on No. a , end Iclt the inter ^ 
 mediete fpace No. 3. without any. On cutting tht firft crop, 
 thet year, it.lc difference could be obfcrved » the fecond croS 
 produced double the quanti.y of gr-f,. where the gypfu.n hiS 
 
 aJearfr In f'"^ '^^ ;»«•«<*««« yr, che difference wa. ftiU ' 
 
 greater in favour of thi. manure. Early in Oaober. if 87. 
 the clover lay wa. ploughed once, about four inc hea dlj! 
 wai fowed with rye. and in that rough iUte was harrowed. 
 
 I he rye was of a fuperior quality and double the quantity 
 on No. I and a, of that on ko. 3. A/ier harveft. L ryil 
 rtubble wai ploughed, and fowed with buck.wheat. whenii 
 ftnkmg difference wa. ftill obfervable In favour of thegypfu^ 
 and which continue, in the prefent crop of Indian corn. 
 
 2d. In April, 1 787. I fowed three acres of potato* ground 
 (• light loain^ with barlev and clover. Juft as the barter was 
 above ground, fome gypfum was ftrewed diagonally acrofs the 
 held, about eight feet wide. Little or no difference could b« 
 obferved in the barley j but in the month of September follow- 
 ing, therer was a Oriking difference in the clover, in favour 
 
 K in T'""'*». ^i'^'^^^wouW have afforded a good crop of hay, 
 whiia the rem ai nder of thdiel d w as but ind i ft ient. I lu vo 
 
 / 
 
 imr,!. / J^i' ^^P'"'" ".'~" «"'"• ^"*»«"« obferving any 
 immediate difference, 10 the appcaunco of the cropi. 
 
 
 
4. 
 
 '^i^ 
 
 'T'?^ '~^^-^-^'WW^'^'^*iWW^ ♦ 
 
 ^^S^^""'?^ 
 
 ■5^ 
 
 fi. In A|lfi>^ 17I6, 6« acrw 
 
 ■IK ■ 2 ilk ^1 ^HIIIH ^ ...^ & ^ k. (t V 
 
 ) 
 
 
 ^Tvng f »p.nr«. In April, ^tij. ^ h*il ^ tH, ^J M^ 
 «»''*'!'* •**^«iyF^«'»»'i f«* b^AtU lu ih« «,ii. * I h. UUw 
 Mj «f |fe« ^ ftiWmtf, lllAl pMt, Ml WHICII «kt w«ll».f • h«4 
 l»t«niiu». pfo^iw'.d g.MHl iMAutr of biui grafi tfik wHii. clvvtr. 
 
 M OAoWr, thf Afid wit plough«<l o«c#, »i\4 (owed wiiji 
 mi If hcrviA, (h« fwrncr producrd itn b(D(h*lt 10 th« acrtb 
 lll€ Ulfcr not «bfiv« Av«. | ' 
 
 bulhtN to t1^« tcrt, tl)« griHjmJ not iMMng b«Ln ru«t<fn»i; 
 tn-nur.d. In 1785, K prmlucrd . R««d ft, ft, f„j . ,.,|,,.t,r; 
 
 lilt ffcomi ftry MifrtrtM •nd ihtrtfptt |Mrtur«d. In iht 
 rpriog 17M7, I wifhtd fo irv if gyp<um would {not rcntwih* 
 closer. In «»»• month of April, lh« whole fictti W4, coycr»4 
 JflOi gypfum, fix btilhcU to tht »crt, f»c»pt the width 0/ 
 twcmy /„t, through ih. nmMI, of th« fitfi 8.. ?phn^ 
 wort, mulliin. .nU other w««|kr h.d tik.n fuTh porTtAon o| 
 tut ground.ihat, although ih/ manure produced* gr cat luxuri. 
 «ic« or gr«fi,jrft,b«ing Tull or wtttKit did not ahlwer for hay l 
 andlh«r*fore wat paflurrd until October 1 788 : l|ht whol« 1^ 
 Ihtn ploughed 8 incftei deep, with a ftrong ihrr* horfe Dutch 
 IHoogh : !•(» April, it waa well harrowed, and tfroU plouiihcd, 
 roorinch«a detfH with • light iwo-horft ploufh. leaving thi 
 (bd .t the bottom. The Held wa. fow.J w.tVrprW K 
 •t har*eft. the difference of the. crop wai aHon.rhinJly great 
 
 y»ir« before. Thu ground it now under wheat^ jwntar . 
 DMiey, which have • promifigc appearance : th^ JMlB^ 
 ^b«in| turned up and mixed Htl) the loiJ. iImJ^HB 
 nourifhrnent to the prefciit crop, - '< \ WBK^^^ 
 
 'iii(»i 
 
 S 
 
 t^ 
 
 1 
 
 % f«,?n !r***»""'**V^KyP^""'»<»"'eeyeiniigo,onfever«l 
 V foil! pjtchet 01 a tough J«d j it produced a difttrince in tht 
 . «Mfltth or ¥e|*tation, which it (lill ohfervable» 
 
 the^ve recited experiments it appear*-. 
 Wt tllM^it n^^difTerence between the European an<| 
 
 iWypfum Mtftr an immediate manurf lo iraft. nnd 
 
 ^fn an equanlegreee to grain. j ^^w^-ui 
 
 Jft one dreOing will continue In foret revfralfuc- 
 
 ^. 
 
 ceeding icropt 
 
 —Cyp ium n o t produc i ng iiljr remirkably beneficTirfff;^ 
 when ufed at. top drefling to grain, may arife from two cauftaj 
 ^"» "^ "* toali^Maoii^jf aajf ttfi o^ which it loA in the 
 
 i 
 
 • . 
 
 '■'"W^m.^ 
 
■"t/* 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 ,14*1 "^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 M«r«M« (|iiatir(tf»^.| lMt« Mit II on IMf* ir«viy ^mv 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 
 •■» t 
 
 *., ," 
 
 ^'A 
 
 jfwiifd Ifom wtrtilfif tWAx. On HtH c»«r »'iU, it «v,it 
 ST^I^ |»«rw(t 0/ VigtlAllOfl, ^t IMH riiOifciiiu to Mf 
 
 tlMtt|MillifilMaiMf«r t ,^* 
 
 t 
 
 
 TlO • ptck of Mm ftlt la^ <>x\* ounct oTcriHlt OJ immflia. 
 •c, and cwo.Muicrt of faltpeire, both Hn«ly powcl«rfii j 
 mix fhe.n very well with the (tn« (Jt : with ihi« lilr, wcirk 
 ymir butter, until tht butttr-milk b« cniirclf cxtra^lrrf. } )»«« 
 p«ck II m wooden firkins f<*J«i«»f it with the fime mimed iaf 
 10 fuch • degree «• to be pelatahhp, when m\tt\ with brc* 
 •nd no lilter. f'he mixture it (Wronger than fine fait ' 
 (onfequcnce fomething lef» li required. 
 
 B/ order of tb« Society, > 
 
 W. COXE, Jun. S«:V/. 
 
 Jr- 
 
 *^- 
 
 df 
 
 **f 
 
 I 
 
 iMita 
 
 -l-y ^ ••J**^"^ *° (^5*^**** ^^"^ *"'**> ^«P^ *^« oW : 
 ^. T ^'•.•■* *■" prrwjiple, they art very cautioui m jhcir 
 ptSTitllloniln Kent, and fook Inward for the after produce. 
 When they make a n«w hop ground, they plant it wuh anp 
 .trees at • large dKiance afundtr, and with cherry trcei i- 
 twntn i h» thu me a n a — when the hopi ha t e g t uwn ten yelk, 
 
 Which theyjud^e at much u they will do well, they iSact 
 ^eir account m tbs cterry tr««ip^wllkl|,li^ Urge crops ; 
 
 :|gA« 
 
 . .• Jj 
 
*r 
 
 -Him m 
 
 ^ 
 
 r? 
 
 .- -1] 
 
 M 
 
 "t 
 
 
 ip* 
 
 \ V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 Mr tiMf gfrtitr W «Kont thirty yean, and then tVey cut 
 «V«n «»»»» atM^depenii uj>on ihvir «f»|^Je u»m gnly, which ther 
 • M very lar|e and ttfong by that time. 
 
 The dry ilalkt ofbopk ibould b« burnt on the ground in 
 winter, «fovering them with a little frtfli earth a» they burn. 
 1 bi» maket together an excellent compoft to form the bilU 
 of. The land muft be dug or ploughed well, and laid very 
 •ven i and then the place* for the hiili marked out by a line, 
 •nd a Itick put in every place where one ia to be. A thou- 
 liind hilli may be made in an 4cre of ground, and i\^ or feven 
 
 1>lanu fet on every hill, r From Ctn tv nine feet Ibould be al. 
 owed between every hill, and the ground in the hilU (hould 
 • kV^" "^^^' **'*'* **"* co'nmon earth. Some plant hops 
 in March and April, bllt the moft experienced pcoule prefer 
 the month of Odobcr, becaufe they will then fJrike firm.root»> 
 and be flrong ;ii)d vigorous apinii fpring. The largell planta 
 are to be chofen, and it in bcft to procure them from fome rich 
 ground, where the hills have been laid high : t\tey (hould be 
 about eight or ten inches lone, and have three or four joints 
 «r buds each j the holes for planting them are to be dug eight 
 or ten rnches deep, and about a foot over . and in each of 
 thele holes four plants are to be fet, one in each corner : they 
 may be covered an mch deep over the top, if planted in O^o- 
 ;.. >er J but in fpring, when they hav9 Ihot from the joints, then 
 thejr>muft not be buried j after this the ground aiuft be care, 
 fully kept clear of weeds. , /; 
 
 This it preparing the ground in winter and fpring for the 
 , "?*•"«« goo<* rummer crop. In doing this, theiiiTis, upon 
 which the plants ftand, mull be all pulled down, and under- 
 mined on ^very fide, till the fpade comes near the principal 
 
 "***M?*" ^*'^° **'^» ""^ remove with the hand, the loofe 
 •noMid from the upper or loofe roots, thatvou may fee where 
 the new roots grow out of the old fets. The old lets are to be 
 carefully preferved, but the other roots may be cut away. 
 Whatever time the hills are pulled down, th^ roots muft not 
 pe«ut till March. When the young hop&4redrefled for the 
 mft time, all the roots are to be cut away that grew the year 
 before, and the fets are to be cut off^iihin one inch of the ~ 
 fame, and tstrf year after, they muft iie cut as clofe as may be 
 to the old roots } but to a weak hojL fome of the fljoota are 
 
 _ to be left at the dreffing. Thofc/Zoots of the plant, which 
 grow downwards, are never to ^ ir.j ured, but only thoie which 
 - run horizontally are to be cuy The old roots and the young 
 ones may be eahly diftinguiihed, as the old ones are always 
 r ed, a nd the yo u n g whttejrHtf4 herc ar e, by acciden t , any Wild 
 hopt got among the reft, the places where they grow are to be 
 
 if-. ■;. .f^-.. ; ,.; K -, . ." -.^^ /, .^ ^ . - ■■ _ ■ ,., _ ,.-. '. . -- ' marked , 
 
 1 
 
^'^^^" 
 
 ■f| 
 
 f 119 J 
 
 «"•''«*.'»*«'» ycj». orothfrwife, at the time of their beJnft 
 rithtred : i»d .*i.r .hi., at the timeofdr.ffing the gro^^J 
 IKai whole hill .. to be deftroytd. .nd . new Sn. made wiS> 
 new planrt m the room of it. When the root, .re cjt and 
 drejed, the r.ch comport i. to be put to ,he.n, and the hi H. 
 muft not be made loo high at firft. left they hiider the you.i 
 
 Gtthrhf and ^Ipyhf. 
 Hop* blow in the latter end ofjuly , in the bednnin* aT 
 Auguhj^lhey bdl, and they are /omJtime. H^nTbe^in^' 
 nmg of September, fometimeg later. WheiT.hey be^i^ro 
 chanoc colour, are e.f.ly pulled to piece., and their fe*d# 
 look Vown withi.1 them, they are ripe, and tUcy are then td 
 be gathered as quick •• po/fible. for the leaft hhH of wind 
 will hurt them at th.»time. The .qanncr of gathering how 
 .. to take down four h.ll, ftanding together in the midft^o/tK 
 tardea, «qd to cut the roots even with the ground j thin hw 
 
 oi EllT' * •"•* r^t" i' i*r^«PtcleaS. it make, a floS^ 
 ?J1 li5 ^' hop. may be laid and picked. The hop plant. 
 .n5 SiliT^K ^'^ ^'^^ H". »"d then the people St ^ouiS 
 J tf L*f ''*'i!?** '!«<»'»**«•* Care Hiould te taken to 
 dry {ho k«^... fcftn ri„^,^e picked ; for, in lyin . undKe« 
 Ihey are apt eo heat, «|id change colour very quickly. If the 
 quantitv purked Jefo Ijrge that the kiln, in Ufch they are to 
 ^/'i•^"i^^?'*^'''^•^•^™"* ^ fpreadtbin upon aflooi* 
 
 need Of hif% mowfe to the kiln at all , for they Jill be 
 mu9h better «iii>;^y other way, by being laid thii Ipon a 
 floor, and ofteh t.med. The drying if hop? i, th/^moft ma! 
 terSal partof their m»hujaa«re : for ff they be ill dried, they 
 lofe^all their agreeable flavour ; and great caution (hoild be 
 iifed, that they be all equally dried, ^„ __j_ __^ 
 
 Bagging. > *^ J 
 
 A term ttfcd by farmers, who cultivate hops, for the laft 
 thing they have to do with them, in order to bring the n to 
 market i that i., the putting them up in bags of coarfe cloth. 
 
 SLu. '•**' " ^"^'■»/^7 *•■« fo brittle that they would 
 break to piece., and be fpoifed, if they were immediicly put 
 
 rLl..??i!.?i!*'*^''' ? '•* ^"S*^*^*"" '"^^'^ ^^^^** or there. 
 ll„J^ !L • ?%"""! *''''.'*™*' *°^"6*» > '^ 'bey are covered 
 
 
 '-i 
 
 F bagging them. 
 
 K .1.;^ A i-" f " ~ ^" '^r"". « lie manner ot oag gin g them 
 
 mav J ^r.; ^ t"^^ ' " ""i*^ '" ^y* ""P^" '*°^'-> <° '"'•g^ t h at a man 
 may wfily go up and down in it } then a hoop it fitted to the 
 
 ^outh ofthcbag, and fo firmly fewed on, that it cannot b« 
 
 ■^.. V ,_ _- _' tora 
 
I \ 
 
 i "0 J 
 
 to be thrown i»lo tlx Ur . ind i Mrf^K-f ■ "" "' •"* 
 • fared ofifctfe in .«:Vcor».r ^ .^ T * " '» "''• 'V 
 
 Sprint. P»n,,nAjrU«W,fZ, ^^{''"' 
 
 etthrr pounded or boiled befor', The/wo uW ^^^'^ "**^ **• 
 
 might be f".dinrr,1!i eoourT... ''j*'"'"'""' •'•<'»''» 
 brth. generd „r" tf ,N UjlSiril'^ '««."r. country. 
 
 fiqnor a badtatte <!««. i T '. " will not give the 
 
 > ueinro cra/s m^dTof^^e w^ wilnJt ''lAS '""?.*"•" 
 made of weed, thev alfo ^xZuL Ta \ r **** ™*'"W« •« 
 tl,ar wilKoivc no tIL tL a''*' °^ ^^"^ ^•«<» «f <«« 
 
 
 *'y .bh.g eifc;,„„'.rh "LI ' t *« I -! «" 'K. " 
 
 •iH' thhm elfr'V.^01,'"*^^" "' '/ *** "®' "^"^ '*"»« ©f lye, or 
 ^ > g dfr^ tomake it ^nulatc ithc. o^cr iv thit Jhey 
 
 "^ ■ ■■■■ ' ../^---i^. boj 
 
 ■vs. 
 
 
 
 ;/ 
 
f ' ' 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 IT 
 
 'If 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 r 111 ] 
 
 bftil the fugar too much— The quamiey of Iim« neccflkry to 
 
 littwer the purpofc, I cannot txaAly afcertain » but I fuppoi* 
 
 a heaped fpoonful of (lacked lime, would be fuflicient fori- 
 
 bout fix gallons of fap. A judicious perfon after a few irialu 
 
 , would be able to fix the due proportion. It may, hosrever,- 
 
 beproper to mtnti^n, that if the quantity of lime is too fmalL 
 
 the fugar will not be fufficiently grained -, if too much, it will 
 
 five the fugar a reddiQt caft. 1 have before obfcrved, that the 
 
 fugar fliould not be boiled fomuch, at has jbeen the common 
 
 practice. Hut, from which runs about one.fixth of iti 
 
 weight in melaires* in twenty-four hours after it it put to 
 
 drain, I think, has been boiled properly j perhaps, in three 
 
 •r four weeks afterwards, it wiU run the like quantity of 
 
 tnelafles, making the whole of the running about one-third 
 
 the weight of the green fugar. It is probable, that thofe who 
 
 have been accuftomed to high boiling, in order to get as much 
 
 fugar as poffible in the firft procefs, will not approve of thi» 
 
 method; but perhaps may be better reconciled to it, when they 
 
 are informed, that if they boil this melaOes or fyrup with 
 
 Itrons lime-water, oiie-third of the latter to two-thirds of th« 
 
 mclalTes, there is rcafon to expea it will make irood fucar.. 
 
 although not equal to the firll fort. 
 
 I (hall now proceed to give fome direaions for the makinc 
 
 •fmaple-fugar; Let all the fap that has been colle^d 
 
 in one day, be boiled the day following, left ic (hould fer* 
 ment» in which cafe thft fugar would be lefs in quantity, and 
 worfc in quality. To carry on the buiinefs to the greateft 
 advantage, theire (hould he three kettles of different dimenfions, 
 I hefe kettle* Ihould be fixed in a rowt the fmaiietl at one ' 
 end, the middle fized next, and the largeft at the other end* 
 --When there is a quantity of fap colleaed, put at much in 
 the largeft kettle as can be conveniently boiled in it; then 
 throw III as much lime or lye as may be deemed neceffary to 
 make the liquor granulate. Keep a moderate fire for fome 
 time, and as the fcum rifes, uke it off with aikimmer j after 
 the liquor is pretty clear, increafe the fire and boil it brifldy» 
 till fo much It evaporated, at that which remaint may be 
 boiled in the middle kettle i» into which the liquor mtift be 
 ftrained through a blanket ♦, under this kettle, keep a gooi 
 fire, and take off the fcum at it rifes. A* foon as the liquor 
 It taken fi-om the large, and put into the middle-kettle, frelh 
 lap muft be put into the former, and treated as before direaed 
 and fo on, till all the fap is boiled. ' 
 
 When the liquor it fufficiently evaporated in the middle* 
 rrttlf, tft admit it s being boiled in the fataHc% it muft be ~ 
 
 ^^^TJS^'f^^'* •?. '"^ If ',•"• '•'«« •'•"'^ *'■" •«>" "•. ocberwiA. 
 tnere would be ■ cUnser of in fplltting, upoo puitinf in (told liquor. 7 
 
 .VM 
 
 
I f 
 
 ^"m^r , 
 
 "^■"•P 
 
 IP* 
 
 t f*^ I 
 
 \'. 
 
 put^nto tbtjitd, wh«rt it mu(^ bt boiltd, until it gttf to i,. 
 ptOfKr confiAti^v to make^ fugar. When the liquor i» ttktn 
 fioin the middle kettle into the fmallcO, the formrr muO bn 
 Aiptalied, ak Jii bdoce dire^ed, from the largeft, with freflk 
 f*p» Hbe liquor, iil the fmaU kettle, muft be huiled brifklyg 
 until it |et» brettf thick,, when the fire (bould be leOened, to 
 prevent itt Hurnios. When the liquor rifet in the keiilei, a 
 piece of hutfer or tat, thcirinrof abaxle-nut, tnay he thiowa 
 111 if (thb qiiantitv does i»x>tmake ic boil flat, more (hould bjt. 
 added, uniiljit aniWert.tbe purpofe, and thit n>u« be repeated 
 aa 6fiea u tjM liquor riM. When it is boiled et^)ugb', which 
 Bujr be knawaby the n|ianiier#,or iu ropping be'twefii tbA. 
 tkunrtb and I finger, it muft, be put into a co|Dler or tul% 
 
 when tbe tm»\\ kettle muft be fupplied 
 tb« middle-ffited one^ thfit, with more from 
 
 with 
 
 tbe 
 
 iquor rroni 
 argedl, an4i 
 
 tbe large oilr ivitb frefli Tap, at it before dire<^ed. WkeQ 
 one-third o^ th^ fap, thathas been collected, it boned and pu||{ 
 intdthe cooler, itniuft be fiirred brifkJy abojut wim a Utrnngi 
 ft[ck (whicb mav he made like a fmall paddlie) unMl it graina, 
 lihen it majr be left (if th^ biifmcfs has bern well done) until: 
 •iiother thii^ of the liotior. it boiled, and put iot<> th^cojoler : iCi 
 muft be thien moveMbout .with tbe ftirring Aick,l until it ift 
 V|fdl. mixed togetbei>~'when the remainder of the liquor it 
 bbtlcd and iHit into ihe coulee, it mu ft again bf», moved, about; i 
 with tbe ftirring Hick, unciiitbc whole is well mixed, when it: 
 niuft ^e pu^ into mouida {'earthen would be bed i but /wopdca 
 nibuldamajr be made, to anfwer the purpofe, by nailing or r 
 pinning four boards together,' fo (haped, as to make the mouldc 
 oneinch diameter at tbe bottom, and ten or cwelvtiinchet tt 
 this toDf ^e length n}»y be two (eetf or two feet and an halCi 
 —thefe mouldt pnuft beclofely ftopp^d at the fmall epdt* with 
 coarfe linen, of fome fuch think and fet up with.foffle-. 
 _ . i thcf fugar rtiiift then be taken from tha^ 
 
 cooler, and pouted into the moulds.— -next morning the Oopn 
 ;a out, and the moulds be put on troughf, 
 . drain their melaflV^. In the evening, the 
 
 loaVtti muft h# pierced at the fmall ends, to make them run 
 ily-r-thit may bedoi^ by driving a wooden pin, 
 Fnarlingipike) three or four inches up the loaf & 
 which/they ihuft be left to drain their melaifes, which 
 le in a (horter or longer lime, according at the . 
 ;en boiled, 
 of the bufinefs requires greater attention than.- 
 g or graining the fugar in the cooler, and afterwards 
 ^ . >, freqt^cotly:; 
 
 
 • Dipi 
 adhere I (^ 
 fingtr. 
 
 'ftick Into the liquor, apply the^huwb to it, and take part of what . 
 the ftick, thui draw it two or t^K tidiM bMwctn th^ thumb aaA: 
 
 Sim 
 
■a. 
 
 %, 
 
 !t 
 
 ^ 
 
 lr#<(Vtifirt3r obi'tfrWfi^* (h<«'lt U i»^f too thick, l^tlMili 
 irwmcdied, by boiling fh« liefnilnlng llqurtr lower, (liin tAat 
 which wa< boiled b«fofe-— if too ihin, by ftlrring th« coo(#r 
 .^ain, and boiling the remainder of (he liquor higher, or mor^. 
 
 1^ ^he making of fugar it quitt common and eaf/ with a 
 lingie kctUe of any lice. ^ 
 
 Oflhtgftat Bttfi/lt »/ San Murjhn, fir if^finind^iih I 
 and of fubllitutini Salt iiftlfy in thtir Jiiai, Pirtik ibt 
 Mtifieum Rujiiium. Vol. I. JN». i^. i 
 
 IT hat hc^ obfervrd, that horfrtand black ci^tle, thrljle Bet- 
 ter, and get llefli and fat fooner, in fait miirfhet, tftan in 
 frelh water me^dowt or upland pafl^uret ; yet idg-notreitieot- 
 bcr ever to have heard any jgood reafon attgnett^ it. \ 
 
 Some will tell you that the air of the fea whe^ their apAir. 
 titet I that the pafture it rich and nourifhii^ i artd that ihe 
 hierbt produced by the landt jinrthe fea are more conducnro 
 to the health of herbaceous animals/ than fuch at grpw on uL- 
 land paltures, whether natural or artificial. , V 
 
 But itiay we not rather attribute the thriving of cattle mi 
 thefc marlhet, to the faline particlet • with which the earth, all 
 well a» itt produce, is^ when near the fea, (Irongly impregnal 
 fed ? Perhapt even the dewt have their portion of (alt j hM 
 of ihit 1 baviB made no experiment, therefore mention it onW 
 at a probable conjecture j for as they fall foon after thev ikA 
 exhiiled from the fea, without paflSng through the fecretiont 
 neceflary to feparate their faline parts, why Ihould not thit 1^ 
 the cafe? __ ^ -^^ ^ L ^ ■ . *"' ■ ■ ^- :; •'-"'"''-■ 
 
 But to rnurnfb mf^rCt iiih]ha tilm%t^^ 
 that the faline particles only, with which the grifs it impreg^ 
 tlated in the above mentioned marihes, caufe cittle to thrive 
 in them in the manher they are known to do. Thefe bin 
 |nirge away the foul humours which the beaih Hive ebntr^- 
 ed, either by idlenefs, or by being over-heated in labour $ by 
 which means they are better difpoi^d to be nouriflied by die 
 
 aliment they reeeive. ^ -- ^.-,-^^ g^.- .,- - '. ^ 
 
 It may, perhaps, be objeaed, that if the graft of A#f« 
 
 marmet is apt to p^rgc cattle, this very purging, by being long 
 
 : ^ / Q;a contmufed. 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 /t 
 
 ^ P«h»^« the ihclvtai cbndltlon of cattle oii falt-mardiM may be ewiag t^ 
 Oe bin nuking thein drowthy ; for it h «a dbferraiioo of trisiers, thai 
 when eatUe drio* pltMifuUi^ Uiei thrive ipact. 
 
■t^s-r 
 
 #!•:." 
 
 ■ 
 
 '^1 
 
 I - 
 
 ill 
 
 
 f 114 J 
 
 l^jencimjcd. will b« « m«an« ofpnwi^ng th«lr growkif ftt. 
 TO (hit 1 •nfwcr, that ihc cattle takt with thtir food tvery 
 Ihf nearly th« fame auantity of thefa purgativf iNinidet i but 
 that the quantity of (»U which at Iheir being fi^rt pu, i„co th« 
 marlh will have that cHcd, will ceafe producing it when they 
 '"» oy tulkom» habituated to Uke a daily portion of it thia 
 muft be allowed, ak w« all know, that a few grains of rhubarS ' 
 will ojjerate aa a cathartic to a perfon that it not accuDomed 
 10 take It I yet it i» »• well known, that a man may i«ke ma- 
 ny grama dail), i( he u(ei himfelf to it, without its bcins fenfi- 
 bly purgative to him. •-. 
 
 It «» not ciDivdnient to every one to fend their catllt «> g 
 bit marih : would it not, therefore, be happy, if we could fub- 
 llitute a method that would nearly anfwer the fame purpofe f 
 I do not think tbi« impoinble : perhaps, if common lea.(alt • 
 • wai to bft laid in the Htldt for the horfei to lick as often at 
 tHey plealcd, they would thrive much better : Were 1 to fay 
 I know it would have that eftca. It would be no prefumption. 
 
 i-attle are naturally fond of fait, and if left at their liberty, 
 will take no more ol a than what does them good. With thia 
 help, our frefh water meadows, and upland natural and artifi^ 
 cial paftures. would yield us a grenler proht, and Of courfe be 
 worth more both to the land-owner and farmer. 
 
 Some will not allow a thing to have merit, unlefa it ia fup- 
 ported by what they call a proper authority j and they do not 
 •How the expeMmcnti of a particular perfon to be fufficient. 
 I o fatiafy fuch I can affure you, that in the inland parts of 
 bwitzerland, when their horfea and cattle have endured the 
 bardibipa of a long and fcvere winter, they turn them in fpring 
 loofeiiitothe mountains, laying fait here and there upon the 
 locki, for them to refort to when they pleafe j and of this they 
 are lafoiid, that When the farmers want to catch their horfesl 
 .Ihey take fome (alt in their hats, as we do oats in a fieve. to 
 allure them. * 
 
 . * fxperience has long convinced them, that the fait thus laid 
 In their way aiilwers every good purpofe : Their cattle are 
 more healthy in general than ours are in England j andalmoft 
 to this alone do they attribute it. 
 
 ■ In the provinces of MunlUr and Connaught. in Ireland, 
 they very Ircquciitly lay fair on dates, for the benefit of their 
 horfes when at grafs : This, they find, does the cattle great 
 lervicci and in this we Ihould imitate them, and not be too 
 
 • ThU nfthod oflaylnr Mt In the way of cattle may be, perhaps, to ad. 
 v.ntay«praaifH, j . came, with it an'appe.rance of ,«lfSnT^Je "o"; 
 
 JMiwJ and dlli|em-*3cpfrioi«m., •n4 k» u» knew.tl>« refuli of their obfarvf. . 
 
 .-•■■^ 
 
 41 
 
 > * 
 
 
.i' 
 
 J^ 
 
 proud to Itarn of them, brratife io Ireland agriculture it not mi 
 S» flouriftiiiig a (Ute a% m kiigLnd. 
 ! Some tew Uniicri tuve (to do tbc n juftice) praAifed this 
 
 , method in our own ciuintry i but contcntitig iheitifcUes witk 
 the profit refulting frr>m it, they have not propagated th« 
 knowledge of the many jdvantagea they are fenlihle may be 
 
 ^tdf rived Irom thii practice, of giving fait t»» eattle. 
 '^ The farriert ■nd horf<i.jockeyt ki>ow well the ufe of fall} 
 they mi\ it ofttn in their me«licincf, and find, by cxperieoc% 
 that nothing provea iu powerful a Aunuchic to boriiei, as • 
 Uttlefiilt thrown into their^ati. 
 { If the hinta i have given are of fervice, it will give megreaC 
 
 ^ pleafure : but I mudtaithcr ohferv<, that the ule of faltitve*- 
 ty proper when c^ale arc turned into clover, lucerne, or 
 :ole.feed, to feed : it i« well known, that, on thefe occalion^ 
 :hey are apt, unlef* great care is taken, to be furfdted i the 
 uUt Wbuld prevent this accident, and thereby gfeatly^ccclerat* 
 the fattening of the cattle, and make it much lafer to ^ 
 /armcr. * 
 
 I ti 
 
 # 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 > * 
 
 DirtffUm ftr Hiring a Farm. 
 
 dar. 
 
 From tht Farmtr's Kaliw» 
 
 WHEN a Farmer ha« occafion to look out for a farm, 
 he Ihould be equally jrlear-fightcd to all the.advao* 
 tag«a of a farm, and all the difadvantagcs, that he may be 
 able to draw a balance between ihem, and compare that ba- 
 lance with the rent demanded. Let him remember, that he 
 inuft equally difcard a too folicitous prudence, which doubti 
 every benefit, and a too daring courage, which overlooks og 
 leflepi real evili. It mult^ open to almod every peffon'a 
 obfervation^, that the common f.irnneri lolc themfclvef verjf 
 much^n deliberating concerning a farm : they have fo manjr 
 miftaken rulci ol judging, that we very often f<*e them reje^ 
 farms that, foon after, prove the fortunes ot fuch a« hire them t 
 they are very apt to take one fdlle guide in particular, the fuc- 
 ceft of the Ia(t tenant. If a man makes a good dvid of monejr 
 on a farm, or leaves it hr a much laigcr, numbcrijivill imine« 
 diately apply with great eagtriu-ft to get it, almoit without 
 viewine i but if a tenant or two brcaku, or is poor on a farm, 
 moft of the neighbours conlidcr litile further : they attribute 
 all to the land, and avoid it under a ftrong'idea, that without 
 a fall of rent, no money can be made on it. All thefe notion^ 
 Htf«^«b(oktteabfafdtttes~rfci-tfaen a na g em eB tDf vaiioui fap " 
 Wers is (o ciTemially different, that fuccefj depends very litjtle 
 
•s-flP**'" 
 
 *-^f«-.*..ii. hi;A"1,'".r«™«' T""--"-^"!^-- 
 
 »«tt: I he iHhcr, • floif.n i« IT 7 •" g»>o«i order , h« •«»«« 
 j;*"/ «»n .he r-u.;urTh,V':'! T'**'*"' ^-". .m'o r 
 
 ••«enni»ir hn nature, the ihrt. / ^*.'***' *^«'**» »" be able r« 
 *« -r commtMJ.,,,,, labour AriT*^' "^ "»«'*«. I>ri- 
 
 aT wuh proffr. By /j/r /J/? hnlV' '"^^ *"«' '« ^e con- 
 Jtrft«dfuch«havea.J.iaC^^^^^^^ are «oi ,o be un- 
 
 £c« improvement, , .lo/wTe i ' A ".^ '"'""'"» »h-» w«?lt 
 
 , ' *»• "Mfllow, rich, puerid rrnI«U . *^*"- 
 
 «<»>'»••, -re of ali <<m , ih* m *',"'"*'''"« <^'«y«» or rtrktr claw, 
 •iliage foon .rrer r:' ! .^^^ ^17^^.": = ^'» V ^••' -^mj 
 coming after heavy rain. whL fi w **" *•*** U'**"'* of fun 
 letter worth twenty. fiJe'mml."' ''•"'"^'*' » *''<^»» '-nd h 
 fervea fhilling. ' ""* ""'"'"S' »« «cre. than many fj, V 
 
 Another matter of vr*«* : 
 taking no larger a onefthaj ZT '"r*** *"'""« « ^'■«'» ''i tht 
 tjand will ft JJk properly A '/'"" ""^ ?""•/ • «>«" cai coj^ 
 .|h*lf«i"ng toomuchSVor1berr"^'"''^'"°"K ^"'"tH; 
 )/ eager rarm a. much as J.ffib,e ?h'^ ^ ^"'^ ''« •«'•"•*- 
 •f which ,,, ,he conduai^ he f;in' *"n"'" '""^'q^nce 
 •n-nncK A farmer ftouldr^fverdch f" ' ^"''"'^ •"'^•^^•^ 
 *' Jf n«wa to be right, from a winr «Jl '°^ »">' ^^'k, which 
 prevent <uch a fauat'on, bv^i"'!^'"""'^^ » »«d be can only 
 -inanage in a malterly mainer i'of ?*l'""'' '•"'* »»»-" be ctX 
 tbe d.rtcrence between g^ and »^^ ["n!!!^'. *»' »»»"" «^«n«aer 
 Jhr., between the lof. of ^ "^^^^/""^^''y in ail if braijf 
 Makmg a nrn»>, .f^ .r °"'^» »"<» roe certairt gain — 
 
 
 .« 
 
 /I 
 
 gmicfthA^hey, 
 
 ■^■4-»..u,«.?;;;rM ; ;;^:. ?4 ;; 
 
 piaifter 
 
pWJjtf vj# I»trii. iH. •• n«tr«r 4biMN ll* kf brnMn fWt him 
 plfntjf of montfJaih«ir|Mck«ti. In ih« n«ig)ilM«.N<«o<l ^, 
 mt caiM and lownii v«ri«tir of manwrt • ar* «• |i, h^ ^, 
 I<|at4 piactt cHtap j but if »n^ Uimrrt have noi monew^ iiiM 
 •rc ^hty eo inaka 4i(« U foch .av«M*gra / tor iW« ..a m.av' 
 
 ***J 7fT*» • '•""•' *****"^ •*•"♦» «^*"'« <»^ »*«»lurmi on a. 
 tTA^^ of laiKl, which h« camioi abfoluuly cuouoiaU i tLt kk 
 iitf y^ u Iccnu belt to btn. , , ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 v.:«s' 
 
 ^ f^OTV'' fsrmn 1iMf»^~; — 
 
 
 5 
 
 i; 
 
 T tangford, the feat^f Wtnman Cobki^ Eili|v^l Ul tl*' 
 UMcvinmoii r4Ukfi(dionpf (««injg a Uam «f ttx«n io har«, 
 FhM genilaman, wIm> it oii« of tht moA lp«r^ fa».. 
 in Ucrby(hjre, it (he firft who ha« drawn (h«i».iiKthi«, 
 maiiiicf . He ufei hMtccii j and fiitd* that tb«y draw wiOi muciiL 
 greiier power than in yoaks thi method in which he firft iH- 
 ed «hem : 1 hey inoue.raucbialltr, and ar« more handy mA 
 venient : He exccutet ill hit plowinu; and hdme Carting 
 witb them, at mufh-lefa exptnce than the fame could b« per* 
 formed by horfes or by oxm in yoaica : A itri^ig pro6l of 
 thii II hit plowing 4« much Und in a d^y with three oxen, at 
 thn fanuen do with four or fiv«;horie» » a dif,iroporti<m l« 
 •aia»inglyjreat, that it dfcidea thi point at once, a^j ^^ tkt 
 clearelii maimer. H« jftcdi them in fummei of« grafa aionf^ 
 ^ftdin winter on ftraw, on which he worka thev aioderately a, 
 burif hard w^ough^ then they have hay 4>r fu.ne luuiept. 
 . Thq harnfJa i« much the fame at that /or horfes, cxctptine 
 the collars opening to be buckled on,, and alfo to their being 
 %^oro m the contrary manner to thofe of horfes that it, thi , 
 tnirroiK end of the collars, which open, being downwards % 
 apd as the chains ar« faftened to them in the fame diredion as 
 19 horffl-harnefs, tne bcafts of couifc draw much higher thafi> 
 horfH ; The line of the chains is almoft up to their backs, but. 
 . much abovenha cheft. This variation Mr. Cooke thjaka m* 
 ceflarj, from the different fliape of horfes and oxen j an«l it \i 
 \ ^«.Circun»ftancf defir^^ing attention from all who may b« incU-, 
 ; "V n^d to follow this very ulcful example. I faw a team drawing 
 -J ; a h9vty load of bricks j and obferved, that not une horie team 
 i- iit ten outwalked them. The drivers affured me, that thay 
 . worked much better than when yoaked j drawed a greater 
 
 ©rmis method, excluliveortic incrwKd powerTis the ph^^ 
 them ia,a fwgle iii)c io p^acc ofa 4ot^le one, which in fom* 
 
 bm^ 
 

 I 
 
 ... r .ft J 
 
 T"*^ tU tt.m li to ih* wf (ght Hit .rtaitr it, iw« V M 
 Am .« r«t ttf-a c*f# wUh o«r. yrnkj^ owing miwiy fo .1..! 
 .•kw.rcJ^ntu^r•rd wn oT Jriving i for it it wil knoin to .It 
 4«-tfrtvtrt, that tli« bttftt ctnnot txtri^hf ir lull tnn* Uom 
 th« .neqiUlky be(w«ffn tht coui>l«t |. at^lt ii coo.mon fJr om 
 Utlt lo nmkM at ft How <iuw .ll, .« ln«on»#nicnc« loidlf nZ - 
 
 1 c.itnoi but ••ril«Aiir rfco,nmti,J thit vtry grtat improvt. 
 mtnt to tfl who ar« («*firmit of working oxen i tful piftica*. • 
 J«hr to thof, who muginr, but lalfcly. thtt they Cinn«7mwt4i;' 
 f"»" •■h*'*^ I th4C ih«; cannot Uraw an food wtighr » ioaL 
 «at la plowing fhcy tr^ul. tht W ■«ft i^AM Whif h idcdT^ 
 fcowcver tru. ,hry miPh.lic in rt(p*a to the yoakt, art un--' . 
 Ajibt«»rt».tttkcf,r4p».l.»dio tht harneflcJ bead.. Mr. Cooke " 
 tftjirvct mueh of hil country, for (h« introduction ofTo «»• 
 cellenf imethod. which I Ihould apprthend fuftcitnt with im. - 
 jrc^'ced perJont to give th. prcfercaf. to ««rt, notwith- 
 Aandtng all the common ideal in favoor of hodei. 
 
 \v 
 
 ,Tfc3 
 
 • '^ frH0^ tt tbi Bath Agritultur, Sthtf, . *•; 
 
 f%^f?E caufe of the rot i> (heep. fayt Mr. Bofwell, irt hlf " 
 
 J. lite ufcful ami ihgeniotii publfcarion, it unknown 
 
 J^'u 1 ' L°"I!'^k '" ^^'P*«"»-"'ng all the information ht 
 could g«t. in hit taftcm Tour, obfervct. that the •• aeeounta 
 •re fo amazmgly cdntradiaory, that nothing can be gathered 
 ftom them , but conclude!, "that every one knowt that 
 BJoifture it the caufe." ^» 
 
 In differing from in autht>r of Mr. Young't acknowlednd 
 werif, fupported bjr the general opinion ot menkind, I am led 
 to examine mr own ftnfiments with caution and diftruft j but« 
 
 rif .i! '*.? u^'?^*"': *''" moiilure it generally the remote 
 wufe^ll will be d.fllcultto acci^unt for the rot being taken on 
 fallowt In a ftngfe day, and in water meadowt fometimct in 
 naif an hour, when in grounds of , different fort, althouth ex- 
 ceflively wet and flabby, ihc^g wiU remain for many leekt 
 together, uninjured. • ' . ' ., 
 
 Another opinion, which hm many adherentt, le, that the* 
 rot IS owing to the quick growth of graft, or herbs that groiT* 
 in w't placts. . • . 
 
 Wifhout_prfmiimjg,.jhat,t l! h ount co ut Providc i icu I wt 
 
 V^ 
 
 >-ento every animalits pecMliar taftc, by which it diflinguiihet' 
 the food proper for ittprcfcrvwioii and A»pport, (If not ^tiate^Of 
 
 <• "(I 
 

 Th. wh„|, f„,h,„,|. ,„b,, 1,,^,,^ J, wind -.rul &«. 
 
 dtr inj v«i. ly m ,1,. thou-, ,„d 11, „cl„r. of .h,i, h /bh.l if. 
 
 b'ri.rr"'"' "'' "■"" """'• " '•'*^" ■»•«« ^mji 
 
 •rA''.*-''!"""'.'"" '""•''•''•«'• of «llt .If. MrtC^ wiWrt 
 
 . found on pirticular rolN, (rfpccully wet ones) whIchVmoS 
 dehght, .n ?^or. thai .h., intva (hould. .fter V rXndaVrof 
 rtioillure. by an inftlndtiv. i,in,ulfe, quit it. dark and dr/Jr 
 habitation, and itk fecundity be Kreail v incr«f«4 kw f.^K f r ^ 
 
 "r.r^^xr''^ ^'^^^^^^^^^'^^':^ . 
 
 r^oX^tcMt, ?n^cL? r"*^ '"''.*'*• common earthworm 
 
 ^yw^ 
 
 ^i.k .L i<^^* T"nt c d o nth e KflJer germ, are* tfonirg*^ 
 
 wj-h .h. f««i .„„ ,h, fl„„^, „j i„,,ftS7;fXl,X 
 
 * \ / wbcnct. 
 
 -^ 
 
 ■1 
 
r 
 
 O 
 
 
 jirljtwet ihty «• rtf •Itrt^ inf iKt l«at«l vt^k ciirifrf •# 
 
 imki chjri.. «,a par. ima ih. w«^ J "«* ^oVhiVmit i wiul 
 
 k^.».ch... .ni'w.ring .^ th«r. i^.h, Vtn. hX inLhyZJ 
 Owfp. Ihf)r much rfrV,„blir tht Mit h(h calltd .Itie,; «, 
 
 ;^, «•"•) ^^'^^ «*«vf y. in. bicHHi r,u«r in. u,„ ,0 ;j; 
 
 Im* I III .r» niiur.l r!a,e. »• iq ,fci|,# our .ibrtfw.iioo.Lor. 
 might ri«i III lorm h«v« chingtU w.ili lu fni.*iioii f— •• Thi 
 
 H«ve met MTith (it well Ai ih« inJ«l.i,a^bU Mr. Youna) rtcm 
 very conh •„! with lb« ih.«r; «r ihu U»(«id«. '^ 
 
 wifh ll!; "•** ""'• '" P^y^^"'* «^"» '0». Jn common 
 liitdi rot. wh*,, other, .re ,,*,lreily f.fc-ii it onintf u iK 
 c rcumfbnc. o^ w,« or g,.t of ^rcnJucing th. pM.%r food 
 or ncfl of the infe.l r th«<e who dt^d their tfter-gufi ,ot tiU 
 the .utum.u watcrmg, .„d f,r« afterH.rd.. nfight prohl: 
 
 irt»lrl\."^Vr'" ^I'"'" '""**'; *"" •'• iccounted never fefe. 
 .Hor.. Jj ? ^'^""♦Vyj r "'•« '" «h« foil or fituation, whi.h 
 
 ofThL „« "^V^ '"'J-'ring, whether from the ccrfenefi 
 of t^eirniture or for wai?t of being fufficieiuly fed, there i.' 
 
 pb fecure the egj. of the ...fedt .bove the e^h of the w-ter. 
 
 .J rtl u v''! ^"^'"3 '^''<^' -»""« i* the caufe of th« 
 I?.l. r* ."* '"*'• ?*H"^int-ncc with the So.T,c,f«taurc' 
 
 WoMt land for rottin;{ cured by watering. Yet, may not the 
 it/eVd^fliu^r^'^^K' *?*V' /^^» b. in%rcgna;.d ii.h par! 
 
 ,......?^u"'!;'"^^ •'.""'■'"^r '''.^^"'ns 'bat «« ih;.t no ewe ever rot* 
 
 >vti.lr (he hu ■> l.Ht,VVhv. i.Uc ■■ the gentlemen otihefacuU 
 ly can baft in/orm u,, whether it ii 4i)robabifi that thrim. , 
 
 p fc gnatcJ 
 
 ^M 
 
 .»' 
 
 «s 
 
 « * 
 
\, 
 
 1?s 
 
 ^ l« * 
 
 n 
 
 '^0 
 
 *■• 
 
 r 111 
 
 / 
 
 . I 
 
 
 ,-/ 
 
 T«:u "K"r' V'*"""' ""-J '" ""^ ".* Mr. 
 
 Br..l;7K* *! v'**V ^'^^^^^ »h«"»moft caution ctnnotil*»,v, 
 
 ^o gt: ;:? ti' " /'^'^ rr*; '" •''• *'•••» » --'*» -j- 
 
 M "/nore irienUIy and efficacioiti manner. - ' 
 
 r.,u V*A* T '"y P***" *" communicafe to the focietv the r# ' 
 
 E nf ll X » however, I am pcrfuadcd, accept thef* 
 hmtt at leal> a, an carneft of my def.re to if fervlcelbl5 
 
 enqulicr whrhA L^^ «ht curior.ty of Co-n. oehet 
 
 cvrrjmnrrtc i ^t, ai B nutcutuwiy uicitH. '^'^ ^=^ 
 
 1^ » 
 
 <b 
 
 :. ^n- r 
 
 t ^ — M^ f m 
 
 -^-^- 
 
 

 
 ^f 
 
 »*. 
 
 " # 
 
 W 
 
 1 < 
 
 
 ^i^ 
 
 /" 
 
r .J.V 
 
 ■sss« 
 
 % 
 
 "IITHEN I took the libntr »' t»inling out dif.a, in o„, 
 
 mofhtr of invention, would not loolr Th.i! f ■ ' I 
 eonfe, .„,,, rt..i, „',„i„„^ f«m .!:'fi;ii.h7„,''.".X"b'. « 
 
 ..nd" g tidKr"!",:" ^h'/'ST •' r<x'«"«'-n: ". 
 
 litlle A. „i-' .r/ "'•""'I'ftriouifowrouch, and reap 
 bandonthe greateV par. ..f u,e relidue of S f.,n.',rl« 
 
 i*.r'«rU«hT' """"'"" »•'"«'-« Profit fr<i»^.:.ni 
 
 pend-ture ... rtecfcanic., with all the confeiuenjf. of culil' 
 
 4 ncjr will not fail of the accomplifliinent of their obiefl i h..» 
 they will ceafe to brin^ thcmfelJe. in debt bTi^fS^^ e„ 
 deavourstoavoidit. They will find, too, theVTe'TcIe well 
 
 "iSrnT^'h"''',^^^'''" r"^' intheoirrou'I^nTo 
 iniiinanagement. The difference between a hitthly-imDrovca 
 acre and one even beyond mediocrity, is greater Than atTft " 
 
 ' ■' rent 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 % 
 
 * 
 
 
 ^^iM 
 
^ 
 
 
 r ml 
 
 Nnt b«twwn land producing five quart A. tnd that bringin. 
 . hree quartert p*r wre. it «uen more th... two to one. Ye? 
 the produce .. not double. But after labour and eipencr 
 
 Ti' \,^ •*•'?''•" ''"^ '^'••' »*»• '""ft '"on'y and become 
 bankrutu' " ''""''^ ''"P*'*"'' •**"* ^'»*' *^^''*" »»«^^^« 
 i;t J*'*'? obfervationi are the moft applicable to thofe, who 
 
 d«„ 1 *u w 'i'' 8****^ •"'* fyrtematical culture, our f.tua^ 
 
 t^on would have been very di tfercnt. Under go^l manage- 
 
 men, our lands would ((ill have continued fertile: and we 
 
 ftould not pofleft them in their prefcnt miferable ftate. The 
 
 . Mowmg remark, are intended to elucidate and confirm mr 
 
 •bfervafon, on the " defers in our mode of tillage."-? ^ 
 
 ^ One would thmk. that the bare recital of the common mode 
 
 •f preparation for wheat, tod generally accompliCd hc7e i^ 
 
 ZJ!.*/! f''?K«'' l" ^'^"-•"^"'•'"'^d countries ic is not com? 
 
 SnTtt" itdj" '^ "'*"'' '"''^''"'^ point out the eTil 
 
 _ In general the fod is turned or broken up in the fprine, at 
 
 rtr^tlJ"'^''^'^ ""^ ^. ^•"*" P^°P«rt'on of grifs roots. 
 flrllT <»' P"'"-"«n« »"d noxious weeds (whofe fibres have 
 formed a mat. pervading the greater part of Ihe furfacc, whew 
 
 h.^r^VT'?^ and. i? tap^rooted. ftrikingardc^p a^ 
 
 vearf' rJ.fr""*' ""^ P"<=nnial. have been dropping fo^ 
 years, ready to vegeute with the fir ft ftirrinr of Vhc farth 
 In th.. wretched fituation, it is ploughed moll wretched v 
 
 S . il'r ^i •'• 'w*" ""["^'^ • « *''« ^"f°« °f lowing, harrow! 
 mjL«KU*l'* J* *r'? »^'**"«'''^** '"• *"*• *»»« committfd to tW. 
 Si 2?^ "'^^ ^'^^H?' ""»»'pken in the whole, or in part. I « 
 Ifnt wY •■■• «°;»»'"«<» undecayed roots of weeds andVegeta. 
 
 hnl of ; • ^***^ " ''*'"* '*^^' ^° ^^^^ •" c»»an«. with this 
 I„l^ ."'"*'" '° ''*"**"^ '^"»»' Added to thefe, a c op of 
 
 lowing gram. This, with its other bad efl^eits, prevents the 
 plough^and harrow from having their full operation Thii. 
 JmT/rT' «f»''e general priaice, which, if we do no 
 ISr^l^" P?'T 'he ca^fes of our compWnt,, thJb^ 
 ?„?« *l ? *"'* °^^" '''''•^''» <^hoa:c ar.J naufeate our crops^T^ 
 infomuch that our produce pays not for our hbour and el ' 
 fences. Q^n ^t be fuppofcd,, that a plant, fuch as wheat . 
 
 (whicS^ 
 
 t.iiu^ 
 
 "^l^^^t'^S** 
 
 <c-i. 
 

 # f »34 J 
 
 (which will penerrate three feet if.K-ri 
 horizontal r..ot. have been melfir.il V/„ ? ^^'"'f!: ■"** ^'»«''c 
 relfin a dep.h of three or foTr "chr T ^•" P"'"'^^ '»- 
 clod., tuflbck. of weed ra,"t. and ir! r'" * '■"""^^*'"" "^ 
 frar.. which will prevent thTcxe.nfi '"""^'"g •""« of blue 
 JViJl any one beli^cver5.a weed, fuch a. ".r *' •'"* «»'^" ? 
 John', wort, white wWd or d;ifi« or hi ^' '"/'''•'*' °^«'- 
 «|u.rc three year,, with well 2 enL r u ' ^'"^'» "'*''^'» f«- 
 «V. can b'c fo\acken"fin one r«ron a^ ^T '"^ "'"'^J' 
 •njure the winter grain, if not to chlk h in wh l'"''"'""-^'" 
 Let iuch as conceive thi, e^mil .u ^''"''' "^ "' I'"" ' 
 ^jed. grow after the c^ * o/F In'd c"'?"/ ^^'^ ^"-'^ 
 wheat occupiei the around a„^!r ""''/""'"'««' how long 
 _^lbi, crop (contrary t*ortffS.„;r/^ ^''^^ opportunil? 
 theirincriafeandgrowS Xe 'hi "*" ^'T^ «^" »o 
 contain, as in mag.zlnV, untouVh.Tfit '^ ^°"/"*"' '''^^ '^'od' 
 
 "W^^eed,, ready to ve«faL?f^^•'";" *"** '"»*** «' graft ^ 
 
 •Ifo lock u; fo miny S. of rhl ' k * ^^ ' ='"*^ »''« 'C 
 «ate of pulverizatiorretetvl fhVr*'; ^'l'"*' ^^"'^' '" ^ 
 plants froin .he dews aid airs Th. ''*' ',"'' "ourifhment of 
 trulf, compel them to fubfcr be to wh'aVl," n ^"'^ *''^"» ' 
 . :-!.-^-** A farmer fl^oVlS re^e"„o^t^ ^Z^^^^ 
 
 to fupport every b.d pradke ll k"' ^^^ *"'""g^* ''«'^«rd 
 vcrfa.ion, and.have met w'ti t in^.^rr" '"^'^S^'* '" <^o"- 
 moft extenfive rooted ve^etabe «/'"'' x°" ^'- ^«'" ^the 
 fl.ou|d notexterid their roott Jnif '" l'"'''^ '^'^ '^ ^'-"t, 
 fclve. In root." ZVnlT ' °'" '^'^ ^'" ^P'"** them- 
 injurious difproportionVr'" r\T *^" ^'^^ »<> ^■"^^•^r ^ 
 «re to vegetables fa, ?„rh.^'^'?/^''*^'' P'^^d^^Sions. Roots 
 
 inteftincs'and Ziir^^LTr^':':,^ ^'^'^^ 
 
 tbele are, being alwav. nr^JT .• j ' ' ''*^ '^®^e and 'arffer 
 
 Tc p.rt; the mteTnr/,:^'^^^^^^^ 
 
 received and communlcatel^"PP''" of nouriftment 
 
 n,e?a!:^'r^el;1llX::r'' '^^ ^''^ -II. I have enu. ;^ 
 
 >ad much cxperienTeTtt gld'eS o'f ;^^f'''"^r' '^'^ ' 
 much impoveriflied as anvin thi.V^ » r.'^'' °" '^"^s, as 
 no occafion for authorities o til V^r ' ^^'^^ ^''"^^o^^ 
 one Inrtance among maS wh ch L^j; l^""^"' ' ^'" ^"°'e 
 celebrated CbateaJvieu^a^hiWo^L^ ''i P'^°^"«''- The 
 for, /cleded a piece rLLd?^'^'''^"."f """"*'■''« '^"J'iva- ^ 
 
 foil three feet deep? l/avMvrft ""-^'"^ t"!^^ '^'^'=" '^^ 
 Jligging and ftirring th?s fpf t he h'n! !''• '^'"^'"^ ^^^^^ % ^ 
 >-.heatwitho5cmat^^& 
 
 r . ' 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
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(-,*: 
 
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 V 
 
 i^ t 
 
 f '35 J 
 
 V ?cf 'cl^hJ'* P?**""- .T'»'« ^^o'*'* that earth fuppofed bar. 
 Xfuro to the mfluencet of the air. ai produdtiv. !• tk- ^ T 
 rurfacc. It fully, n(wcr» the < l^eXont to deeo .nd°:'*'"*K 
 Ploughing of fUrn.ng barren ear{h7?or the wo?ft ^th mat 
 be made thus fertile. Miller alfo .ffnL. j a * "^*I 
 
 fro.n the pradice of !?e irdter^'Tbtt't^^^^^ Zt 
 trench the.r ground,, when thcv begin to be eXuXd three 
 feet deep, turning the original (*urfa?e to the bottomf ' 
 
 I o perform the operation of tronching, which is annr«f. 
 
 fo as to admit of altering the inclination of the coulter «JS 
 
 - ir^ ^^ri^t^^r^"^^ 
 
 plough^ VVnh Chi, pIougMr^wTbT wotx n%'^^^^ 
 
 ^uro^lllTuf ^^^"*^^' ' »»^«'" V running as deeTT 
 nlo.I ? "^'''*': .^ '"^ ""^ operation fs made with a light 
 
 • de?p^ with a'bLd^r^" ' ^''^^ '?'^" °«^ ^'»« ^'^^ *-«^" he« 
 aeep, w th a broad furrow, turning this fod into the trench 
 
 with all Its weeds, rQdts, and othtr pcft, to your fo 1 Thefc 
 
 JoweTT r2 n(T' r ^t ^^^^^'^ Jomethat^i;:'! 
 
 row hrow. over a K T''".** "^^'^ '""'""8 ^" '»»* <■»•"« f"«-. 
 Lncc /^oV^fU^.^'^^ buries thefe nui. 
 
 ment rnT »n H ^"'''vn"« ^'^"^ beyond vegetation, fer- 
 t^efoil S'h \''Tf- ^'^'^"K'' '^J' ^'''«"? «» the fertil ty of 
 will bir ^it-^''*'V'"°'^ *'" '° ^^"«"« "»^bes, as yourU 
 
 w tcr"''Next'L7o„^ '"" ^'^ ;^ ^ have rinirhcd\eforc 
 wiiiter. iNext ieafon I give it a 1 ght dreffine with lim<> / 
 
 .dung or fuch other manure as I can olain, an^w^k it wdf 
 
 wuh ndan corn the mo(l common falloi crop we hive 
 
 In trcnchmz, I ,„, fttisfied if 1 complete three quarJers bf 
 
 ari acre .n a fLrt day. though Tometimes I do more M/ 
 
 plough runs, .,, the years fucceeding the trenchinc!" no deeoer 
 
 than IS required m good common ploughing, perhaps five oJ 
 
 I haverai^. ^ ' « a green manure and cove, ing crop 
 huspre^^V! "?,'!?• '^P-^°°^'» «"^ "bbages, in Iroun'd 
 efftaf hJvI * ? fallow-crops, to great advantage. The 
 . ettcds have arifwered my moft fanguine expe^ation • and I 
 therefore warmly recommend it. & not un^ it voir pro- 
 fits be not immediate. Time and tillaer are ^UUdL^Z 
 
 fs^ZmX^r^'^y''^''^ in itfeV";:f:f3oi7o;^"r.: 
 
 than It will obtain from the air by ftirring and expofure To 
 
 potVro\%: 7r^ rpot'^Ji^hl^thdr 
 
 £w?vs .^S Vlr "''^ 'f'^*''^'"'^^^ ('^tbsy will not, as I 
 ai ways prefer, ufc .hat much^neglcaed but profitable animiU. 
 
 c 
 
 iwa fe h i^ M.w fe^ffl ^ge & »»&i£a i ^ 
 
 "Wait" 
 
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 . t. ,hi. ,h.; will iSd ™e or ,w ' °:?'''r ""^ ^"'■"••''^ »' 
 
 . f H* "»«»ho« I recommertd ia not without iti #»^— .• # 
 
 " which the farmer, from f„ul| eff.y^ m" « ^nfon? k""""/ .r' 
 
 The depth mud be rceulaied b» .h- n 1 ? h"nWf. 
 
 • hidden operation if'^naturel^t i-''- " ^ knowledge of theff . 
 
 turn: Wc,«. m„ • J.*''rff "^.^ fer,e» 
 
 «ff. Ir isl 01^ th« accoSmTS r .■""' "«»"■• when it it 
 
 i-.niny I „!iiV*ofe .'htt S "hclitT "r '>"™. ■* 
 
 from Duhamell— «« It i. nfI.„L '"* f""!*" with a quotatioi. 
 thefertilittVlh.l,„Vb,1,!lT"'^."'!i?T' ••"""«' • 
 
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 Jflved from Wii therefore limited, while no bounds eta 
 be fet to the benefit, derived from ploughing." Thi. obferw' 
 vttlon, of one Who wa. an enthuliaft for tiM drill hufbandrr 
 «.? *>•/»««'*'»'« «'"g«J with .tubhment to fyftem : truth fi 
 generally between the extreme., to which the •dvoctie, foJ 
 
 rom^ Vl*i u'u ^r^\ ^'**' **»""' •^*'« F'«^»*^« h«« re. 
 
 ^.h2.!K "***"'^.'*' S"**"''^ •"*"^«'* '»• '« Will render 
 Iheir clficcy more beneficial, and of courfe require the fmaller 
 qMant.ty. Without them it i. the beft fubfti?ute, Sat thofe 
 who cannot or will not obtain them, can apply. * *' 
 
 With all th,., the farmer muft not be in tho great hade to 
 obtain h» ultimate profit. Tim. i.required in ihJprepJra ion! 
 
 Fallow crop., which either cover or forc^tilLe, wTreDar 
 fheexpenfe .n^the neceflary ft.ge. of Intp^frtiem TJ 
 muft not crowd into one feafon, the bulinefrwhich will b« 
 . nefFeaual, unleft three or four vear. be devoted to it. Whea 
 the end 1. accompliihed, ii. effea. are not tranfitory, bu? 
 permanently profitable i and the perfevering cultivator will 
 long continue happy in the well-wrned and rich reward of • l 
 his Miientcand all his toil.. 
 
 A. JI*"' u *"* ^ «n<»c*voured to comply with the wi(hes of the 
 focety by propofing what ,<une ap?eir. « the beft method of 
 improving, worn-out land.." Jf the mean., I hive offered, 
 be well known to the experienced agriculturift. of Europ? 
 or of our own country, they are the* more to be relied on. 
 Uur profeffion derive, fubftantial advantages from well-direaed 
 praaice and experiment, perfeveringly Executed. Theories 
 however new. ingenious and amufing are of little ufc, anlefi 
 proved beneficial V thefe indifputabl? tefti. 1 ' 
 
 -4. 
 
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 Utility ofprttarint Setd-Oat$ tOith Plaifttr of Paris Ad 
 drejid to Samuel Powil, Efy; Preftdent of tie PhUadtlpbZ 
 .-aencviiarai Society^ -^ r ". 
 
 ■ . ' „" ' LITTItR I. 
 
 • Sir, ■;..:• •^.. . v;^., _ ■ 
 
 PERMIT nje through you to lay before the Agriculturgr 
 Society, the refult of the following little jekperimeiit, k 
 tor as I have as yet been able to afcertain it. "^ ■ 
 -Late in themonth of April laft, havinga piece of ground iii - 
 % vicmty of the borough of Lancafte^ prepared tJbefowh ' 
 jrith oat., w)»ich 1 (uppoTed xvoirid take lixtecn bufhels of feed. ' 
 the evening before it was to befown, I had eight bufhcK put 
 .«nto-a trough,. and covered, with Vvatef.% Thf next morning 
 
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 iht WM9t Wtt draw* * 
 
 Wore iuxuri— •■■*«• lown with theiir«iiar.^ 7 7" •"•*'«« a " 
 ^n.K /•"'■"*' *''«<*«eper irrJtel . ^^f !? ^'^•«* '^w* much 
 
 * uinn- to hare tK* «.* •* . - n 
 
 VnicnU, l7»-^'^'««^ CO Che focViVf^^'^i^-;^. 
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 . IN Auguftlaft. ifllcolUA • u .V ''''• 
 
 «""«c«te to ih'e zgrLlt^^^'f^^ Ieroubted,you loiam 
 
 
 
 
 
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 the former yIeWintf in incr*.r. «/fiA* 
 
 ^or one. or tvrch.y-four bu(hc . toTh; L t' ''-M' ""'^ '^''^* 
 rt« iwparcd feed weighed thin, , I,!?'*. '♦'•Produce of 
 
 ••e«. .nd by allowing fu Ve'Z'e /T''"*'-^'* *»"'»»•>• «' 
 quarter pound . butl. on one K-? *'^"*!"* **"' ""** « 
 
 *a the virhoJe thirty «nd half buJhcl*. • ' "'°''» '"'•'''"« ^ 
 * •"!, Sir, ■ 
 
 with imch filft&, 
 
 ''>'if"lhOrJ.r./,l,.s.a.,A '''^'^ARD „,VND. ' 
 
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 CONTENTS. 
 
 Addtutnal Diri/hn t^ointtd ' T 
 
 Prtmiumi giytn bj tbt Stdtty ^^ 
 
 ^Lt """''*'''' i "T^-fl^ ''^ ^— By - * 
 
 LitUr /r,m Chmtlh, M. t. ftl 
 
 '^•pr^i.it Smu,,n m,at. Bj F^rmr f. 
 
 (min atp4tntidf,r thi Ttttr 1 791 / 3 
 
 P^^ •ftk, Sjcitty at Ntw.tirunhAiUk • / ? 
 
 Littir from BgM, M. i. ' / * 
 
 ^''- - ' - a. ^ 
 
 Exb,nmnut» d,Urmin, whtbir it is h/t t, plant iarir* •/" 
 
 FurthiT Pumumt givtn hmth, %,d,ty / S 
 
 4**/. i^jf i*/r. Blanchaid 
 
 
* »f 
 
 "■Wi?" 
 
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 i 
 
 C O N T E M T 1. 
 
 ^zJl!:t:i'^'''''^'^^^p^'MriH'i^ B„k. 
 
 
 
 tht Aftli0j 4j 
 
 71 
 
 i? 
 90 
 
 TV pr,f,rv* l\mpi,nt through thi kintir 'Z 
 
 Ai ih Suu,/, 0jPicwi,g u^iih OMin "J 
 
 ^*»ihtt tn tkt Rtt in Sh,tp '*" "Z 
 
 ©• th, Improxumtnt $fw,rn.M Z#W . !?? 
 
 "37 
 
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a. -., „♦.-»-. 
 
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