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(lEOT.OGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA G. M. DAWSON, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S, Director. REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY Ob' SOUTH-WEST N0^^\ SCOTIA EMBRACING THE COUNTIES OF QUEEN'S, SHELBURNE, YARMOUTH, DIGBY AND PART OF ANNAPOLIS w I L. W. BAILEY, Ph.D, LL.D., F.R.S.C. i^:^ P0^,^ OTTAWA PRINTED BY S, E. DAWSON, I'RINTER TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT M A.J EST Y 1898 i To Geo. M. Dawson, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director Geological Survey of Canada. Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following Report upon the geology of South-western Nova Scotia, made by myself and succpf v.ive attendants at various times between the years 1891 and 1896. In December, 1893, a report, embodying the results of explorations in the counties of Queen's and Shelburne only, and prepared in accord- ance with the directions of the then Director, Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, was submitted to that gentleman for approval, and was accepted for publi- cation, but owing to the want of funds for printing was held over to await further appropriations. In the meantime, the field-work was extended to include the counties of Yarmouth and Digby, and a second report relating thereto was also submitted. In connection, however with the latter, several important (juestions having arisen requirinj^ further investigation, and appropriation for publication being still in abeyance, it was deemed advisable to further study the points in doubt, at the same time that a preliminary report should be prepared, sum- marizing the more important results which had been definitely ascer- tained. This report, with an accompanying map, forms a portion of Volume VII. of the Annual Reports (New Senes). Still further delay in publication being unavoidable, I was finally directed by yourself, early in 1896, to devote another season to the clearing up, if possible, of all doubtful points, and to prepare a report in which the substance of both the previously written reports might be condensed. In con- nection with this object it has been found necessary to extend the field of observation so as to include a considerable portion of Annapolis county, especially in the vicinity of Annapolis Basin. The results of the observations thus made, together with those previously attained, form the substance of the present Report. During a portion of the sea- on of 1890 I was assisted by Mr. J. W. Bailey, in 1891 by Mr. Lee .-t,eet, in 1892 and 1893 by Mr. W. H. Brest, and in 1896 by 3Ir. Roy '^m Wart. While each of these gentlemen cheerfully rendered all tli(,' assistance in his power, the services of Mr. Prest were especially valuable ; his previous training as a prospector, his knowledge of geology in general, and of the Cam- brian .system of Nova Scotia in particular, together with his skill as a draughtsman and surveyor, to say nothing of his enthusiasm and power of endurance, all combining to make his work thorough and effective. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, L. AV. BAILEY. A ^\ Note.— 'llie hearings given throughout this report are referred to (lie true meridian %mless otherrvise specially staled. ^ f REPORT UN IIIK GEOLOGY OF SOUTHWEST IN OVA SCOTIA ■ , t\ EMURACIN(i TIIK - 'it COUNTIES OF QUEENS, SHELBURNE, YARMOUTH, DIUBY AND FART OF ANXAi'OLIS BT L. W. BAILEY, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C. ■1? The re^iion to which this report rohito.s, exclusi e of Annapolis Ana to lie county, embraces 3370 square miles, being distributed as follows : — Queen's county, 1005 square miles; Shelburne, 948 square miles; Yarmouth, 730 scpiare miles, and Digby, 1021 square miles. The portion of Annapolis considered would be about one-third of its extent, or about 327 sijuare miles. Tiiese counties collectively constitute what are commonly known as the "Western Counties,' and are so disposed as nearly to meet at a common point, whence they spnad like a fan, to terminate, in every direction but one, upon the coast. As usual in Nova Scotia, the coast-lines of the region in review are broken and indented, but, if we except St. Mary's Bay and Anna- polis Basin, much more broken upon the southern than upon the northern side. As a result of the facilities thus aflorded for the prosecution of maritime pursuits, the coast region is almost everywhere I >istribiition thickly populated, while it also includes the city of Yarmouth, as well as the considerable towns of Liverpool, ShelV>urne, Lockeport, Ban ing- ton, Maitland and Weymouth, besides Digby, Bear River, Clementsport and Annapolis. Portions of the interior also, especially along the principal rivers, the Liverpool, Port Medway, Roseway, Tusket and Sissaboo, are the seato of thriving settlements ; but few of these are more than ten or fifteen miles distant from the coast, while further in- land are extensive tracts which are not only unsettled, but of such a character as seeniingly to be unfit for settlement. ^\ -Jii *■) M NOVA SCOTIA. PreviouB publications. Grimps of rocks. Prior to 1895, the only publications rofcning to fcliis region, so far a.s known to the writer, wen* the "Acadian (ieology '' of Sir J. W. Dawson, in its several editions and appendices, a report of Dr. A. 11. C. Selwyn upon thr (Jold-hearing Uocks of the .Southern Coast (1S71), and references by Dr. Iloneynian, Prof. II. Y. Hind and othtrs in various i)eri(.dicais. The observations of these writers were, however, confined to very limited areas, with but few references to any portion of the district other than that forming the immediate .seaboard. The preliminary rejjort referred loiiithe letter cf transmittal of the present llepoit, with the maps accompanying these reports, are, it is believed, the first attempt, based upon personal and systematic surveys, at the representation of the geology of the entire district. It is but right to add that even these surveys have not been as yet of an instrumental character, the great tracts occupied by unproductive rocks, such as granite, together with the rugged and unsettled character of the region, with a multitude of small lakes and streams, having been thought to involve, for their minute delineation, such an expenditure of time and money as would be unwarranted at present by any return likely to accrue therefrom. iiegarded geologically, the district under review embraces the fol- lowing groups of rocks : — 1. Granite. 2. Quartzites and slate.s, resembling the (juartzites and slates of Halifax and Lunenburg counties, like them auriferous, and believed to be of Cambrian age, but without ascertained fossils. 3. Micaceous, hornblendic and staurolitic strata, sr.pposed to be the metamorphic equivalents of the Cambrian rocks. 4. Fossiliferous slates and iron ores, of Oriskany or Eo-Devonian age. 5. Red sandstones of Post — Carboniferous age — Triassic ? 6. Trap (dolerite, amygdaloid, etc.), associated with No. 5. Physical Features and Surface Deposits. Surface geology. The consideration of these different groups of rocks may be advantageously prefaced by some remarks upon the physical features and surface deposits of the region in which they occur. The study of the superficial geology of the latter not having been a primar}' object of exploration, no attempt has been made to present this with any t ■AILIV. PHYSICAL FEAIUKKS AND HUUFACK DKl'OSITH. / M ? Ar.-iil iliviHioiiH, degree of fulne.ss, or to solve the numerous und interesting jJrohleniH connecti'il therewith. ^s being, however, the hist chapter in the geological history of the region, und intimately connected with the development of its mineral and other resources, the features of the surface well deserve some measure of attention. It is therefore pro- posed to notice hero, ihough somewhut lt)rietly, such facts reiatiiig to this subject as have incidentally been brought under observation. For the purpose under consideration, .south-western Nova Scotia may be conveniently divided into the following areas, thj contrabts between which will, in the seijuei, be shown to be intimately connected witli corresponding differences of geological age and structure : — 1. The central granite axis. '2. The .southern coast. .'?. The southern interior. 4. Yarmouth county. 5. The region south of St. Mary's Bay. 6. Digby Neck, with Long and Briar Islands. 7. The Kouth side of Annapolis Basin, Digby to Middleton. 8. The Annapoli.s Valley. J. The Central Granitu Axis. — The area referred to under this designati m is but a part of that great mass of granitic rock which |\,>(itioii of traverses so large a port' n of the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and is k'ra»it<' ;.ri'ii the most important eleOijnt in its physical structure. Details as to its position and liuiits are given in later pages of this report. Though described as central, it is only so through a part of its course, approaching in fact, in Annapolis county, the waters of xVnnapolis Basin, while ca the other hand, in Shelburne county, it curves south- ward to reach the southern coast ; and yet central, inasmuch as it forms the divide between the rivers which flow directly or indirectly into the Bay of Fundy, and those which drain into the Atlantic. That portion of it which occurs in Annapolis county is known as the South Jlountains, while in Digby and Yarmouth counties an import- ant diverging spur has received the appellation of the Blue Alountains. The physiography of the above and of other smaller granitic areas Pliysica. indicated on the map, is well marked. For agricultural purposes they ''*'^"'"^*- are well-nigh worthless, and it is interesting to notice with what suddenness and completeness settlements disappear when from any k H M NOVA SCOTIA. Character m coast-liiu-. Settlciiiciits liulciitiitioii: .side a close appioacli is made to tlie fjiaiiilc. This is at once seen to be due to two causes ; the first being the thinness or complete absence of soil, often exposing broad, bare surfaces of rock, and the secontl, tlie abundance of iminenao l)oul(lers. <)ver large areas, especi- ally over the JMue Mountains, then- is little veg(ftation except that of low shrui)s, relievi'd now and then by strips of wild meadow, but there can Ijc little doubt that the whole country was once abundantly forest- clad, its (lei)letion being the result of oft-repeated forest fires. Some portions of these forests still nuiiain, especially in Annap(jlis county, about the head waters of thcs Sissaboo in Digby county, and at the sources of the Tuskft in Yarmouth county, and these supply consider- able (juantities of valuable timber. Herries also arc abundiint and nowhere excelled for size or ilavour. The general elevation of this region is about GOO feet. Over its surface are inniimer'able lakes, usually well stocked with tish, and the .source of the numerous streams, large and small, which flow from it on every side. ,.' 77(6 Snitllu'rn Coaxt. — The fnvst feature to attract attention in this district is the iri'egulaiity of the coast-line. Like that of ihe entire S9utliei'ii seaboard of the province, it is especially characterized by the occurrence of numerous long, narrow indentations, separating corresponding long, narrow tongues of land. Through this peculiarity the actu.il length of the coast-line is almost (piadruphHl, as compared with the shortest distance between its extreme limits. When to this is adilcd the occurrence of numei'ous islands of all dimensions, the facilities otlered for the residence of a maritime population and for the pro-ecution of its appi'opriate industries, fishing and ship-building, will be at once understood, and have been thoroughly utilized, the whole shore being continuously and often thicklj' settled, although from the paucity or sterility of the soil, few harve; ts are to be gathered., othei' than those of the sea. The indentations referred to vary in length from two miles or less to seven miles, and in breadth from half a mile to three or four miles their sides being in most instances approximately parallel, though occasionally widening outward into bay-like forms. In the latter case they are usually divided by more or less considerable islands, into two or more main channels, A more important feature, as bearing upon their origin, is that of their close parallelism with each other and their general conformity to a north-west and south-east trend, at right angles or nearly so, to the general trend of the coast, as also to that of the peninsula as a whole, and to the strike of the rock formations which traverse it. Comparing the median lines of the principal harbours, — \ ll •AHIV. J PIIVSICAI. KI'.ATfHKS .\M> SIJIIK.U'E DKI'OSITH. 9 M those of Port Medwuy, Liverpool, Port Mouton, Port .lc)lic, Port L'llfbi It, S;il)l(' Itiver, Puii;<,'cn the other luind, the general absence of anything in the iKiturc? of raised beaches, or of clays containing marine organisms, would seem to indicate that tlie moulding of the surface and the distribution of its glacial deposits has Ijeen but little affected by the action either of marine currents or of floating ice. It may be added that the great (;xtent of the dunes or I sand-hills which occur at various jxtints along the coast, and wiiich, iHiiuigc. as the Port 2>ledway, the Liverpool, the Jordan, tie Rosevvay and the Clyde, it may first be noticed that they all conform <|uit»' nearly to northerly or north-westerly trends, and exhibit for long distances the parallelism already noticed in th'i case of the harliours into which they sevendly discharge. At the same time, in the c(mrse of their descent, they eitiier expand at intervals into more or less considerable lakes, or f.ukts. are direct!}' connected with groups of the latter occupying transverse depressions. This is well seen in the case of the Port Meuway l\iver, which rises in Annapolis county among the granite hills and exj)ands in northern Queens county int(t Ponhook Lake, parallel with which and separated only by a narrow I'idge, is the still larger sheet of water known as ^.lolega Lake. Similarly, the Liverpool River, also starting from the granite hills of the South Mountains, and at a point not far removed from Annapolis Basin, traverses tiie several basins of Liver- pool Like, Fairy Lake a,nd Lake Rossignol ; while the same featuie, though less conspicuously, is seen both on the Jordan and Roseway rivers. On the other hand, b"tween Lakes Rossignol and Poidiook, we have the chain of the Chi'istopher Lakes, at least fourteen in num- ^1 f 12 M NOVA SCOTIA. bf'i", marking the existence of an east and west trough, while similar depressions are indicated in the cases both of the Tobeatic and the Fairy lakes. As a result of this disposition of the surface waters, easy access is given by canoe to extensive tracts, including a ready passage, with only short portages, from the Port Medway waters to those of the Liverpool River, or from the latter to those of the Jordan. The total number of lakes included in Queen's and Shelburne counties alone is not less than one hundred.while in Annapolis, Yarmouth and Digby they are even more abundant. In the majority of instances examined, their existence and character are found to be directly con- nected with the distribution of the drift, and due eithei to the damming up of their natural outlets or to their division into more or less numerous basins. As might be expected under the circumstances, the lakes are generally quite shallow, with low and irregular shores, and their surfaces are dotted with lunnerous islands, the latter not infrequently consisting of mere pilrs of boulders. The abundance of these islands tends to introduce diversity into tlie aspect of the Nova Scotia lakes, but these, as seen in the counties under review, are cer- tainly not to be compared in scenic beauty with those of the interior of New Brunswick and Quebec. xVt tlie same time, though well Fish. stocked wiih Ksh, they are oidy available to the angler in the spring and fall, the comparative absence of cold springs and of mountain brooks, and the consequent warmth of the water during tiie summer months, making iishing at that season very unsatisfactory. In connection with the subject of drainage, it may be worth while to note that the valleys occupied by the main streams in the section under review are, like the basins of the lakes, comparatively shallow, and but rarely exhibit distinct terraces along theii- baidcs. If the superficial deposits to which reference has been made be more closely examined, they will ])e found, like those oi the coast, to include boulders, gravel, sand and clay, variously intermixed. Bould- BmildciN. ers are especially abundant along the course of the " whin " or tjuai'tzite belts or in the vicinity of granite, and they are often so heaped together as to make travelling over the surface well-nigh impossible. The hills overlooking Tupper Lake in Queen's county, fn)in its north- eastern side, are esjiecially remarkable for the number and size of the granite boulders ms of ;lie Xortli ^[(jiintain range, skirting the Bay of Fundy, have been observid upon the shores of l^ueen's and Lunenburg counties. +For further discussion of this lunl related topics see article by W. H. Prest in Proceedings of Nova Scotia Institute of Science, vol. IX, Part IT. Distance of tra\el. Kames or hovse-liac.'ks ^: 14 M NOVA SCOTIA. occurrence and large size of the peat bogs and barrens. These are Peat bogs. most abundant near the coast, but are found in all parts of the district and are evidently the results of its imperfect drainage. In the cp.se of true peat bogs the surface is nearly a dead level, and probably marks the site of a former lake ; but many barren tracts are more or less undulating or broken, and the sterility is largely the effect of forest fires. From the two causes combined, probably two-thirds of the entire area embraced in the counties under consideration has become wholly un(it for settlement. (I row til of |(('iit bogs. Tubiiici rcj'idii. From the examination of the numerous peat bogs in the interior of Queen's county, it would seem probable that these originated in very shallow lalces, in which the first stage wa:i mud banks and water plants, the second meadows with cranberries and moss, the third swamps with peat-moss, whieli increased its growth until the central part of the bog became frefjuently two to ten feet higher than the edges. Lakd Lying between the region last described and that next to be noticed is what may be termed the Pibhnico Lake Region. This is properly an extension of the central ranite axis, which here bends southwards to the coast, but by its j)Osition becomes coimecied with the tracts above reviewed, and to a large extent shares their character. Lying between the Clyde and Pnbnico rivers, and on either side of the line between Shelburne and Yarmouth counties, the district is everywhei-e extremely rough and rocky, and except for small quan- tities of timber and slight mineral indications, would be almost utterly valueless. Tiirib-r. The principal timber region is near the middle of the tract, its existence being probably owing to its inaccessibility. Hemlock is the most abundant wood. Then comes spruce, with a small tract of pine between Wagner, Clearwater and Stony Creek lakes. The rest of the forest consists of scrub spruce, larch, wliite birch and white m;iple, with occasionally oak, poplar and fir. White birch, especially, is \ ery W:itcr-ciims(s abundant. Through these fore- ts run sluggish brooks, the sources of Barren Lake Stream, Barrington River and .Medoshak Biook. There are several shallow and rocky lakes, the largest of which are Pubnico (7 milrs). Great Barren (-1: miles), Medoshak (3 miles), and Wagner and Hepsamateejek (each 'Ih miles long). Another feature of the district is the presence of large tracts of interminable thicket, com- Shrubs. posed of interlaced alder, scrub spruce, white birch and laurel {Kalmia), with other small bushes. This is a second growth, occupying land once covered with heavy timber, of wliich dead and fallen trunks are lying ■] PHYSICAL FEATURES AND SLUFACE DEPOSITS. 15 M in every direction, making the growing brush ahnost impenetrable. The agricultural capabilities demand no description, as the surface is nothing but a mass of disintegrated boulders, with here and there a peat bog or swamp. Yarmouth County. — As in the case of Queen's and Shelburne counties, a review of the physiography of this county necessitates a separate consideration of the coast and the interior. As regards the coast, no more remarkable illustration of the Fiatures of effects of glacial action in modifying ocean contours could well be found. From Pubnico to Yarmouth Harbour the shore is wonderfully broken and ragu'ed, presenting a continuous succession of bays and inlets, off or among which the divt-rsity is further enhanced by a multitude ot islands of every size and form. These islands are rarely rocky, but usually rounded and drift-covered, their wooded surfaces, contrasted with the diu-k blue of the intervening sea, producing scenery which is at once v;i,ried, strikii.g and pictureS(iuo. North of Sci'iu-iy. Yarmouth Harbour this irregularity becomes less marked, while the shores become at the same time much bolder, though less bold than are those of Digby county, to bo noticed presently. The interior of Yarmouth county, exclusive of the Blue Mountains 'I'lisktt \;ill.y. and the Pubnico Lake region, both of which have been already noticed, is largely coincident with the valley of the Tusket. The length of the main Tusket, including its windings, is about 4.') miles. About three miles and a half or four miles from its month it divides into two branches, called by the people the Carleton and Kempt, rivers. The Kempt or eastern branch is slightly the longest, and obtains the credit of being the main river. There are ten or twelve tributaries, Triliut;iri\cr'Ji siju.ii'o mil.- ill exieiit, ami overlies a gram. wide belt of lianl blue quart/ite. This district, contains coiisMerahle woods in its western and northern ''i'^tiilmtidii parts, the tree.s Ixung the same species as those of the sections abo\i' mentioned. To the north-east the pine heconie,s a little more abun- dant, and to the east of Moo.se Lake Brook, a tributary «jf the Tusket> a strip of fine timber is reserved by the owners. It is apparently one of the best pieces of timber land in the province. ()ccasioii;d gigantic oaks are found scattered over the barrens in the extrem • north-east of the district, where young trees of the same species are rare. This leads to the belief that the large trees are the remains of a once prevailing oak forest. Two or thi-ee species of maple are seen, but neither nnple, beech nor birch grows to as large a siw here as in the eastern and central counties. Black ash is very lai'ge and plentiful, and it and the swamp maple are the prevailing trr-es on the intervale, as the birch and beech are on the uplands. Parallel with the valley of the Tusket, from which it is distant abo\a six miles, is that occupied in pact by Yarmouth harbour and in pai c VMinoutli by the chain of connected lakes which discharge their superilnous waters ->'<''^- into this harbour. Tn the immediate neighbourhood of this chain m watei's, the protrusion of hard hoi'nblendic rocks gives to the surface ;i somewhat rugged character, but not suHiciiitly so to prevent sucoe.ssfiii farming, while the flourishing villages of Hebron and Ohio on the lin'.' of the Dominion Atlantic Railway, sulHciently attest the general capacity of the region. In adciition tc the Yarmouth and lb'l)rr]n lakes, others farther east are Lake George, thr^e and a half miles Icjug, Brazil Lake and Lake Anni.s, all noted for their ([uiet beauty. In- numerable sea gulls frequent the larger of these lakes. J. Ri'i/'ion south of St. Mari/ti Bay. — This region embraces that per- a,;..,. tion of Digby county which lies l)etween the southern shore of St. Mary's Bay and the granite liills of the interior, being about fifty miles in length, wi'.U a breadlh of about fifteen miles at its western ext reinity, but narrowing eastward to about eight miles. The coastal features of the district are, in its westerly half, from Port '"'".istal Maitland to Meteghan, remarkable for their boldness, the shores being almost continuously fronted by precipitous bluflPs facing directly the waves of the Atlantic ; but to the eastward of the last-named point, where they form the southern shore of St. Mary's Bay, these beconn' much less prominent. On either side of the indentation of Cape Cove 18 M NOVA SCOTIA. I'rocipitoiiH shori'H. Si.ils. Stunted HlU'uues. Interior. Sissaboo valley. and especially at St. Mary's light and thence nearly to Meteghan, the .shore i.s .simply a succ( .s.sion of precipitous hlr.ffs, attaining in places a heiuiit of nearly 200 feet. Owing to the nature of the roek, consisting of highly inclined slates, for the most part turned edge-on to the .•^ea, the action of the latter has been to carve them out into all sorts of irregu- lar and sometimes fantastic forms, columns resembling chimneys and detached from the cliil', or caves hidden by the sea at high tide, being coinnK)n features At but few points is it possible to descend with safety the almost perpendicular and slippei'y gulches, and after the descent is made, there is always a possibility of being cut oiF from a return by the rapidly rising tid". In .some places the cliff? overhang to such an extent that the water dro})s from their tops far out on the beach. Even with a boat, except in periods of unusual calm, the exploration of this coast is difficult and dangerous. The nature of the soil in this region depends, as usual, ujjon its geo- logical structure. Where quartzites prevail, as along much of the St. Mary's Bay shore, it possesses but little depth oris very ston)', and this portion has be(Mi for the most [)art cleared of all its \aluable wood. What remains is either a second growth of fir or larcii, or the scrub spruce, which usually covers wt "• or untilhible lands. This spruce seems to be the same species as the larger variety used for lumber, but in exposed situations upon precipitous, shores it Ijccomes stuntefl and flat topped, with the branches turned inhunl. Some thickets consist of nothing but wooden pillars crowned with a dense and flat green mass of limbs and twigs, beneath which it is impossible to creep. Near the edge of the clifFs these spruces ai-e often so stunted and compressed by the force of the gales that some of them have the appearance of low green mossy mounds. Another peculiarity of this coast is the abun- dance of orchids, especially over and in the vicinity of peat bogs. The most common .species is the white-fringed orchis i^IIah-'tiarin hhphari- gloiis, Hook) but the purple-fringed orchis (//. psycodcs, Gray) is also very common. Another plant very abundiint upon the coast and found nowhere in Nova Scoti i except in Yarmoutii and southern Digby counties, is the skunk cabbage (^Symplocarpnn ftididn s). The interior ot Digb}'^ county, exclusive of the granite, is in general features similar to that of northern Yarmouth, the uni'ierlying rocks and general conditions being the same. It is drained by the Salmon River, the Meteghan and the Sissaboo or Weymouth River, as well as by the head-waters of the Tusket. Of these the .Sissaboo is much the most important, the main branch with its windings being probably thirty -five miles long. In the upper part of its course it runs through '] PHYSICAL FKATURES AND SUUFACK DKPOHITS. 19 M a lough country, containing numerous lakes, but lower down to the south and west is a fine wooded rolling country, which has been covered with drift to a considerable depth, and which post-glacial erosion has carved into high rounded hills. The ((uality of the soil in this section Fertility. is indicated by the well wooded condition of the country and by the rankness of the weeds and undergrowth, while wherever farms have been cleared, the strong growth of the uuxed crops shows its pro- ductiveness. On the south side of the Sissaboo above Weymouth, is a large tract of gravelly and sandy land that seems to owe its oiigin to the erosion of a local outcrop of granite, or to a local deviation in the direction of glacial traiispoi'tation. The nearest source of the gi'anitic dt'ljris seen here, is about four miles and a half uth-east or wix miles east-nurth- east. A considerable quantity of valuable timber, spruce and pine, is still Timhfr Uwln. held by speculators and lumbermen in the south and southeast part of the lower Sissaboo valley. A fine tract of spruce, with scattering pine, stretches from lliversdale in .a southerly direction to the head-waters of the Western Tusket. Great ((uantities of line hendock are also to be found in the same region as well as along the banks of the Sissaboo, and from that south-east towania the north-eastern tributaries of the Tusicet.* Tl)is is probably the best tract of timber to be found in the western part of the province. Pine is very .scarce, and spruce is almost tli(^ 'inly tree used by the lumbermen. This also is lessening at a rapid rate, and it will not be long before the now despised iiemlock and fir will be the principal resource. Hemlock exceeds many times in quantity tlio combined spruce and pine, and in some parts of this region yiows to a huge size. Between the Sissaboo or Weymouth River and Annapolis Basin, alioul Tnict hctwocn Digby, the land is as a rule more elevated than to the westward of the !,,|^i''|)i,ri,v. first named stream, and as a whole less inviting. Much of it has the character of a gently undulating elevated plateau, but near the town of Digby it becomes broken up into a number of separate hills, separ- ated by trough-like valleys. The soil is in many places a sandy loam, in some parts fertile .md especiall\- adapted to the culture A fruit, but more commonly coarse and gravelly, while over large tracts the abun. dance of scattered stones, or imperfect drainage, determining swamps and ponds, render it nearly or quite unfit for cultivation. The larger *Thfse aii(i the other notes given as to tliu nature and distribution of timber are largely based on observations of W. H. Pnist. ^ 20 M NOVA SCOTIA. Sh<.r.-of St. Mary's I'.iiy. })ait of tin; disLrict lias I )een deforested, hut /^tovcs of spruct' and hircli are met with here and there, while over the more barren tracts the vegetation is moHtly confined to alders and ericaceous shrnbH. Along the shore of St. ]\Iary's I?ay, where the possibility of fishinj,' partly makes up for the want of productiveness in tlu^ land, tin- district is somewhat thickly pupulatcd, and there arc also many l;oi(1 farms along tiie slaty Ijelt extending south-N\estward from J(jrdantown ; but between tliese two the country, being underlain with quart/itcs, is for the moHt part uninteresting and unproductive. Annnpol'iH Valhy. — The portion of this valley coming under review in the present connection is that which is included in Annapolis county, extending from the head of the basin of the same nan e to and n little beyond Middlcton. Only portions of it have l)een subjected to critical examination, but its features would seem to be very uniform throuL'hout. Kiiiiii (if An- In a general way the sides of the valley exhibit distinct parallelism, )l;lllillls \ililiV. , . . I XT 1 11 1 1 I 1 -1 r ■ the one constituting the JNortli and the other the South Mountain range, but both exhibit in detail many irregularities, in the form of projecting spurs or re-entering valleys. The moment, howe\er, that the true bottom of the main ilepression is reached, this is found to vary but little from horizontality and to be sharply contrasted with its bounding ridg(>s. Tt is rarely the case that any rocks 'm xiIk ai'e dis- Soils. closed, and except near the hills there ai'c but few boulders. The soil is often sandy, especially in tlie neighbourliood of Middleton, but con- siderable tracts are also underlaid by clay, which is lai'gely used in the manufacture of bricks. Both kinds of soil are remarkable for their exceeding fertility, and especially for their adaptability fof fruit growing, the vast orchards of apples, as well as the Aigorous growth of all kinds of crop.s, fully ju.stifying the appellation of the "garden Feitility. of Nova Scotia '" by this which and the region continuing it to the east-ward, is commonly known. iJruiiiiigi'. Through that portion of the \alley included in this Report, and mostly near its centre, runs the Ann-ipolis River, receiving various tributaries, such as Torbrook, ihe Nictau and the Laquille ; while directly into Annapolis Basin How the more considerable streams of Moose Ri\er and Bear River. From above 31iddletoii to Lawrence- town the Annapolis River is fresh, but beyond that point is affected by the tide, and prevented from overflowing its banks by artificial dykes. It is probal>le that the whole region has been, in post-glacial times, an arm of the sea, as attested by the fact that the brick clays Former siih niergfiiue. tAlltV, 1 IMIVHirAr. FEATURKH AND SUIIFAPK DKI'OSITH. -M M of Middlf'ton citiitJiin layers tilled willi inarino shells, t()i,'ether with remains ot' .star Ishes (Ophiopho/ix}. l'rui),il)ly im purtidii (if die l)e(l of the valley wostwanl ot' .Nfiddloton is even now moro than thirty feet tvbove tide-lovel. [ii this ooiinuction .some refemce may be propeily made to the r.stliiuut isthimis sepatatiti;,' Atiiuip'ilis I'asiri from St. Mary'.s iSay, at one time „'„|„,li,, lUsin n<» doulit its direct continuation, b'nitini; i)ij,djy Xeek with the main i'li'l-"^'. .M»i.v'« hind, this i.sthnuis has n. l)readLh of from throe to four miles, with a lenj^tii, from hay to l)ay, of alxint six miles. Its elevation, on the eastern side, or near !)ij,'by, is considerably greater than that of the Annapolis valley pro[)er, and it is also murh move irrei,'ular, the ,i,'en- eral level, as tni liac(pjet ilill, where it i.s erosseil by the conduit pipes of the l)ii,'by water-works, bein<,' 175 ftet, but to the westward the l'Ii\:itii>n. land slopes gradually away, until at the head of St. .^bl^y's May it becomes continuous with extensive tidal flats. "^^;t here, too, ;u. e.\- ception is found to the so-called "se.iwall," six miles from the town of l)i;j;lj}', wher(> tht; shore, for hidf a mile or more, pres«;nts a .series of perpendicular Ijlutl's, one hundred feet or more in height. The soils of this isthmus are similar to those of the Annapolis .Snils, valley, being usually saixiy, but capable, when properly tilled, of atlbrding an abundant harvest. At the herid of St. Mary's 15ay, on the fai'm of Waller Nichols, is a niaisli beneath which is a bed of soft blade mud, tl\e feet in thi< kness, and having at its ba.se a bed of oyster shells. Jleneath this again is a layer containing leaves, which are probably of birch or Ijeecli. It is Evidi ncc- df now forty or hlty years since oysters liave lived m St. .Mary s l>ay, and their occurrence here in a fossil state is one of several instances mark- ing not only a forinci depression of this part of Nova Scotia, but som«'what ditferent climatic conditions in its coast waters. The sea is again making inroads on the marsh referred to, indicating a second depre.ssion. The Soutli. Moantains. — This designatioil properly includes the great cenoral granitic axis of the Nova Scotian peninsula already described, but with reference to the Annapolis valley and for the purpose of this report is restricted to the belt of high land which, as opposed to the North ^Mountains, overlooks the s.aid valley from its .southern side. At several points and for considerable distances, as between Clements- Nortluin port and Annapolis, and again about Round Hill, Paradise and "Williamston, the granite itself borders or sends spurs into the valley ; K 22 M NOVA HCOTIA. but oLsewhoro Uie hills fonsi.«st to a lingo t-xtcnt of NltiteN Jind ftHHOcidtt'd (|uar(/it«M, d«terniiniiig <|uit« a diffon^iit pliysioj^raphy. Eli'vation. In ;;cneral the rise from the valley to tlui hills is abrupt and not unfi'*'qu(Mitly Htecp, tho ni'an elevation attained beinj,' proi)al)ly l)('t\v(M'n four and five hundi'cd feet, 'i'lio stuepi-st slopes as well as the luL^at^st elevations ar(! soutli of Lawrt^ncetown, and a^^ain south of the Torbrook, where in te study has been mad(! of the por- tion of the r.mge westward of the (lUt than that to the eastward of it, tho following descriptions an- for the most part confiiu:d thereto. Diphv Neck. Digl)y Neck, together with tho extension in tlie islands named, is undoubtedly the most rem.rkable tract in the distiicl to which this report relates, presenting uhusual features alike in its contour, its relief, its clirnatal conditions and its botanical characteristics. Fonii, Connected with the mainland by tiie narrow and relatively low isthmus, already described, at the head of Sc. Mary's Bay, it exiends south-westerly in the form of a long, narrow but prominent ridge, separating the waters of that bay from those of the Bay of Fundy, the total length from the Gut to th!! Petite Pp'-sage being neaily thirty Dimensions, miles, to which Long and Briar islands would add about fourteen miles more. Excepting the isthmus i-eferred to and a few minor in- dentations, tht! northern and southern shores of the entire tract are very nearly straight, and trend about north-east. They are also ParalltUisni of es.sentially parallel, the distance separating them varying but little from two miles, though, in relation to the Neck, Long Island as a M U m •J < Cd -J y. y. •AlllY.j whole Briai thou] the almo high sent chai ridg Gov Pah in i the cai rec Pe gf o\ as fr Ci S' BAILIV. PHtSICAL FEATURES AND SURFACE DEPOSITS. 23 M whole stands a little farther to the north tha.i the former, .md Briar Island again a little to the north of Lons^ Island, as though each had been pushed slightly out of place with reference to the other. Tlie two shcn'es are also much alike in character, being almost continuously rocky, but the south shore is in general both higher and bolder than that upon the north. Both shores again pre- sent numerous views of coastal scenery of reiiiarkahlv picturesque tJoas^tal . scenery. character. This feature is familiar to travellers as seen in the high ridges overlooking Digljy Gut, and is again exhibited about Gulliver's Cove, but becomes much more striking in the vicinity of the Petite Passage and along the southern sides of Long and Briar islands, where, in addition to the generally high and abrupt character ■ f the shore, the columnar and castellated structure of the rocks and their irregular carving by th ? action of the sea, produce scenery which in some degree recalls that of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. In the case of the Petite Pass ige, tiie effect is greatly heightened by the large aize and Petite Passage grotes(iue aspect of the boulders perched upon the summit of the bluffs overlooking the pictures(iue little village of Tiverton, as well as l)y the .aspect of tlie powerful tides which sweep through this passage to and Tidal How. fro, as througli a sluice, and with such rapidity and strength as to cause, when opposefl by tlie winds, tumultuous seas and whirlpools such as can only be safely traversed with the aid of steam. In the csL-ie of Digby Neck proper, a noticeable feature in its t()po- graphy is tlu'. occurrence, at a number of points, of indentations breaking tor short distances the continuity of the shore. The "coves'" "Coves." thus produced are of the highest importance to the occupants oi the peninsula, as afibrding the only avaihible means of ready access from the high land to the shore, as well as the onl}' harbours of refuge from the perils of the sea. They are at once more numerous and of larger size upon the southern than upon the northern coast, the most inipor. tant being Handy Cove, Mink Cove and .jittle River, all of which are the seats of thriving settlements. Even when no marked break occurs in the coast-line, the contour lines of the main riflge show numerous indentations. A section or profile of almost any part of Digby Neck wouM show Relief, its surface to be not less peculiar than its c(jntour. One sucli natural section is afforded by Digby Gut and another by Petite Passage : but the best of all is that of the similar though less deep trough at Sandy Cove. At Digby Gut the abrupt ascent of the land from the water level is well exhibited, as is also the fact that the Neck is but the westward prolongation of the ridge which, to the eastward of the Gut, constitutes 24 M NOVA SCOTIA. Cove. tlie so-called North Mountains, extending to Bloniidon and Minas Vifiw at Sandy l>asin ; but at 8andy Cove the whole structure of the peninsula is admirably revealed. As viewed to the westward from the high and jirecipitous blulF which overlooks the depression in questio?i, the surface I if the land, as far as the eye can reach, reveals a series of proininont ridges so arranged as to resemble in appearance successive step«, or ■ I seriMted outline, in which the successive sheets of rock slope grad- ■lally to t])e northward at angles of b" or 6", while in the opjiosite lirection they terminate ain-uptly in steep hills or mural fronts. One result of this structure is the zoning of the peninsula with approx- imately parallel belts of prominent ridges, often bare of vegetation, s'.'parated by intervening depressions in which the soils ai'e deeper and which are the principal sr'atsof cultivation. Another result is seen in the direction and character of the drainage, the troughs referred to being in some instances occupied by meadows or long narrow lakes ; while still another result is the rising of the land on the northern or Bay of Fundy side by a gentle shjpe from a comjiaratively low shore to the point of maximum elevation (about 'loO tV'et), while upon the S(3uthern the ascent is much more abrupt, even the highest hills here I'ising directly or evtn perpendicularly from the sea-level. Featiu'cs of reli.'f. Drain Contrast or gray slates, often studded with cubes of pyrites, and very rusty-weathering. The above divisions are those of a region conipMratively little altered, such as the interior of Queen's count)' a.id the neighbourhood of Digby. Where the metamorphism is more <^\treme, as through the whole of Shelburne anil much of Yarmouth, tlie strata present a somewhat different aspect. The two main divisions are still usually recognizable, but the minor difference!- disappear or show th.emselves only in other forms ; the cpiartzites l)ecominu', through an increase iti the amount of mica, a sort of tine-grained gneiss, while the ai-gillites V)ecome mica- schists, marked over large areas by the abundance of staiu'olite, andalusite and garnet devc^loped in them. Finally, along certain well defined belts, as in the centre of Yarmouth county, the beds become very hornblendic as wi-il as chloritic, assuming at the same time some- thing of the character of conglomerates, a feature elsewhere of very rare occurrence. In most instances the deg' 3 of metamorphism is in direct relation to the occurrence of masses of intrusive granite. Throughout the district under consideration, the strata above described have been affected, in common with those of similar character 1 1» m •J CAMHIilAN 8Y8TKM. •J 9 M in otluii- parts of Nova .Scotia, hy tlu; groat .sorios of cailli movemonts wliicii from time to time have iiitlueiiced the rock formations along the wliole eastern coast of America. As the result of pressure, coming in all prol)ability from the direction of th(> Atlantic, the strata have been thrown into a sei'ies of more or less numerous folds, the prev;dent directiorx of which is north 4") east, or a[)pro.\imately p.iralii-l to that of the coast, but with evidence also of other and probably later move- ments whose direction has been transverse or obli(|ue to the former. Under the combined inllueiice of the tw(; pressures thus exerted, tli" whole di trict oicupi(>d by the Cambrian rocks has been made to pr"- .sent the appearance of an extensively warped oi- wrinkled -nrface, tb'' irregular denudation of which luis left tiie harder rocks, chielly thof-e of the quartzite group, to form a series of domes or ridges, usually anticlinal in structure, aiound which are ensvrapped the remains of tli ■ higher and less resisting slaty bods. In general the-e ridges are ellij) tical or ovoid in outline, but .some are greatly elongated, while other- again are so greatly contnieted as to present a form wliicli is nearly circular. Along the a.xes of the folds the dips arc usually high, am' regular for considerable distances, but in approaching the intervenin'. synclines the dips r.ipidly become less, and the strata either apjjroa'.b horizontality or become the subject of innumerable and complex ndiior tiexures. Evidences of faulting are also not uncommon, though iv) dislocations of great magnitude have as yet been recngnized. From their importance in connection with the subject of gold-mining, much time has been devoted to the working out of the position an ! relations of the various anticlinal folds just noticed and to their correct delineation. bnlll Minor I'nults ^ As will appear by reference to the map accompanying this Report, the anticlinal domes of Queen's county tend to group themselves aloiiL', three or perhaps four nearly parallel zones, in eacli of which "whin 'Aown, or (juartzite is the prevailing rock, while the intervals are in most instances strongly marked by the occuirence of the black pyritous slates of Division III. of tlie system. In Shelburne these upper dark and siaty beds appear to be wanting, except at a single locality near its eastern boundary, but reappear to some extent in Yarmouth, and are again conspicuous in Digby. In the following descriptions the quartzite division is firs! considered, and later the slate divisions of the Cambrian system, in the four coun- ties under review, in the order above alluded to. '^f 30 M NOVA SCOTIA. I. Queen's County. DIVISION I, QUARTZITE DIVISION. in til II n SI on IS. Quartzite and Green Ulate Groupa, 1, Central or Molcya- Roasiynnl Bell.— 'Vh'iH Ijelt strt'tches east and west arros.s the width of t^ueen's county, extending in one direc- tion into the county of Lunenburg, iind in the other into tliat of liiinits. Shelhurnc. It includes tlie region about .Molega and Ponhook hikes, as well as a portion of that bordering Lake llossignol, while within it are aLso found tlie important mining centres of Molega, Whiteburne and Bi'oiik field. As a belt, it is limited north and south for the greater part of its length, by the black slates of Division III. and has an averngo width of eight or niii'^ miles. It is, however, broken by several subor- dinate iloxures into a number of smaller areas of more or less elliptical outline, marked by the encircling of quartzite tracts by zones of green slates, as well as by the varying dips of bot'i. The most important of these quartzite areas are : [a.) The Molega area. {b.) The Whiteburne area. (p.) The Rossignol area. ('/.) The Brookfield area. Molfga area. The form -" the Molega district (which is typiciil of the whole Cambrian system in this portion of Nova Scotia, and which will there- fore be somewhat fully described) is that of a somewhat broad ellipse, the greater diameter being about thirteen and tlie Usser or transverse diameter al out six miles. At its eustein extremity, in the county of Lunenburg, it is separated only by a narrow baud of green slates from a nearly circular dome of quartzites occurring about the Pleasant River mines, and is similarly bordered on all its sides, though to the west- ward, towards Lake Rc.ssignol, the ditficulty of access and want of exposures have prevented its exact delimitation. Qiiiiit/itcs of As seen at the IMolega mines, the rock which makes up the great ° ' bulk of the deposit (Div. T a.) and which is locally known as "whin," is seen to be a massive tine-grained quartzite of nearly uniform gray colour, and occurs in beds varying from two to thirty or more feet in thickness. The (juartzite is almost everywhere slightly micaceous, and ^fincnils. crystals or nodules of pyrite, galena and .-.rsenopyrite are also usually present, the latter often quite abundantly. With the quartzites, how- Ml LIT. 1 CA.MUIUAN 8YSTKM. •M M ever, slates or aiL'illitos are also found to occur, tln»u;;h they are tela- liiterlxcldcd .slutt'rt. tiv<^ly much thinner, usually not rxccedin;,' thre(( or four feet, and often forming' nuM'o partings between the coarser strata. When these are present t!ie attitude of the beds is very easily ascertained, especially if the inclination is high, but where it is at lower angles and the slaty partings are wanting, the determination of the trusembling that of Molega, is that of White- Uliit.'liunie burne. Its centre is about ten miles to the north-west of the centre. of the first named district. It is, however, somewhat smaller tlian that of Molega, the longer (ixis, which extends from near Camerons Lake to the head of Lake liossignol, being a little over eight miles, while Dinn nslnns. the breadth (between the Christopher Lakes on the south and White- burne settlement on the north) is a little more than three miles. The strata here are better exposed than about Molega, and both about the Whiteburne mines and along the road leading south from the latter to the Christopher Lakes, they are seen for a distance of nearly two miles, rising from the barrens in a series of parallel and very prominent ledges, with a nearly constant dip throughout, about N. < 30' to 40°. From tlie facts observed here, as well as other points, it seems prol)able that the thickness of this division of the Cambrian Thickness of system cannot well be less than .jOOO feet and may be much more. f. quartzituf*. A third area of quartzites, with surrounding green slates, i.< indi- cated as existing to the west of Lake Rossignol, and includes a part of JMk<- this large sheet of water. About one half of the area is in Queen's county (where quartzite ledges may be seen at " The IScreecher " or 32 M NOVA SIOTIA. Fiiik.' .Ifiliii .Idi'ilim (.'ncl Lak... HroiikCit'ld ai'fa. "Tliorou^'lifiue "* botwoen I.iiko I{ossij,'ii()l niul tho fourth Inke, as well as lit the si'iiiliir " lliorou^^ht'uri) " at tin- Ik'.'uI of tli<> sccoiid ItiUf) and ulxtut oiii- liiilf ill Sliclliuiiif I'ounty. Fii (Ik; liiUer coiinly, liowrvtM', tlio tniciiifj; t»f th»' beds is very ditlicull, p ally from tho infrefjuency of cxpoHures and paitly for tlie reason that the rocks licri' assiimu a iiH'l amorphic chaiactcr and aro Uiss readily recof^nizahU'. An explora- tion of till' r»'i;ioii lyiii;< between Lake ll(msijj;iiol in (Queen's county and Lake John in Shclburnc was made by Mr. I>ee Street, .>ny assistant, in 1)^91, iind (he following summary from his notes will indicate the general nature of the country, as well as of such few exposures as were observed. Starting; from Lake John, an expansion of the Jordan lliver, ^"uilifrn l>. It. miles south of and parallel to the great Miih'f,'a-l{os.sifi;ij()l belt of ({uartzites and gnen slates, a second belt of similar rooks is again found to traverse the whole of (.Queen's i-ounty. It enters the latter from Lunenburg county, where it includes the gold-fields of Malipsegate J<'iiiitH. Lake, and extends into Shelburne county until by metamorphism its identity is lost. < )n its n fi'ldn. the subject of subordinate Hexures, and partly from this cause and partly from varying erositm, has lieen subdivided into a number of more or less separate areas in which domes or elliptical folds of (juartzite rock, having a general anticlinal structure, are encircled and isolated by concentric belts of slate. f)f these (|uartzite anticlines, three lie to the eastward and three to the westward of the Liverpool River, the latter for the most part traversing the area which marks their line of junction. Of the areas to the eastward of the Liverpool River, the most north- Micldltficld erly is that of Middlefield, and is traversed by the Port Medwav ""' " River V)ctween Barry's Falls and Eight-mile Lake Brook, thenci' extending easterly into Lunenburg county and westwardly to thf Liverpool River in the vicinity of Long Lake ; the .second is also traversed by the Port Medway for six miles north of Mill Village, anrl ^I'H Villagf. reaches the Liverpool River just south of Milton : while the third occupies the area south of Mill Village and about the shores of Port Medway Harbour. Of those west of the Liverpool River, the first lies between the head of Broad River and the county line of Shelburne ; the second lies directly south of the last and embraces all the middle portions of Broad River : and the third, of small extent, l)orders tie Broad River, granite along the north side of Port Mouton Harbour. Throughout Port Mouton. this belt the rocks are much more metamorphic than those of t\ni middle or Molega-Rossignol belt. The quartzites are often quite micaceous and graduate into fine-grained gneisses, while the finer beds are represented by mica-slates, often conspicuously spotted by the development of crystalline minerals in their mass, such as mica, staurolite or garnet. Further facts relating to these metamorphic strata will be given in the sequel. \ mk^' 34 M NOVA SCOTIA. BAILEY. LdhII Lllk'. o. Loon Lake Belt. — A third area, in which (luartzites are the pre vailing rock, l)ut of more limited extent than those already noticed, is found in the northern part of Queen's county along the course of the Livei-pool River, south of Fairy Lake. It is well seen in the vicinity of Loon Lake and for a mile or two below, where its outcrop, with a northerly dip of 45\ forms Loon Lake Falls. The area is probably small ; for while the width on the river is hardly two miles, being fol- lowed both north and south by bands of blue slates, it is similarly surrounded by the latter in the direction of West Caledonia ; and in the opposite direction, the occurrence of granite about the Tobeatic and associated lakes would show that it is here cut off Ijy the latter rock. Maitlaml. J/. Jfaitland Belt. — Finally, a fourth band of quartzites is found to limit the entire Cambrian area upon the north, bordering the southern edge of the granites in Annapolis county. This band crosses the Li\erpool and Annapolis road at the Twin Lakes, one mile and a half north of Maitland settlement, and is well exposed at the falls of the Liverpool River, whence it sweeps around through Northfield to Tupper Lake. Along the northern half of the shores of this lake, ledges of micaceous quartzite are seen, skirting a southwardly projecting granite tongue. DIVISION' II. HANDED AR(iILI.n'E DIVISION. Disttibutum. '■( (ii Surface fen.tlires. The strata referied to this division of the Cambrian system and em- bracing several minor subdivisions (see p. 28 m) cover considerable areas in Queen's county. The largest is in the northern part of the county, where rocks of this character cover the greater part of the district lyirg between Tupper Lake upon the east and the Annapolis post-road upon tho ^■>-est. Thence they extend north to Fairy Lake in ^vnnapolis county. They underlie for the most part the settler ;ents of Rosette, Westtield, Harmony, Wef;t Caledonia, Kempt and Grafton. Owing to the comparative softness of these rocks and their ready disintegration, they often produce soils of considerable fertility ; but they also often present only In-oad bare ledges of rock, while the abun- dance of loose Ijlocks of argillite or the occurrence of kames or horse- backs, determining imperfect drainage, detract materially from tlieir capacity for successful tillage. As usual the I'egion abounds in lakes, including Tuppei Lake (in part), I\Iinai'd's Lake, Eel Lake, Fairy Lake nnd others. ::»%..- "j IJANUED AUIilLLITE DIVISIUN. 35 M A second, Ijut stnaller aroa of sucli rocks occurs near Pleasant River. Plfasant the strata being well exposed in Pleasant River village and along the several roads converging at that point. As this latter is a tyj)ical region and that in which the relations of these coloured slates to other members of the Cambrian system was first clearly made out, it will now be more particularly described. The passage from the quartzites of Division L to the banded slates is Passage U-ds. well seen in approaching Pleasant River from the west. In the barrens near Waterman's l^rook are numerous exposures showing an always increasing amount of greenish-j'ray slate as we go east, while this in turn is gradually changed to purplish-gray or bluish-gray, the dip remaining the same, though the beds become subject to frequent and sudden corrugations. At the Pleasant iviver biidge on the New Elm road, the rocks, though the same in general character, become finely striped, and through much of the region this feature is a conspicuous one. As seen on Pleasant River abu e the biidge, st)me bands are of Plcnsant a purple tint with fine light-c;>loured pea-green seams, while others '^''"' are greenish with fine light-coloured seams. Similar strata would appear t) occupy all the \r'lley of the stream above; Pleasant River village, except that, about two miles below Sugar Lake, the bluish slates are first associated with and then replaced by the black slates, probably marking the centre of a syncline. Further north the succession is reversed, and bluish and gray slates are again found between the black slates and the quartzites which innuediately border the granites of Annapolis county. Tnv.isitions similar to the above may also be seen in the southern part of the Pleasant River basin. Here the beds are further remarkable for their almost horizontal attitude over liirge Hcni/.oiital areas. The transition referred to is partly one of colour and partly "' ^' one of texture, the gray sla s, owing to an increasing admixture jf purple colouring matter, getting gradually darker until this latter tint becomes predominant, and at last exists to the exclusion of all but an occasional light, yellowish-green band ; the purple slates being them- selves succeeded by lighter gray bands, and finally by greenish-gray bands alternating with gray quartzite. One particularly distinctive feature and strong point of resemblance between nearly all the rocks of the Pleasant River syncline, is the intercalation of narrow contoitbd bands of finely laminated material. These bands are never more than two and a half or three inches thick, Colmir InukIs and never less than three-fourths of an inch. They are separated by from one to four or five f et of fine-grained sandstone or quartzite. The colour difiFers somewhat in difierent places, but is usually lighter 31 I 5G M NOVA SCOTIA. than the inclosing (juartzite. The general colour ranges from purple to pui'plisii-gray, bluish-gray or slightly greenish-gray, and also light- and dark -gray, but tli rough all there can be traced the narrow, con- torted and laminated bands referred to above. Another feature, quite as distinctive, is the presence at wide intervals of light, yellowish-green banJs, one to two inches thick, in the purple slates. These are limited to tiie upper part of the said slates and ate an unfailing guide in their recognition. The stratigraphy of the Pleasant River district is very complicated and at first somewhat puzzlinL^ some portions showing beds remark- CoiiugatidriH. able for their high dips and frequent corrugations, while in other parts the beds are nearly or (juite horizontal. At some points, however, a complete gradation of dips may be seen from 40" to 0', the beds evi- dently occupying the same geological horizon. On tracing Pleasant River south from the Tory Bridge on the New Elm road, the greenish-gray and bluish-gray slates are seen to form a shallow basin. This coincides verj' fairly with the course of the river, Syncline. ivnd is the syncline dividing the Molega ([uartzite dome from that which occupies the Pleasant River barrens. The dip on the west of the syncline is far steeper than on the east side, where for some dis- tance the beds are almost flat. There is, however, on the east side, at tirst a slight inclination to the north-west, then to west, and finally south-west {may.) corresponding with the western curve of the dome which occupies the Pleasant River barrens. Going east from this intermediate syncline, the horizontal beds gradually assume an inclined position around the western end of the dome last mentioned- They are surrounded and overlain conformably, on the northern .side, by the purple and blue slates. In the syncline the purple slates are not seen, as they are cut off by the elevation of the greenish-gray slates from beneath. The contortions and apparently unconformable dips of the slates are plainly owing to pressure between the two anticlines mentioned, as well as to force exerted in a direction from the North Brookfield anticline. East and west of this interruption the gray, purple and blue slates continue their usual orderly sequence. wiiv liivrr. The relations above described in the Pleasant River district, as well as the conclusions to which they lead, are repeiited in the district lying to the west of Tupper Lake and north of Caledonia. This tract is traversed in a north-anri-south direction by the Port Medway River, and its valley affords an admirable section of the underlying rocks. The great granite area in which this stream takes its rise, and il' ■] HAXUKD AUGILLITE DIVISION. 37 M te td lir which, east of Tupper Lake, descends quite to the font of that sheet of water, on the Port ^ledsvay lliver is wholly contuu'd to Annapolis county, its southern border being to the north of De Long settlement, and about five or five miles arid a half south-west i'0"l^ticUl. a distance of about one mile and three-quarters. The black slates are more prominent about the mouth of Westfield River than north or south of it, and are often seamed with small veins of quartz, which, as well as the inclosing slates are pyritous. The succession corresponds on both sides of the black slates, and is similar to that of Piea-ant River. Here, as before, the evidence would go to show that the blue and purple banded slates are a part of the Cambrian succession, and that they hold a po.sition above the cjuartzites and below the black i i 38 M NOVA SCOTIA. Ascending series. i ,i Westfield River. slates. From observations made between Westfield'and Brookfield, it would appear that a synclinal fold here intervenes, the order of suc- cession, beginning on the south, being as follows : — 1. Quartzite — Brookfield anticline. 2. Quartzite and greenish-gray slate. 3. Greenish-gray slate. 4. Purple slate. 5. Bluish-gray and gray slate. 6. Blue and black slate, with gray seams, marking the centre of the syncline, and the highest member of the system. The section on the opposite page, reaching from the granite to the Brookfield anticline, gives the probable arrangement of the beds, as observed by Mr. Brest : — At the mouth of the Westfield River, the slates present the banded appearance already so frequently mentioned, and this feature appears with little variation to the Westfield bridge, south-east of the West- field or so-called "Jumbo " mine. Further remarks upon the latter will be given in the sequel. Along the whole course of this river the altitude of the beds is nearly vertical. At one point, near the mouth of a brook emptying into the Westfield River, the strata include a deposit of very hard breccia or conglomerate, the cement of which is oxide of iron. The features of the group of Cambrian strata above described, along the course of the Port Medway River, are repeated to the west of that river over a large part of northern Queen's county. North cf the black and highly inclined slates of Caledonia corner (Division III.) the blue and banded slates spread widely in Hat or gently undulating beds through the settlement of Harmony, and are well exposed at many points along the Liverpool and Annapolis post-road as far north as Maitland bridge, where the black slates again appear in force. From this point northward the distance to the southern edge of the granite is about three miles and three-quarters, the incerval being chieHy occu- pied by whins in a highly metamorphosed concHtion. West of Maitland and the Annapolis post-road, another good line of Little River, section across the strata under discussion is that afforded by the Little River, between the sheet of water known as the Frozen Ocean in Annapolis county and Keja-ma-kuja Lake, more commonly known as Fairy L:ike, on the borders of Queen's county. The tract immediately Harmony. BAIIEV. BANDED ARGILLITE DIVISION. iJranite. Northfield. 35 o 5' St'ttleiiieilt. Wpst field bridge. (4ray slate me- tamorphosed. Bluo and \)lack slate. Purple slate. (Iray tlate. -5 Gveenish-gvrty slate. •2, 39 M H II. ^t lli Gray slate. Blue and gray slate. Blue and black slate. Blue and gray slate. Purple slate. r u\ Horizon of North Brook- tield gold ID inc. Greenish-giay slate. (Juartzite and (ireenish-gray slate. !i Quartzite. 40 M NOVA SCOTIA. Lake. 'J :>. P 1.^ bordering the Frozen Ocean and extending thence westerly into Digby county, is occupied by quartzite nmcli altered ; south of which, in Keja-ma-llliiig tlirough the region extremely arduous. The fol- lowing extracts from the notes of Mr. Prest will at once indicate the general geological features of the district and the obstacles encountered in its exploration: — "The southern limit of the granite, nfter crossing into Digby S(.\;tli-^t. This tract, a generation ago, is said to Jiave former! an almost unbroken forest of pine, stretchin" toward Annai)olis. Extensive lires, years ago, have destroyed millions of dollars worth of timber. fi,i,st" tires. Thousands of acres of tliickly clustered, but bare and burned, white pine steins remain to attest the destruction thus wrought. This tract lies to the north and west of the Frozen l"riiti(.n. region, while the exhaustion of provisions made it impossible to spend any considerable amount of time in correcting their inaccuracies. Mr. Prest's observations, however, appear to indicate that the blue slates here lie next to the granite upon the north, they being seen on the < u 'kr 1 I i 4t M NOVA SCOTIA. Iiiiliautitli Laki.. .Succi's.siiiii nnrtlu'iu Slielbui'iK'. nortlicrn side of 8oh()0 was (niee roveiod l)y a hotly of fresh watei'. It is surroundetl hy a rim of elevated land, exce')t at the southern cd^o where the river runs out. Part of the basin is yet occupied hy a lake, which seems to have been lowered to its present size by the wasting away of the morainie barrier to the south. The level of .Schoodic L.ik" has bewn similarly lowenul four or five feet during the last twenty years. "Nearly the whole of the country from the I'ppfr (Jhio north ea-t I)i'HtriicU(jniif and north tor tnirtv mile-:, has in a great part hcen wantonly ouriuM), and millions of dollars worth of timber destroyed, in order, as ex- plained to us, to make better walking for trappers and hunters. The largest tract of timber remaining in this neighbourho^Kl is that on the south east of the Koseway River, from Kcseway to Crane Lakfi. A large fire had only recently been set in that region and had burned over many square miles of land. It has been estimated that fully nine-tenths of the original forest growth of Shelburne county has been destroyed by fire." DIVISIOX III. liLACK SLATK GROUP. i'l. It has been already stated that at many diff"erent points the green slates which form the upper portion of Division II. of the Cambrian system, may be seen to pass beneath a thick series of black slates which here, as elsewhere, form the upper division of this system. The rocks of this group form belts quite as distinctly marked as do the (juartzite and green slate beds below them, and which, as indicated in the foregoing descriptions, they serve to separate. They are also r ,., , • , , more uniform in character ; for while the quartzites, even when most characters. massive, are rarely without intervening slaty beds, wliich in the upper portion pi'edominate, the black slates of the present group, as far as observed, contain no arenaceous strata. They are generally earthy, and while the presence of disseminated carbonaceous or graphitic matter makes them nearly always dark and often intensely black, the abundance of pyrite in cubical ci-ystals with which the beds are often profusely studded, by its decomposition produc<'S a idsty aspect, which is rarely wholly wanting. Both featui 2S would seem to favour the view that the beds have been formed in somewhat deep waters, and that these were abundantly supplied with life ; but owing partly if not wholly to the pressure to which they have since been subjected, and the fact tliat the slaty cleavage thus developed seldom coincides 4G M N(»VA «(;()TIA. Alwt'tlC'O of fo.i.siiH, Calt-doniii. with (lie (lip of tlic ftddod hcils, only rarely has iinythinu; reseinl)Hnj,' a fossil hccn found. 'I'ln- oidy spccimtMis we li.ive .is yet hren aide to ol)tain after long and careful seareli, which may posiljly !«• of this nature, are certain small circular or ovoidal pit-like depressions found in the hiack slate drift in tlie vicinity of Hriilj,'ewater, in Lunf'iil)urg county, and arpool and Annapolis post-road easterly to and beyond the foot of Tupper Lake, and wpstwardlj' through West Caledonia and the northern partof \V'hitel)urne, certainly as far as the Liveipool llisei', (being .seen at its forks two nules and a half above Lake llossi-nol) and prol)al)ly to the eastern side of Tobe- atic Lake. li n If Sui>|M)Sf(l thicUlit'.ss. WfstHfKl. Pleasant River. The width of tlie belt of black slates, near Caledonia Corner, is alxiut three miles, and the inclination of the l)eds is northward at high angles. They apparently represent an aggregate thickness of at least 1^000 feet. There can be but little doubt, however, that the l)eds are to some extent ri'peated by faults, and may also iTickule overturned folds, making any definite estimates of thickness neces.sarily uncertain. Tn ti'acing this belt of slates to the eastward of Caledonia, it is found to l)e met and cut, near the foot of Tupper Lake in Westficlil, by granite, near the contact with which (at the Westfield or Jundio mine, and upon the stream which there connects the lake with the main stream of the fort INIedway River), the greatly disturbed strata are consideral)ly altered, while they at the same time contain veins or irregular masses of white quartz of remarkalile size, which are to some extent at least auriferous. A little further eastward, towards Pleas- ant llivei, the black slates give place to the banded or ribl)anded slates already described, and are not again seen as far as the county line, but eastward of the latter reappear, and are conspicuously seen in liemfoi-d, in Lunenburg county, whence they may be readily fol- lowed to the Ohio River and the settlement of New Germany. *>\)r the occurrence of fossils in the tiuiirtzites, see remarks on the rocks of Locke) )ort. III.ACK >I,A1 K (iUOll- »7 M It is iiUcrtvitiii;; to iinlire in thi.s ccuiiectiDii tluit uit cflt'cf. wliidi is prnl)iil>ly due to tlu- same j,'riiiiitic iiitiiision us lii'it nt' Westfielil and Tupper Lfike, is to Im seen far l*('yMnt named, luit evidences of altera- tion by a similar aj,'ency. The Icds ure here nearly vertiiMl. A second band of black and pyritoiis slate-^, in eveiy way similar to Seo'ii 1 l»lt. the above, has already been referii-d to as sucoeodini; tlif ^reat whin belt of Ponhook and Mo!ei,'a Lakes upon its southern side. This band, as oi)ser\etl along the l*ort Medway Kivcr, between the fnut of Ponhook l^ake and Bang's Falls, in tlit; :settlenient of < ireeidii-ld, is (iiv.nH.-ld. but little less broad than that of Caledoiua, but while its northern edge has been continuously traced from the county liri" in lUicktield to the Indian Gardens at the foot of the First i^ako connected with Lake Uossigiiol. its southern border has been observed at conipara. lively few points. I'pon the I'ort Medway I'liver, the black slates may be seen overlying the »|uartzites of the S'Uihern belt between I tear Falls and Bang's Falls, and it may be again observed in the imrtheru part of Middlefit'ld, but wesf- ird of the post-road which traverses this settlement, the country is uncleared and largely drift-covered, making observations dilhcult. It is Ijelieved, liowever, that the band in approaching the Liverpool River bends northward about the Fir>t Lake of Kossignol, and gradually disappears in the country eastward of Lake Kossignol proper. To the west of this point no trace of thi« second belt has been observed. liiv t Mciluiiy ir. The third belt of black slates is only partially included in Queen's county, being found alon^ portions of its northern border and paitly 'iliinl l>ilt. in the county of Annapolis. It may readily be oljser\ed on the post- road in the settlement of Maitland, just north of the county line, and, including a part of Queen's county, is nearly five nnles wide. Its southern limit passes just south of I\Iinar(rs Lake and eastward -^lintlnid. through the settlements of Xorthtield and Hillsboro', while its northern limit is between three and four miles north of the county line, or a little over five miles from Kempt. The black slates here meet, and overlie the quartzites of the northern belt. The only other point at which roL-ks probably referable to this division of the Cambrian system have been obstrved, is upon Broad .==i r*""**.. 48 M Nova scotia. Broiul Hiv.r. I'^i^f!'". about tliiee miles iihnvf its mouth. Bein,^ in the mctiimorphic portion of tlie district and themselves liighly altered, they may be most c'/n\eniently considered a little later in connection with the otiier metamorpliic rcicks ot' the coast. ■•'•« iiict'i'iiur- ['lli: ill. Detail.-, Pi.itMt MKTAMOHPHK" ROCKS OF ^UEKN S COl'NTY. Though in some de.'ree the abovi' title is really applicable to all the rocks of the jambrian 'system, there is nuuh iliH'erence in the amount oi metani.orphism e>;!iil)itet], nu'.kiiig some fuii her reference to the more altered rocks desirable. In Queen's county the more highly crystalliie locks, thouf!;h not wholly absent from the interior, are most conspicuously developed near the sea-board, their occurrence here .-vs elsewhere 'oeing evidently con- nected with the occurrence of masses of intrusive granite. The altera- tion is also, as might 't)e exfiected. much more marked in the slaty than in the (juartzose band^. Between the quiirtzites oi' whins of the coa^t and tho.se of the interior there is but little diil'erence ; at ti e same time that the intervening ned«, which are in the one case simple argillitcs, are in the other glistening mica-schists. In general, however, there is, even in the quartzites, a greater development of mica in the coastal rocks, giving them the aspect over large areas of fine-grained gneisses. The change from the unaltered to the altered rocks is progressive, ard without any well-defined line of demarcation, while even .among the comparatively unchanged slates of the interior one now and then meets with beds covered with little angular specks, evidence of incip- ient crystallization. The following details will serve to indicate the position and extent of the areas in which metamorphism has been marked as well as some of Its varying results. It has alreijdy been stated that the rocks exposed along the lower portion of the Port Medway River consist of fine-grained quartzites alternating with mica-spotted mica-schists and fine gneisses. Similiir rocks probably occupy all the area surrounding the head of Port Med- way harbour, but, with the exception of a lew beds exposed in East Port Medwa}', are concealed from view by a mantle of drift, abounding in large quartzite blocks Near Port .Medway village the (juartzites are well exposed with a dip S. 30° E. < 85". They ari, also well exhibited along the road to the lighthouse, skirting the shore in massive beds of which the true attitude is not ejisilv determinable. ! < •] METAMOHPIIIC ROCKS OF (iUEKXS COUNTY. 49 M T..bv T.^lanJ Their great uinforniity for a distance of a mile or more, together witli their broad Hat or rolling surfaces broken by innumerable j(tint-planes, favour the idea that they are in part at least lying in low undulatioi; •, but l)oth at Vogler Cove, on the east side of the harbour, and again at the lighthouse on the western side^ the dip is comparatively high- Off the mouth of the harbour are several siiall islands of wliich one, Toby IsUind, shows on its east side ledges of gray sandy slate, more or less micaceous and dipping j.'n. 10^ E. < 60 , while a second or out' r island, known as the Frying Pan, shows massive gray quart/ites whicii are apparently nearly flat. It is probable that the above beds are in the course of a low anticlinal which eaters (.Queens county from Lun- enburg |]^and which is continuous eastv ,ird to and beyond Liverpool. Passing llugged Harbour, a smal but ve y irieguiar indentation in the coast line, we next meet with beds similar to the above in th(! fishing settlements of East and West Berlin. At the head of Blue- berry Bay, just west of Berlin, the fine gneissic sandstones are very Kuwil regularly bedded, with a dip S. 50' E. < ~)0'. At Eagle Head, ' ' also, they exhibit the same regular southerly or south-easterly dip for a IVrlin. continuous space of a quarter of a mile ; but here they include some gritty beds i'.nd are further remarkable as hokling in places corrugateil layers, the to 'tuous or serpentine twistings of which are minutely fol- lowed by small quartz veins from one to two inches in thickness. Approaching Bea-ih ^[eadows the previous southerly dip becomes li-ucli reversed, and from thi.H point westward to Liverpool Bay the dip is ' northward. In conner.tion with this anticline an interesting feature is the occurrence, or. the shore fronting Cotiins Island, of enormous veins of granite, the principal vein being for several rods conformable (;,.,a:,itc ■.(•in<. to the gneissic and micaceou.'^ strata, which here dip h < 40', but at the eastern end turning almost at right angles to their course, as well as penetrating the same beds in irrogular tongue-like m;i.sses. The granite is of a coarse character, wilh red felspar and much mica, and is in places porphyritic. The width of the main mass is from thirty to forty feet, while the smaller veins and branches vary from seven or eight feet to as many inches. In general they do not seem to have affected either the dip or strike of the beds, many of which ..'•'" ""'" "'T transversely with singular abruptness, lu is probable that other and more considerable masses of granite occur outside of the present coast line. Coffins Island being wl;olly composed of granite boulders, though rvittiiis rslaml no ledges could be found. At the Eastern Head of Liverpool Harbour, the fine gray mica j^jv,.,-i„„,i ceous or gneissic sandstones dip N. 10° \V. < 40°; and a similar north- HiuiMiur. M I ■ t I', -» ■-"-'^•■wwBwmiBt ■ 50 M NOVA SCOTIA. Bnjoklvn. Milton, Rpvpn-inile Hill. ward dip, but with some variation in its amount, i.s maintained all along the eastern side of the harbour, through the village of Brooklyn, being well exposed at tlie Bi-ooklyn breakwater. A little north of the head of the harbour and near tlie road to Milton, is a somewhat pro- minent eminence, known as Wildcat Hill, composed of gray mica slates, spotted with large crystals of black mica, and alternating with gray, micaceous quartzite. The dip is still northward (N. 10' W. < 40"). Still further north, on the Milton road, are other ledges of quartzite, followed, a quarter of a mile below the lower bi-idge in Milton, by gray, glossy and wrinkled talco-raicaceous slates, which are nearly ver- tical. Similar but finer gray talcoid slates occur also at the upper bridge and near the church, in a like attitude. Half a mile north of this, in the upper end of Milton, the slates give place to a wide belt of whin, indicated however for the most part only by the number and size of the boulders with which it is thickly strewn, and which from this point northward on the Annapolis Road are the only rocks seen for a distance of seven miles. In a road-cutting on Seven-mile Hill glossy micaceous slates or mica-schists come into view ; but with this excep- tion, the strata along the Annapolis Road are wholly concealed until the band of black slates is reached, already described as crossing the same thoroughfare in the northern part of Middlefield. It is probable that the succession along the road is essentially the same as that of the parallel section on the Port Medway River, only eight miles to the eastward. LivtM'iNxil Rivor. Liverjxjol Hiirlxiur, west sifli'. West of the Annapolis Road another transverse section of these rocks is afforded by the Liverpool River between Milton and the foot of Lake Rossignol. As in the case of the sections previously described the larger part of the area is occupied by whins or quartzite, which are more or less micaceous ; but about foui- miles above Milton the beds become more schistose, consisting of greenish-gray, slightly chloritic, fine-grained mica-schists, dipping N. 10' E. < 40 , with a strong and vertical cleavage. Returning to Liverpool and continuing the examination of the coast, we find along the western side of Liverpool Harbour the evident extension of the same beds as those which skirt its eastern shore, viz., alternating beds of quartzite and mica-schists. Some of the former are hardly distinguishable from the " whins '" of the interior, but others are finely micaceous, while the slates or schists are highly crystalline and present the features, elsewhere frequently observed in this region, of large black crystals of mica scattered through a much finer micaceous base which is white or silvery. These strata are continuously exposed 11 r. •] METAMORPHIC ROCKS OF QUEENS COLNTV. Ol M I below the lightliou.se for a distance of two miles or more, and possess throughout a northerly dip (X. 10 W. < 70' to SO). Ap- proaching r»lack Point the quartzites also become more crystalline, Vuiwk I'.'int. and graduate into an unstratified granitoid rock of dark-gray colour, containing hornblende as well as mica. At Moose Point the rocks again consist of gray micaceous quartzites Mu..so Tuiut. or fins grained gneisses, dipping N. 25' W < 60^ together with gray higlily lustrous mica-schists. In places these beds contair* concretion- ary nodules, from six inches to one foot in diameter, arranged in rows parallel with the stratitication, and show concentric gneissic ri'igs of different degrees of coarseness and colour. Veins of coarse syenitic rock also occur. The whole of the shore between Moose Point ami Scotts Bay is composed of similar strata, often much crumpled ; but at Syeiiit.- am) Strawberry Point they are again invaded by large masses of light-gray b'i'!*">tt', granite. The relations of the latter to the gneissic beds is ((uite similar to those already described on the opposite side of Liverpool Harbour, near Coffins Island ; but here the contacts are further complicated by the inclosure in the granite of large detached blocks of quartzite or gneiss, which are strongly angular and vary in size from a few inches to as much as three or four feet. Both the granite and the gnei.^s carry small veins of white quartz. Still finer illustrations of like relations are to be seen at the government wharf, at the Western Head of Li\ tirpool Bay. The gray micaceous quartzites here form beds vary- ing from ten to thirty or forty feet in thickness, and alternate with beautiful silvery mica-schists, usually not exceeding two or three feet, and both very regularly bedded (\. 25' W. < 70-80), while both along and across the stratification run large veins of granite, remarkable for the coarsely segregated character of their constituent minerals. \V,-st.in G rani to dykes. To the west of Western Head, the recession of the shore-line, form- Gull Cove. ing the indentation of Gull Cove, exhibits only a repetition of the beds described above ; but the dips are southerly, indicating that here, as on the opposite side of Liverpocl Bay, the granitic extrusions are con- nected with and mark the crown of a lengthened anticlinal. At Whites Point the granite is represented only by small veins, the pro- montory being Cj.Tiposed chiefly of gneiss and mica-schist; but at Hunts Point, forming a portion of the eastern shore of Port Mouton iVit .Mouton. Harbour, granites again appea." in force, as they also do in the vicinity of Somerville Centre. As before, these granites are very coarse, holding crystals of micii ofl-eii as much as one inch in diameter. At the point last named the dips again become northerly, and so continue to the mouth of Broad River. The stream last mentioned affords an admir- p,,, ^^j j'ivt.,- 4f kmmsBimsss mmmmmfsm-.- 52 M \OVA SCOTIA. «:! til *ii'i i,(,. ij: li ^ li) Cryst.'iUiiU! minerals. Plack sl.atef, Division III. ablo opportunity for the study of these crystalline rocks, besides reveal- inir certain beds which have not been elsewhere observed within the metamorphic area of the coast. Where the post-road crosses the mouth of the stream are ledges of lustrous mica-schists, side by side with which are gray ([uartzites which arc scarcely at all micaceous, and which differ but little, if at all, from the typical "whin" of Caledonia and Whiteburne. For a (juarter of a mile above the highway bridge the rocks are chiefly sandstones or quartzites, with but few slaty beds ; but in ascending the stream these become more frequent and, about a mile and a half up, are the prevailing rock. The latter are at the same time noticeable as containing not only scattered crystals of mica, (in this respect resembling the beds of the Liverpool lliver), but also as holding much larger, though imperfect, crystalline (andalusite) masses, varying from half an inch to an inch and a half in length, which project from the surface of the rock and give it a singularly rough aspect. Some of the Vjeds also contain numerous but small and poor, garnets, and more rnrely, crystals of staurolite and tourmaline. These rocks are frequently exposed for a distance of two and a half or three miles from the post road, the dip being throughout to the north- '.>'ard, though gradually rising from 60' to 90'; but at the distance mentioned a sudden change in the nature of the beds occurs, the gray strata previously noticed being immediately followed by a broad band of very black and heavy rusty-weathering slates, holding much pyrites, as well as small veins, or beds, coincident with the bedding, of black micaceous iron-rock. These beds are also highlj' crystalline, being both micaceous and staurolitic. The entire breadth of the band is about 900 feet, but this may be double its actu il thickness ; for if, as is probable, these black and pyritous beds are the altered equivalents of the black slates of Division III., they must here be in the position of a compressed synclinal. \n accordance with this supposition, they are immediately followed to the northward by light-gray silvery mica- schists in every way similar to those on their southern side. Thes;e are thence continuously exposed nearly to the forks of the stream. Above this point exposures are infrequent, but the blocks with which the bed of the river is strewed indicate that their general character remains unaltered. It is probable that the same beds, which have a very uniform and similar course both on the Liverpool llivM and on Broad Rivei", occupy also the country west of the latter to the county line, but the district is so extensively covered with bogs and barrens, or strewn with boulders, that little can be [aeen of the underlying formations. ■AILEV. METAMOHPUIC ROCKS OF QL KENS COUSTY. 53 M It has been stated that granite masses pi-otiude, at several points, through the siliceous and micaceous strata upon the eastern side of j.,,^^ M,,uti>ii, Port Mouton Harljour. The western side of the same indentation is "f^st sul.'. wholly composed of the first-named rock, as are also most of the islands mIucIi dot its surface, including ^link, Spectacle, Massacre and Port ^louton Islands. The granite of these several islands is light- gray and moderately fine, but contains coarsely crystalline segregated veins. It atTords many beautiful examples of rounded, grooved and Oranitfi. striated surfaces. On the shore of the mainland, opposite the Spec- tacles, striking illustration of the eftects of its decomposition and erosion is atTorded in the occurrence of hills of blown sand which stretch along the shore for a mile or more, and in places attain a height of forty or fifty feet. The sand is so white as to appear at a distance like bi,,\vii s:in(l. banks of snow ; it is almost purely siliceous, and is apparently well adapted for the manufacture of glass. Similar sand-hills, though less extensive, occur on the eastern side of the harbour, as well as at jjoints to the westward, to be hereafter noticed. As far as could be ascertained, nearly the whole of the tongue of land separating Port Mouton Harbour from that of Port Jolie is com- posed of granite, the only exception being that portion of the j)r()mon- tory separating Caddens Bay from Port Jolie Harbour, and terminat- j^ii,, i>,,i„t. ing in Jolie Point. Here the rocks are in part micaceous quartzites or fine-grained gneisses, and in part coarser granitoid gneiss, both penetrated in places by granitic veins, which often carry beautiful 'ilumose mica. The northern limit of the granite between Port Mouton and Port Jolie harbours is difficult of determination, the thick covering of drift Craniti'. completely concealing the underlying rocks. From the distribution of boulders, however, and other facts, it is thought to occupy a position varying from one to two miles north of and approximately parallel to the post-road which connects the heads of these two indentations. Granite ledges appear in situ just south of Robertson Lake and again at the mouth of Douglas Brook, where, amidst immense granitic bould- ers, are sometimes found the remains of ancient Inaian shell heaps. The • western shore of Port Jolie Harbour is mostly low and boulder-strewn, but at Sandy Cove, near the entrance to the harbour, gneisses and mica- slates, similar to those of Port Jolie Point, reappear, and are similarly penetrated by more or less considerable granitic masses, mostly very coarsely crystalline. The interior of the peninsula appears to be largely composed of granite, and is covered by extensive barrens. The narrow but long inlet of Port L'Hebert is, in its upper half, T.ut unbordered by roads, and its low shores show few if any exposures. ^^^'^''' 'li rjiii'iss and niica-slati:' 54 M NOVA SCOTIA. Nearer its entrance, howver, at tlie Lighthouse, are ledges of gneiss, (lipping N. 20^^ W. < 40', and directly opposite, at Taylor's, similar beds, but with dip S. 20° E. < 70\ Qiartzites. Staiirolitic l>H(lfi. Ganiits. r.wallclisu of strata. IT. SiiF.i.MLUNK County. A large part of this county is occupied by granite. Tiie sedimentaiy rocks which constitute its other portions are also all highly crystalUne, making the recognition of the several members of the Cambrian system somewhat diHicult. Of these members the quartzite"? are the most readily recognizable, there being no change other ihan the development of a more micaceous character, wliicli somi'times, and especially near the granite, may become ((uite coarse, giving the rock all the aspect of a true gneiss, though usually lacking in felspar. At many points these quartzites, with associated mica-schists, representing the lower member of the Cambrian system, are found to graduate upwards into a series of beds which, while more slaty, have usually an aspect of much greater coarseness and I'oughness. This appearance is almost wholly due to the development in the beds of vast numbers of staurolite crystals, associated not unfrequently with cr3'stals of andalusite, and less com- monly of garnet. The staurolite crystals are often quite perfect, and usually easily separable from the mass of the rock. The andalu- sites, on the other hand, are but imperfectly formed, not sepai'able from the matrix, and, like the latter, often studded with prismatic hexagonal scales of black mica. The garnets, though well formed and clear, are generally minute. From the position of the beds observed at many points, there can be no doubt that they represent group b of Division I., though it is probable from their thickness that they include as well some of the beds of Division II. No rocks sug- gesting a parallelism with the black slates of Division III. have been recognized in this county. In describing the details of the metamorphic rocks of Shelburne county it will be most convenient 'o resume the consideration of the rocks at Port L"Hebert, this being part of the boundary between the county named and that of Queens, already described. On entering Shelburne county, the first peninsula projection of the coast is that separating Port L'Hebert from Sable River Inlv-^t. This area but repeats the structure of those last described, in Queens county. Along the post-road, connecting the heads of the two inden- ■•1 SIIELHUHXE COUNTY, 55 M tations, granite boulders of large size are abundant, and at one point, three miles from Port L'Ht-bert, ledges of this rock appear ; but at tlio mouth of Tom Tidney Brook, which enters the head of Sable River '(■,„„ ^'1^}^,.^ Inlet, and for a mile above the bridge upon the post-road, the rocks ''"'"'<■ are gray ijuartzites and mica-slates. They dip northerly at low angles but are greatly jointed and broken. No other rocks are seen upon this stream. Farther down upon the peninsula the exposures are few until the extremity is approached ; but nere the gray micaceous sand- stones and gneisses arc frecjuently met with, especially about Litt'e Port LHebert and Jones Harbour. They present, however, no new .Imits features of interest. The same remark applies in tho main to the area separatin j; Sable River from that of Ragged Island, on the latter of which is situated the town of Lockeport. Along the post-road connecting Sable Riv« r with Jordan River a small patch of granite was observed nearly mid- way between these two places, but with this exception the rocks oi this area are everywhere stratified and do not differ materially from those already described. Hail.Mur. One mile above the mouth of Sable River proper, is a somewhat prominent ridge in which alternate beds of fine-grained gneiss and mica-slate have, by unpfpial weathering, produced an appearance which has caused the name of "Cart-wheel Rocks'" to be locally applied to them. They dip very regularly S. 40' E. < 60\ On the other hand, along the roads leading around the shores of the peninsula, and on the more prominent headlands, such as Raspberry Head, Hemans Head, and Black Point, the rocks, like those of Jones Harbour, are fine- grained micaceous (juartzites, with a dip whif^li is xiMially at a high angle. Beds of a like character were also observed in Rockport, about half a mile below the head of Ragged Island Inlet, on the post-road around the head of the latter, in Allendale, on its western side, and southward to Lockeport. The dips at nearly all these points are southerly (S. 42-50' E. < 50-60";, cot responding to a north-easterly trend, which is also that of Lockeport Peninsula and of the adjacent islands. Admirable exposures of the beds may be seen at the southern end of Lockeport Island, and are made more inieresting by the fact that the surface of the quartzite beds, dipping towards Ci'anberry Island, at an angle of about 50', here exhibit, despite their highly metamorphic character, numerous well-marked remains of Aslf.ropnli- thon, the only evidences, if such they cap. be considered, of organic remains yet noticed in the Cambrian rocks of south-western Nova Scotia. The evidences of intense glaciation, shown by tho ploughing .Sable River. Lock 1)1 irt l-lnml M i :!■<■) -;(■ 56 M NOVA SCOTIA. trouglis. of tlie adjacent l)ods ulcjn;,' tlieirstr' c into canoe-like troughs three or four feet deep and two or three feet wifle, for distances of thirty feet or more, are other features of interest in the same vicinity. Head. < Jiccll 1 1 ill- - 1)1 >IT. On Western Head fine opportunities are also afforded for the study of the Cambrian strata, these, thoua;h mostly .similar to those of Locke- port, include some coarser beils made up of well rounded (juurtz pebbles of the .' - of bullets, and in places exhibit surfaces which are distinctly ripple-marked. They are intersected by numerous joint- planes, .some of which, widened by the action of the sea, have originated remarkable ".spouting horns." The next indentation of the coast, that of Green Harbour, presents no new features, except that some of the gnei.sses seen along the post- road at its head are coarser than o''dii ary, and contain thin layers of l)lack jiica-slate which are .studded with small staurolite crystals. The general strui:t,ure is anticlinal, the dip at the head of the harbour l)eing N. W. < CO , while on the extre.uity of Patterson Point it is S. 30' E. < 45°. X h: Jonlmi IJ.'w. Between Green Harbour and Jordan Bay, there are but few ex- posures either on the sho'-e or ' i the inievior, which is largely occupied by barrens ; but ledges of (j lurtzite occasionally protrude, indicating the nature of the underlying rock.s. About a mile and a half b?]nw the liead of Jordan Bay these quartzites become more prominent, forming a notable range of hills, the beds of which dip regularly N. 30° W. < 60. In addition to quartzites they include tine gneisses which are more or less studdad with staurolite crystals, and the fact that these staurolite beds occupy the same position as the green sandy slates above the quartzites in the less metamorphic portions of the Cam- V)rian system is well exhibited. Strata of similar character are still bet- Jordan I'rtlls. ter shown at Jordan Falls, a locality long known for the abundance and perfection of its metamorphic rocks and minerals. In the strata here exposed the staurolites occur in both rhombic and hexagonal forms, and attain a^ times a length of half an inch or more. Mica crystals of black colour, distinct from and much larger than those which form the mass of the rather .soft rock, give to 'he latter a curiously spotted aspect, while the freijuent occui-rencr, on many of tlie layers, of obscurely prismatic projecting knobs, .sometimes two or three inches long, that are really p.irtially developed crystals of andalusite, still further adds to the peculiar appearance of weathered surfaces. Finally, many of the beds are studded with snu.ll red garnets. i v^: : It- ts t- s V, O > X a y. y. N X; i, ^iiji.miiir i-u.aiiuiiiii"ggt>g!* •AlliV. •AlilT 1 SIIKLIIl'UNK COUXTV, n? M Tlie dcvelupini'nt nt" crystalliiit) iiiiin'raN, to wliicli refeiince (inmiti'. has l)een iiiiuh', is the evident uccDmpiiiiiinciit of a near approach to a granite mass. A small aiea of the latter rock has already heen referred to as noticed a few miles to tiie eastward of Jordan llivcr, along the post-road from Saljje lliver ; hut another and nnieh nioie considcralile area of similar rook is met with a few miles to tiie west- ward, along the same post-road, extending to Shelburne. Between Jordan Falls and this granitic mass the staurolitic strata are exposed for a little over a mile. At the falls their dip varies from N. to N- .StiV'iir)litio 2')" W. < 40, but a mile westward similar beds dip N. L'O E < 5,10 10\ while at a less distanee southward, on the road to Jordan Ferry, they graduate downward into and are replaced by (]uart/ites. At the cove, one mile and a (juarter below Jordan Ferry, the tjuartzites dip N. 20 E. < 40'. strata. # A careful examination of the remainder of the peninsula separating .Jordan Bay from Shelburno }[arbour, shows this t(j be composed, as legards its southern half, almost wholly of (juartzites, such as are well exposed at Jordan Ferry, along the lake road between Lake Jiodney and McLean Island, about Berry Bay, and on the shore facing Mc- Nutt Island to a point nearly opposite its northern extremity. Here the quartzites may again be seen to be directly overlain by and gradu- ate into mica-schists studded with staurolite and andalusite crystals, some of these latter being two or three inches in length. Some of the beds are also noticeable as holding lavers filled with sheafs of horn- blende, a feature which helps to connect them with the hornblendic rocks of Yarmouth to be presently noticed. The two sets of rocks, i.e. the quartzites and staurolitic slates, are strictly conformable, with a regular dip S. < 30" E SO to 90 , and in the same relations reappear on McNutt Island ; while to the northward the staurolitic and andalu- sitic beds are alone seen, occupying all the shore to Sand Point and thence up Shelburne Harbour nearly to the town of Shelburne. Gi'ays or Pettis Island, two miles wes tof Cape Koseway lighthouse on McNutt Island, is said to be also composed of mica-slates The distinction as to limits between granitic and schistose rocks is, in the vicinity of Shelburne, as indicated elsewhere in this report, a matter of much dirtieulty, due partly to the absence of exposures, but chie% to the irregular way in which the one set of rocks is invaded by the other- ()f this a good illustration is aflbrded at the Shelbuine ]Mills on the lioseway River, near which ledges of gneiss, several hundreil feet wide and very regularly stratified, are not only cut oflF abruptly by granite, across their strike, but appear to be completely surrounded by that McNutt Uhuul .Slii'llmrnc Hiirliijiu'. k^ R' Hewav Uivt-r. r>8 M XOVA SrOTIA. Mil Churchover. Carleton, Capi' Xtgrci IijlaiKl. Ne>,'i(( Har- bour, Blanche Point. rock. So to the westwiml, wliilc th«' lar^'er part of xh^^ ridge sejmniting SlielV)iirno Harbour from Ilirchtown May appears to bo composed of granite, small aieas of i|uartzite also occiii. In general, liowover, it may he naid that granites prevail up the valley of the lloseway as far H8 the I)ritlge in I^ower Ohio, and down the westward side of .Shelhurne Harl)our through the settlement of Churchover. South of Churchover, Hno-grained, gray, micaceous gneisses, marking the commencement of another area of sedimentary strata, are first raet with at Green Cove, dipping regularly S. 30 E. < 60 , and are an extension of those of Sand Point, upon tlie opposite sitle of the liarhour. Iteyimd this no exponires were seen as fur as the ujiperpart of Carleton, but the character of the boulders is such as to iirdicate the close proximity of staurolitic strata. 'Ilie.se appear in xitn on the south side of Sand Creek and furm the piomontory of Red Head. The staurnlic(! crystals, imbedded in light-gray mica-schists, are here not only very abundant l)Ut excepti(jnally good, fnu^ specimens, in botli prismatic and rhombic forms and sometimes of largt^ size, being readily attainable. .Vndalusite, in pale-pink prismatic crystals, is also found, but less abundant ly and less completely differentiated. The dip of the beds is about N. 2."» >1 t.ut onlv at an anj-de of .3 or 4 . The same beds run out to the extremity of East Point, and reajipear, with abundant crystals of garnet, sLaurolite and andalusite, at the eastern end of the island of Cape Negro. They here dip N. 40 W. < 70 . The shores of North East Harbour are mostly low and bordered by colible beaches or sand bars ; but on the western side of the indentation, in the settle- ment of the same name, are some slaty beds which are remarkable chiefly as containing an unusual amount of chlorite. They are, how- ever, but poorly exposed. Passing round by way of .Jones Point to Negro llarbour, liighly micaceous strata again come into view, thf slaty rocks being spotted with a black variety of this mineral in pea-liko nodules, a.ssociated with which are much larger nodules, sometimes two inches in diameter, of a dark-green chloritic mineral, sometimes exhibiting a concentric structure. The dip of the beds is regular, S. 30° E. < GO'. They ex- tend nearly to Port Saxon, beyond which, to the head of tlie harbour, no exposures occur. Between Negro Harbour and Port La Tour is the long narrow penin- sula terminating in Blanche Point. The strata composing it, 'h seen at Purgatory Point and elsewhere, are similar in their general charac- ter to those of the opposite shore below Port Saxon. Some of the lAllIT ] 8IIELI1UIINK COUNTY. 59 M strata (iliouml in small gamuts, tuul the snnip iieculiurchloritic blotches or iiodult's, refi'i red to iihovc, uro iii;iiin met with. While the Biaiahe peninsula tonus the custern side of the hiirhour of Port f-a Tour, tli I'larriii^'ton. Cap." Sill .le Islaml. Between Poit La Tour and Barrington Head, there are but few exposures along the ])ost-road, the first three miles being continuous barrens ; but along the east shore of Barriigton Bay, both in and below Village Dale, are beds of highly crystalline coar.se gneiss, filled with granitoid veins and having an attitude which is nearly vertical (S. GO' E. < 80"). Farther noil), between Village Dale and "The Town," the shore is bordered by extensive tracts of blown sand, but in places these can be seen to rest upon well-stratified gneis.s, which towards Barrington Head becomes more and more injected with granite, and finally, near the post office, is completely replaced by the latter. From Harrington westward to the limits of Shelburne county, no other rock than granite was observed, eitlier ui)0P the coast or in the interior. Whether the same is true of Cape Sable Tsland we were unable to determine. The slight width of Barrington Passage, by which the i.sland is separated from the maiidand, together with the occurrence of large granitic boulders over various parts of it, favour the ide;i that it is in part at least composed of this rock, but the only exposures we could find at Baker Beach, on the south-eastern side of the island, are of gneiss. Granites ok C^lkkn.s and Shklhuunk Countiks. In the foregoing descriptions numerous more or less considerable • reas of gianite have been incidentidly alluded to, and their boundaries have been to s me oxtenl defin..a. It is now proposed to irive a more systematic summary of these areas, with some remaiks upon tlieir character. yUEK.SS COLXTV. Coffins Island. 1, Beach Meadoifn and Coj/his Is/and area. — The on!y rocks actually visible in this area are those of ]{each Meadows siiore, where they have already been descriijod as penetiating the schistose vtrata in BAILEY.] QUEENS COUNTY. 61 M large veins, in part contoniiing to and in juirt cutting across the stiatiHcation of tlie latter. It i.s uncertain to wliat extent .similar rocks enter into the corapositidn of Collins Island. No outcrops could be found upon it, hut from the number and size of tlio bouldor.s met with it is believed that it is chietly composed of granite. .'. Liverpoof Bay, 'rent side. — Teins of granite, which are some- T^ivcipooi times hornblendic, have been def^.-ibed as penetrating the gneisses ami " ■ " mica-schists at Black Point, Moose Point, .Strawberry Point and Western Head. They present for the most part features similar to those of Beach Meadows and Cotlins Island, and probably mark the continuation of a line of granitic upheaval extendii'g from Port Me(U way to Port -Mouton, though showing at the surface only in the form of isolated patches. These granites are remarkaVile for the character and size of their segregated veins, which are partly of pure quartz an>l partly of mixed quartz, orthoclase and light-coloured mica. Port Muittoii Harbour. — The granites on the eastern side of this i>,,it Muuton. indentation consist of small veins at Whites Point and of larger dyke- like masses at Hunts Point and 8omerville Centre. On the western side of the harbour, however, they are in much greater force, forming not only the whole of the western shore and adjacent islands (.Mink, Spectacle, Massacre and Port Mouton), but thence extending westward across the upper portions of Port Jolie and Port L'Hcbert to a point about half way between the last-named indentation and that of Sable River. The northern boundary, though ill-detined, is believed to ex- tend in a nearly uniform line from the mouth of Broul Hiver to within two miles of Tom Tidney Brook, at distances of from two to three or four miles north of the post-road. ^luch of the country is covered with piles of granitic boulders, many being of very large dimensiims. The rock of this area, as seen in Port Mouton Harbour, is light-gray, weathering whitish, of moderately tine grain, rarely porphyritic, but fre(|uently traversed by large gianite veins in which the constituent minerals are remarkable for their size and individuality. In places the rock exhibits a laminated structure which is hardly le^s perfect than the beddiuL' of ordinary stratified rock. l^iippur Lake area. — The upper half of this sheet of water, situated in Tuiit i Luke. the northern corner of Queens county, is bordered on either side by gray, micaceous quartzites : but a mile or less to the eastward these are replaced Vjy high granite blutls, and about half way down the lake granite couies out upon the shore. .Still further down, this rock appears k. mm I ( I M Tiilit'.itic Luke. 6-2 M NOVA SCOTIA. upon l)Otli .si(i(!s ol:' tlio lake iis well as in the many islands which clot it.s surface. To the north of the lake, the granite tongue gradually widens until, along the houndary of Annapolis county, it is at least live miles wide, forming in tho vicinity of Round Lake the highest land in (^hieens county : but to the westward it becomes rapidly narrower, and along the Rosette road is less than a mile in width, finally disappearing near- the "Jumbo" mine in Westfield. The granites of this area may be seen in the vicinity of Tupper Lake to penetrate both the quartzites of Division I. and the black pyritous slates of Division TIL \n the case of the former their inHuence is everywhere marked by increased hardness, the devehjpment of a purple or lilac colour, and the moi'e or less perfect development of minute crystals. The granites of this area also differ in some respects from those of the coast, being usually much coarser, and often porphyritic. They are also more variable in colour, for while the prevailing tint is light-gray, some portions are dark-gray and others tawny yellow. I'obeatic Lake region.. — As the north-eastern corne'; of Qi'eens county is partly occupied bj' the granites of Tupper Lake and vicinity, so its north-western corner also includes a granitic area at and north of To- beatic Lake, at the head of Shelburne River, which flows into Lake Ro.ssignol. Like the Tupper Lake area, this is a portion of the main granitic axis, being another southwardly-bending spur from the gran- ites of Annapolis county, and to the westward continuous with those of Shelburne county. Within the limits of Queens county the granites form the northern shore of Tobeatic Luke, the eminence known as Bald ^fountain, the shores of Granite or Rocky Lake and the north- ern end of Big Pescawess Lake, whence the southern boundary of the granite, now in Annapolis county, sweeps around in a gentle curve to the Liverpool and Annapolis road (crossing this just north of iNfait land), and then south-easterly again to connect with the spur at Tupper Lake. I') i SUKLBURNE COUNTY. Shellmiiie. Shelhume Ifnrhoiir. — This area is about equal in extent to that last described. On the post-road east of Shelburne, the granite is first found in situ about three miles east of the town, and probably extends also southward about two miles from the latter. Its northern limits are not ''^fmitely known for want of e2.i osures, but on the Roseway River granite may not only be well seen near its mouth, but also as far up the stream as the bridge in Lower Ohio. At several points along •] SUKLlifUM: COUNTY. 03 M the Roseway it has Ijeen described as including well stratified beds of gneiss. West of Shelbunie it may be seen for several miles on the road to Clyde, on the post-road to and tin-ough the settlement of Birch- town, throughout the peninsula terminating in Harts Point (where the principal granite quarries are situated), and down the western side of Birchtown Bay, through the settlement of Churchover to the point wliere the shore-road is joined bj- that from lieaver Dam. The district is mostly very ro'igh and boulder-strewn, or occupied by extensive barrens. Jiiiil.in and rivers. Further remarks on the character of this granite will be given in connection with the economic minerals of the region. Nortlt-onmt rnrnnr nf Slti-lhurne ('oiinty. — -A considerable area of granit" has been referred to in preceding pages as occurring about the head-waters of the Jordan and lloseway rivers. On the Jordan its southern edge is indicated by the great number and the enormous size of the granite boulders which skirt the north side of Lake John. Thence it seems to occupj' all the country lying to the north and west nearly or quite to the valley of the lloseway. Its western limit nearly touches John Lake, near Bower Hill, and thence it e.xtends north- easterly almost to .Schoodic and Moose lakes. In an easterly direc- tion the belt appears to be somewhat narrowed, its northern border passing I'rom near Schoodic Lake, by the mouth of Silver Lake, to the lower edge of Wainwright Lake, while the southern border passes by the upper end of Long Lake on the Jordan and thence to the boundaiy of Queens county, where it connects with the Tobeatic area already noticed. Barrhigton area. — The granites of Barrington and the region Bairingtim. northward '^1. the latter, including a part of Yarmouth county, con- stitute the largest area of such rocks near the southern coast. They may indeed be considered as the continuation of the main axis, though at their northern extremity nearly if not wholly disconnected there- with. In Barrington proper, these granites occupy the whole of the shore from Barrington Head westward to West Wood Harbour and Pubnico p„ij„ico Beach. They prol)ably form also the greater part of Cape Sable Island, although]as already noted, the only ledges which could be found upt)n the latter (on its southern side) wore of gneiss. North-west of Barrington Head the granite was found to extend along the Yarmouth post-road to and beyond the county line of Y'^armouth, and includes all the country l)ordering Barrington Lake ami River, with abt)Ut half of the tract ■.f:i ■ •ii K: 64 M NOVA SCOTIA. BAll.EV."j River Clvke-basin.^, such as those of Great Pubnico, CIreat and Little Medoshak, Clearwiivcr Lake, Wagner Lake and others, mostly connected with, the head-waters of tSe Clyde. The topography of all this region, as laid down in Cliurch's county maps, is very incorrect. The position of lakes and streams is frequently several miles out of place, while in some instances sheets of water of considerable size are wholly omitted. I'^veii the position of the county line between Shel- burne and Yarmouth is uncertain, that given in the county map of the latter being whollv and widely discordant with that of the former. In the mineral map of Nova Scotia, the large island known as McNutt Island, of which the soutlurn extremity is Cape Rose way, crowned by one of the most important lighthouses on the coast, is wholly omitted, an omi.ssion which has been unfortunately repeated in (he map accompanying the jireliminary report of which this is an extension, and which, as regaids its topography, was based thereon. This has made the deterniination of geological boundaries in the region a matter of muoh dirticulty, a ditHculty which has been further enhanced by the fact that the bounf'aries themselves are ill-defined, the granites some times showing actual transitions into gneiss, as this does into quartzite, while the granite .sends into both irregular tongues and veins, of very variable size, often resulting in a complicated interblending of the two. A further consideration of this subject will be given in the succeeding section on tre rocks of Yarmouth county. Yarmoutii Countv. Yanumuli county. In this county, as in Queens and Shelburne counties, the rocks, ex- clusive of the granites, are believed to be referable to the Cambrian system only, or at least to the .same horizon as those of the counties just named. It will be mo.st convenient in the consideration of the rocks to refer first to the distribution of the granite. GRANITKS. It (iriinite.s. It has been already stated that the granitic area north of Barring- ton is bisected by the line separating Shelburne and Yarmcuth coun- ties, and descriptions ha .'e been given of the portion included in the •] VAKMOrill COU^'T^'. 05 M IJri'.-it I'lil)- liicu Lake. M'Mli.siiak l.ak.y. former county. Tt rcniiiiiis to notice the portion formint; tlie southern or .soutli-eiistern purt of that last-niinied. The followint; notes nee based on obsersations inach' liere by .Mr. W. II. I'rest. (rfpat Pu/inico Lake. — This sheet of water lies about three miles and a half north of the south-eastern border of Yarmouth county, and is wholly within the limits of the latter. It is extremely irreijular in outline and is diversified by numorous islands. Around the north-west end of the lake there is an abundance of j^neiss and .syenitic granite, while about the centre and towards the south-east end granitic drift jirevails. Mnloxlmk Lnlcs. — These two lakes, Big and Little Medoshak, lie to the north of (rreat Pubnico, a little west of and parallel to the count\ line. The country around them is drift-covereii, boulders of granite and gneiss, or of the latter banded with (juartzite, being most plentiful, and sometimes of immense size Cli'driniti'r Lake. — This lake is also close to the coenty line and in the .same line with the Medoshak Lakes, with which it is directly con nected. On its west side there are great cliffs of gneiss, holding biotite, tourmaline, iron-pyrites and a great abundance of garnets. The latter are of a daik coloui', but j)erfect in shape, and sometimes nearly or (juite half an inch in diameter. The lieds dip generally 8. 42' E. < about 72 , but faults and twists ai-e frequent, and with the stratified beds ai'e numerous dvkes oi' veins of granite. Enijlinh Ml/l Laki'. — This lake, also known as Stony (^'i-eek Lake, i.s one mile and three-(|uarters nortli of Cleai-water Lake. Its general course is N. 20 \V., and it embraces two division.s. the east and west lakes, connected by narrows. It is surrounded, at least on its S.W., .S. E. and E. sides, by mingled gneiss and granite, the latter occurring in veins as well as interbedded, and in both large and small nia.sses. (Jarnets, some of them half an inch in diameter, are inclosed in the gneiss, Wagner Lakn. — The north end of this lake is about E. by N. from the WajjiK r Lu". S.E. end of p]nglish Mill Fiake, and distant two miles and a half, or two miles and three-tpiarters. Wagner Lake is about two miles lon^ and its general course is about S. 20° E. Its foot is about three miles an entertained as to the nature of the strata, (ineissic and micaceous rooks abound, exhibiting various shades of texture and colour, while through them, in many instance.s, as in the case of the similar contacts in Shelburne county, run irie-.;ular veins and masses of coarse granite, sometimes shading off insensibly into the gneiss, but at other times with sliarp lines of delimitation, or with the two rocks irregular- ly mingled. Veins of quartz are also common, and with the.se at times garnet, tourmaline and other minerals are well developed. The rocks are usually greatly contorted, and but little information is to be gained by the study of their ever-varying attitudes. In advancing to the westward (the prevalent strike being here to northward), the evidences of mettamorphism gradually become less marked, though the highly micaceous character of the strata and the dissemination through them of crystalline minerals still conspicuously attest the alteration they have undergone. The fi'st good exposures of beds of this character is to b(rseen along the post-road at the head of Pubnico Marbour, but they are even better exhibited at different poiats along the length of the penin.'-ula bounding the latter upo \ the western side, and at St. Anne Point, its southern extremity. As seen along the post-road at the head of the harbour, the highly micaceous but distinctly bedded rocks are thickly studded with crystals of andalusite, varying from half an inch to three inches in length, with now and then a crystal of staurolito or '/arnet ; but while the- siniiulai" ly rough anil knoljby appearance of the beds is largely dae to the prom. ( M'lllTill fiMtiiri'S. lii I'uliiiico H;ill)iiMr. i ■fil 68 M NOVA SCMIIA. St. AiiiK r<)iiit. iiiciicf! <,Mveii to ilicso crystals by iiiu i[unl vvoiitlicr!ii<,', a I'lDsorexiiminii- tiuii shows tliat it is also in pai-t this ii'siilt of ilic itiflosui'c in llic hods of numerous wcll-dclincd jiehljles, mostly of ((Uartzit*!, llie rook being in reality a conglomerate. Hoth features are of inu'-h imymrtance, for on tlie one hand they thus show a close correspondence and jjrolwihle e(|uivalency with the similar beds already descrilied about Port I.a Tour and I'lsewhere in Shelburne county, and on llie oth(;r as nearly resendde certain beds of Yarmouth. I larl)our and the vicinity of the city of Yai'inouth which have been thought to be of moi'e ancient origin than the beds of the Cambi'ian system. If the view liei'e taken be correct, these beds, in Ymn! utl' county as in Shelbuiiii . nr,> the representatives of Di- ''n r : tiifi Caml)» .an sy.ste i, and in coiinec- L,ion with f.i IS to b(^ i.«(; ci.'sv no. ict^d all'ord a key to the (rui- intei-- pretation of the gef 'ogy ■■}' hi'- ri of Nova Scotia. At 8t. Anne Point the vvidtli o' ' ■ lieds as measureil across their strike is about ,a furlong, and the dip about Iv 'JO^' S. < SO . iJoth staurolite and andalusite are ai)nnd..nt here, but the conglomeritic character noticed at the head of the harbour is less prominent. Similar beds also form islands in tlui liarboui'. \)cds, are ei lie sf( 8ula, west linall J.io ave to tl wit It < Rocks ot Yaruiiiiitli MICAf'EOUS AND IIOHNIlMCNDIf HOCKS OK VAU.MOUTM IIAI!liOL-H, ETC. NVe come now to consider the peculiar group of rocks found in and about Yarmouth city and hai'bour, to which refeience has hevn made above as dill'ering in imjioitant r(^-(l. roniitr \ iiws ''''"' "1"'"*-' prominent features of the group were first described by Sir J, \Vm. Dawson in '' Ac-.dian Geology,'' and subsecjuently, in considerably greater detail, by Dr. Selwyn. Both writeis remark ujion the contrasts which these rocks exhibit as compared with tiie Cand)rian rock^of the southern counties, and both suggest the prol)ability that they are older ; but no facts of a definite ciiaracter were in either instance obtained from wlacl'. their true position might be inferred. Tn the determination of this (juestion it will tirst l)e necessary to consider the composition or litluiiogical aspect of the rocks, and secondly their stratigraphical relations. As a whole, the l)elt, having a width of about seven and a length of about forty miles, may be described as consisting of highly metamorphosed strata in which the abundanic of mica, and esitecially of hornblende, are tlie most char'-.c- teristic features. Ciilorite and epidote also characterize some of the Litluill/l.'lc cliaractiTs • . .tCTW gmg".Tn"wwtwft'»*M y , IJOCKS OK NAUMOLTII II.MtllOlIt, I.IC G'J M KliUlvllM. bods, hut an' nuich less cou^pieuMus, aiul in sonu' instaiicps the strata ait) either folsjiathii' or (iiiart/i»se. (toad cxposurt'S of such incks may he seen in thi; city of Ynrniouth, and still l)ett<'r in th*' vouky penin- suhi, now used as a park, near (lit' ln'ud of the liaihour ; aL'ain on fht' west side of the hitter ahite crystals ?o conspicuous at Pubnico, but the Hrst-mentioned (-..nn^iij^,,,, feature occurs to st)me extent in undoubted Cambrian rocks on the east ""'i '"''^ "f side ot olielburne Harbour in coiniection with staurolitic strata, while .siifllmriK-. in the I'ase of the Yarmouth beds these, as will \n' j)resently noticed^ exhibit in their eastward extension an abundance of both staurolite and garnet, a.ssuming in fact aspects not distinguishable from those of many of the beds on the Shelburne county coast. The latter being clearly the metamorphosed ei|ni\ alents of Division 1 . n. of the Cambrian succession, it is reasonable to infer that such also is tie position of the similar beeninsula. the dark hornblenilic schists with the same dips (aboutS.lv <, 70 ) in- .suihwihkI elude a considerable bed of white fel.spathic rock, the counterpart of ''"""■ r 1 fe i 'i ^ : for several miles is without exposures. At Chegoggin Point, however, the underlying rocks come into view, and are of interest as including strata which appear to be to .some extent auriferous. These strata are, in their general charac- ter, similar to tiiose of Yarmoutii Harbour, consisting of horni)lendic slates, some of which are an almost jiure hoi-nblendite, while others are composed of an intimate mixture of hornlileiide and garnet. Fi.ssures in this latter rock are S(jmetimes covered with sheets of very lustrous and well formed, though nol complete, garnet crystals, wliile crystals of menaccanite or titanic iron, an inch ov more in breailth, also occur. Oiu' belt of this hornl)lende anil garnet-bearing schists has a breadth of eighteen feet. At other points tiie .softer slates appear to have their bedding places curving around the hornblendic nia.sses, as ■AlllT. KUi KH OF YAUMOl'lll IIAHItOUll, KTC. tli(nij,'h then' wvvv iiicliid^Ml lioiildfis, out- .siicli muss licinj,' about lU l*y -•*' tVct. 'I'lic gcuiTdl Hlrikni»t' tlu! lucks i.s S. .'li W. uiul llio (lip soiitlH'Hy at liiyli angles. Tlu-y arc traver.-t'd by iiiiiii«'M>e iniartz veins, on one (.f wliicii a mill of ten stani|is has been ert'ctcd, lait is not now in n|)cr:iiioii. Tlif iii'xt pi'incipiil lii'iiillanfi noi-tli ot' ( 'iiogoggin Point is tliat of ('niiilx iry C.'ratil))'ri-y Ffead, wIkmi' again i.'"l'l-b<'.iring strata ofcur and iiiv being worixed. altlioui;ii iieru! dip, iiowever, Ix-ing about the same as at Chegoggin. North of Cranlieriy Head, similar sti'ata. liui including more oi' loss arenaceous beds of a greenish colon i' are the predominant rocks, but vary every few yards in texture as tliey do also in altitu(h>, whilu at .sev(>ral i>oints they are invaded l)y dykes of diorite. In general the incission wouhl appear to be a descending one, in acconlance with which the greenish arcnaecou.s beds appear to graduate into more massive sandstones, in which the colour is lilue rather than green, and which in general aspect lecall the (|uart/.ites of I)ivision I. as elsewhere fountl in the ('aml)rian system, 'riiesp rocks are met with as far as the outlet, of Lake Allen. iJetween the stream last mentioned and the oromontorv of Higli "^"'1"" ""' ' ' , ' ••iitmiiou-. Head, the section is not a continuous one. l)Ut exposures are found at inter\als. of which the greater part are gicenish slates, sometimes including beds of (|uai't/ite, Ijut with tliese are also parti-coloured slates, exhibiting shades of green, yellow, led, purple and light-l)lue, recalling the ril)l)aiuled beds of the Pleasant l{i\ei' district in (Queens county. Api)roaching .Maitland the prevailing rocks are again hard green slates, now dipping northerly, Init e.xposures are few. Attention may now be directed to some of the aspects of the grouj> of rocks uniler consideration as se(>n in portions of Yarmoutii county more remote from the coa.st. From the vicinity of Yarmouth Harbour tlie hornblendic lock.s, ||,.(„.,,„())|i,, there so cons]>icuously displayed, are readily traced to the eastward, theii' '''• hardness and compactness causing them to stand out prominently wherever they occur. They can thus be seen in tiie settlements of Hebron, I'.ellfield, Wcsllington, Hartfoid and f)liio, being frequently Iiilkl- I ll'li|;f. Hra/.il. l>rnliMl>N' f.iult. < •_' M NOVA SCOTIA. exposed in bare riil^es iilnn^ oitlier side of tlir tiack of the Dcuiinioti Atlantic Mailway, as well as alxmt tlie ciiain nf small lakes running parallel with tlu; latter. Similar l>e(ls occur in tlie vicini'y of Lake • Jcor^'cas well as about f.ittlc ania/il lakes and Lake Aniiis, Itut in this direclion tlie liurnblendic cli.iracler becomes less niurkeigby county. The total len;,'th of tlm belt, including the portion in l>igln- county, is about thirty iiules, and the breadth, which is (pnte uiuform, about seven miles. On its eastern side the hornl)lendic and nucaeeous beds may at some points be seen to be followed by black pyritous slates, the supposed ecjuivalents of Division II F. of the t'ambrian .system of (.Queens county, and thus completing the ordinary (.'andjri.in succession; bui on the western side it is probable that the belt is bortlered by a line of fault, the beds, as already indicated upon the coast, exhibiting an abru|)t change of character, as they likcwi.se do wherever the western border of the belt is examined. I'nfortunately, on this western side, the country is deeply drift-covered and tio actual contacts of the hornblcndic rocks with the succeeding beds could be found. The general character of the rocks in this direction has been indicated in the coast section from Cranberry Head to Port Maitland, but e.vposure.s are few. DlliliV COUNTV. The formations represented in this county, as in tho.se already noticed, are mainly the granite and the Cand)ri..'i system, to which, however, must be added limited areas of Devoiuan rocks, and the red sandstones and traps of Digby Neck. These more recent sandstone.3 can best be discussed in connection with the similar rocks of Annapolis county. It remains to notice the ('aiid)iian rocks and the granite, and of these the latter rock may lirst be considered. (iKANITK 01' l)I<;|)V COUNTV. )>oimiiiiriv.s. The boundary of the central granite licit of central and western Nova Scotia, has already been given in previous pages through the •tlltV. ■O l-AMUltlAN U'JCh.-i OK Ulii[i\ l'ULNl\, .•5 M coiiritit'H of Quf'i'iiM, Slifll»urri«' iiml Yiinimutli to the liutiruliwy lino of J>ij,'l)y luimty. Tliis it cio»«'s iiljout two miUjs wot of wlitiio tlitj Hallux liiiti IS (MusstMl l>y tli«! iiiiiiti slream ot' lliu TiiMkft llivi-r, arid theiit-e extends lo (lit- vii.-iuity of lluirios Lak«'.* From tlii^ lakt? tlie bounfliiry exteiuls to tlie next or Carlclun l»tancli nf tlif saiiif riser, a Klmrt (litanco west of Tiakt" [)(>ylt' ; Imt fmni tlii^ imitit turns niorc to tlifi norlli and »!asl until, reaching llii- Sissihou m- W'tiyimiulli lliver, it crosses this a little bi'low its forks, i'roni this point its ci>urs«f is for several miles [larailfl to, und nearly mi.lway between, tin- imrth l)raiR'li of the iSissiliou and its tributary, the Mistake Kiv»(r ; l)Ut ulMive the head of the liitlt'i' it makes a sudden curve to the ninth-west, thu.s helping to outline a spur which occupies a considerable aie.i south und eust of North Range .settlement. From North Range its course is north-easterly until it crosses the West iSranch <>{ iJear IJiver about half -way l)etween Hear River village antl Murgantuwii, and imt far beyond cro-scs the county line l)etwoen J)igl>y and Annapolis. «;a.m»ki,\.\ Hocks OK iii<;nv coi ntv. Tn preceedin'' nasjes the description of the Cambrian mcks as shown ,. , ,,. ' o I .-1 r ^ S:illiiiiM IJlMT. in the coast stictions, has bt;en given as far as Salmon Ri\<'i', abcMit four inile.s north of the border line of Yarmouth county. To the north nf this river, the llist rocks met with are great argular block.s, twenty-tive by thirty feet long, of greeidsh-gray hornblendic material, which are svlmlly destitute of stratification and cai'ry small \tMnsof asbesttis. N'ery sim- ilar masses in sifii are also to be seen on the pi).-,t-ic)ad to NN'eymouth, a few miles north of Cape Cove, and both are doubtless diorite dykes. Beyiiiid the masses referred to, on the coast, but separated by a con- (■,,„. r,,\,. siderable interval, is a light-gray slate holding narrow seams of i|uartzite and dipping northeily from S'J to 90 . These beds form a portion of a series of siioi-e ledges which are expo.sed at interv.als to Cape Cove, atid which present upon the southiirn side of the latter a .series of pronnnent dills, in places eighty feet high. The course of the beds often corresponds to the trend of the shore, and their character, as .seen at dillerent point.s, as well as iheir str'ike, indicates that they art- largely if not wholly an extension of the beds already noticed about Salmon River Among them may be especially noticed a .series of aruillites reseinblin;; 'hose upon the shore north cjf Allen Lake in being many- \|i,,, i,;it;,.. coloui'cil, till, lu'h with greenas a prodondnant tiiit. They are probably representativ . > of Division il. of the Cambrian succtwsion, and ;is such are followed at Cape Cove by dark-gray and black slates, uf a highly * Tllii) lake in ^^llu\vll im the Cimiity .Map almut four iiiili^s ii'Pi-tli of its tnn- iHwitimi. I '■?, \ '■ I aWLIB MHMHk/' (4 M NOVA SCOTIA. ryritiiii^l.. Cap!' ('ri\. Ca|.c St. Miiiy. jiyi'itou.s cliaraiUT, that iiic hc'lie\t'(i tu In- tlie eiiuiMilcnts dI' Divi- sion 1 1 i. So aliuiwiiuil are tlii'sc pj'rites crystal.*^ that thf post-ghicial htds whiih (uciiici llieshitt's and (iqi ih" oliil's, arc fnr aconsidcrahle distance, by iht! ]>i"odut'ts of their decomposition, ccmentod into a ferruginous conghjincrate, tlio exact countc^rpart of tiie cf)ng!(>in(M'ates of siniihii' age to lie found aliout Bridgewater in lAineniiurg county. '. It is probable that the inilentation of Cape (Jove corresponds to a band of soft and easily renwned strata, *or no locks are exjiosed at its head, and th«! depression which it marks extends iidancl foi- a considerable distance. Along its northern side, howe,; i, more resisting beds again come to the surface, and riuming out to the coiist, form tlie ctmspic- U(; is promontory upon which ,'^tanils the ('ape St. .Mary lighthouse. Upon both Nides Oi this promontory the strata are well exposed, but while tliosi! on the south are easily accessiiile, those to the north form, for a long distant'c, a series of beetling ciitl's, already referred to upon an eat-'Ier page, and of which the examination, either from tiie shore or by water, is a task of muc-h ditiiciUty and of no little danger. The work was, however, undertaken l)y .^Ir. I'rest, and the following is a sunnuary of his notes thereon. Upon the shore south of the promontory and east of the light- house, [\w. most conspicuous rocks are greenish-gray and gray arenace- ous shales, containing oanils of gray slaty (|uartzites which are more or less crystalline, as well ,is fi'lsitic bands of bluish-gray, and sometimes yellowish, colours. Their dip is pretty uniformly S. 2S ]■]. at high angles, and their (!X[iused hri^adth i.- about thirty jiace-. Imnu'diately beneath these greenish ari'naceous shales, are cream-coloured an('. light yellowish-gray sandstones, of coarse texture, which in addition to minute garnets include numc.oas bird granular jia. tides, of a dark- gray colour, ind)edded in a |)aste which is nnich lighter and at the same time soft and unctuous. These beds are al^o noticeable as contJ'.ining numerous ;;riiins of carbonate of iron and !nica. In se",t;ral respects they are tndike any bed< .seen eLsewliere in the t'an.brian system, and the-}' may pos'ulily foi'in no portion of it. 'I'lieir diji, however, which is (juite uniform (8. '27 K. < 7") ), j'ccords with that of the associated beds, their l)readth being about ilfteen paces. Innnefliately below the cream-coloured sandstones, ;;n abrupt change occurs, the next succeeding beds being light-a-id dark-gray argillitcs wliich are much contorted but wl\icli near tlie junction with the sandst< ..es con- '■j lAMlllilAN l;0( KS OK DK.IiY CiilNrV. li) M form to the latter in dip. It is upon these argiUites th;it the Hglit- house stniuls. The fiist Ijeds exposed in thrhigli blull's tn the noith i)t' the lightliouso, Cuist srcticm are liiilit-and darlv-<'rav aryilHtes, .-similar to those hist nientinned, and V'l" V'"^!'. witli a nearly similar dip. The precipices are about fifty t'eet high and Ikiusc. often overhang ; but further eiust they become .still more l)ol(l and rugged, ranging from lOO to 200 feet in height and presenting a wild and desolate aspect. Xo othei' rocks than slates are visibk-, but lliese apparently form a s<'iies of folds ap[)foxiniately parallel to th(> ti-end of the coast, the first anticline being about onc-ihii'd of a mile N. by E. of Cajx! St. Mary, followed, at about the same distance, by a syn- cline, but without repeating tlie green shales. The next anticline continues further and brings up lower slates, but still of the same character. Still another anticlinal fokl <'xtends parallel to the coast for three or four niiie.s, tne di]i on the north side becoming N. 50' W. < 50' tt> 75'. A short distance south of South .Metaghan. this fold M, i:ij,'liiin. peems to I'un out into the st-a, but one mile north of Metaghan lli\('i', on the shore, art; greenish gray (juartzitcs with numertius small seams of greenish-gray arenaceous shales, dipping S. 17 11. < ^7 . Along the course' of the Metaghan Hiver also, bi'twrcn tlu^ village anviU occupying a higher position in the Cambrian succession than tiio-.e exhibited over most portioiii of l>igby county. These will presenily be more fully noticed. The highest tributaries of the Metaghan. like those of the Tusket, drain the western end of the New Tusket .synclinal. In descending the stream towards the IJelliveau road, indications of an approach to a ([uartzite anticline are clearly indicated in the drift; and, about Metaghan nr Vlctoi ia Lake, as well as al)out Belliveau Lake, ai'e ledges of blue ([Uart/ile with occasional seams of l)luish-gray slate. > These beds (AILIV. C'AMIilUAN lUKKS OV liKiliV COfNTV. ( I M (lip S. 2.") E. < 62 . The exact limits of tliis anticline die, us usual, very diflicult to (U'teniiine, owing to tiie ahsence ot" exposures, hut it would .si'cni to have, along tiic i'.flliveau road and aliout the middle courses of the .Metaghan, a width of ahotil eight on nine mili-s. \]:<. piisures of ([Uart/.ite may tie seen near and sontli ot iieaver Lake, uiul again at a point one mile and a ijiiartf^r east of Kaymund'.s mill, one mile and three-<|uarters ea^t of tin- Dununion Atlantic ilailway. Ill- SisKiliim llivtT. In the vicinity of Kaynmnds mill i.- allurded a gond ojipoituiiiiy for I'luMtimis the study of the numerous folds hy which this part of I>ighy county has been all'ected. We li,.'" lure, apparently, an anticline overturned tn the east, the <|uart/.iti's wlin h mark its centre ULTurring aWnut half a mile east of the mill, while on either s'uU' these are Hanked hy .arenaceous and mica^'eous slates tiiat gradually -ass upward into gray slates, as llu-se do into slates handed witli lilac and purple. The dip is nearly the same upon hoth sides of the anticlint;, or ahout N. ."lO tn 60" W. < 80, hut the heds are repeated in inverse order. It is the same anticline as that alread}' noticed upon Salmon liiver. We come now to the Sissiijou |{i\cr, the most considerahle of all the streams traversing I'ighy county, as it is also that afVording the most complete view of its geological structure. The sources of the Sissihou are in the granite country, winch occupies sO large a part of the eastern portion of the county. The western limit of the granite is ;iJK)ut half a mile iielow the Sissihou Forks. The rocks which adjoin the latter on the main stream, as well as ahout its tributary in Wagner settlement, are, as w.add he e.vjiected, highly metamorphic, eonsisling in pait of (piartzites showing traces of graidtie dyke-^, horid)!endic slates and hornhleiule-rock, the latter being much shattertMl, though massive, while the slates are regularly stratified and continuous. Near the jiinction of the two streams the liorid)lendie beds become less freijuent, ijut the rocks are still highly altered, i-on- sisting of micaceous slates in which both staurolite and andalusite are abundantly develojied. Near the same point the course of the Si.ssibou, previously wt'sterly, turns abruptly to th«! north-east, the locality being further marked by a considerahle fall. The rocks here ''■'l'-^- are maiidy blue slates, finely -itratitied, with some thin beds of light- gray slates. They are a portion of a rather broad synclinal basin, of horse-shoe form, the axis of which inclines to the eastward. Above ths bend the dips are northerly, as they are at the falls, hut northward of tlii.s, in descending the stream, gradually swing around through east to south-east and south. Sinnlar southerly dips prevail all the way to the mouth of Mistake River, rhe slates which occupy all the interval \m 1 m 'S '. rs M N(»VA SCOTIA. MiNtiiki liiv.T. I )i'Mi|ii;ill i-Di-ks. Kiv.r. Div. I a. riir|.l.' shit. • •xliiltitinj,' .slii;lit vuriutiuiis in colour find toxtuio, luul in places sli'twiii'^f ii somesvlmt rihhaiKicd !is]>i'('r. Tlicy Jilso slmw, sonu'tiiues, trHC(3s of metainoipliism, and arc ('1111))^ iron-heiirini,' (luart/voins. Mistake Itivcr is the ininfipal tributary of tlic Sissihou. It Hrst takes delinitf form wlit-re it llows from .Mistake Lake, near the settle- ment of North Ivim^c. Tlie lake in t|uostion is hordered in part by ,:4ranite and in part l»y nuart/itcs to be jirosently noticed ; but along the whole course of the stream, a distance of five miles, the rocks are slates similar to those of the Sissibou, of wiiicli tiiey are the eastward extension. To the south of tlie stream, however, bet\ve«Mi the latter and the jfranite, is a belt of much more recent strata. These are also slat(3s, but are more arenactjous than thos(' of the Cand)rian system, and show theii- comparatively modern origin in containing rotten oclireous laytirs, aboun'ling in fossils of Lower Devonian type Tliey are in fact similar to the beds of this age found at Bear i{iver farther east, and with tiie latter will be more fully considered in the seipud. They are here inclosed in a .sort of bay formeil by the granite, and |)rubably occupy and mark tiie centre of the Cand)rian .syncline. The slates of the latter, as seen along Mistake lliver, abound in slick- ensided suifaces, an evidence of extensive movements. Near the junction of AFi.stake lliver with the main Sissibou the slates, some of which are greenish and more or less unctuous, others purplish or greenish with purplish bands, begin to include beds of gray and greenish-gray sandstone, and not far below the junction, at the ,1 High Fall.s, are fine exposures of the.se beds still dipping southerly- They evidently mark the transition to the (juart/.ites of the lower division of the t'ambrian system, which ijuartzites appciar in place immediately ixdow the falls, forming for "JOO yards a .series of high cliffs, the dip of the beds being S. IG E. < 80 . About a fourth of a mile below Sissibou Falls, hard blue ([uart/.ites, with seams of greenish slaty sandstone, again form blulVs with a vertical dip (S. ]') K.), and three-fourths of a mile farther are similar beds with nearly the same dip. There are within this spaie some indica- tions of an anticline, but the prominence of cleavage planes and num erous variations in the dip either side of verticality, make its deter, mination uncertain. Beyond the (|uart/ites last referred to, the rocks show a mixture of greenish .sandstones and slates, with purplish bands, followed by purple slates, the dip lieing i\ortheily and the beds evidently the same as those near the mouth of Mistake River, now j^peateu on the other side of an anticline. A furlong below these exjjc'.rir- are l)'',;ish and greenish-gray sandstones with little slate, ■AllfV. CAMKIMAN liUCKS OK DK.ll^ COINI V. 7 it M inui'li foiiiortPil, l)iit with n\i ii\oyti'-ciiiiliiifr HllCI'f>>lll|l. and "'rctMiisli-giav sandstones, line daikyrav sandstones with dark argillites, and (inally hard hluo (juartzites with gret-nisli slaty partings. Tliis is the regulai' descending Cambrian succe.ssion. the lucidlli of the transition heels from the fault to the «iuartzites Ueing a little less than a mile, and the southerly dips averaging ahoiit oty. The ipiartzites which form the lower division of the Camhrian system <^i:iit/.itis ..f )laved il) NNiVUlnlltll. ai'e well displayed along tlie lower Msshjou and m tlie vicinity oi >> ey mouth, as they are also at various jHiints along the south shore of St, Mary's Hay. On the Sissih m they may lie well seen aliout two miles and a ciuarter ahove Weymouth. The Sissibou section has been reitn'refj to as typical of the structure Sii^ilimi mc- of a large part of Digby county. This is especially true of that prirtion *""' '' '.^'l'"-'''' of the latter whii'h inter\enes b"tween this stream and (he shores of Annajiolis I5asin. Thus the (piai'tzitea and a.ssociiited beds described as occupying the low(>r |)ortion of the Sissibou, below ^^istake River, similarly occupy a large part of the tract east^.ard of the fust and nortl; of the last- named stream, on either side of the line of the |)om;i.'on Atlantit i{ail- way. Much of the tract is indeed, as usual, covered witiv drift, but ],,„ ,i„i,,„ exposures ai'e suHicienrlv numerous to all'ord, with a.ssistniice of the drift, ;V'i' "'' clear indications of the underlying rock;. The best exposin-es ;u-e. as might be expected, upon the coast, find particularly in the vicini v of (lilhert Cove, of which tlie outc part consists of nia.ssive dar' ray .sandstones or (piartzites, dipping S 20 E. ^ "JO, while on tl dgh road above the head of the cove are mica-schists carrying.imall stals of magnetite. The (juartzites tirc^ also well exposed along tl)e rctad contiecting the head of St. Marys l>ay with the settlement • . North lifitign, as they are between the head of the same 'nay find tbt rown of Digby, wh(.'re they again sh(»vv evidences of consideifibl i^ration. In North Range settlement figain, where the Cambiiaii i An meet y.,y[\, Haiij;(.', and have been jirohably in j>art repl.-iced by a iioilliward ^piirof intra- 'I 80 M NOVA .SCOIIA. liri^'litMii. town. (-'•)ln|iari.>i succi-s,-i(in Diu'liv iiMi •.•ii.'.iis. ( I'laiid Ji ins. •'K- si\f> ;;i'aiiit(', t'lic (v idem es nf iilti-ifitiitti iiiiiy lie icadily >'et'ii, p.-irticul- aily ahdiit tl'f cdsitMii t'lui of Mistake fiukp, wlici'c are immense hoiild- ei's of tt'ddisli slaiy L,'iieis-^ wliicli arc r\ idi-iuly Im-al ; l)ut it i^ noticeable liei'i', as in (^hicens and Sli<'ll)iirne counties, liiat the massive (|uart/ites are l)ut little cliani^i-d e\eii wluwe tlie accoiiiiianyiiiLj (iiief licds are altered intu iilislcniii'^ inica-scliists. The section across tiic isthmus soparatim; St. .Marys Ijay from An- napolis ISasin, in the vicinity of the town of I)ij;hy, remains to he de- scrilied. It is imt |ieriia|>s so complete as that of the Sissihoii, but it is nioi'e accessible, anil, as a;;ain aiFordin^^ an admiralile illustration of the Cand)rian snccessinn and acomparisou witli the rocUs of that system on thi^ Atlantic seaijoard, in (i)uecns and J.,unenljur;,' counties, well de.serves a somewhat extended notice. Near the snutlicasfc side of St. .Marys Uay and in tlio eastern part of liriifiiton, the, (piartzites which form ''i(( base of the section may be seen, dipping easterly. They are i;rt,'enisli in tint and more or less mica- ceous, and are an evident continuation of those of IMymoutii and the lower [)oi'iion of the Sissibmi lliver. Crossini^ tlu; [lost road, they pro- iiably form the basis of nuicli, if not the whole, of the hi,L.'li land closely adjacent lo the town of Di^by, thoui_'li they are completely concealed from \iew. Approaching; Marshalltown, aloni; the line of section, bands of yreen slate be^in to replace the (|iiar'./ites. and at last become the prevailing; rock. Then, on the hi;;h land of Marshalltown, jmrple slates come in. resend)lin<;, oven in the most minute particulars, the purple slates holdini; a sinnlar position in ueens ctiunty. Hert; as there the lower purple slates show numerims lijfht yellowish-green seams which are very characteristic. Wherever seen the yellowish- ,,f green seams show faint bedding lines, which here and there are discon ' tinuetl or replaced iiy purple slate for half an inch or an inch. ()ci;a- sionally a very nari'ow dark green seam is seen in LHgby as well as in <,>ueens county. Then come, as in the latter, bluish-gray aiifl lilac slates> then a .series of (upper) lan'ploslativs without yellowish seams, and then bluish-gray and light-gray striped slates, seen on the north-east end. of Marshalltown hill. Finally, on the hills south of Jordantown and up the I.ee or liingeys I'.rook above the N'alley Mills, is seen the transition to the black slates. A fine t.-xposure of the latter may be seen near the railway bridge on the Urand .loggius. whih; tiiey are al.so well exposed on the hill above Acacia cottage and along the road lead- ing thence to North Range. The above section may be continued beyond the Grand Joggins to Bear Hiver, the eastern border of Digby county, as it is al.so the ■AILtY. rAMliltlAN KOCKS uK l»l<.l!V COfNTV. 81 M natural oastwanl termination ut' the f,'ieat Cainlniuii tnu-t ilcscriljed ahovf. • ill llnllin^'licad I'.iook tliti \>\ii(!k iuul hluish hl.ick slatos (if lln' Su. r. -^illll m (Jrand .loi.'i,'iMs an; a^'ain seen, cxliiliitinj,' the foliowiiii,' asfcndiii:,' l^lllm^'lll■u0 W < Go to 7. HIack slates, for onc-thiid of a mile. Dip X. ")") W. < l.'i to < 30 Stri po I )) uish j-'ray and liiilitand i dark 'I'av date. 'W i The last-named strijietl slates have a prevailing,' south-east dij), and with some wave like undulations mark the eentre of a synclir.e, on the other side of which the heds are reversed for about half a nnle, the whole basin bein<^ at the same time inclined in the diriiction or Bear River. The dip on the south-east side of the synclint; is i.i places almost perpendicular. About a furlon; south-east of the above syncline is adykeof dioritc. |)i,,iiti' .Kkf. nearly 100 feet thick, that i.« probably continuous vi;i: a belt of such rock expo.sed on the west side of IJear Kiv(M It protrudes through the ahno.st perpendicular slates and forms a succession of falls over fifty feet in height. 8r)Uth-east of the dyke the slates maintain foi a time their vertical dip, then inclinini; northward at an angle of from 50 to CO . A little over a furlong soulli-east of the dyke is tlie apex of a minoi' fold sul)ordinate to the main Weymouth fold. The dip is about N. 30^ W. < GH'. Still farther south-east the country becomes covered with drift in which boulders of granite and diorite predominate. On Roach JiriK)k (or Poole Urook), which runs into .Smith Cove, i;,„„h |',i,«,k. are still other e. . illK'irtaiii a Smith C..\.. Ahout tlw Ic.wer part of Uoiicli lliouk, ac iSiiilth Cove, tlie tlivrk slates arc. IIS usual, in nuiinMDUs slioit fulds, (lippiiiy stoeply to t lio eastward, tlu* folds ihciuselvcs being iiiclincd in the same direction at anjjius from 7U to W . The slates are often stained and sonietiniew perni«ated for some distance with red, l)utr au»l green colourin;; matter, this l)einj5 distributed usually not in lines correspond ini; to the bed- dinj{, but in patilic-; Where these colours an; jiresent the slates are soft((r and ajjparenti} more argdlaceous tiian elsewhere. In these respects they resend)le the soft slates dcscril>ed (tn a picviou^ pa;;<- a'^ occurring on the coast .south of C'ape St. .Mary. As in the case of the beds last reft^rcd to at Cape St. .Mary, it is by no means certain that the rocks i»f llttach l»ro»»k and the (ract in- tervening between the latter and Hear River, are <»f Cand)iian age. In some of Uieii features they lj»*ar (juit«- as close a rifsemblance to the rock of Eo-l)evonian age, so largely •ievtloped to the eastward of this point and to be presently noticed. The apparent total absence of • fossils favours the former view, but, on the other hand, beds but little removed from those in ipiestion are almost certainly U) be rcfeired to the more recent of the systems named. These occur about 100 yards north of the railway liridge at Smith Cove, and embrace, a large mass of very .soft unctuous ami friable slates or shales, of which the prevail- ing colour, at least upon the surface, is a deej) brownish red, with nar- )w bands of light and tlark bluish-gray and gicenish-gray colours. Their dip is well detined N. 10 W. < 78 . They will be referr« being found withiti their limits. Tlieir total area within the counties named would jirobably not fall short of lOUO s(|uare miles. 2. The almost exact paiallelism in tiie succe.'»sion of the (.'ambiian beds, as seen on the Sissiboii and in the section from Marshalltown to the .lo^gins, witli tiiat seen in parts of (Queens and iiUnenburg Lountics, a parallelism which is not only a j.;eueral one, but descends t*^ the minutest details. 3. The great thickness attained by tlie principal uiembers of tlie Cambrian system, and the conseipient great thi<'kiiess of the whole system as developed in this region. Mr. W. H. Pi(\st, fiom a series of careful measurements on the Sissilwu, has estimated the aggregate thickness as high as 28,000 feet, but in view of the many possibilities of error among rocks so highly folded and faulted, it seems to the writer that the estimate is considerably too high. 4. The alisence of any distinct l)reak between the sui)po.sed Cam- l)rian (juart/ites and slates of IHgby county and the asscfciated <|uart/. Jtes and slates of Devonian age, the foldings and metaniorphism by which both have been aflectcd having apparently been synchronous and tln-refore both iJevonian or later, ."». The jirincipal anticline or dome recognized in Oigby county is that of ^\'eymouth. The (piartzite wliich marks its course can be readily traced from the head of St. ,A!arys Bay (Mar.-.lKilltuwn) .south- westerly through Brighton and I'lympton to Weymouth . an 1, west of Weymouth, along the line of ilie Dominion Atlantic Hallway, and upon the south coast of St.. ^larys Bay to Saulnierville. The a.\i> of the anticline is probal)ly in the vicinity of Weymouth Bridge. The greenish gray anil purple slates which succeed the (|uartzites curve around the eastern and xiutiiern edge of the latt(^r. Froui a point a little ejiat of the head of St. Marys Bav they run south over the higher part of Marshalltown Hill and are seen in the brook beyond. They then curve gradually around to the south west and pass through H .Siiii.iii.iiy I if ■«MWWt«««». SJ \itV\ SCMTIN. four I ('allil>l'iail foMx. IlllHltll luc lil tlin licail-wiitt'is ot' Mctayliaii KivtM', liut liri'f iiiiM't mill t'nld ari)iiiiil aiiotliiM- i|iwii°t/iti' iloim- (al i>t' .Mitau'liaii) wliii'h iIiimk'O tvvtonds to tin- licatl-WHtcrs of Saliium KImt. tlirir lo imitr Nviih am «t luT licit (that of Tiiskct ) stietcliiiiK t-ast ami \vi'^.t I'ilhcr siili' nt' Went worth Lake. A minor licit of ,ilali's, i-Nlcmls from near McNi^lian station to till' loast at the tioumlaiy line of Yaiiiiouth county. Tlif liliu- ami \)hwk slates wliich form the lii;;In'r imMiilicr of th« t'amliiiaii siuv't's.-ion, iii'i;iiiniiii^ lU'iir l>i;;l)y, are (irstM-cn near .lordaii town and at the (irand .loj^giiis, and can he traced southwesterly, with many contortions, ii|i the Lee or Hin^^ay I'rook, striking; the j^ranite a little east of North Itatiite. South-west of the j.;ranile ton^jue in the latter settlement and at Mistakti Lake the i ourseof the I'elt is resumed and this is aj^'ain seen on the Sissihou foi' three miles aliove the mouth of Mistake l{i\er. South west of the Sissihou it has iieen traced to the New Tuskot and Weynumtli road. I- li. Tiie ajijiro.\iinate ei|uisalency of the micaceous and hornhlendic rock.s of Yarmouth Harbour and their northward extension with the micaceous -.ynd stauiolitic rocks of Slieihuine county, and therefore with Division 1. f>, with jiossildy much or th« whole of hivision II. ot the C'andiriaii .sy.stem. The essential cori'es|iondence of the rocks of I'oint Fourt-hu with those of the Puhnico Peninsula, the resemlilance of the latter to tlu; rocks of .Ionian Itay and Shelhurm^ llailmur, a lesemhlance which in repeated in that portion of the hornhloiiilic helt which horders lakes Annis and nra/.il, the cijuidly marked resond^lance, commented on 1-y |)i'. Sel«yn, lietween the beds of Cranberry Point and those of Che- bojiue Point, clearly prove these beds to be parts of a single system ; while their relations to the ijtiartzites of the Tusket on the one hand and to those of Cranberiy Head and llectaiiooga on the other, as well as to the black slates of Carleton and Arcadia, show as clearly their place in that system. It may be added that tlu; abundance of hornblende which constitutes the most conspicuous feature of this belt, and which has caused it to be referred by several authors to a Pie- Cambrian hori/on, is largely contined to beds which appear to be of the nature of dykes. Further, the rocks of Division T. h, to which these rocks have been referred, are, even in (Queens and Shelburne counties markedly chloritic, and the relative abundance of one or the other of these nearly related minerals may well be only an accident of meta UlllV ANN \riil.lH COUNTV — OltAXITKS. .1 M incii|iliisiii. Till- n(iij»li)meriiti' chaniclrr nt' (lie lif«|s ut' I'dIiiI KdiikIui jiikI of I'liliiiii'ii tn.'iy Ix- on!', ii local t't'nturc. Imt t-vi'ii tlii^ timU its (•oiiriti'i|pait, III ^uiiit' t)t till' lii'ds, olliiTwisf Hirniii;ly rt'^i'inliliiii,' iIiot of I'ul «;i)Uiit\'. (iiU'o, wlinli oci 111' on till- >.lu)i'i' iif I'ot'l Ii!i 'I'l'iii', ill SIh'IIiuiii Sll.l lil.W, l>K.\OMAN AM. A^XK lATKIi lIocKS. .IIWIIT.S UK ASSM'ol.IS COl VTV. In trac-iii;; tlir iioitlii'iii iiiiii'u'in of ilu- cfiiti'itl t;rtiniti<- iixis, tiii- liiu lii't'ii (le.sci'ilx'd ii". ('i'(issiiij{ tin- houndary liiif Ix'twcrn |)i'^liy uinl An nu|i<)lis (Miiiiitit's not far soiitliof tiif foi'k> of licar ln tin- «'a'-t liraiii'li of tills stream llic L.'i'aniii's an- linciy csiiom'iI ami ilii-ir contact with Dc.onian i|uail/iti's wi-ll cxliiljiti'd, :d)out two niili-s al>o\r Hear Hivcr villai,'!'. Kroiii this point the foursf of the ^{ranitif out |)|,i,ji.„tii n crops runs just south of tlm scttl(Min'iit of < ircciiland, and nearly par "''■''•";"*' ;ilii'l to I he road extendin'^ fiotn iScar i>i\t'i > iila;{e to Cod Lake, until, liiwt t'l.Ui i near the latter, it curves more lo thi^ northward, and rearhcs the '""' '"'" settleineiil, of Nir^iiiia Jiisl north of the forks of the N'ii'ninia road. The next point to tiie oa.stsvard at which granites lia\e heen ohst-rsed is on I lie post roail connec'tin<; the towns of Annapolis and l,i\erpool. lait In re the main hody of the ".'lanite, of which the exposures aliove noted aro a part, is separated from ani' 'ler cotisideraKle area of similar rock, foniiinu' the hills in the rear of Annapolis, hy a hand, about one mile wide, "if fo>-iliferous l)e\onian locks. It :-iielie\ed tliat tlit'se 1 wo jiianitic areas liwoine conlluent just east of the hi^li way referred to, as no other rock than ;iranitp was observed on the I >alliousie road, only two miles to the ea Iward, thus irivirii; to the i(ranit(! hills of Annapolis the character of a spur froin the main liody of these rocks. ( )n the Liverpool road as well as on the Le(piille stream, whose course i- hei'o nearly parallel lo the latter, the width of the ;,'i'anite toni,'ue is about four miles, and west of the Leipiiih; varies from four to five miles, its boriler bein;^ sul)ject to some tluctuations and not always exposed to view. I'iXtendini,' in the dii'ection of C'leinents- porl, it includes the settlements of {{irchtown and (iuinea, as well as all the hi,i,di land between these and Annapolis I'.asin, but does not (juite reach Clemeni/.port, terminatiiif^ just north (' i iuinea in the form of two minor tongues, separated by a bay like llexiire. Krom the vicinity IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I US m us u its. iig m 1.25 1.4 |||||i^ .4 6" ► V] <^ /a >^ V -(^ 'F Photogr^hic Sciences Corporation # ^ SJ \ ^fi \\ ^ % V '^^\. O^ > 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 K % 86 M NOVA SCOTIA. Williamston. Inglesville. Cleveland, Jones Brook. for a distance of about twenty-five mile" lies usually a little south of the more southerly of the highways traversing the length of the valley (though occasionally, as at Round Hill, crossing this and reaching quite to the waters of Annapolis River), but just south of Lawrence- town this uniformity of outline ceases, another bay similar to that of Clenientsport and Bear River, and similarly occupied by Devonian rocks breaks its continuity, and ihis bay is itself further diversified by projecting dykes and outlying isolated masses of granite, making the tracing of the geological boundaries a matter of some difficulty. Just south and west of Williamston, the hills close to the highway, seem to be wholly composed of granite ; but just where this highway is met by that leading from Williamston to Inglesville, an abrupt change of direction occurs. The border of the granite recedes to the south and west until, gradually curving around at a distance of about three miles from its former position, it again extends easterly, thus inclosing the whole of the area occupied by west, middle and east Inglesville. In West Inglesville the contact of the stratified (Silurian) rocks and the granite may be seen on the old Albany road, five mileS south of Lawrencc^own ; but at Inglesville Centre a northward spur brings the rock up quite to the corner in the middle of the settlement, whence it again recedes, barely reaching the road from East Inglesville to Alpena, and not crossing the latter until within a mile of where the Alpena road crosses that leading to New Albany. From this point the course of the granite is nearly due east, until, at a distance of about two miles and a half, it reaches, in the upper part of Cleveland, the valley of the Nictaux River and the line of the Nova Scotia Cen- tral Railway. Here, however, in addition to the main body of the granite referred to above, a belt of similar rock, rather less than a mile in width and separated from the former by a band of slates of nearly similar width, is brought to view, and from the valley of the river and railway stretches for some distance, both east and west. In the latter direction, the country being thickly wooded, its limits have not been fully made out, but from the occurrence of granitic outcrops on the road from Nictaux Falls to East Ix)glesville, it is thought that the belt mr / be continuous with the latter. To the north ^f this lat- ter road, and in the same general direction, a considerable mass of granite comes into view between Jones Brook and the Albany Road, (being traversed between these points, for a distance of about two miles, by the road connecting Williamston with Nictaux Falls), but this mass is certainly isolated, as between it and the granite belt described above in Cleveland, dark quartzites and diorites of the Devonian system have been found to intervene. On the other hand CAIIEV, ] SILURO-DEVOMAN ROCKS OF DIGBY AMU ANNAPOLIS. 87 M the Cleveland belt, crossing the Nictaux River at and below its forks, is doubtless connected with similar rocks holding a like position and relations in the settlement of Bloomington, beyond which they have not been followed. Finally, granite veins and masses of various dim- ensions are found penetrating Silurian slates on the summit of the hills just west of Nictaux Falls. In the several ;ireas above described, including the settlements of Inglesville, Nictaux, Cleveland and Bloomington, is to be noticed the frequent occurrence in connection with the granit*? of masses of coarsely crystalline diorite. It is true that such masses are frequently found as dykes penetrating Devonian slates or quartzites, but they Dioritfs. invariably increase as the granite is approached, and in many places seem to graduate into or to replace the latter. The contacts of both with the sedimentary rocks are often verj intricate and present many features of interest, but these can best be noticed in connection with the Devonian rocks which the granites invade. Of the enormous areas of granite which occupy the larger part of the county of Annapolis, and whose borders, both on the north and south, have been described in preceding pages, but little is at present known, the work of exploration having been hitherto confined almost wholly to those borders and to the adjacent rocks of Cambrian or Anna|K)lis Devonian age. It is, however, known that at least one area of quart- '^"""'^y- zites is included within the area usually assigned to the granites, and it is possible that others may exist as well. On the line of the Nova Scotia Central Railway, granite appears to be the only rock exposed between Alpena Station and Springfield ; it is exposed almost con- tinuously on the Roxbury road, south of Paradise, to and beyond Roxbury settlement ; it is similarly found on the Morse or Bloody Creek Road, south of Bridgetown ; and finally, on the Annapolis and Liverpool road, it is, with the exception of the small area of fossilifer- ous quartzites four miles south of Annapolis, the only rock seen as far as the settlement of Maitland, a few miles north of the northern boundary of Queens county. i M il % ?.!{< m |i iIh i^'i i ; SILURO-DEVONIAN ROCKS OF DIGBY AND ANNAPOLIS COUNTIES. Earlier Investigations, The occurrence of rocks of Silurian or Devonian age, or both, at various points along the northern slopes of the central granite axis of the Nova Scotian peninsula has been long known, while these have also been made the subject of study and discussion by various writers. Among the observations thus made those of Sir J. \Vm. Dawson are not Early obBcrTa- only the earliest but the most important, and some knowledge of their ^i"""' 88 M NOVA SCOTIA. Hoccli Hill l)ed.t. Diet iioiu mil whites. Nictaux. substance i.s a necessary pielude to the right understanding of the later work done in the le^ion. Tn a papf'r on the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Nova Scotia (Canadian Naturalist, April, 1860) Sir J. Wni. Daw.son says: — " The oldest fossil if erous beds seen [at New Canaan] are the (hie fawn coloured and gray clay slates of Beech Hill, in which Dr. Webster, many years since, found a beautiful DiA'tynnema, the only fossil they have hitherto afforded. It is a new species, closely allied to D. ri'tifi>rmis and D. gracilis of Hall, and will be described by that pala'ontologist under the name of D. Wehnferi in honour of its dis- coverer. In the meantime I may merely state that it is most readily characterized by the form of the cellules, which are very distinctly maiked in the manner of Grnptoliihus." "The Dictyonema slates of Beech Hill are of great thickness, but have in their upper part some hard and coarse beds. They are succeeded to I he south by a great series of dark-coloured coarse slates, >. BfdinvUlei, Billings. .', Orthin sp. cf. 0. (RhipidomeHa) oblata, Hall. C. Orthis sp. cf. 0. {Jihipidoinella) circn/ua, Hall. 7. Treinatospira^Hhynchospira) forinosa. 8. Rhynchotreta sp. cf. K. runenta, Dalman. 9. Bhy.ichoiiella jjyramiduta, Hall. 10. Kensello'ria (^Beachia) SuesMina, Hall. 11. Meristella arcuata, Hall. 12. Merista lata? Hall. 13. Spiri/er tribulin, Hall. 14. Spiri/er sp. cf. S. lamellosus, Hall. Or >S, Kictavensis, Dn. 15. Amphigenia. sp. 16. Pteritiea, sp. indt. type of P. macei (a. 17. Pteronitella, sp. indt. Dr. Ami remarks that the above fossils appear to indicr.ce an horizon ^g,. at the extreme summit of the Silurian system, or possibly at the base of the Devonian. They are for the most part preserved as casts of the interior, and present soma very interesting features from a biological as well as a paheontological standpoint. Immediately succeeding, to the south-west, the pink and red sand- stones or quartzites noticed above, is a series of beds of widely different character. These consist of bright red shales or slates which, for about a furlong, form a series of bluifs on the left bank of the stream or show in ledges in its bed. These red rocks are partly coarse and sandy, partly fine and fissile, while they also contain layers which, both by their dark colour and by their weight, reveal the presence of iron or manganese, or both. A small bed of hsematite has indeed been laid bare here, and the series as a whole is no doubt an extension, on the Red .slates li 'I •i \ II ■\ i1 % m M MOVA HCOTIA. FodHils. li line of strike, of the strata of the 'I'orbrook mines, hut while the latter, so far as known to the writer, have yielded no fossils, these abound in the former, th«/J^— ^^ *j rrJflS; or base of the Devoman system, the Eo-Devonian oi of Prof. H. S. Williams. Devonian. , , . ,^„A t<. the numbers on the specimens in * The numbers inclosed in brackets cone.ixjnd to the numue the Puter Redpath Museum. 7| ii r \ m !(' ,! I 100 M NOVA SCOTIA. i^ Silurian. ^^' — "^^^ followiug are referred to the Silurian, and are described as " fossils from the Nictaux limestones " : — 1. Crinoidal fragments. 2. Stenopora. A very small fragment of what appears to have been a branching or ramose bryojjoary. 3. Chonetes (?) sp. A small Chonetes-Wke brachiopod, which, how- ever, does not show all the characters of Chonetes. 4. The above form {Chonetes) is associated with an obscure Rhyii,- chonella. 5. Bellerophon, sp., allied to B. plemis, but not determinable. 6. Pleurotomaria Arisaigensis, This is a low-spired gasteropod, preserved as the cast of the shell. No band nor impression of the band is visible. Volutions four. Possibly a Pleurotomaria, but resembles some of the Guelph Cyclonemas. 7. Murchisonia, sp., very nearly related to M. Arisaigensis, Hall. 8. Murchisonia aciculata. Hall. Five volutions preserved, a very small form. 9. Megamhonia, sp. very obscure. 10. Goniophora, sp. indt. 11. Orthoceras, sp. Two specimens, one preserved as a cast, the other as a mould. Both are clearly allied to Orthoceras rigidnm HalL One specimen — the larger, and about five inches and a half in length — shows some fifteen septa in the space of five inches. The precise localities within the somewhat extensive area known as " Nictaux " from which the above fossils, both those referred to the base of the Devonian and those regarded as Silurian, have been obtained, are not known to the writer of the present report. The only beds ex- posed in the railway section on the Nictaux River which at all approach the character of limestones are the light-coloured beds near the 12th mile-post, and these, though calcareous, are very impure and cherty. Between this section and Inglesville, however, to the west of the Nictaux River, somewhat more distinct limestones do occur, which will be presently noticed. . In the Geological Survey collections, and not included in those al- Survey coUec- ready noticed, is the following small group, labelled " Nictaux, Nova Scotia " but the precise locality and collector are not known. 1. Eatonia, sp. 2. Spirijer arenosus, Conrad. BAIUV. ] NICTAUX-TORBROOK BASIX. 101 M This is probably only H. r>i-- MacKay, 1894. 3. Spiri/er, sp., cf. S. arrecta, Hall. 4. Alegambonia, sp. 5. Tentaculitea, sp., cf. T. arenosus, Hall. a variety of Tentaculites eJongatus, Hall. Horizon, probably Lower Oriskany or Eo-Devonian. The following collection (marked No. 12, between Blooniington q^^jj^^^j^j^ ^^ ochool and Nictaux River, Annapolis Co. was made by Dr. A MacKay, 25th October, 1894. 1. Coral, too imperfect for identification. 2. Monticidiporidii', sp. 3. Orthis {Rhipidomella) cf. R. ohlata. 4. Spirifer, sp. A large coarsely ribbed variety, crushed and twisted by pressure. 5. Spirifer, sp. Too imperfect for determination. 6. Stropheodonta (?) sp. 7. (?) Pentamerus (Anastrophia) Verneuilli, Hall. 8. Renssellaeria (??) sp. Very imperfectly preserved. 9. Tentaculites (?) sp. Too imperfect for identification. Horizon, probably summit of Silurian system. Returning to the forks of the Bloomington road with that leading east to Xorbrook, we come, at a distance of three-fourths of a mile fi'om the corner, to what is probably the most interesting locality in the whole region, the Wheelock mine. This interest arises partly from whcelock the nature of the ore here found, and partly from the number and """®- preservation of the organic remains of which it is the repository. The ore-bed, Fletcher Wheelock's, is about five feet in thickness, and has been trenched on its course for a distance of 200 yards or more, the material removed being partly hiomatite and partly magnetite, but mostly the latter. It is locally known as " shell ore," a name suggested by the great number of fossil shells found on the bedding planes, and which, by the retention of much of the lime of which they were originally constituted, are still nearly white, and thus in contrast with the black rock in which they are imbedded. From collections made here by the author of this report. Dr. Ami has noted the fol- Collections of lowing species ; — Branching Montlculiporoid. Gen. and sp. indt Fenestella, sp. Stropheodonta, sp., cf. '>'oximus,) Vanuxem. 2. Spirifer, cf. S. ^ictavensis,T)awson ; very closely related to S, concinnus. 3. Actinopteria, sp. A very obscure form probably referable to this genus. (6.) 1. Ort/iis {?)sp. 2. Rhynchonella sp. indt. 3. Spirifei' areiiosus, Conrad. 4. ? ? Megambonia or Mytilarca, Too obscure for identification. Both (a) and {b) are regarded as probably referable to the Lower Oriskany or Eo-Devonian. Another collection made in this vicinity, east of J. E. Leckie's (collector J. E. Leckie, 1894) contains the following forms : — 1. Orthis (Ehijndoinella) cf. 0. oblata, Hall. Very large specimens, very much flattened, 'lut fine. 2. Rhynchonella ? sp. indt. Resembling somewhat R. idicatella L. 3. Stro2)heodonta sp. S, Becke. 4. Leptocoelia ? sp. indt. 5. Spirifer, cf. ' sp. Branching species. G. Crushed fragments of Brachiopoda, too imperfect for identifica- tion. 7. Orthis, cf. 0. (Bhipidoynella) hybrida, Sby. 8. " sp. too imperfect for identification. 9. Stro^ihomena (?) sp. 10. Meristella (?) sp. indt. 11. Spirifer perlamellosus or S. macropleurus, or closely related species. 12. Spirifer or Rhynclionella — crushed and twisted beyond recog- nition. 1 3. Renssellwria (?) sp. 14. Leptocidia sp. 15. Anastrophia, cf. A. VerneuilH, Hall ; imperfectly preserved. 16. Atrypa, cf. A. reticidaris, L. '1 J ill il •] NICTAUX-TOHIIKOOK BASiy. 109 M The The horizon indicated, appears again to bo a transitional one. locality has not been visited by the author of tiiis report. Another small collection is nmrked as from north of Jones Brook, on a meadow-road east of G. W. CJates, on Lawrencetown road. October, 1894. 1. Monticuliporidd'. 2. Orlhin, .sp., cf. 0. (Jihipidomella) hijhr'uln, Sowerby. 3. Slropheodonta, .sp. 4. Atrypa, cf. A. retindaria, Linnt-. 5. Spiri/er, sp. indt. Doubtful. 6. Leplocwiia, sp. indt. Doubtful. The horizon is referred to the Silurian .«vstem. These fossils might be referred to the Silurian. From a review of the facts which have been presented in the Tor- rdnclnsions. brook-Nictaux section, some conclusions of more general application may be drawn. /. I'he succession of Strata. — This, in ascending order, is believed to be as follows : — a. Dark-gray, dark-weathering quartzites, associated with numerous dykes of diorite and veins of granite, becoming, wiien metamorphosed, more or less micaceous or hornblendic, with shades of lilac and purple. Thin bands of fossiliferous limestone. Loc. West Nictaux and Inglesville, Jones Brook, Bloomington, McGinty road, etc. b. Pale gray to pink, sometimes reddish, white-weathering quartzites, in places highly fossiliferous. Loc. Inglesville Centre, Cleveland (in boulders only), Torbrook stream. c. Dark-gray, green and reddish i gillites, with beds of iron ore, and highly fossiliferous. Loc. Torbrook stream, Torbrook mines, Nictaux Valley below the falls. d. Dark-gray argillites, often silicious, with bands of quartzite and beds of htematite or magnetite. Fossils abundant. Loc. Railway section in Nictaux Valley, Wheelock mine, Cleveland. e. Dark-gray argillites, banded with paler layers, and holding beds of buflT-weathering sandstone. Fossils abundant. Loc. Railway section in Nictaux Valley, etc. Snccexsioii of Htrata. i^ ilr IH ij no M NOVA SCOTIA. Torbrook. Nicta\ix Rivt'r Rt'liitions to grnnitH. Age. Note. — This scheme ia only tentative and niny recjuiro i.^.odification 118 the result of further study. //. Structural Ri'latinna. — The nature und disposition of the beds as seen on the lower Torbrook stream, its tributary, and the Mc- Ginty road, near the Kings county border, leave little doubt that the general structure here is .synclinal, the axis of the syncline being about midway between Torbrook Centre and the county line last-mentioned, and its course about north-east. On either side of the line the beds are probably repented in inverse order, but through metamorphism the ha'niatites of the one are represented by the magne- tites in the other. The fossils of the more noitherly beds are rare or wanting nearer the granite, and colours due to contained iron change from red to black. The structure on the Nictaux and along the line of the Nova Scotia Central Railway is also apparently synclinal, but that of a syncline which as a whole is more northerly than that of Torbrook. On this supposition, (which, however, is not fully established) the ore-beds of Wheelock's farm, the direct continuation of those of Torbrook mine, mark at once the northern side of one syncline and the southern side of the other. This is not clearly seen in the railway section, but to the westward, in Cleveland, are quartzites which probably represent the base of the system, while still farther west, but on the same general line, are the black and pink quartzites of Inglesville. The Torbrook syncline, in its western extension, would thus seem to be cut off by the Cleveland and Alpena granites (though reappearing to a limited extent to the south of the first or one-mile granite belt), while the Nictaux syncline is similarly cut off, across the strike, by the granites south of Lawrencetown. The uniformity in the strike and general relations of the different groups of rocks described, in spite of their numerous and extensive granitic invasions, is most remarkable, especially when taken in con- nection with the position and relations of the similar beds in the Clementsport, — Bear River basin, and that of Mistake settlement in Digby county yet to be described. ///. Aye. — The collections of fossils referred to here are about twenty in number, some seventeen being from the Nictaux-Torbrook basin, and the remainder mostly from that of Clementsport and Bear River. It will be convenient to consider those of both basins together. Of these collections, six are regarded by Dr. Ami as being of Lower Oriskany or Eo-Devonian age, and among these are the large collec- tions made by the writer from the Wheelock mine at Nictaux, and by Dr. MacKay from Inglesville, the former including twenty-two and the •«lilV. NICTAUX-TORHROOk iiahin. Ill M latter sixteen species, mostly well-proservofl. S«'veral collpotii)ns, includ- ing one by the writer from Bear Hiver, with twenty -one species, and that of Mr. Weston, from VVhcelock's fiirin, with eleven spucies, are described as being either at the summit of the Silurian or base of the Devonian, with, in some instanceH, a marked transitional character. Five collections are referred to the summit of the Silurian, but one of these is from beds at and near Wheelock's, which other and bettor col- lections show to contain Devonian forms ; while another from Blcxjming ton is evidently a continuation of the same beds as the last, thouj^h containing no typical species. It would seem, therefore, to l)e toler- ably certain that a large part of the deposits in the two basins under review occupies a geological horizon at or near that of the line of demarcation between the Silurian and Devonian systems. In the tive collections which have been definitely assigned to the Silurian, some indicate a horizon near the very summit of the system, while others present forms somewhat older or lower down in the Silurian. One part of the Kedpath Museum collection of Sir J. Wm. Dawson, has b^en cla-ssitied as Devonian, including twenty-two species, and another portion including eleven species, has been referred to the Silurian, the latter most probat)ly equivalent to Division D of the Arisaig . series of Nova Scotia ( = Lower Helderberg=: Ludlow). The writer, as already stated, is not aware of the exact locality from which this collection was made, or whether, indeed, the specimens were all from the same locality. In view, however, of the fact that several collections are at or near the boundary line between the Silurian and Devonian, great probability is given to the view that the collec- tion is, in part at least, of a decided transitional character, with per- ).aps a little stronger development of Silurian aspects than usual. The conclusion arrived at from the fossils at hand from the Nictaux- Torbrook and Clementsport and Bear River basins, that the beds hold forms referable, some to the Silurian, some to a transitional series, and Coiidusion. others to a horizon at the base of the Devonian (Eo-Devonian), is in accordance with the stratigraphy of the district, which indicates a perfectly continuous and conformable series of beds. It only remains to add that no Dicfi/oneiiin or graptolitic forms have been found in either of the basins, and therefore no definite proofs exist of the equivalency of any of the beds of the latter with those of New Canaan. The fossils from Mistake settlement are too few and too imperfectly preserved to fix with certainty the horizon of the beds containing them, but little doubt, can be entertained that this is near the sum- mit of the Silurian. ill J i i ■•/'' -^^'■■..£«a^^- 112 M NOVA SCOTIA. Clementsport and Bear River Basin. Annaiiiilis. Liverpfjol road. FoHsils. "Virginia. Clenient8tK)rt. The gnanites which aV)ruptly cut oflF, on their western side, the Eo- Devonian rocks of the Nictaux basin have in earlier pages been des- cribed as occupying all the area thence to Annapolis. On the Basin front tliey e.xtend, indeed, beyond Annapolis and almost to Clements- port, but this is only a tongue, to the south of which, separating this from the main body of the granite, stratified rocks again appear, mark- ing the beginning of an area which, rapidly widening, extends thence to Bear River, and beyond the latter into the county of Digby. The most easterly exposures of the rocks in question are to be seen on the post-road connecting Annapolis and Liverpool, tive miles south of the fort in the first-named town. They here form a belt about a mile in width, but probably do not extend much farther to the eastward, no sign of their presence being seen on the Dalhousie road, only one mile distant. On the Liverpool road the belt is repre- sented chiefly by loose blocks, but partly by outcrops, of dark-gray, some- times purplish or lilac sandstones, with some more slaty beds, both resembling closely the rocks in the upper part of the railway section at Nictaux, or those of Wheelock's mine, and like the latter carrj'ing fossils. These are mostly found in ochreous crumbling layers and are but poorly preserved, bat shells of brachiopods {Spiri/er, etc.) and stems of crinoids are readily recognizable. To the westward of tho Liverpool road, the area occupied by the group of rocks under review rapidly widens, but for a considerable distance exposures are few. Thus, on the road from Annapolis to Virginia, four miles distant from the Liverpool road the only ledges seen are where the first named road passes the outlet of Bela Lake, and consist of dark-gray quartzite evidently greatly altered by the granite near by. Along the course of the east branch of Moose River exposures are more frequent, and on this stream, as well as by the main stream of Moose River and by Bear River, admirable sections of the whole area are shown. The most northerly beds exposed on Moose River proper, are those of Clementsport, but between the latter and the granite spur in Upper Clements are rocks which are geologically beneath those of the village first-named and form the real base of the system in this direction. These are best seen in the vicinity of Balcoms Corner, about three miles east of the bridge in Clementsport and along what is known as the Pickett road, extending a mile or so further east. A quarter of a mile from the corner, on this latter road, are ledges of dark-gray to •1 CLEMENTSPORT AND iiEAR RIVEK liASIN. 113 M lilac liard riarnlstoufs or (juartzites, which are identical with tliose of the Annapolis and Liverpool road, and like the latter have something of a gneissic aspect. No fossils were, however, detecteil here, a circum- stance rt^adily understood from the fact that the beds are not more thiin 100 yards removed from the granite, a mass of which runs directly across their strike. The dip at this point is noi'thward at a higli angle, but a little fartlitM" to the east and south, where a bay oi' sinus occurs in the granite spur, similar rocks present great diversity of attiuidc, some dipping S. 40" W. < 40', others N. liO E. < tC and still others S. < 00'. The (juartzites are, coarsely laminated and contain numt^rous white (juartz v(;ins, some of which, it is asserted, have yielded gold. Other quartzites of like character may be seen on tiie t now accessible, while the fossils which are found in the associated slates are few and not well preserved. Among them is a Tentaculites like T. arenosus, Hall, which is closiely related to Tentaculites elongatus of the same author. It is interesting, in this connection, to note that towards the northern side of the Moose River basin, indications of ore-beds have been recently observed which may bo jb equivalents of the Clementsvale beds oti the other side of the sync'ine. These indications occur near the top of the hill south of Clementsport, where the east-and-west Waldeck road meets the road leading south to Clementsvale, and in the form of blocks of magnetite derived from bluish argillite ledges near by. The beds, however, are not well exposed. We have now to consider the section, parallel to that of Moose liiver, furnished by Bear River and its tributaries. The occurrence of fossiliferous strata in and about Bear River village has long been known. It could not indeed well be otherwise, for there is hardly a slab of slate in the thickly scattered di'ift or in the stone walls constructed of the latter which does not teem with organic renuains. Of the rocks in situ, the most prolific are a series of gray iind dark-gray slates, which form low bluffs about the head of tide-water, and about the mill-pond on the east branch just above. i: CLE^KNTSPORT AND HK.VU lUVHR HASIN. 115 M o. 4. 5. 6. ^ . 8. 9. 10. U, 12, e*ii.Ey.] c i-v :„ ..ar,m-f HI 1^0"2, twenty- Fo^>il.-< fiom o„e species we.e obtained by l^^. Ann, wUicn, are given below : — T Psilophyton (fragments), Cn..oid.U fragments. rolypora or Fene^tella sp. , Bicranopora / Sp. Bryozoa. Sp. in^l^. Calamopora or Favositen sp. Stromhodes ov Phurodictynm. Favosites allied to F. (?o/A/aH'/i^-«''- Lam. Or Conraa. 14. Spirifer mgkostus, Hall. ^. u cf. S. «r«Ho.s »«.>•, Conrad. •,,; li cyclopterus, Hall. ^ ^-" u ,Viotofe«sw (?) Dawson. 18. I'terinea textHis var. ^ • 19 Cypricaniimn snblamellom. Hall. 20'. rentaculifes sp. cf. T. ./on^a^^s, Hall. . .• Wp that the fossils are mostlvbrachiopods and include no what lower horizon. The P^^^^^^^^ Stropheodonia, etc., point M'^mtes, Spirlfera arenosa, f-Zl"^^'"-^^, ' the whole, the to the Lower Devonian age of the fauna, wlul I ^.^^^.^^ bulk of the collection has considerable athnitj to age. . . ^f K^nr River from the Forks, at the In ascending the main stream of «eai Rive, t ^^e stream he,.ul of tide, the rocks are fairly fP«^^!^,"\^^'f,'7uttie more than an,i in the adjacent hills for about two n"^- -d^ "^^^^^.^^. „,,au- half this distance they are fossiliterous. The fossils, 81 \ Geological I'.orizon. fe r i"' ik; m y.vA SCuTIA. ally liccitiiK! less iii)iiii(lant. at the sanui tiiiK- that tiic hi'ds i-ecdiru' morr arenaceous, the a]j])roach to the granite b(}ing at tiie siiine liinc indi- cated by tlie d('\t'l(>pMient of a giieissic as{)e('t in llu^ coarser lied.s, and the spotting of the tiner ones with inoi[)ient crystals. The last fossils seen were at a distmce of lloO paces south of the up[)erinost, hiidge, at the mills, h'inally, iit the head of the. section, are finely laniin;ited gneiss- oid sandstones which diri^ctly a'mt. against the granite, just helow a series of falls These ([uartzitiw are riMnarkahle for tin; extremely tine layers of which tli(\y are composed, and not so less for the wonderfully complicated contortions into whit'h they have heen thr(.)wn, but neither in these resfiects nor in others do they bear any resemblance to the mas- .rrlliTsiin in-M] sive tiuart/.iti's of the Citnbrian sysl are exposed to \iew about two miles north-east- ward of those last noticed, v/:. : on the -ielVerson road connecting the Hessian line witii the Ni>gro lint" roafl, and a, littlt; south of the ^iidtUesex road. These, howe\(M% are proliably a, little higlu f in the series, being e\idently the westward extension of those already di'scribed on the Potter road, exhibiting, lihe the latter, the peculiar pale-pink tint and brightly polished glaciated surfaces so conspicuous in Ingles ville. or, indeed, wherever this particular set of l)eds is exposed t(j vi(>w. This comparison is also cc,)nlirnuHl by their fossiliferouschariu'ter, layers in the otherwise massive rock containing shells in considerable num- l"iis>ilr!. hers. The fossils found here are sinular to those of the Pottei' mad. In this connection the following list of species, as deteinnined by Dr. Ami, etc., obtained from the drift along the Middle.sex road, is not without interest. 1. /''cnrodicfi//nn jirohlciiiaficniii, (loldfuss. 2. Fdvosifes sp. Small branching species allied to /'. polipnorjtiia. 3. Fewstella sp. Showing both the celluliferous and poriferous sides, but preserved as impressions of both. 4. Strophi'odonta sp. , fi. Leptfvna rhomboidalis, (Wilckens.) 6. Ort/tis, of the type of 0. Lh-ia, Billings, evidently a Uln pi dome/hi and allied forms. 7. Benssefh'rin sp., of. Ji. ovuliini or R. (Jayuga, probably a new- species. 8. Atrypa (1) sp., cf, A. hj/sfn'.v. Too imperfect for determination. 9. Spirifer sp. several species with smooth fold and sinus, with rugose costjp, regularly and evenly disposed. CLKMKNTJil'OUT ANI) UKAK KIVKK HASIN. 117 M 10. /*f.eri.ner part of the Bear River section. In ilescending the estuary froi n th(! h(!ad of ti(h', the rock- con- tinue to be mostly .shites, not ol)vii isiy different fronitho.se of the vili.ige, but In wiiich fossils becoiiic gradually less al)undant,, until, at a distance of thieu-fourths of a mile from the upper bridge, they fail altogether. At about this point also the strata change their ehai'actei', th> slates being replaced by heavy beds of (piart/ite, whih.' liolh have a .-outherly dip — (S. 20' E. < 80 ). They therefore jirobably represent the northern side of a syncline of which the .south(!rn side is repre- ,, senti'd on the east branch and on the Negro line; road, while the axi.s symli of i!ie .syncline would b(j not far south of the forks of I'.ear Kiver. The twai'd as well as to the eastward of the latter. At none of the points referi-ed to, however, though the beds are but little metamorphosed, have we been able, after prolonged search, to find any fossils. To the south of tlie post-road, at Deep Creek, there are no exposures for a ((uarter of a mile, but beycnd this distance they are of freijueiit occurretice for 'il<. eluded beds of sandstone. The slates are mostly gray, but often ^ui- face-stained svith red, or sometimes I'ed throughout, giving them a conspicuously banded or ribboned appearance, and in this, as in other respects, bearing much resemblance to the beds seen in the lower part of the Nictaux Valley, below the falls. The sand- stones, on the other hand, are hard and massive, of a liluish colour within, but weathering deeply with an ochreous-brown surface. The dip of the beds, as on Deep Creek, is northward (N. 10^ W. <70'). In the lower part of the stream the slates include many purplish beds, not unlike those of the Cambrian system, but these become less frequent as the stream is ascended. Still another section, parallel to the above but on the other side of Deep Creek, is afforded by Ditman Hrook, but the only noticeable feature is the occurrence of diorite dykes, carrying veins of asbestus. I ^ii- is 120 n NOVA SCOTIA. W.-.sl linuiL-li of Hiiii Ki\(i i'd.ssils. '^ (-iranit- liKertaiiily a-: to agi'. ^V'li liave now to consider the area lyiii^ to the westw-jird of Bear Kiver, in the county of Higby. Ill tracing the fossiliferous belt from Bear Uiver village wc-stsvard, ('xposures resembling those already noted at the head of tide on Bear lliver inlet, are seen on several of the streams which are tiil)U- lary to the latter. Thus, on the west branch, above Bear lliver forks, and about a quarter of a mile west of the fossiliferous beds on the East Jiranch, is a dark seamy and crumbling fossiliferous rock, well ^Lritified, with slaty and arenaceous layers, and dipping N. 70 W, < So". Two hunched yards farther up the same stream, are grayish-l)lue slaty rooks, with similar In'own, crumbling, fossiliferous layers, and with the same dip. Also, on another brook, half a mile or more north- west of the last (a brook which empties into the main river half a mil"' above the centio of the village), similar beds again occur, and, besides brachiopods, contain corals and crinoids, the latter sometimes tiwee-fourths of an inch in diameter, l-'arther up, on this brook, the the dark slates and fi'iable brown sandstones grfulually change to finely laminated, wavy, light-gray and bluish-gray sandstones and arenaceous slates. These beds, except in being less contorted, resemble those in the uppei' part of the West Branch, while, unlike the latter, but like those of the Jefferson road, they are abundantly fossiliferous. On tlie .' of the rock> in tiie ti'act 'ntervening between this road and tlie foot of Annapolis [lasin exists, as in the corresponding tract east of Bear liiver. This niucli, however, appears to he certain, that whatever the age of the beds described alxive as occurring above the lower part of Bear ]{iver, on !?.> ep (jcek and Purdys Brook, tlie same age must bo assigned to the tract interven ing between the same part of Bear Biver and tlie inlet uf the (jnind JoL'gins, south of tlie town of Digby ; for among the beds disclosed upon the vaiious streams which How northward from this elevated tract into Smith Cove and the Grand Joggins respectively, are some as to the identity of which with those of the sti'eams tiist enumerated there cannot be any doubt. ()n Itoach Brook (or Poole ]3rook) which runs into Smith Cove, Jidud, t;in..l; the rocks exposed are light- and dark-gray and bluish-black slates, with bands of blue sandstone. These latter aie conspicuously l)ufF-w(;ather- ing, the bands being from three inches to a foot and a half in thick- ness and standing out above the .softer slate.s. They thus become a very noticeable feature in th<' rocks of this vicinity, at the same time tliat they recall the similar beds ob.served on Deep Creek and else- where east of Bear River. Their dip varies from N. 40' W. to N. oo' W. and the inclination from 78' to vertical. Tlie upper part of this brook is crossed by a dyke of diorite which aj)pears to be an extension of a large mass of such roek forming the core of the hills overlooking Bear liiver Inlet, and has been traced in a westerly direction as far as Hollinghead J '.rook, to be presently noticed. About the lower part of Roach Brook the dark slates aie, as usual, in numerous short folds, dipping steeply to the eastw.ird, the folds themselves being inclined in the .same direction at an angle of from 70' to 80 . The slates are of ten stained and sometimes permeated for some distance with red, buff and green colouring matter, this not Ijeing distributed usually in lines corresponding to the bedding, but in patches. Where these colours are present the slates are softer and ap]):irently more argillaceous then elsewhere. In these respects they recall the green and red slates noticed above as found on the shore of the basin at the mouth of Bear River, but perhaps heav e(jual resemblance to certain soft, coloured slates, described in connection with the Cambrian system as oi'curriiig on the coast south, of Cipe St. Mary. The soft red shales found to the north of the railway bridge at Smith Cove have already been referred to. i^-[ 122 M NOVA 8C0TIA. Alii'iit a mile aiui a half west of Smith Cove, as nieasure't alon<; the hif{hw!ty, is the uiouth of the (Jraml Joggins, the we.stern side of whiih inlet has been described on an earlier ]nv^c of this report as consisting of a series nf black pyritous slates, supposed to be the upper member of the Can\brian system. On tlie southein side of the same indentation, not far from its mouth, it receives the waters of Holliiigherd Ih'nok, Sti(.o(s> a eon wideral)le area in which, alons( with an entire absence, so far as known^ of any fossils, the rocks, consisting chiefly of slates, wiih somo snndntone beds, are of such a character as ani,'ht allow of their beinj; referred to either of these systems. When, fiirthei', nieramorpliism comes in to ob- scure anydistinctiveditFercnces wliit'h otherwise e.xist, the Uisknt' separa tion becomes a most ditlicult if not a hojieless one. For the preuril. as .i provisional arrangement, the line of the (Jrand .loggins and Ding.v Brook may be accejited as best according with th<> ob-erved facts: but should it hereafter tuin out that the beds in the hills south of tii ■ latter are to be assigned to the Cambrian system, a like conclusion must follow as regards a large section lying 'in the south side nt the Annapolis Basin, and either side of the estuary of Bear lUver. jy/.v/'(/iV' S''ttl' iwiit.- \l remains to notii'e one other locality nr basin of fos^iliferous rocks, of presumably Silurian age, viz., that of Mistake settlement, this Ijeing about nine miles west of the Bear River basin, from which it is separated by a northward spur of gran;-' in the settlement of North Range. A good localit\' for the study of these rucks is the farm of l>enj, Sabean, one mile and a (juarter south of South Range. They consist of a mixture of slate and sandstone, and are similar in eveiy way to those previously described as occuring on the West Branch of Bear Ri\er. and like^ them hold crumbling scams carrying numerous but pooily preserved fossils. Among these Orlliis oliJuta may be mentioned as especially conmion, but with this are Spiri/n i, strophomenoid sheilsi crinoidal joints aufl corals resembling Favo-'Utes. rrDvitiiiiiiil iKiiiii'Iiirv. S.'ttii nil nt. Fossils, It is remarkable that these beds should be almost exactly upon tiie line of strike of those of Bear River, notwithstanding the intervening tongue of granite, and that their attitude as well as their characters should be so nearly identical. Tt would seem as though the granite had simply melted its way across the course of the Devonian beds, in the manner referred to in the description of the Niccaux-Clements- port basin by Sir J. Wm. Daw.son, or that these had themsehfs been in part converted into granite, ft would also appear further, us i;e.ii.tiuiis u) long since maintained by the author last-named, that the granites are *-''"'"'t''- of intrusive or aqueo-igneous origin, and that the period of thtir intrusion was during the latter portion or at the close of the Devonian 124 M NOVA SroTtA. Ill attt'iiiptiii^' to rix tin' limits of tlio Mi-ttiikf soitloinent Wasiii, th»> saiiu- (iitliiulty is im>t wiili jis in tluil of iScur Kivcr. ExpoHUias iire Limit'". few ami of thoHe wliich f the geological >ca!e. 1 have now to siiow that, while these references may in part 1)0 true, there are also, among tlie red sediuients of the valley, deposits of wide distribution, whicli if not ])o-itivcly more recent than thf traps of the North Mountain can at least not antedate them, tliough possibly of eon'.emnoraneous origin. It will be convenient to consider the scdiiiujutarv formations tirst;. Se;l Wall St. .Miiivs I'.av. FRAOMKNTAI, HOCKS. R'd SutidsfoNn.i oj Sf. M'u-i/-i Jjci/. — l>y far the best exptjs.. , . . of the reri sandstones heretofore regarded as of Triassic age to be found within tlie aiv.a undei' review, occur not fai" from the head of «St Marys Bay, and about six miles d.stant from the town of Digby. They are in the fouii of a series of bluH's which, l)eginning a. few rods south of the post- road at the so-called " Sea Wall" with a height of only a few feet, rapidly rise into such prominence as to make them, both by their lieight and blight red colour, a conspicuous feature in the landscape- The plane of the section is nearly in the line of the dip of the iieds, which is to the north or north-north-oast at an angle of from o' to 8', and its total length about half a mile, the precipitous bluiTs for much of this distance attaining a height of nearly 100 feet and exhibiting n\:vny curious illustrations of marine sculpture. Though the prevailing TRiAHHir HOrKH. 125 M colour ix, n« dtutfd. n Krii-k-rccl, it. incliides Itotli liglit and (lark shatlcN, wliile at intervals im- iiitfistratilinl liaiids, t'roiii half an inch tu Hv»> or six indu'K in tliitknt'xs, in whiili tln' rfd is rfjihu-i'd liy li;.'ht ur^-cn and Ltray tints. Tin";*? ;;if'<'n a\iA giay licds aic mostly ht'iicilii the reddish onfh, and Ironi tiiis imsiiion form tlif lurLifi' pait ot' the l(ili;«'.s wliicli. at low watvr, uri- st'on t'xtcndiny mil intn St. Marys Hay tnr a hundred yards or nitirc, Tl I! lay<'rs tlul^ fXiiosiny ihtMr near llurd .sonic \cry thu; illustn.tiuns of' tossil rijijilc ma ly Hat rk.v us Hurlact's, a they d'ei. Some of the red layers are very ndcaceous, and throu-^h others run veins of calcite, in the forms hoth of [celand and of do;^'-tootii spar. To the \v(ist of the blulVs at the Se;i Wall de.'cribed al)ove, sinnlar red sandstom! beds occur at intervals along the noith side of 8t. .Marys Bay as far as the vicinity of Johnston's nuiu' in Waterford. Along this part of the shore they aie in much nearer proxinuty to the trap- pean rocks, fornnng in facta narrow fringe at the base of the trap)iean ridge, and (lij)ping towards the traps, but nowhere showing any instance of the supterposition of the latter, or of any alteiation then from. Compared with the rocks of Blonudon and Minas liasiii, the n 1 sandstoiu^sof St. Marys Bay differ chietly in the absence of the gypscoi;^ layers so conspicuous in the latter, in their texture and consistency, however, as well as in their colour, these do not differ markedly from the Blomidon beds, and no facts are known which would teml to show that they ate not the e<|uivalents of the latter. They diller at tiie same time in all these respects from some <»f the beds to be presently noticed. -Red Sandstones of Annapolis Basin. — The extent to which the rtd sandstones, <'tc., occupy the isthmus separating >St. Marys Bay from Annapolis Basin is not easily determined, the exposures being few and the soil indications ob.?cured \,y the abundant drift from the neighbouring trap ranges. They may, however, be seen at seveial ' 'i)iii|i;»rison witli I'.lciltliildll. « « Hy ■ -'' 126 M NOVA srOTIA. Kl'.'Viitiiiii-'. J)'i/I.y. glomerat (■raiiville. points, us where the post-road crosses u siuall In'ook tlowiiiu; into St. Marys iSay, about tliree miles from Di,<,'l)y, and a;^'ain on the slopes of the trap range where tliis is ascended hy the road leading from Digby to Broad Cove. Their elevation at this point is about the same as that of the higher bluffs near the Sea Wall, and the inference is therefore justitied that all portions of tlie isthmus not exceeding 100 fVet, were covered Ijy the waters in which those sandstones were deposited. As, however, tlic " Uaciiuette Hill," which lies between tiiis point and the town of Digl)y, ha3 an elevation of 175 feet, and the hill in the rear of Digby '22^) feet, tliere being in neither case any indication of derivation from red sediments, it is altogetlier probable that this liigii land is underlain by Cambrian strata, and that any direct conneeti' in between St. ^^arys l>ay and Annapolis Basin in Triassic times, if existing at all. wiis narrow and shallow. The first exposures of rocks more recent than those of Paheo/oio age found on the sliores of Annapolis Basin are those revealed along the shore in the town of Digbv. Tii tlie more northerly portion of the tow;i these may be well seen on the bottom and sides of the bay com- monly known as " the llacnuette." They present here considerable diversity botli of attitude and character, for while most of the beds> consisting of reddish-gray sandstones, are not less firm than those of St. Marys Bay, others are (juite .soft and incoherent. The dip a.t tlie sam(> time varies within a few rods from N. 20 E. < .30 to N. < 10 , with .some appearances- of unconformity. Other and still more inter- esting beds occur just below the railsvay in the more soutiierly part of the town, the most noticeable feature being the inclosure between the compact reddish-gray sandstone beds, of irregular layers of pebbles, among which, in addition to a few of granite and (piartzite are many ivhic'i ca 'ot poKsibfy he 'Usfuigirished from ( he trap o/ the Xorth Jfountai)!. One of these coarser beds is nearly i'jve feet in thickness, the trappean blocks imbedi;,'by Gut. About here the beds become more pebbly, and while as a whole nearly horizontal, show an abundance of false beddini,'. Still farther north, but at a distance of only a few yards, liu; beds become very coarse, of a clujcolate-brown colour mottled with light-f;;ray, and at the same tijie soft and clayey, wliile imbedded in them are numerous blocks and some lar^^e fraymentarv colunnis of the readily recognized North Mountain trap. One such columnar block ha^ indeed been left by erosion projecting fully two feet from the faie of the liluffof which it forms a part. These coarse l)eds are exposed for a short distance only, but beyond them the liner beds extend for some little distance, beconung at the same time harder of a purplish colour and .somesvhat vesicular. li'inally, these terminate fibruptly along what appears to be a vertical line of fault, beyond which a small int'>rval, occupied by loose blocks of trap, separistes them fi'om the main boily of thi.s rock. Tt is of course barely possible that tii(?se trap-conglomerates, which form the uppermost beds of tlu; section hen; exhibited, may be of Pleistocene origin ; but apart from the fact that between them and the regularly bedded sandstones below, v.diich can liardly be Fieisto- cene, there is nt.i'A!l. Lavv'riiic'i' t'lwn. M K'l'iitvi! Scott I'liw. R'd saiulxtonts or AitnnpdliK VaJUy. ( >f the sediinPiits underlying the Annapolis Vdllev, .as distinct from Annapolis Basin, we are in position to say Imt little, it being t'oi- the most part outside the limits of the region to which this rej ort relates. A few observations, how- ever, made incidentally, are of interest as related to tho : but the upper greenish-gray beds corresponil fairly well with the lo\\er greenish-gray beds at Ross- way. The beds at this fioint .are perfectly horizontal, and in this position form a junction with the trap, \eins of iron ore being seen, neai- the latter, to penetrate the slightly altered soft red sandstone. A second locality is Lawrencetown. Here, at the eastern end of the villfige, a cutting for the passage of the railway shows a series of horizontal sandsto'-rs, which, both in their colour, (red mottled with paler blotches,) and in their soft and unctuous character, nearly resemble the beds already noticed. Finally, in Kentville, just below the mill on Black River, the gray and red slates which there represent the Devonian system, aie, like the similar red slates at Deep Creek, unconformably overlain by a second set of beds, strongly contrasted with the latter. These newer beds are mostly of a bright red colour, but alternate with layers which are pale-gray or white, both being so soft as to crumV/le between the fingers. They almost exactly resemble the beds of Lawrencetown and Deep Creek, while they lack the firmness of the beds both of Minas Basin and St. Marys Bay. Their attitude is nearly horizontal and their exposed thickness aVjout thirty or forty feet. It only remains to notice the observation of Dr. Ells as to the occur- rence at Scott Bay, near Blomidon, of green sandy shales and sand- ■AIUV. ] TRIASSIC BOCKS. 129 M stone, with limestone, resting upon the traps, and therefore of more recent origin."' Reviewing all the fa^ts above set forth, it is reasonable to believe H.view. that a large part of the reddish sediments underlying the Annapolis Valley, and which it has been customary to regard as older than the traps of the North Mountain, are nev/er than the latter, though no data are at present available whereby their exact age can be determin- ed. The supposition that the beds at Digby containing blocks of trap are of the nature of agglomerates and contemporaneous with the traps, is opposed by the fact that with the trappean fragments are others of granite and quartzite which are well rounded. Ill TR.\PS AVO ASSOCIATED ROCKS. The general features of the trappean rocks which intervene between the Annapolis Valley and the Bay of Fundy, with their extension westward in Digby Neck, Long and Brier islands, have been the sub- Trapsv ject of frequent description by earlier writers, among whom in particu- lar may be mentioned Dr. A. Gesner (1836) and Sir J. Wm. Dawson (1868 and 1878). It is only recently, however, that the rocks have been subjected to close petrographical examination. Regarded macroscopically, the most abundant and characteristic rock of the range is a compact crystalline admixture of augite and felspar, of a dark greenish-gray tint and a granular texture, but very Macroscop hard, without stratification and with a tendency, which is sometimes '^''"^^cter. very marked, to exhibit a jointed or columnar structure. On flat or slightly inclined surfaces, the divisional planes which produce this structure &rten give to these surfaces the aspect of a tesselated pare- ment ; while in vertical bluffs or when exposed to the wearing action of the sea, they determine scenic effects resembling, though on a much smaller scab ihose of the Palisades of the Hudson or of the Giant* Causeway. The same joint-planes are also frequently marked by the presence of minute (|uartzose veins, while across the whole mass run much more considerable veins of a like nature, but more variable in coIo "ation, producing agates and jaspers often beautifully clouded and ban Jed. With these, at s, number of points, are veins wholly or in part composed of magnetite or of octahedral luematite (martite) prob- ably a pseudomorph of magnetite. *N()tes on Recent Sedimentary Formations on tiie Bay of Fundy Coast. Trani. Nova Scotia Institute of Science. Ser. 2, vol. I., p. 41(5. 9 Minerals. lit Microscopic character. 130 M NOVA SCOTIA. While massive and more or less columnar bed.s predominate, they are frequently associated with less compact beds which are asliy, scoriaceous or amygdaloidal. These latter, especially when viewed from a distance, show a much more distinctly bedded ai-rangenient, and are disposed in parallel sheets which are sometimes horizontal, but more commonly dip seaward at a moderate angle. These latter beds also vary much in colour, exhibiting various shades of gray, green, red and purple, the amygdules being commonly white and consisting of zeolites, often with thin incrustations of green chloritic matter. In- stead of quartzose veins, these beds usually contain veins of a zeolitic nature, thompsonite being one of the most common minerals, but associated sometimes with stilbite or analcite. Tlu' occurrence of soft and easily decomposable substances like the«e, helps greatly in the disintegration of the rocks containing them, which are rarely found exhibiting the prommence that marks their harder and more massive associates. In both the hard and the soft rocks, indications of copper, in the form of green stainings, are not uncommon, while in places minute grains or in some instances strings of native copper are met with. The petrographical description of these rocks to which reference has been made, is contained in a paper by Mr. F. V. Marsters.* His remarks refer particularly to those found to the eastward of Digby Gut, but doubtless apply equally to those occurring to the west of this channel, and are as follows : — " Under the micro.scope the rock proves to be composed chiefly of plagioclase, with generally irregular and scattered masses of augite, magnetite, sometimes showing perfect octahedral forms, but in the main massive, and a brownish mineral probably resulting from the decomposition of the augite. The plagioclase, which presents little evidence of decomposition, consists of lath-shaped crystals exhibiting very good crystallographic terminations. They are almost universally twinned, but seldom exhibit marked zonal structure. These sections approaching the zone of the axis of symmetry show a decided fractur- ing as if subjected to great pressure or some mechanical. disturl)ance subsequent to the completion of their crystalline form. Ii makes up the most prominent component of the rock. Augite exhibits irregular small masses, with brightly polarizing centres and muddy dark brown peripheries. The brownish product, which is of secondary origin, extends along the cracks so universally present in augite, presenting a • Triasaic Traps of Nova Scotia, American Geologist, March, 1890. t I PI fc f •AILEV. I TRIA8SIC ROCKS. 131 M V net-like appearance. Whenever a crystal occurred .sutKciently fre.sh a!icl regular in form for orientation, it proved to he twinned on the orthopinacoid. ^lagnetite occurs for the greater ]iart in irregular aggregates winch may be of secondary origin, but not presenting a titaniferoua aspect. The perfect octahedra are undoubtedly primary and were probably the first to form during the cooling of the fused mass. Compared with sections of Triassic traps from New Jersey, I find a marked resemblance both as regards the optical characteristics of the individual minerals and the relative quantities of eacli com- ponent." The specific gravity of the more compact columnar traj) is given as 2-93. Among the localities in which the peculiar features of this group of rocks may be most conveniently studied, may be enumerated the shores of Digby (Jut, Broad Cove, Sandy Cove and the Petite Passage. The eastern side of Digby Gut, about the entrance, shows well both Dighy Gut, the more solid and columnar traps and the softer bedded amygdaloids. ^**'' " The cliffs are from 60 to 100 feet high, and show from five to seven layers or beds, the lower mostly gray or purple and vesicular, while the upper are dark-gray, compact and ashy. In places the beds are nearly horizontal, but in general they have a distinct northward or sea- ward dip of 5° to 10'. The amygdaloids have numerous veins of thomp- sonite, or show surfaces over which incrustations of this mineral are spread in circular radiating sheafs. Analcite aud native copjjer have also been obtained here. On the western side of the passage the exposures are similar, except Digl)y (lut, that the columnar crystalline trap is more augitic than usual, and ^^"^^ ** that this type of rock is here found above as well as below the amyg- daloids, forming the promontory of Cape Prim. Surfaces a yard in diameter are here covered with white sheafs of thompsonite crystals, a mineral which is also very abundant at Broad Cove. At Sandy Cove, the most interesting feature is the occurrence of precipitous bluffs, nearly midway between the two bays, and the in- gandv Gov ■ formation these give in regard to the structure of that portion of the Neck which lies to the westward of this point. As seen from the more prominent of these eminences the fact that the whole peninsula is composed of successive sheets or lava-flows is very clearly seen in the curiously serrated outiine thereby caused. Each great bed has its highest portion to the southward and slopes thence at a gentle angle northward until it reaches and is abruptly covered by the next succeeding flow, which but repeats these features. 9* 111! "'**asi»;--- 132 M NOVA KCOTIA. Finally, in and about the Petite Passage, are afforded the most Petite remarkable illustrations of columnar structure. This is quite con- Passage. spicuous about the wharfs in the little fishing village of Tiverton, but much more striking at Israel Cove, a little below the village, and on the south shore of Long Island. Here the cliiFs are not only very bold and high, but so perfectly jointed and upon so large a scale, as to present an extremely rugged front, the columns or groups of columns, isolated by the action of the sea, being left standing in prismatic or needle-like projections, often ten or fifteen feet in height. While the bedded arrangement referred to above appears to be the result of several successive outpourings or overflows of igneous rock, it is possible that a part of the peculiar topography indicated may be due to repeated down-throws by faulting. No indications of any special line of extrusion have been observed, and it is altogether pro- bable that the main lines of fracture giving vent to the igneous outflows or fissure-eruptions, lay beyond the present line of coast, and nearer the centre or axis of the great trough by the sinking of which the fractures may have been produced. Further remarks upon the iron ores of Digby Neck and their associated minerals will be found in the sequel. ECONOMIC MINERALS. In the course of the preceding pages, references have from time to time been incidentally made to the occurrence of minerals of economic value in the several regions described. These may now be made the subject of more particular consideration. The minerals and rocks to be thus noticed include gold and copper, in the native state ; oxides of iron, such as magnetite, haematite, mar- tite, ilmenite and limonite ; metallic sulphides, such as pyrite, arseno- pyrite and molybdenite ; tungstate of lime or scheelite ; ornamental stones, as quartz, amethyst, jasper, garnet, tourmaline, etc.; building stones, including granite and slate ; brick- and fire-clays ; rocks suitable for road construction ; sand, and infusorial earth. Gold. — This is, of course, by far the most valuable mineral met with in the area under consideration, and the ono around the existence of Gold. which cluster the most important interests. It is therefore desirable that the fullest possible information should be had regarding both the extent and the circumstances of its occurrence. The fact of the existence of gold in connection with the so-called Cambrian ^oast-belt of Nova Scotia, was made known in Lunenburg List of minerals. t (liiL'ijviM ios made lipre wove in 1^S,"», it is sikid hy an Indian, nist,,rv an-l on clie property of tho W'hitehurue Mining Co., when work was begun 'l*vtlupiiniit. in the following year, with the erection of a five-stamp mill. This mill wa.s subseiiuently doubled in capacity and a force of from 50 to 100 men was employed, a shaft b»'ing sunk to a depth of 100 feet. At the same time several otiior companies commenced operations close by, one of tliese l)eing the (.Queens County Mining Companv, with a plant of ten stamps, air compressors, etc.; another, the Hossignol Mining Company, working the ^o-oalled Cushing vein, with a mill of ten stamps ; and finally the Ganunon mine, at one time owned by the Parker- Douglas Co., and on which Uamnion and others proposed to erect a Wiswell mill, with revolving rollers instead of stamps. yorth lirookfiehl Gold District. — The vicissitudes of gold niininu, North remarked upon in the case of the Malaga district, find an eijually BnxjkflcKl. striking illustration here, Vjut fortunately in the reverse direction, of greater returns and an enlarging prospect. :> Our first visit to this neighbourhood was made in the year 1890. His-tmy .md Two mines had then been opened, both a little to the south of the main 'It'^'l' i""< iit. road through the settlement, and distant about half a mile from each other. Of these the first or Maguire mine was idle, work having been stopped from a failure to obtain remunerative returns, while the second, known as the Philadelphia mine, was giving employment to about forty men and a mill of ten stamps, with, as represented, a good out- put of gold. On the occasion of a second visit, made in the summer of (1896), this condition was found to be almost reversed. Work was indeed still in progress at the Philadelphia mine, but only in a small way, while the previously idle site of the Maguire mine had now become a scene of bustling activity. Not only had the old mill been again brought into action, and the homes of the workmen been re- occupied, but a far larger mill, to include not only a battery of fifty stamps but the necessary plant for a combiner! amalgamation and chlorination process, was in course of rapid erection. About fifty men were found to be employed as miners and as many more in various occupations connected with the mines. r The explanation of this gratifying change, so far as the Maguire mine is concerned, is of course to be sought in the record of its more R^t^^n r recent workings, which, as given in the returns of the Mines Office, is yield. as follows : — L ^.^*. 136 M NOVA SCOTIA. Rock cnwlifil. Tons. inn. December ir»0 1895. January 37-^ February 3H0 March 390 300 318 208 April May June July August September 364 October 450 November 458 December 465 20-2 1896. January 390 February March April May June July 427 425 445 476 452 470 August. 431 Yi.'Ui of ' sulplii<]<*s with N:ttiir« of wliii'h tl e look is liigldy (.iiarged, tlie free golri not being iiion' than fifty per cent of the whole, if as much. /|i' The following additional particulais of this niin*;, l)a.sed on ohscr- vations by Mr. Prost, ure reproduced here from the authors prelimin- ary report, pul)lisht'd in ISltf). (Annual Report, (Jeol. Sni'v. Canada, Vol. VI.) "In the case of the llrooktifld leads, it has been further noticed (1) that only those bedded leads wl)ich dip towards or intersect the cross or H.ssure leads contain yold ; (2) that those l)eddcd leads which dip away from or do not intersect the said cross leads do not yield fj;old ; (3) that those bedded leads which do cany gold become more and more barren as we recede from the neighl)ourhrHid oi their junction with the cross leads ; ( 1) th it tho.se bedded leads whii-li are found in tli" western part of the district, althoughinthesaniegeological horizon as tho.se inter- secting the cross leads, have thus far proved barren, and (5) that those bedded leads which intersect the cross leads contain the same metal. From these several facts the conclusion is .suggested tiiat, in the case of the Brookfield area at least, tlie bedded leads have been mineralized ncaw of leailr<. from the great Hssure or cross leads upon which neraly all the work in this vicinity has been done. " It may be added that while the Ix'dded leads all dip away from the apex of the anticline, the cro.ss leads dip towards it. Thus the bedded leads often intersect the cross leads. The former curve with the quartzite and slate belts of the dome, but dip away from it at an angle of from twelve to thirty degress, according to their position around the anticline. "The general course of the anticline at Brookfield is S. GO' \V., and it seems to be subsidiary to the great ^lalaga dome or fold. The Philadelphia Company s mine is situated on the southeasterly extension of the Maguire vein, and has a dip about N. 40' E. < 80°. Its width varies from a few inches to four feet. The gold is reported to be irregularly distributed by those having no interest in it; but it is certain that rich as well as poor spots oi jur, and as in the case of PhiliulHlpliia the Maguire mine it is probaiile that much gold may yei be recovered proi'eity. from the tailings. The workings have reached a depth of over 200 feet. West Caledonia Gold District . — The structure here seems to be that f 138 M NOVA SCOTIA. r'liifdiiiiiii. of an oblong told which lliittens out Utwiirds tlit' ('list, and turns into II sericH of undulations south o£ DeLong settlement. 1 he Iteds to the north and south succeed each other regularly, the gray or gieenish-gruy slate, however, uccuiiying on the noilh more than tie usual amount cf hpiice. The purple slates are seenal)out two miles andatiuarter south of tlie anticline. The latter slates seem to continue east toMc(iowan Lake on the Port Medway River, while tiie greenish-gray slates circle around llie eastern end of the quurtzites in Keui|tt and meet the north- ern gray slates. The gold occupies a higher horizon than that of Malaga, but lower than tiiat of North Brook field. Its disi ribution is extremely irregulav. and success in prospecting, which is all that has been yet attempted, is a matter of much uncertaiiity. Some money has been spent here hut witliout success. WeHttield. The Wexfjicld Gold District. — This di.-trict is situated aVxiut three miles north-west from North Jtrookfield, and not far fiom the southern extremity of Tupper Lake. It includes, as far as known, but a .single property, locally called the "Jumbo mine," and known rather for the unusual size of the ((uartz reefs there ex-posed, and the magnitude of the expectations bas( d thereon, tlum for its actual gold contents. The rocks of this vicinity are somewhat higher in the Cambrian system than those of the districts previously noticed, consisting chieily of the black slates of Division IIL, together with some coarser and more sandy beds. Through the-e, and coincident with the bedding, run reefs of white quartz fiom twenty to thirty feet in thickness, much of the mass being white and vitreous, while other portions are gray or stained witli oxide of iron. The rock contains both iron and mis- pickel, the latter abundantly, and from these sulphides it is stated that gold has been obtained to the extent of two pennyweights to the ton, with sixteen of silver. For its removal a mill of twenty stamps was erected and fully equipped, but to be almost immediately abandoned, with the removal of the machinery elsewhere. It is said that not less than $30,000 was expended upon the property, while its .subsequent sale realized only $1,500. It is, however, the opinion of many that this mine, like tiiat of Brookfield, has a future before it. Tlie Kemjd Gold District. — (Yarmouth county.) It is an interesting confirmation of the reference of the Yarmouth county rocks to the Cambrian system that, like those of the latter age in Halifax, Lunen- burg and Queens c lunties, these should also be auriferous. ' ■ji ■ ECONOMIC MINF.nAI.M. i:VJ M The lutri/.on ui tlio b«(ls in wliicli this Kcni{)t mine lias been opi-ni'ii i^-, , ,.,, is the .sarno as tliat of liie mines at Umnklifld, /. e. in mf('ni-?h aren- aceous slates overlying the (juartzites of I'ivision I. As at BiooktifUi, the veins are ulii»'tly fissure veins, crossing the be(ldinj,'-i>lanes at various angles. As far as known, lu.wfvcr, tlu-y are much less prudiic- live. We were informed liy the manager that about .*:!"»,UUU wortii of gold had been obtained here, but at a cost cont-iderably greater. At the time of our visit, (181)0) no work was being done, but it was thought that it would be at once resumed. The leilges holding the leads were not exposed at the surface, and, as far as we could judge, the work of excavation had been lari,'e!y hup. hazard. The property includes a good 5U horse-power engine and a battery of ten stumps. Half n mile south-west from the Kempt mine is the Cowan mine, opened in rocks similar to those of the former, and with similar lesults. Carleton Gold District. — The work carried on here is only oxplor.i- Ciiriitin. tory, and little or no return has yet been realized. A mill of eight stamps, worked by a branch of the Tusket iJiver, has been erected at Carieton, the rock, which is similar to that of the Cowan and Kempt mines, being obtained from bed but Utile remove!. Some gO'id "tind.s ' are said to have occurred in the vicinity, but the outlook at present can hardly be regarded as encouraging. It is noticeable that the beds carrying the auriferous leads at the several localities above referred to, all occur on the northern side of a single anticline traversing a considerable portion of Yarmouth county in a south-westerly direction. (Jhcgogtjin District. — In thd description of the coast section north of Yarmouth Harbour given in preceding chapters, reference had been made to two localities as having been the site of gold mining opera- tions. Of these the first, is Chego.'gin Point, where, in the year 1890, a Chcgoggin. mill of ten stamps was erected for the purpose of crushing tjuartz from a series of large reefs of this rock exposed upon and near the shore- cliffs. The rocks composing the latter are partly coarse sandstones approcaching (juartzite in character, and partly gray slates, both of which exhibit short and shai'p corrugations, though with a general south-easterly dip of 45". With the above dip, ^ut apparently in in- ferior position, are micacious, staurolitic and hornblendic rocks, and ill 140 M NOVA SCOTIA. 'Cranberry COIJIHT of Digliy (Jut. Iron ores. all aie piouabiy the altered equivalents of the green chloritio sand- stones and .»lates of Division 1 b, the sauia in which occur the aurifer- ous veins of Brookfleld and Keinpt. One of the masses of quartz exposed at this locality is not less than twenty six paces across, and others occur of s<; ■ jely smaller dimen- sions. A considerable quantity of this quartz has been removed and crushed, but no reliable data as to its yield could be obtained. At the time of cur visit in 1892, all work had been abandoned, without prospect, so far as we could learn, of its enewal. The second locality on this '"oast is that of the Cream Pots at Cran- berry Head, about five miles north of Chegoggin Point. Here tne rorks exposed on the shore in high bluffs, are more slaty than at the headland last named, but the near association with them of quartz ites, micacious and hornblendic schists, would seem to indicate tha*^^ their geological position is not greatly different. In this case again the original find of gold seems to have been sufficient to justify considei able expenditure in the erection and furnishing of a mill, but with the same result as at Chegoggin Point, that of its speedy abandon- ment. The works have been recently reopened (1897) and opeiations re.iewed, but we have ao information as to the results. Copper. — In the traps ci the North Mountain, and of Digby Neck, it is not an unusual thing to find the rock more or less stained by small quantities of the carbonate of copper. These stainings are, no do'ibt, due to secondary products derived from native copper, of which small grains and irregularly branching strings also occur. The latter were observed in some of the amygdaloids which form the bluffs ju.st east of th'i entrance of Digby Gut, and it is said that deposits of con- siderable size have been found in this neighbourhood. On Brier Island, al io, native c pper was observed in isolated grains in amygdaloid. But in no case have any real veins of this metal, or anything which would seem to justify expenditure in the search for it, come to our notice. Iron. — The oxides of this metal found within the region under review and constituting ores, are referable to two widely separated systems of rocks, and are as stsongly contrasted in their nature, mode of occurrence and conditions of origin. a. Iron ores of the Nirtau.r-7'orbrook ayid CleraeiUrport Basins. — In connection with the discussion of the geological structure of these ,. « lAllCY ] KCONOMIC MINERALS. 141 M . basins, in earlier pajjes of tli's report, frequent reference liaa been made to the occurrence therein of extensive deposits of hii'iuivtitt; . "^d ma<;netite, and the view has been expressed, from the nature of tlie fossils with which at many points they are filled, that they belong to the lowest portion of the D^jvonian system. The factof the oci^urrence of such ores has been known for many years^ and more or less detailed acccnnts of their nature, composition and extent, as well as of the attempts made to work them (the earliest, at Clementsport, being in 1831) have been jjiven by various authors.* , liineniHiwrt Accordingly, only such facts will be referred to here as seem to throw additional light upon their possible futu>a development. It should be added that as the study of the Nictau-.-Torbrook basir. was undertaken chiefly with a view to ascertain what "ghtit night afford in the inves- tigation of doubtful points in the geology cf Digby county, and as that study was neithe.' exhaustive nor accompanied by instrumental measurements, the observations which follow must be accepted as only partial and tentative. In the discussion of the structural relations of the different parts of the Nictaux-Tor brook basin, an attempt has been made to show that this structure is that of a broad syncline, or more correctly of two synclines, which are parallel and overlap. In this view the principal ore-belts are repetitions, more or less complete, of the same sets of beds, successively brought to the surface by folding. It is certain that these Kdations of. ore-belts stand in such relations to the associated strata that one '"'■ ^'*'""- familiar with the character and succession of the latter may predict, with considerable confidence, where these ores are to be found, and that with few exceptions their occurrence is strictly in accordance with this view. It is also certain that ore-beds of essentially the same char- acter and thickness persist upon the strike for long distances, though from causes which are not always obvious, what is a " shell ore "at one point, abounding in organic remains, may be nearly or quite destitute of fossils at another ; while an ore which is ordinary ha-matite at one point may at another be more or less magnetic. Such variations do indeed occur within a distance of a few yards in what are evidently * Haliburton— History of Nfn ,. Scotia, 1820. (ienser — RemarkK on the Oeolopy and Mineralo(?y of Nova Scotia, 1836.' I)aw»• Banks Canaan Mountain ... h Stearns .(Ore first found here) h Benj. Wheelock Canaan "Shell ore" niaffuetite. Foster II " I' Fletcher Wheelock Majjnetito and hieinatite. Banks.. m Shell ore. Hanley Wheelock n > Edward Martin r m James Allen n " Mrs. John Ward Nictaux River n Danl. .\iir.strong. . Blooniin^ton I'age & Stearns Cleveland Magnetite. John Her.tely m S. B. WiUet. Abner Saunders i \< Whitman Wheelock Canaan Mountain ... h Benj. Wheelock « . . . . n Banks m .... n Foster 11 .... 11 Foster n .... m Messenger h .... Hiematite The ore worked at the Torbrook mine is a bed of red haematite, from five to seven feet thick, massive and fine-grained, with a tendency to Torbrook ores, liceak in rhomboidal blocks, and in parts containing considerable pyrites, from which, however, the greater part is free. This bed has been traced in an easterly direction for about two miles, to the county line, and has been supposed to connect in a westerly direction with beds of similar character near Nictaux Falls. A reference, however, to the strike of the rocks, in connection with the general structure of the basin, renders it probable tliat, while occupying geologically the same horizon, as indicated by their similar associations, the Nictaux beds mark a line forming the rim of a more northerly basin, there cut off fi e t t o n a F \ I f 1 •] KCONOMIC iMINERALS. 143 M from view by the siindstones of the Annapolis Valley, while the real extension of the Torbrook beds is to be found along a line, which is their line of strike, connecting Torbrook with Wheelocks farm, and the latter with the ore-beds of the upper part of the Nictaux valley and of Cleveland. Similarly, the beds which are exposed at the Messenger mine, on the McGinty road, and on the hills south of Torbrook Centre, and in Bloomington, may he regarded as representing another repetition of the same strata, brought to the surface and more or less metamor- phosed in connection with the extrusion of the adjacent granite. Until, however, careful instrumental surveys shall have fixed the position of all available outcrops, and possible errors due to folding and faulting have been duly considered, tliese conclusions can hardly be looked upon as final. It is interesting in this connection to notice that the ores of Cle- mentsvale occupy, both geographically and geologically, a position similar to tliat of the principal ore-Velt at Nictaux. As, moreover, th^ structure of the region south of Kentville, although not yet fully worked out, seems to be but a repetition of the Nictaux and Clementsport basin, it is reasonable to expect that iron ores similar to those of the latter locality will be found to have a wide distribution in the inter- vening district. b. Iron ores 0/ the North Mountain and of Dighij Neck. Wliile, as stated above, iron ores have a wide distribution along the southern side of the Annapolis Valley, the hills which overlook the same valley \)\^\^y from the north and their extension westward beyond Digby Gut are 'i^' " """*• also at many points the repositories of ores of the same metal.* But while the former are always of the nature of beds, running with and conformable to the course of the strata which inc'o.se them, and often characterized by accumulations of fossil shells, the latter are in the form of veins, intersecting trappean rocks, and with courses usually transverse to such bedding as these rocks exhibit. They are of course without fossils, being instead usually highly crystal- line, and having associated with them a variety of other crystalline minerals, such as quart:. And zeolites. The only locality of such 01 es known to us, to the east of Digby Gut, is one referred to by T/r. Harrington in his report on the Iron ores of Canada, as fonnu two miles north of Middleton, in An- *Tlie existence of iron ore h in Digby Neck was first discovered by Sieur de Monts, Lieutenant-Genenil of Nova Scotia under Henry IV. of France, in the year 1604. — Pioneers of France in the New World. Parknian. f«aK-Mss.iiu« • ff^ST^aSjCSl^^ittH^BIk. 144 M NOVA SCOTIA. Nichdll's mine, Kossway. fTo}«i8on's mine, Waterford. napolis county, and said to be from six to nine inclies thick. To tbo west of Digby Gut their occurrence is more frequent. A pit or trench from which a considerable quantity of ore was at one time taken is to be seen about three miles north of the triwn of Digby, near the road to Broad Cove. Fragments of the ore piled by the road- side consist partly of red and lirown ha-matite and partly of magnetite. The thickness of some of the blocks is as much as a foot, indicating veins of somewhat greater thickness than those to be next noticed, though apparently of inferior (juality. Barytes was present in the vein, though not in large cjuantity. At present the trenches are filled with water and rubbish .tud no very definite information is available. The next locality to the westward is that of " Nicholl's mine " in Rossway. The veins here, as elsewhere in this range, consist mainly of magnetite, or of hiematite having the crystalline form of magnetite (martite). The ore is mostly in lenticular masses, but occurs also in irregular pockets or in veins dipping in various directions. The widest parts of the veins usually form geodes, which are often lined with amethysts, and very beautiful specimens of this mineral, either alone or associated with calcites and zeolites, have been obtained here. Other cavities are filled with crystals of pure limpid quartz, sometimes show- ing double terminations ; while still others contain a very soft unctuous or clayey material, which both in colon; and consistency may be com- pared to brown soap. The latter substance is also found filling every .seam and crack in the rock, as well as lying beneath tlie surface next the solid trap. We have been unable to obtain particulars as to tie amount of ore taken from this localit\% its percentage composition or the cost of its removal. Only a small trench was opened on the vein, and this is now largely filled with rubbith. About four miles westward of " Nicholl's mine " is " Johnson's mine," in Waterford. This is a much broken deposit of magnetic iron, partly massive or micaceous and partly in the form of isolated octahedral crystals, of which fine specimens, either alone or in association with quartz and zeolites, may be obtained. A considerable amount of ro-k. and oi'e had been removed, but evidently at too great a cost to justify a continuance of the work. Nothing has now been done for several years. Of other points at which ores similar to the above occur, may be mentioned the " Moorehouse vein," about one mile east of Sandy Cove i- ECOXOMIC MINKUALS. 145 M on tin; sliorc! of St. ^Maiys Day, wlierc finooctiihcdral ami tlodi'i'alitulial crystals abouiul : t\n' same shore, just lu-low Mink Cove, the veins here ^'I'l'^ ' "^'■• beinj^ more compact and from three to four inches in width ; and the hills overlooking the Lobster Ponds at Long Beach. It sIkjuIcI be added that loose blocks of magnetic iron ore, some- times a foot or more in diam<^ter, are nu't with at other jjoints in the same range, as between Ktjssway and Digby (Jul, and seem to indieati' the presence of veins as large as or largei- than any heretofore opened '- but notwithstanding the comparative purity and richness of the ores, they being in these respects much superior to the d(i})osits of Clements- port, Nictaux and Torbrook, it is doubtful whether, they can evt'r be profitaoly worked, in view of the large .imount of very hard rock requiring to be removed at the same time. We have been informed of the occurrence of spathic iron in the elifis on the coast south of Metaghan, in a vein said to be six feet wide, and Spatiiiu iron have seen a specimen of excellent ore of this character, stated to have been derived therefrom, but no such ore was obser\ed by us in our examination of this well-nigh inacces-^ible shore, and we can say nothing regarding it from personal knowledge. Titanic Iron. — ^It has been stated in the description of the rock; ,,,■;; about Yarmouth Harbour and the extension of the same bell north eastward to J^igby count\', that the hornblende which i.'-' so conspicuous a feature of this belt is sometimes accomiianied l)y crystals of ilmenitc or menaccanite. This has especially been observed to l)e the case at Chegoggin Point and the viciidty of Brazil station, on the D(jininion Atlantic Railway, but is probaV)ly true to a greater or less extent of the rocks lying between these two somewhat distant points. At the former locality, a dyke or vein of mixed hondjleiuie, mica and gainet, showed black and lustrous tabular scales of ilmenite an inch or more in diameter, and others as large or larger were observed just c'st of lirazil. Metallic Sulphides. Pyrite or sulphide of iron is a mineral so abundant in the upper or ., black slate division of the Cambrian system, as proj)iu'ly to be regaided as one of its distinctive features. At many points thest- black slates are literally studded with cubic crystals of this mineral, svhile its presence is no less strikingly shown by the result of its decomposition, in the excessively rusty weathering of many of these i-ocks, a feature indeed of almost universal occurrence ; also by the not unfreciuent con- solidation of beds of drift, derived from such pyritous slates, into 10 'nj^^gm^- IIG M NOVA MCuriA. Arsi'iirjiyrilt Miilylnli'iiiti • iimrtz. liani fiMTU^'iiKtus con^lniimriitt's. Sti'ikiiii; iiisl uifcs of this liittiM' nH't-rt may ln) sffii in tlic town ot' Miidj^cwattu', and oLIkms, scaHH^Iy Uiss i(!- inaikal)lt', in tlu; IrmIs, already nutircd, wliirli cap tlm slate Mulls nn tlio southei'n sidt^ of ('ape Co\t^ in Yarmouth county. It would sei^m not inipiobahlo that some of the more highly pyiiLou; uf tho slates in iiuestioii, might ho prolitahly used as the hasis of sul- phuric acid and alum 'nanufacturo. Aniciiopifrtli. or Minpickel is a not uncuinmun mineral in coiniection with tlio ing to some degree a favour- able indication of thi; presenci; of tho latter, has little economic value. Miilyhdetiltc oi' Siilphidc. of MohflKleiiinn. A small vein of this niinoral was observed in a bri)ok, tributary to .loidan Kivor, about six miles above Jordan Falls, in ShelburK'^ county, and it has boon reported at other localities. Ornamen/a/ Stoneti, Etc. — Tho following substances, valued chielly for- thoir beauty or as minoralogical specinusns, occur within the region dis- cussed in this report. Qaarlz or Ruck Cri/stal. 'lliis uuueral is of connnon occurrence in connection with the veins (•aversing the traps of the North iMoun- tain and IHgby Neck, but e.ij)ecially so in connection with the mag- nt!tito veins in Kossway and Watorford, Digby county. iJotli isolated crystals, sometimes doubly terminated, and gruu[)s of crystals occur here, exhibiting many interesting modiiiiatioiis. In the same vicinity, large veins antl loose boulders often yield v(!ry cvu-ious examples of manimillary, saccharoidai, ilrusy and stalactitic quartz, sometimes clear, sometimes opaque, but pure white ; in other cases pale pink or amethystine in various degrees. Specimens of similar variety and beauty were obt^^erved among tho loose blocks strewing the shores of the Petite Passage near Tiverton. Aftu'thysta of great beauty were formerly obtained from tho iron mines of l>igby Neck (especially the Nicholl's mine in llossway) while this was worked, but similar specimens can now only be secured ut these points by blasting. The beauty of these specimens was often much eidianced by their form, and by tho association of various min- erals together, nodules or cavities of amethyst being bordered by parallel or concentric layers of agate, jasper of red and yellow tints, yellowish calcite, stilbite and black iron crystals. Veins of amethystine MIIIV. 1 KCONOMK! MINRKALS. 147 M > vm. obtain. At/atex, aiialv.f.doHjf dtitl ,/iispir.i. — Tim triippnati rocks of tlio North Mountain and of l>i>,'l)y Neck, al/ound in t.hcsi', as in oilier varieties of ([uartz, and specimens may l)c I'eadijy liad in jfrcat variely and Iteauty. As with tlio minerals above noticed, tlie linost siicciniens have beon found in the vicinity of the iron veins. Thus, on (he hillsides noar tJie •Johnson niinc^ in Waterford, Dij^bv county, are found larj^e nuinbeis of loos<^ blocks, cofisistinj; whoPy or chiefly of these minerals, and sometimes exhibilin}^ cloudings and ba?idin;;s of ;^reat l)oaut.y. The cliirs over-look in;^ th(( nor't,li(M'n er.*r';uice of IV^tite l'assaj,'e, between |)ij,d)y Neck and liOnjj Tsland, ar-e also r'tnnar-kable for the numb(!r arrd variety of tlin ii^^ate vij{by Neck, inter'estirif^ specMrrKwrs may })0 had in the coastal clills, as wcjII as in the blo(;ks with which the shor't- is str-own. ZfolUcn. — The species of this ;fi'ou|)of miner'als observed by us irr t1i(! tr-appf^'in r-arif^t^ of Anniipolis ;ind IH^^'by coiMities, ar'tf the same; as those /,.,,|it,,.H. so \oi\ii, known as \ oast sidc^ of the latter-, a v(>iri attainini,' a thickness of live or si.\ irrches and corrrposod of what had once beoir very beautiful sh(!afs of very larije crystals, was obser ''nf!, birtfr'om lonj^ exposirr'e to the air' arrd sea thes(i had lost both lustr'e and (irmness, cr'urrdilirrjjf at the touch. 7\t l'ij,'l)y (Jut the thorrrp.sonite was in some instances found to be accornpani(Ml by cubical crystals of analcimo, and still rrror'e r"ir'(^ly, of natr'olite. Ileulandite crystals of small si/e, associat.ed with stilbite, were obsor'ved at tlii! Water-for'd ir'on mirre. A consider'able cavity in the face oi the amyf,'didoidal biuiV, half a mile oast of Margar-etville, '\\\ Arrnapolis couirty, was found to be Hired with clusters of laumonitoeiystal.s, (tf yroat beauty when removed, birt which r'apidly crurrd)led, upon diyini^, to an amorphous powder. Firre rrat.r'O- lit,e Iras bo(;n fourrd in the same vicinity. darnel, S/niiroflfe, Awln/nsit' mitl TonritKifirif.—Thcup, mirrorals, exceptirif; the last, ai'o all of vfuy fr'ecprent occur-r-enjci in the more mcitamorphosod portions of the Cambi-iarr systcrrr, but espooially of thosp of Divisiorr I. />. Thus they abound in the mica .schists of Shel- burne county, mor-e esjiocially on eithor- side of Sholburno Harbour and 148 M NOVA SCOTIA. (iiirni'tH I'tc. filxMit Jordan l!,i\ mid Riv(M' ; as thoy do ii;,'(iiti in Yarmouth ('(Uiiify, al)Oiit Puljnico Ifarhour, at Cliego:rj,'in Point luul in the hell of inota. morpliio strata oxlnnding tlionco to and hcyond Brazil. Ah .soon alonji' tlio coast of Shcllnirnc county, the j^'arnots, thoiii,'li clear, arc small, I'andy attaining the si/c; of a pin's head, and often r(,'ijiiii'iny a glass foi' their detection, in the interior, near the granite, they are larger, .sometimes with a diameter of half an inch or more, but these are usually coarse and opaque. Tn Yarmouth county, some of tlie strata exposed in the fields near Ura/.il station are thickly stutlded with large garnet crystals, hut without lustre or transparency. Per- haps the most interesting specimens .seen by us wore on the Atlantic flhore near the gold mine at Chegoggin Point. Flere are veins or dylry imperfectly formed, th<' prismatic shape being only roughly outll.ied, and t'-.e surface usually obscured by small nncr. and staurolite crystal.s, similar to tho>-e of the surrounding matrix, from which they are not easily removed. Occasionally bright cleavage surfaces of a pale nink or rose colour are met with, but no distinct macles were observed. Port La Tou]' is a good locality in which to collect specimens, especi- ally on (ioose-neck I'oint. Tourmabni is of inu('h le,s.s common occurrence than the minerals previously mentioned, li 'v. ho\vev(M*, sometimes met, witii ah aeon f teV-^ F4rONOMIC MINKUAI.a. 149 M { t m I tact minonil n\on't the lines of junction of tho granite and gneiss or Tduiiii.iliiu', niica-scliist. It was tlius observed l)y Mr. Prest in the region above tho head-wat^>s of Hlondy Crook, a branoli of tho Clyde, in Shelburne county, and by the writer near Pubnico Lake, in Yarmouth county. It has also been observed in Uroad River, in Queens county. Finally i(. has bo(;ii long known as occurring near the town of Paradise in Annapolis county, where quartz veins penetrating granite are, in some inatance.s, fdlod with black lustrous prisms of this mineral. Jinildinij Slonri No' (I'ranifn. — The distribution of this rock in .south-western his report, as we if th II Scotia has been fully described in eailier pages o as repre.sented in geological maps, and no further details as to such distribution are needed here. The granitic rocks present much variety of texture, but less of (Irnniic, colour, being of light-gray to pinkish tints, rarely dark, and, so far as kn(jwn to tho writer, never very red. Their use for purposes of con- struction would .seem to have been determined as much by their facili- ties for removal as by any tlisdnctive features possessed by them. The largest quarries which have been yet opened are tliose of Shelburne Harbour, where, at the time of our visit in 1891, about fifty men found employment. The rock hero is a light-gray granite, and is obtained pai-tly from ledges •■ind partly fnjm huge boulders. Portions of the bed- rock show a strongly laminated appearance, and to this structure in part is no doubt due the ease with which it is removed, as well as its adaptation to special uses. Among tho latter may be mentioned the manufacture of cubical blocks for paving, i^f which l.')00 were made in a day, and of which two or three ship-loads were, at the date referred to, being sent off eveiy week. There are, however, constant lluetuations in the demand for this as for other purposes. Tl e ([uarries are admiral)ly situated and any po.s.sible dcnand for that particular type of rock could be easily met. Another locality at which (|uarries have been opened in granite is that of West Nictaux. Those were first opened to obtain stone for the culverts of the Nova Scotia Central Railway, about six or seven years ago. Sub.se(iu(mtly the material, like that of Shelburne, was used for the making of paving blocks, and three or four car-lf^ads were removed. Two car-loails of large blocks were also .sent to St. (Jeorge, N. 1>. The rrtck is very due, and ea.sily split, though hard. The work, under the direction t.f John Kline, is carried on with the aid of steam drills. 150'm VOVA SCOTIA. Slatf Claya. Still othor (|U(irri('S of less ini|iortince ocnur hIdm'^' tlic Hue of tlio Contnil Uailway, ntiiv Springfield, Animpolis c-ounty. tSlattis. — Tn 11 country in wiiicii iir^illites are of such coiniiion occur ronce nn in south-wostern Nova Scotia, it may rcasonalily lio supposed that sonic of tliHso would bo Huital)i(i for roofing or writing purposes. No attempt has, however, us yet been made to wilh- out definite information as to their occurrence in (Queens, Shelimrne or Yarmouth counties, though we believe that in the first-named county bricks have been manufactured to a limited extent in the vicinity of Liverpool. Tn Digby county a deposit apparently suited for the making of lire-brick has recently been found about one mile south-east of the church in ATarshalltown. Some HOG acres of land have here been lea.sed by Mr. J. Lonergan, over which .i white cl.iy occurs with a depth of three to twelve inches, with clays of other kinds beneath. A specrnf^n of the white clay sent to the Survey ollice was found to be fu jible with difficulty. Clays of marine origin, probal)ly underlie a considerable pait of the Annapolis Valley. They are well (exposed three miles west of Middle ton station, where operations for the matiufacture of brii > base for some years been in pi-ogiess. The clays used here aie very pure and tough, but, as indicated by their brick-red coloui- even before burning, contain much iron, and are theref(Me unsuitable for fire-bricks. As they hold shells of mollusca, as well as fossil starlishes, the lime de- rived from these would further unlit them for such use. The clays are covered with beds of sand, but neither the extent noi' depth of the clays is known. Wells sunk to a depth of 0."* feet at Kingston failed to reach .solid rock. I 11 y. J c in O r. •/. r. ■A y. '1 KroNOMir MINKUAI,». 151 M SuiuIh.- Ill u(Klition Ut tho roil mhuiIh rotVrriKl to aljovc in thu An- ,s,,,„|„. impolis Valley, tlu'io aro with tliom-, at viiriuus points, beds of vory wliiti! sand, wliicli niiylil ho Huitaltl(! tor j,'la.s8 iiiiikini,' or other pur- puKo.s. i-'.ir riiort* exU^n.sivi! as vvt;ll a.s )iur(>r dcpositH of .such nuiloriul hiivo, at dillunait jKiints upon tho Atlantic coast, boon pilod up l)y tho action of tho winds. Of tho.so dupoHitH of drift sand tho most roiiiark- ahlo aro tho.se on tho wt'Ht side of Port Mouton Harbour and tlio oast sido of |{arrinf,'ton I lay. In ouch case thoy cover considorablo tracts aloii^ tho shoro, and uro annually marching' inland. In places thoy attain a depth of fifty or si.xty foot, and aro so situated as to bo capable of easy removal. TJioy aro almost snow-whito in colour, and purely silicious. A'wrA'.s niLitable for lioad Conitlriiction. — In view of the increased attention now bein^' ^dvon to tho construction of highway.s, and tho need felt in .some portions of south-west Nova Scotia, especially in the Annapolis Valley, for tho use of some road-makinj,' material having greater binding power than tho sanda there so widely distributed, it li"««l •'••tol niay not bo out of place to refer here to tho inexhaustible supplies of the vory best material for such purposes afforded by the trappean rocks of the North Mountiin and Digljy Nock. So admirably indeed are these adapted for su(;h u.se and s(j favourable is their situation for re- moval, that they have afready attracti'd tho attention of strangers and have b(!en referred to in recent reports of tho United States (Jeological Survey, as a possible future source of sujjply in connection with the macadannzing oi the roads of New England. Tests carried out by officers of that survey in connection with the Highway Conunission of Massachusetts, have fully .shown tho high relative value of diabase rock for road purposes, and there is no reason to suppose that the qualities of .such rock, as found abundantly in the ridges which skirt tho south shore of tho Jiay of Fundy, will bo loss valuable thiiii those of similar rock found elsewhere. Hi. s. '.I. 10. 11. l-J. i:!. 14. 1."). h;. 17. IS. I'.t. •JO. •ji. :;;!. 24. '.'(;. 2S. 1 •) 3. 4. Ti. (>. f . H. i| 10. 11. 12. APPENDf.X A. Li.sT Of' Glacial .Stkf.k in SoiTii-wKSTiiUN Nova Scocia. 1. -<^l KKNS (.'OLNTV. .NT 'rose Point. Cmistal. On K'"'!""- S. 20' M Sninirvillc ( 'fiitri'. (Nm^tal. On ^,'l:mitl•. .S. l!-' /,. Mink Isliiiid. I'ort .Md-.itcpii. ('(iistiil. On priinitf. S. ."> K. .M.isiiicri' Ishiiiil. I'lUt .M'liitiiii. (Juiistal. ( tn K>!inil<'. .S. ;"> K. I'lirr .liilii- HarlMiiii'. cusl siclc. l!(i!ista]. On (fiii'is.-. ,S. Cailclcn I'iiy. Cniistal. On graniti . S. I'lirt .Fc)lic Hi'ail. Coastal. On ffneiss. S. ."i i'^. I'liit L'Hclit'rt. Cuastal. On Kneiss. S. Slmri' (ippusiti- f'ciHin Islanil. Ooastal. On mica xlatcs. S. 20 K. Ka),'l(^ Hi-ad HivaUwatcr. ('(lastal. On pnfiss. S. lO" R, H. Ifi K Port Mcdway Harlioui-, wi'.'^t side. Coastal. On ^nci.ss. S. 10 K., S. 15° E- P.uckfii'ld. inti'i-ior. .S. S. 20 W. l'l>'asant Kiverroad. Interior. On (jnart/.iti'. .'s. .'O I'",., S. 00 K. Hills iir-ar lj<)nnrookli.ld. On qnartzitc. .S. 2(t' K. Kos.'ltc. On slates. S. 40^' K. Tort Mi-dway River at crossin),' of Kein|it Hoad. On slntes. S. 20 K., S. .'io W. KeiMOt, near .\nna|iolis jiosi road. On slaies. .^. In K. V.'esttiejd. On wlates. S. 10 K. I'|i.'i>ant kiver settlement, at crossin;^ of New I'.lm roa; to lake. S. lo \V. (2) on luvel .surfaces only. S. IS K. port .Mefhvay Itiver, .soiilli of .Meiiow.in Lake, in Westtiekl, same as course of river. S. .*i \V. Horse Lake, one mile east of Port M 'dway KWer and one mile and a lialf soutti of WestHeld River. S. 2 W.. S. 4'' W, Rosetto road. S. 22 L., S. 2 NV. 2, — SlIKl.m HNK Cot \TY. Near Jones Ifarliour. Coastal. On gneiss. S. o K. Loi'kejKirt. Coasial. On flo\v. S. 10'-' NV Sliell)urne. on road to Ohio. Interior. On (piartzite. S. 10 \V. P.etween Ohio and Clyile. Interior. On nuarlzite. .S. 70 W. Ni'jfro llarlionr, east side. Coastal. >. .'^. 10 W. Pinvatory Point. Coastal. On mica-slate. S. Port Ija Tour, ojiposite .Fones iHland. Coastal. S. and S. H. in road to Haccaro. Coastal. On qiiarty.ite. S. 10' K., S. I.')- W. Paccaro Point. Coastal. On mica-slates. S. ShaK Harbour, at church. Coastal. S. 20" K. Shelhnrne Harlx)ur. ahove Sand Point. Coastal. On niica-sliite. S. .SO' W. 11 mmm 154 NOVA SCOTIA. i;?. Villagcdali'. Barriii^jtoii Pmy. Oti ^'iici W. ;{. I'uhiiico llarlMiur, at hcatl. On ^ray niiia-.schist. 8, 40 W. 4.— DiiiiiY CS. (>' W. (( ieneral course of lake. ) 4. West Nictau.'c. On slates. Kxpijsures north. S. 10 K. .5. Koxbury. (South of Lawreneetown.) On siminnt of South .Moeiitain. Koi-k granite. S. 20 \V. (i. Virginia settlement. On Silurian slates. N. 4 \V. M^> '^) \! u- «— >vj •^egend. I. fc I ( .' t{ti( ■iiuu(nix' tff sail '/>/';'''•; slulv (itut slmly (iiy/iHili's: ,/i,\\thiikhli. i/trtn an fl pink, wilfi I /I'll oii's Iruissic Di.'VDninn ami Siliiiinii I i' h'ifihrli .-tfi/i' „iitUihi ('ombriPii Ge'io ^Vltippt -k^ r/- ^! E \ /.'■' ■n" /x \\y^ntwvrth ■ i/ui\,irtiit\ III II a -s, III \/.y sdiii n'/iti' .s,/iix/s ,1, Camhrinii HViihii\iiiil ^muru nf (iaiuiita GEORGE M OAWSOS CMC. LL.O..F.RS. DIRECTOR G5°5o tJS" -e- HjII. H,.,b.Mri. " »;lll|.m«l)»*«*^v■ \ ' /\ K:tal Miirgurwtiviltfl rtirl lii-oi'J rt Lor UpaJTCIannce \ (TIxmI l<.ll,ik«'r&r"\""'5^ 7. ^pry ^\ ,J \ lii \ ' ft J. / <* \ \ "^'-^ , '■ vr.' /' / / / A i. ! ^J-Oy.,ri,.t^«*"W''V 44°5( '"% okl'lrli rrV ^^' V \>^'- S /\ ^^ A ' / .. \ N: \*i- p*-'^ -H S"^' 'Wi::! '^ -V.*'- y \ \ / > 'V;>^' -^^^P-sf^r nTTTTTrnrrr \Hrntworlh)L 4/ill I llfints III 1,11 ■ »( /// sl.^ ■^I'um'/itr sihisls. it, . Oiiart/.ili- (';uiil)i'inii rrufi ri'iiii.ssicj tiiiiii 1 1 ,• 44* j«»rOV). ^^wppl. I" C/ '»»-. '••'», 43k Chfluii^upPuiiitf Cheho^u^ Hat s \\ k V, ^ (ileal Tuikri I4(^ i<«»wvrVVood tlnrbuu Sh«g Hit 66* J.ii'^ife. Chief^ Draughtsmen. L N.Richard. Draughts man. n'i'L.rj'-riohicrl outlines /r.'T Church's Map of Nova ScoHc. IS88. wt\ rSCr^ h/- -E Vorb«rrilp l,Wrntworlhll W^ tV ''""' <• fc. .«. (J^ '\. ""V ,^ i.^*'-^'^ V % \ POO 4 't»4^'^w?"'-V'i ^'^ 5\ , ..t liitictt HiA^Mir* I.»jwpr Wi'fit Puhnil tSihniro Kea'*hJ LowvrWuod hurbui \ /\^»"-/^' Hoti^n L ,' \ Tjnrdan bay , fUrtin n lltild \1; WrMivffi Hfud ^East Rrini >^a^B» Negro W UUnchV 44- 43S, 65V 6S' ■■* t isMiIeK