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All taxes and assossinont-i lawfully imposed upon tli(» land or improvements to be paid ,,y the pnr<'has<*r. 'A. The Company reserves from sale, under tli(\s i rejriilations, all mineral an, .^late and marble (piarries, lands with water power tliereon, and trat^ts for town s- es and railway purposes. 4. Mineral, coal and timber l'\i iS anil (luarries, and lands (iontrolliu'j; wator power, will be disjiosed of on very moderate ',orms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their intention and ability to utilize the same. J^ilieral rates for .settlors and their etfocts will bo j?ranted by the Company over its Fr.'.iway, For fnrtlur jxirtictdarx (ipplji to L. Ai HAUILT3N, Land Commissioner, Canadian Pacific Sallwaj Co., Winnipeg SOUTHERN MANlfOBA LANDS. For thoso desirous of purctiasinR, the LA.ND GRANT of the MANITOBA SOUTri-WE.STERN COLONIZA- TTOiV KAIIiWAY COMPANY, only now placed on tlio niiirkct, offers 'Special attractions. It consists of over 1 (HMi.iKlO acres of tlie choicest laml in America, well ad ipt-ed for ffriiri growini? iiid inixel ">rininK, in a belt 21 niilt's wide, iinnicdiatcly north of the International Homdary, .and from range 1;< vvo^tward. Tuat portion of this Krunt lyint? hetwcen raiifrolHiind the western lim't of Manitoba is well settled, t)ie homesteads itavinp; been long taken u|>. l*urchas*ers will iitoneo jiavi^ all the adi.'ant''':()s of this eirly settlement, s'ich as schools, churches ai.d mnnioipnl ornnnizafion. The forlili'yof the soil hts boon a'n;)lv domonitratod hv the splendid crops that have been rnised from yejir to year \'\ th:it distri( t. The eoiintrv is wnll wntorod by lakes and streams, the principal of wliioli lire Itoek Tiake, Pelifan liuke. Whitewater Lake ind the S luris Miver ii.nd i' tributiiries. while never-failing spriiiK creek-; tiiko their rise in tlio Turtle M mntain. Wood is p'entifnl, and liiinb ..r suitalilo for building purposes is m.'iniifiii'tiired at Desford, Delor.aine and xVikopa, an 1 may bo purchased at reasonable prices. At the two latter point."* Ki'ii't, mills are also in ojioration. The terms of pmcliase of the Manitoba South- VVostorn Colonization Railway Companv are the same as those of tlio Canadian racilic Uailw ly Company. Bibljoth^que, Le Serainaire de Qu^ 3, rue de MJniversit^i Quebec 4, QUE. ^j*7~t>r' t'.i ".* .\s'v HOW 7 Eepladoii Tim Canadian I in .a ami 1 sviJiin tlin Itailwaj l'(i (li8iH)6etl of at p) FR DETAILED PRICES < li'l'nid for in li tlio imrchiiHer ni.iji ' v; with iiiiiTiist ill sij ;•'' AT iiilos ar(< su' i. All iinprovf 2. All taxes ai ^y tlio iMirchascr. ;i The (Join pa and land (inntaini power thereon, an« 4. Mineral, co, d'sjioHod of on vol •< Slid ability to ntili *- hi Iteral rates fo Fur further par . fV ^ ' 1 H . i f « • ' ii '•t .c\ \^^. iVi •V , ,.,» I"S ^\> -^ f , > '- «' 'G' M \ \. r'l >^ Vi.. 1 -H ':V^ «■ .(■»' Hi- ( .•^^;, ^\ . ^ .T' '^■s ;\ j'V: >l ■'i '-i _><•. ■■■■ S'X^A •■r-» i ■i'f ri''.- 'k:,... W^; '- - 1 1 ■■>■ ,,' ■■>^ :,'.■; 8 For thope rlesiroui TTON RAn.WAY,0( 1 (XMi.fMtO acres of tho miles wiilo, iinmcdiat Knmt lyirif? Iictwcen r tiikon up. Piirchdsor inmiicipiil orKiini7.atic Iteon niiscd fmm yon which lire Rock Lake spring creek's tiike thi is niiiniifuctiired iitD points g^ist mills aro\ The terms of p tho same as those :s*v'" < 'Z ■ J:. U :■'■■< r. L' :. -i t.\ ■ '<' 4£aK«*:,l*:, _;/?«fe.i^4«iff«d(Rk>.'r?rA'^t;^tf^^ , '.KGi. .\li?*S*'JS»«*d»rW^C^^^^^^ ■!« I ...ji ;(1 ,j i ■H^V'7" FARMING. AND RANCHING IN THE r twelve t«.i)rofit vantage, a by Mr. ominiop " In northern Dakota, he says, I was brought into contact with the tax collector, and found a wonderful diflference between Dakota and Manitoba. A friend of mine from the county of Oxford informed me that last year his taxes on one-half section and his farming outfit were $75. This year he expected to get off with $20 less. There, every implement on the farm, from the hoe to the self-bindor, is taxed — the stoves and furniture in the house, the watch in the man's pocket, the money and notes in his drawer, and if the assessor has any doubts about the amount of said notes he is authorized to take an affidavit to the statement. I was not prepared to learn that the heaviest item of their taxation was a direct tax for the general government. The board of commissioners for the county of Pembina was sitting when I was there, whose duty it is to settle the rates of taxation. The following is the schedule : — Territorial 3 2-10 mills on the dollar. County rates 2 5-19 do. Schools 2 do. Roads and bridges 1 do. Court House bonds ,. 1 3-10 do. " I may also mention that when taxes are in arrears for one year, the land, with the owner's name, is advertised for sale, and the county paper for this county of Pembina has a page and two columns, in fine print, or by measurement over 2,500 parcels, advertised for sale on the 4th of October. The result of all this is that land is rapidly falling into the hands of the ' money sharks,' as they are called. " In the same report, Mr. Wood pointed out certain other disadvan- tages, as follows: — 'Another grievous disability that the farmers in Dakota complained of was the scarcity of water. Those who were from six to ten miles from the river had to draw it that distance in waggon- boxes fitted for the purpose, and for threshing by steam, it required two and sometimes three teams to keep up the supply of water. This surely made threshing an expensive item, six cents per bushel being the cost to the farmer, besides boarding the men. In Manitoba it is done for three cents per bushel.' " There is still another difficulty with which the farmer is called to wrestle and is at a disadvantage with the Manitoba settler. The farming implement man has been around and has done a large business on the credit plan. The notes at 12 per cent, are past due, and where there is $200 owing, the farmer is given his choice either to be saddled with costs for collection, or pay the dealer a bonus of $40 for another years's grace. As a rule they accept the latter alternative, the note with its 12 per cent, interest still remaining in full." 12" A jj^n'iil (Iciil lias ])('iMi wrild'u, ami murli niisrcprcst'ii- ialion iji(luli?t'(l in a])out Iho ln'»t. ol' .sumnu'r and tho cold of the Canadian \vini«'rs. That flu' winlcr is cold, tlu'n^ is no doui)l, but il is not so sovoro as (hat oi'niany llluropcan countries. " I tlul not iDVHolf iu>(i'"o tlio Mli|,'hl«^st (lilU'rcMicf," writoa tlio iimluis- siulcr of (he l)!iiiii(MH «)f Amstonlain, " brtwcim t'lui clinwito of Miniusotii ami ManKoba, ami I am porsmuleil tdat tlio orroiuMHis ri>|K(r(s, to wliiili I have rofemvi, aro i-inuiladMl hi (iio iiUcrnsts of Miimcvsota, I)alsolation in their path, have never visited any portion of (Canada. " 'I'he moan temi)eraturo of WinniiH?^ in Juno, July and August, is ((2.8 V. ; at Tenzanoe in Cornwall, during tho same i)eriod, it is OO.DO. Summor heat is usually about 70°, although the thermometer occasionally rises to 1()0°, but the nights are cold. In winter, the temperature sonietiu.es falls to :)0° or 40" below zero. It is a singular fad, however, that Euroi)eans do not feel the cold as nnich as Canadians do, and this is moat likely in consequenoe of the dryness of the atmosi)hore." This dryness of the air is the secret of the degree of comfort experienced even when the mercury is very lovv% for that sensation of penetrating chill which maker, the cold weather of coast regions so unpleasant and unhealthy, is rarely felt. Snow never falls to r. great depth, and the railway trains across the plains have ncA'er been seriously impeded by it. As this snow is perfectly dry, a person inisrcprcKt'ii- , hut it is not iiU!8 Mm iiml>ii,s- [ito of Miniu'Sotii io|Mirta, to wliicli lotii, Dakuta, ami ■rt^ditin^? ( aiiada, ijtjmlioii to Mani- almost (n'ovy III any wind ; moly l)rj'.(in!^ coly known, ' Iho Wt'stcrn r tho Unilcd n Ihcir path. 1 August, is ()2.8 ifiO.nO. Siimiiu^r sionally rises to lire sonietiir.es however, tliat nd this is most he degree of |s very low, maker, the unhealthy, )th, and the 11 siM'iously ry, a person 18 V, < u •A 14 I I nnvor has wet, foot or soakod c.lolhing' by it. Thero is no Uiiiwing allor wiiitor sots in — siiy tho last of Novemb«»r ; only steady, bright frost until March. Men travel with teams everywhere, taking their grain to market, hauling fuel, building and feneing material, and doing all their work. Stock thrive well out of doors, so far as the cold is concern*Ml, and along the base of the Rockies, where warm, dry Chinook winds from the west absorb thtwnow rapidly, herds of horst's and cattle have hitherto been left out all winter, to shift for themselves. Calves and lambs are born on the open prairie in January and February, and not only live, but grow fat. lilveryono unites in testi- fying to the healthfulness of the country. "Onoof tho most important factors in rogard toliealtii," to quote a recent writer, "is a I'ood wiit( I I I Mtulitiiu' Ilat. St>ttl«'r.s Ihul no dilU in longitude 102'^ ; the third crosses Assiniboia near Moose Jaw, in longitude 106' ; the fourth passes through the Cypress Hills (long. 110) ; and the fifth is the longi- tude of Calgary, 114' west of G-reenwich. Between these meridians, the ranges are numbered consecutively from east to west ; while the tiers of townships are numbered continuously from the United States boundary northward as far as they go. To designate one's exact locality, there- fore, it is only necessary to say, for example, that he is in section 23, township 10, range 19, west of the first me- ridian, which is the site of Brandon. For disposal of the public lands under this system, by free-grant, pre-emption or sale, the Dominion has e5:tab- lished the following agencies, at which all the business in relation to lands within the district of each must be transacted : — Dominion Land Offices and Districts. WINNIPEG district.— Agent: A. H. Wuitchek, Winnipeg. DUFFERIN.— Agent : Geo. Young, Manitou. SOU RIS.— Agent: W. H.Hiam, Brandon. TURTLE MOUNTAIN.— Agent : John Fleshbr, Deloraine. LITTLE SASKATCHEWAN.— Agent : W. M. Milliard, Minnedosa. BIRTLE.— W. G. Pbntland. Birtle. COTEAU— Agent : J. J. McHugh, Carlyle. QU'APPELLLE.— Agent : W. H. Stevenson, Regina. TOUCHWOOD.— Agent: W. H. Stevenson, Regina. SWIFT CURRENT.— Acting Agent: AV. H. Stevenson, Regina. CALGARY. — Agent : Amos Rowe, Calgary. LETHBRIDGE.— Agent : E. G. Kikby, Lethbridge. EDMONTON.— Agent : P. P. Gauvueau, Edmonton. BATTLEFORD.- Agent: E. Brokovski, Battleford. PRINCE ALBERT.— Agent: .1. McTaggart, Prince Albert. MEDICINE HAT — E. Rochester, Agent in charge. BANFF PARK.— E. A. Nash, Agent and Accountant. BRITISH COLUMBIA.— Agent: H. B. W. Airman, New Westminster. 20 ll!! .11- if"::' At the offices in the districts, detailed maps will be found, showing the exact homestead and i)re-emption lands vacant The agents are always ready to give every assist- ance and inforni^ation in their power. The disposal of Canadian Pacific Railway lands in all parts of Manitoba is in charge of L. A. Hamilton, the Com- pany's Land Commissioner at "Winnipeg; and, settlers arriving in Winnipeg- should, before going "West, call at the Land Department of the Company, the office of which is in the station, where they can ascertain the location of the Government intelligence offices, and other information. For the convenience of applicants, information as to prices and terms of purchase of liailway lands may also be obtained from all station agents along the Company's main line and branches. "When the agent is not supplied with full information upon any particular point, he will telegraph the Land Commission. In no case is an agent entitled to receive money in payment for lands. All payment must be remitted directly to the Land Commis- sioner at "Winnipeg. maps will be -emption lands ve every assist- ay lands in all ilton, the Com- and, settlers g "West, call at the office of ascertain the ices, and other •rmation as to nds may also he Company's s not supplied point, he will se is an agent lands. All and Commis- 21 o X < 22 \ . ) BEGINNING FARMING IN THE WEST. i'! il|i i ! lii The newcomer need not fear that when he reaches Winnipeg he will fall into the hands of thieves, impos- tors, or unfriendly people. If he follows the directions of this pamphlet, he will put himself in the hands of real friends, who will look afier him. At Winnipeg, the Gov- ernment have erected a commodious barracks, which is kept in a tidy and healthful condition, and serves as a suitable temporary home for immigrants during the few days' delay which may intervene before they can go to their own homesteads. The train is met upon its arrival by the agents of the Government and of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, who take charge of immigrants and give them all the assistance and advice they need in strange land. No railway in America offers such good accommodation to second class, or colonist passengers, as does the Cana- dian Pacific. Colonists from Europe are able to travel to new homes in Ontario, Manitoba, the North- West or Bri- tish Columbia, in nearly as great comfort as first-class passengers. The cars devoted to the use of colonists are taken upon the same fast trains with the first-class cars. They are convertible into sleeping cars at night, having upper and lower berths constructed on the same principle as those of the first-class sleeping cars, and equally comfortable as to I -I 1 1 I I E WEST. m he reaches lieves, impos- e directions of hands of real ipeg, the G-ov- cks, which is d serves as a ring the few By can go to on its arrival he Canadian f immigrants hey need in ommodation es the Cana- to travel to West or Bri- s first-class taken upon They are upper and as those of >rtable as to ventilation, etc. Thei/ are taken through, without change, ail the wayfjom the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. No other Railway in America can do this. No extra charge is made for the sleeping accommodation. Second-class passengers, how- ever, must provide their own bedding. If they do not bring it with them, a complete outfit of mattress, pillow, blanket and cartains will be supplied by the agent of the Company at the point of starting, at a cost of $2.50 (ten shillings.) The curtains may be hung around a berth, turning it into a little private room. In addition to this, men travelling alone are cut off from families by a parti- tion across the car near the middle ; and smoking is not permitted in that part of the car where the W' omen and children are. At short intervals, the train stops at stations where meals are served in refreshment rooms, and where hot coffee and tea, and well-cooked food may be bought at very reasonable prices. The cars are not allowed to be- come over-crowded, and the safety and welfare of colonist or second-class passengers are carefully attended to. The baggage arrangements are the same as for first-class pas- sengers, and every possible care is taken that the colonist does not go astray, lose his property or suffer imposition. Where a large number of colonists are going to the Far West together, special fast trains of colonist sleeping cars are dispatched. Let us now return from this digression to the settlers who, immediately upon their arrival in Winnipeg, are met by the emigration agents of the Government and the Canadian Pacific Railw^ay. In cases where they have already fixed upon some lo- cality for settlement, where friends are awaiting them, they are shown how to proceed directly to that point. If they have not decided upon such a locality, but intend to seek a home somewhere further West, they should imme- ! t) m> \\ 24 ^iilli diately call upon the Land Commissiouer of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. The price of the Railway lauds for sale, their nearness to a railway station or market, the amount of settlement, the nationality of people in the neighborhood, and the exact character of the soil can be learned at his office. Every quarter section of the whole vast area oioned Inj the Rail way Compani/ has been gone over by qlficial inspectors and reported upon in detail. All this information is open to ^he intending settler. If the land of a certain section is sandy, or rocky, or marshy, or alkaline, or otherwise unsuitable for farming, he is told so ; if it is good land for grazing, but poor for farming, he learns that; if it is thoroughly fertile and desirable, this will be pointed out. In short, the whole truth, whether it is favorable or unfavorable, can be learned from the maps and surveyor's notes shewn in this office. Most men, nevertheless, naturally wish to examine for themselves the section which seems to them from these reports most suitable, and this is strongly recommended in every case. They are then told what is the quickest and cheapest way to reach it, (special facilities being pro- vided for this purpose) and, when necessary, are furnished by the Dominion Government Intelligence Officer with a guide, who either accompanies them all the way from Winnipeg, or meets them at the nearest railway station, and goes with them to the designated locality. If ^ .ey are pleased (which is usually the case) all the arrangements for taking up the piece of land chosen, or for its purchase, are made at once at the nearest agency, and they can immediately take possession. Only a very few days, therefore, need elapse between the arrival of an immigrant in "Winnipeg and his settlement upon the land of his choice. Meanwhile, his family and baggage can remain at the Immigrant House in safety and comfort. Providing them- )f the Canadian } Railway lauds I or market, the people in the he soil can be of Ike whole vast n gone over htj Aing settler. If cky, or marshy, ming, he is told for farming, he desirable, this truth, whether irned from the office. to examine for em from these recommended the quickest ties being pro- , are furnished e Officer with all the way arcst railway ated locality, case) all the nd chosen, or arest agency, Only a very the arrival of ent upon the remain at the )viding them- 25 selves with food in the city markets, they can cook their own meals upon the stoves in the house ; and, with the bedding which has served them during their journey, they can sleep in comfort in the bunk-bedsteads with which the rooms are fitted. Should they prefer, however, to stop at a hotel, they will find in Winnipeg public houses of all grades, where the total cost for each person varies from $1 (4s.) to $3 (12s.) a day, according to accom- modation desired. It sometimes happens that the immigrant has not much more than sufficient money to carry him as far as Winnipeg. In that case it will be necessary for him to begin immediately to earn some money, but it is far bet- ter to come provided with a " shot in the locker." The Dominion Government has an agency in Winnipeg whose business it is to be informed where labor is needed. For Scandinavians and Danes there is a special agency under the auspices of the Scandinavian Society of Mani- toba, which welcomes and assists poor people of those nationalities. The arrival of a party of immigrants is always announced in advance, and it has often happened that con- tractors who were employing men in building,rail way con- struction, or in some other work in the city of Winnipeg, or neighborhood, have agreed in advance to take as many of the newcomers as might choose to go to work with them. At Brandon, Moosomin, and other stacions further west, farmers often come in from long distances to meet parties of immigrants, in the hope of finding among them one or more able assistants, to whom they offer a temporary home, an opportunity to learn farming, and wages from $5.00 per month upwards, according to qualifications, from the very start. Experienced larm hands receive as high as $35.00 per month. Women and girls who are accustomed to housework, and of a willing mind, are S6 always in great demand in "Winnipeg and other towns, and can earn $8.00 to $20.00 per month and board. There is no reason, therefore, why honest, industrious and callable men or women should not be able to find steady employ- ment within a very few days after their arrival. '■'Ir :t't COST OF PROVISIONS. ! Ill I Baoon, per lb Bread, per loaf Butter, per lb Beef.perlb Mutton, per lb Cheese, per lb CofiFee.perIb 1 Flour, per barrel, 1^ Milk, perquart Potatoes, li bushels Sugar, per lb Tea, perlb Tobacco, rer lb 2 Manitoba. Winnipeg. d. s .1. 7i of BKlT[3HCuI.UMRrA Victoria. a. d. s. d. 9 9 to 1 3 5 " -J 6 " 9 7J " 9 " 1 8 " 17 2i 3i to 7i 3 " 6 10" 13 1 8 20 " 21 2 6 3 " i 10 " 2 5 " 3 Per lb., Id. 7 to 9 lbs. for 4s. 1 to 3 2 " 4 RENTS. Rent varies greatly ; roughly speaking, a wooden house with four or five rooms may be obtained in the towns for 24s. to 32s. a month. Single men can obtain board and lodging from 14s. per week in the East, 16s. in the North-West, and 20s. in British Columbia. For those who wish to live in idleness, or expect to get rich ill some uncertain way without work, the Northwest is no place. Mr. R. B. P. Anderson, of Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland, one of the practical agricultural delegates to Canada, in his report, says : "If I am asked who ought to go Manitoba and the North-West, I un- hesitatingly say : Any man who for any reason intends to emigrate to any place, and is not afraid of hard work and some discomfort for a few years, and whose family can get on for a time without the aid of female ser- vants. Such a man will, if h^ has pluck, succeed in time, though he went without a penny ; but if he has £100 or £200 in hia pocket he mas expect to enjoy a prosperous and happy home in the immediate future." >ther towns, aud board. There is LOUS aud capable I steady omploy- irriyal. British Columbia. Victoria. s. d. 8. d. 9 3i to l^ 3 " 6 1 " 1 3 1 8 20 " 21 Per lb., Id. 7 toy lbs. for 4s. 1 to 3 2 " 4 C luff, a woodeu obtained in the men can obtain the East, 16s. in [ubia. or expect to get the Northwest istowel, County Itural delegates e North-West, I un- 8 to emigrate to any ifort for a few years, e aid of female ser- ime, though he went jcket he mas expect late future." In another place, this same gentleman mingles warning and encouragement in the following language : "The rich soil that with a little labor pours forth its abundance, is to be had for nothing. The climate is good for man, beast and crops. This, the appearance of all three puts beyond a question. The people are law-abiding and kind, the prices to be had for everything at present are very good. Every part of the country being in direct communication with the home markets, the settler will have just cause to congratulate himself on having chosen it as his home, for, as well as bringing him greater profit, it will bring him close to — I had almost said within call of— his friends in the old country — much closer than he would be in any other colony iu the world." But while it is true that a man can go into the West with no money at all, and succeed by thrift and industry, as many and many a one h'as done before him, it is desir- able that he should have some capital to begin with. It will save him valuable time. The question ; " How much is necessary ?" is impossible of exact answer. It depends on circumstances. Hundreds have succeeded on none at all — others have failed on ten thousand dollars. Grood or bad management is the secret. Some statement of what can be done upon a certain capital, say 500 dollars (iJlOO) or 1,000 dollars (i:200), or 3,000 dollars (ilGOO), may, never- theless, be advantageous. This information has been given by many writers, in tables of various kinds and for various localities ; but all amount to about the same conclusion, namely : That 500 dollars (jBIOO) will set a man down upon some western quarter-section, either a free homestead, or one chosen among the cheaper lauds belonging to the K,ailway Company, and enable him to build a house and stay there until his farm becomes productive and self- supporting. "With this capital, however, the purchase of land is not usually advisable if a suitable free grant can be obtained. S8 *■ ill' .-1.' m Lt't us quote some of tho estimates, says Mr. Georg-o IJroderick, iii the report of the Tenant-Fariner\s Dele- gates (1884) :— " With roj^ard to the capital roquiretl to mivko a start in funning, it i.s generally oonsidenMl that a man with a dear ClOOwhenho gets there) can make a good start on tho free-grant hinds, and instances are not' unknown where men have started without anything — they have taken up grants, huilt houses and cultivated a little to keep their claim, and have worked for wa^es in the meantime. But I sliould certainly ailvi.«o any one to take all the capital he can lay hoM of, the more the hetter, and if they wis); to invi.st in farming, it can he let on good land security at 8 or 10 per cent, interest. A settler will find ditliculties to contend with during the first two or three years. After that, and when he has got accustomed to the country and its ways, he may live as comfortably as he can anywhere. If he bo a man without much capital and takes up free-grant land, no matter how goo<.l that land is, it is in the natural state, without house or fences, and as there' is really no money actually scat- tered about on it, it stands to reason that he cannot get anything out of it without spending a considerable amount of labor. Tliere is a house to build, but this at first is built of wood and is put up very quickly, e3i)e- cially if lu can get a native Canadian or two to help him, which they are always ready t'^ lo; they understand building wood houses, and if they have tho wood got to tho place they will erect a decent house in a week. The first year he does not get much crop off his land, and he spends it principally in breaking, that is ploughing tho t-od up two inches thick in the spring, and back-setting about four inches deep in the autumn, if he is going in for ploughing. If ho is going to raise cattle, he will be build- ing slieds, stacking hay, etc. But when he has been on his farm three years, got a neat house and cattle siieds, with good stock, or a lot of land under crop, he may live comfortably and will have to work no harder than here. His IGO acres of land that ho got for a £2 fee, and his 1(30 acres pre-emption that ho got for eight or ten shillings per acre, will, in all probability, be worth £1 or jCI 10 per acre, and thus ho will have made i;320 or more, independent of his crops in three years. Ilis land is his own absolutely ; ho has no rent to pay and very light taxes. A man with more capital, of course, can do greater things. All this depends upon the man himself. If ho is not prepared to face a few hanlships and a little isolation at first, he will never like the North-West ; but perhaps he would never like anywhere. A requisite quality to fit a man for emigration to Canada, is the power of adaptability to circumstance,". Everything is different to what it is at home, and there are many new things to learn. The best plan for an immigrant is to make the acquaintance of a few old farmers, who will teach him anything ho requires." ^s Mr. Georgo 'armer's Dolo- t in farming', it in ion ho gols tliere, nstanccs aro not* -lliey havo taken their claim, and 1 certainly advif^o re the better, and and security at 8 to contend Avith ivhen lie hais got H comfortably aa tal and takes up be natural state, ey actually scat- t anything out of ere is a house to •y quickly, esi)e- 1 which they are ses, and if they ouse in a week. h1 he sj)end3 it inches thick in 8 autumn, if he >e will be build- bis farm three >ck, or a lot of work no harder '6, and liis 1(30 er aero, will, in will have made His land is his • A man with ^end.s upon the ps and a little ■haps lie would emigration to Everything is ingg to learn. of a few old A paper by Mr. James F'dcUo, also a tonant-farmer dt»Ie- gato from Euglaiid, desii»'iied tor the i»'uidauco of persons iutending to settle in the "West, has the followin|f to say- in regard to beginning on a homestead : — " If the location is entered ujMJn in spring, the party ought either to board with some neighbour, or, as is often done, tent out for the summer. This arrangement causes no delay in preparing the prairie for the follow- ing year's crops- The erection of houees and otlier buildings can bo loft till the fall. As a rule, oxen are employed for the first year or two, until oate are grown for the keep of horses. It does not require a large capital to commence farming comfortably on a free-grant claim, with the inten- tion of gradually reclaiming it ; the following is the usual outlay : — Two yoke of oxen $260.00 One waggon 80.00 Two ploughs and harrows 58.00 Chains, axes, shovels, &c 60 00 Stoves, beds, &c 60.00 Houses and stables 200.00 Mowing-machines 80.00 Cow 35.00 Provisions for one year, say — 150.00 Total $983.00 (£185) " Of course many men start on a smaller scale than this, with one yoke oi oxen, one plough, and without a mowing-machine." The man Mr. Riddle had in mind, would be considered well provided for by most western beginners. The Guide Book for Settlers, published by the Dominion of Canada, edition of 1886, speaks as follows : — "The settler requires either a team of horses or yoke of oxen, a waggon or a cart, a plough and harrow, chains, axes, shovels, bedsteads, etc., which he can obtain for about $300, or £00 stg. A primitive house and stable may be built for £30 more. The cost of necessary provisions for a family woul'. be £18 to £20. The cost of these several items may vary with circumstances, either being more or less, the prices being aflfected by the cost of transport and railway facilities ; but a settler who goes on hi3 farm sufficiently early to plant potatoes and other crops, may live at very htlle cost. Or the sum of £125 stg., which is in round numbers about $600.00 of Canadian currency, would enable a farmer to begin on a 80 I 1 :._. •1 s X y, in«»rliai)h, in hniin' CttHoH, as follows : — '• Olio yoUo of oxoii, $ll.'(».(tO; one wb>!Hoii, $H().(K) ; ploiij^h und Imrrow, fL*r).(ll); cliuiiiH, ftxoH, hIiovoIs, «tc., $;U).(K); Htovos, iKMiHtoufls, otc, $()().(»(); hoiiHO tiiul HtabltsSlrjO.OO; proviHiotiH, $1:15.00; in all,$(300.(K). Tlio aliuve priccM uro Hubjoct to variation for tiio r«u.soiiH hI)ov»i Htatod. Of coiirHe, a capital of t-OO (or $1,000) would (miu1)1o a farintw to start in bottor Htylc, and with iiioro (-oinfort; hut many liuv«i Htiutod with much Iohh, and ar« now woll off. I'or iiiHtancc, tlio Uvd Uivor cart, which cohIh from (Iflccu to twenty iluIhuH, and ono ox, mi^'ht dn all tho feamin^ rotpiiroil on u Htnall farm to liojrin w itii, and after tlu^ tirst ' hruuking,' ono ox could do uU tlio plou^'hin^ reijuired for a family." The Ciorman Mennonite uettlers who camu to Canada from .southern Russia a few ytiar.s a;io— or at any rate, tho poorer familioH of them — Btartod with vory much los-s, and aro to-tlay very pro-sjuirou-s, raising larjj;o crops of grain, and growing llax, of which thoy export tlio sood. Tiiey aro also woll suppliod with live stock. Tho Bonhocultt colony ofSrotch croftors, settled by the aid of Lady Gordon Cathcart, upon tho praii ies south of Moosomin, is another exam- ple of how small l)e):innings, with thrift, may lead to success. After tlieir travelling exjienscs had hoen paid, these crofters had left only about X75 (say $1550) with which to provide themselves with houses, tools, seed, etc. Tho following may be taken as fairly repreaontiiig the usual expen- diture of that money, whe'i X75 represented the entire capital at com- mand : — Crofter K^ Expenditure {\»t seamn).* C s. d. Kcf^istration Fee and Survey Charges - Sow ' 5 CowandCalf 15 Sundry small Tools : Spade, Shovel, Fork, Iloe, Scythe, Ham- mer, etc.. 2 10 Stove .") 12 Seed— Potatoes— 12 bushels at SO nmts, $!).()0 ^ '• Oats— (i busliels at 75 cents, !?4,50 ,'380 " Barley ) Share of One Yoke of Oxen between two 20 " Harness for " " " 18 " Breaking Plough between two 2 8 " Harrows betweou two 1 16 '* Waggon between four 3 10 Provisions and Sundry E-tpenditure 1 1 1 o i:75 NoTK,— • These Jigures iire considerably higher tlun present prioes. 32 j 1! f ; I ii II ■; 1 i J " By tlie aid of this expenditure," to adopt Prof. Tanner's words, " and by tiie crops grown in tlie first season, the crofters were able in October, 1883, to congratulate themselves upon having a 12 months' supply of food in hand, and thus within eight months from the period of their great difficulty they attained a position of comfort, and a complete freedom from all anxious care. They realized the change in their position, and gratitude reigned sapreme in their minds. Much of the sticcess of these crofters may be traced to the fact that in the labour of the family they possessed a further source of 'lapital. Th^ families very generally pos- sessed more bread-winners than the father, and as the elder children M-ere able to earn good wages in the district, they could contribute to the general capital, and in this way, most useful additions were made to the farm stock. We must not overlook the fact that when the children are grown up, and are able to help on the farm and earn good wages, they represent so much additional capital at command." " The first year's crop of the pioneer crofters (many others have come since, so that there are now about 100 families around Benbacula, with a church, schools, and general prosperity) consisted of oats, barley and j)o- tatoes. or oats, upon the first-breaking, an average of 42 bushels an acre was raised ; of barley, 37 bushels ; and of potatoes, 251 bushels. One of them, Roderick Mclsaac, wrote home in July of 1884 : — " * I never did see in all Scotland, or in any other country I was in, any- thing like this country. This is the bonniest place under the sun. The people who ^jame here last year are well off now, I am very glad, in this country. I like it very well, but one thing I am sorry for, that I did not get married before I came here, for, the women are very scarce here.' " Many similar instances of satisfactory progress from a small beginning might be quoted from the published reports of Prof. Tanner and other well known writers. One of the best of the personal narratives of successful men in Manitoba, was written three years ago by Mr. Peter Imrie, and this is his concluding paragraph : — " Manitoba, as Baillie Nicol Jarvie would remark, is far away from ' all the comforts o' the Saut Market.' So. any person to whom these are a necessity, had better delay coming to Manitoba for a few } ears at least. It is, in many respects, a sort of agricultural paradise, but for the present it is rather a dreary one. That dreariness, however, is just the price which present emigrants have to pay for their estates, and I really cannot think them dear at the cost. The feeling of loneli- ness must be worse in winter time; and to combat it, I would almost venture to suggest that every man going out there should take a wife with him, and that two or three should go togetlier, and build their huts 1 I iner's words, " and re able in October, itlis' supply of food riod of their great , complete freedom their position, and he success of these of the family they ery generally pos- the elder children d contribute to the 3 were made to the a the children are 1 good wages, they others have come Benbacula, with a ata, barley and po- 42 bushels an acre 1 bushels. One of ntry I was in, any- [der the sun. The very glad, in this for, that I did not scarce here.' " rogress from a le published u writers. of successful ago by Mr. ^raph : — s far away from to whom these toba for a few ultural paradise, iriness, however, "or their estates, eeling of loneli- would almost uld take a wife build their huts 33 alongside each other. It is grievous to see so many bachelors as there are in Manitoba, wasting half their time upon household work, and weary- ing for want of society; when both evils might have been prevented by a little forethought and courage- No doubt one cannot but have a feeling of unwillingness to ask a woman to enter on a life of even temporary roughness ; but after some little experience of it myself, both in tent and shanty, I feel safe to say that no one need shrink from the experiment ; in my humble opinion, it is neither disagreeable nor dangerous." Characteristics of Soil, Climate and Produciions, WITHIN THE SEVERAL AgENCY DISTRICTS. Southern Mtmitoba. Manitoba naturally divides itself into four general dis- tricts : the valley of the Red Hiver, which wends north- ward along the eastern edge, and is the well known country populated by tha fur-traders, their half-breed employers and Lord Selkirk's colonists, a century ago ; second, the southern. l)order drained by the Souris River, called the Souris Plain ; third, the valley of the Assiniboine and Little Saskatchewan rivers, or western middle portion seen from the main line of the Canadian Pacific ; and fourth, the low, marshy and somewhat wooded northern half surrounding lakes Manitoba and AVinnipeg, only a little of which is at present attracting farmers. Southern Manitoba is drained by the Souris River, which rises at the foot of the Coteau du Missouri, makes a long detour southward into Dakota and returns hito Manitoba near the south-western corner, whence it takes a north-easterly course to its junction with the Assini- boine some distance below Brandon. Of its tributaries, the best known are the Moose Mountain and Pipestone creeks, the former south of Moose Mountain, and the latter coming from the northward of that elevation. East of the Souris the Pembina River gathers the drainage of southern Manitoba and empties it into the Red River. 34 This district is penotratecl by two rnilways. Th»^ south- "westeru runs from Wiiinipog up the Assiiiihoiiio Valley, (but some distanco south of that river) to l[ollaiid,TrGherno, and Glenboro its present terminus, a station 105 miles from Winnipeg, and not far from the mouth of the Souris. The Pembina branch diverges at Rosenlield Irom the rail- way to Morris and Gretna, along the western banlvs of the Red Iliver, and thence runs westward through the Pem- bina Yalh^y to Deloraine, about loO miles westward. Both roads will be extended as rapidly as settlement justifies it. Excepting the wooded liills and hollows of the broken and piclun^sque plateau called Pembina Mountain, through which the river has cut a deep and winding ra- vine which the railway crosses, and som(? other limited spots, the whole of this vast region is undulating prairie covered with luxurious grass, dense and tall, so that it ripples and waves under the breeze with beautiful effect. There are many living streams, and in the southern part several large hikes, one of which, Pelican, is the largest of a (diain of hall'a doz 'ii or more strung together in what was once the channel of a powerful river. This lake is thirteen miles long, and bordered by steep and lofty cliffs, which are densely wooded, and the resort of deer and o-arae birds, while the water abounds iu fine fish and Hocks of wild fowl. These lakes are bordered by a line of elevations called the Tiger Hills, which furnish wood in abundance. The next largest body of water is White-water Lake, near Deloraine, many miles in breadth, shallow, and bordered by marshes that attract wild ducks in innumerable quantities. Many lesser lakes dot the landscape, and the wet depressions are so numerous that few quarter sections are without tliem. They are nowhere of great size, however, and are surrounded by luxuriant grass, so that the settlers regard them as an important advantage, alfording natural hay in abundance and an Ei 85 y's. Tho south- iboiiio Valley, laii(l,TreheTiio, ion 105 miles I of tho Souris. 1 Irom tho rail- u banks of the )U2:h tho Pem- est ward. Both out jiistifios it. of tho lirokon iia Mountain, id winding ra- othor limited ulating- prairie tall, so that it )eautiful cfl'ect. southern part is tho largest gether in what This lake eep and lofty resort of deer s in fine fish bordered by vvhit;h furnish y of water is es in breadth, et wild ducks lakes dot the umerous that y are nowhere by luxuriant an important ance and an r. unfailing supply of w^^cer for stock, for which this district is admirably adapted. In many spots, dry during all the summer months, moisture enough gathers to promote a plentiful growth of forage, so that the sowing of hay or other fodder is never thought of. Two tons of this wild hay per aero is not an unusual amount. The Souris Val- ley is well occupied, and good roads ti averse the country in every direction ; though, for that mat'er, one can drive across the prairie anywhere. Along the lower Souris are many village centres, where a post-ofhce, stores, black- smith shoj), school and church, form the centre of a farm- ing community, whose houses dot the surrounding knolls as far as the eye can reach. These extend all the way west- ward to the Moosi; Mountain settlements. The climate of this part, which has been appropriately called " the garden of Manitoba," is not greatly different from that of the west, except that its southerly latitude gives it an advantage in respect to earlier springs and later autumns. Government lands in this part rf Manitoba are almost all taken, but much desirable land remains to be bought from the railway at from $2.50 to ^10.00 (lOs. to ^£2) an acre, according to distance from railway, etc. Im- proved property can be bought near the railway at from |5 to $15 (jei to c£3) an acre. Most of the houses here are built of logs, with a roof thatched with earth and straw, while the stables are log and pole structures thatched. Along the southern boundary a better class of structures prevails than on the lower Souris. The soil is deep and of almost hiexhaustible richness. The growth of grasses and prairie herbage is remarkable, and astonishing crops of cereals and roots are recorded. Generally speaking, it is a very deep sandy loam, dark with the deposit of centuries o coars< lying gravel and burned herb lay. The streams age, over- and most 36 of the lakes and sloughs furnish clear and sweet water, and tlio banks are gravelly. "Wells strike ex- cellent water at a moderate depth. Every crop be- longing to western Canada or the northern United States c-an bo grown there to advantage. Indian corn (maize) is the only exception, and this comes so near to entrance into the list, that every farmer has a big patch of the sweet variety of it in his garden, as a matter of course. As good, full-kerneled, well matured maize can be seen all over southern Manitoba as can be found in Iowa or Illinois. One instance of its success may be mentioned. In the spring of 188Y Moore s Rural New Yorker, one of the leading agricultural newspap(^rs in the United States, sent parcels of seed corn to different parts of the continent, and offered a prize for the best ear from this seed. Amongst others, a parcel of this seed was sent to Miss E, Fowler, of Headingly, a station on the South Western Railway, fourteen miles from "Winnipeg. The young lady planted the seed and in due time the corn came to maturity. A few ears were selected and for- warded to New York for competition with the whole continent ; a short time later word was received that it had been placed at the head of the list. In view of these facts it is fair to expect that an accli- mated variety of maize may sometime become a profit- able farm crop in southern Manitoba. ■^ Potatoes and all classes of vegetables grow and reach amazing sizes. One acre of land yields from 300 to 320 bushels of potatoes, was Mr. Gr. "W. Vis's report to the Amsterdam capitalists in 1888 : ''Turnips frequently weigh 25 lbs. each; cauliflowers and white and red cabbages from 15 to 25 lbs. each. Though few exj^eriments as yet have been made in the cultivation of fruit trees, it is an ascertained fact that apple-trees can be raised with a great deal of success." On the Pembina Branch Railway is a long line of flour- ishing villages — Morden, Mauitou, Pilot Mound, Cart- 37 ar and sweet A\s strike ex- very crop be- rtheru United Indian corn mos so near to as a big- patch ls a matter of red maize can n be found in iccess may be 'e's Rural New spapers in the different parts ! best ear from 3ed was sent to on the South nnipeg. The time the corn jcted and for- th the whole ceived that it lat an accli- ome a profit- w and reach |n 300 to 320 eport to the and white and eri meats as yet ascertained fact s." line of ilour- lound, Cart- wright, Killarney (by the picturesque lake of that name) Boissevain and Deloraine, with lesser intermediate sta- tions. Morden is a brisk town of perhaps 1,000 people, and stands just west of the rough Pembina Mountain district, that is, on the eastern borders of the second prairie steppe. Fine farms surround it, but the chief source of its pros- perity is in trading with the Mennonite settlements. The Mennonites are a body of emigrants from Russia (though of German origin, who fled from persecution on account of their religion, which is a primitive form of Lutheranism. The Dominion Government, in 18*76, set apart a large reserve for them between Morden and the International boundary, and loaned them sufficient money to make a beginning. They have fully justified the wisdom of this welcome and aid, and have over- come by their industry and perseverance every obstacle to success. They are a very peaceable, contented and in- dustrious j)eople, and have prospered so well that their settlement has now become a very important one, extend- ing over 18 townships and including 648 square miles of land, while their numbers have increased to over 9,000 per- The isolation and almost patriarchal form of local sons. is being government under which they lived at first gradually abandoned, and there being no longer any necessity for the mutual protection, which in the begin- ning led them to combine their property, many indivi- duals now possess independent homesteads and wealth. They have established among themselves schools, stores and every facility for obtaining supplies from persons of their owm nationality ; but latterly the English language is being taught in their schools, where formerly only German was spoken, and this, it is hoped, will lead to a more social intercourse with their fellow Canadians. Manitou is the next important village and has some thirty stores, shops, implement agencies, etc., and two n8 flovniors. Ti is on tho in»i»l('NN prniric, imd I'icMh of^niiii "Wiive Ml «'V«'ry ro nipiuiily ii|KMiin^. I pnHsinl oii iirioss llm valley of tlio IV'iiibliui (1Iv(:li PiKil Moniitl, Clcarwutcr ("nrlwritrht, Wiikopii, jiiul on to Dolo- rnino, soutli of Wliitowalcr l.alu*. Tlio crojis ^rrcatly Htirjirisod mo. Tlioy all Htdiid ii|i well, witli u H'li^ii;; gmwlli of hi raw uini well li udod out. In driviiiir soim< lai;;i) Iu'IiIh of wlii'at, tlnlr imlulii, if I had drivtMl IliroUL'li (ho litdd, would liavo ontiroly hiddon Iho r)ndit's ot llio l«)uifs 1 was driuu^. All wt*ro rapidly ripiMiiii;.; ami turiilii;; Drown, an(^lo^linu a distanco of about Ml) miles Oil 11 straii^ht liiio, is almost onu conlinuous M'hoat held. 1 had drivi'u over tht^ saiiiii country four ytuirs a^jo ami 'Hua amazed at the ;j:reat iiu'i\\as(N of settlement and I'uUivution, tlio niiprovo- nuMit in the appearaneo of house and farm buildinj^s, and tlio u;onora!ly bettiT eonilition of the p(^ople. Some parts, of eour8(^, are moi\< laoo of ploasuro-rosort, duo to tho i)rottily woodod and broken country that onnrons its lalic It was iv respect to this locality in particular that the fol- lowing advico was given by Mr. C. A. Pringle, of Calo- don. Co. Tyrone, Lv^land, who visited Canada in 1881 as a L^legate IVom Ireland, spent a month in studying southern Manitoba, and wrote a pamphlet, whiih was Vublished ))y tho Canadian Department of Agriculture : no (1 lit'lds of ^ruin I'lm rciicli. i luj ('Oiiipany iiiiul*^ y^ rcccnlly, iiiid L aiitl (Irovo over a 1. Ticlils of wTuvit, li liravy All wcro tliu iViiibliia flh'or )ii, iiiid oil to Dulo- iuijiri.si!<1 mo. Tlioy kI >\(>i1 li a(iloniiiio a osl, (iiiu continiioua yoiiiH iiijo niul was iition, tlio iinprove- , iiiul llio u;(Mi(>riilly iro moro Mnniiolta and tlio NorUu\«tHt, and nru^rNpoiidin^ iioarly aiiiontli in tliut, diHtricl oi'roiiiitry, and travollin^? upwiin'H of HOO niilos tliroiiL'li it, in(>otin){ wiMi all ini)rrat.ion for IriHliiiu>ii. Wlmii 1 lookt'd on its lioiiiidlcHH praiiicH, r n<;:i('t doiiijj; ho.' "Tliolar^ro caiiit.aliHt.Hlioiild go also; lio can iiivoHl. Imk inoiioy at '' pir (•out. ill real ostato Tlioro ' A man is a. man if Iio'h williii}^ to toil, And tlio riuiiil)l(?ht niiiy )_'atli(!r tlio friiitH of tlio .soil.' '"Tlinro in no dixturliinc (diMiiontin Hocioty.all aro loyal and (•ontoiitpor Souris vaHoy. IJoth havii good stores, imi)h'- mont agoiu'ios, elevators, hot(»ls, livory stablos, and a rapidly increasing population. Ill September. 1887, a party of some 200 representativo farmers from eastern Canada, iiotabhi for their iiitelli- geuco and wealth, went to Winnipeg, and thence scat- tered through the (country on tours of inspection. About seventy went into southcn-ii M;niitobn, to Deloraine and back. They werc^ accompanied by several oflicers of the Provincial Government. The citizens of the towns along the route, though given ew hours notice of th( comin ry only a fc creditable displays of produce at the stations, where the 40 train stoppod in oiu'h «'a.st' lonu^ f»noui»h to lot tho excur- sionists oxamini^ tho sptn-iinens. These wero not " selo(!t- i»d," but brought together in great haste, and represented very fairly what eaeh locality was actually doing-. At Morden, for example, one of the visitors, astonished at the size of the vegetables, jocosely expressed some doubt as to their genuineness, and turning to Mr. Maclaren, one of the exhibitors, asked him how much it had cost him to })ring those potatoes from the Tenness(»e Valley. Mr. Maclaren replied, " nothing," inasmuch as he had got them from his own garden. The visit'or the]i wanted to see the garden and satisfy himself, and was straigljtway shown thither. In a few minutes he returned, carrying a potato considerably larger than any on exhibit, and which he had dug with his own hands. At places reached after dark, the people turned mit with torches to welcome the party, and a very pretty sight it was. Several got on board the train at different stations along the route for the purpose of meeting old friends, and describing to them the agricultural resources, fertility and facilities for settlement offenxl by their respective districts. Mr. "\V. Stevenson, o]ie of the largest threshers in southern Manitoba, was one of these visitors, and, on being asked the average yield per acre as shown in the threshing, said that in no case, so far, this season, had he threshed less than thirt^'^-two bushels to the acre. He had threshed for Mr. Samuel Humphrey, at Miama, 6*70 bushels, being the yield of ten acres. This was the highest, although in several years he had threshed lifty bushels off the acre. On the return of the party, many of the principal mem- bers gave their opinion of what they had seen, in the fol- lowing brief way : — A. 'J". EvHNET, Giiclph, Ont. " The country is certainly better than I anticipated; and I find the farmers have made greater advancement than they could possibly have done in a country like Ontario, in the same length of time." let tho (»x('ur- ra not " select- id represented ly doing-. At astonished at id some doul)t Mr. Maclaren, jh it had cost nessee Valley. L as he had uot len wanted to s straiffhtway rned, carryini^ L exhibit, and irned out with pretty sight it Jerent stations g* old friends, nrces, fertility eir respective gest threshers si tors, and, on hown in the eason, had he acre. He had Miama, 670 'his was the hreshed fifty lincipal mera- m, in the fol- Jand I find the Id possibly have le." 41 ]\kmi\ .iMisia, I>m)ilj()r:it doul Dftlm coiititry. I luiiinl a!l llic liiriiu'rs jrrnfttly |)leiuitlt tho t'liiiiipt tlirv liavo iiiiulo in Hottliii;^' in Maiiitoltii '' Ai;fiiiiJ.\i.i> .loiiNsoN, /'>((mo.v(/, (hit. "T)io npiMMirnn«'«» of tli« country hIiiicU nio at oiico. 'I'li» oann witli which tlu) land van liulirou^iil under ciihivation i-i HurpriHiti^. TlatHUuiU pti!U' is hen; croHsod ])y l)ridi»*«'N which carry stag'c roads ; and a railway, th(; North- w«'.st Central, is now under construction nortvvard to Rapid City. on tlic LKtlo Saskatchewan Kivcr. Proibssor Macoun has I ho ibllowing to say in rci^ard to the Little iSaskatchowan : — "All tho (lislrict tlriiiiuMJ liy t'nias rourii Is i?(Miorully fortilo, but iimrli l>r()ken by iH)nil8 ami buy niiirHiies. H lieao, bowovcu', can Im ilruiiu^d in nuiat nwea, untl lands now rejected fi'oni tliib nuiHc will bo son^rbt for in tbe future. I'onds and lakes rre iMnuerouH, Wild fiwl in ^'reat nnnd)er8 visit tiioni overy sprinjj; and fill, and llio river ithclf ibounds in lisli." Rapid City is a thriYini>- milling" town, with wator-i)owor, and is the terminus of a l)ranch railway rollowinii' the river from MinJiodosa. Between there and Minnedosa are some excelhnit farms and ranches. Minnedosa has 1,000 population, and is one of the most enterprisinu* and com- fortable towns in Manitol):). Between it and Portag-e la Prairie, aloui^ the line of the Manitoba and North-western Railway, is a succession of villages, occupying a beautiful high-lying and more or less bushy plain, the principal of which are Net'pawa, Arden, Grladstone and Macdonald. These are in the valley of the White Mud River, which drains into Lake Manitoba. Westward of Minnedosa, this railway crosses an exten- sive tract of very excellent land lying between the Little Saskatchewan and Birdtail rivers, in the midst oi which is a chain of beautiful lakes. The best known oi these is Shoal Lake, which is surrounded by an undulating coun- try, thickly dotted with "bluffs " of poplar and occasional marshes, affording abundance of both fuel and hay for the settler. This region is well settled and produces much live-stock, as well as wheat. Birtle, on Birdtail Creek, a 46 fisiiiihoiiui or iii^lo Held of L-liborhootl. < which carry 'iitral, is now on the Li((l,. he lullowing rtilo, but miicli 1><^ (Imiiiod ill boSOlI^rlit f,).. i„ 1 ^Tout nutiihers litis in lish." vator-powor, llovviiiu' the Miniu'tlosa osa lias 1,000 iig and corn- el Portage la )rth-westeru : a beautiful principal of Macdonald. iver, which es an exten- 1 the Little t oi which m oi these latino* coun- l occasional hay for the uces much ail Creek, a flourish ini? town, forms tlin market for this rejrion, and for an i'xtciisjvc tract of country alouj^ thoHhellUiver north- ward. The phicc of next importance west of IJrandon, on the Canadian I'acilic Iviulway. is Moosoniin, which iscios(s to thi( western boundary of Manitol)a ; l)ut Klkhorn, Virden, WapcUa and IJroadview, are all railway stations and market centres, approachini^ it in consequence. In the Ui'i^hborhood of V^inl<'n, particularly, will be seen some of the riclu'st farms and best houses anywhere in the prairi(^ rej^ioi.. The prin(;ip!vl s«'ttlements support int^ this country are in the valley of Pipestone Cn^ek southward. This is an exeeculingly fertile country, dotte*' with small lakes, and provided with an a]>undance of grass and timber thickets. The soil is of a most excellent character, and hou.ses are within sii^ht of one another in all directions. It is probable that no roi^ion of the prairie offers <^reater inducements at lAe present timi^ to agTicultural immigrants than that tri- butary to the villag«'S between Brandon and Broadview. The Canada Northwest Land Company owns an exten- sive tract of land here, which it is offering upon very advantageous terms. The best Government land is pretty well taken up, within a reasonable distance of the '-ailway, but lands owned by the Canadian Pacific can be bought at from $2.50 to $»5 an acre. Well improved farms fire rarely in the market, but usually bring about $12 an acre. These will have from 30 to 60 acres under crop, with dwellings and stables sufficient for ordinary pur- poses. The valley of the Pipestone bears a great resemblance to that of the upper Souris, already described, and is largely occupied by S^. tch and English people, who have churches and schools, and among whom are scattered many families ot large means. Moosomin is the station 17 V 1 5 i^'^B ■ *^ t'^ I ^ i^M :4 o 'i^Smi < |fnH a Enfl a L^H 4 f^B H ^w ■^ I^mI o MW q ■SSK J R£K|| OHm ■■3 gSnt aj wr M D nie hardier kinds ; I say of the hardier kinds, for in this matter I would speak of what lias been done, not of wliat may be accom- plished in the future, lor I fully beliovc in climate changes brought about by the settleinent of the country, and as the reward of the industry and thrift of civilized man. Over twenty years since, I successfully raised -croi* of barley and all manner of roots, at points* over one hundred miles distant from each other, and situated in dilTerent altiludes. The quality of these cro[)S was gootl, the quantity in yield was great, especially was this the case with barley and jxitatoes ; while testing the •oil, I was also practically exjKjrimonting upon the grasses natural to the land. 1 was travelling almost constantly with horses for from seven to eight months, and for the balance of the year with dogs. During the time I worked my horses, travelling and freighting with these for thou- sands oi" miles each season, I very seldom gave them any grain, their food being almost altogether the natural grass everywhere abounding in this big land ; then when I took to the dogs, I turned my horses out on the range to hunt their own living, such was our unbounded faith in the native grasses, as also in the acclimatised horse. But as everyone can see, were it not for the nutritious properties of this grass, no amount of acclimatising would enable a horse to work all spring, summer and fall, and then dnd his own living during the colder winter months. In the meantime, in common with all otlier inhabitants of this country at that time, I was living on bufl'alo, whose only food the year round was the same grass, and wnose instinctive judgment of these gnisses was that in autumn and winter they went north into this region. I am writing about leaving the plains proper, these " great herds " of wild cattle went north into the park lands of northern Alberta, and thus fully demonstrated the fact of the stock-raising qualities of this immense land, situated on the banks of the Athabasca, North Saskatchewan, Battle and Red Deer rivers, while jierennial streams, with their numberless tributaries, rising in the Rocky Mountains, as most of them do, and running parallel to each other, loudly speak as to the quality and quantity of the water supply of this favored land. On all of these streams, there is more or less timber, and everywhere over the country, the prairie and woodland is intermixed, 80 that in the very start of settlement, the question of cleared land, build- ing timber, fencing and fuel is answered. 60 The bona fide home seeker, can, all over this part of Alberta, simultan- ecus with putting up his tent, start his plough and chop his logs for the new home, and set the other boys cutting and hauling rails for the first pasture ; all this has been done, and will be in the near future in thou- sands of instances. Here, almost any homesteader can go to l>3d knowing that his farm is situated right over a coal mine, that underlying this country and croth ping out all over it, there are immense coal fields assuring him of an endless supply of fuel, and that at home. Another feature I had almost forgotten, is the game. The thrifty' wife or daughter of the new settler can feel easy on account of the littlo crates of poultry she brings with her ; they may grow, for all around are wild chickens and ducks in endless variety, and these can be made to give food and fun to the household while the others are growing. To the hardy and skilful hunter here is also a fine field ; grisly, black, brown, cinnamon bear, moose and elk, black and white tail deer, all these are found in the low lands and foot- hills, while in the mountains are big horns and goats, and while hunting these latter, there is always the possibility of coming upon a mine of precious metal which will startle the word because of its richness, for as yet, this is a great unknown land unexplored region, and any new comer for the next twenty years may be a discoverer. We, who have for a score of years or more -ravelled this big unknown land have found some of its resourcep and known that these are very good, but we have also found out that it is so big, that as yet, wo know very little about it. But we do know, that before many years, some of the very finest horses, cattle and sheep the world has ever seen, will be exported from this very region we have before us in mind as we write. Hugh McKay, Edmonton, Alberta, November 12th, 1888. I have been farming in the Edmonton district for the past seven years, and have, during that time, succeeded in growinj^' good crops of wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, turnips, cabbages and various other garden vegetables. My average crops of wheat have yielded 34 bushels per acre, and this year I h.z,d a yield of 40 bushels per acre. My average crops of barley range, from 40 to 60 bushels per acre ; oats from 50 to 60 bushels per acre, and potatoes 500 bushels per acre. I had seven hundred cabbage plants this year, and 200 head? weighed 15 lbs. each, and the balance weighed from 10 to 1 2 lbs. each. I consider the district well adapted for mixed farming ?ind dairying, &c. Cattle and horses, pigs and sheep do well. Any practical man with a capital of from $500.00 upwards, who is 61 us |ey jer ge jce for Jep is willing to work, has every chance of succeeding here if he engages in mixed farming. This year I have been making cheese from the milk of five cows, and have sold what I made at 22 cents per lb. When I established here I had no capital, other than health, persever- ance and industry. I like the country and climate and have succeeded here. Duncan J. McArthur, Pine Creek, Alberta. I came to Alberta in 1883, and settled shortly afterwards on Pine Creek, where I have been farming since. I have now about 45 acres under cultivation, and have succeeded in growing good crops. This year I had 42 acres of oats, wliich yielded 52 bushels i)er acre, weighing 51 lbs. per bushel. I had one acre of Fyfe wheat which yielded 31 bushels and 10 lbs. of splendid grain, and one acre of barley which yielded 50 bushels. My potatoes and root crops were as good as I ever raised, and I have benn farming all my life. The country is W'ell adapted for dairy farming ; and, any farmer cor ig here with a littl© capital to start with, has better chances of succeeding than in any other country I know of. Angus Fraseir, Calgary. In reply to your questions, relating to the country in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountain House, having lived at the Hudson Bay Company's ■ Fort there for 12 years, I am able to speak with experience. Coming to the North- West in 1861, and being at Oxford House, Norway House and York Factory, iiave seen considerable of the north. My experience of the Mountain House leads me to believe that for a country suitable for mixed farming, it exceeds, in the luxuriance of its grasses, its plentiful supply of timber, its beautiful mountain streams abounding in fish and the productions of its soil, any portion of Alberta that I have seen ; that it will, in the near future, be a thickly settled and wealthy district I have no doubt. During the last two years of my stay there we grew barley, potatoes, cabbages, carrots, turnips and beets, the equal of which I have never seen. From the Red Deer to the Mountain Fort, the country resembles old country parks, clumps of trees and open glades. During the winter of '74 and '75, Angus McDonald and myself had two oxen which were givpn us by the H. B. Co,, and they wintered out with- out care we killed one about New Years of '75 and the other late in the spring and they made prime beef. The snow does not crust in that part of Alberta, we had warm winds, but not sufficient to cause a crust. The grasses grow long, and I have seen pea, vine growing as high as brush. The country has no end of coal, it is to be found along the river and (32 creek banks. Game, anrh as iihxjho deer and ^rizjily bear, were abundant, it is one of tlie iHjst fur rountrioa in tlie Nortii West At tliat tinio tliere were splendid fonvsts of timber all over tbe country, but I bear lately tliat fires bave done nuicli damage to tbe timber. In early days tlie Indians used to brinj? mo niij?}:ef8 of gold from somewbere along some of tbo cnwks. 1 bad several of tliem, but bave given tbera all away, tbo last one to Dr. McKaebren, to make a ring; I believe gold will yet be found tliero in paying quantities. Coining up the Saskatchewan, the country is a vast fonwt of good timber. Ail tiiat is retiuired to make it a populated country is a railway, its advantngi's will soon become known. I bave lived at Calgary since 1875, ami huv-j lU? acres just outside the corporation of the town of Cal- gary. 1 liavi^ J]7 beail of cattle and comfortable buildings. I bave now left the Hudson's Hay Co , after serving them for 24 years. I am wailing to sell Juy proiHTtv in (^ilgary, as well as my farm here, and immediatoly I do so will take niy cattle to tbe country I bave told you of, as I <'on- sider it the best country I know. In early days we used to talk of tbe pity it was to see such a grand country lymg Wiuste while so many hundred heails of families neiir homo were struggling for u lifc-timoto make a bare living, und it is as good a country to-day as it was then. My native home was in Forfarshire, Scotland. 1 have no object in writ- ing this letter but in the interest of truth and infornuition. I What a man wants hero is some capital to start with, say $500, with industry and sobriety he will, in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred, be well oil" in tlie course of a few years. Thomas IIouRiiTox — John Asiikx, Edmonton, Alberta, Nov. 14, 1SH8. ' With reference to the quantity of land under cultivation in the vicinity of Edmonton, we should judge th.at there was about 4,000 acres under crop this year. All kinds of grain were grown — wheat, barley, oats; also flax, roots and vegetables, and Indian corn; small fruits, viz., currants, gooseberries, chorriei^ and wild berries of many kinds. We are not subject to summer frosts of any consequence. We bave lived bei-e for the last tifteen years, and we consider tbe country well adapted for mixed farming, anil cannot see anything to prevent a good inilustrious farmer to make a good borne for himself and family. We also have gold mining in tlie river, and abundance of good coal and lumber at moderate prices. We have two grist-mills and two saw-mills, giving employment to a number of men. We bave several good general stores, from which can be procured any article required, at reasonable prices. In addition, we have a very large quantity of land awaiting settlement at tbe present time, and we would invito anyone in search of good land to come and visit us, and see the advantages and attractions of tbe coumry or themselves. Tlie cro^w throughout tlio district this year were spleu- G3 did, both jrrain and roots. The sarnpIoH oxliibited at onr annnal Agri- cultural Kxhihition, we claim, wore secoiul to none in Canada. The faniierH uro all w«'ll hIocUcmI with cattle and horsi'H, Koino having n.s many as L'OO hoad on their farjiis, which j)lacos hoof at a rcasonalilo fi;,'ure. In conclusion, wo iiuiy say, siiould any reader of this l(f civiiiziitii^n, must, not only bo ofjicootl (]unlity,l)ut tnuHt l>o prinhuvil in larjro (pmntitiivH to niiiUo tlio liiuullin^ and control of it j)n»lUiiblo. It i,s (ho most concoiiMiittMl form of aitriciilinrnl proilnction, tthrinkinv: Iosh in valno by Inmsport.tion (ban any oiluMwbon proiMwIy |m>pjvn»(l for ox port. Ami it is pc'rfi'clly Kafo to proibct (Imt tlio timn is <'onMn)j whon (rain-Ioadn of Alborta bnti-M" will bo wbipiM'd to both tho oaHt4>rt\ and \v«>8tady marUot in lMirojH\ whon its ox('olU»nci> and n'i>nlalion is onco ostablisliod. Forosooinj; \\w fiituio and tho dtMnaiid for onr jn'odnctions is why I would oarnostly onoonra^ro tho incominjt Ht'tllor to tho inviting lands of Albortft to niaUo «lairy farming his itrint'ipal vocation, tho most practical ■vontribtitions towards which an> common houho ami a jrood wifo. If \ "WOW an immi>;ration npont, I wouKl try to impross ovory incoming:; sottlor with tho nocosaity and advantajroof iMtsstissin^and brin^inj^ in his wifo with him. I'or I am porsiiadod that all tho wcarinoss, er acre. IxarUxy yield, o4 bushols per aero. rotati)08, iU)0 bushels ixjr acre. Wheat, iiood crop. MoInxks v'i Maksiiai.:. — Eighteon hundred bushols of oata, weighing 48 lbs. i>er bushel. D. Vai>ik. — Forty jvcnvs under cultivation. Twenty acres of oats, splendid. Also raised wheat, barley anil potatotvs, all giving large yields. P. C1.E1.1.AM1. — Thirty-live acres under cultivation. Oats, 1,280 bushels, weighing 47 lbs. per bushel. Barley, splendid crop. Wheat, over 40 bushels Y^er acre, No. 1 sample. Also raisod llax, potatoes, and garden vegetables and roots, all giving heavy yields. J. W. McIaiughmx. — Forty acres under cultivation. Oats, barley and }>otatoes. Eleven huiulreti bushols of potatoes oir2J acres-'. t8, 07 W. Ai,i,BY,— Forty ncrnH iindnr ciiU.ivation. OaiHtri(:t in tho fall of 18H2, and HdttUwl on my land, twfilvo miles north-t'iiHt of Uo^ina, in i\m Hprin^ f)f IHH.'}. I put in a littlo croj) tlio firHt ycjar, on l)roakinj;, whidi yioldcMJ woil, conHidnrinj^ Uie chancui it had. Durinjj tli(» Htnnmor, I i)ropar(Ml aH innch laixl for (Top nn \ could afford, liaviuK Htartod without (;a[)ital, and Immii^ comiKjllcd to draw wfxxl to town to provido tho nocpHHitioH of lifo. Kach Hiiccfwsivo year I k('j)t add- ing: to tho aroa of cultivation, and waH gradually {^uttiiiK a littlo ahead. In 1887 I I'.ad 80 a(!ro8 in crop, and, althou^'h jiriccH wcto low, I j;ot a fair return. I had at this time three horses, a yoke of oxen, two cows and four h^^ad of younj: catths a hinder, waj^on, plows, sloi^^h, and all neces- sary iuiplements, all of which were paid for at tho hej^inning of the pre- sent year. This year I had 105 acres in crop, wlr"i;h, if prentmt prices rule until I ^et my ^rain marketed, will return rno at least two thousand dollars {I?2,()(I0). My yield this year was very lar(j;e, the new ground yielding; tlvirtij-Jivi', bushdn of No. 1 hard irlirat to Ihr acre ; tho old ground, which has been croiUHjd five times without manure, yielded between 25 and ;?0 bushels ix?r acre. My oats yielded in one field nearly 80 bustiela to the aero, while none wont less than 60. I consider this district well adapted to wheat growing, cattle raising and dairying. The grass is long and rich, and cattle (;an be fattened in this country much quicker, cheaper and better than in any other country I know of. I have not been troubled with frost since I came to this district, my wheat always grading No. 1 hard. RoBiauT GuBHN, Regina, Sept. IWi, 1888. The following statement will show what my farm has produced this year, and will give intending settlers an idea of the agricultural products of this district. First, I will say that in 1872 I came from SufTolk, Eng., to Manitoba, where I resideil until 1882. I then came west, and located on Section 20-17-19, adjoining the city of Regina. This year (188S) I had 80 acres cropped, as follows : — Wheat, 29 acres, yielding 30 bushels per 08 acre, pradinjr No. 1 lianl ; oats, 4S aeres, yioldinj^ 00 bnsliols jn^r aero; ]K)tat(K^8 (Karly Kohp), 3 a'.n^s, yielding 1^50 busliela j)or acre. The hiiul- iiij^ of (lie grain averaged 3 lbs. of twine to the acre. I liave also a garden consiHting of ono aero, on wbieb I raised eabbago, cauliflower, turnips, beets, mangels, i^"., w liicb, for size and ciuality, may bo equalled, but not excelled, in any agricultural distric' in the x orlc The soil and climate of this 'istrict are well adapted t. i. e wVa c* trees and shrubs. I have at present a snuill grove of soi: r»).;i[,U! fanf:;ing from three to four feet high, grown from the seed sown hi ■ ; ^r? ago. I also liave a few currant trees, planted two years ago; tiuy bore .. 'r quality of fruit this year. The soil in this district is a rich, dark clay, almost a clay-loam, with light-colored clay sub-soil. Better soil for growing grain, roots or vegetables cannot be found. As regards our climate, all I can say is that it is second to none in the world, and that I never enjoyed better liealth than I have since I came to take up my residence in this district. Regarding our school and church privileges, I may say that, in my opinion, we have them equal to any of the old cities in the east. In conclusi(m, T would say that, from what I have seen and lioard, the majority of the farmers in this district have raised crops similar to mine. Henry McElreh, Rcgino, October 20th, 1888. I came to Regina District in 1882. I had no team, and only $10 in cash, I located 9 miles north-east of Regina, and went to work Bought a team on tick, and have been cracking away ever since, drawing wood, hay, etc., always getting a good living for large family, and getting farm into order. I have no time to tell you what I did during the past five years, but will tell you what I have now, and let you come to your own ideas : I have G40 acres (I second home- steaded,) 100 acres ready for crop next year, have 17 head of cattle, a binder, two wagons, 3 plows, 2 harrows, 400 chickens, comfortable house, stable, and everything necessary to continue farming. I sold my wheat to-day for $1.04 j^r bushel and when I get my money I will not owe a cent in the world. Climate good and healthy. Hasn't cost $5.00 for doctor bills, since I came to the country. Wheat yielded this year, 25 bushels to the acre ; oats, 55. No frost. From John INIcIntyre, Vice-President Asmdboia Agricultural Society, Regina, Novemhcr, 5th, 1SS8, I had 100 acres under crop this year. I have just threshed. I had one field of 25 acres, which averaged 32 bushes of wheat to the acre. My other field did not do so well, but still was large. Had fifty acres of oats, which averaged GO bushels to the acre. Sold some of my wheat for $1.06 per bush. I live two nailes from Regina, and find dairying very profit- f>9 a')lp. Tliis codntry protliirea flio best butter intlio workl. T injike more Mioney otit of my cattle tluin out of wbeat. IJarloy does well hi this country, and potatoes, and otber vegotabloa, excel anytbinj? T over saw. Will liave l')!) acres in crop next year, if I am well. Am buildinj? t;fiod stable this fall to cost !f80().(K) Tliis tioimtry is jrood enough for nu>. $10 vork nee, lily, did and me- ,ttle, ,ble my not ,00 lar, Uty, jiad iMy lats, 06 fit- E. N. HorKixs, ^fooy(^, Jav, Ike. ^Ih, 1888. I was born in Oxford County, and lived there until 1882. For ten years I was enj?at;ed in the (.'heese Trade. In the Spring of 1882, I decided 1- emigrate to the Nortli-West, and test for myself the adajitability ofthn country for stock raising, and dairying. Having procured a team :; 1 outfit at I'randon, we started out to look for a suitable location, but 'ic not lind one that was in all resixjcts desirable until we came to the I\ •J^•^ Jaw Valley, where we decided to make our home. Some there have jeen engaged in Mixed Farming, esiKJcially dairying and wtock raisin.;, lud wish to bear testimony to the adaptability of the country f(.r ra .ij; ] orses, sheep and cattle. Horses live out on the prairie during tlie winter, and cattle only require to be fed and housed for a few weeks. The nutritious grasses of the prairie, produce the finest beef, and the milk is capable to make the finest flavoured butter and cheese. 1 have found the climate to be in my opinion sui^erior to that of Ontario, and to-day, 8tli of December, is a fine sunshiny day, more like a May day in Ontario, than December, in fact I do not think there is a country in the world that has more sunshine than the Canadian North- West. I raised 1,200 bushels of oats this year for my stock, but did not sow any wheat, but there is in Moose Jaw District, this year, about 150,000 bushels of good Tso. 1 hard wheat for market, some of which averaged 30 and 40 bushels per acre. There was not the slightest trace of frost in the District until the night of the 20th September, when all danger of injury to crops was past. I can from six year's experience, recommend the Moose Jaw District as a desirable location for intending emigrants. G. ]M. AxNABLB, Moosejaw, Dec. 29th, 1888. I came to the Moosejaw district in June, 1882, from Dundas County, Ontario. Have been farming ever since; my attention has been chiefly devoted to stock. I have had experience in raising horses, cattle and sheep, and in my opinion it is the best country for that purpose in Canada. The winter is not more than half as long here as it is v here I came from. We have had no snow yet, and the weather is fine and warm; cattle and sheep are still grazing out, and they are in fine condi- tion. During the winter of 1887-88, we fed our cattle only eight weeks. We never feed or stable young horses at all ; they graze out all winter. I tried an experiment with spring colts last winter. I put two of them 10 in the stf.ble, aivl fed them with luiy and oats ; the othors merely roamed on the prairie ai;d picked up their living, and in the spriiin; they were in a much bettor condition than the ot'ior«. I am satisfied this district can- not he 8urpiissc«l as a stock raising ur.d grain producing district, and would strongly advise intending settlers to see tliis place bel'ure settling elsewhere. Jons Smaii,, MuoBtjavf, Dec. 2{Hh, 1888. I settled on this land in the spring of 1884. I came to the Northwest from the Townslup of Emily, County of Victoria, Ontario. I am very glad thnt 1 came to the country. The soil hero is, in my opinion, the best J ever jnit a plough throui;h — a heavy clay loam, easily worked. I threshed this year 3,()4(> bushels (threshers' measure), of which L',070 Mere wheat; and to raise thip I had no assistance except u young son and one team of horses and one yoke of oxen. !My son CJeorge, who farms the other half of the section, had a crop (in addition to coarse grains) of 1,325 bushels of wheat, and he hud no help, except in staciking and threshing, and this was raised with one yoke of cattle. The district I also regard as excellent for grazing; the grass is strong, very nutritious. My cattle are out yet, and when they come home in the evening they are quite full. I would very strongly advise parties wanting land to come to this part of the country and make a good home for themselves. BioNMAMis Smith, Mooi^cjaw, Dec 2dlli, 1888. I came to this district and settled in the spring of 188;>. I came to it from the Township of Arthur, County of Wellington, Ontario. I regard the district as first class for agricultural and grazing purposes. In 1887 I had over 2,400 bushels of grain, about 800 bushels of wheat, oats and barley — that (juantity of each. In 1888 I had a crop of 2,700 bushels of grain, of which 1,400 bushels were wheat. All the work in connection with those crups I did myself, except the stacking and threshing. A man is quite as sure of a crop here as he is in Ontario, and he can raise it at much less expense. For grazing I think it is the finest country in the world — the finest I have ever seen, at least. My stock are out yet, and thriving on what they eat on the prairie, as fat as they would be in mid- summer. I have every reason to be thankful that I came to the North- west. I like the climate and soil. Samuel K. Ratuwell, Pretsident of the Moosejaw Agricultural Society. I came to the Northwest in the spring of 1883, and then settled on the land where 1 have since resided. I came to it from the Township of Arthur, County of Wellington, Ontario. My opinion is that this land is A 1 for agricultural purposes. My crop last season was upwards of 1,650 71 tho land that J (...mo r '^."'""^'- I'or ^razinjr ,„irrKjg«H if r on the groM for a co.,«Mer„M„ II, m,,'," '" '"' ""''""'l 1" f««I « o year. I „„, ,„„„ (,,„,_ ,atislie.l n' r„ ''"""•'.'"^'"•fel any ,,,.« „r ml,l,„, of ii,i„ ,|jj,^i,.(^ « 111. tho agricultural ami grazing . '7'"e' -'" . ' i. 'v o f'"'''^"^^^ both .vo„l< e Cn a ';' "''"^^' '"^^ -'^«<^ »-« e .dr.r-"'"^- n^achine not broken ''' *''''"^^- J^^"" ''«"*. ^'reater h 1 ^ "' "^^'^ Dnrin.r n , '^''^^'''■' ^^^'en our crot.^ t , ' ""'' ^'enping msmmm 72 liftst soiiHon, T tlirosluMl :i,000 buHhols at this year, went 28J bushels to the acre, T had 2150 bushels of grain this year ; the wheat weighs ()2J lbs. to the bushel. I like the country and the climate, and for farming and stock-raising I don't think it can be beat, and I intend to make this my liome, and would advise all who who want to live happy and enjoy good health, to come to the Moose Jaw District. W. C. Saunders, Moorp, Jaw. My experience in raising cattle in this district, has been very satis- factory. I have at present 30 head. Cattle here require to be fed only tliree months in the year, viz: January, February and March, and frequently will feed out a considerable part of that time. I have not had to house and feed my cattle until the 1st of January, nor after the 1st of April in any year. At this dn^e, December 18th, 1888, 1 have nine calves raised by hand, which have ot been stabled or fed, and thoy are still feeding out and doing well. The autumn frost does not injur'* the grass hero, as in Eastern Canada, but preserves and cures it, so tliat cattle continue to eat it and thrive upon it, until it is deeply covered with snow, and again when the snow melts and leaves, which usually takes place in March, the grass still retains its nutriment, and cattle prefer it to hay, and will thrive upon it nearly if not quite as well as they did in ttio fall before. Horses will feed or pasture all winter in valleys, and usually come out in the spring in improved condition. My experience has proved to me that this is eminently a stock- raising district. New Tvlbiia, Assiniboia, August 12th, 1888. I came to Canada last year aid took up a Homestead, and to-day my farm is worth $(iOO; grain and cattle, $200. I can say any man who wants to work could get on well and can make a comfortable home by doing so. The climate and soil are the best in Canada. G. KALK. New Tulsiia, Apsiniboia, 12th August, 1888. If a man cares for his family and wants to do good for his children, then he should come to Canada, that is my opinion. I take pleasure in giving a correct jftatement. Before I left Roumania, I had to borrow money for my journey, and I came to Canada without one cent, and three childre;! with me. I left my wife and two children in Roumania, and after one year's work in Canat^a I paid all my debts and sent money to my wife to come over with two children ; and to-day luy capital is about $1,000, and this all I made in only three years. J do sincerely ad^'ise all who want to wc^k to come to Canada, and I am certain that they will be happy here. Your Friend, PHILIP PUTZ. SxEiNBAcii, Man., November 9th, 1888. Mr. Hamilton, My opinion of Manitoba, after fourteen years' settlement here, is that there is no better country for a poor man. The climate is healthy, and during the fourteen years I have been here I have had no failure in crop. AVheat has yielded not less than 18 bushels and not more than 37 bushels to an acre. Oats, 50 bushels to an acre in average, and Barley, 30 bushels in average, except in 1887, when I got Gl bushels to an acre in average. The yield of potatoes Iuib been frcni 200 to 300 bushels to an acre. The pastures here are exceedingly good, and the grass is very nutritious both for young and old cattle. Although the winters in Kansas and Nebraska are shorter than in this country, the cattle get here earlier a more nutri- tious feed. I have l)een twice away from here, but I fiua this to be the ])est country for farming. Garden produt'ts and roots give a very good yield. I know several persons who came to this country without a cent, and they are now well off, owning 20 to 50 head of cattle, besides some spare money. The working men will here better their conditions. This is not a mere puff, but the real truth. I am a poor writer, but you may correct this as you wish. Very respectfully, A. S. FRIESEN. 15 New TuisiiA, Assiuihoia, 12th August, 1888. I have l)een in many countries, but I have not found in any country such a good climate as in Canada, and the soil is the best forfarming. I am most certain that there is no better soil in the world than in Canada, and my opinion is that any man, who likes to worlc with energy, is cer- tain to malve a comfortable home. YUNZ JOHAN SEIBOLD. '6. le « GiJBTNA, January 16, 1889. L. A. HAMILTON, Esq., Land Commissioner, C. P. R., Winnipeg. Dear Siu, — I beg to send you n report of our farming operations: — Our farm con- sists of G-JO acres of land, situated in Township 2, Range 3, West, being about 15 miles from Gretna and seven miles from Plum Coulee, on the C. P. R. South "Western. We cultivate the entire section. The iirst crop was sown in 1884, which was put in on l)reaking done the previous July, and consisted entirely of llax, which yielded 111 bushels to the acre and netted a very handsome profit for our investment. Since that season we have mixed our croj), sowing only 500 acres of wheat, flax, barley and oafs, and preparing the balance of about 140 acres as Summer fallow, during the slack season before harvest, and enabling us to have sufficient ploughing done in the Fall for all grain we wished to sow in the Spring. Our farm is worked entirely by hired help, and the profits over all ex- penses have exceeded 83,000.00 yearly the past two years. The yield of wheat in tlie crop of 1889 was about 29 bushels per acre, of which we had 400 acres. The crop of 1888 did not yiald so weli, averaging only about 23 bushels to the acre, but the sample was good, grading 1 Hard. Our barley yielded about 35 bushels to the acre, oats, 55, and flax, 15. The season of 1888 was not as favourable as former years, but the results were very satisfactory, owing to gooi prices. Our plan of securing help in harvest proved very successful and profit- able. We secured a number of men in Ontario, under contract for (iO days, and made arrangements with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for reduced rates for that time, and saved our grain promptly, without loss by shelling or ])ad weather. Farming, if i)roperIy attended to, is certain to give favourable re.sulfH. I have the honour to be, Sir. Yours very truly, M. LONG, Manitoba ^lanager for J. it J. Livingston. % Dunhow, All^erta, Noveml)er 20th, 1888. As you wish to have my experience in Alberta, as to farminjir and ranchinji;, I would say that we have harvested good crops for the past four years; this fall we threshed from the " Welcome" variety of oats, sixty- five (05) bushels per acre, weighing forty-nine and a half (49J) lbs. per bushel, and of the early " Race Horse" variety, seventy (70) bushels per acre, weighing forty-nine lbs. per bushel. "Champlain" wheat, forty (40) bushel per acre, weighing sixty-live (05) lbs. per bushel. Red Fyfe wheat, thirty (30) bushels per acre, weighing sixty-two (02) lbs. per bushel. Barley, forty (40) bushels per acre, weighing fifty-six (50) lbs. per bushel. Owing to dry season, potatoes were below the averaj^ ; from one and a half (1. 1) acres we gathered four hundred bushels of extra fine potatoes. We milked six cows, and from five months' make, we sold $175 worth of butter, besides keeping all the milk and Vmtterwe required for our family of eiglit adults. This is one of the l)est dairy and cattle districts on the continent; of course cattle require i)roper care during the winter; we have not lost one animal since *we settled here. We remain, yours, .JOHX PATERSON & SONS. Calgauv, Alberta, November 22nd, 1888. I came to Alberta five years ago, and settled in Calgary; my former home was in New Brunswick. I have l)een fanning two miles from Cal- gary during the past three years. I have forty-five acres under cultiva- tion. I have raised good crops every season. Tliis year I had twenty- six acres of oats which yielded forty bushels per acre, splendid grain. My crop of potatoes was also very good. I believe that for mixed farming this country is equal to any in Canada. Dairying pays well, butter sells from 20 to 35 cents jier lb., with good demand, and in winter it sells as high as 40 cents. I like the climiite, and believe that any practical farmer can do well here with a capital of 5^2,000 or even less to start witli. Stock of all kinds do well out of doors all the year round, and horses keep fat on the prairie grasses during the most severe weather. The settler coming here will find good schools and cliurches, and will miss few of the social advantages which he may have enjoyed in his old home. J. S. FREEZE. Qr'AppEi.T.K Station, Assinil^oia, N.W.T., 9tli Nov., 1888. I have V)een a resident of the County Victoria, Ontario, for sixteen years. I left Ontario for the North-west on the 0th September last, my object being to invest in the purchase of farming lands. After arriving atQu'Appelle Station, I spent some time in examining various farms in this \icinity. I came to tiie conclusion that the laud in the territoiieSi 77 especially in this locality, was as ast month. The yield of grain all through the district is very large and satisfactory to every man for whom I worked. Yours respectfully, THOS. BARTON. N.B. — No frost, oats weigh 47A lbs. to the bushel. Rkgina, N. W. T. I came from the County of Lambton, Ontario, where I spent nearly fifty years of my life, mostly on the farm, but latterly in manufacturing business which proved unenccessfiil. To the query "can you advise practical fanners to come to this country, ' my answer is yes. I was past fifty-five years of age when I started farming in this country. I not only IS had no capital, but was in debt $130 for my team. I now have seven horses, a start in thoroughbred cattle, eight pigs for winter pork, a binder, two waggons, sulky plow, two hand-plows, liarrows, fanning mill, seeder and everjthing else necessary, all i)aid for, besides fifteen hundred dol- lars worth of grain not yet marketed. Considering these things, I can say to all practical, pusliing men, come to this country, — you will never regret it. Yours very truly, JAMES BOLE. r. S. — The health of myself and family has been good ever since we came to the country. I like the climate. We have regular preaching about a mile from my house. J, B. The ioUowiiig letters from Egan Brothers, show remark- able results, find demonstrate what can be accomplished even by men who have had no farming experience what- ever : — ^ WixNirpx;, December 21st, 1887. DkauSik, — It may be interesting to yon to know the result of our farming opera- tions during the past season, upon land in the vicinity of Winnipeg, which is so often reported to be valueless and non-productive as farming land. On the 24th of May we purchased 41)0 acres of lund near Rosser Station, within 15 miles fr m Winnipeg, in a district in wh'ch thero has hitherto been very little or no cultivation. We paid $7,5' '0.00 for the property, I he buildings on it alone (erected by an Enghsh "gentleman farmer," w}\ose funds gave out) being worth that amount, consequently the land itself stands us nothing. The farm had not been cultivated, with the exception of 70 acres, for several years, and was conseipiently in a nearly wild Slate, having grown up to weeds, etc. On tlie 27th of May last we commenced ploughins, following up at once with the seeders, sowing at a rate of Oj bushels per acre of wheat and ?>\ bushels jier acre of oats. Of the 380 acre' iroken by us, the following division of crops was made : — .'!() acres .... Wheat. 94 " Barley. 250 '• ...Oats.' In addition to the - "' 'O . u o'l - . e,;etables were put in a piece of land con- taining 32 acres, wh) jn h"i Irjen cultivated, the acreage for each variety being :~ •79 14 acres Potatoes. Ifi " Turnips. 2 <( /Beets. \ Cabbages. ( Onions. 1 " ^Carrots. I. Kadishes. Our returns upon tlie above acreage were as follows : — Wheat 900 bush, sold in Winnipeg, at $0 57 per liush. $ 513 00 (Graded No. 1 bard.) Barley 1000 " 40 " 700 00 (Sold to brewery lor malting.) Oats 12750 bush. 25 " .">187 .50 Potatoes 3000 " 25 " 750 (iO Beets 50 " ,50 " 25 00 Onions 50 " 1 25 " 02 .50 Carrots 50 " .')0 " 25 00 Raaisiies 50 " 40 " 20 00 Turnips GOOO " 124 " 750 00 (Retained for our own use.) Cabbagss 1000 head, 0:5 each 48 00 (Retained for our own use.) Hay 300 tons, 4 00 per ton 1200 00 (Cut alongside farm.) $7;!41 (10 We w^ould particularly call your attention to the very late dato upon which we began our work, our harvest having l)een done during the first week in August, a little over two months after .seeding. Yours truly, EGAN BROS., Garry Street, Wixxipbg. P.S. — You are doubtless aware that this is our first attempt at farming, our business being railway contracting, and, considering this fact, I feel that we have done remarkably well, as, ))arring our own work (we did not hire any labor), we realized < nough from one crop to pay the original price of the land, and have now the valuable property to the good, and our success this year has decided us to adopt farming in Manitoba as our future calling. Tell this, if you like, to the suffering farmers of Ontario, and if your story is doubted, refer them to me and my brothers. 80 Winnipeg, lOtli January, 1889. L. A. HAMILTON, Esq., Land Commissioner, C. P. R., Winnipeg. Dear Sir, — I3nring the past season (1888) we had under cultivation on our Rosser farm 501 acres,, divided as follows : — 330 acres of oats, from which we secured 49 bushels to the acre, etiual to 1(),170 bush. 140 acres of wheat, ® 18 bushels per acre 2520 " 25 acras of barley, (iD 40 bushels par acre 1000 " G acres of roots, (potatoes and turnips) 2000 " We were offered $1.10 per bushel for our wiieat, butdeclined to sell, and subsequently when tiie price had declined, aciiepted 95 cents per l)ushel. We sold the barky at 40 cents i)er bushel. We sold about 9,000 bushels of our oats at 30 -nnts ])e.r l)ushol, and retained the balance, and also the roots, for our own use in connection with our contracts. We also put up 250 tons of bay, worth :?9.00 per ton. Tlie total results of our farmii';: operiitions for the year may be sum- marized as follows: — 10,1 70 bushels of oats ( x\ '%yv^ itobal I, orl ^otto ^o orl iction jiBhnlll «; )inl!ars i>er by such lascado or nous and An upset 3.her coal ' I. apply to IK l.ANIIS, 8. [nlerior. ' sSbm 114 112 III i illtr 49 — 2 Vr-ETH^RUKJEs. ; ' r^:^M--\ i'^: K; IN' • Jt-^^ ^A-^^ -'- -14(4 I s* :a.j.i. » II' iii.i:; C. S. I-40I 1, Ul-:i iJxilLwjiiuU. 1 rt i. »■• 80 Vu a.s afr 35 21 88 2;; 111 lis IIS 114 113 112 III no 109 108 104 I Winnipeg, "" 100 ~~~ 100 81 08 97 •jB 1 ^ op pait J. Of J^AHIT©]SA and rf!« fTERK'TOI^iEg TJORTH T- .L Compiirvtr's Lttnds in /Kut ronsUt ttw chM ruiniberpd S^^-lrims in the Totrnsltipa cttloure^d I 'ink. ^. r-\' ro m Ciiri'C" 1^ 29 H--- )- !» \\M U 13 l« sa ^i^-i^iii'i '9*1= •-U ^K„<.i'"^"« ^'"' \ •i.^Xit i II -rif T""!*) ,,i«i"iW'>W'i kpp.?;'i}^'^'*9 Ti**' 1 ('i'",';« \iu-u«- AirUm* ,.rvuri| S liiU'luu.l l.Uli.. , Ctj Winnipeg. I St, Jan. mti9, 100 99 07 ^- "^ "%* V^. .aSi r\ >. «> % .Oxii. <**\> ^^A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) fe // :/ Va ^ 1.0 I.I 110 ""^ ■12 ■■■I ■a 25 2.2 IL25 111.4 2.0 m 1.6 m e m /» ''^ 7 ^^^^-^ % PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation # 4^ i}." \\ % V 4v 6^ ^ i;<> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 87-.I-4503 ,^ «, ^ 1 FREE GRANTS, PRE-EMPTIONS, &c. How to obtain them in the Canadian North-West, DOMINION LANDS REGULATIONS. Under tho Dominion Lands Regulations, all surveyed, even nuinliered sections, exooptinK 8 and 26 in Manitoba I and the Nortii- West Territories, which liiivo not been lioincstoulcil, nwrvud to provide wood lots for settlers, or I otl.erwiso disposed of or reserved, are to bo held exclusively lor liuiuesteuds and pre cmption. HOMESTEAI'S.— Ilomcstends inny be obtained uion payment of an Office Fee of Ton Dollars, subject to I the following conditions as to residence and cultivation : I In the " Mile Belt Reserve," that is, the even^numbercd sections lying within one mile of t'lc Main Line orl Branches of the Canadian I'ucific Railway, iind which are not set ap;ii ' lor town sites or reserves made in connection I with town sites, railway stations, mounted police posts, mining and other special purposes, the hoinesteader shalll begin actual residence upon his homestead within six months of the date of entry, and shall reside upon and mako the land his homo at least six months out of every twelve months for throe years from the date of entry ; and shall, within the first year after the date of his homestead entry, break and prepare for crop ten acres of his home- stead quarter section; and shall, within the second year, c op the said ten acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional; making twenty-five acres; and within the third year after the date of his homestead entry, he shall crop the said twenty-five acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional— so that within three years of the date of his homestead entry, he shall have not less than twenty-tive acres cropped, and fifteen acres additional broken and prepared for crop. Land, other than that included in Mile Rait, Town Site Reserves, and Coal and Mineral Districts, may be homsteaded in either of the three following methods:— 1. The homesteader shall begin actual residence on his homestead and cultivation of a reasonable portion I thereof within six months from date of entry, unless entry shall have been made on or after the 1st day of September, in which case residence need not commence until the tir''t day of June following, and continue to live up()n and cultivate the land for at least six months out of every twelve months for three years from date of homestead entry. 2. The homesteader shall begin actual residence, as above, within a r.idius of two miles of his homestead, and continue to make his home within such radius tor at Ic iJit six months out of every twelve months for the three years next succeeding the date of homestead entry, ard shall, within tiin first year trom date of entry, break I and prepare for crop, ten acres of his homestcnd quarter se('tion ; and shall, within th second year, crof) the sai(l ten acres, and breaK and prepare for crop fifteen aore^4 additional — maki g twenty-five acres; and, within the third year after the dale oi his homestead entry, he shj,d crop the said twenty-live acres and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional, so that within three years of the dale of his homestead entry, he shall have not less than twenty-five acres cropped, and shall have erected on the la.ntituto of timber, may, upon payment of an otri.e fee of fifty I cents, procure from the Crown Timber Agent a permit to cut the following quantities of timber free of dues: 30 | cords of wood, ISJMineal feet of house logs, 20fX) tencora Is and 4i)0 roof rails. In cases whore tlmre is timbered land in the viciniiy, available for the purpose, the homesteail settlor, whose land is without timber, may purchase a wood lot, not exceeding 20 acres in area, at tno price of five dollars per | acre, cas '. L censes to cut timber on lands within surveyed townships may be obtained. The lands covered by such licenses are thereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry, and from sale. The (lover imcnt his set a.siilo certain Coal Districts, which may bu described generally as tke " Cascade or j Rocky Mountain Coal District." where AnthracitoCoal e>!i-'t'',an(l districts on the prairie where bituminous and lignite CO lis are found. Tlie lands will be periodically oft'erecl for sale, by tendei or public auction. An upset price of .ii'iO.lK) per acre cash is placed on the lands within the Cascade District, and on those within the oJier coal districts ,$10.00 per acre cash. . , - For full inlorimtion as to conditions of tender, and sale of timber, coal, or other mineral lands anply to TiiK Skorktary (IF TiiK DuPARTMKNT OF THR INTERIOR, ();tawa. Ontario ; TiiK CoMMissi()N«!R Oh" Dominion Lanos, Winnipeg, Mauitoba ; or to any of th« Dominion Land Agents for Manitoba or the North- West Territories. _ A. 91. BVKCiESS, Dep. Minister of Literior. Ottawa. Canada.