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 ^fW. 1 ."K^^l-^ll-^SHtli.. 
 
 6 
 
 ProoeedingB of the Bcstou Society of Natural History. 
 
 Vou 28, No. 15, 
 ]). 375-407. 
 
 STUDIES IN THE GOLD-BEARING SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 By J. Edmund Woodman. 
 
 / 
 
 WITH THREE I'LATEH. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 
 Mahch, 1899. 
 
 .6 
 
 
No. 1."). — tStndiesiit the (rolil-hrdrinf/ Shites of Xomt ,Scotia. 
 J)\ J. Ki)Mr\i) \V(i()i»MA.v. 
 \V///i f/iri-e plates. 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 Geiienil statciiKMit 
 
 ^Stmeture and clianvctiTi.stics of imrtioiis of IIalifa.v_iiiul Culchustur 
 countios 
 
 Scdiiuc'iits 
 
 Veins 
 
 Structure 
 
 ()ie,s 
 
 Krui)tives 
 
 Deiiudatinii 
 
 History of tlie series . . 
 
 Summary of early studies 
 
 Problems for solution .......... 
 
 Literature 
 
 (ii:M;i;Ai, S iatkmknt. 
 
 ■.K\,V, 
 
 37", 
 
 ;j7o 
 ;)7!» 
 ;i85 
 
 :5r-0 
 S02 
 .3! 12 
 ;!i)4 
 
 ;]98 
 
 401 
 
 4();i 
 
 Alono; the .Vtluiitic sido ot' Xova Scotia a series of <iolil-l)eariii(v 
 rocks e.KteiKis from Cape Caiiso irre<,nilarl\' westward to Variiioutli, 
 ill a belt wliicli aveniycs froni tt'ii to forty miles in width. It 
 (•overs an area estimated at somewiiat over (i.OliO s<|nare miles; but 
 fully half must he deducted for the many intrusidiis of o;raiiitic 
 rocks. The sediments consist of -^iMte. saii<lstoiie, ((uarlzite, chlo- 
 ritic sliite. .ind schist, .'ilw.iys pyritifcroiis, ;ind here and tliere a 
 coniilonierate. Tiiey have been prol'nundly metatnor|ilh)sed, Ixdli 
 by dyn.imic and ioncous ai;eiicies. .Xo fossils are known from 
 tliem, and their exact atre is in doubt. From tiie best frayineiits 
 of evidence, liowever. they iniiy be reuarded as probably Ahjon- 
 kiaii. Hetween ;iiid occasionally cultino; the strata arc veins of 
 (|iiart/ .and calcitc containinu,- o(dd, botii free and in the various 
 sul|ihides, which are abundiint. 'i'he sediments themselves are 
 impreo'iiateil witii sulphiilcs, o;old beiiio- t'oiind at considerable di.s- 
 tanees from veins. The whole mass, sediments and veins alike, 
 Inis been thrown into east-west f(.lds, and cross-folded and faulted 
 north ami south; and the crests of these f(dds have been denuded, 
 ti.viiig the location of the roughly elliptical inining are.is. 
 
 /T'+l 
 
arc PROCKEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL IHSTOHY. 
 
 I)urin<- the season of 1S1)7 I visited a nun.l.er of the most l.rom- 
 isin.. portions of the series, with the intention of aeeiphermir its 
 historv, ns fur as opportunity allo^ve.l. A review of eertam points 
 was possible .hirin- the foliowin- season. ^Vlueh worlv hasbeen 
 done l.v loeal .'eoh)trists in exploiting? siiio-le areas; but, as iar as 
 the literature shows;no attempt lias been made before to eonneet 
 the bits of evidence which li'o t.. make up the story of the rocks. 
 The re.--ion stmlied includes many of the exp..M.rcs ..ver an area 
 ,.ou..lil\"estimated at thirty miles s.iuare in the counties ,.f Ilantax 
 and"^C'nlchestcr, and stratiirraphically near the center of the series, 
 wher." the auriferous slates and veins are most prominent. Special 
 attention was paid to Moose IJiver Mines, (iay's IJiver .Mines, Wav- 
 
 erlv, and Cow I'.ay. . 
 
 i am unvatlv indebted in the prosccuti.)n ot the research to I rot. 
 N. S. Siialer,"and to the othcers (.f the several miniii>r companies in 
 whose sliafts and tunnels I W(>rke<l. 
 
 StUUCTIUK am. (^lEAKA.TKlMSTl.S oF I'oKTIONS 
 AM) C'ol.t UKSTKK ColNriKS. 
 
 (iK IIaI.'I'AX 
 
 .S«^-/,/r///,s, — Two main divisioib of the series were early recog- 
 nized bv Campbell (V,:!). Of these only the lower, calle.l by him 
 the .pia'rtzite <rroup, contains workable i)ed<led veins. The latter 
 arc exposed iuTermittently in belts, especially east of Mount Tniake. 
 The slates vary in texture, but their (d.ief differences are due to 
 secondary causes. The color is usually bluish; frequently, how- 
 ever altered to oreen bv chlorite, to l,rown by the oxidation ot 
 pvrite or to a <rrav bv the loss of iron upon highly weathered Mir- 
 fac.c. Alternati.ms of color in some i-laces are fre.pient, while in 
 others considerable masses may be uniforuu This depends upon 
 how thinlv the rocks arc beddcl. Often, in the coarser si'dimcnts, 
 leaves of"schistose slate, onlv a fraction of an inch thick, will be 
 found i.ersistent for many feet. Again, it is a common condition 
 for isolated sheets and lenses of slate to occur m the mnlst of a 
 massive bed of sandstone. _ ^^ 
 
 The arenaceous sediments include what the miners call - wlim. 
 This term, oriuinallv used by llutt.ui in the sense of trap, and still 
 employed 'in Cornwall with the same meaning, has been ai-phe.l 
 hn-e to anv kiu.l of rock, other than slate, which cannot be mmed. 
 
 St 
 
 1 
 
PHiiPpBIIWiWP»B«y!««ww^"' , 
 
 WOODMAN'; OOLD-BKAHINCi SLATi:S OF NOVA SCOTIA. .'^77 
 
 Thus, one lu-ars of Uu' tlirt'o-fold division of tlic sciics into ore, slate, 
 ami whin — tiio erroneous idea ]trevaiHn<f that neitlier slate nor 
 whin is availahle as ore. As a wliolc, these coarser sediments 
 are tiiickiy he(hU'il, ami coniparatively uniform in eolor and texture 
 throuirh a coiisidcrulile tliicknc ss. They vary, however, in degree 
 of consolidation from (juite friable sandstone to dense qnart/ite ; and, 
 although prevailingly tine-grained, they gra<le into ])elites on the 
 oni' side and, through grits, into congliunerates on the other. 
 'I'heir color is gciicrnlly dark green in unaltt'red spccinii'iis ; u))on 
 weathering first licconiing brown tliroutih o.\idati(Hi of sulphides, 
 then bleaching to a yellowish whiti'. 
 
 -At .Aioosc K'iver .Mines and at Wavcrly the sediments can be 
 s; idled readily. In the fonticr settlement artificial outcrops are 
 fi»c, but a number of vertical faces in (piarries can be used. At 
 V\ a\ ei'ly t'lere are few pits, and tju' shafts follow veins; but nat- 
 ;n- d expos;.:",, e:.n be found, including a total of several iiundred 
 fi'ct of strata. 
 
 \*e!.!:in:ial m"t:nn(:rphisni affects the whole series. IJoth coarse 
 i,n'( line "oi-k , lur.t bee.' l,ar<lened, although subse(pu'ntly rcnch'red 
 i:s i|o b' '•i.'ava'j,( . .Muscovite, chlorite, and calcite have been 
 i]c.ji>']ied in vo;- o .'a.-u ; along liedding planes, in others along 
 clea\aij;e planes. .\ l:ii'i;c proportion of the sandstone has been 
 altereil to :i ro; k which alw.ays has been called i|uai'lzit<' by students 
 of the seri(>s. It breaks with the lustrous fiacture noticeable in that 
 sp.'cies; but mi<'roscoiiic exainimition shows that much of it is in a 
 state which will not permit the use of the term. In these cases 
 secondarv- deposition of silica is slight, while chlorite and muscovite 
 are devi ioped somewhat; calcite is abumlant, giving free effer- 
 vescence with, acid. 'I'his is noteworthy, in view of the statement 
 of several observers ((Jilpin. 'ss, mid others) that little lime is to 
 be found in the siuies. In some cases it is not possilde to tell 
 whether the muscovite is fragmental or secondary, because of the 
 small size of the particles. Occasionally the sediments become 
 chlorilic schists or mica-schists, and in many more instanci's the 
 microscope reveals distinct schistosity in a minute way. 
 
 '['he presence and position of sulphi'h's ami sul]ih-arsenid''s in 
 both classes of fr.agmental rocks ami in veins deser\-e separate 
 trealment. (iilpiii ('S-J) mentions, as accessory to the gold, " sul- 
 ]iliidcs and arsenides of iron, gjilena. blende, copper ]>yrites, o.vide 
 of iron, copper glance, molybdi'iiite, native copper," etc. The prin- 
 
 s 
 -% 
 
 1 
 
.'U« PROCKEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIKTY NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 cipal sulphides are pyrito, arsoiiopyritc. c-halcopyrite, and galona. 
 The ffalciia occurs only in veins, so far as my observations go. 
 Tiie others are present in l)otli veins aiul sedinu'iits, and inucii 
 the yohl is locked up in liieni. I'yrite occurs in small cubes and 
 minute granules, rarely in masses of several crystals; arsenoi)yrite 
 is fouiul in tyj)ical striated prisms, often half an iiu'h long, and in 
 massive form; chalc(>pyrite exists chiefly in irregular masses. 
 
 Pyrite is the most abundant sulphide, and in the sediments its 
 atthude is characteristic. The strata have planes of division, 
 unevenly distributeil. which mark the more abrupt changes in 
 texture and color, and along which the fissility is more marke<l. 
 These may lie called major planes of division. Hetween them are 
 other minor planes at which the cohesion is greater, and which 
 represent smaller changes ii. the conditions of sedinu'utation. In 
 the slates the pyrite lies along major planes of division, and in 
 some cases along minor ones, and is scattered sparingly through 
 the mass of the stratum. Rarely it is irregularly distributed in large 
 ()uantities within the bed. 'i'his position is so v'onstant that, Avhcre 
 stratification in the slate cannot be deciphered by color-bands and 
 is obscured by cleavage, layers of ]>yrite, if present, serve to give 
 strike and dii). rsuallv the mineral is abundant alone: the base of 
 a layer a» d decreases upward. In other instances it is jdentiful in 
 the center of a bed and concentrated again at the division-jtlane. 
 In the coarser strata it is less regular in distribution, but in general 
 follows the same rules as in the slates. In veins a considerable 
 amount is to be found, but it has no regularity of position. Fre- 
 ((uently it protrudes from the sediments into the (juart/. On the 
 borders pyrite is often collected in sheets, chiefly on the hanging- 
 Avall. It is less abiMidanl or absent on the foot-wall. In the oxi- 
 dized /one near the siu'face, all this is brought out clcarlv; below 
 that it is not so easy to tind. 
 
 Arsenopyritc occurs most almndantly in the \,hin, <listributed 
 irregularly, often with its crystals lying at an angle to the bcddinsx- 
 jilanes. It is also situated sparingly along these planes, and in a few 
 cases has been seen to lie directly across them, part being in one 
 stratum, and pa.'t in the other. In veins it is common in massive 
 form, but crystals are comparatively rare. 
 
 The whole metamorphic series is cleaved strongly. The strike 
 of tlie laminae averages not far from that of the rocks in many 
 localities, and is persistent throughout the series, showing unity in 
 
WOODMAN: GOLD-BEARING SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. <J7i» 
 
 the force which produced it. SlatCH show tliis cleavage to a iiigli 
 degree. In many places the rock is given the siieen peculiar to 
 these stages of metaniorphisni of slates on the way to becoming 
 mica schists aiul chloritic schists. The presence of the oxidized 
 zone has not affected the degree of fissility to any marked extent in 
 the region as a whole. Cleavage has more varied effects upon 
 whin, which is quite brittle. Deep below the surface of the earth, 
 the rock to the eye presents little fissiliiy ; Init in the oxidized zone 
 it is cleavetl strongly in most instances, falling to pieces with ease 
 under the pick. No doubt this result is aided bv the stretchint; of 
 pyrite, tiie crystals of which lie at the major planes of division ; and 
 the rusting of the sulphides and separation of the strata give a 
 serrated ajipearance to the cross-section of the beds thus affected. 
 Upon ch)se examination, this serration is seen to be due, in some 
 places at least, to strain slip cleavage. Two places show this well. 
 The first is at Moose IJiver ]\Iines, on the eastern face of a large 
 <|uarry. The second is at West Waverly, about three hundred feet 
 south of the old cruslier west of the railroad track. Heir a mimber 
 of parallel thin lenses of slate, none of them more than a few iiu'hes 
 in length, have been so sheared by the cleavage as to present tlie 
 appearance of a series of ragged fringes overlapping one another, 
 and gi\ iiig the impression of involved igneous contacts. 
 
 The tissility is not ail vertical; nor are its i)lanes parallel over 
 considerable areas, but (hii now to the north, now to the south, 
 always at a high angle. The axial planes between the two sets of 
 dips, while in the nuiiu parallel to those of the folds tirst formed in 
 the sediments, are not coincident with the latter, Init may lie any- 
 where between the axes of the anticlines. The series is trav- 
 ersed by many joints. For the most ])art the systems formed by 
 them are oidy local, and often several systems are to be found in 
 the same teriitor, . 
 
 Vti/i.t. — ^ The chief interest in this series attaches to the gold- 
 bearing stratified veins, often called "leads." These are from a 
 fraction of an iiu'ii to six feet in thickness and in nu)st cases of 
 unknown length and depth. ."Many have ])een traced for a large 
 fraction of a mile by intermittent outcrops, and this is probably only 
 a small portion of their total length. Apparently they are not of 
 unlimited extent, but die out and are replaced by others on adja- 
 cent planes. This has been reported from many mines, but has not 
 been observed by me. Tliey lie strictly in the bedding of the 
 
!■■ 
 
 .'J-'^o i'i{()('F,Ki)iN(;s: Mdsro.N sDfir/rv XAiritAi, nisrom'. 
 
 .HL'iliriH'iils as a nik', IciiviiiLr it only ii> cut across alirii)itly from one 
 slratmii|ilanc to aimtluT. Tliis irrciriilarity is never so extensive as 
 in llie case ol' n any veins liHinLr oiilinary (issi.ies; and ot'ten llie 
 structure of a reyion can lie (ieci|)lu'reil hv the inclination ot" the 
 shatt-heads. In position, they :.oMietinies lie liet ween strata of 
 •slati'. still more often on the contact hetwecn slate anil sainlstone 
 or ijuartzili', ami very seldom lieiween licds of sandv material. It 
 is common for a nundier of veins to lie parallel, separated liy a few 
 inches of coimlry-roclc ; and these can uenerally Ik- prov«'d to have 
 connection with each other. Uoth .Moose l{iv«'r am! Waveilv 
 show this. In the latter villai;-e the •• harrel lead " east of the lakes 
 '•.■i composed in places of parallel sheets o, <,ii;,rtz, separated inter- 
 mittently liy thin l.imin.ae of slate, the whole formintr one lari;e 
 vein. In m'vv many places striiiirefs, loi'idly ciiled " ,intj;u!ars.*" run 
 out from the imiin veins into the country-rock, ahove and lielow ; 
 and it is claimed hy niineis that they ;n-e most almiidanl in the 
 haiiij;int:-w.ill of a >-rol|," and indicate the pro.\iiinty of a pocket of 
 ii'old. 
 
 The .(imposition of the vein lillinu' is imil'orm. I'.y far the l;iro-ei- 
 l)art. of the <_r;uioii(. is (pi.irt/., nhich in many places is the onlv 
 mineral; but oft<'n calcite is plentiful, erraiically distrihuted. There 
 is no detiiiite order of ui'owth, and freipiviitly the <juartz an<l .•,ai- 
 cite are indiscriminately min!.:le(I ; yet in some cases (|uart/. lines 
 the walls, ami calcite iilN the interior. The former is iisnallv com- 
 pac',, liut seldom of the density and wh'leness seiMi in manv of the 
 north-south liarreii I'ssure-veins. m pla-'cs it has a cellular struc- 
 ture, sh'lw^l^• sn;-eessions of oi',,\vtli in the eryst.als; 'jirelv driisv 
 cavitio ari' seen in the center of tiie veins, with free ,'rystal terini- 
 nati'iiis projectini;- into them. I''re<pienlly the .pnirtz h;is been 
 given a souk what mealy ;ippearance by the crushing; wliich it has 
 CMulured. Indeed, in its ueiufally shatterei] .md fra<iiiient;irv state, 
 most noticeable in thin veins, but observable often in thick ones, it 
 be.irs witness to the action of powerful oroufiiic forces. The most 
 comjilete shatterinii' of the rocks, accompained by small dislocations, 
 usually is found wlu're the folds pluiiifo east and west; and for 
 the most part the be, bled veins have mif t.aken .advantaire oi the 
 comlitions. .Much secondary u'rowth has taken place, Later addi- 
 tion.-, of (piart/, in some instam-es, increasinu- the thickiu'ss of the 
 veins several fold. This is especi.dly true in " rolls," to be described 
 later, where the larLcest aimiuiU of aicretion is to l»e observed. In 
 
 
■CM 
 
 WOODMAN; GOLD-BEAlUNG SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. '^><\ 
 
 places tlir siici-cssivi' lii't-rs oj- otik rations nf tjriiwtli ciii lie si'eii 
 •listiiictly, s'.'ii:ir:it('(l t'rum ouv aiiotluT lt\ lilms i.t' itn|imitU's or liy 
 <liftVreiict's in tlic aliyniiu'iit of thu la\\.'rs of <|iiart/. 
 
 Ill rci^anl to the ofi;^iii of tlic hcdlcil veins, two views have lieeu 
 liehl. as :ote(l in tlie liislorieai portion of this paper. The possi- 
 liilily tiiat all tlie iiaii<fiie was depositeil as a nieelianieal oi ehenii- 
 oal pre'jipitate in open water was early ilenieil. and siiieo (STO lias 
 not lieen defei.deii. Fissures which ex'eml al ove and below the 
 main veins, crossings fi-om one stratum to another, ai il horses of 
 euunlry-ro'k enchtsed in tiu' (|uai/ are irrefutahie ai'tiumeiits 
 a;j;ainst this view. 
 
 Tiiere is another hy)>othesis, ho'vi ■ •, whieli it woidd Ix- well to 
 eonsider, altlioU!.!;h il has not appe.ared in p.int liefore. 'I'he sntj- 
 yestion h;is i)ccn made that the veins licuan ;'s tilrns of se(limenl:iry 
 silica, and that tiiey h.'ve <:i()wn , seeoiitlury depositicui of mate- 
 rial which has entered in solution, ',n the iiMial manner There 
 i'eitainly has lieeii u'rowth. amouiitiiiL; in some instances to much 
 more than ihe oriu-iiial thickness of tlie vi'in, and siihse.pieiil lo it-- 
 iirst formation. \>\\i where are we to look for lilms of silica 
 deposited in the sea, and. where not? is such a iirimary layer 
 present tlirouuhoiit the leuutli of a sinirle veinV !f so. especially in 
 tile case of the loiiuest oni's, there mii-t have lieeii a remark, ilile 
 uniformitv of coiidilioiis on the sea-hottoin; if not, considerahlo 
 portions were foianed l>y ordinary methods. .Moreover, where the 
 urowth of the veins can lie stiulied in the Held, the evidence "s d 
 continual accretion inward, on hoth sides, as in other lis-^ure-vein;-, 
 and not fri'iii a central primary layer outward. In addition to this, 
 the Held conditions do not point to a sedimentary oriuin of i^//// of 
 the (jiiart/.. We know that silica can he dissolv-.'cl. to an apprcciaMe 
 extent, in water of ordinary temperatures ; hut deposition of the 
 suli^tance in continuous sheets of some size would retpiire a jiri'vious 
 eoiicentratio.i of material from a lar;j,er reui<in tlian it is easy to 
 credit. .^Lr.aiii, such a siihslam of necessity could he deposited in 
 a pure state onlv in jilac'es w here no mud ami ,,|ii('r coirser foreign 
 p.irticles were lieinu drojipeil. ^'e1 we timl alirupt transitions from 
 silica to slate, and from silica to coarse s.and. the ))nrticles of which 
 must have heeii deposited in water havinu- a very appreciable 
 motion. 
 
 It .seems as thouuh no more jiroof th;iii lias been uiven by previ- 
 <ins writers is necess.arv to show that these are ttssmc-voins, and 
 
^5«2 PROCEEDINGS : BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 that the differeMco between them and others is n;erely in their 
 attitude and ./le chanieter and origin of tlie fissures. 
 
 If the quartz an.l lalcite are not directly sedinienfirv in their 
 nature, they must liave one or more of three origins. They came 
 from below, or from th6 surrou.iding rc.cks of about the same 
 horizon, or from above. If they descended, tlie soh.tions n.ust 
 have been coM, an.l the same probably may be said if lateral secre- 
 tion accounts for their presence. There were no cross-fissures, else 
 the water would have deposited its burden in them. If any gold 
 existed in the sediments, its collection might have Invn effec-red ; 
 but the concentration of gold aj.pear.s to have taLen place for the 
 most part at a later date than that of the formation of the first 
 crevices. .Solutions would penetrate more readily the coarser and 
 looser te.vtured sandstones, and the Hner grai.i of\he i)elites beiow 
 would cause .Iep.,sition of minerals along the contact. ]5ut we find 
 veins at the under as well as the uj-per contacts of slate strata. If 
 the clay intercepted .lescending solutions, tJie veins ouoht to be 
 most fre.juent in the upper portion of the series, where there is 
 abundant opjiortunify for such interruption. Hut they are by far 
 the nu.st common near the middle, where the proportion of "slate 
 to sandstone is greatest. 
 
 Against lateral secretion tiie same arguments liold, in part. The 
 coarser l.eds ,lo not look as though much silica had been carried 
 through them in solution, for they have comparatively little sec- 
 ondary growth on the .,uart/. grains. The silica nece.'sarv for the 
 form.ation of the veins would have necessitated an extensive leach- 
 ing of the surrounding rocks, and would liave l-ft its mark in the 
 condition of th.,se ro.'ks; an.l the arenaccus se.liments, whi.^h were 
 f..rmed principally fn.m s.'m.l, woui.l pr..bably have .-eceivcl mo.st 
 of the veins. 
 
 It is m..re natural, ami in better a.'cord with the fa.-ts. to suppose 
 that, allliough (he veihs lie parallel to stratiticati<.n planes, they 
 came fn.m bcl.nv in tli.' sarue wny th;it manv ..I hers have .lone, and 
 were formed tr..ni hot waters which b^.re varh.us substances in 
 solution. Their .listribution appears to have no reference to a pos- 
 sible L.cal supply, but .Iocs .agree with planes of weakness alon..- 
 which they .■..ul.l f..rce their w.ay un.ler pressure. There is much 
 cal.'it.' in the cement ..f the arenaceous se.liments; an.l it mi-ht be 
 suppoae.l that at le.ast this portion of the ..-antrm. came fronrthem 
 But usually it is either closely mi.xed with the .piartz ..r tills the 
 
WOODMAN: GOLD-BKAUING SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. ii^'i 
 
 interior of tlie vein, and tlius appears to have a common origin 
 with the silica, and to liave entered tlie fissures at tlie same period. 
 
 Tliere are very many veins tillinji crevices not coincident with 
 stratification. These inclu<le, as one chiss, stringers connecting 
 various bechled veins, and the "angulars" running off- from tliein ; 
 but they belong to the age of the main leads, and need not be con- 
 sidered here. In addition there are " cross-leads," as they are called 
 locally, younger than the others and independent of them, ami till- 
 ing irregular crevices or regular Joints o;- fault-planes. In Nova 
 Scotia tliey belong, in part, to a series running in jdancs of disloca- 
 tion forme<l at the soci)nd period of folding and faulting, but 
 cj-ratically distributed, and not occupying all the faulted area. I'or 
 the otliers it is impossible to find any system. ^Most of these ami a 
 large number of the former are liarren ; liut at ("ow Bay a definite 
 series oi'curs, cai-rying a fair anmunt of ore. 
 
 "^I'lie veins at tliat locality lie in nearly vertical fissures striking in 
 gc^neral N.'J.")' \V.. and intersecting rocks which have the usual 
 strike and an average dip of 4i) S. The gangue is chiefly quartz, 
 witii some calcite. Pyrite and arsenopyrite are abundant, the latter 
 ma.-sive. (Jalena and s])halerite are more common than in tlie 
 bedded veins, and often are associated closely with gold, wliich is 
 found free as well as in sulphides. The structure of the gangue is 
 oTi the whole nmch more open and cellular than in stratified leads, 
 and drusy cavities in the center of the mass are fre(pu'nt, sometimes 
 filled with galena and sphalerite. The (piarf /, lies in part in distinct 
 crystals perpendicular to the walls, in layers separated by films of 
 impurities. However, in the larger veins Mie g;ingue is (|uite dense. 
 The sulphides occur chiefly in the middle, and evidently were among 
 the last minerals to form; but their order and position are not con- 
 stant. In a few cases, chalcopyrite was the last mineral to enter, 
 and includi's other siilphi<les. Arsenopyrite is scattered through 
 the gangue, and occasionally |)rojects from the whin contact into 
 the (piart/. It is abunilant also ii. the whin. Pyrite is perhaps the 
 comnionesl sulpliiile, and often is found as a coatinu' on horses. 
 'I'he galena is state<l to carry silvei'. 
 
 The veins are very persistent in strike and'li[); but they send 
 out innumerable small branches into the countiv-rock, and often 
 two master veins are connected through irr( gular cross-fissures 
 which ilo not correspond to any definite structural feature of the 
 sediments. The wallft are far less detinite than in the bedded 
 
^>«4 l'l{()Ci;Kl)lN(iS: HOSTO.N SOCIiri'Y XATIHAI- IIISTOUY. 
 
 Vfiiis. llorsi's aic alniiiilaiit, and in soiiio casos tin- wall-i'ocks are 
 l>i('C('iat(Hl for several iticlies ai'.<l iinprcgnati'd with iiiiiR'rais. The 
 scries lios. as tar as my ohservatioii sliows, witliiii \vli.".t may he 
 regarded as essomlally a single IxmI of whin. 'I'lie hitter is «'oiii- 
 posed in reality of n.any iieaviiy hedilfd strata interspersed with a 
 tew thin layers of slate carrying some veins of the ixMhU-d kmd ; 
 hilt the proportion of slate to whin is exceedingly small. On tlie 
 south of this hell, which is one or two miles hroad. -J, (10(1 feet of 
 sl.Ue overlie the gold-hearing rocks. On the north those who live 
 in the district report another hroad hand of slate, witJi a small 
 amount of whin. 'I'lic crossdeads die out on the maroiii of the 
 slate on the soath. .md lia\c heeii looked for in vain im the north. 
 If the lissiires extended heyoinl the helt of whin, veins would be 
 found ill them. It se,"iis, iheii. that here may lu; a case on a large 
 scale of what the slndies (,f .Mr. ,1. U. \Voo<iwoith have sliowii to 
 lie coninion in a small w;iy — a system of Joints, contined to a 
 series which is esst.iili.illy homogeneous, and ilisappearing wiien 
 roeks of different text ire are reaclie(l. 
 
 Cleavage has h.ad no effect upon either the liedded or tissere-veins 
 (d the series. Tlie <|u;iit/, has been more or less crushed, hut it is 
 impossil.lc to say that this was accomplished liy the force which 
 pro.lnced the par.aliel lisMJity. .Vs a rule, cle;ivage has ignored the 
 veins, stopping on one side and heginning again on t!ie otliei . hut 
 occasionally it has swerved a litth from a true plane. This happ-ii.s 
 where the side of a roll presents surf.ices iiearlv p.arallel to the 
 
 Diau'iMiiiiniiiic srriinii ,.i' ,|i.,ai-i/, vein in slalc,. .Mddsc Kivcr .Mines, Vein, 
 whi'.e; straiilicati.iii, lij;lu full Ihu.s; cl,.|ivfi,i:c, liuiit ilaslicil iini's: joinl.s, licavy 
 full Hues. 
 
WOODMAN': (inM)-Hi;AlilN(; SLA'I'KS OF NOVA SC(»'riA. '■>><'> 
 
 (•lu;iv;if;e, Imt lioiiartiiiij; tVoiii tlmt ii'iatioii ^iMdiiallv tnwanls tlie 
 top and liottoin. The metals witliiii tlii' vein, and even on eontacts 
 lietween tiaiiuue ami f(Minti'v rock, have not shared in the ueneral 
 distortion, and thus aii))ear to have heen protected i)\- their relations 
 to the resistant (jiiart/. 'i'he cleavaue "lanes of the calcite in tiie 
 veins are often curveil ; hut it is not possihle at present to ilesignate 
 which iif the various Drnm'nic forces cmici'rned in the histoi'v of the 
 series prod'ice'l the ri'sull. 
 
 StriK'tKi'i . — 'I'he whole series of rocks is folded in a diri'ction 
 averayinij: N. ti.) K. in Halifax count\, hccoininii' more northerly in 
 the western pai ' of the i'ro\iiice. It is noticeahle that the u'cneral 
 trend of the peninsula also clianu'es corres|iondingly. The force 
 jiroducinti tiiesc [)lications pr(d»ahly came from the soulli, althouiih 
 the evidence on tliis p(»int is not clear. A second foldiiiij; took place 
 suhst'i|ueiitly in a direction nearly at ri<fht auLi'les to the former, 
 cidminatimi' in an extensive series of faults, which strike rousihiy 
 north-south. 'I'hese newer flexures are said to he less frequent in 
 the eastern portion of the iield. and to liec(une cji'adiially more 
 a'lnndant westward. They have lieeii e(pially instrumental with 
 I he earlier ones in locatinn' the prercnt mininu- settlenciits, hy 
 doming' veins up so that denud.ation has u,'i\('n inteiniittent expo- 
 sures. 
 
 'I'he fatdts are hoth normal and re\erse. As they were forim'(l 
 in the main hy pressure, the latter are most ahundant. ami tension 
 or ura\ity faults afforded local i-elicf. In places their niauiiitude is 
 considi'r.'i' le, the throw hcinj; sf\cral hundre(l feet. .Most of them 
 lieloiin- In III,. (.||il i)f the -second pi'riod of folding', and tho>c formeil 
 ;is a iH'sult of the lirst plications ;ire small. 
 
 The structures produced hy these oidii'euic processes can he sei'U 
 in most of the miidnn' districts. ()ldham. K'enfrew. and Moose 
 l{i\cr .Mines are cases in point. 'I'he first two ha\c lieen mapped 
 in a <^eii('ral way (lli'id. 'T'-'). < >f the last, .a detailed map on a 
 si'.ale of 1 : ;1.IM)(I has lieen |iul>lisheil liy .Mr. I'"ariliaull of the 
 (Jeolo^ical survey of ('anada. 
 
 In manv places the heddinif is smooth hut in m.iny others it is 
 disturhed hy corruual ioiis, which \,iry from niinute crennlations up 
 to "rolls" several feet fr(Mn crest to crest and two or more in 
 <lepth, The lai'Lre cases are known locally as '• harrel (pnirtz," ami 
 from smallest to lar'^est are all t same in character and in origin. 
 They start in veins, and are partici])at(Ml in hy them and the ailja- 
 
 
380 PROCEKDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 cent slates, very rarely and only to a .slight extent by other members 
 of the series. They are found spariiiirly on the sides of the east- 
 west anticlines, but are conmion ^\he^e the a.ves of these are made 
 to pluiige downward by the doming effect of the north-south fold- 
 ing. In a few instances they may be horizontal; but usually they 
 have a distinct pitch dej.endent upon the degree of inclination of 
 the axes of the folds, the thickness of the leads, and the character 
 of the country-rock. In this they are not e.xactlv coiiK-ident with 
 the be.Mmg. for on .•, plunging a.xis they converge at smaller angles 
 tha-i those of the strike lines. 
 
 A noticeable feature is the local nature of the distortions. Near 
 the vein the stratilication of the slate f..llows clo.sely the twisting of 
 the (juaitz. As om. rcce.les from it, however, the bedding-j)l:uies 
 become less strongly crenulatcl, until from an inch to several feet 
 away the waves die out. The coarser the sediment, the less it has 
 yu-l.led visibly to the forces ; and in contact veins the quartzite 
 wall IS even, an-l th.' slate wall rolle.l more than is usual in veins 
 which he wh..Ily within the slate, at some distance from anv whin. 
 The appearance suggests that there may be a compen.sation, the 
 rigidity of the whin fo.ving greater buckling in the more j.Iastic 
 slates. In still other cases, where the vein is in slate, but within a 
 lew inches of a .|iiartzite l)ed, the slate on the side towar.l the whin 
 IS crcnnlated and crushed till the j.articles have little power of 
 coherence ; and on the other si.le the rolling is regular and the 
 slate bent without fracture. In general, however, the corrugation 
 has weakened the sediments near it. 
 
 ^ A structure similar to rolling is observable in sections of the 
 Cretaceous ,.lays aii.l sands of the Atlantic coastal plain. In these 
 water, often bearing iron, has buckled up the clav laminae in a 
 manner precisely similar, leaving adjacent sands untouched. 'I'he 
 ph.'ii.uneiion has no necessary relation to the concentration ..f gold 
 .ilthuugh barrel .piartz is considere.l by many Xova Scotian miner.s 
 as sure t<. be rich ; but in some veins it appears that gold was either 
 '"•"iiglii up by ilie new solutions, or concentrated from the sedi- 
 nu'i.ts at about the time of corrugation, and now lies on the Iior-lers 
 of these rolls in pocki'ts. 
 
 In Moose 1,'iver rolling can be studied in detail, although the 
 lack ot coiiieidence between the attitude of the rolls and that of 
 th a.ves of the main fol.js is n.,t very marked. The best places 
 for observation are .piarries near the road, ami winding tunnels 
 
WOODMAN: GOLn-HKARING SLATES OK NOVA SCOTIA 387 
 
 following the (iic-at X Mtli or •' Serpent '' lead, wliicli bears quartz 
 over a foot tliick tlexed in large waves. The parallelism of (juartz 
 layers also is inarkeil here. In the quarries much smaller examj)le8 
 show many points not brought out so elearly in the lana- eases. 
 
 At East ^^'averly oceurs wiiat must re'dain as the type ease of 
 rolled or barrel quartz. It has been described by ^^omc of the 
 eirliei writers, and in one or two cases ti<rured in a diai'ir.mmatie 
 way. The resen.blaiiee noted l)y Silliman and others to a cordu- 
 roy road or a succession of barrels ceases when both sides of the 
 vein are seen. Instead of a series of cylinders laid side by side, 
 tlie rolls are merely what would Ite made by corrugatinu; anv flexi- 
 ble sheet, and their two walls are parallel for the most part. The 
 lead lies almost on the contact between slate and whin, and the 
 tunnels show both walls in many jdaces. The adjacent slate is 
 plicated as closely as the vein, while the hanging wall of whin is 
 j)erfeetly even. The rolls are regular, and show a divergen.:'e with 
 the bedding which iiu-reases as one goes towanls the axis of the 
 ohh'r fold at the end of the main tunnel. At West Waverly none 
 of the leaiis have distinct rolls so far as observed. 
 
 In this district of Waverly, which embraces an area rouo-Jdv two 
 miles east and west, by one north and south, .all tlu' coinplications 
 attendant upon the t«o series of orogenic niovenu'iits jire highly 
 developed, and well revealed by erosion. For this reason I have 
 chosen it for description as a type of the kind of structures orioi- 
 nating in the Trovince iimlcr such circumstances. So far as I am 
 aware, the form which it presents has been seldom ii(>te(l in text- 
 books, when treating of dynamical geohigy. It is tlioiMiiLiiilv 
 characteristic of the series. altlK.ugh presenting some iinlividiial 
 pcculiiiritics : an<l its main features are more a<'ccntn;iled ili;m in 
 most of the other cases wliicli the series exhibits. On the eastern 
 border, as at Isaac's Harbor, the main anticlines .are so |on<;- that 
 their phniging emls may not be met within the range of a sinule 
 settlement. 
 
 The structure of Ivisl Waverly is that of an east-we-t anticline, 
 whi<'h betiins to plunge e.ist w.anl ;it ti very low angle beyond Willis 
 Lake. Near lakes \\'illi;u!i ;ind 'i'homas, at a point about 7."i(l feet 
 e.ast ol the shore road, it commences ii sleep pluiin-e to the west, 
 the vein dropping Is,") feet in 42;"), and continuing downward at an 
 angle of at least ;")()' when last seen, at lake-level. This vein, 
 famous as the type of rolled or "barrel" (juarti^., has been »vell 
 
38S PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY XATLHAI. IIISTOKY 
 
 opciu'd for sevi'ral years. On tlio siiiiiniit of tlie liill 1.200 feet of 
 tlie crest of tlie fold have lieeii exposed by open (piarries, Imt 
 nearly half of tliis distance is now ohscured [n additioi!, a tminel 
 runs ()70 feet east alonL,' the a\i.s from the lake-front, interseetini,' 
 all tiie rock overlyinu- the vein, l-'roni its end an up-raise is exca- 
 vated alonir the vein, till the axis reaches nearly a normal horizon- 
 tal position; and hnui the same point branch tunnels r"n north 
 and south, fullowinu- the strike m' (he vein in its change eastward, 
 
 .Uiviug ( ipletely the structure of the pitching fold. 
 
 One of the points most noticealile in the o>enino-s, particularly 
 in the.piarries. is the flatness of the crown. This crown was the only 
 portion ex|>osed when the region was visited hy Silliman and later 
 studied by Hind, .md gives a belt lil'ty feet wide in places, with 
 aluKist no dip. This can be explained, however, by the fact — which 
 a stu.ly <>( the whole Held reveals — that it lies at the top of a 
 fol.led Ncries. and. that it is immediately under a massive cap of 
 \^'ii"- 'ii cnntr.ist to this is the evenness of dip of the sides of the 
 anticline. 'I'he vein in its -lescent soon reaches an anule whicdi is 
 almost consiani througlnuit the vertical range observed, a total of 
 •l:W feet directly and of nearly 1,200 by means (d' the fanlt-l,loeks 
 and >hafts to the west. This must mean either that some of the 
 folds to which we give full swelling sides in seciicm should be drawn 
 with straighler shanks and iKirrow but flat crests, or th;it the fold 
 in .|uestion is l.ir-cr ;ind deeper than anyc.ne has hitherto thouaht. 
 It it be true that the deformalioii is more extensive than h.as been 
 thought, it h;i-< ;i direct bc;iring upon the j.ossibility of deep 
 mining in the district^ a jdan which has l,een urged often by 
 Canadian geologists, and as often rejected hy conservative 
 iii\('<tors. 
 
 The tunnel sln^vs lliat a thick cap of wliin overlies the vein,. 
 with but tew thin b.inds of sl.ite ami one or two small veins. The 
 surface outcrops on the hills, north and .scuitli of the axis, show 
 nothing but whin for ;il !ea>t "iiMi • ;irds. 
 
 \Ve-( of Kishin-' i.-Akv is another area of whin, wbich. as far as 
 my proent study can determine, is ;i coutinu.ation of the cap over- 
 lyin- the barrel .p.art/ lead of Ka-.t W.averly. It runs for an 
 iiid.;uo\vn distance westward. ;it le.ist to the line of the Intercolonial 
 railrojid, It- .attitude .'an be .liM'.n-ered only by occasion.al tliin 
 bands of sl.ite; and by these it appears to form the end of a fold 
 pitching west, like the other portions of the Held. As it lacks eco- 
 
 4 
 
WOODMAN: GOI.D-MKAHINCi SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. 38{» 
 
 ;» 
 
 1 
 
 -m- 
 
 Jioiiiic iiii|i(irtniK'i', (k'tnilc'd study ot" it has nut lieoii inaik'. No 
 lu'ddfil vt'iiis have hccii oltst'rvt'fi in it, lint it contains scvoral bai- 
 rx'!i cross-it-ads striking; rouLfldy nortli-soutii and dipping east. 
 TiiL' location of tlic t'anlt on its eastern border is marked by an 
 esearpnienl seventy-five feet 1ul;]i. wliieh serves to bring out forcibly 
 the difference in resistance of tiie whin and slate. 
 
 Kast of the whin cap are the faidt-blocks that contain most of 
 the profitable veins. The tirst of these has au up-throw of tHlT feet, 
 the flat ])ortion of tlie barrel (piartz lead at Kast Waverly being taken 
 as a datum-plane. At the center of the anticline, immediately west 
 of the railroad, appears a mass of whin of greater visible thickne.ss 
 than any other e.vcept the cap; ;ind it seems to m.ark tin- base of 
 this local gold series. 'I'he ledge presents a great contiast to that 
 which exposes the summit of the seiies. Instt'ad of lying in a bioad 
 flat crown, the beds dip steeply from the very axis, showing a greatly 
 ])inched condition of this portion of the fold. Oiitw.irdly nortli and 
 suutli from this a.xial outcrop are many \-eins. some worked, others 
 idle, ami all running with the bciMing. 'I'lu'y must be fai' more 
 numerous than the outcmps show ; luit lu'tc, .as in Moose Kiver 
 and ;nost otlu'r mining settlements in Nova Scotia, litth ov no 
 attempt lias lii'cn made to um-over the bed rock in a trench across 
 the strike and briie^- to ji'jlit .all the lead- that conu' to the surface. 
 ( )nl\- tlu'ce \'eins a'c shown upon the map, because ni the small scale 
 employed; but encuigh are set down to give the structure of the 
 area. Thee lueof the slate series on the luirth has iieen determined 
 in sevei'id places; liut its extension westw;ir<l in the curve slmwu on 
 the map is partly inferred fioiu the plunge of the fold and the 
 relations of various beds, Diift liindei-s detailed work in most 
 places where artilicial exposures ilo not .aid the observer. This is 
 (>speciallv true on the south side of the fohl, where few veins are 
 mined ; ami as ;i result, the southern limit .as liivcn nn the map is 
 conjectural, and lialile to a possible eimr of fno feet. Indeeil, ii is 
 probable that on account of i;re;iter denudation ihe margin is 
 slitrhtlx' farther to the -oiitli (h.an i> shown. 
 
 The pitch of the axi^ is nut unif<uiu. Imt is steeper at first. mcu'O 
 o-entic in the ceiiler i>f the block, and contiii\ies at a very gentle 
 orade towards the we^lern m.aiLi'in. This is shown by the c(Uiver- 
 ixeucc and dip <if the le.ids where (iliservalile. The south dips are 
 less steep than the north ones : hence the .axial plane of the fold 
 does nol lie vertical, but dips somewhat southward. Thi' denuda- 
 
olio I'KOL'EKDINGS : UOSTON SOCIKTY NATURAL HISTOIIY. 
 
 tion of a i)Iiiiit'iii<; anticline of this character would cause a slierht 
 northward migration of the surface outcroj) of tlie axis where the 
 plunge occurs. This is hardly apprecij.hle, however, in a foM so 
 little unsyinnietrical. The same may he said of the axis at East 
 Waverly. 
 
 The next fault-block presents some structural jtroblems that can- 
 not lie solved with the present data. No veins are now worked 
 south of the axis; and th" position of those mapped in Iliiwl's 
 report (HJit) is. in view of the errors of location of other structural 
 features, problematical. On the north of the axis the veins have 
 been tiirown north 1U(I feet. This leaves two possibilities. The 
 motion may have been a vertical one, the axis upon .lenudation 
 remaining in the same position, and tlie veins on the south being 
 thrown as far southward as the others migrated northward ; or the 
 whole block in its movement m.iv have been wedtied northward 
 11)0 feet. At Moose Uiver the horizontal component is marked, 
 and very jtrobably conditions are the same here. This conclusion 
 is provisional, but is based upon what appears to be a common 
 method of faulting in the series. If it be correct, then there ha.s 
 l>een horizontal motion ahing an almost vertical plane, due to pres- 
 sure from the south ; and in a section along the axis it would ajipear 
 as though IK) additioTial dislocation hail tiiken place. 
 
 The ailmissidii of the two small fault blocks west of the lakes 
 rests upon two pit'ces of evidence. One of these is the map accom- 
 ])anying Hind's report U'cntioned above, which gives two faults. 
 Tile other is the statciiicnt of the owner of the land on which the 
 full-line poi'tion of the fault lies, and who has uncovered the land in 
 ye'ars past foi' certain leads. At present there are no (Hitcro])s, 
 iich'-e the direction of the veins in these two blocks cannot be deter- 
 mined directly. I have copied Hind's ma]i in this respect, because 
 there is no other authority. The offset of the easternmost iilock is 
 based upon the same data as the existence of the third fault. 
 
 (h'lK. — In the se<liinents gold is lai'gely in sulphi<Ies, even neai- 
 the surface. Slate holds it in pi'ying (piantities often at consider- 
 able distances from veins, iiut some localities appear to have little. 
 This may be due in part, however, to the lack of accurate tests in 
 those place's. \\ .\Ioose Kiver pure slate yields in crushing over 
 *"i.(Mi of free-milling gold per ton, and is as rich away from veins 
 as near them. Whin is popularly supposed to be barren, but ri'cent 
 assays have shown gold up to one or two dollars per ton. Suflieient 
 
WOODMAN: (JOLl) BEAU INC 5;LATI:s OF NOVA i^COTTA. .'■01 
 
 torts lia,v,e „.,; iK.pn mnAv U> sl.ow relati....s Lotwc,.., tl.c i.re.v.K'e 
 ot trold un Ilio whin an-l iIk- proximity .,f veins. I,, the lattiT -^okl 
 IS more .MTat.c thai, in the eountry-rock, and often a wl.ole reirion 
 is el,a,-a,.tenze.I I,y (he presence of " poekets - witli lean plaees 
 between.. IJeiuu the .Iraina-re level of the iv-ion most of the metal 
 isn, s.uipln.les; and this proportion increases -lownwanl for some 
 <lista.noe, as less an.! less water penetrates the r.Mk. The free .'<.1.1 
 here, in file veins, occurs in the sam.. forms ami p(,sitions as in those 
 nearer ihe surtace. Within the oxi.li/e.l zone ahov, some <.ol.l is 
 free m the country-rock, and a Jaroe proporti.m in the veins, "j.. the 
 latter it occiii- aloiij;- the walls, tonuuitiir j,,,,, ,|,,, „,„|,.ne. oi di.. 
 seminated in tine particles through the laller. WluM-e'lh.'. m d 
 lines the si.les of rolls, it is ..sually i.oun.led fou,,rd fl,.. conntiv- 
 n»ck hy a rusted /one. Fmm here it .uns inwar.l in strin-.-ers ..fteii 
 ah.ng distinct fractuivs. So far as I an, auare, >., analvses or 
 assays have l.een made sy.si,.matically, to discover ]„,w much is still 
 imprisoned within the inllmmc.. of water action. .\s a rule the free 
 -old appears without <listinct crystallization ; hut one crvstal havin-- 
 a dodecahedral form, has come to my notice, and a few' others have 
 l.eeu reported in years past. The on., note-l above came from Cow 
 Day, where it piuh.ahly has a deep-seated origin. 
 
 The method of occurrence of onld in the' veins of this .cries its 
 ■iistriluition in the ..ountry-rock, ami its relations to sulphides point 
 stron-ly to the conclusion that at least a lar-e part was dcposite.l 
 •" tile s.dniH.i.. and has Ik...,, lo,,,^. in ,.,..„.<.ss of eouce,it,-a(i.,n 
 111 the v..ins l.y water wlii..h ....uh.s .lownward tVom tl„. surface 
 It is pussil.le that uot all th.. u-o|,l i„ a re-ion .,f .>, ,.,m,pli..at,.,l a 
 hist. i,.y has the sa,,,.. sour,.,.; l.ut while so,„e mavhav,- he,.,, l.i'ou.dit 
 "P with (I,.. .p,art/, the fa.'ts so far ..l,serv...l .|o not show that more 
 than a small si, ,.,,-.. of it I,;,.! thai .u-iuin. 
 
 An ..\....pti.,ii to the se.lin„.ntary (u-i-iu ,,f tl,,. .,,!,] ,„„^f |„, ,„.,,^^, 
 intl,.. |,r,M|ii,.tiv(. Iissm.r-\eins..l,s..rv(.d tl,usfa|.. Of tl,e.s..Cow l!av 
 affords tl,.. I.est exan,pl... Here tli,. metal ,,c,.nrs cl,i..|lv ,i..ar the 
 walls, hut is m.t c..nlimMl i„ that p,.siii,,n. Th..ie is a !.'...al h..|ief 
 w.'il f.ain.le.l for certain veins, that vahu's ar.. hi-lu-r in - r.„„d, •' ' 
 -'I- '••■llular ,|uart/,. Kxaminati.-n ..f many spcchnens sl„,ws That 
 tlK' most f,...,pi..nl atlitu.le ,s in |,laii..s p,.„.,.,||,.l t.. the v..in-walls, i„ 
 -IH.'irt/ the ..rystiils .,f which are not visil.l... ,,r 1,..tw<.,.n layers'.. f 
 ••rystals. Wliei^e th.. v.-ius cut a.^mss intercalate.! slate haml's fl,,.,..- 
 IS no corre.spomiinn- change in the •• carry " of the .,re. This is 
 
^)ll-' PROCEEDINGS; BOSTON SOCIKTV NATIUAL lllS'ioUV. 
 
 against lateral sc'cretioii as a nictlioil of (•(Hicciitration. So far as 
 seen, no gold occurs in uliin. and tlic sii|i(.'rjaccnt slate is reported 
 to be harren \)y tliose who have Ieste<I it. Kxperieiico elsewliere 
 shows tliMt, when gold lias conie fi'oni tlu' <'OUMf rv-rock, its source 
 hiis iiceii chielly slate. In this region the hitter oceupies scarcely 
 one percent of tlie section traversed Ity tlie veins; heiicc to lia\e 
 been leaclie<l of siillicient gold to give over an oiuice per ton of 
 (piaitz, as is vii'lded in snme siiafts. the rock must have been extra- 
 ordinarily rich. 'I'liere is no evidence whatever that this has iieeii 
 llie case. On the other hand, the structure of the veins and tlie 
 character aihl positions of the .iccoinpanying minerals jioint stronsxlv 
 to a dc, p->eated origin t'or the metal. 
 
 A'/v^y,/;,v.y. — The only eriiptives that have come under m\- lUitice 
 belong to the gi'anitic >erii's. Their general distrilmtioii can be 
 
 *<t'*'i any if the later geological maps of the Province. 'I'l.e 
 
 e.lgc ,,<i ,,iir boss lies a short distance east of Waveilv, but it lias not 
 been |)osNiblc to give it a careful I'xaniinalion. W'li.it iias been 
 seen coiitirms the general conclusions of the later writers. 'I'lie 
 rock alters already metamorphosed strata; yet (iilpin in "Si.', and 
 again in "^"i, agreed with Dawson ii, claiming the rou<:h conteni- 
 ]ioraneity of the in'rusiuu of the graiutcs ;ind the forinalioii ol the 
 veins. In "ss. however, (iilpin iniplie.I the greater age of the latter, 
 in stating that by the intrusions they are not •■changed from their 
 nmanal char.K'ter beyond any slight variation due to mel.amorphisni 
 ol the small jicrcentages of lime. et<'.. commonly occurriiio- in tneni." 
 
 In Halifax another large mass of granite li.is its eastern bound- 
 aiy. The rock is a coai'se hornblendic granitite, mIiosc contact has 
 nut yet been studie(l clos(dy. Near it the slate loses its fissile char- 
 acter and largely its joinl ing. aii.l becomes hanlcr and more com- 
 pact, llelween the granite .and this portion v'i the slate, w heiv I 
 have seen il, is a rock which in the field ajipears to be ;i rather 
 coarse tiMp, .Mici'oscopic.al study of the problem has not been 
 ].ns.ibl,., TIk' -ranile near this trap is fine-grained. ;ind becomes 
 steadily coarser f<>r half a mile aw,ay from the cont,act. As it urows 
 coarser a porphyritic structure appears, the orthoclase cr\-sl;ils 
 attaining ,a length of from one i,v uiie ;ind ,a h,ilf in(dies. The lock 
 as a wh.de is very t'ehl>paihic an. I weathers raphlly. 'I'his fiehl 
 west .»f Halifax is one which c.ul.l be enijdoye.l to ureat adv,anfane 
 ilia, study .if the relations between the granites ami the elastics. 
 
 JJeNi/d,((iun. — T\K' structure of the series as a Avliole is not well 
 
 IS. 
 
WOODMAN: (iOLD-nKAiaXO SLATKS OF NOVA SCOTIA. 303 
 
 iMH.n!,rli known In .Iciciniin.. huw inndi cC the .sediments orif,n„ally 
 .K-|.M,it,.,l l.iive iH.on lust by or.,si„n. I.uwc- (';iil).)nilVnMi,s ron- 
 KloiMcratf near (iay's IJivor contains Tnctaniorplioscl slatf and wliin 
 with fratrniL-nts of fli,. attendant .,nait/ veins ; an.l undonl.tedlv its 
 gold IS also derivd Iron. I hem. TUv old,.,- rocks at tlie contact with 
 the c-.nirlonuTatc sln.w a much denude,! snrface. willi munded 
 projections, in appearance like small roches niontonnees. and ahout 
 I'onr feet lonj.'. Fn-n. the sinictnre of the nei.irhl.orin.:; slates it 
 s.HMns proi.al)ie that a t,'r .at amount of the erosion had taken place 
 before the hnvcr ('arl-.miferoiis was deposited, and that the prnpor- 
 tion lost since that time is relatively small. 
 
 It cannot be determined yet whether the older rocks w.-re al)ovo 
 water during- most of the time lietween their lirst foldintr and the 
 era of the coni,domeratcs, but this seetns probable. Debiis from 
 the gold .series has not been reconni/ed in yoniiirer sediments, except 
 in b<mlders of the age just nuMitioncl. jbit if' the auriferous rocks 
 wvvv submerged during the inlerveniug period, or even duriuir anv 
 considerable portion of it. we iind if necessary to ;icc<,unt for the 
 disappearance <,{ all the sedinu'nls th.it were laid down, not onlv 
 over the area of goM rocks as now .seen, liut also over the territorv 
 occupied by such Carboniferous strata as lie directly uiM.n the gold 
 formation. 
 
 In a large measnn- the i)resent topograj.hy was produced by 
 ].re-Pleistocene denudalion. Drift has determined (Utails in the 
 course of many of tlie sircanis. but the mam features were there 
 before ice over-rode the land. In many places, as at Moo.se Ifivcr 
 and C.iw Hay. the penepl.ain level is preserved. For miles the 
 rock is within a foot o-,' two of the surf.K'c, covered with a loamy 
 soil or a growth of Sphagnum and other moisture-loving plants, 
 whose pre-cnce is due to the sluggishness of the dr;iiuag'o. In 
 (.thers. as the region about W'averly. an uplift, which appears to 
 have occiirrei] since the |icneplaiu was foi'iiied but before the i-lei>- 
 loccnc epoch, has .allowed the etching of bro.ad waterways. The 
 place ju.t mentioned li,.s in a nort li-south \;diey which is the high- 
 way for a chain of lakes ;ind comiectino- streams flowin'j- northward 
 across the ].eninsula to the r.,iy of FuihIv. Fast of the junction 
 lu'twceu lakes William and Thomas, steep hills ri-e from iIr. 
 water's edge to a total height of •'!!> feel, the average l)einu]<)0 
 feet. West of the lakes the f.-iulted areas are low, scarcely nnuv 
 than tifty feet above the water .it any point. Still farther west 
 
.'<!'4 PROCEEDINCJS; BOSTON Si •Cliyrv NATL' HAL HLSTORY. 
 
 lifvon.l Ki.sliiiig F.uko. tin- ovcrlyiii-j: whin, stratiirraj.liically the 
 liiiiliost ariM ill (he region, stainls up a.s a Iiill slopiiio- west, ami 
 presents an al.rupt lanlt-srarp to tlie east. Tlie snrt'aee (if the 
 lii<,'lier liills mav he taken as appn.xhnately tlie level t,{ tne pene- 
 plain. The etehmij: has l.ien ilue to tne iipliflint,' (.f hlncks into 
 
 heiylits of n-.n-e r.piil fjennd.ition, in t seipienee of wliicli the 
 
 -hiialile whin oveilyiiiu' tlu' auriferous slates has heen removed and 
 the softer roek I>elo\v eroded to a lowei' level than the whin of th" 
 nnfaiilled areas to the east and wt'st. I'.oth fanlt-hloeks in whieh 
 the he. Is phinue westward have their >teepness of snrfaee in 
 aeconlanee with the dip of the heds, allhonuh not so liii-h. At 
 Kast Waverlv the whin cap is eiodeil over the axis of the fohl 
 1o within a i\'\v feet of the slate, and a view from !he west shows 
 a depression ,,f ;|n. eiest-line at that point, indieatiny a wv.w 
 ap|trnach to the unroolinii; of the anticline. 
 
 '■'he di-trihiition of mining- regions and the shapes of the outcrop- 
 piiiu' ai'e.as are dne to the inti^rseclion of dunies of various shapes l.y 
 the peneplain surfaee. 
 
 lIisTuiiv OF Tin: S|.:i;ii;s. 
 
 The <piestinn of the :\'j:v of the series is as yet a inatler of douht. 
 a'ld U is piN.h.ihle th.u this uiici'itaiiity will continue until fo^sil 
 evideiu'c has heen found. I can add nothiny- to what is alreadv 
 known, for all the -'fossils" I have f..und tm-n out lo he concretions 
 which so far have not shown even an or^•anie nucleus. The most 
 nilional view appears to me to he ih.u of I'.ecker ("Ho), who. after 
 suniniinu' u|. the evidence -jiven hy various wriiers. conchKh^s that 
 the sediments .ire more prohahly Al<ro,iki:!n than Cimhiijin. 
 
 TIk' fidlowino-is an attempt to reconstruct the apjiarent history 
 of the series fmm the data which are avail, ihle at the present time. 
 ^^ Deposiihm. on ;, sea.)l,„,r . niewhat irregularly risinu' ;uid sjnkiny-. 
 'J'he lowei- .iui-ioii nf .he series is s;iid to l,ecome coarser luw.ard 
 f'"' top. indi-'.iM... -1„ ,li,m, Ah,. v.. this ernes the liner .t;Tain..d 
 iil'pi'r memiM-. wnich apparently shows a return to deeper water 
 with more uniform condiliiuis. 
 
 ('onsn||,l,iti.,n. uradnally, hy weiuht of added se.limenls. Despite 
 this tendency the pressiu'e from .ahove was sullicient to keep that 
 l.art nou- forminu' the series in a pla>tic state. The oriuinal ihick- 
 iie--., evcii after consujidation, mu>t have heen several times that 
 
M- 
 
 WOODMAN: (iOI.I)-I5i:AKI\.i SLATES ..F NoVA sn-TI.,. ;.,,;, 
 
 <'l' iIh" Ih.,U u|,i,.|, Miv ..x|M).sc.I tu-.li.y. This is shown, not onh I.y 
 ""■ •"ii.Muii uhichtMi, 1.0 .h>,nutistr:it.-.l to liavc lu-eii ero.UMl Ixvu 
 "H'loro h)\vcr ('.•irl.onitVrons tinio. Init ••ilv, l.v the almost iMitire 
 absi'iicc of tjuilts at tlu- lirst period of fohliii-^ 
 
 F.n-M.atioi. of l.e.MiMl vdns. |,y solfatari.- action from l.ch.w. 
 ill., niam |MMti..„ „f the process to,,k place rapidlv, hut some 
 veinino- hn-ercl until aflcr part of the ialer jointinl;, or elsf. at 
 i'|f«-rvals new acrivilies arose, in no ease with the same power as 
 lli«' first. A small amonn' of o„l,l ,„ay hnve l.een hrou-ht up in 
 the solutions. The present-,, of the veins pvevailinglv in siratifica- 
 """ I'lancs is another point coiieerninir ti,,. ,_r, .at ^i>ressur" under 
 nhu-h the series lay, and tlu cross strinjiers sliow that the roeks had 
 already heir,,,, ,,, s„ff,.,. differential stresses sr.fii.-ient to ea„se irre<r- 
 >..ar traefu.es. ( )f the primary planes of weakness, tho>e were most 
 l"''"'-'i'>i.-ed which lay at the .•ontnct of two he.'s of .livcrse ].hy.si. 
 <"il chara<.terisfics, and tlie :.olnii,„is chose these In many c.ses. 
 
 .Alelam.u-phism i.-mJ , centraticui of i„,ii-li of the ore. The 
 
 possil.ili,i,.s i„ ,v.,,pi -.the ori.iri,, ,.'• tlie pvrite and arseiK.py.-ite 
 ■nay he grouped as follows. (I) The sulphides in hoth •■oumrv- 
 
 rock and veins may have ; mmoi, or sep.ii-ate ori-in. (-J) Th,,se 
 
 ill the se.liments may he the j.roduct <,f inetainorphism of oiiu„ial 
 iii-redients, <.r may he -'ue to solfataric action; and those in~the 
 vems nsay l)e c<.iiceiiiratioi,s from the sediments, -.r have resulted 
 from the same pn.cess which tilled the veins. Neither can he 
 proved with the knowledjre we possess at present, liotl, slate .and 
 «hin are ihiekly impregnated with the sulphides, and ;is mncii 
 awaytV..,,, the vems as near then,; and often in positions where 
 sohataric solnti,.ns must iiave penetrated verv tlH,ro„uhlv :ind have 
 iXout' far from their i.lace of entrance. Hesides, tliev ai'e or.Iinary 
 }.roducts of metamorphism. where the pn.per in'orcdients are 
 [•rosont in the rocks. If their s,.urce were .leei.-s., ted, however 
 their relation to the veins remains to l.e determined. At present 
 It is not possihK to decide tiiis with acciiiacv. It appears that 
 I'lnchof the sulphides in the veins has been concentrate.I from the 
 country-rock, like tlie <r()ld. 
 
 \\ iiatever the facts concerning the origin of the ingredients of 
 liie sulphides, tlieir concentration is easier to folloM". It occurred 
 mainly heforo the first period of folding and, of course, after the 
 eiitr.ance (.f the veins. The presem-e of the o,-es a.ong be<hling- 
 planes, and their folding with the sediments, indieate this. Tliisls 
 
.'>!•<■> PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY XATL'HAL HISTORY. 
 
 IriK' luiit'unuly of tlio pyrito, and to a groat extent of the ansenopyrito. 
 In some ])laces ehaleopyrito appears in eleavage planes, in thin 
 slieets with hriglit surfaces. In sueli eases it is still a (piestion 
 whether it was deposited there, or whether it lias been drawn out 
 by sid)S('(|ueiit displaeenietit. The gold was concentrated at the 
 sanu' time with the siilphiiles. The gathering took place under the 
 intliKMU'e of solutions pei'colating latei-dly and still more (hiwnward, 
 as shown l)y the attitude of much of the ore. This movement has 
 coiitinui'd in a very suiall way ever since its beginning. The faults 
 of the two periods of disturbance are rarely tilled with ore, and 
 where tliey ;u-e its origin is not clear. IJegional met.'imorphism of 
 tlu' series, manifesting itself in yet other ways, l)elongs to the same 
 peri()d. The chlorite is cliietly in b'.'ddiiig-planes, as far as studied ; 
 but much remains to l)e learned. The same may be saiil of tiie 
 second.i.ry musc()\ite and caicile. 
 
 iiranites may have come in between this and the next event, but 
 probably not until after lioth jieriods of oro^cnic disturbance and 
 liefori' tile cleav.ige. They are said to iiitruile iietweeii bed(i:iig 
 planes in some places, and to have no pi'rceptiblc influence upon 
 the distribution of tlie veins, or of the gold in them or in the sedi- 
 ments; liut tew data are available. The granite at llalil'ax appears 
 not til run intu be(ldiug jdanes, nor do these planes seem to buckle 
 uji over the intru:-ive mass. One thing must be renu'inbered, how- 
 ever, in any attempt to classit'y the intrusives of liianile in a time- 
 scale of the history of the series. We ]i;ive no proof whatever that 
 the ir( as of granite art' all ■)( the same age, an<l for the present the 
 evideiu'c presi'hted iiy each batliolitie ?iiass must bi' examineil 
 separately. 
 
 First period of folding, giving east and west folds, with t'ew 
 faults, flexing veins ,iud bedding-iilanes alike. The co.arser uiits 
 were corrugated with as much ease as the finest pelites, as though 
 the mass wi're (|uile plastic. This condition obtained froi;" the iow- 
 c>t to the highest mtuniier of the series as we have it now, showing 
 that vastly mon^ of it e\iste(l then. 
 
 Second jieriod of folding, evtending forward for a consideralilo 
 time arel forming waves whose axes run uighlv north and south. 
 Tlie action loosened the strata somewhat, giving opp(U'lnnitv for 
 the following conse(pieiH'es. 
 
 Rolling of portions of the veins , and adjacent beds, at ]»oints on 
 the sides of the secomi series of folds where the axes of the first 
 
 ^ 
 
WOODMAX: GOLD-BEARING SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. ^VM 
 
 f.-Ms [.Imitrc.. They were maile In- a revival of vein activity. Kitlier 
 some eoueentratio.i of sold took place at the same tiiMe,' as sl.ovvu 
 l.y eert.ani po.'ket.s o„ the siiles of v„lls, .„• else ail ay part of this 
 tiold was hioiiuht up l.y the new solutions. 
 
 As reganls origin, tiel.l evideiiee leads directly to the theory that 
 rolliiiii- was caused in j.art hy the n.irth-south foidinu-, i„ part hv the 
 slow entrance, suhse^pient to the formation (,f tin' veins, df more 
 silica than conl.l he ac<-omni.Hlated rea.li'v in the space. The 
 oroo-cnic forces had ere.at.'d weakness. Tlie new silica male its 
 way •lono- these planes, where presstne was relieved l.y partinu' of 
 tlie^str;it;i. \ot \,v\u<j: satisfied with the space already provided, it 
 I'lickled up the str.at.a nearest it, whenever tiie surrnundin- s.-lj. 
 nuMits were not t.... unyieldinu'. nntil the pressures were e.piaiized 
 and no more material could enter. Faultin--, ch.sin-j;- the second 
 •■I""''' of "n.oHMiic ;icti,.n. These <lislo,Mtions ran in the .Hrecti-.n 
 nl the newer folds, and cut (.ft the rolls. In >on.e instances simple 
 .i'Hiits were f(.rmed. wi(h(.ut later.al movement. Where the second 
 l-eriod (.f disturhani'e has m.t faulted the rocks, ii ..ppcars in some 
 re-ions t.. have jointed them north ;ind south, and a U-w of the 
 (Insures are Ijiled with veins. Other systems appeared prohahly 
 at various times, and the history ..f each district must l.e studied 
 «^e|.arately. \"ery little nniieraliz.ilion took place after these last 
 pl.'ines of separ.ition -.vcre formed. In some places joints have 
 curved in i.;issin!i- rolls, as cleavauc has done. 
 
 i-ocal revival of vein action, marked iu such places as Cnw Hay, 
 The v:,.l 1 in the veins there j.rol.al.ly tntered fr(.m I.eh.w with the 
 .Li'anune. 
 
 ^ ^ Cle.Mv.'io-,., strikin-' id.o.it X. (1(1 K., and cultin-- all the veins. 
 The effect was produced hy pressmv apjiarently nearly p.arallel to 
 
 th.it which »ave the first foldino-. The condit s of the sediments 
 
 were .liffrrent. however, at this later epoch. Instead of the plas- 
 ticity due (o yc.uth, lack of complete cousolid.ation, and a consider- 
 al.le !..;id (.f superincundient rock, the force had to deal with 
 riyidity. remh'red Li'ivater hy the (piart/ veins scattered throuiih the 
 mass, ami proh.d.ly with a much reduced load, which woidd of 
 itself decrease plasticity. 
 
 .Vfter these occurred certain other details of the history, to which 
 no detiinte order is assiirnahle. An irresxiUar local faultinu is one 
 of the latest in many places, and nniy he duo to eomparatively 
 recent warping- from some of the last oscillations of the peninsida. 
 
;;ii,s ri!(K KEi)iN(j!S.- bu. t<l\ sociktv natural iiistdkv. 
 
 Tills or sor.ic (.tinT orngoiiic iiiovoiiu'iit of wide oxtriii niid sliijlit 
 ottVc'l lias iiicliiuMi tlu- cloaviii-t' at most points. As it lias not 
 altt'ird tlu- slrikc of tin- jilanrs of tissililv, it actod ])aralit'l to tlic 
 hnvv wlii. Ii prnduwd tlicsc j)laiR's. A small coiu'cntratioii of 
 siiljiliidcs niav have taken |ilaci' also since the eleavaue (llainilton, 
 'ti(i): luit the |)resence of sMl|i]iides in the planes may he due, on 
 the other hand, to the stiX'tehinu- and shearini; of erxstals wliieh lav 
 in the heddiny-. These oecuirences often aeeonipanv hiiu'ht sliek- 
 ensides. \\.\ns of vai'ioiis a-es Ijlj irreo-ular tissiires, and are 
 .y'ene rally liarren. I have not found any iienetratin-' into tlie lower 
 C'arl.oniferoiis rocks, and helievc that they are all older than this 
 period hut youn-'er than the cleavau'e and most of tiie joinfinu-. 
 
 How many cycles of erosi.m the series has snffered cannot he 
 -letermined. At (iay's Ifiver Mines all the features note., elsewhere 
 can he seen in the rocks underiyini.- the lo„. r Co o.Miiferons co„- 
 -■hunerate. Init >lup at its hase. Tlie latter has sniVered no distur- 
 hauce sutlicicnt t.. fold or fault it. althon-h slickensides .,n the 
 pehhles and cement tell ,if intern.ai movement. It is hiohlv proha- 
 hle. therefore, that all uf the effecis ou'hned ahove liad lieeii c.,m- 
 pieted hm-hefore that time, for tile honlders in tlie conol,,nier;ite. 
 largely from the >late and whin ,.nd veins, exhjhit the >anie phenom- 
 ena as (h,. uudcrlyiiiL:- mcks. 'I'h,' ^lrncture of the older sedi- 
 ments, and the char.acter of their cont.act with the connlonierate 
 ■•il.ove. nIiow that the former series was denuded l.etore ('arhonit'er- 
 "us times, prul.al.ly ih.. lar.ovr part of the ori-inal mass havino- 
 l"'en l.ist. The histnry since the C.arhoniferous is in .^reat measure 
 l'i-"l'l'''nalical, hut wh.at we know of the slruclure in.licates that 
 ll"' l"poirrapIiieehan,ues have lieen far less than those which look 
 platM' liel'ore. 
 
 SiMMAKv OK Kai;i.v Stikiks. 
 
 'I'hc melaiuorphic sc^ries e.arly attracted the attention of ohservers 
 l.ul the main a.'tivity shown in its study was nianifeste-l imme- 
 diately after the discovery of n-,,|d ahout isilO, ()„ n,,. „hole. the 
 Mork done up.ui the r.,eks lias heen nnsysteniatie, with the e.\c<'p- 
 tioii of that carrie.I on hy the (Jeohi^nral survey of (Vuiada. 'I'he 
 followin- notes are arraimed clir..nolo<rieaIIy, to irive the advance 
 in knowle.lo-,. ,,f the whole series rather than .,f parti.ailar pr.d.- 
 lonis eoniiected with it. 
 
\VOf»DMAX: OOLD-nEAKIXG SLATES OF NoVA SfOTIA. ."V.!',! 
 
 Jackson ami Al^cr {'-.Vl) ihiIlmI the slatt's, iinilinu- oraiiito pro- 
 triidintr tlirnu<r|i tlicni. Tlio latter arc the older, and the sodiiiioiits 
 were laid horizontally ii|i(ni them. 
 
 <TesMer (".H'd first niapiied the series definitely, o'ivinrr nlso a ln-ief 
 descrijition. in, "4;:] he niatie another inap and deseripti(ni, ]iulilisli- 
 iiil;- the tnrnier in '4;"), The lowest of the nietainor|.hi(' seilinients 
 I113 called Canilirian, and descril)e(l as uravwacUe. elav slate, 
 Ix'coiiiinL;- micaceous an<i chloiitic in places, and (juartz rock, (ien- 
 eral relations with the granites on the n<irth and south were shown. 
 
 D.iwson ("."id) called the rocks "compact and tlau^y (piartzite 
 (often wealhcrinu' while), mica slate, and cl;iy slate." He recou'- 
 nized the granites us intrusive, and considered the sediments lower 
 >iliniin or older. In 1 n.'i.") he I'el'eri'cd to them as lower than the 
 Dexonian, and pcrha|>s ei|uivalen1 to the I'otsd;im, I'lica. and 
 Hudson i.'ivei' lieds elsewhere. A u'eneral map shows the .lislrihu- 
 tion of the foi'ination. and calls it -perhaps .altereil lower Silurian." 
 in 'M) he suu^Liested that it m.iy correspond to the I'aradoxides 
 zone in Newfoundland. ;i posiliou ;ip;'r<ned ii\- iJd'inu's ('HO). 
 
 'i'hc date of the original discovery of oojd is unknown. 'I'ho 
 sands of the Avon were panned m;iny years ai;d as a pastime. It 
 is more th.an a century since AVaverly was said to contain <j,-old, 
 'int no aciiv.' work was iloue until "."jS ((iilpin. 'S(>). .\ somewhat 
 lalei' d.ate h;is hccn u'iven Ity .M.arsli for the discoverv. who st.ated 
 in '(il that it w;is lirsf seen in March of that yc.ir, in the lied of a 
 small trihiitary of the Tangier River, ami soon . fter in (ptartz \eins. 
 In the same p.aper he noted the irreo'ul.arity of strike of the veins 
 at Tangier, and the ju'oti.al.le oliliteration of all fossils in the sedi- 
 ments liy reui(ui;.l nielannjrpliism. Where the slate carries uold, 
 the v.alue of the veins is not diminisluMl, and on the whole the 
 (piartz is less pockety. The niet.il prohahly coines from the slate. 
 
 Dawson ('(11) considereil the veius '■ strictly a coutinnation of 
 tliose which run .alono- the eastern .\ppalaclii;in slope as far as 
 Alabama." 
 
 ('ampl)ell ('(I'J) thou^hl the leads true veins. |\iuu- m.ainly in the 
 lieddin^-plaru's. hut oce.asionally (U'ossinu- them. ]\Iarcou, in the 
 same yai', referred the rocks to the Tac()uic system, llonevm.an 
 ('t)'J) deseril)e(I Allen's and Kaidl.aw's pro|)erty at \>'averlv. Fii 
 the former mine (he veins are nearly veitical. ami stratiiirapliically 
 lower th.ni ;it Laidlaw's, where they lie tint, ''somewhat like a 
 stratum." 
 
400 rROCKEDING.S: BOSTON SOCIIvTY NATURAL HISTOHV. 
 Catuphdl con) gavo a n:oneralize<l section across the series, aii.l 
 
 (lividod tlic r<M'I<s into a lower 
 
 or qnart/ito iiroiip and an u])i)er or 
 
 slate oroui.. He regarde<l the eross-lea.ls as vouncrer than tl 
 l>('d(h'(l veins. - .- 
 
 Hartt (T^) i-roved the pre Carbon iferons a-e .,f the eon<-ent.a- 
 tion ot i^old, l,y its presL.nee in lower Tarhoniferons eon-donierate 
 '" I'oiii.lers of the niefa.norphir series. The lea.ls in the hnver 
 roeks end ahriiptlv upward auainst the connlomerate. 
 
 Dawson (-(IS, mappoU the outHnes ,,f the series i„ a oeneral w;i\ 
 and eaHe.l attention to the elay slates near the Atlantic coast! 
 I'mt COS, ,hI|<..1 the he.lde.l veins contemporary sedimentary 
 "■p'-.ls, as did al.o Hind a year later ('(iil). I„ the latter papJr 
 the hrstann..„nr,Mnentnf fossils was made, l he forms .-ivn. hein^ 
 / >>hu'nfrorA>,s ,,„j,,, ,„„, ,> ,nnnr(VAnuu,ns), with a.vompanvin<- 
 
 *'''*''=""^- -^'■•ny similar reports have been made since, but in no 
 
 '•ase IS the status .,f ,he form well established. As vet. nolhin- has 
 •'<■<■" bMUHl so .•learly ors^nnic that, it is of tlu. lea^t value forevi- 
 'l'':""- I5.V means of these fossils Ili„d sou-ht to establish the 
 senes .■,. „,,,„., I'o.sdan. and lower Calcifen.us, and e-puvahmt lo 
 the ^old-lK.ann;, ro.ls of North Carolina (Ascribed l,v I),-. Knunons. 
 lie also mentioned ..ruptive beddrd rorks at Waverl'v, callin-- them 
 •••horucs. diabas... .ioloril... ,.|...- I,, the next voar (70 . TiR 7(1") 
 !'<' - v.. the thickness of t|„. whole series as !±()(I0 f^i-t with 
 Hnro, ,„ strata bHow. The .^ranito whirl. pr.,tn.des through it 
 was >, u.d fo b,. srciimcntary and .,lder than the auriferm.s rocks 
 >ts apparent .ntn.sion havino- lunm ,.ans..d by up-faultin- while in a 
 plastic condition. 
 
 Selwyn (7-J, cuisidered that th.' ope , in- and lillin-.- of the 
 strat,h..at,on planes, ,1,,. .la,y ..UMvaov. an,i the rolling- of the quartz 
 ^^■':'-" ••'II produced by the san>e force. The vius are thus true 
 veins, and younger than th,. country-ro,.k. He numtioncl the dis- 
 '•"v-ry by hnuself of Kophyton at the Ovn's Hhd'f: and from this 
 ;'":' """•'■ '■^"''■•"•" '•"iicluded that the series >■ resembles the Can.- 
 ln'ian ,in.l the I.ine'ula-tlao- .series .,f north Wales.'' 
 
 I>awson (7s, called the rocks Camlu-ian. " but admitted the 
 impeileclion nl the evidence. 
 
 T-le (NO) f,.,,,„l horses of slate in veins at Tanuier. and st-in.-ers 
 rin.nmur ,nto the country-rock ; thus proviny- beyond doubt that 'tl ■> 
 .U>|.os,ts are true veins. At the sa.ne place a bedded lead is cappe.l 
 at.d {.enetrated by gra. .in>win!. the <rreater a^e ..f the Cornier 
 
VrOODMA.V: fior.I) IJEAIJINf! SLATES OF NOVA SCOTIA. 401 
 
 Mica and foldspar occur with the quartz as gangue minerals. How 
 ('OS) had ah'eady reported albite from ^^^u•erly. 
 
 .Murray (>^l) compared tlie series with tlie gold-bearing strata of 
 Xcwtoundland underlying the Aspidilla or St. Johns slates, de])os- 
 'ted, apparently, at tiie close of Algonkian times. 
 
 (iiipin ('Sii) distinguished only one period of folding. The 
 strata were opened and the rolls formed at the same time 
 and l(y the same force, the veins entering siihsccjuently at an 
 unknown date. The bedded veins were tilled to a great extent, 
 l)ctore lower Carlioniferons times, tlu' cross-leads pei'haps after that 
 pei'iod. Later (Sd) he assigneil the set ies to the lowei' Cambrian, 
 and called the veins :'.:;d granite inirnsions roughly contenipo- 
 I'aneons, 
 
 l'"aril»ault ('s?) regardiMl (lie Konhyton of Selwyn as inorganic. 
 lie diviiled the rocks of the series into an upper graphitic and a 
 subjacent lower C.amiu'ian division. TUv latlei' contains l."),(M)0 
 teel of strata, ll.ddddt' which are in ('am|)bcirs lower group and 
 4,1)0(1 in his upper di\ ision. 
 
 (iilpni ('ss) placed the summit of the ain-iferous lieds i.».s()0 feet 
 below the base of the upper slate group, and gave tln'in a thickiu'ss 
 ot' .1,01 (f feet. T'ley cont.ain little carlMUiate of lime, while the 
 veins e.intain niiu-li. The latter are associated with predominant; 
 sl.ates ;iii(| line-drained whin, and tlieir tilling appe.irs to h.avc come 
 tVoni the counti'y rock, es|(eci,ally tlu' slate, '{'he gr;inite intrusions 
 are prnbalily later th.an tlu' folding, although in places they tongue 
 inl' the sediments .ahuig the be(|dinLi--|ilanes. 
 
 Walcott ('ill) thought thai the Cambrian may be represented in 
 the gold scries. Iiut much "f it is older. 
 
 \ an llise ('!••_') regarded Kopliyt(Ui as organic, but cuiisidered 
 tln' series as probably .Mgonkian. 
 
 Jieckei' CO.")). after c(un|iiliiig the written i'\ ideiice on the subject. 
 ( onsidi'red the veins to have been formed by the same force that 
 [iroduce<l the cleavage. 
 
 ne 
 
 Puor.i, i:\is ioi! SoiiiioN. 
 
 Perhaps of chief importance • . the study of the rocks is to ascertain 
 their age with some degree of c(M'tainty. This can be done only l)y 
 discovering fossjis more unequivocally organic and of moi'e strati- 
 graphic value than any now known along the bonlers of the series. 
 
40:> 
 
 PIJ<)Cr;KI)I.VGS: HOSI'ox SOCIKTV 
 
 NATURAL IIISTOliV. 
 
 Fur tlii'sf., it 
 
 woiiM scorn tliat 
 
 saiKl^luiics pivsciit the hi-st 
 
 ^oino of tl.o least nK'tamori.lioscl 
 
 "I'po'tnnitH' 
 
 IH' potn.grai.liic- chai-artfr of tlio sod 
 
 iiiorjihisiii iK'ar tjraiiito I 
 
 iiiiist rcct'iv 
 
 ">ssfs, tile cliaractcr of ti 
 
 iMieiits, tlie contact iiiet.i 
 
 ^' ' •aretMl treatment I.efore ti.e J.istorv of tl 
 
 '"■ well llM.IeiXtn(„l. A 
 
 lese mtnisions, all 
 
 le series can 
 
 seiliinciits will jj 
 ,2<'1'1, ainl n 
 
 " '^■^:"'""='""" "f ti.e .netan>..r,,hism of tl 
 
 ii'ow sonic li^ht n|M.n t 
 
 le ( 
 
 »nan vol 
 
 ]")ii tlie iiistniy nf the latter. 'I'l 
 
 'riuin of liotli V 
 
 10 
 
 eiiis and 
 
 ••allies in file east 
 
 SolllC CillllK 
 
 tlOll 
 
 '■Hon witli tlio aurit' 
 
 i-:-!i part of the ]*: 
 
 ><>-ealled pix'-C"ain- 
 
 rovinee also mav havi 
 
 Wlllcll IS licill 
 
 artlicr soutii. 
 
 paid to the old extr 
 
 oroiis series, an.l deserves tl 
 
 le atton- 
 
 iisioiis of the Atlantic 
 
 eoast 
 
 II eoiinection with tl 
 
 prevaloiK 
 
 111 the ari,M'|lac( 
 
 10 occurrence of tlio gold, tl 
 
 not 
 
 '<> siiiipie as that of the f 
 
 'U'* iiienihers of the f 
 
 may receive at tiic 1 
 
 one given hero. '[' 
 
 "f th.' series Jms vct t.. 1 
 
 distriliiitic 
 
 •luring tli 
 
 |-ei|iieiicv of veins in tl 
 
 ic reason for its 
 onnation, which is 
 
 i.iinls ot another 
 'e aL;-e, jn'ogress, am 
 •e studied, and 
 
 It' same rocks 
 an niswei' different from tin 
 
 f-vtent of the deiiiid 
 
 'II iir coi; 
 e ln'ocos' 
 
 ecntration ..f th 
 
 may throw liuht 
 
 ttion 
 
 the t 
 
 !• 
 
 '1 \vliich has ]>. 
 
 upon tl 
 
 10 
 
 iii.'..lv. ti 
 
 wo n'reat oroi'- 
 
 '•' nature, or 
 
 'en removed 
 
 not been studied with tl 
 
 eiiic turces which 1 
 
 ipii. and direction of 
 
 le I'are they deserve. 
 
 lave iiitliienced tl 
 
 It' series have 
 
 I 
 
 AlK 
 
 I?ai 
 
 I5(c 
 
 Ciui 
 
 (•an 
 
 I);u 
 
 l)i\ 
 
 l)a\ 
 
 Dm 
 
 I lav 
 
 Dav 
 
STORY. 
 
 WOOOMAX: OOLD-BRAIJIXO SLATES OF XOVA s'cOTTA. lO,"? 
 
 tanioi'j)li(isci] 
 
 |>iitaot incta- 
 ntrii.siuiis, all 
 e st-ries can 
 Iiisin of tlu" 
 1' vi'in.s uikI 
 ■'1 pre-Caiii- 
 •' niay liavi' 
 >i the attt'ii- 
 tlantio coast 
 
 asoii for its 
 ". wliich is 
 'aiiiG rocks, 
 t from the 
 iloiiudutioii 
 
 t Hjioll the 
 
 11 removed 
 ii'ectioii of 
 series Jiave 
 
 LITE15ATLHK 
 
 Amlfrsdii, W. J. 
 
 'fij. Goltl tiekls of Xuva Sentia. Trans, lit. and liist. snc. Q 
 [it. 2. p. .■lo-')(). 
 
 ui'lx'C. new .scr. 
 
 r.ailcv. L. W 
 
 ii'i. I'l'diininary report on ,s:eoloj;ical investisrations in southwpstoni Xuva 
 Scotia. Au!'. rcpt. geol. siirv. Can., 18'.»2 -!•;!, rept. C^. 21 jip.i map. 
 
 liickcr, (i. V 
 
 11.1 
 
 (iolil tiolds of the soiithriii Ap]ialaeliian,s. Sixtocntli aim. rcpt. T'. S. 
 >1. surv., ]it. :i. p. 2.") 1 -•".;! I. 
 
 liillinirs, K 
 
 'till. [Review of] Aeadian u-eMJnyy and a .supplementary chapter thereto. 
 Can. nai.. vol. •'), p. i^M-4')'). 
 Cain])liell. ,1. S, 
 
 'ii2. Report on ;;-o]d lieMs, eastern section. Halifax, 1m;2, 8 pp. 
 Cauiiibell. .1. S. 
 
 (i:;. lieiini-l on the uold lields of Xciva Scotia. Halifax, isd:!, 12 [ip. 
 l);'.vsun. .1. \V. 
 ' \t'i A handbook of the i;'eoi;r;ipliy and natural histury of the rrovinee of 
 .Novii Sentia. I'ietiiii, lS4(i. 
 Daws,. 11. ,1. W, 
 'oil. On the iiietainorplii(^ and iiietalliferoiis rocks of eastern Xovti Scotia. 
 (,jnnrt. jonrn. geoi. .soc. London, vol. t>, p. :!17-:104, map. 
 Dav.son. .1. W. 
 
 '■">-"i. .Vradian ui'ohiLiy. 18-')o. 
 Daw,-,. ,11. ,1. \\. 
 '■'>'. ( >n tlie [larttllelisni of the 1 ,,d< f(,riii;Ui(,ns of X,,va Se.itia witli those of 
 ,'lh,'r |iarts ,if Anieiii'a. I't'oc. .\iner. as--o,'. ad\. sci,. vol. lo. [i. 18-2."). 
 l)a\vs,>n. .1. W. 
 
 '(ill, Siippleiiieiitar\' chapter t,> the .Veailiati geohii^y. IvliiiliurL;h, 18(ii), 
 l)a\vs,>ii, .] W. 
 '111. I 111 iJH. recent discoM'fies of g,i],l in N'ova Sc,,tia. Can. iiat., vol. (!, 
 1, 117 |:;2. 
 Daus.ui, .L W 
 "O^, .\,'adian t:i'olo::y. 'i'lie u'eol,)_;ical sirib'ture. ,iiL;anie remains, and min- 
 eral ics,ii,r<'i's ,if Nova Scotia, .New l)riiiis\vi,'k, an,! I'rin,',' Lihvard Island. 
 Kd. 2. Lon,h,ii, 18(18. 
 Dawson, ,1. \V. 
 
 '7(1, Sii|ipleinent to Acadian .ueolngy, 1870. 
 Dawson. .L \V. 
 '7s. .\cailian geoloiry. I'M. :;, Lonihni, 1878. 
 
MISTORY. 
 
 401 I-IU)CKKDIXUS: BOSTON' SiKUWY XaTURAL 
 
 Dawson, J. W, 
 
 •X^. n„ ,l„. .v,..oi,. nn.l l-al,.„.oi,. r.rks „f ,1,.. AtlMMli.. ooast of Canada in 
 o.u,M,.,s.,n .HI, t ,„s.. „f w,.st,.n. Kuropo and „f ,|,.. in,..,,,,, „f A H. ' 
 ^un-t ,„„„.,. .,.,.!, so,. , .,n,i„n, v„I. 44, ,. 7!.7-,,: ; v„l. -,,, „ '■ .'c ' 
 
 ( an. n.|.. sci., vnl. .'l, p, sl>, s;!. i';{(i, :-;'i, . i>. >" i uk. 
 
 Farili.iiilt, K. U. 
 
 ■H7. I{.;por, „n il„. l„w,.r Ca.nl.rian rn.ks of Cuysboro,,.], and irdifvv 
 ^^_^^ ---. .;..o,. na,. his,, sun-. Can , n.pt. ,„■ .s,,, p, ,, „, ..^^'^f' "'^^ 
 
 'ST. !{epo,i on i:..„l „i,.,| ,„,,„,, ,,,, „,,,,,„,„ i„„, . , ,,,„ ^ 
 Wo,. . A,.n.,n,s,,. r.|,.,..,..., ^ 
 
 pnL ' " "■ ■'''"■^■' '''^"- '■'■!"• '"'• '•^■^". 1". I", p. Ml'.S - 
 
 fiesiicr. A 
 
 of). Ii..|iia|.k.., (HI ,1',. ci'olo-y and i 
 1^-'>i>, 'J72 pji., niaj 
 Gesiicr, A. 
 
 •4;i. .\ ;:rnl,,i;i,.ai map ,,r .\,,va Souia. v.itli , 
 
 iniif.i.ali.uy ,,f x,,va S|.,,|ja, Halifax, 
 111 anooinpniiyinjj: nicinoii. 
 
 I-|.,„. , I .,,, I , . , , '" ■"•""ipaiiyinjj: nicinon. 
 
 ;.:,.:.;.'.n.,:L,':::n;: ;;;:.;;,'; '-':""■ '"■"•' *i.«^.-vi.i, 
 
 (u'SIIrl-. A. 
 
 •4^ 0..ol,..i,.al ,nap of N.va S,.,,,ia. .^.ar,. ,„„■:,, ,..„,. so.. ,,„nd„n, vol. 
 ,;„„':,;';;;■''■-'■ '■'' "I-">"'- l-l-- l.y Oaws,,,, a ii,.„a..,| M,..,„,,.] 
 
 ■-ti'. Tl„.ind„M>-ialivs,,u,.,.,.s„fX„vaSe,.,ia, Hali.ax, isjn 
 ('ilpin, I',, It,. 
 
 'SL'. 'I'Iic n-,ili| li|.|,ls ,,f \,,v.| S,.,,ii., I.-,,,;, , 
 
 - „. ,-_,^^ '■' """■'• '■ii-'i'- and luin. j,,niai.. v,.]. .'JJ, p. 
 
 <iilpin, K. 
 
 ■>-■'• Til.. ,i.ap mill, i-a!> ,,f \,,va s,.,,iia ■ri-ii,s V -, x ,■ 
 
 sri.. vol. .-,, p. -s;;--,;. '' "'"'"' '"■^'' "'^t- 
 
 (lilpii:, E. 
 >o. {{cMilis ,if past ,.xp..i-i,.n,.,. in uu'd 
 assoc. ailv. s,.i,, vol. .",:;. p. 711 ^yj^. 
 (iil|iiii. I-:. 
 'Mi. N'liva S,-ni;a -iilij 
 <'71-ii^!i, map. 
 (iilpin, !■;. 
 
 ■miiiin- ill .\,,va S,.,,,ia. i;,.pi. iji-ji 
 '"'"'•'■ ''''•'"^- •\"i'''- iiiM. mil,, ,.n.,i„., v,,l. l-t. „. 
 
 >s. .\,,| 
 
 cs on 111,. x,,v,, Si'iiiia -oM (i,.',is. 
 
 I rails. i.,n-. so.\ Can., vol (! 
 
 sfri. -I. p. (i;;-7(i. 
 (Iilpin. 1;, 
 
 '"'!■ ■'■'"■ '"'''"'"■■,"■ " '^""' "■"■'^' •■^"■''""i>,.o„s ..„n^lo,n,.,.ato. Trans 
 
 1".\ . .'ioi'. Lain, Vi) , s, si.|.| 1 i, 11- in v, , . ^, . nai'^,. 
 
 <;ilpin,|.;. ' "■ I- P- H , -1 .1. -Mnn-a 1, Scencv, vol. l.:, p. ;i7;j. 
 
 ''■*>-. <iivs,,f N,,va S,.niia. Ila'ifa\-, Ls'.i.s |o ,„| 
 (ioss!,., \X. • II- 
 
 'fil, 'i'lio rocks ill ,li.. viiiniiv Hf U.ilif.ivi i>.^. 1 ^ » 
 
 i:.-.."H...•i.,^.,l. I.p,..,,; m'J; ^- ""•"'"' '^■=^"^-^ovaScoliaa 
 
WOODMAN: COLD-IJEAKING SLATKS OF NOVA SCOTFA. 40.') 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Ctossip, \y. 
 
 '05. Oil the barrel iiuartz near Wavfrly. Vmc. mikI trans. Nuva Scotian 
 iii.st. iiat. .sii., vol. 1, pt. ;;, 1). 1-)1-14l'. 
 IFaiiiiltdii, r. S. 
 
 ■(id. Aurift'i'diis (U-posit.s of .Nova Scotia. I'rnr. ami tr:i'.s. Nova Scotian 
 inst. iiat. .sci., vol. 1, \i\. 4. \i. t.". -'il. 
 Ilartt. ('. V. 
 
 ■(!4. I'lv-Cailioiiileroii.s gold. Can. iiat.. new .ser., vol. 1, p. 4u!»-4t!l. 
 Ilcatiiinuloii. A. 
 
 '(iS. 'iiiidf to till' irol.l iicld.s of Nova Scotia. 1S(18. 
 Hind. 11. V. 
 
 '(!'.>. IJciiorl (111 the '^'avciiy u-old dislrict. Halifax. l>^d'.i, 'Sl' jip., nmp. 
 Hind, H. V. 
 
 "•iii" ■ (iold deposit.^ of .Nova Scotia. Can. iiul.. new .scr.. vol. 4. p. :i:.".» l'4ii. 
 Hind, II. V. 
 
 "Tit. Notes on the structure of the Nova Scotia i^uld districts. I'roc. and 
 trans. .Nova Scotian iiist. iial. sci.. vol. 2. jit .".. p. KL'-IO'.t. 
 HiiKl, H. V. 
 
 '7(111. I'reliiniiiary report on a ti'iieissoid series underlyiiii;' the i-'old bearin,:; 
 rocks of Nova Scotia, and snpposi'd to be the ei|nivaleiit of i he i.aureiitian 
 system. Halifax. l>^7(t, \'i \>[i. 
 Hind. H. V. 
 '7(iii . On two niiei.-soid series ill Nova Scotia and New lirnuswick, supjiosed 
 to he ilic ei|uivalents of the Hnroiiian |('aiiiln-iiiiC ai: 1 Laurentian. (.^tiart. 
 joitrii, ueol. soc. London, vol. 2t<, p. 4(iS-47'.'. map. 
 Hin.l. II. V. 
 
 "7ii<' . On llie Laurentian and lluionian series in Nova Scotia and New 
 lirutiswicU'. Aiin'r. joiirn. .sci.. ser. 2, vol, to, p. ;!47-:;"i."'). 
 ''ind, 11. V. 
 
 '7(i'l . Keiiort on the Shcrliroidv uold di>i rici, loLiciher wiiii a paper on tin; 
 gneisses of Nova Scoiia ami an alisiraci of a paper ■ui gold niininL: in .Nova 
 Scotia. Halifax, 1H7II, 7ii i)])., I maiis. 
 Hind. 11. V. 
 "71.'. Keiiort on the Mount I'liiake, Oldhairi, and l!enfrew gold niiniii'.;' dis- 
 tricts. Halifax, 1872. LK! pii., plates. 
 Hoiicyinan, 1). 
 
 '(i-. On the geology of the gold ticlils of Nova Sctia. (^luari. jourii. geol. 
 soc. Lon<lon, vol. \><, p. .'!4i.*-'!47. 
 lloiii'yii;an. 0. 
 '7(1. (icology of the (lay's Uiver gold held. I'roc. and lran>. Nova Scotian 
 inst. nat. sci., \ol. 2. p. 7(!-Sl . 
 II. a , II. 
 
 'o-. Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. li^CiS. 
 How. II. 
 'lilt. The mineralogy of Nova Sc-otia. a report to the provincial governn.ent, 
 vi. Halifax, l.'^'U), L'K pp. 
 Howe, I. 
 
 '(II). lieport on the gohl tields. Halifax, INiO. 
 
 fl 
 
I<»i; rK(n,hi;i)lN(..S: JIoSTON .S(X'1KIV NATIIJAL IHSTOHY. 
 
 IldWr. ,[. 
 
 'liOi' TiuiniiT iiiiiics. |{ci)iirt to ilir piiiviiiciiil secretary. Iliilifnx, 18(iO, 
 
 Howe, .1. 
 
 "111. Xov.l Seoliu nold liultls. Letter to til 
 
 I Nil 
 
 Howe, J. 
 
 e proviiu'ial secreliiry. Halifax, 
 
 PI' 
 
 il . Nova Scotia golil lields. l{e|iort to tli 
 l^ill, I pp. 
 
 e provincial .secretary. Iliilifax, 
 
 HoWr, .1. 
 
 '1. Krpoi'i on -olil til Ms. lialil'ax. isTl. 7 pp 
 
 lliini. '!'. S. 
 ■(iS. Ueport on ihe LidM regions of Xova Scotia, lieul. surv. Can., relit, fur 
 xo;^'^ :!■< 1 p. 
 Jackson. ( . T., and Aluvr. F. 
 
 ':;:.'. lieniarks on the niiiieralo-y and -colony of the peninsula of Xuva 
 Scotia. 1 p; pp.. co|or( d map. 
 .lacksoii. ( '. 'I'., and .\;l:( r. !•". 
 
 '.'Jo. lieniarks on ihc mincraloiiy and i;eoloi;y of N'ova Scotia. Mem. Anier. 
 acad. ail-< and sciences, new ser., vol. |, p. ■^]~ :',:',{). 
 Lo-an. W. K. 
 
 •i;.,. ( 
 
 leiilouiciil survey of Canada, report of proi^ress fr(un its hi"j.i\ 
 
 inniir to 
 
 isii;;. i);l,s pp., nuip. 
 T.oiran. \V. K. 
 
 ■|l.'i. .\llas of maps and sections. 
 I,o-an. W. I-:. 
 
 'Uli. (iroloyical maps of Canada and ad.jaeeiil 
 Marcuu. .f.. and .laek^on, ( '. 'l'. 
 
 rfmoiis. 
 
 'ilJ. [N'ote on ;;'old .slates of Nova Scotia. , I'roc. li< 
 
 •t. soc. nat. hist., vol. ",», 
 
 p. 47. 
 .Marsh, u. C. 
 
 '''■ ""■ -ol'l of No\a Scotia. .Vmer. jotirn. sci., ser. 2, vol. ;)l', p. ;!!ir)-4()(). 
 .Matthew. W. 1). 
 
 'M'k 'I'lie volcanir I'oi'ks of thr mariliinr jirovinces of Canada. iJnll. New 
 r.iunswick nal. hist. soc.. no. I:;, p. 7i;.-.s:;. 
 .\h.nrl..n. (1. F. 
 
 'IM. The auriteroti> series of Nova Scoiia. I'roc'. -colonists" a.ssoc, vol. 11 , 
 p. I.". I hU. 
 Murray. .\. 
 
 't;;p. (ii'ol. surv. Nrwionndliind, rrpt. for '(;,><. 
 Murray. .\. 
 
 ■>!. (ifol. surv. Newfoundland, rcpt. for •SI), 
 i'crley, II. F. 
 
 '!'>'>- Cold in Nova Si'uiia. Can. nat., new ser., vol. i', p. |',).>< ■Jlii. 
 
 I'oolo, 11. 
 
 •r,-j. I!,. port oil -nld li.'Ms. wcsicfn section. Halifax, \x&2. l'.'i pp. 
 I'oole, II.. How. II., and Camphell. ,1. 
 ''■'-• A.lo :i. e.::i paper, on Ihe No\a Scotia u'old lields. includin- Messr.s. 
 Poole ai Camplu'irs lepin'ts. Halifax. IsiJi.', iji; pp. 
 
WOODMAN: (;oLI)~IU:AI!IN(. SLATKS of nova SCOTIA. 4l>7 
 
 I'uiilf, H. S. 
 'H(i. 'I'lic K"lill>'''i<l-* I'f N'lva Sciitiii. (^uart. jmirii. geol. s<ic. London, vol. 
 :!(i, p. ;!(»7-:!i:i. 
 ri'i'st, \V. II. 
 '!)."). l)(i[p iniiiiii'r ill Nova Scotia. I'l'OL'. anil tniiis. Nova Scotlan in.sl. nal. 
 sci., vol. s, p. \M-i:U. 
 Scivyn. A. H. C 
 
 "i'^ ■Xot('.><an(l obscrvatiiin.s on tlic f:ol(l licjds of (juclu'c and Nova Scotia, 
 (icol. nat iiist. .snrv. Can., rcpl. for lS7(t-7l, \>. •J'i:.'-28l', map. 
 Silliinan. 15., .Ir. 
 
 ■(U. On the socallcil ••l]an'fi i(uart/." of Nova .Scotia. Anicr. journ. .sci,, 
 ■ T. ■>. vol. ;;s, p. 101 -liMl. 
 Sitlinian, 1$., .Ir. 
 
 '(!4" . Hi'port on the Luke Lonn i;dlii nunini;- company. 18(i4. 
 Sillinian, 15., .Ir. 
 ■(il'i. Kcport on tliy New York and Nova Scolia gold mining company. 
 lH(i4. 
 Van Misc, C. U. 
 ■',•2. Corrclaiion paiicrs-Arclican and Algonkian. Hull. H(j, I,'. S. guol. snrv., 
 
 11. -j;!! 1-21 7 , r)02-.'«i);;. 
 
 Walcolt, C. I). 
 
 'HI. ('(prrclalion papers — Camluian. IJull. s], i:. .S. geol. snrv., p. ")('>-;V,>; 
 2<l-_' ; ;W(). 
 Anon. 
 
 ■(;:;. Oold conunissioncr's report, for |S(12. 18*1:5. ^ 
 
 Anon. 
 
 ■7(1. ivcporl of the chief commissi. mer of mines for tiic province of Nova 
 Scotiii for llie year iscii. ls7ii. 
 Anon. 
 
 '74-''.)'.). Iteport of ilie department i>f mines, Nova Scotia, in animal vol- 
 umes, for the vears 187:!-"'.>.s. !,s74-!t'.». 
 
 rrintol Marrh, 7S99. 
 
WooiiMAN. — (iiilil-liciirinj: ^latfs of N'ovii Sidrlii, 
 
 I'LATK 1. 
 
 Miiji (if Wavci'ly. scale 1: 11,1(10. A, iipinr wliiii; !'.. aiiritVi'ous slate 
 with Irails ; (', liiwcr whin, v'diitaels arc lliu's (if dasii ami twn dots; 
 faults. (lasli niid dot : veins, dasji i axis (if aiitlcliiip, full heavy lint'. 
 
 S'H'lliiii of same, aiiui.u' axis nf fuld. lldri/.cntal scale, 1: 11.4(10; vertical 
 scale, 1 : L'l,iili((. Syndii'ls and lines same as in niaii. Where tin axi.s 
 Is (iffset liy faultlnir. iiie ..<'Ctliin. for cmu'cnience, still fulhiWH It, exceiit 
 In the case nf the t>>"' i irrow blocks nn the e;ist, where It keeps its pre- 
 viiiiis trend. 
 
 . f 
 
\Vii(i|>MAN. — Nt)VA S<<»riA (lul.K Si, A IKS. 
 
 I'l.vTi: 1, 
 
■ :x.:-^' :.■ -, ,„ ,-!'.■„ -.iv- .'; ■■ ,. ■y-^'^- ■,-'r-^-W'H. \ 
 
VVOODN 
 
 WooD.MAv. — (iold-lieuriiiK Slates of Nova S-oti*. 
 
 PLATE 2. 
 
 Section of tlio barrel (|iiartz lead at East Waverly. .sliowinir ti^uo dip. 
 on iiortliwesst .side of pluiiue. 
 
 'I'ai<eii 
 
 t 
 
.< V ^ ^' ''^'^''''-mp" ' 
 
 Woe 
 
 mMAN-Nov 
 
 A SCOTIA GOLD SLATES 
 
 PLATE '^- 
 
 
 pROC, HOST S' 
 
 ,)C NAT. Hi>r 
 
 rli>r, VOL. ib. 
 
 TMt Ht.'Of'"'' 
 
 p„,„TiN.. cu- ao^^nm 
 
tsiig"-g.-swsii^By!gw» 
 
 oMWMMHHMHI 
 
\ 
 
W^xiDMAN. - (!ip1<; liiMi ill" Sliitcs of Neva Sootiii. 
 
 J'KATE .']. 
 
 i 
 
 Sci'tidii (if Great Xortli m- •• Scr'iiciit '" Itiul, Mnose i-'ivfr Miiu's, near the crest 
 
 of tlie uuticliite. 
 
''^•^ 
 
Boston Society of Natural History, 
 
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 North Aiiiei-ican wood frogs. Hy Hcginald Holjir Howe, Jr. (i pp. 10 ct». 
 
 Some Ilydroids from I'nget Sound. By Gary N. Cfilkiiis. .'^5 pp., C, plates. 
 
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 2 plates. 50 cts. 
 
 ( Ml the veins of the WolHian bodies in the pig. By Thar'js Sodswick .Minot. 
 
 10 pp., 1 plate. 2-') cts. 
 
 Notes on a Carboniferous boulder train in eastern Massauhu.Keti.s. Hy Myron 
 
 L. Fuller. 14 pp. 15 ets. 
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