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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmAs A des taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmi d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessairs. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 S2X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^mnpppp - "^ " ^ /" ifPP^PPi^ZT^ ifWpM«aMB^m*MpmMI--i SENECA'S PROPHECY AND ITS FULFILMENT. A Mkmoriai, or A. D. 1897 and the Four Huvdredth Annivkrsary of I I THR t'lRST SlOHTINf; OK THK NoRTH-EaST CoasT OK NORTH AmKRICA, BY John and Sebastian Cabot, Merchant Adventurers of the City ok Bristok, Sailing under a Commission krom Kino Henry VII, OK ENti> iiik Vuvv. Hindkkhth .Annivkrsary ok THE First SiuHTiNt; ok thr North- East Covst ok North Amkrica, BY John ani> Seba-stian Cabot, Mehchant Auventirkus of the City of Brt-stol, Sailing ij.nder a Commission kkom Kin»j Henry VII. OF EN(4I.ANI). BY THE KEV. DR. SCADDIXii TORONTO : THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, 67 & 69 CoLBORNE Street. 1897. tmrmm SKNKCA'S rHOIMIECV AND ITS FULFILMENT. !^^ Havin(i chanut^d t<» acquire many yeaiH ago, whik' yet a lad at Hchool, a copy of Washington Irving's " Lift; o( Cohiniluis, " I l»eeanu' fascinated with a certain brief Latin tjuotation whicli appuared on its title {Mige, as a kind of motto, implying an evident prophecy of the new world of America, delivered sometime in the i'wui half of the firut < 'hristian century, by the Latin philosopher and poet, Lucius Annieus Seneca. Adopting, in the case of one woi'd, a reading for which there is good authority and which for a reason given in ;i foot-note woulil seem to be the true one,* the prophecy on the title page of Irving's ColumbuM may be ren- dered into English with a little expatiHion as follows : " Late in time eras will arrive when Oceunus himself may undo the bands wliidi contine human enter- prises, and a vast land may be laid open to the general view, and Tethys, spouse of Oceanus and mother by him of countless Oceanids, guardians of islands in the sea, may disclose new spheres, and Thule may no more be styled earth's utmost limit." 1 could not at the time of the reception of this prize grasp the full import of the Latin motto icfened to, but 1 saw enough of its force to J)ecome greatly interested in the contained prediction, and in the writer who iiad recorded it. To such an extent was this carrietl that among the modest ornaments of my chamber when a student at college figured a small bust of the philosopher and poet, obtained from an Italian trader in such articles, albeit, that the «'iM< is interwoven with the matter, iiixl the enthiiHiasni that hail lieen ureatetl in favoui' of tlie iliHcoveryof new regionn hy hinil and nea i8 hmtlly conut worse thin^'H were to l)e expected. The piopheey already described was then form- ally jironounced hy tlie chorus. " Veiiii-nt unriiH 8Htr> !a seris, (juihuH OeeanuH Vincula reriiin laxet, et inveiiB I'ateat tellUH, Teth,VMiHi|iie noviM DeteKAt or)>es, nuc iit t«rri8 lltiniaThule."* The Medea of Seneca was evidently constructed after the model of the Medea of Kuripides, hut we do not observe in the latter drama a prophecy of a like purport to that which is so remarkable in the former drama, although the denouement of botii tragedies turns upon the conduct of Medea, her cruelty to her own offspring, her vengeance upon her enemies, and her own tinal escape into the region of space by means of her magic power as an enchantress. The tragedies of Seneca were translated at an early period into English, and they were imitated in their plot and arrangement by a class of playwrights who were styled from tliis circuiuHtance the Senecan school. Among these writers were Sackville, l^ord Huckburst, and Norton, and other contrivers of the pageants displayed before Queen Elizabeth on her visits to the Inns of ('ourt and elsewhere, and the influence of these productions on some of the plays of Shakespeare has Iteen traced. Polonius' account of the accomplished actors in Hamlet will be remem- V)ered where he says that " Seneea cannot be too heavy" for them, "nor Plautus too light." The ancient mind was full of vague traditions in regard to the impious au«lacity of those who dared to penetrate by word or deed the mysteries beyond thv. sphere in which they had been born. Horace himself, we shall remember, refers to these ancient speculations, when he says ; — III oak or triple bruHa his breaat wax mail'd, Who first committed to the ruthless deep Mis fra^'ile skiff, nor inly shrank and quail'd To hear the headlong Afric fiercely sweep, With northern blasts to wrestle and to rave ; Nor fear'd to face the tristful Hyades, And Notus, tyrant of the Adrian wave. That lifts, or calms at will, the restless seas. * Washinjfton Irvinjf in the first edition of his " Life of Columbus " gave Typhis instead of Tethys. but the latter is the reading in later issues of the work. I have preferred Tethys as harmonizing better with Oceanus personifie*!, while Typhis simply recalls the Pilot of the Argo in an expedition which already at the time of the prophecy neeins to have been a past event. /^/ I that lia<1 m JH loutlly ;h *.hat lia«l hilt worse thtin form- lodel of the a prophecy la, although Medea, her ind her own 3wer as an ito English, playwrights Lmong these ontrivers of the Inns of lome of the be remeni' thetn, ' ' nor the impious jries heyond remember, phis instead of red Tethys an e I'ilot of the ive been a past ANU ITS HLFILMKNT. VVlitti form o( dfu(h I'diild duiiiit hit* Moul who view 'd oocHirN dread Nhttpes, imr turned hin <'J)'h awuy, ItN Hiiru'iiiK wuvi'n, iiiid with diHaNlcr Htrew'd Th\ fated rix-ktt, Afro-'eriiimiu'.' i Vniid.\ hfith Jove in wiMlnm land from land lU senH disHcver'd wild and tcm|>«'»t-loHs'd, If \eMselM hoimd, di>H|ii[i- lii>t lii^h c'uinmuiid, ' O'er walerM piirpoHi'd never to lie tTOss'd. The geiitial iiii))res8iun in regard t(i the great Western Ocean, prior to the time of Cuiuniltuti, may also he given in the graphic wordn of an early Arabic writer on tlie Hubject, Xorif al Kdnze, (|UoteUH. " The ocean encircleu the ultimate l)oundH of the inhabited earth, and all heyond it i^ unknown. No one lias been alile to verify anything concerning it, on account of its ditiicult and perilous navigation, its great obscurity, its profound depth ami frequent tempests ; througii kar of its migtity tishes, aneen incorporated in Knglish thought and usage since the days of Hao(m. Krom the same source have sprung other works on ideal republics or states. As for example Sir Thomas Mores " Ctopia," (^'ampanella's '*(!ity of the Sun," Hall's " Mundus Alter et Idem," also in more recent times, "The Speculations of Ignatius Donnelly " ami " Colonel \a: Plongeon." At all events, whether by accident or otherwise, the prophecy put i>y Sen- ecu into the mouths of the chorus in his Medea has been amply fulKlled. To adopt the language of mythology. Father Oceanus has loosened the chain with which he himself had confined the human view, and the vast predicted continent has come into sight across the western waves, and Tetliys, his spouse, has revealed her countless Oceauids, her islands, in all directions, well fitted for the habitation of man. Thule has long since ceased to be the extreme limit of human operations, wherever that Thule may have l)een, whether in the far Scandinavian North, the Hebrides or Icelaird, or farther south among the Canaries (tr the Azores.* Our English " Land's End" and "Cape Finisterre" of Spain were earlier indications of limits to human enterprise in a westerly directi«)n. PIuh ultra is now, however, the inscription on the Pillars of Hercules. We ourselves on this continent are in the act of celebrating the four hun- dredth anniversary of the unveiling of the land which is now our home ; with what keen interest would Seneca have reganlctl the fact, could he have learned that his own native (Jorduba would in after ages be intimately associated with the name of the principal agent in the great discoveries which h-^ had been permitted to predict. All readers of Irving's Columbus will remeniber how frequently the name of (Jordova, which is the ancient Corduba, occurs in the accounts of the great discoverer's early interviews with Ferdinand and Isabella.! What Seneca says by anticipation in one of his letters in regard to the whole earth is quite applicable to our 8|>ecial case on this continent. " If a man had given thee a few acres of land," he remarks to a corres- pondent, " thou wouldst say that thou hadst received a benefit at his hands ; and deniest thou that the immeasurable extent of the whole earth is no * Black, in his " Princess of Thule," makes it Lewis in the Hebrides ; the origin of all these ^references to conspicuous terminal objects on the earth's surface is probably to be sought for in the scripture expression " the ends of the earth," so familiar to us all. t When Ben Jonson, in his celebrated lines to the memory of Shakespeare, prefixed to the .folio edition of 1628, speaks of " .f^-h.vlus, Euripides, Sophocles, Paccuvius, Aooius, him of Cordova, dead " — the reference in the last expression is, of course, lo Seneca, who was born at (Cordova B.C. 3. 1 ANU ITS FrLFILMKNT. /.23 ;iil life (if ututl upon oriiiit us, iiiHtitutud lit i»f man Six DuyH* jieatly by i of them the days n-piihlicH a'8 "Oity leH, "The jt hy Sen- fulKlled. the chain predicted lis spouse, well Htied e extreme iher in the amon^ the rere earlier luH ultra is four hun- ome ; with kve learned nated with I had been iuiher how curs ill the inand and n regard to ent. ) a corres- his hands ; arth is no in of all these sought for in ireflxed to the coius, him of iO waa born at boneHt? If a man «hnnlil give thee ni(»ney and till thy cotfer, for that seemeth a girat thing in tliy ^ight, thou wouldflt term it heuetit, and thinkent thou no favour that tiod hath hiddeu hd many metals in the earth, spread so many rivem on the sands, vvhieli Mowing discover ingots of niiiSHy gold, silver, brass, imn. which he hath hidden everywhere ; that he hath given thee means and knowledge to find it out by setting marks of his covert riches u|>on the surface of the earth*" This lauiliible recognition of the providential intentions of Vhm\ in regard to man which is ever observable in Seneca was so acceptable to the early writers of the Christian churcli that several of them circulated the idea that Seneca was at heart a Christian,* ami after the fashion <»f th*- day the notion came at last to be embodied in a series of apocryphal letters which were 8up|M»se4l to have passed between the philosopher and the Apostle I'miJ ; but although it cannot be made to appear that any communications ever took place l*etween Seneca ami St. Paul ; — and it would seem that the philoH«>phcr was i|uite unaware of the " Dayspriiig from on High'' which in his time hml vi8it«>d the sons of men, inviting them to the study of Divine Truth and empowering them to live in acconlance therewith, — nevertheless so great \. is the light vouchsafed to Seneca as a moral thinker and ru-*8oiier, that, iiis writings ac«|uired everywhere •> •uliar authority. They were carefully translated into various langtiages, and the n-vnie of Senec;^ became far an' wide a household woril. And occasio you wonder that man jfoes to the (Joils .' (lod conies to men. X»y, what is yet nearer. He comes into men. No itooeen humorously described as a veritable Seneca, or a true disciple of Senecii, as being in fact a Seneca Indian, meaning thereby a Seneca kind of Indian, and hence the term by degrees came to be the popular designation for a whole sub-division of the Iroquois race. The term would do to mark Campbell's " Stoic of the woods, the man without a tear," somewhat on the "non-Anglus sed-Angelus" principle. Stoic itself, we may remember, tempted Shakespeare to play upon the word in his " Taming of the Shrew," " I^et's be no Stoics nor no stocks, I pray; nor so «levote to Aristotle's Kthics as Ovid l>e an outcast (juite abjured." The usage among English speaking people of not disfiguring Roman proper names when incorporating them into their language, as the French are ajtt to do when adopting Latin names, as in the case of Tite Live for Titus Livius, Tacite for Tacitus, would lend itself to the custom. According to their practice the F'rench have transformed the Roman proper name Seneca into Seuecjue, but on glancing at the twelve varieties above given of the tribal Indian name, a Frenchman would have no particular difficulty in selecting one which sounded like Sene«iue, and thus among both French and English the idea of Stoicism as connecte*! with an Indian brave would remain the same, though expressed by words slightly different. I have already in a brief essay entitled "Mohawk and Seneca set right" discussed, by the aid of Gov. Powuall, the fact that the real name of the sub-division of Six Nations commonly called Senecas was not "Senecas" but Sonontouons, as also the fact that the appellative "Mohawk" was not the tribal appellative, but Canienga. "Seneca as an epithet still continues to be familiar amongst us, not only as ap])lied to a sub-division of our own Indians on the (jirand river, and to a well- known lake in the State of New York, but also as a popular designation of certain native wild plants, as for example, Seneca snake-root and Seneca grass or vanilla, both mentioned by Asa (iray in his manual. /^-r a variety of language un- c to U'CJalla- ord Seneca is m, Senekeea, ), Sinnokes, under such convey some its own iiae, 1 that Lucius Stoic school, was wont on le of the Six sly described 'act a Seneca the term by ivision of the tself, we may 'aming of the to Aristotle's tioman proper ttch are apt to Titus Livius, I the Roman 'elve varieties ; no particular s among both Indian brave ireni. I have discussed, by livision of Six bouons, as also jpellative, but us, not only as and to a well- designation of d Seneca grass ■) SENECA BOOKS; THE LOG SHANTY BOOK-SHELF COLLECTION FOR 1897. The Seneca books here enumerated come within the scope of our Ix)g Shanty Book-shelf series, by virtue of the fact that the collection not only began to be made in the old pioneer tiays, but that it was actually started within the walls of one of the primitive homes or homesteads hewn out of the original primeval forest. The writer while yet a lad at school was so fortunate as to receive as a prize a copy of Washington Irviug's well-known " Life of Columbus," in four octavo volumes, on the title of each of which conspicuously Hgured the prophecy from Seneca, which has formed the text of the accom- panying discourse. The volumes thus obt lined were carefully deposited with others in the old home, and the interest exciteil in the boyish mind by the quo- tation from Seneca, here first seen, was enduring, and led to the addition from time to time of works cogi. -ite to the subject. It will be remembered that each of the groups which have been shown in the Pioneers' liodge during the Toronto annual Industrial Exhibition originated in a somcwiiat similar way, Irviiijf's " Life of Columbus," 4 vols. London : John Murray, 18!i8. An old volume in the Spanish languaffe, containing a fine autograph of Washington Irving as that of a former posses-sor. (Mislaid.) Lodge's tran.slation of the works of "Seneca: Moral and Natural,' folio ; engraved title, 1614. Sir Roger L'Estranges translation o( "The Morals of Seneca, with an Afterthought." New York : sixth American edition. Aubrey Stewart's translation of " The Minor Dialogues of Seneca,'" etc. London : 1881). " The Epistles of Lucius Anna>u.s Seneca," with large annotations wherein, particularly, the tenets of the ancient philosophers are contrasted with the Divine precepts of the Gospel with regrrd to the moral duties of mankind. By Thomas Morrell, D.D. London : VV. Wood- fall, Dorset .street, Salisburj- square, 1786 ; 2 vols., quarto. Copy of Worrell's "Greek Lexicon," quarto, with Hogarth's portrait, engraved by ntisire. Veterum Illustrium Philosophorum P