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 uaa 
 
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 me.^mmams^'s^ws^^'ix 
 
to ih« 9«n«re*liv of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
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 originaua aont fllmOa an commancant par la 
 pramiOra paga qui eomporta una amprainta 
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 Un doe aymboloa suivants spparaitra sur la 
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 symbola ▼ signifie "FIN". 
 
 Meps. plates, charts, ate. may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
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 baginning in tha upper left hand corner, laft to 
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 required. The following diegrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Los cartas, planches, tablaeux. etc.. peuvent etre 
 f ilmds d dee taux da rdduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque la document est trop grand pour itre 
 reproduit en un soul clichO. il est filmd d partir 
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 et de haut un bas, en prenant la nombra 
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 illustrant la mdthodo. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 456 
 
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»«aocofv tnoiuTioN tkt chait 
 
 lANSt and fSO TfST CHART No Jl 
 
 -APPLIED IIVMGE 
 
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 92et»S3 
 
 
^rrfarp. 
 
 Hdvin. Icn^folt th. „.ed of a book -ipon Swine, wh.c'i 
 ^ould meet w,th the requirements of the college student 
 aad the busy farmer. I luvo at length been induced by my 
 friends to attempt the work myself, and the result of this 
 attempt is seen in the volume which is now placed before 
 the public. In the preparation of this work, special atten- 
 tion has been given to present day problems, rather than to 
 historic facts and speculations, and every effort has be-n 
 made to condense the info.maiion into as small space as 
 possible. No apology is offered for the manner in which 
 the subject is treated, and the Public must be the sole 
 judge as to whether the book is deserving of their com- 
 mendaticn. 
 
 I wish to gratefully acknowledge the sympathy, encour- 
 agement, and assistance which I have received from 
 friends in this and other countries. To mention each one 
 would be out of the question, but my gratitude for their 
 kindn'ds is none the less sincere. 
 
 n , . , . , GEORGE E. DAY. 
 
 Ontario Agricultural College, 
 
 Cuelph, Canada. 
 December, 1905. 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 '•;*^^;:* h 
 
^-'m^m^''^^mem 
 
CONTJ NTS. 
 
 (11 AITKR I,- 
 
 i;ki:i,ijing. 
 
 An kKmI nii'c--ii\ 
 
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 I)< M-npiii.ii aii.l -..lie ,.r in, ml- f.r -wiiu' ■■; l.u lyir. 
 
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 r.Ki' I n,-^ ( I]- sw ixi:. 
 
 1 
 
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 r.riti-1i lirir.!~ 1 .1 -w iiu- : 
 
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 i^USS^^ 
 
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 ( 111 -111 \\ I lie ( li.ii.i, I. I i.lli -. 
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 I'.M'S, 
 
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 rn.\i''ir:K \'i.— 
 
 i'i;i;i)i\(; wd \i w Nci-Mi-iXX 
 
 I 'i( iliiiir .I'll inairi'jrin. Ill f tlir ln'.n 
 i 1 ' I ! 11 '..: , 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 M 1 1 . 1 l; r 1 1 1 1 1 i t . ' i' 1 ! : , ' - 1 1 w , 
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 r.ii't, 'I'l''!.,, \\ !,, \, .<i':_',ir l;. . I -. 
 
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 ll.ury \ il< h. K,-,l ( l,,v, r. \li,,li.i. 
 
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 i II.M'll.K \ M. 
 
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 ( "r.kiiik; f...„| f,.r wnu-. 
 S..,iki'.l. \( ,1, aiiil .|t_\ iiic .il. 
 ''■"Illlil iinil iliiKr. .1111.1 i;i.nii. 
 kri.ition ,,| hvi- weight 1.. .i-.ii..iny <■{ f.ain 
 < "rrci tiM-. 
 \ iriiiiit. 
 S;iiiit;iti'.n. 
 
 ( IIAI'I IK \III.- 
 
 IVync-.s. 
 \ 'iilil.ilii.il. 
 l.i«lil. 
 Mr.iii^lit-.. 
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 iirii ni.\'(;.t,. 
 
 Plan .-111(1 ,K>,ri])ti,,|- ,,f in.dcrii i.inwtry, 
 I'ortablt i.cn> 
 
 
r 
 
 :v<'5:« 
 
ciiai-hr I. 
 
 An Ideal Necessary. Tlu' husim-is of the stock -firccdcr 
 
 is a luctiliar ntic, ||i. has to .|ial with hfc. an.) all tliosc 
 m>>>t(Ti«)iis possihilitifs tliat cxi^t in tiii' living; ircafiirc Iiave 
 to lu- rcrkoticil witli iti Iiis oiirratiotis. Stork liri't'din^ is 
 not a iiHTf (|iu'-liiiii of riiiiiiinj^' Iiamls, whicj inoilcl inert 
 I'latcrial to the whmi ..f their mwiut; the reallv ^Teat l.recilcr 
 iiui^t po-sess nil iiitniiur i:eiiiti-> tliat eaii pieree tile curtain 
 of in\-iter\ MirrouiKhiiL: liviii;,' ereatiires, lay hold of tliose 
 hiililen f"ree^, and ^o il;r<et them that the result is a ere itiirc 
 npproaehinj^ very elosely to the ideal he. himself, has set up. 
 Ill short, the liieeder is nut a mere imitator, he is .-i creator. 
 'I'here r.iii lie ii., proj^ness unless the hreeder has a verv clear 
 ide.il hetiire Iniu towards which 'u- is wdrkinj;. lie may 
 iu\er n.ich hi- idt ,il. lull he must never lose M;.dit of it. 
 \'o mattir how much money may he invested in the enter- 
 I'rise. it will come to n.iu_L:ht if the hreeder has not a clearly 
 deliued ohiect in view. lie will meet with m.inv thing's to 
 try his faith, hut he must not waver; he will he freiir.ently 
 e;ist down, hut he must not he discour;i.i,^ed. I ! j'licuhies, 
 disappointireiits. ;md hope dcferrd .ire p.irt of the herita;.;e 
 of the hreeder. and he rec|uires the h!i,diest class of conra;,'e 
 to he ahle to stick to his L^uns and eventually hrinjj victory 
 out of wh.-it appe.ircd to he certain defeat. 
 
 Utility. I'. very hreeder sh, ,uld ask iiiinself whv he is 
 hrecdiir; the .inimals of his choice. Is it to humor the 
 whims of the few. or to meet the demands of the many? If 
 his work ris a hrceiler is to he a success, lu- mu-t never los^- 
 sii^ht of tl:.- rciiuirements nf the man who jiroduce; the 
 i.M.i.Ci :; :;^ .iu wie ;;;.;TK'y .lu'ii ;- ;;; ;r. .\,, iii.iili-i iiow puie 
 
l!|;l I iM \. 
 
 ''!>■ ''I ' r,r ti'.u |,'if(.ti!u I i'»- lio'ii t!ic |,t,i-.!. r - vt,,|,.l. 
 
 point, if llu' ho- ,!,,,■- II. .t ,.i,',t .ill ilu' ir.|iiiriiiii-iil ..| ili, 
 packiT. II It I- II.. I Mitel I.. |..niii- til.- trill .111.1 lit'titc: til.- 
 tv<irt..,Mt;i- wli.-ii 1. 1.1(1. 1 :ii Ihr li.in.l .i|' ili,- .uirKM- f.iriiiiT. 
 of wh.it .IV. Ill li.nr l.ii'ii .iM ilir clVi.it-. tli,i! li.i\. Itcn pm 
 forth 111 pro.hii iiii; t!i!« |\ pc ..f .ninii.il ' In li,.it ili.- w \\, h- 
 \\or.I of the ttM!\ MI. (1-- fill l.i, ,'.|, (■ iiiii^i !„• iili'ilw 1 't!l!t\ 
 i- thi' t..n( Ii-t.iiic tip.. II whiih i .u !i hncK-r'- wutk ui'l he 
 
 '■ 'l'''l If 111- \\..lk -l.ill.l^ till' lot. il v> iM -;if(i\ I'.irt willl 
 
 ri'co.^iiitiiiti : if II f.iiN ,,, ii,, t,^ 1^ ,) \\,!i ii!i!iii,iu-!\ l -.ipprar 
 nn.j ho f..r..^nttrii. In ..itli.^- up .ni ih .1. ili.-rrf. .t. , iti-liis 
 i^ tlif tir-t L;r. .It ic.|iii^itc In i -.t,il.li-,hiM.4 a t\(ic. ti.itliin.^ 
 mii-t hf .i.|Miiiti.| iti.it will .jiir.i.t fr.ini nliliu. In ■..•!,•. tinij 
 Iircc.liiiL,' ^t..ik. It imi-t .ilw.r-. In' tli.' ni.iin c. .ii-i K-ratioii. 
 Whi'il lu' Mir't.- pi-.li.,Mfc^. ill.' l.rri'.IiT mii^t ,i-k hiiii-rlf 
 ii.iw intuh the I.!..,..! lino tcprc-cnt.'.l in tlu- p.-.!-.^M-fi- nil. lor 
 roiM.lcr.itii.n .irc liki'l' to .-iilLini-i' tin- ntihtv <.f the -'ock he 
 i« hrcf.linu'. i'viri' Mi-p m the Iir.c.liT's operation- tiiii.t he 
 l"''iiti.ii. .1 \<\ ihi- ..lie L'li'.it 1 ..ii-i.l. r.iii..ii. .111.! 'f III- (-vt-;- 
 Io>.f< -..'-ht of the inip.irtanei' i.f utility, he uee.l never liope 
 to rirh'i-\r .li-i'ti. i'..i) in \\\^ e.il!in',^'. 
 
 Butcher and Feeder. I'tihtx inii-t he viiwe.I fmni two 
 ^t:i!i'!|>. .int- 'lie 1 utelier re.|tiiie- .-in .-inin-al th.it will i^'ive 
 liiiti the l.ir'^'e-t pr. .p. .;ti -n ..f \,ihi.-ih1.- meat. :iii.| th. f.i.-.iur 
 re(|nire-^ an .iiiim.al ili.t v, ill rrpr...ln.e it- I.ni I i.. | -r a'li.il.l.- 
 iuitnher'-, aii'l in.ike rapi.l ;iii.l i i ..tv .niii-.-il ^ain ■. 'I here 
 wotild he little ii^c in aimiii'^ t.. ph-.i^c ili ■ hut her if ill .ini- 
 mal ili'l II. .f nact till' re'inirenimt-; ..f the f.irnuT ; neither 
 ^ni^t the hntihcr he 1. ft ont ..f e. .n-i.KT.ition if .i re.-il!-, n-e- 
 fill animal i- t.i he pr. ..lii.-cl. In hree.lmL,' op -r.iii..nv, tin rc- 
 f'.re. h..ih ihi-M- iiu-n -"n-t he krpt in vi.\v. an. I t'le hree-hti'.^', 
 irr.l'il.,;. ail. I kil'iHL; . ill.il M 'e~ mu-t . .leh !r.\-i\(- .i .1 u- -li,,i-,- 
 at attention. Thi-- p. .int m.iv he illn- tr.ite-l hv ,a refer, nee 
 to the l.ree.liif,,' . .f -.'A ine fi.t-h.Ki.n p.-. . hi,-] i, ,n ( eie inii.. .rt- 
 iiit feature of a hae. .n hoi: i, the t.ii-th of .i.k-. hut it i- o;.!v 
 '" "^ ----- ,,, |, ,,,,.,,,.,,, ,^ ^.inic ti'.-n 
 
 II ' . I .1 M I 1- I II .( 
 
 v^ Y^'^^'-'*h:K*?„m':^tYmr --^^ii 
 
i 
 
 ''■^mf^^::^^'^.v^i\^''=^^^-^>r*y% ^ 
 
J? 
 
 J 
 
 viTn t!;;<;i*v*^';^^.'5-w??*sis«:''r 
 
 V'r«»"Jir:.\iT«BA'C3rswH|w 
 
lunvrvir, li.ivc .illnuci iIh^miii- |nim» |<. nm avsav with Miiir 
 jiil 'tii.iii, aibl III th.ir <(T. r*. '■> Mciir.' I.iiyili ilu-v (m\<- 
 «.!> titi. lit ron^tiftitiiiii. frr.liiit; .utalilifs, mti'.. iil.ir iIi'viLmi- 
 ni. lit and cit'rral ij'- .(v It m rr;;rcttaliU-. at».t. iliat thcr»- 
 ari jiKlt.'ci ulin will Iliih; tin lir»t pn/o riliUiiH nti tluM 
 slali -i'IinI, iiarniu .licxtc.l. l..M>,'.|,m;iMl, c.»ar»rl»..m-.l, .nia; 
 itv 1.11 kiin; lirntts. simplv l(«•(■^ll«^ tluv |M>%sris IrnijlK Ttini, 
 tluTi- are mm wli.t run to tlu- i.tlur fxtrrmv, an<l lliiiik ili.it 
 ni ()r.!> r l.t liavr an i asv f«'«<l«T tluv nni-t liavr a tiiK'-l«)iH.|, 
 short l--"lu-<|. fat Im kcl, Iumv\ ■•.houl.lcn-.l, tliuk iic« k»'.| 
 tiililiv liMlf pii,', lit!, lU iivlf><( for liat-oii pnriio-i.-*. It is ii,,t 
 itiiluiilt to M t' liow liotli tlii-sc nun havo |o«.t 'iij^'lit of iifilitv. 
 'riu- (irvt has sacritiicl neatly all that the («f<lcr nrpiin 
 and a k"""! deal of what the packer rer|nires : win Teas tli • 
 other has s.irrifued nearlv all that the nacker re iiiires, and 
 a p'K.d dc.;! of uhat the fee>ler re(piires, heeaii*ie a reallv 
 desiral.le h..,(>n lio^; is aKo a (jckxI feeder's h()p. There are 
 hreeders ' viver, whose view is hroad enoti^^h to take in 
 hoth sid^ ■ the iptestion. and who are pr«><hieini,' lio^s 
 eminently ell adapte.l to the re»piircnient' 'he feeder an. I 
 the packer. Siu h men are trnlv success. '-rs and 
 
 their wf>rk is hound to stand. Iiecanse it i Iniilt u, i smiiul 
 foundation, the hed-nn-k. nl ''ty, 
 
 SKI.r-CTKXM OK TF!K MO.XR. 
 
 Pure Breeding. Jn these days when pnre bred malc^ 
 are plentifid. and reasonahle in price, there is no excuse for 
 U'-Mi^,' an\ thill „' hnt a pure hred hoar. The fuiredired hoar 
 will transmit liis <iwn i|nalitie- to his propenv ■ . ith jjrealer 
 certaintv, and thus produce pifjs of more nnifo i eharacte' 
 than will a jyrade or a cross-hred. It is only In usintj i>iir( - 
 lire 1 males that progress can he made and success attained. 
 Character. Character is difficult to dctine. and vet the 
 experienced hreeder can recopni^e it at a (.jiance and knows 
 its importance. It implies conformation to the hest tvfie 
 of the hrec 1. hut it .!,'oes still further. Character in th ho.ir 
 
 ia wiiMMM iggvvy 't^VMtit.'^J-mjar 
 
I. Ill t HI Si 
 
 (mplir« a li.iM. itH|»rr»-u! ..irn.tjfi- .mil m'lH-r.il .i|>|Njrrfn>r 
 III 1% ,1 l>t.,»r. iiinl Ik %Ii.h\* it .ii iv.fv |>.iiiil .tut m ix<i\ 
 niiilinii, Thi" rfwifiirmaluifi of ilio Imkit •■» ilKnimt-d in the 
 chapJrr i|c>.-tlini; Hitti )ti<l|,*iiiK ««inc, ImiI ii luav In- «.imI jii»t 
 Kfri" that ihrrr ihotil.l I* n.itlimg riTriiiiruilr aUnit hit 
 prttcrn! rnnfurfiiation 
 
 Pedlfrtt. A ijhikI many fir^ipif arc inclineil to Iiw>k iifx>n 
 ptiliyrfc a* «f>f»tHhinij: fli«tinrt frum iitilitv Vothing iniilil 
 Iw fiirtluT from the truth Thr (Hir»tion i« (roi|in'iitl> a kf I ; 
 wliuh i* of i;riMtrr itiijK>rt.uu-i', ititlivultiality or |>«'i|i(fr«'«' ' 
 The inicMion il-** m)t ailntit of a <lffmttc an«\vrr, for if i« 
 larpciv a question of ilei;r«'«'. hnt neither i« conipletc without 
 tlif other : that i« to nav, the ile«irahlr lirc»<lint; animal «h<»nl.| 
 pn-s<>e«i iixlivi'hial merit a« \\v\\ a* a kotkI jicilijjrre. If the 
 peilipree of a Riven animal contain* the name* of a nun''K>r 
 of animaU »uite<l for the excellince of their protrcnv li. j 
 iitilitv otamlpoifH. theti ^iich a peiligrec i<» a "trontr imlica; <n 
 cif titililN ill the amiiiaf in (|iie»tion, iK'taii^e ihc Ii uleiun in 
 for "like to privlncc like" rnfortnnatelv. however, there 
 arc ahvav* «ome ili'ceneratc ofT^prinp from the tito«t noted 
 parent*, ami to hreeil frotn a det'cneratc merelv on acconnt 
 of it« pedigree, would not !)c holdinp the pro[>er halancc 
 tH'tween iH'dinree ami individuality. It muit he rememl>crcd 
 that the immediate ancestor*. *iich as the lire, dam, urand- 
 sire, and cf-T'ddam, have a preafer influence for prvxl or 
 evil than mure remote aiucNt'irs. and tlurefore the f'lrxt two 
 or three generation*, or, in other woril*. the top crosses, 
 'hotild receive special attention in studying a pedi^jree. 
 Tin- more remote the ancestor, t!ic less important is its 
 intlnence iikelv to he. 
 
 si'.i.i:cTi()\ o!" Tm" smv. 
 
 Character. In the sow. we In. ik for very different cliar- 
 actir irnm th.it which is desiraiile in a Imar. Siie shniild |>c 
 di.i,'ni(ied in her carriaire, hut tliere is a ftinininltv alxjut her 
 general appearance and hcirin::. "hidi indicates a firolifr- 
 
 w^BmmKts.'m-MiiztfUif'^Tif^Zitf^i^. 
 
 HWjpt^Tca TrLM»««ga 
 
.il « r 
 
 III iii> 
 
 'I tlu I... ir. I 
 
 i« '|tii 
 
 111 111 (.( i<'ii(..rm.iti'iii i> .lt«( iii'.t.l III > i.iiiif, |i,,n vs iil, |ii l^mj,' 
 »u iii< 
 
 Pe«li<r«»e. I "f llir |ir.Nliu|iMii ,.i unit.,! Ihs: i| |.. nn| 
 
 lo'Clill.il lll.lt till ".iw -Ik-uLI 1,1 |.IIU' hri.l A ;;i i.|r miu ^>i 
 
 K""'! l^|>c ;hi-I |Mr«iii,im v^ill ummIU (ir'-liui v.rs -.itisf.u- 
 
 ti.rv pi^;, (..t Mi.ilkrt |>lir|.. «<». II I i,il,.| vMlli ,, („,.,r nf i;,hn| 
 
 lirnilnii: ;•"'' 'I'l.ilii 'l"li.i"^,!i 111' |, ti.,1 piif. t,n.! |„ r 
 
 l>urr|lt.ij;t' liill'^t liMt liO <PM rl M.l.tl III iii;it>i-.^; .i M-IntiDii. 
 
 Wlulfur fiiir«- l>ri-.| ..r cr.iiK- .1 -,« s.!,, i,.] f .r t.ricliiij; 
 ^l|||llIlI !«• Iriiin ;i |.f.|i(i<' iip.lli. t mil l.\ ., I.. 11 ili.i! ,.iiiir> 
 of n [.r.>lili< f.itiiilv Iw. in t fiif iliu I-, li. ri'.|it.ir\ tn a vcrv 
 Mi.irkt.l .l.i;rtf It i» v.if.vt I,. m'.iI .1 s,,n fr..m a Mi.itunil 
 ttn.llur wliii has lia<l a «liaim to 'l« mMii-tratf lur iiM-iitlm-ss. 
 A sow mI.iIo.I f,,r l.ruiliiit; ^lu.nM Uam at lrt»t fuclvr ftillv 
 <Kni!np<-.| tiato, -ft wttl apart. \« iili the .'Liiit ..lu* «.'l for- 
 war.l .111 till- h<..|v. Tlif rfitiarks up,, 11 tin.' rtlativ.- iinpnrt- 
 aiKv nf pf.jiitric an. I iii.lu j.liialifv , an I tlio iiifhu-ncf of 
 an.csi..is. \sliuli u, re ini,!,- m .|iv4M|„iii;,' the M-!«'cliun of tin- 
 lio.ir, apply with i-,jii il f. ■re, hno. 
 
 IV l'.UIi;i)|V(V 
 
 In-lircpdincr. nr iii-.m.l-iii-lirc.lini,', tiu-ans flu- rtiatinjj of 
 annuals Mat are <!...ch rdat..! Thru- is „., ,,,Ksti,,M th.u 
 ni I.ivi-.linj,' has l.,.,n a \<ts iM,p,,rtani f.uiM, i,i t|„. JMiproye- 
 nnnt ..I marl\ all hn-.-.K of Juv st,„k. |, ,■.„„•, nirat.s the 
 M".'.| an,| makes animals m,,re prepotent, that is to sav. 
 raiise* them to transmit their oun ,|ualities to tlieir prof^.-iu" 
 witli a K're.Mer ile-ne of ,-,Ttamtv. I,, this respeer. there- 
 fore, m hreedmi; is hinefieial, hitt it must „.,t he forpittcn 
 
 that it will (Ix h.i.l ,,„alities a^ well a* ^ I „„^.^_ an.l, when 
 
 carrie.l to,, far. sterility ami loss of constitution are likelv to 
 resnlt. Tn fortunate! V, f,,,,. i„, one can sas l„,w s,„,„ ,i,c 
 
 (lan-er point will he naehe.l 
 
 eeaii." it varies in iii.livi.liials, 
 
 and when had etTeets are n lieeahle, the iii|„rv .-amiot I 
 repair,-.! f„ ad.litu.'i to tin,. Mvine -in- t-.t,. ,..-,, ,!\ mjiire/l 
 
 iTiTrmTi^wTTiT^Tiwi'" ^ii""rrT ."■ 
 
 ■'fy. -ia«?satr*Z"«ai 
 
'" Mil S.. 
 
 ' \ Ill-Ill,,. liii^ lli.-n, M„,M ,,ili,., K„|,|. ,,, ,,,,,1^ ,,, ,1,^,, ^^1,,,,, 
 ■ \,imIih.l; 1- r..nM.l,i,>.l. it ,. -.,l"rr t-r tlir .ivrniu'i l.rml.r 
 
 '" ■'''"'' "'"■ l"'"l:'-' .ut.--, tlirr. S.inu' ,.| ihr M rxpcn- 
 
 '■'"■'' '"" ''■ 1- I'l.ut'.i .1 'nnclili.-.l I.. nil Ml III l.ivf.lm-, m.il- 
 '"- •i'liiii.il- "I -'I'lrwli.n .li-i.iiit rrlaiinn^Iiii. .ni.l l.nn-iii^ 
 '" ''" ''l'""l "I ,rii:nii l';i\..rit,- sirain. ,,\rr aii.l M\,r a-.iin 
 ''■'" 'l''"'':^li \.ilii'li- rliaiiii.K. tllii- avoi.liiit, iin.lii,- ,-,.iumi- 
 "■'"'"I "I l'l'""l. Tlii^ plan I- r. .111111, ,iil\ .all., I ■■liii,- l.tv,.!- 
 '"-•" '"" " " 'inii-, V -real -kill , ,n ilir |,ait ,,1 tin- l,v,r,l, r 1,. 
 '' 'il^'' I' ■! -ll>^•l■-^. an, I !li,t,l.,r,' it i-- cnlii-i'U iiii,iiital,l,' \.,v 
 Ui'iiii'a! ii^c 
 
 ('i-;i )SS i'.ki'.i'.nixc. 
 
 i |." Iir,,,!in- means llu' niatm- ,.f aniinal- ,.t -liffrn'iit 
 '"■"'l^' I' ■liiuis If,, 111 -ra,lr I,rc,-,Iin- in tliat !m,iIi \]u- 
 '"■''' •'"'' ''■'■ iVinal.' ar.' [nir,' lni-.I, uluTcas in L^ra,l<- lure, I- 
 •'!-■ ■•' ''•!-' ""'■ "i' llic paniii- i- 11,, I pur,- l,r,>,| TImii-Ii 
 
 ■' •'• ' •!"■'' "' '■1""^'- 1m,c. Iiiii^ w pra,-|i~,',l. viT\ liitl,- ,-aiTi'iil, 
 
 s\-t,iiiati,- N\,,ik has l,,cii ,!miic III ill,' \\a\ ,,1 MinKin- llie 
 '■'■'■I'iM n, liu ,ii' |,iir,' l,i,-,| an, I ,r,,sOT,,l Im--, an,! llie 
 '"•-' "'i.^ 'I ■ !""1iil; lit , ,1,1,1- t,> attain a -ivni ifsnlt. In 
 '■'■"'"'"I''. '"'■ ''•i,-'-'i in t'aiia,la. it is a ,-, .iiiiii, m piaclirc t,. 
 '■'"^^ ''■' ^"^I.-lm, an, I ill,- Taiiiw ,n-|Ii with ilic |'„rksliire 
 '"■ -■'"•' "''"' !'-^' 'M"' "I li"^. 11 li'iiiL; .■,ii|)!ii,,iil\ Ii.-li>-v,d 
 ll: • ill, ].i,.u:,-ii\ I1-..II1 s,i,li a ,r,,'s matures ni.,i,- ,|nirklv 
 •'"'' •'"'- !'""' '■■i-i'\ than a purr hrr-l. Wluthn this i^ 
 """■ "■ I''-' 111- ii'-\ii l-Kii ,l,-linit,l\ .•>tal,lislu-,l I,\ ,-ar<-'"iil 
 •I'"' !'-p, .iir.l , xp, run, Ills. It |s ais,, a ,|ii,-sn,,n ulu-JuT ii is 
 '" ''' '■ '" II-'- 'In- N'-ikshirr ,,:■ Tam\v,,r.!i l;,iar , ,n llu- lU-rk- 
 -'"" -"■•'-■ ' ' '" ii->- 111' I'ai-ksliir,- l„,ar ,,ii ^■,,^kshlr,. aii,l 
 Taiir,v,,nh s,,u. s,,H-,. llu- N,,iksli:i-c an,l Taiiiu,,nh an,' 
 '■"iiiili'l 111, If- pr,,liri,- than tlu- I '.crkshii ,■. it u,.ii],l s,ciii a 
 k'-ical , ,.iu !iis|,,|i ihal it u,,lll,l lie !,rst fi IIM' s, .w^. ,,f the 
 "^"'■'' I>i"l;ii<' h;,c,ls, tli,,ii-li iiiaiiv prrl', r t,, iisf tlic llrrk- 
 -liii>- ^M>v. Wlur,- tin- N'-.iksliiro ami 'I'; nuv, irtli have hmi 
 1 '■,■,! ill -n.Ii a \\a\ as t,, 'iiaMitain ---n -liiiiti, m ami ,!Ilali•^. 
 
I, I : I I I > I s I . II 
 
 !• i il..ilhhi! ulirthrr aiiMhiiiL; i> i;,iiiu-.| In , Tmsmii!,' ill, ■Ml 
 \'.il!i .illur l,!r( I- in i.i.Kr Id ].n»liuc a Iwuoii lioj^ ; Imt m 
 ill'- <.iM' Ml nil. Ill's c,,,,iM- ivpc-, ilicrc i\ litil,. ,|, iiil.f llial a 
 ir-M.. uiili a iKi< r hr.cl iiii|,i,,vrs tlic (|iialitv m| ih,' pm-cny. 
 W li,il is ilu- 1 ( ■ I cr. .ss win piohatilv iicvrr lie kiiowii. as it is 
 Iai-il\ a .jin-siKMi (if iiiclivi.liialit\ in ilu' aiunials ps,.,|. 
 
( II \ I'l I iv n. 
 
 1! I '1 .1 vc. - w I \ I I M i; \k I '\ T^ I'l" 
 
 Canadian Kxpci TraiU'. In ■■i.Kr i ■ iir.ii tin ;! r. i 
 
 "t ;ll.| ;lll'; Ml ,1 ■ ..I i~l,u I. 'I \ Il'Miriil. II W.'i Ir llir. ,iM to 
 III I i\1'l.i:'i llic ii:;!ur, l' lie I ',iii,|. !',tii ■ \|m,|1 |i,i,1,- In il;,- 
 111 -I p!:!'i-. l!ir I' I'M !■ -1 f M iiiiT 1 ,iMlh- ■ i.!:i|.rlr -'ir. I- . iillK 
 \' Hi |!ic \ :'■ ' ■. n ' ,!• "i r ;-i llu- \r ■ 'm tiMii , :' (hr I ;i, ,,!■ 
 '.''■'1 'M'^' "' ''"-■ lit "'[U-r lllf \"i '. ;iM I'llMin llf- l-llr,l|i 
 
 ' .■:! .M 1;:- '!: 1— - li, .i:i I win i • tlu' -iiMlr-i ..|' l.ii.l |.|(h1ii. 
 
 i'l'-; l' 1-. i)\\iii- t I lllf >iu',i|iiu-s lA '.he t'licK li,- lis -s. 
 
 l;r i-.iii rcih/c ;i pr.ilii :ii iiriccx f, ,r In, !i ,.^-, \\||i, h \\,.iil I h,' 
 Ml M"ll^ I" llu- r,!ii;i.li:ni l.iriiirr hi tlir ^ci'i'll'l lil.uc. lllc 
 r-iIMiliail parki '■ iMiili'iI (^''Mprtr Willi llir \ n !i-ri,-;iii |iu-Lrr 
 in li.'.iiiHiiiL; llu pri^liui- fiMin llif l:inl li-'. ' rraii-o lu- In, 
 III 1 lIu- i'l'liuii-r lii.vi ;'':;rl-:ct i'l wliiili 1 i .li-.p..si- ,,\ | \\ , 
 \i;-. iiii|M.rl,niI imiiliu-l^ (if the lanl 1m-. namcK, l.inl ami 
 ■ i'l'i.ii'ar-ariiu- ■ ai l il'i-ial ! '.llri'i. In ,.:!p|- \\,.-,K. a 'Mir 'i 
 Iii-ir pri'i'i iiii.,;! r \ thi- h.,.^' iiiii-t lu- cc iii^nnu-.l as meat in 
 llii' I'a-c 111" ilii 1 'aM.iil'aii iTmliu-t llian in tin- ca^r ,,|' tlu' 
 Aiii'fii'an. Tlinc i- mily a liniiU-il ilriiiaml fur fat pTk. 
 ■■ nl. t'ii'vrti 'ir. in ('a.na'la. wlicf.- lluff is un iiiarl-.rt fn;- 
 •!r'i!i!ar".afiii.'. aii'I a ci ■i!i;ia,iaii\ rl\ liiiiiu-i] iiiarlMl f. .r lard, 
 ii fi l!ii\\- tliat ihr f :' Im- raniini 1h- iisi-d p . adv a.nl. 'c. As 
 ! ii -nil lif tlir-r II ndilii 'lis. tlu- (."anadian IriT'i.rs and 
 lack^ Ts liaM' !n en mri i d nitn pri idin'ini.; a rl iss i,f \\,y,- ■, h; li 
 .'"■ - 11''! I'liiU' ~ii dirrcilv inti> d nil] n't il ii in with llu' .Xnu'ri- 
 ■an ]'V..di!.t in \]'.y I'.niisji nMrkrt. Tlu- kind nf I'afun nf 
 .vliu'li (.'anadian • i< !m is maki- a sp,-ciall\. is \\ lial \~ l<nM\\ii 
 •s ihr "Wilidiin -id.'." a pr I liirt wlrich Anirriran packers, 
 ■-s ••■!. lia.i' iii.tdr III atienpi i.i prudin-r. Tlu' Canadian 
 T.idnrt is talrn Il^ ti., l,r-v lin-lidi eiivs. (■sp,-iia'!\- I .i ni ■ 
 
I 1 . I > ' . ,\ 1 I 
 
 v.li.) ■•lie uiiliiit; Im |i.i\ ;i pi cii iiin! i fiir .iti artJ! Iv ..f miii. ■ lor 
 'I'l-i''*^ ^t ''"• prr cut ti'iu-, ( ',(11,-1. t.i- iiM.^t fMr:ni.|.i'/!c 
 
 ilHli.iir i, DiiiMMrl,. Tli.- |);ii,,. ].f "liu «■ ;iii ,iM;. ', ■ ,\ 
 
 hi-.:li'T .iM t:il;c 'in.-i'ity lli.it! lli.il i.t^-Imi el K. tin- (' .\<A-\\:i\i^ 
 " 'i'l "''I:':!! ;i Ii'lJvt :ivr:i"c ;■:',■,■ .,■! :,]],■ I,,,!!,],,;. ■t::iri:- ». 
 'I''!' Mill'; thir- •■ lii, ;, r.; ,1,'. (■■ ■! ..'r, !.. r ..n. , ;,. •■,;:!, I), :, 
 
 til.- l.i« t :! • ( 
 
 
 'In .i[.I\ t!i:i:i ll"- 1 i;;;:- -. ::• 
 tlir;;.. Tl,,. ^rt;it .!;;!'...l ;i< L '.. '';iiia.!!r;n !' 
 <<i niiifMniiitw 'I'l'. r- an- ! . pm!.., '.rt..I- .; ■ iiu- i.i 
 CaiKi'la t.i liav \\\v'\ ,r';,:i;. ■:. tiir '|';a!i:" ..f Iiac.:;. an 1 I'l- 
 ^.M,.!.T ("aiia.jiati-. r. a!;/.- lli^ i.-t. aii'I '"a'.o a -•;..■,: il ■ :V. ,rt 
 t'l pr.i.liaa' rxac!!;. \',!ial tli.- i: arl.,-t .Lnan.]-, tli- !.. IM- :' 
 win III- \>>r t!i.-;r Ira-'.-: he an .- !'■ r>- i- n., r.-a •! \\\\ 
 ("ana. la raniiol pr. ..!:•■, ■- a- ..--'.l Lac n :• ■ h.-.-'-arl;. if lier 
 far'i'.-r- •....aliniit tin ir lui -in. " uiili i!i..- -aiMc int. '''--.-ii. ._■. 
 The Bacon Hcj. '1'.. pr.,-!-:!.- a .^...,.1 Wih-liin- -i.l.; of 
 ■n rii|inr(-^ a lu.^' ..f ci rtain .K-rai tv i.rciiiiarit;..-- a- to 
 \'..:L;Iit, i-otuliti'.ii, aii'I i-. .sn'.iniiatinn. The cn^t. .!:'.-r-. {■ .v 
 till- (.-la-- i.f I.ai-nn ari- t-vtu-na-], fa-t ;.|n n ■. aii.l if ;!'■- '.aeon 
 'I'.r- n..t (-..nic iif) to ilu- Maii.la;il i;i t vc-r-.- j.artirnlar. it i- 
 VI ry li-.avily di-coinit.-.l in pi-ji..-. .\, a rn'.-. tin- \> i-i:,'!i', 
 liMiU'- arc nMially ti\-.-.l at \(^) p.,!;!i'l~ t-> jnr) poinvl- li\..- 
 
 wi-i-Iit. It is tni.- that a li .LT !-ia\ -Ari-.:!! ~!--^ditlv i a- t!i.L i 
 
 J'.(> p..nn.K an.] -:ill ;rak( a vcr\ -.....! Wih-liirc -i.!,-, I,--t 
 n-'.-t li"'^'-- an- apt !" Ik- !■ ■. . fa: af;. r ilu-; p;i-- tli,- jf-i ;:ii;ni.l 
 n:ark, an.l c .ii>.-:iu-nih ihi- :- tixc! ;.. tli. !•■ lit. ih-.n-Ji it i- 
 H'.f .:ri.-tlv a.lli.-rL-.l t... Tl:.- !r--t .K-iiaM.- w.i-'lKs a,..- 
 fr-'iii 175 pi.un.N t.a !<)(-) p.,!in.K ]i\a- w.-i-^lu. A- 1.. mn.!'- 
 
 tl'.ll, it i- pn-^ihli- t,i liavc ihr h..Lr t<". tiril I .r t'l. I f,,t. W'lic -, 
 til..- can-a-- is -plit .1. .\\n th.. Lack, tin.- l:i\ ■ <■■[ fat .-.loni,'- tli 
 ' ;■ k :-li. .!!;.! nm fi-...a ::i! imh ;,, ;,n ;:;. h iiial ,. ],.M ;■. 
 tliii k!u--~. ;nn! -li..nl.' kc a- •iiiifi.nii in tlii.k nt--- ..- '-■. .■','(■ 
 f;-..!n tlic k-in t'.) tkj v.vA:. In c n: :. ,- --iti.,!!. \h,- nm-t 
 n"tirr;ikk- fealnr(.> arc Icn-tli fr..in ■■'!-;•' I.r : ! .hm : ii-'h'- 
 
II 
 
 1 1 IH I \i. - (> : M III r M ,is I \ I'l 
 
 Ur- ..f -IiMiil.l, r, i:,,K. .111, 1 lie. hi, :nu\ liiinii,'" ..I li,'!!'. 
 Tin ci.tih.lir.iliMii ,.(■ ih, l,,u..!i h..- \m11 l.c ,li-, i|sM',l v,iU« 
 t'liih 111 an..!lur pl.icc. I.i:t i Mii.i\ -l' ihc ili:i'_T.ni! s|| .\k\i\-j: 
 tilt t.l.ilut v.ihu- Ml' ilitVcnn! p.irt- ..i' .1 >-i,lr ,,f Imc.ii m 
 the l..pii.lin trarkct, will Tc i..nii.i In Ipi'iil \., ilir stii.h ,.f 
 l!i' -'-.ilr ■■{ I-iiil- wliuli l',.l!,,\\- I'r.iiii ilir .li.i';i:r,i -1 wil! 
 '" "■"■I'll tll.it tlif lli..-t v.il'l.iMc meat 1^ lllr iippfi p.nt ,,f llu- 
 ^!'l^'. tti III tlic l..iik <■{ i!u- -Ih.n'l.T 1. ill- hi'ii, Tl'. 
 :-!i'iiiMcr aiicl luck arc iiiiuli ilhM|i(r. 'I'll.- im i. r p. .| t i^ mi - 
 I'l tin- -i.lr .in- |,i\\cr in \ .iliu- ili.m iIi- i.art- ali^ '\ r ili. ni, an>l 
 llir lia'ii, a- a wli.iU'. i> ii.it fi|iial in va!iu- 1.. llu- -iijr. 
 
 ,/.■•■' •' 
 
 'r . : ■ f 
 
 , I ; 3' 
 
 ""'-:•'"' ■! \^''t-i.',- -M. a, TL- I, ml a, ,!,iv. i,,,,i,..a ..f .'ittii.'. ai.j 
 
 "■■Mil, .III . I J, ,.| ■. .In, , II 1 .,, ,1 111, ,,, . 
 
 'I'lu' iIliiMratK.n -ii. .\\ in-- a Xn. I -nlc, tliat i- to -av. s 
 ti'-^t -iLi" -!.lr, aiiil a fat -I'lr ■ ■{ Imi ' .11, i - al- > u-c-i'mI It u ill 
 I'r -mi lliat tin' \'iL I -air Ii.i- a !;';irli rn.rr :!ii; I'l ■i-a lavaT 
 "f I. It aJi'iTj tlic Iiark. ainl that it ;- iiar, h a':,!i!cr in -linal.lrr 
 ai'i] tn-<k than tin' tat -I'lc. aial iliriaf-rc I'nrni-lir- lc-> 
 I'hraii meat in pn.p, irtii m t.. tkr iii.irc va'aiali'c part-. Tlic 
 i'-~"ali.in ..;-i. ~li.^\-- ilir ii,n;i in wlmli Wi'i-lrrr -iiK . 
 ..!(■ -Ivpp, ■! I. , liic l',i-it:,li iiiar!.. t. 
 
 Bacon Type. \- ,; nili . wlan ■>• . -p. ,ik 'if a li.ucn \vv^ 
 •■■■<' 'i.ian a ii.nk.! !!■■-. tli.it 1 . ,i li 1;; -iia. ;!.'.• i 'V ■! iil:!it<'i-- 
 iiiU .iii'l '■■.iMti I'.uttniiiL; iiitr W la-liiia- -i Ir, 1 )|' i- .ni m-. 
 >iu!i a 1m- |i, ,>-, --f- k.iii .11 I ■. p, . i '.I i.ir- .iiiil !- I .il !iv -M\\ -• 
 ari I ii'iiai- iiii-nMa! 'a- ■'■■v ip:'!.-';^ W -ll-lrri' -1 '.' . Siit tla'x- 
 III. I. !"■ Ill' .1 Ipc -ailalii; I'r.r pr. "In, ap.; pi-, ,■■,:)■ \-,!i,!i 
 w-llM l-al.r : 1 W ill-lii-r -.1,--, anl, lla-n-nu,-, -n '1 ' i,,-.]- 
 

 
 \ v.' 1 \\ 1 ^M 1 
 
 
 
 -ll..'iM. < . '^■i'!" I ' 
 
 
 ,~ . .11 
 
 ; -r, 1 mil, !ln t I -;.|, 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
t . .. \ ...I.-Im 
 
 i.l I ■MI, 1.1. . I I., 
 
 I.I. I !.■ I I 
 
 i;iiM.-.i, 
 
 I I. i;.; 
 i -. I. ■ 
 
 ■1" '■ ' I" ■■' ' \\ 1"'' '■•■>' ■ ..I li., lul. !■ .,li.....,l I ,>,■ 
 
 ■■-■■ !•""■ .^^)!i:^J l,> ,l„ I...,,, \,, ,.„■,,,, J ,-„||, .^ 
 
 l"'i-l'.i" - illi ■-I lh. , ,11, .;'. 1,,1 l;j„ , 
 
.11 Ik, I \i. .•.« I \K III 11 A. UN n ii; 
 
 i 
 
 in,' :iniiii;ils ,iri- s.ii^l to possess Iiacoii t\|uv Tin- man wlio 
 will. I 1 !• a i 111 !),'<• of this I lass of v\\ mo. must Iimiii to nco;;- 
 ii./f I .Hon |\|n' not only in tin' market h"^. l>nt also in the 
 Iioar ami liri'ciliiiL,' sow. Tin- di'scriiition wlmli ari-ompanics 
 itn' --lalr of pomts is iiitcinU'il to ajiph to all 1iol;s of liai'on 
 t\pi'. uluiluT llii'v an- market lion's, hoars, or hrcc'lmi,' sows. 
 In sciiriii^', howi'vcr, .allow anrc uotiM h.ivc t" he hlkIo f..r 
 till" ililfiTciit I'l.issis of .inim.ils Thiis. the kinil of hone 
 rniiiitci! in .i su\v would he toil li^ht for ;i m.itiirfil hoar, ami 
 the kind of slionMir looked for in a ho.ir would he too 
 cii,ir-.e i'>r a m.irket lio^' ■ and so, tliron^liont the list, due 
 allMwaiieo woiiM ha\c to hi' m.nU'. 'I'lic eNpl.in.itions fol- 
 low inj,' tile .se.ile of points will perh.ips ni.ikc this cle.ircr. 
 
 t-;\r.R\M Mt(i\\!\t. l.f\TI'N ^r rulNrs ,.|- Tllfi IK'i;. 
 
 1. ?nnnt :.. .\,ik 1 IMm. I -. Kunip. 
 
 -■ I'.ix. Ii Sh,uil,!<r 111 l..., n.uik. -i 11. im. 
 
 •'■ l'"ll T. l!u,i>l 1 I 111-. I i!,i:k. ! . --Ii.iiik. 
 
 *■ Jl*-- ■ s. ].,„„. u. I'.Jiy m, l'a.,lcrn. 
 
 ■Ill iiiin III III II i w i I III ' I II I ii i ii^ii ii ii mill I III II III II III II iiMii 1 1 
 
.11 I M . I M . •. « I M 'II I ! \ I 1 1 > M 1 f: 
 
 SWINE OK BACON TYPE. 
 
 fli -( riptMii .iikI Si.ilc i.i l'..irit». 
 
 A. General Appearance: 
 
 Sise \\. II .livr|..p„j (,.r .ii-r 
 
 Form I .'UK, .111.., .ill. ill |,,,rt» |.r..i...rti..iiatrly lUvfiiiprd 
 
 »>> ;i» t> Rive llir iiii|.rrsM..it i.f a vxi'I lia',iiir<i|, 
 
 •■ir..nclv liiiilf .iiiiinal 'r.ip line. vtr..ii«, un.l, r \\<>r, 
 
 • IraiKlit; lirlly, trim .inil mal 
 Quality ll.iir, tun , skin, »in....tli, «I|..« iin; ih. t. n.lrn. v t.i 
 
 uniikl. , li..|ii' lie. in .iitil <.|r.i|tif lint fi'l .-.irsi'; tt.-sli. 
 
 firm anil <in....tli. with n.. ll.il.l.nir » at (..\sl, f..r.- Il.mk^ 
 
 l.rllv. or liani 
 Condition WrII CM-nd «itli tirm til -li. rs|., riilly .il.tin; 
 
 l..u-k ami l.iin. Init n"! Iirivily l...il,,| u tli lit 
 Style Arlivr .Tiiil -priKhtlv. w.ilkiiiu- vMili.iit ;i -u.iviii; 
 
 m..vrm(iif, .Till! st.iinimu "'H np .n t... •- I'.rii.liiik; 
 aiiimaN sliuiild slmw strong rliaraitir 
 
 B. Head and Neck: 
 
 Snout Mi-rlinm liiintli ami m.Hlcf.it.'y fii<i- 
 
 Face flt.iad •iflwrcn fvis, p. .11. Iir aij .iml (n 1 
 
 Eye« (;....i| si/r. full ami liritfli! 
 
 Jowl I".iir \Millh ami imi-i nlar, l.iit \. ly in, it. v!,,,vMn.. 
 
 n.i IkiMiiiir-- 
 
 Ears M'.iliT.iti Is tinn. ami fnimid v\illi tine liiir 
 
 Neck M.ilmm i.nnili anil mii^ciilar, Imt p. ■--r.-im,' ni 
 
 tcmliiicy t(i arch on tup 
 
 C. Forequarters: 
 
 Shoulders Sm." ih. v,,ni,-\\ h.it fiimlcl fr.ni -u\r i . -i.|,- 
 I'cr I")). .Tii'l M ry c..iiipa.t; n,. Wi,|,r 'li.ui l..i.-|<, .im| 
 II.. t riinmnK •'••n ^ "" ^uli' ^" .'i- I" Oi..i|.n .li^lan.r In - 
 twnn -hnnhlrr and h.im 
 
 Breast f.i...,l wi.lih ,iml fnii 
 
 Fore Legs Set \\i]\ apart, mriliiim ii-ni;tli .ii.l sirni,;!.!, 
 IM-lrrn-. iiprit.'lil. li..m'. cNali .iml -Ir.itiK'. f..l, iiic.lnini 
 -!/!■ ,ind vifinyly {..rnu'd 
 
 r. Body: 
 
 Back .\Icilnim wiiltli. n-'m: ^'luhtly .-iIliv.- iIk- ^ir.uk;!!! 
 
 line. :im| f. .riiniii: a mtv .-li^'lit .itch ir.im i.i rl. t.. r.-t 
 
 '.f I a, I 
 Loin ^ Wi.ir a- r. M ..f !.,ii-k, -lr..n..' .in.l fiiM, l.iit ii,.| ,u\- 
 
 .liii>- ;ir.|ii'.| 
 Ribs (;....(1 hnuih ami m. ..Icr.ati Iv ar. Ii, .! 
 Side l-.mly ,|,,'p: ;,,n^, ^n....!!. an, I -t..!-!:! !.,;vm. n 
 
 ^h-iiI.l.T .-111.! Ii.-im. :i -tr:ii-li' . d-,- !,ii.l ..v.r -h-iiMr 
 
 II. lilt ami ham vh,,„l,| t.-uh lIi,- -..h- I In . Mi-li. 'iit 
 Heart Girth In!!. I.nl n..t ii-il,tn ,,t l- ht tl.mk- liUnl ..iif 
 
 '"'''" "" -'■''■ 'I -h.'ii'.h !■: ih.Tc ,!■.,„!,! I,,. „., tn.lvcl 
 
 n|. .I'.pr .-.iin-- |,a,-k ..f f, ,r.- he-, n-r .Ir-.... hi.k ..f 
 
 '-h..ii!i!, •- i,,p 
 Flank I'nH :,■,.! 1..., 
 
 .«H -JK^EW J JNfliejnjiJi »iri»*IK «kr| 
 
 «r...T^ .w . ■ MVk^k . . 
 
«:jt 
 
 .11 1.1. 1 \.. .« I M .1 l; \, ^ 1 ) II I ; 
 
 E. Ilindquartcrt: 
 
 Kutnp s.iiiii' kM.lih .1* li.H k . l.'M^; .iiiil ^IikIiiIv r. mm.!. .| 
 
 ((••111 .1 |,..ml .ill,, v.- Iii|i'. I,, l.iil .111,1 ,,,iiiiwliil f,,iiii,|f.l 
 (r,,iii -■At- to -hit' i,v<T l"|i ^ 
 
 Ham I'.ill v»illi,,|il ll.il.liiiii >. . , itnuh tip. riiivt 1,1 41.1. 
 Ii.'.k «iili..iil «tiiit,li» i.r f..l.|,. aii.l i.iirvHin lli- li s\rll 
 .!■ \\ii tn\.'irrN li.i.k f, 
 
 Hind Leu* Mi.lmtii l.nwili li..<k- -. i w.-W ii.,ri. I.m ni.f 
 l.nuiil i.ii!«ar,l I,. .11. . '. Ill ,(ii,I ■■ti,,tii; |i,, .trill-, up 
 rii'lit, f«-i I, ni.iliiiiii «i/i- .,|,,1 -ir,iH^' V f .riitr.1 ( 
 
 r III „„, 
 
 .Null ^ I S Si \l I I'l I'll! XT'.; 
 
 Size, 'lite lii-.ltr !.i|inn>.i Imt,' \\\\\>\\ ut'l ,ilt:iiii Jiiarkct 
 wfi^lit .It mi r.irh a-c, .ui'l lun. .■ Iir ric|tiiu- l.ti. iliii'.^' .mi- 
 iii,i!>; .if ijond s|/f If ,1 Mi.irkrt ii.ii,' I- uii.Kr i . .n^nlcr.itiMii, 
 ::ii ill. It i> Mil i-^^, IIS Is til .!.,!, I.' uluilur it i> witliiii tile 
 wnulii liiinl> -< I I'l.r hi,.^> iMiiii.ltil f. .r l.,i.-.iii. 
 
 Form. Ill form, tin- Imcuh tvpr ..f Imi; ih vcrv ilKTi-rcnt 
 fmiii til.' Ian! wyv. it is !,in-. r iii ilic K-, has 1, ss tliickiioss 
 ami .|<'|.tli <.f lii.i|\, ,111. 1 IS li-lurr m slmnlilcr, tink, ami 
 ■Hvl. i.cni^'tii. f^i.i-ciali\ tii.ni tin- Lack ..f tlif sin hiMit to 
 tile h.im. is v<r\ iiiipurlaiit. I'nMii the hack ..f the sIi.miIiI.t 
 to tlic snout the Iiol; sh, ,.i!,| |„. c. .mparativch sh, ,rt. Some 
 lio^^s arc jiiiit; from sii.nit i,i riimi., hiit th.'\ h.ivc sm-Ii a 
 loni:. clctp shoiiMcr th.il thc\ ,irc slmrt from tlic h.uk "f tlic 
 s||. miller to the rump, a- coinparci uitii tlio .lis|;m,c from 
 the same p.iint to the sii,,.|t Such lio^s carr\ too iinicji 
 \vciu;iit at the ciu.i]) cikI ..f tlie s|,|i- ,,t hacon. ami hence are 
 ver\ ohieciion.il.le, .•md the m.li;c mnst In- ,-arefiil that he is 
 not ilecci\e'l h\ this coiif, .rm.ili. .ii. Ihit, alon^^ ujth U-ii^tll, 
 the ho- imist p,iss,.,s siitticieiit .1. pth .iml thickness of ho.ly 
 to ilciiotf coiisfjtiitioii. \o 111, liter h..u Ion;; a li..;,' in;i\ li,-, 
 if it lias lout:, coars, I^.^^s. an.l ,i narrow. cr.impc.I clu-t. it is 
 ,in mi.lcsu.ihli- t\pc 111 hreeil lomi. '|'h,. hrcclcr must secure 
 ic.ison.ihif ijipih ,111(1 ihickii.-s iif |„„lv ii, Mriicr to have a 
 ho- of stron- coiistitntion. e\in ih.ini^h he !ii.i\ h.avc to >;ac- 
 rifuc ;i httle leiii;lh. 'i'his point \\:U-\ imI 1 r lost sj.^ht of 
 
. U. ll . • ,. I, ,_■ 1.. 
 ' ll,. I . 1 ■! I .1 
 
 , -v I.I, 
 
 I :^ . ' I 
 
■ i l.\ >.\ >', i'V' M 1 . .!i I ii,t 
 
I^ 
 
 l». .111-1 till- lull Ml ll '. ill. ,|.)t ill HI till jillt ,lll..W (t. .I«. 
 
 iii'li- -It'll 111 III, .|i.iv;t.i"i \!'.H\.)ru.- u.iiM li,,vi I.. In 
 
 in.i'li III llii- . li..ti |..i ,1 ».,vv ih It ll ,.| |.i. .. Ill, , .' .. \, I ,! 
 
 Iilli f^ i.f |.ii'-> it ui.iil.l I...I U I, -.>t.i!.|« III li.iw lur .1". Ii^;lu 
 ill i!i< 111 IN .IV .1 I'lMi .,1 ,1 iii.iikii |i,,'^' 
 
 Quality. X liiit, - lli ■ mI ..| Ii nr iK mii, , ilinflii.i -■. 
 
 ■ "'I ;: ""I .|ii.il'l\ III lli-li \ ^witl I.f tii-i- ' III till li.iir 
 
 ,11 link 1^ .1.11 1 ll i] ti. 1 1 I.I ml \ nil ,11 1 1 unit , if .i|>|KMr.iiii I 
 
 Wlilik'ts 1.11 till ^kiii, it .ll .ill iii.ilkiil iii'liiMli- r.i.iiM 
 ■_;r.iitui| ill ll Sl•llln^H .mil iI.iIiIhik >v ,,t i], ^h. ilctinlf tin 
 iiMull l.il 111 pM.|,..i!iiiti I-. I. .Ill Tlu' Im.iu- 1, ,111 r\llfiu-|\ 
 III i| 11 It I, lilt iii.lii .iiii ,11 1 ,1 I in. lilt \ , .nil I IS |i|i|^t'.l li\ tile .ipiuMr 
 
 ■ ill' !■ "( 1,11 liiiiii- HI llii liy- 'rill' li.iiiiti t'pc 111 liiii; lu- 
 ll, .i\i.r li.iiii lli.iii 4lu- !.i|,| Ii|ii lii.ui-r lliiTf IV .1 ri'l.iln.li 
 !i<l\\itll till' ilrMliiliiiuiil 111 liiiiu- .iil'l inn--, Ir \ <T\ tuu- 
 riinr ii 11-11. ill\ .I--I ni.iiiil \\iih .111 (Stfv'vivi- ilf\ t'|ii|niii"iit 111 
 f.it. .111,1. till n I'lin-. II !■- iiiiili vir.iMi- in .i h.uDii lintj, ului, .i 
 l.ir'j .111 11,11 lit 111 ll .111 III priiiiiirtiiiti In f.il i» tin- nltii'it vmiijlit 
 I'll the ntlur li.iii,|. \ir\ iii.ir-r. piitTv hntu- ijctmu-s piinr 
 ((iLilit) (it lU-li, .iiiil 1- I, III II ;i-.sini.itfi| witfi li.'iril ttidiii^' 
 i|U ililii' atiil l.itr iii:itiiiit\ 'I'hr n^-lit kiiui nf Initio is 
 vi ,, wlirri' inuMiii ilii-i t\Mi i'\(rc!iu- It vliiiiiM li.'ivf 
 I,'. Mill uci^lit. Init tlif lfi,'s -Iiiiiilil |iri-.ftif ;i v«TV rIc.Tii illi 
 
 ilipc.it.iiu 1- .\ r.iiin.l. [iiill\ iiiiikint,' Ic;,' s|i,iiili| m.t hr ti,| 
 ir.iiiil 111 till' liii.ir, it I- ilitlii lilt til liivi- Iwi) luM\ \ hone 
 ■I) Imit,' .TV it iv ik.iii cm. til it iv. imt cnvcreil with .i co.ir<;i' 
 pMlfx -km Till' V, ,\\. li,ivM\(T. vliMiiM li.tvc tiiiirli tin. i 
 ll iiif tli.m tlu liii.ir. hilt It -hiiiili! In- in ]iriiportiiiii tn licr m/i 
 .,11,1 t'rairu' 
 
 Condition. l i l>c aMi- to )tiil;;i- nf ilu- proper conilition 
 ft .1 lii.irkii hoi;. ri.'i|uiriv ionv|,|,r,i!ili' pr.uticf in f\.imiii- 
 ill'.,' ntiitn.'iiv Imth tii-fon- :itiil .'ilttr tlH'\ .in- >.l.|-t;,'litcrcil ft 
 IS iii-tiini;ir\ In vliow liiiclm^ .iivitKi'- in i (iii-hI. rab'\ h ph r 
 Cnivlition til. Ill \'. milil In' ■K--ir.ililc m .i iii.nkct lloy;', hut thr 
 over fittiiiij nf lirtfiliiiL; ,'iiiiiii,iN for -tmw -h.iiiM he dis- 
 r,iiiiML.ni| '■'. tin- 'iiiL'i' 
 
v>* ^-**''»*-- 
 
 !■ \' ■■ S I I I I 
 
 I* 
 
 Slyle. ('!u !..i M 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 'I 11'.- 1. HI .1. tu, .lHIIM.ll Ul-I if 
 
 '! 1" 1 '■'!' '^ I'"' ■! "1,1 i,,,, sIm .1. mi,. I .1, ^. i,,|„,,.nl .,r 
 '''"^'1' " ^\i'i '•• -i''!'- I" ^\.ilW ..li <Mili..ni .i|.|,.ir. Ml flfuit. 
 S.iinr |i..t;^ «,ilk sMih .1 uriltuitt; ii .mhi. iii u In. Ii i. .\ •urc 
 '"•'" ■''"'" "' •■""•• ^< ""II, y .-,,! II,-,, ( li.ir.i, (, I Ii.,, .iIi.-.i,|n 
 ''< < II •!' Ill" 'I iii.li t tU . i!.ii . I |„,.,r .III. I ...\\ 
 
 Snout. I infill . i -ii.piit v.irit VN 'h l,t.i-,I \ ««rv nfirn 
 
 howrwr .1 l..iit; -t,..ul ,» i.,|,.,| «,i|| , n.ttfm i lict. ;iimI 
 
 a vrr\ ^li,.rt Mi..iit i, .,ti,ii i.,... ..itf.l uuh .i.Iu-.un iuuI a(i.| 
 
 IM'tk 
 
 Ftt'-e. A hro.itl f.i. .■. .iii.f .i t,r.,.i,| |..)|! ulmli nmtf^ well 
 
 fMru.il. I m.!n.iif .^,H„| . .Mi>iiiiiti..ii .111.1 ff..|iii^' i|ii.ilitiv>. 
 
 ■| Ik- p..i! 1^ III.- iippcr |H.rti.,ii .-r ilu- -kiill 
 
 Eyei*. i..irKv, 111!!, l.nurlit m.-, m.ln.itr tr'HHJ Ii...,l(f» .,,|,| 
 
 ( ( llt^l llu! 1. Ill 
 
 Jowl. Tlu' jowl h.K vcr\ litt!.' .iinrkit v.iliu- \ Iumw, 
 
 f.lt |..v\ ! .1. tl..|. , .1 I. 1i.|. 11, V 1.. |.ll( .,11 !..,, iiiiu h l.ii („„„| 
 
 whIiIi .1. r..s, (!i v,| ,, ,|,-Mr.iM, , Km it n|i,,ii|.| h,- trun .iii,| 
 
 "••■'' \ iiiir. ,\ !. 'w I I, 1,11(11 .i>.s.i. i.ilctj \Mili a ri.irrciu elicit 
 .111. I p....r t'l .'-l:ti- .|i|,iiili,-. 
 
 Ears, llu' tar^ .n. ,iii iii.jicatinTi ..f tin- t^fncral fjiialitv 
 "•' ill' aiiim.i! 'III;. Iv. cai^i car, m,li,at,- i • .arvcMo-. am! 
 tliK'kii.-,, ..| Lin. wlii.h. Ill iiini. i- assiHiati-.J with .MafNC- 
 Lrraiiicd i!c,li Si/, ,,t' car sane- uitli Im.c.I. an, I .i laii;c c.ir 
 I, 11. .1 tic, i-,-.^!^ ( , .ar,, 
 
 Neck. A luii^, -..rixMn in.k. in.li, ai.-, weak coiiviim- 
 ii..n an. I -i..u i.-i-.Iin.^ ,|iialitii-, ( »ii tin- oilier liaii.l. a Nlitirt, 
 ilii.-k nek. with .111 anil . .r .rc»i. ..i it ..ti tin- t..p. will 
 ,.111,. til, ,1.1.- .,(■ Iiai-i.ii I., li. li,-av\ a' tlu- ,li..iil,lcr aii.i neck 
 •■"'! -iii'l .1- wa- |M.iiiti-,l ..ni. till- I tin ilicap ,ii.! ..f Mie 
 "'•''■ "I li.i."ii, t )|' . ,,ur-e, a mature l.i.ar lia- .i licavi, r neck 
 Ihan a ,..u ,,r l,arr.,u. aii.l ii is <iesiral«le ili.it lie sltonj,! have 
 a -ir,.ii.^!\ 11.11,, K.i iu-,k. \ii ex.cs.Mvr , level, .iiiiicnt ,.f 
 .ic,l. lii.w.A.r. j, iii!.!c,irali!c. 
 
 Shoulder. I lie >ii. niMcr ..f a ha,-, m h,.e i> >. ,'ii.'\\!>:!! 
 
 iipri.^lu. i.Mkin 'i,. .iiiini.il . , niiparalivcK ,!i.,rt I'r.iiu ;V 
 
20 .11 111 .1 \i. ^u I \ I ••! i; \i lis I , II 
 
 li.ul^ .if the -!i,.nl,l, ]■ I.I the -.ii..iit. ami l.ni;^ lf..in the l..i 1. >>( 
 ill.- -li..iil.lrr 1. 1 !lir niniii ' )\\ iiii; t.. it- Ihmii^ a c . miiiara- 
 li\il\ (lu-ap iiart. it ■-IlhiM ii.it lu' lari^i-K ilr\ I'l..]" i it 
 ii'iii-l lie ri'incmlint'.l. luiucvfr, that a little i'\I'.' ' '■ '• ■« 
 vli.iiil.l.r I- iii.t ncarlv so nliicitiiMialilf in a 1 ■■.' nu .•..iriial 
 a- a iiari.iu clic t. In tlii' lioar. the ^ll.iill.liTs , i .ivi. r 
 than w.'iihl he .Ir-'raMc ni a -. .\v <ir a market In is; i' .i .- I'-' 
 •^r..\\- i.liler, "'-Inelil-" ileNel..]! i .11 the -l.!e>. ulliell L;i\e ih.- 
 
 a]i].earaiu'e nt" n m^hiie-s. The siiniiMers --IkiuIiI he \ery 
 ■..iii]iait .111 tii|), hi )U ever, ami -lionlil hleml w , 11 with the tup 
 line .iml the rih at this imiiit. 
 
 Breast. The hrea-t -h.'iild he wi.le tn imlioate a larpfe 
 
 .lie-i (,i\it\'. ami lieiiee |iK'iit\ ..f r. >. nn I'nr lu'art ami liiii,!,''';. 
 
 Legs, Strotij,', 'ipri.uht iia^tern-- imlicate ^nml (|ii.iiit\ ami 
 
 streii-tli .'t' hniie. The h'lne has aliea<l\ heen ili'-cii'^-ed 
 
 iin.ler ipialitv. 
 
 Back. A saj.,',y;iiij; liack, ..r an tin. Inly .arclu.l ' ck. imli- 
 eates a w i;;ne-'- nf innsehn'.,'-. ami e. )n--e.|ni ntly :' laek nf 
 lean meat aLmt: thi- valnahle ].;iri. The .ireli ii. the haek 
 sh.iiilil he very -li.iL^Iit. the hi.^liest p. nut hein^ ..ver the I. .in. 
 .\ verv wiile haek leimtes eKee^sive fat. ami a verv iiarr. iw 
 hark, a laek .if lie h. • .r lean meat. 
 
 Loin. 'I'lic luiii is the m.ist valnahle part <.f a --i.le uf 
 haon. an.l then'f.Te slumlil In- Mmnuly .U'velnpe.l aii.l well 
 paeke 1 w ith tlesli. 
 
 Rib. 'I'he spring; uf rih in a h;u'iin h<.;,' i< ver\ eharacter- 
 ;,ti,-. It ^h.m!.! .ireli .mt li.il.llv fr.im the haek hmie. then 
 sml.lenlv ilmi) in an alnu.vt vertieal ilireeti.m, i;ivini; a flat, 
 -.ttai-lit si.le. Thi- imiiit -ImiiM reeeive e-jieeial attention 
 in in.l-iiiL:. as it i- ;i siir.' in.lieatinn uf a laru;e .level. i])ment 
 . if tnn-ele .akuv^r the haek. 
 
 Side. I'riini a p.icker'- -tan.lp.iint. a piL: e,inm>t have t'O 
 1 .ii^- ,•! -i.le. l'",\lrenu>l\ I. >n- li.ii^-, li..\\ever. are inelnie.l tn 
 ie narr.iw and shall. >w hn.lie.l. ami t.) laek ruiistitnli.iii. 
 The liree.ler. therefiire, mi'-' e\erei-e eare in thi.- matter. 
 an.l while he w.ant- l;.....! leiiLith. he must he earefttl n.'t to 
 
.t I IH. I M, >V\ I \ I 
 
 M •' \ c ^ CI 
 
 •-•I 
 
 scenic it at ilic c\|iiii-c nf ii Jiistitnt u mi. It is well to avoid 
 
 CNlli'ilU"- I'f all kiliils. 
 
 Heart Girth. A lai^c licart .^iiili iiiilicatcs coii^timtinn. 
 'I'lic nicl.i;c iiiii-t lie earel'iil that he i> not ileeei\ei| li\ a pad- 
 ding; i:\ llahliN fat in the ic-ioi; ,,f the f. .n-llaiik. which will 
 ^;ive llie iinprc-siun of a -reatcr thickiie-^ ihrcuij^li the heart 
 than the aiiiiiial vcalh |i(i--sc-.sc-~. 
 
 Flank. When the llank i^ rea-'MiahK well Kt d'-wti. the 
 lle-h w n-nallx 'AcII carried d"W n ■ 'ii the ham. l-'nllness nt 
 llank ndieates thick. l!e-h\ lnl!\ I'icat. 
 tapirs ;ii\\ar.i< the I .>ck. 'I'he l!e-h slmnld he carrieil well 
 
 Rump. ill" riini[> alVnrds a \a!i;alile (lit. .\ llat. lirnai' 
 rump indicates tlie pre-encc '<\ t.m •iiuch I'at. It -llould he 
 the ^aine width as the restxif the hack, hut nn wider. 
 
 Ham. <'.reat. hmad. luiLini; ham-~ ari' imt wanted in tlic 
 haci'ii h".L,'. Such hanis ., ,irr;, a L;rea! deal nt' I'at, and 
 re(|nire severe IriinniiiiL,'' in ]ire]iarinL; the side of h.-ieoii for 
 market. The hain nf thohacon li.''.; i-- >miioth and tirni. and 
 around tlu' Iioiie. lea\ ini; no haretu-s i if luine on the inside ot 
 the tliij;h. .\ ham which huli^e- ■>ii the "iitside, hut is bare 
 I'll the inside of the-thii;h. ;s very o1)jectioiiable. 
 
 J i 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
rii \rii K in. 
 
 .niM-.;\-(', SWIM', oi' i'\T ( )R i.\ki) rvvv.. 
 
 The Fat Hog. Tli-: i.ii Ik.!,' In tin- pioihu'i of the ci.rn 
 I'cll "I llic t'liur.l Slates, riuap i-nrii (•iial)!i-- tin- fii'dcr to 
 pi..iliui' Ills lii,-s III! He ilu-a|>l\ than i an llic C'anailian I'liilff, 
 an'l iIk' .\nn-|-ii-an p.ukir .Icxotcs Ins iiu-i;>;ivs ti>uaiiU suji- 
 plvini,'' tlidsc marki'ts \\liii.-li ilnnaiul sc iinctliini,'- i lu-apiT than 
 ilic l.inr\ liai'^ii \shnli minis I'l-mn llu' su-talU'i! liacon Iimjj;. 
 Il will iii.t roiiniii' iiiiuli -iuA\ tn fi iiuinri' an\- inti-lli,i;i'nt 
 piTsiin tiiat it is wise I'lif tlu' C'anadian I'arnur to keep nitt of 
 the tat Ii.il: l>iis;ncss. an^l iliiis avoid, as far as possililc. cdni- 
 pclition with tlio AnuTicai) farniiT. wlio lias chfa])fr fvT.l at 
 liis ilispt'sal. I'lilil r tlu- liai'i'ii h"'^. ilk' most \alnaMe ])art^ 
 ■ if tlu' fat lio^' arc the liains. hack, and slmnldiTs. i,onL,^tIi 
 of siiK' is ,,f miiiMV importatux'. and Ik'IKT we litid tlu- fat liojj 
 co!iiparati\il\ sli, ,,i in tlie Iiody, lint very hroad and deci). 
 with lieavv Iianis ami shoulders and the heavv neck and jowl 
 which characterize this t\])t' of lioj.^. 
 
 The American market hops art; divided into a larj^c niini- 
 her of classes with an extremely wide variation in \vei,t,di!s. 
 ( In the averai^e. hoL;s vveii^liing from joo to 300 jiounds are 
 in greatest demand. thon^Ii sometimes much heavier hogs 
 coinniai'.d the liiuhest jirice, deiiendinj; tipon how the sujiplv 
 eif a piven cl.iss happens to meet tiie demand for tliat class. 
 
 Dematid for Leaner Meat. 'I'hougii the fat type of hojj 
 dominates the .\nierican market, there is a .trrowin<j demand 
 in the L'nited St,'''es for something njiproachinpf the quality 
 of Canadian hacon. ;md at the ]iresent time strong efforts 
 are heinij made hv some packing houses to encourage farm- 
 
 ■a«&i^y «aEiP':g'ii<g!xt.j»Ti 'aaHTcamivtML an ¥msisiM»(*.ns^.iitT'-*'':y*i^^sKnm^KrK'taa.:,j^ 
 
' iV *,V<! 
 
 .1 1 lii.i M. >U I M ()1 1 \ I Mil _' ; 
 
 crs tu prndiuc Ic.iiKT \)n<^s, ainl to iiitrodiuf into the Uni'etl 
 Slates tliiisc l)r«o(ls of suine wliicli are notol for prodrciiij; 
 liit;li class haco'i. Tiurc i^ little ilm.lit tliat the prdductioii 
 c>f the liaroii ]ur^ i^ Ix ml to increase in the United States 
 cspei'ialK- nnt^ide nf , ic ,-orn helt. 
 
 Scale of Points. The s-cale of points which follows is 
 
 iiilnidid 111 a|i|il\ tu i-idur liricdinj^ m- iiuikel Im.L;^. hi 
 nsinj^ this scale nf joints, due allowance must he made fur 
 aj;c and sex, as in the case of the scal<; of points for swine 
 of hacon t>pc. 
 
 SWINE OF FAT. OR LARD, TYPE. 
 
 I 'i"-cri|itKin aiul Scale nf Points;. 
 
 A. General Appearance: 
 
 Size Will ilcM 'ii|if(l fnr njje _ 5 
 
 Form- Deep, tlnck, snio'iili, Imv si't. pond Icnpth but 
 
 riiniii.icl!'- Imilt. statnlinn up well i>l:u-(<l \vfi^. T";i 
 
 liiu- -trait,';it. iir slightly ariliiriL;; tiniK-r lino, -tr:iit;li'. ; 
 
 1" Ily, trim .nnil lu'at In 
 
 Quality - llair. I"iiic; skin, sninntli, slioum;^ ro teinlcrcy t'> 
 
 uriiil<li ; Initio, rK-aii anil t'lnr; tk"--h, snumth and tnclldw, 
 
 Imt ~li'i\viLjj nil tlaliliipi-i^ . T 1 
 
 Condition — ncrply am! (.-Ncnly cmcrid witli llc^li. Init n"t 
 
 (i\ i'r|, ,11,^. fi n- (In- |.tir]i.i-c fur wliuli ilii' aiiiiii.il i- i,i- 
 i-r ■ ,1 (, 
 
 Style .\rli\c and s|irii,'litly. walkiiii; withunt a swavm-^ 
 
 tnuvcnu-iit, atid standing wc'l np uri tuc^. llrccdin;,' 
 •liinaN >Ii(Hild ~liii\v -trnij; oliarai'ttr ,. t 
 
 B. Head and Neck: 
 
 Snout — M'MliTatcly fine .... 1 
 
 Face — I'lroad inl\M'tn cyfs; imll, bni.id and ;'u]! 1 
 
 Eyes — Gniul si/f. full, and bri^lit i 
 
 Jowl -I'll!!, ln'iiad, di't|i, -niiiiitli. ;iiid tirin, c:irry:iii; t!i!ni-~< 
 
 liack near i" (mini i.f -.liuiildcr 
 Ears -Mcdinni >izc. fmo. and -uft i 
 
 Neck Slmrt. thick, aiul ik-rp. K-'Cnidini; and full fr^.i, ]i.;i! 
 
 Ill ^ll'UlIdlT tup 
 
 C. Forequarters: 
 
 Shoulders P.mad and cnmp.irt on top, deep, wc'l flc-licd. 
 
 liU-ndin^; ■.niuuthly with neck and budy 6 
 
 Breast VVidi-. dvcp and full ' 3 
 
 Fore Legs — Set well apart, -hurt, taper lit;, am! -triitrli' ; 
 Iia-tiTii-. iipntrtit: lnnu-, idoan and hnc; Ic-t. ni. di' ■ 1 
 ^i/c and Nlr'iiL'Iv fririiu-i! •• 
 
 f 
 
.11 IM.i \(, -u I \i in I \ I ,.,11 
 
 r ,dy: 
 
 Hack l;r,,.,.i, -t.auht ..r ^r,y -.}^^h^]y ;nrl,r,I. ,„r,l,.„n 
 '! "-'''• """ ii:i "I'lili M-ni -IloiM, r 1.. h nil thu-Mv 
 
 l.oin .r.M.I. -. v;. h,:!. ,,i,| il,;,lJv ..n,| miim,,iIi:v il, ,1„ ,1 = 
 
 Klbs I ..Ml; ;iin! ur!! -irmu. '^ 
 
 Ml til. t \ rll 1,1 I U . . 1 
 
 ' ■"■■■'■; mil |..,rk .,| -ll MiM.T. ,, .! ,|r, |. .,,1.1 
 
 liil! .11 |..r.- ''.|i.|,- 
 
 Side M.^hlllll ■rn..;!|i. ,1 
 
 -!i' 'III. I, r .111.1 ii,iiii 
 Heart Girth I 
 
 Mil! .11 |..r.- 
 Flank Ik ... .,ii.| 
 
 E. Hi.ndc.uarters: 
 
 Kump S.iiiH „.,|i!, ;,, i,,,.K, 1,.,,,.. .,,i....ili. ,;v;liilv 
 
 1 ' llH.i. l| II . .Ill |. .111 I. , I,, I -,. , .f t;|;| 
 
 Ham l;,..,.,l. .1.,,,. i,,,,w's li. -!,,.! , 1,,,,:,,. :,,.; r. i . ,, .|,-^' 
 Mil.... 111. Hr-li ..irru-.l u, II ,|.,vMi f. Ii..,'k . II in-Hlr a". 
 ^ Will .1- at 1.1! ^ 
 
 Hind Legs S\u.vu -n ,...1:|. ., i u,:| ;ii,,i-| ,,,,.1 ~,|ir,r, ly 
 '""I"' '""Iv. 1 — 1... 1,11,. .,,,,1 , I, an; . ;i-!ri,i.. .lr..,iL' iV. t 
 iii>',!iiiiii --i/i- ip.j ~ir..ii...|. |. 1 ,11, ,1 ■ . 
 
 T'.tal :~ 
 
 Xmi-; ii\ Si'. iKi: (' M(i) 
 
 Size. The fecKr w.int- an ntiiiii.il tli.-it will ad.iin •^iiffi- 
 cifiit wi-i-lii ti. ^.1 im tin- m.irk.t at an f;irl\- a.-c. an, I Iicik c 
 \vciL,'lit f,.r a-f is .ati iin|,i .i i.im c. lUMilrr.itii -ti. 
 
 Form. 'I'lii; lanl li, .o- j. ;il„,iit .-is iliturmf fr,>iii tlio Iiacon 
 '"'.- -'^ '' I>"--i''l\ C'liiM IK'. Ill ilu- \n!,ri,an iiiarlut. li.inis 
 ^IuiiiIiKt-. aii'l li;uk- .arr the iiii|,. .it.int p.art-. ;in,l llu-i-cf,.rf 
 iIk- Icni^ili of M,K' rciiivis iiui, Ii 1,-ns .ittcnlii m tiiaii it re, civcs 
 ill tlic C-in.aili.an inarkit. Tlu- .Kr|i. tlink. im.ismvi- IkmIv is 
 iK'M ailapicl 1.1 Mipiil\ til,' AiiuTJcin ii.nkcr wiih tin- cl.i^s 
 "I nu-at whu-li his ,11^,1111,1- ,!,iii.ni.I. Wnli tin- snl,s|,i,uH'. 
 hi.wcv.T. thiic iiuist he s!iiii,,thtu-sv, aiiil a pv, .[j, Tti. .iiatc 
 .li-vi-liipnifiit .an, I li,irm,Mii, m, hlcmlino ,.f []t^■ ,liiiVrcnt p.arls 
 1" r.iniprisf what i- ,:ill,,l a c .iiip;i,tl\ l.iiilt .aniiii.il. 
 
 Quality. .\> in tin- c.ix,. ,,f d,,. 1,.h-. ,n li,,--. fmc h.-iir .and 
 MiiiM.th skin <ltii,.tc -i'imI ,|n,iht\ ..l' llfsh. I'iiic l„,nc and 
 ahsi'nci <>i llahhiiu-N, ,1,11, ,tv tlu' -iui,| "x icl,l, r," ,.|- ,1,, 
 animal whicli (!re>M- .a Karux' prr ,aiit. ,if its jiv,- vwi-lu. 
 
11. I , ri.i. .v 
 \..i, III. -i 
 
 I IvIlllMl, i I, 
 
 ■ >■■■■'■ 111 .1 ,1 ],,■., M,„k r.«|.oM 
 
 NcM. ihui ,1 (-. !;,i:i , \„M-, ^u^,l 
 I' ^. i-iil th, i.'ii:ii:\l Miu.othntM 
 
 il. .1 'li.-M , ~lMi>Mh.^ -lIMillh, 
 
^- j: 
 
 E- 
 
I'lnu, .r.,.lrnn l,M m ■• v>,.tl.l. -" 1 ''!-. •'■^ -'' ■''<• ""I ln«lil. 
 
 hril,.,l I..I.-I.I l.nl,l.,^>' II. •■! ilu -111" ki"'!'l iM" I ':!''' I "'i^lii, 
 
 |.M ■•■•,, |„.in..|- I'.nl.h.i li-'L- . ..-■!■,,,, ,1 ■■ . I <l I I''' 1. «- ..in:ii« 
 
 1., .1,, U,u :Ui' 1.1 Ilk. 1, ,1 .1 liN 11- ■ I 1"1 II" I'' -I' '" ■' '' "I' 1'''"" 
 
 li'ililiii IhV-. ivh.lh.r li, ,n .. , iiu.lriiii. . 1 !ii.'lil. ..|...-.M ll. Iiii;!.. -' .iiihly ..I 
 1,1 li,,t; ,r...nt,~\ l!!lll..|- Vt'i 1. illi'.'l I Mi'l-'i'l -l.!'"" i 
 
 ■■I'liln, ll. .a \ Ih.f-." «.ii;lll :; ..1 ."" p .un.U. ll. . l;.iri ..I l!"- I,.l ..r bid 
 IM"- Al I lie liiiic iIhm' Ii.'H'i "i-rc IIUK-Il rn..r.- riinui.u-. .111 AimiuMn tii^irki i» 
 lil.iM lluv :ii, l...l,iv. 111.' ,|,.l.,i^i' l.tiriu .Im- !.■ ih. ■!. .1 . .IMn>; ,1, liiinhl I..1 !..< 
 |...rk. li"..mlisv llliii..!- Aiiricultmil Kvi>ri iim 111 ^l.li..ii 1 
 
j;;:;;,,,'" "''"' '' >■■ ■ >■ - a, ,i,.. s ...m ^ 
 
 Sli.. 
 
 ^.-.'-^ /•«»v 
 
 .•»,'."«.'■■». 
 
m\<:. 
 
 i'l 
 
 M 
 
 J I r H , I \ . , - » 1 \ I III I \ I 1 > 1 • I _• ■ 
 
 Condition. ill iiuiikd il.i^M,, I iiii<litiMii is all iiii|»irtant, 
 lUi'l MM l.ir<l li..^ I. Ill ( l.i~s a-i ■■|iriiiu.' iiiili» it i» fatltiu-cl 
 I" .1 hi;^li .liLjrtc. Iii;,'li(r littmt,' .if liriflmi; sti.ik i^ prr- 
 mii-mIiIc III this t\|,i- lit h.iK ihaii until. I I..' iImuv^Iii .Itsiraliic 
 HI llic liaioti l\ |u" 
 
 Style. lilt larij \^]<v <•{ lini; is imt so aiiivt- an aniin.il 
 .1- till- liainii tvpr, luv <Tlli<l( ss ilu- annual shoiilil h,- .qlilc to 
 iM.isf .,|f fm-l.\, an.! lluic slii,iil,| !„■ in, in.|i> atinns .,f 
 l-riakiiif,' (l.iwii. C'liaraciiT was .iisitiss.-.l ,m,|,., scJatiun of 
 'in.'ir an. I mi\v. 
 
 Snout. '1 he siMiit is an iiidic ati.di nf tlu- ),'riuTal (|ti.ility 
 of Lniif. It sli.MiM Ik- r.itli.r tin.-, an.l tliore sli.,iiM bo an 
 al)scnco nf wrinkles alw.iit tin- simiit aii<l faro ^,'<iicral!\ . 
 
 Pace. \\ KJtli iKtuiin ( \i s, ami a liroaii, full [K)11, denote 
 loiistitnlKm and loodnij; i|iialit:os. 
 
 Eyes. I.;ir>,'c. full, lin^;lit vw-s ,Kn,,to -....d health and 
 fioditii; <|ii;iiitio>. 
 
 Jowl. A Ijr.ia.l j.iwi is usually assiniatod with 'vidili ..f 
 .lust and ^vm-T:\\ thukiuss ,,| |„„ly. Tlio dovoinpinont o{ 
 fat on tiu- jowl is an iiKluatmn i>f the ^.'l•lu•r.ll condition of 
 tho ii.pjj:. A tirm. iioat j.-wl, showing no llahhiiuss. is an 
 indioatioii of j,ronoral i|nalit\. 
 
 Ears. The ears are an iiniication of the ttiirkiiess of ijic 
 skin and the r|uality of hone, hence the ohjeetion to thicit, 
 eo.nrsc ears. 
 
 Neck. 'I'lic neck of the lard hot,' is sjiortor ami much 
 thicker than that of the hacoii lioi,'. '{"ho crest, or arch on 
 the to|) of the neck, which is so nndesirahle in a hacon ho.,', 
 IS an indication of tinlslied condition in the fat ho^'. The 
 neck should l,lcnd very smo<ithl\ into the shoulders. 
 
 Shoulders 'i'he .slionMor .'f the fat Im^' is an important 
 consideration from the Americm p.u ker's standpoint, there- 
 fore it should ho well develiiped and thickly tieshed. 'l'lioii,i;Ii 
 l.ir^,'oly ilovoloped, it should show no coarseness, hut should 
 he sniootli and compact. 
 
 TJ__--« \\-' I.I II I ' ■ . 
 
 oicusi, '•'. iuiii a;;.; .icj.iii ui liiis roi.;iiiii iknolc eonsutu- 
 tioii. 
 

 i I 
 
 ! 1 
 
 l^g: ^ " I'll ■!» 1(1 ix III til.' It-x art' . ...ir>< iu'»n ..f |i.,iv 
 
 wi.ik p.l>.|(rll^. <i,„,k..| kii..s, aii.l iiiiiliilv l.«'iit IhkK^ Til 
 
 '•'' ' 'Ik I il li'>k' .111- ^li'iitiT ami llu ti.iiu iiinr lli.iii iii ill' 
 
 111.. Ill iii.t; l,,,t ,|,,ui . nt Im.hc. an. I •.lraii;litm'>.s an.j -trrnt;!h 
 "f U^;- ami |.astirn- arc «-.niall\ iiii|H.rlaiil in Ixith < Lism >. 
 
 Back. \ "•ai^-iiiL; hack i^ .i\\ in.Ju'.ition i)f wrnknc^' A 
 i .u k V ill. Il ti.cs viTV slitrhlh al..' lIu- slrai;;lit liii" i", 
 ll"nu<l .ill'l iiMlalh nil. I.. Ii..i\il\ )■ ;.. l.-.l ih.iil ,1 |>.'llii!l> 
 ^traiL;llt .I'l. lli..tii;li a In-h ,ir. Ii m tlir h.uk is (v.ii n: |i' 
 I'! jcitiMii,,!,!.- ili,,ii ;, ,1. |,risM..fi Till I..1. k sli..ii!.! 1 .■ t!u- 
 •^amc \M.lth ,i-> III,' xli..nl.|«r. aii.| sti.iul.l l.r iinif.)riii m wi.Itli, 
 .•iii'l 'Ii.i.h .itvcrt'd Willi lli'sh t!ir(in^,'li.itif. 
 
 Loin. Till-, is a valuaMc ml. ami s|i..iil,| l.o I. dm. I, full, 
 aii'I ilii.kl'. .-..vcr.'.I \ I..W 1.1111. ..;■ ,,iic- uliirli j. .ni.luh 
 aiilir.l. .11 will, li i> |ii;^|| HI i|„. ,. in,T ,111.1 lalU aw.n In I'.uli 
 '^'li-. Is rstri'iiii'h iilii.i 111 .ti.iMi'. 
 
 Ribs, i lit rill .ii' ilu' I. It h,.;^' makes a inorc circular arch 
 ill. Ill iliat .11 ilu' li.ic.iii li.ii'. Tlu- rill sli.iiil.l lif l,,;l|^r. :i,i.| 
 ^l^■lll■l spriii;; in sn,|, .-, \^,,\ .i^ ,,, ,„,, ,,n.r,'|v ^-vc tlic animal 
 ui.lili nil i'.|.. hilt .ilsot,'.....! tiiickni'ss tlir.»ii},'li the lower part 
 of tile lii.ih. 
 
 Side. Tliiiiicli lonutli of vj.I,' i> ii,,t i'iiipliasi/c<I in the fat 
 Ii.ii; t.p till- cMiiit that it I- ill tlu' h.u 1,11 hot,', it is dt'sirahle 
 for the lio(,' to have i:o.„l leii-th, |,rovi.le.l that depth ami 
 thickness ,,f |„„ly are iM.iint.iiiu"!, Tiie si.le sliniil,! come 
 out even with the -shotdikr and ham, and .should he deep 
 an. I -'iiMofh, 
 
 Heart Girth. I.ar),;c heart trirth iiidieatc? constitution. 
 
 'I 'k r. -Iii.n!.] he no dejiression h.u k <>( the lop or si, I,- ..f the 
 ^|; >i;!d< r, and the aniiii.il sh,,iilil he thick and well let down at 
 til.' fore ilaiik-:. .\ tucked up ajipearance h.ack of the fore 
 I. -^ i< ver\ ohjectionahle. 
 
 Flank. A ileep llank is as~oci,-ite.| uiih i;ood depth of 
 Iio.!v ami fullness ,,f il.,,ik ,!eii, it,s thick, tlesliy hellv meat. 
 
 Rump. While the nnnp roiin,ls slightly from the hack nf 
 the loin to till' t.iil. it sIidhIiI not have a steer' ''lopc. hccansp 
 
.^^■gt^ jT/- -- r" 
 
 CvCfT 
 
 .HZ^p^aTm^j 
 
 MINIM ^ IM "» I t • [ I \ I 1^11 
 
 ^M> li I I .iti|..tin,iii..n .liit.til" liiMii tlir ufiulit ..f ilu- lUll'l 
 'I'l.irii I Th. iiiiii|. Ii.itil.l l,f ui.li- .iihl lull, II,. I i.irr. a. 
 iiiui !i i!. »|i I-. |ii i-i-.ili|c 
 
 Ham. I 'i'. Ii.iiii 1' of ijri'.itir rclntivf iiiiport.iticc m tin 
 f.il U"'^ llun III till' Ir.n.iii li..'; It li.i> i|m| iIic |.i|..tiiit; .ip 
 
 I" .1, .1 III I ■ I I'll li.i! till I Ml • III 1 1. 1.4, lull I-, \v nil , .1: 1 1 1, ,11 1' I 
 
 thii K . .It I Ml iiiii li 111. 'n- i.il . .11 It . -urt'.i. <■ I Ii .IS \ |i .J.K 
 nr uiniKIi-. .ili..\i ('1, I'.nk .III ..lin'i liMii.ihlc. ,iil"l iti.ii- 
 iiii:li| 111' i;i 11' 1 1 11 'mpiIuic^^ .iii'l iiliiiii| iii'hs 
 
< I I M III; .V. 
 
 I'.lv'l I l>> ■ M -w |\|.; 
 
 '•'^"" ''" '"■■■'■ ■"■ I' ''I ^^'il lui.lit.,!!' ,( «,!! Ik 
 
 '"^' '" ""'^ 'I" '"-'•I- ^iMii-MH u:fl. . .,n ll.., .n 
 
 ■"•'" ' ' •""" '■■<"' • ""Mtr ,,1 l!,. l,n|„ i!,,n.i ..I !„,,,| , 
 .i i.u I'lf in t. . iliiiu- u >■!. 
 
 Relation of Breed to Etonomy of Pro«luctiofi I'r I. 
 
 ''•'^'' '"''I '"II'Ih. I,. I I.-, Ill, ( llll.l,,., \_, ■,, .,„ |l (•.,!!, ,, 
 •""' ""■ '"^^■' "'"' I.NI'.tim, M ^t,,! ,„l \. ,l„. . ,,,. H,. 
 
 \;;nniliii, ,1 ( ,,'1. u. . m, , vp-Tiiifi . „ ,,.!,„ ■..! ,,, 
 
 V\lll. ll MV l,r,i-.N ,,t .«,,„■ „,-,, ,,,,,,.,,,,,,! ,, , , ,K^ ^, , ^^,- 
 l"'"l"' '"-; "•' |"Min.!- .. ,,,, li\, .,, ...Jr I !„ ,,,, , , 
 
 • '"" •■' "'■■'' '■'<i^"' -.1 ' I U. .„n.|, ..„„ !,,, ,,,-|,,|", 
 
 '" ''"■ ''^'' ' M-r'"'"!- !^ •,.^,,, h, !l, I i,!, , ,.-, 
 
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 f, 
 
so 
 
 mil I i>M <>i 
 
 Relation of Breed to Market Requiremeati. In each 
 nf till' tiv< < )ntarin rxpcriim'tits, llic Im^^^ wcro sliippt'il to 
 llu- Win. Davics Co., I.imiu-il. TKroiiln, whcro llu-v were 
 larefiitly examiiuMi l.y e.xjierts, aiitl jtiili:e<l as to suitability 
 for niakiiif; Wiltshire sides, (n aildiliou to tlie five experi- 
 ments already iiotetl. a sixth one was eoiidticte<l with a 
 larj^'cr miinher of Iiol;s of eaeh hreed. in whieh the ohject 
 was not to eoinjiare the l)retd-> with re^;ard to economy of 
 ])nM!uc-tion. hut in which the hreeds were compared for 
 market ])iiri)oses as they were in the otlier live expeiimeiits. 
 There were, therefore, six i \iieriinenls, in which the six 
 hreeds were conii)arcd as to suitahility for making Wiltshire 
 sides. 
 
 Hri-.I.DS AkR\NC.I:1> IV OkHKK 0\> SiriT.Mtll.lTY lOR TllK 
 
 Mamiacti'kk oi- Wilts II IKK SioKs. 
 
 1st r.xin-riment. 
 J Yorkshire, 
 (Tamworth. 
 
 ,5. licrk-liire. 
 
 4 l'"l.iiicl <liiii:i, 
 I Chester White 
 
 41I1 I'N[)iriinciit. 
 I \' .k--liirc. 
 .' 'lamu'irili. 
 V Hirksliire. 
 
 r ClK'>tor Wliito 
 4 ', Hiirc'C Jersey. 
 
 ll'wland C'liiiia. 
 
 jiu! F.xpcriiiient. 
 I ^ I .rk-lnrr, 
 _>. 'raiiuvorlli. 
 lUTk-liirc, 
 
 Wliitc. 
 i Dnr.H- J. fNoy. 
 ( Poland China. 
 
 I licrk-liir 
 ; Clu-tir 
 
 5tli F.xpcriinciit. 
 
 1. N..rK~lnrr 
 
 2. I'lcrk^liirt'. 
 
 .!. t'lic-tcr Wliite 
 
 .| 'raiiuvortli. 
 
 ?. Diiriic Jir^iy 
 
 () I'lilaiiil C'liiua. 
 
 \r<\ l",\|icriTiient 
 \ S'oik^liiri'. 
 I Tamwiirth 
 
 V I'.rlk-lMr.- 
 
 4. Poland China. 
 (Chester V\ lute. 
 (Diirnc Jtr-^ry. 
 
 fitli F.xirrimcnt. 
 
 t. Vork-'liirc. 
 
 2. 'laniucrlh. 
 
 .i. r.vrk>liirc. 
 
 .(, Diimi: Jersey. 
 
 5 Polanil t'liina. 
 
 (. (.'liottr White. 
 
 h'rom the tahle i;iven ahove. it will be seen that the Vork- 
 slhres had a ver\ di-tinct advantage in this ])art of the 
 experiment. The ^'orkshire carcasses were characterized 
 h\ good length of side, nniformity in thickness of fat along 
 the hi. k, a good general dcveloinnent of tle^h ( ' -an ) thickly 
 lleslied I'll ilc-slr lielly, and a tleshy h.im, which re(|uired 
 little triipining. 1 heir most seri nis faults ran in the tlircc- 
 tlnti {>f ri.ti invh.li.' wei'jht of -.In 111I Irr-;, Cd.-ir'-v'ne-- of hone. 
 
 fW^^FSff?'- 
 
mil I !>■> Ill »u I \ I 
 
 31 
 
 and thickness of skin, tli.inj;li these defeets were m-ticeahlc 
 in only a small proixtrtinn nl the t;irias,,es. 
 
 The Tanuvortlis Meneral!\ had a lii;lit shoulder and a vcrv 
 uniform la\er of fat aloiit; the hack; hut, as a rule, thcv did 
 not (|uite equal the ^ orkshire in len^^th of side, thickness of 
 !i>in and helly. and develojiment of ham. In many of them 
 there w.is a m.irked lack of lle^h over the loin, accompanied 
 hy a thinness of holly and a decided jif^htness of ham. They 
 eisily stood second to the ^'ork^hires, ho\ve\ir, in the matter 
 of suitahility for the Canadian esport trade. In fact, the 
 ^■orkshires ami Tainworths were tiie oul\ two hreecK uiiicli 
 showed marked uit.il.ility for the niaiiufacture of Wiltshire 
 sides. 
 
 1 he stroller |„,j,,t ,,|' thi- lUrkNhire carcasses u.is their 
 lat;'( nuisctiiar develoimunt, ,t;ivini,' a lleshv carcass. The 
 ham was well develoi>eil. Inn. in many cases, it carried 
 too much fat and re(|uired consiilerahle trimminj;. The 
 ni.iin faults were the shortness of side and heavv shoulder 
 and neck, with the fat nuniin!,' very thick over the shoulder 
 top. There was, moreover, .1 ni.irked lack of nniformifv 
 in the Berkshire carcasses, soiue of them makintj vcrv ^jond 
 Wiltshire siiles, while others were cntirelv unsuitahk. The 
 Yorkshire carcasses, on the other h.md, were speciallv notetl 
 for their uniformity. 
 
 The Chester White, Poland China, and Duro- Jersey 
 carcasses were very similar in character. Occas.onally a 
 pood Wiltshire side w.is found amontjf them, hut it was a 
 noteworthy exception. Shortness of side, a snpcral)undancc 
 of fat. and a kick of lean meat, were generally characteristic 
 of the L;Toup. While these hrieiU are enu'nentlv well 
 adajited to the ])roduction of the lard hol,^ tliev are entirelv 
 unsuit.ihlc for the v'.iu.idiau export trade. 
 
 In the Iowa e\()erimcnts. the hoi^'s were not compared on 
 the hasis of suitahility for making' Wiltshire ' -s. From the 
 report np(^n the caicasses, it is evident that the hops were 
 fattened to a tmich hipher depree than would he <!csimhlc 
 for the Canadian evnnrt tr.-irle. nnd (•<-.fic(.n!!ent!v the Town 
 
 'n 
 
 I 
 
 mmW':3i^SS?^'^i^9gSWfpS: 
 
 I'm^ 
 
32 
 
 lllll;l lis (IK .-.WINK 
 
 I' 
 
 market reports aflford no basis for comparison with the 
 Ontario results. 
 
 I'.RITISH I'.RI'HDS OK SWIXK. 
 
 In i')04 only five hreciN of ■^wine were pivcn classes at 
 the l<()\al Agricultural Society's show in l*",ti^;lan(l. These 
 hreeds were the I.arf^'c White, the .Miildle White, the i'.erk- 
 shirc, the Tanuvorth. and the I.ar>,'e I'.lack I'ij,'. The breeds 
 droppeil from the prize list were the Small White and the 
 Small i'llack. This fact indicates that the small hreeds are 
 losiiip pojinlarity. 
 
 In the inijirovement of i'ritish breeds of swine, Chinese 
 and \eaj>olitan swine were used ([uite extensively during; the 
 early part of the past century. The former, as the name 
 imlicates, cominp from China, ami the latter from Italy. 
 Hoth these breeds were small an<l fme-boned, and possessed 
 a marked tcinlency to fatten, and hence were well adapted to 
 modify the Iar;,'e, coarse-boned, late maturinjj; pij^'s whiih 
 existed in I'.ritain at that time. 
 
 LARGE YORKSHIRE. 
 
 The I.arpc White breed of Great T.ritain is known in 
 Canada and tlie I'nited States as the Lar^re 'N'orksliire, or 
 Improved I.artrc Yorkshire. The orii^inal Large White 
 piij was extremely lar<:e and coarse, but the type has been 
 considerably modified by selection, and possibly by the 
 judicious use of other blood. Owintr to the inii)rovcmcnt 
 elTecteil in the breed, the term "improved" is commonly 
 inserted in the name. 
 
 I.arj^'t Yorkshires occupy a prominent place in Great 
 r.ritain, where they are ret^arded as the leading,' bacon pro- 
 ducing breed. In Denmark, they are used exclusively for 
 crossing on the sows common to the countrv . and the very 
 finest bacon brought into I'.iigland comes from this cross. 
 In Canafla. thev are more numerous than any other breed, 
 and thev are being imported into the I'nited States in l.irge 
 
 11 
 
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 l.lijit^. i;i"''<%illU LlpI'Mv. .lMi| lu . .iHIIII;,- r<.l.! I'.l ih.' 
 
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 i|.i|>ti.| tn pkmIihc !i,i»..ii f.,|- ilu- I ii(,'li^h m.irkcl, ,1"- tlify 
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 iTi/illi^' 
 
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 lli;m the i.tlicr. llnj.;'^ <>l lln^ lM'<' fri 'pii iit!\ liivc ^'".l 
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 '.'•I !I.l;1i llic Im.iic -Ii.mM l.c iIimii. aw\ -\\r r\hli:;rr . i 
 slrfii,-tli and (|tKiIilv cninlMiUMl. A l.aii;r \ . .rlv -Iprc ! ..:i 
 witli liylit l>..m' and a In ad n^i'inMiiii^' iliat ,.( a I'.nk^liir.', 
 will scldtim |.n.\f a Natist\n-ti.r\ >.ii,'. |;iacl, liaii .'ii a Lar-r 
 N'ork^liirt- -.li.Mild di^<|nalih. I'.Iii.' mi- l,!.i.k -]-..|s , ,n il^. 
 >km arc ..IiicctiMPaMc. Init an- .liU'uiili t,> av.iid. an<l the aim 
 mii-t lie I.I reduce ilicm |,i a iiiiniitniiii. 
 
 TAMWOHTH. 
 
 'iliis lari^'C. n-cfiil I.rec<I derives if- tiamc fr. mi TatnwMrtli 
 in SlalTurdsIiirc. I'.ii-laiid. It is re.L;ardcd by tmiiv a^; mic 
 "f the ..Ide-t and piin-vt breeds in -reat Mritain. Tamwortlis 
 are .|iiile iiuniennis in Canada, tlmu-li tlie\ are n^.l i|uite m, 
 pMl'ii'^T .IS tlu Ndrksliires and l',crk-':''-,s. TIicn arc also 
 l)re.! to a coiisiderah'e cMtnt in llic I'Lad States, hut it is 
 dirtk-nlt t.. say just |i,.w tar tlifir i».ptilaril\ n- .xton.! in 
 tliat C'tnilrv. Their Imhj^^ sncmt is apt |.. prcii;.!, t the a\tr- 
 .T.;c fanner a-ainst tlicni at first sj^ht. hm a -lane.' over tin 
 results ,,f lecdin- experiments will sli,,u that tlie\ li.iKI their 
 <«wii with i.iher hreeds in the feed Int. 
 
 Characteristics. Tamwurths arc well adapted to the 
 pr..d,icti..n Ml' <\p..rt hacn. 'rii..i,-h the\ h.avc a Inni,' 
 su'iit. the jMwl is li;;hi. makin- the hea.I lij^hter th.in th.it 
 el an\ mhcr hrecd. 'IMu- neck aN., i, !io|,t. .-.nd the • h inlder, 
 as a rule. - li-ht and sin.i..th. 'l"li<'\ .iKo h.avc lir len-lh ol' 
 side, and ilieir c.irctsN (.•.■nlains .1 l.ir-. pnipnriiMn ,,f Kan t^; 
 fat. 'Idie\ are qintc hard;,, .ind the snw-, are pinlil'ir. 'I'iir\ 
 aic inclmc.l 1,, he dcfecti\c in lire h.im. .and dn Uf ,[ pM.^oss 
 ■piile the leii-th c,f side . .r the stnii-iji ..f l,,,,,,. ,,| th,> N',,rk- 
 'diire. 'I'iie\ arc <|n;tt' c\l<-nsi\el\ n-cd f. ir u-m-sJui.; 1 nr- 
 p'l-es, the cross hctween the T.itiiwi.rth .-infl I'.crksliire I.<mi.' 
 'imlc pnptilar in ( )nt.ari... ('„,Men red i- the s,,,,,,!,,,-,! color, 
 thMiit;h <Iark chestmit is frcMUcnlls I'.umd. espcciallv in 
 older animals, |;l;ick sp,,ts m In.th hair ami skin (|nite fre- 
 qnentlv occur, thnuoh tlie\ are (omiuciI very serious ol.jec- 
 ti' ins. 
 
HIM I |i» III nV\ I \1 
 
 :i:, 
 
 f 
 
 Hints on Selection. I'.ch.k ;, l,.u-,,„ i„..ol, of miir^e. 
 '•io.M i>,,.. „,„., ,.,iu;ns |„. k,|.| i.n.ini.u.niK in view in 
 <l>-tin^' this |,r,v.|. Th..,,^!, :, l,J,t ,,,«I is ,,„,,„|,,r with 
 ll"' l..-..k.i. ,1 ,.. u^-n „, n-t,K'inl.,T tl.at a v.tv t.arrosv jowl 
 i> liv.nui.th a>^M,•iaU•,l uith la.l: ..f o.iistiiiiti.m. ami a little 
 HH.rr u..|,I, .,,- j,„,i ,|,;,„ j, „,„,,|,^. f,„„,^, .^^ j,^^, Tamworth 
 •>v-hM ),■ ratiuT f. tlu^ :uU,m.v^v .,f tlif l.rrr.l. Stron-th 
 •""I '-"..liuss 1,1 |,i,„,, ,,„.! ,-„|,,.r .|,.vvl, ,,„„,.,„ ,,f \^,„,^ 
 slin.iM r..,iv,- viH-cial altf.iii,.n in this l,r,o|. ;„„i ,-,„ r.lort 
 sh.aiM W nia.k- to lnK;t!un il,r .i,k. uitl„,„t losi,,^, Mr, if;tl, 
 
 of io||>|itiitioil. 
 
 BERKSHIRE. 
 
 r.erks!,i,,.s. M. iia:,:,..l alur tlic cmnty .,r sliire of Horks, 
 in I'.n.ulaii.!. nw nuv nf thr mom « i.k-!v\|,st,ilnitr.l an.! best 
 knoun of tlu. l,r,.,.,!. ,,,- .,,,„,, yIicv ar.^ wi.ldx I.ro! in 
 (.nat I'.iitain. an, I aiv v.-iy imiiurous », t\iMa.!a an.l the 
 ''"'""' ^'■"^•^- 'i'l'>'^ ••''-- tiiHl a pla.-c- in n.anv other 
 i-onntru's. an.l -cvm to ntain popujaritv to a niarki-.l .1,-roe 
 ulur.v.r tluv . tv kii..\vii. It i^ dainml 1,\ .,,„h- tliat^'thc 
 iUrkshirt- is .Us.in.kd ipmi the same anrestiy a< the Tam- 
 u-rth. Improvement was nia.le l.y n^iii^ Chinese blood, 
 • in. I imiliaMy Siamese an.l N'eajx.litan as will. 
 
 Ch-racteristics. lUrk^hircs are a liardv. easv-fee.iing, 
 nn.l fairly prolif-.e I.ree.l. A lendenev on the part ..f s„n.e 
 l-Ke.krs to hriol thetn extrenulv ("me, ha- re.luee.l iheir 
 feeiin.lit.v in man\ instances. .\s l.re-l in C'ana.la, thev may 
 he elassc! as interme-lial-' l.etueen the haeoii an.l lanl tvpes; 
 thon-h. as a nile. they are nearer the latter. In the I'nife.l 
 States, hf.wever. they are hn-.l strietlv to the lanl type, and 
 .isnally nm smalkr in si/o an.l Ciner in hone than tlie Cana- 
 'lian rei!resi-ntati\es ,,f the I.ree.l. I'or haeon pro.hieti.in, 
 th-v are i^reailv improve.I hy crossing with the ^■orkshi^e oi^ 
 Tamwoith. Tluv are n.>t so lar-e as the Yorkshire or 
 Tamw..nh, hut attain heaw wci.u'hts when seleete.l with a 
 view t.) maintain size. The staii.lard color i.« blaek, with 
 
 ^' '"'<' "" '"'■ ''•l'"<'- •'l"d fp "f ta-'l. -nv! n!-l-.Tc.;:!t.;d 
 
 »J 
 
 .1.. 
 
 <n 
 
36 
 
 i. 
 
 I ' • 
 
 , 
 
 anil. Canadian lin-nliT^. i^u tin- wlinlc. arc a littK' more 
 liberal tliaii Aimriian liredltrv willi nj^anl to luarkinijs. 
 
 Hints on Selection. A^ before nntnl, tlnTe i>i a cnu'-iil- 
 crable variatiop in llie type of I'.erksiiires. In Canada, there 
 would seem to be f;"od reason to select towards tlie bacon 
 t>pe, redneiii'j: tbe jowl. neik. slionlder. and width of back, 
 and ainiiiut to stren^tben tiie bone ,ind lenj^liien the sicic 
 witbor* lo>in,L; con-titntion anil (|nality. b'.ven wben- 
 tbe I'.erksbire is to be nse<l for crossing with the ^'orkshire 
 and Tamworth. it is all the better to possess t,'ood lentjth. 
 and '•tron-; 1m me. .\nieriean breeders are rnniiin^ to tbe 
 tstreire. in iii.-my ea^es. with rej;ard to fineness, and have 
 reduced the size and lessened the ;L:eneral utility of the breed 
 It is much easier to produce ipialitv in a small animal than 
 in a larjje one. .uid the highest skill is shown b\ the breeder 
 who can maintain both si/e and quality. Some I'crkshire 
 lireeders a-e .itt.iinini.:; this end, .and it would iii.ike for the 
 best interests of tbe breed if all its admirers apjireciated the 
 importance of size. 
 
 MIDDLE WHITE. 
 
 The Middle White, or Medium Yorkshire, is almost 
 Vinknovvn in C.itiad.i ;ind tbe I'niteil States. It is supi>oscd 
 to have origin.'ited from a combination of the blor/d of the 
 I.artre and Sm.il! Whites. Manx of the bree<lers of the 
 I.ar.ce Whites in I'.npland also breed the Middle White, and 
 there is little doubt tb.it "ian> jiit^s brou;;ht to this si<lc of 
 the .Atlantic and called I.ari^e ^*orkshires, possess more or 
 less of tbe blood of tbe Medium breed. If Middle White 
 bl'id.l b;is lu'iii receiitK introibu'eil. boars of this breeding; 
 are apt to be verv tms.iiisfaetor\ sires, .md hence it is 
 iniport,int. in -.elrctiii!.: a I..iri;e ^'ork•.hirl• boar, to >ee lb.it 
 he is true to tbe l.arLre W bite \\\>c and shows no evidence of 
 Middle While cbaract. ri-tics. 
 
 Characteristics. I be Middle White is more of the 
 
 lU-rksbire t\pe than of the I.artje White, havinj? shorter 
 
 tn.iii* 1w-i\iir ii.wl lliiilvi-r nick .niil lioilv nnil finer bone 
 
i:l:i I ii» Ml -.« i M 37 
 
 iiiaii the latter. Ft is sianily likely to ever occupy a proiu- 
 iiu.it |)lacc oil tliij. lontiiHiit. 
 
 LARGE BLACK PIG. 
 
 'riiv I.ar;;,'c I'.lacks .irc the latent a.l.liiioii to the rcpisterefl 
 |.tire lireetls of swine in luiKiand. Little appears to he 
 known rr^'arding tlu-ir ori);in. hnt th«\ have Iktii l.re<l for 
 ii'any war,, in the .s;,>iith ami i'.ast ,,| i:nj;lan.l. Tlu \ arc 
 praclicaily unknown .,n thi enntiiient. tliMuj^l; a few of them 
 were hronyht to the Central i;x|)eriiiiental I'arni at (Jltawa, 
 a few 'ears ap). 
 
 Characteristics. They are a larf.;e l.rec.l. all hknk in 
 color. The ear> are lar^e and <lroopinj^', an.l the pencral 
 l>pe of the animal inclines lo coarsene>>. in their native 
 counties they are hi^'hly vahud as scaveiii^ers. 'I'l.ev are 
 a prolific hree.l, and it is claimed that tlie\ excel as Uacon 
 liroducers. thouKii the representatives hronj^ht to ( )'tawa 
 I'loved very much inferior to the ^(,rk^lme au<l T uiuvorth 
 in the matter of hacon i)roiluction. 
 
 SMALL WHITE. 
 
 At one time there were numerous strains of Small White 
 pi.','s in i:n.i,dand. hut they are now ill included in what is 
 kiioun as the Small White hreed. The modern KuKlish 
 Small Whites arc known in .\nierica as Small \orkshircs. 
 The hreed known in America as the SulTolk is an otTsluwt 
 of the i'.nj^dish Small Whites, hut is maintained in .\merica 
 .is a distinct hreed. Thus, the American representatives of 
 the I-'.nj^lish Small Whites are the Small ^•orkshirc and the 
 Sulfolk in the pro.liiciion of the Small Whites, it is (iinte 
 1 eiiain that Chinese hliM.d was larj;ely use<l. 
 
 Characteristics. Small W hites rejiresent the extreme 
 t\pe of small, tine-honed, early-maturinj;, fat pips. Tlicir 
 lack of si/e will alwaxs he a liarrier a^Muist their takinfj a 
 prominen* i)I,ice in ;iny country. thoiijj;ii in the i)ast the\ hive 
 I'laved an import.uit p.irt in the improvement of .some if the 
 I' '.irser hrceds. 
 
 ' II 
 
 1 
 i il 
 
 I 
 
 vkc^mBBFT; 
 
fl 
 
 i 
 
 38 iiiii 1 UN III -w I M- 
 
 SMAI.I. BLACKS. 
 'I'liis -imall. all lil.irk Imh-.I n-Miltcl fn in cr<issin>; thr 
 .\eai)<>litaii upon tlir nrij^jinal I'".sm-x l)ri'i-i|. 1 lu'v arr nut 
 ijinf so niiincnms in Anuriia a> tlic Small Wliiti's, am! are 
 Known a^ inii-rovtil l".--t\ >\\nK'. 'I'iiiv arc n^i'il to a i' in- 
 .•>iikraltk- rxtent in the Sontliorn States for iTossini; on the 
 native "ra/or hack." 
 
 Characteristics. Thuuyli l".s>c\ swine arc of tlic same 
 (..'cncral t\iic as the Small Whites. mo<lern hrceilers are 
 lUakin^,' an effort to secnre more hone. (,'reatiT leiv^th and 
 larj,'cr size than is nsualh fotnul anmn^' the Small Whites. 
 Some hrceilers are achicvinj^ omsiilcrahle success aloni; this 
 Hue, and it is i|uite prohahlc tliat a few more years will 
 witness a markeil chanjjc in the .\merican type of Small 
 I '.lack, or I'.sscx s\vin»". 
 
 \mi:rk'\\ p.Ri'.i'.ns. 
 
 The I'niteil States ilcser\es creilit for oripiinlinp ami 
 iinprox III.; ,1 con-i Icrahle inmiher of hreeds of swine, several 
 ..f which h.ive .itl.iineil j^rcat prominence in that country. 
 As woiiM uainr.ilK he expectdl. thcsi> hrceds have h.en 
 ill vclopcil alont: the line i ^ pioilncint: the fat ho..,.', in which 
 industry the I 'niicd St.itis UaiK the world. 
 CHESTER WHITE. 
 
 Tiiis popiil.ir hrccd originated in Chester county, IVnnsyl- 
 v.itii.i. It is coutUed .imonLT the oldest oi the .\mencan 
 hreeiN. and h.is for its jiroj^cnitors several of the white 
 varieties of pi^s oriiriinllv imjuirted from I'.iii.dand. l'>\ 
 iiitelli.yeiit m.itiiii; .ind sclcctioti. the present t\pc has hcen 
 iMihtd. The hreed is widely distrihuted over the I'tiited 
 Slates, and Is l.red to ;i limited rxtent in fai.ada. It has 
 in.idc little progress, however, in die laltei coimtrv diirinix 
 lite '.ear-. 
 
 Characteristics. Chester W hites are amon<j the larirest 
 III till- hncds ..| Americ.in ori(.;in. I'.v careful selection they 
 
 1 ,...!.. I,, -n.i.v. , i,-1i tlw 1iie..ii t\>ii' .-mil llii'\ iriK-. 
 
mil I li- ii: -v> I M 119 
 
 vtTv will \vitli till' ^l>lk-llirt .iml 'I'.itiuvnrtli. 'I'luv aic 
 aiutliiti}; l>iil ;i liaiciii lirccil, liiwcvtr, ilmn^li llif tuiU-r 
 riass (if tluTi aro ratlicr lii;litir in tin jnwl ami 1miij;it in 
 llif ^\iU- llian llu- average Anuiiian hrinl. Tin y possos a 
 <IriMii)in^; car. winili, llii>ii;^li <>f lair vi/o. >lii>uM U'>1 In- 
 i-oarsi-. Nil Mark liair i^ a<lnii>"'aMc, Iml lilnc ■>]>iii<i in tlii' 
 skill an- ciiinnion. 'I'Ium- liliu -pdls inn^titiitc an uliji'i-tiDii, 
 Iiiit iln \\i>i inilicatf imptirily. 
 
 POLAND-CHINA. 
 
 'I'lic ri.land-CIiina nritrinatcil in the Statt- i>( Ohio. Tin- 
 funm'ati'in -tntk r<in>.i>-li'il of )iii,'s of ini\fil lirctMliui,' i-oin- 
 inon in tli»' slati'. upon wliiili win- iro-;sf(l tlu' I'iir *.'l>in;i<. 
 tlu- Knssia ami tlu- r.Miclil. Snli>ici|tu>ntl\ , IVrksliiiv ami 
 Irish Cra/iir liIoo<| was nsi'il. Imt it is dainn'il that no oiit- 
 crosscs havi- lu-rn niaiU- sinco 1S45. rolaml-Chims arc 
 fxtrcnu'lv i)opn1ar in the Tniti-il States, ami an- very 
 exti-nsivih fiil in the com ht-lt. A few are hreil in C'anaila. 
 hut. if anvthini,', the hrc-e<l has lost ijroniid in Canada of kite 
 vt-afi. owinj^j to its unsuitahility for the Cinadi.in export 
 trade 
 
 Characteristics. The hest representatives of the Pol- 
 aud-t'hiua hreeil may he elassed :is almost the ideal lard 
 type. Thev are ralhci short hodied. imt vi r\ thiek and 
 sinootli. In the elTort to seitire quality, some hree<lers h.ive 
 tmdulv redmcd the l>om- and si/o of the hreed. In some 
 cases, the ilTort to stcnre tineiiess has resulted uo* merel> 
 in the loss ,if .-i/f, hut .iKo in reduci'd fecimdit\. It is 
 (|uite proh.-ihle that the a!m.i-t exclusive use of corn as a 
 ration has .iKo h.id ;iu iulhuiice in hrini^iuc; :ihout this result. 
 I'ortunaIeK . the hest hreider- realize the d.iiiLU'r of i.:oini.j to 
 fxtniue' in the matter of fiueiu >s. ami there is little douht 
 that the hreed will continue to ]k- ..ue 1'" the most popular 
 in the I'nitcd St:ites. \ icw vears ,1- ., it was quite common 
 to see .auimals of this hreed fveelv sp, ,tted with white. \t 
 
 *1 ,. ...1* 1i. .<! ..I ..I- I'. .1-1 ^lilr.' ii)-ifl tint^ -It-.' ill.' nut^t t'«»n- 
 
 ,*- 
 
 'If 
 
 if 
 
 '■■^iyw''v-"'rraBi''TMrffyr'Tiing^'"r7TrfWf-TTirr-nr"^''T-fr 'wmt ''-•n"'"fi-- v 
 
40 
 
 IIIU » UK 4>| KHI.NK 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I. 
 k 
 
 *» 
 
 iilar, iliniiKli a few s|,„ts ,<i white on the IhhIv .-.re not 
 objcitionalilc. 
 
 DUROCJERSEY. 
 
 DunK-Jerscy swine resnitc.l from the union of the [funics 
 of New ^'..rk State and the Jerseys, or jersey Ke.ls, 
 "f N'ew Jersey, tlie fonner hein^ a Jiner-lxuicd aixl Miialler 
 lTee.l than the latter. The origin .>f these t«o hr.e.ls is not 
 known, hut they have heen l)re.| in their respective states 
 >iiice early in the paM eentur>. The first organization in 
 the interests .>f HiiPK-Jersey suine was forme.l in iS«.). 
 The hrced is widely .tistrilnited in the Inited States, hut 
 there are comparatively few herds in Canada. 
 
 Ciuracteristlcs. It is ditVicidt to discuss the cliaracter- 
 istics of DuriH-Jerseys, l)ecause there is considerable varia- 
 tion in type. IVofessor Shaw descrilH-s them as "not quite 
 cfjual to the I'.erkshire or I'olan.l-China in size." In some 
 henls. however, we f^n.l them rather lartrer than the Berk- 
 shire and F'oland-China as ordinarily bred, and noticeably 
 heavier in the Inme. In some districts they are hi^hiv es- 
 teemed for crossing with the I'oland-China and some other 
 fat breeds for the prinluction of fat hogs. \\y their ad- 
 mirers. Duroc-Jerseys are claimed to lie more prolific than 
 other .\nierican breeds 
 
 HAMPSHIRE (Thin Rind). 
 
 The Hampshire, until recently known as the Tliin-Rind, 
 is the latest addition to the recognizee! pure-breeds <.f swine 
 in the I'nited States, the American Thin-Rind Record .\sso- 
 ciation not being organized until 1893. with al)out a dozen 
 herds eligible f..r registration, .\cconling to the Hon. H. 
 F. Work. Secretary of the .Xss.xriation. the Hampshire 
 traces to liogs brought from Hampshire in F.ngland. and 
 hence the origin of their present name. The name "Thin- 
 Rin.l" was di-carde.l and the name "Hampshire" adopted 
 
 in 1004. Tile l.r I -.c .„>.. I....J.. .. ..-;..:,,_, .1 r I- , . 
 
Mill t IM Id >W I NK 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 ami llif i«ri,;iiial li<>}^'- fnnii wliirli it s|iriin^;. wtro takfii tn 
 Ktiitinky from tin- l'.a«.Urn Slal^■^ m 1S35. laiiiK a lu-w 
 briTil, till- Ilampsliiri- is imt, a^ mI, virv tjeiH'rally known, 
 ami tluTC are no hrtrdi-rs o{ Ilnni|>sliiri> in Canaila. 
 
 CluracterlsdCi. Accordinj,' to N'r. Work: •Haint)- 
 sliiri's liavr small lii-aJ ears inolinni Icn^^th ami sliijhtlv ni- 
 rliiuil forwanl. li^lit jowl, liroad I>ack ot iuarl\ unifori'i 
 wi'Ilii. sli},;IUlv arclu-fl ; heavy hams, stamiiiij; very erect 011 
 feet, witli 1>;,'S set well apart, active- ami mnscular, denoting 
 great carr\invr capacity, and <levoid of excess of hone, jowl. 
 and hellv " .\ccordintj to some of its a<lmirers. the Hamp- 
 shire is of approved liacon tyjie, hut it will he seen that, 
 with the exception of the head, jr>svl, an<l hellv. the descrip- 
 tion ^Mvcn aho' ,• is exactly the op|K>site of uhat is recojruind 
 as hacon type in Canada. There is uo donht, however, 
 that the Hampsiiire is a useful ho^j for the I'niteil States, 
 heiuf; active, hardy, thrifty, and j.rolitic. though the claim 
 that thev excel all other hreeds in these respects must he 
 accepted with a rocmI deal of reservation. Mr. Work states : 
 •ju color they are either li-<ted or hlacks, the most fashion 
 ahle color consisting of hiack extremities with a white lull 
 from four to twelve inches wide. tiu-irclinK thi IhmIv and 
 including the fore lejis, which sh(v 1 also he white." The 
 term "listed" means that the white helt is present. 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 Two hreeds of swine hear the name of X'icforia. One of 
 these hreeds ori^'inated in \ew ^^■rk and the other in Indi- 
 ana. The Indiana hreeil has .ipparentlv made more pro- 
 press than the other, and its interests are looked after hy an 
 association. It is claimed that four hreeds were used in 
 prodncinp the X'ictorias. viz.. the I'.erkshire. Poland-China. 
 Chester White, and SufTolk. Tluv are not very widelv 
 distrihnte<l. tlioujjh they are t^iven classes at a numher o! 
 state and cotmty fairs. X'erv few reprtsentaiives of tin- 
 
 iirif:; ::.ivp t-.-.Ti T.:r,-, Tt •• 
 
 4^' 
 
 H 
 
4t 
 
 ItIO >.I>H III MU t \ I 
 
 ChAracteriiticM. \ lclllti.l^ iii.i\ !.«• ,.,ul i.. IkIhh^j to 
 Ihr .Mr.nir ivpr ,i| |.,| h,,^, aii.l arr ..f ..nl» iiu'ihiini M/e. 
 TIkv .uv iisifiil l,oj;s for (iTtaiii rla>-»'s ..f inilc, Imi an- not 
 likil\ t. iiun-as,' ill imiiitKrN \»ts maicrialh. ..winj; to tliiir 
 MMiU'what liiniti'd aila|>taliilit\ 
 
 CHESHIRE. 
 
 'I'lic Clu'sliirt' ha.l it> on(,'m iii Xcw \ ork Slat*-, aii.l wan 
 fcrinol li\ cnosiiii; ilu> l.arj^o Vnrk-hirc an.l SiitT..lk 
 upon the white hojjs in the l,Kahty vNherc they oriK'iiiate.l. 
 C'lushirex are hre.l |.riiu-ipall\ m the I'.aMt rii Slates, espeei- 
 ally ill .\evv Ndrk, ami are not known in Canaila. 
 
 Characteriitics. C'liciihires also conform to the fat 
 type. They are of me.hnm si/e. and are a hanly. vigorous 
 l)ree(l. They appear to Ik- well adapted to conchtions pre- 
 vailiiip in the I'astern States, hut do not sc-ni to l>e alile to 
 pnsli themselves mto the front ranks of American swmc. 
 
 ; "I 
 
 
ri I AIT IK V. 
 
 STA\r)\F<[is o]- i.\ci:i.i.i:\x'i: and scai.i.s oi" 
 
 I'OIXTS. 
 
 Ill tlii> iliaptiT, IK) ;itt«iii|)l liji". Iiftii made tu L;ivc all the 
 ^call's (if |Miiiits wliirli (■\i>t for <aili linnil, Imt lan- lia> lum 
 taken to scirct iIikm- wliiili ^\\v a> rlt-ar ati iil»a a* p. is-iili]. 
 of tlio rf«|iiirtMiuii|s nf the lirfnicr- In ilu' . av' '.f I.arj,'i- 
 ^^lrk>lli^l■^ aii<l Tainwortlis. tlif ilrs(ii|itiiiM> ami ^< aU's nf 
 points iiiarki-il "< >rij;Mial," rrprcxtit tlio mu'^ pn-firrcl li\ 
 tin- aiitlior. 
 
 LARGE YORKSHIRE. 
 
 I)<>iri|>li.ii ;itii| Si ale "f l'"!!!!!*. 
 fOri^jina! ) 
 
 A. General Appearance: 
 
 Color \\ Inlr. Irii- ir'.iii lilnrk; li:iir. .!■ ■!, ns fat .i>i iimsiMr. 
 
 Ifiii lihii' iir Itlaik h|m.|> .mi iIic km 2 
 
 Size Well (IiviIm|,.-(I fc.r at'iv M.u.ini! l>.'at-. m -Ilmv 
 
 (.■"liililiiiii. -Iimilil ui'ivjti It liM-t 71H1 |li> . aiiil iiiiliircil 
 
 <.•!«•.. (i;() 11,, I'l^;-. (1 til. null' .'111 111 »li..w i-..|ii|iti"li. 
 
 at least .'(Ml Ills. - 
 
 Form I.ctiK. sni.ii.tli, all parts [.r..].. .11 .. .ii,iu ! y iIimI. .piil. 
 
 sii as til viivf ilio mijir(s.i..ii ,i| :, \m-:! !>.ilaiuol. 
 
 Strniinlvliiiill aniiiial T.'p liiu-. sifMiv;; inwlrr Imr. 
 
 sir.ii>;ti(: Iii'llv. trim and in- ii S 
 
 Quality Hair, tin.'; st^m, s„).„,|li. s|i.,\\,im ' • umldiry t.. 
 
 wrinkle; Imnf, rlc;in ;iiii| -Ir.-tii.' '1. -!i. tniu .mil -ni...t1i, 
 
 vMtli 11.. tialiliiin-ss al i.ixnI. |..r.'',iik. Im llv. .t li.ini H 
 
 Condition W.ll c..v.r.-.| «ill. hr. tli -!i .-luTialy il'ii- 
 
 li.uk .iiiil I. .in. tint n.'t luavily l-a.'..! uirli l:it S 
 
 Style \ilivr and spriulitlv. ualkn'.,' \Mlli..iit a -ua.Min; 
 
 iii..\ . in( lit. and s|-|,|,|i,)i; „ill up ,,n (,„s Sli.iild show 
 
 slrniij; iliaraotcr . 4 
 
 B. Head and Week: 
 
 Snout Mrdiuin lint;lli, straiplit. .T ni-arly sn. in.idiTatcly 
 t'l lie 1 
 
 Face 
 
 Miuiiliy .ii-ii(il. tir..:i.| 111 Ivviiii 1 \ 1- 
 
 \\ !iU' an. 
 
 'iniii^; 
 
 wi'l h TV. .iril 
 
1 1 
 
 - ( \ \ l» * "l»- ttt » \i I I I ^ Nt I 
 
 Kyf I ir«.- full .iM'l I.n^l.! 
 
 Jowl i.ii.mI Miillti .iikI imi-iitl.ir \>ui viry m it i.n..c-» 
 
 iiiK II. ■ ,irfiiiiHil.iti.,it I, I It.ililiy |\(| 
 E*r» I .irijr in..il. r 111 ly lluii hIiuIiiIv hi. Iiiii i| l..'w:»r(|. 
 
 ami (riiiU".! Hilli (iiir liair 
 
 Ntck Mrdirin liiiKtIi, iiiii«. u'.ir I. ill ]..^^r>^'{\tt <■■ Im 
 
 ■ Irti.y (i) .irth tin l.i|> 
 
 C For«r,u. rteri: 
 
 Shoulders Sin. ...III. ...i.iru li.il fiiiLli.! fr.iiii «i.l<- t • -i.|p 
 
 I'MT |..|l, .111.1 v. ry (..input. II-. s.l.lir tll..ll \rli\. nii'l 
 n.'t rtiiMiinH l,,i, I, ..n >,i|r ,,, .,, |,, »|i,,rt<ii .li-t.iiiir 
 l.c t x I I n -li. .iil.li r iml li.iiii 
 Hreast (;....,! u..|il, ,ni.l full 
 
 I-'Ofe I egi Sit «i|l ;i|i:it|. iiH.litiin '.iurl! . .111. I ■•'ii^flii; 
 pitirii^, ii|iri«lit; |i..in-. ,!, m ;,|,,| »iri>nK; fc . n\r 
 
 .1 uin -i/r .iiiil >ii.inuly f..r I 
 
 I). Body: 
 
 Back M. 'iiiin NMiliIi n-iiiK «In{litlv .it.ovr llir •I'.ii 'l 
 lin. II' ; fi.riniiiu .1 m ry ^li«lil ;iriM f, .in nr. k l.> r....I 
 ..f t.i.l 
 
 Loin Wnlc :i - r. -! iif li.nk, »lr..iiir .in. I 1 ill, Inl ti t 
 nti.ltily arcli.'il 
 
 Ribs <;....<! I.lllflll, ;ir I III.hI, .;||,|y ,,. 1;, I 
 Side I'airly ('icp; l.iik.. *in...||i. .mij Ir.iicit liii\ rcii 
 »li..iil(|ir an. I liani; .1 «lr.ii«ht nlifr Iml ..yir -.iLiiil'Irr 
 |.. lilt mil Ikuii -I •.iiIi| t'liili tin- -iilc lliri'iiiihoilt 
 Heart Oirtlv I nM Int n- t n,l,l.v ai f,.rf itinkv fillrd 
 niit ivi-n wild ..|r I .Ih.iiM.r; tlirn- »h..tilil In- n.» 
 liukiil III. ,i|.j.. .iran.T t a. V ,,f f,.ri' \fiis, nor ilri>.t|' liack 
 
 i.f .|l, .illit.r )..,, 
 
 Flank lull ,m.! L.n 
 r. Hind'juartert: 
 
 Rump S|,|,,. «i,|i|, ;m li.uk. |..ittf ,111,1 ^lu'hi'v r..nii.1. d 
 
 fi •in a |..»iiil .ll...^l• Iiip« t<> till, and -..in- 'aIuI r tiiLlrd 
 
 (r..|ii Mile |.. • 1,1. ,,\rr t"|> 
 ilnm I'lill vMtli..ii t!ildimc'«: tliiuli taiinin; t..\\ard-> 
 
 l!..ik vsilli..iif wrin'. Ii> nr f.dd«. and .arrvinR tlr-li will 
 
 i|..'\ n t.'u ,iril~ li 1 k 
 Hind hen?. Mf.l'imi :.i.i.'tli; h..rk< ^rf w. II apart, lint n.-t 
 
 I...\M .1 ..iitunr.I I .iif i"1iaii and lr..nK; pattern', iip- 
 
 ritrhl : lr<l. 1111 .Inn .i/r .Mid »ti.ini;Iv f.'riiird 
 
 Tntal 
 
 .100 
 
 LARGE YORKSlilKE. 
 
 I p..n 
 
 Stan.lird nf rv r, '!,ti. .■ ;in.I M-al- .| p,.n- a.l.l>i.d Lv llip 
 Ninirii.in N'. rkvhiri ( Iiil. m iKiji, 
 
 F' .ml. 
 .lid d. <•■■ Ml . r.ip. irti.'ii 1 • 
 ""i.ii. i.iii !■ ! ii:.i-.-.ui , •.iit'jiiiy T.-iii.i in ilic lia.-k, 
 >-\ iiMiirlru .1! atui ^111. ...ill. \\iili lii..|\ ' rmly -iipji.irti'd 
 I V i>< 'I !.! " >■.! 1. ^:- ■ i nil-. |i. I'M I. 11 -ill $ 
 
 1 1) General Outline I n 
 
HI A>l>Attl» "I I %< » I I » ■>> • 
 
 tJ) Ou '>nt o( Htad \l'»t,.ilr m l.ndih iml «i»r. «iil. 
 .,.»ir ).i» »rll «.|iriiHK iiiMl >iiii-ii|iral>!r 'li«H l'>«»t.| 
 «n..ii», lilt rr.ioiiiH wild a.lvilii'il iiialiinly 
 
 (\\ Forthcad and Poll V\ nlr 
 
 (t) Eye Mr.luiiii •i/r. (I ^r mill )>ri||lit 
 
 U) Jowl Ml liiiiii. 11.. I iirniil |.... t^r l>.i. W |..«afl ti'.W. 
 
 .iiiil 11' .t Haliliy 
 (ft) Snout lurninit iipwur.! with * 'li-'H . urvr, ill. i immiik' 
 
 «il|i IK" , .11 
 
 (7) Ear M.iliiiiii 111 "/r. «i.iii>liii« will out fr..in iln- liiail. 
 
 i.f iii.aiiiiii .•rriii..n .iii'l 111. Immu .liKlilly f.-rwar.l I 
 
 (H) Neck < >f iiMiliiiiti Iciitflll. f.iir wiillli 411.1 ilrplll, ri«in« 
 
 nr.iilii:illv fr..iii |"'ll 111 «illur«, iiiii»i iiUr. t'tit it"' 
 
 Kr..«», 1 vrnly rnnnri liliK hfi ' :UI'I Ix'dv ,1 
 
 (I}) Outlint of Body I "Ittf, ili .ji mul <«( mndinn »irii.|lli. 
 
 I'.liialty >'iclr :it »liiiitM>r. M'lr ami li.itn«; l"i' l"i'' 
 
 ..IibIiIU .irrlu-il. iimlrr liii • «lr;iiKtit 7 
 
 do) Back Mixlrr.i'i ly lir'.:i"l, i vin 111 wmIiIi fn.m rii<l !.■ 
 
 .nil, -trmiK m Imii. •Imrl rili« i>f k.mmI li-nitili i" 
 
 (11) Shouidn I arKi- lii't li"l ni.i»»ivt-. m.l "prii al.ivi' fi 
 (u) Arm and Thiih Hrcail ami ><t ninlntiii l.nKili im.I 
 
 div(|i.|)inrnl - 
 
 (n) Briakct \Vi>lr nml lh a livcl willi imilrr lin>- .1 
 tH) Side I iMiK. «l<«|>. ^' luhl ami »vin (nnii ^ln.tiMir 
 
 t hip " 
 
 I H> Rib W.ll ar>lii<l an. I il.cp j 
 
 (If.) Heart Girth and FUnk Olrth (..-mI. ami al...i.i r.|ii;il S 
 (1-1 Hindquartera- I •■nii. i" iiirrr»p'.tiil wiili •lu.iiliUi ai"l 
 
 siilc. ill 1 |«. VMlli iiiixliTaii' ami «railiial ilriiiip i" tail 5 
 (l«) Ham lar«i. wtll 1.1 «|i.\Mi .11 tliiK'i afxl <«'■>< ai"' 
 
 ri'ar .iiillim- «..iiu-«liat r.iuiiiltd I' 
 
 (to) Twlit VV'll <l"Aii .Tii'l niiaty > 
 
 (.•11) Tail Mciliiilti. iii't niii.li imlmoil tn cii' ' I 
 (Jl) Lcga Mrliimi m l.injtli. MmnK. ""t i ar-... l.ui laml 
 
 mif ^Ira.nlit ami firm ■'' 
 
 (12) Hair Almml. till. Ihhk, t>f mkiIuhu f>i\.Mr'«. vitln'iit 
 
 auv lin-llr- , ' 
 
 (2O Skin Sim. "Ill aiiil wliiN'. wi''i..|il ^ I'l ^. Im' 'li'.^ 
 
 np.iK 111 lIu- -km (111 nut ili-iiiialtfy 
 (jO Color \\ Inir ..II t vtrv part I 
 
 (.»^) Movement Viivf, Imt in'l 'r-tli-« 5 
 
 *i \ 
 
 Tnlil ""• 
 
 LARGE WHITE— (LARGE YORKSHIRE). 
 
 ?!,,,, .lanl n{ i xccllcticf adi.pti-tl by ibc Natiuiial !'.« Hueilprs' 
 A •.(! .imii i.l fircat r.ntam 
 Color VS'liilf. I' '• fniiii Maik liairs. ati<l a< I'ar a-i pn^-tbl^ 
 
 (r 111 tiliir -..Ml, on »km 
 Head \l«.!fraUlv Imik:. f:i''' sliRlitly di-bctl. ^inuit br..ail. r.'l 
 
 ..,^,,'^1 , ! j-„.t l;.;i hi-n ■.-;;!;■ !:;.!■.■.:•:•!; :'.:!-. 
 
 Eart I ..Ilk; ■'"'I. --liubth iihIhikI (i.rwanl. ami frinvrnl will 
 fitir liair. 
 
si 
 
 h i ! 
 
 Neth f n,. ,.'! |,, p. 11, ,,,.,), i, I,,!! ,,, ,i,, ,1,..,,.,.,, 
 
 ''Tuh*''.!,.',''';'',,"!.'''' "'" '"■ ''■"' "'"' "" •■•"*"''• "' '»•• ' ■ 
 
 Pati*rnt vi,, ,, .,,,,1 i,.,,,,^.^ 
 K»el s,,...u. ... ,. ,„,! „„|.. 
 
 f::; M.:::,''^'' •"•'""'• ' ^•- >•• 
 
 T«il ^rt iM^th, M.m. ,„J 1,,,,^.. 1„„ ,„ , „„| 
 
 tmc- ll iir. 
 
 Side I l><.|. 
 
 Rib» \\, II -|,n,„,. 
 
 B.lly Inll l,„t .,,, ,1,,|,(„ ,.,,,, ,„,„,■,, ,„„j,, ,, 
 
 Fl*nk ll.i.li a...| »,'l !,t ,!,,„, 
 
 Quarttr* f ..nc .m.l « ..|, 
 
 H«m» lir.'.i ', lull .•,,..! .1., ,. t,, I,, , t.. 
 
 Co« ? ■,„i! :u<,\ iii.'.l. fil.ly (,,„. 
 
 Action I inn ^nn! n, ,• 
 
 Skin \..t too ihnk. -iMitc fr.-,- (,,,„, uniiklrv 
 
 I.-.rffr l,r...| ,,,K, .1,, „,„ tnUy ,!.,.|.,,, ,|,.„ ,„„ni ,,l s,„„. 
 
 .. .mtl.v ,,|,| ,!„. |„^ ,^, „,., „„„„,,^ , ,„„ ,,„,^,,,^ „ , ,,,,^ ^^ 
 tiflrrri ni..„t|,, ,, ,„„r|, 1,^,,,.^ .,„,„,.,| ,|,,,„ ,.,,„|,| ,,^ ^^^^^^ 
 IMK-.I i< tl,,- ...iritrr ,,KP. an, I m. .■ x , r^., but M/. .,|„1 ,,„.,|,iv 
 arf nv ■>!! mi|ii)riiti|. 
 
 Objection. lU.i.k I,,,, (.!,.k .,."... a .-nrly . ...„ , ,,,,r„ 
 M.M., .|.,,rf Mioiit. inl.Mir km-.... Ii..||>„nf,, a, i.^. ^ .,f 
 »li'>uldc's. 
 
 tl 
 
 TAMVORTH. 
 
 Dr-rripti. II in.! s. i!. •( l'..ints. 
 (f )riKin .1 ) 
 A. General Appearance: 
 
 Color- f;..|,),.n ,.,! ;„„! fr-r fr.,>, l.!ru-k .|..,i, i„ |,.iir 
 
 Size \y.M .:,v, I, „.,.,( i.,r ;,,•,• M.,.Mr.,1 (,o.,rs ,„ .!,,,«. 
 rr.p.l,., „ .|,..mI.1 „,,,.|, ;„ I.,,,, -,„, „„ ,,,„, ,„.„„„., I 
 
 it 1.4 I .fo Hi, 
 
 Form I ..1,1.. -III..,,!!,, .,|| |,.,r|, ,„., ,,.,rt„,nrit..lv .|rvrl,.|>...| 
 '" ■■''•, ' ' '■"^■'' •''■ iint>r<.,,. ,t, ,,f ,, ,Ml|t.,il.Tii,r,| 
 Mr..„i:lv t.in), ,„,,„. I To,. In... vlr..,.vr. ,„„1,., 1„„: 
 '•'r.iii'.il ; Im !1\ Iriin ;,n I neat ;, 
 
 Quality M;..r, fm. ; a,,i. Mnn,.,|i, .|„,u,pt; ,„, |,.,,|, ,„.^ ,,, 
 wrinkle; l„,n,. , ^■.ln :,,,| Mfm-. t1,-|, tin,, ;,,i,| 
 Mn..',t|.. «.■!, „.. Il,l,l„nrvs ,,I j,,«l, f..reM..iik. I.rllv 
 "r I, ,111 g 
 
 Ci.ndition W.li ,,.v.r,,! „,!), f.r,„ ,i, I,',- ...nnv ,;.„i,. 
 '■"■1-^ 'i"l l-'i, l.n' H..I !, ,,v.lv ', .,,!,.! uitl, lat ■ q 
 
- I > l. 1 l,l' • "I 
 
 III -• I 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 Mylt \.i.w ...li |.i.v..|.''v .. .n.iii- •.■,ii . . >i>. 
 
 ,ii • Mi: . Ill 1 .1. 1. I 
 
 M ne«(] and Nctk: 
 
 Snoul l< .'I • r ! m.' 'II . 'I'l 1" I • •'■ 
 
 K«c« Mikjlit^v .(. I -l l.r. .. : I., n*. .11 .' I> - - I !• 
 
 ..,,1 , ..iiniik? vv . II II -A .ir-l 
 Kyr, I H. . I., I ,.,.1 l.rthi ' 
 
 Jowl ' '. Ill Hl.l "• '1 '■I'l • '•''• . '"'• I ' ' '" ' '■' ' '" 
 
 I .,1. , 
 
 I'Ufi I.' .1' ' '- "^' 1 '■■! " " I'^'i'l'^ '"■ '""•' ' • 
 
 ,t,|, ..,.! Ii «,-• .! " 111. t !'• • "1 ' 
 
 Nctk ^1- •! ">' :.'••.■' I' I' .1 . '1 '1 I "I I ^. --iiii; II • l«ii 
 
 ,|, ,,, s S-. Ill ll ' 11 !■ !• 
 
 < Fotequartern: 
 
 :;!'.)iildcr» ^1 I'l ■■II'. ' ■' ' ■'ii.t.'t !•' ••' ■■'■ '•■ ■'•''■ 
 
 ., , .,. ,,,.( ^ 'v .. l.^ .1.1 . ■ ■■■'■'•■ '-^1' '■- " ■' 
 
 ,: 1 iH .; I.. 1. ■ ■■ ■■•I. •• 1- !■' '■■■ "'" ■'•-'■ 
 
 !„n,,,. l,,M.M.i ..i"i l..'H '• 
 
 Hrr4>l 1 , ■! - i'!'!- .H'l i"l' , •' 
 
 Fun- LcK» ''.I V, I ,|.-,it ,,.,.!..,„, 1. ,, •■!, u.\ -iru.. .1. 
 
 !■ i-i, n ..|.M..-'ii I -i.. • 11 1' •! ' ■<■'-•■ ' • 
 
 ,;,i.in - /. .iii'l 11 ■ li. !s ' ■! HI' 1 -4 
 
 i 
 
 back \|..|nMn u'-llli, 1 ■ II!.' -■■•li'K .ll."\. 1'-^ I..1..I.I 
 1 ;u , Mill |. .1 nun:' ,1 •■, ■ I > -'■'.'■ I .11 . Ii 11 ' 11' 1' . ' ' "'■ 
 
 ,.l i . > 
 
 Loin W :■!■ .1 1. 'I ■■' I'"' -■! iiw. .ii"i I"''. '■"' " ' ''■■ 
 ,!mU ,i,,Ii,.i 
 
 Kib^ I : I. 1' ill ""1 '•■"'■ ' " '* •'" ''■ '' 
 
 Side l-inU .1. . !■. I 'I'L'. Ill . 'Ill -I"! ir i",'li^ L- "••■ . 'i 
 .|,.,,iM. r .11.1 ! .' . 1 I- ' ;lii "!'■" ■ "1 ■ ' ■' ■"■ •'' '■ 
 I ,,.,,1 111,! li 'I'l -li '''■! I 11- I' 'I'l' "'■■ ''"' •" -■''' ' " 
 
 Heart G-rth I 'i''. l "i .■ i -l .M ^ 'i '-r. ;' ml i'l ■ ■! 
 ,,,„ .Mi, u.t:-. -.•' "1 -1 i''''". <■■" ■' "' ' '■■ " - 
 111. 1,1 .1 ii|. .ii'i'. II- I'l- ■ ' '"'• '' --' " ' 'I'"'" 
 
 I, ,, I ..1 .|i .•■M.'.' . .. 
 K'anks I mH .i-l '. ■ 
 
 K. . iituliju.irtcrs: 
 
 ,,! .!'..-l|iU' : 111, '■ .| 
 
 J . ,. V,,,,, ,, ,.|:!i , . In ! • '■ 
 
 ,..,., ., |,,,ini .il.'.' . In;' '" 1 '■'. .iii'l -■■"" '.^1 ■' ' 1' ' ' 
 ., ,:' -111, 1.. ■'■I.' ,'M r ■ ';, ^1 
 
 Ham I 11' !■ '■" '' I'i " - ''"^'' ''■''' ' ■• .'■■;'"'" ., 
 
 1;..| !. «,li ..,,! . 1"' '. ■■• !"l'!-- •""I ■■"<'■ ■■ '■ '" -" '■■ ' '' 
 
 .I.'VMI ;',.^ :.'!. '•■''■ , '' 
 
 Hind l.c's ^'i ('"111 ""'I' I ■ '■'-' -'• ~ • '' ••'■'"' '"" " ' 
 I, , " . >,. ,r I , i. . . N ..It iti'l -'!■ 'I'l'; !"•'• "■"•■ "!' 
 
 . . . 1 1 ,M. .|:..\ I'.. I 111. .! 1 
 
 
 k f 
 
 1. 1, 1 
 
48 
 
 ri 
 
 
 f ■, 
 
 TAMWOkTH. 
 
 K- nil !lll«i| 
 
 ' ' ^ ' 'I' I '' "U . I I" nr .HI. I „t H, II ,.,it 
 
 ■^'.i'>'!".I ■ I .^, .;:..!.. ,,.|. |,,,,| i,j ,1,. N,,ii.,|i.,l !■ • ft., K, 
 
 A--' ■' i.il ' II I f ,1 • ,1 I;mI nil 
 
 Color ...Mill ,,.! !,,„ ,„ , .1, i, „,|,„,,, ,|,,„ ,„, ,,,„, ,,.„^ 
 
 Mead I ,,Mn h„,.. ,,„,„, „ ,.|, , ,,,K ;,„ ,. .,,,.1 .pn'. -t,.,:flii 
 
 !•'■ '■ - u'lill.\ .h-l ..I, u ,,!, I , M,, , i; , :,, , 
 ^^•■* Iv'll.l '.lU;,. \Mlli III,,. IIIIU'. ,ur..| I • .! 
 
 -Iiv:! tU i..i \y.f\ 
 Neck I Ki'v !...;. .,,.,! 
 Chest \\ ■■'. .,ii.| .' 
 Shoulder-. In, ' , 1.,,.^ ,; ,i j, . 
 Legs >■.. I ... .;n,! I, 
 
 -',!,' I. ,1-, 
 Pasterns ^''..i ,; .r ,| ' , ni^, 
 Keet ^;i ; J ■ ,i , , ,, ,,,. 
 Back I . til.: ml -■; , ..i t 
 Loin '-M. tif .11,1 1,; .,,1 
 Tail S. I ,.ti I. :'ii IP. I ..v, i: t,,- , i;, ,| 
 Sides I ..tiL' .iii.l .|. ■ : 
 
 Rib» \\. !! ,., ., ,. .,,.,, , v,,,.,|..., .■• n,, ,,, ,i,„,U 
 Belly I ', , |, V I'll -... ,.\ ■ „n.i, I ■ . , 
 Flank I nil in, I u, M :, i ,| ..m. 
 
 Quarters I . •),. > , , < . ,. , ,,,,„, , , ,, , ^,, 
 
 Hams I'... ,.| .,i,,| Ml 1, u, ;i ', i ,| ^, ,. , (,,., | , 
 
 Coat \l.lni '.II ! ... ..,,, _.| , ,,,,] , , , 
 Action I 11 n; Hi, I ! ; . , 
 
 Objections l;'.,K •:,.,. ■,.,, :.,,i,, , ,, „,,, , , ,.. ,.,.., 
 
 ' "■" . II-., I" 1 ' I, ■ . - ., 1 ,. " r ■ , ' 
 
 ■lli.l.t- 
 
 UIM -. Al I,.,, I, ,,| 
 
 BKKKSIlIki;. 
 
 ,. \ , 
 
 M.I"' ■■! ' t . M, .:•,,„, .,..,,, I 
 
 N- , .,! II 
 
 Color I; .1. I I., .ii; ^. ! ,,, ,,|| .. , , , ^ 
 
 -. . I i: . ,, r, ,,n. 
 Hace .-ttid Sni.ut -I . tt. ii, ,,,.n,,, nn, ,, ,] .,, , | ,. ,, 
 
 '"■ .! I ■ : . . I. I':,- . ». - 
 Kye >. . . V . t ar. i.i-! rr I i-.-,.. ! 
 I'^r ' .. , r illv I'n . -I ,•,,,'. ,. .. '\ , 
 
 ' ' ■' ' ' ' ' l|, H IMJ ,,1) 
 
 -r , ..11 I., 1 1, 
 
 I r. :.i,! ,,i 
 
 Jowl I I .,,,1 I,,. ,, , r-.i. 
 
 Netk ^' ■! It,,! It ,,| . 
 
 Hair I - . ,i! I ., n . ,,,, i 
 
 i^><''> '■ ' '■ ''. lit, I ;.lt ,1,;, 
 
 Shmiltk-r I i ,. I. ,,..,! , \. „ 
 
 H.Hk I; .i 
 
 Si.I-,- 
 
 I 
 
 'fJi 
 
I» 
 
 (•'Liilk \\ . '• l>uk Mi.l ;.\v i|"\Mi 11 I'l" iinkint; tu-.irly 
 
 . •:'! I ini' v\ itli I In l"\\ I I p. Ill ■ I I'l' ^ 
 
 I. un I 1' i iii'l i\ I'll '' 
 
 Ihiiu 1>. M 1 lln.k. .M.n'liia: >M n .i|. ■11 I. .1.1.. .iii'l li'l'l 
 
 ,,.. '1,1. l<i, -~ U. II .l.-VMl ... Il-ll. '" 
 
 T..il \\ . I . t ii|. . M 1m. U , lii'i niiu; ..1..1 n.i . •■.1I-. i 
 
 l.CKS ■-! ■■U. -t!.. ..'1 I, .IM'I -(■ .'IIL' -it V :'!'' .ii..iit, \s !tll li.".i^ 
 
 ,'l. , i ,,.,! . :|.,il.:. . ! |...Mh - L. .. .1 .,v. .■.•,! I .1 
 
 Symmetry W.!' i i..].. ■• l.-h, .1 il.i..t.L;li. .:i .1. |i. n.li'v; l.irt;. ly 
 . 11 , 1-. I'll. .11 '' 
 
 CotulitiDfi I'l . 1 1 I' ■''ii\ i.-i. \'. nil.' Ml' 11 I ■•■''' "■! 3 
 
 Style \"i.,.iii, inni..! ...l-.'-v ..| ll. -i- -iicli l.r'-.,|inK 
 
 .111.1 . . 'l: -! ll 1" I ti.ll ^ !■.■' ■' ^ 
 
 I. .1,1 '■«' 
 
 Description of Berkshire Swine. 
 
 |-i, .,,i..i I'V it,. \ .! 1... \ .., Mii.ii .'! I\|<rl i 1'1k<-.. '.| 
 *>u me 
 
 Oisqualirications. 
 
 For-n \.r\ 'in.-' .'".I '.. '^\ i ir • pnie ■ n- -'i' >" rt,iiii:..c! 
 , 1,, , , ,, ,,, I,, I , 1 .,,1,1, r n.l .^' r '•" I'l' '- -■■ .1- '■' 
 ,.,,,,, , ,], ,,,, , ... I, .. '„ , 1 .'s p. .11. .-.I .!. 1 .till. -1 .ir 
 
 ,,,...K,,| '...-, |.,1 l....i...!i .1 I'll ... 'Il.l ll' Ill-Ill. li l\.l'k- "11 
 |..i ■ 1 . I II I. ml 
 Size I '\. ••.•!■.■ n ..■ |ll..-''l -■ . .11 .V' . li'li.l. ' 1 11 1 l\\'i 
 
 1 i.,i ,| 1 . 1 L.. , 1 . i-./!i i'. I :rj 
 Condition I' n r. i . . l. : n 
 
 r . 11 111 1 ' ^ . .1! -■ 
 
 .■ore I . 1 1 .111 • 1 \ r '1 ' - 
 . li^ree ^'■' . '-.il'l' ' ■ " 
 
 Det.iile.l Description. 
 Head Hnd i'iii e Il'l 
 
 . .1. . , II 's .1 -. .1 . .1 ! til l.lll'l 
 
 ,, .! ... , .,,,! ., . 1' .1; I:.-.! I.f. ,.! !., U'-. . II 
 
 11. II . \ • - •-. ;...'-f 1 : i" . ' •■' i> 
 
 '■ f 
 
 Objections ll'.i'l ' ir.. n.n . .■ ' , 
 
 '1.1 ■■ . 1 >' I'.ii I ■ \\ 1 , ' nil 1. I . .1 
 
 ,1,1 !■■ . .11.1 
 
 .. - . \!. Ii'lill'.; 
 
 \ . r 1 11]. I" • I 
 1' , ll. 1, I- . 
 
 .! I !, 1 ... II Il'l . V, 
 
 t ' ,1 ■.-, .'.II. I 1 . ' ■ 'f L'l .'IV 
 
 Kyes \ . 1 \ 'll :ii , 
 
 Oliicclions <i. ," .'<■■■ !■■ .M: t .'. . '1 • !. ' '■■■ ^'-'"" 
 
 .11 . .'; l.\ ».. 1 .|.' ;. ; .1 . .1 il.l . :i\. I 
 
 Kais 1 ;. 1 . • I'U ,'. .• ...1 ' '• ..ni.tniii- in, I'l.. ■! i'. .r 
 
 1 .. .] 
 
 C'lici' 
 
 •1 in. , ii'l -..11 
 
- ' \ ^1' \i;i' ••! I \i 1 ! 1 I ■.. I 
 
 
 ' Neck I n^' ^!,,;, I, ,, ,,,..t -•„.!,, \ ,,,,l„ ; !„.,,, .| ,,„ ,,,., 
 Oojections l.,,u;. ,!,,, ;,,. i,,,,^. i, i,,!!iu - . .,,,,1 ,1, pi I, 
 
 ,; Jowl I ir! I, MM MhI „, ,., .-..n.nu lu'iM. - l,,,,l. !,, .I,,„||,I.T 
 
 mil III t-k. I 
 
 Objection* I ,k!,i. tL.i.i.v, ,|iiii iu,i...| „,, ,., .,M,,,ki, I 
 
 '■■ Shoulder i;. ..:.!, ,!,■.■,. ,,„i ,„|l. r,,| ,.m.,..1,,1 !„■•.. ,„| ,|,.- 
 
 '"" ■ ' -"'' ' •"'■' li.l'"- ••' . -1. n,|,,,L- ,l,..w ..;, ,,; I,,, i, ,,,,! 
 
 !",'"- ■•- ""I' -I '■ !• .- I., Hi., ..H,M,,., -,.. ,! ,.,„ ,,, ',,„ ,,, 
 '" > 111.1 ll.n 111;; l.il, i.ii u l.llll 
 
 Objections l,,.ki.u' m .Irpih ., „:,|,i ,!,,.;, i„,.„i ,|„ .,,,,. 
 ■ •'!• ■ i"'l ''I'M- ■< ..■in,!-,., ,1, ,., '.,„ . ,,,,i, !,,.,,,, 
 -Ill' I'l- ■■n ii-Li- nil. I. r , i^.|.'< . ,; ,1 .,,,i|. . ^.,^ 
 
 : Chest I .r^i- .V-!, ,1,,. I ,., „,, ,,. ..,^,,, |„,^,_, |„„_^ 
 
 ;'"^7^ "'!| " '" iHl . M.n.l,,,. 1,.,|, .,,, •,,,! ,,,,, ..,i,,, 
 I'l '.i.! In l,»c, n i..i, :, 1^- 
 
 Objections I ',i! i:.,ti. i-, ,• i .p , i i. t,,,,,. 
 '!>■: I'l "r iiiPii.-- 1. 1, .,.[ |„ ,,, I I,,, I,, ,| ,., 
 
 ■< Back r.r-.,i.! .111. I -ii,Ci;i.i , ,, n .. 
 !'• II 'I' ' ^■' '■'■""■ -HI I I. . . \. II ,h,! 1, .■! 
 pi ■'■' ' !:■ ■!!- .111. I II. ,1 |, ., , . ,,,.. 
 
 Objections X.nr .^s. -,v,,.....| ..r Im.i:..«. 
 
 • I 1 1 ! >■ ! 1 I 11, 
 
 iM!i, : ,. i,,n... 
 lip 
 
 • .!ili II. .Ill 
 
 :' . 1 . .1 -1 . ■.!• 
 
 .,,,,,,, ^. 
 
 Sides a.id Ribs ^i I 
 
 -I/. .|..,Mi , 
 
 I " 'll.. !,!||, .,,,! ,1, , , ..,,„;,,.. 
 
 .^ ■>''■' . I . Il'\' II 111 I ,11! 1,, .1; ,,, ,1, , I.;,!, 
 
 ■"■■■ •'••■■''t^. IM '\ -I'Mi!.).; 11 |, p ,11 ,! ! ,.,, I,, 
 
 Objections Mat, Hi :i,,l,l,\ ,., • ,. ,.,■ ,, !.,,,,.,,, , .,, y ,, 
 
 '■- '' ■ ». - 11- ; u. .' -I Mill. [ i..p .1 I, ,.,,,,, 
 
 "• Belly and Flank \\,|, ■ ■; ■ ■: ; ■■ i ..u-Li .,„ I,, .tt. .,„ |,„. . 
 
 ObjcLtions i;, '., . ,■, ,, .,,.1 ;,,,,... |:,,ii, ,> ,, .,,1 ,,. .. 1 
 
 I, tiam and Kun.p il,n- I.,.....!. ii,M ,,,.! ' .,,^ ,i,, i,,,,,-^ 
 ;;■•',' I"" ■■' I ••'1^ -li..it|.| I., lull .,,„I ml. V, 11 , ,^,t..l un 
 
 ''"" 1 •11 ll' ' 1. K'nilip .li, .1,1,1 li ,,,, ,1 
 
 |!. 
 
 '■•''"■';'- ■'■■'" '■■'"■' • ■ !■• ' ■'! •■'' l.ri -a.ii,. „i,I,|, .,, I,. 
 1' ■• '1 '^^ 'It II ..,, h -i.l. .,11,1 ,|.,,\, tlu- i.ill 
 
 Ol.jitticn- li in i,,,Tr..n. -Ii,.ii, •!„, ,,... p,- ,,.• I., ». 
 
 •■ ' " " ■" '"» I- .'-I' '■!. !.•■• I :^-l, ,. , ,.,i 1 K' 
 
 I .IM ... ■;.! p... -I,.,.p, 
 
 l.cys and Ft et ! . .• ' . i 
 
 iiip 
 
 OI )( , ii.iii , 
 
 I Tail 
 Objfi. Ii(i!> 
 
 i; Cn.i! 
 
 till. . t.ipct nil- .11. 1 I,, .,1 i\ 
 
I 
 
 1 • • i 1 ' I . . I 
 
 Objection.. II,,., . ., ,. .|, ,, ,^^ ^ ^ ,, 
 
 ■'■■'■'■''■■I -■■' I. -K ..,ni- .., . 1,; |.,,j 
 i> Color l.l,,L , ,• 
 
 "I rvi n'v i!i., - 
 
 I" 
 
 ,!,■!.■ .. 
 
 " '• ■! i.c . 1^. i I ,.! .,,,1 
 
 Objctlions 
 
 -1 I. .,.1, ., I 
 
 Size I II.-, 1, !■ ,n.., 
 I. I II i ., |. II,,, i 
 
 II! -Il^ ' II 
 
 1,1 lllh ■. I - 
 
 ■ i' "It- ' ■■■ I. 1. . . |. .,,! I, ,j\ 
 
 ' ''"■ »' ir ;in.| -\ . , n. ■! '.. , 
 " •'" ■■ ■= l.-iiMii i; ,■ I,,, ,y,. 
 
 ' ■■ ■ j. ■till. I |',..:,r ,iiHi 
 
 i IMH - 
 
 ,1 ' , 11 ■! Ill 
 
 I 
 
 • nil I I ,' ti 
 
 '(•■■r. Ill ^n !, . L. 
 
 1 ai 1 iM ,ii 
 
 ibjetfions 1 i >:, , v . r, 
 
 Ailii.n an.l litylo ^ . n. 
 
 Objections !i,-!: 1,1.., I .| ,, ., , 1,,,,,.^ 
 
 !>', Condition II. .iM,^ .\..,, , i, , .,,■ _,.,,^, _ ,^ 
 
 "■"■ "■•"■ "'iM'-. !■ 1 11 ,n.! M.,f , ■!.,,, I. 1, -u 
 
 llli.' '11!.. :!,. - 
 
 Objections riili,,,',|n .1,1, 
 
 i:lll||\ •!. r <..,, 1,1,1 1| 
 
 ■ ii.'l ' .•'■Imu' .,1. ,,,,,, I. ,1% 
 
 ..I I,.,l 
 
 ' -'■'''■ ■■ -il.liv •!• h.-ir-!; ■■> ,M,lnr.-s 
 ■ ; ' 1!.^ fl .11 ! ,11-1 .'ij 
 '■■ ■ ■ .!• . '11. -- j. ,1,1;,: Of 
 
 I') Disposition <jn.,i i!,!,.,,.', ,,,,1., ^ ,.,'..,,,!'e 
 OI.|eiti..ns .1 , ,, ,', , ,,. „, ,,,,, ,,.,, 
 
 POLAND. CHINA. 
 
 ^ • ■' I,' ,■•!•,. I ■ . ■ , 
 
 111 !.'■ , 
 
 Hr.,.1 
 I \.-- 
 
 I'.ir- 
 .\r,l. 
 
 r,,,,rit- 
 
 ! 
 
 in 
 
 M... i.I,. 
 
 I li. -I 
 
 |!;i. k .-111,1 I 
 
 Si,!,. ,,,,,! iv I 
 
 \'< ':i ,1,.; I ' ,1 ' 
 
 II, 111 .ili.i Iv I,, , 
 
 I r. t .-,1;.! I . . 
 
 t .• 
 I I 
 
 t.' 
 I 
 
 I ,!,,,■ 
 S..',- 
 
 \ t .], , 1 •-;-., , 
 I ■. 11.! I- - 
 
 111- .!..,, 
 
 "^v iritlu Trx . 1 r 
 
 I .1 .1 
 
m '-:F^M"'^^-'^ ^1 
 
 Ml 
 
 |)«-M iilitmii 1)1 I'mI.iiuI CliUl.i Swmr 
 
 I't. |.,,i. I I', r ,- \ ■ 
 Head— 4. H' '■' -' •""'■i 
 
 V ... ,1 I, I I • p. It hi!. 
 
 , I,. ,| ,4,11 ,',.] -n..- 'li ).. !u. . II ,11.1 
 „|,,,v, !;,,»,- -I •, I V ,1 .! , .1 !,,| .1 ve ■ ' " <i' '■ :' ■■iM .iU 
 
 l., ,,, .11 1 1 , , II 1 1 I -. I'.i -m1 ' •" ■III .'. Ii. .I'l III' \.w ■\ 
 
 (,. !,, ,| 111, - .. I. Ml 1,-1 1 I., •ii.'li I ' ■•■ V •■ ' !i' il'l" 1' "" ' • ■! 
 ,i,il,l,v I! -, \ii.| 111 til .'.■ 1 I11.1-' iiiin. . vpti .I'll .iiiil 
 
 
 ! , ■ ,|;il^. ii;. -M.'lil '\' ll I \\i- li.l -•■ 
 
 I,], ' I , > , , ." n!'. Ill , ik ■ r 
 
 Objections II, li ' x^. uni. -.■ 1.. t >v ■ n il-. ■ ^' ■ ■"■-'■ '"" ^' " 
 ,,ii,! ,...it-,. I.'-. I.iiui ll 'i' iiin//'i '■!" t', I' ll ' ■' I' I' 
 ,,, ,l , :'! ,., I, _;! ,1,. M I'll- , I , -, -I <■■■■ mil. ll \\ I" HI-'. .! ,1 ■ 'iiii'l 
 , '. ^, 1',, . \. 
 
 Kyes 2. 1 "T ■ ' 11. i.i.'iniii. 1:' ll''! I -I'll --■^' 
 
 Objections K'l': i vji. --i. .n. .1' . i' -■ i -i l.-'Hi. Si^'ht nn- 
 I' ,,| . ^ |.\ v\ 1 Mik'ii I ,1 '.1' ■ '■ i' I ' 'i: " 
 
 Kars— 2. 1 "- 1" .' It 1 !" 'I' ■ • "1 ''V I '' " '"I'l >■■'•'• !< 
 
 (ji\ ill..' 1 1 ' . an.! . 1 \ .hM :' '11 
 1., u i; 'll I-.-. " ll ■!'!■ -1 
 ,tr..,.|, -] .'M ...111 Ml •' I ' ■! . • ' ■ '.I." II ■! ' " -'".''I. 
 l,.,l , \ , n. liiir. liiH. !■ Ml -li.il" S' 1^ 111 I V 11, I'll. .1 "iiiu.inl. 
 Objections I .i-l" 'I'T'i'N -.M.iii.'!' ir.n'.H r .■■ii-, knii' i 
 ; ,, . ■,.,.,, ,1 , , ,r ,li'.. |. t. .' . ;■'-. ■ ' !l" 1" "1 111'! I ■" 
 liiliili I I!.' llu' .iMin.l' . I I' ■ t ll-i ■'! ti < I i! ■ 
 
 Neck 2. >'■' <\. ui'l.. '...11 -in".'i!' %-,'!: i''!'.| k- ■mi'liiiL,' 
 
 .,,,! i.|" I' IP I.'.: 1" -k.'iiMi I . \v 111: '!'•• M'^: 'I'l i" ll"' . I; lr.l.■- 
 ' , r - . 1 1 ' - ■ I ill I ^ 
 
 Objections ! i l' n ■ 
 
 : . • !i, I-. ■!] >\ ith 'I" 
 
 ill 11 .,1"! 'll ml; <r in ll i -ti. "'1.1. r 
 
 ,, - - , ,:•.-■• .1 l.\ ■.'. I Ilk ' - . ■! .1' 1 -I - 
 
 Jowl — 2. I iT !'I' .'1 .1.1 11, -111- -ll' 'il.l liiri, ' IM-MIU' I'llll' - - 
 
 1, ,, ■,. 1,1 1 :.. ).. II.' "1 -ll"'!'.!' r-. .iii.M'i \\ ' 'I,- "1 ".■,■■ I M« 
 
 ,', ,1 ,.. |l , '. .,x, : 'm ,• ',,;!; I ' ,- '' ,\ . I.I' I 1 t. '■■ .n!" 11 
 
 li' "1 ;. , ,11" .1 111' ' •'' 
 Objections li.'li. -M.l.v 'In .nnl ai'Iv -1i,i|.. O. .k 'I ly 
 
 ..,,;,■,,!, ., ! .'l .. i 1 i- \ ■ ■.: ' ' ' 1 ' '■ ' 1 ' , iV . .Ill'l II' ■! 
 
 ,,,,,,.;.n,. p.::,,,-- I'.I. I, !" .l."\.Mir .Hill kn-kil 
 ShouhU-r— 6. l;r",i.l 'iM ■-'' ■ 'l'- '■■•:■■ k".^'..'.■ .S'llM. . 
 
 ^, ,,! .1 , 1. ,. k .1' I 11. ' k, U'tll '■ .. .1 V I'I'k 11 •" ll . !"!' I ■ 
 
 i!', 1...n..ii,. ,111.1 ... 11 11 il.iii -■ ' ■-;' ii'1:'';^ V'l 1! l-r^^ 'I'l 
 
 Objections N'ti-v- ,il i''- ' :• ■ r k n 'm h"' .i ''''1' ■<- ''" 
 
 k 'h 
 
 .I'l '~k.' i'l- 
 
 !• 
 
 .., r -i,, i^ ill- 1. . . Hill, ll I'M ,,! .iii\ ■■j-r. 
 
 Chest— 12. 1 ..V.I.', i-vili. i!"!' -ll 1 '-'''■'■■ < ■" " iiti;li '!'ii'' .t" iln 
 
 i,,,iiM,r ii'i'l ■'■ - ,".li 11" ''i.i-iS ■JU'ii'.j ii'ii\ "t T'liu 
 
 ,,,, I,. ,., ,,.,1 ,,■! . 1- ..'..11, .. Ill ikt.iv.1, I l.i:..'i .;'ri!i. ili.lir . ' i".: 
 
 ,,.,.., 1, \ ';',!.. i; I ■ I . I -111""' ll. « '. 1 11 iii'i i'i".il. >■' I'll k. 
 ,„,,.,',. . ,1 , M, • .1 I.'.. . I '! I..1 >-. ir.l -i'---.>. " ■ '" ii'iii 
 
I -.1111 
 
 fl^ 
 
 OI>if I'- 
 
 ll till I"]. ■ I 1.. 11 .111. .1 Ml. I 
 
 ■ . . .',11 . ■, li. lui . II 1 ! , |, ■; 
 r.li U. I r.u. >, 
 
 11. u . 
 
 Ill r It . I, 
 lit.,,,. I . I 
 Invl 1 .1 
 
 ,-ii! ', 
 
 I'.i . nt, -11 u. Ill t ' I -Ii' ! \ 1 1 1 I . I. . II I \ 
 
 •;!■'. I I . Ii ...1. un.i . 11.11. -ii;. . t li. 
 
 1 p. ,.! 11.11 .. !■ I I . . I ir^ l.ill 
 
 V 1 ' I -pi II Ilk; I ill . ' ii'.l 11. .1 111 
 
 M. I .111.1 -! 111. I Ii I ..Ml ,1' |.-iM 1...I1 
 
 ' . ' ■. 1 ' ... .1 ' <.:■ I |i .1 -.i|, 
 
 ■ . ! r • . 1 . 1 1 1 1 . 1 r 
 
 Objcitmns 
 
 1. .lit' r nil li I; 
 
 h'Mii] 1 .1 ii|. . - '■' 
 
 •i.l, !.,.! , 
 
 Sides anil Kibs — lo. 
 
 1. ■ ' 1 • . 
 
 i-il. '...I'.I .ih. 
 
 Objections I .i. iliii.. 
 :i- I..!, .h 1 / 11 11 I 
 pm, I.. ,i ... I ••: I . .| I 
 
 I,, . ■! . r r, . iiikl. ' 1-1 
 
 .,•!..■ , .!.|.r. . 1.1 ..: 
 
 .. • -r nil. \ . II. u i.ll li . I 
 
 I .!. I |), |i. . !l . .Ill i\ 1 il'l, 
 
 I I 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 I • I i ■ I : . 1 1 ! . I ■ ! ; 
 ■ .(I .lllll }<■ .11. -111 
 
 '. 11. .1 .1- 111'! .1' I. ' 111 
 t . (Ml . !iu 1- I 1 1 1 .1 . r 
 ppr ... li. - 111! li.iii, III. - 
 
 I 
 
 Belly and I'lank — 4. I. ' \ !■ 
 
 , .|. ,. •, .. .' i,, ..,, !.. ,1 .. ,1, 
 ll .l.k ,■, .■'. !' .• 1 11 '. I . I . -! ■ • 
 ■■• .. ...I 1 . . . It ■ .III ii:ililiy .i]!).. 
 
 Objections I'. I.. 'n. vn .nil i^ 
 
 ; : . :. .1 . 1';. I'liH I < .1 i!|> 111 • 
 
 Ham an'l kump — 10 i ' 
 
 .il !:■• ; ■•;:■ •: l! 1 i;.. • .r '. 
 p.irl . ( liu' lam-- i '■ \\\ . 
 Iilc I \ 1 t \ ^^ 111 r... Kit'ii;. 1 
 tin- !• Mt |.. I 'ic I. ' ■ i t ' 
 all ,r. 111^ IT- -111 I . .1 II. :i i'»l 
 !■ .'.s .1 11 Ii! ]i,irt . .1 Imiu -I 
 
 IMlh :!. -Il 1 S. II ^. '•'' . 
 
 ! .in :,i .1 I. S I .. 
 1... .1 . ,1 ', 
 
 Olijci lion> i 1 .1111 1.. .1 1 ■ , ■ I ■ \ . 
 
 ..Ill il.. \r ... I„ !...,.. . . 
 
 .1- I':. I... I>. l.il.U. . 
 
 I ..;■ .. .-1 ]. -■ • .\ • . I 
 
 |..'!l I. . ll.. 1 
 
 l.e^s ,iiul IVc! — Ki. I 
 
 |.|.. I.ll 
 
 1 ..I 1 in".. Mi!.. .1 11.^ 
 
 . • .r ■ .11 .1 ll \ . I :i t !.. 
 
 ; .11 -lr.iii;lil. ..r II. ll 1> 
 
 ■ PI 1 ...-. n. . ill 
 1.1,1.! 1... h .'ii 
 
 ' !..iii; I'l.iii 
 1 . 11.- v. .1, 
 
 ■.. ti 1 1....W.- 
 - p. '. i-l M 
 
 ' .■•!... I 
 
 1 ll"..' 
 
 Kmnp 
 
 .1 uiM 
 . .i .11. 1 
 ...1 .11. ' 
 
 i.r; it, , 
 
 1 • 
 
if 
 
 i 1 
 
 \l \ 
 
 1 j 
 
 ■ 4 - I V M. M 1 \l I I 1 1 >■ I 
 
 I i . t III II 
 
 1 ,,, . |..Ki;l, .Hi'l 
 
 v( 1 ! I 1 . 1 1 1 I'M I k 1 1 k: 
 
 t. 1 II i:^ I I .1' 
 
 I;, I II • Ml .|. U t I ■ 
 
 . I . r . I. .. li .1 mil -. 'i • mill 
 
 obKCion, v^;,;-;/'i:;,,'',':: :,::., :.-'-, ,i ..... 
 ;':;;;,..;:'',i.; ,;■; ^ ■ '■■■' - ','■'• 
 
 |. „k- lllli ..I u . .-11 ■ . ..^..iwl.I ll - ...... I .■ 
 
 t. Il .1 ll ■..: ' 
 
 ,.1 i.ii.il.li |.. Ill .If h;. XV .:■ . 
 
 III,. ,.%! ..>i..k. (••. I 
 
 tniM. li .,..;" 1. 'Ill ' 
 
 .,.1 iH' ..1 ■ "■.'■■ ■' 
 ,^:-l I !.'. li-ii'^ 
 
 .,,.■), ,, ,1 ..-, .111... '!. ■' I • ' ■'.--; 
 
 Coat— J. I .' 
 Objcctionsi I'li i'k-. I- 
 
 I olor — J. 
 
 I ... i 
 
 III .•! 
 III! II 
 
 Tail-i. 1.1... ""■' •"" 
 
 ,1 ,! . IM .. .1 111 .1 ■11. 
 
 , ,,i,|,\ , ,.r 1 m.ii;. .nil. <•■".■ . ' 'I" ""i-- 
 
 ' I. -II iirii. -1 .1^ ^•'-' ■' '' ; ■;■' ;'" 
 
 , ,.,!:. ,„.| . I,.;...! > .'' -"I.- - •! ■-•' H- •'•■•l> 
 
 , ,,r,, . !i.t' -1. .1 '.' ".'^^ ".^ ' ''''^ ■ 
 
 „ ,i- , ii.P,.^ . . . .1 '"• M. I '■"■' I.'. "»; -•. ^'^ ■* 
 
 .1,.., I.,,!. .1 .A 1 .1 ! .1 il.i '".'U . ^- ; I 1" \ ' "I'i • ■' • '•- 
 ,ii, .11 .1 !,. .11. I . .ml ■ 
 
 ,, 1, ^,,.1 .,. .'.I ...lull. t...iiii- 'I'll- ".■ ' ii' .' '"" 
 i.,"' ,s\..:, It. ■ . I ■.' ■ .■■ • • ' . 1 'I' 
 
 • u,, .,,^ \ ! . I- !• '• l''^>''> • '"'■"" ■ ■ ' 
 
 S,,i,,l, ,.| ul'il. .1 li. ...«. i". ' "■'"'> ■■'■ .' "'^ -I"'' 
 
 . I,. ..'s ■! t I. II I n. 1: lll'l 
 
 , , . . ,, ,, ,. .V, ,| r - .1- U ~|...i- "> ■ . !.'• ■! 
 . ,i„. K.-.i, -I,. ■ ;..| ' .. .■ ■.! s\ l'..!. ...Ill 
 .1,1111; .1 . • > il'iif.ii.inn. 
 
 j..r :ii.'.- <■ "•! "■ ^'- '■ ""' ^''..'"^ '■' '"■ 
 
 < ■■ ,r, .1,.. iM I I . '11^' •' ". • 1" ' • ■ • " '•." «' "- 
 
 iniiMi.. ' ■ i-Ml 'T t.tu.l .... .1..- -1i.- ••' 'I ;■ ' > 
 
 I ,, ■ , ., I,.' ll. li ..■ « 1. I M . ' « 
 
 -*- 1" ■■ ', ; . .. ..> ! , ,,.|.. .■ 11. ..-I 
 
 >• " ', ' . . ,,.l...l ! -■•'.-I I .■■•.. Iv 
 
 |ii.im.l- . . .1 
 
 r....ir ii(. VI-. f '"'I 
 
 ,|.,, . ..I . ,li. .1 .iii'l 'I 
 
 „.,. - ..;.,.i . .1 I 
 
 Objections 
 
 1 
 Si/f— 5 
 
 ,».| • ml . ■• w 
 
 . ' I. . II. iilli 
 . ! III.! !. -v • !'.>) 
 V. I !. -- •! ,- ...i.- 
 
 '■>■•■ . 
 
 t .1.1 iii.i' 
 
 A> tion ,i'v' Style— i. ^ 
 
 . >1.. 
 
 ( itiit - 1/r :i\' ' 
 
-I \ M MIK- "I I VI ► I I I M I 
 
 r.', 
 
 ObjCCtiont <liiiii-v. ^l.'u .i>A«,u>l iih.% riii< m , l..\\ iirri.mr. 
 uj.Mlmy "f l»i»lniu u.ilk \ •. i iiiini; nr. .1 ..r l.i/y .ipprar- 
 ,iiu I , n<'t •(, Hilling i m i .iimI tiriii 
 
 Condition — a. Ilr.ihliv. -km .Ii.u "l lun, -. it. - :iih1 -.irr»; 
 
 »"ll .mil lllrl!..U I.. l!n l.ll.ll |1. ll till. IMIlU ill. I "M Itlil 
 lll-i- iftU llllllp- lll'l \\':vl'.i-~ \^.^.t -■ II .lll'l Ullt; rl"-l In 
 
 Ii.hIv H' " 'it ll 1 iliiik; ■|ii,|iilii ' 
 
 Objections luln^'ln l,,ii -..U. (Mmklil -..l.liv -r liir-h. 
 
 llilil.iin . ■! iuii-in i1i.li, 1 lu h 111 I 'f liii liiiu llsir 
 
 Imi ll .Its 111. I -1 iii.liin; ii|. l: til li. '.U' , i r 1. 1 .|i r- , •Ir.iliii •>. 
 
 |..iili.i! ..| l-l.il. 
 
 l)i«po«ition — 1. ! 'iiS, <.i-i!v iMfl!.! .ini! wi!ii!tit''v kiii'l, 
 
 t , I 11 I. . i;. i. .i| It . 1 I Itl. Ml 
 
 Obiectiona i n--, -ninii-li i . i'. --. \v M ■ r . i' a \ ■ ■ 'n ""''i 
 Symm«try or Adaptation of Pointi — 3 ' '" n! iitiii' m f m'I 
 
 tin p. iiil~. -i/r .mil -l\lr I .'tiilMri .1 1.. m.iUi llii ili-itnl ' > 111' 
 ..r Ml. ..ll 1. 
 
 CHESTER WHITE 
 
 C.-i',. ,,f (,,.,t.> ,.1.1.1..: In ll. .'^l.mlirl (h. -'.r Wlilli- 
 
 K'l . . 1.1 \ -... Mil. .11 
 
 r. inil^ 
 
 II. ll Hlij I lir 1 
 
 I M - 
 
 I ,t- J 
 
 \ . . k 
 |..vl 
 
 --I1. . .1,1- f' 
 
 I ll. I . ' 
 
 l: I. k i.'.l I ■.■., I ' 
 
 Si. I. .Ml KM. « 
 
 KilU ..■.! I!>i:k '• 
 
 ll.iiti .iM.! K'-'M >'> 
 
 I .. ■ Til I . .._ 1" 
 
 T.r ' 
 
 C. It i 
 
 (■..i.i =; 
 
 Si/i- .'^ 
 
 \i-li- 11 ■ •! ^I\ ■ » 
 
 ( . .mill 1. 11 I 
 
 it 
 
 i4 
 
 n 
 
 •i . 1 ,1 
 
 I o 
 
 Disqualifications. 
 
 I'urm fpriulil 1 T-; -111.!' . 1 iniin .1 .1..-I: rriM~f .11. tin. I '•:irk 
 
 I i ...il.r- iii.I ..vir ;'.■ I..i.k. . m-mu; .1 .li--.rf -1. .11 i-.i-.i'v 
 
 1. 1 1, ,1 I. . 1 1.1 . 'k I 11 ll. V II .-.ill- 11^' I 111' iiitii I 111 ' > alk I'll 
 
 ;.i-iiMi i"'!!!-. ill 1'. rini-.l . r li.uliy .!....ki i;~. 
 
 Si/f I ' iilT-. .1 •■ .1 tw . . ilti' !- ' "■ .. , 11 r r i.ji- 
 
 ii 
 
■ I » Ml %(ll>-. •■( I \i I I I I \i I 
 
 i f 
 
 f:l 
 
 11 I 
 
 Condition ^in.iMrx i ii .litcinuil ^iti'ii^U lU i.iriiiiil, li.im n 
 
 III ^- I- l.il lilm.tiu ^,, 
 
 Score I r«. iliiii •.l\l^ (•■iiiii, 
 P«dii;re« \'i'i rlikjili'r i.i u. ..nl 
 Color lUiik '.r -.iiulv -!>■ !• HI li iir 
 
 Detailed Desrrtpiion. 
 
 Head and Face ll<.nl -li.ti iml \vi.t< . In < k 1...11 imt ii'.t i<>'< 
 
 lull. i.i«- liiM.iil aiiil «lr.Mi>;. |..riln ii| iiuiImiiii. lui,-li .iml vni.I.- 
 
 I H «• -ll"tl ai'll »|ll'iii||i, Willi- lilllMlll lllf I > 1 ■• . 11. '»r III .ii 
 
 .mil LipcnnK .I'xl "liKlitly ili~liril 
 
 Objections Mini Imil-. ii.\rr..x\ .ind ,'...irM-, f..rrliiMi| |..w .in', 
 ii.irrii« ; ),i« - ikhIi uli i| .iml w i ik \ ,f f I iij' n.ir i . ^ ,iiii| 
 "If.iiglil. II. '«i- iii.ir-f. (Iiiin«y- r lll^lll'll liki- .1 lUik^liirr. 
 
 Eyca I .nrm-. Iirik-lil, ( li-.ir .nil! tni jr. .in urinkli' <if fil 
 
 »itrf..iiii(lini;». 
 Objections Sin.ill, ili » p ..r .i|>-iiirr: M^nm mii.,iirii| in .illv «.iy 
 Ears Mriliiini -i/r. Ii..t l.... lln.k; ...||. .ill.i.luil |,. i|i, |i, i,| ,, . 
 
 :i- II. .t I'. !..k i-|iiin-\ ; |i.inliinj (..rn.iril iinl litflilly ..Hli\.iril 
 
 fully iiinlir llir ooiitr.il i-f llir .iniin.il. ami .h ■ .. .imiy v . .1 , i-i 
 
 i;'M' .1 i;i uriiil .i|>pi'ar.iiicf 
 
 Objections l.irnr, iiprii;lil. ....irM-; iliiik: r..i!n.l: 1...1 ..mill; 
 
 ilri".|.iin; I I..«i- li. till 1.1. I . .itnm.il n..| In Ml^ .iliU- t.i i.,|i. 
 
 Ir.'l tluni. 
 
 Neck Wi.lr. ilii-p. »li..rt uiil m.rlv .ir.-li< il 
 
 Objections I i.mk. ii.irr..\\ llim: ll.it ..n l.p, liiikt.l lip, not 
 I \li inline; .|. .« 11 1. . In . ,1-1 I., .nr. 
 
 Jowl I'lill; -nniiitli. in. 11 .iml tirin; ririxim; fiilint-.- Ii.uk l.i 
 ^li.iiliUr an. I lin^krt « In n tin In nl 1^ rartuii up Km I 
 
 Objections In-lit; l... Iii^i- .m.l lliM.v r..iii;li ami .In ply 
 \\riiikli.l, m.t r.-iriMiin iiiilm^^ li,i, U I.. -Ii..iil(li'r .iml liii-.kit. 
 
 Shoulder I'.ri.iil. ilnp .iml full. rVi ml.ni; in .1 ~lr.iii;lil lini- 
 u.lli iln- ^iilr.aml rarrynii: >i •(■ il- -,,11 ••. Inn- ..f ln!ly 
 
 Objections N'.irn.w .it |..p ..r I., tt.in ii..t liiM m.r ^.mn- ili plli 
 a- I'.'ily; cxlrmlin^; ahi.w Itiir ..: Ii;ii k . -hi M- mi Im.ii% i..,. 
 . ',11 -I .Hill pr. nniit lit 
 
 Chest I ;iri;- . .!i , p ,im| r i..inv ».i a^ ni.t tuiianip \ilal .irn:in~; 
 lull 111 14111I1 1:. 1,1. Ill 1! .■ Iniri; tin- linast li..iir fxtrmlinn |..r- 
 uaril -.1 1^ II. ^1.1. u h^'liily 111 !r..nt ..f lii>-.. ami !. 1 .l-.wii 
 -.. .1- '.I 111- i\i!i nil! Iiiii- ,,\ lii'U. -Inminif .1 wiilih ..1 m.t 
 !. -^ 111. ill r 111, III-. 1,1 I ,-,(-1 n I'.-i. . ^« 1. 1' a lull k;r..wii I1..1;, 
 
 Objectionb N'arr.. . p.n, li.-,l li.ii. cirlli li -^ th.in ll;inls k'irfh: 
 '■■' !,i' !i'f i|..%Mi l.ituii-ii |..r.- lii;-; Im-.i-l li..iir rr..iikr<I 
 
 .'1 1 :i..rt. 
 
 Back and Loin I'.aik l.r .ad ■ n l..p: '■traiL'lit ..r -lii-lnlv' anln-.l. 
 iiiii|..riii \\ii|;li v,n... ih; u.-i Ir. .11 I'lmp, ,.r r..'K; vli.ni.r 
 tli;in l..XMr Si-llv hin-. «:ini.- |i..-ht .111. 1 wi.llii .,t -li.,nl,|,r 
 .1- ii 1 .1.. l...:i Ullil- :l-i| fn'l 
 
' I V MM I.l' Ml 1 .1 t ! J » \. i 
 
 Ubjci'iiuna l;.,k i,,it..„ ,t..i-. I I.... I, i I |,l»r., -mi fi-h 
 
 -li.ii'i.l liiiiii|.<.| vN.iviil !■ ! .lit' t liiiiipv r mI» iii.».ii 
 III uiilili I. .Ill ti.ttiMH ilri'ii -I'l ..f liiiitii<ril 
 
 Side* and Kib* Siil< lull, ^t iji ilrrii; rtirviiK "i"' <I"mi> 
 
 !•• I" i > • 1 • II v» i| li lilir ••! I1.1111 nil • I ■•iiMi r I ili^ I'liK. " « I 
 |iiiiMu .ii I"|' iihI ImiIIoiii. uuMu li'i; ii -'|Miii I rill 
 Obicctions llal; tlun ll.ilil.s , .1 iprr ^ ■ .1 ,1 I. oil .III. ^Iiiiiiik. i> 
 .1 >li..\lli|i I > .iikI Ii.iim. IIIHMII »iitl,ui rili« tilt .111.1 t'Hi 'll.'ft 
 
 Belly and Flank S.uin »i.lili ■ li;i< k . lull, in.ikti.t; .1 -.ir.nKlii 
 
 llCH .1. .1 ,|l . .|.|.||ly 1- !..<» .11 lllllk |x ,1 |M,lt..||| ..( , 111 v| In,,' 
 
 .1 I. v» 1 > 1 .It'i run II I UK |i ii illi 1 w il li -nli ^ , ll.iiik lull ami ■ vi 11 
 » illl Imm > 
 
 Objectiona I'.itW ii.irruM (iiiiilnil. suumt; 'ir M.itili) . il.ink 
 
 1 1. 1 11. Ill, 1.1 il n|i 1 ir ilr.i» II in. 
 
 Ham and Hump ll.tin lir...iil, (ii!l luiit', vmIc .i"..| ,lrr|.; .i.liint 
 Imi; 1 I ii.. -ivtlU. 'iiill.ili lull. II' il .iiul iliaii. llun avcml- 
 nil-' ll.ililiiiii - - -lillt «ill r..vii,l «illi til ~li iiii"l> t.ipi riiivj 
 I'.n.ii.l- 111. Ii.., k luMip 11..!!!)! Ii.m .1 'IikIiiU r.Miii'liMK 
 >-li.i| r 11. Ill l.iii I., r. I .■! '.Ill -.iiiu wi.jtli .11 li.irk. iii:ikiiig 
 .111 iM 11 lull « nil -iiu -. 
 
 Objectiona II un- M.irri.« «li..il. nut tillr.l mit t. ,tillr; t<v> 
 null h Illl ii|i III .r.l.li . .r Um^i, ii"I i.>iiiiiik; il'Hti t" lll'^k^; 
 liiili.ik- ll.ililiv . ruiii|i ll.it. iiirrin\. 1..11 Imin. t"" vlii|i, 
 ^li,ir|i lit prakiil 11 riMit <>t tail 
 
 Lega and Feet I ii;~ .-IltI; -ir.iii.'l'l -it «ill a|>.irt .nul »i|iiari;y 
 
 lll|.|. 1 |,...|>. Ii..|lr ..| IT I -'/<■. tlllll. w f\] lllll-i U'lj ui.li- 
 
 ali.'ir kiuc mil li..(k. I'cli.u km I- ami li..ik t.iiiiul mil 1 ipi r 
 iiiw 1 iiaMiiin iiiiiii.il t.i i.irrv il- wiiulil willi ".i->. pa^lrip 
 -li..rl .mil lu.irly uprik'li' liit -Iprl. tiriu, I'mcli iml Itn- 
 Iri'iu ill III I - 
 
 Objectiona 1 ly- tnn -Imrl. luiii;. -!im, rr..i.kril. I " i I'Mr-r. 
 |.... , |. -r li.ijrtlnT. «rik rilii«ilr^ ali.'Vi- lii.ik mil kmr. Ii..iii- 
 Lir^i' .iml 1 ■ .ir~i- \Mtl|..iil l.ipii. p.i-liiii- |..ni;. .r....ki.! >liiii 
 liki .1 ilirr-. I111..1', li'ii^: ~liiii. Ml ik; t..i'- 'pri a.liiii;. I'l.'k.il 
 i.r lurm il up 
 
 Tail ''^iii.i'l . -nuiiiili : laiK-riiii; . ml! ^1 I "U ; r. ",i -lik'lti'v . ■•, 1 mi 
 u Illl ill -Il . I .irtuil 111 .1 I url 
 
 Objections ('...it-i-. Inui... i;imi-\. -it i-... Imi'Ii .r |.... I..n; 
 li.iii|.;iiii; liki .1 I'.pr. 
 
 Coat I'lm : -I'iuk'li' ..r uivv. i\iii!\ ili-lnliuli 1 .lU.I ■■.Miini; 
 I tic li.uU Mill, nil 1 l\ 1 lippi il , ..it- n.i i.lm 1 1 !. .11 
 
 Objectiona I'.n-i'i li.iir i..ar-i-. tlim - .hhI'Iii.. up. i,..i i-inily 
 
 ill-ll lIlUll .1 . 'M I ill . I I 111- li.ih 1 \1 I pt ill 111 'i\ 
 
 Color \\ liili- I li'i!. -put.- ■ r l.'.ii k -I I 1 k- 111 -km -Im',1 imI iirurr 
 
 nii;iini.v nl I'l I 1 
 
 OhjectioiiH I ' ■' ■•■>. ■ 'lilt il 111 wli'lf 
 
• I « »l> tHI'" 4.» I \l » I I > M » 
 
 H 
 
 Sift ! ifitr |..r iKi- .,»,| .mulil i.ifi Imar, Iw.i yr.if« .lil iiul 
 
 ■ ••! if III U'>-«i llr«li, ahiiiilit wriuh mil lr.» ((un wm |i<iiuiil> 
 
 vk -.jini ,i«i- .111,1 , i.iii|i|i,,ii ,„.( I,.., ||,,„ ,^,, ||.i||iii|, 
 
 I '- iM Mil. nth. ..Ill III ^^ I Mr>ll .li.iiil.l uriidi l|..| !.••« 
 
 'I 1' ♦'»> |...iiM.K S.H, IM* M..,ir. ij iii..|tt|i. .Ill t|..| I. •• 
 
 ill, II i,«i |M.iiii,|. S,.»» II*) M..jr» iikI ...». -ix iii.iiiili« 
 
 "'•' i"l '• -• lli.iii I «> |,..iiii,U 1- 1. h .iitil ..|l.. r .inr. IM 
 |ir.i|...rii. II 
 
 Objections f )v<-rijf..» n. .-.ar-r ii»„...iiili lunl I., (.ilirii 
 
 Action and StyU \.i,..n . i.y .iii.l ur.i.-.fnl, .i>|. iitr.n iive; 
 
 '"kJ' ' f" >il<- HI CI .il, . I, .ii. I. . ,li,,iil,| |„- I, .lilily -• . n , ..iiiir 
 .1 I > .ttn.iKi. 
 ' tbjection* ".-liifif.-li .mkwir.l !.« ,.irri.»tfr; iviIiIiSmk w.ilk; 
 
 i III. I,, i,,i-,l. . ,,..( , ;i»ilv -,,ii II,. I ,,| ,.11111 I/I ..r 1 .ir- 
 
 I 1(^1. .,r ..Illy .,|t,' ,|i,iMini| 
 
 Condition lit iMi\ .km ■ Var .m.l liriulit frrr fr.nn .. iirf .in<| 
 
 •"- »!• -li till! .Mill iiii|l..v\ 1.. ill, I. .lull ,\.iily I. II. I ..11 
 .111.1 till fr.iii liiiiiiiK. KM., I ti-rilini; .|ii.ililu». 
 
 Objection* 1 nli, ililu ; .km 1 ,!\ ., ilil.y t li.irOi. llc-li tiiiiiiiy 
 '■< il.ilihv hail h.ir-li, ly ,ii..| «l iii.liny u|i Ir.iii li...|y i)....r 
 1. 1 •!. r- . l.il.il ill .iiii('«« 
 
 Dt<>|>oailion ijm. i uinil, m,! i-,i«ilv h.inilli-il with aintiilion 
 
 ' M- .1 I' h 1.. |. ...k ..III |, ,r ! lulH^rlM » it IK «lt t I I'll. 
 
 Objections ( r..-,, i, il,-.«; ,,,,.,1,^ ,,r wU\, ii.i .iiiil,iii,,n 
 
 N.-. . rl 
 
 II 1-1 I 111. I ll.T 
 
 I M - 
 
 I .11- 
 
 \..k 
 
 ,|..v«l 
 
 ^h..iili|rr- 
 I In «l 
 
 I ■ Ilk .111. I I ■ .|M 
 "Mill- .111.1 IM.. 
 
 I'.' 'y iiinl I '.ink 
 
 II iiii« .111.1 kiiiii|. 
 I I H' .111.1 I . . I 
 1,1,1 
 
 I ...it 
 « ..|..r 
 Si/i- 
 
 \rll..M ml S|\|, 
 I ..II. I I 1 '1 
 I )iv|.ii»il III 
 
 DUROCJERSEY. 
 
 ■'' I'.iiil- .i.|..|.i..| li\ ill,- \,ii,-ri. Ill hiir.n- Jrr-i-y 
 
 {'.iiiiii* 
 4 
 
 J 
 J 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 t% 
 \i 
 i.i 
 
 M 
 (> 
 
 III 
 
 lO 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 « 
 4 
 ,t 
 
 ■I..1.1I 
 
 IIIO 
 
'I I \t I I t t \l t 
 
 &• 
 
 DitqualiAcation* 
 
 form \ »t* iI.iikIiiiu ir<il >iii,ill •r.iiii|iii| . Ill •! iiiil t n .i-r 
 )>«■ l> 1.) %li..iiM. • - iiiil ..»<r lii»i li •'• 1" !'■ . jii'i- .t i|«|ift--i"M 
 in llir Imi W i.i>i.y iMilint. .iritni.l> ilil .rimi) U-u-. ■•r ti.flly 
 l>ri>lirll i|>>Mli It > I 
 
 8i(« \ iry •mil! ■■r ii"l t\Milliir<U I'irur ciMiiitfli 4< k;iN<<> I'y 
 
 'lir I iinl.iiil 
 Scort I r-> r li.iii liM v ihhiI < 
 Pcdiitrt* Ni.i liiKil.l. |m t,,.,ril 
 
 Dttailtd Dncrtplion. 
 
 Head and Kai* lli.i.l •iii.tii :i. |ir'i|>"iii.'ii i.i ,i/< -i Ii'hIv 
 
 w iilr Itt I v\ t t II 1^1^ I It I 11 1> t ' > ili-lii «l * iln 'ti I It t \'i ,1 % !»• 
 I I I II .1 l'"'ii>(l ( lull I .III. I I llirk>liiril Hill I pitiiiu vM II 
 il i«ii 111 lln I1.1M-, iirl.ii I -iii'i.lli .iiiil ikiii 
 Objection* I arm .ni.l inii^r ii.iirms lirtwnn llir <>r^. (at r 
 'li.HU'il iiiH'Wi.l ii'.-t. . f I'M' niiu II ili'liril 
 
 Kyf t iM i> l>rit(lii .iiiil |ir< iiiiiiii III 
 Objtctiona Dun »>.iV, .iml ..li^nin 
 
 Ear* MiiImiiii mn'lir ilrU iIimi iiiiiliiiht hrwinl il >Kt in\ :iri| 
 .iml "hk'litU iiiiiu.iil >.trr>iiiu .t ilittlil iniv> ,iit.i<lii<l I'l 
 III jil Ml) iit'itlly 
 
 Objecliona V'lrv lirjii m.irlv i niiiil i i.i iln. k -r\ 'iiiiiiik' "' 
 il.ililn 111.! ..I »,iiiif ■.!/■. tjilli fi 111 ji' -111 '11 .iiiil II I iiiiili r 
 ii'tilriil iif iiiiiin.il. 
 
 Neck S1|,,|| tlii.k ml wry ili ip .iinl -liijl.ilv inliini! 
 Objcctiont I "Hu. -IiiII..u .ni.l tlmi 
 
 Jowl Mr. 1.1.1 I'll!! ,111. 1 111 It 1 .irrvniu liillin-- Im. 1. !■■ i". iil ■( 
 
 ^In iii|i|< I » ,4iiil HI 1 1 Hc «illi liri.i-l li.iiii 
 
 Objections I'll' l.irui , liM.-i .111.1 ll.ililiv -iM.ill llmi 111(1 
 
 \« I'llkiiiik: 
 
 Shoulder* M.'.ln.ilrU lir...iil v.t\ i|. i |. iml lii'l; i-irnii ; 
 I 111. km -> "ill ili.w II .111.1 II' •! I Ml 111 III in .ill- ^ <■ I llir • ■! Ii.ii k 
 
 Objection* ""^inill llmi. ■.Ii.ill'.w. .MiihIihi; .iIi..m Inn "t \<.\\ 
 
 I'll. .11- mull r "111 vr.ir 'iM lu.ni'v -Imiiliil 
 Che*t I .irur. MTV ilii-!. hllr.l ml! I.ilini.l OlhiLIu- l-ra-t 
 
 li-.m- rxlciiilin^; wil! Inrw.iril -•■ .i- t' I" r. i-lily -• < n 
 Objections llii. ^Ii.illmv ..r ii"i • \ti luliij ui'l .l.iwii Ih'Ivmiii 
 
 l.irr \iH- 
 Back and Loin r..i. k iinilniiii m l.ri nlil,. -linulit i.r ■.hi.'lil'v 
 
 .ir.liiin;. ..iiTMiik; i M ii «iillli Ir.'iii »li..iil.|ir t.. Ii.iiii. -uri.i, i 
 
 I \ 1 n .iiiil Mii'iiilli 
 Objectionil \:irr..« iri;i-r liilnti.l -I |i|i i . ^u.imiI .r 
 
 liiiin|.i il li.u k 
 Side* and Rib* ^'•iil. - -..Ty il.fi in.ilnur. m !.iiv:ili, '<\ 
 
 luluiiii -li.i|l!.lrr-- .-111. I li.iiii- :iii • r iryiiiL- "ill lull ilmMi 1" 
 
 .f 
 

 ■Hi' 
 
m^^^Jsmi^'t'A 
 
 MiaOCOfY RISOIUTION TI$T CHART 
 
 lANSi ond ISO TEST CHART No 2l 
 
 1^ 1 2 8 I 2.5 
 ■ 2.2 
 
 I.I 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 " 12.0 
 
 1:25 i 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^ APPLIED INA^GE 
 
 ''^'-'^ tj-it Mo." 5tr«i 
 
 «ot^-e5ler, Ne* rorw U609 uSA 
 
 (•'16) *82 - OiOO - Phof># 
 
 {'16) 288 ■ ^989 - fa» 
 
 :„-^^iJ:i^J%,if«lS,j,Sai^ 
 
 ^Syiijfc,.' ---?>•■ 
 
11 
 
 cu 
 
 M \M1 \li|l^ <>1 I M 11 I I M I 
 
 ii 
 
 I ^ \ 
 
 In i 
 
 If 
 
 ir^ 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 i i 
 
 liiu- of licUy. Kit)- l"ii'-'. -lr..|in :nfl -i.rimi; m l>r..(^ irlnm |.. 
 
 wiillh iif >liiiiililcr?i and haiii'. 
 Objections l"laM>y. ( rca-c.l, s|i;ill,,u. and n.n i-arry uk iimpcr 
 
 vMcltli irnin top to biilliini. 
 Belly and Flank Strai«lit and full and carrying,' \m!1 "ut to liiir 
 
 ul Md'.>. I'lank well down to IovmT Imi' oi «idf^. 
 Objections Narrow; Inckcil up or drawn in; -afjijinn or llal)l>y. 
 
 Hams and Rump- I'.rnad. fnll and wril lit down to the Inu-k; 
 
 Imlloik mil and lonnns; nearly doun and lillinK lull hotwi'vn 
 
 liock^. Kinni. -lionld Ik'.vo a rotnid si, .p.. ironi loin to root 
 
 of tail; >anic width a> l)ack and well tdk-d ovil around tail. 
 Objections— Hani narrow; -hort; tliin; ik^I proirctinur well down 
 
 to hock; cut up too hi^h m crotch. Kunip n;irrow; tlat or 
 
 jjcakod at root of tail; too -tccp. 
 Legs and Feet— Mc.Iium ■^i/c and K-nwtli; -.traisht; nicely 
 
 tapered; wide apart and well >et under I lie l)o<ly; pasterns 
 
 short and strung I'eet short, tirni and tough. 
 Objections- lops extremely Ions, or very short; slim; coarse; 
 
 crooked; le^'s as larK>' lielow knee and hock as above: -el 
 
 too close tonelher; hocks lurned m or out of straight line 
 
 Feet, hoofs long; slim and weak; toes spreading or crooked. 
 Tail— Medium; large at base and nieely tapering and rather 
 
 bushy at end. 
 Objections— Extremely heavy; too long and ropy. 
 Coat Moderately thick and tine; straight, smooth and covering 
 
 the body well. 
 Objections- 'l"oo many bn-tles; h.-iir c-arse, harsh and rough; 
 
 wavy or curly; swirls; or not evenly hud over the body. 
 Color—Cherry red without other admixtures. 
 Objections— X'erv dark red or -hading brown; very pale or lighl 
 
 red; black spots o\er the body; black tlccks on belly and 
 
 legs not desired but admi--aliie. 
 Size -Large for age and condition. IViars two years f)ld and 
 
 over slionld weigh 600 pound-; -ow same age "d condition. 
 
 500 pounds. Boar eighteen miuiih-. A7S V' ''■ -"\^- 4™' 
 
 iioiiuds. i'.oar 1-' months. ^50 pounds; -ou-, ,?n<i pounds. Hoar 
 
 and sow pigs six months. T?o p<iiinds. The figures are for 
 
 animals m a fair show condition. 
 Objections— Rough and coarse and lacking in feeding (lualities 
 Action and Style - .Vet ion vigorous and animale.l. Style free 
 
 and easy. 
 Objections—Dull (U- stupid; aukw.ird and wabbling. In boars 
 
 testicles not easily seen luT of same size or carriage; too 
 
 large or only one showing. 
 Condition- I leahhv; skin free from scurf, scales, ^ sores an'' 
 
 mange; lle-h e\ci'iy :ai<i o\er the enhre iH.iiy .md In, :!■ 
 
 any lumps. 
 
 ■f 
 
 J 
 
 It 
 
»l AMI Mill' III I M M 1 IM I 
 
 t, I 
 
 Objections Inluaiiliy ; .oul>; ~.al.v; -..r.-.; n,n..u.-. '""'•'' 
 lor t.rr.Mn.^ luuiii-i- . lun Ikh-Ii ami -taiulitiK ny . punr 
 fiiilcr^. 
 
 Dis^HJsition Xcry mmu t ami K't'lU-; >^i^iiy liandlod -r driven. 
 
 Objections-Wild, 'uhui- it -.iiiMinrii 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 Seal.- 'It |io;ntn adiipl-M I'V tlu' \ utoria Sumo llrccdcr- 
 
 A-"'-^-'t'"". (■,,„„,. 
 
 Color Wlnti. with n,-.-a.iMMal dark hm.i, in the vUi„ 
 
 Head- Small, lir-ad. ami la>c midimu dislu-.l 
 
 Ears -I ■■ I no, iiniminw fnruanl 
 
 Jowl -Mo. 1mm -i/o .nid m at 
 
 Neck- Slinrt. full and well aroliod 
 
 Shoulders r.n.ad and di ip 
 
 Girth Around Heart 
 
 Eack-StraiK'lit. limad and Uvi 1 
 
 SJdes^Doop ami full 
 
 Ribs -Woll >i>innK' 
 
 Loin—liriiad and -lrlln^; 
 
 Flank- \V I'll Ut d-wn 
 
 Ham- Hrnad, fnll and docii. ualmnt l-.-o lat 
 
 Tail— Modiiim fmo and .uviod 
 
 Legs— i'lnc and '•trai^'lit 
 
 Feet— Small • r '. ■ .i 
 
 Hair— I'ino and >ill<y. Iroo fnim liri>tlo- 
 
 Action— '-".a-v and k'raootnl ■ 
 
 Symmetry-Adaptatiiin nt tho s.voral part^ i- oaoh otlu-r 
 
 Total 
 
 .\ 
 
 I 
 .1 
 
 (i 
 
 ! J 
 () 
 
 " 
 
 !-■ 
 I -' 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 III 
 
 no 
 
 Detailed Description. 
 
 Color-White, with occa-nmal dark -l-ts In the skin. 
 Head and Face Head rather sn,all md t.oat. I'aco modmm 
 ,l,~lud and >m.ii.th; wide hetueon eye.; tai-ermK imm eyes 
 
 Eyes-'Modinni m^o: pnm.inont, hnu-ht; eloar and lively in 
 
 y.iuiiK and ijmet o\pre--iiin m a^od anmiaU. 
 Ears Small thin. fine, -ilky: nprijlht m yminj; pifis, pointing 
 
 foruard and -linhllv ontward m at;od aiiimaK. 
 Neck Medi.mi xvlde. deep, ~hort. .^r\] arched, and full at top. 
 Jowl Medium fnll, nicely rounded, neat and tree from louse. 
 
 Shoulders 'liroad, deep and lull, not higher than line of hack. 
 
 aiul a- wide as top of hack , , , r 
 
 Chest T.arse, wide, deep and roomy, with larRO pirth hack ot 
 
 Back'a'nd^Loin-Hroad, strai^-ht. or slightly •''^^1^^'';,, ""y;"« 
 .anie w-lth from shoulders, to Jiam ; level and lull at hun, 
 
 ■^ 1 1 Li 1 1 1 I > i I i i^ ! ■- C : 
 
 :t ii:l> ^h:\\: 
 
in 
 
 I ( 
 
 ( 
 
 1 i 
 
 I i 
 
 ri 
 
 ri 
 
 IS ' i 
 
 
 I 
 
 ; i 
 I • 
 
 62 sr.^^llAlll)^ 111 i si ^.l,l ► >i i 
 
 Ribs and Sides- l<il)s \mI1 ^iirmiK .ii t'>|i: vtri^nn and tirrn; «iilis 
 ilrcii. lull, smiioili mill tiriii; frfc iri.iii criaso. 
 
 Belly and Flank Wide; straight ami full; a- low ur sIik1ii1> 
 |..«ir at llaiik thati al clu-t |-lank hill aiul tuarly fvcn uitli 
 
 Milo,. 
 
 Hams and Rump Hams luni?; full ami wiilc; iiiifly rouiuKil. 
 trim ami fr»c tfim \'nfv lai. l!ult"tk> larK'f ami full; naili- 
 iii^r well iliiwn to hmk^. kiimp -.liKlitly sloped frnm end nf 
 loin to root of tail. 
 
 Legs and Feet — I. e^-* sluirt; <ct will apart and firm; wide aliovc 
 knrc and liook, tapi tmik lii'liK\. |\it firm and standing 
 uoll tip on too. 
 
 Tail -Small; fiiio and taptritiK; nici-ly itrlid. 
 
 Coat — I'iiK- and silky; tvcidy coviring the l)ody. 
 
 Size — Moars two years old ami over when in (.{""d condition 
 slionld \vei«li not less than SOO p u-nds; sow same a^e and 
 eontlition. 450 ponmls. Hoars twelve months old not less 
 than ,(Oo pounds: sows in kooiI tlesh MX> pounds. I'igs 5 to 
 (1 months old, 140 to kki pounds. 
 
 Action — Kasy and uraeeful, hut ipiiet. 
 
 Condition Healthy; skin elean, and white or pink in color; free 
 
 from scurf; tlesh firm and c\enly laid on. 
 Disposition— Quiet and gentle. 
 
 Disqualifications, 
 
 Color- Other than white or ircatny -vhite. with occasional dark 
 spots in skin. 
 
 Form- Irookeil jaws of defornied face; crooked or deformed 
 le^rs; lar^;e, coarse, drooping cars. 
 
 Condition — I'.xcessive fatness; harrenness; deformity in any part 
 
 of the tiody. 
 Pedigree— Not eliK'iMc fi^r record. 
 
 CHESHIRE. 
 
 Standard of excellence ar.d scale of jioints adopted hy the 
 Cheshire Swine Breeders' .Association. 
 
 Counts 
 
 1. Head Short to medium in length, short in proportion 
 
 to Kngth of holly S 
 
 2. Face Sonifwliat di-lud and ui.ii. lieiween the eyes 8 
 .V Jowl Mfdiunt ill fullness ^ 
 
 4. Ears Small, tine, erect, and in old anmial.s -lightly point- 
 
 in^' for.'.ard . :; 
 
 5, Neck SliMii ;m(l hroad \ 
 
 (y Shoulders I'.voad. full and deep 6 
 
 7 Girth Around Heart R 
 
 8. Back l.ong. hroad and stra'ight marly to root of tail in 
 
 0. Sides- Heep and full; nearly straight on lioitoin liiip 7 
 
 10 Flank Well li.ick and hnv down, in.ikiiig (lank girth 
 
 111 ;ir!y niual to luart uirtli j 
 
 . f^K^iff^im^^i^i^^'^fir^^^^^^^w^z 
 
M AMi.\l«>-' Ol I \l III IM K 63 
 
 II. Haras Tifiad aiid nearly slrai^;lit willi hark and nniniiiK 
 
 uill dii«n luMard-. Imik lo 
 
 ij Legs Small and -Imi, Mt will apart, -uppurtiiitj h'pdy 
 
 well nil Inc- lO 
 
 I,!. Tail Small, slim and lapiTiii^; .. ,i 
 
 I I. Hair line nu'dmin in tlin-kiif.s and rpiaiuity 3 
 
 15. Color White, any I'dorcd hairs to disi|iialiiy J 
 
 Id. Skin I'uif am! plialilc, •iiiiall Mm.' -puis nlij.i ticiiiaMe 
 
 lull alhnvalilf ,\ 
 
 17. Symmetry — Ammal well propnrtiDiicd. liaiKlsinnc. and 
 stylish, and when KrmMi and well faltrtu'd slinnld 
 dress from 400 tn (xm pounds S 
 
 Total . - no 
 
 HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Stamlanl if prrfei-tion adopted liy tlic Xinerican Hampshire 
 Swine Kecord .Xssnciation. 
 
 Disqualifications. 
 
 Color Spi>tted or more than tuo-thirds white. 
 Form--.\ny radieal delornuty, ears very larKi' '>r droopintf over 
 eyes, crooked or weak le^s or broken dowi: fei t 
 
 Condition — .'criously impaired or diseased, cxces- ve >jrossnrs~. 
 
 Ii.irrenness in animal-, over two years of a^e. cliufTy or 
 
 scpiahhy fat. 
 Size -Not tw<i-lliirds standard weight. 
 Pedigree— Not eligible to record. 
 
 Detailed Descripvion. 
 
 1. Head and Face -Mead medium len«tli. rather narrow, 
 
 cheeks not full; face nearly straiRhl and medium width 
 lietweeii the eyes, surface e\ en and reniilar 4 
 
 Objections— Head large, coarse and ridRv; nose crocked 
 or much dished. 
 
 2. Eyes- Rri^lit and lively, free from wrinkles , .r f;it ^iir- 
 
 roundiiiKs . 2 
 
 Objections— .Small, deep or I'h-cure. or virion imp.iircd 
 liy fat or other caii>c. 
 
 .?. Elars— Medium lenijth. thin, slijjlitly inclined outward 
 
 and I'oruanl 2 
 
 Objections- lartje, coarse, thick. l;irge or lonn kiiuck. 
 drooping or not under good control nf the animal. 
 
 ,(. Neck — Short, well sit to the shoulders, taiieriii).; from 
 
 shoulder to heail 2 
 
 Objections — Long, thick or bulky. 
 
 ?, Jowl -Light iiid tapering from neck to point, neat and 
 
 I". . . . , -. 
 
 Objections- Large, broad. dc< p, or dabby. 
 
 
 j^^^^^:^' 
 
 ■r^m^^ 
 
■ f 
 
 )'• I 
 
 •1 A MiAIMr 
 
 >1 I \l I I I I M I 
 
 t '? 
 
 1:1 
 
 1 
 
 (>. Shoulders Dicp. tiirilnnn vwllli aiul I'lilliu--. urll m line 
 
 Objections Narr..u ..n ti.p ,,r li..tt.im, tliirk licy.iii.l line 
 \\ 11 li >iilr» .iMil haul'. 
 
 7. Chest I. arm'. (Iii-|i aiul rnniny; full uirtli; rvltiidiliK: 
 
 cl.iuii <M II uitli line III lielly i_' 
 
 Objections' Narmw at tup nr b.itl.iin. sinall ^irlli. 
 iraiiipi'ii cr tiukiil up 
 
 " Back and Loin— Maik -trai»jlit nr -.li«litly anluil; iiu- 
 (liimi lirtadlli. willi iirarli iiniforiii i liirknis*. frmn 
 sIi(iii1(Ut> til liaiiis avd I'till at l'..is; -■ mii'l iiiu-^ liiiflu-r 
 at hips than at shmihicr^ 15 
 
 Objections— N'arrnw. rrins,(| nr itrnnpfil lichiml --hi'iilil- 
 cr-; -iirtaic ruljjy nr iiiuvi'ii 
 
 I) Sides and Ribs- Sides full, -innnth, tinn; cirry -\/p 
 fM'iily fnnii -hi.iddcr^ In liam-: rili^. strmitr. .m II 
 spriiiiK at I'lp ami liiitt"tii H 
 
 Objections— Sidfs thin, llat, fl.ililiy nr erra^cd, ..r rili- n"t 
 Ufll -pri|n^;. 
 
 ro. Belly and Flank- Siraii-ht and full di\.id ^f i;i i^-nc^-. ; 
 
 flank iuV and. rnnnniK iifarly "n luu- v\illi »i(U'> 6 
 
 Objections— Melly <a({KinK nr tlaldiy; dank thin nr tinkid 
 
 lip. 
 
 II. Hams and Rump — Hanw nf incdinin width, huitr and 
 
 (k-e|i; ritinp ■iliyhtly innndcd from l"in t.i rout if l.nl: 
 
 lintt'ifk full and lu-at aiul tirm, dcMud nf llnldiino- nr 
 
 excosivc fat . 10 
 
 ObjectionsHani narmw ; cut tnn Iniili in i-rntc!i. bul- 
 tni k llaliliy; rump Inn llal. tnn narmw nr t<Mi stci-p. or 
 pfakid at runt nf tail. 
 
 IJ. Legs and Fcet~I.(H'; Tncdinm li iiKth. ^rt well a|iart and 
 M|iiarily under lindy. uidc almM' kmc and hnck and 
 rnnndfd and well niii-.i-lfd hilnw. laprrinn: Imnc mc- 
 dinm. pa-terns >-hnrt and ne;irly iijiritrht. tncs slmrt and 
 firm, enabling the aiiim.il to carry its weight with ease 10 
 
 Objections- -I. eiT'' too Innp. s|im^ crooked, coarse or 
 slmrt; Hr:ik muscles al)o\c Imck and knee Imnc. larRC 
 and coar>e U'ljs withniit taper: iiasteriis tm- Inni; to 
 eorre-pnnd with length nf Uv'. tnn crnoked nr too 
 slender: feet Inuir. slim and weak; tnps sprcadin^r, tmi 
 'nnp. crnoked nr turned up. 
 
 I.!. Tail Medium lenijth, sli^rhtly rurh d i 
 
 Objections Cnarse, !nn>;, rluiii-y, -•,■, iu^^-in;; like a pen 
 diiliim. 
 
 I |. Coat I"iiie, ■.traiv;ht. sinnotli 2 
 
 Objections Urivlle- nr swirN. cnarse nr curly. 
 
 1.^. Color iliiu'is. w'lii evceplinn ni white iieit eiieirciinp 
 
 the Imdy. including fnre leijs _. 3 
 
 ' «SETEr&2Vi«;aE(BiK'^- 
 
 i;iii'^''iiietSsgsffM. 
 
K I .\ MiAiin 
 
 1 1 I M I I I I \ < t 
 
 Objections VNlult nminny Inuli .mi Inn. I \ftl^ "f pvlrii.^ 
 iMK iii'in ill. in iiiii i.'iirili UiikUi wI Ixoly, it ^mIkI black. 
 
 I'l Siie I.ark't' I'T ri.iicliii'iii; \>nnr iwn year.* ..Id .iii'l >>vrr, 
 15<), stnv, »anir a«<'. l'«>. < iKlitmi lii'ilitli^ li.'.ir, 150. 
 M>u, ,\j?; twilvc nioiiili^ lioar or -..w, Jfxi; si\ iiiniillis 
 bi.tli scxt'-, 1 40 ■'^ 
 
 17 Action and F'.yle \rtiv<-. \ ii.'"r..ii-. <|iiick an. I «ratefiil; 
 
 ••Ijlf attraitivf and spirited 4 
 
 Objectionf- Dull. -liik'«i-li ;>>>d rlnmsy. 
 i^. Cond' ion- llrallliy. -Ivin ircf from all dcfpcK. llo di 
 ivmiy l.iid ..n and «mo..lli .md firm, not palcliy. .111. 1 
 d.void of all ixci-s- ol' K'ro'>nt>s * 
 
 Objections- -SKni M-nrty, «..ily. niatiKy or oilicrwi-e 
 nnliallliy. liair liar^li; duart I or crampiil; ii.pt 
 jjrowtliy. 
 I'). Disposition DnciU-, finitt and ca'-ily liali.lliil i 
 
 Objections — Cro>^, rt'>tli~~, \ui..ii^ or uilli no air.tiition. 
 
 MIDDLE WHITE. 
 
 Standard of rxcdl.nrc :u|..i.fd I'y llic National TiR I'.r.rdcr -' 
 N^Nociation of Great I'.ritain. 
 
 Color— VVliitc, free fr.mi l>laik liair*. and l)hie vpot- on tlu- -km. 
 Head-Mo.lcratcly ^liort. fan- di<lu-d. >iiont liroad ant turned 
 
 n|>. jowl full, wide l)etwccn the ear>*. 
 Ears -I'"airly large, carried ereet and fringed with tuio hair. 
 Neck-Mediimi leiiK'tli, proi-orlionately full to the sh..ul.ler>. 
 Chest— Wide and dec]'. 
 Shoulders T.evrt across the t..p. moderately wid.-. free from 
 
 coarseness. 
 Leg Straight ami well set. level with ontMile of the hody with 
 
 tine bone. 
 Pasterns — Short and sprinRy. 
 Feet —Strong, even and wide. 
 Back—long, level and wide from rump. 
 Loin -P.road. 
 Tail Set high, moderate length, but n..t coarse, with tassel of 
 
 tine hair. 
 Sides— Deep. 
 Ribs— Well sprunR. 
 
 Belly— Full, but not flabby and straight underline. 
 Flank— Thick and well let down. 
 Quarters— l.ong and wide. 
 Hams— Uro-;,!, (-.-.V. ■.:•.'.■.] <!eep <•> h..cks. 
 Coat — long, fine and -ilky. 
 
 
 :.j^-c^.w^m> 
 
 :i,f-^',,i&iL^ 
 
fit! 
 
 »l .V\|>Alll>« III l.\l I.I 1 t..\» I. 
 
 ' J i 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 I 
 
 Action I irm and fm. 
 Skin liiK- .iiiil i|iiitf Irif (rum wrinkle*. 
 
 Obj«ction«-- Itl.i.k li,iir«. Iihn k i.r Mm- <|i<it«. m rnar«f mane, 
 iii-bcnt knff>, li..|l,iwiu>» n| slmulilir^, «riiikl«il ■>km. 
 
 LARGE BL/CK PIG. 
 
 State <if |i.imi< ai|i>|>tc<l by t. I.arK<- I'.l i> k I'm Sm icty m 
 Great Itrilam. 
 
 I'miiiI- 
 Hccd Mnliiiin IriiKth and \Milc lut\M'<n tin- f.ir^ 5 
 
 Ears I.oiiK'. thin, ami indnu-il «ill nxcr llic fai-c (1 
 
 Jowl — Mi-iliiim si/i- ,. ,.,.. 5 
 
 Neck -I 'airly lnm;. .m,! iniiM-iil.ir .. ^ 
 
 Chest Wide and dtep ^ 
 
 Shoulders ()l)lii|ni'. with narrnw |ilalr 6 
 
 Back ! miK and livil in^iiiK a liltic |.. . cnti r ..i' link 
 
 II' it iibjt'ctcd !■■) 
 Sidet— A'ory ilcip 
 Ribs— Well spmnK 
 Loin- -Ilniad 
 
 Quarters I-nnu. wide, and mil drii..|iin^r 
 Hams I.arKc. and well tilled tn hi)i-k> 
 Tail- -Sot hiKh, and not loar^c 
 Legs Sh'irt and ^iraiKlit 
 Belly and Flank -Thick and mil Idled 
 Skin- I'lni- and suit 
 Coat- Moderate c|iiantity of ^irainht, -.ilky hair 
 
 Total 
 
 Objections. 
 
 Head -N'arrow forehead, or "dished" nose. 
 Ears Thick. coar>e, or (iricked. 
 Coat — Coarse or curly; liri-tly nianc. 
 
 Di«qualifications. 
 
 Color— Any other ih.in black. 
 
 i J 
 10 
 5 
 5 
 8 
 . in 
 .\ 
 5 
 S 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 100 
 
 SMALL YORKSHIRE. 
 
 Description and scale of points adopted by the .American 
 Yorkshire (,'lub. 
 
 I'oini ^ 
 I. General Outline- Wide and deep in proportif)n to the 
 iiiiLjlii. straii-lit .ihovc and below, and short in head 
 neck. Iiodv .ind limbs ... ^ 
 
 r*^ "^au,' ^j^iktMS^iJL^iSmviiiifBvem^siesxgK^.^^ " ^>>-^'-w .i-^»«'*WTRf3«iPW 
 
Ml AMlAlilW Itl ► \1 Kl I ►,\l ». 
 
 fit 
 
 Outlint of Head SIi'ti. .il>ni|>i iiulitniiu ti fmr. mil 
 |M-,t.,(il .i| iiiiit h ih-li .mil il'iw in\ aril •.|pr(i)u timlir 
 
 ilu- |.iw- . 4 
 
 ? Forehead and Poll \V uh- __._ I 
 
 I. Eye Miihiiin ^wv, I'l ,ir .hhI liriitiit i 
 
 ^ Jowl I arkfi, •.mi'"tli .in I arruil well liaik t<>«ari| tlir 
 
 llllk I 
 
 'i Snout ^^liiiri. iitriiinv! ii|>«.iri| «oiiirw li.ii with .1 ilup in- 
 
 iliiiliin '.r iiir\t iii'iKili.iti ly almvf it I 
 
 7. Ear Small tlmi crnt. .itnl iinlitiiiiw ^IikIiIIv ("r^vard 
 
 r.ithrr tli.iri liarkvvanl at tlir li|i> ■ 
 
 S. Neck Sliiirl. \\\<\f ami ijiep. lln' unl.li slinlitiy llu■^^•a^ 
 
 irik! liivv.itii^ iIk- >Ii"IiIiI«t- .\ 
 
 <)■ Outline of Body Sliurl, limail. ilifp. ami slramlit almvr, 
 
 luliivv ami ..11 llir »iilc>. 7 
 
 lix Back Very lirM.i.l. of rvfii wiillli and ^Iraiulit from 
 
 w illuTH \i< tail lifad '" 
 
 II. Shoulder I ar«r. >ini"illily and cvrnly dcvflnlird. and 
 
 liltiidiiiK liiTlcclly with Hfvk and crops '1 
 
 1-' Arm and Thigh Mudcratrly widr. laptmiK nu-rly d'HMi 
 
 and nil lining I'l »hiirt 2 
 
 ij. Brisket VVidr and mi Icvrl with iiiuhrlinr .1 
 
 [4. Side Drcp. tliuk ill every part, ^traitflu a'>>l «veii fmin 
 
 -111 miller t.i hip - * 
 
 15. Riba Widely and ileeply spriinK S 
 
 Ml Heart and Flank Girth Kxrell-nt in pmportiun to tlie 
 
 leii«tli of liody and almut eipial " 
 
 17. Hindquarters Relatively lonu; broad in every part and 
 
 deep. v\ith lint litilc |owcnn« toward the tail head 5 
 
 iS. Ham^ I.artfe. "eti let down at thiuh and twi-t and in 
 
 elined to straight liehind "' 
 
 II). Twiat Well down and full ' 
 
 JO. Tail I"ine. >hort and iiu-lined to rnr! 1 
 
 Ji. Legs Short, tine rather than eoar-e, strong, strnijfht 
 
 and plaeed well apart 5 
 
 .'-•. Hair .Mnmdant. tine, even in quality -I 
 
 .',1. Skin Sniootli ami white and free Irom crea-e- and 
 
 -eale^ 
 J4. Color White on every part i 
 
 j; Movement— ("leiille and e.i'v lint not -hinni>-h 5 
 
 it 
 
 ,fl 
 
 I'erferlion ino 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 Scale of points adopted by the .\merican F,s-ex A^sniation. 
 
 Counts 
 
 Color-niack 2 
 
 Head St--.:!!, '^^--^l •''^•' >'^-^- ''=-'==-' -' 
 
 .1' 
 
 ?flfite«j«My!*BaiiTr/'"'»j r#£iK:wij«.4K" ..^^:\r^ 
 
 -J!t<rS1' 
 
IN 
 
 »l \Mi Vltli 
 
 11 I \' I I 1 I M f 
 
 SI 
 
 
 ICarS I illr. rtirt. "hulllly ilr ■ i. niitii; \\i\\\ Ml' 
 Jowl i nil .Olil III .11 
 
 Nfck Mi-ri. i.ill, «.ll 111 I.e. I 
 Shouldcra lUo.iil unl ilrrji 
 Girth Around Heart 
 
 Back Su.iiKlit. Iirii.iil .ii'il 'rv< I 
 
 Sides l)<i-|< 4n>l lull 
 
 Ribs \\ I II ^1 riiiiu; 
 
 Loin 111 ■.111 .tn.l ^lr.■lln 
 
 Flank U<-ll M 'ImMi 
 
 Ham Ilr'Mil, lull .' Ill ilti'p 
 
 Tail Mnliimi. hiu-. .iiiil miU.I 
 
 Leg! I IMC >tr:ii^'ht. iiul t,i|>t'ritiK 
 
 Feet Shi, ill 
 
 Hair I'hu' miil ^ilky. Irn- l'r"ni lirisllc 
 
 Action I'.i^v iii'l Kr.u-cl'iil 
 
 Symmetry .\i!a|ilati"ii "f llu- «< vt ral pari-, tn i .i. Ii 
 
 lutal 
 
 SUFFOLK. 
 
 Si-ali- of (Miiiit-i .iij.ipiiil liy till- AiiHTuan SiitTnlk 
 
 Color -White 
 
 Head Sni.ill, lirnad. .mil lacf ili^ln-il 
 
 Ear* I inc. crc.l. -Iiyhlly ilrMnpinn willi :ikc 
 
 Jowl I'lill am! neat 
 
 Neck SlnTl, full ami ^lik'l.lly arclicil 
 
 Shoalder* l'.r"ail ami ilccp 
 
 Girth Around Heart 
 
 Back S.raiHlit. Iiiu.iil. UacI 
 
 Sides Deep anil full 
 
 Ribs Well ^pnln« 
 
 Loin I'.r.ail and .Inmi.' 
 
 Flank Well l.i .l-un 
 
 Ham r.rii.iil. full, ilccp 
 
 Tail Mriliiiiii. line .iihI lurlnl 
 
 Legs I'liie, sirai^lit. ami lipeiin;; 
 
 Veet Siiuill 
 
 Hair I'me ami 'ilky. free fimii l)ri>tle-> 
 
 Action- l"a>y ami uraccfiil 
 
 Symmetry A-' .j.t.iti'ti i-f tlu- -.veral pnrt^ In e.i 
 
 itl:,r 
 
 .1 
 ,( 
 .1 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 Mil' n 
 iiiiiiti 
 
 ell iitlier 
 
 i 
 
 Ii 
 
 2 
 
 ,1 
 
 3 
 
 ,1 
 
 1 
 
 I" 
 
 'I'.itai 
 
f II M'TrR VI. 
 
 rri'.iMvc. \\n M\\\r.!\ii:\T, 
 
 I'lllMSi. \SI) MWM.IMIAT dl' Tin: !'.i>\R 
 
 'IlitTf rirt' fi A\ .1111111. lU .ilf'tit llic ;ivor;i^;«' farm wliiih 
 riTci\f Irs* ciiiiviilir.iliirii ih.iii the Imar. aiiil \it he ^iimil'l 
 rt'tiivc more .(tttiitiint lli.m \hv aviT;i;;o malr .iiiiinal in 
 iifilcr |i> iiltt.iiii till' lif^t n'»iilt-<. \mi>inj ilu- mn^i crdiitiKin 
 ini^t. !!<«■•>. uc t'liiil I'Vit ftt'ilm;,', ki'i piii^ i!t Miiall, fihliv 
 i|iiartt'rs, whore fvcnisc is im|)iwsil)|t', iw .itlnwiiiK Id ran^e 
 atMint tJu' farm in a lialf-starM'd ciinilitinn, Wliilf the 
 • iNtr-fat Ixtar i!i«'s nut m.ikr a «>.itisfacti)r\' sin-, tin- li.ilf- 
 ^l.irvcd hoar '•aiitrnt transmit vi'^'nr at il fi'tistitiitioii to his 
 iircit;cn\ to thf same ilcyrto tli.it he would if |>ro]ifrI\ man- 
 ai:<d. To pt't the iH'st results, the hoar shottM he in fair 
 llish. hut should he allowed sufficient exercise to kee|) hirn 
 in a hardv, vi(,'oroiis condition. 
 
 The n^i' at which a \otinn;,hoar ina\ ne first ti>cd. depemls 
 lary;elv upon his <Ievelo]imeiit. Some \oiini,' hoars may lie 
 u»ed to a few siiws when not more than seven months old 
 without afiparent ininrs-. \s a rule, it is safer not tn use a 
 hoar hefore he is eit;ht months old. and to use him as spar- 
 iii^lv as possihle until he is a >ear old. N'o h.ird and fast 
 rule can he laid down, and the owner must use his judt^nent 
 in the matter. 
 
 The f|uarters for the hoar should he roonn . clean, nnd 
 will \entilateil. and he sIiouM have .in outdoor lot in which 
 to take exiTcisc, Sonic hi ars are ver\ .utive. and will 
 take plent\- of exercise in a comparatively limited space. 
 niluTs are lazv . and inclined to hccnme ti>i> fat. With such 
 
 I 'i -111 (• It .'-I. r .t . .1. .. , 
 
 ;.nr;r-. ;t w;;; r.r to;;;;;; ;;cT;c;:c;a; ;o ::;rrc ;:;r;;; to ;;.it:;i-r .i 
 
 n 
 
 IT'IkLa.*! . ■"»K-/.ilTT,.i^,:«, 
 

 !^ 
 
 ■ l> I I I III s< » Ml M * 1 Ai I Ml > I 
 
 i;mM| |i,ir! iii til. II liviiij; (rmn p,i«liit> In f.iil, am Im.ir 
 will (III luttir if lie h.t-i a |>a>>tiiri' lot Willi tilriil\ <■( <ltaiti' 
 avatlalilc ijnrini; llif miiiiiiu r 
 
 Tin- i 1 I'lr till- Immt 'limilil Ik' \ iri«l iinlnlii«ii'«. aiul 
 
 iiiiM|irali-l\ liiilk\ Silt I iiltiil <immI>«. »iu Ii a» riMii> :n vmhIit 
 at|i| v;rrrii fiMMJ i.f «<iiin- kitiil Ml «iitimur. •Il'itllil alwa\'» he 
 iv<\ Willi lii« iiual ralHiii SiiiriiUnt f.H..|i. arr iui«'0'.ar\ 
 h» krrp liim ill i;imm| hrallli liiicK nrniiii'l nat^ arc v«'r\ 
 MiUalili" fur tin- iitam part <>i lii» itu-al rati'Hi An ffnial 
 VNtiylit of iiiii|i|!iiii;« Mf iiii.l.iimi,"' aii'l hraii. aiilcil to tlu- 
 "ilx, tnakr" a i;immI i'iiiiilaiiati<>n. Small pri>|M»rtii>ii» of otlur 
 kiiii!« of iiu'al iiiav Ik' aiMfil if <l«>iri''l S»'»'oii(| t-rop ilovvr 
 of alfalfa lia\. tiit ii(i fiiuh, ■•ti'iiMil in water, ami iiiixitl 
 with tlu' ni«at. iHak«'>> a j;o<m| iiiiMnrj- to (;ivi- varut\ to his 
 ration \\v ^lionM In- f«'i| oiiK wliit he will tat n|> i It-aii ; 
 anil if \w i» iiuliiu'il to lu-conic fat and la/v. the aiiiounl of 
 frwHl shonM hv r»'i|nrtil. 
 
 The hoar ''honM not he pfrmillcil to *vr\c a m»\v iiiori- 
 than oiuf. ami ^honM not !>«• allow t-il to run with viws to 
 whuli In- is to hi- hrnl. TIiim- practiiT". tt-ml to fshaiist 
 tlu' hoar ami an- likrK to ri-Milt m Miiall. woak littvrs if 
 pi.r>ixtnl ill. Tlu' aim >lionl.l U- to save tlu- hoar from all 
 iiiiiuHfxsarv M-rvici', I'^jucially iliiriiiK tlu- heaviist part of 
 till' M-asoii. 
 
 I'rr.iUM'. wit M \\ ACFiMi-N'T oi- tiif. Sow. 
 
 A sow should not Ik- hrcd htforc ■>ht' i- fiuht month'- old. 
 and in many rasi-s it i-- htttiT to dilay hrffdinj; two or 
 thrt'c months lon^ir. Tlu- .U'vi'lopnu-nt of the sow will 
 inlliitiiic till- lintiKr in this matter. 
 
 Dttnii;; ilk' prrio.l of '.^'i'station. sows of all api's should 
 h.ivi- ahundant i'\t'rcis»' In Miinnu'r, pastiiri' should Ik- 
 ]irovidtd for tlu'iii ill whiili tluTc is plenty of shade. Tiuy 
 shoiilil also he ^jiven plent\ of water, especially dntintj ho' 
 weatlier. h'or pasture, .ilf.ilfa and elover are anioiij^ the 
 he^t. \t certain seasons, rape is eseelleiit. \ permamnt 
 
 Ji.lstiilv III llilwii ',^l,ls^fs, |-Nptiiaii\ ii il C''ni....W riiHlUTi <ii i 
 
 /> 3tt--:jrJE»^«j»it^aKfKTaT5r^f.'33C3k5^-- '^IMS-Jt/.I^^^KeKS^HI^HBiftarii^^US 
 
I M I'l ^' V n M \ >i f 111 I 
 
 Tl 
 
 .j,,,,t, tm-'.t i,].iil.,l v,.,.,.til I .iki • .111 iM il'. til iilti 
 
 \\ itii, r tMiM •( n 1 III I ' 111. ri ■! Hu mIi tli.ilt .iihihk r I If 
 
 i;i,.il, I .lilh. nil-, 1. (.. ;.MV. ill ■\ • .illlli Hill i\<ril»<'. 
 
 uiMiMilI v\IimIi ■.•.""I hll. I ..imi..l Ik .\im.I..| III lu.illV 
 , .,,, ill. ,. .Ill I 1 -MM nil 1. I nil ■ 'I llii I' itir- .il'l. «!i. Il llu-\ 
 wll l.iki- is.r<i->'. !• ..Imi; .iii'i'ii;- ill. Ill iinir. . ..r uorkiliy 
 .iiiHHii; >i.iii<rf.| 'it.iu '.t ill. ill. t . I ii'l \»ImI liitli' 'ir-uii it 
 ,„.n ...III, nil II .1 .Ir.. \\.n I.. Il.il l.-imik; pl-iri' i« pr.i- 
 
 M,l,.|. Ullll II I- II. . Iti'lll 'Il ill'- ll' . ill' ' ..H'llli'ill- .ir<- .lliil.'»t 
 
 i,l, .,1 |,,i ill. Im .\ t. -ii'l W li. II II • iiiipi.-^iM.- |.. ii-<- ill.' 
 l.,iiiH.ii.l .1 I. ...tin -In. I ■,\ii'i i.iiili ll ■■■I .111' .1 -'..pin-: pvii 
 ,irr.iiiK»'l II' "I" ' "11" I' ' "I ' ' ' • I' -I" ■ 'I i'k- piirp..-i-. I'y 
 litl.iiii': lilt -Ik'I \mi1i 'III -li.iu ..r .h.ili. .111. I -priiilJiiij; ;i 
 Ml\ illllr wll.'li •,•1.1111 ,1. ..II.; ill' ill.ilVi\.l\ .|.i> . lllr .itlrii.l 
 
 a III I III m t I In- ^. i\\ - I" t ll." I 'iMi.lir.ilili .Mti IM . \n.>llur 
 
 111. til. "I 1- t" tl1.lk<- II-. "l' -11!. ill p..|l.ll.lc pill- -it 111 ..llt^l'll' 
 
 I'.t-. 'I In -.- p.ii- 111. I'- ll. Ml. I. If .'^ I.. I vvi'li'. I'. 1.1 t l.iiij,'. 
 7 flit lii;;ll III tr..iit. .iii.l .^ I'' I Ih'Ii .'I I'l'' I' i' l> ^^I'l' 
 vli.iiin r'l.'t. Till' pill- ni.i\ III- III, I'll' '.|' ,1 -Mii,'l>- tlii.klU'ss 
 .it' null li...ir.U u'Mi li.ilUn- "Mr tli.' ii.i.l-- In lli' I'mnt 
 I- pi, III'. I ;i uiii.I'isv. aii'l .111 "piiiiii'.; in .ir .'iif mrmr l.irm' 
 (•ii'iii;;li I'.ir tin- ^i>\\- I" u" 111 .iii'l "III ^" 'l""r 1- i-..iiiirc.| 
 f..r till' i.iti'iiiiii;, 'riu-<- p.ii- -hi'iilii ll. |il,in'l f.ii in;; llu- 
 -.piitli. ami all". lit I'll'u v.iiN I'l.iu llic l'. riling pl.n f. l! 
 |,,pt will lii'.Miil. .111.1 l..ml-<-.l ..l.'iit lIu' I'.ii.'Mi ..11 the .Illl- 
 li. I.' uuli li'TM- iii.iiim.'. ill. ■ .il'i'.ir.l .|uitr i'..iiii'"rl.i!ilo 
 sli'.'liili',; iiuartt'l-. Till- -iiw- .;rr f. .r.-i.l l" t.il-.i' .'Xi'lTi-c 
 ill walkni- laiUw.ii'N .I'l'l : .r'.'. .;r.|- I.Umiii llu- prii ami 
 till' fii-'liii!^ pi. Ill', \ p' 11 I ll .1- 'Ir-iii' I .1. uill .i-i-.i'ii- 
 iiiM.l.iu iiiiH' .ir I. II -"U-. til"': :li !l 1- IhII'T. .i- .i ml. . i."t I" 
 ll.ivr lil'.ri.' til. Ill In.' Ill" -i\ -'.'A- l"'.;i'llli r I'.il.' ll 'nM 
 ll.' takfii t.i priivi'lf iiliiiu "i ir..nL;li n.'.ni ; an I llu' tr.ii|..;li^ 
 -li..nl.l l.<- I..cal.'.l .111 lir;li. .lr\ '^I'lnii'l. "f .i pl.itl'.irin vli.'iilil 
 111' ma.li' 'HI winch 1" pl.ii'i' llnni 
 
 \ r.'.-..nl sli,.ul.l he kopt .'l' lIu' 'kit'' "f -< r\ if.- i.f each 
 ^. .w. -., tli.it tlif il.ilr 111' fan-'-' win '4 will h.' kn.iwn in .I'Kaii''.'. 
 
 ill 
 
 f ! 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^3^F*piir 
 
 ^.' i "i' 3n«3?¥ \ V, £fc..'vir* A,sa vl \ 
 
'i 
 
 If K 4. 
 
 i 'i 
 
 '- IFKIHM; AMI MAN.\l.KMl:.\ T 
 
 Tlio normal ])crii)<l of j,a'^tatiiiii fi)r mius is 1 1_> davs, thoiif^li 
 they very fri'(|iiciitly run a day or two over tliis time. A 
 week or ten days before slie farrows, tlie sow slioiild I)e 
 I)lace(l in the farrowiiifj pen. so as to become accnstoiiuil 
 to chanjjetl conchtions before farrowinj,'. She should still 
 be cncoiirajjed to take a moderate amount uf exercise, 
 however. 
 
 The pen should l)e provided wit'i jjiiard-rails, ma<!e of 
 2x8 inoli planks fastened with the edpes ajjainst tlie side of 
 the pen about ten inches from the floor. These previ ;it the 
 sow from l>ing a),'ainst the partition, and lessen the danf,'er 
 of injury to the little pijjs. which ofien f.nd the space under 
 the jjuard-rail a very cf>nvenient refi e. .\ liitle cut straw 
 makes the best beddinjj, as the little pips are apt to become 
 entangled in lonjj straw, and find difficulty in keepinjj out of 
 the way of the sow when she moves alxnit. The sow should 
 oe handled, more or less, before she ' rrows, so that she mav 
 become accustomed to the presence of the atti'udant in the 
 pen. .\ sow treated in this way is less likely to become ir.-i- 
 table and excited when the attendant enters the i)en after 
 she farrows. If everything goes well, she will require but 
 little attention after farrowinp. and the less she is inter- 
 fereil with, the better, except when it is absolutely necessary. 
 
 Many sows will take the boar a few days after farrowing. 
 To breed a sow at such a time i. bad practice. Xo sow can 
 do justice to herself and two litters of jiigs at the same 
 time. Usually, the sow may be bred again a few days after 
 lur pigs are weaned, if not too nnich ])ulle(l d(,wn in condi- 
 tion by nursing. ] f she has raised a large litter and is ver\ 
 much emaciated, the chances are that she will pnxhki' ,i ver\ 
 small litter the next time, if she is bred iTumediatelv .after tlio 
 pigs are weaned. In such instances, she should he g-ivei. 
 three weeks or a month of liberal feeding to enable her id 
 regain her lost strength and vitality before she is l)red. 
 Many a man has been puzzled to know why his .sow, which 
 had raised a large litter, sbotdd dror^ <!own to four <^r Ov 
 
 
 J '.■-.^■-K-:-i 
 
I II HIM, AMI MASAI. IMI SI '•' 
 
 [.liny pi^js the lu-M linu-. Tlic naN.n i> imt .litVu-ult to fui.l. 
 T.I ppMliici- a larKf. M^orons Iuht, tlu' smu iim>t l>o stn.UK' 
 aiiil lull of vitality at lliir lime of scrvicf. 
 
 In ficlitif,' till' hrci'dinjl m.w diiriiiK' IIk- period of gcsta- 
 tiiMi, till- fifilir sIk.uM aim to keep Ikt ill ^;oo.l. stroiij; coiuli- 
 tioii without having her hecome (.'xtri'mel' fat. Many farm- 
 ., i> j^o tn tin- oth'T estnnu-. ;ui.l keep tlioir ^-ow^ thin: and 
 the thin -o\v u^U ~ .her not clo justice to her pitiN or will 
 heeome a mere wreck lu r>elf during' tlie time -lie i- nnr>in- 
 l,^.r litter— in fact, the chances .ire that hoth these thmL,^s 
 will li-ii>pen. .\ sow may he kept in fairly hiuli condition 
 an! still i)rodncc satisfactorily. i)rovitled she takes plenty of 
 exercise. 
 
 When on «"'»' ])astnrc. sows roiiuir" very little meal. 
 In this matter the feeder nnist he p.verned hy the condi- 
 tion of the sows, and if he finds that they are falling,' off in 
 condition, it will i)ay him to increasi^ the feed. C.ronnd 
 iiats. mixed with wheat hran or middlinj^-s. make i ^jood 
 r.ition for sows. It is well to avoid the heavier an<I more 
 heatinj,' kinds of ^'rain, especially dnrini; Iitit weather. In 
 cold weather, when the .sows take a ^'ood deal of outdoor 
 exercise, more heating foods, such as corn, peas, or barley, 
 may he nse<l more frcc'v, hut always in moderation. In 
 those sections where corn is ;.hundaiit and cheap, there is a 
 temptation to use it almost exclusively, a practice which 
 camiot produce the hest results. Wheat Ix-an an<l inid.llinf,rs 
 are availahlc in nearly every district, and will he found profii- 
 ahle to mix with corn for hreedins; sows. The liher.il use of 
 pasture or ^reen feed in summer, .md of roots and clover 
 or alfalfa hav in winter, as ilescriheil nmler the feediujj of 
 the hoar, is alwavs in order, and will help to ameliorate the 
 injurious effects of corn fcedinj^. When sows are fed 
 outdoors in cold weather, it is hetter to feed the meal dry. 
 They will re(|nire very little water outside of that supplied 
 hv the roots. If roots are not available, water must he su])- 
 iilic,], and the meal uuiv he soaked lietore terdm;^ it desired. 
 
 .1 
 
 ■mil ■■iiBm miifiTi — it — rnTrrtinrT — t — tt^*''"^-'''"'' 
 
74 
 
 \i. ,\ .11 \r WAi.i Ml N r 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 ir 
 
 i' 
 
 111 u.inii wciilur. ;m ,iliun<laiit '-iip)p!\ of w.itiT is vi'i\ 
 inifH.ntant. 
 
 \\ Ikii the sow ^;fH's iiilM llu' warm faiT'^wiiij^ |h'!1, it is 
 ai.lvisalilo to Urd thr itu-al :n tlic t'l^rin of a tliuk s|.)i>, aiiU a 
 iiii".krat(.' ratii.'ii I'f nx'ts sliuiilj U' i-uiitiiiiifij if slu' lias 
 Iici'ii niciviii}^ ru( ts Ufgn- slic is taken in. 'I'liis s\steiii 
 t<.iiils ti.> privciit cuustipati(.>ii. ainl a ni'.Tc i.ir U-ss fi'vii'fd 
 cnii(Jiti(.iii. uliicli may result frutii cliaiiijiiiu; fii.piii (Hitdi.iDr 
 lifi- tu ci.iiitiiK-nu'iit. A small am'jiiiit <.if oil caki- or i^roiiml 
 llaxsiiMJ aji.lf'j to tlio ration is also Iidpfnl in pri'vciitini; 
 constipation. After the sou f.irrows. tliere sInMild he no 
 linrry about feeJinjj; her. If she lies quiet for ten or twelve 
 hour.s. so much tlie better. .'\t first, she shon'.l liave little 
 more than a drink A very thin slop of water and miil- 
 dlini^s, (.jiven in small fpiaptitics. will answer very well. If 
 the weather is eold, tepid water should he used. The food 
 should be gradually increased, and in the course of a week 
 or ten days she will be <:in full feed. A .t^'Ood m(.)ther w itii a 
 lar^a- litter requires very liberal feedinjjf. If the litter is 
 .small, it may be necessary to reduce the feed. 
 
 Many difTerent rations are used for nursin).j sows. A 
 very tjood ration can be made by mixinjj; two parts of finely 
 ijn.'iind oaLs with one part of bran and one part of wheat 
 middlint;s. and allowing the food to soak between feeds. A 
 few roots .are teneti'-ial. and sweet skim milk is j,^(jod. The 
 he.ivier ),'rains should be used sparin>,dy. and should be 
 larf^aly diluted with such foods as bran, middlings, or pround 
 oats. 
 
 .After the pigs are weaned, tiie food should be cut down 
 In check the secretion of milk. Dry oats are a safe food 
 fi.ir the sow for a few d.iys after the pig^s are weaned. If 
 the udder i^ets ver\ full, it is a c^ood 1)1.111 to turn the sow in 
 with the piLjs once a day for a few da\s. 
 
 l'"i;i;iii\c'. .\M) M.\\.\c.i:mi;.\t i.u" \'(.a'Nc. Pics. 
 When the little pij^s are born, the attendant should be on 
 
 il.inil to s(.-e lii.it eseixliiill;; iims ueli. If llie T'lftS arc 
 
 ;«*U''.;; 
 
 '.:>3<. '. 
 
 ■ . '.:=fH'..i,'.''.r 
 
I I I l>JM. AMI \l AN Al.l Ml ^ I 
 
 stnm},', .iinl tlir M'W lii's (|uioi. it i^ lutli't not tu ititcrlcrf. 
 If tlu' i'it,"< M'ciu MiiiK'uliiit weak, or the viw is rotloss. it is 
 safiT til jilare tluiii in a well lieiMiil li<>\ m- haskit to keep 
 tlieili nut of the way until all are horn. If the \«-u i^ chilly, 
 a hottle of hot water plaeeil in the bottom of the box aiul 
 covered with a blanket, with another blanket over the top of 
 the box. will help keep up the vitality of the piRs, The 
 little pi^'s --houM be i-laced on the mother to sU( k as snoii a?. 
 possible. As soon as the sow apjiears to h.ive stttle.l down 
 (ptietly. it is best to pnt the little jiiys with her and leave 
 them to,L;ether. It is not well to interfere except when it 
 is abs()lutel\ iiecess.iry. 
 
 I'.y the time the pi).js are about three weeks old. they will 
 have learne<l to eat. If at all I'Osstble. they should be j;iven 
 access to anothe; pen. in which is kept a small tr..)U';h. 1 lere 
 they can be fe.l a little skim milk with a very little inid- 
 dlin.ijs stirred into it. The (luantity '.<i middliiii;'^ can be 
 <,'radnally increased as the i)iRs i^n-w oMer. If lhx\ cm be 
 lau^dit to nibble at roots duriiif^ this time, all the better. A 
 little whole wheat, or soakeil corn, scattered uii the tloor of 
 the i>en. will cause them to take exercise while hunting' for 
 it. If it is not possible to provide ;in extra pen. it will be 
 necessarv to shut the sow out of the pen while the little pijjs 
 are beii'j: fed. I'.xercise is ver\ imiioriant t(.>r \ouni; iii^s. 
 and everv i.ossible means of securing: it sh,..uld be .adopted. 
 If they are kejU in a small iien with the mother, some of the 
 best of them are apt to become too fat. and arc likely to 
 sicken and die. I'i-js that come in the sprmi; an.l e.irly fall, 
 are more easily mana^'ed than winter litters, .as ihe\ can be 
 -iven outdoor exercise. If the sow is turned out with her 
 pii^s. it is not well to L,nve her a lar-e raiii^e, as she is likely 
 to travel too far and tire the jni^s too much. 
 
 There is a ,1,'reat deal of .litTerence of opinion as to the 
 atjc at which pi^s should be weaned. Some breeders a<lvo- 
 cate leavin<j the pi^s with tlie sow for ten or twelve weeks, 
 in fact, the sow is iiractically allowed to wean her own pi^S- 
 I'or producin.? show iiit;s. thi< nietlK^d is. no d.,ul.t. a very 
 
 i\ 
 
 -ti 
 
 dh 
 
ti! 
 
 i 
 
 ■ f!« 
 
 
 76 
 
 K'" 
 
 » h.KliIM. AMI MA N.M.I Ml N I 
 
 HiK'. iiiit )t praitii-ally nn'.m> .mlv oik- litter a vcar ; 
 at aiis ratf, it (lcii"> imt a<liiiit "i twi> littrrs a \car. A 
 j,'i)()(| .s,)u. prnpirlN (and for. ^IkhiM |iriHliin' two litters a 
 Mar. anil tiic aviTa;;i' •iriiUT will timl it niorr i)rolital)lc to 
 wran hi> pij^s iar!\ i. oiij^ji to piTiiiit luo littt-rs to lie 
 raiscil. It thf \oiiii,,r ,,jj_,s |,;ivi- Ikcm taii^lit to eat as di-s- 
 cril)iMl. and skim milk is availalile. tluv iiia_\ In- weaned stic- 
 eessfiilly when six weeks oM. If skim milk is not availalilo, 
 it is lietter to <lefer weainii;; two week*, lonijcr. Skim milk 
 and iniddlin^'s make alx.nt the hest food for .\onn.i,' pij,'s at 
 this time. The niiddlinijs are lietter soaked for a few hours 
 hcfore feeding', or. latter still, sealded. If fed freshly 
 mixed, tiiev are likely to eaitse mdirjestioii. ScaMinj,^ the 
 mi(!dlin{,'s i, espeeially useful when no skim milk is to he 
 had, as it makes the fi>od more palatal)le. To scaM the inid- 
 dlinj,'s. it is hest to ponr hoilinp water on them, eover the 
 vessel, and allow to stand several hours, or from one time 
 of feeding until the i.ext. .\ few fiuelv ;,'rouiid oats added 
 to tile iniddlin^'s. will he found henetieial. If the oats are 
 not very finely ^'rotmd. it is hetter to sift out the coarsest 
 luills. W "hen the jiii^'s are first we.iiu'd. they should he fed 
 at least four times a day, heiii,-,' .illowed only what they will 
 eat up clean hefore leavim,-- the troit^dt. and threat .-are should 
 he exercised in keqiiiii; the troU',di clean. When well 
 started, they may he chan!;,H'd U:, three feeds a day. 
 
 When the pit^s arc three months old. a little pround harlev, 
 or small quantities of other jjraiu may he added to tlie 
 ration. .At first, the harley, or other -rain, should constitute 
 not more than one-fifth of the total ration: .lud it can lie 
 gradually increased ;is desired. I'.arley is one of the very 
 hest kinds of trrain Don which to start younjj pij^rs, thouirii 
 other ^'rains may he used. The alnu.~t exclusive use of 
 corn, cannot he too st, -njjfly condemned, as corn is a poor 
 hone and mu-cle former. It is important to teach younp 
 pi.irs to eat a few roots as early as possihle : or. if it is too 
 late HI iIk .s|.riii}4 for roots, some form of ,i;reen food should 
 he su])plied every day. 
 
I KKIMM. .\\l> MAN A'.t Ml M ' ' 
 
 If tin- .(.itii!,' l^o;lr^ arf not iiiUntU-l l'>r l>r»i-ilm^' purpose^, 
 tlu\ sliniiM \<v castratrd lii'fnrc tlu'v arc \\i'aiic<l. 
 
 I'lMSIIINC. I'OK MAKKl'.T. 
 
 1. ImmSHINC. Tin: r.ACON I loC. 
 
 If Caiiai'.i ins aro to maintain and ili-vi-lop tlicir trade in 
 lia.'.in with C.n-at I'.ritain, it is of the greatest iinpDrtanco 
 thai thiv pav strict attention tn (|na1itv. Xot onl\ nnist 
 their Iiw^'s l)e hred tn ^jive tlie de>ired eonforniatioii. lutt tliey 
 nut he fi'd and niana.yed in snch a way as ti> ^'ive the de- 
 ind (Miahfy. ( )ne of the >,'reate>t defects in (juality witli 
 which Ca adian packers have ti> contend is a teivlency of 
 some of the sides to tnrn soft during the process of cnrin<^. 
 Softness has nothing,' to do with fatness: in fact, a tliin side 
 is more apt to develop softness than a fat one. In a soft side 
 the fat is soft and sponpx . anil sometimes even the lean is 
 affecte.l. There are all de^^rees of softness. sliadiiiR all the 
 wav from sides which are decidedly soft ii]) to those which 
 show onlv a slifjht tenderness: hnt any decree of lenderiu ss 
 detracts very nnich from the value of a siik. and a really 
 soft side is i)ractically worthle-s. The percentaf,'e of soft 
 sides is sometimes very hi^h, even as hifjh as 15 per cent. 
 of the total at certain seasons of the year. Tt will he rca<lily 
 understood that such a condition represents an enormous 
 ■hrinka<;c in value: and this loss is hound to he rellected in 
 l!ie ])rices pai.l the farmer for his hoys. t.. say nothiuLT of 
 the iniurv to the reputation of Canadian hacou in Creat 
 I'ritain. This is not a matter, therefore, which affects 
 rrrely the jiacker. It affects the hacon industry as a whol--. 
 .itil the farmer, sooner or later, must slioulder the loss. 
 This heiu!,' the case, it is important that the farmer should 
 pav more attention to the <|uestion of ([uality. 
 
 CaISKS Ol- SOIT I'.ACON. 
 
 A trrcnt de.i! of exnerimental wftrW has heeii performed hy 
 the Ontario Aijricultural Colle-e, Cuelph, Ontario, and the 
 
 f ». .}fr> 
 
 <:.'iv't ,' 
 
 TMti-y . 
 
 '-•cr. 
 
 . >„!•? i.Mil^. ■ -r' 
 
V. 
 
 t ^ I 1 I Jil \i. \ Ml M A X \i.l \ll \ I 
 
 l.\'iili.il I'.xpi't imiiil.il lanii, i>ll.t\\.i. i>iil,iii.i. |. n lln- pin 
 jMi-c i.i' IiilIiii;^ ,.nl ilif I .iiiM- III ■.iiitiu-- 1,1 liiimi. Tlii- 
 ciiiulii^ii iii^ wlin'li iiillow npn-i lit tlir |iiiiii i]i,il |iiiiir,^ 
 
 tiriMI-lll tn lli^llt HI tlu^l- illVl-ll)^.lllilll>. 
 
 Exclusive Meal Feeding. 'I'lus i.> ]i.rli.i|i> nn.' ,ii' iIk> 
 iiiii^t ii'Iiiiiimh i.iilM'- III -.iii'iiii-^s, i>|pti'i.ill\ wluii Im'^-, .iTi 
 i-iiiitiiHil ill pi'ii~ I'li'Mi liirtli til iiiiu' III' in.irlM-tiii;;. Smik' 
 kiiiil> of iikmI ;iri' \:u>vc iiijiini ui- tli.iii hiIkts; Imt w Ik-i vtr 
 i'\i-lit-iM- inial l"rciliii^ i^ ]ir,utii'<il .iiul tin- cMrri-r i-, liin- 
 itfil, iimrr nr lc«s sui'iiu'^s i>. aliiin-l ^iirc V< rr-iilt. 
 
 Corn. * 'I tlic ^TaiiiN in luiiiiiioii n-i-, mrii lia> ilio l,mc ii- 
 c^t tiiiilriK-\ 111 lan^i' NiiftiU'-^ It- iiijiiriiMis tnii|ciu-\ i-aii 
 lir niiMlitii'il li\ miMiiL,' it lar;;fl\ witli cither iikmI aiul liv 
 fiidiii;,' -kim milk. Ljrien fimil-. ami rmit-, Imt it- Icinlriun 
 to pniiltiif Mii'tiu-- 1- sn -trmvL: I'l.it it must he ri'-anki! a- 
 aii nniit'siralili- fmiil I'nr liamti Iml;-. 
 
 Beans. Tliia luml appear- {<> lia\e a -iniilar otTeet tn 
 that prnilitceil Ii\ enrn. ami i- pii--iIiK' e\en iimro iniurinit-. 
 
 Lack of Exercise. Lack <<\ e\erei-e ha- a tiiiileiuv t" 
 
 prii'Iiue -iit'liie--. Imt tli;- teuileiicy eaii he iarj;\'ly nveri'' mu- 
 h\' illilieinii- I'eeclinj^'-. 
 
 Unthriftiness. I'lithrifiy hii,L;<. mi matter wliat ih' 
 eau-e ma\ he. .ihnn-t iiu.iriahly |iri"!iiee -nl't haenii. 
 
 Lack of Finish. Thin hn,-- li.ave .a markeij tenilenev 
 liiwar-I- -iii'iiie--. .M.irketiii;.^ Iml,'- hefnre the\ are ]i;iiperl\ 
 tini-lieil. i-. III! (Inuht. re-pnii-ihk' l"c if ,1 l; 1 ileal nI -ni'tiie-s. 
 
 Holding Back. \\ liiii a huLr i- tlni-heil it ■^luniM he 
 m.irkeleil at ■ iiiee in uriler tn prmliiee t'lrin haenii. It' th ' 
 leeil i- eiU diwii -i > that the In '^ m.aki'- iin L^.'iili in weight fur 
 -nine lime, i 'r k i-e- in \\eiL;ht. the haemi Imm Muh a h<i;; 
 i- .•iliiiii-t -tire ti> he -nl't. 
 
 Lack of Maturity. <ieneralK -peakiii',:. the ninrc im 
 mature a hni^' i-. the greater the teiiilem-y tn he -nft. .\lmosi 
 itu'.-iii.-iliK the l.ir'je-t iK-m nt.e^e iif -iifliie-- iieeiir'^ amonc;; 
 tile liL;hl silk- iif haeiii). The pr.ntice <i nmlnK fnreinc^ 
 
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I I.I t)INi. AM> \l W.M.IMIM 
 
 79 
 
 lioj^s so as to Iiavr iluni up tn {\\v ni|iiir(i! weights at a 
 very carlv afit- has a titnli'tu'v t<> iiijtin.' tlic firiuiu'ss of the 
 I>acnii. In this coiiiit-ction. however, it tinist he ntiieinberel 
 that some liojjs are more matiire Dt six months than others 
 may lu- at seven or eit,'lu nionttis, If a lio^ is naturally 
 Rrowthy and thrifty, and reaches tlie desireil weiRht at 
 six months of a^je without excessive forcing, the chances are 
 that the hacon from such a hoi; will 'e (|nite satisfactory. 
 Ciood ijjrowthy ho;;s can easily he satisfactorils tmishe<l hy 
 the lime they are from sis to seven months old. 
 
 I'UOIUCTION or ImRM llAOJN". 
 
 i'roin what has heen said, it will he seen that softness may 
 resnit from a numher of causes, and it is prohahle that there 
 are causes outside of those mentioned. luionj.jh has heen 
 said, however, to place the I'eeder on his ^uard a;^ainst the 
 most common causes, and helovv are ottered a few suijjjes- 
 tions re^ardinfj mcthc f feeding and mauafjenieiit which 
 have heen found to <jive ^oo<l results. 
 
 .\s alread) stated, exclusive meal feeding is ai)t to injure 
 the quality of hacon. and it does not i;ive such economical 
 {,'ains as a mixed diet. .Xmong the foods wliich may he used 
 along with meal are skim milk, whey, roots, rape, vetches, 
 clover, soja heans, artichokes, or almost any hulky, succu- 
 lent food. Such foods, comhined with a liberal meal ration, 
 invarin' iv f,'--e better pains than an exclusive meal ration, 
 and prodUi" a better (|uality of hacon. It is probable that 
 much of the beneficial inlU..nce of these foods is due to the 
 fact that they help to keep the animals healthy and tbriily. 
 a condition necessary to the production of the best ([uality of 
 bacon. 
 
 But while these succulent foods have an im]>ortant place 
 in hop feeding, they may also be abuseil. If an attempt is 
 made to feed hogs almost exclusively upon tnt'ni. the chances 
 are that the hogs will not be jirojierly tinished and soft bacon 
 will likelv result. 
 
<0 
 
 I I I f'lM, AMI MANAOKMKM 
 
 I 
 
 I ! 
 
 Iff.' 
 
 r-ilimitc ! tNtTii-i' diiriii;,' the fatli-nin^ pfricH.l is not CDti- 
 ilncivc to clu-ap prodiutinii. At tfu- same time, exenisc 
 lias a jjooil effect \i|ioii tlie firmness of tlic bacon pr(^lticeil. 
 At the Ontario Ajjrieiiltnral Collef,'e, the eluapest trains 
 and an excellent <|nality of hacoii, were obtained by allovvini; 
 the ho(;;s only a limited amount of exercise in small ontsid 
 yards adjacent to the i)ens. and feeding a limited ration of 
 mixed meal, accomjianied with all the fjrcen ftxjd they would 
 eat. r'> a limited meal ration is meant an alK.iwance slightly 
 less than the hoj^'s would eat if iriven tlie opporlunitv. 'I'his 
 method w.is found to be more economical than feeding meal 
 on pasture, Miough it required more labor. It is a notable 
 fact, however, th;it hi'j,'-s ubich have run at lap^e until lb'\ 
 wcifjh about loo |)Ounds in thin cont ifi, may be finished 
 on almost any meal mixture and still iiroduce finn bacon. 
 T'r.i.'; fact illustrates the marked iTilUieuce uf exercise upon 
 firmness of b.ic<.>n. 
 
 _'. l"iMSii!\r. TiiK Fat IIoo. 
 
 The general principles whi:!i ipi^ly to feeding bacon hogs 
 apply to feeiling al' classes of hogs. The aim must be to 
 keep the animal in a healthy, thrifty, growing condition 
 from start to finish. The main difference between feeding 
 the twi.i classes of hogs lies in the fact that the fat hog is usu- 
 ally fed to a greater weight and niade much fatter than the 
 bacon hog, which means a longer jieriod of feeding. The 
 feeiling of corn cioes not a]>])ear to proiluce the injurious 
 effects in the case of the fat bog that it dues in the case of 
 tl'.e bacon bog. In the I'niteil States, corn is reganled as 
 a food which produces a firm (|uality of fat, and the feeding 
 of corn is recommended by some l\x|)erimcnt Stations for 
 the exjiress purjtose of making the meat firm, li is a little 
 difticult to account for this apparent discrepancy between 
 .\merican aixl Canadian experience with corn feeding, but 
 a reason for this difference may exist in the fact that .\;neri- 
 can hogs are fed for a greater period of time than CanaiUan 
 iiogs, and that tiiey are more highly fattened. It will be 
 
A Ml \1 A \.M.IMI SI 
 
 ^ I 
 
 rciiHMiil)iTci| til, It III ilu' iinisiij,;;itii>ii^ rij^'.inliii^; \Uv tiiiiMS 
 of suit l)ac(>ii. it \\;i> I'uimil that suftiicss was iiiuri' en niuii 
 ■ •-.iiiiif,' tilt- siili's fniin iminatiin- ai-.d iiiiriiiiNluil lioj^'s tliaii 
 frniii tlii)>c wliicli wi'tr l'atlciu<l to a lii^MuT (k'^Tic. W lirii 
 wc rfiiK'inln'i" tliat cviii the lifst rniislifil liaion lio^' woiiM 
 Ik' considtTi'il ciitirclN iiiitiiiislivd as a fat \\t>ii. atnl v licii we 
 place tliis fait alnii^r^i,],^. ,,f (i,o f.nt ti,;,t tlu' fat Imj; is iimi- 
 ally an oldi-r and iiinre mature animal than tlie hacnii lio^, 
 we can ])r(ilialily inider>tanil the reasnn why inni feedm;,' is 
 not .so injurious in the ease of the fat ho;,'. The dilYeieiieo 
 in the methods of enriii}.; ma; al>o have an inlhicnce upon 
 the texture of the haeon. 
 
 XOTI'.S ()\ I.()( )1) STl'I'l'S. 
 
 It will invariahty he found that a mixture of foods ,L,'ives 
 iietter results than a ^mii\v kind. In the notes uhieh follow, 
 the prineipal foods whicli have heen used for In :;s are hnetly 
 disensse<l, and snj;j,a'stions otVeietl re^jardin.i; their combina- 
 tion with otlier foods. 
 
 Peas. Wliole peas art very palatable but entirely too 
 wastefid. as ho},'s do not dii,'est them thorouj,dily. i'ea meal 
 is a valuable food but should never be fed alone. The 
 heavy, rtose nature of the meal renders it difficult to dij;est, 
 and the ])i^'s are very apt to sicken. It combines well with 
 barlc\ . or barley and wheat middliiii^s. .\ few well ^rroimd 
 oats nia\ also be adiled. Teas are noted for the excellent 
 (jualitx of bacon which they ])roduce. 
 
 Barley. 'I'his is a noted Iio<;- food in I".uro]ie, but some 
 feeders on this side of the Atl.intic do not look uiion it with 
 favor. In exiicriments at the < )utario .\sricuUur;d Collej,'e, 
 excellent results were obtained from barle\. 1)oth in the 
 amount of tjain made by the ho<,js and the ([uality of bacon. 
 For yotni).j pij:js, it should be mixed witii wheat middlin-s, 
 a vcrv little barley beiufj used at first and the (piantitv ir^ad- 
 ually increased. l"or older |ii<js .almost anv other kind of 
 jjrain may 1)C adiled if desired. Some succulent food, stuli 
 
I I I IHM. AMI M \ N \".l MINI 
 
 .i> loots, I'V ;;rt'iii IimmI, sliniild .ilwav^ ''i t\'l will) it. ami 
 -kini milk makes a ^;rial impr.ivcnuMil. It is not j,'iiiriallv 
 icnanli'il with la\i r as a I'l.od (or lin'iiliii;,' sows, .md wli.ii 
 usfil for tliis |)iiriiosc, it slunild toiistitiitf <>iil> a small jir"- 
 poitiuii ('■' till' ration 
 
 Wheat. 'riii> gram lias a liii^lur tCiMlm;.' valiii' tlian 
 liark'v, liiit rc(|uiris misinj,' with otiur incil to );ol the lust 
 results. It eoiiihiiies very well with harle\, or liarle\ and 
 iinddlinj;s. 
 
 OatB. Owing to the amount >>i fihre in this fiM.d. hoj,"^ 
 cannot dii^est it so well as eaii e.ittle < >als are more suitahle 
 for matured hreediiij; st..ek than for \oiin^; or fattening pij^s, 
 though a few tiiielv Lrrotiiid oats ma\ he used in a mistiire 
 to give variety and to li^,diteii heavier meal, such as that finm 
 jica.s, wheat or eorn. .\ few liiielv firouiul oats comhiiied 
 with niiddliiifjs make a ver\ uood food for yoiink' pif-'^. 
 lhoii;;h it is hetter to have anv coarse hulls sifted oir . 
 
 Rye. Rve has a foo<l value a little lower than wheat, and 
 .1 little iiigluT than harley. It may he used in practically 
 the s.imc way as wheat. 
 
 Corn. Tliis is a fattening foo<l and is not comliicive tn 
 the development of hone and muscle. It is eiitir. Iv unsnita- 
 hle, therefore, for use as the main part i>f a ration for youiiL; 
 crowing pi.gs I'V for hreedinj.: stock. When fed alone, it 
 gi\es poor results in jnoiluciuL; i,'aiii in weight, and its had 
 intltieuce upon the (|Ualit\ "i hacou has already heen de- 
 scribed. If led at all. it houid he mixed largel\ with h*rley 
 or miild'iiigs. or both, and s,_,iiie ftirm of succiiK'iit food nr 
 ■.kim milk sliouM always he fed with it. Owing to its teii- 
 denc\ to pro<luce soft hacon. it should he tiseil as little a» 
 possible when hacon is the ohject. 
 
 Middlings. 'I'lus hy-product is also called shorts, though 
 some millers make a distinction hetwecii shorts an<l mid- 
 dlings. It -s almost universally used for young pigs, and 
 
 • . .- 11 . 1. ,. ...1. ■ ;i..i.i., Tf ,. 
 
 'Iii.\*.''i Witil Si\im ;::::u •.•.i:*^..: r;:*..:: .- .: *. .:;:.:t •:'_. tt v. :_> 
 
 Hourv, it is safer to mix some tiueiv grouml onts with it. or 
 
 
 ■\•-^*,' 
 
1 Kl-.lllM. AMI M,\S.\l.KMI N 1 
 
 n 
 
 iviii .1 lilllf l)r;m wluti iim<1 fnr wry v.uiiik pi^s. otlicrwiNC 
 it NiiiiK'tinus laiists iiiili>;cvti<iii. S'sikin^j f'T a frw hours, 
 or -lalilin^;, imimivi'N it I'lr \>miiK' V^K^^ It loinliiiu'* uell 
 with aliiMi^t aii\ kiinl i>f I'lcal ami makes a gfxxl f<i<)«l for 
 pi^s of all a!,'f>>. 
 
 Bran. 'Ihc u>.c "f hran in pi^' f'-'-'litiR i* rather lmiiti'<I. 
 It ciiiitaiiis too iiiiuli filin- ami is rathir too hiilky to In- fc<l 
 in lar),'i' (|uaiitilics to |)ij,'s. SoiiutinK-s a littlf 'f it can he 
 lisoil to a.lvaiita^f tor liii' purpose of iliiiitiil!,' or li^'htfiiiiip 
 other fi«"ls. as lias hei'ii imlicateil. It eaii he iiseil in larjjer 
 (|iiantitv for mattireil hreeilinj,' stmk. where the ohject is to 
 hold the animals in li);:ht hreeilm^' CMmhtion. 
 
 Oil Cake. As a rule. hoj,'s are not ])artieularly fond of 
 oil eake. A ver\ small (|nantity may he used in the ration 
 of nursiiij; sows nr \ounn pi^'s after the_\ are weaned. .\s 
 much as one-fifth of the total ration may he composed of oil 
 cake, if the pi^'s can he iuduceil to eat it. Where skim milk 
 is availahle, the use of oil cake is of douhtlul advanlagc. 
 
 Gluten Meal. {'ihitcn meal is similar in value to oil 
 cake and may he used in ahout the same way. 
 
 Cottonseed Meal. This food has heen largely experi- 
 mented with in the I'uited States, hut. up to <late. no really 
 satisfactory reports have come to hand. There seems to be 
 sonu'thinp in it which acts as a poison to pi^js and frc(iuently 
 causes death. I'"urther investi},'ation is necessary hefore it 
 can be classed -imonp the ilesirahle foods for swine. 
 
 Tankage. This is a by-product from the lartje slauKlitcr 
 houses and varies consiiierably in comi)osition. \cry i,'ood 
 results were obtained with this food at the ( >ntario .\};ricul- 
 lural College, esjiccially in cases where skim milk was not 
 available for young pigs, it seems to be well adapted to 
 feeding with corn, as it apparently furnishes a good deal of 
 Ihi' material in which cor" i- deticicut. 
 
 Blood Meal. This b\ -product of the slaughter house is 
 commonly recommcndcil for feeding .along with corn. .\t 
 the < )utario Agricultural follege, where it was fed with 
 
1 I I 111 '. ■• X Ml M V \ VI I \11 .1 
 
 III! \«i| l;I .1111^ ll I'll i\ I il I' II I I \|KII^I\f |i i| IM 111 t .ll 'I-1-. .1111 1 
 
 ■Ii'l lii'l iMW 1^ 1^.1. Ill i<-ii1|n .1. i|ii| llir l.iiik,ii;< 
 
 Skim Milk. \\ uli ilu' i m i iitinii ni v^hnli- nulK. ilu u' is 
 luiliiji^ iiii i' I lulhr -uiiiil 111 |ii^- III .ill ,ti,c- ill. Ill ^kiiii 
 
 iimIU. It '-lnii.ilU liiliitlii.il III till 1 .l-r iif \.illlii; \'^U.^' 
 
 111. I I. inN I 111. .111. ill till- .|. \ . 1. .|iiMint "I liiilir lil'l iiiM>.i li- 
 lilt l.ltli'liiiu; |illl |ii i~i ~, imiL h.i.. Inrii I'iiiihI |.i Ii.im' 'lli 
 u;li'.iti'^l t'liiil \.illlr |rl liHi |i.'iiiiiN wlirli 'Lit inntc ill. ill 
 lllUr p'lllll'K III milk .itr Il-nl hH i.ull |>iint|i| nl IIU'.ll. 
 I(i| III llii> \\,i\. ;i> liiw .1- {.!~ ]i.inii'U 111 ^ki'ii milk ll.ivc 
 'itii\(il iijM.il III lim |iiillli'N "t iniM'l inc.ll. Tlll> l^ ,ill fS- 
 > >]itli ill.ilU ^...ii| -111 i\\ iiiu;. Ill i\\ tAil . Ill l>.iiii~li i\|)cn- 
 nH'Ilt>. II ri'iiuii'l. nit .III .i\i i,iL;r. .ilinlil i i >< i |iiiiiiiiN nl iii'lk 
 III i'i|il,il KHi |iiiiiii,N ,,t iiic.il . lull III llli^ *.i-.c .1 M'lv mill ll 
 l.irmT I'ti iliiilll. ill III' llillk 111 lllr.ll W.l^ ll^cil ill. Ill lllc prii|iiit- 
 
 limi mriitiiiiuil .ilrii\r. In t.iilmi^ --kini milk. llu'ii-fi ifc, 
 the tiiilii i!iii-l I..KC mill .Hrniiiu tlir iii.itiM' i. i^l nf milk 
 .111-1 mcil m ilii-.i Imi^ \\l:,it ] il i ii i. M I !■ iii- In Inil \ -trnlip 
 ||i>iiit 111 1,11.1'r 111 -I. Mil milk i^ tlif 1. mtIIchI i|ii.ilit\ n\ li.u-nii 
 It |itiii|iii 1-^ It t(ii.|~ ti> i-nnci-t till' o\il iiilliu'iu-f 111 cnni 
 w lu'ii inl 111 1 ntiiiiiu 111 111 with that i'iumI. Mini .it tlu' < >iitari(> 
 Vt^rii'iilliiial C'liMi-^r, hill;- inl -kmi milk in ci 'ii niiu-tn m 
 with iiu'.il pfi iiliui,'!! iiim li.uiiii ihniiLili k(|i| 111 rii!ii|i.ir.iti\i'l\ 
 ;:!<i>(.' II mtiiu iiu 111 The rMilKiuc lit' n.iiii'.h Ikumii i> hd 
 I'milit i.iiuciv iliir til tlu- I'.ii I th.tt hiiim.iik 1- .1 Imlti'i m.ik- 
 mi; ci iiiiiii>, . .iml nr.iil\ .ill Iiiil;> .in.' iril mnri- nf U-^s skim 
 milk nf hiitlrrimlk. 
 
 Buttermilk. Th'> inmliH-t \.\v<a-- iMii-i.UT.ihK in c mi- 
 ll. i-itimi. .K|uii.lmu' 11)11111 the mrlli'i'N nf lln' InitU't-m.ik^-f. 
 In -I iiiu- .M-i -, I.ii-^r ;ii' Mimls lit" w .lUT timl tlinr w .in ini.i tlir 
 I tntrrmilk t.ink, .ni'l i i .ii^r ni. iiil\ rriliu-c ilio \,i!iU' nf ilic 
 Imlti rmilk. Wluir 't i iv.t ihliitii' w ,ili w.iiir it i> prac- 
 ; ii'.'il'* ( i|!!;il ill \ ai'ir !• 1 -kim iiii'k. 
 
 Whey. 'I'liiiii.!. im-mtalik- f. .1 \ri\ Miitii;,: pii^s, a lim- 
 itfil amnmit nf \\lic\ u'm - \ii-\ -n .1 iTsnlis .iftrr tlu- pitj^ 
 TC tlinr nr iniir iiinml,. ,.],], 'rh,. !i,ii.,ri.) \-rii iilliiral 
 
I I 111 %■ V Ml M \ \ XI I \|| \ I 
 
 I I . liri' iilil.ilin il llic lit -I tiiiill^ I'riilll \s !li\ It (illllj; li\ ii*iilj» 
 "iiU III. mull u In V I iii.ikf till' nuiil intii a tliuk ^liip. \\ In n 
 iiil til till- vsa\, It v\aN fiinii'l that it ri<|mrri| (rnin i .- tn 14 
 |ii'Uiii|s iif wlu'v to Ik" ruiial in fcodiiii; value to one |>onii«i of 
 till Mil iiual. This i> a viry iiiiuli lui^licr fcciliii^ value lor 
 \xlii\. Iiiiuever, than eati he exiHcti'I when it i- fe'l in lar;;e 
 i|ii,iiititii'*. Its iiithieiue njMin the tiriiiness of haeon was 
 \ei\ >ali>-faetot\ , ami it ai)|>eareii tu corrcet llie hail iiitlu- 
 
 < nee of laek of exereiso. 
 
 Sugar B«et*. I logs Mem to prefer Mijjar heets to altnoot 
 alls otliiT kiiul of roots. Some ihlTereiice of o|iinioii exists 
 ri'Hartiin^,' the .imoiint of riwit* whitli ma\ he fe<l with protit 
 to lio(,'« Koiits should he feij in iimitei! (jiiantity to -mall 
 pi^s, hilt pij,'s \\ei^,'hin^ over i(i«) poiiiicN, live \\eit,'ht. will. 
 Ill Miine eases, tal e five or six times as iiuuh rixit- as meal, 
 hy wei}.;lit, ami make very ^ood jjains. .\s a rule, however, 
 a imuli smaller jiroportioti of roots to mej'l will he fomitl 
 )irelirahie. Ahoni fcnal jiarts hy weight of riHits aii<l iiual 
 makes a N'TV ),'oo(1 ctiiuhination. The proportion of routs 
 ma\ he inenased <-onsii|erahly if thi>iii.;ht ailvisahle a- the 
 hoj^s advaiue in wei^^ht. In all experiments at the ( )iuario 
 A|j:riettltnral follef.;e. and at the (."entral l-'.xperimeiital l-'arm, 
 
 < 'ttawa. \ery satistaetor\ result- were ohtaiiud from root 
 leediiiL; so far as tirmiie-s :>[ hacnn was eoiueriud. 
 
 Mangels. Thoii>;li not ipiite sn hi;.;h in ftediiij.j value, 
 m.-m),'els eom])are very favorahl\ with -u;.Mr hi-et- "or \\'i'^ 
 feeding:. If the Iioi;s have not heeii led siij^r.ir heeV-, they 
 will cat manv:els very rcailil\. Tluir inlUtciu-e iii)iiii the 
 lirmncs? of hacon i- the same a- that of -u^'ar heet-. 
 
 Turnips. Hoj^s are not so fund of turniii- .-i- of man-els 
 
 iml su^ar heets, hut if 'hey ilo not know the ta-te of either 
 manjjels or suiLrar heets, they will eat a coiisidirahle iitiantily 
 
 if ttirni])s. Turnips arc m.ade more palataMi h\ cooking;, 
 lliiiui,di it is douhtfiil whether eookini: increa-e- their actual 
 feedmL' value, which i- very -imil.ir to that of main'el-. It 
 iia- heeii fouml that the fiediiij„' of turnips aloiij; with a mea, 
 
•« 
 
 I > t III M. t Ml tl \ \ «i.l U> ^ I 
 
 1. 
 
 ration. j;ivi« a lirnur i|iialil> ui li.uun lliau wluii tmal ih 
 fi'<l all IMC. 
 
 PeUtOM. C'ookmj; i* «'«»ciitial m orilcr to k*** '''*' ''^'^^ 
 rc^ultx from polatin".. If ilu\ can !•«• uMikfil «o a^ to iiavo 
 tlu'nt ilrv ami nualv. Iio^js will cat lluin nimli more rcailil). 
 riie i<Nik«'il iwiiai.H>< make a vrr\ palataMr f'«"l wlun 
 Mia>Iu'.| ami mixril with nual. Tlnir mlliiciuc upon the 
 i|na!ili of liacon is aKo iK'nctii iat. 
 
 Artlcbokea. in Mimo Mition* ihi* iTo|> is v<r\ [wipular 
 as a iio^; fiMnj. It is most smlahic. Iiowwcr, for somt-wliat 
 li^riit, saniis soils, .\rticliokcs ma> Ik- plantiil in tlu- late 
 fall or larlv spritifj in rows .'i to n inches apart, ami from 
 ij to \H imhi's apart in the rows. Thc-y arc nsnally rt-aily 
 to fccil aliotit ScptcmUr 15th, ami the ho^s are turned in 
 to ilij; the tnhers for themselves. Frost iloen not injure arti- 
 chokes, ami' nsuallv enoU);li are left in the yronml for an- 
 ' ther crop, if it is thought ailvisahle to leave them. When 
 it is ilesired to erailicate them, the ho^'s may he turne«l on 
 them a^ain in the sj)rinu, ami the plot suliscquently sown 
 with turnijis or some other hoed crop, .\rtichokes have a 
 little liij^her fiedinj^ value than potatoi's, and I > arc very 
 foiul of ilu-m. 
 
 Sugtr Beet Pulp. Sonte experiments have In-en cnn- 
 ducled with this food for swine, ami it was fonnd that when 
 it ilid not contain an excessive amount of moisture, its feed- 
 ing value was very similar to that of su^ar heets. It is not 
 so palatahle as the heets. and some difficulty was exper- 
 ienced in inducin;,' the hops to eat it freely. 
 
 Pumpkins. Tlic-se have a feedin^j value very similar to 
 that of turnip.s, and they may he used in practically the same 
 way. 
 
 Beet Molasses. This hy product from the heet snpar 
 factory has hecn experinieiited with as a food for swine quite 
 cxtensiveK' in (lermaiiy. and to a limited extent in the 
 I *;iit<i;l CiMi.t^, Tit lilt* \ !U'.'rii';'.ii 1' \!H'riMit'!it s, iw.A ;ilso \i\ 
 sumc of the German •■xpcrinients, heet molasses jiroved 
 
[„,i,.,ii.>(i, to till h .i.'v ill.. null ^•>m«• (..■rtii.m ex|»rrimeiiti'r* 
 Ml. nt.j <l III fti"litiv; .1 III."!. r.itf .(ii4ntit\ vviih imJk. In th'* 
 lii;ltt .it' .>iir priMiit kii-.\vl«'lKc, huwcvcr, tlii* (<»«-xl cann«>t 
 Ik' ri'niniiiirii<li-.| i"T >wm«', 
 
 FendinK Value of Root*. A» lia-. .tlr«-.t'l\ Inrn nui 
 ni.Ui.l, inii.h ni ihf fmlini; v.iitu- of r.»>t' lonMNt* m ili«ir 
 r(T«it ti|Min III.' ^,'<lu•r.^l lu.illli -.f tiu' animal Tlu-y teii-l 1. 
 prt-vtiit iiulit;. Mii.n ;iii.,l i ..ii^tiiMtion, a". I t'l fir.jiiudc i,'.Miirai 
 thrift. Tln' riMilt> <>i l. >t^ .it i s|Hriiiunt »lati.in> in.lu.tt 
 tiiat fr.im '• to K fM.tin.l- .if Ml^,'ar Inrtv mani:.N. i>r turm|M 
 are c.|HivaUiit in f^^•.illl^,' valiu t<i on.- jKinnd of miwl in.al , 
 an'! lli.it 4 to 4'; poun.N "f |>otat<H>. arc cquivalt-nt to .,110 
 jxnm.l of miM.l nual. The mial equivalent of roots varux 
 cniisi.j.ralils, .jipiiKliiit,' upon iirciinistanccs, luit tlic figure. 
 yiviMi will "i.rvc .1^ a t,'Ciurai unulc. 
 
 Rape. Thi» i> an <m<i>iioiu1I\ valuahU- f.HHl f.)r swiiio, 
 and inav lie pa!.lnrc.l or cnt ami fed t'» the pi^s in liie p. m> 
 I'.ir faitenin^r lio^"*. hist results were ohtaincd hy the < )iitari.> 
 .\j;riiulniral I'olle^;.- from levdinn alKiiit a l\\o-thir.l meat 
 ration ami all the rape the ho^s would eat. The hot,'s «ero 
 kept ill jieiis w :tli small outside \ards. and the rape wa- eut 
 an<l carrie.l t<. them. This method of fee.linj,' «ave more 
 economical «aiiis than fatteiiinn ..11 jiasturc. ami the h.ncon 
 .vas of eiiually j;.x).l .pialitv. I'or liree<linp sows, however, 
 pastiirinj; rajie is jireferahle, owiiip to the exercise the ani- 
 mals receive. When on rape pasture, mature sows require 
 little other fmxl. hut youny. j;rowinp sows re.|uire a m.id- 
 erate meal rntinn in adilition to the rape. 
 
 VetcbA. llo>;s will eat vetches even more readih tli.in 
 raiH. lint, the vetches do not furnish so much food per acre. 
 \etches are reail\ for pasture a little earlier than rai)e. ami 
 if a pari of the pasture lot is sown with vetches early in the 
 cpriiip, it can he sown with rape after the vetches have hecn 
 eafeii ofT, and thus the grouml will pive two pasture crops 
 
 .l..*;,.^^ •!•;» :it»:' '^i»p.*i: :!' \'etl"h.eS !112\* ulsO l-'C tlSOl! US ii Soil- 
 
 ipL; er. >]). as descrihed under rape. 
 
 |.. 
 
 i'h^.v 
 
ir»ii>^<. »Mi u«««>.>«i>Ni 
 
 w 
 
 Hairy Vttch. I Ik »«v't of tin* <f..)i \-> v.t\ r\|>fit«i\r 
 Tlun- i» iKi iluiilit, lii>wt\.r, llt.it It iii.ikf^ ;tii rMi.lini jm" 
 tiirr rrii|i |iir iwiiuv l( ii>>t |>.i'»liir«'"l \i-> iI.>tU, k i^ihw 
 ii|i iiiiiikh when till' li"n,'>< .tre riiiiuviil \\.r i.irlv •.|irit(p 
 |i.i«liitr. It •Imtilil Itr ^uwn iliiriii^' llu' l.ilt< i p. ill nf \ii^n>l 
 ««> lli.it it r.in iit.ikr i i'i)ti'«i>li'r,ili|i' ^TmhiIi iIh- |ir('i«'<liii^ fall 
 AfMMit oiif aiul iHic It."' ' liii'tiKU 111 "n-vil |HT ;uTr an- 
 ri'ijiiirnl 
 
 Red Clover. Tlii» intp m U-i -inir.! f.ir |.,i^iiifi. .iimI 
 llu- It'll.;* >li.iii|i| lie j;i\tn (|iiiti- a lar(.;f railK'' "f lit'' <i>'Vrr 
 VMJI jiktlv lie killrd mil. It i> t*|K'iiall\ u->fful f.ir lir»i'i|iii|,' 
 
 Alfalfa. Where tlio ^oil atiil other I'ntiilitiiiti^ are miii- 
 ahle. alf.ill',1 make^ an aliHi>..t 'ile.il pa'tttrf f"r *\\iin- I'.iie 
 mii't he t.ik«ti. however, iiot to pasture ttm iIum-K or the 
 croj) mav Iw ile^troxeij. 
 
 Soja Beaai. I hi* crop in.ikeH .1 v.ihiaMe «oiliii>; crop for 
 • \ f. lint I* M'>t Miilahle for pa>tiirt'. It ha» a IiiliIi tii<lin,' 
 value ati'l ho>;» <',it it r«a<hl\ 'I'lu' i Top j> iin||.iII\ v,,\mi .it 
 the r;!te of one-h.ilf hti^hel per aire in ilrilN two feet apart. 
 The ineilinni ^;l^':l \ 1 . i> i;.i;i. •..iii>f,ii'ior\ for ihi» 
 piirpo-e. It i-" n^iialh *o\mi in the earl\ part of Ma\. 
 Though the soj.i hean h.i\ a hi^^hcr tteilmi; v.iliie lit. in r.ipe. 
 it il'K'>* not yieM m> iiiiuh loiMtr per ai re. ,'(ii<l is rather more 
 troiiMe to pl.int. 
 
 Green Rye. l.iH .st>uii ryi' will in.ike :\ very e.irh sprmjj 
 p.istnre. ;iiiii .ifter it It.is heen e.ileii oil', the u'roiinil iii.iv he 
 sown 'vith some otlivr eroji siiih ,is rape. it h;i> iio( a verv 
 hi;,'h feiilin^ vahie am! its mam ret ommeinl.iti'iii is the f;nt 
 tli.it if yives very earU pasturi . 
 
 Alfalfa Hay. \- a fiiod for swine the seeond or third 
 cutting,' of alt.tita is tlu' must s,i'isfattor\ . the fir^t iiittiii'; 
 heill^; .soiiiewli.it coarse. X'liir.eroiis i\perimtnts have heen 
 made with alt'.ilf.i as .1 stthstitnte for p.irl of the meal ration 
 for ho^s, and while it will not entirely siihstitiite meal, .il 
 the same tune it l;ims bulk and \.irut\ to the t I and 1 I 
 
t M III M. % ■»«■ M \ > \' I Ml > I 
 
 >l't 
 
 i 
 
 (iii^ .1 1 oii^hIi r.ilili ^.liiiij; III ilii- .iiii'iiint III iiu'al rrf|iilrri| 
 (•>r MMiiiliMi.nKv Aininliitjj; In Mimr v (K-tiinrnl», it dul ii'it 
 . (fii t •<> i;ri-.it a 'rtviiin of iiual nn iIkI '.iiijar lirct». \\ licii 
 -(««|K<I iM «.ilpr ami niist.I \\n\\ \]\,- nwnl ratmti, it it cxiil- 
 
 !. lit liif liliTililn; *f.,-k, .ill'l lll.lk^■^ .1 vrr\ (.iir ■•ilh^llltllc- lor 
 
 riM its 
 
 Red Clover Bay. SouikI >ri>|i r«-<l dovrr nuis U- ii^xl 
 
 III llii' ^.nm u.i\ .!■> .lll.ilt.l, llwill(;l| It h.ii. iMfirK »> i !vu'i 
 a Irtiliti',^ \..lllf 
 
 Corn SlUge. I tare i- vit\ liitU- fri-itinu v.iliu' iti avcr- 
 A'^v mm -.lUyr '•!> I.it .IN h<ni^ arr miuTninl Wli- ti tucil 
 it .ill, It iiui\ lir iittli/nl NiinpK In ^fivi- varietv, f>|K'viallv 
 v\Ik-ii iitluT liiilkv fiMMix arr not availahic It i- a im»l.iV:c. 
 llovM'vrr. Ii. .illtin|it t-i fmir li.i-s to rat lar^^r i|iiaiililii - 'jf 
 till" liiilk>. (ihriMiN iiiatrnal. 
 
C !1 AI''I IK \II. 
 
 I 
 
 MIS(."l'.l.l..\\l".('l'S. 
 CddKisr, l"rM)i> i(ii< SwisK. 
 A great mans fxiKTimciits have l)fcii romliictod with 
 cooked fc"»l for 'wiiio at various evperiment '<tatioPv. The 
 results of tests from differeiU stations nIiow ma. y coiitraihc- 
 torv results; sometimes the cooked f 1 scoring an advan- 
 tage, hut ofte'ier the uncooked food takin;; ilie lead. So far 
 as can he made out from the results, it would stem that 
 cooking meal does not increase its digestihility and feeding 
 value, and the weight of evidence .> in favor of the theory 
 that cooking tends t. decrease the iligestihility of meal. 
 I'olatoes. however, apiu-ar to he unproved hv cooking. 
 Turnips ar- rendered more palatai)le hy cooking, hut it is 
 doubtful whether their feeding value is increased therehy. 
 If it is desired to feeil a large iiuantity of turtiips. no doubt 
 cooking is an -idvantage. In the case of sugar beets and 
 mangels, which the Ito-s e.u rea<lily in the r.iw st.ite, it is 
 verv doubtful whether cooking i)avs. On the whole, there- 
 fore, cooking apparently tends to make foods utore palatable, 
 but its etTect upon <ligestibility ai)pears to be injurious rather 
 tlian benet'icial. with the exception of jxitiitoes. The feeder, 
 therefore, will have to be governed by circmnstances in 
 deciding whether it will be advisal)le for liim to cook the 
 food or ni 't. 
 
 So.\Ki:i), Wi:t .\ni> Drsv \\y.\h. 
 So far as can be gleaned from exj)erimcnts to date, soak- 
 ing meal for sevral Ivurs before feeding app.-ar.-. to l)c 
 beneficial, it is <' 'iful. however, whether wetting the 
 f ! :.,-. 1,,.;...,. •. ..- \:-., .-, rv , = ,::r!i U^<h^,■■:^rr One of 
 
91 
 
 liic difficulties ill ftfiliii'; ilr> meal is tin- iircvi'iition of 
 w.'.ste. i>arti(ul.irl> in mitsitle fl•c■llillK^ wIrmv a larvjo luim- 
 liiT of Imj^s arc fciI t<);;ctlKT. Fii siicli cases, considrralile 
 1 al is tlimwn out of the Iroujdis and train])led into tlie 
 •artli. Wlu-re only a few lioj^js are ful to^'etlier. especially 
 V \ere ti.'y are fe<l in a ])en with a cement tloor. tliere is ver\ 
 little waste. When the meal is fid wit ilurini,^ cold weather, 
 there is danger of forcing a hoi,' to take more water than it 
 rii|iiires. This is mo>t important in the case of hreedint^ 
 sows, especiallv where thc\ are fi'd outdoors. l'"or outdoor 
 fiediii).; in winter, dry meal is preferalilc. There i;ia\ lie a 
 waste of meal hut this waste wil' he more than paid hack 
 in the heneficial inlliience this method of feedini; has upon 
 the sows. The whole matter after all is larj^eK one of 
 iud^nient, ami calls for careful study of the condition.s 
 i.iider which the feediiip is done. l"or ordinary winter 
 fi-edinj;, very satisfactory results can he ohtained from 
 mixing' the dry meal with pulpeil roots ami allowiny; the 
 mixture to stand from one feedin<^ time to another. Iloth 
 roots and meal seem to he made more palatahle in this way. 
 In warm weather there is much less danger of sui)plying 
 more water than is re(|uired. and the chances are the hogs 
 will re(|uire coiisiderahle water in addition to that su])plied 
 with their food. 
 
 r.KdC.M) .\.\|i I'M.UorM) CiKAIV. 
 
 American experiment stations have iii;.ile a large numher 
 of experiments with whole corn versus ground corn. Re- 
 sults have heen an\tliing hut uniforin. .\s .1 rule, the 
 ground corn has had a slight advantage over the unground, 
 hut in m.uiy cases not sufficient to pa\ for the grinding. 
 The smaller grains, such a i)eas, harlev . etc., appear to 
 show a greater advantage from grinding and there is little 
 douht that the grinding of ordinary grain is ailvisahle, 
 es])ecially when jirices for grain are hi.gh. If it is ever 
 deemed advisahlc to feed whole .grain, it will he found an 
 advanta^'c to soak it tlioroii"liK hrfnri' {•■•■f|ino- 
 
 ^' 
 

 Kki.atiiin i>\: I.im: Wr.K.in lo I'.conkmv oi' Cain. 
 In various .xpi-riimuts. it lias '.cen slunvn that the ammint 
 „f meal mnu.ol for a i.omul «'f g .in in wciglit stra.liK 
 increases as ttic l.i^ I'cn.iucs heavier. The expeniueiils 
 with pure-hred -wine at the Ontario Atiricnhnral CIUkv 
 l,r.Hi^;ht out this point iiuite elearly, as the followini,' state- 
 ment shows. 
 
 Meal Ri<iiiirc.l for 
 I.ivf \\v<Kht of II. .Ks. loolt. liuT.a-r m W t-mlil 
 
 S4 to Sj ii.mn.U .'■" l"'iin. s 
 
 I,, ,n 1,S l.M„M,l~ ■ !.<« 1""""^ 
 
 I4S tu 170 POMIKI- 15.S P"'""1S 
 
 Prof, \V. .\. lleiirv in his hook, "I'ee'N ami l"ee<liiiK." 
 t^ives a verv interesting' tahle niuler this head which he 
 compiled from /.le resnhs of nianv experiment stations. 
 This tahle indicates that ho^rs weiK'tii'ik' fr"'" '50 to 2fx) 
 p,,nnds re<inire 4«_' pc.nnds of meal for 100 ponn<ls -ain m 
 wei^dit: from Joo to --50 pounds. 4<)8 pounds of meal: and 
 from 2W to 3CK1 pounds. 511 pounds of meal. It will he 
 seen from these f^Rures that the weii,dit at which the 
 Canadian packer wants the lioR is just al.out the limit of 
 profitahle feeding. 
 
 CoKRKCTU 1:^. 
 Suinc appear to have a craving for what niii:ht he called 
 '•unnatural suhstanccs." This is especially true of ho-s 
 that are kept in confinement, which will eat Freddy such 
 substances as charcoal, ashes, mortar, soft coal, rotten wood, 
 etc. Tt is prohahle that some of these suhstanccs are not 
 1.00,1 for ho-s, hut there is no doubt that charcoal and wood 
 ashes have a beneficial effect, the former bein^' greatly 
 relished. It is goo<l practice to supply charcoal, esi)ecially 
 .luring the winter months. If charcoal is n<it available, a 
 verv good mixture to keep constantly before the pigs in 
 small troughs made for the purpose, can be made up of one 
 part of sulphur and about ten parts of wood ashes. If 
 ;,.,,„„„1 rharc.al is used instead nt the ashe^. it is rallu-i 
 
 L'.T-;'. - 
 
 
MIM Kl I AM. "I H "•' 
 
 ] A iViiihlc. It is .'.aiiK... .. ''••". ver. to witliliold salt fn.m 
 h.pjrs for a lonj; time aii.l lluii '^i\v tluni a lar^;o aiiioimt. 
 If a supply of s'liiif siu-li mixture as tlia* 'lesirilKd i-> l>«i>t 
 ,,)nstaiUl\ l.efore tlie pij^s, tiiere is iin d .,L;cr tliat tliey will 
 lake t(M) miK-li. Sods make a very fair siihstittite f^r iliar- 
 roal. A \vaj,'oiidoad or two of sods i)!ace'i conveniently 
 luar tlu- pii;i:er\ so that the feeder ean throw one or two 
 ,nt.> eaeh I.eii oeeasi„nallv. will he f.nmd very beneficial 
 dnnn- the winter. l'it,'s that are outdoors in summer ;.iid 
 ;ia\e accos to earth and ve-etahle matter, have little need 
 ..f other correct, es. 'idle term corrective is used for want 
 ..f a better, but such substances as those described .appear 
 to correct or prevent deran,i;enient of the dii^estivc or^^uis 
 and pla\ a very important part in pi;; feedmg. 
 
 \ r.KMIN. 
 
 l.ice are a common source ol loss to the hog raiser, and 
 are esi)ecially injurious to Nouiif,' pij;s. They .le most 
 comiuonl\ foimd annuid the ears, inside the legs, and m 
 the folds of the skin about the jowl, sides, and tlauks. A 
 two per cent solution of cieolin ( -' parts creolin to iix) parts 
 water) makes a ver> ; 1 wash for lice. Most of the 
 -taudard sheej) dips are also etTe'.-live. but treatment of any 
 kind must be repeated veral times to erailicate these pests. 
 Coal oil is very elTective. but is liable to blister, or remove 
 the hair. .\ verv .t^ood wash can be made as follows: 
 Thoroughly mix 4 .-.unces of soft soap with 6 ([uarts oi soft 
 water; then add S ounces of naphtha and mix as^ain. This 
 wash makes a s<"^'l iusecticide. and is also beneficial to the 
 ^kiu. Thorout;h cleaning of the pens, and spraying them 
 witli a .i,'ood disinfectant, such as the creolin solution, will 
 be found helpful. Occasional whitewashing also tends to 
 keep vermin in check. 
 
 S.\Nn".\TION\ 
 
 The hog is an extremely difticull animal to treat when 
 an\thing goes wrong with him. and. unless it is sotue very 
 
 
 ■■' r?--. I.'-' 
 
94 
 
 Mi -I I I I \ \ I . M 
 
 # 
 
 simple ailmi'iit. iriMtinciit is -ildom itTritivi'. (hviii^^ t" 
 lliis f.nl. prrvi'ittiiin of disrasi- >!iinil(l nirivi' s|itTial atti-ii- 
 tiaii, aii<I tlif ;in)\rrl>ial (iiiiici' of iufviiitioii is worlli a 
 j^rrat inaiiv imiiiiuIs of otirc utu'ii ik'aliii^ will) suiiif. 
 
 Cleanliness. I'iltli is an osci-llfiit liarlmr and hri'dlniLT 
 tjrnunil for ilisia^r ;,'iTnis. C:v:v ^Iimilil ln' taki'ii lo Iiavi' 
 pi'iis fr(.i|iiiiitlv cli-ancil, ami tin- fuqiu'iit use of disinfiil- 
 ants aliout tlio \h\\^ and >.ki'pinj; (|nartt.'rs will ho foinid 
 profitalilo. In ca-i' an\ lioi^ should dio in llu' pen. llu' lun 
 -houl 1 ho thoronj^hlN iloannl and ^praM'd with disinfoctant. 
 A ; inr cont solntioii of crmlo larholic acid or croolin ( ; 
 parts crndi- carholic or croolin to kxi parts water), will 
 he fonnd i iTi-rtivo. TluTo aro also soino i>atont disinliot- 
 ants on the market, which i^ive satisfaction. If a lioj,' should 
 (lie of some contagions disease, the carcass should he 
 hurneil, or huried ht'\(i!'.d the reach of do!.;s. 
 
 Light. Sunlight is one of the hest .lisinfectants. and 
 every effort should he made to ailmit ]>leiity of liijht into all 
 pens. It must he rememhered that disease .tjerms llonrish 
 hest in the dark. 
 
 Ventilation and Dryness. To the diflficulty of secnrini: 
 adeijuate vntilation in the pii^'s^ery, may he trace<l a ijreat 
 many of the ills which the pi^' is heir to. Rheumatism, 
 hronchitis, and ])nennionia are some of the commonest 
 winter trouhles of sw nc. 
 
 Rheumatism is caused hy dampness. When moisture 
 appears on the w.alls in winter, which is most likely to occur 
 where the walls are of stone or concrete, it is a pretty reli- 
 ahl? danfjer sijjnal. Injudicious fecdiufj may predispose 
 towards rheumatism. When a pic hecomes hadly cripi)led 
 with rheumatism, it is ditficult to do much for him, and the 
 chances are that he will never return a i)rofit for the food 
 he consumes, .\bout all that can he done is to place him in 
 dry quarters and feed u])oii nourishinjj an<l laxative food. 
 Prevention of dampness, and hence the prevention of tiu- 
 disease, is the feeder's main hope. 
 
-ftr • ^ ,.<_.■ 
 
 I 
 
 MIM H I ANKll » 
 
 y:. 
 
 iiiiiltr ->i\ niiiiilliN <i!il. Matnifil |iij;s .iro -clilum irc iiiiilcil 
 wiili it. If it ;itt:uk^ vir\ vuiij; I'i^^. " !■■ "I'ti'ii t.it.il. Inn 
 \n\i> two ■■r tlinr iiKHitli^ 'M \\\\\ ;^'< iu r.illy sur\ivc-, llii>ii^H\ 
 llifir i^rii' *,li .iiul tlini'l will lie -i i'.mii>1\ mtirfrriil witli. 
 Till' ili'-ca'-i' i^ ac'( oiiipanii.'(l !i\ a i!i-tri--siii- i-iiu;^h. wliitii 
 itviialh lll■-a]llPt.■ar^ with tin- adxciit nf warm wi'atlii-r aiiil 
 .•iltijin'r (.'Nil'i i>-i'. I.iulc tail Kc iloiir in llu- wa\ nl uaat- 
 iv.fiit. 1 )r\ ]H'iis fill- I'tdiii iliaui;lit>. iiMiiri>linii,' iDotl. aiiil 
 :;> iiuuli (.xcn-i^i a- powililt-. aic ilu' iniiuipal i"'iiit> t" In- 
 iiliMTMil. l)ainii. ilull) |)cii^ an- llu- iiii)>t i-iimiii"ii faUM.- 
 cf \\w> triaiMc. 
 
 I'liriiniiiiiia is mure •-cnniis. and i^ L;fiKrally fatal. Soiiic- 
 tinu-s till' pn-^ilU'i- nf a ilfad ]ii^ in the jun i^ the lir^t inli- 
 mati'Mi of aiiUliiiii; wtimii;'. SnnK- will ilrai; alnni; for a 
 ciiU'^idcrahlt.' tiiiU'. ioii;.^hintj at friinuiit intervals, anil (itluTs 
 will malNT a n'ci>\i'r\. tlimi^h tlicy an- '-clilum prul'italilt- 
 priipirt\'. Tlun- is jiractically nn tri-atiuiu uthcr than thai 
 iksitihcil muliT hninihitis. Tlic ftcliT w In > imuc has o\])i'r- 
 ifuri- witli inuiinionia. will realize the impnrtanci' <<\ Arw- 
 w^ to priMiit the disease, which usuall\ conies from d;inip, 
 chill) i)ens. Some forms of the di>ea-e arc conta^iou>. and 
 it is always safer to isolate alTected i>i^>. 
 
 Damp (jnartcrs are also a fre(|uent cause of indi^cslinn 
 and scoiirin;.,' in snckinLT pit;s. This tronhle will treiiuenily 
 wipe out the whole of a promising' early spring; or winter 
 litter. 
 
 'riiouii^h the list of troubles q;iven above ma\ not lie com- 
 l)Ietc. it will serve to impress upon the feeder of swine, the 
 importance of \entilatioii and dr\ air in the pi.i;i;ery. 
 
 Feeding. .Mistakes in feedins; are responsible for a num- 
 ber of ailments. Partial paralysis, tlunnps, and some forms 
 of coui^hs are perhaps the commonest troubles of this class. 
 The tninatural appetite wliiJi cause- a sow to cat her jiitjs 
 is also believed to be caused by dcraiii^^ement of the digestive 
 origans: and man\ skin diseases are due to the same cau>e. 
 ir to a combin.ition of causes. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^■■ra*-'** M'.>r«k«i>^ 
 
*:«:?w*>.^-3iii£rK 
 
 r^ \'; • «<^i,^ ^ ' '; .^^'^ 
 
 iii; Mi~i I I I \ M 111 ' 
 
 i'.irtKil p,ir.il\>i- ns.inl.li- i In umatiMii in il- ^Muptonis. 
 Tlu' !.:uk s..iii^ 1.. Ill' -lun.illv .iH.vU'.l, l),.\\i-v.T. .ind tlutv 
 i, ,,..1 t!u- iiMikt.l s.iicius- ■■! tlic |..mt- that i- fMiiiul in rluu 
 iiKitisiii. I. ,,i)Mip;iliiiii ;u-.oiii|.,mi(s llu- paralvsis, wlini it 
 i^ .hu- t.. .liijiMiM- clirikull^ l'.iral\-is iisiialls cmms In.i'i 
 
 lihiTal iVcliiii,' anil lack nt I'MTriM-. ..r ill.- iVclm^' .)l 1 1- 
 
 of a cmiMipalnm •: •Miiv. |u.lui..ti-< fi'cilm^ wilt k''""'"''") 
 -.r^'Vinl tin- .liMaM', l.nt wii.ii it "iH-inv it i- miTs-arv t ' 
 pin.liia- )>uii;atiMn. Inllowril I'V a limit.'.! ratimi nf laNativ 
 I „, I. l',iv-:ili.iii .an ln' . au-cl liv i;ivin;; fn.ni t\\i> U> i'i:-;lil 
 ,,iui>-.'> III' .li-'in -allv a.o.nliii- t.. llu' m/i' "I tlu- aiiiniiik 
 It i> aKi. a .U'""' praiti.i' tn L;i\i' m .KMilimi. ten to t\vrnt\ 
 ...-.liiw nitx vomica tlircc tinu'-. ilailv. Tin- latter inav l.r 
 -ivin in till' loo.l. It tlu' animal- will I'at. If tlu- .JiM-ast' i- 
 notiiol in its first >tai;v>, that is. wlun constipation is no- 
 ticol, am! till' lii>;,'s appear slii,rl,tly stilT. it frcineiitly can l)c 
 ,,vcrcomc l)v -ivinj: the animals a complete fast for twentN- 
 f,,ur hours, ami then -ivinii them a .Irink of skim milk wliich 
 contains a liheral -lose of s.ilts. When necessary to pivo 
 meilicine in the form of a .Irnuh. threat care must he excr- 
 cise.l ..r tlie 1ml: iii:>.v l'^' sutlocate.l. i'.y pulling' the cheek 
 .va;iv from the teeth, and i-ourini: the meilicine in very 
 ;.!..\\lv. the (Irenchini: cat) he iloue with verv liltle risk. 'Ihe 
 ho.^' slionlil mit he tiirncil on it- hack when ilrcncheil. i'rc- 
 v.'ntion is better than cnr.'. ami the skilful hre.'.l.'r is not 
 likelv to he trouhled h\ this disease. 
 
 'I'htimiis is a troiihle which usually attacks little pij,'s 
 h.fore thev are weaned, ami is caused hy lack of exercise 
 and a liheral sujiply of the mother's milk. The result is an 
 .-iccumulati.in of fat ahoiit the heart and luii^'s. wiiidi inter 
 feres witl) the action i>f these origans. The finest and fat- 
 tc-t piK in the litter is tisu.illy the fir-t to t;i>. The hreathinu 
 is quick and apiKireiUly di'ficult, ami tlu' jerkinix movement 
 ui tlie flanks of the \>\ii i^ives rise to the name "thumps." 
 _\ .....ii ,i,.y,>i. ,,,..,] c:\~.o of th.nmi's is i.rai iicallv incurahle, 
 and if preventive mea-nres are ivt taken, the whole litt.r 
 

 Ml-"! t I I A>Hil ■« ' 
 
 .n,i> I- Inst. Till- .liMMSf ranlv ... mrs wlun ilu- liltU- pi-- 
 ^.,„ -,i ..ut.l.M.r .-vrrnM. hut 1- -I'l'l' "•""""" •'111""'-; ^^""''' 
 1,11. r. ulmh an- kept .--IuumI hi ikm^, I'.mi.im' i- r-^'ii 
 n.il. rv.M II tlu- iVol.r IS o,in|Kll.-.l to sp.ii.l .. Iru nniml.s 
 so.T.il tiin.s a ,l,iv uilh .. vNliil'. t" l'"-^^' Ilu- 1ml'' I'lk- '" 
 ,„„ .,1„,;,| H, ilv |,Hi. T!u- ,iuMi..n ..t > N.rns.. i. .Kall uitli 
 uu.Kr I'.T.liiii; .111.1 Nhmau.iii.nt ..l' ^. "111:4 ''i!-^- 
 
 A s,,u will V. r\ ran-1. ..il li. i' 1mi;s uIkii -Ik- lia> l..rn i.-'l 
 ,„,.! inaiiaL;i-.l a- .!.-< rili. •! m a ih.M'.iw ,!iai>t.r. If -lie 
 ;,o|ini,- Ilu haliit. tlul- is a .laiiurr lliat ^lu' u ill ...nluuu- t- 
 cal lui- 1.1-s, n.i iiiattiT l-w -hi- i matla'^'-'l rn!.-s >lir w 
 a v.i\ \alilaMr -. 'U . H uiH I"' I""'"' ^■''^■'' >" ''■'"^" '''''' '""^ 
 sill h, r 1,, tlu' liiit.liiT after Ik-: iir-l .itii-n-.-. 
 
 Skill .I'-.-a-rs ..I \ari..ii- kin.N aro .put.- cvmnvHi. ai.l 
 .,„,H- .^Mli.in an- v.-rv ..h.tinali-. li tak. 11 in ti-iu-. iIk-n .an 
 n^ia'h k- .un-l. Wasliin- tlu- pi-- vmiI' a lu.. p.-r ■'•"!■ 
 „,iilti..n .■! rn..liii. 'T uilli -.>"u- ..lu- ..I tlu- u .-H kn-wn .Ips. 
 will uMialK Ih- f.Min.l l.nu-luial. .^p.-riall\ if f.-lk.wol k} i1k- 
 ,,,,,,li.-;,ti.>ii ..f an ..intiiu-nt ma-K- ..f .-qual pavt^, ky uri-ht. 
 ,,( k.-ii/.>inali-.l lard aii.l ik.wcrs ..f sulpluir. 
 
 DianluK-a. s,,nutiiiu-s .alKMl ••white M-..urs." in suckin-.; 
 pi^s. ii'av .■iiiiii- lii.m .lanii> jn-ns as alr>-a.l\ n..ti-'l. '.r it 
 ,„av o.mr fn.m a t.". lih,-ral supp!\ -f tin- m-.tlu-v's milk. 
 ("Miallv ulu-n it .-..nu's fn.tn tlu- nnlk. tlu- .littu-iih\ can hi- 
 r,.-til"u-.| hx .-hani.iin,- tli'' Ici-.l .'f tlu- snw. (.'han-ini: iv -^n 
 .1,.; u !,,...] t.> .Irv f.Mi.l will s..nu-tinu-s lulp. aiul tlu- m'-I- 
 
 i„- ,,1 sulphur U> tlu- s,,w is al-. lu-iu-linak \ n-an irul 
 
 in tlu.- s.iw's t'.M.,|. tln-i-c tinu-s a ,|a\ f-r a few .lavs, w.n 
 ..itcn lu-li> t.> n-nic.l> matters, S.^nu'linu-- it i- m-ecss.-irv to 
 uive tin- \..unt; p.ii;s cast..r ..il. a tc,-.-i...onlnl keui- a fan- 
 TkiM- |..r a suckins l>i,u'. Maintaiiiiu- lu-atthlnl eon.liti.'iis 
 is the 'rri.-at seeret .>f iirexenliiu-r these tr..nl>!es. 
 
 Soinotinifs the tUsks ..f the little pi-s -n.w very l..n- an-l 
 sliarp aii.l so irritate the s,,u that she either refuses t.. ail.'W 
 tlie pi.i:s t.> suek. or the irritati..n eauses an injiiri..ns chauiie 
 in the nnlk. When this eau • is sUsi.eete.l. the nu.uih> "t 
 
LjKjiPs-;,r 
 
 ^*»,' fm:,Tr..--# '*^' 
 
 > 
 
 »it 
 
 \II->| I I I \ M III 
 
 till- pi^js ^llllllll| In- fs.imiiU'il, ;iil<l tllf nl'lciiilint; tiiNk> lunkni 
 ulV with a pair nf •.mall piiulu'r- 
 
 ItoUted Houses \Micrc a laruc niim »r u.' Imu^ ari- 
 ki|)t. it I- N.ilcr III u^( a iininlicr nt Miiall. |MirtatiU' pi n>. .iihI 
 iliviilc till- lunl up iiitii Muall t;niiip>. mi that iii llif i a^i' nl 
 a ciiiita^^inii-. ili>«M-i' linakmi; "lit in tin- luTiJ. all tin- ln'i;'' 
 
 w ill 111 it 111' r\pi i^t'.l 
 
 Quarantine. rruvi>ii)ii •.limilil lie inailf in larj^'t- lunU 
 fill i|iiarlir- ulurc Im;;^ that liavi Ihtm pnrcliascii, i>r 
 l)riiiij,'lit Imnif Iruiii ^Imw^. tan lie krpl iiitiri'lv separate 
 from tllf ro-l i)f llic licril fur at least tlirie weeks. 
 
CII.M'TI K Mil 
 
 nuii.DiNc.s. 
 
 The t|tte'iti.m nf t>iiililiiij,'s f.ir vunii- i- mu li ;i cnnipliraio"! 
 imc thai It Mcms altnost a Ii(>l>ili->> ta'-k to atuinpt a (h>- 
 ciixsioii i>f thf svihjcit. Alinu'.t every l)i^,';:tr\ tliat i^ fuiih, 
 |M)>.sisvc.s certain features peciihar U> itself ami reii<lere"l 
 iKCessary hy the cireiimstaiHe> whuh it i-> iiiteii.leil to meet. 
 All that can he attempted in a l«M(k <if tins knid is to ihscuss 
 the mi.st (lesirahle features of a i>iK'«'-'i'> • f"r the vjeneral 
 ^;ui<lance of those who \\i>h to IntiM. hnl every man will 
 have to adajit his hnildiiif,' to his own ]>ecnliar re(|Uirfments. 
 
 'i'he most important qnalities of a pik'k'fry are .Iryness. 
 ventilation, h^ht. free<lom from <lranK'lits. reusoiiahlc 
 warmth, and coiivcniencj-. 
 
 Dryness. l)r\ncsh is closely associated with ventilation, 
 hnt is also inlUicneed hy the material of uhich the hniUlinjr 
 is constrncted. Good results cainiot he ohtained in a damp 
 pen. and .IrijipinR walls are a pretty sure indication of 
 impending flisaster. Stone and cement walls are ver\ cold 
 in winter and chill the air of the pen. causing it lo deposit 
 it- nioistnre npon their surface. In a short time the wall 
 hecomes (jnite wet. and tnnihlc is stored np for the pi}.;s. A 
 hollow cement wall is much less ohjectionahle than a solid 
 one. hnt there is little donht that wooden walls constrncted 
 in snch a w.iy as to form a complete dead air sjKice in th'' 
 center are the hcst. The floors an<l foundation may he con- 
 structed of cement concrete, and the foundation may rise 
 ahout two feet ahove the surface of the floor. This will 
 j)resorve the wood of which the wall.; are constructed and is 
 
y< «.-' I'iPtyw^R* 
 
 too 
 
 III II I'l ^' » 
 
 Ml. I li'»i K 111 |ini\f .it all iM)iini>ii» t<> tin pii;' \ \it' 
 
 -...III W.lll (.111 ll«' 111.1.1. \n ^lltlM;: IW.ll-l (.'in MMUt'l'IU" 
 
 ..11 itiil. .111.1 tir-t liu.ir.lmi; in»iilo .iii'l .>ut NMtti rmiuli In I'nr 
 This riiiii.;li hiiiilHr -IlmiIiI lliri\ I>«- i'iv«n'il " itit t.irri-1 \> ipcr. 
 .111.1 thill tin- w.ilN -11.1111. 1 !.<■ liu'litK iMi.ir.Ii.I ni' *Mlli 
 in.itili.'l liiniliiT It pn iVrrf.t, tlic .mt-ulf ..f tlu- ihii 'n,. 
 In- li.tp l...,ir.I(.l. ..r li..,ir.li'l ii|. ;iii.l .l..v\ii with ^.""1 liiirlicr 
 .111.1 h.iltiii- |.!,i..-.l ..\<T the rr.iik- M.ilrhcl Imiihcr i* 
 Im-i 1. .r llic 111-1. k- ..(■ till' pfii If It i- tlii.ii-lit .l.*ir.iliU' n> 
 li,i\c .1 l.'tt ..Mr tin- |»n, tlu- (filing i:\tl I (■ ma. If ..l' polos, 
 pl.u'..! .1 f> w 111. Ill's apart, ami wtll ^•••muA uitli -traw. 
 Till' -tr.iw ali-iirlis iii.ii-ttirc .in. I lutp- t" Uirp ihi pi n "Iry. 
 WtuTf this is .Imir thi' -trau s|i,iilM hr rriirwul it li'i-t 
 i\ir\ \rar. ..tlurwi-r it !n'i'..iiu"s ,i |i.irli.>r i.r .ln-l. am!. 
 p.i>silil\, .li-i'.i-i' i^crius. 
 
 Ventilation. 'I'lior. .u'.^li MntiLitimi i- a '.^M-cit hc'p in 
 pr. srr\iiV4 .lr\iH'-s, hnt it i- a .liflu'iilt llliiiy: !■■ m iiir.- in a 
 pi^.^'crv \\ith.int iin<In!\ 1. r>\ .rinv; tin- I. 'iipi-ratnrr. It :- .in 
 li.j t.> Miitil.iti.iii t.i )ir..\i.li' a I.ir'.;i' .'lir -paii' ; in ..llur 
 u..r.K. t.i liavi' a Iii'^li ifiliiiu'. Tin- ti-m!inr\ at p;i'-ont i- 
 t.. .j.. .-iwav with till' r..inini.n l.'fl "V'lT thi' pi'_'L:i'ri .-I'v! In 
 li.iM- llir -i..u'r ;ih..\r ihr pi;:- t'Mi'n.l t.. tlu' r.i.if T'lis .j-ivrs 
 mi.rf air spaif anl nial-.r- \ i-nti' it. .n ,i s'.!ii|i!rr pr.ihk'in, 
 I.nt it iHi-r-'-ifiti s Intiiii,' llu- I'li'l.r -i.lr "f llir r.il'lirs with 
 inatilu'l Innil'iT in ..nUr t.. i'rr\.nt tlu' prn I'm. in hn'. .minj,' 
 t.i.i I'liM. Tlu- a.Inii--l..n ..f trr-h ..if ran ' r pr..vi.li"l t'. .r hy 
 .■..nstrnrtin'4 -li.ift- in llu' w.ilN at intfrvaK ..f t'lftcen nr 
 twiiitv fell 'riu'-c -li.it't- -h-nM n.'l ' i' i'i"r(' than .ahont 
 I'litir !i\ six ini'lu-- in si.'c, .-in.! vh'.nM .'Ihii ..ntsi.lo near t'lr 
 U'r. .nn.l. ;m.l iirM.li' .at llu- lailini:. I'r. i\i-i..n -li. >nl.i ho nia.K' 
 f. .f il. .-ill'.,', ..r p.artial i!..-itiu'. "i tlii-i.' iiil.ikis wlu'ii coM air 
 i- .a.lniiltril t-'n rapi'll\ . 'riii- ..!it!it- iu,a\ i-.m-i-t of shafts 
 ,ih..ut ri'.;ht iiulu's -iiiari' iMrii liiiL^ ihr.>ni;h the r.'i.f .aii'l 
 I'ljiiippiil I'll llu' t.ip with a ili-vii'o for privnitiiiij tho uiml 
 Irnm hliiwiii'..; .i.i\Mi tlu- sh.'ift-. If .i loc'l .-."iktr is u-oij. 
 
 ! I 1 . ti 1 i. 1 i Ji ill i ii /. . 1 t ■ • ., r. ,'il .'.; t '. .'im.i'^r ii: .r ; ' . ili;.^ \ i":;; : :.i' 
 
T 
 
 ti.ill ll ;lu lillllillll^^ i- II. r| .1 \,t\ l'tl|.,; .ilU itli .l,Mi!lli\ 
 
 l!i,(\ I.,- . . rlt-l till ll i| .(t till' ■.|'|" i-ltl 1 ll'l • .t till ''luMitli; If I'll 
 till f.c.l .ml. i .111.1 llll |1||H III. Ill till li.'l l...ikll ttii llu' 
 
 .'li..l. I, iiv;lli ..t ihf I. ml. Ill"; luf.iti il • iilir» til.- .Itii.iii'^ 
 III .1 I..IIU' liiiil.lini' ''"■ . Iiii'iiii \ III. IV '.<■ |il,i. . >l ,i'...iii llu- 
 I . llll r -.1 .1^ ii"t !•• li.iM I-... iMi'.it Iiiil;|Ii ..f -t.ni' pipi 
 Tin- iu.it ft. .Ill till -I. He |ii|ii- li.i> .1 vM 111. Ill fill iiilliii II. 1 111 
 
 .ll.llll.^' lllc . in III. ill. .11 .f llu- .III III till- |.l tl. ,1' VM II .1^ 11!. ..ll 
 
 |\,ii- ill. U ii.pi i.itiili iii.l liil|.|li;4 tl. Ki.|. ill. .Ill ll 111 
 
 I. 111. uli.ii V, mil t l:llii> .III- r.ii^i.l III !.if.:< |.'n-, -..mr 
 •lull .l.viii' .... tllI^ i> .il.M.lii'iK ii<.i>-.ir\ 
 
 Light. I .IJ^llt, I ^|H 1 l.l'K ^lIllll•»;llt , ll.l- .1 Wl.ll.ll I fill llllllt- 
 
 1 111 . Ill |.i . .ui..t i!i'4 lii'.iltli >. . i.ir .1- p.. --llll. ill. \\iM.|..\\^ 
 
 ll.illl.l lie . .11 till- -.illlll ^l.jf ..| tin- lillll.llll.^, IkiMIHi- llu- 
 ^..iltll .-hie j^il". llu' lii.i-t -nil .iiul M li.i-t i\p..~r'l t'. ...M 
 \\ lli.U 
 
 Draughts. W iiilf Miiiil.iliini i- tu.i^Nar\. .Ir.un^ht- ire 
 rxtiiiiifh iiiiiirii.il.-. .111.1 tlu'ir pri\ iiitLni -li.ntl.l l.f ki pt 
 111 \ irw w Inn l.ilil.llll;^'. 
 
 Warmth. W armtli i>. .i >,'imhI thm;;. l.iit it ^lii.tiM ii..t Le 
 -iiiiitil .ll till- r\piii-i' i.f \ ciiiilaii. .11 A -. .iiicw li.ii ...!.l 
 pill. Will \(iilil,iti-.l litit ftiT fri.m 'lr,ii!;^lit>. i- ptci'i raliK- 
 t.. .1 warm pin wlurr tin- .iir i- .lamp aii.l f.iiil. ..ii.l tin- pi^s 
 will >iitt'ir li-^^ .li^»'..mfi>rt iii llir f..riiiiT tli.ni in ilu- l.iiti-r. 
 \ ir\ \..iiiii, piy» n.|iiir«.' warimr iHKirt.-r^ ili.in ..Mcr ..lu-^, 
 .111.1 wli.i; a >.'W f,irr.iw> in wmttr. •^intial p.iiii^ -Imii'.! I.c 
 t.ikiii t.. ^iniiic w.iriiitli ,111.1 frtid. .111 fr..iii .lr.iuL,'lit~ If 
 >-1h- i^ in .1 l.ir'41- pi,:,').;iT\ , il i^ . .ftni .i lu Ip l. > lay p. .!> ~ ... r. .-^ 
 tlk- |..p~ ..f ihc p.irtitiiin>. ..\if tin- In-. I, .iii.l thin i-hmt ih.^c 
 p. ili'^ w itli -.traw. 
 
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 104 
 
 111 11 DIM.,* 
 VlSS OI" I'll. (IKS. 
 
 The plan wliicli i< f^ivfii lu-rf is takrn from ;i iiii^'m'tv on 
 tlif farm of Mr. J. I"., riri-tlioiir, liiirfunl. ( )iitario. Its 
 ccnistriicMon is comiiarativi'ly du'ii). ami it possc-ssos many 
 <lesiral)li.' features. It is lapalile of many modifications, ami 
 a cari'fnl stuih of the ))laii uill lie lidpf'.i! to those who 
 intenil to hmlil. ')i course, the hiiildin^j can he made any 
 lin^tii desind. 
 
 The hniMinj; is 36 hy lOO feet, outside measurement. .\ 
 cement wall. 8 inches thick, rises three feet above the tloor. 
 On top of thi'' wall the fr.Miie is huilt. The wails are huilt 
 of two-hy-liMir inch stnddiiij;. hoarded on the oiifsidi- with 
 eheai) himher. covereil with huildinj; ]),iper. an<l tiLjhily da]} 
 hoarded on tl'i top of the paper. ( )n the inside the walU 
 are lined with natched hmiher s(.) as to form a dea<l air sjiace 
 inside the wall. The hniiii,' .ilso extends over the lower side 
 of the rafters, jjivinfj a dead air space to the roof as well as 
 the walls. 
 
 I'rom the cross section, it will he seen that the total height 
 of the wall on the north side is 11 feet, and of that uu the 
 south side S fi.it. The mof has the same pitch on hoth 
 sides, so that there is a drop of three feet from one section 
 of the roo' to the other at the center of the liuiiiiiiit;. In this 
 space windows are inserted, to throw light, and ,1 certain 
 amount of sunshine. Mito ihe row of pens along the north 
 siile of the huilding. These windows ;ire hinged at the hot- 
 toin ami can he ojieiu'd at any .ingle, .iccording to the re- 
 (|nirements of ventil.ilioii. .\ ratchet device, similar to that 
 Used for opening the ventilators in greenhouses, woul 1 he 
 very convenient for this puri)ose. 
 
 The floor is cement, t'enient is so dnrahle and so easily 
 cleaneil that it seems to he ahoiit the only satisfactory floor. 
 The part .\ I*, (see cross- section) is si,\ inches higher than 
 C I). There is a fall oi ->ue id onedialf inches from .\ 
 towards I'., and a fall of thru' 'lulies .ror.i I) towards C. 
 Thus all the drainage is towan.s C the lowest point, and the 
 
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 I 111. lii'iiii; i>ii I iji i>i \ !'•. i"' alwavs dry. TIkti' xlunild In- 
 a fall froiii 'MU' iiid of tin- ImiMiiii; In tin- ntluT alnn^; tlu 
 lino at C. ■><> that till' itraiiiatji' wuiiM l)r tnwariU nni' I'lid ni 
 the l)t^il(lillj,^ and a -iiitalilo millet could 1k' provided. 
 
 TIkti- is a partition three and a halt feet hi'.;h hetween 
 the hed and the fi'edm;,' ]hii. and the o|)eniny; from the lud 
 to the feedmj.; ])en i'- t\\i> and a half feet wide. The parti 
 tion >heller-. from dratii^ht.'* and al-o leoiiotnizex heddint^ h\ 
 holding the >tra\v in pKue. The other partitioii-> are four 
 feet lii!.;h. The partition next to the fiediiiL; pa'-'-as.je i 
 made of \o. <) eoil ^teel \\ire>, two "lehes apart at the liot 
 torn, and L;radini; to ahont three inche-- apart near the top 
 They are litTened hy heavv npri;,dit wire-; in fmnt of i-ieh 
 pen. fasieneil to the iiorizontal wires hy mi'ans of \vasher> 
 desii.;ned for that ])iirpost'. 'i'he wire ]iartition is set in 
 ahont two and a half inches from the sick f tile troiiijh ne\t 
 to the feed passage, thus allow iii.i; room to poiir feed into 
 the troui;hs. 
 
 The troiiijlis are eement. and are ei^lit inches hi,i;h next 
 to tile feed ])assai.,H'. four inches Iiij,di next ti> the feedini,' 
 l>en. and tin inches wide, inside measurement. 
 
 The feed passaj.;e, which is five feet wide, is four iiuln- 
 lower than the feediiifj pen. 'I'liis is merely a device to sh 'W 
 the piijfs to better advantaije. 
 
 'I'he jinrjiose of the doors in the partitions hi'tueeii the 
 JH' s is easily understood, 'i'hey can he swunsj:' hack, closiuj;^ 
 the piys in the hack a])artnuMit and leaving' a lontinuons 
 passajj;e for cleaninLr out the pens. The heddini^ is als i 
 taken in and distril)iite<l from this passa .e. These doors are 
 a'-o used in moviii!.; ]iii^s from one pen to another, since tliere 
 are no doors from the jiens into the feed i)assai^e. 'i'iie 
 alisencc of doors from the i>ens into the feed iiassai^'e is a 
 somewhat inconvenient feature of the Iniildinjj. hut is hard 
 to avoid where a wire partition is used. The wire partition 
 however, is more s.-uiitary tliau wcmd. .'md ;',:ves a much 
 better view of the pi'^s. 
 
 '-iaj^wA' 
 
loti 
 
 la II iiiM > 
 
 It will be notici'il that tlic sUopiiiK (|iiartcTs have cciiuiit 
 tloors. Wlu-ii lHMl(liti>: is pleiUiful tliis may (,'ivc nc troiihk-. 
 l,nt it wc.iil.l he safer to place a portable wixulen platform 
 on the cement. 
 
 The riMif is supported by four lines of posts to which the 
 partitions are fastened. I'".ach n.w carries a line of plates 
 which snp]>ort the rafters. 
 
 There are six windows, each five feet lon^ and two and a 
 half feet hi^ti. in the south wall, and the same number in 
 the r(M)f, ])l:iced as previously described. Tlie north wall 
 has only two windows. 
 
 The dimensions ),Mven for the small pens include ])artitions. 
 The pens as described are n.'* suitable for farrowing pens. 
 As state<l in another place, it is better to have the sows in a 
 buildini,' away from other ]n<^s. especially durinj,^ cold 
 weather, when the bnildiuK "i"^t be kejit pretty well closed 
 up. The air of a pitj^'ery when a lar-jje number of i)i(;s are 
 kept <loes not a;,'ree well with little pips. If a part of the 
 lar^'e pig^erv is to be use<l for farrowinjj pens, it should be 
 closelv i)artitioned "if from the rest of the building. The 
 same stvle of pen c<nild be made suitable for sows with little 
 ]>ijjs by makint: the sleeping apartments twi> feet wider, 
 thus Rivinp beds eight feet S(iuare. 
 
 The absence of a loft for storing straw will be a strong 
 obiection in the eyes of many. The ventilation of the 
 building, however, and the health of the animals are of 
 va.stlv greater importance than the inconvenience occasioned 
 bv the absence of a loft. It i> generally possible to locate 
 the building so as to make it comparatively easy to obtain 
 straw for beilding. If it is not possible to have the building 
 situated with one end adjoining a straw shed, a loft for 
 straw c(. lid be constructed over that part of the building 
 used for farrowing pens ami teed room. 
 
 It is, of course, impossible to give plans which would 
 likely meet all rer|nirenients, and possibly the plan .submitted 
 could not be adopted in its entirety by m;my breeders. .\t 
 
 ii>cr 
 
(tWINK I.KIIICl.K K. 
 
 107 
 
 ' 
 
 the lame time, tlie plan Mihinilte(l [x^scsses so many excd- 
 Unt fi-atiiri-s tliat it is prcsintrd witli tlio liopc tliat it will 
 jirovi' iKlpfiii to llio'^f intiTisti'l in the housing of switic. 
 
 I'OKT M'.l.l. I'KNS. 
 
 ' 
 
 2- i' 
 
 /6' 
 
 llulit view cf I>"rlalit«: prti. 
 
 I'.iul vic« .if portable pin. 
 
 Tlie accnnipanyiii.i; ski'tclies sliow a very cheap and easily 
 constructed pen suitable for winter ([uarters for breeding 
 sows. Tlie pen is sixteen feet long by eifjlit feet wide. It 
 is se%en feet hifjh in front and three and a half feet hish at 
 the rear. It is boarded with cheap lumber, but all cracks 
 are securely battened. It should be practically wind and 
 
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