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Holmes's American mhiai

.MES's AMERICAN A^JNALS To f/vn/ tf,^JI/U lol.l.

f.'nt tfu71t/f !,>;./.

II W II IW H |M i

AMERICAN ANNALS;

i'uVv

OB, A

Cjfttonolofiical

Y OF

FROM ITS DISCOVERY IN 1492 to 1806.

BY ABiEL HOLMES, D. D.

FtUow of the American Ac 'cmy cf, Aitt and Seietue$, Member of the Mauachutetts
Historical Society, id MtniMer df the First Church in Cambridge.

•8UUM QO£«VB IN ANNVX naPBBRE.—— TACIT. AMMAL.

WITH

BY THE AUTHOR,

AND MAPS OF NORTH ANa SOUTH AMERICA.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.
COMRISINO A PERIOD OF TWO HUNDRED YEARS.

Cambridge, (Massachusetts) Printed.

Eontfon:

REPRINTED FOR SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES,

PATERNOSTER-ROW ;

BY J. F. DOVE, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.
1813.

. «,ai*v-».jt*.*.-.

.fe"T

■:-,U/'

^[1D)ettff(ement.

The peculiar interest which, at the present
juncture, attaches to every species of information
connected with tiie Trans-Atlantic hemisphere,
both as occasioned by the political commotions in
South America, and the war with North America,
has induced the Editor to add to English literature
a work which deservedly ranks high in the United
States.

The Author possessed raatiy valuable opportu-
nities of consulting the archives of diflerent States
and Public Bodies ; and of this great advantage he
has industriously availed himself, for the purpose
of tracing the authenticity of the occurrences nar-
rated, and of arranging the materials so collected
in ther natural order, thus acrurateh to ascertaiii
the discovery and subsequent history of the new
world. Original authorities have been consulted
in every practicable instance in compiling the
work ; and the copy received by the Editor was
coiTccted and enriched by MS. emendations from
Dr. Holmes' pen. The historian commences wit
the earliest period of the discovery of the Ameri-
cas, including every point of useful and interesting

*:"'-

^>crt. . ,.-.; j^^ti»rf*4 ■• ■

3t.,.«.,

ADVERTISEMENT.

*' {

i„ f

.,'7.5

■i

information connected therewith, and continues his
Annals in regular and systematic succession.

While the .Editor thus alludes to the peculiar
interest \vhich the passing circumstances excite in
reference to this work, in justice to the best feel-
ings of humanity, he cannot conclude without
adopting the eloquent language of the Quarterly
Review, in concluding its critique on the American
edition of this work : — " Let but the American go-
" vernment abstain from war, and direct its main
" attention to the education of the people and tho en-
" couragementofartsand knowledge; and, in a very
" fewgenerationstheir country may vie witJi Europe.
'* Above all, let not that Anti- Anglican spirit be che-
** rished, for which there no longer exists a cause.
" With whatever indignation they may think of the
" past, they ought to remember that it was from
" England they imbibed 'those principles for which
" they fought, and by which they triumphed. There
" is a sacred bond between us of blood and of lan-
" guage, which no circumstances can break. Our
" literature must always continue to be theirs; and,
" though their laws are no longer the same as ours,
" we have the same Bible, and we address our com-
" mon Father in the same prayer. Nations are too
" ready to admit that they have natural enemies,
" why should they be less willing to believe that they
" have natural friends T Quarterly Review ^ Vol. II.
page 337. ~ '

v^a^^-

.^ ._ — ^*-<,. — -> — ■^''^•^-

PREFACE.

NEW WORLD has been discovered, which has been
receiving inhabitants (torn the old, more than three hundred
years. A new empire has arisen, which has been a theatre of
great actions and stupendous events. That remarkable dia*
covery, those events and actions, can now be accurately ascer-
tained, without recourse to such legends, as have darkened and
disfigured the early annals of most nations. But, while local
histories of particular portions of America have been written,
no attempt has been made to give even the outline of its entire
history. To obtain a general knowledge of that history, the
scattered materials, which compo.^e it, must be collected, and
arranged in the natural and lucid order of time. Without
such arrangement, effects would often be placed before causes;
contemporary characters and events disjoined ; actions, having
no relation to each other, confounded ; and much of the plea-
sure and benefit, which History ought to impart, would be
lost. If history however, with chronology, is dark and con-
fused ; chronology, without history, is dry and insipid. In
the projection therefore of this woik, preference was given to
that species of historical composition, which unites the essen-
tial advantages of both.

It has been uniformly my aim to trace facts, as much as
possible, to their source. Original authorities therefore,
when they could be obtained, have always had preference.
Some authors, of this character, wrote in foreign languages ;
and this circumstance may be an apology for the occasional
introduction of passages, that will not be generally under-
stood. While originals possess a spirit, which cannot be in-
fused into a translation, they recite facts with peculiar clear-
ness and force. Quotations however in foreign languages are

wa)s

always insetted in the marginal notes. There also are placed
those passages in English, which are obsolete, eiiiber in their
orthography, or their siyle. To some persons they may,
even ther;., be offensive ; but they may gratify the historian,
and the antiquary. The one may be pleased with such marks
of authentic documents ; the other, with such vestiges of an-
tiquity.

- ' ■ f " " - ^ ' . ' *

#■

The numerous references may have the appearance of sit-
perfluity, perhaps of ostentation. The reason for inserting so
many authorities was, that the reader, when desirous of ob-
taining more particular information, than it was consistent
with the plan of these Annals to give, might have the advan-
tage of consulting tlie more copious histories for himself.
Should these volumes serve as an Index to the principal
sources of American history, they may render a useful though
humble service to the student, who wishes to obtain a tho-
rough knowledge of the history of his country.

Professions of impartiality are of little significance. Al-
though not conscious of having recorded one fact, without
such evidence, as was satisfactory to my own mind, or of
having suppressed one, which appeared to come within the
limits of my design ; yet 1 do not flatter myself with the hope
of exemption from error. It is but just however, to observe,
that, had 1 possessed the requisite intelligence, more names
of eminence would have been introduced ; more ancient set-
tlements notieed ; and the States in the Federal Union more
proportionally respected. For any omission, or other faults,
which have not this apology, the extent of the undertaking
may obtain some indulgence.

u>^.

Camhridgc, Massachusetts, 10 October, 1805.

;2git]

gX ( 1 )

V '

«"■'■

)li':»

AMERICAN ANNALS.

re
Its,

'HRTSTOPHER COLUMBUS, a native of Genoa,
having formed a just idea of the figure of the earth, had se-
veral years entertained the design of finding a passage to India
by the western ocean > . He made his hrst proposal of at-
tempting this discovery to the republic of Genoa,which treat-
ed it as visionary. He next proposed his plan to John II.
king of Portugal, who, at that time, was deeply engaged in
proiiecuting discoveries on the African coafit, for the purpose
of finding a way to India. Iji this enterprize the Portuguese
king had been at so vast an expence, with but small success,
that he had no inclination to listen to the proposal. By the
advice, however, of a favourite courtier, he privately gave
orders to a ship, bound to the island of Cape de Verd, to at-
tempt a discovery in the west ; but the navigators, through
ignorance and want of enterprize, failing in the design, turn-
ed the project of Columbus mto ridicule.

Indignant at this dishonourable artifice, Columbus left
Portufjal } and, having previously sent his brother Bartholo-
mew mto England to solicit the patronage of Henry VII. re-
paired to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain.
It was not till he had surmounted numerous obstacles, and
spent seven years In painful solicitation, that he obtained
what he sought. To the honour of Isabella, and of her sex,
the scheme of Columbus was liitt couaienanccd by the queen.

1 Some Spanish authors have uii^cncrously insinuated, that Columbus
Has led to this (ireat enterprize by information, which he leceived, of a
country, discnvercil I'lr to the west, with the additional advantage of a
iournal of the voya2;c, in wliicli the discovery was made by a vessel,
driven from its course by eajteriy winds. It is afHrmed, however, with
entire credibilit\-, that " Columbus had none of the West Islands set
foorth uiito him in globe or card, neither yet once mentioned of any
writer (^Plato excepted and the coinmeiltaries upon the same) from 942
Ycercs before Christ, untill tliat da;^- ; neither understood l^c of them by
the report of aiiy other thathnd sethe thern ; but pnly comforted himsdfe
with this hope, that the land had« l*e'vnnin.^ wtiere the sea had an end*
jiic." Ilaklnvt, iii. '23. Kttbcrtxon, i. Note .xvii.

OL.

Through

i AMERICAN ANNALS. [l402.

Through the influence of Juan Perez, a Spanish priest, and
Lewis Santangel, an officer of the king's household, she was
persuaded to listen to his request ; and, after he had bee»
twice repulsed, to recall him to court. She now offered to
pledge her jewels, to defray the expence of the proposed
equipment, amounting to no more than two thousand five
hundred crowns i ; but this sum was advanced by Santangel,
and the queen saved from so mortifying an expedient >.

On the seventeenth day of April, 1493, an agreement was
made by Columbus with their Catholic majesties : That, if
he should make any discoveries, he should sustain the office
of viceroy by land, and admiral by sea, with the advantage of
the tenth part of the profits, accruing from the productions
and commerce of all ihe countries discovered ; and these dig>
nities and privileges were not to be limited to his own person,
but to be hereditary in his family 3.

Columbus, on the third day of August 4, set sail from Palos
inJSpain, with three vessels 5 and ninety men, on a voyage the
most daring and grand in its design, and the most important
in its result, of any, that had ever been attempted. He, as
admiral, commanded the largeSt ship, called Santa Maria ;
Martin Alonzo Pinzon was captain of the Pinta^ and Vincent

Yancz

1 This denomination of money, used by most historians may, without
explanation, essentially mislead the reader. They were dauntless gold
crowns. Vega [Commentaries of Peru, 423.] .^ays, the expence was
** six millions of maravadies, making the sum of 16060 ducats." A Spa*
nish ducat of exchange is equal to 4f. 1 \d. t-2, and lacks therefore but a
half penny of being equal to an English crown. If the IGOOO ducats of
Vega be estimated as equal to so many English crowns, they make exactly
4000/. sterling ; and this is the very sum, M-hich, Dr. Robertson says,
the expence of the equipment •• did not exceed."

2 Life of Columbus, 0. xi. xii.xv. with the principal authorities, cited
under A. D. I49'2.

3 Harris's Voyages, i. 5. The instrument, containing the terms of this
agreement, is inserted entire in Harard's Collections, i. 1^-3; but it is
there dated April 30, 1492. Though the name of Ferdinand appvars
connected with that of Isabella in this conipact, he lefused to take any
part in the cnterprize, as king of Arragon. The whole expence of the ex-
pedition was to be defrayed by the crown of Castile, and Isabella re-
served for her subjects of that kingdom an exclusive right to all the bene-
fits, that should accrue from its success. Robertson, i. Do«;k ii. Through-
out this transaction, tlic conduct of Isabella was truly inagnanimuus ; and
though she did not, like the Tyrian queen, conduct the great enterprize
in pciison, yet she has (Strong claim to similar honour: Dux faminafacti.

4 He sailed from Gomera, one of the most westerly of the Canary is-
lands, on the Cth of September, "which may be accounted the first set-
ting oTit upon the voya-^e on theoccan." Lffe of Columbus, cxviii.

5 One of these vessels had a deck \ the other two, called Caravels, hai
n auf. They arc thus described by Pe(er Martyr ; " Ex regio fisco d«ti-

oata

14Q2.

It, and
tie was
d beeu
Bred to
oposed
nd five
tangel,

mt was
rhat, ii'
e office
ita^of
uctions
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en Palos
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V^incent
Yancz

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)ence was
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bre but a
ducats of
le exactly
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ies, cited

US of this

but it is

appvars

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nterprize

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first set*

xviii.

vels, ha4

SCO d«sti<

Data

1402.^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 3

Yanez PInzon, of the Nigna. When the fleet was about two
hundred leagues to the west of t he Canary islands, CoUimbus'
observed that the magnetic needle i the compasses did not
point exactly to the polar star, bi; <: led toward the west .
This discovery made an alamiing im: csslon on his pilots and
mariners ; but his fertile genius helped him to assign a plau-
sible reason for this strange appearance, and to dispel their
fears. Expedients, however, at length lost their effect. The
crew, with loud and insolent clamour, insisted on his return,
and some of the most audacious proposed to throw him into
the sea. When his invention was nearly exhausted, and his
hope nearly abandoned, the only event that could appease the
mariners happily occurred. A light, seen by Columbus at
ten in the night of the eleventh of October, was viewed as the
harbinger of the wished for land ; and early the next morning
land was distinctly seen ». At sun rise, all the boats were
manned and armed, and the adventurers rowed toward the
shore, with warlike music, and other martial pomp. The
coast, in the mean time, was covered with peoples, who
were attracted, by the novelty of the spectacle, and whose at-
titudes and gestures strongly expressed their astonishment.
Columbus, richly dressed, and holding a naked sword in his
hand, went first on shore, and was followed by his men, who,
kneeling down with him, kissed the ground with tears ofjoy,
and returned thanks for the success of the voyage. The land
was one of the islands of the New World, called by the na-
tives, Guanahana4. Columbus, assuming the title and au-
thority of admiral, called it San Salvador j" and, by setting up

nnta sunt tria navigia : unum onerarium caveatum, alia duo levia merca-
toria sine caveis, qna? ab Hispanis caiavelx vocantur." De Nov. Orb. p. 8.

1 Stdw crioncousiy ascribes this discovery to Sebastian Cabot, five years
after this voya'^e of Columbus. It unquestionably was made in this first
vovagc. Witlj the correction of the name and date, the rcfnark of this
venerable antiquarian is just ; " Before his time, 'jver since the first find-
ini^ of the maiineiicall needle, it Mas wenerallic supposed to lie precisely
in place of the meridian, and crosse the equator at ri^litanpcls, respect-
ing; with the points dulie north and south." Stow's Ciironicle, p. 811.

2 The voyage fromGomera was .S:* davs; a lofgcr time tliau ar.y n,an
had ever been known to be from the siijlit of land.

3 They '* appeared in the simple innocence of nature, entirely naked."

h!obcrfso/i.

4 It is one of that cluster of the West India islands, called flaliama;;, ly-
ing in the 26th degree of north latitude, above SOOO miles to the west
ofGomera. Robertson, i. book ii. Belknap, Biog. i. lai. The authors
of the Universal History [xll. 3ao, 831.] erroneously aliirm this first dis-
covered island to be the one, now called New Providence, which is atio-
ther of the Bahama islands, in its neighbourhood. The island, disco-
vered by Columbus, still retains its original Indian name, tiioughit isalw
dunotniuated in maps, Cat Island. It is remarkable fur nothing, buttbt
event that ws liave recited.

B 3 * a ciGsSj

smm

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V 61

4 AMERICAN ANNALS. [14Q2,

a cross, took possession of it for their Catholic majesties *.
'*' Many of the natives stood around, and gazed at the strange
ceremony in silent admiration. Though shy at first through
fear, they soon became familiar vi'ith the Spaniards. The
admiral, perceiving that they were simple and inoffensive,
gave them hawksbells, strings of glass beads, and red caps,
which, though of small intrinsic worth, wereby them highly
valued. The reason, assigned for their peculiar estimation of
these baubles, is, that, confidently believing that these visi-
tants had come down from heaven s they ardently desired to
have something left them as a memorial. They gave the
Spaniards, in return, such provisions as they had, and some
cotton yarn, which was the only valuable commodity they
could produce 3.

Columbus, after visiting the coasts of the island, proceeded
to make tarther discoveries, taking with him several of the
natives of San Salvador. He saw several islands, and touched
at three of tlie largest of them, which he named St. Mary of
the Conception, Fernandina, and Isabella. On the twenty-
seventh of October, he discovered the island of Cuba, which,
in honour of the prince, the son of the Spanish king and
queen, he Cdlled Juanna. Entering the mouth of a large
river with his squadron, he staid here to careen his ships,
-ending, in the mean time, some of his people with one of
the natives of San Salvador, to view the interior parts of the
country. Returning to him on the fifth of November, they
report, iliat they had travelled above sixty miles from the
ghore ; that tlic soil is richer and better, than any they had
hitherto discovered ; and that, beside many scattering cot-
t;iges, they foiuid one village of fifty houses, containing about
a thousand inhabitants 4. Sailing from Cuba on the fifth of
December, he arrived, the next day, at an island, called by
the natives ilayti, which, in honour of the kingdom, by
\\ hich he was employed, he named Hlspaniola ?.

On the shoals of this island, through the carelessness of his
sailors, he lost one of his ships. The Indian cazique ^, or

prince,

1 Life of Colunilms, c. ii. xvi — xxi. xxiii. Peter Martyr, 2. Herrera,
j. 47. Fiirclias, i. 799. 7S0. European Settlemcnls in America, i. 5 —
11. Robertson, i. 11 y. 158.

'2 — «« Geiitem es&e missain e coeloautumant." P. Martyr, p. 4.

.3 TJfc of Columbus, c. xxiii. xxiv. RobeitEon, i. book ii. Herrera, i. 47.

4 Robertson, i. book ii. Herrera [1. 64.] says " a whole generation
lived in a bouse."

6 «» AbHi.spania— diminitivcHispaiiioIa." P. Martyr, 245. Herrera,

}. 107, li>8.

6'riiis title, which signifies lord or prince, is rightly applied to the princas
of Ilayti; for, according to Clavigero, "it is derived from the Haitin

tongue.

■ / c„-.

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they had
ring cot-
ng about
e fifth of
railed by
lom, by

:ss of his

jue^, or

prince,

Ilerrera,

ca, i. 5—

.4.

•rera, i. 47.
•eoeration

Herrera,

he princw
he Haitin
tongue*

r403.] AMERIC \N ANNALS. 9

prince, Guacanahari, receiving intelligence of this loss, ex-
pressed much grief, and sent all his people with their canoes,
to save what they could from the wreck. " We lost not the
value of a pin," says the admiral, "for he caused all oui'
clothes to be Isid together near his palace, where he kept them
till the houses, which he had appointed for uS;; were emptied.
He placed armed men, to keep them, who stooJ there all day
and all night ; and all the people lamented, as if our loss had
concerned them much."

The port, where this misfortune happened, Columbus
called Navldad [the Nativity], because he entered it on Christ-
mas day. Resolving to leave a colony here, he obtained li-
berty of the cazique to erect a fort, which he accordingly
built with the timber of the ship, that was wrecked ; and,
leaving it in the hands of three officers and thirty-eight men^
prepared to return to Spain I. . . .... ...i.sj

: . 1493.

Columbus, having taken every precaution for the security
of his colony, left Navidad on the fourth of January ; and,
after discovering and naming most of the harbours on the
northern coast of Hispaniola, set sail, on the sixteenth, for
Spain, taking with hun six of the natives 2. On the four-
teenth of February, he was overtaken by a violent tempe?t,
and, in the extremity of danger, united with the mariners in
imploring the aid of Almighty God, mingled with supplica-
tions to the Virgin Mary, and accompunieil by vows of pil-
grimage. That his discoveries, in case of shipwreck, mi;;fht
not be lost, he wrote an account of thera on parchment,
wrapped it in a piece of oiled cloth, and inclosed it in a cake
of wax, which he put into a tight cask, and threw into the

tongue, wliich was spoken in this island of Hispaniola." But It was af-
terwards inaccurately applied to the nobles of ^Icxlco, who, tliojgh
divided into several classes, with appropriate title* ro eai tj, " were con-
founded together by the Spaniards under the general name of caziques."
Ilikt. Mexico, i. ;j tl>.

1 LifeofColunibiis, r.xxvii. XXX. xxxiii. xrxiv. xNxv. Hcriera, i. 51 —
T"), 78- Purclia.s i. 730. Tniv. Mist. xli. 487. Roliertson, i. book ii. Iij
Jhe Life of Columbus, tlic f»('// is said to bi; named Navidad; but Her-
rera, and Robcrtsou at'lcr biin, say, that this name was i^ivcn to the fort.
This fort'fication was liuislu'd in ten days ; thepoor natives unwarily help-
ing it forward ; " tliat njinple race of men;" to use the words of Dr. Ro-
bertson, " lal)ouriii;j; with iiiconsideiatc asbiduity in erecting this first mo-
nument of their own servitude."

2 Piirchas, i. 7.')0. Two of those natives died on their pa'^san.e to Spain }
the other four were presented to bis Catholic majestv by Columbus, to-
gether with a c|nai\tity of i>otd. which had been jjiveu to him by the ca-
zique at Hispanio!.!. Liilv. iiist. n1. 487.

B 3 sea.

I '■'

H' I

E i;

-x...

t' :^

^ i5 AMERICAN ANNALS. [lAQS*

• sea. Another parchment, secured in a similar manner, ho
placed on the stern, that, if the ship should sink, the cask
might float, and one or the other might possibly be found.
But his precaution, though prudent was fruitless ; for he was
providentially saved from the expected destruction, and, on
the fourth of March, arrived safety at Lisbon. On his arri-
val at Palos on the fifteenth, he was received with the highest
tokens of honour, by the king and queen i, who now con-
stituted him admiral of Spain i.

Columbus adhering to his opinion, that the countries,
which he had discovered, were a part of those vast regions of
Asia comprehended under the name of India, and this opi-
nion being adopted in Europe, Ferdinand and Isabella gave
them the name of Indies 3.

The Portuguese, having previously explored the Azores and
other islands, instantly claimed the newly discovered world,
and contended for the exclusion of the Spaniards from the na-
vigation of the western ocean 4. Their competitors, however,
were careful to obtain the highest confirmation possible of
their own claim. While orders were given at Barcelona for
the admiral's return to Hispaniola 5; to strengthen the Spanish
title to this island, and to other countries that were or should
be discovered, their Catholic majesties^, by the admiral's ad-
vice, applied to the Pope, to obtam his sanction of their claims,

1 " Sedere ilium coram se publice, quod est maximum apud reges
Hisjpanos amoris tt gratitudinis, supremique obsequii signum, fecerunt."
p. Martyr, p. t>.

2 Robertson, i- book ii. Harris, Voyages, i. 6. Herrera, i. 84, 86, 93.
Belknap, Biog. i. 102.

S Robertson. i> Book ii. Names, however improperly applied, are
apt to be permanent. " Even after the error, which gave rise to this e-
pmion, was detected, and the true {losition of the New World was ascer-
tained, the name has remained, and the appellation of West Indies is gi-
ven by all the people of Europe to the country, and that of Indians to its
inhabitants." Ibid.

4 Chalmers, Annals, i. 6. "

5 The second commission to Columbus is dated May 28, 1493. It is
inserted entire in Hazard's Collections, i. 6 — 9. 1

6 The king of Portugal, according to Peter Martyr, agreed with them
in a reference of the dispute to the Pope of Rome ; 'but it might beat a
subsequent period. By this contemporary historian it appears, that the
queen of Spain was a niece of the Portuguese king, and that this connec-
tion facilitated an adjustment of the controversy. «• Diim it^ in confuso
res trartaretur, pars utraque pacta est, ut a summo Pontifice decerneretur
quid juri'3. Futuros se obtemperantes Ppntificas sanctioni, fide jubent u-
trinque. Res Castellae tunc rcitina ilia magna Etizabetha cum virosrege-
bat, quia dotalia ejus regna Castcilu: sint. Eiat regina Juanni regi Por-
tugalite consobrina : propterca facilius res est composita. K.x ulriusque
partis .f^itur assensu, lincnm e>: plumhaU bulla summus Pontifex Alex>
andcr Sc.xtus, Sec." P. Mait;r» p. iCl.

. and

".v.~:.:^„

- -► ,*.... - -. ,«, ,

[1403.

iner, ho
he cask
e found.
r he was
and, on
lis arri-
highest
ivr con-

>untneSy
gions of
bis opi-
illa gave

;ores and
I world,
1 the na-
lowever,
isible of
ilona for
! Spanish
r should
iral's ad-
r claims,

)ud reges
fecerunt."

14, 86, 03.

plied, are
to this e>
was ascer-

idies is gi-
ians to its

9S. It is

with them
It be at a
, that the
s connec-
n confuso
erneretur
jubent u-
riros rege-
regi Por-
ulri usque
ex Alex-

and

14Q3.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 7

and his consent for the oonque't o^ ^^e West Indies. An am-
bassador was sent to Rome. The Pope^ then in the chair, was
Alexander VI. a Spaniard by birth, and a native of Valentia.
Readily acceding to the proposal, he, on the third of May i,
adjudged the great process, and made the celebrated line of
partition. He granted in full right to Ferdinand and Isabella,
a'll the countries, inhabited by mfidels, which they had dis-
oovered, or should discover, extending the assignment to
their heirs and successors, the queens of Castile and Leon.
To prevent the interference of this grant with one formerly
made to the crown of Portugal, he directed that a line, suppo-
sed to be drawn from pole to pole, at the distance of one hun-
dred leagues westward of the Azores, should serve as a boun-
dary ; and bestowed all the countries to the east of this ima-
ginary line, not actually possessed by any Christian prince, on
the Portuguese, and all to the west of it, on the Spaniards >.
How astonishingly great, at this period, was the influence
of the Pope of Rome ! Thiu sovereign Pontiff, "in:virtue of
that power which he received from Jesus Christ, conferred on
the crown of Castile vast regions, to the posse&.sion of which
he himself was so far from having any title, that he was unac-
quainted with their situation, and ignoranteven of their exis-
tence 3." Although neither the Spaniards, nor the Portu-
guese, now suspected the validity of the Papal giant, yet the
other nations of Europe would not suffer them quietly to en-
joy their shares 4. In the progress of these Annals, we shall
find different nations planting colonies in the Kew World,
without leave of the Catholic king, or even of his Holiness.
It early became a law among the European nations, that the
countries, which each should explore, should be deemed the

1 One bull, granting their Catholic majesties " the sovereign domi-
nion of the Indies, with supreme jurisdktion overall that hemisphere," ,
was paSiicA on the '2d of May. But the Great Bull (on every account en-
titled to tltat name) was issued on the day following. A ropy of it in the
original Latin, with an Km^lish translation, is preMervod in ilarris, V^oya*
ges, i. fi — K. It is also in rta/. Coll. i. 3— 6. See Hen era, i. 96.

2 Life of ("(iiumbns, c xlii. Herrem, i. 96. Robertson, i. book ii. Chal-
mers, i. G. Belknap, Biog. i. IDS: and the authorities at the clcse of this
year. The Portuguese, it seems, were dissati^tietl witii the Papal parti-
tion. The sul)ject was therefore referred to six plenipotentiaries, three
chosen from cadi nation, whose conferences issued in an agreement, that
the I/ne of partition, in the Pope's bull, should be extended two hundred -
and seventy leagues faithertothe west; tliarall westward of that line should s
fall to the share of the Spaniards, and all eastward of it to the Portii!',uese.
Tliis agreement was made 7 June, 1493. It was sealetl by the king of
Spain '2 July that year; and by the king of Portugal i7 rcbruary, 1494.
Ilcrrera, i. 1 K), 117. Harris, Voyages, i. 8.

3 Itobertson, i. book ii.

4 Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, book xxi. c. xvii.

B 4 absolute

n I

'- \.

- -fc. -w.*«*--i5-rin

— -, — -—* **«*ta.^

^ — if^fji^^

."i.:iV-;:?"=5S3»<s«*w»»"-.'>'-i~.*-- ■- ■■i.*^- ;

9^ AMERICAN ANNAlS. [UQS.

absolute property of that discoverer, from which all othera
should be entinly excluded f. Aboveaceutury * after this pa-
pal grant, the pailiainent of £n<j;!and insisted, That occupan-
cy confers a good title by the law^ of nations and nature.

On the tweiuy-fifth of September CoUiinbus sailed from Ca-
diz, on his second voyage to the New World. The equip-
ment made for him proves in what an advantageous light his
past discoveries and present enterprize were viewed. He was
furnished with a fleet of three ships of war and fourteen cara-
vels, with all necessaries for settlementor conquests, and 1500
people, some of whom were of the best families of Spain 4.
On the Lord's day, the third of November, he discovered one
of the Caribbee islands, which, because it was discovered on
that day, he called Dominica 5. Going on shore at an adja-
cent island, he called it by his ship's name, Marigalante, and
took solemn possession before a notary and witnesses^. Oa
the fifth he discovered Guadaloupe 7; on the tenth, Montser-
rat* and Aniitijua. After discovering, to the northwest, fifty
more islands, he came into the port of Navidad. Not a Spa-
niard, however, was to be seen j and the fort, which he had
^uilt here, was entirely demolished. The tattered garments,
broken arms, and utensils, scattered about its ruins, too clear-»
]y indicated the miserable fate of the garrison. While the
Spaniards were weeping over these relics of their countrymen,
a brother of the friendly cazique Guacanahari arrived, and con-
firmed all their dismal apprehensions. He informed Colum-
bus, tVat, on his departure, the men, whom he left behind,
threw off all regard to their commanding officer; that by fa-

1 Chalmers, i. 6. 3 A. D. l621. Ibid.

8 Uiuv. Hist. x!i. 487. " Ultra ducentoset millearmatos pedites— in-
ter i^iios omnium mechanlcarum artium fabros et opifices innumeros—
equitcs quosdam cseterisarmatis immixtos." P. Martyr, p.' 9- This au-
thor is of primary authority on this article ; for he received aqd recorded
his information of the facts, relating to this voyage, soon after the depar-
ture of CoUimbus. " Ffecc nobis intra paucos dies ab ejus discessu renun-
ciata fuerunt." Decade i. dated, 140S.

4 llakluyt, iit. 4. Dniv. Hist. \\v. 315 Two of the brotliers of Colum-
bus were amoni? tb? passengers. Harris, Voy. i. 2G9.

5 Hcrrera, i. 106. C Ibid.

7 This island ^v;is thus named, fiom its resemblance ♦o a chain of moun-
tains 6{ that name in Spain. It was the principal residence of the Carib-
bees, who called it C.u Hcueria. To 'these wild and savage ])eople, the
Spaniards could obtain no access. " Hi nostris visis, vcl terrore, vel scele-
rum conscieulia pcrmoti, inter sese exorto murmure, altar in alterum ocu-
los flHctcuds, nineo facto ex insperato, celeninie, ut muUitudo avium,
conciiali, vA neniorosas valles pedem refcmnt." P. Martyr, p. 13, 266.
Univ. Hist. xli.f?.S7.

8 Thus nap'od, for its lofty mountains: '* ouoniam altis montibus in-
structa Caset, Montem Seiratuia illam votant.'* P. Martyr, p. K>.

miliar

^■- ^ . ^a -Ji

,..^'

: i a«i- . . ■ . -"• «.-,

'"""^n^^^'-J.

mpun-
Carib- ,
e, the ,
seel©- j^
imocu- »
uvium*
S, 266.

bus in-

1404.] AMERICAN ANNALS.

miliar intercouvse with ih<: Indians, they lessened that vene-
ration fur themselves, which was first entejtsuned, and, by iiH
discretions and ill conduct, effaced every favourable impre««
siun, that had first been made ; that the gold, the women, xh^
provisions of the n stives, became subject to their licentious
prey; that, under these provocations and abuses, thecazi9i:eof
Cibao surprized and cut ofl' several of them as they straggled
about, heedless uf daiigtr ; that then, assembling his subjects^
he surrounded the fort, ami set fire to it ; liiat some of the
Spaniards were killed in dektiding it ; and that the rest pe«
fished, in attempting to escape by crossing an arm of the sea »,
Leaving Nuvidad, he sailed eascvardly j and, at the same
island, anchored before a town of Indians, where he resolved to
plant a colony. He accordingly landed all his men, provi-
sions, and utensils, in a plain, near a rock on which a fori might
be conveniently erected. Here he built a town, which, in-
honour of the queen of Castile, he called Isabella. This wa»
the first town, founded by Europeans in the New World a,

1194.

Colunibus in the spring dispatched twelve vessels for Spain;
and after a prosperous voyage they arrived safely in April at
Cadiz 3.

Leaving Peter Margarite the cotnmand of three hundred and
sixty foot and fourteen horse, to reduce Hispaniola under obe-
dience to their Catholic majesties, he now sailed for Cuba,
which he descried on the iigth of April. Sailing along it$
' southern sliore, he discovered on the fifth of May another
island, called Jamaica 4. Here, on landing, he met with much,
opposition from the ferocious natives; but, after repeated de-
feats, they became tractable, and even brought food to barter 5.
Although Columbus appears to have made no settlement at
Jamaica ; yet, so favourable was the opinion that he enter-
tained of the island, that he marked it out as an estate for his
faajily 6,

A hurri-

1 Rob9rtson, i. book ii.

2 Life of Colviinbiis, c. ii. & xlv — Ii. Herrera, i. 106—113. Pur-
clias, i. 731.' \\ -Martyr, 11— IS. European Settlements, i. lU, 30. UnU
vor>al Rist. xli. 268, Robertson, i. book ii.

3 1*. Martvr, 10.

4 Jamaica is probably an Ttidian word, for Oviedo mentions a river in
Ilispaniob, of that n.ime. Univ. Hist. xli. S46.

b Univ. Hist. xli. 3K>. " I'liuibns in locis volenti Prse fee to terrain ca-
pcre,amiatiac minitautcsocciiricnuit, plls;n^squr.'^aepiusattentdrunt: scd
victi .'temper, aiiiicitianj oinnes mm I'ra'fecto inicre." P. Martyr, p. yp.

6 Tiie son and family of Coliiiiihus, .considering Jamaica a>! their own
fiopeity, built upon it St. Ja^o <le la Vsga, and sJiverai other tuwns. that

-.vrre

^Srji

■{

10 AMERICAN ANNA i. [UQA,

A hurricane, more vio>ent than any within the remembrance
of the natives, occurred in June at Hispaniola. Without any
tempest, or fluctuation of the sea, it repeatedly whirled around
three ships, lying at anchor in port, and plunged them in the
deep. The natives ascribed this disorder of the elements to
the Spaniards >.

Columbus, on his return to Hispaniola, to his inexpressible
joy, met his brother Burtholumew at Isabella, after a separa-
tion of thirteen years ». I'he brother's arrival could not have
been at a more seasonable juncture. Columbus essentially
needed his friendly counsels and aid ; for all things were in
confusion, and the colony was in the utmost danger of being
destroyed. Four of the principal sovereigns of the island, pro-
voked at the disorderly and outrageous' conduct of the Spa-
niards, had united with their subjects to drive out their in-
vaders i, Columbus, first marchmg against a cazique, who
• had

were abandoned on acrount of the advantagCK attending the situation of St.
Jago, which increased so greatly, as in a short time to contain, according
to report, 1700 houses, 2 churches, 2 chapels, and an abbey. The court
of Spain, notvrithstandin}; its ingratitude to the father, granted both the
property sftid government of Jamaica to his family ; and hit sen Diego
Columbus was its first European governor. But the descendants of Co^
lunibus degenerated from his virtues, and they, or their agents, murdered
60,000 of the natives. Univ. Hist. xli. 348.

1 P. Martyr, 45. " Gentem banc perturfalsse clementa, atque porten*
ta h>Tc tulisse, immuruiurahant insulares." Ibid.

2 Herrcra, i. 1S8. Bartholomew Columbus was so unfortunate, in his
voyage to England, as to fall into the hands of pirates, who detained him
a prisoner for stveral years. Whvn he had, at length, made his escape,
and arrived at London, so extreme was his indigence, that he was obliged
(o *pend considerable time in drawing and selling main, to procure money
sufhcient to purchase a decent dicss, in which he might venture to appear
at court. He then laid his brother's proposals before the king [Henry Vll j]
but with little cffcrt. " This prince," it has been justly remarked, "was
rather a prudent steward aiul manager of a kingdom, than a great king,
ind one of those defensive i^eiiuises, who arc the last in the world to relish
a great but problematic design ••" But, with'all his excessive caution
and parsimony, he received tlie overtures of Columbus with more appro-
bation, than anv monarch, to whom they had hitherto been communi-
cated. When 6artlui!omew had tiiiished his negcciation in England, he
st't out for Spain, by the way of France, and at Paris received information
of his brotlwr's extraordinary discoveries in his first voy?ge, and of his pre-
paration tor a second expedition. This intelligence hastened him on his
journey; but before lie leached .Spain, the Admiral had sailed for Hispa-
niola. He was received, however, with due respect by Ferdinand and Isa-
bella, who persuaded him to take the couinuod of three ships, which they
had appointed to carry provisions to the colony at Isabella. Robertson,
J. book ii. "

3 P. Martyrs account ef the enormities of tlie Spaniards sufficiently

Luroptan ScttkiMTits, i. chap i.

shews,

--=--"-^?k:?--

1405.] AMERICAN ANNALS. It

had killed sixteen Spaniards, easily subdued him ; and sent
several- of his. nbjects prisoners to Spain ^

1495.

The unsubdued caziques of HispanioU still showing a deter4
mlnation to destroy, if possible, the Spanish colony, Colucn*
bus set out from Isabella, to carry on the war agamst them.
His army consisted of no more than '< £00 Christians, SO
horses, and as many dogs;" but the Indians are said to have
raised already 100,000 men. iThe Spaniards soon routed the
Indians, and obtained a complete victory. The admiral spent
a year in ranging the island; and, in this time, reduced it un*
der such obedience, that mH the natives from fourteen years of
age and upward, inhabiting the province of Cibao, where are
gold mines, promised to pay as a tribute to their Catholic ma-
jesties, every three months, a hawk's bell full of gold dust;
and every other inhabitant of the island^ t\venty-£ve pounds
of cotton a.

The tranquillity of England, at this period, being propitious
to the increase of its commerce and manufactures, London
now contained merchants from all parts of Europe. The Lom-
bards and Venetians, In particular, were remarkably numerous.
Among these foreigners, John Cabot, a Venetian, and his
three sons, Lewis, Sebastian, and Sanctum, were living in
London. The father, perfectly skilled in the sciences requisite
to form an accomplished mariner, was led by his knowledge
of the globe to suppose, that a shorter way from England, to
India might be found by the northwest. The 'famous disco-
very of the New World caused great astonishment and much
conversationinthecourtof Henry VII. of England, and among
the English merchants ; and the specimens of gold carried
home by Columbus, excited an ardent desire of prosecuting

fhews, why the poor natives were at once united and desperate: " Ea Kens,
qtiae Hraefecttim in ea navigationc sccuta fiierat inajori ex parte indoinita,
vaa;:!, cui nihilpeiisi essct, libcrlatcm sibi, tjuoniic mudo posset, quxritaiis,
abiiijuriisminimeseabstincrepoterat, Insiilariunifocminas.antepaientum,
fratrum, et viroruni nculos raptans, stupris rapinis que intenta, aninios
omnium incclarum perturbarat. Quaraobrcm pluribus in locis quotquot
imparatos e nostri« incoixrepcriebant, rapide, ettanquain sacra oflerentes
Deo, tiucidaveriint." De Nov Orb. p. 80-

1 T..ife of Columbus, c.liv.—lxi. Robertson, i.bookii. European Set-
tlemeats, i. 24.

2 Life of Columbus, c.lxi.Hcrrera, i. MS. The mcasurp, said by Iler-
rcra to be "a small hawk's bell, " is wroujiht up, unmercifully, by some
historians, into " a lar.i;e liorse bell." it was, in truth, a little bell, worn
by the hawk in the sport of a falconer*. Ilerrcri [i. It'*.] says, that '• only
kipir Manicatcx e,avc, every month, half a gourd full of gold, being

Vivilh 160 jjcios or peiccs of eight.'

-I

shews,

this

-^f)»'

V3 AMERICAN ANNALS. [UQO.

this discovery. The adventurous spirit of John Cabot wai
hr>i<;htcned by the ardour of his son Sebastian, who, though
youn<;, was ambitious, and, at the same time, well versed in
every science, subservient to a matheniaiical knowledge of the
earth, and to navigation.

With these incitements to the meditated enterprize, he com-
municated to the king his project, which was favourably re-
ceived. A commission war. accordini^iy, ori the fifth of March,
printed to liini and his three sons i, giving them liberty to
isail to all parts of the cast, went, and norih, under the royal
banners and ensii^ns, to discover countries of the heathen, un-
known to Christians ; to set up the kind's banners there ; to
occupy and possess, us his siibject^-, such places as they could
subdue; giving them the rule and jurisdiction of the same,
fo be holuen on condition of paying to the king one-fifii>
part of all their gtains 2.

1496.

While Columbus was successfully establishing thefounda*
tions of Spanish grandeur in the New World, his enemies
were assiduously labouring to deprive him of his merited ho-
nour and emoluments. The calamities, arising from a long
voyage and an unhealthful climate, were represented as the
effects of his ambition ; the discipline, maintained by his pru-
dence, as excess of rigour; the punishments, that he inflicted
on the mutineers, as cruelty. Resolved to return to Spain, to
vindicate himself from these false charges, already made against
him to the Spanish court, he exerted the small remains of his
authority in settling affairs for the prevention of such disorders,
as had taken place during his former absence. He built forts
in the principal parts of the island ; established the civil go-
vernment on a better footing ; and redoubled his diligence for
the discovery of mines. Having made these prudential ar-

t The style of the comniissinn is, " Johavni Cabotlo, Civi Venctianun,
ac Luclovico, Svlmstiano, et Saiictu, Filiis dictlMohamis," &c. It in dated
the itli ofMarrli in the eleventh year of the reign ol" Henry VII. Henry
was crowned ('ct. .'50, .MS,*). \f that year he reckoned the ^w/ of his
reign, thisromniission i'i rightly plated by Ilakluyt, Robertson, and others,
in \\dh\ but, if tlic fii:,t vear of his reign he reckoned from I486, the
coITlnli^t^ion must be |)laced, wheie Kynicr and some others have placed
it, in 1 )r)<>.

2 Hakliiyt, iii. 4, 5. ■? ; wliere may be seen the Letters Patent ; as also
in Ryaicr".s Foedcra, x .. .'^if)') ; and in (^fjalmers. Annals, i. 7. Chalmers
iiays, it is iIum)^!!'^! American State Paper of Enciland. Seealso Purchas,
i. 7 IS. f^ii'e of Coiuiiibus, r. I\iii. P. Martyr, tO- iiflkn.ip, liiog. i. 149,
i'jQ Robcitbcii, l)oc;k i.\. iG. FDister's \'oya«i<;s, xiGU.

rangements.

ar-

1407.] AMERICAN ANNALS. IS

laneementR, he set sail from Isabella, on the tenth of March ',
with 993 Spaniards and 30 Indians; leaving the supreme power
in the government of the Province to his brother nurtholumew,
with the title of Adelantado ; and the administration of justice
t) Francis Roldan, - lU the title of Alcalde >.

The natives of Hi^paniola, by wars with the Spaoiards, and
a pestilential disease, occasioned by the damp places in which
they concealed themselves to shun their enemy, were already
essentially reduced in numbers and in strength, it is asserted
by a very credible historian, that one- third of these wretched
inhabitants had now perished 3.

Three ships having arrived in July at Isabella with provi-
sions from Cadiz, Bartholomew CuUunbus, on dispatching^
them for their return ti> Spain, sent on board three hundred
Indian slaves. This measure was in compliance with the
royal mandate ; fur their Catholic majesties, on receiving in-
formation, that some caziques had killed tlie Spaniards, had
ordered, that, whoever should be found guilty of that crime,
should be sent to Spain 4.

The country on the southern coast of Hispaniola, appearing
very beautiful, was judged an eligible place for settlement.
Bartholomew Columbus, having received written orders from
his brother Christopher in Spain, to remove the colony i'yoin
Isabella to the south part of the island, now began a settle-
ment there 5, and, in memory of his father, whose name was
Dcminick, called it Santo Domingo 6,

Henry VIT. on the third of February gave permission tc*
John Cnbot, '-> ta'.e six English sliijis in any haven or havens
of the realm ori'vMghind, being of the buriiea of two luindred
tons or under, wiih the requisite furniture, and all such mak-
lers, mariners, and suhjects of the king, as should be uiiliug
to accouipaiiy liiin 7. \Vhatever miu;lit have bcon tlie c.uisf,
an equipment appears not to have Leen made, to the extent
of the royal licence.

■ (

as also
'halmws
Purclias,

i. 149,

1 He visited spveial of tlic West India iilaiulii before his <.loj>arture ffjr
ir'ljsi". wliicV. was not till tlic -iOlli ol' iprii. Hciicr:'., i. I J4.

2 P Maityr, a, 40. li»;iTcia, i, CrJ

3 Ileiicia, i. 1.17- 4 ibid i. Iv33. ...

5 Herrcra, 16«, iGc). ; .

6 Life of Columbus, c l.xxiii. P. Martyr, 60.

7 Hakluyt. i. 611, where is iiiftr'.eil a reccMtl of tlic rolls, relatiii? to
tbis vyjaifr tn title il, «' l'>illci sijiiiut.i Apho IS Ht-ririf.i 7." Ste Hazard,
Cull. i. 10. Chilmers, i. 8. l^rit. t-iip. ir .•■jiner'.i.a, i. IntrvJ. vi.

"1.

M'i,

■ !1

I ^

1 h

Hi AMERICAN ANNALS. [140^

la the beginning of May i, Cabot and his son Sebastian and
three hundred men> with two caravels, freighted by the mer-
chants of London and Bristol, connmenced a voyage of disco-
very 3. On -he twenty-fourth of June they were surprised by
the sight of land, which, being the first they had seen, they
called Prima Vista. This is generally supposed to be some
part of the island of Newfoundland. A fe\v days afterward
they discovered a smaller island, to which, on account pro-
bably of its being discovered on the day of John the Baptist,
they gave the name of St. John. Continuing their course
westwardly, they soon reached the continent, and then sailed
along the coast norihwardly to the latitude of 67 and a half
degrees 4. Finding that the coast stretched toward the east,
and despairing of making the desired discovery here, they
turned back, and sailed along the coast toward the equator,
** ever with an intent to find the passage to India," till they
came to the southernmost part of that tract of the continent,
which has since been called Florida. Their provisions now
failing, and a mutiny breaking out among the mariners, they
returned to England, without attempting either settlement
or conquest in any part of the New World 5.

Through a singular succession of causes, sixty-one years
elapsed from the time of this discovery of the northern division
of the Continent by the English, during which their monarcbs
gave little attention to this country, which was destined to be
annexed to their crown, and to be a chief source of British opu-
lence and power, till, in process of time, it should become an
independent empire ^. This remarkable neglect of navigating
the coast, and of attempting colonization, is in some measure
accounted for by the frugal maxims of Henry VIL and the
unpropitious circumstances of the reign of Henry VII L of Ed-
ward VI. and of the bigotted Mary j reigns peculiarly adverse
to the extension of industry, trade, and navigation 7,

1 See Note I. at the end of the volume. '
8 P. Martyr, 232.

3 Fabian, in lii> Chronicle, a;tys, tlcit one ship at Bristol was manned
and victualled .'»l the Idi)g\i cost j tl.at diveis merchants of I.onilon ven-
tured ill lieiMnall stock,;; and that in the company of the said "-hip ?ailtii
also out of liiii-tol throe or four small ships, " fraught with sleight and
gro-se merchandizes." IIa!>Iuyt, i. 615.

4 Tor an illustralion of thr probable extent of this voyage, to the north
and south, see Note !. at the end of the volume.

,5 P. Martyr, 23?. Ilakhivt, \.5\S\ iii. fi— 0- Smith, Hist. Virginia,
p. I. Piirc!\as, i.7.ir, 7.'5S. Jofelyn's V(»ya; os, 'J30. llanis, i. 8fiO. ' I?o-
bcits^)n. b. ix. It3, ir.llniv. Hi^t. xl. .'i;S. Torster, 4(36,431. Helknap, Rio^.
i ]r>i. Mather's Magnal:a, i. '.i. Prince, Chron. Inirod. 80. Biog. Britan.

Art. GiLliKRT.

C Fiobertvon, book iv. p. «??.

7 Uaiv. Hiit. ixxi.^. -^ib, tOii. B:!* ''i..p. Infrod. vi, vii.

While

1407*

ian and
\e mer-
f disco-
•Ised by
n, they
»e some
terward
nt pro-
Baptist,
r course
n sailed
; a half
he east,
e, they
equator,
till they
ntinent,
>ns now
rs, they
LilemenL

le years
division
lonarchs
led to be
Lish opu-
!come an
.vitiating

measure
and the
of Ed-
adverse

manned

nloti VCII-
\ip Failed

14Q8.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

uht and

the north

Virginia,
Rfio/ Ho-

. Britun

While

1498.

While the tcstimotties of fidelity and good conduct, car-
ried by Columbus to Spain, silenced the personal calumnies of
his enemies, the large specimens of gold and pearl, which he
produced, proved the falsity of their representation of the pover-
ty of the Indies. The court became fully convinced of the im-
portance of the new colony, the merit of its governor, and the
necessity of a speedy supply. Two ships were sent out in Fe-
bruary with succours, under the command of Pei(*r Fernandez
Coronet. The admiral staid to negotiate for a fleet, adequate
to his enlarged views and purposes. But his enemies, though
silenced, were not idle. All the obstructions, which they
could raise, were thrown in his way. It was not therefore
till after a thousand delays and disappointments, that he was
enabled to set out again in prosecution of his discoveries. lie
at length received commission tocarrj', if he should think fit,
five hundred men, provided that all above three hundred and
thirty ' should be paid otherwise, than out of the king's re-
venue ; and was allowed for the expediiion six millions of ma-
ravedies j four, for the provisions to be put on board the fleet,
and two, for the pay of the men. It was now also provided,
that none of any nation, but the Castilian, should go over to
the West Indies 2.

On the thirtieth of May he sailed from Spain, on his third
voyage, with six ships, loaded with provisions and other ne-
cessaries, for the relief and population of Ilispaniola 3. On the
thirty-first of .July, in the ninth degree of north latitude, he
. discovered an island, which he called Trinidad. On the first
of August he discovered the continent at Terra Firma. Sail-
ing along the coast weslwardly, with the continent on the lefi,
he discovered Margarita. The Spaniards, finding that the
oysters, brought by il"" inliabitants of this i.'iland on board the
ship of Cohunbus, contained pearls, were inexpressibly de-
lighted ; and, hastening to the shove, found all the natives-
decked in these ricliornatneuts, which they disposed of to the
Spaniards for mere trifles 4.

Columbus, having discovered many other islands for two
hundred lf*:i;j,rtes to Cape Vela, anchored on the twentieth oiF
Hispaniola 5. On the i.hiriicth he entered the harbour at that

1 By advice of Colnnibtu it was resolved, that 33o men should be kept
always on the inland of IIi<paniola, in the loval pay. Hcricra, i. 156.

5 Herrera, i. 16G— loS.

3 P. Martvr, 58. Europ. Settlements, i. 39, S9. Harris, Voyages, i. £70.

4 Univ. Hist. xli. 5>7.

6 Ll.'b of Columbus, c. Ixv— Ixxiii. I'urcbas i. b2S, 8*27. Prince, Chroa.
Jntroi. 80. Europ. Setilenjcnts, i. 140. - %.

island.

\
\

■ t
A"', :•

ia(

16 AMERICAM ANNALS. [U99»

island, where the lieutenant, agreeably to his brother's advice,
had appointed a new city to be built ». Until this year, Isa-
bella had been the chief place of the residence and government
df the Spanish colony; but the capital vvasnow transferred to
this new city »; which was long the most considerable Euro-
pean settlement in the New Worlds.

In the absence of the admiral, Roldan, a man of obscure
"birth 4, and of base character, though now high in office, had
Separated himlself from Bartholomew Columbus, and formed
a faction. He had virulently aspersed the characters, and mis-
represented the designs, 6f the two biothers- He had sent
his scandalous charges in writing to the court of Spain ; in-
tending to prevent, if possible, the return of Christopher Co-
lumbus, and to destroy the authority of both 5. He had been
chosen the leader of a considerable number of the Spaniards,
tsrhom he had excited to mutiny ; and, taking arms, had
seized the kini>'s magazine of provisions, and endeavoured to
surprise the fort at St. Doiningo 6. It reiiuired all the address
and vigour of Columbus, to subdue this fuciion. He at length
succeeded ; and in November articles of agreement were made
between him and Roldan, with his insurgents 7.

Columbuf;, accompanied by his brother the lieutenant, hav-
ing tet out in February to pass through the island of Hispa-
niola, came in March 10 Isabella, and in April to the Con-
Cfption. It was his inieniion to go early the next year to St.
Domingo, to make preparation for his return to Spain, to give
tli^Mr Catholic majesties an account of all transactions ^.

'I'he spirit of discovery beginning to spread itself widely,
private adventurers in Spain and Portugal, stunulaled by the

1 T ife nf Ciiliimbus. c. l.wiii. *■

2 Pui( his, i. 7.91. 'l'li()ii"Ji Lsalielhi was cliof en in 1491, as n siluaricn
irioir hcp.hl'.Uil auil roiiuinHlinii:; than tliat of Navithul, yet its ahaiuloii
iiiriu is .iv(i ibcd to llie uiihcalthiiK-;s ot the air, and the liaoncss of ti:r
soil, "(.'equi a uitaliandonnc;- rcfte villc, c'est que raircti ctoit mulsain
ct Ics tciTcs i'.:;aivai;-es." nnejc. Metiiodi>jue, licojj. Art. l>ABt;i,i.E.

3 IJo'icTtsnii, i. Ixjok ii.

■t " lloI'laniHii (liiciKJain — niipui {os'-tirtim ot calonuni dnrtnirni ex fa-
ni.ilo suo, (ifirulo iustiti.T |,)iasi(icrn, I'ra'iVctus eiexcrat." 1'. Maitjr, i>6.
.> P. ^Iaitv^, 07. I'urclias, i.7.5l.
t) Ruhi r'.snn, i. book ii.

7 l-ifc ot'Colmnl)!!':, i-. I\x\i. T'v (Iii- npiiTpment, the mutlnppis were
xr, have twi) ships, with iirovjsioas, 10 r,in_v them to Spam, aiul each of
t.'ien tnii'.ht'^ake a slave with him. iieiiera, i. '.MO.

8 Life ot'Coluinbiir, c. Ixx.Niv. , V ,,V^

"n^

to give

gold

1490-] American ANNALS. 17

gold remitted to Europe by Columbus, made equlpmeilts at
their ot^rn expence. Among the earliest of these adrenturers
was Alonso de Ojeda, a pliant and active officer, who had
accompanied Columbus m his first voyage. Aided by the
patronage of the bishop of Badajos, he obtained the royal li-
cence for the enterprize ; the bishop, at the same time, com-
municating to him the admiral's journal of his last voyage, and
his charts of the countries, which he had discovered. Such
was Ojeda's credit with the merchants of Seville, that they
equipped him with four ships, with which he sailed from St*
Mary s in Spain on the twentieth of May. Amerigo Vespucci,
a Florentine gentleman, eminently skilful in all the sciences
subservient to navigation, accompanied Ojeda in this voyage.
Pursuing the course of the great navigator for the New World,
they in twenty-seven days discovered land in about five de-
£;rees north latitude, on the coast of Paria. Having traded
jiere with the natives, they stood to the west, proceeded as
far as Cape Vela, and ranged a considerable extent of coast
beyond that, on which Columbus had touched. After ascer-
taining the truth of the opinion of Columbus, that this coun-
try was part of the continent, they sailed to Hispaniula, where
they arrived on the fifth of September, and soon after returned
to Spain. The country, of which Amerigo was erroneously
supposed to be the discoverer, not longafter unjustly obtained
his name ; and by universal consent, this new quarter of^ the
globe has ever since been called America i.

Another voyage of discovery was undertaken by Alonso
Nigno, who had served under the admiral in his last voyage.
Having fitted out a single ship, in conjunction with Christo-
pher Guerra, a merchant of Seville, they both sailed to the
coast of Paria. Though their discoyeiies were unimportant ;

1 Robertson, i. book ii. Prince, Chron. Jnirod. 80. Europ. Settlemetits,
i. 46. Belknap, Disc, on Discovery of America, n. 115. This name is
supposed to have been first given to the New World by the publication of
Vc-piicci's accduntofliis Voyage; but at what time is not certain. For
a refutation of his claim to the honour of discovering the continent of the
New World, see Robertson, i. Note xxii. Ilerrera and ail the earliest
and best Spanish historians uniformly ascribe this lionour to Columbus.
Hcrrera, i. 214. Herrera says, that Americas Vcsputius (so the'nameis
often written), " to make good his false and iiSMinied claim to the dis-
covery of the Continent, suppressed the name of nrap,on's Mouth, which
Columbus had given to the entrance into a liay near Trinidad ;" and that
he " confounded the passages of the two voyii;;es," that, made before
Mith Colunibus, and this, made with Ojcda, '• in order to conceal the
Admiral's having discovered the continent." Ibid. Q21, 223. But*En*
i^lisli historians remember, and it ought not to be forgotten, that the
CABU'ii were the tirst ditcuverers of the Cuntintut of America. See A.
U. 1497.

Vol. 1. € * yet

'^'.

18 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1500.

yet they cairied home such a quantity of gold and pearls, as
inflamed their countrymen with desire of engaging m similar
enterprizes i.

The mutineers at Hispaniola not daring to go to Spain, a
new contract was made with Roldan, by virtue or which he
was reinstated in his former office ; and his followers, amount-
ing to one hundred and two, were restored to whatever they
had enjoyed before their revolt 2. In consequence of this
agreement, lands were allotted to the mutineers in different
parts uf the island ; and the Indians, settled in each district,
were appointed to cultivate a prescribed portion of ground for
their new master. This service was substituted for the tribute
formerly imposed ; and it introduced among the Spaniards the
Repartiamentos, or distributions of Indians in all their settle-
ments, which subjected that wretched people to the most
grievous oppression 3.

1500.

Vincent Yanez Pinzon havinff,in connexion with Ariez Pin-
zon, built four caravels, sailea from Palos for America 4. He
stood boldly toward the south, and was the first Spaniard
who ventured to cross the equinoctial line 5. In February he
discovered a cape, in eight degrees south latitude, and called
it Cabo de Consolation ^ ; but it has since been called Cape
Augustine 7. Here he landed, but could obtain no interview
with the natives 8. Sailing northwesterly, he discovered and
named the river of the Amazons 9. Having sailed along the
coast to Trinidad, he returned to Spain »o,

1 Robertson, i. book ii. 2 Herrera, i. 211. 3 Robertson, i. book if.

4 Prince [Chron. Introd. 81.] says, he sailed from Palos IS November,
1499; and Herrera [i. 232.], that he left the Cape Vcrd islands 13 Janu-
ary, 1.500.

.5 Robertson, i. book ii. 6 Herrera. 1.2.11.

7 Purcbas, i. 828. Prince, ut supra.

8 P. Martyr, 81 — 83. Robertson [i. book ii.} says, that Pinzon "seems
to have landed on no part of the coast beyond the mouth of the Mara^-
non, or river of the Amazons." But I rely on P. Martyr, who savs, that
the Spaniards landed at the Cape; that in the neighbourhood of it 5-i of
the natives, armed u4th bows and arrows, came forth to meet them, fol-
lowed by others, armed in the same manner; that the Spaniards endea-
voured to allure tliem by gifts, but in vain ; for, in the dead ofnight, they
fled from the places which they had occupied. "Omnem sermonem
rejiciunt, parati semper ad pugnam. Nocte intemnesta aufugiunt."

Vega [Commentaries of Peru, 339.] says, the Pinzoiis gave the river
this naiiie, " because they observed, that the women fought with as much
coinage in defence of those parts as the men." %

10 Prince, ut supra.

The

■ JJ.B !

HBir

1500.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 10

The fertile district of country, " on the confines of which
Pinzon stopped short/' was very soon more fully discovered.
Pedro Alvarez Cabral, sent by Emanuel, king of Portugal,
with thirteen ships, on a voyage from Lisbon to the East In-
dies, in order to avoid the caltus on the Guinea shore, fetch-
ed a compass so far westwardly, as, by accident, to discover
land in the tenth degree south of the equinoctial line. Pro-
ceeding along the coast several days, he was led from its ex-
tent to believe, that it must be apart of some great continent;
and, on account of a cross, that he erected there with much
ceremony, he called it, The Land c^ the Holy Cross ; bift
it was afterwards called Brasil '. Having taken possession of
it for the crown of Portugal, he dispatched a ship to Lisbon
with an account of this important discovery, and pursued his
voyage 2.

The Portuguese king, on receiving the intelligence, sent
ships to discover the whole country, and found it to be the
land of America. A controversy hence arose between him
and the king of Spain; but they being kinsmen and near
friends, it was ultimately agreed, that the king of Portugal
should hold all the country that he had discovered, which was
from the river of Maragnon, or Amazons, to the river of
Plate 3.

The implacable enemies of Columbus renewing their com-
plaints against him, the king and queen of Spain sdnt Bo-
vadilia as a judge, with power to enqixire into his conduct;
and with authority, if he should find the accusations proved,
to send him into Spain, and to remain himself, as governor.
Bovadilla, on liis arrival at Hispaniola, thoroughly executed
his commission. He assumed the government of the colony,
and sent Columbus home in chains 4.
..^ . .-. ,}.. . .r .>'":.■ ' ■- Portugal,

1 From a certain wood, which dies red, a name previously to this pe-
riod known to the Arabians. Forster's Vovai^es, (.'GS.

<l (Icrreia, i. '2.'?5. Piuchas. i. 8>>5. Robertson, i. bock ii. Forster,
g6iS. Prince, Introd. 81. Biblioth. iXmericana, p. 50.

3 Purchas, v. 1437.

4 Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxv, Ixxxvi. llerrera, i. 2S5— 213. Belk-
nap, Disc, on Discovery of AnuM-ica, 116. The captain of the vessel,
in which Columbus sailed, totiched with respect for his years and merit,
offered fo take otftbe irons ; but he' did not allow it " Since the king
has comniaiided, that I shouUl obey his governor, he shall find me as
obedient to this, as 1 have been to all his other orders. Nothing;, but his
commands shall release me. If twelve years hardship and fatigue; if con*
tinual dan^;ers, and frequent famine; if the ocean, first opened, and five
times passed and repassed, to add a new world, abounding with wealth, to
theSpaniiih monarchy; and if an infirm and premature old age, broujiht
ou b^ those icrvic*!;, deserve these chains as a reward; it is verv fit I

CJ '2 should

M AMERICAN ANNALS. [l50K

Portugal, at that time still in her glory, disregarding the
donation made by the Pope, and the compromise for half the
world, to which she had reluctantly agreed, viewed all the
discoveries, made by Spain in the New World, as so many
encroachments on her own rights and property. Under the
influence of his national jealously, Caspar de Cortereal, a
Portuguese, of respectable family, inspired with the resolution
of discovering new countries, and a new route to India, sailed
from Lisbon, with two ships*, at his own cost. In the
course of his navigation, he arrived at Newfoundland, atabay,
which he named Conception Bay ; explored the whole eas-
tern coast of the island ; and proceeded to the mouth of the
great river of Canada. He afterwards discovered a land,
which he, at first, named T»^rra Verde, but which, in re-
membrance of the discoverer, was afterwards called Terra de
Cortereal. That part of it, which, beinj^ on the south side
of the fiftieth degree of north latitude, he judged to be fit for
cultivation, he yarned Terra de Labrador. Keturning, and
■communicating the news of his discovery to his native country,
he hastened back, to visit the coast of Labrador, and to go to
India through the straights of Anian, which he imagined he
had just discovered. Nothings however, was afterward he^^rd
of him. It is presumed that he wr^s either murdered by the
Esquimaux savages, or perished amon^ the ice. On this
disastrous event, a brother of Corterealundertook the same
voyage, with two ships ; but probably met with a similar
fate ; for he was heard of no more >.

1501.

Roderigo de Bastidas, in partnership with John dela Cosa,
fitted out two ships from Cadiz. Sailing toward the western
continent, he arrived on the coast of Pana ; and, proceeding
to the west, discovered all the coast of the province, since
known by the name of Terra Firina, from Cape de Vela to
the Gulf of Darien 3.

Not long after, Ojeda, with his former associate Amerigo
Vespucci, set out on a second voyage, and, being unac-
quainted with the destination of Bastidas, held the same

should wear thein to Spain, and keep them by me as memorials to the end
*>f ^Tiy life." Emop. Settlements, i. 43— 45. He accordingly kept them
iintii his death. "I always saw th6se irons in his rnom," says his son
Ferdinand, " wliich he ordered to be buried with his body." Life of Co-
lumbus, c. Ixxxvi. Herrera, i^ Q42.

1 Herrera [L314.] says, they were Caravels.

'i pointer, Voy. 4Go. 461. Harris, Voy. i. '270. Venegas California, i. 1 18.

3 Robertson,!. \gg. Vrince, Chron. Introd. 8!. Ilarris, Voy. i. aTOj
but Gah aiio, cited by HairU, puts this voyage in i£02.

course.

1502.] AMERICAN ANNALS.

course, and touched at the same places,
tended to increase the ardour of discovery f.

These voyages

1502.

Columbus exhibited so many charges at the court of Spain
against Bovadiila, demanding justice at the same time for the
injuries; which he had done him, that their Catholic majes-
ties resolved to send another governor to Hispaniola. Nicho-
las de Ovando, knight of the order of Alcantara, being ap-
pointed to this office, he sailed on the thirteenth of February
for America, with thirty>two ships, in which two thousand
five hundred persons embarked, with the intention of settling
in the country. This was the most respectable armament,
hitherto fitted out for the New World, On the arrival of this
new governor, Bovadilla, whose imprudent administration
threatened the settlement with ruin, resigned his charge ; and
was commanded to return instantly to Spain, toanswer for his
conduct a. Ovando was particularly charged by the queen,
that the Indians of Hispaniola should be free from servitude,
and protected, like the subjects of Spain ; and that they should
be carefully instructed in the Christian faith. By command
of their majesties, both Spaniards and Indians were to pay
tythes ; none were to live in the Indies, but natives of Castile ;
none to go on discoveries, without leave from their highness-
es ; no Jews, Moors, nor new converts, to be tolerated in the
Tidies, and all, that had been taken from the admiral and his
brothers, was to be restored to them 3.

In the large fleet, that now arrived, came over ten Francis-
can Friers ; and these were the first ecclesiastics of that order,
who came to settle in the Indies 4.

Columbus, acquitted at the court of Spain, with the promise
of "estitution and reward, required bin ^^w incentives to en-
gage once moie in discoveries. His ambition was, to Kriive
at the East Indies ; and thus to surround the globe. On this-
prospect, he was fitted out in May on his fourth and last voy-
ai;e, under the royal patronage, with a fleet of four vessels,
carrying one hundred and foiiy men and boys, amoniij whom
were his brother Bartholomew, and his son Ferdinand, the

1 Robertson, i. book il. Josselyn, Voyaces, 230. In Bibliotheca Ame-
ricana is preserved the following; title of a book : " Ainerici Veiputii Navi-
gatiotertiaaLisbujiaeportu cumtribusConservantiiicX iiavtbusad Novum
Orbem ulteriusdetegendum, die Mail dccima, l/iOl." ^

2 Herrera, 1.247—263. Robertson, i. 188, 189. .

3 Herrera, 248, 250. 4 Ibid. i. 249. \

C 3 writer

■\;

\\m

22 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l502,

writer of his life I. In twenty>one days after his departure
from Cadiz he arrived at Dominica; and in twenty-six at His-
paniola. Soon after his arrival at this island^ apprehending an
approaching storm, he advised a fleet, then rtady for sea, not
to leave the port; but his advice was disregarded. I'he fleet,
consisting of eighteen sail, within forty hours after its depar-
tire was overakf^n by a terrible tempest ; and of the whole num<
ber of vessels, three or four only were saved. Among those,
that were lost, was the ship ii which was Bovadilla, the go-
vernor, who had sent Columbus, in a tyrannical and scanda-
lous manner, to Spain 2. RoUan and the greater part of the
enemies of Columbus were swallowed up at the same time,
with the immense wealth which they had unjustly acquired.
The fate of the Indian king of Magna, now also lost, was less
}iornble, than the outrage, that preceded it. He had offereri
to till the ground, to the extent of fifty miles for the Spaniards,
if they would spare him and his people from the mines. A
Spanish captain, in return for this generous proposal, ravished
his wife; and the unhappy k'in|?, who secreted himself, was
taken and sent on board the fleet, to be carried to Spain i.

After the storm Columbas sailed to the continent, and dis-
covered the Bay of Honduras 4, where he landed; then pro-
ceeded along the main shore to Cape Gracias a Dios ; and
thence to the isthmus of Darlen, where he hoped, but in vain,
to find a passage to the South Sea 5. At the isthmus he found
aharbour, which he entered on the second of November; and,
on account of its beauty and security, called it Porto Hello 6.
. Porto

J Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii. P. Martyr, 102, 206; but he
iays, here were 170 men : " cum hominibus centum septuaginta." Her-
rera, i. 2ft2. Belknap, Biog. i. 1 16, 1 17.

9 Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxviii. Europ. Settlements, i. cbap. vii. Belk-
Brp, Biog. i. 1 16. Herrera [i. 233] says, the fleet consisted of 31 ships;
the Author of Europ. Settlements says, it consisted of 20, and that ifi pe-
rished. 1 have followed Ferdinand Columbus. On board the ship, in
which Bovadilla perished, was a mass of gold, estimated at 3310 pesos,
which was designed as a present to the Spanish king and tjueen. P.
Martyr ascribes the los» of the ship partly to the weight of the gold ; " prsc-
uimio gentium et auri pondere, summersa intcriit." De Nov. Oib. 101.
Puvchas remarks, tliis is " a fit emblem for Christians, who, wlu-n bey
will lade themselves with this thick clay, drown the soule in dc:>truction
and perdition." Pilgrims, i. 7-23.

3 Purchas, i. 913.

4 Columbus called it, The Port of Casinas. Ilerrera, iii. 366.

5 Herrera, Ibid. Robertson, i. '203, 206. Prince, Jntrod. 82. Belknap,
Biog. 1.118.

6 Herrera, i. 269, Life of Columbus, c. xcii. It was probably from per-
gonal observation, that Ferdinand Columbus drew this description : " The
country about that harbour, higher up, it not very rough, but tilled, and

. ■ . '.. ^ • . fuU

pro-
and

but he
Her-

rom per-
•• 'Die
lleil^ and

fuU

1503.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 23

Porto de la Plata, or the Haven of Silver, thirty-five leagues
north of St. Domineo, was built this yeai' by Ovando i.

Hugh Elliot and Thomas Ashurst, merchants of Bristol,
with two other gentlemen, obtained letters patent from Hen-
ry VII. for the establishment of colonies in the countries new-
ly discovered by Cabot. Whether they ever availed themselves
of this permission, and ipade any voyages to the New Woild,
neither their contemporaries, nor subsequent writexs, inform
us*. On this charter of licence, Anderson observes, that
king Henry pays no regard to the imaginary line of division
made between Spain and Portugal by the Pope's authority ;
and that, according to his genius and former practice, he does
iiot pretend to §ive one penny toward the enterprize. "It there-
fore," he subjouis, " succeeded no better than Caboi's voy-
age ; for private adventurers rarely have abilities and patience
sufficient to perfect such undertakings, unless supported by the
public 3.'*

1503.

Columbus, leaving Porto Bello, entered the river Yebra
on the ninth of January. The beauty and fertility of the ad-
jacent country invited him to begin a plantation. Remaining
at Yebra, he 3cnt his brother Bartholomew with sixty-eight
men in boats to the river Veraguay, whence they proceeded
to the river Duraba. Finding abundance of gold here, it was
concluded to establish a settlement. The Spaniards actually
began to erect houses ; but thei;* insolence and rapacity in-
censed the natives, who falling upon them, killed several of
their number, and obliged thf.m to relinquish the design 4.
These Indians were a more hardy race, than those of the
islands ; and this was the first repulse, sustained by the Spa-
niards. But for this adverse occurrence, Columbus would
have had the honour of planting the first colony on the conti-
nent of America. Leaving this hostile region, he now sailed

full of houses, a stone's throw or a bow shot one from tlie ot!ier j. anA it
looks like the finest landscape a man can imagine." A water spout near
Porto Bello 13 December excited great alarm among the Spaniards. The
same writer re^iaiks : •• If ihey had not dissolved it by savinij; the Gospel
of St .John, it had ci-itainlv sunk whatsoever it fell upon." Ibid.

1 Univ. Hist. xli. 518. 'I'bis haven was formerly reckoned the second
place of consctpicncu in Ilispaniolaj but in 176.S it was a ineie tishing
village. Ibid.

2 Forster, V^oy. 989, 431. This commissiou, in the orginal Latin, is
in Hazard, Coll. i. 11—19.

S Hist. Cointneice, ii. r>

4 1'. Martyr, '2 1 4, 216. " Figere ibi pedcm fuit consilium : sedinccl.-e
futuinrn perniciem olfacientes vetuerunt. Facto agniinc, cum hoiireudo
clamoie ruunt in nostrus, qui domus xdificare jam cxperant." Ibid.

C4 for

94 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l504.

for Htspanlola ; but by the violence of a storm was obliged to
run his ships ashore at Jamaica. In his distress at this island^
he sent some of the hardiest cf his men to Uispauiola, to re-
present his calamitous situation to the governor} and to solicit
vessels to carry him and his people away. He remained
however at Jamaica eight months, without the least intelli-

5ence from his messengers, or assistance from the governor,
^he natives becoming exasperated at the delay of the Spaniards,
the burden of whose support was intolerable, the inventive
genius of CulumbuB had recourse to an admirable device, to
regain his authority. Assembling the principal Indians around
him, he caused them to understand, that the God, whom he
served, provoked at their refusal to support the objects of his
favourite regard, inteutied to inflict on them a speedy and se-
vere judgement, of which they would soon see manifest to-
kens in the heavens ; ^for or that night the moon should with-
hold her light, and appear of a bloody hue, as an omen of
their approaching destruction. His menacing prediction was
ridiculed ; but its actual accomplishment, at the precise time
foretold, struck the barbarians with terror. This eclipse of the
moon, which he had happily foreseen by his skill in astrono-
my, established his character, as s. prophet. The affrighted
Indians brought him instantly a plenty of provisions ; they
fell at his feet, and besought him in the most suppliant man-
ner, to intercede with the great Spirit, to avert the threatened
calamity. Apparently moved by their entreaues, he consoled
them ; but charged them to atone for their past transgression
by their future generosity. The eclipse went off ; and from
'hat day the natives were superstitiously cautious of giving oU
fence to the Spaniards ^

1504.

When the fortitude and skill of Columbus had been tried
to the utmost extent, in repressing the mutinies of his own
people, and the violence of the Indians ; a ship, generously
litted out by a private person at Iltspaniola, arrived at Jamaica,
uiid carried him to St. Domingo. Convinced, that a dispute
with a governor, in his own jurisdiction, could bring him lit-
tle advantage or honour, he hastened his preparation for return-
ing to Spain 2.

On the scoikI of September he sailed from Hispaniola.
Having encountered the most terrible storms in the voyage,
and sailed after losing his mainmast seven hundred leagues, he

1 Lifeof Columbus, c. xcv — ciii. Herreia, i. 29i, ^96. Purchas, t.
7*;i. Hobeitson, i. book ii. Belknap, Hiog. i. 1 18, 1 ij),

2 Life of Coluinlms, x( iv. — cv. Kiimp. Settlements, i. 55 — 60. Univ.
Hiist. xli- 547 • l^elkuap, Disc, on Discoveiy of America, 110.

with

1505.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 2C

with difficuUjT cached the port of St. Lucar. Here, to his in*
expressible grief, he learnt that his friend and patronness, queen
Isabella, was dead i. She had steadily favoured and supported
while the Catholic king had opposed and injured him. The
value of the Indies beci.ming daily more apparent, and also
the largeness of the share, that must fall to the admiral by vir-
tue of the stipulated articles, it had been the seltish policy of
Ferdinand to fix the.absolute dominion in himself, and to dis*
pose of all the employments, which belonged to the admiral,
according to his own pleasure >. The conduct of Isabella was
more just and generous, as became the greatness of her chaf
racter. This illustrious woman, " was no less eminent for
virtue, than for wisdom ; and whether we consider her beha-
viour aH a queen, as a wife, or as Q mother, she is justly enti-
tled to the high encomiums bestowed on her by the Spanisl^
historians 3."

Bastidas, with the leave of king Ferdinand, went with two
(hips, to discover that part of Terra Firma, where lay Cartha^
ffena. 4. Landing on the island Codeco5, he took six hundred
o('the natives ; proceeded to the Gulf of Uraba; and returned
to St. Domingo, laden with slaves ^.

Some adventurous navigators from Biscay, Bretagne, and
No/mandy, in France, cametliis year in small vessels, to fish
on the banks of Newfoundland; and these were the first French
vessels, that appeared on the coasts of North America 7«

1505.

The Indians of Hispaniola having made several attempts to
recover their liberty, the Spaniards considered their conduct
as rebellious, and took arms to reduce them to subjection.

1 Life of Columbus, c. cxviii. Europ. Settlements, i. 60. Belknap, Ditc.
on Discovery of Amerira, 115.

2 Life of "Columbus, c.cviii.

S Robertson's Charles V. ii. book i. p. 6. " The Spaniards," says Mc-
zeray, " lift her abo\e all other llemines." Hist. Fruticc, 54'i.

4 This name had bceu given to that port by ColumbvK, on account of
its resemblance to a port of that nmne in Spnii). P. Martyr, 105.

b It lay near the port ; and this was the Indian name. " Insulam vo-
cant incolic Codeg<»." Ibid. 6 Harris, Voy. i. Q70.

y Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. 9. Brit. Emp. in America, Introd. xlvi.
Encyc. Methodique, Geosf. Jirt. Canada. 'I'his fishery appears to have
been immediately productive. The French account is: " Dcs \5Ci, les
Basques, les Bretons, etles Normands, utiles ctaudacleuxnavigateurs, se
hasardoient avec de foibles barques sur lebanc de Tcrreneuve, ct noaris-
soient une jmrtie de la France du fruit de leur pcche." Ibid. These fish-
ermen are said to have discovered at this time the Grand Bank af New-
luundiand. Ibid. Commerce, ^r/. Communaute Ci. Oii.^s.

They

Hi il«

>I1

p; i

'■t

l.tj

SO AMERICAN ANNAI.S. [l506.

They made war aqainst the caziqiicof Higucy «, who, after
tijE^nalizing himself in defence of his countrymen, was igno-
sninionsly hung. Anacoana, the female cazique of Xaraguay ',
being accused at this time of a design to exterminate the Spa-
niards, Ovando, the Spanibh governor, under pretence of mak-
ing her a respectful visit, marched toward Xaraguay with three
hundred foot and seventy horsemen. She received him with
every token of honour, and feasted him several days. Amidst
this security, the Spaniards, at a preconcerted signal, drew
their swords, and rushed on the defenceless and astonished
Indians. Their princess was instantly secured. Her attend-
ants were seized and bound, and left to perish in the flames
of the house, where they were assembled, which was set on
lire. Anacoana was carried in chains to St. Domingo, where,
after the formality of a trial, she was condemned to bt hanged.
This atrocious conduct toward the Hay tin princess completely
humbled the natives, who, in all the provinces of Hispaniola,
now submitted^ without farther resistance^ to the Spanish
yoke 3.

1506.

*.-

Coliimbus, exhausted by age, fatigues, and •disappoint-
ments, died at ValUdolid in Spain on the twentieth of May,
in thefifty- ninth year of his age, and was buried in the cathe-
dral of Seville. " He died with a composure of mind suitable
to the magnanimity which distinguished his character, and
with sentiments of piety, becoming that supreme respect for
religion, which he manifested in every occurrence of life 4."

1 A province at the eastern exf remity of the island. Robertson.
■2 This province extended from the fertile plain, where Leoganc ii now
•itiiated, to tijc western extremity of the island. Anacoana, iis liichly
rc;4|)ccted sovoreign, had hceii uniformly friend'y to the Spaniards. Her
accusers were some of the udiierents of Roldiin, who had settled in her
country, and v tie exasperated with her for endeavouring to restrain their
e.xc«sses. RoliciNnn.

3 Robertson, i. hook iii. B. de las Ca'as Relation, p. 14. Casas says, that
afier thi« unji!>>» war ended, with such a destruction and massa.re, tin;
Spaniards, havi.ii; reserved few beside the womTj and clilldrcn, diviuct!
these amoni; themselves ; some liecpinLj ,'J0, .ithers 40, others loo, sonic
200, accordiiij; to the interest they had vith the tyrant [governor] of tlic
Island, ibid. l<i

4 Robertson, i. !)riok ii. Columbus was tall of stature, long visagcd, of
a majestic aspect, his nose hooked^ liis eyes ijrcy, of a clear complexion,
somewhat riuldy, his beard and hair, when yount;, fair, though through
many hardships tliey soon turned i^rey. He was witty and pleasant, well
UMikcn and tloqutut, nuxleiately grave, affable to strangers, to his own
family mild, llis coinersation was discreet, wuich gained him the atifec-

tiuu

i set on
where,
hanged,
ipletely
paniola,
Spanish

ippoint'
>f May,
e cathe-
suitable
:er, and
)ect for
life 4."
On

on.
tic i

now
liichly

ds. Her
in her

uin their

!(t

ays, that
lajie, Um;
diviiio!
00, some
orj of the

isagcd, of
npiexion*
through
ant, well
■i) his own
the aiVfc-
tiuu

1507.] AMERICAN ANNALS. *i^

On his tomb is this Spanish inscription: A Castilla T A
Lbon, Nurvo Munuo Dio Colon ; in English, ** T%
Castile and Leon Columbus ^ave a New World ». '

Some slips of the sugar cane were now brought from tht
Canary islands and planted in Hispaniola, where they were
found to thrive so well, as soon to become an object of com-
merce «.

Jean Denys, a Frenchman, sailed \^ iih his pilot Camart, «
native of Rouen, from Ilonileur to Newfoundland, and drew
a map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and of the coast of the ad*
jacent country 3.

1507.

Ferdinand, King of Spain, established a Board of Trade*
composed of persons, eminent for rank and abilities, to which
he committed the administration of American afTairs 4.

Pursuant to bulls of the Pope, Father Garcia de Padilla was
nominated the first bishop of St. Domingo. Their Catholic
majesties ordered the Cathedral church of that city to be mag*
ninccntly built at their own expence 5,

The inhabitants of Hispaniola, computed to h:ive been, when
Columbus discovered the island, at least one Anillion, were
now reduced to sixty thousand ^.

The natives of the Lucayo islands, to the number of twelvt

tion of those he had to deal witli ; and his presence attracted respect, liav»
injT an air of authority and i^inntletir. He was always temperate in eating
and drinicing, and modest in liis dress, tie understood Latin, and com«
posed verses. In reli;^ion he was ver.v zealous and devout. He wasa man of
undaunted courage, hi^h thoughts, and fund of great ei -'Tprixes. Herrera,
who gives tins description and character of Coluniltiw L ^11, 31?,] adds,
" Had he performed such a wondeifn! rnterpii/c in the ancient days, as
the discovery ofu New World, it is likely tliat lie would not only have had
statues, and even temples, erected to his hon(.< or, but iliat some star woul<f
have been dedicated to him, as was done to lieii. iics andBacchus."
I Life of Columbus, c. cviii. Belknap, i^iog. i. Lx'd.
S Hnbertson, i. book iii. Anderson, ii. 13.

S Forster, Voy. 431, 43i. Conduitecles Franijois, NoteQ. Anderson,
Hist. Com. ii. 9- Univ. Hist, xxxix. 406; the Authors of which suppolt,
that Cabot's di^cove^y ot Canada thus early attracted the attention of the
i"'ret)ch.

4 Robertson, i. 2UG. The Spanish name of this court was Casa de Cp/m
trafacion. in Robertson, i'i. 264, this establishment is, by a t> pugrapbical'
srror probably, jjut in I.'^Ol.

.*> llcneia, i. 318, where are particular instructions to the Prelates on
e X'lfsiastical affairs.

Robertson, i. ?17. An author, cited by Piirchas [i. 914,] savs, that in
tliice or four months, wlule he was in a certain town in on« of" the Wett
Irdia islands, COOO children died for the want of their parents, who were
sjut to the mines. See 13. de las Ca»as, Uelat. p. 'i3. «,

- !L hundred'

.,./l

fit ''

2B AMERICAN ANNALS. [l508.

hundred thousand, wasted in the mines of Hispaniola and Cu-
jba^ or by diseases and famine, had previously become extinct '.

1508.

Juan Diaz de Soils and Vincent Yanez Pinzon sailed from
Seville, with two caravels, to the coast of Brasil,and went to the
thirty- fifth degree south latitude, where they found the grand
river Paranaguazu, which they called Rio de Plata, or River of
Silver ». Proceeding to the fortieth degree, they erecled crosses
wherever they landed, took formal possession, and returned
to Spain. In this voyage they discovered an extensive pro-
vince, known afterward by the name of Yucatan 3.

Sebastian de Ocainpoby command of Ovando sailed around
Cuba, and first discovered with certainty, that this country,
which Columbus once supposed to be apart of the continent,
is a large island 4.

The gold carried from Hispaniola in one year, about this
time, amounied to four hundred and sixty thousand pieces of
eight. Cotton, sugar, and ginger, now also became cons-
derable articles of exportation from the West Indies to Spain 5.

The Spaniards, finding the miserable natives not so robust
and equal to the labour of the mines and fields, as negroes
brought from Africa, began about the same time to import
negroes into Hispaniola from the Portuguese settlements on
the Guinea coast ^.

I Purchas, i. 004. The Spaiiiards, understanding to be the opinion of
the Lucayans, that departed souls, after certain expiations on cold north-
ern mountains, wotild pass to a southern region, persuaded tiiem to believe
that tney had come from that place, where they might ice their departed
parents •tnd cliiidren, acquaintance and friends, and enjoy every delight.
Thus seduced, they went with the Spaniards to Hispaniola and Cuba. But,
when they discovered that they had been deceived; that they had come to
dark niinesj instead of Elysian fields; that they should not find any one
of their parents or friends, hut be compelled to submit toa severe govern-
ment, and to unwonted and cruel laoours; abandoned to despair, they
either killed them>-clvc':, or, obstinately rejecting food, thev breathed out
their languid spirits. P. Martyr, 481. " Quando vero se deccptos fui£S»
ronspexerunt, ncc parcntibus aut optatorum cuiquam occurrercnt, sed
gravia impcria ct insuetosac saevos labores subire cogerentur, in despfbra-
tionem vcrsi, autscipsosnecabant, aut electa inedia languidos emittebant
s;)iritus, nulla ratione aui vi persuasi, ut cibum sumere vellent. Ita mi-
seris I^ucais est finis iuipositus."

■2 Though it now first received this name, it was previously discovered
by the Portuguese. See A. D. 1600.

3 llerrcra. i. 3.13. Life of Columbus, c. l.xxxix. Robertson, i. SSO.

4 Robertso;., i. 231.

■ li Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. 15.

6 Ibid. Robertson [i. a78] says, a. few negro slaves were sent to Ame-
rica iu the year 1608.
. ' - ' A hurri-

1509.] AMERICAN ANNALS. SQ

A hurricane demolished all the houses in St. Domingo, and
destroyed upward of twenty vessels in the harbour i.

Thomas Aubert, a shipmaster, made a voyage from Dieppe
to Newfoundland ; and, proceeding thence to the river of iSt.
Lawrence, was the first who sailed up this great river to the
country of Canada. On his return he carried over to Paris
some of the natives 2.

230.

1509.

Don Diego, son of Christopher Columbus, now succeeding
Ovando in the government of Hlspaniolaa, repaired to the
island, accompanied by his wife, his brother and uncles, and
a numerous retinue of both sexes, many of whom were married
here, and the island began to be populated. He placed a
lieutenant over the islandof Cuba 4. Agreeably to instruction
from the king, he settled a colony in Cubagua, where large
fortunes were soon acquired by the fishery of pearls 5.

Alonso de Ojeda, having sailed from Hispaniola with a ship
and two brigantines, carrying three hundred soldiers, to settle
the continent, landed at Carthagena ; but was beaten o(F by
the natives. While he began a settlement at St. Sebastian 6«
on the east side of the gulf of Darien, Diego Nicuessa with
six vessels and seven hundred and eighty men began another
at Nombre de Dios, on the west side 7. Both however were
soon broken up by the natives ^.

1 Puiclias, i. 910.

* Univ. Hist, sxxix. 406. British Einp. Introd. xlvi. Anderson, Hist.
Commerce, ii. \b. Forster [432] says, he matle this voyage in a ship call-
ed the Pensee, belonging to his fatlier, Jean Ani;o, Viscount of Diepp*.

5 For twoycar.s after flie death of CoKinihus, tliis sou had made inces-
sant, but fruitless apphcation to iting Ferdinand for tl'c oftices and rijjlils
to which he was lcu;ally entitled. Heat last commenced a suit agaiu.^t
the king before the Council of the indies, and obtained a decree, in con-
firmation of his claim of the vicerojaify, with all the other privijcgcj,
stipulated iu the capitulation with iiifi father. Ilobertson, i. book iii.

4 ihirris, Voy. i. '27 1. Robertson, i. book iii.

6 Robertson, i. book iii.

6 Harris [i. '271] froni Gr.Ivano, calls it a fort, and say?, it was the
first built by the Spaniards in Terra Firma.

7 Nicuessa obliged all his men, whether sick or well, to work on his
fort, and ihey died at their labour. The 780 men, whoai ho brought from
Hispaniola, were soon reduced to 100. Hcrrera, i. 839-

8 Herrera, Ibid. Harris, Voy. i. 271- Robertson [i. b. iii.] says, that
these Indians were fierce and warlike; that their arrows were dipped iti
a poison so noxious, that every wound was followed with certain death;
that in one encounter they slew above 7U of Ojeda's followers; and tli*t
the Spaniards, for the lirJt time, were taujji.t to d:ciid the inhabiUnts of
the New Wuild. ■•• ■•■ -- -

The

,1«lSv>

«d

!f^

AMERICAN ANNALS.
1510.

[1511.

The greater part of those, who had engaged with Ojeda
lod Nicuessa in the expedition for settling the continent hav-
ing perished in less than a year, a few who survived now set-
tled, as a feeble colony, at Santa Maria on the giilfof Darien,
Under the command of Vasco Nunez de Balboa i.

Juan Ponce de Leon, who had commanded n the eastern
district of Hispanlola, under Ovando, now effected a settle-
ment, by his permission, on Puerto Rico. Within a few
■^ears this island was subjected to the Spanish government;
and the natives, treated with rigour, and worn out with fati-
gue and sufferings, soon became extinct *.

John de Esquibel sailed from Hispaniola, and began a set-
tlement at Jamaica 3.

:Sfti.

1511

i.i.

Don Diego Columbus proposing to conquer the island of
Cuba, and to establish a colony there, many persons of dis-
tinction in Hispaniola engaged in the measure. Three hun-
dred men, destined for the service, were put under the com-
mand of Diego Velasquez 4, who, with this considerable num-
ber of troops, conquered the island, without the loss of a man,
and annexed it to the Spanish monarchy 5.

Hispaniola was not completely subdued untU ihi^ year '*•

1 Robertson, book iii. Prince. Chron. Tutrod. 83.

2 flerrera, i. S%. Robertson, i. bonk iii. This island was discovered
by Columbus in his second voyage. Juan Ponce passed over to it in '508,
and penetrated into the interior part of the country. Ibid. B. de las Ca-
sas [p. 4.] says, that above SO islands, near this, were in like manner en-
tirely depopulated.

3 Prince, Chron. 7»//W. 83.

4 Fie accompanied Christopher Columbus in bis second voyage. Rob.

6 ttobertson, ;. Qtl. Prince, Chron. 7«'ro</. 83. The island is about 700
miles long, and at that time had two or three hundred bouses, with seve-
ral families in each, as was usual in His|mnioIa. Hatuay, a rich and po-
tent cazique, who, to avoid slavery or death, had fled from Hispaniola
to Cuba, was taken in the interior part of this island, and carried to Ve-
la>quez, who condemned him to the flames. When he was fastened
to the stake, a Franciscan frier, labourinji; to convert him, promised him
Immediate aiimittance to the joys of heaven, if he would cmbrac*" tV.e
Christian faith; and threatened him with eternal torment, if he should
C'^r.tiniie obstinate in hi»^unbelicf. The cazique asked, if there were any
Spaniards in that region of bliss that he described. Onbeiagtold, there
wer«; " I will not go." said he, •• to a place whcie T may meet with one
cf that .'icciu'td race." B. de las Casas, i20, 21. Robertson, i. book iii.

6 Univ. Hist. .\ll. 46/.

Two

1513.] AMERICAN ANNAL3. 8!

Two bishops were now constituted here, one at St. Domingo*
and another at the Conception. Three bishopricks had been
previously erected In the island, but no bishops had been stnt
to them «.

Ferdhiand establish :d the Council of the Indies, In whicH
was vested the supreme government of all the Spanish domi*
nlons in America *. He now permitted ,the importation of no»
groes, in greater numbers, than before, into his American
colonies 3.

1512.

Juan Ponce de Leon, sailing northwardly from Puerto Ri-
co with three ships, discovered the continent In thirty degree*
eight minutes north latitude, and called it Florida 4. Having
gone ashore, and taken possession, he returned to Puerto Ri- ,
CO through the channel, afterward known by the name of the
Gulf of Jb lorida, and discovered the Bahama Islands 5,

1513.

Vasco Nunez de Balhoa, a Spaniard, e^nployed in the con-
quest of Darien and the Gulf of Uraba 6, having travelled a-
cross the isthmus of Darien with two hundred and ninety
men 7, from the top of a high mountain on he western side
of the continent discovered an ocean, which, from the direc-
tion in which he saw It, took the name of the South Sea. FaU
ling on his knets, and lilting up his hands to heaven, he gave
thanks to God for being the first discoverer. Having proceed-
ed with his followers to the shore, he advanced up to his middle
in the water with his sword and buckler, and took possession of

1 Ticrrera, i. S75.

5 Robertson, iii. book viii. This, or a similar council, was in being gomv
years before, lor v,e have already met with one ofits decrees. See A. D.
i:iOC). Note .'.{.

3 Robertson i. book iii.

4 " Because," says Purchas, [i. ,\Sc)] " it -A'as first discovered by) (be
Spaniards on I'alni Sunday, or on Ea&ter day. v.hich they call I'asqna Flo-
rida [dc Fiores, Jlcrvfra] j and not, as'Ihcvot writctb, for tlic Hourishing
verduie thereof." F. Martyr [301] ai^recs with i'urcJias: " Floridain ap'
pellavit, 4uiaresurrectioiiis festo r;pererit. Vocat lliipanus Pascha ilo-
riduin resurrectionis dicn;."

6 Herrera, ii. 33,S4. Harris, Vov. i. 271. Univ. Hist. xl. S78. Brit.
Emp. iii. "iOij. Robertson, i. '^13. Prince, Cliron. //i.'/W. aH. Eucvcloj).
Mctliodique, Histoire, J/^ Cabot j andUeo-;. Art, iXoiuuE. Pu'rchaa,

6 Venagas California, i. II9,

7 Harris, Vov. 271. ^ . '

'' thi,

"v
h

\n'

li M

S2 AMERICAN AKNAL5. [l514;

thig occaa in the name of the king his master, vowing to defend
it with those arms against all his enemies;. J a token of
possession he erected piles of stones on the shore ».

Peter de Cordova, a Dominican Frier, having obtained
leave of the king, now we-it over from Spain to the continent
of America, with other friers of his order, to preach to the In-
dians at Cumanas.

Ferdinand issued a decree of his privy council, declai'ing,
that the servitude of the Indians is warranted both by the laws
of Gog and man ; and that, unless they were subjected to the
dominion of tHe Spaniards, and compelled to reside under their
inspection, it \vould be impossible to reclaim them from ido«
Jatry, ai\d to instruct them in the principles of the Christian
faith 4.

1514.

^ Vasco ^uner having sent the king of Spain an account of
hisdiscovery of the South Sea, and of what he had heard of
Peru, acquainting him at the same time, that it would require
a thousand men to effect that conquest 5 ; his majesty order-
ed Pedro Arias d' Avila to embark for America as governor
ofDarien*. He aocordin^ly sailed from St. Lucar with fif-
teen vessels and fifteen hundred men ; and, by his tyran-
ny and exactions after his arrival, all the country, from
the fjulf of Darien to the lake of Nicaragua was desolated'.

1 Herrera, ii.5S. P. ^lartyr, 178. Prince, Chron. Inirod. 83. Robcrt-
«on, 5. 261. Forster, Voy. 263.

« P» Martyr, !82. This author says, that the Indians opposed his passage
over the mountains ; that they fled at the dischari^e of the Spanish guns;
that *ht Spaniards, pursuing them, cut them in pieces ; that 6()0 of them,
togetlier with their prince, were destroyed lilce brute beasts j and that Vas-
co ordered about 50 to be torn to pieces by dogs. " Canum opera," adds
the historian, " nostri utuntur in praeliis contra nudas eas i-entes: ad
quas rabidi in6liunt, baud secus an in feros apros aut fugaces cervos." Ibid.
180, 181. Vasco returned in February, 1514, to Darien, without the loss
of one nian in ary ofhis niuncious actions with the natives. Ibid. S05.

.«? Hcirera, ii.4,'5. 4 Knbertson, i. lOl>. 5 Herrera, ii. 68.

<> He was the fourth governor of " Goldet. Jastilc," as the countries of
Darien, Carthagena, and Uraba v,cre now denominated. Harris, Voy. i.
«'/!. F.John dcQucvedo, a Franciscan frier, came over with him', as
bishop of Daricn, accompanied with several ecclesiastics of that order.
Ilerrcra, ii. 69-

7 Herreia, ii. 6S, GQ. Robertson, i, 2,'J7. B. dc las Casas [23—26 ] say;!,
tli'.t this " merciless governor," ran through above 50 leagues of the finest
LTniutry in the woild, and carried desolation witii him wherever he went;
that before his ai rival there •"■•'^••e many villages, to\vn<!, and cities, which
excelled those of nil the neighbouring countries ; that this country abound-
eil in g'^ld, more than aiiv that had yet been discovered; that theSpa-
iiuikN in a little time carried away above three miliionsoutof this kingdom;
iiul tliat hcie ;ib(.\c 800,000 pccjde were sihuiijbtcred.

A di»-

A di!

and Ari:
ment, \k
after son
Puerto
founded,

, Gaspei
Darien a
Pearl Isi
latitude 3

John J
discovere
degrees t

Gonsal
mudas 5,

JuanE

in the woi
two ships
Spice Isla
them 7.
the Rio de

1 P. Mar

2 Uoiv. I

i'lKkTO Rl(

3 Harris,

4 Prince,
' Ibid, fr

Bcrmudez, s

6 Herrera

8 Ibid. (

guiese first di

tiote «.] ; bi

to believe, tl

Soils, in 250

chas after uai

bearing the n

to discover t

fiut it does t

I-a Plata. A

* **A Dis

VoTt Portttc
Vol.],

[1514;

f defend
)ken of

)btained
>ntinent
I the In-

iclai'ing,
the laws
d to the
ler their
rom ido-
/hrisllan

count of
heard of
j require
y order-
governor
with fif-
s tyran-
y, from
ated ?.

Robert-
is passage
ish guns;
of them»
that Vas-
era," adds
entes : nd
vos." Ibid.
)ut the loss
d. SOS.
68.

luiitries of
is, Voy. i.
1 him, as
lat order.

-q6 ] says,
fthe finest

he went ;
ies, which

y abound'
the Spa-

kinsdonr,

Adx»-

AMERICAN ANNALS.

UlO.]

A disscntlon not long after arose between Vasco Nunez
and Arias. Vasco, charged with cdliiiiiny against the goviern-
ment, was sent for by the governor, alid but in chdiris ; and,
after some formalities of a trial, condemned, and beheaded >.

Puerto Rico, the chief town on the island of this name, was
founded, and John Ponce de Leon a|)pt)irited it^ govetnbr z.

' 1515.

Gasper Morales, sent by Pedro Arias d'Avila, marched from
Darien across the land to the South Sea ; and discovered the
Pearl Islands in the bay of St. Michael, in £ve degrees north
latitude 3.

John Arias began to people Panama on the South Sea, and
discovered two hundred and fifty leagues on the coast, to eight
degrees thirty minutes north latitude 4.

Gonsales Ferdinandus Oviedas discovered the islands of Ber-
mudas 5, twelve degrees north of Hispaniola.

15l6.

Juan Diaz de Soils, at that time reputed the ablest navigator
in the world 6, was appointed by the king of Spain to command
two ships, fitted out to discover a passage to the Moluicca or
Spice Islands by the west, and to open a communication with,
theim 7. Having sailed the proceeding October, he entered
the Rio de Plata in January »* In attempting a descent in the

' • Country

1 P. Martyr, 320. Ilerrera, il. l28. Robertsbh, i. 250; 951.

2 Uoiv. IJist. xli. 520. Ehcytlop. Methodiquc, Geog. Art, Juan pe
TiKftTo llictt.

3 Harris, Voy. i. 2/1. Prince, Chron. Jw^rorf. 83.

4 Prince, ibid. ^4.

' Ibid, from Plirchas. Matiy authors ascribe this lliscovery to John
Bcrnmdez, a Sr>aniard, in l52-^.>.

6 Herrera, ii. 79. 7 Robertson, i. booR iil.

8 Ibid. On the authority of Purcnas I had (ondilded, ih.1t tlie PortU'
guiese first discovered the river de La Plata abbut A; D. 1500 [See p. 23;
tiote 2.]; but, on a careful inspectioh of Hakluyt atid Purchas, 1 am led
to believe, that the hoiiour of that discovery may belong tp Juan Diaz de
Solis, in idu8. Haicluy t's account, taken from the same MS*, which Pur-
chas after uard^ more completely published, says, that Don EmanOd, on
hearing the newsof Cabral's discovery in the west, " sehiprescnti^ shipijcs
to dis<.'(»vcr the whole countrey, and found it to be a part of America."
But it dues tiot satisfactorily appear, that these ships \^entso fkr south as
La Plata. A controversy arising between the kings of Portugal and Spaiti,

* ** A Discourse of the West tndm and the South Sea, written ly Lof(ex
TTar, Portugal,"''
Vol, /. P « tjj^y

^ M

' i

■m

f
»

34 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iSlO*.

country I about this river, De Solis and several ofhiscrevtr
were slain by tiie natives, who, in sight of the ships, cut their
bodies in pieces, roasted, and devoured them. Discouraged
by the loss of their commander, and terrified by this shockmg
spectacle, the surviving Spaniards sailed to the Cape St.
Augustin, where they loaded with Brasil wood, and set sail
for Europe, without aiming at any farther discovery >.

Sir Sebastian Cabot and Sir Thomas Pert with two ships,
fitted out by some merchants of Bristol 3^ visited the coast of
Brasil, and touched at the islands of Hispaniola and Puertu
Rico. A Ithough this voyage seems not to have been beneficial
to the adventurers, yet it extended the sphere cf English
navigation, and added to the stock of nautical knowledge 4.

Bartholomew de las Casas 5, having undertaken to protect
the American Indians, went for this purpose from St.Do-
- ;, . mingo

*' they agreed in the end, that the king of Portugal should holdeall the
country that he had discovered, the which was (as ! have said) from the
river ofMarannun to the river of La Plate ; albeit the Spaniards affirme,
that it stretcheth no tiirthcr than the island of Santa Catalina." The ulti-
mate agreement of the two kin;j;s may liave been subsequent to the discovery
rf Solis, and to the prejiidiceof his honour, and ofthe Spanish interest.
The same Portuguese >^riter, whose account is published by Hakluyt and
Purchas, allows, that " the first Spaniard, who entered this river and
iphabited the same, was called Soils."

See Hakluyt, iii. 786—788, and Purchas, v. 1437.

1 This was probably some part of Paraguay, the discovery of which i»
ascribed to Solis in V-ncycIop. Methodique, Geog. Art. Paraguay j
though its full discovery is justly to be ascribed to S. Cabot in 1A26.

2 ilerrera, ii. 81. Kobeitson, i. book iii.

S Robertson, book ix; but from one account in- Hakluyt [iii. 409.]
it is probable they " were set foorth by the king ;" and in another [ibid.
498] it is affirmed, that the king furnished and sent them out.

4 Hakluyt, i. b\2, iil5, 5l6i iii. 498, 499i where there are accounts
of this voyage. Cluon. Inlrod. 84. Robertson , book ix. 22. Josselyn,
New Eng. Rarities, 103, and Voyages, yjl. Biblioth.:ca Americana, M.
Some historians take no notice of this voyage, or cciifound it with a voy-
age made io the service of Spin in 1526. P. Martyr [De Orb. Nov.
Q33.] mentions Sebastian Cabot, as bein^ with aim in Spain in \'j\[>,
and expecting to go on a voyage of disco vesy the following year.
*' Familiarem habeo domi Cabbottum ipsum, et contubernalem intcrdum }
e^cpectatque in dies ut navigia sibi parentur. M, irtio mense anni futuri
MD.xvi. puto ad e.xplorandum discessurum." But he does not deter-
mine, either from what port Cabot was to sail, or by whom he was to be
employed. It is probable, that he refers to prepai atiotis, e.>;pected to be
made iot him in England, whence the accounts iu Hakluvt prove him to
have sailed, " The faint heart" of Sir Thomas Pei ", is alarmed to have
been " the cause that tlie voyage took none effect."

b He was a native of Seville, and with other clergymen accompanied
Columbus in his second voyage to Hispaniola, in order to settle in that
island. The design of this benevolent ecclesiastic was, to obtain ascen-
dent;)' over the ludiacc of South America without force, by the preaching
.,. vV * . '- - . T ef

r-r. y»B ja , n ' '

his crew
cut their
icouraged
shocking
Cape St.
id set sail

two s^iiipSy
le coast of
id Puerto
beneficial
^f English
ledge 4.
to protect
m St. Do-
mingo

hold* all the
aid) from the
iards affirme,
,." The ulti-
the discovery
mish interest.
Hakluyt and
his liver and

[has, V. 143T.
•y of which is
Vkukgmxy;
in 1526.

yt [iii. 409.3
inother [ibid.

lUt.

; arc accounts
22. Josselyn»
mertcana, 54.
it with a voy-
e Orb. Nov.

f' )ain in 1615,
lowing year,
em intcrdum j
[se annifuturi
oes not deter-
. he was to be
xpccted to be
: prove him to
[rmed to have

accompanied

settle in that

obtain ascen<

I the preaching

1517.] AMERICAN ANNALS. #*

mingo to Spain. The Catholic king being dead », Ximenes,
archbishop of Toledo, who had entered on the administration
of the government for the young king Charles, sent three
friers, of the order of St. .leroine, foi the chief management
of affairs in the West Indies} biit the m gociations of Las
Casas were deferred until the arrival of tlie new king, who
was daily expected from the Low Countries >«

1517.

A Flemish favourite of Charles V. having obtained of this
king a patent, containing an exclusive right of importing four
thousand negroes into America, sold it for twenty-five thou-
sand ducats to some Genoese merchants, who first broiight into
a regular form the commerce for slaves between Africa and
America 3.

Francis Hernandez Cordova sailed from Havanna 4 on the
pight'i' of February, with three caravels and one hundred and
ttnmen, on a voyage of discovery. The first land, that he
^■jLvr, was ca' e Catociie 5, the eastern point of that large penin-
sula, on the confines of the Mexican coast, to which the Spa-
niards gave the name of Yucatan 6 , As he advanced toward
the shore, he was visited by five canoes, full of Indians, de-
cently clad in cotton garments 7; a spectacle astonishing to
the Spaniards, who had found every othei part of America
possessed by naked savages. He landed in various places; but
being assailed by the natives, armed with arrows, he left the
coast. Continuing his course toward the west, he arrived at

of tlie Domiiiican and Franciscan friers ; and he possessed all the courage,
the talents, and activity, requisite in supporting such a desperate cause.
Herrera, ii. |.')t). IJobertson, i. book iii.

I Ferdinand died in 1.516. By marrying, in l6l9, ^abclla of Castile,
tlic si'-tcrof Henry IV. he annexed tlie crown of Ciistiie, of rtuich Isrt-
bella w.iK hriress, to tin- throne of Arragon. Encyc. Mcthodiquc, His-
toire, Arf. Fbrdinasd. See p. G, note t), of tliese .\nnals.

9, llencra, ii. 101. RoberUon, <. book iii.

S Robertson, i. ii79-

4 This port is called in the language of Cuh.1, Agaruco; B. Diaz. i.
3; in that of Spain, La Havana. Purchas, v. Itl5.

,'> B. I3iaz del Castillo, who was with Cordova in this e.vpedition, says,
[i. ,').] an Indian chief, who came with 1-2 canotis to tlie Spanish vessels,
nudt* signals to the captain, that he would bring ther,^ to land, saying*
" Con-Esrotoeh, Con-Escotoch," which signifies, "Come to our town,"
wltence the Spaniards named it Punta de Catoche.

Dc Solis had previously seen thisccwst. See A. D. 1508.

7 The women of this place were remarkably delicate. " Faemin* ^
cingulo ad talum induuntur, velaminabusque diversis caput & pectorate-
gunt, & pudice cavent ue crus, aut pes illis visatu."." y. Maityr, 9U0.
V * " D g Cam*

Z9 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iSlS.

Campeachy ^ At the mouth of a river, some leagues to the
northward of that place, having landed his troops, to protect
his sailors while filling their water casks, the natives fushed
on them with such fury, that forty-seven Spaniards were killed
on the spot, and one man only escaped unhurt. Cordova,
though wounded in twelve places, directed a retreat with
gieat presence of mind, and his men, with much difficulty
regaining the ships, hastened back to Cuba, where, ten days
after their arrival, Cordova died of his wounds >.

The cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland had already
attracted the attention of several European nations ; for fifty
Spanish} French, and Portuguese ships were employed in it.
this year?.

1518. -

Don Diego Velasquez, governor of Cuba, encouraged by
the account that he received from those who went on the
expedition with Cordova, now fitted out a second armament.
Juan de Grijalva, to whom he gave the principal command of
the enterprize, sailed on the fifth of April from St. Jago de
C\iba, with four ships and two hundred Spanish soldiers, to
Yucatan ; discovered the southern coast of the bay of Mexico
to Panuco toward Florida; and first called the country New
Spain 4. In this voyage he discovered the island of Cozumel ;
also an island, which he called the Islaod of Sacrifices 5 ; and

another,

1 The Indians called the place Suhitpeck, whence the name of Cam-
peachy. Ilcrrera, ii. 11.*}.

2 Purchas, i. 783. P. Martyr, 289t «90. Herrera, lii. IIS— 117. B.
Dhz, i. chap. i. Hobertson, i. book iii. Univ. Hist. xli. 468.

n Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. 34. That respectable author says,
this is the first account we have of that fishery. But he ailuwrs, that
French vessels came on the const of Newfoundland as early as K»04 ; and
the Freneh writers are probably correct in affirming, that they came that
r/rflrtofish. A. D. 1504. — If llakluyts conjecture be right, we are in-
debted to Sir Thomas Pert and Sebastian Cabot for the above informa-
tion respecting the Newfoundland fishery. lie supposes that Oviedo, a
Spanish historian, alludes to their voyage [See A. D. 1510.] when he says,
*' That in the year ldl7, an English rover under the colour of travelling
to discover, came with a great ship unto the partes of Brasill on the
coast of the Firme Lar>(i,and from thence he crossed over unto this island
of liispaniolat" &c. This English ship, according to Anderson, had been
. at Newfoundland, and reported at iltspaniola the at>cve statement of its
fishery. See Hakluyt, i. 516, aiJd iii. 499.

4 Herrera, ii. 12J. Purcha^, i. 78.S, 813, 813. B.Diaz, i. chap. fi.
De Sulis, i. 20 — S2. Uobertson, i. 297. Prince, Chron. Jntrod. 84. En-
cyclop. Methodique, Geog. Art. Mexique.

5 *• Because, going in to view a house of lime and stone, which over-
looked the rest, theyJbund several idols of a horrible fisure, aod a more

1510.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 37

another, which he called St. Juan de Ulua < ; and heard of the
rich and extensive empire of Montezuma >.

Francis Garay, governor of Jamaica, having obtained from
the bishop of Burgo i the government of the country about the
river Panuco, sent an armament of three ships with two hun-
dred and forty soldi'^rs, under the command of Alvi?r*z Pinedu,
who sailed to Cape Florida, in twenty- five degrees north lati-
tude, and discovered five hundred leagues westward on the
northern coast of the bay of Mexico to the river Panuco, in
twenty-three degrees north latitude, at the bottom of the bay 3.
This armament however was defeated by the Indians of PanucO,
and one ship only escaped 4.

• 1519.

Velasquez, anxious to prosecute the advantages, presented
to his view bv the expedition of Grijalva, having provided ten
ships at the port of St Jago, appointed Hernando Cortes s
commander of the armament. Cortes sailed from Cuba with
eleven ships, and five hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers, and
landed first at the island of Cozumel 6, On the thirteenth of
March he arrived with the whole armament at the river of
Ta!basco or Grijalva. Disembarking his troops about half a
league from the town of Tabasco, he found the borders of the
river filled with canoes of armed Indians. Perceiving them
determined on hostilities, he prepared to attack the town, in

Itorrible worsiiip paid t© them ; fi)r near the stejS* where they were placed
vere the carcases of six or seven men newly sacrificed, cut to pieces, and
their entrails laid open." De Solis, i. Q9<

1 '* A tittle island, of more sand than soil ; and which lay so low, that
sometimes it was covered by the sea. Butfrom these hmnble beginnings,
it became the most freciuented and celebrated port of New Spain, on thai
side, vhich is boundea by the North Sea." Ibid.

2 Ibid. 98.

3 Harris, Voy. i. 271. Prince, Chron. Jntrod. 84.

4 IJ. Diaz, ii.' l()'3. This ship, says Diaz, "joined us at Villa Rica."

5 lie was a native of Medellm in'Estremadtira. He possessed an estate
in the island of Cuba ; where he had been twice alcalde. R. Diaz, i. 35.
The Authors of tlie Universal History [\li. .168] say, that Grijalva, find-
ing that tho rr.a,st of New Spain furnislied abundance of goli, and that
the inland roiintrv w<is immensely rich, formed a scheme for subduing
this wreat monarcliy, and imparted it to Cortes. This may be true; but
all the best historians agree in ascribing ch« first movements of Cprtes, in
this celebrated expedition, to Velasquez.

6 B. Diftz [i. 17, 48J says, at a review of the troops of this island, they
amounted to 508, the manners (of whom tliere were 109) not included ;
and subjoins, " We had lO cavalry, U ships, 13 musketeers, 10 brass ticl4
pieces, 4 falconets, and (at '/VuU as 1 recollect) 33 cross bows, with plenty
of ammunition."

m !.

D 3

which

38 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iStQ,

which above twelve thousand warriors had already assembled.
The Indians, observing this preparation, assailed his troops
in prodigious numbers ; but were driven back by the Spaniards,
who, having ef/ected a landing, entered the town i; and Cortea
took formal possession of the country for the king of Spain >.
The next day he marched out with his troops to a plain, where
he was met by an immense body of Indians, who, falling fu-
riously on the Spaniards, wounded above seventy by the first
discharge of their weapons. The Spanish artillery did great
execution ; but when the cavalry came to the charge, the In-
dians, imagining the horse and rider to be one, were extremely
terrilied, andHedto the adjacent woods and marshes, leaving
the field to the Spaniards 3.

Cortes next saiU.d to St. Juan de Ulua, where )'-: di$em«
barked his troops, and constructed temporary barracks. At
this place he received ambassadors from Montezuma, king of
Alexico, with rich presents ; and a message, expressing the
rcadine&s of that sovereign to render the Spaniards any services,
^ut his entire disinclination to receive any visits at his court.
After repeated and mutual messages and gifts, Montezuma
caused his ambassadors to declare, that he would not consent,
that foreign troopg should appear nearer his capital, nor even
allow them to continue longer in his dominions 4. " Truly
this is a great monarch and rich," said Cortes j " with the per-
mission of God, we must see him." The bell tolling for Ave
Maria at this moment, and all the Spaniards falling on their
knees before the cross, the Mexican noblemen were very in-
quisitive to know wha? was meant by this ceremony. Father
Bartholome de Olmedo 5, on the suggestion of Cortes, ex-
plained to them the Christian doctrines ; and they pfomised
to relate all, that they had seen and heard, to their sovereign.

\ Tobacco is said to have been first discovered by the t>!paniardg near
this place, tliough it is assigned to the 'lext year : " Cette plaiite [Tabac]
acre en caustiqjie trouvee, -cii \r>QO, pres ^e Tabasco dans le {^oife dii
Mexique" Precis sur i'Aincri(]ue, p. llC.

2 Drawing his sword, he gave three cuts with it into a great ceiha tree,
which stood in the area of a lari!,e enclosed court, and said, that a.'ainst
any who denied liis majesty's claim, he was ready to defend and rn.imtain
it witii the sword and shield, which he then held. B. Diaz, i. G\.

3 B. Diaz, i. •)?— GO. De fiolis, i. SO— 87. P. Martyr [;508] ^ives a
very lively description of this action : " Miiaciilo percuhi niiseri iiic>ita-
bant, neque exercendi tela locus dahatiir. Idem animal aihitrahantur
bominum equo annexum, uti de Centauris exorfa est fahclla." A town
was afterward founded on the spot where this battle was fought, and
named Santa Maria de la Vitoria. B. Diaz, i. 67.

4 Kobertson, ii. book v.

ft Tie was chaplain to the expedition, and not less respectable for wis-
dom than viitue. [lobcitson.

: !^ ■ He

*—'*?* '^-

1510.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 39

He at the same time declared to them, that the principal de-
sign of the mission of the Spaniards was, to abolish the prac*
tice of human sacrifices, injustice, and idolatrous worship'.
While at St. Juan de Ulua, the lord of Zempoalla sent five
ambassadors to solicit the friendship of Cortes, who readil/
agreed to a friendly correspondence >. Cortes now incorporated

a town, and named it Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, designing,
however, to settle it at another places. In the first council,
holden afier this incorporation, Cortes renounced the tie of
captain general, which he had holden from Diego Velasquez,
and the town and people elected him to the same omce 4.
Tlie council of Vera Cruz now vrote to the king of Spain,
giving an account of their new town, and beseeching him,
that he would grant Cortes a commission of captain general
in confirmation of that, which he now held from the town and
troops, without any dependence on Diego Velasquez. Cortes
having written at the same time to the king, giving him as-
surance of his hopes of bringing the Mexican empire to the
obedience of his majesty, sent dispatches by one of his ships
to Spain, with a rich present to king Charles 5. This present
partly consisted of articles of gold and silver, received from
Montezuma ; and those were the first specimens of these me-
tals, sent to Spain, from Mexico 6. Four Indian chiefs, with
two female attendants, now went voluntarily to Spain 7.

Cortes had some time sinr'^ received the ultimate order of
Montezuma to depart instantly out of his dominions * ; but
that mandate, like the former messages, being preposterously
accompanied with a present, served merely to inflame desires, »
already kindled, and to renew the request of an audience.
Intent on his d«sign, he first marched through Zempoalla to
Chi''huitzla, about forty miles to the northward of St. Juan
de Ulua, and there settled the town of Villa Rica de Vera
Cruz, and put it in a posture of defence 9. Determined to

■I B. Diaz, I. 81, 85. De Solis, i. 122.

2 Ue Solis, i. 1-29, 130. . , .,, ,

^ 5 Ibid. i;Jl, l.S>. ,-, ,, , ... • . ' ii '

' 4 R. Diaz, i. ill. De Solis, i. chap. vii. , .. . , .a^

.0 De Solis, L 1(58,169. . ' , \ .^. -rn,

a Clavi;4eio, i. .\'>o, HQ.

7 I*. Martyr, .'HI.

■b Koheitsoti, ii. booJv V.

9 "Till then it moved with tlie army, thougli observiii;: its prori-r
distiuctious -AS a r(.'|Hit)lit." De Solis, i. \b-2. It was now settled on the
plain iietween the se;i and Chiahuit/lu, half a league from that towiv
[ibid.] and 'iOO miles sonth-east of the city of Mexico. It has since be-
come a city remarkal)Ie for the ^reat tratHc carried on Itetween the opu-
lent countries of Spanish America and Old ^pain. European Stittte-
liicnts, i. 7:).

D 4 con-

'■,V. )

II'

■ ■•*. i^iiii I I x% ■*

40 . ■ AMEHICAN ANNALS. [l510.

conquer, or to die, he now completely destroyed Vis fleet, and
commenced his march toward Mexico >. Having passed,
unmolested, through several Indian towns, whlcii, through
the Influence of Zempoalla and Chiahuitzia, were previously
In the friendly confederacy, he, with extreme difftcuity, passed
an abrupt and craggy mountain, and entered the province of
Zocothfan. Here he received Informatum of TIascala, and
resolved to pans throujy^h that province on his way to Mexico.
Approaching nigh to us confines, he sent four Zempoallans,
of great eminence, as emoys, to obtain a passagA through the
country. The messengers being detained, Cortes proceeded
in his march, and first sitccessfuUy engaged five thousand
Tlascalan Indians, who were In ambush ; and afterward the
whole power of their repul)lic. The Tlascalans, after suffer-
ing great slaughter in repeated assaults on the Spaniards, con-
cluded a treaty. In which they yielded themselves as vassals to
the crown of Castile, and engaged to assist Cortes in all his
future operations. He took the i'epublic und^r his protection,
and promised to defend the persons and possessions of its in-
habitants from injury or violence } and now entered its capital
without molestation >.

Taking with him several thousand of his new allies, he re-
newed his march 3 ; and, after having forced his way through
the most funniduble opposition, and eluded various strata-
gems 4, formed by Montezuma to obstruct his progress, he ar-
rived at Iztapalapan 5, six miles distant from Mexico, and made

a dls-

1 De Soils, 172, 177- He took with him 500 men, 1.5 horse, and 6
field iiieces; and left the rest of \m troops, as a p>arri$on, in Villa Rica.
The lord of Zempoalla supplied him with provisions, and 200 of those
Indians, called Tamemet, vrhosc ofHce was to carry burdens and perforin
all servile labour. Robertson, ii book v.

2 Robertson, ii. book v. De Solis, i. 178 — 2.'9n. B. Diaz, i. chap,
vi. " We entered the territory of TIascala," tays B. Diaz, *• 21 days
before our arrival at the chief citv, which was on the '23d of September,

J519"

3 lie had remained about 20 days in Tla!>cala, to receive the homaae
of the principal towns of the republic, and of their confederates. De
Solis. Authors differin respect to the number of Tlascalans, that Cortes
took with him. B. Diaz says 2U00 ; Herrera, 3000; Cortes himself says
OOOO. De Solii, i. 264.

4 At Cholula in particular, a large city, 5 leagues distant from TIasca-
la, and 20 from Mexico, a plot for thedestiuttion of the Spaniards being
discovered, Cortes directed his troops and allies to fall on the inhabi-
tants, 6000 of whom were killed without the loss of a single Spaniard.
Robertson, ii. book v. Ciavigero, ii. 53.

5 A large and beautiful city, which contained at that time more than
12000, houses, and was situated towards the point of a peninsula, from
•which a paved causeway, 8 yards wide, extended, without varying the

least

1510] AMERICAN ANNALS. iL\

a disposition for an entrance into that great city >. Meanwhilf
Montezuma, baffled ir all his schemes for keeping the Spa-
niards at a distance, found Cortes almost at the gates of his ca«
pital, before he was resolved, whether to receive him as a friend,
or to oppose him as an enemy ». The next day Cortes marched
his army, consisting of about four hundred and fifty Spaniards
and six thousand confederate Indians, along the grand cause-
way, which extended in a straight line to the city of Mexico.
It was crowded with people, as were also all the tower*, tem-
ples, and causeways, in every part of the lake, attracted to be-
hold such men and animals, i\s they had never before seen 3.
To the Spaniards every thing appeared wonderful. The ob-
jects, great in themselves, were probably magnified in their
view by contrast with their own weakness, and by perpetual
apprehension of meeting a desperate enemy in a monarch, the
extent of whose power was incalculable. As the Spaniards ad-
vanced, beside numerous towns, seen at a distance on the
lake, they discovered the great city of Mexico, " elevated to a
vast degree above all the rest, and carrying an air of dominion
in the pride of her buildings 4." When they drew near the ci-
ty, a great number of the lords of the court came forth to meet
them, adorned with plumes, and clad in mantles of fine cot-
ton ; and announced the approach of Montezuma. Soon af-
ter appeared two hundred persons, in a uniform dress, marching
two and two in deep silence, barefooted, with their eyes fixed
on the ground. Next followed a company of higher rank, in
showy apparel, in the midst uf whom was Montezuma, in a
most magnificent litter, borne by his principal nobility. When
Cortes was told, that the great Montezuma approached, he
dismounted, and respectfully advanced toward him. Monte-
zuma at the same time alighted, and, supported by some of his
chief princes, approached with a slow and stately pace, in a
superb dress, his attendants covering the streets with cotton
cloths, that he might not touch the ground. After mutual
salutations, Montezuma conducted Cortes to the quarters 5

least from a right line, to the southern gate of the jjreat temple in IMexi-
cn. Clavii>eru, ii. 62, d'i. B.Diaz, i. ms. Clavigerosays, tliisrau^e*
xvay extended more than 7 iniies ; but the temple to which it led waS
about a mile and a half wiihiu the city of Mexico. Ibid.

1 DeSolig, i. ■2(}Ck '

'2 Robertson, ii. book v. ^

3 B. Diaz, i. 188, loy.

4 De Solis, i. 299.

6 A palace, built by kins; Axajacatl, the father of . Montezuma : which
was so large, as toaccomm.tdate both the Spaniards an<| their allies, who
toij[etlier with their attendant woincu and sei vants ctcccdod 7000. Cla-
visjero, ii. Ob. .

which

ll J

-"■ ■»i.ef3«sv''.--^.£i:!!2ai

m '

j/K- ,

(

,1 s

42 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l5ia.

which he had prepared in the city for his reception, and imme-
diately took leave of him, with the most courtly expressions of
•hospitality and respect, Cortes took instant precaution for se*
curity. He planted the artillery so, as to command the diffe-
jent avenues, that led to the place ; appointed a large division
of his troops to be always on guard ; and posted sentinels at
proper stations, w)th injunctions to observe the same vigilant
.discipline, as if they were in sight of an enemy's camp ^

Corses, knowing that hi« sa^ty depended on the will of a
monarch, in whom he had no right to confide, determined,
with unexampled temerity, to seize Montezuma in his own
palace, arui bring him, as a prisoner, to the Spanish quarters.
Having properly posted his troops, he took five of his prime
officers and as m^ny soldiers, thirty chosen men following at ^
«listance, as if without any other object but curiosity, and, at
the usual hour of visiting Montezuma, went directly to the
palace, where they were admitted without suspicion 2. An
assault, lately made on Jthe garrison at Vera Cruz, and a
treacherous attempt against the Spaniards at Cholula on their
march toward Mexico, were made the pretext for a charge a-
gatnst Montezuma. Satisfaction was demanded of the asto-
nished sovereign, who endeavoured to explain and exculpate.
Nothing satisfied. It was expected, that he would go to the
Spanish quarters, as an evidence of his confidence and attach-
ment. On his resenting this indignity, an altercation of three
hours succeeded, when an impetuous young Spaniard pro»
posing instantly to seize him, or stab him to the heart, the inti-
midated monarch abandoned himself to his destiny. Consent-
ing to accompany the Spaniards, he called his ofEcers and com*
municated to them his resolution. Though astonished and
afflicted, they presumed not to dispute his will, but carried
him " in silent pomp, all bathed in tears," to the Spanish
quarters. The principal persons concerned in the assault at
Vera Cruz, who had been sent for by Montezuma himself,
having been tried by a Spanish court martial, wee burnt alive.
Cortes, convinced that they would not have ventured to make
the nttack without orders from their master, put Montezuma
in fetters during their execution; a monitory sign, that the mea-
Bxue of his humiliation and of his woes was nearly full. Dur-
ing six months, in which the Spaniards remained in Mexico,
he continued in tlicir quarters, attended by his officers, with
the external appearance and the ancient forms of government,

1 Robertson, ii book v. B. Diaz, i. cliap. viii. De Soils, i. act) —
,*.10. Clavii^em, ii. fi.>— (iiS.
9 This was tight davsuUer the arrival of the Spaniards at Mexico. B.

but

»-»s«-mrr:^-JttiO'i;

',!:5>fcr^-

1520.] AMERICA^T ANNALS. 49

but in personal subjection to a foreign and intrusivs power.
By the persuasion of Cortes, Montezuma acknowledged hiin«
self a vassal of the king of Castile, to hold his crown of him, at
superior, and to sut^ect his dominions to i^he payment of ani
annual tribute i. He now firmly expressed bisdesires and ex*
pectations, that Cortes, having finii^ed bis embassy, wqu14
take his departure »,

4 '. "

1520.

At this juncture a fleet and army, sent against Cortes, by
Velasquez, under the command of Pamphilode Narvaez, made
a fruitless attempt to reduce the Spaniards of Vera Cruz. Cor^
tes, having made overtures of peace, that were rejected by
Narvaez, departed from Mexico, leaving a part of his forces ia
that city under Alvarado, and marched to Zempoalla, where
he attacked Narvaez in his quarters, obtained the victory, and
obliged his troops to serve under his banner. Receiving intelli-
gence, that the Mexicans bad taken up arms against the Spa-
niards, whom he left with Montezuma, he now marched back^
strongly reinforced, to Mexico 3.

Alvarado, it appears, in the apprehension of danger from
the Mexicans, who were enraged at the detention of their so-
vereign, had fallen on them while they were dancing at a fes-
tival in honour of their gods, and mutual hostilities had suc-
ceeded. Cortes, on his arrival at Mexico, assumed a haughty
air and indignant tone, both toward the captive king and his
people. Irritated afresh, the Mexicans fell furiously on a parly
of Spaniards in the streets, and attacked their quarters, at the
same moment. Early the next morning the Spaniards, sally-
ing out with their whole force, were met by the whole force
of tlj^ Mexicans; and after an action, fought with mutual des-
peration, were compelled to retreat to their quarters. Havint;
spent one day in making preparations, a hundred Spaniards at
day break sallied out again, and, amidst showers of arrows^

1 Robertson, ii. book v. Montezuma accompanied this proHsion of
fealty and boma;>e with a mai^niliccnt present to his new sovereign ; and
liis subjects followed the example. The Spaniards now colIecteH all the
treasure, whidi tlicy had actjiiircd by gift «r violence ; and having melt-
ed the gold and silver, the value of these, without including jewels and
various ornaments, of curious workmanship, amounted to 600,000 peso'?.
Uobertson, ii. book v. B. Diaz, [i. '.> 18.] says, upwards of 6o,000 crowns.

2 Robertson, ii. booit v. l)e Solis, i. book iii.

S Robertson, ii. bonk v. ('.lavii;ero says, that 140 soldiers, with all
their allies, had been left in .Mexico; that Cortes now returned to th.it
<'ity with an army of I.IOO S|>anisii intbntry, pi) horses, and 5000
'I'lnscalans; ami that his rombined forces amounted to O'^W men. Hist.
Me.\. ii. QO, lOi, Hi2. Tiu7 nmrciied iuto Mexico '.^4 June. Ibid.

- X made

''I '

..... -.»v'-

44 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l520.

made their way to the great temple, in the upper area of which
-five hundred nobles had fortified themselves, and were doing
tssential injury with stones and arrows >. After making three
attempts to ascend the temple, and as often receiving a vigorous
repulse, Cortes, though suffering from a severe wound in his
}eft hand, joined theassailants in person, and tying his shield
to his arm, began to ascend the stairs with a great part of his
men. Their passage was obstinately disputed ; but they at
last gained the upper area, where a terrible engagement, of
three hours, ensued. *' Every man of us," says iiernal Diaz,
" was oc versd with blood ;" and forty-six Spaniarcls were left
dead on the spot x. Cortes, ordering the temple to be set on
flre, returned in good order to his quarters.

The violence <^ hostilities still continuing, and the situation
of the Spaniards soon becoming absolutely desperate, Cortes
applied to Montezuma by a message, to address his subjects
from a terrace, and request them to desist from their attacks,
with an ofter from the Spaniards to evacuate Mexico. The
captive monarch, standing at the railing of the terraced roof,
attended by many of the Spanish soldiers, affectionately ad-
dressed the people below him, to that purpose. The chiefs
and nobility, when they saw their sovereign coming forward,
called to their troops to stop, and be silent. Four of them,
approaching still nearer to him, addressed him with great sym-
pathy and respect ; but told him, that they had promised their
gods, never to desist, but with the total destruction of the Spa«
piards. A shower of arrows and stones now fell about the
spot where Montezuma stood ; but he was protected by the
Spaniards, who interposed their shields. At the instant of re-
moving their shields, that Montezuma might resume bis ad-
dress, three stones and an arrow struck him to the ground.
He was carried to his apartment; where he died, in a few days J,

1 Their station was "so very high and neighbouring," that it entirely
comma!)ded the Spanish quarters. Clavigcro, ii. 107, 108. Robertson
represents this action, at tlie temple, as after the death of Montezuna;
but I tV>II()\v CIavia;ci«), who followed Cortes.

•2 B. Diaz, i. .TIO. Not one of the poor Mexicans, engaged in the
action survived it. hiflamed by the exhortations of their priests, and fightr
ing in defence of their temples and families, under the eye of their gods,
and in view of their wives and children, they contemned death. Part of
tliem died by the point of the sword, and part threw themselves down
to tlie lower floors of the temple, where they continued to fight until
the V were all killeil. Robertson, ii. book v. Clavigero, ii. 108. B. Dia^
[i .•■Jll] says <vhile the Spaniards were setting fire to the temple, above
3000 nohl. Nlexitans with their priests attacked them with great violence,
vliich caused them to retreat.

3 IJ. Diaz, i.2.->7—P.\U Clavigero, 11.103—112. Robertson, ii. book
V. Ue Soils, ii. book iv. thaiJ. .\iii — .\v.

' ' *• less

■ ■.W(k^

-~-.rrS*-NS3:ir=!5ir.

1520.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 45

" less of his wo'ind, which was but inconsiderable, than of
sorrow and indignation ».'*

The Mexicans now most violently attacked the SpaniardSj
who, making another sally in return, had twenty soldJers slain.
Death being before their eyes in every direction, the Spaniards
determined to leav * the city during the night. On the first
of July 2, a little before midnight, they silently commenced
their march, hut Wde soon discovered by the Mexicans, who
assailed them on all sides ; and it was with great loss, and the
utmost hazard of entire destruction, that thoy effected their
retreat. On the sixth day, this maimed and wretched ariny,
puisued ly hosts of tnraged enemies, was compelled to give
them battle oear Otompan, toward the confines of the I'las-
calani territories. This battle was extremely bloody, and lasted
upwards of four hours ; but the Spaniards, ^ith their Indian

! Europ. Settlements, i. chap. xi. Clavigero [ii. 1 10. ] thinks it pro-
bable, that he died on the SOth of J une. He was in the r)4th year of his
age. His body was honourably home out, and delivered to the Mexi-
cans, who received it with strong expressions of sorrow. B. Diaz, i. .Il.i.
Clavigero, ii. 110. Of its treatment the accounts are various. P. Mar-
tyr [360] stops here. " Corpus humandum civibus tradiderunt nostri.
Quid ultra ncsciunt." MonteKuma was a prince of majestic and graceful
presence; of vigorous understauiHtig; of martial genius, and distinguished
bravery. Ilewasjust, magni'.. and liberal ; but his justice often de-

generated into cruelty, and hir ; »,:. ^cence and liberality were supported
y heavy burdens on his subv < c; 'n every thing, pertaining to religion*
he was exact and punctual, and was jealous of the worship of his gods, and
the observance of rites. Though often zealously urged by Cortes to re-
nounce his false gods, and en brace the Christian faith, he had always re*
jected the proposal with horror ; and to this rejection he inflexibly adher-
ed in the prospect of death. See Clavigero and Robertson. Why did he
adm't Cortes into his capital, and subject himself to the grossest indigni-
ties, when he might uR'mestionably have expelled, ifnot annihilated, his
army > Antonio Ue Solis, the Spanish liistoriograplier, is at no loss for a
re.ison: " The very effects of it have since discovered, that God took the
reins into his own hand, on purpose to tame that monster; makii>g hit
unusuul gentleness instrumental to the first introduction of the Spaniards
« beginning t'roin •whence aflcncard rcsuttiJ f'lc convirsioii oftfiose hcgtktn
uctioiis." Conquest Msxico, ii. 141. We ought to afiore that IVo-
'/idcnce, which we cannot comprehend; but it U impious to insult it by
assigning such reasons for its measures, as are contradicted by facts. The
nattu'al causes of the abject submission of Montezuma may perhaps be
traced to a long and traditionary e.<[)ectation of the subjection of the
Mexican empire to a foreign power; to the predictions of soothsaycrt;,
with their expositions of recent and present omens ; to the forebodmgs
of a superstitious mind; to the astonishment, excited by the view of a
new race of men with unknown and surpri/ing implements of war; and
to the extraordmary success of the Spanish arms from the first moment uf
the arrival of Cortes on the Mexican coast.

2 This disastrous night was called by the Spanards Nochc tristei and by
this name it is still distiiii^uisbed in New .Spain. Clavigero, ii. 114.
Robertson, ii. boek t.

• '':-: aujc^

\{ '

4d AMERICAN ANNALS. [l520,

ftuxilitries, obtained a decisive victory over the whole power of
Mexico ; and, proceeding in their march, reached the ciiy of
Tlascala, where, in the bosom of their faithful ally, they found
entire security i.

Cortes having subjugated the districts in the vicinity of
Tlascala, ?*nd as opportunely, as fortuitously, received a fresh
succour of men and ammunition*, marched back toward the
coast o/ Mex'co, six months after his disastrous retreat, and
made i.n entry into Tezcuco on the last day the year 3.

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese gentleman, on a voy-
age for the discovery of the Molucca or Spice Islands, in the
service of Spain, entered the famous Straits, which bear hia
name, on the eleventh of November, and on the twenty-eighth
of that month, entered the great Southern Ocean, which he
Cd'led The Pacific 4.

1 Clavigero, ii. 1.13--120. B. Diaz, 817—33.1. These anchors here
disagree in their //a'e*; 1 follow Clavigero, who thus adjusted them after
a carefa comparison. Dc Solis, ii. 178— 189- Hcnera, iii. 74. Robert-
son, ii. book V. Dr. Rdbertson [ibid. Note xci.] after examining the va-
rious accounts of the Spanish historians, gives it as his opinion, that the
loss of the Spaniards, in this retreat from Mexico, cannot well be esti-
mated at less than 600 men. Clavigero fii. UO.] fftliowing the com-
putation ot Gomara, inclines to the opinion, that " there fell," en tl>e
snd night, " beside 430 Spaniards, more than 4000 auxiliaries, and among
them, as ^ori ■ says, all tne Cholulans ; almost all the prisoners, the'men
and women, who were in the service rf the Spaniards, were killed, also
4rv horses; and all the riches, thay 1 ad amassed, all their artillery, and
iill the manuscripts belonging to Cortes, cont?,inin^ an account of every
thing which had happened to the Spaniards laitil that period, vcre lost."
Many of the Spanish prisoners were inhumanly sacrificed in the great
temple of Mexico. Ibid. 120.

2 A merchantman from the Canaries, with fire arms, powder, and
■warlike provisions, coming to trade at Vera Cruz, the captain, master, and
Ii S])anish soldiere, who had come to seek their fortunes, went with Cor-
tes' commissary to the camp, and joined the army. Cortes received some
other reinforcements about this tio'.e, " beyond all cxpcctition." t)e
fcvjlis, ii. '234, 255. Robertson, ii. hook v.

8 Clavigero, Ii. 1,'58, ISP. I'ezcuco was the second city of the empire,
situated on the banks of the Mexican lake, about twenty miles from Mexi-
co. Robertson, ii. book v.

4llerreraj iii. 22. Encyc. Methodique, Geoj». yj.»^ PaCiftqub.
Prince, Chron. Jnirod. 85. Harris, Voy. i. 12 — \f\, where there is ah
entire account of this voyage. Ma£,cllan sailed from Seville 10 August,
1519, with 3 ships and 2.S4 men ; and in December of that year dis-
covered Patagonia. Seellerrera, ii. 175, 170. Robertson, ii. 375. Univ.
Hist, xxxix. 215. Biblioth. Americana, 52. Encyc. Methodique, Geog.
Art. MAC£LLAKi Vencgas California^ i. 1.^0^

, iti>,) .■ •■■

1321.

1521.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

1521.

Cortes, having fixed his quarters at Tezcuco, resolved to
make an aiisault on the city of Iztapalapan <. Leaving a garri-
son, of more than three hundred Spaniards and many allies,
under the command of Gonzales de Sandoval, he marched
with upwards of twohundved Spaniards, And more than three
thousand TIascalans, with many of the Tezcucan nobility,
who were met by some troops of the enemy, that fought them,
but retreated. The assailinj^ army, on entering Iztapalapan,
and finding it almost entirely evacuated, began in the night
to sack the city ; and the TLiscaiauc set fire to the houses.
The light of this conflagration discovering to them thv, water
overflowing the canals, and be^^inning to inundate the city, a
retreat was sounded ; but so far had the inundation risen, that
the Spaniards made their passage back with difficulty ; some
of the TIascalans .vere drowned; and the greatest part of the
booty was lost », This disaster was soon compensated by new
confederacies, formed witu several neighbouring cities by
nicans of their ambassadors 3.

Cortes, who never relinquished the thouglit of the conqtiest
of Mexico, had taken care to have thirteen brigan tines built,
while he was at Tlascala, in aid of the great enterprize 4.
These vessels he now caused to be transported by land to
Tezcuco. The command of the convoy, consisting of two
hundred foot soldiers, fifteen horsemen, and two field pieces,
he gave to Sandoval 5. Eight thousand TIascalans carried on

their

1 Tiiis was in revcn?:^ for theoffenres, receired from its anciVntlord
Cuitlahuatzin, whom Cortes knew to be the author of the meinoral)le de-
feat of the first of July. Clavi^ero, ii. 14'2.

'i Clavigeio, ii. l^i, 14.'). B- Diaz, ii ;54,.'T.5. The citizem, in ordc^
todrowaall their eiumics, broke the mole of the Jake, and cntirelv de-
luged the city. Two S|,;">iartls only and one horse were lost; but up-
wards of fiOOO of the hostile i..,*ivfs wevc slain. Ibid. B. Diaz says [ij.
48.], that hercceive{< a wound in Lit throat, " the marks of which," he
adds, " 1 carry to this day."

S Ibid.

4 He had olitained of the senate 100 men of burden, for the transpor-
tation of the sails, cordage, iron, and other materials (jf the vessels, which
he had unrigged the preccdini^ year, with a view to this very use j and f<)r
tar had extracted turpentine from the pines of a neighbourinj^ mountain-
The materials were so prepared, that they might be carried in pieces
ready to be put together. The first brigantiue'has built bv ^Iartino Lo-
pez, a Spanish soldier, who was an enq;incer in the army of t^ortcs. Aft«;r
thatmodel the other twelve were built by the TJa.scalaDs. Clavigero, ii.
185, 180. Robertson.

^ SiMidovi^l had orders to proceed by a place, called by the SpaniarO;
' " » Puebl*

? 1

■\% \

40 AMERICAN ANNALS. {l52t.

t^eir backs the beams, sails, and other materials, n^cessdiry
for their construction ; two thousand were loaded with pro-
visions ; and thirty thousand were armed for defence, under
the command of three Indian chiefs >. After several expedi-
tions into the neighbouring cour 'ry; a fruitless attempt at a
negociation with Mexico ; and the suppression of a cohspi**
racy against his own life ; Cortes made h!s final preparation
for the siege of Mexico. On the twenty-eighth of April the
brigantines were launched into the Mexican lake. Notice of
the grand movements was given to the allies, who now poured
into Tezcuco, in great numbers, to the aid of the Spaniards.
On the twentieth of May Cortes collected his people in the
great market place of Tezcuco, and made a disposition of them
for the siege. Thie whole army, destined for this service,
consisted uf nine hundred and seventeen Spaniards, and more
than seventy-five a thousand auxiliary troops, which number
was soon after increased to more than two hundred thousand 3.
Cortes, resolved to possess himself of the three causeways of
Tlacopan, Iztapalapan, and Cojohuacan, divided his army
into three bodies, and committed the expedition of Tlacopan
to Pedro de Alvarado ; that of Cojohuacan to Christopher de
Olid ; and that of Iztapalapan to Gonzalo de Sandoval. Cor-
tes himself took the command of the brigantines >. After
several days, spent in various acts of hostmty, Coiftes, with
much difficulty, effected an entrance into the great square of
the city ; but was so violently assailed by the citizens, that
he found it expedient to retreat 4. Twenty days having

Puebla Morcsca, to inflict an exemplar}' punishment <. n the inhabitants,
■who had robbed and put to death 40 Spanish soldiers, who were on their
march from Vera Cruz to Mexico, for the relief of Alvarado In the tem-
ples at that place were found many traces of their blood upon the walls;
their idols were, besmeared with it; " and wc found," says B. Diaz, *• the
skins of two oi their face.s with their beards, dressed like leather, and hung
\ipon the altars, as v ere also the shncs of four horses, together with their
s>i:<ns, very well dressed." True Hist. Mex. ii. 40.

1 Clavisjero, ii. U6. B. Diaz. ii. 41. Uobertson, ii. book v. But thesp
authors differ from each other in their account of the number of armed hi-
dians, that guarded this convoy. T have followed Clavigero. The line
of march, accnrdin.s; B. Diaz, extended, in some places, above six miles;
und the entire materials tor l.S brigantines were thus carrie^- over land^
through a mountainous country, 60 miles.

2 Clavigero, ii. I60.

3 To Alvarado he assigned .30 horses, l6s foot soldiers, 20,000 Tlasca-
lans, and two pieces of artillery; to Olid, 33 horses, l()8 foot soldiers,
two pieces of artillery, and more than i2;>,000 allies; to Sandoval, '24
hoises, lf>S Spanish infantry; two cannons, and more than 30,000 allies;
Among the brigantines he cl'stributed 32 > Spaniards, and l'.\ falconets;
asMgniug to each brigantine a captain, V2 soldiers, and as many rowers.-
Clavigero, ii. 160. f '

4 Ibid. 102— lt)7.

■ •' -:.,-:.-■' -..% passed

*, .. .v.lf

mmm

1521.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 4Q

passed, during which the Spaniards had made continual en**
trance into the city, Cortes determined on a general assault.
On the appointed day he marched with twenty-five horses,
all his infantry, and more than a hundr d ^lousand allies; his
brigantines, with more than three thousand canoes, form-
ing the two wings of his array on each side of the causeway.
Having entered the city with little opposition, and commenced
a most vigorous action, the Mexicans made some resistance,
and then feigned a retreat. The Spaniards, pushing forward
with emulation to enter the square of the market, unwarily
left behind them a broad gap in the cause\Vay . badly filled up;
and the priests at this instant blew the horn of the god
Painalton I, when a multitude of Mexicans assembling, and
pouring with fury upon the Spaniards and allies, threw them
into confusion, and compelled them to retreat precipiiately.
In attempting to pass the gap, apparently filled up with fag-
gots and other light materials, it suak with the weight and
violence of the multitude ; when Spaniards, Tlascalans,
horsemen, and infantry, plunged in promiscuously; the Mexi-
cans at the same moment ruslaing upor tliem fiercely on every
side. A tremendous conflict ensued. Cortes, who had come to
the ditch, in aid of his defeated troops, was at length bringing
them off, when he was seized by sixchiefs, who had cautious-
ly taken him' alive, ** to honour their gods with the sacrifice
of so illustrious a victim," and were already leading him away
for this purpose. His men, apprized of his cant'ue, flew to
his aid ; and Christoval de Olea, cutting on with one strok«
of his sword the arm of a Mexit -m, who held him, and killing
four of the enemy, libei;ated his general, at the expence of his
own life. Other soldiers arriving to the assistance of Cortes
they took him out of the water in their arms, and placing him
on- a horse, hurried him off from the crowd of his enemies 2.

Various

I This horn was reserved for times of extreme danger, to exciic the
people to rinns. t:iuvij;er«.

'i B. Diaz, ii. 91^ — 1<»>. Clavigero, ii. i;'2— 17(». The loss, sustained
l)y the besiegers on that day, vvas seven horse.--, a niiinbcr of arms and
boats, and a piece of artillerv, upwards of lltoo allies, and more than (jO
Spaniards, some of v. horn were killed in battle, but -lu were taken alive,
and immediately saciifued in the great temple of Mexico. The Mexicans
celebrated their virtory eight successive days with illumfnations and music
in their temples. Ibid, and Robertson, ii. book v. This celebration ap-
pears to have commenced at the instant of victory. " Before we arrived
at our (|uaiters," says B. Diaz, " and while tlie enemy were pursuing us,
we heard their shrill tiinbals, and the dismal sound of the great drum,
fronj the top of the ])i incipal temple of the god of war, which overlooked
the whole city, its mournful noise was such as may be imagined thernu-
:ic of the infernal gods, and it might be heard at the distance cf almost

Vol. I. L three

111 J

60 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l52i;

Various acts of mutual and bloody hostility succeeded by
land and on the Mexican lake. Quauhtemotzin, the king of
Mexico, though reduced to the greatest distress, still obsti-
nately refusing to surrender, on repeated proposals of terms
more honourable and indul^cint, than, in such an extremity,
he might perhaps have possibly expected > ; Cortes began with
most of his forces to attack some ditches and intrencnments ;
and Sandoval with another division attacked the city in the
quarter of the north. Terrible was the havoc made this day
among the Mexicans, more than forty thousand of whom,
it is affirmed, were slain z. The stench of the unburied car-
cases obliged the besiegers to withdraw from the city ; but
the next day they returned, to make the last assault on
that district of it, which was yet in possession of the Mexi-
cans 3. All the three divisions of the troops, having penetrated
into the great square in the Centre of the city, made the at-
tack at once, and pressed so hard on the feeble, exhausted citi*
zens, that, finding no place of refuge, many threw themselves
into the water, and some surrendered themselves to the con-
querors. The Mexicans having previously prepared vessejs,
to save themselves by flight from the fury of the enemy, one
of them, carrying the royal personages, escaped; but it was
soon overtaken by a Spanish brigantine, and surrendered. *• I
am your prisoner," said Quauhtemotzin, the Mexican king,

three leagues. They were then sacrificing the hearts of fen of our com-

E anions to tlivir idols," " Every quarter of the city," says the descriptive
obertson, " was illuminated ; the great temple shone vith such pecu-
liar splendor, that the Spaniards could plainly fee the people in motion,
and the priests busy in hastening the preparations for the death of tlie
prisoners. Through the gloom tliey fancied that they discerned their
companions bs the whiteness of their skins, as they were stript naked,
and compelled to dance before the image of the god, to whom they were
to be oftered."

1 In addition to the daily loss of incredible numbers in action, famine
begau to consume the Mexicans within the city. The biiu;antines, hav-
ing the entire command of the lake, rendered it almost impossible to con-
vey to the besieged any piovisions by water. By means of ihe vast num-
ber of Indian auxiliaries, Cortes had shut up the avenues to the city by
land. The stores, laid up by Quauhtemotzin, were exhausted. The com-
plicated sufferings of this devoted people brought on infectious and mor-
tal distempers, " the last calamity, that viiits besieged cilies, and which
filled up the measure of ^their woes." . Robertson, ii. book v. P. Martyr, de
Orb. Nov. 408.

2 Clavigero, ii. 187. 188. On no day was so much Mexican blood spilt.
«• The wretched citizens having now ndthcr arms to repel tlie multitude
and fury of their enemies, strength to defend themselves, nor space to
<ight upon ; the groi.rf! "f . !io city was covered with dead bodies, and the

r.'A purpled with blood." Ibid.

<-ity were already reduced, and laid io ruins.

>Ynter of every ditc'»

S Tbree-fouiths -A
Eobert.on.

■/

\ • »'

1 5 2 1 .1 AMERICAN ANNALS. 5 ^

to the Spanish captain; '* I have no favviur to ask, but that
you will show the queen my wifs;, and her attendants, the re-
spect due to their sex and rank." When conducted to Cortes
.he appeared neither with the sullen fierceness of a barbarian,
nor with the dejection of a suppliant. " I have done \/hat be-
came a monarch. I have defended my people to the last ex-
tremity. Nothinjg now remains but to die. Take this dagger,"
continued he, laymghis hand on one, which Cortes wore at his
side, "plant it in my bi^east, and put an end to a life, which can
no longer be of use »." Cortes now ordered, that all the Mexi-
cans should leave the city without arms or baggage; and for
three days and three nights all the three roads, leading from
the city, were seen " full of men, women, and children, fee-
ble, emaciated, and dirty, who went to recover in other parts'*
of the Mexican territory ». The fate of the capital decided the

1 Robertson, ii. book v. B. Diaz* ii. 122. Clavlgero, ut supra. P.
Martvr, 40<). " En ferruin quo me potes et debcsjugulare, exosuin ct
molesvum mihi jam erit vivcre." But he was reserved for a more cruel
destii'iy. Quauhtemotzin was the eleveilth and last kin;; of Mexico. H«
succeeded Cuitlahuat/iit, a brother of Montezuma, formerly prince ot lir-
tapala|)an. who was elected king, on the dv-ath of Monte/uma; but, aftor
a I'cii^n of three or four months, died of the small pox. This disease, to-
tally unknown before iu the New World, was brought to the Mexican
country by a Moorish slave, belin<j;ing to Narvaez. He infected the
Clieiupoallcsc, and thence the infection spread through all the Mexican
empire, where many thousands perished, and some places were entirely
depopulated. [Clayigero, i. 4-1') ; ii. 133.] No brother of the two last
kings surviving, the Mexicans cliosc tiuauhtcmotzin, a nephew of those
kings, then about -23 years of age. His name is commonly written G«fl-
fimozin, or Guatuiiof'Jn. But in the article of language, and in some other
particulars, 1 give preference to the authority of the Abbe Clavigero, who
was a native of Vera Cruz j resided nearly 40 vcars in the provinces of
New Spain ; and acquired the language of the Mexicans. Quauhtemot-
ziii was in a few days put ignominiousJy to the torture, liy the burning of
his feet slowly alter tliey were anointed with oil, that he might declare
where the immenve riches of the court and temple were deposited ; and
about three years after [IM")] was hanged, together with tlie kings of
Tezcuco and Tlacopan, on account of some suspirious circumstances in
their coiiHuot, This mo«t wnjust and cruel act was blamed by all, and .
" occasioned some wiUclvngs and melancholy to Cortes." Clavisjero, ii.
lya. Ii. Diaz, ii. QA3, -284. Robertson, ii. book v.

'2 Mexico contained at this time (>(M),oi)() houses. [Clavigero, ii. 72, ]
Thfi-e were at this city, during the siege, 200,000 confederate Indians,
fluo Spanish foot, 8o horse, 17 pieces of small cannon, 1.'5 hrigantines, wid
Cooo canoes, [llerrei-a, iii 179, IW. I'urchas i. 7HS.] The siege lasted
7't days, during which time there werefH) dangerous battles; some thf)u-
saiids of allies perished; more than loo.*>paniards were killed and sacri-
ficed; and, according to the best comi)utati()n, more than 100,000 Mexi-
oiius were slain, beside upward of .W.ooo, who died by famine and sick-
ness. " The city appeared one complete ruin." Clavi^^eio, ii. 192, \93,

book V. Harris, Voy. i. 77'i.

V v^ '

W .: I 1 "

£3

fate

52 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l522,

fate of the empire, which was soon after entirely reduced under
the dominion of Spain >.

Bartholomew de las Casas, having obtained a commission
from the king of Spain to make a peaceable religious settle-
ment at Cumana, with orders that ships and seamen be pro-
vided for him at the royal charge 2, now arrived there with three
hundred artificers, " all wearing cosses." Gonzalo de Ocam-
po not allowing him to execute nis commission without direc-
tions from the governor of Hispaniola, Las Casas went to that
island, to obtain the governor's sanction. Gonzalo going there
also from New Toledo, followed by many of the inhabitants,
and some of the new colonists incautiously trading along the
coast, contrary to the express orders of Las Casas ; tne natives,
seizing this opportunity, demolished the houses at Cumana ;
burned the monastery ; and killed all the golden knights, and
others, remaining there, excepting a few, who escaped in a
small vessel. Not one Spaniard was now left alive, from the
gulf of Paria to the borders of Darien 3.

Panama was constituted a city, with the proper privileges,
by Charles V. 4.

1522.

The emperor of Spain appointed Cortes captain general and
governor of New Spain ; and certain commissioners to receive
and administer the royal revenue there, with independent ju-
risdiction 5.

I CUvigem, ii. book x. B. Diaz, ii. 124 — 12G. Robertson, li. book v.
Nothing was wanted, but a good cause, to render this conquest one of the
most illustrious acliievements, recorded in ancient or modern history. But,
wliiie we admire the action, as s?reat, we condemn it, as criminal. The
sanguinary customs of the Mexicans were indeed abolished by the intro-
duction of lAU()])oan principles and manners. But at what expente ? The
victors, in one year of merciless massacre, sacrificed more human victims
to avarice and ambition, than the Indians, during the existence of their
empire, devoted to their god<. The forms of justice were establislied.
But by what means? The Indian princes were despoiled of their territory
and tributes, tortured for gold, and their posterity enslaved. 'I'he Chris-
tian lleligion was introduced. But in what manner, and with >vl»at effect*
•' Her mild parental voice," to use the words of Clavigero, " was suborned
to terrify confounded savages; and her gentle arm in violence lifted up to
raze their temples and hospitable habitations, to ruin every fond relic nnd
revered monument of their ancestry and origin, and divorce them in an-
guish from the bosom of their country." For a further account o/Mtsi-
to. Set Kate 11, at the end of this volume,

1 Ve<;a, OGi.
. S Ilerrera, iii. 181, 182. Vega, C(32, 003. Robe t,on, i. bookiil.

4 Universal History, xxxix. \f>^.
: b Ilerrcra, iii. 3':J. Uubcrtiun, ii. book v.

Villa

•w.rsaa^*fiSjE!«^

1524.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 53

Villa del Spirttn Santo, in the province of Guascaca In Netv
Spain, was built by Gonzales de Sandoval «.

Newfoundland, settled by different nations, is said to have
contained at this period fifty houses >.

1523. '

Cortes with three hundred foot and one hundred and fifty
horse, conquered Panuco. On the river Chlla he built a town,
called Santo Stephanu del Puerto, and left in it a hundred foot,
and thirty horse 3. He now rebuilt the city of Mexico, on the
model of the European towns, dividing the ground among the
conquerors. The Spanish Quarter was now begun with twelve
hundred inhabitants 4. Alvarado, sent from Mexico with three
hundred foot, seventy horse, and four field pieces, to discover
and conquer Quahutemallan, and other towns toward the
South Sea, discovered and subdued all that country ; and bui|t
the city, called St. Jago Quahutemallan. Gonzales d'Avila
discovered and peopled a place in the bottom of Ascension Bay,
in fourteen degrees north latitude, and called the town Gil de
buena Vista 5.

Baron de Lery formed the first project in France for obtain-
ing a settlement in America ^.

1524. ^-r

John Verrazzano, a Florentine, having been sent out the
preceding year by Francis I. of France, with four ships, to
prosecute discoveries in the northern parts of America, now
coasted from the twenty-eighth to the fiftieth degree north la-
titude 7. In this voyage he discovered, with a considerable

degree

1 Encyc. Methodiqiie, fJeog. Art. Vim a del Spikitu Santo.

2 Ibid. Jr.'. '['KRUii Nklve.

.'J Herrera, iii. y78. Harris, Voy. i. 9r'2.

4 Herrera, iii. 279. 2S(t. Veneijas, California, i. IS.']. 'Die city was
ultimately built with l(to,000 houses, '♦ fairer and stronger than before."
J'urchas, i. 788. i

rt Harris, Voy. i. '27'i-

Miiiot, Hist. Massachusetts, i. liH. Tiie French A nnotator on an
Eni!;lisli woric entitled, " 'I'lie Conduct of the Trench with respect to No-
va Scotia," [note 4, p. 'io.] savs, the settlement of Lery was projected in
1.518 : •• Des l.^is, jc Baron de f^ery &de Saint Just, avoit enterpris de
former une habitation sur les cotes de I'Anierique sententrionale." I pre-
fer a known to a dubioij« authority. The .Annotator [p. 10] also says,
Lery and St. Just landed cattle on the Isle of Sable. Charlevoi.\ does not
mention cither in his Pastes Chronologiqucs.

.7 Ilakluyt, iii. iQrj — 300, where is Vcrrazzauo's own account of liis

E 8 - voyage.

- • rrx3 'i'*.

-"^

"■ ■'■-v ti SfT n mi

; I i

1 •

54 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l5?4,

degree of accuracy, the coast of Florida ». The whole extent
of his discovery was iipwards of seven hundred leagues of the
North American coast -, which he named New France 3. He
made another voyage the next year; but he and his crew were
lost by some unknown dissaster 4; and neither the king, nor
the nation, thought any more of America for several succeed-
ing years 5.

Historians remark, that it is to the great honour of Italy,
that the three Powers, which at this day possess almost all
America, owe their first discoveries to the Italians : Spain, to
Columbus, a Genoese j England, to the Cabots, Venetians ;

voyage, that he sent to the king. Universal History, xxxis. 406. Forster,
Voy. 43-2— 4.sa Prince, Chron. Iiilrud. Hti. Belknap, Biog. i. .'33. Harris,
Voy. i. 810. Brit. Emp. Introd. xlvi. and i. 16;}. Some historians fix
these discoveries in the years l.'>'i3, 1524. ib-2rj. It appears, that Verraz-
zano was sent out by the French liing in KV23; that he at first crui/ed
"with snccess against the Spaniards; that he at length sailed with one of
his f )ur ships on a voyage of discovery ; that he " departed from the disha-
bited rocke hy the isle of Madeira the I7th of January, theyccre 16Q4;'*
and that he made another voyage in Ihi.'), with the design of settling a co-
lony, but was ]ieard of no more. Forster supposes, that in his voyage of
1.'>'24 he first arrived oft' that part of the Americin coast, where the town
of Savannah now stands ; " a rew land," says Verra/zano, " never before
&eene uf any man either ancient or moderne." Having sailed thence to
the southward as far as to the 30th deg. north lat. it appears, that he then
sailed northwardly to the 34th deg. and thence still northwardly, until he
foimd the coast *• trend toward the east ;" that here he attempted to send
Lis boat ashore, but was prevented by the roughness of the sea •; that

1)rocectli.;i; in the eastward, he found a welt cultivated island t> and a little
)eyond it ;> ;^ood harbour, in which were more than 20 canoes, belongmg to
the natives ; that he proceeded still northwardly to 50 deg. along the coast
of the country ; and that then, on account of the failure of his provisions,
he sailed directly to Frifnce. Purchas [i. 769] says Verrazzano rather
sought to discover all along the coast, than to search or settle within land.
1 Chalmers, i. bl'i.
. * Hakluyt.
S Belknap.

4 Some authors say, they were masisacred and eaten hy the savages.
Charlevoix [flist. Nouv. France, i 7.] thinks that thestory is without foun-
daticm. I lis account is: " Peu de terns a|)res son arriv^een France, ilfit
iin nouvel armeinent a desscin d'ctablir une Colonie dans FAmerique.
Tout ce cju'on sgait de cette enterprise, c'est que s'etant emharf|ue, il n'a
point paru depuis, et qu'on n'a jamais bien s^ii ce qu'il etoit deveau."
See also Fastes Chronologi«nies, prefixed to his history, p. xviii. "II y
perit; On ignore par quel accident."

5 Ce qu'il y a de plus certain, c'est que le malheurcux sort de Verazani
fut cause, que pendant plusieurs annees, ni le Iloi, ni la Nation nesongc-
rent plus k I'Amerique. Charlevoix, Hist. Nouv. France, i. 8.

• Forster supposes this to have happened " somewhere about Ncv Jcr-
sej/, or Stafen Island." In lat. 40 deg. he entered a harbour, ivhich, by
his desvripi'ion. Dr. Belhnap supposed, tnust be that of New York.

■j- Sujij>o$ed bi) Forster to be Aantuihctt or Marthas Vinei/drd.

/ ■■"::'"^'"'"' ''■:'■ "'■''^-':. '-- -.V— • - - - ■ ■;- -- .".■-■-^and

'4acaai*a,'

1524.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 58

and France, to Verrazzano, a Florentine ; " a clrcumAtance
which sufficiently proves, that in those times no nation wag
equal to the Italians in point of maritime knowledge a|id ex-
tensive experience in navigation >." It is however remarkable,
that the Italians, with all their knowledge and experience,
have not been able to acquire one inch of ground for them-
selves in America. This singular failure has been ascribed to
the penurious mercantile spuit of the Italian republics ; to
their mutual animosities and petty wars; and to their con-
tracted selfish policy 2.

Luke Vasquez, a Spaniard of Aylon,^ having previously
sailed with two ships *o Florida, and perfidiously carried o^
a number of the natives 3, fur which vile action he had ob-
tained the reward of a discoverer of new lands, instead of
merited punishment, now sent over several ship^ to Florida.
The year following he came over in person, with three more
ships; but, as if in judicial punishment of his cruel perfidy,
he lost two hundred of his men, who were cut off by the
natives, and one of his ships was wrecked near Cape St.
Helena. These losses, with his disappointments in the ex-

1 The remark appears to be originul in Charlevoix [i. 1.]; the infe-
rencg is Forster's.

14 Forster, V'oy. 437. Pnrchas, i. 7.)').

3 A. D. 1520. He made this voyage with some associates, iji execu-
tion of tlie inhuman project of stealini^ Iniiinns, to Mippiy the scarcity of
hands in working; tlie Spanisli mines. Havini; at the place now cHlleti St.
IJelcaa decoyed a large number on board his ships, he sailed otV with them.
Most of tlicse wretched captives pined to death, or were wrecked in one
«f the ships, which foundered at sea. A few suHered a worse fate in Spanish
slavery. Univ. Mist. xli. 379. I*eter Martyr, 470, 471. " Uospitii fidcni
violarunt Hispani tandem. Astu namqtie artibuscpie variis, post cujicta
diligenter vestigata, operant dederunt utunadierum ad naves visendi cau-
sa niuiti concurrerent, implcntur naves iuspectantibus: ubi refertasviris
ac f:cminis hahuere, anchoris, evuLsis, velis protentis, higcntes alxluxerunt
in t>ervitutum. Ita regioneseas universus e.xamicis reliquenint inimicas et
ex pacatis perturbatus, HIiis a parentihus ahiatis ab uxoribiis maritis."
Charlevoix [Hist. Nouv. France, i. p. xvii.] says, that Vasque/ discovered
the Cape of St. Helena, at the mouth of a great river, which has since been
railed, 27ie Jourdain. In his map of the Coasts of French Florida [ibid. p.
24.] he makes the .lourdain the same as the Coiigtine, or Stiutve, of South
Carolina, and near it!< mouth puts these words: Ivi dvvoit ifri- ie Cap St.
Jh/ciu: I conjecture, that, instead of the Congaree, he should have taken
the Coinliu/icc, which empties itself into St. Helena Sound near the island
of St. Helena, whose inhabitants pronouocethe mme Stint 1/e-h-iiaA, de-
riving probably both the name and pronunciation from the Spaniards. I
have »ot:> nodutibt, but that \'asque2 landed on the Carolina coast: and,
but for another St. Helena in the Spanish Florida, I should lon^sii)( i l.ave
dfawn the same contiusiun from the following description of P. Marty c
(De Orb. Nov. 471.] which refers to the place where Vas<juez landed : —
♦• vel Kacchalaos anno abhinc vigcsimo sexto ex Anglia per Cabotum re-
pertos, aut Bacchalaiscoutiguas, arbitror eissillas tcnas."

E 4 pected

h'f:

il >

^s^^^^^=^

56' AMERICAN ANNALS. [l525.

pected advantarfes of his discoveries. Induced him to return to
Hispaniola, where he died of a broken heart ^

Papantzin, a Mexican princess, sister of Montezuma, was
baptized ; and she was the first person, who received Christian
baptism in Tlateloloco -,

1525.

Charles V. emperor of Spain, having sent Stephen Gomez
from Corunna, to find a passage to the Molucca Islands by
tlje way of America, this skilful navigator sailed to Cuba
and Florida, and thence northwardly to Cape Rui^o, in the
forty-sixili degree north latitude, and returned, without
making the discovery. He was the first Spaniard, who sailed
along this nort! ern coast 3.

Francisco Pizarro, and Diego de Almagro, who had already
distinguished themselves among the Spanish conquerors of A-
merica, not satisfied with the glory of the past, resolved to per-
form still greater achievements. Pizarro, having marched un-
der Balboa across the isthmus of Darien at the time of his dis-
covery of the South Sea 4, had received various hints from the
natives concerning the opulent connUy of Peru 5- He and Al*
niagro associating with them Hcrnandode Luque, a schoolmas-
ter and an ecclesiastic in Panama, who had amassed considera-
ble wealth, these three solemnly swore in public, and entered
into articles under hand and zeal, never to forsake each other
in any dangers or discouragement whatever, until! they should
have made an entire conquest of that country 6, Pizarro, by

licencct

1 Universalllistory, xl. .S7r,3SO.

2 Claviy;tMo, i. 231.

3 Prince, C.'hmn. .7'/)i'ro</.r.6. Forstei , Voy. 447. Peter Martyr [460,
4fil.] takes notice of this voyage: " Decrctum est, ut Stephanus Goine^
alia via tendat, tjua se intiuit lepertiiruni inter IJaccalaos et Floridas iter
ad Cataiuni ; n*. ]iie alitid iiabebit in mandatis, quam ut imjuirat, an exi-
tusad magnnin vulgo Caueni ex Ocean i luijus nostii variis inHexibus, ct
vastis ambagibus reper.atur. is, nee frcto neque h se promisso Cataio re-
perfis, le^ressiiscst intra mensum decirnim a discessu." \'ene!»ns [Hist.
Californ. i. 1(24.] affirms, tiiat he was sent out in 15'24, "and not in
liy'2'>, as Gomara says;" and that lie returned to Spain in ir>'2.'j, carrying
^vitli him some Indians. Gomez accompanied Mag'^llan in his great voy-
age a few years before. Purclias, i. 7.')S.

4 Robertson. See A. D. i.">l.'3. He was also witii Ojedn, in his disas
trous expedition for settling the continent. See A. D. 1510.

5 All the people on the coast of the South Sea concurred in informing
IJalhoa, that there was a mighty and opulent kingdom, situated at a con-
fiidcrable distance toward the soiith east, itobertscm.

() Vega, 4I«, 42(>, .V>2. " Luqiie celebrated mass, divided a conse-
crated host into three, and reserving one part for himscli> gave the other

two

li it

i>ll*»l|l>iiniK,ii<f»"<

3 526.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 57

licence of Peter Arias d'Avila, the Spanish governor, sailed
from Panama to Peru on this daring enterprize, with one hun-
dred and twelve Spaniards and some Indians, and Ahnagro
BQOijt followed him ; but both were repulsed and compellea to
leave the country, which they had invaded i.

1526. /•

Sebastian Cabot, not finding public patronage in England,
had passed over into Spain ; and was now employed by Charles
V, in a voyage for the discovery of the Molucca Islands ». Sail-
ing from Seville with five vessels 3, he first made the island of
Patos, near cape St. Augustine in Brasil. The loss of his prin-
cipal ship in the bay of Patos, a mutiny among his mariners,
and the want of provisions, sufficient to carry him through the
Straits of Magellan, induced him to resolve, not to proceed far-
ther on the projected voyage. Making a pinnace here, to pass
up the Rio de la Plata, he ascended that river sixty leagues,
and came to some islands which he called. The Islands ol St.
Gabriel. Here he left his ships, and rowed up the Ura-
guay in boats three leagues, to a river on the right, which
he called Rio de San Salvador ; built a small fort on its banks ;
and detached some soldiers up the river, under the command
of Alvarez Ramon. This officer and some of his people were
killed by the natives. Cabot next sailed about thirty leagues
up theParaguay, and built a fort at the mouth of a river, is-
suing from the mountains of Tucuman, and called it. The

two to his associates, of wliicli they partook ; and thus, in the name ot
the Prince of Peace, ratified a contract of which plunder and bloodi'hed
vrere the objects." Ilobertson.

1 Robertson, iii. boolcvi. Purchas, v. 1-U)1» where from p. 1491 top.
1497 is an account of "the conr|uest of Peru and Cusco." From these
authorities, and from Charlevoix [Hist. Nouv. France, i. 7«//W. xviii.'J
it a[>])eurs, that Pi/arro sailed from Panama, 14 November, 16-J4. But
the substance of the allied expedition was in l.Vi.j.

•i He went to Madrid, wiiere he entered into a treaty with the emperwr,
which was 4 March, lj'2."). Its principal articles were,"That Cabot should
have the commandofa squadron of four ships, in (piality of captain general,
and that Martin Mendoz, who had been treasurer to Ma^jellan's squadron,
shoitid serve under hitn, as lieutenant; that he should sail through the
newly discovercfl Straits, then cross the South Sea to the Molucca Islands,
and thence proceed on the discovery of 'I'liarsis, Ophir, and C'ipango,
which were then thought to be the islands of Japan ; ar.d that he should
there load his ships with gold, silver, and the other precious com-
modities which the country atVorded. It was Cabot himself, who pro-
posed this expedition. Charlevoix, Paraguay, i. do, ;!!.

.1 A ))rivate adventurer fieijjhtcd the liftli vessel at his own expence.
CharleNoix.

Fort

..)

r^sah'^^v-.t":!,,.:-:

vr". T^itrrneT' ■

58 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1526.

Fort Saiitl Spiritus ; but it is generally called by historians,
Cabot's Fort. Sendir)g dispatches to the emperor, with the
silver that he had collected, he remained at Paraguay two
years; discovered about two hundred leagues on that river;
and, leaving Nuno de Lara the command of ihe fort Santl
Spiritus with one hundred and twenty men, returned to
Spain '.

Previously to this lime, Thomas TIson, and Englishman,
had found the way to the West Indies, and was resident
there ; whence it is conjectured, that the English merchants
already carried on a clandestine trade with those p^rts of
America >.

Ji i '

■' >i

1 Herrera, iii. vJftl. Harris, Voy. 1. 272. Charlevoix, Paraguay, i. SI
— So. Charlevoix [\\nt\. fiiy— :](>.] tells an aft'ccting story of the fate of
this tjarrison, which, though it has the air of romance, is not incredible.
Man^ora, prince of the 'rinibiiez (an Ind/an nation in the neighbourhood
r.i" Cabot's fort), becoming enamoured with Lucy Miranda, a Spanish lady,
tile wifcof Sebastian II urtado, (one of the principal officers of the fort),
in order to obtain nosscssionof her laid a plot for the destruction of the
•arrison. Taking auvantage of the absence of Iliirtado, who was detached
with another officer, named Ruiz Moschera, and 6<» soldiers, to collect
provisions, he placed 4000 men in a marsh, and went with SO other),
loaded with refreshments, to the gates of the fort, which were readily
oi)ened for their admittance. Lara, the Spanish governor, in token of
gratitxido, gave them an entertainment, at the close of which, late at
night, M^ngora giving directions to his attendants to set fire to the ma>
ga/.ines of the fiirt, the 4000 men, at this preconcerted signal, rushed in to
tlie massacre. Most of the Spaniards were killed in their sleep. Lara,
though wounded, espying the treacherous prince, made up to him, and
ran him through the body, but was intercepted in his flight, and killed.
>iot a living person was now left in the fort, excepting Miranda, four
other women, and as many children, all of whom were tied, and brought
before Siripa, the brother and successor of Mangora. At the sight of
!Miranda, he conceived for her the same passion, which had nrovccl fatal
to bis brother. On the return of Hurtado, Siripa ordcreo him to be
tied to a tiee and there shot to death with arrows. Miranda, throwing
iicr>ic!f at tlie feet of the tyrant, by her suppliant charms procured her
husband's release. The Indian prince indulged them a restricted inter-
< oiirsc ; but tlie lioiuidaries being passed, he instantly condemned Miranda
to the Hamcs, and linrtadotothetortiyingdeath, which he had but lately
escaped. M<)>-chera now embarked with the poor remnant of his garrison,
and Cabot's Fort was abandoned.

!2 Hakliiyt, iii. .vOO. This fact was discovered by Hakluyt in "a cer-
faiiie note or letter of reineiubrance written li'iO by master Nicholas
Thorne, a princiiiall marcliant of Bristol, unto his friend and factour
Thonia? Midnall," then at St. T 'icar, in Andalusia. It appears, that to
the 'I'ison above mentioned Thome sent armour and other commodities,
spcrified in that letter. " Tliis Thomas Tison," says Hakluyt, (sofarre
as f can conjcctiMe' may secme to have bene some secret factour for M.
Tlioviic and otiier English niarchants in those remote partes ; whereby it
is proi)al)Ie ihat sonic of our marchants had a kindc of trade to the VVett
Indies even in those ancient times, and before also."

1527.

1527.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

■ 1527.

The scheme for discovering a passage to the East Indies by
the northwest being resumed in England, a voj' ge was made,
by the advice ofKobert Thorne of Bristol, with two ships,
furnished out by king Henry Vlll. but it proved disastrous.
One of the ships was lost in a dangerous gulf » between the
northern parts of Newfoundland and the country, afterward
called by queen Elizabeth, Meta hwogynlUr The second
ship, after the loss of the tirst, shaped its course toward Cape
Breton * and the coast of Arambec or Norumbega 3. The navi-
gators went frequently on shore, and explored those regions,
and returned in October to England 4.

1 Gulf of St. Ivawrence. Brit. Emp. J/ifrod. p. vii.

2 I'V/st r[V^oy. <>8«).] concludes, that as Cape IJieton was caMed hy tliis
name at s»> early a peiiod, it must have been thus named bj, Sebastian Ca-
bot in his voyage of 1497. But it is more probable, that it received its
name from the -Bretons, of Bretagnc in France, who early fished on the
uci;:;hbouring coast. [See Annals, p. '^f».J Forster himself [431.] meiuiuns
this supposition, witlv>ut strictiue.

S The situation of this coast Forster [Voy 290.] confesse';, is entirely
unknown to him ; but he " ratiier supposes it to be the coast ot what is now
called Nova Scotia, or perhaps of even a more southerly region." Tiir-
chas [v. Ui.1'2.] says, " l'en)ptesf<»et is that place, f-^ famous under the name
of I'Jorombega." M. Kene Laudonniere [Makluyt, i. 3oo.] sayj, that the
country, discovered by Verrazzano iu 1524, extends from •iii to 54 deg.
north lat. and in longitude from '210 to S.JO; and that "the casterne part
thereof is called by tlie late writers. The Land of Norumbega, which be-
ginncth at the Bay of Camo, which separateth it from the Isle of Canada."
Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 1 IJ.] says, that M. Denys divided all the eas-
tern and northern parts of Canada into four provinces, the first of which
reached from Fentagoet to the river of St. John, and was what had before
been called Norumbega : "La premiere, dcpuis Pentagoet, jusqu'a la
lUviere de S. .lean, il la nomine /<■/ Fruviiicc ties Etcclicmins, & c'est ce qu*
on appelloit auparavant lu Norhiilic^nc."'

4 Ihkluyt, i. .jl?; iii. I'iO. Hobertson, book ix. 28. Forsten 289.
Biblioth. Amcric. Anno i;)27. llakluyt inforn)s us, that Master Hobert
'I'liornc, ♦• a notable member and ornament of his country," oxhortt.^ the
king with " very waighlie and substantial! reasons, to set forth a disoove-
rie even to the North pole;" that "this his motion took present ctVcct ;"
and that "a Canon of .S. Faul in London, which was a great n)atheniati-
cian, and a man indued with wealth, did much advance the action, and
went therein himself in person." The imperfection of the account (.f that
voyage llakluyt ascribes to " the negligence of the writers of those tim<es,
who should have used more care in preserving the memories of the wot-
|hie acts of our nation."

1528.

!i.V'

■'^ff^^ew-'

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1528,

1528.

Pamphilo de Narv^ez, having obtained from Charles V. the
indefinite grant of" all the lands lying from the river of Palms
to the Cape of Florida," sailed in March from Cuba with five
ships and four hundred men, for the conquest of that country i.
Landing at Florida, he marched to Apalache, a village, con-
sisting of forty cottages*, where he arrived on the fifth of
June. Having lost many of his nen by the natives, who
harassed the troops on their march, and with whom they had
one si>arp engagement, he was ob ig ' to direct his course to-
ward the sea. Sailing to the est »/ard, he was lost with
many others, in a violent storm, about the middle of No-
vember ; and the enterprize was frustrated 3.

Pizarro, having made very extensive discoveries in Peru 4,
went to Spain, by agreement of the joint adventurers, to ask
a commission from Charles V* for the conquest and govern •
ment of that country ; and on giving information to the em-
peror of his discoveries and purposes, and presenting his
request, was appointed governor, captain general, and ade-

l Tic sailed from St. Lucar to Cuba l6 June, ir>27» with 600 men, but
be Ictt more than I to at St. Domingo. Purclias, v. \190- His commis-
sion authoriied iiini to conquer and jjuvern the Provinces within the pre-
scribed limits. Ibid.

y " Small low cottages, so built by reason of continual tempest." Pur-
cbas, i. 771.

;> Purchas, i. 7f>9; and v. 1490 — 1.V28, wlicre there is an entire account
of this voyage, as rlso in Harris, Voy. i. 790 — S(>">. Univ. Hist. .\1. .'J81 i
xli. 409- Heriera, iii. 418; iv. '27, '28; v. 91— !');>. Charlevoix, N<>uv.
France, i. p. xix. Venegas, California, i. 14^2. Prince, Chion. /»^/w/. 87.
From the hay «>f Santa Cru/, where they landed, to the place of their em-
barkation '2'i ^^cplember, it is computed, that they marched above 800
Jiiiies. Narvae/ is supposed to have been lost near the mouth of the Mis-
«isippi. His people, with great diillculty, provided a kind of boats, to
•-■ross tlic livers in their way, makina; tlieir ropes of horsehair, and their
5aits of the soldiers" shirts. In <;onclusion, 1/) only were left alive, 4 of
whom.attersnllerinir almost incredible miseries arrived 8 years afterwards
at Mexico, riic bay of I'ensacola is said, by the Spaniards, to have been
iliscovcied in this ex| edition by Narvaez, who landed there. Ibid.

4 See .A. 1). l.=»!i,"». He was absent three years on these discoveries, and
retur.'.ed to I'anama nbwut the end of \~t'i7' Hcrrera, iv. 0. Charlevoix
(Nouv. I'ranee, i. p. xix.] says, he discovered about '200 leagues of the I'e-
ruvian coast, even to tiie port of Santo beyond tlic district of Quito. The
?icklines>i oftho.se re.»i(.ns, and the liardsliips of the adventurers, may he
jnferreil from the extraordinary mortality, that prevailed among then).
IM/arrft carried out 1 1'2 men, Aliiiasrro 7o'. In less than nine months Klo
of these died. Vcw fell by the svvord ; most of them perisheu by diseases.
,t{<»l»crtson, lii. Note II.

. . lantado

■Sr- '^TTi

31.] AMERICAN ANNALS. fil

^antado of all the country, which he had discovered, wUh
Supreme authority ».

.3529.

Cortes, having gone to Spain the preceding years, now
si led an instrument, which had also the signature of the
empress of Spain, by which he obliged himself to send ships
at his own expence, for the discovery of countries and lands
in the South Sea 3.

1530.

William Hawkins of Plymouth having commenced a
friendly intercourse with the natives of Brasil, one of the kings
of that country voluntarily accompanied him to England,
where he was introduced to Henry VIII. at Whitehall 4.

Pizarro, returning from Spain, landed at Nombre de DIos
marched across the isthmus of Panama ; and joining Almagro
and Luque; these three enter,irising associates, by the ut-
most efforts of their combined interests, fitted out three
small vessels, with one hundred and eighty soldiers. With
this contemptible armament Pizario sailed, to invade a great

1 Ve^ra, 4^r,.

2 He went to Castile in great ponp, rarrying 250,000 marks of jjol<!
and silver, and was hononral)Iy reai ved l)y tlic emperor, wlio conferred on
him the vale of Atrisco in New Spain, with new titks, and extended pow-
ers. TIerrera, iv. '2i — '26. liar? is, \'f>\. i. Ci"'-'. Venenas, California, i. ISJ.

i] V^encL^as, i. l.S.i. C'ortes had, in hV-T, sent Saavcdra with three
ships from New Spain, to lind a i)as>a|;e that way to the Moluccas. One
of file ships arrived safely at these islaiiils, and retinned thesame way hack
to I'anama this year (1 ■).'>).) laden with sjiict.N. 'I'liis voyage prepared the
Spaniards to possess themselves of the l'hili|)pine isl;;nds, in tiie ludiaw
seas, whi<;li they hold to this day. Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. bi.
ilarris, Voy. i. '272.

4 Hakhi'vt, i.o'JO. Pnrchas, y. 1 170. " — at thesi^ht of vhomc," sa\s
Hakluyt, " tlie kin;;; and all the nobilitic did not a little marveile, and nut
without cause: for in !iis cheokes were holes made according; to their fn-
va!»e manner, and therein small bones were planted, standing an inch out
from the said holes, which in his own couutrey was rcjjuted for a grf;jt
braveric. He had also another hole in his nether lippe, wherein was fct
a preeions stone about the hi:;;nesse of a pease. All his apparel!, behaviour,
and i^esture, were very strange to the beholders." 'I'lie change of air an«l
Uict so iitllEttcd him, that oi\ his return with Hawkins he died at sea. Ibid.

tfur-

•^itel AMERIv AN ANNALS. [l532.

empire. Landing at the bay of St. Matthew, he advanced to-
ward the so'.'fh along (he scacoaht ; a-d after varions disasters,
reached the province of Coaque, iind sarprized and plundered
the principal settlement. Continuinic his march along the
coast, he attacked the natives with such violence, af com-
pelled them either to retire into the interior country, or to
submit to the conqueror; and met with little resistance, until
he attacked the island of Puna, in thebay of Guayquil, whose
inhabitants defended themselves wit'^ such obstinate valour,
that he spent six months in their reduction. He next pro-
ceeded to Tumbez, where he remained several months '.

1532.

Pizartc, passing forward to the river Pluro, established
Hear its moiitli the first Spanish colony In Peru, and named
it St. Michael 2. Leaving a garrison at this new town, he
began his n; ni:h, with a very slender and iT accoutred tniin
of followers \, upward Caxnmalca, where Atahuaipa, the Inai
of Peru, was eniampi>d with a considerable body of troops,
and soon met an officer, <iisp:Mched by the 1 r^ca with a valuable
present, and an offer of Ids aJliancc, and assurances of a
friendly reception at C»i>:i!!r\alca. Pizarro, advancing with
pretensions of comin.',' as ih<r j.mbas«atIor of a very powerflil
monarch, united wvh professions of friendship, entered the
town, and having posted his troops in an advantageous station,
dispatched Flermando Soio and his brother Ferdinand to the
• amp of tahualpa, which was about a league distant. He
iiiHtructed them to renew his assurances of a parcific disposition,
and 10 desire an interview with the Inca, that he might more
fully explain the intention of the Spaniards in visiting his
country. They were treated with the respectible hospitality,
charactetls<ic of the Peruvians ; and Atahuaipa promised to
visit the commander the next day in his quarters. Pizarro
now resolved, with equal temerity and perfidy, to seize the
person of the Inca, in the interview to which he had invited
iiliH. For the execution of his scheme he divided his cavalry
into three small squadrons, under the command of his brother

1 I'obcitsnn, iii. l)()(;k VI. ' *

•i llenora, iv. '22\. Kobertson, iii. 21.

J] Ii ronsistcd of (ij Iiorse, aiuJ !()<) toof, amon;; wliom were 30 cross-bo^-
mtMi.' Ifoiicra, iv. 3J0. In tliis dangerous entci prize I'izano incited his
nun to u;(» foi ward l)v the sinc;ii!ar argument, " tliat bis main desii^n wa'?
ti.c propii^atiii'^ oftbo Catbciic faitii, wilboiit injnriniiany pei^on." Ilaif
he b('< n iiiit iixji IIU..U.S enough tor tlie .\<abian impostor, hc w«uld have
iiKuiciin ailinirable propa^^ator of the Mohauunedaii faith.

fer-

1532.] AMERICAN ANMALS. (13

Ferdinand, Soto, and Belcanazar ; his infantry were formed
in one body, excepting twenty, of most tried courajje, whom
he kept near his own person, to support him in the dan<yerous
service, which he reserved for himself; and the artillery,
consisting of two field pieces, and the cross-bow-men, were
placed opposite the av^enues by which Atahuaipa was to ap-
jjroach.

ICarly ir; the morning the Peruvian camp was all in motion ;
and late la the day the procession, which had beeu arranged
with car*^, to give an impression of splendour and magni-
^Icenoft, bc^i'Ti to more. The Inca at length approached.
tint of all appeared four hundred men, in a uniform dress,
as harbingers, to clear his way. The Incahimse-i, sitting on
a throne or couch, adorned with plumes, and almost covered
with plates of gold and silver, enriched with precious stones,
was cai 'icdc 1 the shoulders of his principal attendants. Be-
hind him came some chief officers of his court, borne in the
sam- manner. This cavalcade was accompanied by several
baii' J of singers and dancers ; and the whole plain' was covered
with troops, amounting to more than thirty thousand men.
As the Inca drew near the Spanish quarters, father Vincent
Valverde, chaplain to the expedition, advanced with a cru-
cifi:f in one hand, and a breviary in the other, and in a long
discourse proposed to him the doctrines of the Christian faith ;
informed him of the donation, mac' ^ to the king of Castile by-
pope Alexander, of all the reg'ons in the New World ; and
required him to embrace Christianity ; to acknowledge the
supreme jurisdiction of the pope ; and to submit to the king of
Castile, as his lawful sovereign ".

Most of his harangue, mysterious in its nature, and trans-
lated by an unskilful interpreter, was altogether incomprehen-
sible to Atahuaipa, and some parts of it, of more obvious
meaning, filled him with iistonisiimeni and indignation. His
repl V, however, was temperate. He asserted his right to his
dominionsby hereditary succession ; and addeu, that he conlil
not conceive how a foreign priest should pretend to dispose of
territories, which did not belong to him ; that if such a pre-
posterous grant had been made, he, wha was rightful pos-
tpssor, refused to confirm it ; that he had no inclination to
renounce the religious institution of his ancestors ; and that
with respect to other matters, contained in the discourse, as
he did not understand their meaning, he desired to know
where the priest had learned things so extiaordiiiarva. " In

, . this

1 Ves,a, ^'iO, 4VI, rtobcrtsoii. iii. book vi.

2 V^tga, 45 1, tjj, where is tlic answer ot" \tahmlpa entire. To us it

apj.eais

I' s

64 AMERICAN ANNALS* [l532.

this boofc " answered Valverde, reaching out to him his bre-
viary. The Inca opened it eagerly, *and, turning, over the
leaves, lifted it to his ear: "This is silent, it tells me
nothing," said he, and disdainfully threw it to the ground.
The enraged monk, running toward his countrymen, cried
out, " To arms,* Christians, to arms ; the word of God is in-
Suited ; avenge this profan;\tic i on these impious dogs."
Pizarro instantly gave the siguai for a general assault. The
Inartial music sounded ; the canno. ind muskets began to fire ;
the horse sallied out tiercely to the chci.ge ; the infantry rushed
oh, sword in hand. The astonished Peruvians fled without
attempting resistance. Pizarro, at the head of his chosen
band, advanced directly toward the Inca through crowds of
his nobles, who fell in numbers at his feet in attempting to
cover his person; and seizing the Inca by the arm, dragged
him to the ground, and carried him, as a prisoner, to his
quarters. The wretched fugitives were pursued and slaugh-
tered with deliberate and unrelenting barbarity, until the
close of the day. Above four thousand Peruvians were killed,
but not a single Spaniard fell i.

The Inca, soon discovering the ruling passPon of the
Spaniards, o^ered as his ransom, to lill the apartment, in
which he was confined, which was twenty-two feet long and
seventeen wide, with vessels of gold, as high as he could
reach. The proposal was eagerly agreed to, and a red line
was drawn on the walls of the chamber, to mark the height,
to which the treasure was to rise 2. Atahualpa immediately
sent messengers to Cuzco, Quito, and other places,, where
there was most gold amassed ; and bis orders for the collec-
tion were promptly executed 3.

appears noble ; but it was iiisiifieialjle (o tlic soldiers of Pizarro, vho,
"Srowinp; weary of this lonp; and tedious discuiiise, began to quit their
|>laces, and come up closefothe Indians, to iii^lit with them and robthciu of
their jewels of gold and silver and precious stones." Ibid.

I Robertson, iii. book vi. Vega [4i7.] says, that ,0000 Indians' were
killed that day, .^ooo of whom were slain by the sword; and that tlic
rest were old and infirm men, women, and children, who were trampled
under foot ; for an innumerable multitude of all ages ar,d sexes were col-
lected, to see the solemnity of this strange and unheard ufcu.bassy.

'■2 Vega, 400.

S Robertson, iii. book vi.

1533.

l"'"%

1533.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.
1533.

The ransom of Atahualpa was now brought In ; and it ex-
ceeded one million live hundred thousand pounds sterling i.
After the division of this immense treasure among the Spa-
niards, the Inca demanded his liberty; but it was denied.
PizarrOy resolved on his death, t sily found pretexts for pro-
curing it. The charge consisted of various articles : That
Atahualpa, though a bastard, had deposed the rightful owner
of the throne, and usurped the regal power; that he had put
Jiis brother and lawful soverelgil to death ; that he was an
idolater, and had not only permitted, but commanded the
ofFerinjj of human sacrifices j that he had a great numbi-r of
concubines ; that since his imprisonment he had wasted and
embezzled the royal treasures, which now belonged of right
to the conquerors ; and that he had incited his subjects to take
arms against the Spaniards. After all the formalities of a trial,
observed in the criminal courts of Spain, Atahualpa was pro-
nounced guilty, and condemned to be burnt alive 2. Asto-
nished at his fate, heendcavouied to avert it by tears, by pro-
mises, and by intreaties, that he might be sent to Spain, where
a monarch would be his judge. But Pizarro, unmoved,

1 Kurop. Settlements, i. 1 H. Vega [474, 482.] says, that the sum total
of the ransom amounted to 4,60j,670 ducats; and that tliere were 40 or
.'jO.OOO pietjj-s ol"eii«;ht to a man. Dr. Robertson [iii. book vi.] says, that
after setting a|)art the fiftli due to the crown, and 100,000 pesos as a dona-
tive to ll)e soldiers wliich arrived with Almaa;ro, there remained one mil-
lion five hundred and twenty-eight thousand five lumdred pesos to Pi/arro.
and his followers, and that hOOO pesos, "at that time notinfcricr in eti'ective
value to as m '.ny pounds sterling in the present century," fell to the share
of each hoiscinaii, and halt'tliat sum to each foot soldier l*i/arro and his
oflircrs received <lividen(ls proportioned to the dignity of their rank.— — It
i"i ail astonishing fact, that wlicn tiiere was a dissatisfaction at tlie de' >y of
completing the ransom within the limited time, which however was ex-
cused by the Inca on account of the distance of Cii/co, three S|)aniarv1s
only were sent to that capital, with directions to take possession both of tliv^
city ami treasures, tliough C'u/co was guarded by an army of 50,000 of the
natives. Two hundred men's loads of gold weie brought away, without
tlie least opposition, in massy plates from the temple of the Sun. Harris,
Voy. i. 7«).'.

'i llohertson, iii. book vi. Montesipiieu, having established the nrincf-
])](.', " I'hat we should not decide by political laws things which belong to
the law of nations," adduces this historical example as an instance oififs
cruel violation by the Spaniards. " The Ynca Athualpa could only be,
tiieil by the law of nations; they tried him by jiolitical and civil laws^
."»iul, to till up the measure of their stupitlity, they condemned him, no' by
the political and civil laws of bin own country, but by the political ,. iii
civil laws of theirs." Spirit of Laws, vol. ii. boek :cxvi. chap, xxi, xxii.

Vol. I. F ordered

M AMERICAN ANNALS. [l535.

ordered him to be led Instantly to execution. Valverde, at
this critical moment attempting his conversion, promised
mitigation of his punishment, on his embracing the Christian
faith. The horror of a tormenting death extorted from him
the desire of baptism. *• The ceremony was performed ; and
Atahualpa, instead of being burntj was strangled at the
stake >." Fizarro, to complete the scene of shameless guilt>
gave him a magnificent funeral, and went into mourning >.

Pizarro soon after forced his way into Cuzco 3, ancTtook
possession of that capital in the most solemn manner for the
king of Spain 4. ^ ^

tfenalcazar, governor of St. Michael, marched with some
Spanish soldiers through a mountainous country, and, though
frequently and fiercely attacked by the natives, surmounted
every obstacle by his valour and perseverance, and entered
Quito with his victorious troops. Alvarado, about the same

1 Rubertson, iii- book vi. Had the Spanish historians of South America
been contemporary with the Spanish conquerors, we n)ight have suspected
tliem of a confederacy, to varnish over the entire actions of the Conquest
with the gliss of religion. The extorted consent of the wretched Inca to an
ablution, whose meaning he neither understood, nor regarded, is ascribed
by Garcilasso de la Vega to tlic infinite mercy of God. The Catholic his-
torian believed, doubtlesis, that by means ot this rite the murdered Inca
received as great a rcconipcuce for the loss of his /j/e, as his subjects for
the loss of their coniitri/ } which, Acosta assures us, '• was recompensed to
them by the gain which heaven was to their souls." — " But now," sa^s
Vega, " to consider that an idolater, who had been guilty of such horrid
cruelties, as Atahualpa had been, should receive baptism at the hour of
his d.'atli, can be esteemed no otherwise than an effect of the infinite mercy
of God toward so great a sinner as he was, and 1 am." Commentaries of
Peru, 47t). Atahualpa, who ever since the arrival of the Spaniards had
been impressed with a persuasion, that the end of his empire was approach-
ing, was greatly depressed at the sight of a comet ; and said to Pizarro,
who asked the cause of liis depression : " W hen I saw nivself first in chain ,
I thought theicwould be little distance between my impriMmment and
my grave, of which I am now fully certified l)y this comet.'' ibid. 47'i.
Alsted, aGerman author, [Thesaurus Chronoit^^iic, p. 492.] takes notice of
this comet, and relates several calamitous events, vthwh/oi/owed it. " i ■)S3.
Arsit cometaxiphias seu ensiformis. Sequuti sunt i rnemotus in dcrma-
nia, mutationes in Anglia, et contentio inter Carolum V. cum Gallosu|)er
ducatu Mediolanensi." This expositor of omens oujjht to have added.
The termination of the empire of the Incas.

2 Vega, 474 — 478. Herrcra, iv. .i73, 97(i. Purchas, v. 143G. Europ.
Settlements, i. 143, 144.

3 This was the imperial city of the Incas, and was situated in a corner
of the Peruvian empire, above 400 miles from the sea. Robertson. . The
spoil of this city was immense. See llei rera, iv. S'J I.

4 Ilerrcra, iv. 392. Uohertson, iii. book vi. Historians difl'nr widely
in their daU-s of the events of this toiitjuest. 1 have generally followed Ur.

'_.''''- ' • time.

mama

35.

s, at

used
Btian
him
; and
; the

took
or the

some
hough
mated
ntered
: same

\tnerica

ispected

lonquest

ncatoan

ascribed

lolic hi»-

red Inca

jects for

pensed to

w," says
horrid
wur of

te mercy

itaries of

ards bad

[>roach-
'i/arro,
m chain ,
inent anil
id. 47'i-,

notice of

Cicima-
allo super
e added,

Europ.

a corner
on. . The

l«r widely
lowed Dr.

time,

J534.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 67

time, made a most hazardous expedition into the same king-
dom '•

3534.

The Spaniards had already begun to settle a colony in the
interior part of Peru * ; but, for the better accommodation of
trade and commerce, Pizarro now transplanted them to a
place near the sea, selected for a new settlement, over against
the valley of Riinac, and here he founded the city of los
lleyes 3 ; since known and celebrated under the name of Li-
ma 4. _

Though the misfortune of Verazzano had suspended the
enterprizes of the French for discoveries in the New World ;
yet, on a representation made by Philip Chabot, admiral of
France, of the advantages that would result from establishing
acolony ina country, from which Spain derived her great
wealth, these enterprizes were renewed. James Cartier of
St. Malo, by commission from the king, sailed in April from
that port with two small ships and one hundi-ed and twenty-
two men ; and on the tenth of May came in sight of New-
foundland; but the earth was covered with snow, and great
quantities of ice were about the shore. Six degrees to the
southward he discovered a harbour, which he called St. Ca-
tharine's. Returning to the northward, he sailed almost
round Newfoundland. In forty-eight degrees thirty minutes
north latitude he discovered and named the Baye des Cha-
leurs, or Heats 5 ; and the Gulf of St. Lawrence 6, Having

1 Robertson, iii. book vl. ,\l\'arado, a distinsinishetl officer in the con-
quest of Mexico, had obtained tliegoveniincitt ot'Cuatimala. Heembarlc-
■ed on this expedition with .'>0() men, above '20(» ot'wjiom served on horse-
back, and, landing at I'ucrto Vie^o, coiniiicnced iiis march toward Quito ;
but in paHsin;; the inowy ridi.^ of the Andes and the deserts Co of his men
were fro/.on to death, and before he reached the plain of tluito a fifth pai t
of the men and half of their horses died. No expedition in the New Woi Id
was conducteil with more perseveiing cour;\!>e than this; and in none were
greater harclsliips endured. Hobertsun. V'ei;a [ I'ji, 41)3.] says, among
those who were frozen to ticatli in passini; ilie AiuUs, was the first Spanish
woman, who ever tame to Peru.

'i In the vallev of Sauwa, 30 leagues fnmi Rimac witliin land. Ve^a.

S Vega, !r2l,b2.L

4 Uobei tson, iii. book vi. Lima is a corrup ion of the ancient name of
the valley in which it is situated, ibid, llerrcra [iv. Kit*; v. i.] puts the
buildini^of Lima in MjP,!*: and Robertson |H January <A' tliat year. I fuU
low tile historian of l*eru, wlio after observins; the ditterent dates of other
Ijistorians, fixes on tlie beiMnnint; of 1544.

.^ 'I'luis named on account of tlie sultry wcatlier. .,

a Narued from his cutering it on the day of that festival.

F 2 sailed

mi'

tf-EA

C8 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l535.

nailed to the fifiy-first degree of latitude, in the iHiccesslesft
hope of passing to China, he returned lo France, without
making a settlement >.

. . 1535.

Cartier, by royal commission, sailed a second time from
France, with three ships, accompanied by a number of young
men of distiuclion, who were desirous of making their for-
tunes under his guidance ». Discovering now the river of
Canada, which gradually obtained the name ofSt. Lawrence 3,
he. sailed up this noble stream three hundred leagues to a great
and swift fall ; formed alliances with the natives; took pos-
session of the territory ; built a fort ; and wintered in the
country, which he called New France. He at this time vi-
sited Hochelaga, which he called Montreal, a large Indian
settlement 4, where the French were well received, but were
soon infected with the scurvy, of which disease twenty-five of
their number died. The next spring Cartier returned with
the remains ofhiscrewto Frances. This was the first at-
tempt of the French to make a settlement in America ^,

Cartier expatiated to the king on the advantages, that would
probably result from a settlement in this country^ principally

1 Charlevoix, Hist. Nouv. France, I. p. xx. Jntroit. and p. 8,9. Ilakiuyr,
iii. 180, '201— 'il'2. Purchas, i. 749; v. lOoS. .Diiiv. Uibt. xxxix. 4o;.
Betknap, Bio«. i. 34. Prince, Ciiron. Introd. 89. Forsterj Voy. 437, 43ii.
Brit. Eiup. Introd. p. xlvii.

2 JeunesGentilshomincs, qui voulurentleiuivreenqualite de ^'ohln•
taires. Charlevoix.

.S .^ccordinij lo CliarJcvoix, the name of St. Lawrence was first given
to the Bay, it was next extended to the Gulf; and tlien to Mc Utter uf
€a>iada, which discharges itself into the Gulf. Hist. Nouv. France, i. 10.
In sailiiiir iip this river Cartier discovered Ilazleor Filbert Island [Isicaux
Coudre;] Uacchus l.tland, since called, The Isle of Orleans; and the river
St. Croix, sii'cc called Jacques Cartier's river. From this rivor, partly by
■tratageni and partly by foicei'.lie carried off'Donnaconna, achief of the
natives. •'Thv'; poore king of the countrey with two or three others ot
his cliicfe companions comining aboarde the I'rench shifpes, being reuuir-
ed thither to a banquet, was traiterously carryed away into France, where
lie lived four yeeres, and then dyed a Christian there." Ilakhiyt, iii. l»i;.
It appears, that ten of the natives were carried to France by Cartier; and
that all of them, excepting a girl ten years of age, died before his third
voyage in :540. Ibid. iS'i.

4 It contained about .')0 dwellings, each 50 paces long, and 14 or l/}
hroad, encompassed with pallisadoes. The original name, given by Cartier,
was Mont-Royal, and was applied by him to a mountain near the Indian
villa'4.et but it was afterward extended to the entire island, called at this
■ day Montreal. Charlevoix, i. i.s.

5 Cluirlevoix, i. 9— IS. Ilakluyt, iii. « 12-^23!!.
a J'Wi'.tcr, Voy. 4.39.

^^at^

1,536.] AMERICAN ANNAl.S. OO

by incaas of the fur trade ; but the fallacious opinion, then
prevalent uniong all the nations of Europe, thai such countries
«t.;!y, as produced gold and silver, were worth the possession,
had such influence on the French, that they slighted the salu-
tary advice of Cartier, and would hear no more of the esta-
blishment of a colony in Canada >.

Don Pedro de Mendoza, with twelve ships and two thou-
sand men, made an expedition up the river de la Plata, to dis-
cover, conquer, and inhabit the circumjacent regions ; and
died on his return home 2. The people, whom he left, built a
lar^e town, called Nuestra Sennora de Buenos Avres 3, the
capital of the government ; and, with the aid of the natives,
discovered and conquered the country, until they came to the
mines of Potosi, and to the town of la Plata 4. . , ;

, li • ' ' r .

153(3. '

A voyage was made from England to Newfoundland by one
hundred and twenty persons, tliirty of whom were gentlemen
of education and character f . The tirst land, ttiat they made,

> was

^ - '

I Forslcr, Voy. 441. s

a He sailed from Cadiz in August 1M5. Clmrlevoix, Parasjuay, i. 42.
By a storm in the river lu Plata he lost 8 of his ships and sailed with the
rest for Spain i leaving behind the greatest part of his men. In a short
time not ftOO of them remained alive [I'urchas, i. 849.] and at length but
200, who went in the ship boats far up the Paraguay, leaving' their mares
and horses at Buenos Avres. " It is a wonder," savs l.ope/ Vaz, ♦• to see
that of Su Diaresand 7 horses, which the Spaniards left therr, the increase
in 40 years was so great that the countrey is 2u leagues up full of horses."
Ilakluyt, iii. 7H7.

3 From its salubrious air. Ibid, and Ilakluyt, iii. 7S,<(. The Islands of
St. Gahriel [See A. D. I.w6.] werea little alwve this place. Ibid.

4 Harris, Voy. i. '27.3. Univ. Hist, x.xxi.x. 'ios. I'.iicyc. ?

Ceog. Art. Buenos Avres.

icyc. Methodi(]ue,
'I'his Spanish colonv two years afterward

[I3i7] built the town of Atsumption'oij the ri\er Paraguay rPmchas, 1.
«')0. Herrera, v. ;14.'J.]-, and "the Indians" of this place " tt-stowed their
daughters in marriage upon them, and so they dwellt all to;{ethcr in one
towne." They were here i2() years before any intelligence of them readi-
ed Spain ; «' but waxing olde, and fearing that when tliey were dead, their
sons, which they had begotten in this countrey, leing very many, should
live without tl>c knowledge of atiy other Christians," they built a ship,
and sent it into Spai« with letters to the king, giving an account of all that
had occurred ; and the king sent 3 ships with a bishop and several priests
and friers, " and more men and women to inhabite, with all kind of cat-
tell." Hakluyt, iii. 788. Lopez V^az (ibid.) calls the town La Asiruxiuii.
a Hakluvt says, "One Master Hore of London, a man of goodly sta-
ture and of great courage, and given to thestudieof Cosmogra|>iiic, en-
couraged divers gentlemen and others, being assisted by the king's favour
and good countenance, to accompany him" in this vdyage of discovery ;
and that " bis pevswasions tookc such eflect, that withiii short space many

f 3 gen-

\ h

n '

t' '

. ?'■.;

70 AMERICAN ANNALS. \^537.

was Cape Breton, whence they sailed north-eastward to
the island of Penguin, and then to Newfoundland ; but, after
suffering the extreniiiy of famine, in which many perished,
and the survivors were constrained to support life by feeding
on the bodies of their dead companions, they returned to
England i. -

1537.

Cortes with three ships discovered the large peninsula of
California a; and the island of St. Jago in its vicinity 3.

The Supreme Council of the Indies in Spain made some
ordinances for the provinces in New Spain j among which wfere
the following: That the Prelates should see the children of
the mixed race between Spaniards and Indians instructed in
the Christian doctrine, and good manners ; that the Viceroy
should not permit the Indian youth to live idly, but require
that they learn some trades; that the College, founded by the
Franciscan Friers at Mexico, for teaching Indian boys the
Latin Grammar, should be finished ; and that the Indians*

gentlemen'of the Innes of court, and of the Chancerie ; and divers other*
of good worship, desirous to see the strange thini^s of the ivorld, very •wil-
lingly entred into the action with him." This indefatigable author wfote
most of his relation from the mouth of Master Thomas Butts, one of the
gentlemen adveuturei-s, " to whom," says I(a^<Uiyt, " I rode 200 miles
onely tu Icarne the whole truth of this voya!':o from his 6wn mouth, as
being the onely man nov/ alive that was in'this discoverie."

1 Hakluyt, i. 517 — ."ilO. »''d iii. 129 — 131, wliere there is an entire ac-
count of this voyage. When reduced to such extremities, as to be ready
to cast lots, whose turn it should be to betlevoured next, there arrived a
FrenchshJp, of which they made themselves masters, and left theirs to thj^,
French, after distributing among them a sufficient quantity of provisions.
Some months after their arrival in England, a complaint was brought a-
gainst them by the French for the forcible seizure of their vessel ; but the
king, learning the direful necessity, which had induced them to this act of
violence, indemnified them out uf liis own purse, and allowed them to pass
with impunity. These adventurers appear to have been ignorant of the
immense store of fish on all the banks about Newfoundland ; whence it
is concluded, that this fishery must hai e been in useS2 years at least, with-
oui the knowledge of the Eiiglish. Ibid, and Forster, Voy. 290, 291.

2 Venegas, California, i 1 — 4. This name wasgiven to the peniittula
at its first discovery ; and is sup|)osed to have had its origin in some acci-
dent; for its etymology cannot be traced. The 1 : aniards, in honour of
Cortes, afterward called the (Julf of California, Mar de Cortes. Ibid, and
Pref. In the Map, inserted In Venegas' Historv of California it is called,
"The Gulph of California, or Cortes's Red Sea.'' Robertson, ii. 394 ; but
be puts this discovery in 1536. Encyc. Methodique, Geog. Art. Cali-
fornia.

3 Herrera, v. 74—91 } vi. 178--185. Harris, Voy. i. 273. '

' ■ •■ ■ ■' . , , ^^ '' '^ • who-

1540.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 71

who understood not Spanish, appearing befcre any Court,
should bi allowed a Christian friend of their own, to assist
them, and save them from injustice >. . j

» *

1538. ' . »

Pizarro sent Baldivia with a large number of Spaniards, to
discover and conquer the country of Chili ; and they dis-
covered considerable territory, principally on the sea coast to-
ward the south east, to upward of forty degrees south lati-
tude »•

1530.

Ferdinand de Soto, governor o " Cuba, having projected the
conquest of Florida, sailed from the port of Havanna with nine
vessels, nine hundred men beside sailors, two hundred and
thirteen horses, and a herd of swine. Arriving on the thir-
tieth of May at the bay of Espiril^u Sau on the western coast
of Florida, he landed three hundrecl iien, and pitched his
camp ; but about break of day the next morning they were
attaclced by a numerous body of natives, and obliged to
retire 3,

1540. • -

Notwithstanding the general rejection of Chartier's advice
relative to making a settlement in Canada 4, individuals
entertained just sentiments on the subject. A nobleman
of Picardy, Fran9ois de la Roque, lord of Roberval 5, more

1 Herrera, v. 154. -s^

2 Harris, Voy. 1. 673, who places tlie enterprize in this or the foBowingf ''
\e.ir. Almajjro had previously (in 1535) invaded Chili, but met with for-
midable opposition from Ihe natives, and was recalled from his expedition
by an unexpected revolution in Peru. Robertson, iii. book vi.

3 Ilcrrera, v. 2io. Dniv. Hist. xl. 382. Belknap, Biog. i. 186. There
is an entire account of this expedition in Purchas, v. 1A2R — I55GL 8oto
had already received from Charles V. the title of Marquis of Florida. Near-
ly 1000 men were raised in Spain for the expedition, and among them
•were many gentlemen of quality. Ten ships were fitted owt to carry them
with all necessary stores; and they sailed from San l.ucar tor Cum 6 A-
pril, 1538. Herrera, v. 224. Prince, Chron. Introd. 92. Biblioth. Americ. 57.

4 See A. D. 1535.

5 Created by the king (1^ January, 1540) lovd in Noriimbega, and bit
lieutenant general and viceroy in Canada, Hocbelaga, Saguenay, New-
foundland, Belle Isle, Carpon, Labrador, the Great Bay, aud Baccalaos,
with plenary authority. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 21.

f 4 tealous

72 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l541*

xealous than any of his countrymen for prosecuting dis-
coveries in this country, fitted out two ships at his own ex-
p^nce; but being ready for embarkation himself, he sent Car-
*tier with live ships before him, with a royal commission, as
captain general '. Cartier commenced this voyage in May ;
and, after encountering many storms, landed in Newfound-
land on the third of August. Roberval not arriving, he pro-
ceeded to Canada; and on a small river, four leagues above
the port de St. Croix, built a fort, and began a settlement,
which he called Charlebouro; *.

' I

1511.

' ' '

Francis Orellana, having accompanied Gonsalvo Pl^arro
from Quito to the river Nnpo, followed its course to the
Maregnon ; descended that river ; and arrived at its mouth
after a voyage of nearly seven months 3.

The reduction of Cliili was completed 4.

St. Jago de la Nueva Estremadura, the capital of Chili,
<vas founded by Peter de Valdivia5.

St. Jago de Guatimala was principally destroyed by the
eruption of a volcano, attended with a dreadful storm, and
succeeded by an inundation C', The city, for greater securi-
ty,

1 This commission, given by Francis I. is inserted entire, in the original
Fiench, in Hazard's Collections, i. 19—21.

2 llakiuyt, iii. 232—^36. Forster, Voy. 441, 442. Prince, Chron. /«•<
trod. 02. Chalmers [i. 82.] says, Cartier built this fort with the design rather
to explore the great river of St. Lawrence, than to take formal possession of
the country. 'I'his first settlement appeal's to have heen at no great dis-
tance from Quebec and the little river of Charles. There is a small place

Just about there, called Charlesbourg. Forster, Voy. 444, Translator's Nofe.

"■I^. 3 Hiobertson, iii. 8"). Marris, V^oy. i. 272. Harris savs, he sailed 600
leagues down this river, which he and llcrrerasayis the River of the Ama-
zons. Gonsalvo Pi/arro went from Quito in l."')4n with 200 Sjjaniardi?,

"*and .'700 Indians to carry burdens, to discover the Isle of Cinnamon. Ar-
riving at Guana, Pi/arro soon after near the Nano left bis sick men and
treasure with Orellana, and went with a cnnyjany by land along tlie river's
side200 leagues. Orellana, in the meantime, went down the river. Pi-
zarro, not finding him on his return, was reduced to great extit-niity f<>r
vant of provisions ; and of the 200 Spaniards, who left Quito, not more
than 10 returned to that city. Ibid. 2; .'5.

4 With the addition of Chili, seven great kingdoms, inhabited by a vast
number of wealthy and warlike nations, bad now, since the discovery of
America, been compelled to submit to the Spanish yoke. Europ. Settle-
ments, i. 67.
.S TIerrera, v. .'JOO. Lniv. Hist, xxxix. 208.

(> It was the capital of theaudienreof Guatimala,and oneof the noblest
cities of New Spain. Ilerrera [v. 550.] says, that COO Indians perished, and ;i

grciU

1542.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 73

ty, was now removed, together with the episcopal see and
king's council, to the distance of two miles '.

Francis Jtl^iTro was assassinated at his own palace at nooa
day, by the friends of Almagio, attheageofsixty-threeyears^.

Don Pedro de Alvarado, in assisting to suppress an insrr-
rection of Indians, was thrown down a precipice by a horse,
which fell from a high rock against him ; and he died soon
after of his bruises 3.

..• ■ """r^' 1542.

Soto, having marched several hundred miles, and passed
through the Indian towns of Alibama, Talise, and Tascalusa,
to Mavilla, whence, after a severe engagement, he had re-
treated to Chicac;a, remained there until April of this year 4.
His army, now resuming its march through the Indian terri-
tories, was reduced to about three hundred men, and forty
horses 5. Soto, having appointed Lewis de Moscoso his suc-
cessor in com nd 6, died at the confluence of Guacoya and
Mississippi 7.

great number of Spaniards. Tlie authors of the Universal History [xxxix.
147.] say, that, beside a liurricane and volcanic eruption, there was at the
same time one of the most dieadfnl earthquakes, ever felt in anypartof the
globe; but their account of the number that perished appears exagy,erated.

1 I'urchas, i. 814.

'2 Vega [Ol'i — 615.] says, that 13 conspirators in Chili went with drawn
swords, and y assinated him. llerrera [v. '289 — 291.] says, that John de
Ueda was at the head of the conspirators ; that he was joined by 17 others,
'• all able and daring men ;" that they acquainted I'l others, " no ways in-
ferior to themselves," with the design, wlio also agreed to carry it on; that
" they all set out armed from Alniagro's houve;" and that s(Miie stayed to
curcthestreets, "so that tliosc, who made ti) his house, v, ere only nineteen."

3 llerrera, V. 3.>1— .'5"it. Vega, ").'().

4 See A. D. 1. ").'><)• He readied Mavilia (a town ciulo'od with wooden
walls) in IMl. 'I'lie engagement there was in October of that year; and
in it ','000 poor natives were slain, and 48 Spaniards. A consideiablc num-
ber of .Spaniards died afterward of their wounds ; so that their entire Ioas
was 8.J. 'I'hey lost also 4.''> horses. 'I'he town was burnt in \lic action,
Chicai;a was an Indian village of Jo houses,

5 Lniv. Hist. xli. ;3tjl. Sec A. U. K'>43.
r> llerrera, vi. 8.

7 llerrera, vi. i). Purchas, v. I. ').52. Belknap, Biog. i. 102. Univ. Hi; t.
xli. 3lV>. To prevent the Indians from obtaining knowledge of his death.
Ills body was put into an oak, hollowed for that purpose, and sunk in the
river. IJelknap, l>iog. i 1!.).'. Harris, Voy. i. SO}), llerrera, vi. •). Herrera,
^^ho mentions the hollowed oak, defines the place in the river where ii
was sunk, by saying it was where the river was a (luarter of a league over,
and 10 fathoms deep. At his death he was 4'2 years of age, ami had e.<-
jiended 1(H),(»(H) ducats in this expedition. Heriera, \i. 9, where there is
ajjlcasing account of his character.

Juan

''■^ 'I

AMERICAN ANNALS. [l54 4,

Juan Rodiiguez de Cabrillo, a Portuguese in the service of
Spain, on an expedition, to search for the Straits of Anian,
and to explore the western coast of America, discovered land
^ in forty-two degrees north latitude, on the North American
coast, and, in honour of the Viceroy, who had employed
him called it Cabo Mendocino. Having proceeded to the
forty-fourth degree, he was compelled by the sickness of his
crew, the want of provisions, the weakness of his ship, and the
turbulence of the sea, to return '.

Cartier, having waited in vain at Canada for the arrival of
the viceroy M, de Roberval, and consumed all his provisions ;
and now dreading an attack from the savages, set out on his
return to France. Roberval, with three ships and two hundred
persons, coming to recruit the settlement in Canada, met
him at Newfoundland, and woul.d have obliged him to return
to his province ; but he eluded him in the night, and sailed
for Bretagne. The viceroy, proceeding up the river St. Law-
rencefour leagues above the island of Orleans, and finding
here a convenient harbour, built a fort, and remained over lliQ
winter ». »

' I

1543.

The small remains of Soto's army, consisting of three hun-
dred and eleven men, arrived at Panuco on the tenth of Sep-
tember; and the great expedition terminated in the p'./erty
and ruin of all who were concerned in it. Not a S|>?n'ar(|
was now l«ft in Florida 3.

..->?>*...

1544.

Orcliana, having contracted with the kin"; of Spain for the
government of as much territory as he could conquer, in the
provinces about the river Amazon, by name of New Andelu-
z\a, sailed from San Lucar with four ships and four hundred
men, and arrived at the mouth of a river, which he supposed

J For<!tcr, Voy. 418. Venea;a», California, i. l6l.

2 HakUiyt, iii. 'MO. Pmchaii, i. 7-0 j v. lf)0.5. Puiclias says, that Ro-
!)erval Iniilt the fort " fairn and strung." Belknap, Biog. i.85. I'orster,
Voy. 4 IJ. I'rince, C hmn. Jidrott. 03.

?, Harris, Voy. Puuhas, v. l.').')G. Sec an account of Soto's expedition
entire in Merrera, Decad. iv. booic vi. cliap. i.; book vii. chap. iii. iv. v.;
bookx. (hap. i. ii. See also Harris, Voy. i.-«o.") — Sio, for ait account of it,
vfittcn by a I'orUicgucsc, who went on the expedition.

1547.] AMERICAN ANNALS. '^

to be the Napo, that he had formerly descended i. Ascending
this river about a hundred leagues, he built a brigantine, and
staid here about three months, during which time fifty-five
of his men died. Proceeding higher up, he met with various
disasters, and, after much fruitless research for the main
branch of the river, fell sick, and, relinquishing the design,
died of his distemper and of griefs. ,

: 1^

ditioit
iv. v.;
It of it.

1545.

The mines of Potosi were accidentally discovered by an
Indian, named Hualpa. Coming to a steep place, while pur-
suing some wild goats up the mountain, he laid hold of an
herb, which, yielding to his weight, came up by the roots,
and discovered a large mass of silver. On the disclosure of this
discovery, the mines were wrought to immense advantages.

15l6. -.

A pestilence prevailed through the entire kingdom of Peru.
It began at Cuzco ; and, spreading over the country, swept
off an immense number of people 4.

1547.

Civil dissentlons among the Spaniards in Peru Induced the
Emperor Charles V. to send to that country Pedro de Gasca,
a very respectable ecclesiastic, with the commission of Presi-
dent. On his arrival, he restored harmony, and established
the royal authority 5.

. 1548.

1 See A. D. \bll. One of tlie shi|w, carry inj; 70 men an^ 11 hoi-scs,
turned back, on account of contrary winds, and was 'jcard of no more.

■2 Vega, 1006. Herrera, v. 26.J. vi. 81, H'^. See an account of Oiellana's
two voyages ibid. Uecad. iv. book. vi. tbap ill ; and Dec. \\ book i. cliap. iv.

3 Herrera, vi. '^y. Vega, Sli. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 193. Anderson, ii. 7i).
Beside tbc mass of silver, llualpa observed lari^e lumps of the metal in the
earth, adiiering to the roots «>f the plant. Hastening to his house ai Pnr-
co, be washed the silver, and used it ; and, when it was exhausted, repair-
ed to his treasury. A irnifidential friend of f lualpa disclosed the secret to
aSpaniard, living at Porco, and tlie mine was innnediateiy wrought. The
first register of the mines (^f I'otosi was in April 154.5; and Ilualpa's mine
was called, 2'/»c discovrrcr, because it marked the channel toother mines
iii iiiat mountain. Ibid.

4 Herrera, vj. 112.

h Vega, /."iO. 7G.S. Robertson, iii. book vi. He the next year fl'lS]
divided the lands in Peru. Ilcriera, vi. '21(3. " Jiis memory," says \'c--

11 1

i * ^^1

'^1

V w

V ,fi

•■< '■■%

t t.

■ "¥■

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[i54g.

. ■ •./{ t-J*f ,•

^54 8.

The English fishery on ihi' American roast had now be-
come an object of national importance and legislative en-
couragement. The parliament of England passed an act
prohibiting the exaction of mono>y, fish, or other rewards, by
any oHicc ' o*" the Admi ralty, unaer any pretext whatever, from
the Englisli fishermen and mariners, going on the service of
tiie nshtry a*. Newfoundland. Tl\is was the first actof par-

Jiair.cnt selaiing to America '.

nit-

1540.

The civil war in France had cxceetlingly retarded the pro-
gress .ifralonization, from the time o?'Roberval's first enter-
pfize for the settlement of Canada -. 1'he same nobleman, at
lengt'iy ace anpanied by his brother and a numerous train of
adv^ .!(ri.-rs, embarked again for the rivtr St. Lawrence; but
they we;e never heard of afterward. This disastrous event
uivoi-irc- ;ed the people and the government of France to such
rt .It-gref^, that for fifty years no measures were taken for sup-
plyir\? -ic few French settlers, who still remained in Ca-
nada ',

The Portuguese built the city St. Salvador, which was the

{;a [77fi.Jk " ought for ever to be cclebratefl, in regard I'bat by his good for-
tune, exceUentfondiict, prudence, !Uk1 wiMlom, the new empire contain-
ing 1300 league? in length, was recovered, and restoicd to the empe»-or
Charles V. with a vast treasuie'^vhicii lie brought with him."

I Ilakluyt, i. .'>21 ; iii. ISl, 13'i, where the act is inserted entire. "By
this act," says llaklujt, " it appeartth that the trade cut ot'Kngland was
comiuon and frequented about the beginning of the reii; ne ol" Kdward the
(S namely in the year 1.048, and it is much to be marv;?iled, that by the
negligence of our men, the f ountrey in all this time hath bene no better
^parched." See also Chalmei^, i. <). Anderson, ii. »3. I'orster, Voy. 'iU'-i-
The preamble of the act says, "within these few years past there have
been taken by ccitiin officers of the Admiralty divers giieat exactions, as
sums of money, lioles, or shares .n'rish, &c. to the great discouragement of
tluxe fisheiies [Newfoundland and Iceland,] and of damige to the whole
' commonwealth." 'I'here is an apparent error in Prince, 'Chron. Introd.
(»0] who places thcbi'ginning of the .ishing ade of the English at New-
tiiiindland in l.^uo.

'i See A. D. 15 10,

'A Cliarlevoiv, Nouv. France, i. 2"?. " Avcc eu\ tomherent toutes les
Cs-peranccs, quon avoit cou^i'ii's de faire un Etablissemcut cu Amcrique."
L'niv. Hist. xx.nIx. 408. Joiiter, Voy, 4ia.

first

I5t3G,

1551. J AMERICAN ANNALS. .ff

first European settlement in Brasil '; and the Jesuits now
introduced Christianity into the Brasilian country *,

^ ^ 1550.

The controversy that gave rise to the Separation from the
Church of England began about this time ; and now com-
menced the Mva. of the English Puritans 3.

The plough was introduced into Peru 4.

1551.

Bartholomew de las Casas, having zealously laboured fifty
years for the liberty, comfort, and salvation of the natives of
America, returned discouraged to Spain, at the age of seventy-
seven years 5.

1 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 217. It became afterward populous, Tnao;nificent,
and incomparably the most gay and opulent city in all Brasil, ibid i'i^.

e Histoire Impartialcdcs Jt-suites, i. 385 — 387.

3 The controversy was " on occasion of bishoj) Hooper's refusing to be
con'^ecrated in the Popish habits." Neal, Hist. Pui itans, vol. i. Preface, and
p. 61 — 6r>. See Prince, Chron. 21/J Burnet, Mist. Ucforniation, iii. l()i)—
203. Hooper was a zealous, a pious, and a learned man, who had };one
DUtof England in the latter part of the reigii of Henry Vlll. and resided
at Zurich. Ibid. Pierce, [Vindication of the Dissenters, p. 29.] bene*
observes, " that the habits have, from the very infancy of our Ketbrma-
tion, been an otVenceto vrrj^ /tat'iu-cl and pious men." The archbishop of
Canterbury, with other bisho])s and divines, having concluded on an or-
der of divine worshij), an act, eonfirniin<f that new liturgy, had passed
both houses of parliament 15. January, \li\Q, It was protested against how-
ever by the bishops of Londo,,, Durham, Korwich, Carlisle, Hereford,
Worcester, Westminster, and Cliicheftcr. I'iic parliament enacted, that
all divine offices should be performed e;cording to the new liturgy, and
subjected such of the clergy, as should refuse tlie service, or officiate in
any other manner, to foitVitures and imprisonment-, and, for the third of-
fence, to imprisonment f(>i' life. Whoever siiould write or print against
the book were to he lined lo/. f)r the fust oHi'iico ; 20/. for the second j
and to be imprisoned for life for tiic third. 'I'lict'ouncil iniinediatcly aj.'-
pointcd Visitors, lo sec that the Litun^y was received throu^iiout rjigiand.
Neal, Hist. Puritans, 1. ou, ol. See Note 111. at the end of the vol,

4 Vega, a7S. 'I'liis historian of Peru was c.irrietl that year lo see '"-eo
at plougli in the valley of Cozcc, and great numbers of liulians fJorkptl
liom all parts, with adoni hmcnt, to behold " this prodigious noveltv." lU

5 Encyclop. MctlKKiique, Art. Casas. He wrote his N':'.;iative of the
destruction of the Indians by the Spaniards, in the year 1)42 [Purchas v.
16Gy, where the substance ofitii inserted,] atwhichtimehe:ifbrmcd, " thai
of three millions of people, which were m Hispauiola of the natural in-
habitants^ there scarce remain 30i» ;" "and now," adds Purciias [;. Ul::!.],
♦•as Alexandro Ursino reporteth, none.it all: only two nnd twenty tliou-
iand negroes and some Spatuards n :^llle tlure." Las Casas died .\, D,
I56t3, ilitat. xcii. Luttyg. .NUnhud. ibid.

U^S.

78,

AMERICAN ANNALS.
1552.

ll5Cd.

The ricli mine,* of New Spain were discovered i.
The Portuquei.e about this time put cattle and swine for
breed on the Isle of Sable 2.

156$.

Tiie culture of grap^n had already succeeded in Chilis. , •

1558.

The Inca of Peru and his wife were baptized at Cuzco.
The inhabitants of the city honoured the day of the baptism
with the sport of bulls, and throwing of darts, and other sig-
nals of joy 4.

^ 1560. ,

Don Antonio de Rlbera carried from Seville several olive
plants, and planted them in los Reyes, whence one of them
was conveyed by stealth to Chili ; and from this time the olive
flourished in Chili and Peru 5. , • ..

' •'

1 Robertson, ii. 388. -

2 Hakluvt, iii. 155. I rely on this account, wliich is taken from aRe-

Birt of Sir iluiuphrey Gilbert's voyage in 1383, written by M. Edward
aies, a gentleman who accompanied Gilbert, who says, " Sablon lieth
to the seaward of Cape Breton about 25 leagues, whither we were deter-
mined to goe upon intellis;cnce we had of a Portugal, during our alM>de in
S. John's, who was himsclfe present, when the Hortugals (about thirty
yeeres past) did put into the same Island botlt Neat and Swine to breedc,
which were since exceedingly multiplied." See a French account, p. 53,
note 6, of these Annals.

3 Vega, 388. Bartholomew de Terrazas, one of the first conquerors
of Peru, first planted them in the city of Ciiili. This year from a vine-
yard in the country he sent So Indians, " laden with' fair and goodly
grapes," to his friend Garciiasso de la Vei^a, father of the historian. " I''or
my part," says Vega, *« I did partake of those grapes ; for my father hav-
in<r made nie the messenger to carry them, attended with two pages, i de-
livered to every principal house two large bunches of them." Ibid.

4 They appeared " in rich attire and costly liveries," says Vega the
iiistorinp, who was present at this Christian exhibition. Conimentarie*
of Peru, iH)!).

5 Vtta, J9l. . ' ■ V

1563.

[15C2,

AMERICAN ANNALS.
1562.

During the civil war between the Protestant and Catholic
parties in France, the illustrious but unfortunate statesman,
admiral Coligny S formed a project for carrying a colony of
Protestants to America, to secure for them an asylum, and
at the same time promote the interest of his country '. Hav-
ing obtained permission of Charles IX. of France, who was
anxious to eet rid of his Huguenots, he fitted out two ships,
and giving the command of them to John Ribault, sent hmi
over with a colony of Protestants to Florida. Ribault sail-
ed from France in February, and the first land that he disco-
vered on the coast of Florida, was in the thirtieth degree
north latitude, which he called Cape FranQois. Coasting
thence toward the north, he discovered ** a very fair and great
river," which he entered on the first of May, and from this
circumstance called it the River of May 3. Here he was wel-
comed

1 He is sometimei called Chat'tllon, from the filacc of his residence.
** La maison de Coligny possedoit Ch^tillon-sur Loing, ct en a quelquefois
prisle nom de Clutillun." Encyc. Methodique, Histoire, Art.CHkrix.'
LON. This distinguished leader of the French Prot'^stants was assassinated
in the beginning of the massacre of I'aris 2\ August, 157 !• In that hor<
rible massacre uf Chatillon and the Huguenots (ordered by Charles IX. of
France,) upwards of 70,000 {lersons were killed. It is commonly called
the massacreof St. Bartholomew. Du Frcsnny, Chronol. Tables, ii. lOl.

2 Furchas, v. 16<»3. Chalmers, i. 513. Chalmers [ibid.] says, " It was
not till this year, that Coligny scut a coloni/ to Florida;" and with him
historians unitedly agiee. Sle/eray however [Hist. France, p. 700.] says,
tliaf he had previously attempted a settlement in tbat country; but doc9
not mention the year. His words are: " One of the admiral's principal
caios was to increase the navigation and the trade of Fiance, chieHy in
those countries of the other hemispheiL- [.America,] as well for the credit
of his olfie*, as to plant colonics there of his own iciigion. He had sent
the C Iicvalicr de Villega'inon to Florida, as believing him fixed in the new
opinions; but this man tailed him iu his piontisr^, and riidclv handled
those of that profession. Atterwani, iu the year l.'.lK', he dispatelicd
John Hil)aud thither with two ships, who sailing a quite difi'eient couise
tlmn the S|'<auiards had wont to do, most happily landed at Florida."

:i Ueiiominateii afterward by the Spaniaids bt. Mathco [Chalmei"', i.
5)13 ]j but now called St. .John's river. Some suppose this to have been
what is now called St Mary's river, which forms part of the southeiu
boundary line of the United States; but from Laudonnieie's account
[llakluyt, iii. .soS, ;Joy ] we siiould conclude, it was the St. John's. " Hee
[Ribault] arrived in iMinitla, landing near a Cape or Promoutorje, which
he called St. I'rauqois iu honour of our France. This Cape is distant from
the c'piator I'liitiedonrees. ("oasting from this place towards tlie Noith,
be discovered a verv faire and great river, wliich gave him occasion to ca^t
aiikci, thai he might search the iame. The day following he caused a

piliar

v^; J

l>,

AMERICAN ANNALS. [1562,

corned by a pjreat number of the natives, and erected a pillar
of hard stone, on uliicb he caused the arms of France to be
enujraved. Froceedinji; to the northv'^ard, lie discovf vod nine
other livers •, o!ie of which, in the atitude of thirty-two de-
grees, " because of its Uir^cness and execellent fairencss," he
C'tlled Port lloyal ^. Saibnt; many leagues up this, he erect-
ed on an island in the river a pillar of stone, similar to that
previously erected on the river of May ; built a fort, which he
called Charles Kort; and here left a colony, promising to return,
asboonaspossible, with reinforcements and provisions 3. The set-
pillar of liard slone to be planted within the saydc river, and not for from
the mouth of the same upon a little sandie knBp|)c, in wltich pillar the
^rmcs of Trance were carved and engraved. V\c called this river T/u-
Jiivfrof Mill/, hccause we di^coveied it the fiist day of thcsayde month. "
In cotisttiig iiortliiiiivilli/ from lat. 30, l?ibauit could hardly have passed by
St. John's river, a broad navii^able strcani, without noticing if. Hawkins,
vho visited the Fiend j settlement «m the rivrrof May [See pa^e St, note
S.], found it " standing in thirtie d«';;recs and better" [Hakhiyt, i. ■'>.3t)].
1»liich iattitudc iierfeciiy agrees wiili that of the mouth of the St. John's.
1 Named hi the I'rciic/i S, Eiiff/is/i names .

tSf. Marv's
Satilla '
vft .. Alatamaha
.S -S Newport
^ ft Ccjeechce

r Savannah

May Hi vcr [in Soutli Carolina]
I > road River
p Port Hoyal

I know that Charlevoix's map of J'rench Florida puts the Alatamaha for
the Seine; the Oneechee tor the Ch.iiente; and the Savannah for the
Garonne. It may be correct; 1 wtainap, thoni;hit contain some rare and
curious mrtter, a; d ad the sr utiini of some historical problems, cannot
claim rnthe I <.iitiiit. e, wliiie 'l j resents Fowhatan or James River as
in South Carolina, with .fruncs i own in A'irginia on its banks, and Charles-
town, theCarolinia.icDpi'al. ; ?^ its mouth. 1 pretend however to nothing;
more than co/vVr/Mrc, with rci^.ird to the several streams, corresponding
to the French names.

2 I'urchas, v. 160.3. llakhiyt. iii. ,1ot. " The haven is one of the fair-
est of the West Indies." Ibid, .^2l. "^\'ec stroke our sailcs, and cast
anker at ten fathom of water; for the depth is such namely when the sea
beuiiineth to flowe, that the E:reatest shippes of France, yea, the Arguses
of Venice may enter there." Ibid. .'}()!). Dr. Belknap erroneously supjiosed
Port Pioyal river to be the same as the river of May : " Ribalt named the
Uiver Afrty, and the entrance he called Port Royal" American Bio;»ra-
phy, i. .'if). lie accordini^lv fixed Ribault's Colony and Fort Charles at the
river of .May. Ibid. Jiut the accounts of this voyage of Uibault, and of
the voyage of I-audonniere in l.'.)64 [Sec note ;j iri that year], prove, that
(bey '"ere two di'.tinct rivers, and widely distant fiom each other. The
French settlement on the river of May was in about .^o decrees north
latitude [llakhiyt i. ;>.'iy.]; but Fort Charles, built by Uibault on Port
H(jval liver, was in ht.. Si degrees. Ibid. iii. SOy.

3 i>(.e Note IV. at the cud of the volume.

tiers.

The Seine
The Somine
Tlie Loire
The Charenfc
The fJamnne
The flironde
The I'lelle
'I'he (Jiande
Port Rfivaie

cliaiun en ei

p.:

15(J2.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 81-

tlers, whom he left behind, soon after mutinied, and killed Al-
oert, their captain, for his severity. Reduced at length to insup*
portable extremity, they, by extraordinary efforts, built and
.igged out a vejsel i, and, " embarking their artillery, their
forge, and -ther munitions of war, and as much mill, as they
could gatht'i-," they put to sea. When they had been out
several weeks, and spent all their provisions, they butchered
one of their number, who consented to be made a victim, to
save his comrades 2. Soon after they were taken up by an
English ship, and carried into England 3.

1 They procured turpentine from the pine trees ; and *' gathcreil a
Innd of inosse, which groweth on tlie trees of this country," to caulk tlicir
vessel; and made sails of their own shirts and sheets. The moss, men-
tioned by Laudonniere, qrows several feet in length on the trees alon<> the
southern sea coast ; and fs u great curiosity to a person born in New Eiiu-
land. I never saw so perfect natural arbours, as those on the islands ■
St. Helena and Fort Royal, formed by trees of the forist, covered wit.
this species of moss. The trees appear exceedingly venerable; and, in.
pervious to the rays of the sun, form a most grateful shade in that burnin.
climate.

'2 After sailing a third part of the voyage, they were so ijccalmed, that
in three weeks they saileu not above '2.'> leagues. During this time their
provisions were so far spent, *' that every man was constrained to eate not
past twelve graines of mill by the day, which may be in value as much as
twelve peason" (pease). When the mill was spent, tliev ate tlioir shoes
and leather jerkins. "Touching their beverai',e," says l-audonnicro, "some
uf them drank the sea water, others did drink their own urine." This ex-
treme famine continued so long, that several of them died with lunger.
A boisterous head wind now springing up, and their vessel becoming sud-
denly half filled with wafer; •• as men resolved to die, evL'ry one fell downe
l).ickwarde, and gave themselves over altogether unto the will ot the waves."
Oneof their number, at this juncture, encoarai^ing them with the hope
of seeing land in three days, they threw the water out of tiu' pmuace, and
remained three days without eating or drinking, excepting the ^ea water.
No land appearing at the end of the three days ihcy becaiue absolutely des-
jierafe. In this extreme despair, it was suggested, that it were better that
one man should die, than that so many men should peiisli. 'i'lic direful
expedient was adopted ; and exec uted on Lv there (or I-aihau,) " whose
fiesjh was divided equnlly among his feliowes: a thing so pitiful to recite,*
says Laudonniere, " that my pen is loth to write it." llal<luyt, iii. 318.
Charlevoix [Nun v. France, i. J.').] say!*, that Lachau voluntarily proposed
to become a victim, and atlils; " II fiit pris au inof, et on legorga sur le
champ, sans qu'il fit la moindre resistance. II ne fut pas perdu une goute
de son sang, tons en burent avec avidite, Ic cr)rps fut mis en pieces, et
ciiaiun en cut sa part."

S Hakhiyt, iii.SOS— 319- Purchas, i.,7Ct). 770; v. IGOS. Charlevoix,
Nouv. France, i. '2-1 — Sa. Fastcs Chron.{iDid.J p. 24. Mezeray, Hist. France,
700. Univ. Hist. xl. Sy.*?— 3«»>. He wet, S. Carolina and "Georgia, i. 18.
I'rince, Chron. IntroJ.99- Uwivh-, Voy. i.blO. Anderson, Hist. Com. ii. 117.

' (

Vol. I.

156^

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

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WnSTIR.N.Y. 4SI0

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AMERICAN ANNALS.

[15G4.

■

f I

1563.

IChof first slave trade of the English was opened on the
coast of Guii^ea. Johi^ Hawkins, in the prospect of great
gain, resolved to make trial of this nefarious and inhuman
traffic t. Several gentleman in London, to whom he com-
municated the design, became liberal cpntributors and adven-
turers (or its execution. Three good ships \frere immediatel^r
provided, and with these and one nundred men Hawkins sail-
ed to the coast of* Guinea », where, by money, treachery,
and force, he procure^ at \easi three hundred negroes* and
sold theni at Hispa(UQla,3.

1564.

The civil wars in France, among other causes, had prd rent-
ed the conveyance of the promised succour to the French co-
tony at Port Ko^al. Peace being now concluded, and admiral
CoUgny informing the krng, that he had received no intelli-
gence of the men, whom Ribaultha4 left in Florida expres-
sing concern at the same time, that they should be left uiere
to perish; the king consented, that he should cause three

1 He made serera! voyages to the Canary Islands, " and there by his
good and upright dealing being growen in love and &vour vrith the peo>
pie, informed nimselfe amongst them by diligent inquisition of the state
of the West India, whereof he had received some knowledge by the in>
litructions of his tather, but increased the same by the advertisemei^ts and
reports of that people. And being amongst other particulars as!>ured that
iNEGROES were very good merchandise in Hbpaniola, and that store of
negroes might easily be had upon the coast of Guinea, resolved with him-
self to make trial thereof." Hakluyt, iii. 500.

2 He sailed from England in October 1562; touched at Teueriffe, and
proceeded to Sierra Leona.

> S Hakluyt, i. 5£l, 529, where there it an entire account of this voyage^
Hawkins sold his negroes at three places in Hispur.iola; the port of Isa«
bella; Port de Plata; and Monte Christ! ; and received in exchange, *' &uch
quantity of merchandise, that he did not only lade his owne 3 shippes with
bides, ginger, sugers, and some quantity of pearles, but he fraighted also
S other hulkes with hides, and other like commodities, which he sent into
Spain." Ibid. Anderson [Hist. Com. ii. 117.] says, " this seems to have
been the very first attempt from England for any negro tradf," [See p.
88, 35, of these Annals.] Purchas, v. 1179. Biog. Britan. Art. Hawkins.
Joselyn. Voy. 339. Keith, Hist Virginia SI. Stow [Chron. 807.1 informs
us, that Hawkins in his youth had studied the mathematics; ajd that " he
went to Guinea and Hispaniola, which then was most strange and won-
derfiil, by reason he wast he first Englishman that discovered and taught
the way into those parts.

ihips

■Bsftsi^WiWHHII^l'fP

ere by lii»
I the peo-
■ the state
by the >n-
otei^ts and
pured that
i store of
with hiro-

lis voyage.
)ort of Isa.
age, «• £.uch
lippes vfith
lighted also
je sent into
ms to have
?,'• [See p.
Hawkins.
f."] informs
id that "he
! and won-
and taught

I66b,] AMERICAN ANNAtS. 83

ships to bd furnished and sent out to their relief. M. Rend
Laudonniere, appointed by the kinjv, on the recommendation
of the admimi, to the conlmaiid ofthe ships, sailed in April
for Florida, and arrived on the iwenty-Mh of June at the river
of M^y. After sailing northvTArd slbout ten leagues, and hold-
ing intercourse with the natives, stopping short of Port Roy-
al I) where Ribault's company ndd been left, he sailed back
to the river of May, where he built a fort, which, in honour
of Charles, the French kinsr, he called Caroline *, His ships
returned in July to France 3.

ISdS.

Ribault, who had been appointed governoirto supersede
Laudonniere, arriving at Florida with seven sail of vessels^
took all the best of the men at Fort Caroline for an expedi-
tion against a Spanish fleet, and left Laudonniere with the
charge of the Fort, without the means of defence 4. At this

juncture

1 Much error and confusion had been avoided by historians, had they
but carefiilly observed the trayene sailing of Laudonniere. *' Wee sayled
[from the river of May] toward the river of Seine, distant from the river
of May about foura leagues : and there continuing our course towarde the
North, wee arrived at the mouth of Somnie, which is not past sixe leagucft
distant f^ont the livtr of Seine, where wee cast anker, and went on shoare."
Here tlie company consulted top^ether respecting the place, which they
sliouid choose for <* planting their habitation ;" whether toward the Cape
of Florida, or at Port Royal. " If wee passed farther toward the North to
^eekeout Port Royali, it would be neither very profitable nor convenient ;
aitlmugh the haven were one ofthe fairest otthe West Indies; but that
in this case the question was not so much ofthe beautie of the place, as of
tilings necessary to sustaine life. 'And that for our inhabiting it was more
needefiiil for us to plant in places plentiful of victital, than in goodly
Havens, faire, deepc, and pleasant to the view." The conclusion was*
" Tliat it was expedient to seate themselves rather on the River of May
than on any other, untill they might hear newes out of France." Hakluyt»
iii. fm, 324. t

'2 It stood not above two leagues distance from the mouth of the river. '
llitkluvt, iii. 3SQ.

3 H*akluyt, iii.SI9, 325, 330. Purchas, i. 770} v. 1603, l604. Char-
levoix, Nouv. France, i. 3fi-~lO. Univ. Hist. xl. 895, 306. Europ. Settle- '
raents, ii. 935. The English writers in general mistake in suppo8in£; Fort
V.anline to have been built in the English Carolina. It was built in ths
I'lvnch and Spanish Florida. [Univ. Hist xl. 4t9.] It has been confound*
cd probably with Vort CfuiHes. See Ad D; K'iCK?. Du Pratz egregiously
errs, when he aiHrms, that the ruins of Fort Caroline are visiblenear Pef&
tacufit. Hist Louisiane, i. 3. See page 95, not* \,

4 Hakluyt, iii. 354. On mustering his men, this is the account he
sives of them : •' I found nine or ten of them, whereof not past two or
three ^ad ever drawen sword out of a scabbard, as 1 thinke. Of the nine

G « there

1* !

■I*

84 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l 565 .

juncture Pedro Melendez was on his way to Florida^ in exe-
cution of an enterprize in the service of Philip It. of Spain,
who had given him command of a fleet apd army, with full
power to drive the Huguenots out of Florida, and settle it
with good Catholics *. Arriving at Florida, he massacred
Ribault 2, and all the company, excepting Laudonniere and a
few others who escaped to France 3. Melendez now built three

there were fburebut young striplings, which served captaine Ribault and
kept his dogs. The tifte was a cooke. Among those that were without
tiie fort, and which were of the foresaid company of captaine Ribault
there was a Carpenter of three score yeeres olde, one a Beere-brewer, one
olde Crosse-bowe maker, two Shoomakers, and four or five men that had
their wives, a player on the Virginals, two servants of Monsieur du Lys,
one of Monsieur de Beauhaire, one of Monsieur de la Grange, and about
four score and five or sixe in all, counting as wel Lackeys ^ women and
children. Those that were left me of mine owne company were aboutc
sixteene or seventeene that could beare armes, and ail of them poore and
leane : the rest were sicke and maymed." Ibid.

1 The Spaniards "pretended those territories belonged to them, af-
firming they were the first discoverers." Mezeray.

a Ribault, at the first assault, was not far distant, and is said to have
*< parled with tlie Spaniards." He set sail with Laudonniere for France
an September, but was separated from him the next day, and immediately
after overtaken with a tempest, *i which in fine wrackt him upon the coast
where all his shippes were cast away, and he with much adoe escaped
drowning, to fall into their hands which cruelly massacred him and all
his company." Hakluyt, iii. 355. How many were killed mow, does not
appear ; but of Laudonniere's wretched company about 6o appear to have
men previously massacred. There were, he informs us, 85 or 86 in all.
At his fii-st escape from the fort, he found " three or foure" of his men,
who had also escaped. When a boat arrived from the ships, to take hira
oft^ he went " with the boat along the re«ds to seeke out the poor soules
which were scattered abroad, where (he says) we gathered up 18 or 90 of
them." Ibid.

3 Laudonniere had" fortified and inhabited" in Florida ** two summers
and one whole winter," or " a year and a quarter, as the French kin»'s
lieutenant." Hakluyt, iii. 301, 3 10. John Hawkins, the slave merchant,
was at fort Caroline'in August; but it must have been previously to Ri-
bault's arrival. lie had made a second voyagi 'he coast of Guinea the
preceding year ; and having sold his slaves in '^est Indies, stopped at
the River of Miay, on his return home, t' wai .,'s ships. Laudonniere
had been at war with the natives, and I ..d " not above 40 soldiers left un-
hurt," nor above ten days provision. 'V\x soldiers had been obliged to
live on acorns and roots, and some of ihem had served a Floridian king
against his enemies, " for mill and other victuaiies." Hawkins spared
tbem 20 barrels of meal and other necessaries, " to helpe them the bet-
ter homewards," and a bark of 50 tons ; for they had already deter-
mined to return to France. On the arrival of Ribault a few days after-
ward, they changed their purpose ; and stopped to be massacred. See
Hakluyt, i. 539* 540 i Ui. 347, 348. Purchas, v. 1604.

^ forts

France, .
among hi
afterward
des Canta
in&mis,
lam se alii
uiissa in I
oraret Ini
edoctus
finiit."

3 His
and 100 s
and, with
him. Th
France di
Sfjanish.
he sailed .
delays by

4 One I
and the o

565:
\ exe-

1568.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 85

forts on the river of May >, and strongly garrisoned them with
Spanish soldiers *.

ault and
without
Ribault

them, af-

i to liave
or France
tnedl lately
I the coast
s escaped
im and all
', does not
ar to have
[- 86 in all.
f his men,
take him
>oor soiiies
18 or SO of

lummers
nch king's
merchant,
usly to Ri-

uioeatlie
stopped at
ludonniere
lers left un-

obligcd to
ridian king
tins spared

m the bet-
lady deter-

days after-
icred. See

1508.

The chevalier Dominique de Gourgues, a soldier of for-
tune, of a good family in Gascony, hearing of the massacre
of his countrymen in Florida, determined to revenge their
death, and repair the honour of his nation, by driving their
murderers out of that country. On this vindicative enterprize
he sailed from France, at his own expence, and without
orders, with three frigates and one hundred and fifty soldiers
and volunteers, and eighty chosen mariners, to Florida 3.
The Spaniards, to the number of four hundred, were well
fortified on the river of May, principally at the great fort
begun by the French, and afterwards repaired by themselves.
Two leagues lower toward the river's mouth, they had made
two smaller forts, which were defended by one hundred and
twenty soldiers, well supplied with artillery and ammunition 4.
Gourgues, though informed of their strength, proceeded

1 The authors of Encvclopedie Methodlque [Geo^. Jri. Fi.oniDE] say,
that Melendez now made settlements (forma des etablissemens) at St. Au-
gustine and Pensacola. If he now built a fortat Pensacola, Ou Fratz may
have mistaken the ruins of this, for the ruins of Fort Caroline. An ac-
count in Hakluyt [ii. 469.] confirms that of the French Fncvclopedic:
•' The Spaniards [in 1372] have two forts there [Florida,] chierfy tu keepe
out the Frenchmen from planting there."

2 Hakluyt, iii. 335. Purchas, 1. '70; v. l604. Chalmers, i. .513. Hcw-
et, S. Carol. & Georg. i. IQ. Prince, Chron. Introd. 100. Mc^eray, Hist.
France, 700; Melendez, for this act of cruelty, became infamous even
among his own countrymen. Disappointed in a naval project ten yesMs
afterward, he killed himself. •• Eadem tempestate [137i>]'"Petius Me^eu-
desCantaber, Floridae victor, scdinsigni inGallos perlidia, upiidsrasetiam
in&mis, cum res Americanas Batavicis parum sapienter comparct, Bri-
1am se aliosque portus obsequio redditurum jactabat ; ct jam parata claijse
niissa in Angliam legatio, quae littus et hospitum, si co vcnti adiu;erent,
oraret inipetraretc^ue. Sed subita morbi lues nautas disjeret, et dux ipse
edoctus pollicitationes vanitatem, pudore ut credituni, aut mctu vitum ■
tiniit." Grotii Annates, (x3, 01, & Index.

3 Ilis equipment, according; to Mczeray (who says he had 200 soldiers
and 100 seamen,) was made with jMirt of his own estate, which he 'sold,
and, with wliat his brotlier. President of the Generality of Giiycnne, lent
him. The reason, assigned by this historian, why the Government of
France did not reveose the massacre, is, that the kin<^'s Council was half
S^ianish. Gourgues had recently returned from Africa. Losing no time,
he sailed from France in August l.'it>7 to the West Indies, wjjencev at^er
delays by storms, he proceeded to Florida in the sprinsi; of 136!^.

4 One of these lower forts must have been on one side of the rjver,
and the other on the other side j for the river '* passed between them."

G 3 re-

\ <'>>'::■%

80 AMERICAN ANNALS. [ifiCS.

resolutely forward, and with the assistance of the natives, made
a vigorous and desperate assault. Of sixt^' Spaniards in the
lirst fort, there escaped but fifteen; and all in the second fort,
were slain. After sixty Spaniards, sallying out from the
third fort, had been intercepted, and killed on the spot, this
last fortress was easily taken. All the surviving Spaniards
were led away prisoners, with the fifteen who escaped the
massacre at the first fort ; and, after having been shown the
injury, that they had done to the French nation, were hung
on the boughs of the same trees, on which the Frenchmen
had been previously hung. O/er those devoted Frenchmen
Melendez had suspended a Spanish label, signifying, '* I do
not this as to Frenchmen, but as to Lutherans." Gourgues,
in retaliation, caused to be imprinted with a searing iron in a
tablet of fir wood, *'I do not this as to SpaniarHs, nor as to
Mariners, but as to Traitors, Robbers, and Murderers ^"
Having razed the three forts a, he hastened his preparation to

return ;

1,1

1 Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 103, J04.] justly condemns this barba*
rous retaliation : *' Je ne crains pas de dire que Texpediti on de Cheva-
lier de Gonrgues, ^usques-li si glorieuse pour lui, et si honorable pour
la Nation, auroit etc infiniment puis relev6e par une cooduite, ou sa mn-
deration', et la generosite Francoise eiit fait un beau contraste avec I'inhn*
manite des Espagnols, qu'en la tenninant avec li. nieme fureur, qu'il
detestoit en eux." He pertinently cites the reply, made by Pausaoias, king
ofSparta. to a citizen cfiEgina, Mhohad proposed to him, aswbatwould
immortalize his name, to han^ the dead body of Mardonius on a ^llows,
in revenge for the like indignity, shown to Leonidas by Mardonius and
Xerxes : '* Thou must have a very wrong notion of true glory, to imagine
that the way for me to acquire it is to resemble the Barbarians." The
observation of the Catholic historian may have been as sincere and disin-
terested, as it is just and generous j it is difficult however to foreet, that
they were Huguenots, whose Massacre Gourgues revenged ; and that P.
DeCharlevoix was " de la Compagnic de Jesus" [a .Tesuit,] one of whose
avowed tenets is. That faith is not to be kept with heretics.

2 " Considering he had not inen inough to keepe his fortes which he
had wonne, much less to store them, fearingalsolest the Spaniard which
hath dominions neerc adjoining should renew his forces, or the Savages
shouM prevail a°;ainst the French men, unlesse his Majestie would send
thither, he resolved to raze them. And indeede, after he had a'-sembled,
and in the ende perswaded all the Savage kings so to doe, they caused their
subjects to runne thither with such affection, that they overthrew all the
three Forts flatte even with the ground in one day." ' Ilakluyt, iii. 359,
S6o. Du Pratz [Hist. Louisiane, i. 4.] says, that Gourgues established a
new post before his return to France; hut that tlie disorders in that king-
dom did not permit its sup|)ort. Tiie account in [Jakliiyt, on which I
rely, makes no mention of it. " Finding his sliips set in order, and every
thing ready to set sayle, hce counselled the kings to continue in the aniiiie
and ancient league which they had made with the king of France, which

would

(j, ±,-

'<*

SIWP

PPM

1572.] AMERICA5T ANNALS. 87

return ; and on the third of May embarked for France <•
His sovereien not avowing the enterprize, his countrytoen
now bade Florida a final ameu '. If the settlement of Ribault
at Port Royal, or that of Laudonniere at the river of May,
had been supported by the Parent State, long possession might
have furnished a stronger claim to the country, than pnor
discovery, and France might have had an empire in America,
before Britian had sent a single colony into this New World.
The Licenciate Castro, governor of Peru, to discover cer-
tain islands in the South Sea on the Peruvian coast, sent out
from Lima a fleet, which, sailing eight hundred leagues
westward of the coast, found a cluster of islands in eleven
degrees south latitude, to which the governor gave the name
of Solomon Islands 3.

1572.

Francis Drake, the celebrated English navigator, made his
first voyage to South America. Entering the port of Norn-
brede Dios with four pinnaces, he landed about one hundred
and fifty men, seventy of whom he left in a fort, that was
there ; and with the remaining eighty surprized the town, but
was soon repelled by the Spaniards. He next sailed into Da-
rien harbour, where he landed, and intercepted two companies
of mules, laden with gold and silver, on the way from Pana-

would defend them against all nations; which they all promised, shedding
teares because of his departure, Oiacatar^ csnecially; for apNeasing of
-whom he promised them to returne within twelve moons, (so Uiey count
the yeeres) and that his king would send them an army, and store of knives
for presents, and all other things necessary."

1 Hakluyt, iii. S.5ft— S6o; and Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. O'V— 106 ;
where there are entire accounts of this voyage. Mezeray, Hist. France,
701. Chalmers, i. 513. Purchas, v. iCoi, l6o.5. Uoiv. Hist. xl. 413—
417. Anderson, ii. 1^7. He arrived at Kochel 6 June, with the loss but
of a small pinnace and 8 men in it, with a few gentlemen nnd others, who
were slain in assaulting the fbrti. Hakluyt. When Gourgues went to Pa"
ris to present himself to the king, to inform him of the success of his voy-
age, and to offer Iiim '* his'life and all his goods" toward subduing this
whole country to his obedience, he met with an ill reception, and was
constrained to hide himself a long time in the court of Roan, " about the
year 1570." He died in irjHi, "to the great grief of such as knew him."
Hakluyt, iii. S6o. Purchas, v. 1605.

S Chalmers, i.5l3.

S Hakluyt,' iii. 467. Purchas, v. 1447. Tin's name was given, that the
Spaniards, supposing them to be those islands^ from which Solomon fetch*
eu gold to adorn the temple at Jerusalem, might be the more desirous to
go and inhabit them. ibid.

?i-:
■f^^^

mmm

G 4

m»

■'!'■■

,(.

"MS AMERICAN ANNALS. [157(5.

ma to Nombre de Dios ; took off the gold ; and soon after re-
einbarked ».

The king of Spain gave the islands of Bermudas to one of
his subjects: but the Spaniards never took possession of
them 2.

1575.

John Oxenham, an Englishman, hearing what spoil captain
Drake had brought from South America, made a voyage, ac-
companied by seventy persons, in a ship of one hundred and
twenty tons. Landing his men at Darien, where he hauled
his ship to the shore, and covered it with boughs of trees, he
travelled twelve leagues into the main land, and built a pin-
nace on a river, by which he passed into the South Sea. Af-
ter taking some Spanish prizes, he and his company were
made prisoners by the Spaniards, and- ejcecuted i.

1576.

..,4 All attempts to find a North East passage to India having
been unsuccessful, queen Elizabeth sent out Martin Frobisher

.with three small ships, for the discovery of a North West
passage. Arriving at the northerly coast of America he dis-
covered a cape, which he called Elizabeth's Foreland ; and the
Strait, which still bears his name. This strait being impassa-
ble, on account of fixed ice, he entered a bay in north lati-
tude sixty-three degrees ; sailed sixty leagues ; landed, and

1 Ilakluyt, iii. 52r>, .52(i, 778. 77!>- Tie took away the gold only, " for
tliey were not able to carrie the silver through the mouatainej." Ibid.
I'wo days after this spoliation, he came to the house of Crosses, and burnt
above ^((O.noo duoats in merchandize. I'urchas, v. 1 180.

2 Univ. Hist. xli. .'JSO-

3 Hakhiyt, iii. .V26— 598; 779—781. The Justice asked the English
captain, Whether he had the Queen's licence, or the licence of any Prince
or Lord. lie answered. That he had none, but that iie came of his own
))roper motion. On this acknowledgement, the captain and hiscompany
were condemned, and were all put to death at Panama, excepting the
Taptain, the Master, and the Pilot, atui live boys, who were carried to
Lima, and there the three men were executed, but the boys weie spared.
Ibid, and Purchas, v. 1180, • llii.

took

*- n*.l«(:»li<J»„

■Si^AUu

■ Wt ;

-*^9esr"

'"^^^ms'j&mmmi

1577.1

AMERICAN ANNALS.

took one of the natives < ; but the ice obliged him to relinquisli
his enterprize, and return to England *,

1577.

The discovery of supposed guld ore by Frobisher in his
voyage the last year 3 encouraged the Society of Adventurers
to send him out with three other ships, to explore farther the
coast of Labrador and Greenland, with an ultimate view to
the discovery of a passage to Lidia ; but he again returned
without success 4.

V' ij

were

1 Frobisher. having made presents to the inhabitants (supposed north-
ward of Labrador,) they cantc on board his ship. Fivesailors, sent to take
ashore one of these visitants, went, contrary to orders, to the natives, and
neither they nor the boat were ever seen afterward. This was therefore
called. The Five Men's Sound. The English upon this, enticed one of
the natives to the ship's side, with a bell, and in giving it to him, took
him, and his boat. Finding himself now in captivity, '< for very choler
and disdaine he bit his tongue in twainc within liis mouth." He died soon
after his arrival in England. Hakluvt.

2 Hakluyt, iii. 29—32 ; f)?— OO. ' Purchas, i. 739. Prince, Chron. Ji-
trod. \0l. Smith, (ien. Hist. Virginia, 1. Stow, Chron. 680. Belknap, Bi-
ng. i. 37. Europ. Settlements, ii. 280. Univ. Hist. xli. 100. Harris, Voy.
i. .57.'}. Forster, Voy. 274. Anderson [ii. 120.] places this voyage in 1.567 ;
but the accounts in Hakluyt prove it to have been made in 1.576. After
several attempts to land with the boat, which were bafiied by the ice, Fro-
bisher commanded his poople, i f they could possibly get ashore, " to bring
him whatsoever thing they could first find, whether it were living or dead,
stocke or stone, in token of Christian possession." Some of his compariy
brought flowers ; some, green grass ; and one brought a piece of black
stone, " much like to a sea cole in colour, which by the waight seemed to
be some kinde of metall or niinerall." Hakluyt. 'I'his stone was tried by
the London goldsmiths ; and was pronounced to be richly impregnated
with gold ; but while it incited adventurers to new euterpriites, it totally
baHled their hopes. Ibid. Anderson, ii. 127, 143.

3 See the preceding note.

4 Hakluyt, iii, 32—39; 60—73. Harris, Voy. i. .57.5— .577- Forster,
Voy. 27-i. Univ. Hist. xli. 101. He sailed 30 May from Harwich with
one ship of 200 tons, belonging to the queen, two small barks, and 120
men. With the professed object of the voyage in our view, we are struck
•with the style or the voyager : " Aboard the Ayde we received all the
C'omnuiiiion by the minister of Gravesend, and prepared us astrood Chris-
tians to-aortle God, and resolute men for all fortunes." Near Frobisher's
Strait Frobislier found abundance of glittering stones and sand, that he had
seen in the last voyage, and put nearly 20li tons of them on board his
vessels. With the ore h6 carried to England a man, a woman, and child
of the natives; <* but neither the man, woman, nor cbilde lived long;
nop his gold proved ore, but drosse." Stow, Chron. In this voyage he
searched for the five men, left behind the last year, and promised rewards
for their restoration j but he received no iatelligencc concerning them.

*j?

- nwim»»!"

)

00 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l578.

On the Nevtrfoundland'fis}iery there were this year one
bundred ships from Spain, fifty from Portugal, one hundred
mid fifty from France, and fifty from England. The English
had the best ships, and therefore gave law to the rest, being
in the bays the protectors of others i. The fishery ot the En-
glish at Iceland is assigned as the reason, why they had not
• greater number of snips at Newfoundland. There were
now at that island twenty or ibirty ships from Biscay, to kill
ilirhales for train oil \

If* 78.

Frohisher, with fifteen sail of ships, made another voyage
to the nothernmost parts of the continent of America, with
the design of forming a settlement in the country. The ad-
venturers carried with them the frame of a strong house, to
be set up there ; but on their arrival, they found it necessary
M> relinquish the design. Leaving that inhospitable region,
their fleet was sep:\rated by a furious storm on the verjr night
after their embarkation ; but every ship at length arrived in
England. Forty persons died on the voyage 3.

Francis Drake, on an enterpriztng voyage 4, having gone
through the Straits bf Magellan, rifled the tovm of Si. Jago

1 " For which it was then, and had been of old, a cmtom to male
- them some sort of acn;fio\vledgcmcnt as admirals ; kucIi as, a boat load of

salt for guarding thent from pirates, and other violent intruders, who often
drive them from a good harbour." Anderson, ii. 1 44. See Hakl. iii. 139.

2 Anderson, ii. 144, from llakluvt But he errs in sayinp;, the English
had but 15 sail in the fishery. A. Parkhurst, from w]ioro Anderson's ac-
count is derived, says, the English " since my <irst travel), being but 4

^ yeeres, arc increased from 30 sayle to 50." See Ilaktuyt, i. G74 ; iii. 132.
Parkhurst (ibid.) expresses a wish to (lakluyt, his correspondent, that
the island in the montli of the river of Canada might be inhabited, and
the river searched i " for that there are many tilings that may arise
thereof."
a Haklu.-t, iii.39— 44i 74— OS. Hasris, V'oy. i. 57S, ."iTO. Anderson,

. ii. I4J. It' was the plan of the voyage, that all the ships should return at
tho close of the summer, laden with gold ore, excepting three, the three
captains of which, with 40 mariners, 30 miners, and 30 soldiers were to
•• tarry in the country." "Tliey fraught their sliippes with the like pre-
tended gold ore out of the mines," as on the last voyage, " but after great
chari^es, it proved woi-se than good stone, whereby many men were de-
ceived, to their utter undoings." Stow, Chron. 6S'.'«.

4 lie sailed from Plymouth in England 1.} December, l.')77, with a fleet
offivcshipsandhaiks, and 104 men, "gentlemen and sailers}" andcom-
pictcd his voyage round the world 3 November, l.iSO. This was the second
circiiinniivigation of the globe. I'liichas, [v. 1 180. "J A. O. iGi/i says, " The
rcli«iues tff the shipi)C," in which this voyage was made, *• or some bones

.i*si»»i

.*,».-«iS»'^-tf- =

4.%)MfW«~->»«V^<.*^**^

"'■'•'»»:-. . i^^Tsrn;

.■flSHCR^-

1578.] AMERICAN AVNALS. Ql

in Chili *, and other places on the western coaitt of SontU
America. ^ In some ofthe harbours of this coast, he seized ou
ships, which iiad not a single person on board, so unsuspici-
ous were the Spaniards of an enemy there. Having at length
taken an immensely rich prize, and all his treasure being cm-
barked in one vessel ; to avoid the danger of being intercepted
by the Spaniards in an attempt to return bv the IVIagellannic
Straits, he determined to sail to the Moluccas, and return
home by the Cape of Good Hope. Sailing 6rst to the north
to obtain a good wind, he discovered a harbour, which his call-
ed prake's Port. He also took possession ofthe circumja-
cent country, between thirty-eight and forty-two degrees nortjj
latitude, and called it New Albion a. " This possession wa^s
taken with the best right in the world, the principal king for-
mally investing him with his principality 3."

> Queen

•.'J

at least of that glorious carkasse, yet remayncat Deptford consecrated to
Fame and Posteritie." At a feast on board this sbii) queen Elizabetii
knighted •< this noble mariner," after his ariival in England. Idem, ibid.
Tlie first circumnavigation of the cat tb was made by the shij) of Magellan
nearly (to yeai-s before. See A. D. l6'^o, p. Mi. After Magellan eutered
the Pacific Ocean, he sailed northwesterly J<Kio leagues, and 13 March,
tr)9l, discovered the Philippine Islands, iii one of which he was killed by
the natives. John Sebastian del Cano, afterward chosen captain, conducted
theremainder of the voyage, which was fini-ihedU September, IMI. Prince,
C h ron. Jn/r0</. 85. The tamousship, called the Victory, was theoniyone
of Magellan's squadron, that returned to Spain. Charlevoix, Paraguay, {..'Jo.

1 riarris, Voy. i. 'iO. llakluyt, ill. 7W. The inhabitants, "consisting
of not more than housholds, abandoned the town on the approach of the
English. Ibid. Spanish plunder was in fact, according to .Anderson, the
princi|>al object oif the v«iyage. Queen Eli/abetli however, on the com-
plaint of the Spanish ambassador, caused this spoil, or at leas^a great part
of it, to be sei(ue8tcredfor tbeuse of thekingof .S|)ain ; but, at the same
time, asserted the absolute freedom <if her subjects to navigate the Indian
seas, equally with the subjects of that king. Anderson, ii. idO. The con-
duct of Drake still gave great umbrage, and had intluencc toward a rup-
ture between England and Spain. " Nee minora belli seniina tentatus .An-
glis nuvus orbis, et in patriam perlatx quas eripuerant ilisiianis opes."
Grotii Annales, p. 99- See Camden, Eliz. £J4.

!» Harris, Voy. i. 19— 4;i. Ilakluyt, iii. 4 10--442, 730— 7 42. Purchas,
i. 779. Belknap, Biog. i. .S7. Forstcr, Voy. 45^. Prince, Chron. /////■oa'.
101. Biblioth. Auieric. .').S. Two reasons are assigned for his giving it
this name; one, on account of the white bunks an«l cIKVm, which lie to-
ward the sea; the other, that it might have some aflinity, in name, with
England, " which sometimes was so called." Hakluyt, uf^nupra.

3 European Settlements i. 244. " At our departure liencc our Geiie-
rall setup a monument of oXir being there, as also of her Majesties ri!(lit
and title to the same, namely a plate, nailed upon a thirc grcate p(K«te,
•whereupon was ingravcn her Slajesties name, the day and yeere of our ai-
jival tliere, with the fiee giving up of the province and people into hrr

Maji-aies

i^M:

iy»-f2,^pl^ -invai^PW*

1 /

g2 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1580.

Queen Elizabelh cranted letters patent to Sir Humphrey
Gilbert, authorizing nim to discover and take possession of all
remoteaiid barbarous lands, unoccupied byany Christian prince
or people. She vested in him, his heirs, and assigns for
ever, the full right of property in the soil of those countries,
of which he should take possession, to hold of the crown of
England by homage, on payment of the 6fth part of the gold
or silver ore, found there ; conferred complete jurisdiction
within the said lands, and seas adjoining them ; declared that
all, who should settle there, should enjoy all the privileges of
free citizens and natives of England, any taw, custom, or u-
sage to the contrary notwithstanding; and prohibited all per>
sons from attempting to settle wlthm two hundred leagues of
anyplace, which Sir Humphrey Gilbert, or his associates,
shoul'd have occupied during the space of six years. This is
the tirst charter for a colony, granted by the crown of fin-
gland I.

if'-g.

Mr. Cotton, a merchant of South Hampton in England,
employed captain Whitburn in a ship of three hundred tons,
to nsh fur cods on the great bank at Newfoundland ; but the
excess of cold obliged him to put into Trinity harbour, at
that Island, where, by fish and other commodities, he cleared
the expence of the voyage ».

1580.

New Mexico, between twenty-eight and twenty-nine de-
grees north latitude, was dicovered by AugustinRuys, a Spa-
nish Franciscan missionary 3.

IMajesties bands, to!»ethfr with her hii;l)ncsse picture and armes, inapierc
of si\e pence of current Kn^liKh money under the plate, whereunder was
also written the name ofourCJenerall." llakUiyt, «/ *«/>/•«.

1 Ilakluyt, i. 077— 079; iii- IS*)— 137; Hazard, Collect, i. 24--SH ;
Brit. Emp. Jntrtui. p. viii — xiv; where this patent is inserted enth-e. Smith,
Virginia, p. 4. Beiknap, Biojr. i. 108. Forster, Voy. «8}). Blog. Britann.
.4 r/. Gilbert Hohertson, hook ix. p.SO. Anderson, 11. 167.

9 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 248. Whitburn repeated the voyage, and was at
Newfoundland when Sir Humphrey Gilbert arrived there in 1683. Ibid.

3 lincyciop. Mithodique, Geog. Art. MtxiquG (nouve-^u.) Charlevoix,
Nouv. Fiance, 1. p. xxv. I'astes Chron. Charlevoix (ibid.) says, that
Antoine do Kspejo, a Spaniard, in l.'>82, made discoveries to t''e north
of New SiMiin, additional to those of lluys, and gave to all that^raud
country the name of New Mexico. * ^

1581.

'aa9Crg!f?''-;:-JSl*('*Bff^. ^.JllL'-CUfflWesfet!

1583.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

1581.

The French trade to Canada was renewed aderan Interrupt
lion of nearly fifty years >.

1582.

Edward Fenton, an Englishman, with a fleet of four sail,
embarked for the East Indies and China by the west ; but
proceeded no farther than to the coast of Brasil, to the thirty-
third degree south latitude >.

1583.

Sir Humphery Gilbert, in virtue of his letters patent from
queen Elizabeth, had already attempted a voyage to America,
which, through various unpropitious circumstances, was frus-
trated j. This worthy .knight, with his characteristic

reso-

1 Hakluvt, lit. 1S7« The cause of this interruption was the outrage of
Cartieraiid hiscoinnany, in carrying oH' an Indian king in 1535. [See
p. 08, notes.} *< Tliis outrage aiid injiirinus dealing did put the wiiuje
couMtrey people into such dblike with the French, as never since they
would adinitanyconversatlonnrfamiliaritie with them, untilof late yeei'd*.
the olde matter 'beginni>ii> to grow out ofminde, and being the rather
drawen on by gifts of many triiling things, which w^re of great value with
them, they arc within these two or thice yeeres content againe to admit
atraiBqiie, which two yee:es since [i. e. 1581] was begiinne with a small
harke of thirtie tunnes, 'whose returne was found so profitable, as the next
yeere following by those Marclianls whomcint to have kept tlie trade se-
cret unto themselves from any others of their ownc couutiey men, there
was hired a shippe of four score tunnes out of the Isle of Jeiwy, h\it nut
any one mariner of that place, saving a sihipboy." Hakluyt, iii. )tj7. Sec
A. D. 158.S.

« Hakluyt, iii. ""ir — 708, where there is an account of this voyage.

.') Some writer [Biog. Uritan. if 1 rightly rciurmber] says, that Gilbert
in thi^ first attempt, reached Newfoundland. [Sec Coll. Hist. Soc. ix. 54.1
E. llaies in Hakluyt [iii. 14(5.] docs not mention his arrival at any land.
By his acco\mt it appears, that the dispositions of the numerous volunteers,
who oftered to accompany Cilbert in that voyag'*, were so various, that
dissensions arose, " and the greater number were dispersed, leaving the
Cenerall with few of his assured fricnd,<!, with whom lie adventured to sea:
where having tasted of no lesso misfortune he was shortly driven to retire
home with tlie losse of a tall ship, and (more to iiis griefe) of a valiant

f;entleman Mi/es Morgan." Oldvs thinks, he has not only reason to^be-
ieve, that his misfortune " was by a sharp encounter they had with flie
Spaniards, liowever tenderly touched at that time by this author (Haies),
perlwps to avoid their triumph ; but that Halegh was in this very en*

gageuicDt,

' 7'

\ M

J >i

1581.

':\

94 AMERICAN ANNALS'. [l6B9i

resolution and perseverance,- now resuming the enterprize,
sailed from England for Newfoundland with two ships and
three barks', carrying about two hundred and sixty men >.
On the discovery of land in about fif\y>one deffrces north
latitude, finding nothing but bare rocks, he shaped his course
to ihe southward, came in sight of Penguin island 3, and pro-
ceeded to the bay of St. John. At St. John's harbour (New-
foundland) he found thirty- six vessels of various nations,
which refused him entrance. On his information however of
his commission from .the queen of England, they submitted }
and be took possession of the harbour of St. John, and twa
hundred leagues every \vay around it, for the crown of En-
gland. He then published three laws for the government of
the territory. By the iirst, public worship was established
according to the church of England; by the second, the
attempting of any thing prejudical to her majestie's title was
declared treason according to the laws of England ; by the
third, the uttering of words to the dishonour of her majesty
was to be punished with the loss of ears, and the confiscation
of property 4. This formal possession, in consequence of the

gagement, and his life in great danger thereby." Life of Sir Walter Ra-
legii, prefixed to liis Historyof the World, p. xiii.

I Oneoftliem, a bark of 200 tons, was bailt, victualled and manned
by Sir W. lialei^h, who according to Oldys, set out in it to accompany
liis brotlier, in the quality of vice admiral; but in two or three days(li}
June; this baik, en account of a contagious sickness, which Infected the
wiiole ship's company, returnt;d to Plymouth. Ilakluyt, iii. 149.

a " Ara<'ng whom," saysHaies, «♦ we had of every faculty good choice,
as shipwrights, masons, carpenters, smithes, and such like, requisit to
such an action: also minsrall men and retinei-g. Besides, for solace of
our people, and allurement of the Savages, we were provide4 of Musike
iu good varietie: not omitting the least toyes, as Morris dancers, hobby
h»)rssc, and Maylike conceits to delii<ht the Savage people, whom we
intLMided to wmne by all faire nieanes possible. And to that end we were
indilferently furnished of all pettiehaberdashrie wares to barter with those
simple people. Hakluyt, iii. 149.

3 Not the island of that name, seen by Ilore in 1636. That is on the
southern coast of Newfoundland; t/iis on the eaitcrn, and is now called
F<)i;o. Forstcr, V'oy. Note, n. 293.

4 Obedience was promised to the laws, now proclaimed, "by gcnerall
voyce and consent of the multitude as well of Englishmen as strangers,
])ray iiig for continuance of this possession and governcmeuf begun." The
assembly was tlie;» dismissed ; " and afterward were erected not farre from
that place the Armes of England in^ravcn in lead, and infixed upnu a pillar
of wood." For the farther establishment of this possession the general

f;r:Mi^"d " in fee farme" several parcels of land, lying by the water side,
>oth in the harbour of St. John, and elsewhere: "For which grounds,
the. did covenant to pay a ccrtaine rent and service unto Sir Humphrey
Gilbert. hi« hcires 01 assigncs for ever, and yeerelv to maintaine possession

of the same, by theimclvcs or their ussii;;ues." Ibid.

discovery

'-"- ^WtatewJ

rf-?K--::TJ-4i[

1588.] AMERICAN ANNALS. QB

discovery by the Cabots, is considered by the English, as the
foundation of the right and the title of the Crow^n of Eiigiatid
to the territory of Newfoundland^ and to the fishery on its
lianks.

Gilbert, intending to bring the southern parts of the
country within the compass of his patent, the date of which
was now nearly expired, hastened his preparations to return to
England. Intending however, previously to his departure,
to make farther discoveries on the coast toward the south, he
embarked from St. John's hairbour with his little fleet, and
«ailed for the Ible of Sable by the way of Cape Breton. After
spending eight days in the navigation from Cape Race toward
Cape Breton S the ship Admiral was cast away on some shoals
berore any discovery of land, and nearly one hundred souls
perished. Of this number was Stephen Parmenius Budeius,
a learned Hungarian, who had accompanied the adventurers
to record their discoveries arid exploits >. Two days after tlii^
disaster, no land yet appearing, the waters being shallow, tlie
coast unknown, the navigation obviously dangerous, and tho
provisions scanty, it was concluded by the general and the
company to return to England. Changing their course accor-
dingly, they passed in sight of Cape'Race on the second of
September, and on the ninth, when they had sailed more than
three hundred leagues on their way home, the frigate, on
board of which was Sir Humphery Gilbert, foundered in a
violent storm at midnight, and all the souls on board perish-
ed 3.

1 The distance between Cape Race and Cape Breton is 87 leagues.
Ilakluyt, iii. 155.

2 Uaieti. says, it was the intention of Parnienius " to record in the La-
tine tongue the i^ests {exploits, fioni the l^ntin viovAgestd] and things
worthy ot'ceineinbratKe, happening in this discovciie, to tlie honour of
our nation, the same bi'inij artoinedwith th0^eloquent slile of tliis Orator
and rare I'uet of our time." Ilakluyt, iii. \lS. Sec an account oftiiis
learned lluni^arian, with a poem, wliicl> lie wrote in England inccicbiation
of the projected Voyage, in the Collections of Mass. Hist. Society, ix.
49 — 15- In that account there is a small error, i'armcnius is there said
to have been lost vith Gilbert; but he was lost in the ship Admiral several
days litfarc. It was natural to suppose, that Gilbert was on board the
Admiral ; but, on carefpt inspection, it appears that he was not. " Fhe
Genciall made choise to goe in his frigate the S(/uirrel/, the '^amc bcinj
nio^ convenient to discover ujwn the coast, and to search into every
harbour or creeke, whicha great ship could not doe." IJakluvt, iii. )bii.

3 Hukluyt, i.679— (>99; iii- 143^1(>(i. Harris, Voy. i. 533—586, 800.
Forstcr, Voy. '29'i, '^93. Hazard, CoU. i. Si Prince, Chron. LitriKi. \02.
Belknap, tt'un^_. i. 37. Stith, Vir^j;. U. Uiiiv. liist xii. H^. 13iog. Britann.
Art. GilBEHf.

. ■ i Sir

y. Ai

i'^" I'.

(j6 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l584.

Sir Adrian Gilbert obtained from queen Elizabeth a patent
for the discovery of a Northwest passage to China, to remain
in force five years, by the title of, The Colleagues of the Fel-
lowship for the Discovery of the Northwest Passage ^

The renewal of the French trade with Canada, two years
since, was so auspicious, that the French had now three ships,
one of a hundred and eighty tons, one of a hundred tons,
and one of eighty, employed in that trade >.

. . 1584.

Sir Walter Ralegh, observing that the Spaniards had only
settled on the middle and southern parts of America, and that
there was vast extent of territory north of the gulf of Mexico,
that was yet unknown, after mature deliberation, resolved on
its discovery. Having digested a plan for prosecuting the de-
sign, he laid it before the queen and council, to whom It ap-
peared a rational, practicable, and generous undertaking. The
queen accordingly gave him a patent, granting him free li-
berty to discover such remote, heathen, and barbarous lands,
not actually possessed by any Christian prince, nor Inhabited
by Christian people, as to him should seem good ; with pre-
rogatives and jurisdictions as ample, as had been granted to
his brother. Sir Humphrey Gilberts,

On the reception of this patent, Ralegh sent Philip Amadas
and Arthur Barlow, two experienced commanders, to explore
the country, called by the Spaniards Florida. Sailing from the
west of England on the twenty- seventh of April, they arrived
at the West Indies on the tenth of June. Proceeding soon
after to the continent, they arrived at the American coast on
the fourth of July, and sailed along the shore one hundred
and twentjr miles, before they could find an entrance by any
river, issuing into the fiea. Coming to one at length, they
entered it ; and having manned their boats, and viewed the
adjoining land, they took formal possession of the country for
the queen of England, delivering it over to the use of Sir Wal-
ter Ralegh. This proved to be the island of Wocokon, on the

1 Halkuyt, i. 774— 776; iii. 96 — 98, whcreare entire copies of the pa-
tent. Bclk'nap, Biog. i. 38. Anderson [il. 137.] says, this "scheme ended
in nothing at all."

2 Ilalvlmt, iii. 187. See A. D. 1.581.

S After the death of Sir H. Gilbert's tather, his mother maried Walter
Ralegh, Esq. of Fardel; and by him was the mother of Sir Walter Ra-
legh. An entire copy of Ralegh's patent is in Hakluvt, iii. 24a— 245;
Hazard, Coll. i. S.S— 38; and Brit. Kmp. Jntrod. i. p.'xv— xix. It was
** to continue the space of six yecres, and no more."

borders

treSifflWRflS-' : -:-'-«ifi'

1^84.] AMERICAN ANNALS^ Of

hotdms of which they remained two days without seeing any
people of the country. On the third day three of the natives
came in a boat to the sidr of the island, near the English, who
persuaded one of their > ^o on board their ships, where they
gave him a shirt, and v&. .om toys. I'he next day there came
to them several boats, in one of which was Granganimeo, a
brother of the king of the country, with about forty men i;
and to this princely personage, whom his attendants treated
with profound rer^pect, they made presents of such things, as
pleased him *, A day or two after they trafficked with the na-
tives. The king's brother afterwards went on board the ships,
accompanied by his wife and children. Afler this friendly in-
tercourse, Barlow and seven of his men went twenty miles
through Pamlico sound to Roanoke, an island near the mouth
of Albemarle Sound, where they found a village, consisting
of nine houses, built with cedar, and fortified with sharp trees.
In the absence of Granganimeo, who lived here, they were
entertained with peculiar kindness by his wife. While par-
taking of the refreshment, that she prepared for them, they
were so alarmed by two or three of the natives, who came in
from hunting, as to be ready to take up their ahns, to repel
them ; but she instantly caused some of her men to go out,
and take away their bows and arrows, and break them, and
beat those Indians out of the gate. This generous woman,
concerned to see the English In the evening putting off from
the shore, carried a supper, half dressed, and delivered it at
ihe boat side, with the pots in which it was cooked. Perceiv-
ii)g their continued distrust, she ordered several men, and
thirty women, to sit on the bank, as a guard to them through

t .

1 " The maner of bis comming was in Ibis sort : bee left bis boates al-
together as the first man did, a little tVoin theshippes by the shore, and
came along to the place over against the ships, followed with fortie men.
When he cainte to the place, bis servants spread a long matte upon the
ground, on which he sate downe, and at the other ende of the matte foure
(ithcrs of bis companie did the like, tlie rest of his men stood round about
him somewhat a farre ot|': wlicn we came to the &horc to him with our
Weapons, bee never moovcd from bis place, nor any of the other foure,
nor never mistrusted any bar(ne to be dttVcd from us, but silting still he
beckoned us to come and sit by him, which ve performed : and being set
liee made all signer, of joy and welcome." llakluyt, iii. '247.

'i *' When we shewed him all our packet of merchandize, of all thingtr'
that he sawe, a bright tinnne dish most pleaded him, which be presently
looke up and clapt it bi|fore bis breast, and after made a bole in the
biimme thereof nnd hung it about his necke, makiQgsigrls that it would
(lefende him against his enemies arrowes. — \Ve«xcbanged our tinn^fiJsh
for twentie skinnc!!, woorth twentie crowiies, or twentie nobles ; and a
copper kettle for fiftic skini woorth tiftie ci cwnec." llakluyt, iii. 247.

Vol. I.

the.

vmmms^

R' I

AKttmCAN ANNALS.

[\S95^,

tKe night, and sent several fine matfi, to screen them from the
weather. The shipis, the fire arms, the clothes, and especU
sAly the complexions, of the English, excited the admiration
of these tawny abori^f^ab, and produced a sort of magical in-
fluence, which procureid'from them these extraordinary tokens
of respect and hospitality. Aditr spending a few^ weeks in
trafficking with the people, and in visiting some parts of the
continent, the adventurers returned to £ngland, carrying with
them two of the natives. On their arrival', diey gave such
splendid descriptions of the beauty and fertility of the country,
and of the mildness of the climate, that Elizabeth, delighted
with the idea of occupying so fine a territory, bestowed on
it the name of Virginia r, as a memorial that this happy dis-
covery was made ander a virgin queen •

/ 1.

^4 .

1585.

Sir Walter Ralegh sent out from England a fleet of seven
sail, with people to form a settlement in Virginia; deputing
Sir Richard Grenville to be general of the expedition, and
Idr. Ralph Lane to be governor of the colony. Sailing from
Plymouth on the ninth of April, they proceeded to Virginia
by the way of the West Indies, and anchored at Wocokon the
twenty-sixth of June. From this island Grenville went to the
continent, accompanied by several gentlemen ; was absent
from the fleet eight days ; and in that time discovered several
Indian towus. He then sailed to Cape Hatteras, where he
was visited by Granganimeo, the prince, seen by Amadas and
Barlow the proceeding year 3. He next sailed to the island
of Roanoke, where he remained a short time, and then em-
barked for England, leaving one hundred and seven persons
under the government of Mr. Lane to begin a plantation.
This was the first English colony ever planted in America 4.

Greji-

1 It has since been called North Carolina; and the original name is
applied to the adjoining country on the north east. Prince, Chron. Inirod.
102.

2 Hakluyt, iil24(S— aril. Purchas, i. 755. Smith, Virg. 3 — t. Be-
verly, 4. Stith, 9, 11.31. Prince, Chron. Introd. 102. Stow, Cliron. 1018.
Brit Emt). iii. ,15. Robertson, book ix. d9> 40. Belknap, Biog. i. 138.
Oldys' Life of Ralegh, 23—25.

8* Althoni^h the short Journal of this voyage in Hakluyt gives no ac-
count of uhat passed between Granganimeo and Grenville, Oldys lup-
poses, the settlement of the English in the country was then agreed on to
rheir niiitiial satisifaction.

4 Ilakluyt, iii. 251— 255. Smith, Virg. ,5. Beverly, C, U. Stith, li.
Utiiv. Hist. .\'x.\ix. 237. Prince, ChroD. Introd. 103. Kubertsou, bouk

i.x.

• Th

tttXi; it V

*,aP!R'iW'"

'■s^aW!?!^ '

::srmnmmmmf-

Be-

m. 1018.
i. 138.

1A85.] AMEEICAN; ANN^ALS^ Qft

Grenville, at his departure for England, sailed nortlieasterly,
and discovered the coast from Roanoke to the country of the
Chesepeaks, one hundred and thirty miles i.

Sir Bernard Drakej a Devonshire knisht, with a squadron
of English ships, was now sent to Newfoundl&nd, where he
t( ok several Potuguese ships, laden with fish, oil., and furs,
and carried t' eo), as good, and lawful prizes, to England 2. /'

Some merchants and gentlemen of landed pioperty in En-
gland, with some noblemen, belonging to the court, formed
an association, and sent out two barks for discovery, under
the command of John Davis, an experienced navigator.
Leaving Dartmouth ii^ June, he sailed up to sixty-six degrees
forty minutes north latitude, in the strait, which bears his
name, and explored the western coast of Greenland, and part
of the opposite coast of the continent of America, between
which two coasts the strait runs. Anchoring here under a
large mountain, he named it Mount Ralegh. He viewed
Terra de Labrador, and the more notherly coasts ; and dis-
covered Gilbert's Sound, and the straits, which he afterward
called Cumberland Straits 3.

ix. 42. Biog. Britann. Art. Greenville. Brit. Emp. Introd. i. 20; iii.
.36. Birch, Life of Raleigh * ^jrefixed to his Works, p. xv. Oldys, p. xxviii.
The names of these first colonists are in Hakluvt, ut supra; and in Hazard,
Coll. i. 38, 39. This settlement of the Bngiish was begun seventeen years
after the French had abandoned Florida, on the same coast, but far to the
north of the settlements, tor which France and Spain bad contended.

1 Ibid. The colony, that lie left in Virginia, discovered, from 17 August,
1585, to 18 June, 1586, so far to the south, as Secotan. 80 miles distant
from Itoanokc, and to the northwest so far as Chawanook, distant from
Roanoke about 1.30 miles. Uakluyt, iii. 958.

2 Univ. Hist, xvxix. 248. Anderson, ii. 1 02. Forster [294.] ascribes it.
lo the strength of Sjiain, Portugal, and France, that the English did not
venture before to dispute with them the title to this fishery. Anderson
simply considers this, as an act against a nation at open war, " Portugal
being now united to Spain." Forster erroneously says Sir Francis, instead
of Sir Bernard Drake.

S Hakluyt, iii. 98—103, where the writer of the voyage .says, " wean-
kered in a very f.iire rode under a brave mount, the clittbs whereof were as
orient as golde." Harris, Voy. i. 579, 589 Purchas, i. 741. Forster, Voy.
2g3_30i. Prince, Chron.J«/ro</. 103. Univ. Hist. xli. 80. Europ. Set-
tlements, ii. 286. Belknap, Biog. i. 38.

• Thus Bir ch and most of Iter sxvrite this name; butlfoUuxe Oldys, nho
law it written " t>ff his wwn hand." ^

1566.

100

AMERICAN ANNALS.

fl58C«

ni ■/ f

! i

i!l'

1586.

Queen Elizabeth, no\7 at war with Spain, was advised to at-
tack her settlements in America, and to surprize the Spanish
fileons. In prosecution of this scheme, private adventurers in
ngland fitted out a fleet of twenty sail, with iwo thousand
three hundrsd soldiers and mariners, under the command of Sir
Francis Drake i. This distinguished naval commander, on his
arrival at the West Indies, captured and pillaged the city of St.
Domingo ; and, sailing over to the continent, took the city of
Carthagena, and obliged the inhabitants to ransom it. Leav-
ing Carthagena, and sailing by the coast of Florida, he sacked
St. John's fort, near St. Augustine. He next sailed for Vir-
ginia, to visit the English colony, recently planted there, and
arrived ofF the coast on the ninth of June. Discovering a dis-
tant fire, he sent his skifF ashore with some of his men, who
found several of their' countrymen of that colony, and took
them on board their ships, oy their direction, the fleet pro-
ceeded the next day to the place, which the English colonists
made their port ; but some the ships, being of too great
draught to enter, anchored about two miles from the shore *
From this place Drake, who had been told, that the colony
was in distress for want uf provision, wrote a letter to gover-
nor Lane, then at his fort at Roanoke, about six leagues dis-
tant, making him an offer of supplies. The next day Mr.
Lane and some of his company going on board the fleet,
Drake made two proposals : either to leave them a ship, a pin-
nace, and several boats, with sufficient masters and mariners,
furnished with a month's provisions, to stay and make farther
discovery of the country and coasts, and so much additional
provision, as would be sufficient to carry them all into England ;
or, to give them a passage home in his fleet 3. The first pro-
posal was gratefully accepted, A ship was accordingly selected
Fjy Drake, and delivered to the colonists; but before the pro-
visions were entirely received on board, there arose a great
storm , that continued three days, and endangered the whole
fleet, Mai'.y cables were broken, and many anchors lost ; and
some of the ships, of which number was that, destined for
the use of the colonists, were compelled to put to sea. Drake
now generously making the colony an ofler of another ship

1 The ilect sailed I'i September, 15S.">; stopped at the islands of Cape
de Veril ; and arri\edat Ilispaniola 1 January, l.'>8(>. ilakluyt. IVincc.
■i " N\ ithont the harbour in a wilde roade at sea." Ilakluyt.
^'' TJbe whole cwlony now consisted of 103 persons. Ibid.

with

>«iMigr^.-->-^i if i i ! '. i i«' jii..:ttijw wi aiij<ii'''

1580.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 101

with provisions, or of a passage home ; governor Lane and
' the principal persons with him, having considered what wae
expedient, requested the general, under their hands, that they
might have a passage to England. The rest of their company
were now sent for ; the whole colony was taken on board;
and the fleet, sailing from the coast of Virginia on the eigh-
teenth of June, arrived on the twenty-eighth of July at tbe
English harbour of Portsmouth i.

The Virginian colonists had been in great danger from the
machinations of the Indians, who at first intended to starve
them by abandoning them, and leaving the island unsown.
The submission of Okisko, king of Weopomeok (in March,)
by which he and his people became tributaries to the queen of
England, had great influence in defeating that design ; for
Pemisapan, who projected it, was, on that occasion, persuaded
by his aged father Ensenore, an Indian king, to plant a large
quantity of ground on the island and main land. Ensenore
dying on the twentieth of April, Pemisapan, who succeeded
hun in the government, next formed a conspiracy for the ge>
neral massacre of the colonists. This however was frustrated
bythe vigilanceof theEnglish governor, whocontrived a coun-
terplot ; in execution of which Pemisapan was slain on the
first of June, ten days only before the arrival of Sir Francis
Drake. The fears of the colonists appear now to have sub-
sided. But the hope of finding a rich mine in the interior part
of the country, which they had already made one attempt to ■
discover, seems to have greatly influenced their wishes to con-
tinue longer in Virginia 2. Little did they know the true sour-
ces of wealth. Little did they imagine, that a de.spicahle
plant would, at a future period, enrich the inhabitaiits of this

1 Hakluyt, iii. aC3, 264, 528, SSI— 548, 781. Purclias, i. 755, 757-
Beverly* 9. Stitb, 47. Prince, Chron. ///^;W. 103. Univ. Hist, xxxix.
127. Brit. Emp. Introd. i. iJ I . Of the discoveries of this colony, during
its year's residence in Virginia, \se miglit perhaps have had accurau~ ^c-
counts, but for the loss of its papers. The narrator in Hakluyt [iii. <i6-).j
says, when Drake sent his vessels to Roanoke, to fetch away a few per-
sons, who were left there with the baggage, " the weather was s<» boiste-
rous, and the pinncbses so often on ground, that the nio»t of all we had,
with all our cards, books, and writings were by the Sailoi-s cast overboord."

2 Hakluyt, iii. 2.').'i — 9t>3. The mine is said to be " notorious" among
the Indians, and to lie up the river of Maratoc. The narrator in Hakluyt
calls it " a niarveillnus and most strange niinerall;" and adds, " there want-
ed no great good will from the most to the least amongst us, to have per-
fitted this discoverie of the Aline : for that the discoverie of a good Mine
by the goodnesse of God, or a passage to the South Sea, or some way to
it, and nothing else can bring this Countrey in request to be inhabited by

our nation.

very

it !

'la

i::

'-•'>»■«(*«

(

i ii

1<J2 AMERICAN ANNALS. [ 1 58(5.

very territory, which they were ready to pronounce unfit to
l>e inhabited, unless it were found to contain latent treasures
of the precious metals.

Had the Virginian adventurers remained but a little time
longer at their plantation, they would have received supplies
from home ; for immediately after their departure, a ship, sent
by Sir Waller Ralegh to their r^Jief, arrived at Hatteras, and
made diligent search for them ; bat, not finding them, returned
to England. Within fourteen or fifteen days after this ship
had left the coast, Sir Richard Grrnville arrived at Virginia
with three ships with provisions ; but searched in vain for the
colony, that he had planted. Unwilling to lose possession of
the country, so long holden by Englishmen, he left fifteen Of
his crew to keep possession of the island of Roanoke, and re-
turned to England '.

Tobacco was now carried into England by Mr. Lane ; and
Sir Walter Ralegh, a man of g liety and ifashion, adopting
the Indian usage of smoking it, and by bis interest and exam-
ple introducing it at court, the pipe soon became fashionables.

1*87.

1 Hakluyt.iii. SfiS. Purchas, I. 755. Smith, Vug. 13. Beverly, II.
Belknap, Biog. i. 9l6, 217. Robertson, book ix. 46. Sir R. Grenvillc was
mortally wounded five jears aftei ward HiOi) in an engagement with a
Spanish fleet, and died on boaiil the adniirai's ship, vrhere he was a pri-
soner, " highly admired by the veiy enemy lor his extraordinary courage
and resolutioni" Stith, yO

2 Mr. Thomas Hariot, a man of science and observation, who was with
Lane in Virginia, after describing the tobacco plant, says, " the Indians
use to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it throush pipes made of
clay. We ourselves, during the time we were there, used tosuckeitafttr
their manner, as also since our return. ' Camden [Eliz. 324.] says, that
these colonists were the first that he knows of, who brought tobacco into
England ; and adds: " Certainly from that time forward it began to grow
into great request, and to be sold at an high rate." Oldys [LifeRal.p.3l.]
says, the colonists under Lane carried over tobacco " doubtless according
to the instructions they had received of their proprietor; for the introduc-
tion among us of that commodity is generally ascribed to Ralegh himselfV
I do not call this the Introduction of tobacco into England}, because in
Stow's Chronicle, [p. 1038.] it is asserted, that Sir John Hawkins carried
it thither first in the year 1576. Bui it was then considered as a mere
drug, and that Chronicle tells us, " all men wondered what it iriCant."
I'he description of the use of tobacco in Florida in Hawkins' vcyagc of
1565 [Hakluyt, i. 541.] confirms theacccount of its introduction into En-
gland that year : " The Floridans wlien they travele have a kinde of herbe
dryed, which with a cane, and an earthern cup in the end, with fire, and
the dried hei-bs put togeth«?r, do sucke thorow the cane the smoke thereof,

, which smoke satisfieth their hunger." After this particular notice of to-
bacco in Florida, Hawkins probauly carried a specimen of it to England,
at a curiosity. This singular plant appears to have bsen used by the na-
tives

^ *

1687.J

AMERICAN ANNALS.

10«

sent

1687.

Sir Walter Ralegh, intent on planting the territory within
his patent, equipped thi'ee vessels^ and sent another company
of one hundred and fifty adventurers to Virg,inia. He incor-
porated them by the name of, the Borough of Ralegh in Vir*
gtnvav and constituted John White governor, in whom, with
a council of twelve persons, the legislative power was "ested s
and they were directed to plant at the Bay of Chesepeak, and
to erect a fort there. Arnvine at Hatteras on the twenty- se-
cond of July, the governor with forty of his be«t men went
on board the pinnace, intending to pass up to Roanoke, in the
hope of finding the Englishmen, whom Sir Richard Grenville
had Iftft there the year before ; and, after a conference with
them concerning the stale of the country and of the Indians,
to return to the Aeet, and proceed along the coast to the Bay
of Chesepeak, according to the orders of Ralegh. But, no
sooner had the pinnace left the ship, than a gentleman, in-
structed by'Fernando, theprincipal naval commander, who was
destined to return soon to England, called to the sailors on
■board the pinnace, and charged them not to bring back any
of the planters, excepting the governor and two or. three o-
thers, whom he approved, but to leave them in the island';
for the summer, he observed, was far spent, and therefore he
would land all the planters is no other place. The sailors on
board the pinnace, as well as those on hoard the ship, having

lives in all parts of America. In the account of Cartier's voyage in lASj,
we find it used in Canada. '* There groweth a certainc V\\\A of Jicibe,
whereof in Sotnmer they make great pio>ision for all the yeere, making

Sreat account of it, and onely men use of it, and tirrt they' cause it to- be
ried in the sunne, then weare it ahout their neckcs wrapped in a little
beaittes skinne made Uke a little bagge, with a hollow ncece of btone or wood
like a pipe: then when they please they make pouder ofit» and then put
it io one uf the end-s of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a cciie of fire
upon it, at the other cude suckeso long, that they All their boviies full of
Bfuoke, till that it commeth out oftheirmoutlv and nostrils, even as out of
the tonnell ofachiuincy." Hakluyt, iii. 2'i4. It was used copiously in
Mexico, where the natives took it, not only in smoke at the mouth, but
also in snuff at the nose. " In crxler to smoke it, they put tlic leaves with
the gum of liquid anther, and other hot and odorous herbs, into a little pipe
of w{)od or reed, m some othci more valuable substance. Tlicy received
the smoke by hucking the pipe and shutting the nostrils with their fingers,
so tliat it might pass by the breath the more easily towards thekngs." It
was such a luxury, that the lords of Mexico were accustunied^to compose
themselves to vlcep with it. Clavigero, i. 439. [See p. 48, note %, of these
Annals.] Clavigero says, " Toiacco is a name takeu from the Haitiiie lan<
fuage."

H 4 been

^1 i

!,')

ii ■ -

»{'!.^

I.r'!

104 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l587

been persuaded by the ma:<«ter to this measftre, the governor,
judging it best not to contend with them, proceeded to Roan-
oke. At sunset he landed with his men at that place in the
island, where the fifteen men were left ; but discovered no
signs of them, excepting the bones of one man, who had been
slain by the savages, l^he next day the governor and several
of bis company vveut to the north end of the island, where
governor Lane had erected his fort, and his men had bnilt se-
veral decent dwelling houses, the preceding year; hoping to
find here some signs, if not the certain knowledge of the fif-
teen men. But, oncoming to the place, and finding the fort
rased, and all the houses, though standing unhurt, over-grown
with weeds and vines, and deers feeding within them ; thej
returned, in despair of ever seeing their looked for country-
men alive I. Orders were given the same day for the repair
of the houses, and for the erection of new cottages. All the
colony, consisting of one hundred and seventeen persons,
soon after landed, and commenced a second plantation. On
the thirteenth of August, Manteo, a friendly Indian, who had
been to England, was baptized in Roanoke, according to a
previous order of Sir Walter Ralegh ; and, in reward of his
faithful service to the English, was called lord of Roanoke,
and of Desamonguepeuk. On the eighteenth ^rs. Dare, «
daughter of the governor, and wife of Ananias Dare (one of
the Assistants), was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke, who
was baptized the next Lord's day b^ the name of Virginia;
because she was the first English child born in the country.
On the twenty-seventh of August, at the urgent solicitation
of the whole colony, the governor sailed for England to pso-
cure supplies ; but. of his countrymen, whom he left behind,
ever afterward known >. Thus terminated the

nothing was

exer-

] About a vreek afterward some of the English people going to Croatan
>vere told by the Indians, that the \b KngiishnicDi left by Grenville,
were suprised by 30 Indians, vrho, having treacherously slain one of them,
compelled the rest to repair to the house, containing their pn>vision8 and
weapons, which the Indians instantly set on fire; that the English, leay>
ing the house, skirmished with them above an hour ; that in this skirmish*
another of their number was shot into the mouth with an arrow, and
died ; that they retired fighting to the water side, where Uy their boat,
inrith which they fled toward Ilatteras ; that they landed on a little island
on the right hand of the entrance into the harbour of Hatteras, where
they remained awhile, and afterward departed, whither they knew not.
Hak«\w», iii. 283, 984.

' ^ ilakluyt, iii. .280 — 287* where there is an entire account cf this
voyage, with the names of all the 11 7 settlers; of whom 01 were men, 17
'woinien, and 9 children. The two natives (Manteo and Towaye), who

went

1587.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 105

exertions of Ralegh, for colonizing Virginia, which proved
unsuccessful, says Chalmers, *' because the enterprlze had
been undertaken without sufficient information, because the
project was new, iind the means employed were not equal to
iheend'."

John Davis, having sailed the last year to Labrador a, now
Diade a third and very iiiiportant voyage. Sailing from Dart-
mouth with three vessels 3, one only of which was destined for
discovery, the other two for fishin";, he proceeded again to
that northern regipn; ;tnd on the thirtieth of June was in se-
venty-two degrees and twelye ipinutes north latitude, where
the sun was nve degrees above the horizon at midnight, and
the needle varied twenty-eight degrees toward the west. The
whole of that coast he called London Coast. Sailing sixty
leagues up Cumberland Straits, he discovered a cluster of is-
lands, which he called Ciunberland Islands. Having, on his
passage back from the northern seas, discovered and named
Lumiey's Inlet he returned in September to England 4. The
Spanish fleet, and the untimely death of secretary Wal sing-
ham, hindered the prosecution of these discoveries s

went to England with Amadas and Rarlow in 1584, returned with this
colony to Virginia. Sec Smith, Virg. 13, 1-i. Beverly, i:), \5. Stith,
47—60. Purchas, i. 7.W- Prince, Cliron. Iittrod. io3. Belknap, Biog.
i. .10. Stow, Chron. 1018. Brit Emp. iii. 38. Harris, Voy. i. 815. Ha&j.
40, 41.

1 Political Annals, i. 515.

2 This voyage, like the other, was for the discovery of a Northwest
passage ; but Davis proceeded no farther than to (ki deg. 'io min. north lat
i'or an account of this second voyage, see ilakluyt, iii. 103 — 1 1 1. Uarris,
Voy. 580—589. Forster, Voy. 302—308. Purchas, i. 741. Univ. flist.
xU. 86, 101. Camden, Eliz. 3i4, 3'^.). Belknap, Biog. i. 38. I'orster con*
sidered this second voyage of Davis highly important; but " the great
fault of it is, that in consequence of his not having named the countries he
law, it is very unintelligible."

3 " Two Barkes and a Clincher." Hakluyt.

4 Hakluyt, iii. 111.— 118. Foi-stcr, V^.y. .S08— 310. Purchas, i.
74'2. Univ. Hist xli. 101. Brit Euip. i. '2. Forster says, that Davig
went farther to the north than any of his predecessors; and tliat, if tlie
ice had not prevented him, he would certainly then hav*; made tlicdis-
covery which was afterward happily eitected ui I61O, by Hafliu.

5 Purchas, i. 74'2, where " Master Secretary Walsingliaai" is style4
** The epitome and suiuniaric of human vvorthinesse."

I V

6SS«

'^1

loG

AMERICAN ANNALS.

ijW! \

i» ..!•

.[l«88.

1588.

The cUy of Nombre de T)io» was about this time removed
to Porto Bello, by order of Philip 11. of Spain «.

Thomas Cavendish, an Englishman, completed the circum-
navipuion of the earth. On this voyage he passed through
the Straits of Ma<;ellan ; and pillaged, and burned several of
the Spanish •settlements in Chili, Peru, and New Spain >. This
was the second English voyage round the world. These war-
like circumnavigations were from this time discontinued by
the English naiion until the reign of queen Anne 3.

Governor White, though detained in England, so importu-
nately solicited Ralegh and Grcnville for the relief of the Vir-

1 Some historians place this event in I,'>«4. See Univ. Hiit. xxxix.
I'lO. Ulloa'f Vuvai;e to South America, i. 86. But, at it clearly appears
from I laklu>^t, iii* M3, that the measure >was onl v recommenaed to the
king of Spain iu 1A87 by his surveyor Baptista Antonio, I presume its
accomniishmcnt cannot have been earlier than the succeeding vear. " If
it would please your majestic, it were cood that the citie of Nombre de
Dins inii;i)t he brought and builded in this harbour [Porto Hello]." Nom-
bre dc uios (built in 1A<H)) was entirely destroyed in its inftncv by the
Indiaus of Darien ; but some time afterward it was repaired, and the in«
habitiints maintained their ground until this removal. Ulloa, i. 86. The
cvpediency of this measure sufficiently appears from the account ffiven to
the king by his surveyor : " Puerto Hello lieth five leagues from Nombre
Dios westward ; it is a very good harbour, and sufficient to receive cicai
store of shins. Within this barbour there lieth a small crreke safe from
»ll winds that can blow." [See p. 22 of these Annals.] *' The fleete shall
not passe so many dangers as theydayly doe in Nombre de Dios ;
neither will there so many people die as there dayly doe in Nombre de
Dios : and the cause thereof is, that those labouring men which doe use
to unlade those merchandize, are all the whole day wading in the water
np to the armepits to bring the packs of cloth and other commodities
aland : for there is no landing place where there can come any boatet to
land any goods close to the shore, so this wading jiiid the parching of
the sunne is the cause why so many doe dye of a btirning fever. I'here
are but 6o dwelling houses in Nombre de Dios, and but thirtie dwellers
which doe continually dwell there, and the rest doe goe to Panama after
the fleete is gone, anti then this towne doeth remayne desolate, every man
forsaking it hccause it is so full of diseases." llakluyt, iii. 552, 553.

2 Ilakliiy , iii. 803—809, where this eminent navigatoris called Cntuiisfi.
Churchill, Vt.y. iii. 401. Camden, Eiiz. 397- It was begun at his own
expcnce with three ships 21 July, l.'>86, and effected in two years and two
months. Two of his ships were lost in the vovage. Ibid.

.1 Anderson, ii. Ifi4; who fhere says " neither this nur Drake's circum-
navigations were intended for making any useful settlements in those re-
ino»» narts for the benefit of our commerce, as most certainly they might
eask.^ have done^ but their principal aim was privateering against and
pillagini; the Spaniards, tci^ctlicr with some transient commerce."

t='^'V. « » giniaii

16Q0.II AMERICAN ANNALS. 107

ginian colony, as to obtain two small pinnaces, in which fif-
teen planters with sqitahlf supplier) of provision sailed fur Vir*
ginia. More intent however on a protitable voyage, than on
the reli'^''of the colony, they went in chare of prizes; until
at lengui two men of war from Rochelle, falliiiL, in with them,
disabled and rifled them, and obliged theiii to put back for £n«
gland i.

1589.

Sir Walter Ralegh, having expended fory thousand pounds
in attempting the colonization of V^irginia, without realizing
the expected gain, maile an assignmentof his patent to Thomai*
Smith, and other merchants and adventurers, with a donation
of one hundred pounds for the propagation of the Christiau
religion among the natives, and for the general benefit of lU«
Virginian colony >.

1 590.

^^ '

The English nation, at the juncture of governor White's
arrival in Lngland, being still at war with Spain, and appre-
hending an invasion by the Invincible Armada, the gover-
nor, who was one of the queen's council of war, was obliged
to remain there until the spring of this year. Finding hnn-
self at liberty to return to his colony, he sailed from Plymouth
with three ships, and, having passed through the West Indies
in the quest of Spanish prizes, arrived on the fifteenth of Au-
gust at Hatteras. In attempting to ^o on shore on the seven-
teenth, one of boats was overset, ana seven men were drown-
ed. This disaster discouraged the sailors to such a degree,
that they all seemed resolved to abandon the research ; but,
by the persuasion and authority of the governor and one of
their captains, they resumed it. The governor accordingly,
taking with him nmeteenmen in two boats, went toward the
place where he had left the English colony, and found on a
tree at the top of the bank, CKO : "arved in fair Roman let-

1 OIf1ys,Lifc Ral. p. 41. Naval Ilist.G. Brit. i.'24(). Belk. Biog. i. 219.

•2 Hakliiyt. i. Sl,^— SI7 ; lla/.ard. Coll. i. 4'2.')i where are entire copies
of tliis .issignnient. Biich, f.iffltai. p. 'il. Siith, J."). Belknap, Bioir. i. v*<J().
Robertson, book ix. 18, where the date is erroneous. Oltlys, LifeUai. p.
4(). Ualeuh was a generous benefactor to the colony, of which ': „• was tlie
yiarent. Mr. Harriot assures us, the least that he iiad granted had been 5ck)
acres of land to a man only for the adventure of his person Uukiuyt, iii.
ii80.

ters.

i08 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iSQl.

ters. This he knew to be intended to mark the place, where
the planters nnight be found ; for they had secretly agreed
with him at his departure for England, to write or carve on
trees or posts of the doors the name of the place where they
should be seated, because they were at that time preparing to
remove fifty miles from Roanoke into the main land. It had
also been agreed, that, in case of their distress, they should
carve over the letters a cross ; but, to the great comfort and
encouragement of their English friends, they found not this
sign. Coming to the spot, where the colony had been left,
they found the houses taken down, and the place very strongly
inclosed with a high palisado of trees, in the form of a fort.
At the right side of the entrance on one of the chief trees or
posts, the bark of which had been taken off five feet from the
ground, was carved, in fair capital letters, CROATOAN,
without the sign of distress*. Concluding that the colony,
was safe at the place, thus designated, they determined the
next morning to sail for Croatoan *, The ship however part-
ing her cables, the weather being tempestuous, their provi-
sions and fresh water scanty, they concluded to sail to the
West Indies for supplies, remain there through the winter,
and, on their return, visit their countrymen in Virginia; but
the violence of the storm obliged them to relinquish that de-
sign^ and return to England 3.

;' 1591.

A fleet of ships sailed from St. Malo in Fiance for Canada;
the French at that time being accustomed to lish at the is-
lands about the bay of St. Lawrence for morses, whose teeth
were then sold much dearer than ivory 4.

Thomas

1 Within tlie palisado they found many bars of iron, 2 pigs of lead, 4
iron fowleis, iron sack shot, and " such like heavie things throwen here
and theie ahnost ovcrjjrowen with grasse and weedes." In the end of an
old trench they found live chests, that had hcen carefully hidden by the
planters, three of which Governor White says were his own; and adds,
" about the place wc found niany of niv things spoyled and broken, and
my bookes torne from the covers, the Irames of some of my pictures and
rpappes rotten and spoyled with rayne, and ray armour almost eaten
throuj^h with rust." llakFuyt.

2 An Indian town on the north side of Cape Lookout [Marshall. Life of
■Washington, i. 20.], southward of Ilatteras. Belknap, Biog. i. Q2\. Here
Manteo was horn, and the natives of the island were theVriends of tlie
English. By the account in Ilnkluyt it was near Ocrecock Inlet.

S Flakhiyt, iii. '^Hr— 20.7. Smith, Virg. K'i, IG. Beverly, 14.
4 liakluy t, ill. 1 Sy. Anderson, ii. 180. They also j'^adc much oil from

these

.m.

1503.] AMERICAN ANNALS. lOQ

Thomas Cavendish, distinguished by his circumnavigation
of the earth, undertook a voyage with tive ships to the Straits
of Magellan; but, unable to pass them on account of bad
weather and contrary winds, he was driven back to the coast
of Brasil, where he died i.

1592.

Christopher Newport, with three ships and a small bark
conducted an expedition against the Spaniards in the West
Indies ; and took several prizes. On the coast of Hispaniola,
in the Bay of Honduras, and other places, he plundered and
burnt several towns, and obtained considerable booty ».

Juan de Fuca, a Greek, in the service of Spain, sent by the
viceroy of Mexico, to discover a Northwest passage by explor-
ing the western side of the American continent, discovered
z strait, which bears his name, in the forty-eighth degree of
north latitude 3. ^I

1593. '

George Drake, an Enprlishman, made a voyage up the gulf of
St. Lawrence to the isle of Ramea4. and carried home intelli-
gence of the profitable trade of the French and others in these
parts of America ?.

Other

lis, wliicls the English call Sea horses, the Dutch ati<l French
Thev are called in Latin Bovcs Marini, or I'acric Marinir,

those animals,
i>ca cows.

and in the Ri!>sian tonj^iie Morsscs. Ifaklnyt, iii. 1J)I. Anderson, ibid.
iS-V. Ilaklu yt [il)id.] says, " I have scene the hide of one as hi;j; as any
oxe hkle, and bein;; dres>ed I have yet a piece of one thicker then any
two ()\e or bills hides in l'3n!i;land. 'i'he leatherdresscrs take them to be
excellent good to nnke liglit targets against the arrowes of the Savages;
and I holde tiiem fiure better then the light leather targets, wliidi the
Moores use in liarbarie against arrowes and lances. The teeth ofthe sayd
lisht's, whereof I have seen a dry fat fnll at once, are a foot and sometimes
n»)re in length : and have been sold in T-ni'Iaud to the combe and knife
njakei"s, at 8 gro:)ts and 3 shillings the pound weight, whereas the b^st ivory
u sold for halfe the money." Aii English voyager [ibid. 193.] says, there
were laoo killed this year (1591 ) '.)y one small baik at Hamea.

1 C'aiiulen, Eli/. Mu, there called an untimely death.

a Hakluyt, iii. fxi?— .''09, where there is an entire account of this voy
age. Stith', VI. Jobselyn, Voy. '2 I0.

3' Belknap, liiog. i. ;]9, '2M — '.MO, frcmi Purchas. Fuca supposed it to
be the long sought passage.

\ Eying wiiiiin ih.' Straits of St. Peter, back of Newfoundland to tlie
southwest in 17 deg. N. lat. llakluyt.

i Hakluyt, iii '.Ji.'J. i'iiii »l.iii;i:nt author notices three voyages "of

ill:

-- - .-.^*...t*

•1 (

iia

AMERICAN ANNaLS.

Other English ships went this year to Cape Breton; somes
for morse fishing, and others for whale fishing. This i» the
first mention, that we find, of the whale fishery by the En-
glish. Although they found no whales in this instance, yet
they discovered on an island eight hundred whale fins, where
a Biscay ship had been lost three years before j arid this is the
first account that we have of whale fins, or whale bone, by
the English i.

Henry May, a worthy mariner, returning from the JEast In-
dies in a French ship, was wrecked on one of the islands of
Bermudas, and was the first Englishman, who set foot on this
island. The company, having saved the carpenter's tools, built
of cedar a bark of about eighteen tons ; caulked it, and payed
the seams with lime, mixed with turtles' fat ; procured the
shrowds from the ship for rigging ; put in thirteen live turtles
for provisions ; and, after remaining on the island nearly five
months, sailed to Newfoundland, whence they procured a
passage for England ».

George Weymouth with two ships, fitted out from England
at the joint expence of the two companies of Russia and Tur-
key merchants for the discovery of a Northwest passage, visit-
ed the coast of Labrador. In sixty-one degrees forty minutes

our owne men, the first of Mr. George Drake, the second of M. Silvester
Wyct, the third of M. Charles Leigh ; because (he says) they are the first,
for' ought that has hitherto come to my knowledge, of oure owne Nation,
that have conducted Englisli ships so farre within this gulfo of S. Laurence,
and have brought us true relation of the manifold p'aine which the French,
Britaypcs, Baskcs, and Biskaines do ycrely return from the sayd partes ;
while wee liiis long time have stood still and have bene i<ile lookers on,
making courtisie who should give the first adventure, or once being given
who shouldcontinueor prosecute the same." Ibid.

1 Anderson, ii. 184. ilow ladies' stays were previously made, docs not
appear; but Anderson thinks it probable, that slit pieces ot cane, or of
some tough and pliant wood, might h^ve been used.

2 Ilakluyt, iii. S?"), 574, where is Ilenry May's account of this voyage
entire. The coinpan\- did not leave the island until II May, lh*)i, and
on the QOth fell in with the land near Cape Breton, wljcre they took in
water and provision, and then proceeded to Ne > foundland. Ibid, (iorge.s
New Eng. fi. Smith, Virg. 17.J. Harris, Voy. 818. Belknap, Biog. i. .SO.Sir
William Mouson says, he knew of this shipwreck, and of the preservation
of Ilenry May, who belonged to one of the French shijjs that •« captain
Pviuan had, when he was drowned returning from the Indies." Naval
Tracts in Churchill, Collect, iii. 410. He also says, that above no years
before the time when he was writing [i. e. about' l.'iS.'i], he " knew onr
ca|)tain Russel, a Frenchman, shipwrecked upon that island [Bermudas];
and with great industry of his people, for few of l.is men were lost, thev
patclicd up a boat out of the materials of the perished ship, that carried
them to Ne.\ foundland, where they found relief and pabsagc into their
own country." ibid.

north

1594.J AMEBICAN ANNALS- 111

north latitude, he saw the entrance of an inlet, forty leasues
broad, up which he sailed nearly a hundred and returned. The
variation of tlve compass here was thirty-five degrees to the
west. S»ling along the coast of America, he entered an in-«
let in the fifty-sixth degree ot latitude, and had great but de-
lusive hope of finding a passage. After a voyage of three
months he arrived in England *.

1594,

mff'i9it .

Silvester Wyct of Bristol, in a bark of tTjirty-five tons,
fliade a voyage up the bay of St. Lawrence as far as the isle of
Assumption, for the barbs or fins of whales, and train oil.
Ten leagues up the bay of Placentia, he found the fishermen
of St John de Luz, Sibibero,and Biscay to be upwards of sixty
sail J of which eight ships only were Spanish. At Farrillon a
he found twenty sail of Englishmen ; and, having in this har-
bour satisfactorily made up his fishing voyage, he returned to
England 3.

James Lancaster, sent out from London with three ships
and a galley frigate, two hundred seventy-five men and boys,
took twenty-nine Spanish ships, ami, associating Venour an
Englishman, and some Hollanders and Frenchmen, who were
roving in the South American seas for booty, surprized Fer-
nambuck, the port town of Olinda, InBrasil. After keeping
possession of it thirty days, he carried off the freight of a rich
East Indian carrack, with which, and sugars, BrasU wood,
and cotton, procured there, he loaded fifteen sail of vessels,
and returned hoipe 4.

1595. ?*

Sir Walter Ralegh, having the preceding year sent to Gui-
ana captain VVhiddon, an old and experienced officer, from
whom he received flattering accounts of the opulence and
grandeur of that country, resolved now to visit it in person 5.

1 Forsfer, Voy. S12— 317.

y To the northward of Cape Brace 14 leagues. Ilakhijt, * ■

3 Ihikhiyt, iii. Uj4, 195.

4 Hakluyt, iii. 708— 7 1"). Camden, Eliz. Anderson, ii. 1S6.

f) Guiana lies eastward of Peru under the equinoctial [Purchas, i. 83;?.],
between the Oronoque and. the river of Amazons. Halc!;h ■^ays, the Oro-
noque is navigable tor ships little less than looo miles, and for smaller ves-
sels near 20u6 ; later writers say, ISf^p. The cntuitry, where he was led

to expect to find immense treasures, lay on this river, Coo miles from the

sea, .„,..-,.... ^._, ,,.._. -..,-,. -y^, „..,.., ,^,, -. . .-

Fitting

i"'^

'<\.yt>

t : • tl

?!M

112 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l504.

FittLiig out a fleet a,t a great expence, he sailed on the sixth
of February from. Plymouth. Arriving at Trinidad, he spent
a month in coasting the island, wuting at the same time for
the arrival of captain Preston. Learning, during this period,
the state of St. Joseph, a small city, lately built by the Spani*
ards on that island, and knowing that the search for Guiana
must be made in small boats, and that his ship must be left
several hundred miles behind, he perceived it would not be
.safe to leave at his back a garrison of enemies, interested in
the same enterprize, and in daily expectation of reinforcement
from Spain. Determined in his purpose, in the dusk of the
evening he boldly assailed the Corps du Garde; and, having,
put them to the sword, advanced with one hundred men, and
by break, of day took the city, which, at the entreaty of the
Indians, he set on fire *. Leaving his ships at Trinidad, he
proceeded with one hundred men in boats four hundred miles
up the Oronoque ; but the river beginning dangerously to
swell, he returned, ^without effecting the great discovery a.
Several petty kings of the country however resigned their so-
vereignties into his hands, for the use of queen Elizabeth. It
was his intention to seek for his colony in Virginia on his re-
turn to England ; but extremity of weather forced him from
the Virginian coast 3.

1 He took Antonio deBerreo, the Spanish governor, prisoner, and car-
ried bini, and a companion who was with him, on board his ships ; but
the otlier Spaniards he dismissed, lierreo provolced Kaiegh to this mea-
sure, bv treacherously capturing eiu;ht of captain \Vhiddon's men the year
before, after givilii; his word that they shuuld take wood and water safely.
It appears too, that Itc and his Spaniards had treated the Indians with ex-
treme cruelty ; which accounts for the attachment tlicse oppressed natives
formed for llaleiili and tlieCn.y;li.>,li people, wliom they considered as tlieir
deliverers. Hakluyt. Bancroft, so lately as 17<iH, says, The Charibecs of
Guiana retain a tradition of an Ktii;lish Chief, who many years since landed
among them, and encouraged them to persevere in enmity to the Spani-
ards; pro^nisini? to return and settle among tlicm, and aObrd them assist-
ance. It i ; sai^, that tliev still preserve an English Jack, which he left
with them, that they might distinguish his countrymen. This, adds
Bancroft, was undoubtedly Sir Walter Ualeigh, wim in H^W^ made a de-
cent on^he coast of Guiann, in search of the fabulous golden city of Ma-
noa del Uora<lo. 1 1 ist. Guiana, '-'.>8, 'i ")0

•2 " The fury of Orenoque began daily to threaten us with dangers in
our icturne ; ff)r no halfe day passed, but the river began to rage and over-
Howe very fearcfully, and tfie rairies came downe in terrible showers, and
gustos in great abundance." Uale^h, ibid.

S rurdias, i. 82.S. v. l^dt). llakiuyt, jii. 627— 4)t)>, where is Sir W.
Uulcgh's acrount entire, lie seemed to believe, that what he had writ-
ten (if Guiana would besuflic lent to incite the " lady of ladios" [Elizabeth j
to possess it; " if not," he add.<, " I will judge those men worthy to be
kings ihciuof, thai by her grace and lea\c will uudeitalvc it of themselves."

Captain

1595.] AMERICAN ANNALS, ^113

Cstptain Amias Preston, arriving after Ralegh on the coast
of South America, landed at the isle of Cocbe, near Marga-
rita, where he took a few Spaniards with their negro slaves,
and a small quantity of pearls. Proceeding to Cumana, the
the Spanish inhabitants, after a parley, agreed to pay him a
ransom, to save their town from conflagration and plunder. He
next took the city St. Jago de Leon, which was sacked, and
burnt. Having afterward burnt the tcwnof Coros, he sailed
to Hispaniola, thence to Newfoundland, and thence to En-
gland I.

Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins sailed from En-
gland with six of the queen's ships, and twenty-one private
ships and barks, on an expedition to the West Indies. On
the way from Guadaloupeto Porto Rico, Sir John Hawkins
died « ; and was succeeded in command by Sir Thomas Bas-
kerville. The next day Drake made a desperate attack on the
shipping in the harbour of Porto Rico j but, obtaining little
advantage, he proceeded to the main, and took the towns of
Rio de Hache, Rancheria, Tapia, Saint Martha, and Nom-
bre de Dios3. Sir Thomas Baskerville now marched with
seven hundred and fifty men for the reduction of Panama;
but the Spaniards, having knowledge of the design, "were
strongly fortified, and he was obliged to abandon the enter-
prize 4.

Alvaro de Mendanade Neyra, a Spanish governor in South
America, sailing from Callao with four ships and four hun-
dred people, with the design of making a settlement in Solo"
mon Islands, discovered four islands in the South Pacific O-
cean, which, in honour of the marquis of Cannete, viceroy

1 Flaklnyt, iii. 578— /j83.

2 Stow [Chron. 807.] ^ays, " as it was supposed of melancholy." His
armcs, " emblazoned in memory of liis noble atch'evcmcnts," preserve
liis appmpriate honours . " Upon his helm a wreath, Argent and Azw :,
a Demy Moore in his proper colour, bound and captive, with amulets in
his arms and cars." Biog. Britann. Art. Hawkins. Sec A. D. 1563.

cJ Hakluyt, iii. c.as— :'90. Purthas, v. 1183. The pearls, brouglit by
the Spaniards for the ran^om of the lianchcria '^their fishing town for
pearl,) were so hiuiily rated, to make up the ottered sum of ii4000 ducats,
that the i-eneral sent them back, and burned that town, and R. de la
Hache, "the churches and a ladie.rhouse onely excepted." The other
towns shared the same fate. 'I he people of Nonibre dc Dios fled on the
ap|)roach of the English, excepting about 100 Spaniards who kept tht
ioxi ; but after a few discharu;es they also fled, leaving nothing of value.
On the last of December the general burned half of the town, and 1
January the remainder, " with all the frigates, barks, and galiots, which
were in the harbour and on the beach on shore, having houses built over
tliein to keepe the pitch from nieltim;.' llakluyt, ibid.

4 Ibid, and Naval Hist, of G. Brit i. lOS; where it is observed
" erasping at too iiianv things spoiled all"

Vol. I. ■ I. Qf

"•"^

114

AMERICAt^ ANNALS.

[i5o;.

of Peru, were called Las Marquesas de Mendo^a, and were
taken profession of in the name of the king of Spain ^

1596.

Sir Francis Drake, proceeding with the English fleet from
Nombre de Dios, died on his passage between the island of
Escudo and Porto Bello. His body., according to naval cus-
tom, was sunk in the sea, very near the place where he first
laid the foundation of his fame and fortune 2. The fleet an-
chored at Porto Bello on the same day ; but the inhabitants
fled at the approach of the English, carrying away their
goods 3.

Sir Walter Ralegh, at his own expence, fitted out two ves-
sels under Lawrence Keymis^ who made farther discoveries
relating to Guiana 4.

■I

:>. . 1597.

Leonard Berrie, fitted out with a pinnace by Sir Walter
Raleghi arriving in March Oii the coast of Guiana, entered
into a friendly correspondence with the nat'ves, and returned
to England 5.

Sir Anthony Shirley, commanding an English squadron,
landed at Jamaica on the* twenty-ninth of January, and
marched six miles into theis^iand to the principal town^. The
inhabitants of the town and island submitting to his mercy, he
resided hereabout five weeks, and then sailed to Honduras;
took Puerto de Cavallos 7 ; searched in vain for a passage to
the South Sea ; and returned by Newfoundland to England 8.

1 Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 238, 23!>. Vide supra, p. 87-

2 Haklujt, iii. /jSS, '»<)'>. Naval Hist. G. Brit.i. 104. Stow Chron. 80S.
S Hakluyt, ibid. " In Puerto Bello werebut's or 10 liuuses, beside a

great new house which they were in buildinu;for the Governour that
should have bene for that place ; there was also a very strong fort all to the
water side. There they inent to have builded a great towne." Ibul.
This place was taken " before the town and foi tifications thereunto be-
longing were one quarter finished." Churchill, Voy. viii. 7O2.

4 Hakluyt, iii. (^T"?— 692. Oldys, Life Kal. sj)'

5 Hakluyt, iii. G02—()97. Oldys, Life Hal. 108. This voyage was
begun 27 December, \rj,\)6, and finished 28 .liinc, l,jt)7.

6 "The people all on horseback made shew of gi eat matters, but did
nothing." Hakluyt.

7 " 'i'he most poore and misei able place of all India." Hakluyt.

8 Hakluyt, iii. ,'>98— <i02. This voyage was begun 23 Apiil, l.MjO.
Shirley arrived at Dominica 17 October; staid theie till 23 November;
landed at St. Martha on the Spanish n)ain December 1 i; remained there
over Christmas; and on New Year's day sailed hr Jamaica. Ibid.

The

1508.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 115

The earl of Cumberland, having received a commissioa
from qeeen Elizabeth, to attack and destroy the territories of
her enemies, tools the island of Porto Rico in the West In-
dies, and carried off nearly eighty cast pieces of cannon, eight
ships, and much wealth » ; but the expedition was disastrous,
for seven hundred men were lost before its completion >.

M. de Pointis appeared with a squadron of French privateers
before Carthagena, and forced it to capitulate ; but his soldi-
ers, in breach of the capitulation, pillaged the town 3.

Charles Leigh, merchant of London, made a voyage with
two vessels to the Isle of Ramea and Cape Breton. Having

§iven umbrage to the French at Ramea 4, two hundred
renchmen and Bretons from all the ships in two harbours on
the island assembled, and planted three pieces of ordnance on
the shore against the English, and discharged on them one
hundred small shot from the woods. There were also in rea-
diness to assault them about three hundred Indians. On a
parley however the contest subsided. In this voyage Leigh
obtained a considerable quantity of codfish and train oil, and
had some little traffic with the natives 5.

1598.

France, after fifty years of internal commotion, having re-
covered her former tranquillity, was enabled to renew her en«
terprizes for colonization ''. The marquis de la Roche, re-
ceiving from Henry IV. a commission to conquer Canada,

1 Purchas, i. 903. Josselyn, Voy. 242. At Puerto Rico, the capital*
xvliich gives name to the island, there was a bishop's see, and cathedra^
church, with a friery, 400 soldiers in pay, beside 300 others. " It was
accounted the maiden towne and invincible, and is the Spanish key,
and their firet towne in the Indies."

'2 Univ. Hist. xh. ."i'i'i. About 60 men were slain in fight at Porto
Rico ; Goo died of the bloody du.\ ; and about 40 were cast away in their
return. .

3 Univ. Hist, xxxix. l6a

4 Uy taking the nowder and ammunition from a vessel (in one of the
harbours) su<>poBeci to belong to Spain ; but which proved to belong to
the subjects of the French king.

5 Hakluyt, iii. 195 — '201. Both vessels were of London, the Hope-
well of 120 tons, and thcChanceweil of 70, and were "set to sea at the
sole and proper charge of Ci)arles Leigh and Abraham Van Herwick of
I^ondon, merchants." They left Falmouth 28 April, and 18 May were
ou the bank of Newfoundland. On the 23d the Chanceweil was cast
away "upon the maine of Cape Breton, 'vithin a great bay 18 leagues
within the Cape, and upon a rocke within a mile of the shore." The
Hopewell, having fished successfully at the isle of Menego to the north of
Cape Breton, and at Brian's island, arrive^ IS JuucatRauiea. Ibid.

U See A. D. 1540, and \Di9.
' 1 2

V.r IK) JJ

'.•<- *,

■ •-«*i**<:*"t;iiS«;"^5;^T:*t

EM f / '

[* '

mki

' ii ■,•■

1 1 6 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l ^0.

and other countries, not pdsi^ssed by any Christian prince,
sailed from France, in quality of lord lieutenant of those
countries, with Chetodel of Normandy for his pilot, carrying
a colony of convicts from the prisons. Having landed forty
of them on the Ule of Sable, he sailed for Acadie ; made
researches in that region ; and returned to France, without
attempting a settlement, or having it in his power to carry
back those miserable outcasts, whom he had set on shore.
He was prev< ited by various misfortunes from returning to
America, and died of vexation <.

i6oo.

On the death of La Roche, his patent was rf'newed in favour
of M. de Chauvin, who now made a voyag. up the river St.
Lawrence to Tadoussac, where he left some of his people;
and returned, freighted with furs 2.

Sebald de Wert, a Dutchman, having passed through the
Straits of Magellan into the South Sea, discovered without
the Straits three islands, which the company in honour of
their captain, called the Sebaldine Islands 3. He appears to
have been one of the company of Oliver VanNoorth, sent out
by the Hollanders with four ships, one of which, after the
passage through the Straits, proceeded to the East Indies ;
and, having traded there for pepper, returned home by tlje
Cape of Good Hope 4. This was the fourth general navigation

1 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 107 — 110. Univ. Hiit. xxxix. 408,
40t». Forster, Voy. 4(4. The French king, hearing at length of these
convicts, sf'nt Ch'ctodcl to take them away; and attcr seven years tiie
survivoi-s of that forlorn company, twelve in numher, were taken off, and
carried home. On their arrival in I-'rance, king Henry having at his own
desire seen them, just as they were when thev left the place. In their seal
skin clothes and long beards, gave each of them .'io crowns, as a recom-

rience fur their sufierings j and remitted the punishment of their crimes,
bid.

i Charlevoix, Nouv. France,], lio, III. Tadoussac ist)0 leagues fiom
the mouth of the St. Lawrence. The French people left there, would
have perished by hunger or disease, during the following winter, but for
the compassion of the natives. Ibid. Chauvin the next year made a i-c-
cond voyaeie, with the same good fortune as the <:.8t, and sailed up the
St. Lawrence as high as Trois Rivieres ; but while preparing for a third
voyage he died. Ibid. Brit. Empf i. Jntrod. p. 47. Univ. Hist, xxxix.
409.

3 Harris, Voy. i. S.l. They are laid down in a map, ibid, and lie in
53 deg. 40 min. S. lat. about 60 miles frovn the land.

4 Monson [Naval Tracts, p. 402.] says, there were five ships, that
went from Holland on this voyage : that several Englishmen went in them ;
that Mr. Adams of Lymehou&e was on board that ship, which returned

fy*'«i«»sa.--^'-*.ii>(.(«ji.j»i**»- -

!Co2.] americaV annals. 117

of the globe; W the first thatwai ever performed by the
Dutch <.

1601.

William Parker saileJ from Plymouth in England with two
ship!), one pinnace, and two shallops, to Cubagua ; and, having
iaken the pearl fishery in that island, with the governor of
Cnmana, who was there with a company of soldiers, he re-
ceived five hundred pounds in pearl for the ransom of the
whole. Proceeding to Porto Bello, he made himself master
of that rich town ; remained in it one day; plundered it with-
out molestation from its inhabitants, and left it injuring its
buildings ».

1602.

Although the disastrous issue of Ralegh's attempts to effect
a settlement in America, together with the war with Spain,
checked the spirit of colonization in England, it was now re-
vived. Bartholomew Gosnold sailed in a small bark from Fal-
mouth with thiriy-two persons 3, for the northern parts of

by the East Indies; and that, while he ^as^t Japan, hesent tntellicfence
to England of his being there, inforniint; the English merchants of the
state of that country, and expressiiig a desire, that they would undertake
the trade of Japan. Charlevoix mentions the same Adams, as com-
mander of the entire Dutch squadron : "Guillaume Adams, Anglois, en
qualite de premier Pilotc de I'Escadre."

1 Anderson, ii. Ifli. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, [Pastes Chron.] i.QS.
It was begun in lA^H ; but was impeded by adverse winds. Historians do
not perfectly agrf c in the names ot the Dutch naviu;ators ; butl appreliend
that several, who differ in this respect, refer to the same memorable voy-
age. Grotius expressly mentions it, with his accustomed neatness :
•' Longinquas ad navigationcs crescebat Batavis audatia, quippc et fretum,
quod Xlagellanirum a lepertore dicitur, Diaconi et Cavcudisso Anglis
emensum postea, ijtiartus eorum, quos fama excopit, Oiiveiius Nortius
Koterodamensis penctraverat." Aiinalcs, p. .')93. A. D. lOoi.

2 Purclias, i. <)01 ; v. 1243. Harris, Voy. i. 747. Poiti lU'llo was now
entirely finished [See p. 114, note S.] ; but Parker ouiiined there no
more than lO.Ooo dollars ; for within a few davs hcfoio I'iO.OOO dollars
were conveyed thence to Cartliai;ena Cluircliiil, Voy. iii. 'iCyI. Park»>r,
in his description of" tlie i^tately and new buiided town of Porto Bello"
[in Purchas] says, it " liad two goodly cliurrlios in it fuUy finished, and
six or seven fairo streets, whereof two were full of all nerps^aric artificers,
and of merchants, with three small forts on thetowncs sides, besides tlie
great fort of Saint Philip on the other."

S Of this number 8 were " mariners and saylers ;" 12 purposed, after
the discovery of a proper place for a jilantation, to return with the ship
to England; the rest were to •« lema^^ne there for populauoii." Purchas.
At whose expence the voyaire was made, does not ai^pear; but it was
vi\\\\ the consent of Sir W. Ralegh and his associates. Belknap.

1 3 Vir-

118

AMERICAN ANNALS.

* -X'-

i>i.J;

[1602.

Virginia, with the design of beginning a plantation. Instead
of making the unnecessary circuit by the Canaries and West
Indies, he steered, as near as the winds would permit, due
west, and was the first Eni^lishman, who came in a direct
course to this part of America '. After a passage of seven
weeks, he discovered land on tiie American coast ; and soon
after met with a shallop with sails and oars, having on board
eight Indians, with whom the English had friendly inter-
course a. Sailing along the shore, they the next day dis-
covered a head land in the latitude of forty-two degrees, where
they came to anchor; and, taking a great number of cod at
this place, they called it Cape Cod. On the day following
they coasted the land southerly ; and, in attempting to double
a point, came suddenly into shoal water, and called the place
Point Care 3. While at anchor here, they were visited by the
natives. In surveying the coast, they discovered breakers ofF
a point of lard, which they named Gilbert's Point ; and,
passing it on the nineteenth of May, anchored about a league
to the westward of it. On the twenty- first they discovered
an island, which they called Martha's Vineyard 4. Coming
to anchor, two days afterward, at the northwest part of t'.^'s
island, they were visited the next morning by thirteen of inrt
natives, with whom they had a friendly traffic. On the
twenty-fourth they discovered another island, which they
called Dover ClifF5; and the next day came to anchor, a
quarter of a mile from the shore, in a large bay, which they
called Gosnold's Hope ^. On the northern side of it was the

1 Belknap, Biog. i. 231 ; ii. 100. Roh»rtson, book ix. 51. Biog. Britan.
Art. GREENViLLn, Nvtc V. Smith [Hist. Virg. iCliays, this course
was "shorter than heretofore l)y 500 leai;iKs. '

2 These natives first hailed the Eni;iish; who answered them. After
signs of peace, and a loug speech made bv one of the Indians, they went
boldly oil board the English vessel, " -.M naked," saving loose deerskins
about their shoulders, " and nccre their wastes seale-skinncs tyed fast like
to Irish Oimmie Tioiises." One of liicm, who seemed to be their Chief,
•wore a waistcoat, breeches, cloth stociciii^s, flioes, and a hat ; one or two
othc's had a few tilings of Eu!<!|.can lai<ric; and " these with a piece of
chaiko described the coast thertabouts, and could name Hacentiu of the
Newli'iindland ; they spake divers Christian words." Purchas. Their
vessel is sup|)osed to have belonged to some unfortunate fishernicn of Bis-
cay, V* recketl on the coast.

S Supposed by Dr. Belknap to be Malrbarre, or Sandy Point, forming
the southcastrrn extremity of the county of Uarnstabte in Massachusettf*.
Belknap, Biog. ii. 110.

4 Not that, which now bears that name j but a small island, novy
called No-Man's Land. Ibid. 111.

b Gay Head. Belknap.

fi Buzzai'l's Bay. Belknap. The narrator in Purchas says, it is " one
of the stateliest sounds that ever 1 was in."

. . ' main;

..-—*- .-._— *.,

^y^^^<U|^^|2|hM^9

l0O2.] A^IERICAN ANNALS. lly

main ; and on the southern, four leagues distant, was a large
island, which, in honour of the queen, they called Elizabeth >.
A little to the northward of this island was a small one, which
they called Hill's Hap ; and on the opposite northern shore a
similar elevation, which they called Hap^s Hill. On the
twenty-eighth they consulted together upon a Ht place for a
platitatioii ; and concluded to settle on the western part of
£li2abeth Island. In this island there is a pond of fresh
water, two miles in circumference, in the centre of which is
a small rocky islet ; and here they began to erect a fort and
store house. While the men were occupied in this work,
Gosnold crossed the bay in his vessel ; went on shore, traf-
ficked amicably with the natives ; and, having discovered the
mouths of two rivers », returned in five days to the island. In
luneteen days the fort and store house were finished ; but dis-
contents arising among those who were to have remained in
the country 3, it was concluded, after deliberate consultation,
to relinquish the design of a settlement; and the whole
company returned to England 4.

1 The westernmost of tiie islands, whidi now bear the name of Eliza-
beth's Islands. Its Indian name is Cuttyliunkr. Belknap.

<2 One was that, near which lay Hap'sIIillj and the other that, on the
banks of which the town of New Bedford is now built. Coll. Hist. Soc.
iv. 234. The two harbours of Apooneganset and Pascamanset. IWIcnap.

3 "The 13th begannesomeof our companie that before vowed to slay,
to make revolt} whereupon the planters diminishing, all was given over."
Purchas.

4 Purchas, 5. 7.W ; v. 1646— l6J3. Hubbard. M.S. N. Eng. p. p. Ma-
ther, Magnal. book i. p. S. Belknap, Biog. ii. loO — 122, where the errors
in his own first account of Gosnold [in Amer. Biog. i.2.'?l — 239] arcvor-
rected. Harris, Voy. i. 8 16. Smith, Virg. 16— 18. Josselyn, Voy. |52,
1.57,243. Prince, Chron. /n/rorf. 104. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 269, 270. Brit.
Emp. i. 2.'i4. In 1797 the Reverend Dr. Belknap, with several other gen-
tlemen went to the spot, which was selected bv Gosnold's company on
Elizabeth Island, and " hud the supreme satisfaction to find the celfar of
CJosnold's store house ; the stones ot which wore evidently taken from the
neighbouring beach •, the rocks of the islet being less moveable, and lying
in ledges." Belknap, Bio!». ii. 1 Ih. In a map, entitled, " The South "part
of New England, as it is planted this ycare, l634." inserted in the first
edition of Wood's New England Pro>.pect, 1 find a place near Na 'laganset
Bay, named Old Pli/tnnufh ; and in the same map the Plymouth, settled
in 1620, is denominated New Plifinuuth. It hence appears, that Gosnold's
ephemeral settlenuMU (.thouijli not correctly placed in this map) was kept
some time in remembrance in New England; for the name of" Old Ply-
mouth" was doubtless intended to distinguish it. Hutchinson [Hist. Mas.
i. 1.]. speaking of Gosnold's settlement, observes: " This I suppose is what
.i(^selyn, and no other author, calls the first colony of New Plymouth,
fur he says it was begun in 1602, and near Narraganset Bay." Josselyn's
account [Voy. 1.57] is: " At the further ead of Narraganset Bay by the
mouth of the river on the south side thereof, was old Plymouth planta-
tioo 9nnu 1(302."

- - ■ 14 • Sir

A (

\ 4 ■

*jjjtj.;Si,.,.^ .

.atl^t

li.

no AMERICAN ANNALS. [l003.

Sir Walter Ralegh, not ahandoulnu all hope of the Virgi-
nian colony, made one etf" »rt nvH<* ' r its dincovery and re-
lief. Having purc'ia-f'd and fined out a bark he sent, on
that benevolent pniorprizt', Snnuiel M:ice, an able mariner of
Weynioutli, who sailed froiti VV eynioiiUi in March ; fell on
the Aiutricm coast in nbuut the thirty fourth degree of north
latitude; spent a month there ; proceeded along the coast;
but returned hoine without any thorough attempt to effect
the purpose of tliis voyage i.

1603.

I'he discovery made by Go^nold was an incitement to far-
ther adventures. By the persuasion of Mr. Uicliaid Hakluyt,
and with the leave of Sir Walter Ralegh, the i.viyor and al-
dermen, and some of 'he most co-isiderable merchants
of Bristol, raised a stock of a thous;ind pounds, and fitted
out a ship of about fifty tonS, called the Speedwell, a
bark of twenty-six: tons, called the Discoverer, under the
command of .\Fartin Pring, for the fuller discovery of the
northern parts of Virginia. The ship, c.irryin;, thirty men
And boys, the bark thirteen men and a boy, both victualled
for eight months, sailed ou the tentii o( April from Milford
Haven. In the beginning of June they fell in with the Ame-
rican co'tst between the forty- third and forty-fourth degrees
of north latitude, among a multitude of islands, in the mouth
of Penobscot Bay. Ranging the coast to the southwest, and
passing the Saco, Kenaebunk, York, and Piscataqua rivers,
they proceeded into the Bay of Massachiisets. Going on
shore », but not finding any saxafras,. the collection of which
was the chief object of their voyage, they sailed into a large
sound 3, and coasted along the north s^^le of it; but, DOt sa-
tisfied in their expectation, they sailed over it, and came to
anchor on the north side. Here they lat'.ded at an excellent

1 Purclias, V. 1613, Tilts was the fifth time that Raiefjh sent, at his
own chaises, to the succour of the Cfiiony, left in Viri'inia io I.^jS?. " At
this Inst time, to nvoid all e\ci!«p, liro l)oii<;lit a harkc, and hired all the
dompanie for waives by the moncfl; j" hnt thcv *' frii fo lie leacues u, the
sout!'w»?.«t\va'H '(f Hata-a'-kc, in ."^t dru rces or there. Ijoui; and havini; there
fpent a moncit witfn tl^v ranioal"!^:: the i>>ust 10 >,; ! <• die people they
did it not, nietondii^ tliar tin* cxfromitie of weather, and n.'«e of «onie
principal ."ound ta( kle, fo"i:«'d and feared theiu from searching ihe Port
of Hatnrr^skf. to whici^i t'ley were sent " Ibid.

i AlanUce. nam' d the year before, by Gosnold's men, .Savai'e Rock.

it It is called in Piuchas a "great gulf j" which, according to Bclkiap,
was the Vineyard Sound.

ha-

l0d3.T A^fKRlC AN ANNALS. 121

harbour < in a bny, which in honour of ihe mayor of Bristol,
they called WhitsonBay. Having built a hut, and encloiea
it with a biiiicalf, soim* of tluMn kept conKtaut ^imrd in it,
while other** were employed in collecting saxnlras in the
woods. They were visiied by the natives, whom they treated
with kindness*. Al'in remaining here seven weeks, the bark
was dispaichi'd, well freighted with 8axa''ras, for England.
Some alarming appeinmces of hostility on the part of the In-
dians, soon after ilu" departure of the ba«k, accelerated the
lading and departure <> the ship, which sailed from the coast
on the ninth of August 3,

While Pring was employed in this vogage, BartiiolomcMr
Gilbert went on a farther discovery to the southern part of
Virginia; intending iilso to search for the lost English colo-
ny Sailing from Plymouth on the tenth of May io a bark of
fifty tons by the way of the West Indies, he on the twenty-
third of July saw land in about the fortieth degree of latitude.
Adverse winds preventing him from reaching Chesepeak Bay,
at which he aimed, he came to anchor on the twenty-ninth
about a mile from the shore, and landed with four of his
principal men; but every one of them was killed by the na-
tives. The rest of the crew, intimidated by this disaster,
weighed anchor, and returned to England 4.

Henry IV. of France granterl to Pierre du Gast, Sieur dc
Moots, a gentleman of his bed chamber, a patent of the A-
merican territory from the fortieth to the forty-sixth degree
of north latitude, c(»nsituiing him lieutenant general of that
portion of the country, with power to colonize and rule it,
and to subdue and Christianize its native inhabitants 5. The

king

1 The haven, described in tlir jc nal inserted in Purchas, •• must have
been that of Kd!»ar-Town, p;ctHiali calk-d Old-Town." Note of Peletj
Coffin, Esi| in Udlvnap, Bioi-,. ii. I2S. The place where the voyagers cast
anchor is said in Purclias to be " in the iatitudc of 41 degrees atid odde
minitfes."

2 One of their hirch canoe was carried home to Bristol, as a curious
specimen of their inj^eniiity.

3 I'inchasv. I6>t— KJM'v
18. Reverly, 17. Stith.S.'.

•t I'luxhas, V. lG.)t> — lo :>s

Belknap, Bio?, ii. K3— 133. Smith, Virg.
Priiire, 0. Brit. F.rnp. i. Iiitrod. 21.
Prince, 10. Stith, 33.

.5 lla/ard. Coil. i. 45 — IS, wliore the patent is inserted entire, in the
ori»inai I'rcncli. An I''iii;!ish translation of it is in Purchas, v. lGl9, iG'iO;
ill Harris, V'oy. i. SI3 ; and in Chnrchill, Voy. viii. 7i)0 — 7flP. In thcla.st
of tlicse places it i^ introductory to I/Escarbot's Description of New Frtince,
an En^lisii tiansiation of which is inserted ibid. 79<3 — 917- De Monts
was a Calvinist ; but the kinu; allowed him and iiis people the evercise of
his reli;jion in America. On his part he eni>;agcd to people tiie country*
auu to establish the Catholic religion among the uatives. Charlevoix,

Nouv.

> 1

* 1

fit

122 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l604.

king soon after granted him and his associates an eylnsive
right to the ccmmerce of peltry, in Acadie and the Gulf of
St. Lawrence i.

Samuel Champlain of Brouage in France sailed up the ri-
ver St. Lawrence ; anchored at Tadoussac ; and made disco-
veries in the neighbouring territory *.

Two hundred ships were at this period anno^Jly engaged
in the Newfoundland fishery, and employed at least ten thou*
sand men 3.

I'i

i':

l604. '

The Sieur de Monts, taking Champlain as his pilot, and
attended by M. Poutrincourt with a number of volunteer ad-
venturers 4, embarked with two vessels for America. Ar-
riving at Acadie, he confiscated an interloping vessel in one of
its harbours, which was now called Port Kossignol 5. Coast-
ing whence he arrived at another port, which his people named
Port Mutton^. From this port they coasted the peninsula to
the southwest ; doubled Cape Sable, and came to an anchor
in the bay of St. Mary. After sixteen days, they proceeded

"NoTiv. France, i. 111,1 12. The coiinti-y, described in the patent of De
IMonts, is there called Acadie; but this name was afterward restiictcd to
what is now called Nova Scotia. " Cadia, pars Contineiitis, triangularis
est formac;— qui duo sinus exiguo terrac spatio disjuncti, banc Provinciara
pene Insnlam efficiunt." Lact, cited by Charlevoix, ibid. "Acadie, de-
puis le Cap le Sable jusqu'i Camceaux, &ce6t ce que les Anglois ont
d'abord nomine Nouvel/e Econse." Ibid.

1 Chalmers, i 82, from L'Escarbot.

2 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 1 11. Harris, Voy. i. 811. Univ. Hist,
sxxix. 410. Belknap, Biog. i. 41, 3'22.

S Biog. Britan. /Irt. Gilbert, from .Tosiah Child's Discourse on Trade.
This estimate includes seamen, fishermen, and shoremen. They wore ac-
customed to sail in March, ami to return in September; and to s|)end
every winter at home what they acquired in their summer fishery, that is»
upwards of 100,000 /. Ibid.

4 Some were Protestants and some Catholics. " II assembla nombre de
Genii Ishomincs, et ile toutes sortes d'artisans, soldats et autres, tanl d'
une one d'autre icIi:;ion, Prestics et Ministres." Champlain, 43, who
savs (ibid.) that they were one month only in the voyage to Can de la
Hcve, which lies several leagues to the eastward of Poit llossignol, in 44
deg. n. niin. Afier they left this cape, it appears, that Champlain parted
from De Monts and went by his order in quest of a place for settlement.
Jhid. 44, .07, ()0.

I) l-roni Ko^signol, one of his countrymen, who>»as trading therewith
the Indians without licence; for which reason his ship and cargo were
seized. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. II''). The harbour is on the south*
east side of Nnva Scotia, and is now railed Liverpool. Belknap, Biog. i. 3'i4.

() Because a bhecp leaped ovci board there, and was drowned. Llicarbot.

^ J]

l604.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 123

to examine at\ extensive bay on the west of the peninsula, to
which they gave the name of La Baye Fran^oise ». On the
eastern side of this bay they discovered a narrow strait, into
which they entered, and soon found themselves in a spacious
bason, environed with hills, and bordered with fertile mea-
dows. Poutrincourt was so delighted with this place, that,
determined to take his residence here, and, having received
a grant of it from De Monts, he called it Port Royal *. From
Port Royal de Monts sailed farther into the great bay, to visit
a copper mine 3. Champlain in the mean time, in examining
this bay pursuant to the instructions of De Monts, came to a
great river, which he called St. John. From this river he
coasted the bay southwesterly twenty leagues 4, and came to
an island in the middle of a river. De Monts, on his arrival,
built a fort, and passed the winter on this island, whicJi he
called St. Croix 5- This situation proving very inconvenient,
he, the ensuing spring, removed his settlement over tlie Baye
Fran9oise to Port Royal 6. This was the Hrst settlement in

- Acadie

. . )i

1 Now called The Bay of Fiindy. Belknap. '

2 Now called Annapolis. Belknap. " In tlii? port (says Escarbot) we
dwelt tliree yeeres after tins voyas^e." Henry IV. confirmed this i^ift to
Poutrincourt : " en I'an 1()07 le feu Roy Henry le grand luy ratifica et
confirma ce don." Champlain.

3 It was a high rock, on a promontory, between two bays [Menis.]
Belknap.

4 This was along the coast of the Etechemins: '• The people that be
from Saint John's river to Kinnibeki (wherein arc "oinprised the rivers of
St. Croix and Norombea;a) are called Etechemins." Escarbot. The river
St. John was called by the natives Ouys^ondy. Champlain. The French
did not nov) sail 50 leagues up this river i^as Dr. Belknap seems to havesup«
posed.) but in I6O8. Purchas, v. l6'i2.

5 The river, named by the natives Scoodick, in which this island lies,
is also called St. Croix; and, beina; part of the boundary between the ter-
ritory of the United States and the British Province of New Brunswick, it
has become a stream of great importance. After the treaty of 1783, by
which the river St. Croix was made a boundary, it became a question,
which was the real St. Croix i whether the river, known by the name of
Scoodick, or that, known by the name of Maga^uadavick. It has hovv«
ever been satisfactorily determined, by commissioners appointed fur that
purpose, that the Scoodick is the river, originally named St. Croix; and*
the line has been settled accordingly. Professor Webber, whoaccompa'
iiied the commissioners in 1798, informs ine, that they found an island in
this river, corresponding to the French description of the island St. Croix,
and, near the upper end of it, the remains of a very ancient fortification,
overgrown with large trees; that the foundation stones were traced to a
considerable extent; and that bricks (a specimen of wl)ich he showed mc)
were found there. I'here is no doubt, but tliat these were the relinucs
of De Mont's fortification.

6 Escarbot, in Churchill, Voy. iii. 7Q3— SI^. Purcbas, i. 761, 7^'^ ; v.

ibiio

r':-

wrm ' •

\ m

Pt'l

■m

HII

^'.Jl

124 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l605,

Acadie [Nova Scotia] ; and was begun four years after the
temporary residence of Poatgrave's company in Canada .

Two Jesuits, introduced by Poutrincourt into Port Royal,
leaving that place soon after on account of some controversy,
went to Mount Desert, and began a plantation there s.

1605.

King James having recently made peace with Spain, and
the passion for the discovery of a North West passage being
now in its full vigour, a ship was sent out with a view to
this discovery, by the earl of Southampton and lord Arundel,
under the command of George Weymouth. He sailed from
the Downs with twenty-eight persons on the last of March ;
and on the fourteenth of May discovered land in about
forty-one degrees, thirty minutes, north latitude. Bein^
entangled here among shoals, he quitted this land, and
about fifty leagues distant discovered several islands, on one of
■which he landed, and called it St. George. Within three
leagues of this island he came into a harbour, which he called
Pentecost harbour j then sailed up a great river 3 forty miles ;

set

( '

1620—1620. Cliamplain, 42—11. Charlevoix, Nmiv. France, i. 115.
and Pastes Chion "28. Harris, Voy. i. 813— SI.**. Belknap, Biog. i. 824—
.*5,m Univ. Hist, xxxix. 411. Minot. Mas. i. 1-27. 'I'lie stores, which had
been deposited at St. Croix, were removed across the bay, but the build-
inijs were left standing. New houses were erected at the mouth of the
river L'Equillc, which runs into the bason of Port Royal ; and here the
people and stores were lodged. The winter had been severe ; all the peo-
ple had been sick; 86 had died, and 40 only were left alive. As soon as
these were recovered, De Monts sought a comfortable station in a warmer
climate. Me .sailed along the coast to Penobscot, Kennebeck, Casco,
Saco, and ultimately to ATalebarre, which was at that time the French
name of Cape Cod; but the natives appearing numerous and unfriendly,
and his company l)eing small, he returned to St. Croix, and then to Port
Royal, where he f»""d Uunont, in a. ship from France, with supplies and
a reinforccmei);' of 40 men. Having put his aft'airs into good order, be
embarked foi- France in September lG03, leaving Dupont as his lieute-
nant, with Cliamplain and Champdore, to perfect the settlement, and ex-
plore the coinitry. Escarbot. Belknap. M. de Poutrinconrt rctiirnrd to
France with De Monts, if he bad not indeed previously rrturned ; for be
** made the voyage into these parts with some men of good sort, not to
winter there, but us it were to sceke out his scale, and find out a land that
niii;,ht like him. Which he having done, had no need to sojourn there
any longer. So then the ships being ready tor the returne, he shipped
himscife, aud those of his compauie, in one of thrm. ' Purcbas, v. 16^9.
I "("efutcn Kioique les Francois s'etablirent en Acadie, quatres ans
avant d'avoir eleve la plus petite cabane dans le Canada." Precis sur I'
Ainerifiiie, .5f>.
. !? rcikiiap, Biog. i..il. P'l-chas, v. )S07, IKOt.

?j "Tlic discovery ol wliiv.h tlitv ioein to be proudest was that of a riv?r,

wlii h

..^■X^

iCOfl.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 125

Sei up crosses in several places ; and had some traffic with the
natives. In July he returned to i igland, carrying with him
iive Indians ; one, a Sagamore, and three others of them,
persons of dii>tinctiou i.

1606. :

Although one hundred and nine years had elapsed since
the discovery of the continent of America by the Cabots» in
the service of Henry VII. of England ; yet the English had
made no effectual settlement in any part of the New World »,
Twenty years had passed since the first attempt of Sir Wal-
ter Ralegh to establish a colony in Virginia ; but not an En-

tainder3, several gentlemen, by the incitement of Mr. Ri-
chard Hakluyt 4, petitioned king James, to gr,ant thema patent
for the settling of two plantations on the main coasts of Ame-
rica. The king accordingly, by a patent, dated the tenth day

which they do upon many accounts prefer to any known American river."*
Dr. Belknap, in his first volume of Amciican Uiogiapliy, says, this great
river is supposed to be either J'enobscot, or Kenncbeck; but, before the
publication of his second vohi me, he bad satisfied himself, after careful
examination and inquiry, that it was the i'enobscot. Americ. Biog. i. 41 ;
ii. 149- Purchas [i. 735.] says, Weymouth "discovered threescore miles
up a most excellent river." See T arris, V^oy. i. 8I7.

1 Rosier's account of this vovagc is in Purchas, v. ]GhQ — 1676; and in
Smith, Virg. 18—20. See also Harris, Voy. i. 817, 818. Keith, 5:2. Prince,
14. Stith,34.

2 Three years before, at the time of queen Elizabeth's death (1603,)
which was 1 10 years after the discovery of America by Columbus, neither
the French, Dutch, nor Eni^lish, nor any other natitin, excepting the
Spanish, had made any pcrmaiicnt fcttUMiicnt in this Mew World. In
North Anitrica not a siuL^lc European taniily cotiid he found. The French
had itiixt) (iGnOi just beu;iiii to make settlements in Canada and Acadie;
and these, with the Spanisli soldier.?, maintained at two or three posts in
Florida, appear to have hn-u all the I''iiropeaiis in North America.

S lie had been arraiu;ue(l t.-r liii!;h tieason, and declaied ;>uilty; but
was re«)rieved, and committed to the Tower of London. Oldys, Life of

4 Mr. Hakluyt, at that time prebendary of Westminster, was " the
snost active and efficacious oromoter" of the En£;lish settlements in Ame-
rica ; and to him " Englanu is more indebted for its American possessions
than to any ni:\n of that ai^e." Robertson, hook ix. hb, where there is a
sketch of bis character. He published his first volume of Voyaj^es and
Discoveries of the English Nation in ir>89, and the third, in IGOO; a
work, which will perpetuate the praise, due to his learning;, dilij^ence, and
fidelity ; and wliich will always furnish sonv? of the bciit materials for
American history.

■i! . 4

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■ -^**^^<**<'^gs^j;' ^y ia r.- i. - wc-^;y

:]H;

U -I. it'll '

■(■r

'iM

12(5 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l60(5.

of April, divided that portion of North America, which
stretciies from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth degree of la-
titude, into two districts nearly equal ». The Southern, call-
ed the First Colony, he granted to the London Company ;
the Northern, called the Second Colony, he granted to the
Plymouth Company. He authorized Sir Thomas Gates, Sir
George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, £dward Maria Wingfield,
and their associates, chiefly resident in London, to settle any
part, that they should choose, of the southern district ; and
vested in them a right of property to the land, extending
along the coast fifty miles on each side of the place of their
first habitation, and reaching into the interior country a hun-
dred miles. The Northern district he allotted, as a place of
settlement, to several knights, gentlemen, and merchants of
Bristol, Plymouth, and other parts of the west of England,
with a similar grant of territory a.

The supreme government of the colonies, that were to be
settled, was vested in a Council, resident in England, to be
named by the king, according to such laws and ordinances,
as should be given under his sign manual ; and the subor-
dinate jurisdiction was committed to a council, resident in
America, whiv^h was also to be nominated by the king, and
to act conformably to his instructions. The charter, while
it thus restricted the emigrants in the important article of
internal regulation, secured to them and their descendants
all the rights of denizens, in the same manner, as if they had
remained or had been born in England ; and granted them
the privilege of holding their lands m America by the freest
and least burdensome tenure. The king permitted whatever
was necessary for the sustenance or commerce of the new co-
lonies to be exported from England, during the space of se-
ven years, without paying any duty ; and as a farther incite-
ment to industry, h<; granted them liberty of trade with o-
ther nations ; and appropriated the duty, to be levied on fo-
reign comuiodities, for twenty-one years, as a fund for the

1 " Tliat vast country, being found upon experience and t; il too large
to be moulded upon one entire government, it was thought ineet should
be divided into a tirstand second colony." Hubbard, MS/N England, 2().

i The Southern Colony was desirous of «• beginning their Plantation
and llabtation in some fit and convenient place" between 34 and 41 de-
grees north la«=t.ude, along the coasts of Virginia; the Northern Colony
was dcbirous of planting between 38 and 4'i degrees ; and the Ciiarter gave
liberty accordingly: "Provided that the Plantation and Ilabitaticm of
such of the said Colonies, asshall last plant themselves shall noi be made
within one hundred llnglish miles of the other of them, that first beaaQ
toniake theii i'iautation." Charter.

benefit

call"

1606.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 127

benefit of the colonies. He also granted them liberty of coin-
ing for their own use ; of repellini^ enemies; and of stayinf^
ships, that should trade there without leave >.
• King James, on the twentieth of November, issued "or-
ders and instructions for the cclonies." under the privy seai
of England. He invested the general superintendence of the
colonies in a council in England, composed of a (qv: persons
of consideration and talents, who were empowered to make
laws, and to constitute officers for their government, with a
proviso, that such ordinances should not touch any man's
life 01 member ; should only continue in force until made
void by the king, or his council ; and should be, in suostance,
consonant to the laws of England ». •

Lord chief justice Popham, Sir Ferdlnando Gorges, and
some others of the Plymouth Company, sent Henry Challons,
in a ship of fifty tons, to make farther discovery of the coasts
of North Virginia ; and, if it should appear expedient, to leave
as many men, as he could spare, in the courjtry. On his
passage however from the West India islands toward the
American coast, he and his crew, consisting of about thirty
persons, were taken by a Spanish fleet, and carried into Spain,
where his vessel was confiscated i.

Although this misfortune considerably damped the courage
of the first adventurers ; yet the lord chief justice Popham
having immediately after the departure of Challons sent out
another ship, under the command of Thomas Hanam, whose
business was not so much to plant, as to make discovery in
order to planting ; the account, given of the country on the
return of this ship, was so favourable, that the people of En-
gland were encouraged, and the year after canie more boldly
forward, as adventurers 4. "• ' . .

1 Stith, Vir^. Appendix, No. 1, and Hazard, Coll. i. ,',0 — 5«, contain
entire copii"* ollliis patont. I'unhas v 1C8.S, lOSt. Harris, Vov. i. HI 8.
Sniiti), Viri;. ','0.'}. lluhhard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xv. iirit. Lmp.' Iiitrud.
i.'il. Robertson, boo!-: i\. iU.

•i CMialiiicrs. i. 15, l(>.

3 I'urcbas, v. 18'>7, 1831—1837, wbcrc tiiere is an ont?ie acrotmf of
tbis vovaife. See also l*ri net, ii<. Chalmers, i. 79- l-'uiv. ilist. xxxix.
270. Jossclyn, Voy. '214. Harris, Voy. i. 8.01. IJrit. F.inp. i. ,'6.>.

t Piucbas, V. 18"..'7. Harris, Voy. i."8/>i. rrinLe[l9] says, tliat Mar-
t'li Prinn v.is in this voyage with Hanam; tliat tlicy bad snpplii-s for
(ballons, but, not finding him, leturned to England; aiiti that Sir I".
(jorL^iOs said, I'rinn liroii^ht the most exact account of the Virginian coast
that ever <;a ne to his hand. He is gcn'^rally named Fring. See A. i3. 11J03.

' /^

s. /

H'i'i-

1607.

;?■•

^--v^-wdt^r

...^-— -•-.*-*.*^'-

l^d

AMERICAN ANNALS.

tl607.

',i

1607. »

This is the remarkable «ia of the arrival of the first permanent
colony on the Virgiiiian coast. On the reception of the patent
from king James, several persons of consequence in the En-
glish nation undertook the afduous task of planting the South-
ern Colony. Having chosen a treasurer, and appointed other
officers, they provided a fleet of three ships, to transport the
emigrants, one hundred in number », to Virginia. The clarge
of this embarkation was committed to Chrihtopher Neti'port,
already famous for his skill in the western navigation, who
sailed from the Thames on the twentieth of December the
preceding year, carrying with him the royal instructions, and
the names of the intended colonial council, carefully con-
cealed in a box. "To this singular policy," says Chalmers;
" may be attributed the dissensions which soon commenced
among the leaders, and which continued to distract them
during a voyage long and disastrous^."

It was the intention of Niewport to land at Roanoke ; but,
being driven by a violent storm to the northward of tliat place,
he stood directly in to the spacious Bay of Chesepeak, which
seemed to invite his entrance. The promontory en the south
of the Ijay he named Cape Henry, in honour of the Prince
of Wales ; and that on the north, Cape Charles, in honour of
the Duke of York,' afterward king Charles First of England.
Thirty men, going on shore at C:ipe Henry for recreation
were suddenly assaulted by five Indians, who wounded two
of them very dangerously. At night the box was opened, and
the orders were read, in which Bartholomew Gosnold, John
Smith, Edward Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Rat-
clilfe, John Martin, and George Kendall, were named to be
of the council, and to choose from their number a president
for a year, who, with the council, should govern the colony.
The adventurers were employc^I in seeking a place for settle-
ment until the thirteenth of JNfay, when they took possession
of a peninsula on the north si('e of the river Vowhatan, called
by the English James River, r bout forty miles from its mouth.
To make room for their prcjccted town, they here began to
cut down the trees of the "orest, which had for centurias

\ Most of their names are jirrscr cd in Smith, Virg. 13, 44.

2 C!ialm«jrs, i. 17. Smith, Vir;;, 41. Pinclias, i. 'jB; v. Ifi85. He
followed the old course by the Wrst ' ndies ; which accounts for the inter-
val,Mf four months from his enibaika iou to liis arrival oft' the An.:ricao
coast. Itubeilbon, buuk i.\. CO.

,- • . , ' afforded

—X^-m^j'

lOo;.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 12Q

afforded shelter and food to the natives. The code of laws,
hitherto cautiously concealed, was at length promulgated.
Afiairs of moment were to be examined by a jury, but deter-
mined by the major part of the cotmcil, in which the presi-
dent was to have two voices. The council wa8 sworn ; Wing-
field was chosen pifsident ; and " now commenced the
rule of the most ancient administration of Virginia, consisting
of sevet) persons, and forming a pure aristocracy *." The
members of the council, while they adhered to their orders in
the choice of their president, on the most frivolous pretences
excluded from a seat among them, Smith, famous in colonial
annals, though nominated by the same instrument, from which
they derived their authority. Animosities arose. Appeased
in a degree at length by the prudent exhortationsof Mr. Hunt,
their chaplain, Smith was admitted into the council ; and,
receiving the communion the next day, they all turned their
undivided attention to the government of a colony, *' feeble
in numbers and enterprize, which was thus planted in discord,
and grew up in misery*." In honour of king James, they
called the town, which they now built, James Town. This
was the first permanent habitation of tlie English in America.

Newport and Smith, sent with twenty men, to discover the
head of the river Powhatan, arrived in six days at a town of
the same name 3, consisting of about twelve houses, the prin-
cipal and hereditary seat of Powhatan, emperor of the country.
Although they received kind treatment throughout this ex-
cursion ; yet, on their return to James Town, they found
seventeen men hurt, and a boy slain, by the Indians. To
guard against frequent and sudden assaults and ambuscades,
the fort was now palisadoed ; the ordnance was mounted ; and
the men were armed and exercised. On the fifteenth of June
the Indians voluntarily sued for peace ; and Newport set sail
for England, leaving one hundred men, with provisions, arms,
ammunition, and other necessaries for a settlement 4.

On the prayer of the colonists, king James issued an ordi-
nance for enlarging the number and authority of his commis-
sioners for directing the affairs of the colonies. Encouraged
by favourable reports, and invigorated by this increase of pow-
er, the A'^irginian treasurer and council in England exerted

1 ChaUncis.

y Ibul. i. 17-19-

3 I'lcasaiitly situated on a hill, a little below the spot where Richmond
is now built. Ut'liviiap, Biog. i. •ihO.

4 Stith, 4(», 47. Othei authorities for this and the preceding articles
art-, rurc.has, i. 7''(>, 7.''>7 i v. 170G, 1707 i Siiiitli, Viig. 4.S — ib; Keith,
59; Ncal.N. Kng. i. IS. -

Vol. I. K them-

^^4

I 1

H '

i^.':-

111:

t.s

' 'fl

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^^ (

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130 * AMERICAN ANNALS. ^ [1607.

themselves wUh laudable diligence, to transmit proper stipplies
to the plantation. Captain Nelson was sent to James Town
with an additional supply of men ; and, before the close of
the year, Newport arrived with seventy more, making two
hundred in all the colony. These accessions consisted of many
gentlemen, a few labourers, several refiners, goldsmiths, and
jewellers. " The various denominations of these men,*' says
Chalmers, " evince the views of the whole." The ships
were at length sent back ; th'i one, loaded by the miners with
a glittering earth, which, they vainly hoped, contained golden
metal ; the other, loaded with cedar. These are recorded
as the first Virginian products, as constituting the first remit-
tance, and as indicating the earliest pursuits of an infant peo-
ple i.

Smith, while attempting to discover the head of Chicka-
hominy river, was taken prisoner twenty miles in the desert,
by a party of two hnndred Indians, who tied him to a tree
with the intention of shooting him to death. Already had
they assembled around him with their deadly weapons j but
Opechancanoiigh, a brother of Powhatan, and commander
of the party, holding up a compass, that Smith had givftn
him, they all instantly laid down their bows and arrows. Hav-
ing conducted their prisoner in triumph to numerous Indian
tribes a, they atlen*^th brought him to Werowocomoco, where
Powhatan then resided in barbarian state, with a strong guard
of Indians around him 3. When the prisoner entered tlie a-
partment of the sovereign, all the people gave a shout. The

1 Smith, Viig. 6t. Purchas, V. I70q. Chalmers, i. 21. Prince, 2 t,Q6.

2 " Their order was this: drawing themselves all in file, the King in
the midst, had all their peeces and swords borne before him: Captaine
Smith was led after him by three great lubbers, holding him fust; on each
side went six in file, with their arrows nocked." Smith, Virg. 47. Purchas,
V. 1708.

.'] Above 200 of " liis courtiers stood wondering" at the prisoner, •• un-
til Powliatan and his train had put themselves in tiieir greatest bravery.
Before a fire he sat on a seate likea bedsted, covered with a great robe »)f
liarowcuii [racoon] skinnes, all the tailes hanging by: on eaci) hand did
sit a young wenrh of sixteene or eighteene yeeres of age; alo:;g on each
sid*^ the liuuse two rowes of men, and behind them as many women, witli
all their heads and shoulders painted red, many of their heads bedecked
vith the white downe of birds, every one adorned with something; a
great chuine also of white beades about their neckes." Purcha*:. Powha-
tan was ordinarily attended by a guard of 40 or .50 of the tallest men in
his country. " Every night upon the foure quartets of his house (says
Snjith) are four sentinels, each standing from otlier a flight shoot, and at
every luvlfe houre one from the corpb du guard doth hollow, shaking hi«
lips wi'.h liis fingijr betwecne them, unto whom every sentinel doth an-
swer round from his stand: if any faie, they presently send torth an offi-
cer that bcateth hiu; extreamely." 'General itibt. Virginia, 37.

queen

&.\

vv»,.-'— .. — " "•"■"tj..Ya(u-'- - .^'»* -<^

1607.1 AMERICAN ANNALS. 131

queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring hiin water, to
wash his hands; and another person brought a bunch of fea*
ihers, instead of a towel, to dry them. Having feasted him
in their best manner >, they held a long consultation, at the
conclusion of which, two great stones were brought before
Powhatan. As many of the Indians, as could, laying hands
on the devoted prisoner, dragged him to the stones, and
placed his head on themj with the intention of beating out his
brains with clubs. At this mome" '*ocahonlas, the king's
favourite daughter, her entreaties and tears not availing to
rescue the captive from execution, rushed in between lAm
and the executioner, took his head into her arms, and laid her
own upon it, to ward off the blow. The father was subdued ;
and the victim was spared. Two days afterward Powhatmi
scntS'iith, accompanied by twelve guides, to James Town *.
BesKl_s the personal misfortune of Smith, the infant colony
met with various calamities in the course of the year. The
storehouse at James Town taking fire by accident, the town,
thatched with reeds, burned with such violence, that the for-
ifications, arms, apparel, bedding, and much of private goods
and .provision, were consumed 3. From May to September
tifty of the colonists died 4; of which number was Bartholo-
mew Gosnold 5. The succeeding winter was etxremely cold,
and tliis rigour of the season was the cause of additional mor-
tality 6.'

1 Smith «* thoiiijht, they Intended to fat and eat him."
y Smith, Virs?. 46 — tO- Stitii, .'j(», 3(i. Purchas, 1. 767. Smith had
been a prisoner seven weeks.

3 Stith,/)9. Smith, Virg. .^^i wliosays, thatMr. Ilnnt, the preacher,
lost all his library, and all that he liad, yet none ever saw liim repine.

4 This mortality wasascr'bed to excessive toil •• in the extremity of the
heal," wretched lodijings, andscanty, nnwhoiesome food. " Had v.e been
as free from all sinnes as ijluttony and drunkcnness,e (says Smith,) we
might have been canonized for saints." Ibid. 44. Purchas, v. 17()G, 1707.

5 Purchas, v. iClK). lie died -ii Autrust, and, being one of the Coun-
cil, was honourably buried, " havins^all the ordnance in the fort shot ot^',
with many volley'! of small shot." Ibid. I'his is the same distinguished
person, who made the memorable voyage to the northern part of Virginia
(now New England) five years before. Belknap, Biog. i. QSQ. See A. D.
i(J(V2.

*• By the bitterness of that great frost, above half the Virginian colo-
ny took their deaths." This severe frost " was recojiipeiiscd witli as iniid
9 winter with them the next year." Purchas, i. 7;")7, 7Uo. This extreme
severity of cold was felt in the most northern regions of America. L'Es-
«a btit,' who was in Canada about this time, rcmaiks, that '* these last
winters of 1O07, Kio8, have been the hardest that ever was scene. Many
savages died through the rigour of the weather j in thc^c our parts many
poorc people and travellers have bene killed through the same hardneisft
of winter wcatliei." Purchas, v. 16.S7.

K 2 There

i;i

:):

• i ;

132 ' AMERICAN ANNALS. flOoS.

There were judged to be a| this time, within sixty miles of
James Town, about seven, thousand Indians, nearly two
thousand of whom were warriors «.

On the recent encouragement for settling North Virginia,
Sir John Popham and others sent out two ships under the com-
mand of George Popham and Ralegh Gilbert j, with a hundred
men, with ordnance andall provisions necessary until ihey might
receive farther supplies. They sailed from Plymouth the last of
May ; and, falling in with the island of Monahigon on the ele-
venth of August, landed on a peninsula, at the mouth of Saga-
dahock, or Kenebeck river 3. Here, aftir u sermon was deli-
vered, and their patent and laws were read, they built a store-
house, and fortified it, and gave it the name of Fort St.
George 4. On the fifth of December the two ships-sailed lor
England, leaving a little coloijy of forty-five persons j Popham
being president, and Gilbert admirai .

1(308.

The summer of this year is remarkable, in the Virginian
annals, tor the first voyage toward the source of the Chese-
peak. Captain John Smith in an open barge, with fourteen
persons, and a very scanty stock of provisions, explored the
•whole of that great extent of water, from Cape Henry, where
it meets with the ocean, to the river Susquehannah ; trading
with some tribes of Tndians, and fighting with others, lie
discovered and named many small islands, creeks, and in-

l Smith ill Piirchas, v. iGw*. Tlie must, seen tosjetlicr by the iMiglish,
veic seven vr eiglit lininlred. Ibid.

•2 A ncpliew of Sir Waller ]{ai«*gh. Riog. IJritan. [Art. GitnF.nT.]says
he made a v()ja;/»» to \'iii;;inia this year in helialt'ot'his uncle; in rtrcreiice
perltaps to this voyai;p.

:J I'urchas, i. 7'>('y Smith [\'irg. ,'0.').] says, " a faire navigable river,
but tlie coast all (horoaljouts most extreme stony and rocky." Josselyn,
\oy. in. Hubbard, Ms. N. Kng. p. f).

'i Belknap, liiog. i. ■'} jo. What l)r. Belknap calls a peninsula, is called
in the Collectioiir (.fthe Historical Society [i. -i,)..'.] I'arker'.s Isl-nd; aiul
is thoic said to be r-.rmed by the waters ot Kenebeck on the west, by flw
sea on the south, by the waters called Jeremysipiani Bay on the east, and
by a small strait of waters, which divides it from, Arrowsick Island, on the
north. " The island is now called Parker's Lsland, because i,t was pui chased
of the natives in the year lOSO, by one John Parker, who was the firit oc-
cupant after the vear M>!)8." Ibid,

.5 Hubbard, ^iS. N. ling. ,S0. Purchas, T^O. P»rit. Knip. Jiitrod. i. 2l.
Purchas, v. 1828. Harris, Voy. i. S.M. I. blather, N. Eng. Brit. Kmp. ii.
10. Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 'ii\, '>.V>. " .Ml the fruit of this their c.xpeiliiioii,
during the long winter, and the after time of tlu-ir abode there, was build-
ing aWne, which aftbrdcd thcui some advantage in their return." Hub-

baVd.MS. N. i:ug.p. 31.

lets;

l608.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 133

lets ; sailed up many of the great rivers » ; and explored the
l.iland purls of the country. During this enterprize sixty
Susqueliaiinah Indi:uis visited hiin, and made him presents.
At this early period they had hatchets, and utensils of iron
and brass, which, by their own account, originally came from
the French of Canada. The Susqiiehannah natioti at this
time could luisc about six hundred fighting men. Smith, af-
ter sailing abouL three thousand miles, returned to James
Town. iJavingmade careful observations during this ex-
cursion of discovery, he drew a map of CI ?sepeak Bay and of
the livers, annexing to it a description ot the countries, and
of the nations inhabiting them, and sent it to the council in
England ; and this map was made with such admirable exact-
ness, that it is the original from which all subsequent maps
and descriptions oi Virginia have been chiefly copied », His
superior abilities obtained the ascendency over envy and fac-
tion- Although he had lately beep refused a seat at the
council board, he was now, by the election of the council
and the request of the settlers, invested with the government ;
and received letters patent to be president of the colon/. 'Vhe
wisdom of his administration infused confidence; its vigour
commanded obedience. The military exercises, which he
obliged all to perform, struck the Indians with astonish ment^
and inspired them with awe 3.

Newport arrived at Virginia with a second supply for the
colony, bringing over seventy passengers, many of whom
were persons o- distinction 4. Eight Dutchmen and Poles
came over at this time, to introduce the making of tar, glass.

1 Pamainik [now York,] Toppahanock [Uappahanock,] Patowmpk[Po-
tdwmac,] Sasciiiciiahunuugh [Susijiiehunnaii.] Smith's i»ap, Lompured
with later maps.

2 Smith, Virs- '21,25, .55—0,5; Piirchas, v. 1O90, 1715; in each of
wiiich v(»luinesa copy of Smith's original map is inscrtcti. Stjth, y.S, 81.
Purchas, i. 7ti7. Keith, 78, 79< Chalmers, i. 21, 22. Hohertsoii, book
ix. (3G, 07.

;J Chalmers, i.2'2.

4 Smith, Viru. 7'2, 73; where the principal names of the pa'scngers
are preserved. Mrs. Forrest and Ann Isurras, her maid, wlio were among
tliese pasiengers, are said by some historians to have been the first I'.iiglisii
women ever in this country. They wcv^c, with the exception of the de-
voted colony of 15S7. wliich contained ]<J women. The marriage, just
mentioned, as the first in Virginia, must be understood with the exceptiou;
tliough no mention is made by the early writers of any marriage in that
fust colony '20 years before. Stith, if we may rely on Sniiths' authority,
err-, in omitting the name of Mrs, Forrest, and puttinii '^'i» Uurras into
ihe rank of a ladj-, in fur place, attended by a maid.

K 3

and

t ■

Vm>

i,"-

134 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l0O8.

and potashes «. John Laydon was soon after married to Ann
Burras; and this was the first marriage in Virginia 2.

Fresh instruction;^, now transmitted, expressly required
the president and council of the colony to explore the wes.
tern country, in ordiir to procure certain intelligence 01' the
South Sea ; to transmit, as a token of success, a lump of cold ;
and lotindoncof the lost company sent out by Ralefi,h. " These
orders demonstrate," says Chalmers," that the chief object of
the most active projectois was at this time, rather discovery,
than colonization." The punishment, threatened in case of
disobedience, struck the colonists with horror: " They shall
be allowed to remain, as banished men, in Virginia 3. On
the return of Newport to England, he left about two hundred
persons in the colony 4.

Ships, now arriving with supplies for the colony at Sagada-
hock, brought intelligence of the death of Sir John Popham,
and Sir John Gilbert. These misfortunes, with the death of
cagtain George Fopham, in whom very great confidence was
reposed, together with the loss of the stores the preceding
wmter by rtre, so dispirited the whole plantation, that the colo-
ny unanimously resolved to return in these ships to England 5.
1 he patrons of the colony, offended at this unexpected return,
desisted several years from any farther attempt toward effecting
a settlement. Meanwhile, the Knglish thus seeming to re-
linquish their pretensions to this country, the French availed
themselves of the occasion, and planted colonies in various
places within the English limits ^.

Poutrincourt having returned from Canada to France tlie
last year, and presented to the king the fruits of the country,
the king now confirmed to M. de Monts the privilege for the
trade of beavers with the natives, for the purpose of enabling
him to establish his colonies in New France 7. De Monts
accordingly sent over three ships with families, to commence
a permanent settlements. Champlaln, who took the charge
of conducting this colony, after examining all the most eli-

1 Smith, Viig. 73. Chalmers, i. 23.

2 Smith, Virg. ibid. Keitb, 80.

3 Chalmei-s, i. 'i2.

4 Smith, Virj?. 70.

5 Smith, XVirg. 204] says, tliat the coinitry was esteemed as a cold,
barren, mountainous, rocky desert j and that this colony " found uottiing
but extjeme extremities."

6 Gorges, N. Eng. I9. Purchas, v. 1828. Harris, Voy. i. 851. Hub-
bard, MS. N. F.ng. ?,o. Prince, 25. See also theautiiorities in note 5, p. S2.

7 Purchas, v. 16 10, 1041.

8 "There," savs L'EbcarUot, '• to bcginnc Christian and French Com-
monwealths." Ibid. . •,

gible

AMERICAN ANNALS.

185

1609 J

uible places for Rettlement in Acadie, and on the river St.
Lawrence, selected a spot at the confluence of this river and
St. Charles, about thw^ ^pittwiinjp noH^ from the sea. Here
he erected barracks, cleared the ground, sowed wheat and
rye, and on this spot laid the foundation of Quebec, the ca-
pital of Canada >.

/:>iy^

!<«.«/ ii.

1C09. • /• •

The company of South Virginia, not realizing the expect-
ed profit from its colony, obtained from kmg James a
new charter, with more ample privileges ». This measure
served to increase the number ot proprietors, among whom we
find the most respectable names in the nation. With this
augmented wealth and reputation, they pressed forward with
bolder steps. The council of the Virginia company now ap-
pointed Sir Thomas West, lord Delaware, governor of Vir-
ginia, for life; Sir Thomas Gates, his lieutenant ; Sir George
homers, admiral; and Christopher Newport, vice admiral;
and fitted out seven ships, attended by two small vessels,
with five hundred for that colony. Lord Delaware remained in
England. The ship, in which the three other officers 3 sailed,
becoming separated from the rest of the fleet in u violent storm,
was wrecked on the island of Bermudas, whore all the com-
pany, consisting of one hundred and fifty persons, were pro-
videntially saved. One small ketch was lost in the storm ;

1 Cham plain, 1 1.5, Cliarlcvoix, Nouv. Fiance, i. 121, and Pastes Chron.
Cliahncrs, i. 8-i. Univ I list, xxxix. 412. Brit. Gmp. Introd. i. 47- Minot
Mass. i. 127. Quebec was the Intiian name of the plare. "Trouvantun
lieu le plus cstroit dc riviere, qUc ies habitans du |^>ay^ appellant Quebec,
j'y bastir et edificr une habitation, et dctVicher ties terrcs, et faire quel-
(|ues jardinages." Champlain. It was " sunie tbrtie leagues above the ri>
ver of Sanuenay." Piirclias, v. i042.

2 Copies of this second charter, lontaininu; the names of the proprie-
tors, are preserved in Stith, Virg. Appendix, No. ii; and in lla/ard, Col-
i. 58 — 72. By this charter the Company was made •• one Uody or Com-
monalty perpetual," and incorporated by \\\entimtoi The Treasurer anil
Company of Adventurers aud Planters of f lie Citt/ of London, f'nr the First
Co/onj/ in rirpinia. Charter. To the'm were now granted in absolute

f)roperty, what seem formerly to have been conveyed only in trust, the
ands extendiny; from Cape Comfort along the sea coast Southward two
hundred miles; from the same promontory two hundred miles Northward;
and from the Atlantic Westward to the South Sea. Chalmerf.

S Each of these t^entlemen had a commission; and he, who should first
arrive, was authorized to recall the commission, that had been previously
givCi. for the government of the colony ; but " because they could not
ai;rce for place, it was concluded they should go all in oue ship." Smith,
Virg. 89.

• i

:. I

■I ;

K 4

the

^J"

' ■• f ■'

13(5 AMERICAN ANNALS. [lOOQ.

the other ships, much damaged and distressed, arrived about
the middle of August at James river i.
" The infant colony was siiil destined to calamity ; and the

very accession to its numbers, which should have added to its
security, heightened its danger 2. President Smith having
detached two hundred of these newly mrived adventurers to
the falls of .] limes River, and to Nansamond 3, thfy impru-
dently offended the neighbouring Indians, who cut off many
of them; and the few, who escaped, returned in despair, to
^ beg the protection of that authority, which they had lately

contemned 4.

A systematic design was now meditated against the whole
colony by the sovereign of the country j but it was providen-
tially discovered and frustrated. Pocahontas, the tutelary
friend of Virginia, though but a child of twelve or thirteen
years of age, went in a very dark and dreary night to James
Town, and, at the hazard of her life, disclosed to the presi-
dent a plot of her father to kill him and tlie English people 5.
This timely notice put the colony on its guard ; and some in-
cidents soon after contributed still fartlier towards its preser-
vation. An Indian, apparently dead through the effect of a
charcoal fire in a close room, was, on the application of vine-

J Smith, Vi is;. 89, 104, 174. Keith, 1 1 '>, llO. Piirclias. i. 7.5«; v.
17'29— 1733. C'hahncis, i. 27, 2«. Stow, Chiou. lOIp, 1020. Belknap,
Biog. ii. 23 — 25. Tl\i< storm came tVoin tlie noii/i taut, and bei>an on
Monday, 24 July. After it had blown twenty-four hours with extreme
violence, the shipsprunu:a leak; and tin ec days nnti four niglits the whole
company (about 140, exclusive of women) laboured incessantly at the
pump. On Friday the fourth morninij; " it wanted but little," says the
narrator of the voya^^e, " but that there had l)in a geneiall determination
to have shut up hatches, and commendiny; our sinful! souls to God, com-
mitted tlieshippe to the meicy of thesea;" but, in this desperate extremity.
Sir George Someis, who during the whole time had not once Itfft the quar-
ter deck, discovered land. Not expcctini; to save the ship by coming to
anchor, they ran lierai^round witliin three quarters ofamde of the shore,
whence all the company (about 1,'jO in number) by the help of their boats
arrived safely at the island. Purchas, v. 1736 — 1737. Thii perilous and
distressing scene aj)pears to have occurred in the Gulf Stream [IJelknap,
Biog. ii. 25.J, the course of which, off" the coast of the Southern States,
is from southwest to northeast. A gale from the northeast, in direct op-

1)osition to the current, makes n great sea in that gulf ; a fact, which I
lave had lepeated opportunities to observe.

2 Smith [Virg. 90. J calls the people, who last arrived, " a lewd cempa-
ny," containing " many unridy gallants, packed hither by thei'" friends,
to escape ill destinies." To them he ascribes the anarchy and confusion
that soon pervaded tiie colony. See also Stith, 103.

,S Nansamond was the most southern settlement iii Virginia, under the
S6th degree »if north latitude. Chalmers, i. 618.

4 Smith, Virg.90. Stith, lOS.

:. Smith, Virg. 77, 121, 122.

gar-

•~^<iifi'i III I II

lOog.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 137

gar and aqua vits by the president, re-animated. This sup-
posed miracle, ^^•ith an explosion ofpowder, which killed two
or three Indians, and scorched and wounded others, excited
such astonishment, minified with such admiration of the pow-
er, and an of the English, that Powhatan and his people came
to them with presents of peace ; and the whole country, dur-
ing the remainder of Smith's administration, was entirely
open to the unmolested use of the English '.

The colony now pursued its business with succes-:. It made
tar and pitch, and an experiment of glass ; dug a weM of ex-
cellent water in the fort ; built about twenty houses j; new
covered the church ; provided nets an J weirs for fishing; buiit
a block house, to receive the trade of" the Indians ; and broke
up and planted thirty or forty acres of ground 3.

President Smith, enfeebled by an accident to his person from
an explosion of powder, and disgusted with distractions in his
colony, returned to England toward the close of the year ;
leaving three ships, seven boats, upwards of four hundred and
ninety persons, twenty-four pieces of ordnance, three hundred
muskets, with other arms and ammunition, one hundred
well trained and expert soldiers, a competent supply of work-
ing tools, live stock, and ten weeks' provisions 4. James
Town was strongly palisadoed, and contained fifty or sixty
houses. There were five or six other forts and plantations m
Virginia ?.

Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of the
Dutch 6, left the Texel in the beginning of this year, with a
design of penetrating to the East Indies by sailing a nonhwest-

1 Smitli, Virg. 85. Sijtl),97.

Q It appears, that '.io or 40 itouscs were built before,

•3 Stitlj, 97.

4 Stith, 107, 108. Smith; Virg. on, 161. Purchas, i. 7.'5S, Chahners, 1.29,

5 Smith, Virg. 91. Smith's description of the V'irginiaii colonists at
that time is too curious to be oniittctl. I'liere was *' but one carpenter
iu the country ; two blacksmitlis ; two saj lers." Those, dr ribed as " la-
bourer*," were for the most part footmen, and i^entlemci's attendants*
who never did know what a dayes work wa«." Kxcepting the Dutchmen
and Poles, and abouta dozen others, " al' l!)c rest were poore gentlemen,
tradesmci, serving-men, libertines, and such like, ten times more fit to
spoy ie a commonwealtl), tlmn cither to begin one or but help to maintain
one." Ibid. yi.

Charlovoix, Forstcr, and otlicrs aflirm, that Hudson undertook this
voyai^e in behalf of the Dutch ; yet some liisforians say, that he sold to the
Dutch wliatever right he mr.y have acquired to the country by his disco-
very. It is said, in IJiog. Brit. Jrt. Hudson, that he was fitted out by the
Dutch Kast India Company, wliich furnished him with a iiy boat, ecjuip-
ped with all uecessarics, and with '.20 men, English and Dutch.

1 m

iU^^MI

ward

, ■:m\.

138 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iClO.

ward course. Having attempted in vain to accomplish this
purpose, he followed the track which the Cabots had marked
for him above a century before. He coasted along the foggy-
shores of Newfoundland ; shaped his course for Cape Cod ;
looked into the Chesepeak, where the English were settled ;
anchored off the Delaware ; sailed into the river Manhattan ' ;
and departed in October for England 2. The Dutch sent
ships the next year to open a trade with the natives 3.

"^fter several attempts of Englishmen to discover the
country of Guiana, and about th^e river of the Amazonsi,
Robert Harcote undertook to settle a plantation in this region.
Leaving his brother Michael Harcote with sixty persons at the
river Weapoco 4, he returned to Englatid, where, by the favour
of prince Henry, he obtained a patent for all the coast of
Guiana, together with the river of Amazons, The projected
settlement however did not succeed, for want of due support
tVotn home 5.

1610.

Nothing could have been more ineuspicious to the colony,
than the departure of Smith. The Indians, finding that the
person, whose vigour they had often felt, no longer ruled the
English people, generally revolted, and {destroyed them

1 lie did nnt land it Manhattan without opposition; he did not, like
Cabot, taive fortnal possession. Chalmers.

Q Purchas, i. 743. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 148. Chalmers, i.
5G7, 56S. I'orster, Voy. 332, 333, 421 , 422. Harris, Voy. i. 666, Europ.
Settlements, ii. 280. Prince, 29. Brit. Emp. i. 2. Smith, N. York, 2.
•• Third Vo}aa;e of Henry Hudson towaids NovaZembla, and, at his re-
turn, to Newfoundland and Cape Cod." 'Title of a book in Biblidtbeca
Anieric. p. 76, under A. D. 1609.

3 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 142. " Des I'annee suivante quelques
Marchands d' Amsterdam envoyerent des Navires dans cette Riviere [Man-
Jiattan.j pour y faire la traitte." Hudson can scarcely be called the first
discoverer of a coast, which had been often explored before, from the days
rlfthe Cabots to the present. As he had never occupied the land, he
could not transfer what he never possessed. The sovereign of France in
l6()S, and the king cf England in 1C06, had formally declared their inten-
tion to appropriate the same region, which thi^ir subjects immediately
planted. Chalmers, i. 568.

4 Here captain Ley settled with some Englishmen in l605; but, sup-
plies niiscarrying, they w6re forced to abandon tliat settlement. Ander-
son, ii. 225.

h .Smith, Virg. coH//«tte^/, chap. xxiv. Anderson, ii. 234. Unexpected
diffit-'ulties occurring, Harcote merely sent over a few passengers, •♦ with
certain Dutchmen," and the country lay neglected several years. See
A. D. 1617. Henry, prince pf \V'aIcs» mentioned above, died in 1612,
Mt. IQ. . •

, . wbere-

f< I

'^ u.^

upected
' with
See
fCl2,

i6lO.J AMERICAN ANNALS. ISQ

whereever they were found. Captain RatclifF, in a small* ship
with thirty men, going to trade, and trusting himself indig.
erectly to Powhatan, he and all his people were slain *. The
provisionsof the colony being impiudently wasted, a dreadful
famine ensued, and prevailed to such extremity, that this
period was many years distinguished by ihe name otTbe star w
in^ time. Of nearly five hundred persons, left in the colony
by I'he late president, sixty only remained, at the expiration
of six months *.

The company, wrecked at Bermudas, having built two
small vessels, and paid the seams with lime and tortoise oil,
put to sea on the tenth of May, and on the twenty- third
arrived at Virginia 3. Finding the small remains of the colony
in a famishing condition, and seeing no other means to pre-
serve them, than by abandoning the country, they took thcni
all on board with the intention of returning to England.
** None dropped a tear, because none had enjoyed one day of
happiness." Lord Delaware, arriving at this juncture with
three shifts, one hundred and fifty men, and plentiful pro-
visions, and meeting his forlorn countrymen in James river,
caused them all to return to James Town, where be resettled
the colony 4.

Having published his commission, which invested him with
the sole command, he appointed a council of six persons, to
assist hlM» ' ; ^ administration. A very essential change no'v
took plai ' e form of the ancient Virginian constitution ;

for the original aristocracy was converted into a rule of one,
over whose deliberations the people had no controul. Under
the ausplses of this intelligent and distinguished nobleman,
the afiairs of the colony were soon re-established. He allotted
to every one his particular business. The French he com-
manded to plant the vine 5 ; the English, to labour in the

1 Keith, 120. Stith, 116.

y Smith, Viig. 105, lOG. Stith, 1 10. Beverly, 3 1. Chalmers, i. 30.

3 "The three and twentieth of May," says the nnnator in Furchas
[v. 17t8.]f " recast anchor before James Towne where we landed, and
our much grieved Govenour first visiting the Church caused the beil ta
be rung, at which all such as were able to come forth of (heir ht>iise's re-
payred to Church, where our Minister, Master Buckc, niadca zealous and
sorrowfull prayer, finding all things so contrary to our expectations, so
full of misery and misi^ovcrnment. After service our Governour caused
mee to reade his Commission, and captaine Percie (then President) deli-
vered up unto him his Commission, the old Patent, and the CounccU Seale."
See also Stow, Chron. 102t).

4 Smith, Virg. 106. Stith, 115. Rcverly,34, 35. Prince, 31. Chal-
mers, i. 30. Belknap, Biog. ii. 2.'j— 32.

.'» A nuniber of Frenchmen hadl>ycn imported for the culture of vines.
Belknap.

woodn

k. u

r;^i

' (

•I

If-'' ■{ 'i

'il

r
■

l:,-'^' 111

i ■ '

140 AMERICAN NNALS. [16IO.

woodlands ; and appointed officers, to see his orders obeyed.
All patiently submitted to hn authority, which experience
had taught them to be wise and necessary ; and peace, industry,
and order now succeeded tumult, idleness, and anarchy i.
Lord Delaware proceeded to build two forts at Kecoughtan,
and called the one Fort Henry, the other, Fort Charles >.

On the report of his deputy governors of the plenty that
they had found in Bermudas, he dispatched Sir George So-
iTiers to that island for provisions, accompanied by captain
Samuel Argal iu another vessel 3. They sailed together un-
til by contrary windr; they were driven toward Cape Cod ;
whence Argal, after attempting, pursuant to instructions, to
reach Sagadahock, found his way back to Virginia 4, He was

1 Smith, Virpc. 107. Chalmers, i. ,3o, 31.

•2 Smith, Virg. 108, 1 10. Stith, 120. 'I'licy were built near Southamp-
ton river. Ibid.

S Smith, Virg. 108. Somtrs went in the Patience, the same vessel,
Ihat had brought him from Bermudas to Vir!;iiiia. It had not one ounce
of iifin ahum it, tr^'-cpting one bolt in its keel. Dniv. Hist. >li. 3 10. Ber-
nniilas was full of hogs j and it was the object of this voyage to kill and
italt t'nem '^r provisioiis. 'I'he Englisii people, who were wrecked on this
island, found them in ahundante, and most historians suppose, they had
escapci! from some vessel, previously wrecked on the island. Sir VN'itiiani
Monson [Naval Tracts. Cluirchill, iii. 439.] gives a diflbrent account of

.>.fi-. •.»__l rn I..-T ... il._ 1 f.." ! -. j: 1 1 ,1

f them. " This island [Bermudas

at the beginning was discovered by the

Portuguese nation, and inhahited by them, till they found little profit ac
•rued from it, and then they abant oned it, and left behind them such food,
C!,j)i'ciaily ho^s, as tlicy could not carry with them ; apd thus jt |ay waste
for manv years," vVe 1 egret, that this respectable author does not men-
tion thttmic when the Portuguese discovered Bermudas. If hisaccount he
ctwrect, tlie account of the discovery of that island iiy Bermudex in I.^Q^,
and that of its discovery by Oviedus in \n\h, \* seems, must be erroneous.
This last account was inserted in these Annals under A. I"), l.'il.'i, in jeli-
anceon the accuracy of .Mr. Prince, who is distinguished for correctness,
and on Purrhas, wlio is there mentioned as Mr. Prince's authoritv. But
the passage in I'urchas, which I have since found, convinces me, that
Oiifd'us t/ii/ itoi ii'.'xravrr JitrMueliis in ]!>\h. Some facts, incidentally men-
tioned tlierc hy ()viedus> relating to Charles V. do not possihiy admit that
date, [(."ompare Purciias, v. 1738 with Uobertton's Charles V. vol. ii.] I
suspect, tliiit there is an error in the^frurcs, and thai it ".s* originally l'r^h\
a vear, which agrees with the facts, incidentally mentioned hy Oviedus.
If this roircction he admitted, .fonN BtHMtDEZ may yet claim the ho-
nour of making the discovery in lM-1, three years before the voyage of
Oviedus, until SirVV. Monson'saccountof its discovery by the Portuguese
be more cloai iy established. An extract from Oviedus. in the tntrrfr/u of
Purchas (il)!<l.), apjiears to mc to imply, that John Bermudez had made
the vov.iie /njln/init, and that the island whsaireath/ called hy his name.
4 Puichas, I7"'h — I7O2. Argal, before he left the coast of what is now
New iCiinlaiic!, landed :it iin island «♦ halfe a mile about, and nothing but
a rotke, uliiph sccnicd U) he very rich marble stone." It lay in 43 dog.
40 mill N. iaf. ; and, 0." account of nmiierous seals taken there, was called
Seal Hoik. Ibid.

l6lO.] AMERICAN ANNALS. ' 141

next sent for provisions to the Potowmac, where he found
Henry Spelman, an Efi^Iish youth, who had been preserved
from the fury of I'owliatan by Pocahontas ; and by his assist-
tance procured a supply of corn. Somers, after struggliuf;
lou!'^ with contrary winds, was driven to the northeastern
shore of America, where he refreshed his men'; and at
length he arrived safely at Bermudas. Here he hci^an te exe-
cute the purpose of his voyage; but, exhausted with fatigues,
to which his advanced age was inadequate, he soon after ex-
pired. Previously to his death he had charged his nephew,
Matthew Somers, who commanded under him, to return with
the provisions to Virginia : but, instead of obeying ihe charge,
he returne 1 to England, carrying the body of his deceased
imcic for interiucnt in his native country. A town, built
in the very place where this worthy knight died, was named,
in honour of hiu', St. George 2.

It is not unvi orthy t.f notice, that Somers, when coming
to America, being a member of parliament, the commons
declared his seat vacant, because, by accepting a colonial of-
fice, he was rendered incapable of executing his trust. 'I'liis
apnf^ars to be the first time that Virginia was noticed by the
linglish parliament 3.

The spirit of adventure was at this time so prevalent in
England, that even the barren and inhospitable island of New-
foundland was represented as proper for plantation. This re-
presentation induced the earl of Northampton, the lord chief
baron Tanfield, Sir J-'rancis Bacon, then solicitor general, and
other gentlemen of distinction, to join with a number of Bris-
tol mercliants, for obtaining from king James a giant of part

1 A<-cordin2; to IViiicc [:^2.] it -was at S;i;^p.(l;il;oik, the place to which
SoDicrs liatl ir.btnictt'>l Ari;al to repair.

,> Smith, \'^■^^ 17t). Stith, ll<). Helknap, Biot;. ii. 3.'). Stow, Clivon.
lois. I'niv. Hist. xli. ,'5 10. Sir (icorge Somers was above (>!i vcai'i oJ
age at (he time of his death. IIisIk)'.!)' was biirieil at \VIiili:hiii< h in
Dorsetsliire, hut his heart aiul entrails wore Ixiiied at Ik") iinidas. It an
pears h_v liis e[)itai<ii, that Iiis tk'atli did ii(;t take place iiiifii 11)1 1. In IH.'O
Nathaniel liiitler, I^s(j. then governor ol'liermiKia!;, caused a large maihk'
i'tone, handsomely wnnigiit, to he laid over the place where Ids remain^
were partially interred ; and enclosed the sjiot whh a square wail of" hewn
stone, ji" ejiitapli, com!)ose(l hy tlic governor, and iii^ciihcd >>« tl>e
niarhlo, hegin>, in the stvleof that age,
"In thcyeere 1()1 1,
NoIjIc Sir Cieorne Simuners went to heavm;"
and, after tour encomiastic lines, thus concludes: *

" At last his '■oule and hotly Iteing to part,

He heie licipieathM his entr: ils ai>d his heait."
Smith, Virg. 1»»8. I'ui'lias, v. 17. Id.

iJ L'hahneis, i. ^;. '. . . "

l\ '■ Mi

M M

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l'i2 ' AMERICAN ANNALS. [lOlh

of Newfoundland. A patent was acccordingly grinted to the
earl of Northampton and forty-four persons, by the tiame of
the Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of
the cities of London and Bristol, for the Colony or Planlatlon
in Newfoundland, from north latitude forty-six to fifty-two
degrees, together \Vith the seas and islands lying within ten
leaguer of the coasts The proprietors soon after sent Mr,
John Guy of Bristol as conductor and governor of a colony
of thirty-nine persons, who accompanied him to Newfound-
land, at)d began a settlement at Conception Bay, where they
wintered i.

The health oflord Delaware not permitting him to remain
in his office of captain general of the Virginian colony, he de-
parted for England; leaving above two hundred people in
health and tranquillity*, j^ot long after his departure. Sir
Thomas Dale arrived ut Virginia with three ships, three hun-
dred people, twelve cows, twenty goals, and all things need-
ful for the colony. In August Sir Thomas Gates arrived
with six ships, two hundred and eighty men, and twenty
Women, one hundred cattle, two hundred hogs, military
stores, and other necessaries ; and assumed the govern-
ment 3. Finding the people occupied by mere amusements^
and verging to the former state of penury, be took care to
employ them in necessary works 4. The colony now began
to cxit'iid itself up .lames river, and several new settlements
Were made 5. Viiginia at this time contained seven hundred
men, of various arts and pruftss-ons \

1 Amierson, ii. '>12, 21;1. r'lincc, "O, Tlie patent states, that " di-
vers'" oftlic kind's •* ,sul)jccts \vo;c dfsirous to plant in the soutlicjii ami
fcastcm i'aits otNe\vf>;inidlaiul, vlijtlic-r tltc subjects of this realm have
for npwaids of .)U years been used aiuiiially, in no small numbers, to retort
to (i^l)." Harris, Voy. i. hGo, HG\, wl;c;e the i)atent is entire.

2 r'iucliii>, i. ■Ui.H, 7.)9i v. 1762 — 17tit, ^vllc^c is lord Delaware's own
1 10. Chalmers, i. 31. Beverly, SG. I'rincc, 33.

relation. Smith, Virg
Belknap, Uiou;. ii.;17.

;] Smith, Viri;. loy— » 1 1,
I'lincc, .'51. Chalmers ].,):].

Pnrchas, i. 7"i9. Keith, 124. Stith, 193.
Lniv. lli>,t. xxxix. 'i4">. Biit. F.mp. iii. Ol.
Lord Delaware had leU ilic goveinnient in t''e hands of captain Georiie
I'iercy un'il Dale siioiild anive.

4 Smith, Virg. 1 10. Most of the company at James Town " wcie at
their daily and usual woiks, howlin;; in thj stieets." Ibid.
.'> Maishall, Life of \\ ashington, i. 61.
6 I'vuehas, ;. 7 Ji>. _ ;

£..*■ '" . '■ Sir

l6ll.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 143

Sir Thomas Dale, furnished by Sir Thomas Gates with
three hundred and fifty chosen men, built a town on James
river ; inclosed it with a palisade ; and, in honour of prince
Henry, called it Henrico i.

To revenj:;e some injuries of the Appamatuck Indians, Sif
Thomas Dale assaulted and took their town, at the mouth of
the river of their name about five miles from Henrico ; kept
possession of it; called it Nej»' Bermudas; and annexed lo its
corporation many miles ot champaign and woodland ground,
in several hundreds. In the nether hundred he began to plant,
and with a pale of two miles, secured eight English miles in
compass. On this circuit there were soon built nearly fifty-
handsome houses '.

Henry Hudson, having sailed from the Thames in the he-
ginning of the preceding year, m discoveriei? in behalf of pri-
vate adventurers 3, is supposed now to have perished in ths
icy seas of Greenland 4. Having entered the straits, which
bear his name 5, he penetrated to eighty degrees twenty-three
minutes, into the heart of the frozen tone, one hundred
leagues farther in this direction, than any one had previously
sailed^. While preparing to push forward his discoveries,

his

. I ,

J Purchas, V. 1/07. Smi<!i, Virg. 111. Beverly, 37. " The ruins of
this town," says President Stitli in 17 lO, " are still plainly to be traced."

U Smith, Virg. 111. Pnrclias, v. ITfif*. Tlie pale of two miles is sanl
by the historian to be " rut over from river to river."

.'3 SirTliomas Smitli, Sir Dudley Di|;!«es, and Mr. John Wostenhohiie^
" with other their friends." Purchas, i. 741.

4 Chalmers, i 5()8.

5 Bioi;. Brifan. Sir W. Monson, a contemporary, who received his in-
telligence *» from the mo'ith of tl^r i-.aster that came iinme from Hudson,"
says, that •' the entrance was in C;J degrees;" that " they ran in that
height 'iOO lea;j;ut\i, and finding the Sirc/ght, wliich was 4(i leagues ovr,
lo run south, they followed that southerly course, making account it wouhJ
bring theni into the South Sea;" that " liere they ran yoo leagues more,
till they tound the water too shallow and unpassable;" that " they win-
tered in an island in i>2 degrees, where in the whole winter they saw hut
one man, who came to them but twice •," ti:at " this Savage was cloathed
in skins, and his arrows forked with iron;' and that " this attempt of
Hudson has given us knowledge of 400 leagues further than was ever
known befor'."." 'I'he same author was of opinion, that the iron of tliP
dart of the Indian, who visited Hudson, "shewed manifestly, he used to
trade with Christians." Naval Tracts in Churchill, iii. iJu,' K'j.j.

G Harris, Voy. i, CrM. Within the straits lie gave names to several
nlace-i. Desire Provokes, The Isle of Clods Mercy, Prince Ilciuy's Cape.
King James' Cape, Queen Ann's Cape, &c. Ibid. Ho sailed three luir-
drcd leagues we^t in those straits, and on the second of Avigust (iflio)
came to a nanower pnvsage, having two headlands ; that on the south he
called Cape W istenliohne, the oppr-itc one on the noitliwest, Dij,.'cs'-,

Is.ai.d

K-

#iWWW^?^

ii'

■f« I*

l^!l

114 AMERICAN ANNALS. [lOll.

bis crew mutiiieil ; and, seizing on him, and seven of those,
who were most faithful to him, committed them to the fury
of the seas in an open boat. . Most of the mutineers soon came
to a miserable end. Going on .sLore at Diggcs Island, Henry
Green, their ringleader, was shot througii the heart, and se-
veral of his companions were mortally wounded. 'The rem-
nant of wretched company hastily embarked for England '.

Cliamplain, when commencing the settlement of Canada,
found the Adiundacks engaged in an implacable wai; with the
Iroquois or Five Nations*; and being now settled on the
lands of the Adirondacks, he espoused their cause, and ac-
companied them in an expedition against their enemies. He
now first penetrated into the country of the Iroquois by the
river of their name, and discovered a lake, which he called
Lake ChampUun 3 ; a name which it retains to this day.

Island. Throuj'h this narrow passajje lie passed into the Bay, wliich lias
ever Mnce borne liis name. Having sailed above a hundred lea!:,i!es south
into this bavi he imprudently resolved to winter in the most southern part
of it, with the intention of puisuiiii? Iiis discoveries in the spring. On tiie
third ot" November his ship was drawn up in a small creek, where he pro-
vidcntially found a supply of provisioi. .. VVIien the sprini; arrived, he
was unable to induce the natives to come to him, and was therefore nc-
ccs'.itatcd to abandon flioenterprize. V\'ith tears in his eyes hedistribulrd
to iiis men all iiie bread he had left, in this extiemity lie had let hill
tbrealniiut; words of setting some of his men on shore ; and now a few of
the sturdiest ot" them, who had before been mutinous, entered his cabin
in \\\v ni!;)it, and tyiii:; his arms behind him, put him into tiie boat. Bioi;.
Britan. .//•/. Hidson.

I Purchas, i. 744, 7 i">. Harris, Voy. i. r)Gr — '>7'2. Univ. Hist. xli. 80.
F.urop. .^ettleiiicntN, ii. ',>,S(1 Their best sustenance left, while on their
voya;;c, was seaweeds, fried with candles' ends, and the skins of thwU,
which they had eaten. Some of them were starved; the rest were so weak,
that oiic only could lie on llic helm, and steer. Meetinj;;at lens^th (ti Sep-
tember) a lisherman ot" l"oy, thcv with bis aid reached ICngland. Ibid.

•2 These nations of aboriginals, iiiuler the names of Mohawks, Oneydas,
Onondaijas, C"ayu!»as, and Senekas, bad been confederated from ancient
f Imun. 'I'licy had already been driven fiom tlieir possessions around Mon-
tical, and Itad tiiuiid an asylum on tlie south eastern borders of lake On-
tariii. 'I'lic Adirondacks had, in theirturn, been constrained to abandon
their lands situated above t!ie Tliiee Itivere, and to look for safety behind
the strait of (-luebcc. The alliance of the I'rench turned the tide of snc-
«i^s. The five Nations were defeated in everal battles, and reduced to-
extienu distress; but at length piocurinu; fire arms from a Dntcli ship,
that arrived high up the Maiibatlan river, thev became foruiidableto their
rneiiiies, and the .^dirondacks were soon annihilated. Chalmers, i. .is(>.
."^ C itarievoix, Noiiv. france, i. 141 — lit), and I'astcs Cliroii. Cham-
plain, \'oy. I.)'2. A buttle wi^ foui^ht here, and a victory f;aine«l over the
iii)(|uois. " (e lieu on se lit cc.-te charge est paries 13 de^rcz &: ({uclques
iniuulcs de latitude, & le uumiiiay Ic lac de C^liampluiu." ibid.

1(512.

■i^

1612.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

lCl2.

For the Encouragement of the adventurers to Virginia, the^
king issued a new charter/ by which he not only confirmed
all their former privileges, and prolonged their term of ex-
emption from payment of duties on whe commodities exported
by them, but granted them more exten!:«ve property, and more
ample jurisdivlion i. By this charter all the islands, lying
within three hundred leagues of the coast, were annexed to
the Province of Virginia.

The Bermudas, lying within these limits, were sold by the
company to one hundred and twenty of its own members, who,
in honour of Sir George Somers, named them the Somer
Islands. To these islands they now sent the first colony of
sixty persons, with Mr. Richard Moor, as their governor.
These colonists, having landed in June on the princijial
island, in August subscribed six articles of governments; and
in the course of the year received an accession of thirty per-
sons. The Virginia company at the same time took posses-
sion of other small islands, discovered by Gates and Somers;
and prepared to send out a considerable reinforcement to
James Town. The expence of these extraordinary efforts
was defrayed by the profits of a lottery, authorized by the
new charier, which amounted nearly to thirty thousand
pounds 3.

Early in the year two ships, with a supply of provisions
and eighty men, arri ved at V irglnia 4.

Henry, prince of Wales, sent out Sir Thomas Button
with two ships, parti y to ascertain, whether there were a

1 A copy of this tbird cliarter is preserved in
lix, No. iii; and in Ila/'ard, Coll. i. 7'i — 81.

Stith, Hist. Virg. Appen-

a These articles are inserted in Purdias, v. 1795.

3 Purchas, V. 1801. Smith, Virg. 177. Josselyn, Voy. 940. Encyc.
Methodique, Geog. Art. Uermudf.s. Robertson, book i 77, 78. Prince,
.35. Harris, Voy. i. 8 18 — 8.50. Robertson and other historians remarlt,
that this is thefiist instance in tlie Knglish history ot'any public counte-
nance given to this pernicious mode of levying money. A great lottery
however, for seme purpose, was " holdcn at London in Paules Church
Yard," in 1.569, which" was begun to be driiwne the 1 1 of January, and
continued day and night till the tHh of May." Stow, Chron. 6(53. Stew
gives this account of the Virginian T^ottery : " The Kinf^s majesty, in
.speciall favour for the present plantation of English coUonies in Virginia,
grauuted a liberal lottery, in which was contained 5000 pound in prizes
certaine, besides rewards of casualty, and began to bo d'-awne in a new
built house at the west end of Pauls', the fJ9 of June, l6l2." Ibid. J002.

4 Stith, 1'27. Bfc\eTly, 37. lUit. Emp. iii. Ol.

., Vot. I. . L passage

M..J

\ MB
''11

IfflHRii

l|H||l

iiiil

ftj

146 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l&l».

passage to the western ocoan through Hudson's Ba^ ; and
-partly to rescue Hudson and his companions, if they mi^ht be
found alive, front the extreme misery, to which they must be
subjected. He wintered at .a river, which, after the name of
the captain of one of the ships, who died there, he called
Nelson's River. A small creek on the north side of the river
he named Port Nelson. He and his mariners wintered on
board the ships ; and though they constantly kept three fires,
and took the utmost care, many of them died. In June, he
explored the whole western coast of the bay, which, after his
own name, was called Button's Bay. To the south and west
of that bay he discovered a great contineat, to which he gave
the names of New North IVales, and New South Wales ;
and here he erected a cross with the arms of Enfi;land. The
highest land, to which his researches extended, was about
sixty degrees. Betw<?«^n Cape Chidley and the coast of La-
brador he discovered a strait, through which he sailed ; and
sixteen days afterward arrived in England >.

Peter Easton, a noted pirate, went to Newfoundland with
several ships, and took a hundred men out of the lishins ves-
sels in Conception Bay 2. The English colony at that island
now consisted of fifty-four men, six women, and two chil«
dren 3.

The French attacked the Portuguese island Maragnan in
Brasil, and became masters of it. To secure their conquest,
they erected the city and fortification of St. Lewis de Marag.
nan ; of which however they were soon deprived by the Por-
tuguese 4.

k-y\U

1613.

This year is memorable for the first hostilities between the
English and French colonists in America. Madame de
Guercheville, a pious lady in France, who was zealous for
the conversion of the American natives, having procured from
De Monts a surrender of his patent, and obtained a charter
from the reigning king for all the lands of New France from
the St. Lawrence to Florida, with the exception of Port Royal,
sent out Saussaye with two Jesuits, father Quentin^ and fa-

1 Forster, Voy. S44— 347. Anderson, ii. 244 ; but he nut« the voyage
in 161 1. Forster says, that Button was afttrward created a Jcaiisht ; and
that Nelson was his mate in this voyage.

% Piiitce, 35.

i Purchas, i. 748.

4 Uuiv. Hist.xxxlx. 2S1. Encjc. Mctliocliqu^ Art. Maraovav.

tbef>

■;■»■

1<51S.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 147

ther Gilbert du Thet, as missionaries. Saussaye sailed from
Honileur on the twrelfth oF March, in a vessel of one hundred
tons, and on the sixteenth of May arrived at le Heve in Aca-
die, where he set up the arms of Madame de Guercheville, in
token of possession. Proceeding thence to Port Koyal, he
found there five persons only, two of whom were Jesuit mis-
sionaries, who had been previously i sent over, but who had
fallen under th* displeasure of M. Biencourt, at that time go-
vernor of Port Ro^al. On producing the credentials, by
which he was authorized to take these fathers into the service
of the new mission, as well as to take possession of the Aca-
dian territory, the two Jesuits were permitted to go where
thev pleased. They accordingly left Port Royal, and went
with Saussaye to Monts Deserts, an island, that had been
thus named by Champlain, lying at the entrance of the river
Pentagoet. The pilot conducted the vessel to the east end
of the island, where the Jesuits fixed their settlement ; and,
setting up a cross, celebrated mass, and called the place St.
Saviour*.

Scarcely had they begun to proviJe themselves with accom*
modation in this retreat, before they were surprized by an
enemy. Captain Samuel A rgal of Virginia, arriving at this
juncture oiF the island of Monts Deserts for the purpose of
fishing, was cast ashore in a storm ai Pentagoet, where he
received notice from the natives, that the French were at St,
Saviour. Such was the account of their number and state,
mat he resolved to attack them without hesitation or delay.
The French made some resistance ; but were soon obliged to
yield to the superior force of the English 3. In this action
Gilbert duThet, one of the Jesuit fathers, was killed by a mus-

1 It appears by Champlain [Voy. 101.], with whom agrees Charlevoix
[Nouv. France, i. l'23.]f that tliese two Jesuits, Biartand Masse, arrived
at Port lloyal on the 12th of June, l6l I. Had Dr. Hcllcnap seen Champ-
lain, he would not have placed their arrival in l604. The reader may
observe, that this anachronism has been copied into these Annals (p. 124.)
Had I seen the original French author in season, tliat error would have
been prevented.

2 It was in 44 degrees, and 20 minutes, latitude. Champlain.

3 The French had a small entrenchment, but no cannon. Charlevoix,
Nouv. France, i. 181. Ari;al had 60 soldiers, and 14 pieces of cannon;
the number of his vessels was 1 1. Champlain, 106. 'I he equiprne/it of
these fishing vessels might give occasion to the belief, that tliey were " sent
ostensibly on a trailing and fishing voyaae, but with orders to seek tor, and
dispossess intruders." See Belknap, iTing. ii. M. It is certain however,
that this very respectable writer, in common with Prince and other En-
glish historians, bat confounded thet\^o voyages of Argal, made to Aca*
die this year.

L 2 ket

> f

fel 4

'i:m

-— — ^^.-

« I

14d AMERICAN ANNALS. [lOl^.

ket shot; some others were wounded ; and the rest, excepting
four ot five, were taken prjsoners. The English seized the
French vessel, which lay there, and pillaged it. The French
people, being furnished with a fishing vessel by the English,
principally returned to France; but Argal took fifteen of
them, beside the Jesuits, to Virginia. ^

The Virginian governor, after advising with his council,
resolved to dispatch an armed force to the coast of Acadie,
and to ra/e all the settlements and forts to the forty-sixth de*
gree of latitude. No time was lost. An armament of three
vessels was immediately committed to Ar^al, who sailed to
St. Saviour, where, on his arrival he broke m pieces the cross
which the Jesuits had erected, and set up another, inscribed
with the name of the king of Great Britain, for whom posses-
sion was now taken. He next sailed to St. Croix, and de-
stroyed all the remains of De Monts' settlement. He then sail-
ed to Port Royal >, where he found not a single person, and
in two hours he reduced that entire settlement to ashes -,
Having thus effectually executed the business of his commis-
sion, he returned to Virginia 3.

The only pretext for the hostile expedition of Argal, in a
time of profound peace, was, an encroachment of the French
on the rights of the English, founded on the discovery by the
Cabots. The Virginian charter of I6O6, unless considered
as founded on that discovery, was not trespassed by the French
settlements in Acadie. That charter granted indeed to the
Plymouth company so far north, as to the forty-fifth degree
of north latitude ; but De Monts had previously 4 received a
patent of the territory from the fortieth to the forty-sixth de-
gree of latitude, by virtue of which the French had actually
commenced settlements below the forty-fifth degree, in the
year lfi04. Neither England, nor any European nation, ap-
pears so early to have asserted of allowed a right, derived

I \t has been said, that father Biart, to be revenged on Biencourt, of-
fered to pilot the vessel to I'ort Royal; but Champlaln says, tiie Frcnrh
refused that service, and that the English obliged an Indian to |iilot them :
•• Conduit d'un .S<auvage«qu'il print par force, les Francois ne le voulant
enseigner." p. 109.

9 i'iiis settlement had cost the Frencli more than 100,000 crowns.
Charlevoix, Nouv. I'rancc, i. 137.

3 Chainj>lain les Voyages de la Nouv. France, 103 — 109. Knglish au-
thoritiei relative to this subject are, Puixhas, v. 1764 — 1708, 1808; Smith,
Virg. Ilfj; Beverly, 31 — h5; Stith, 1S3; Hubbard, Indian War, 201;
Prince, 94; Univ. Hist. xxxix. 'i»5; Stow, Chron. 1018; Chalmers, i. 82;
Brit. limp, i, 16.5, lf»6; ii. 10; Belknap, Biog. ii. ji — 55.

4 See p. U\ of these Amiab, A. D, 1603.

\ commis-

,000 crowns.

J6l3.] AMERICAN ANNALS. UQ

from occupancy >. Had tha^ risht been settled by the law of
nations, the act of Argal would have furnished just ground
of war.

It does not appear, that this transaction was either approved
by the court of England, or resented by the crown of France,
it prepared the way however for a patent of the territory of
Acadie, which was granted eight years afterward by king
James >.

Argal, on his return to VlTclnia, visited the Dutch set-
tlement at Hudson's river 3 ; and, alledglng that Hudson, an
English subject, cotild not alienate from tne £nglish crown
what was nroperly a part of Virginia, demanded possession.
The Dutch governor, Hcndrick Christiaens, incapable of re-
sistance, peaceably submitted himself and his colony to the king
of England: and under him, to the governor of Virginia 4.

These conquests abroad were succeeded by proportionate
successes at home. John Rolfe, an Englishman, married
Pocahontas, the celebrated daughter of Powhatan ; and this
alliance secured peace to Virginia many years. Having lien
carefully instructed in the Christian religion, she not long after
openly renounced the idolatry of her country, made profession
of Christianity, and was baptized by the name of Rebecca .

Sir Thomas Dale, accompanied by captam A rgal and fifty
men, went to Chickahomlny, and held a treaty with an
Indian tribe of that name, a bold and free people, who now
voluntarily relinquished their name, for that of Tassantessus,
or Englishmen ; solemnly engaged to be faithful subjects to
liing James 6,

■ ^ ' To

1 Sec p. 8 of these Aniialo.

2 Purclias, V. 1828. BHtish Dominions in North America, book \iv.
846. Belknap, Biog. ii. ^5. Stifli, l.)3.

3 Dr. Belknap [Amer. Biog. ii. .W.Jsays, the settlement, which Argal
then visited, was " near the spot where Albany is now built;" and it ap-
pears to have been the principal establishi^nt of the Dutch on Uud.son's
river, at that tioH?. They had however , taken possession of the mouth of
the river, and it seems to have been here (where New York now stands,)
that their governor resided. Smith sa>'s, that Argal " found at Manhattas
isle, 4 houses built, and a pretended Dutch governor." [Hist "^ .Terscy,
26.1 ; but according to Chalmers [i. .'VOS.] there was nothing m -, . *'^,\n "a
trading house," which the Ilollanders had built near the confluence of the
fiver Manhattan.

4 Stith, 133. Chalmers, i. 668.

.5 Smith, Virg. 1 13, 1'22. Stilh, 136. Beverly, 39. Brit. limp. iii. 6l, 6?.

6 Stith, 130. They had no werowance, or single ruier, but were go-
verned in a republican form by their elders, consisting of their priests,
^udsonieof the wisest of their old men, as assistants. Sjnith [Virg. iiv.l

L 3

says,

' ill

A. >

'"'■J

I '.'I

HO AMERICAN ANNALS. [l6U.

To prevent idleness, and other evils, resulting frcm the
prohibition ofprivate property, and from the subsistence of the
Virginian people on a public store, Dale now allotted to each
inan three acres of cleared ground, in the nature of farms ;
requiring him to work eleven months for the store, cut of
which he was i J have two bushels of corn } and allowing him
one monih, to make the rest of his provisions i.

In the course of the year five hundred and forty persons
arrived from England at Bermudas; and the island now
became settled *,

iai4.

4i;

Early in this year Sir Thomas Gates returned to England,
leaving in Virginia scarcely four hundred men 3. The ad-
ministration of the government of the colony again devolved
on Sir Thomas Dale, who, " by war upon enemies and kind-
ness to friends, brought the aiFairs of the settlement into good
order 4."

A new governor from Amsterdam, arriving at the settle-
ment on Hudson's river with a reinforcement, asserted the
right of Holland to the country ; refused the tribute and
acknowledgment stipulated with the English by his prede-
cessor ; and put himself into a posture of defence s He built
a fort on the south end of the island Manhattan, where the
city of New York now stands ; and held the country many
years, nnder a grant from the States General, b^ the name of
the New Netherlands ^.

John

says, that they submitted to the English, ** for feare, l&t Powhatan and
the English united would bring them again to his subjection. " They did
rather chuse to be protected by us, than tormented by him, whom they
held a tyrant." Keith [127] puts this submission in 161S.

1 Stith, 132.

a Prince, 37. See A. D. 1^19.

5 Stow, Chron. 1018. Ei^^yc. Methodique, Geog. Art, Virginia.
4 Chalmers, I 3Q.

t Stith, 133,

6 Josselyn, Voy. 153. Smith, New York, 2. Smith, New Jersey, 19.
Belknap, Biog. ii. bd. It is affirmed [Univ. Hist, xxxix. 346.], that the
Dutch now applied to king James for a confirmation of Hudtun's convey-
ance ; but that all, which they could obtain; was leave to build some cot*
tages for the convenience of {heir ships, touching for water on their way
to Brasil. A writer in 1656 [Hazard, Coll. i. 604, 60A, from Tliurloe,
says, that the plantations, then bv the Dutch called the Netherlands, were
*< untill of very late vears better known and commonly called by them the
New Virginia, as a place dependent upon, orrclativeto, the Old' Virginia r

as4

AMERICAN ANNALS.

-m

1614.]

John Smith » distinguished in Virsinian histoiy, was nov
sent out with two ships from England to North Virginia, at
the charge of four Englishmen, with instructions to remain
in the country, and to keep possession >. Leavinjp the Downs
on the third of March, he arrived on the last of April at the
island of Monahigon in latitude forty-three degrees four
minutes. After building seven boats, he in one of them,
with eight men ', ranged the coast east and west from Pe-
nobscot to Cape Cod, and bartered with the natives for beaver
and other furs. By this voyage he made a profit of nearly
fifteen hundred pounds. From the observations, which he
now made on shores, islands, harbours, and headlands, he,
on his return home, formed a mapj and presented it to prince
Charles, who, in the warmth of admiration, declared, that
the country should be called New England 3.

Smith, m his late voyage to this country ; made several
discoveries, and distinguished them by peculiar names. The
northern promontory of Massachusetts Bay, forming the
eastern entrance into the bay, he named Tragabigzanda, in
honour of a Turkish lady, to whom he had been formerly a
slave at Constantinople. Prince Charles however, in filial
respect to his mother, called it Cape Ann ; a name, which it
still retains. The three small islands, lying at the head of the
promontory, Smith called the Three Turks Heads, in memory
of his victory over three Turkish champions: but this name
was also changed 4. Another cluster of islands, to which ths
discoverer gave his own name. Smith's Isles, was afterward
denominated the Isle of Shoals $,

and that this appellation renders still more credible the common report,
that *' by the permission of king James they had granted from him to
their States, only a certain island, called therefore by them States Island
[Staten Island,] as a wa*^ery place for their West India fleets; although as
they have incroached upon, so they have given it a new Dutch name, . . . .,
wiping out the old English names in those parts in America in their old
Sea Charts, and have new Dutchitied them."

1 " I was to have staled there," says Smith [Virg. 221,] " with but six.
leen men."

£ His whole company consisted of 45 men and boys ; " S7 of the com-
pany fished." Purchas, v. 1838.

15 Smith, Virg. iOlu Purchas, v. 1838. I. Mather, N. Ensf. I. Iluhbard,
MS. N. Eng. 9 ; and Ind. War, 'id. Mathei, Magnal. book i. 4. Harris,
Voy. i. 8.'>0. Chalmers, i. 80. Relknap, Biog. i. 305. Hobertson, book x.
13 1. I. Mather says, it had been known several years before by the name
of the Northern Plantations .

4 •< Neither of them glorying in those Mahometan titles." Hubbard,
MS. N. Eng. chap.xviii. The name, which they received iu exchange,
is lost.

!> Dclknap, Biog. i. 306. This name is still retained.

L 4 The

> J

15^ AMERICAN ANNALS. [lOU,

The base and perfidious action of one man subjected En-
glish adventurers to present* inconvenience, and to future
dangers. Smith had left behind him one of his ships, to com-
plete her lading, with orders to Thomas Hunt, the master,
to sail with the fish, |hat he should procure ou the coast,
directly for Malaga i. Hunt however, under pretence of
trade, having enticed twenty-four of the. natives on board his
ship, put them under hatches, and carried them to Malaga,
where he sold them to the Spaniards ». This flagrant outrage
disposed the natives in that part of the country where it was
committed, to revenge the injury on the countrymen of the
offender ; and the English where hence constrained to suspend
their trade, and their projected settlement in New England 3,

An opportunity was soon offered to the Indians, to show
resentment, if not to inflict revenge. In the course of the
year the English adventured to dispatch to the same coast
another vessel, commanded by captain Hobson, for the pur-
pose of erecting a plantation, and establishing a trade with the
natives j but it was found next to impracticable to settle any
where within their territories 4.. Two Indians, Epenow and
Manowet, who had been carried by Hunt to England, were
brought back in Hobson's vessel, to be serviceable toward the
design of a plantation; but they united with their countrymen
in contriving means, by v^hich they might be revenged oq

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Ena[. 32. Belknap, IJiog. i. 3oG.

1 Hubbard [Ibid. 32, 34.] says, that Hunt, " like a wicked varlet,"
decoyed them ; and that he took 90 Indians fioni Patuxet [now Ply-
mouth,] and 7 from Nauset [Eastham.] I. Mather says the same thing.
Bat, as Hubbard and the befi authorities • give the aggregate number of
94, it is probable, that 4 only were taken from Nauset, and that this fi-
gure has been mistaken for 7 . Mather also says, that Hunt carried these
Indians to Gibraltar, and tiieresold as many of them, as he could, for '20 /,
a man, until it was known whence thevcame; " for then the friars in
those parts took awav the rest of them, that so they might nurture them
in the Christian religion."

3 I. Mather, N. Eng. 2. " This baibarous f.ict was tlie unhappy occa-
sion of the joss of many a (nan's estate, and life, which the barbarians did
from thence seek to destroy." Ibid. Other authoritiesfor this article are,
Hubbard, Ind. War, "201; Smith, Virg. 205; Brit. Emp. i. 2.56; Univ.
Hist, xxxix. 27 « ; Harris, Voy. i. 8.31. The two K-ist authorities circum-
stantially vary from the others; the one, by giving an increased number
of kidnapped Indians; the other, by making the voyages of Smith and
Hunt entirely disconnected.

4 I. Mather [N. )Mig. 2, 3.] expressly says, it was because Hunt's scan-
dalous conduct ha ' excited " such a mortal hatred of all men of the En-
gliiih nation."

• MoHrt is an exception. See Purc/im, v. 1849.

the

v>Ml

161 5.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 153

the EiigHib. M?tnowet died soon after their arrival. Epe-
now, not .illov/ed to go on shore, engaged his old friends,
who yisitec the vessel, to come again, under pretext of trade.
On their approach at the appointed time with twenty canoes,
he leaped o\'erboard, and instantly a shower of arrows was
sent into th; ship. The Indians, with desperate courage,
drew nigh, and, in spite of the !j<nglish muskets, carried off
their countrymen. Several Indians were killed in the skir-
mish. The master of the ship and several of the company
were wounded. Discouraged by this occurrence, they re-
turned to Eng and '.

The treasurer and company of Virginia having expended
immense sums of money in attempting the settlement of a
colony, without any adequate profit, applied to the commons
pf England for ;issistance in the prosecution of that enterprize.
The attention to their petition is said to have been ** solemn
and unusual," but nothing appe;\rs to have been resolved on.
Thus early were; the affairs of the l lonies brought before the
parliament ; and it is noticed by an English historian of dis-
tinction, as ** extremely remarkable, that before the colonists
had acquired property, or a participation in a provincial le-*
gislature, the commons exercised jurisdiclion'."

1615.

Landed property was now introdi ced into Virginia j and
for this important privilege the colony was indebted to gover-
nor Dale. Not only the lands generally, that had been grant-
ed by the Virginia company for the e icouragement of adven-
turers, but the farms, that had been allotted to the settlers,
were holden by an unstable olaim. " The farmers did not
possess the lands that were assigned them by a tenure of com<«
mon soccage ; but enjoyed them as tenants at will.** To
every adventurer into the colony, and to his heirs, were now-
granted fifty acres of land ; and the same quantity for every
person, imported by others 3. An humiliating tenure, un«»

1 T. Mather, N. Eng. 3. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. 33. Brit. Em p. i. 957.

2 Chalmers, i. 35. It was objected in parliament, that, were this enter-
prize undertaken by the house and king, it might be the cause of a Avar.
Lord Delaware answered, that this were no just ground of offence: for,
said his lordship, the country was named by the queen : the Sparujiivis de-
tVnd the West Indies ; the Portuguese, the East ; the I'Vench, the river St.
Lawrence; the ILjlIanders, the Moluccas. Ibid.

3 A greater number of acres had been previously given to each adven-
turer -, but this reduction was made on account of the prosperous condi-
tion of the colony. Stitb, k^y.

worthy

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W4 ' AMERICAN ANNALS. [l6l5;

worthy of freemen, was thus changed into that of common
soccage ; and '* with this advantageous alteration freedom
£rst rooted in colonial soil *."

Smith, since his last voyage, had become intent on settling
a plantation in New England ». The Plymouth c mpany,
ihoug! ijuch discouraged by the ill success of Hobson's voy-
age the last year, was incited by Smith's account of the coun-
try, and by the spirit of'emulation with the London company,
to attempt a settlement. Sir Ferdinand© Gorges, in concert
■with Dr. SutclifFe, dean of Exeter, and several others, equip-
ped two vessels, one of ♦wo hundred tons, the other of fifty, on
board of which, besioc seamen, were sixteen men, who were
destined to begin ace or. in New England. The command
■was given to Smith . bv , before he had sailed one hundred
and twenty leagues, ;ie lost the masts of his largest ship, and
was obliged to return under jury masts to Plymouth. He
soon after sailed again in a bark of sixty tons with thirty men,
sixteen of whom were the same who had accompanied him
in the last voyage as settlers ; but he was taken by four French
jnen of war, and carried into Rochelle. The vessel of fifty
tons, that had been separated from him in the first of these
voyages, was commanded by Thomas Dermer, who pursued
his voyage, and returned with a good freight in August; but
the main design of the enterprize was frustrated ),

1 Chalmers, 34, 36 The author of a Tract, entitled, The Trade's In*
crease, published in I OlT), remarks: " As for the tiernuulas, we know not
yet what they will do; and for Virginia, we know not what to do wjth it:
t'le present profit of those two colonies not emplo^ins any store of shijv
ping. The great expence that the nobility and gentry have been at in
planting Virt;inia is no way recompensed by the poor returns from thence."
Anderson, ii. 260.

2 " Of all the four parts of the world T have yet seen, not inhabited,"
Fays Smith, " could I have but means to transport a colony, I would rather
live here than any where, and if it did not maintaine itsellc, were we but
once indifferently well fitted, let us starve." Hist Virg 809. This very
intelligent and penetrating observer thus early formed a high and just es-
timate of the nealthfulncss and fertility of this portion of the country.
lie had the highest expectations from the fishery of this coast*, and time
lias proved the exactness of his judgement. Before settlement* were
formed here, he made this remarkable discrimination : ♦• The country of
the MuFsachusits is the paradise of all those parts." Ibid. 3.10, 215.

;3 Smith, Virj;. 2il— S-aS. I'urchas, v. 18^8. Harris, Voy. 851. Univ.
^list. xxxix. '.'71. Belknap, Biog. ir-'Hl, 3!'2, inr)0, 36a The London
company in .Fanuary sent out 4 ships for New England. The vovagcrs,
arrivingoff the coast in March, fished until the middle of June, and then
freighted a ship of 300 tons for Spain. That ship was taken by the Turks;
*• one went to Virginia to relieve that colonic, and two came for Rngland
•with the greenefisb, traine oyle, and furres, wi'hinsix monetlis." Pur-
chas, v. 1838.

Cap.

m A-

■Kj

u r

1616.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 155

Captain Richard Whitburn, who with other Englishmen
had made several voyages to Newfoundland, now arrived at
that island, with a commission from the admiralty to empan-
nel juries, and correct abuses and disorders, committed among
the fishermen on the coast. On his arrival, he immediately
held a court of admiralty, and received complaints from one
hundred and seventy masters of English vessels of injuries,
done in trade and navigation ; a fact, which shews the flourish-
ing state of the English cod fishery, at that early period 1.
Many thousands of English, French, Portuguese, and others,
were already settled at Newfoundland >.

Sir Richard Hawkins, by commission from the Plymouth
company, of which he was this year the president, made a
voyage to New England, to search the country and its com-
modities ; but, finding the natives at war among themselves,
he passed along to Virginia, and returned home, without
making any new observations 3.

1616.

Sir George Yeardley, to whom the government of the Vir-

finian colony was now committed, having seat to the Chicka-
ominies for the tribute corn, and received an insolent an-
swer, proceeded with one hundred men to their principal
town, where he was received with contempt and scorn. Per-
ceiving the Indians to be in a hostile and menacing posture,
he ordered his men to fire on them ; and twelve were killed
on the spot. Twelve also were taken prisoners, two of whom
were senators, or elders; but they paid one hundred bushels
of corn for their mnsom, and, as the price of peace, loaded
three English bo^ts with corn 4.

Tobacco was about this time Hist cultivated by the English
in Virginias.

Four ships sailed from London, and four from Plymouth,
to New England, whence they carried great quantities of fish
and oil, which were sold advantageously in Spain and the
Canarv islands $.

The

1 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 249.
8 Prince, 4S.

3 Gorges, N.Eng.22. Prince, 43. Bellcnan, Biog. i. SGo.

4 Stith, 141. Governor Dale sailed tor England early this year.
H ChalmerST 1.36. Robertson, book ix. 82.

6 Smith, Virg. 228. Purchas. v. 1839. Harris, Voy. i. 851. Antler-
son, ii. 2fi9. A quarto volume, published this > ear at lliondon, shows the
pro|{rehsive atteution qf the English to the northern [^aitb of tbi^ country.

:ii

i^ >1

■s":<i\

Ut> AMEHICAN ANNALS. [l6ia.

The Edv in, a vessel from one of the West India islands*
coining into Bermudas with figs, pines, sugar canes, platanes,
2>apanes, and \'arious othc r plants, they were immediately re-
planted there, and cultivat3d with success i.

Sir Thomas Smith and other gentlemen in England sent out
the ship DibOovery the fifth time, under the command of JRo-
bert Bylot. After passing Davis's Straits, he came to some
islands, in seventy-two degreci forty-five minutes north lati-
tude, where h^ found women only, whom h€ treated with
kindness, making them presents of iron. These islands he
^Iled Women's Isles. Poceeding one degree farther norsli,
lie put into a harboiir, and was visited by the inhabitants, wl.o
brought him seat skins and horns, in exchange for iron, H».;
named the place Horn Sound. On this voyaL^c he also disco-
vered and named Cape Dudley Dijiges, Wolstenhclme's
i»ound. Whale Sound, Hakluyt's Island., Gary's Islands, Al-
derman Jones's Sound, and James Lancaster's Sound *.

William BafHn, on a voyage for the discovery of a north-
west passage to China, sailed to ilje seventy-eighth degree of
noitb latit.ud •, where he discovered a bay, wh^ih nc calh^d by
his ownjahic; but he returned without finding the de&Iicd
passage 3. *

The States General of IVolIand having, in favour of their
East India com j,:.isy, prohibited all others from going to In-
dia, either by ■ liC Cape of Good Hope eastward, or through
the Straiis of Magellan westward ; it was projected to attempt
the discovery of a new western passage into the South Sea,
southward of those straits. Isaac le Maire, a merchant of
Amsterdam, the first projector of the design, and William
Cornelitr. Schouten, a merchant of Hoorn, fitted out two ships,
on this enterprize, of which Schouten took the ca^nnand.

It was entitled: " A Description of New England, Or, the Observations
9nd Discoveries ofCaptain John Smith (Admiral of that country) in I6l4,
■with the successor 6 ships that went the next year lf)1.5, and the accidents
l»efel him among the French men of War ; with the proof of the present
benefit this country aflbrds, whither, this year l6l6, eight voluutarysliiys
are gone, to make further trial." Prince, 1 4.0.

1 Smith, V'irs- 184.

2 Forstor, Vov. 3;V2— S*)?. Whale Sound is in 77 deg ."50 min.

3 Brit. Kmp. \. ?>. Anderson, ii. <208. Bafhn, in a letter to J. Wolsten-
lioiriie, Ksq. writes : " In SirThomas Smith's Sound in 7H deg. by divers
^ood ol>>:ervations I found the compass varied above 6 points, or .OO dejjrces
to the westward ; so that a N. E. by E. is true north, a thing incredible,
and matchless in all the world besides." Harris, V^oy. i, ffijil. After this
voyage, the English made no attempts to discover thy Northwest passage
uiitii tlie ytfarlt>.'31. Ibid. 6J4.

Havinof

I6l7'] AMERICAN ANNALS. 15/

Having sailed from the TexeV in June the precedinpf year, he
in January, three degrees to the southward of the Magellan-
ntc Straits >, discovered landj the east part of which he named
States Land, and the west, Maurice Land, between whIcb-'«
he found a new strait, which he named after his partner, Le \
Maire. Passing through this strait, he doubled a cape, which
he called Cape Hoorn. Crossing the Southern ocean, he
proceeded to the East Indies, and thence to Holland, This
was the sixth circumnavigation of the globe i. Tn this voyage
Schouten took formal pos«;ession of several i^iands in the
southern hemisphere, in the name of the States General j.

1()17.

Captain A rgal, arrivin.g at VirgJnia as governor, found all
the piiblic works and buildings in James Town fallen tO' de-
cay; five or or six private houses only fit to be inhabited;
the store house used for a church ; the market place, streets,
and all other spare places, planted with tobacco ; the people
of the colony dispersed, according to every man's convenience
for planting 4; and their entire number reduced nearly to four
hundreds, not more than two hundred of whom were fit for
husbandry and tillage 6.

Pocahontas, having accompanied her English husband,
Mr. Rolfe, to England was taken sick at Gravesend, while
waiting to embark for Virginia, and died, at the age of about
twenty-two years 7,

1 Mou>;on, Naval Tracts. Churchill, Voy. iii. -t055.

y Harris, Vjv. i. S" — 15. Audeisoii, ii. ','(J8. Oneof thctwoships was
loiitby (ire. The other, on its arrival at .lacatra (now Batavia,) was seized,
together with thei^oodson boaid, by the president of the Dutch I'ast In-
dia company; and Schouten and his men took passage home in one of
tliat company's ships, completing their navi;;ation in two years and eiglr-
teen days. Ibid, in Bibliotheca Americ. [«1 ] there is this title ot"a IhkjIc :
•• Uiarium vel Descriptio laboriosissimi et mulestissinii Itineris iiicti, a
Gulielmo Cornelii Schoutenio llornano ani;is l(>i.j, uJlfi, et l6l7.
Cum l-'ig. C-luarto. Amst. lOlJ)." Purcbas [v. l:)[)\.] says, -'the Holland-^
ers challcni^e the discovery of new straits by Mayre ana Schouten before
twice sailed about by Sir Francis Drake ;" but I have found no satistactorv
evidence to set aside the Dutch claim, the justness otr which is concodoi
by the best l',n;;lish historians. •

5 Chalmers, i. b<)lt. See [larri?, Voy. ii. 805.
4 Smith, Virg. US. Stilh, llU.

6 Beverly, p. [)0.

6 SmitI),' Virg. l'»3.

7 Smith, Virg. IAS. Stitli [ l-lG"! says, that conformably to h^r life, she
died, " a mo5t sincere and pious Chrisii in." Sii'- ic-fl one son only, Tho-
mas llulfe; whose posterity was lespcrtablc, and inljerited lands iu Vir-
,giuia by dcicent IVom her. "Keith, !'.{£>.

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158 AMERICAN ANNAx.^ [l6l7.

Unsuccessful as repeated attempts had been, for settling
New England, the hope ofsuccess \wls not abandoned. Cap.
tain John Smith was provided at Plymouth with three ships
for a voyage to this country, where he was to remain with
fifteen men ; but he was wind bound for three months ; and
lost the season. The ships went to NewfoundJand ; and the
projected voyage was frustrated i.

Sir Walter Ralegh, having been liberated from the Tower 4^
obtained a royal c mmisslon to settle Guiana 3. Several
Imights and gentlem.? of quality furnished a number of ships^
and accompanied him 1- the enterprize. They left Plymouth
about the last of June, w :h a fleet of fourteen sail, but were
obliged, through stress of weather, to put in at Cork in Ire-
lano. Arriving at Guiana on the twelfth of November, they
soon after assaulted the new Spanish city of St. Thome, which
they sacked, plundered, and burned 4. Having staid at the
river Caliana until the fourth of December, Kafegh deputed
captain Keymis to the service of the discovery of the mines,
Tvith five vessels, on board of which were five companies of
fifty men each, who, after repeated skirmishes with the Spa-
niards, returned in February without success. Disappointed
again In his sanguine expectations, he abandoned the enter*
prize, and sailed back to England. The hostile assai.lt, made
on St. Thome, having given umbrage, king James had issued
a proclamations agamst Ralegh, who, on his arrival, was
again committed to the Tower ; and not long after was be-
headed^. He was one of the greatest and most accomplished

per-

1 Purchas, v. 18.19.
- S See p. 1^5, note.S. He was confinetl in the Tower above 12 years,

S This commission is in Hazard, Coll. i. 82 — 8.').

4 That is said to have been the only town in Guiana, then possessed by
the Spaniards [.losseivn, Voy. 247.]; though thcEngiish&dvctiturers foun^
many fortifications there, •• which were not formerly." St. Thome con-
tlsteci of 140 houses, though lightly built, with a chapel, z convent of Fran-
ciscan friers, and a garrison, erected on the main channel of the Oro>
no(]ue, about '20 miles distant from the place where Antonio llcrreo- the go-
vernor, taken by Ralegh in his first discovery and conquest here, attempted
to plant. Hcylin, Cosmog. 1086. See A. D. l.'iO'i. Stow, Chron. ICJO.
Walter Halegh, a son of the knight, having accompanied his father, wu
•lain in the assault. Ibid.

3 It was date<l 1 1 June, and entitled, " Proclamatb concernens Waf-
terum Kawleigh Militem & Viagium suiim ad Guianam." It is in Uynier't
Fordera, xvii. <)<>; and Hazard.'Coll. i. H.% 86.

i) Birch, I^ite Uulcigh, 67, 70. Stow, Chron. I0.S9. Josselyn, Voy. 247.
Oldys, T jfe Hal. lorj — '.i32. Andersoti, ii. 272. I'rince, .50. Gon^eniar,
die S|)anlsh ambassador at the court of king James, having gained the eai Ii-
est iutelligencc of the transaction at Guiana, conipbined of it to that

1618.]" AMERICAN ANNALS. 150

persons of tlie age» in which he lived. He was the first £n-
ulishman, who projected settlements in America; and !•
justly condidered as the Founder of Virginia i. To him and Sir
Humphrey Gilbert is ascribed the honour of laying the foun-
dation of the trade and naval power of Great JBritam *•

1618.

On the solicitation of the Virginian colonists for a supply
of husbandmen and uTiplements of agriculture, the treasurer
and council sent out Lord Delaware, the captain general, with
abundant supplies. He sailed from England in a ship of two
hundred and fifty tons, with two hundred people ; butdieJ
on the voyage, in or near the bay, which bears his name.
His ship safely arrived at Virginia ; and, soon after, another
ship arrived with forty passengers 3.

On the death of Lord Delaware, the administration of
Argal, deputy governor of Virginia, became unusually rigor-
ous. Martial law, which had been proclaimed and executed
during the turbulence of former times, was now, in a season
of peace, made the common law of the land. By this law a
gentleman was tried for contemptuous words, that he had
spoken of the governor, found guilty, and condemned ; but
his sentence was respited, and he appealed to the treasurec
and council, who reversed the judgement of the court martial.
This is the first instance of an appeal, carried from an Ame-
rican colony to England 4.

king, " as what tended not only to tlie infringement of his majesty's pr«-
mise, " but uf that happv union" from tlie projected match between young
Charles, prince of Wales, and the Infanta of Spain, " now in a hopeful
degree of maturity." Oldv!). Ualegh returned fioni Guiana in July l6\S;
was committed to'the Tower 10 August ; brought to trial at kinj^'s bench '2S
October, and condemned to suflcr ileatli on iiis sentence of l6o3 ; and be-
hca«led the next morning at the age of sixty-six years. The sentence of
1603 was on charge of conspiracy for dethroning king James, in favour
of the king'scousia, l^ady Arabella Stuart, liurnet [tlist. Own Time, i.
1*2.] says, the execution of lialegh " was counted a barbarous sacrificing
him to the Spaniards."

I Stitb, Virt. Coll. Hist. Soc. i.\. 5?.

8 Biog. Britan. -Ir/. CiLnERT.

8 Purchaj, V. 1774. Beverlv, 5). Stith, MS. Belknpp, Biog. if 20.
Prince, .54. Chalmers, i. 37. Hrit. Emp. iii. (3,>. Stow [Chron. 1029-]
say?, that lord Delaware " ould not recover his perfect health" after hi»
return aboutsix years since from Virgini.!, " until the Inst yearc, in which
he biiilded a very faire ship, and went now in it himselfe with about eight
sccre persons, to make good the plantation." He was a person of a noble
aisd generous disposition, SDd expended much in pruntuting the colooiza-
titi) of Virginia.

4 Chalmers, i. 3P.

■ Argal

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■''>5«fe.„. ■-■*■,.■ ■)Vw<MSii4...«T>->A-. S*<«l*S(Sit^- ■ - -■'-

160 AMERICAN ANNALS. llOld.

ArgaT published several i*dicts, which "mark the severity
of his rule, but some of them evince an attention to the public
safety*." He ordered, that all goods should be sold at ai\
advance of twenty-five per centum, and tobacco taken inpay-
ment at three hhillings per pound, and not more nor te,ss,
on the penalty of three years servitude to the colony ; that
there should be no private trade or familiarity with the In-
dians; that no Indian should be tau<^ht to shoot with guns,
on pain of death to the teacher and learner ; that no man
should shoot, excepting in his own necessary defence against
an enemy,, until a new supply of ammunition were received,
on pain of a year's servitude ; and that every person should go
to church on Sundays and holidays, or be kept confijied the
night succeeding the offence, and be a slave to the colony the
following week ; for the second offence, a slave for a month j
and for tne third, a year and a day 2.

Twelve years had elapsed since the settlement of the colony ;
yet, after an expence of more than eighty thousand pounds of
the public stock, beside other sums of private planters and
adventurers, there were remaining in the colony about six
hundred persons only, men, women, and children, and about
three hundred cattle ; and the V^irginia company was left in
debt nearly five thousand pounds 3.

The only commodities, now exported from Virginia, were
tobacco and saxafras 4 ; but the labour of the planter was
diminished, and the agricultural interest advanced, by the
introduction of ihe plough 5.

Powhatan, the great Virginian king, died this year *.

The Somer Isles, by direction of the council and company
of Virginia, were divided by lot into tribes ; and a share was
assigned to every adventurer 7. This measure essentially pro-
rooted the interests of the infant colony settled in those
islands 8. 1619.

1 Marshall, Life of Washington, i. 60.

. 9 Stitli, 147.

3 Stith, l.)0, 281.

4 Stith, 'iSl.

5 Ibid 1 19. Chahners, i. ,S7.

(j Smith, Virg. li"*. He was a jirince of eminent sense and abilities,
and deeply versed in ail the savaa;e arts ()t'u;(>vcrnnient and policy. Pene-
trating, crafty, insidious, it was difliciilt to deceive him, as to elude his
own stratagems. But he was cruel in his temper, and showed little regar.d
to truth or integrity. Bevcrlv, 51. Keith, IJJ. Stilh, 1,'}4. Belknap,
Biog. ii. 63.

7 I'he names of the advi nturers, and the number of the several shares,
are in Smith, Virg. 18«, 18<).

U Ibid. 187. it had i)icviuusly been " but as an uqsettled and confused

chaos j

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AMERICAN ANNALS.

iGl

i6ig.

. /»

were

shares*

}nfused
chaos ;■

)ry of Virgirtia of the
in which the colonists

This is tlie memorable «ra \\\ the h'
ititrodtiction of a provincial legislature,
were teprcsented. Yeardley, appointed governor general of
the colony, arriving in April with instructions favourable to
freedom, convoked a colonial assembly, which met at James
Town on the nineteenth of June. Ihe people were now so
Increased in their numbers, and so dispersed in their settle-
ments, that eleven corporations appeared by their representa-
tives in this convention, where they exercised the noblest func-
tion of freemen, the power of legislation. They sat in the
sanie house with the governor and council, in the manner of
the Scotch parliament t.

The king of England having formerly issued his letters to
the several bishops of the kingdom for collecting money, to
erect a college in Virginia for the education of Indian chil-
dren z, fifteen hundred pounds had been already paid toward
this benevolent and pious design, and Henrico had been select-
ed, as 8 suitable place foi* the seminary. The Virginia com-
pany, on the recommendation of Sir Edwin Sandys, its trea-
surer, now granted ten thousand acres of land, to be laid off
for the projected university. This donation, while it em-
braced the original object, was intended also for the founda-
tion of a seminary of learning for the English.

King James, by proclamation, prohibited the sale of to-
bacco in gross or retail, either in England or Ireland, until
the custom should be paid, and the royal seal affixed. IVenty
thousand pounds of tobacco were exported this year from Vir-
ginia to England, the whole crop of the preceding year 3.

A great mortality prevailed among the people of Virginia,
not less than three hundred of whom died 4.

Thomas Dermer, employed by Sir Ferdinando Gorges on
a fishing voyage to New England, loaded a ship of two hun-
dred tons with fish and furs at Monahigan, and dispatched it

chaos ; now it begins to receive a disposition, form, and ord';r, and be-
comes indeed a plantation." Ibid.

1 Stith, l(K). Of the II corporations 4 had recently been setoff. lb. iCi.

2 <* For educating Iniidel c-hildrcu in the true Icnowledge of God.**
Stith, 163.

S Chalmers, i. 47. The reason, assigned for the king's proclamation i«,
that "divers conceal and uttei tobacco without paying acy impost." Ibid.
4 Belknap, Biog. ii. d^.

Vol. I.

i.'t,.K

for

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III

ife AMERICAN ANNAtS. [j<^10.

for England i. Proceeding in a snwll bark for Virginia, he
mailed between the main laixl and Long Island; and was the
first person, who ascertained this to be an island 2.

The acra of the English Puritans has been noticed 3. i'ass-
ing by the first half century of their history, we wil' . ■ utUi,
it at that period, were it becomes essential to our Subject.
The Puritan or Reformed church in the north of England had,
in the year 1600, on account of its dispersed staite, become
divided into two distinct churches, to one of which belonged
Mr. John Robinson, afterward its minister, and Mr. Williau)
Brewster, afterward its ruling elder 4. This church, in com-
mon with other disenting churches throughout England, being
extremely harassed for its nonconformity, sought at length an
asylum in Holland, where religious toleration was sanctioned
by the laws. Mr. Robinson and as many of his congregation,
as found it in their ^ower^ left England in the years 1O07 and
1608, and settled in Amsterdam; whence in 1009 they re-
moved to Leyden 5. After residing several years in that city,
various causes influenced them to entertain serious thoughts
of a removal to America. These causes were, the unhealthi-
uessofthe low country where they lived ; the hard labours,
to which they were subjected ; the dissipated manners of the
Hollanders, C'^pecially their lax observance of the Lord's day j
the apprehension of war at the conclusion of the truce between
Spain and Holland, which was then near its close ; the fear,
lest their young men would enter iivto the military and naval
the tendency of their little community to become

the natural and pious

service

absorbed and lost in a foreign nation

1 Smith [V'irg. 920.] says, every sailor had iG/. 10*. for his seven
month's woric ; and Harris [Voy. i. 851.]. tliat every sailor had, beside
his ciwrRes, 17 /. clear money in his pocket.

« Smith, Virg. 1'27, «'29. 'Prince, 03. Porchas, v. 1777, 1778. Der-
nier (whose account of this passage is in I'm clia-i, ibid.) says, "Wee found
a most dangerous cataract anion<>st small rockie Hands, occasioned by two
uneriuall tydes the one ehb/ng and (lowing two houres before the other."
Tliis was doubtless wh»t is now well known by the name ot'flell Gate *.
Dermep sailed again to New England the ncxtj'car(l620}, and, arrivini;
at Capawick [.Nlartha's VineyardJ, he was suddenly assaulted by Epcnow
and other Indians and received fourteen wounds. Returning to Virginia,
he soon after died. Harris, Vov. i. 85^. Purchas, v. 183a^,l^Sl, 1839.

3 See A. D. 1350.

4 Prince,. ID, 20.

!» Prince, 2.^, it, 25, 17, from governor Br.idford's MS. History ; bv
which " it seems as if they i>(gan to iemovc to Leyden at the end of 16O8."
Ibid.

• From the Dutch t '* quern noitri inferni os, vufgo het JMle-gat, of
vellaiit" Lacf, 7«.

}Q\0'] AMERICAN ANNALS. 1 03

desire of perpetuating a church, which they believe'l to be
constituted after the simple ai)d pure model of the primitive
church of Christ ; and a commendable zeal to propagate the
gospel ia the regions of the Niw World ", In 1617) having
concluded to go to Virginia, and settle in a distinct body under
ihe general government of that colony, they setit Mr. Robert
Custiman and Mr. John Carver in England, to treat with the
Virginia company, and to ascertaui^ whether the king would
grant them liberty of conscience in that distant country 3.
Though these agents found the Virginia company ver^ de-
sirous of the projected settlement in their American territory,
and willing to iirant them a patent with as ample privileges,
us they had powei* to convey ; yet they could prevail with the
king no farther, than to engage, that he would connive at
them, and not molest them, provided they should conduct
peaceably. Toleration in religious liberty, by his public au-
thority, under his seal, was denied. The agents returned to
I^yden the year following (1618), to- the great discou-
ragement of the congregation 3.

Resolved however to make another trial, they sent two other
agents to England in February of this year {I619), to agree
with the Virginia company ; but dissensions then arising in
that l)ody, the business was necessarily procrastinated. After
long atten(Iance, the agents obtained a patent, granted and
connrmed under the seal of the Virginia company j but,
though procured with much charge and labour, it was never
used, because it was taken out in the name of a gentleman 4,
who, though at thai time designing to accompany theLeydeu
congregation, was providentially prevented. This patent
however being carried to Leyden for the consideration of the
people, with several proposals from English merchants and
friends for their transportation, they were requested to pre-
pare immediately for the voyage f.

^i fit

1 For illustrations and proofs on tliis subject, nnd on the character and
principles of Mr. Robinson and his Society, see Note V. at the end uf the
>olunie.

2 Hubbard. MS. New England. S8.

3 Prince, 56, b7. Hazard, Coll. i. 30i.

4 Mr. John VVincob, " a religious gentleman, belonging to the countes<;
of i..inculn." Prince, 65.

i Prince, 65. Hazard, Coll. i. 87—80.

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AMERICAN ANNALS.

3620.

[1620.

It was agreed by th« English congregation at Leyden, that
some of their number should go to America, to make prepa-
ration for the rest. Mr. Robinson, their minister, was pre-
vailed on to stay with the greater part at Leaden ; Mr. Brew-
iiter, their elder, was to accompany the hrst adventurers-;
but these, a?id their brethren remaining in Holland, were to
continue to be one church, and to receive each other to Chris-
tian communion, without a formal dis«nission, or testimonial.
Several of the congregation sokl tbetr estates, and made a com-
mon bank, which together with money received from other
adventurers, enabled them to purchase the Speedwell, a ship
of sixty tons, and to hire in England the Mayflower, a ship of
one hundred and eighty tons, for the intended enterprlze.

Preparation being thus made, the adventurers having left
Leyden for England in July, sailed on the fifth of Augu^^t
from Southampton for America ; but, on account of the leaki-
ness of the small ship, they were twice obliged to return.
Dismissing this ship, as unfit for the service, they sailed fron^
Plymouth on the sixth of September in the Mayflower. Af-
ter a boisterous passage, they at break of day on the ninth <>f
November discovered the land of Cape Cod. Perceiving that
tliey had been carried to the northward of the place of their
destination, they stood to the southward, intending to find
some place near Hudson's river, for settlement. Falling
however among shoal* i, they were induced from this inci-
dent, together with the consideration of the advanced season
of the year, and the weakness of their condition, to relinquish
that part of their original design. The master of the ship,
availing himself of the fears of the passengers, and of their
extreme solicitude to be set on shore, gladly shifted his course
to the northward ; for he had been clandestinely promised a
rewaid in Holland, If he would not carry the English to Hud-
son's river*. Steering again therefore for the cape, the ship
was clear of the Hanger before night j and thfc next day, a

1 The same, which Gosnold called Point Care and Tucker's Terror;
but which the French and Dutr!» call Malebar. Prince, 7i. Sec A. D.
1602.

'i Some historians represent this bribery of Jones, the master of the ship,
as what was su ipcc f cd mere\y; but Morton [New Eng. Memorial, 13.]
tays, « Of this ytlnt, betwixt the Dutch and Mr. Jones, 1 hive had late
and certain iotelligence." i

•,.; ' ■' ' storm

that

storm

1^20.] AMERTCANT ANNALS. l65

storm coming on, they dropped anchor in Cape Cod harbour*
where they were secure from winds and shoals.

Finding the harbour to be in the forty-second degree of
north latitude, and therefore beyond the territory of the South
Virginia company, they perceived that their charter, received
from that company, had become useless, {symptoms of fac*
tion at the same time appearing among the servants on board,
who imagined, that, when on shore, they should be under
no government ; it was judged expedient, that, before disem«
barkation, they should combine themselves into a body poli-
tic, to be governed by the majority. After solemn prayer
and thanksgiving, a written instrument, drawn for that pur-
pose, was accordingly subscribed on board the ship, on the
eleventh day of November. This solemn contract was signed
by forty-one of their number ; and they with their families
amounted to one ht dred and one persons i. Air. John Car-
ver was now unaniaaou«ly chosen their governqr for one year.
Thus did these intelligent colonists find means to erect them-
selves into a republic, c i though they had commenced th( ir
enterprize under the sai" ion of a royal charter; ** a case,
that is rare in history, f .d can be efkcted only by that per-
severance, which the true spirit of liberty inspires 2."

Government being thus establit>hed, sixteen men, well
armed, with a few others, were sent on shore the same day,
to fetch wood, and make discoveries; but they returnod H
night, without having found any person, or habitation. The
company, having rested on the Lord's day, disembarked on
Monday, the thirteenth of November j and soon after proceeded
to n^ake farther discovery of the country. On Wednesday the
Afteentb, Miles Standish and sixteen armed men, in searching
for a conveuient place for settlement, saw five or six Indians,
whom they followed several miles, until night ; but, not over-
taking them, were constrained to lodge in the woods. The
next day they discovered heaps of earth, one of which they
dug open ; but, finding within implements of war, they con-
cluded these were Indian graves ; and therefore, replacing
what they had taken out, they left them inviolate. In differ
rent heaps of sand they also found baskets cf corn, a large
quantity of which they carried away in a great kettle, found
$it the ruins of an Indian house 3. This providential discovery

gave

1 This contract, with the names of its subscribers, i« in Morton's Me-
morial. lO, 17 ; Purchas, v. 1843; Piince, 84, 85; and Hazard, Coll. i. 1 19.
a^ Univ. Hist, xxxix. S?^").

S This " had been some sliips kettle, and brought out of Eufonc. "

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166 AMERICAN AKNALS, [1620.

gave them seed for a future harvest, and preserved the infant
colony from faminie.

Before the close of Novertiher Mrs. Susanna White was de-
livered of a s0n, who was called Peregrine ; and thii was the
first child of European e*ftrkct'idn, born in New England.

On the sisth of Decemb'er the shallop was sent out with
several of the principal men. Carver, Bradford, Winslow,
Standish, and others, and eiffht or ten seamen, to sail Ground
the bay, in i^earch of a place for settlement. The next
day this company w&s divided; and, while some travelled on
shore, others coasted ia the shallop. Early in the morning of
the eighth, those on the shore were surprized by a flight of
arrows from a party of Indians ; but, on the discharge of the
tnglish muskets, the Indians instantly disappeared '. The
shailop, after imminent h^^ard from the loss of its rirdder and
mast in a storm, and from shoals which it n&rfoWlj^ escaped,
reached a small island on the night of the eighth ; and here
the company the next day, which was the last day of the
n^eek, reposed themselveti, with pious gratitude for their pre-
servation. On this island i they the next day kept the Chris-
tian sabbath. The day following they sounded the harbour>
and found it fit for ship^pFng ; went on shores, atid explored
the adjacent land, where they saw various corn fields and
brooks ; and, judging the Situation to be convenient for a set-
tlement, they returned with the welcome inteliigehcife to the
Iship.

Purchas, v. 1844. In a second excursion a few days after, they discovered
near the same place more corn, which, in addition to what they had taken
away before, made about ten bushels; the whole of which was afterward
paid for, to the entire satisfactioji of the natives. This place they called
Cornhill; a name, which the inhabitants of Tiuro (in whose township it
Jies) have lately consented to revive. Coll. Hist. Soc. viii. 214. But for
the first excursion, this very interesting discovery of the corn would pro-
bably not have been made; for, in the second instance, <' the ground,"
jays. Mount's ttelation, " wai now covered with snow, and so hard frosen,
that we were faiue with our curtlaxcs and short swords, to hew and carve
the ground a (bote deepe, and then wrest it up with leavers." Purchas, v.
1845.

1 These were the Napset Indians, ^^rchas, v. 1849. Coll. Hist. Soc.
Viii. 161,007.

2 It was afterward called Clark's Island, becatjse Mr. Clark, the miister's
mate, first stepped ashore thereon [XTorton, '24.] ; ana it still retains that
name, ft is ♦• by the mouth of Plymouth harbour," and in full view of
the town. .Morton (ibid.) says, it lay between the Gurnet's Nose and
Saga(|uabi but the Hon. John Davis, esquire, informs me, ths^t what is
7?o7:> called Sai]ui$h (which he suppubcs to be Sagaquab) lies between Clark's
Island and the Gurnet's Noic. _

3 Seep. 170, note 4. . r., .^ir-.jj *,. : ;

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infant

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J 620.] AMERICAN ANNALS. ' 3 67

On the fifteenth they weighed anchor, and proceeded witH
the ship for this ne^^ly discovered port, where they arrived
on the following day. On the eighteenth and nineteenth
they went on shore for discovery, but returned at night to
the ship. On the morning of the twentieth, after ioipioring
divine guidance, they went . on shore again, to £jc on some
place for immediate settlement. ^Afrer viewing the country,
they concluded to settle on a high ground, facing the bay,
where the lanjd was cleared, and the water was excellent.

On Saturday the twenty-third, as many of the company,
^s could with convenience, went on shore, and felled an^
carried timber to the spot, designated for the erection of ^
-building for common use. On Lord's day the twenty-fourthl
the people on shore were alarmed by the cry of Indians, an^ ,
expected an assault; but they continaed unmolested. On
Monday the twenty-fifth they begun to build the first house, ^
A jilatfocm for their ordnance demanding the earliest attention,
they on the twenty-eighth began one on a hill, which coinc
laanded an extensive prospect of the plain beneath, of the ex-
;>anding bay, and of the distant ocean i. In the afternoon
they divided their whole company into nineteen families j
measured out the ground; and assigned to every person by lot
half a pole in breadth, and three poles in length, for houses
and gardens. Though most of the company were on board
the ship on the Lord's day, December thirty-first j yet some
of them kept sabbath for the first time in their new bouse.
Here therefore is fixed the sera of their settlement, which, ii>
grateful remembrance of the Christian friends, whom they
found at the iast town they left in their native country, they
called Plymouth. This was the foundation of the first En-
glish town, built in New England a.

After the departure of the adventurers from the coast of
England, a new patent, dated the third day of November,

1 This fortification was made on the summit of the hill, v\ vhich Ply-
moiitii burying ground now lies ; and the reliques ot'it are siiU visible.

2 Purchas, 'v. 1842 — 1849. Coll. llist. Soc. viii. 20.1— 2>2. Morton,
1—2,'.. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xvii. Prince, 7 1—95. Smith, Virg.
•230— 2.S3. Josselyn, Voy. 248. I. Mather, N. ICng. ;'>. •« A Kelation or
Journal of a Plantation settled at Plymouth in Nt"- England, and Pro-
ccedings thereof,'* quoted by historians as " Mourt.', Relation," and R.
Winslow's " Good ^Je^V8 from New England," are reprinted, with expla-
natory Notes by the^Cditor, in the Vlllth. volume of the Collections of
the Siassachusetts Historical Society. Those Notes and the vaIi:abJe pa-
pers in that volume by the same hand, with the ol>scurc signature of r. a\
will be read with attetition, when it is known, that they were composed
by the present Recording Secretary of the Historical Society, thcRsNerend

jAHii^ FUEEMAN.

M 4 ' . was

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168 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l620.

was granted by king James* to the duke of Lenox, the raar-
quisses of Buckingham and Hamilton, the earls of Arundel
and Warwick, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, with thirty-four as-
sociates, and their successors, styling them, " The Council
established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the
planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New England,
in America." By this patent tnat part of the American terri-
tory, which lies between the fortieth and the forty-eighth
degree of north latitude in breadth, and " in length by all the
breadth aforesaid throughout the main land from sea to sea,"
was given to them in absolute property ; the same authority
and privileges, which had previously been given to the trea-
surer and company of Virginia, were now conferred on them ;
and they were equally empowered to exclude all from trading
within the boi^ndaries of their jurisdiction, and from fishing
in the neighbouring seas. This patent was the only civil basis
of all the subsequent patents and plantations, which divided
this country ».

While the foundation of a new settlement was laid in the
north, the Virginian colony was- making rapid progress in the
south. Eleven ships, which had sailed the preceding year
from England, arrived at Virginia, with twelve hundred and
sixteen persons for settlement i. Nearly one thousand
colonnists were settled there, previous to this accession 3.
One of the methods, adopted for the increase of their number,
if not the most delicate, was perhaps the most politic. The
enterprizing colonists bpin:^ generally c stitute of families,
Sir Edwin Sandys, the treasurer, prop we-' to the Virginia
company to send over a freight of youn^, /omen, to become
wives for the planters. The proposal was applauded ; and
ninety girls, "young and uncorrupt." rvere sent over in the
ships, that arrived this year ; and, the year following, sixty
more, handsome, and well recommended to the company
for their virtuous education and demeanor. The price of a
wife, at the first, was one hundred pqunds of tobacco ; but,
as the number became scarce, the price was increased to one
hundred and fifty pounds, the value of which, in inon *y, wat,
three shillings per pound. This debt for wives, it was or-
dered, should have the precedency of all other debts, and be
iir§t recoverable 4.

1 Mather, Magna!, i. 4. Prince, 95. Chalmers, i. 81. This patrnt is
in Hazard. Coll. i. 103— 118

^ Smith, Virg. 196. Of these emigrants 050 were destined for the
«u})lic us^, and 5U for private plantations. Ibid.

5 Harris, Voy.i. 840. *'

4 Stith, 166, 176, 197. Belknap, ii. 68. Chalmers, i. 46.

Be.

.... -^

(' .

J 620.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 1(5Q

Beside the transportation of reputable people, the king com-
manded the treasui-er and council of the Virginia company, to
send to Virginia a hundred dissolute persons, to be delivered
to them by the knight marshal ; j^nd they were accordingly
sent over as servants ^ The early custom of transporting
vicious end profligate people to that colony, as a place of
punishmen': and disgrace, though designed for its benefit, yet
became ultimately prejudical to its grow- h and prosperity s.

The Virginia company, disliking the almost exclusive
application of their colony to the culture of tobacco, en-
couraged various projects for raising articles of more immediale
necessity and benefit, and particularly the culture of silk 3*
In conformity to this new policy, one hundred and fifty-
persons in the colony were sent to set up three iron works;
directions were given for making cordage ; it was recom*
mended to the people to make pitch, tar, and potashes j and
men, with materials, were sent over, for the purpose of
erecting several saw mills 4.

A special commission was isued in April by king James, for
the inspection of tobacco 5; and a pioclamatlon in June for
restraining the disorderly trading in this obnoxious article 6,

This year is remarkable in Virginian history, for the intro-
duction of freedom into colonial commerce. The monopoly
of the treasurer and company, which had depressed the settle-
ment, was relinquished, and the trade laid open to all without
restriction 7.

A Dutch ship, putting into Virginia, sold twenty negroes
to the colony ; and these were the first negroes imported into

imimas.

There were at this time but five ministers in Virginia ; and
eleven boroughs, erected into eleven parishes 9.

;:i

f!|

1 Smith [Hist. Virg. 127.] says, tliat '»0 servants were, this y«ar, sent
for public service; 50, whose labours were to bring up iJO of the injidel'a
children ; and that others were s'^ui to private planters. .

2 Stith, 168. . .

5 Stitli, 183. Belknap, Biog. ii. 70,

4 Stith, 177.

6 Ryiner's F<rdera, xvii. ipo. Hazard, Coll. i. 89— -9U where it is in-
serted entire. Its title is, " Coinmissio Specialis concertiens le Garbling
JIerb.x Nicolianx."

a Ilyiner's I'ojd. xvii. 233- Hazard, Coll. i. 93—90, where it is inserted
enMre.

r Chalmers, i. 49.

5 Smith, Virg. l«0, where the Dutch ship is called a tnau of war. Stith,
i8i. I'niy. Hist, .\li.d38. Chalmers, i. 49<

y StitI), 173. , • '^ . :..: '

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170 AMERf CAN ANNALS. [l62l.

Tlie West Tndia Company pf Holland was now established
by a charter from the States General, investing it with an
exclusive trade to the western coast of Africa, and to the
eastern shores of America, from Newfoundland to the Straits
of Magellan x.

The island Margarita was invaded by the Dutch, who de-
molislied its castle ; and after this jieriod it was chiufly abaa«
doncd by the Spaniards >. >>

About a year after the death of Sir Walter Ralegh, king
,lames granted Roger North a commission to inhabit and settle
i» colony near the river of Amazons in Guiana ; so great
however was the influence of Gondemar, the Spanish' am-
bassador, that the king in May issued a proclamation to re-
call him ; ^nd another^ for regulating the trade with that
country 3. '

' '^:'^ - 1621.

The Plymouth colonists on the ninth of January proceeded
fo the erection of their projected town ; which they built in
two rows of houses for greater security 4. On the fourteenth
their Common House, that had been built in December, took
tire from a spark, that fell on its thatched roof, and was en-
tirely consumed 5. On the seventeenth of February they met
for settling military orders, and having chosen Miles Standish
for their captain, conferred ou him the power pertaining to
that office ^.

On the sixteenth of March an Indian came boldly alone,
into the street of Plymouth, and surprized the inhabitants by

I Chalmers, i. bOO- Hazard, Coll. i. 121— 131, wU&re the charter is
inserted entire. _ , , ' . -

•^ Univ. Hist. xli. .^'.fr. - -'<

:J Oldvs, Life Ral. 223, Rymer's Foedera, xvii. '21.5. See p. 158.

4 'I'lie same street, Avliicli leads from the old church in Pi} month to the
ivater side. It has been proposed by several respectable gentlemen of
I'lymoiith to call jt Leyden Sticet. Coll. Hist. Soc. viii. 'i'iiJ. It was on
the eleventh of December l6'20 [Sec p. 1^7.] that the venerable tathersof
New England first stepped on that rock, which is sacredly pretwrved in
memory of their arrival. A ponderous fragment of it has been removed
into the main street of IMymouth. 'I'he hvoiitii-!<ccond day of Dtccmbcr,
new style, corresponding to the eleventh, old style, has been long observed
3t Plymouth, and several yeaisat Boston, as the Anniversary of the Land-
ing of the Fathers.

6 Purchas, V. 18tR. In 1 SOI, in digging a c Uar, sundry tools and aplate
of Iron were diseovered seven feet below the .s'jrfare of the ground on tbc
place, where it is supposed that this common house stood. Coll. Histt
.Soc. viii. 22,S, and verbal informational Plymouth.

6 Pure has, v, isii). Coll. Hist. Soc. viii."-^'23,

calling

.<*•"- —

16:^1.] AMEttlC AN ANNALS. 17I

calling out, ^' Wtlcome, Englishmen ! Welcome, English*
men !" tie was their 6rst visitant j hb name was Samoset,
a sagamore of the countryj lying at ^he distance of about five
days' journey. Having conversed with the English fisher-
men, who had come to this coast, and loomed of them to
speak broken English, he informed the Plymouth people, that
the place, where they were seated, was called by the Indian;;
Patuxet; that all the inhabitants died of an extrslordinary
pla«;ue, about four years since ; and that there was neither
man, woman, nor child, remaining », No natives therefore
were dispossessed of this territory, to make room for the En-
glish, excepting bv the providence of God previously to their
arrival.

Samoset, treated with hospitality by these strangers, was
disposed to preserve an intercourse with them ; and, on his
third visit, was accompanied by Squanto, one of the natives,
who had been carried off by Hunt in 16 1 4, and a'terward
lived iu England. They informed the English, that Masas-
soit, the greatest king of the neighbouring Indians, was near,
with his brother and a number of his people ; and within an
hour he appeared on the top of a hill * over against an English
town, with a train of sixty men.

1 " As indeed." adds Mourt's Relation, " we have found none, so At
there is none to hinder our jjossession, or to lay claim unto it." Purchas,
V. 1849. The earlv historians agree in tiie tact, but differ in rei-ard to
the ti:fie of the plague. Some of them say, it was three or four years be-
fore the first arrival of the Kngiish at Plymouth; some, that it was two op
three; while others place it iu lOlD, the year prtceilinu; the arrival. See
Morton, 'i.5; CoI|. Hist. Soc. iv. 108; Prince, 16; Ncal, N. Enij. i. 87.
Johnson [Wondenvork. Prov. |6.] says, it was " the summer after the
blazing' starrc," which was seen about three hours above the horizon "for
the space of 30 sle^^ps," or days, and which led the Indians to " expect
strange things to follow." 'Phis was probably the remarkable comet of
IfilS, mentionetl by Alsted [Thesaurus, Chron. ail, M)S.] : " End. anno
(l0l8) et seq. fulget horiibilis cometa mense Novembri, Uccembri, et Ja»
nuario." If Johnson be correct, and if this were the blading star, to which
he refers, the plague must have been in Hil«). Intelligence of its desolat-
ing effect had reached England bt-forc the charter of >fov. 3, lOiiO; for in
that instrument king James mentions this desolation as a special reason for
granting the charter: " Also for that We have h-^Mi further given certainly
to knowe, that within these late ycarcs there hath by God's visitatioii
raigned a wonderful Plague, together with many liorrible slaughters, anc^
murthers, committed qmoungst the Savages and bruitish people theic,
heertoforc inhabiting, in a manner to the utter destruction, dexastacion,
and depopulacion nf that whole tenitorye, so that there is not left for manv
leagues together in a manner, any that doeclainifi or challenge any kinil
of interests therein." Charter, Hazard, Coll. i. 10").

? Watjou's hill, onthe southiideof Towuhiook. Coii. ilist. Soc. viii.
Sep. .

'^.i

- i*~.7M

W'-m

I '

<du,;f'l

: 172 AMEUICAN ANNALS. flC21,

Rfutual distrust prevented for some time any advances from
rithcr side. Squanto at length, bcint( sent to Masassoit,
bntight back word, that the English should send one of their
miniber to parley with him. Mr. Edward Winslow was ac-
cord' ngly sent. Two knives, and a copper chain, with a jewel
in it, were sent to Masassoit at the same time j and to his
b;'> Vr a knife, and a jewel, <* v/ilh a pot of strong water,"
H q V My of biscuit, and some butter, all which articles were
gla^ ?pted. Air. Winslow, the messenger, in a speech

to ':.. '> signified tlwit king James saluted hun with words

of love ar tl peace, and that the English governor desired to
see him, and to truck with him, and to confirnv a peace with
him, as his next neighbour. The Indian king heard hts speech
■with attention, and approbation. After partaking of the pro-
vision, which made part of the English present, and imparting
the rest to his company, he looked on Air. Winslow's sword
.md armour, with an intimation of his desire to buy it j but
found him unwilling to part with it. At the close of the in-
terview, Masassoit, leaving Mr. Winslow in the custody of
his brother, went over the brook, which separated him from
the English, with a train of twenty men, whose buws and ar-
rows were left behind. He was met at the brook by captain
Standish and Mr. Williamson, with six musketeers, who con-
ducted him to a house then in building, where were placed 9,
green riig, and three or four cushions. The governor now
advanced, attended with a drum and trumpet, and a few
musketeers. After mutual salutations, the governor called
for refreshments, of which the Indian king partook himself,
and imparted to his followers. A league of friendship was
then agreed on » ; and it was inviolably observed above fifty
years a.

On the following day the English concluded their military
orders, with some laws, adapted to their present state. They
also confirmed Mr. Carver as their governor the succeeding
year ; but he died soon after, to the ^reat regret of the colony.
He was a man of singular piety, humility, and condescension ;
and possessed a considerable estate, the giej^test part of which
he expended in promoting the interests of the infant colony,
pver which he presided 3. Soon after his death, Mr. William

1 Piirrlias, V. 1S)0; Morton, Q6, 37 ; Prince, lOl, l(»2; Hazard, Coll.
1 16; Coll. Ili'.t. Soc. viii; in each o^ wljich places the articles of thi$
l.camio a'o picservfd.

•2'lliitil kiiiij Philips war, A. D. iC75. ?*""<:«>» lO'-^- ^oll. Hist. Spc.
v;ii. Qn:y, 2-'o.

H Morton, ,13. The hroad sword of governor Carver iii preserved in
the cabinet uf ih^ Miu;)a(;hub.<;tts Uit)tm'k'ai Society.

- ' ^' Brad-

i*v

•t»r

fioin
jssoit,
" their

1621.] AMERICAN ANNALS. I7S

Bradford was chosen governor, and Mr. Isaac Allerton hisa9*
sisiant; and, by renewed elecuous^ they weru continued to
office several years i.

A great mortality, that commenced among the people soon
after their arrival at Plymouth, swept off half their number
within the first three months, leaving scarcely fifty persons re-
maining ^

The first marriage in the colony was solemnized on the
twelfth of May, between Mr. Edward Winslow, and Mrs,
Susanna White 3.

The first duel in New England was fought on the eighteenth
of June, on a challenge at single combat with sword and dag-
ger, between two servants ; both of whom were wounded.
For this outra<»e they were sentenced by the whole company '
to the ignominious punishment of having the head and feet
tied together, and of lying thus twenty-four hours, without
meat or drink. After suffering, however, in that painful
posture one hour, at their maycer's iiUcrcession, and their hum-
ble request, with the promise of amendment, they were re-
leased by the governor 4.

Governor Bradford, by advice of the company, sent Edward
Winslow and Stephen Hopkins, with Squanto for their guide
to Masassoii, to explore the country ; to confirm the league ;
to learn the situation and strength of their new friend; to carry
some presents ; to apologize for some supposed injuries: to
regulate the intercourse between the English and the Indians ;
and to procure seed corn for the next planting season. They
lodged the first night at Nan5.asket5. In some places, they

■; 1 Morton, .'J 1. Prftjcc, 101, lO/i,

Q Morton, 24, "25. Iliilibartl, MS. N. iMip;. 4."». Tradition gives an af-
fecting niftiireof llic infant colony, tliirinji tlii^ critiraland distres-sing pe-
riod, 'i'he dead were buried ou the bank, ;>t a littfe distance from the
rock where the lutbors landed; and, lest tiie Intfians .should take advan-
tage of the weak and wietchrd state of the English, the sjravcs were levelled,
and sown, for tlie purpose of concealment. This infoni tion [ rctetved
atl'lynioulhfromdeaconKphiainiSpooncr,arespectableiiui.ibitant of that

' town, wlio accompanied nie to the spot where tliose first int i nicnts weic

. made, llnnian bones have been waslu*! ovit of the bank ! y high tide?,
within the memory of the present generation. Deacon Spooner, now up-
wards of seventy years of age, had his information from Mr. Thomas
Faunr e, who was a rulini? elder in the fust church in IMymouth. and was
■well acquainted with several of the first settlers. Kldor Taunceknew thft
rock, on which they fiist landed; and, liearing that it was covered in the
election of a wharf, was so at^ipcted, that he wept. His tears perhaps savcU

. it from oblivion, ile died ^27 I'eb, 17 tO, .litut. .\ci\.
3 I-rincc, lory. .| Ibid.

5 A town under Masafsoit. Itwa^ that part of Middleborough, wliich
the English afterward first planted. Coll Hist. Sue. iii 148.

found

ii'i Ik

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■'HPiPJ:

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:^ ?'■.■>■'

174 AMERICA^ ANNALS. [1621.

fouiifl the cottntry almost depopulated by the pkyn-.e, which
liad di\solatt'd the iveighbouihixul ot' Paiiixet. ''hey passed
throut^h fine old corn tieids, ;u)d pasture grounds, that .vre
destitute of cattle ami of inhahitants. Skulls and bones ap-
pciired in many places vhere the ludiai s had dwelt. Un their
arrival at Pokannoket>, me place of Masassoit's residence, tcriy
miles from Plymouilj, they \vere kindly weU nned by that
Indian sovcrc 'n, who renewed his assurances of continuing
the peace and tViciul.'^hip*.

After the league with Masassoit, Corbitant, onecrii's petty
sachems, becoming discontented, meditated to join 0". N^ar-
Tagansets, who were inimical to the English; and he was now
at Namasket, aitemptmg to alienate thesiibjects of AJasassoii
from their king. Squanto and Hobomack, two faithful friends
of the Knglish, going at this time to Namasket, to make ob-
servation, were threatened with death by Corbitant, who seized

I Fokanoket v.as a general name for thf northern shore of Narragans^ot
Bay, I'etween J*ro\ idtiut; and Taunton rivers, coiiiprrlicndini; the pirsctit
town-iliips of Bristol, "Wanxii, and IJaninston, in the State of Hliodc
I;-Iand, and Swanzev in Maskaihiisetts The principal seats of Musas!>oit
were at SowamM and Kiketnuit. The former is a neck of land formed by
the conilueiicc of Uarrin'^ion and Palmer's rivers; the latter .iount
Hope. Belknap, Bio«. ii. 'i,?|. t'alieiider, Cent. Disc. 30.

•2 l'iircha.s V. l.S5r, I8V2. Coll. Hist. Soc. viii. 'iSi— 237. Hiibbar»h
MS. N. Fng. .kS. Morton, .S J, .S5. Prince, HO— 107. Belknap, Biog. ii.
5J0, '2i\. The manner of reception and treaiinent of the envoys at the
court of Mai^absoit is worthy of notice. When the king had taken tiicm
into his house, and seated them, he heard their message, and received
their presents. He th.en put on a horseman's red coat, and a chain about
his neck, these having been among the presents, and " was not a little
proud toboiiold hiiu.<-elt", and his men also to see their king so bravely at-
lircd." Having given a friendly answer to the me.ssage, his men gadiered
aioundhimv ar ., hirnin^ himself to them, he addressed them in a speech;
*• \m jiot I, *t'4<a s lit, conimanoerof the country around you? Is not
such a town mint. ^ aid the people of it ? Will you not bring your skins to
to thf' Krigli h!" After this manner he named at least thirty places, to
every one of \vl,ich ihey gave an answer of consent and applause. At the
close of his speech he lighted tobacco for the envoys, and proceeded to
discourse about England, and tlie English king, wondering that he would
Jive '.vithout a wife. He talked also of the Frenchmen, bidding the En-
glibli not to sufter them to come to Narraganset, for it was king James*
toiintr>, and he was king .lames' man. It now grew late, " but victuals
he olTered none; for indoed iie had not any," having but just returned
hon;e. The envoys therefoie, finding no prospect of refreshment, but
from sleep, desired to go to rest; yet they were disappointed of repose.
•• lice laid us," say», the narrator, " on the bed with hinuelfe and his
wife, they at the one end and wee at the other, it being onely plaukes laid
a foot from the groiuid, and a thinne matte qpon them. Two more of his
tliiefe men for vNant of roonie pressed by and upon u.s; so that wee were
voric wearie of our lodging then of our journey." Purchas, v. 185*.

and

■■ v**:w=-.=^-»^':

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\ with this
him made
med those

1621.} AMfettlCAW ANNAU. 17^

and detained Squanto, but Hobomack iiuule his escape. To
counteract tlu> machinations of Corbitant, and to liberate
Squanto, the governor, with the advice of the company, sent
Miles Standish and fourteen men, with Hobomack for their
guide, to Namasket. On their arrival, the Indians of Corbi-
tant's faction fled. Thedesi-^n of the En«^lish expedition was
explained to the natives of the place, with menaces of re-
venge, ill case of insurrection against Masassoit, or of violence
to any of his subjects ».

This resolute enterprlze struck such terror into the neigh-
bouring Indians, that their chiefs came in, and solicited the
friendship of the English. On the thirteenth of September
nine Sachems voluntarily came to Plymouth, and subscribed
an instrument of submission to kin^ j.imcs *. It was peculi-
arly happy for the colony, that it haa secured the friendship of
Masassoit ; for his influence was very extensive. He was re-
verenced and regarded by all the natives fro' '^e bay of Nar-
raganset to that of Massachusetts. Tb
nine sachems is ascribed to their mutual
sovereign, as its primary cause. Other prii
also a similar submission, among whom
of Pamet, Nauset, Ciimmaquid, and Namasket, with several
others about the bays of Patuxet and Massachusetts?.

The colonists ju(lj;ing it expedient to send to the Massachu-
setts, to discover the liay, see the country, make peace, and
trade with the natives ; th<^ governor chose ten men, who, ac-
companied by Squanto and two oilier Indians, sailed in the
shallop, upon that entorprize, on the eighteenth of September.
Arriving the next day at the bottom of the bay, they landed
imder a cri(F4, and were kindly received by Obbatiima, the
sachem, who had subscribed the submission at Plymouth a
few days before. He renewed his submission, on receiving
their promise of assistance against the Tarratines, and the
squaw sachem of Masi^acluisetts, who were his enemies. Hav-
ing explored the bay, and collected some beaver, they returned
'to Plymouth 5.

On the eleventh of Novetnber Robert Ciisliman arrived at
Plymouth in a ship from England, with thirty-five persons,

I Morton, S;>. I'rincc, tin.

tf Prince, 1 1 I ; I>c-i;<iia|), IJioi;. ii. '??.> ; fla-^ard, ("nil. i. 147 ; where are
tli-cir names among whicli aj>i)ear thdve ot'Caiinbitaiit [supjiosed Corlii-
tant] ; Ohbalimia, a sacliem of Massachusetts Uay ; and Chikkatabak, sa-
cbetn of Nepon'ttt.
. S lielknan, liio:v ii. 2'2S. Prince, 112.

4 Supposcii t« be Copp's Hill in Boston. fJclknap, Dio!». ii. 824. '

5 Morton, 36. Prince, 11'2» 113. Belknap, Biyg. ii. ^i^n.

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1/6 . AMEmC ANT ANNALS. [1^21.

destined to remain in the colony. By this arrival the Ply-
muuih colonists received a charter, procured for them by the
adventurers in London, who had been originally concerned
with them in the enterprize ; and the^ now acknowledged the
extraordinary blessing of Hcfaven, in directing their course into
this part of the country, where they had happily obtained per-
mission to possess and enjoy the territory under the authority
of the president and council for the afiairs of New England >.
The ship, with a freight of beaver skins, clapboards, and othcfr
articles, collectively estimated at nearly five hundred pounds,
sailed on the thirteenth of December ; but, drawing near the
English coast,r was seized by the French, carried to France,
and robbed of all that was valuable. The people at length oh-
tained a release for themselves and their ship, and in February
arrived at London ».

On the departure of this ship from Plymouth, the governor
and his assistant disposed the people, who had come over for
residence, into several families } and restricted the settlers to
half allowance of provisions, which were estimated to be
scarcely sufficient, at that reduced rate, for six months 3.

Sir. Francis Wyat, appointed governor of Virginia, arrived
there with nine sail of ships, and nearly seven nundred peo-
ple 4. He now brought an ordinance and constitution of the
treasurer, council, and compa \y in England, for settling the

government of that colony in a governor, a council of state, as
is assistants, and a general assembly. This ordinance ** is
no less remarkable for the wisdom of its provisions, than for
being the principal step in the progress of freedom." It or-
dained, that two burgesses should ue chosen for the assembly,
by every town, hundred, or particular plantation. All mat-
ters were to be decided by the majority of voices in the assem-
bly, rescrvinff to the governor a negative on the whole ; but
no law or ordinance, though approved by the three branches
of the legislature, was to be of force, until ratified by the i^e-
neral court of the company in England, and returned under its
seal ; no order of the general court, on the other hand, was to
bind the colony, until assented to by the assembly 5. Thus,
at the expiration of fourteen years from the settlement of the

1 Prince, 114,115, from Mount's Relation.

a Prince, 115.

S ll>i<l and Smith, Viri(. SS4.

4 Purchas, v. 1783. They sailed from England in July. Chalmers, 56.

5 This ordinance, dated July 24, I62I. is inserted cntne in Stith, Virjj.
Appendix, No. xv ; and Hazard, Coll. i. ly I— IS.S. See also Stith, 196 i

■ Chaliucrs i. 54, 55; Jefferson, Virg,. Ctitery xxiii.

' . colony

•» »

y /

*-WiBF'

1 02 1 .] AMERICAN ANKALS. 1 7/

colony, its^ constitution became fixed ; and the colonists are
from this time to be considered, not merely as servants of a
commercial company, but as freemen and citizens >.

With the Virginian constitution Wyat brought a body of
instructions to the governor for the time being, and the coun-
cil of state, recommending primarily to them, " to take into
their speciaV regard the service of Almighty God, and the ob-
servance of his divine laws ; and that the people should be
trained up in true religion and virtue;" commanding them, in
the next place, to keep the people in due obedience to the
king ; to provide for the equal administration of justice accord-
ing to the forms and constitution of England ; to prevent all
corruption, tending to the perversion or delay of justice ; to
protect the natives from injury and oppression ; and to culti-
vate peace and friendship with them, as far as it should be
consistent with the honour of the nation, and safety of the
people*.

William Newce obtsuned a patent of land in Virginia, for
settlement, and was constituted marshal of Virj^nia, to take
into his charge as well the fortifications, arms, and forces of
the colony, ju to cause the people to be duly trained up in mi-
litary discipline. To the omce were annexed fifteen hundred
acres of land, and fifty tenants 3.

It was determined to build a school in Virginia, at Charles
city, which was judged to be a place the most convenient to
all parts of the colony ; and it was named The East India
School, The company allotted, for the maintenance of the
master and usher, a thousand acres of land, with five servants
and an overseer 4. This school was to be coUe|pate, and to
have dependence on the college at Henrico ; into which, us
soon as the college should be sufficiently endowed, and capa-
ble of receiving students, pupils were to be admitted, and ad-
vanced according to their deserts and proficiency in learning 5.

The Virginia company having ordered a hundred acres of
land in each of the boroughs to be laid off fur a glebe, and two
hundred pounds sterling to be raised, as a standing and cer-
tain revenue, out of the profits of ench parish, to make a liv-
ing ; this stipend was thus settled : That the minister shall

1 Robertson, book ix. 87.

3 Smith, Virg. 139, 140. Stitb, :94.

3 Stith. 189. Newce died soon after his arrival Ibid.

4 An account in Purchas [v. 1788] says, that seven persons were sent
" for the planting the thousand acres."

5 Stith, a04 ; who s^ys (ibid.), that carpenters were sent over to erect
the house for thi*. school, early the next year.

Vol. I. ' N I re«

ii i

iihi

<*1

Ha..'

.'(

178 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l621.

receive yearly fifteen hundred pounds of tobacco, and sixteen
barrels of corn ; which were collectively estimated at two hun-
dred pounds sterling i. There were at this time five mi.
nisters only in the colony >.

The English parliament resolved, '* that all foreign tobacco
shall be iKirred ; but that of Virginia, or any of the King's do-
minions, shall not be held foreign." A bill, for the restraint
of the inordinate use of tobacco, was soon after brought in,
which, after various amendments, passed in May. Its requi-
sitions are ver^ remarkable. No tobacco was to be imported,
after the first of October, 1621, but from Virginia and the
Somer Isles ; and, after that day, none was to be planted in
England. There was to be paid to the king, for custom, six-
pence a pound, in consideration of the loss, which he might
sustain in his revenue. None was to be sold by the merchant
for more than eight shillings, and by the retsuler none for more
than ten shillings, the pound ; but they, who should sell to*
bacco by the pipe, might make the most they could 3. This

1 Ibid. 173.

2 Chalmers, i. 50.

5 Chalmers, i. 51. The parliamentary debate on this subject is inserted
ibid. 70 — 74. A specimen of it will give an idea of the whole.

*' Mr. Cary : — ^"ro banish tobacco generally, and to help Virginia by
some other means.

Sir Edward Sackvyle:— Fit for us to study a wajr for us to enrich our
own state. Amor incipit a seipso. We make treaties for our own good,
and not for their's with whom we treat [Referring to Spain.}

Sir J. Perrot: — Not to banish all tobacco, in resnect of Virginia and the
Somer Isles. To give them some time; else overtnroweth the plantation.

Mr. Solicitor :— Loveth England better than Virginia. A ^reat hurt to
all the state of our kingdom. To contribute rather to Virginia otherwise.

Mr. Fcrrar: — Not fit to banish all; yet now 4000 English live there,
who have no means as yet to live on.

Sir George Moore : — ^To divide the question : 1st. Whether to banish
foreign : 2dly. For our own dominions.

Sir Guy Palmes : — That tobacco hindrcth all the kingdom in health and
othenvise. To banish all.

Sir H. Poole — Aeainst all in general:— To pull it up by the roots.
To help Virginia rwise.

Sir J. Horsey .ought not to speak of this vile weed. When he

first a parliatr ?nt-t. ^i>., this vile weed not known. Thousands have died
of this vile weed. Abhorreth it the more* because the king disliketh it.
Prohibited lo be used in ale houses. No good ground for Virginia. To
banish all."

It ^v.^s in vain that parliament discouraged the use of this vile weed. In
vain king James assured his subjects* that the smoking of it was a custom
loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, and dan-
gerous to the lungs. Opposition made proselytes; and tlie united inHu«
ence of fashion and habit extended the practice through the kingdom. &)ce
Chalmers, i. Ul.

l * ii t i i i»'i) i ii ^'i ' i /m » Ui ' ; ' l ' - > ' ' "* ' "

1621. J AMERICAN ANNALSi l^Q

is the first instance, which occurs, of the modern policy of
promoting the importation of the colonies, in preference to the
productions of foreign nations >.

The measures of king James embarrassed not the company
only, but the plantation. Individuals, who had suffered ex*
tremely from the irr^ularit? of his conduct, and from these
exclusive regulations, applied to parliament for redress. Dur-
ing the debate on the subject, two planters of Virginia com-
plained of the irregularities of the farmers of the revenue. A
committee was appointed, " to examine this business, and to
consider in what manner to relieve them, with power to send
for the patentees, and to see the patents ; yet no relief was ob«
tuned. The treasurer and compsuiy of Virginia addressed ano-
ther petition to king James ; but, obtuning nothing, they
sought a more effectual remedy of their evils. They procured
warehouses, and appointed factors, at Middleburah and Flush-
ing, and compounded with the magistrates of those towns at
the rate of a penny a pound on the import, and the same on the
export, of their only merchandize. King James soon felt the
ill effects of his own mistaken policy. No Virginian products
were exported to England this year; all were sent to Holland*
The defalcation of the revenue, which was the immediate ef-
fect, occasioned an order in October, that no tobacco, or other
productions of the colonies, should thenceforth be carried into
foreign parts, until they were first landed in England, and the
ciistom paid. This order however was either aisregarded or
eluded ; for tobacco was still sent from Virginia, and even
from the Somer Isles, to Holland *.

Sir Ferdinando Gorges, intrusted with the principal direction
of th«% affiurs of the Plymouth company, reflecting on the pro-
digioi'S extent of the region to be planted, and on the little
progress of colonization, conceived the design of persuading
the Scotch nation to form a settlement within the limits of
New England. Easily procuring the consent of the company,
and the approbation of Sir \irilham Alexander of Menstry, a
person of considerable influence, he prosecuted that enter-
prize ; and king James gave Alexander a patent of the whole
territory of Acadie, by the name of Nova Scotia 3. It was

erected

1 Chalniera,!. 51.

2 Chalmers, i. 51, 32. Robertson, book ix. 87. 8P.

S It was bounded on the north, east, and south by the river St. Law*
rence and the ocean ; and on the west by the river St. Croix. See the
charter, in the Latin original, in Hazard, Coll. i. 134 — \4fi. Chalmers,
i. 9U 92. It was given under the great seal of Scotland ; yet, as Chal-
mers remarks, " it would probablv have embarrasi^ed the wisest civilian of

N a that

»-*i

a^atf"ai&i'-ij''"-.-'''V ■■

i^^JTi

mi ■ ■

1«0 ^ AMERICAN AKNALS. [l621c

erected into a palatinate, to beholden as a fief of the crown of
Scotland; and theproprietary was invested with the accustom-
ed regal power, belonging to a count palatine. An unsuccess-
ful attempt was soon after made to enect a settlement of the
territory ; and the French continued their occupancy i.

The States General of Holland, historians affirm, made a
grant of the country of New Netherlands to the West India
company'; but the English deny, that they had power to

Kant what had been given to the Plymouth company, the year
fore, by the king of England 3.

Sir George Calvert, a Roman Catholic, having obtained
from the kmg of England a grant of part of Newfoundland,
that -he might enjoy in this retreat, that freedom of conscience,
which was demed him in his own country, sent Edward
Wynne with a small colony to that island, to make prepara-
tion for his reception. The proprietor, now created lord Bal-
timore, was 80 delighted with the account, which he received,
of the flourishing state of the colony^ that he aftierward le-

that kingdom to discover by what right the king of Scotland conveyed that
extensive dominion."

1 Cfaalmerii, 91. Belknap. Biug. ii. 55. Purchas, v. 1871* 1873. Sir
William the next vear tent a ship with a colony «' of purpose to plant ;'* but
the season was so late, that the^ were obliged to stay through the winter
at Newfoundland. Another ship with provisions yma sent the next vear
ilQiS ;) yet. ** by reason of some unexpected occasions," they resolvea not
to plant then, but merely to discover and take poisession. Sailing from
Newfoundland, they coasted along the shore of Nova Scotia, and on Port
Joli river found a fit place for a plantation. Returningto Newfoundland
in Julj', they left their ship there, and took passage forEngland, with the
intention of resuming the enterprize of planting a cok>ny the next year.
Purclias, ibid. Laet, 62. Both these ^y^lters stop here, m thdir accounts
of Nova Scotia, excepting Laet's mention of the change of the old names
of places by the Scotch patentee: " Quid post ilia in illis partibus gestum
ait, mihi non constat ; nisi quod nomina harum provinciarum k Wilhelmo
Alexandro mutata inveni,in labula Geographica nuper in Angliaexcosa . . .
Cadia Nova Caledonia, septeot. pars Nova Alvxaiidria nominatur . . ." &c.

3 Smith, New York, 3.

^ Chalmers, i. 570. Chalmess (ibid. 569) says, that this charter of New
Netherlands, given by the States General, though often mentioned by writ-
ers, and relied on by governors, has neither been given by them to the
world } nor have they informed us r.'here it mav be found. Laet asserts
the Act, but without adducing any authority. Slaving mentioned the ad>
ministration of H. Christiaens, and a subsequent one uf J. Elkens, under
the auspices of the States General, he adds, that the Hollanders thus held
North River sevend yeara, until it began to be settled by the West India
company under a new and most ample patent from those States :— *<atque
ita nostri ab anno claocxtv ad aliquot succedentes tenuerunt: Donee k
sncietate Indiae Occidentalis, novoetamplissimoeorundamprftpotentum
Dominorum diplomate ipsis concesso, porro ab ipsis hoc flumepadiri et
coloniis deductis amplius habitarl ca:pit." Nov. Orb. 73. See A. 1). I6l4.

moved

pliii'lWj,*/

. y ■ ■dm

•^je^i

TT^

1621c

rownof
custom-
success-
of tbe

made a
St India
|o\irer to
the year

1022.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 181

moved to It with his family ; built a house, and a strong fort,
at Ferryland ; and resided on the island many years >.

1622.

^ The Narraganset Indians, conscious of their power a, as-
pired at an extension of empire on the ruins of their neieh*
bours, who had been wasted by mortal diseases. The En-
glish, they foresaw, might be an obstacle to their ambition ;
tor Masassoit, their own most potent rival, had already taken
shelter under their wings. No sooner therefore did Canonicus,
the chief sachem of the Narragansets, understand that the
people of Plymouth were distressed by the burden of additional
settlers, without proportionate means for their support, than
he bade defiance to their power. Regardless of the peace, re-
cently concluded, his tribe first offered them repeated menaces ;
and he next sent to theih, as a signal of challenge, a bundle of
arrows, tied together with a snake skin 3. The governor, hav-
ing taken advice, sent an answer, That if they chose war, ra-
ther than peace, they might begin when they would ; that the
English had done them no wrong; nor did they fear them, nor
should they find them unprovided. By a dififerent messenger,
and in more direct acceptance of the challenge, the snake skin
was sent back, charged with powder and bulTets. The Indians
however refused to receive it. They were even afraid to let it
continue in their houses ; and it was at length brought back
to.Plymouth4. Although policy dictated this resolute mea-
sure, on the part of the English ; yet prudence required them
to use the means of farther security. They accoitlingly im-
paled the town 5 and fortiaed it, and erected in four bulwarks

I Uaiv.Hiat. xxxix. S5a Chalmers [i. 801.] savi, that Calvert esta*
blished the settlement at Ferryland the next year [I0Q9/J and governed it
by bis deputy; and that he visited it in person in the beginning of the reign
ot Charles I. The original English appellation of tbe territory, ceded to
him, was Avalon. Ibid.

9 Prince [ II6.] says, they could raise above 50no fighting men. Gookin,
who was his authority* received his information from " ancient Indians }"
and says, *' all do agree they were a great 'people, and oftentimes waged
war with the Pawkunnawkuttsand Massachusetts, as well as with tbe Pet
quots." Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 148.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. 5& There is a remarkable coincidence, in
the form of this challenge, with that of the challenge given by the Scy-
thian prince to Darius. Five arrows made a pa t of the present, sent by
his herald to the Persian king. See Hollin» Ancient Hist, book vi. sect. 4t

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. 58. Prince, 1 16. Morton, 37 i but he places
this article at the close of i621.

5 " Taking in the top of tbe bill under which our tovfn is seated" Qov.
Orftdford, in Prince, II6. ,

N I «r

U'i I •vvj

'-*>S!S<»

182 AMERICAN ANKALS. [l622.

or jetties three gates, which were guarded every day, and
locked every night. In the succeeding summer, they built
a strong and handsome fort, with a flat roof and battlement,
on which cannon were mounted, and a watch kept ; it was alfco
used as a place of public worship >.

Thomas Weston, a merchant of good reputation in London,
having procured himself a patent for a tract of land in Massa-
chusetts Bay, sent two ships with fifty or sixty men, at his
own charge, to settle a plantauon * Many of these adven-
turers being sick on their arrival al ?lymouth, most of the
company remained there during th» greater part of the sum-
mer, and were treated indth hospitality and kmdness by the in«
habitants. Some of their number, in the mean time, finding
a place in the Bay of Massachusetts, named Wessagusset,
which they judged convjenient for settlement, the whole com-
pany removed to it, and began a plantations.

What had been dreaded merely at Plymouth, was experi-
enced in all it horrors in her sister colony. By a preconcerted
conspiracy, thi Indians in the neighbourhood of Virginia, on
the tventy-seventh of March, fell on the English, three hun-
dred and forty>seven of whom, unresisting and defenceless,
were cruelly massacred. The massacre was conducted with
indiscriminate barbarity. No regard was shown to dignity ;
no gratitude for benefits. Six of the council were slain, one
of whom, Mr. George Thorpe, a very respectable and pious
man, who had the prmcipal management of the lands and af-
fairs of the college, had been a distinguished friend and bene-
factor of the Indians 4. An exterminating war between the

En-

^SfFfi

I Prince, 1 16, 121. Intelligence of the massacre in Virainia reached
Plvmouth in May, and was the immediate incitement to the erection of
this fort Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. 68. Mather, Magnal. book i. 10.

3 Prince, no* Weston was one of the merchant adventurers, who, in
]6l9f sent proposals to Leydcn for transporting the English Congregation
to America. He appears to have been active in promoting the Plymouth
settlement from that time until this y^ar. Why he now withdrew his pa-
tronage we are not informed; but by a letter from him, received at this
time, addressed to gvernor Carver, ** we find," says governor Bradford,
f * he has quite deserted us, and is going to settle a Plantation of hii own/'
See Prince, 6a, 70, 1 14, 1 18.

3 Morton, 44. Mather, Magnal. i. II. Prince, 130, \9i. See A. D. i624.

4 Smith, Virg. 144 — 149, wh(ere arc the names of the persons, who were
massacred. Purchas, v 1788—1790. Beverly, 61. ^2. Keith, 1S8. Stitb,
911. Nemattanow, 9 femous Indian warrior, believed by the natives to
be invulnerable, was killed by the English io I68I ; and Keith [137.] says,
it was in revenge of his death, that Opehancanough plotted this massacre,
Chalmers [58.] says, " it ought to be observed, that the emigrants, not-
withstanding the humaDe instructions of their sovereign, and the prudent

orders

|022.

', and
built

1622.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 18S

English and the Indians immediately succeeded the massacre.
The people^ concerned in the care and culture of the college
lands, experiencing a great slaughter, those lands were now
abandoned ; and no public institution was again attempted for
the benefit of the natives of Virginia, until benefactions were
niade by the Honourable Robert Boyle *.

To the horrors of massacre were soon superadded the mise-
ries of famine. Of eighty plantations, which were advancing
fast toward completion, eight only remained ; and of the nu-
merous people, who had been transported to Virginia at a great
expencf , eighteen hundred only survived these disasters >.

Much as the colony lost of its inhabitants and possessions
by the recent calamities, its losses were considerably counter-
balanced by supplies from the parent country, h rom May
1621 to May 1623, twenty ships transported thirteen hundred

Sersons, and eighty cattle, from England to Virginia 3. King
ames made the colonists a present of arms out of the Tower,
and lent them twenty barrels of powder ; lord St. John, of
Basing, gave them sixty coats of mail ; the city of London,
and many private persons, made them generous contributions 4.

orders of the company, had never been solicitous to cultivate the good will
«f the aborigines ; atid liad neither asiced permission wlien their country
was occupied, nor had given a price for invaluable property, which was
taken without authority."

1 Stith, 217t 305. Mr. Boyle's donation was annexed to the professor*
ships of William and Mary college, as a sixth professorship, for the in-
•truction of the Indians and their conversion to Christianity. Jeiterson,
Virg. Query xv.

2 Purchas, v. 179'3. Chalmers, i. 59. In the vear 1620 there were about
9216 inhabitants in Virginia. [See p. I68 of this volume.] In 16<3I &;o-
vernor Wyat brought over nearly 700, which addition makes 9gi6. De-
duct from this number 347 for the loss in the massacre, and the remainder
is 2519. If, as Purchas leads us to believe, there were 1800 left after
the macxre and famine, upwards of 700 are still unaccounted for. The
natural deaths in (he colony since 1620 may partly account for this defici-
ency; but some arreMiu/» to it have prolmbly been omitted, which might
counterlnlaoce that loss. It is indeed r vossly said [Purchas, v. 1785.],
that'* in theyeeres 16 19, 1 020. and 1 62 1, ( tiere hath beene provided and
sent for Virginia two and fortie saileof shipit, three thousand ^ve hundred
and teventie men and vomcn for plantation, with requisite provisions." I
am inclined therefore, to ascribe this extraordinary reduction in part to an
amigrationfroni the coIohj/, seidoiq noticed by historians, it is affirmed,
that several English femilies, to shun the massacre in Virginia, Hed to the
Carolinian coasts, and settled at a place called T4allica, near the river May.
It k also a^.rmed, that they converted the inhabitants of the neighbouring
Apalaches. Atlas Geographus Americ. v. 688. Univ. Hist. xl. 420. Brit.
Emp. iii. 210. This last history says, they were driven on the coasts of
Carolina; which seems to imply, that they made their escape by water.

3 Purchas, v. 1783.

4 Smith, Virg. 147. Stitli, 233. Univ. Hist. xli. 529-

JJ 4 Such

%li/

ih, I

l^i

164 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l022.

Such hftd now become the extent of the settlements, and
the number of the inltabitants^ in the Virgiiuan colony, that
it was found very inconvenient, to bring all causes to James
Town. Inferior courts were therefore appointed in convenient
places, to relieve Uie governor and council from the heavy bur-
den of business, and to render justice less expensive, and more
accessible, to the people. This is the origin of county courts
in Virginia >.

The tobacco, exported from Viiginia to England, on an
average for the last seven years, was one hundred forty-two
thousand and eighw-five pounds a year >. Previous to the
massacre, a successful experiment of wine had been made in
that colony ; and a specimen of it was now sent to England 3.

The English had now ten forts at Bermudas ; three thou«
sand people; and fifty pieces of ordnance 4.

Thirty -five ships sailed this year from the west of England,
and two from London, to fish on the New England coasts; and
made profitable voyages 5.

The Plymouth company having complained to kini^ James
of the encroachments and injuries of interlojpers on their Ame-
rican commerce and possessions, and applied to him for re-
lief; the king issued a proclamation, commanding, that none
should frequent the coasts of New England, but the adven-
turers and planters ; or traffick with tne Indians otherwise,
than by the licence of the council of Plymouth, or according
to the orders of the privy council. ** This remarkable edict,
far from proving beneficial to the company, really brought on
its dissolution 6."

All the colony of Quebec, at this period of Canadian an-
nals, consisted of no more than fifty persons, men, women,
and children. An establishment however had been formed at

1 Bevcrl , 60. Stith,S07. Brit Emp. iii. 68.
S Stitb, 946.

3 Ibid. 218. French vine-drcssen, brought over to Virginia in l63i,
wrote to the Encliith company, that the Virfriniauclimalc and soil lurpasa
the province of Languedoc. Beverly, 191.

4 Josselyn, Voy. 35a In the yean 1610. 1690. I6SI. there were lent
to Bern)uda8 9 ships, employing 340 mariners, and carrying about 900 peo-
ple for settlement Purchaa. v. 1785.

5 Smith's N. Eng. Tryali, in PurcLu. v. 1840—1843. " Wherein New.
loundland they shared sixe or seven pounds for a common man. in New
England they shared fnurtecne (lounds ; bcsidct six Dutch and French
ships made wonderfull retumes in furres.** Ibid.

6 Chalmers, i. Ql- I'his Proclamation, dated 6 November, is in Hazard.
Coll. i. 151, 153} and in Rvmer's Fcedcra, xvii. 416} and is entitled. <* A
Pioclamatiun. prohibiting interloping aud disorderly trading to New
England in America."

Trois

''-">-*«,/^'^ . — .. ^.^,j

]623.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 185

Troit Riviertv ; and a brisk trade continued to be carried on at
Tadousvac >•

1623.

Intelligence being received at Plymouth, that Masassoit
was likely to die, and that a Dutch ship wai driven ashore
near his house, the governor sent Edivard Winslow and John
Hanibden > with Hobomack, to visit and assist him, and to
speak with the Dutch. They found Masassoit extremely
ill ; but, by some cordials, which Winslow administered, he
revived. Afiet their departure Hobomack informed them, that
Masassoit had privately charged him to tell Mr. Winslow,
that there was a plot of the Massachusetts against Weston's
people at Wessagusset; that, lest the English of Plymouth
should avenge their countrymen, theyalso were to be de-
stroyed ; and that the Indians of Paomet, Nauset, Mattachiest 3,
Succonet, the Isleof Capawick, Manomet4, and Agawaywom,
liad joined with the Massachusetts in this conspiracy; and that
he advised them to kill the conspirators, as the only means of
security.

The ffovemofj on receiving this intelli^nce, which was con-
firmed by other evidences, ordered Standish to take with him
as many men, as he should judge sufficient, and, if a plot should
be discovered, to fall on the conspirators. Standish, with eight
men, sailed to the Massachusetts, where the natives, suspect-
ing his design, insulted and threatened him. Watching his
opportunity, when four of them, Wltiuwamet 5, Pecksuot (,

ano-

1 Champlain, Voy. II. partie, 49* Cliarlevoi::, Nouv. France, i. 158.
Univ. Hist xxxix. 4I9>

3 Mr. Hambden is said to have b«cn a gentleman of London, who theo
wintered with the Plymouth colonists, and •' desired much to see the
country" [Winslow, Rielat]} and is supposed by Dr. Belknap f Bios. ii.2<29.]
to be the snme person, who afterwara distinguished himself by his oppo«
sition to the arbitrary demands of Charles I.

3 This seems to be the country between Barnstable and Yarmouth har*
hours. PHnce, 108. Belknap. Biog. ii. 313.

4 This is the name of a creek or river, which runs through the town of
Sandwich into the upper part of Buzzard's Bay, formerly called Manomet
Bay. Between this and Scusset Creek is the place, which, for more than
a century, has been thought of as proper to be cut through, to form a
communication by a navigable canal, from Barnstable Bay to Buzzard's
Bay. Prince, 126. Belknap, Biog. ii. 314.

5 A chief of the Masisachusetth, said to be « a notable insulting Indian,**
Prince, 1«8.

6 *• A notable Pinese, i. e. Counsellor and U'arrior." Ibid. )3I. Win-
slow says, Pcckituot had made the point of hiskuife as sharp as a needle,

and

180 AMERICAN ANNALS. [lC28.

anoUicr Indian, and a youth of eighteen, brother of Whtu-
wainet, nnd uboutas many of his own men, were in the Mine
room, he giive a signal to his men j the door was instantly
shut; and, snntching the knife of Pecksuot from his neck, he
killed him with it, after a violent struggle ; his parly killed
Wittuwamet, and the other Indian; and hung the youth.
Proceeding to another place, Standish killed an Indian; and
aficrvvaid had a skirmish with a party of Indians, which he
put to Aight. Weston's men also killed two Indians. Stan-
liish, with that generosity, which characterizes true bravery, re-
leased the Indian women, without taking their beaver coats,
or allowing the least incivility to be offered them. The En-
glish settlers now abandoned Wessagusset ; and their planta-
tion was thus brokfsn up, within a vcar after its commcnce-
jnent. Standish, having supplied them with corn, and con-
(lucudthem safely out of Massachusetts Bay in a small ship
of their own, returned to Plymouth, bringing the head of
W'ittuwamet, which he set up on the fort. This sudden and
unexpected execution so terrified the other natives, who had
intended to join the Ma^chusetts in the conspiracy, that
tlicy forsook their houses, and fled to swamps and desert
places, where they contracted diseases, which proved mortal
to many of them ; among whom were Canacum, sachem of
Alanomet ; Aspinet, sachem of Nauset; and lanough, sachem
of Mattachiest ».

A severe drought prevailing at this time in Plymouth, the
government set apart a solemn day of humiliation and prayer ;
and soon after, in grateful and pious acknowledgement of the
blessings of copious showers, and supplies of provisions, a day
of public thanksgiving >.

The first patent of Plymouth had been taken out in the
name of John Pierce, intrust for the company of ad venturers ;
but when he saw the promising state of their settletnent, and
the favour, which their success had obtained for them with

and ground the back also to an edge. Purchas, v. 1864. The natives were
in the imbit of wearing knives, suspended at the breast, in sheaths tied
about the neck. One of these Indian sheaths, a part of the spoils in the
old wars with the French and Indians, is in my |x)Ssession. It is seven
inches long, and terniinutes in a point. It is made of leather, curiously
-wrought with some hard hut pliant sulntance, of various colours, and
tiinimed at the upper edge with a fringe with little pendant rolls of bra»s
pr some oth«;r metal. It was probably manufactured by the French.

1 I'unliasv. ISGo— I86i>. Coll. 'Hist. Soc. viii. 2,37— ,2iiJ. Mather,
Magnal.bdoki. II. Morton, 47- Prince, laS— 132. I. Mather* N- t)ng.
J4— 1(»- Belknap, Riog. ii. .Sit— 327.
' 2 Furchas, v. IStHi. I'rincc, 137» 138.

iti vi! • V , the

lC23.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 187

the council for Nevir England, he, without their knonr-
ledge, but in their name, procured another patent, of larger ex-
tent, intending to keep it for his own benefit, and hold the
adventurers as his tenants, to sue and be sued at his courts.
In pursuance of this desij^n, he, in the autumn of the last
year, and beginning of this, mrxle repeated attempts to send
a ship to New England ; bui it was forced back by storms.
In the last attempt, the mariners, about the middle of Fe-
bruary, were obliged, in a terrible storm, to cut away their
main mast, and return to Porfsmouth. Pierce was then on
board, with one hundred and nine souls. After these suc-
cessive losses, he was prevailed on by the company of adven-
turers, to assign to them, for five hundred pounds, the patent,
which had cost him but fifty. The goods, with the charge of
passengers in this ship« cost the company six hundred and
forty pounds. Another ship was hired, to tranpsort the pas-
sengers and goods ; and it arrived at Plymouth in July.
Soon after arrived a new vessel, of forty-four tons, which the
company had built, to remain in the country ; both brought
supplies for the plantation, and about sixty passengers '.

John Mason, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and others, having
obtained patents of the New England council for several por-
tions of territory, sent over, in the spring of tius year, David
Toinson, Edward and William Hilton, and a few other per-
sons, to begin a settlement. Tomson and some of his com-
pany began one accordingly, twenty-five leagues north east
from Plymouth, near Smith's Isles, at a place called Pascato-
quack. The place, first seized, was called Little Harbour,
on the west side of Pascataqua river, and near its mouth ;
where was built the first house, called Mason Hall 2.

The Hiltons, proceeding higher up the river, settled at
Cocheco, afterward called Dover 3. Scattered settlements

1 Morton, 50 — r)3. Mather, Magna!, book i. 12. Piince, 136 — 139.
Neal. New England, i. 1 13, 1 15. Belknap. Biop;. ii. 334, 93b.

•2 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxxi. The chimney and some part of
the stone wall of this house ^ere standini; when liuhbard wrote his history.
lb. Toinson, from dislike cither ofthe place, or of his employers, removed
wjthin • year after into Massachusetts, where he possessed himself of a
fertile island,' and a valuable neck of land t, which was afterward con-
firmed to him, or his heirs, by tho Massachusetts court, pn the surrender
of ail his other interest in New Rn<>;laud. Ibid. chap, xviii. lie visited
Plymouth in I623. Purchas, v. I667.

.S Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxxi. Prince, 134. But few buildings
were Jrccted about Pascataqua river until after the year 103 1. In thatj/car,
there wer^ but three houses there. Ilubhaid, ut supra.

*^H

t Squantui9 neck. Btlk. Uiog. ii. 334,

wer«

■!^'-,ki»-' .

188 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l623.

were also begun this year by different adventurers, at Mo-
nahigan, and at other places >.

Francis West arrived at Plymouth in June, with a com-
mission to be admiral of New England, with power to re-
strain such ships, as oame either to fish or trade on the coast,
without licence from the New England council ; but, finding
the fishermen too stubborn and strong for himy he sailed for
Virginia. The owners of the fishing vessels, complaining
to the parliament of this attempted restraint, procured an
order, that fishing should be free >.

Robert Gorges, son of Ferdinando, sent by the Plymouth
council as general governor of New England, arrived at Mas-
fiachusetts Bay with several passengers and families ; and pur-
posed to begin a plantation at Wessagusset ; but he returned
home, without scarcely saluting tne country within his
government. Gorges brought with him William Morrell, an
episcopal minister, who had a commision from the ecclesi-
astical courts in England, to exercise a kind of superintendence
ovev the churches, which were, or might be, established in
New England ; but he found no opportunity to execute his
commision 3. This was the first essay for the establishment
.of a general government in New England ; but, like every
succeeding attempt^ it was totally unsucessful 4,

Notwithstanding the late disasters in Virginia, there were
now in that colony above two thousand five nundred persons,
sent over at the expence of thirty thousand pounds of the
public stock, beside the charges of particular societies and
planters 5. The cattle were increased to above a thousand
head. The d^bt of the company was wholly discharged. Dur-
ing the four last years, great sums were expended, and

1 Prhice, 1S4. .^

2 Morton, 52. Prince, 137.

S Gorges soon returned to England. Morrell staid behind, and resided
at IMymoiitli about a year, malcing inquiries and observations respecting
tlie country ; tlie result of which he wrought into an elegant and descrip-
tive Latin poem, which, with his own English translation, is published in
vol.i.p. 1'25 — 1S9 of the Collections of the Massachusettsllistorical Society.

4 Morton, 54— ."i?. Prince, 141, 142. Iklknap, Bioij. i. 367^^-369.
The grant of the council for the aftairs of New England to Robert Gorges
is in Hazard, Coll. i. 152 — 155.

5 Smith [Virg. 236.] says, since he left the colony the Virginia compa*
uy had been " humble suiters to his majesty, to get vagabf>nd8 and con-
demned men to goe thither ; nay, so. the business hath been abused, that
so iDuch scorned was tlie nam<^ of Virginia, some did chusc to be hanged
err fliey would i^oe thither, and were." Not long aftpr the massacre hqwr
ever, he remarks, " there is more honest men now suitcis to goe, than
ever bulb bcene constrained knaves."

much

com-
o re-
cast,
ding
d for
ming
:d an

1023.] AM^RfCAN ANNALS. 18Q

much care was bestowed, by the officers and company, for
promoting useful arts manufactures ; particularly iron works .
wine, silk, sawing mills, and saltpans. Numerous Indians,
of various tribes, contiguous to the Virginian colony, were
killed this year by the English ; among the slain, were some
of their kings, and severafof their greatest warriors <.

One of the earliest literary productions of the English
colonists in America, of which we have any notice, is a
translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, made this year by
George Sandys, treasurer of the Virginia company ■*.

The Dutch at New Netherlands, in defence of their colony,
bu^lt several forts ; one, on the east side of Delaware Bay,
which they named Fort Nassau ; and another a hundred and
fifty miles up Hudson's river, which they named Fort Orange.
At the mouth of the Hudson, they built a town, which they
called New Amsterdam 3.

Ralph Merifield, having, in connection with captain Warner,
obtained letters from king James to plant and possess the island
of St. Christopher, arrived there in January with iifteen £n«
^lishmen, and commenced a plantation at the end of the
island, where he built a fort and a house 4. The French
planted themselves at the same time on the other end of the

1 Stith,S03.

S Stith. 304. This historian calls it " a very laudable performance for
the times." Sandys in bis dedication of it to king Charles, informs him,
that " it was limned by that imperfect light, which was snatched from tlie
hours of night and repose; and that it is doubly a stranger, hchv^ spriui!;
from an ancient Roman stocic, and bred up in the New World, of the
rudeness of which it could not put participate; especially as it was pro-
duced among wars and tumuhs, instead of under the kindly and peaceful
influences of the Muses." Ibid. About thistime Dr. Wiliiain Vaughan,
educated at Oxford, wrote at Newfoundland his Poem, entitled Hie
Golden I'lcece, which was printed in quarto in l6«f). A'aui-liaii was tlie
author of several publications in verse and prose. In lOl.'r he purchased
a grant of the patentees of Newfoundland for partof the island, and resided
there several years. Brit. Kmp. A. i. 7 — 9- Ancient llight Englikh Nntiua
to American Fisliery, 30.

A Smith, New York, a. Brit. Emp. A. i. 237. Smith, New Jersey, 20.
Governor Bradford says, that the Dutch had traded in those southern ])artti
several yean befuic he and the other Eni;lish adventurers came to Ply-
mouth, but that they lu>gan no plantation theit: until after this time. See
I'rJnce, 105 ; and p. L'iO of this volume.

4 Churchill, V'oy. ii- chap. xxv. These Eua[lish adventurers planted
various seeds, and raised a crop of tobacco; hula hurricane " clrbve away"
this crop in September. Until that time they lived on cassada hrcaii, \)0'
tatocs, plantanes, pine apples, turtles, guanas, and fish. Ibid. Univ.
tliit, xh. 'iiij' Many historians place this settlement in iGi^ct.

, - island;

til

.III

,\*Kt» -i, — .

^iKorsjttars^a

'■*Wifi 1^-" ■'i^*..'^

t<iliili<a.

.4>0m-

mfl

K%lln

ttS^^i

Wll

ffiH

I- *

190 AMERICAN ANNALS. [ 1(524.

island ' ; and tbis was their tirst settleiuent in the West
Indies -.

1621.

The fame of the plantation at Plymouth being spread in
the west of England, Mr. White, a celebrated minister of
Dorsetshire, excited some merchants and other gentlemen
to attempt another settl ;ment in New England. They ac«
cordingly, on a common stock, sent over several persons,
who began a plantation at Cape Ann, and held this placd of
Plymouth settlers, for whom they set up here a fishing
stage 3.

The Plymouth colonists, who had hitherto appointed but
one assistant to the governor, on the motion of governor Brad-
ford, added four others ; but, instead of acceding to a motion,
which he made at the same time, for the change of their
governor, they re-elected him ; and gave this officer a double
voice 4. On making request to the governor, that they
might have some land for permanent use, instead of the ac-
customed assignment by annual lot, he gave every person an
acre for himself and his family, as near, as it was convenient,
to the towns. Plymouth at this time contained thirty-two
dwelling houses, and about one hundred and eighty persons.
The inhabitants had erected a salt work ; and tnis year they
freighted a ship of a hundred and eighty tons. Inthe last three
years, notwithstanding the great want of necessaries, not one
of the first planters (lied 6. Edward Winslow, having been sent
to England the last year, as an agent for the colony, on his re-
turn home, brought the first breed of neat cattle to Plymouth?.

The few inhabitants of Wessagusset receiving an accession

1 Churcliill, Voy. ii. chap. xxv.

Q Europi Settlements, ii. 0. It is a remarkable circunutauce, that the
English and the French took possession of this island the satnc day* Ibid.
'I'he Spaniards soon drove both these colonies out of the island. ^I'he En-
glish returned, and possessed themselves of the largest and most fertile
<iuartcr; the French returned, and left a small colony m another part. But
the most adventurous of the French went in quest of'^ncw places, and, after
varions fortune, made settlements in Martinico and GuadalouiK. Ibid.

S lIuLbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xviii. Prince, 144, }ri\.

4 Hiil)!)ard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. Prince, 145. Chalmers, i. 87.

ft I'rinoc, 147.

«5 C'riiioc, l.")l.

" Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. Prince, 146.

1625.J AMERICAN ANNALS. IQl

to their number from Weymouth in England, the town is
supposed to have hence been called Weymouth ^

About fifty English ships came in the spring of this year, to
fi}' on the coasts of New England *.

he calamities, which had befallen the Virginian colony,
} 'fl the dissensions, which had agitated the company, haying
been represented to the king and his privy council as subjecta
of complaint; a commission was issued under the great seal
to Sir William Jones and six others, or any four of them, to
inquire into all matters respecting Virginia, from the begin-
ning of its settlement. The king also appointed commission*
ers, to go to Virginia, and Inquire into the state of the coIo«
ny. After their depiarture a writ of quo warranto was issued
by the court of king's bench against the company 3. Early
this year the commissioners arrived in Virginia, and a gene-
ral assembly was called, not at their request ; for they kept
all their designs as secret as possible. The colony however
had received mformation of the whole proceedings in Englant^,
and had already in its possession copies of several papers,
which had been exhibited against It. The assembly, meeting
on the fourteenth of February, drew up answers to the
charges, in a spirited and masterly style; appointed an agent
togo to England, to solicit its cause. The laws, enacted by
this assembly, are the oldest to be found in the colony records.
One of them is equivalent to a bill of rights; for it de tines
the power' of the governor, the council, and the assembly;
and declares the privileges of the people, in regard to taxes,
burdens, and personal services 4.

The quo warranto being brought to trial in the court of
king's bench, judgment was given against the Virginia com-
pany ; and the charter was vacated. The company, which
was now dissolved, had consisted of gentlemen of noble, ai>d
disinterested views, who expended more than one hundred
thousand pounds of their own fortunes in this first attempt to
plant an finglish colony in America ; and more than nine
thousand persons were sent out from the mother country, to
people this new settlement 5. The annual exportation of
commodities from Virginia to England did not exceed twenty

1 Prince, IjO, 151. *

2 Ibid. lU. ..
S November 10, IG,'.^.

4 Stith, 318— .i'^0.

5 Stith, 'M.% 3\9—Mi, o,iit. Univ. Jli^t. nII. r»,?o. Belknap, Biog. ii.
91. U3, 97. Chalmers [i. O}*;] '^ays, tlu- traiisjtortutiou of the Virijiniaii
iettlcrs was " at the eiiojijioii^ c\[h-!ic<.' oI' l'>i),iJ(io!-

tbou-

■ii**^^

s.'UitaikiiJtea

■ »■ ,^ l iWi *

.-»■■■>, ,,.---»■•*

^ihi

102 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l624.

thousand pounds in value ) and, at this dissolution of the com-
pany, scarcely two thousand persons survived >. So fluctua-
ting was their system of government, that in the course of
eighteen years, ten different perons presided as governors
over the province >.

The colonial historians have deeply deplored the df ^solution
of the Virginian charter, as if the fate of the colony had de-
pended on it. " Nevertheless," says Chalmers, ** the length
of its infancy, the miseries of its youth, disasters of its riper
years, may all be attributed to the monstrous government un-
der which it suffered 3."

King James now issued a new commission for the govern-
ment of Virginia, continuing Sir Francis Wyat governor,
with eleven assistants or counsellors. The governor and
council were appointed during the king's pleasure. No as-
sembly was mentioned, or allowed 4.

Though the commons of England were submissive to the
dictates of the crown, yet they showed their regard to the
interest of the Virginian complainants, as well as to the in-
terest of the nation, by peUtioning the king, that no tobacco
should be imported, but of the growth of the colonies ; and
his majesty condescended to issue a new proclamation con-
cerning tobacco, by which he restrained the culture of it to
Virginia and the Somer Islands 5.

The

I •

tJ (

1 Smith [Virg. continued, chap, xxi.] says, *' After 80 years spent in
complement, and trying new conclusions, were remaininff scarce l.M)0,
some say rather 2000." Chalmers snys, ** but about 1800; and takes in
New England, to make up the number of 2000 colonists. *' If to this num*
ber we add about 300, who had nestled un the coast of North Virginia,
the amount of the English colonists, settled on the American csntinentat
the accession of Charles I. will be 2000." The prices of provisions in Vir-
ginia, at this |)eriod,' were enormous. They are thus stated in Purchas [v.
I8O6.]: a hogshead of meal. 10/. sterling; a gallon ofalligant, 16 shil-
lings; a hen and chickens, S/; 1 ])ound of butter, 3 shillings: 1 pint of
milk, G pence, ready money ; a day's work (carpenter's), beside meat and
lodging, 10 or 12 shillings. The colonists howerer, under all their disad-
vantages, ap]>car to have possessed a*publicand gcncroiu spirit ; for they
about this time made a contribution '* for tlie building of a house of en-
tertainment for new commcrs at James Citie, amounting to the value of
fiftcene hundred pounds." Purchas, ibid. 1785.

2 Robertson, book ix. 101.

3 Political Annals, i. G3.

4 (lynier's Foedera, xvii. OlB. Belknap, Bing. ii.07, 08.

5 Belknap, Biog. ii. On The proclamation is entire in Rymer's Foedera,
xvii. 021, and in Hazard, Coll. i. 103— MtS. The king, steady in his aver-
sion (n this noxious weed, loses no opporturity of testifying his royal dis-
approbation uf its use. On this occasion, he proclaimed, that he consi-
dered

-,*>/.

>-...v.'.^. -.-^ . .

J i .>.'<

1025.] AMERICAN ANNALS* 103

The returns from Nev Netherlands ihii year were four
thousand beavers, and seven hundred otters, estimated at
tventy-seven thousand one hundred and fifty guilders i.

1623.

The demise of the crown having annulled all former ap-
pointmems for Virginia, Charles the First, who now succeeded
to the throne of England, reduced that colony under the im-
mediate direction of the crown ; appointing a governor and
council, and ordering all patents and processes to issue in his
own name. His proclamation ** for settling the plantation of
Virginia" is dated the thirteenth of May ». The commission
to the new governor and council was accompanied with arbi-
trary instructions. •* The commerce of the Virginians," says
Chalmers, *< was restrained at the same time that their per-
sons were enslaved 3.

Captain Wollaston, and a few persons of some eminence^
with thirty servants, came from England to Massachusetts
Bay, and on the southern side of the bay, at the head of a
creek, began a plantation, which they called Mount WoUas-

dered England and Wales " as utterly unfyt in resj)ect of the clymate
to cherish the tame for any medic-inall use, which is the only good to
be approved in yt." Ibid. Another proclamation to the same purpose
was issued 2 March, t6'^5. It is in Uymer's Foedera, xvii. 668.

1 Hazard. Coll. i. 397.

2 This Proclamation is entire in Hazard, Coll. ii. d03 — S05, and in
Chalmers, i. \<iQ — 198. It shews how high the king set the royal preroga-
tive at the commencement of his reign, and prepares us to expect the mi-
series which ensued. " Our full resolution is, that there may be one
uniforme course of government in and through our whole monarcnie, that
the government of the colony of Virginia shall ymmediately depend upon
ourselfe, and not be commytted to anie company or corporation; to whom
itt male be proper to trust matters of trade and commerce, but cannot be
fitt or safe to communicate the ordering of state affaires, be they of never
loe mean consequence." This resolution of the king ex-citf d serious alarm
among the Puritans at Leyden, one of whom wrote to governor Bradford
of Plymouth, that some hence conceive "he will have both the same civil
and ecclesiastical government that is in England, which occasioncth their
fear." Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 43. K ing James had set the example, thus ear-
ly and thoroughly followed by his son. He had aimed to make the supe-
riority of thec«lonies to be only of the king, and not of the crown of En-
gland ; with a view, it is supposed, to make them a source of revenue to
himself and his successors, that they might not depend on |)arliament;
** but the commons did not give up the matter, as appean by their Jour-
nals of l0i4 and 1625." Stokes, Consti(:ut. of Brit. Colonies, p. 4.

S Political Annals, i. 1I1--1 IS; where is a summary of the royal In-
structions. For governor Yardley's comnJssioa, see Hazard, Coll i.'»30—
SS4i

VoL.T. W ton.

yii

'%■ *■■ I ■ tl

fS-

pi .

104 AMERICAN ANNALS. [lG25.

ton I. Among these settlers was Thomas Morton^ who was
afterward the cause of much trouble to the sober inhabitants
of the country *.

Rogers Conant, a man of piety and discretion, having lately
removed from Plymouth to Nantasket, was chosen by the
Dorchester adventurers in England, to manage their af.
fairs at Cape Ann. On this appointment hr removed to that
place, accompanied by Mr. Lyford, a preacher, who had been
invited at the same time by those adventurers to be minister
to the plantation. In the autumn Lyford's people at Nan-
tasket removed to Cape Ann 3. Conant, finding a better
place for a plantation a little to the westward, called Naum-
keak, and conceiving that it might be a convenient place for
the reception of such English people, as might be desirous of
a settlement in America, gave notice of it to his friends in
England. This information gave rise to a project for procur-
ing of the council of Plymouth a grant for settling a colony
in Massachusetts Bay 4.

The merchant adventurers at London having sent two ships
on a trading voyage to New England, one of them, was sent
back by Plymouth colony, laden with codfish, with beaver
and other furs, to make payment for goods already received ;
.but, after it had shot far into the English channel, was sur-
prized by a Turkish man of war, and carried into Scilly, where
the master and his men were made slaves 5.

Miles Standish went to England, as agent, to conclude
some matters of difference, yet depending between the colony
of Plymouth and the inercnant adventurers at London, and
to transact some business with the council of New England ;
but the troubles in the kingdom, and the plague in London,
prevented him from completely effecting the objects of hii>
commission ^.

Sir

1 Morton, 75. Prince, 152. Belknap. Biug. ii. S.S3. It fell into tlic
township of Braintrec. Dr. Belknap (ibid.) savs, " they called an adjoiit-
inffhill,' not the settlement itself, <' Mount \Vollaston.'* Since the ol-
vision of Bralintree into two towns, this hill is in Quincy, not far distant
from the ^eat of the Honourable John Adams, Esquire, late President of
the United .States.

2 Mortons Memorial, 76. Prince, IAS.

' 3 The reason, assi^nied for their removal to tliis place, is, that it was

. more convenient tor the fishery. They had rejided at Nantasket " a year

and .some few months." Hubbard, MS. N. En^. chap, xviil. Prince, I j7.

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, .xviii. Smith, Virg. 247. Brit. Emp. i.

964. Douglas, i. 407.

.5 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi. Morton, 68, 69. Prince, 155, 166.

(> Hubbard, MS. N. Bug. chap. xvi. Yet they *' were happily accom-

..*.. pushed

• ■11

l620.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 105

Sir William Alexander obtained from Charles I. aeonfirma-
tion of his title to Nova Scotia, under the great seal of Scot-
land I.

1626.

A bill for the maintenance and increase of shipping and na*
vigation, and for the freer liberty of fishing voyages on the
coasts of Newfoundland, Virginia, and New £ngland, was
passed in February, by the English house of commons ; but it
was never returned from the house of lords *. The spirit of
the commons was not repressed by the loss of this bill. In a
strong representation of grievances, which they presented to
king-Charles in the following May^ they insisted, ** that the
restraint of the subject from liberty of a free fishing, with all
the necessary incidents, was a great national grievance.**
The spirit displayed by this animated assembly, as well as
its refusal to grant the sovereign a second subsidy, brought
on its dissolution 3.

The coast of Newfoundland, for most of the late years, was
frequented by two hundred and fifty sail of English vessels,
estimated at fifteen thousand tons, employing five thousand
persons and making an annual profit of about one hundred and
thirty-five thousand pounds sterling 4.

plUhed by him so far, as he left things in a hopeful way of composition
with the one, [the London merchants,] and a promise of all helpfulness
and favour from the other," [the council of New England.] Ibid, and Coll.
Hist. Soc. iii. 38; Murton, 69 > Prince, 156; Belknap, Biog. ii. 332.

1 Cbaltners, 1. 02. This confirinatory charter is in Hazard, Cell. i. 906
— fi'24 i and is nearly in the same words, as the original charter, given by
king James. See p. 179 of this volume.

2 This must have been the reoiva/ of the bill, brought for\vard by the
house of commons in I621, if an anonymous Essay among Colonial Tracts
in Harvard Library may be relied on. The author of that Essay observes,
that on the occasion of the original measure the secretary of state made the
tbllowing declaration to the house I'-om the king [James:] " America is
not annexed to the realm, nor within i/» jurisdiction of parliament^ you
have therefore no right to interfere."

3 Chalmers, i. 1 14. Now commenced the quarrels between Charles I.
and the Parliament of Engli^nd; the latter perceiving, that the king wa»
desirous of extending the royal prero^tive, and of rendering himself in-
dependent. Henault's Hist. France, 11. 50. " No one was, at that time*
suiHciently sensible of the great weis;))t, which the commons bore in the
balance of the constitutitm. The history of England had never hitherto
atfurdedan instance, where any great movement or revolution had prQ>
ceeded from the luwor house." Ilumc, Hist. £ug. Charles I. chap. i.

4 Smith, Virg. 844.

Wol.

iaMMa

igO AMERICAN ANNALS. [l027.

Wollaston, after much time, labour, and cost had been ex-
pended in planting Mount Wollaston, transported a great part
of the servants to Virginia. In his absence. Morton advised
the remainder of the company to depose Filcher, who had
been left behind as lieutenant, and to keep possession for
themselves. The counsel was follo\<red ; and dissipation en-
sued. Hanng traded with the Indians awhile, with what
goods they had in possession, they spent the avails of their
traffick merrily about a May pole, and called the place Merry
Mount >.

1637.

The Plymouth colony bad, the preceding year, sent Isaac
Allerton to England, to make a composition with the adven-
turers ; to take up more money ; and to purchase more go<jds.
Allerton returned in the spring of this year, after a success-
ful execution of his commission. He had procured a loan of
two hundred pounds, at thirty per cent, interest *, and laid
it out in suitable goods, which he now brought over to the
plantation. He had agreed with the adventurers, in behalf
of the colony, to purchase all their shares, stocks, merchan-
dizes, lands, and chattels, for eighteen hundred pounds ; two

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xviii. Morton. 78. 77. Prince [l(i3—
167.] places the last transaction in 1627. Morton himself confirms the
principal statements of the New England historians on this subject, but
complains of abuse in this name uf the hill; aflirmine, that ht called it
Mare-Mount. See p. 93 of a work, entitled •' New English Canaan, or
New Canaan, by Thomas Morton of Clifford's Inn, Gent Printed at Am-
sterdam. 1637. This is the same Morton, mentioned above, who. secre-
tary Morton [Memorial, p. 76.] says, had been '* a petty fogger at Furni-
vaTs Inn. "

e Hard as these terms were, they were less hard than those, on which
they bad their goods the preceding year, those having been at 45 per cent.
Gov. Bradford's Letter Book, in Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 40. The pious go-
vernor, after meBtionins these " straits," might well add: <' so that it was
God's marvellous providence, that we were ever able to wade through
things." Ibid. Enormous as was this rate of interest, it was increased the,
next year. Mr. Shirley writes from Londor<<^t9 governor Bi-adford ( i628 :)
*' It is true, as you write, your engagements are great, not only the pur-
chase, but you are yet necessitated to tal^e up the stock you work upon,
and that not at 6 or 8 per cent, as it is here let out. but at SO. 40, yea and
some fiO per cent whicti, were not your ^ains great, and God's blessing on
your honest endeavours more than ordmary, it could not be that vou
should long subsist, in the maintaining of, and upholding of, your worldly
affairs." Ibid. p. 5S.

hundred

mm-'^''^^:

I ti r«yii~r ...,^4i^

1027.] AMERICAN ANNALS. IQ7

hundred to be paid at the Koyal Exchange erery Mtchatlmas
for nine years ', the first payment to be made in 1698 1.

The colonists, obliged au they were to take up monies, or
goods, at exorbitant interest, were at a loss, how they should
raise the payment, in addition to the discharge of their other
engagements, and the supply of their yearly wants ; but they
undertook to effect it ; and seven or eight of the principal men
became jointly bound, in behalf of the rest. A partnership
was now formed, into which were admitted every head of a
fiimlly, and every younff man, of age and prudence. It was
agreed^ that the trade should be manased, as before, to pay
the debts ; every single freeman should have a single share ;
and every father of a family, leave to purch&se one share for
himself, one for his wife, and one for every child, living with
him ; and that every one should pay his part toward the debts,
according to the number of his shares. To every share twenty
acres of arable land were assigned b^ lot ; to every six shares
one cow and two goats ; and swine m the same proportion a.

Messengers now arrived at Plymouth, from the governor
of the Dutch plantation at Hudson's river, with amicable let-
ters, written in Dutch and French 3. In^ these letters, the
Dutch congratulated the Enelish on their^ prosperous and
commendaUe enterprise ; tendered them their good will, and
friendly services; and offered to open and maintain with them
a commercial intercourse. The governor and council of Ply-
mouth sent an obliging answer to the Dutch, expressing a
thankful sense of the kindness, which they had received in
their native country ; and a grateful acceptance of the offered
friendship 4.

I M

;■* ♦j

•r L

r;,- .f

■^ n

1 The heads of this agreement are in governor Bradford's Letter Bouk,
in Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 47> 48. It was subscribed by AUerton and 4 i adven-
turers 15 November, l&Ai

<8 Morton, 71.72. Prince, l65— .167. The previous aliotmcnts of
a garden plot, and of a single acre to eac^h indi vidua'' were not atiected by
this new division. The manner, in which the first lots were located, i$
distinctly shewn, in an extract from Plymouth Colonv Records, in Hazard,
Coll. i. 100—109, entitled " The Meeksteads and'GARDEN Plotes of
those, which came first, laid out." The agreement, for the division of t20
acres to a share, was made " in a full court" 3 January, l8'27, according
to the reckoning then in use [Hazard, Coil. i. 180.], but it was truly 3 Ja-
nuary, l6<28. 1 he year was then computed from the Sdth of March.

3 Morton, 74. The letters were dated at the Manhattas, in the Fort
Amsterdam, March 9. 1697, and signed bv Isaac de Razier, secretary.
Governor Bradford says, that Razier was their upper comi/iia, or chief
merchant, and second to the governor; and a man of a fiir and genteel
behaviour. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. .'i4.

4 Prince, 1(>5. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 51, bQ ; where this letter is entire.

O 3

fQJf

',*> Mti m

iitHm

li«ll*>lUl

MMwa

utim i

^:r

198 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1^27.

Jf greater convenience of trade, the Plymouth colonists
thii> summer built a small pinnace at Monamet i, to which
place they transported their goods. Having taken them by
water wiilnn four or five miles, they carried them over land
to the vessel, and thus avoided the dangerous navigation
around Cape Cod, and made their voyage to the southward
in far less time, and with much less hazard. For the safety
of their vessel and goods, they also built a house, and kept some
servants there, who planted corn, raised hogs, and were always
ready to go out with the bark '•

The Puritans, left at Leyden, deprived of their reveied and
beloved pastor 3, were desirous to come to New England, and
join their brethren at Plymouth. In correspondence with
their wishes, the people of Plymouth were solicitous to aid
their removal from Holland ; but were unable, without ex-
traordinary effects. On this occasion, the governor and seven
other persons 4 made a hazardous adventure. They hired the
trade of the colony for six years ; and for this privilege, to*
gether with the shallop, and the pinnace, lately built at Mona*
met, and the stock in the store house, undertook to pay, the
eighteen hundred pounds, and all other debts of the planters;
to bring over for them ^hy pounds a year in hoes and shoes,
and sc>n them for corn at six shillings a bushel ; and^ at the
end of the term, to return to the colony 5.

On the return of the ships, Allertou was again sent to En-
gland, to conclude the bargain with the company, and deliver

1 A place on the sea, 20 miles to th? south of Plymouth, novv called
Sandwich. Seep. 185, note 4.

2 Prince, l67, I68.

8 The Reverend John Robinson died I March, lC25, in the fiftieth vear
of his a«;e. Until his death, the congregation at Plymouth liad not aoan-
doned the hope of his comins; to America, with their brethren, who re-
mained in Holland. The difficulties, which then attended a voya&ce across
the Atlantic ; the expence of an equipment for a new colony ; the liard-
ships, incident to a plantation in a distant wilderness; the ^ebts already
contrdfcted by the Plymouth colonists; and the poverty of the conuregation
at Leyden, prevented his removal. Belknap, Biog. (i. 175. Hutchinson
[ii. 454.] says, that " he was prevented by disappointmentt from those in
England, who undertook to provide for the passage of him and his congre-
gation." See Belknap, ut supra; and Morton, 70. The death of Robin-
son caused the dissolution of bis congregation at Leyden ; some of whom
removed to Amsterdam ; and others, among whom were his widow and
children to New En(;land. Belknap, Biog.'ii, 163. See Note V. at the
end of the volume.

4 Edward VVinslow, Thomas Prince, Miles Standish, William Brewater,
John Alden, John Howland, and Isaac Allerton,

5 Prince, I68, 169-

the

027.

onista
which
m by
T land

102;] AMERICAN AKKALS. 100

the bonds for the stipulated payment ; to carry beaver, and
pay tome of the recent debts i ; to procure a patent for a con-
veiiieni trading place on Kennebeck river >; and to make in-
tercitt with the friend of the colony in London, to join with
the right undertakers for the discharge of the debts of the
colony, and for keeping their friends from Leyden. He closed
the barffain with the company of adventurers at London, oii
the sixth of November 3.

The colony of Quebec, by direction of cardinal Richlieu,
sole minister of France, was taken out of the hands of the
French Protestants, and, together with its trade, put into the
hands of one hundred persons, called the Company of one hun-
dred Associates, at the head of which was the cardinal him-
self, with the mareschal Defiat, and other persons ofeminence4.

William Usselin, an eminent Swedish merchant, having
ereatly extolled the country in the neighbourhood of New
Netherlands, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, had issued
a proclamation, exhorting his subjects to contribute to a com-
pany, associated for the settlement of a colony in that territory.
Considerable sums were raised foy contribution ; and a number
of Swedes and Fins came over this year to America. They
first landed at Cape Hinlopen, the sight of which gave them
such pleasure, that they called it Paradise Point. Some time
after they bought of the natives the land from that cape to the
Falls of Delaware, and obtained peaceable possession 5.

I " For,'* savt governor Bradford, *' our excessive interest still iceeps us
low." Prince, '169.

3 A special reason, assi!;ned for this article, is, that " the planters at
Pascatoway and other places eastward of them, as also the fishing shins, en-
vy our trading there, and threaten to get a patent to exclude us; tliuuirh
we (irst discovered and began the same, and brought it to so good an issue."
Prince, ibid, from governor Bradtbrd. [

3 Prince, ibid. " The thing was fullv concluded, and the bargain fairly
engrossed in parchment, under their hands and seals." Gov. Bradford,
Letter Book, Coll Hist. Soc. iii. 48.

4 Univ. Hist. x.\\i\. 424. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. iGl — lO'i; where
is an account of this project for the settlement of Canadiv C'haievoix
(ibid.) thinks nothing could have been better im<igined;- and that France
would have been the most powerful colony in America, had the execution
l>een answerable to the design. The full cumber of the Associates was 107.

b Smith, N. Jei-sev, <i)l. Smith savs, it is uncertain whether they boui;ht
the land of those natives, who could properly convey it. The river t)da»
\vare they called New Swcdelund stream. Ibid. See A. D. K>'^9.

m..i

mil K-nii

the

O i

102S.

., . itpm;, "■ '

re-rrssfeaa-

trsars

200

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1028.

I
I

(

1628.

This year was laid the foufidation of the colony of Maitsi.
chusetts. The council for New Eni^iand on the ninetei.uh
of March sold to Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Youi)|;, and four
other associates in the vicinity of Dorchester in England, a
patent for all that part of New England, lying betweea three
miles to the northward of Merrimack river and three miles to
the southward of Charles river, and in length within the de-
scribed hreadth from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea.
The reverend Mr. White of Dorchester being engaged at that
juncture in projecting an asylum for silenced Nonconformist
ministers, the grantees, by his means, became acquainted with
several religious persons ' in London and its vicinity, who at
first associated with them, and afterward bought rights in their
patent >. Thejr next projected a settlement for the express
purpose of providing for Nonconformists a safe retreat, whtre
they might ej[Uoy religious liberty in matters of worship and
discipline. The company chose Matthew Cradock governor,
and Thomas GoiFe, aeputy governor, with eighteen assist-
ants 3; and sent over a few people under the government of
John Endicot, to carry on the plantation at Naumkeak, and

?repare for settling a colony 4. Endicot, on his arrival at
{"aumkeak, laid the foundation of Salem, the fjrst permanent
town in Massachusetts. Several seivsnts were soon sent over
from En|;land, on the joint stock of the comoany; but upon
their arrival at Naumkeak, an uncultivated oesert, many of

1 John Winthrop, Isaac Johnson, Matthew Cradock, Thomai Goif.
and Sir Richard Saltonstall. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xviit; They
are said to be persons "of like quality," at the first purchaicn of the pa-
tent Ibid.

8 Hubbard (ibid^) tavs, they bought of them all their right and interest
in New England ; but Prince [171.] from the Massachusets colony charter
and record* concluded, that three only of the six original grantees wholly
sold their rights ; and that the other' thive reuined theirs in equal part-
oenhip with the new associates.

3 Beside those gentlemen, there were 20 or SO, who subscribed 1 OSS /.
to be a common stock to carry on the plantation. The ncxtyear 745 /.
more were lent on the same account by several gentlemen. They gene-
rally ventured but 35/. a piece; some, 50/-, afew, 75/i and the governor,
100/. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxii.

4 Johnson says, that Endicot, vho came with thrm " to govern," wai
"a fit instrument to begin this wilderness work ; of courage bold, un-
daunted, yet sociable, andof a cheerful spirit, loving, or austere, as oc-
casion served." Wonderwork. Providence, ig.

V ,, them,

102$.

AMERICAN ANNALS.

201

1038.]

them, for urtnt of wholesome diet and comrenient lodgings^
died of the scurvy and other distempers >.

Six or seven persons, with the consent of governor Endicot,
travelled froui Naiimkeak through the woods about twelve
miles westward, and came to a neck of land, between Mystic
and Charles rivers, caH^'cl Mishawum. It was full of Indians,
called Aberginians ; and, with the unconstrained consent of
their chief, they settled there ».

The PlyuuJiith colonists obtained a patent for Kennebeckt
and up this river, in a place convenient for trade, erected a
house, and furnished it with corn, and other commodities.
While the trade of their tnfiint colony was thus commencing
toward the east, it was becoming gradually extended toward
the west. A Dutch bark from Manhattan arriving at the
trading house at Manomet, with sugar, linen, stuffs, and va-
rious other commodities ; a boat was sent from Plymouth for
Racier, who conducted this commercial enterprise ; and he,
with most of his company, was entertained at Plymouth seve-
ral days. On his return to the bark, some of the people of
PIprmouth accompanied him, and bought various goods. After
this commencement of trade, the Dutch often sent goods to the
same place ; and a traffick was continued several years. The
Plymouth colonists sold much tobacco for linens, stuffs, and
other articles ; and derived great advantage fVom this com*
merce, until the Virginians mund out the Dutch colony 3.

John Endicot, arriving at Naumkeak, as an a^ent, to carry
on the plantation there, and manage all the afiairs of the Mas*
sachusetts patentees, visited the people at Merry Mount; caus-
ed their May pole to be cut down ; rebuked them for their pro*
faneness; and admonished them to reform. Morton, toeir

1 Hubbard, MS. N.Eng. chap, xviii. Prince, 171— 178. Mather, Mag-
na!, i. 10. Chalmer*. i. 186. The Reverend Mr. Bentley [Hist. .Salem*
Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. ttSC^I sayi, '* The natives bad tunakcD tliis spot [Naum-
keak] before the Englsh had reached it. On the foil they fuiiiid no
natives, of whom we tiLve any record. No natives ever claimed it, and
the possession was uninterrupted."

3 Prince, 174, 175. This chief was called by the English John Saga-
more. He was the oldest son of the old Aberginiaii chief, who was then
dead. The '7W Englishmen, who now settled at Misliawum. found but
one Enxlish nouie there, " thatched and palisadocd, possessed by ThonuM
VValford. a smith." Ibid.

3 Prince. 171 — 173. The Dutch, on the visit reciteJ above, acquaint*
ing the people of Plymouth with the trade of wampum, they were induced
tn purchase that article of the Indians, to the value of about .^0/. For
the two first years it was uiiiialeablei but it became afterward a very im-
portant article of trade, cspeciA.'!/ with the inland Indiana, who did not
make it.

prin*

A^ )

203 AMERICAN ANNALS. fl^^O.

principal, was incorrigible. Hearing what gain the French
and the fishermen made by selling guns, powder, and shoi to
the natives, he began the same trade in his neighbouvhoud,
and taught the natives the use of' fire arms. The English,
meeting them in the woods, armed in this manner, were
greatly intimidated. The chief persons, in the scattered plan-
tations at Pascataqua, Naumkeak, Winisimet, Wessagusset,
Uantaskei, and other places, met, and agreed to solicit the
people of Plymouth, who were stronger than all the other
New England colonists combined, to unite with them in the
supression of the alarming evil. The Plymouth colonists, af-
ter repeatedly sending friendly messages to Morton, advising
him to forbear his injurious courses, and receiving insolent re-
plies, prevailed with the governor of their colony to send
Standlsh, with seme aid, to apprehend him. This gal lai*^ of-
ficer succe^fully performed the enterprize. Dispersing the
worst of the company, he brought Morton to Plymouth,
whence he was soon after sent to England ».

Sir Thomas Warner, and a number of Englishmen, attempt-
ed the settlement of Befbuda ; but, finding it a rocky and
barren island, they left it, and settled at Nevis, to the num-
ber of about one hundred, many of whom were old planters
of St. Christopher's », At the island of St. Christopher there
were, this year, about thirty sail of English, French, and
Dutch ships. The natives, having done much mischief among
the French, were entirely expelled from the island 3.

1629.

On the petition of the Massachusetts company, seconded
by the solicitation of lord Dorchester, king Charles, by charter,
confirmed the patent of Massachusetts colony. By this patent,
the company was incorporated by the name of " The Go-
vernor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New En-
gland," to have perpetual succession; empowered to elect
forever, out of the freemen of said company, a governor, a de-
puty governor, and eighteen assistants, to be newly chosen on
the last Wednesday in Easter term yearly, by the greater part
of the company ; and to make laws, not repugnant to the laws
of England. Matthew Cradock was constituted the first go-
vernor ; and Thomas GofFe, the first deputy governor. Sir

1 lIubbanlMS. N. Kns. chap, xviii. Prince, 17.1—177. .Tosfcljn,?^!.'

2 Ajwlcrson,ii. 8.S.>. Smrth, Virg. contin. chap, x.wii. Univ. Hist. xli. 288.

3 Smitli, Viig. icoiuiDuctl, cl;-.\p. xxv.

i?.-i-*-**r*:flr/x^

HIV.^^*»t»^--»*^

ade-

Ei.

1620-] AMERICAN ANNALS. 20*

Richard Saltonstall and seventeen other persons were consti-
tuted assistants t.

A court of the Massachusetts company was soon after
holden at London, and settled a form of government for the
new colony. It ordained, that thirteen persons, such as should
be reputed the most wise, honest, expert, and discreet, resi-
dent on the colonial plantation, should, from time to time,
have the sole management of the government and aflairs of the
colony ; and they, to the best of their judgement, were to " en**
deavour to so settle the same," as might '* make most to the
glory of God, the furtherance and advancement of this hope-
ful plantation, the comfort, encouragement, and future bene-
fit" of the company, and of others, concerned in the com-
mencement or the prosecution of the work. The persons,
thus appointed, were to be entitled " The Governor and
Council of London's Plantation in Massachusetts Bay, in New
England*.'*

The same court elected John Endicot to be governor of
the colony ; and Francis Higginson with six others to be the
council. These seven counsellors were empowered to choose
three others : and such of tlie former planters, as were willing
to live within the limits of the plantation, were empowered
to choose two more, to make the council to consist of twelve;
one of whom was by the governor and council, or the major
part of them, to be chosen deputy to the governor for the time
being. These persons were to continue m office for a year, or
tintil the court of the company in London should appoint
others ; and the governor, or, in his absence, the deputy go-
vernor, might call cottrts at discretion.

At a court of the company, holden at London in May, it
was agreed, that every adventurer, who had advanced fifty
pounds, should have two hundred acres of land allowed him ;
and that fifty acres a-piece should be allowed them who went
over at their own charge. Several persons, of considerable im«
portance in the Englisn nation, were now enlisted among the
adventurers, who, for the unmolested enjoyment of their reli-
gion, were resolved to remove into Massachusetts. Foresee-
ing, however, and dreading, the inconvenience of being go-
verned by laws, made for them withont their own consent,
they judged it more rational, that the colony should be ruled

1 Mather, Magnal. book i. 10. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 277. Cl)almcrs, f,
ISfl. Prince, 180. This first Charter of Massachusetts was first printed
in Hutchinson's Collection of Papers, I — 23 ; it is also in Hazard, Coll. i.
289 — 255- Some of these authors place it in l6i>8; but, if the year be
computed from January, it was in 16'.>9.

2 This act for settling the government is in Hazard, Coll. i. <^G8— <?71.

kt ^ St

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t %\

!(4h '■'.

.■* »

rt^jMWHsiiiSiM*-

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204 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l620»

by men, residing in the plantation, rather than by those, dwell,
ingat the distance of three thousand miles, and over whom
they should have no cqntroul. A t the same time therefore, that
they proposed to transport themselves, their families, and
estates to this country, they insisted, that the charter should
be transmitted with them, and that the corporate powers, con-
ferred by it, should be executed in future in New England.
An agreement was accordingly made at Cambridge in En-
gland between Sir Richard Saitonstall, Thomas Dudley, Isaac
Johnson, John Winthrop, and a few others, that on those
conditions they would be ready the ensuing March, with their
persons and families, to embark for New England, for the
purpose of settling in the country i. The governor and com-
pany, entirely disposed to promote the measure, called a ge-
neral court ; at which the deputy governor stated, that seve-
ral gentlemen, intending to go to New England, were de-
sirous to know, whether tne chief government with the patent
would bo settled in Old or New England. This question
caused a serious debate. The court was adjourned to the
next day, when it decreed, that the government and the patent
of the plantation should be transferred from London to Mas-
sachusetts Bay. An order was drawn up for that purpose ; in
pursuance of which a court was holden for a new election of
officers, who would be willing to remove with their families ;
and John Winthrop was chosen governor ; John Humfrey,
deputy governor ; and Sir Richard Saitonstall, Isaac Johnson,
Thomas Dudley, and others, were chosen assistants 2.

The infant colony at Naumkeak had, in the mean time,
been making progress. In the lord treasurer's warrant for
the colonists to go to New England, dated the sixteenth of
April, liberty was given to sixty women and maids, twenty-
six children, three nundred men with victuals, arms, apparel,
tools, one hundred and forty head of cattle, some horses,
sheep and goats ; which were transported in six ships in the
summer of this year. Three of the ships sailed from the isle

1 " VVe will so really endeavour the execution of this wurke, as by
Grid's assistance we will be ready in our persons, und with such of our
several! faniilves as arc to go with us — to cnibarke for tbe said plantation
by the first of' March next — to passe the seas (under God's protection) to
inhabitc and continue in New Enu;land. Provided always, that before the
last of September next the whole governmemt, together with the patent
for the said plantation, be first legally tranferrcd," &c. Hutchinson, Coll.
So, '26, where is " The true coppie of the agreement at Cambridge,
August 26, 1629."

•i Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. cbap.xxii. Prince, 10S— 195. Cimlmers,

150, 151.

- of

lOaO-l AMERICAN ANNALS. 20*

of Wight in May, carrying about two hundred persons, with
abundance of all things, necessary to fonn a settlement ; and
in June arrived at Naumkeak. This aboriginal name was ex-
changed by these settlers for one, expressive of the peaceful asy-
lum which they foundi in the American wilderness. They called
the place Salem. It contained, at the time of their arrival,
but six housbs, beside thai of governor Endicot ; and there
were in the whole colony but one hundred planters ».

Dissatisfied with the situation at Salem, Thomas Graves,
with some of the company's servants under his care, and
others, to the number of onehundred in all, removed to Mis*
hawum, where they laid the foundation of a town, to which,
with the consent of the governor Endicot, they gave the
nameofCharlestown. Mr. Graves laid out the town in two
acre lots, one of which he assi^^ned to each inhabitant ; and
afterward he built a great house for the accommodation of
those who were soon to come over to New England a.

Two hundred settled at Salem, and, by general consent of .
the old planters, were combined with them into one body po-

1 Chalmers, i. 142, 14S ; who lays, there where then at Saltm ei^ht
miserable hovels. Univ. Hist xxxix. 278. Prince, 183 — 188. In Ha-
zard's Coll. [i. 277 — 285.] there is a letter from the company to «• Captain
Jo. Endvcott, and the Councell in New England," dated Lnndon 29
May,and Grave&cndS June, 1C29, giving notice of the establishment of
Kndicot as " present governor," and subjoining instructions for the mz--
nagenient of the (i'olony. Tlie governor and council were desired to " ap-
point a carefuU and diUiu;ent Overseer to each familie," to see that the ser-
vants, sent over for the company, were employed in their proper business.
Blank books were sent, to be diistributed among the ovei-scers, who
were •• to keep a perfect Register of the dayly worke done by each pcrsoit
iueach familie," a copy of which was to be sent once every half year t«>
England. The instructions say, " for the better governing and ordering
ofour people, especiallie such as »;hall be negligent and remiss in the
performance of their diityes, or otherwise exorbitant, our desire is,
that a house of coricccon be erected and set upp, both for the punish-
ment of such olVendcrs, and to deterr others by their example from such
irregular courses." Caution was given against the culture of that vile
weed, which was considered as the source of great evil to society : " And
as in our lormer, soe now againe wee espetially desire you to take care
that noe tobacco bee planted by any i>i" the new Planters under your e"-
vemment ; unless it bee some small (juantitie for meere necessitic, and for
phisick for preservation of their health?, and that the same bee taken pri-
vately by aunticnt men and none other." An injunction was given, " to
bee very circumspect in the infancic of the plantacon, to settle some
good orders," to promote industry, " that noe idle drone be permitted to
live amongst us ; which if you take care now at the first to Cfitahiish, wil be
an undoubted meanes, through God's assistance, to prevent a world
disorders, and many grevious sinns and sinners."
$ Coll, Hist Soc.i. 123, 1^4. Clialnici>, j. 143. Prince, IftS. '

• - ' ■ lillc.

m t. «.

t ^' ^ :'^

r— y*^

.-*-«'

Ei ^

l>P

206 AMnrCAt^J ANNALS. [lC20.

litic, under the same governor,'. It being early resolved to
settle in a church state, thirty persons, who commenced the
church, judged it needful to enter solemnly into covenant, to
walk together according to the Word of God. Inviting the
church of Plymouth to the solemnity, that they might have
its approbation and concurrence, if not direction and assist-
ance, they solemnly declared their assent to a confession of
faith, drawn up by one of their ministers, and entered into a
religious covenant a. They then ordained their ministers 3, and
a ruling elder, by the imposition of the hands of some of the
brethren, appointed by the church ; and governor Bradford
and others, messengers from the church of Plymouth, gave
them the right hand of fellowship. ** They aimed," says
Hubbard, *' to settle a Reformed Church, according to their
apprehension of the gospel, and the pattern of the best Re>
formed Churches 4".

A commission having been given by Charles I. to David
Kertk 5 and his valiant kinsmen, to conquer the American do-
minions of France, Kertk had attacked Canada in July 1628,
and still carried on his military operations with vigour.
Louis and Thomas Kertk, appearing again at this time of]f
Point Levi, sent an officer on shore to Quebec, to summon
the city to surrender. Champlain, who had the chief com-
mand, knowing his means to be inadequate to a defence, sur-
rendered the city by capitulation 6. The terms of this capitu-
lation

1 Higgcson's N. Eng. Plantation in Coll. Hist. Soc i. 123.
S A copy of this Covenant is in Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. '^33, 284 ; and in
Mather, Magnal. booki. 18, 10.

3 One of tliera was Mr. Francis TTigginson, a minister of Lcicesler-
•hire, who had been silenced for his Nonconformity ; the other was Mr.
Skelton, a minister of Lincolnshire, who bad also suflered tor the same
cause. Both were eminent for learning and virtue, and came to New
England by invitation of those, who were engaged in prosecuting the
settlement at Salem. Mather, Magna!, book i. 1(>. They had been or-
dained by bishops in tlie church of England ; this ordination was only to
the pastoral care of t/iat particular Jfock, founded on their free election.
Prince, HH.

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxi. Mather, Magnal. 17, 19- Chal-
miers, 143. Josselyn, Voy. ,2,51. Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 2I0.

b The English writers commonly wri^e the name Kirk. I follow Cham-
plain and Charlevoix, one of whom gives tlie name, as signcri at the ca-
pitulation; the other informs us that it is a French mame, Kertk bavin'
been a native of France, and a I'rotestant refugee in England : •' David
Kertk, Frangois, ilatifde Dieppe, niais Calviniste et refugie en Angle-
tcrie." Nouv. France, i. I6.").

t) Champlain, Voy. sec. part. ]r}7 — 160; 214—920; were are the Let-
ters of correspondence between the Kertks and Champlain, and the Arti-
cles of capitulatiou. The spirited aiuwer of Cliauiplain at the frst

sum-

1029.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 207

lation were very favourable to the French colony ; and they
were so punctually and honourably fulfillerl by the English, that
the greater part of the French chose to remain with their cap-
tors, Instead of going, as had been stipulated, to France >.
Thus was the capital of New France subdued by the arms of
England, just one hundred and thirty years before its final
conquest by the celebrated Wolf*.

Although the subjects of different nations now traded with
the natives in the bay of Delaware ; no settlements appear to
have yet been formed on either margin of it by the Dutch or
Swedes 3. The Hollanders, resolved to establish a colony at
Manhattan, appointed Van Twiller governor, who arrived at
Fort Amsterdam in June, and began to grant lands the sub-
sequent year ; at which time commenced the first permanent
settleraentof the Dutch4.

The project for settlein^ Guiana was now revived. Four
ships with nearly two hundred persons arrived there from En-
gland ; and preparations were made for another embarkation.
One hundred English and Irish people went from Holland to
the same country, conducted by the old planters. Roger
North, who was a principal person in effecting this settlement,
seated his colony about a hundred leagues in the main land 5.

summons to surrender in 1(528, and Kertk's ignorance of the real state of
the French garrison, are theonlyapparentcansesof the failure of the V.n-
<^lish in their first attempt on Quebec. Cliailevoix, [Nouv. France, i. i(5(>.]
says, the French in Quebec were then reduced to seven oiincus of bread
each, a day ; and that they had but five pounds of powder in their man;a-
zine. Some time before the surrender, their jjrovisions were entirelv ex-
hausted : "troismois aprcs que les vivres eurent manque ab:>oiutuent."
Ibid.

1 iJniy. Hist, xxxix. 423. Brit. Emp. Introd. i. 47.

a Chalmers, i. <);J.

3 Chalmers, i.'247. Seep. lOP of this volume.

4 Smith, N. York. .S. Chalmers, i. A70 ; who supposes, that settlement
•' now probably acquired the name of Naw Netherlands, tiiou^h this
people, like the French and En'!;lish, were never able to assign to thtin
any s|K;cific boimdaries." We have isheady, for convenience, used thft
name oi Nexu Nethertandi, andstv led the Dutch people the.-e a cotowf
[See p. U9 — l-'iO, 189.] j but neither term appears to be strictly appfi-
cahl^, until this period.

6 Smith, in Cluirchill V'oy. ii. chap. ' xiv. A party of men, sent out for
discovery, fuund many towns well inhabited; most of the people entirely
naked; but they s.iw'" not any such giant women .is the river's name
[Amazons] importeth." Ibid. Oldys does not c.\|>ie^:.lY notice this
settlement of lG-20i but says, that "some other little attempts were
made there" several years after Ifi-iO; and subjoins : " lliit \\v\s all this
spacious and fruitful country has been since sliiunoliilly tleserted, by the
hny;lish especially; the quiet pf-sscssion there h) the Sjianiards, to ibi*

,1 ''

m> 1

d;iy, is snli^cieut Witne^n." Life Halc^h, \iiii

!i ;

— —r I '" ^ jly.K^-t i.t l i llli— "iT'- j ::

--•*<

. ~i3«**»fS-*Si**

p :<

1 .1

i
li

208 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l630.

In the Somcr Isles tliure were, at this time, between two
and three thousand inhabitants. Charles Saltonstall, son of
bir Samuel Saltonstall, sailed from England to Barbadoes, and
with nearly two hundred people, accompanied by Sir William
Tuftpn, governor fur Barbadoes, and carrying what was neces-
sary (or a plantation. There were now on that island, and
going to it, about fifteen or sixteen hundred people ; and in
all the Carribbee islands, inclusive of those actually preparing
to settle in them, there were nearly three thousand i. About
this time the English are said to have begun to plant on the.
island of Providence, the chief of the Bahama islands *.

1630.

By the agency of the earl of Warwick and Sir Ferdlnando
Gorges, Plymouth colony obtained from the council for New
England its last patent. This patent, dated the thirteenth of
January, conveyed a considerable territory around the origi-
nal settlement. The limits of that part of the grant are thus
defined : *' All that part of New England lying between Co-
hasset rivulet toward the north, and Narraganset river toward
the south ; the great western ocean [the Atlantic] toward the
east, and a strait line extending into the main land toward the
west from the mouth of Narraganset river to the utmost bounds
of a country in New England, called Pokenakut, alias Sowam-
eet ; and another like strait line, extending directly from the
mouth of Cohasset river toward the west so far into the main
land on the river Kcnnebeck, extending from the utmost limits
of Pokenakut, alias Sowamset." It also conveyed a tract of
land on the river Kennebeck, extendi ig from the utmost li-
mits of Cubbiseconte, which adjoins tliat river toward the
western ocean, and a place called the Falls at Nequamkike,
and fifteen miles each side of Kennebeck river, and all the
river itself. By this charter the colonists were allowed
to make orders, ordinances, and constitutions, for the or-
dering, disposing^ and governing the'.r persons, and dis-
tributmg the lands wilhin the limits of the patent 3. The

CO-

I Smith, ut supra, chap, xxif, xxv, xxvi.
« Anderson, ii. 339 ; " till then quite uninhabited."
3 Plymouth Laws, Prr/flcf. Prince, lOfi— 198. Hazard, Coll. i 9P8—
303 ; where is an entire copy of this Patent. It has been erroneously sup-
jwsed, that the Plymouth colonists, previous to the reception oV this
charter, had no right to their lands, but what arase from orcM/jwHt-^^. The
truth is, that, as soon as they knew of the cstahtislimcnt of the Council of
Is'ew England, they dispatched au u^eiit to Englaud to apply for a patent

Sir

iii ' m II I I

998—

isly su|j-

oV this

•y. The

uncil of

patent

Sir

1030.] AMERICAN ANNALS.' 209

colony of Plymouth then contained nearly three hundred
souls ^

A fleet of fourteen sail, with men, women, and children,
and provisions, having beeu prepared early in the year to make
a firm plantation in New England, twelve of the ships arrived,
by the sixth of July, in Massachusetts Bay 2. In this fleet
came passengers governor Winthrop, deputy governor Dud-
ley, with several other gentlemen of wealth and quality 3.
In the same fleet came about fifteen hundred passengers, of
various occupations, some of whom were from the west of
England ; but the greatest part, from the vicinity of London.
The expence of this epulpment and transportation was twenty-
one thousand two hundred pounds. Warhatn, Miverick,
Kossiter, and Ludlow, arriving earlier than many of the com-
pany, were put on shore at Nantasket. Proceeding in a boat
to Charlestown, they found there several wigwams, a few En-
glish people, and one house with an old planter, who could
speak the Indian language. Ascending Charles river, until
it became narrow and shallow, they landed their goods at a

SirF. Gorges interested himself in the afrairs;and the application was
siicceftsful. As early as 6 July, iC'il, the merchant adventurers in England
wrote to governor Carver of Plymonth, " We have procured you a
Charter," &c. This was taken in the name of John Pierce, in trust for
the colony. InlO'J.S, Pierce, who had obtained another patent, of larger
extent, in his own name, sold it to the company of adventurers. See p.
186 of this volume. In 1627, the Plymouth colonists bought of the
adventurers in England all their shares, stocks, merchandizes, landsf
and chattels. Sec pp. 190, lys, 199, of tliis volume. Prince, 114,120,
l.'J6, 198. Bclkn.ip, Biog. i. .StiG; ii. 23 !. Chalmers [i- 87.1 ."iays: "As
they had treely placed themselves wi''-'.,j the boundaries of the Plymouth
company's patent, they necessarily consented to obey its ordinances;
though that body seems never to have cjccrcised antf nufhority over them."
On that passage Dr. Rclknap has remarked, in the margin of Chalmers,
with his pen ; " That Inniy granted them a Charter in l6'2iJ, and another
in l6'^9. by virtue of which they had legal \uthority to govern them-
selves."

1 Chalmers, i. 97. Neal, N. Eng. 1. 128. Callender, R. Island, 10.

2 Prince [199.] says, they were ready in February, but staid at South-
ampiun and its vicinity until May, to take S60 kine, with other live
cattle, &c. Chalmers [i. 151.] says, there were 17 vessels. It appears from
Prince [p. 199» note, 79 and p. 241, 245.], that there were 17 employed
from February to August. There is a list of them in Prince, ii. 10.

3 Among those, who were distinguished in civil life, beside Winthrop
and Dudley, were Sir Richard. Saltonstall, Ludlow, Rossiter, Newel, 1.
Sharp, Pynchon, S. Bradstrect, Johnson, Coddington; the eminent
ministers were, John Wilson, George Phillips, Joho Maverick, and John
Warham. Prince, 212.

Vol. L

wen

:' ''t

210 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l030.

well watered place < ; whence, a few days after, they removed
to Matapan ; and here be^an to build a town >.

On the arrival of the principal ships of the fleet at Charles-
town, the governor and several of the patentees having viewed
the bottom of the Bay of Massachuseits, and pitched^ down
on the north side of Charles River, took lodgings in the
great house built there the preceding year ; and the rest of
the conipany erected cottages, booths, and tents, about the
town hill. Their place of assembling for divine service was
under a tree. The whole fleet having safely arrived, a day
of thanksgiving was kept in all the plantation*; 3.

The first court of assistants was holden at Charlestown on
the twenty-third of August, on board the Arabella. The
first question proposed was. How the ministers should be
maintained. Thecour. ordered, that houses be built, and
salaries nused, for thetn, at the public charge 4. It also or*
dered, that Morton of Mount W oUaston 5, be presently sent
for ; settled the price of the labour of mechanics ; aud chose
Mr. Bradstreet secretary 6.

1 Afterward called Watcrtown. Prince, 208. They landed their
goods with much labour, " the bank being steep." At night they had
notice of 300 Indians " hard by;" but the old planter (who had ac-rnm*
panied the adventurers from Charlestown) going, and requesting them
not to come near the English, they complied with his request. The
whole number of the English did not exceed ten. The ne.xt morning
some of the natives appeared at a distance ; and one of them at length
holding out a bass, a man was sent with a biocuit, which the Indian re-
ceived in exchange for it. After this introduction, the natives were
very friendly and furnished the English with fish j giving a bass fur a
biscuit." Ibid.

2 Prince, 207, 208. Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 08. They had " order" to
come to this place, " because there was a neck fit to keep their cattle on.''
Ibid. I

5 Winthrop, Jotirn. 19. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxiv. Prince, 21 1.
4 .Sir R. Saltcnstall undertook to see this provision made at his

plantation for Mr. Phillips : and the governor, at the other plantation
tor Mr. Wilson. Mr. Phillips was to have 30 /. a year ; Mr. Wilson,
until his wife should come over SO /. Matapan and Salem were ex-
cepted, in the order of the court. Prince, 247.

.5 Morton was sent to England, with a messenger and letters of in-
formation against him to New England council, in 1628 [See p. 202.] j
but the council did rot even rebuke him. and he returned to Massa-
chusetts the next year. Prince, 177.

6 Winthrop, Journ. &0. Prince, d46, 247. The order, relating to
the price of labour, wat, that carpenters, joiners, bricklayers, sawyers,
and tliatchcrs. take no more than two shillings a day» on penalty of ten

Ibid.

•hillings to giver and taker.

"■■ --.I'l

■"'■'^■(-■•-^SWt'

1530.
Aoved

larles-
iewed
down
in the
rest of
at the
:e was
a day

»wn on
. The
)uld be
lit, and
ilso or-
tly sent
d chose

ided their
t they had
ad accom-
sting them
licst. 'riie
t morning
at length
Indian re-
atives were
1 bass fur a

•« order" to
■ cattle on.'*

rince.Qll.
lade at hk

plantation
Vir. Wilson,
n were ex-

:tters of in-
ee p. 20«.] i
;d to Massa-

relating to
ers, sawyers,
enalty of ten

1(530.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 211

An early attention was paid to the great obiect of the en*
terprize. A day of solemn prayer and fasting was kept on the
twenty-seventh of August, when the governor, deputy gover-
nor, and others, entered into church covenant ; Mr. Wilson <
was chosen pastor; a ruling elder and two df '"ons were also
chosen ; and thus was laid the foundation of .<; churches of
Charlestown and Boston >.

It was the general intention of the company to settle at
Charlestown ; where the governor ordered his house to be
flamed ; but the prevalence of a mortal sickness, ascribed to
the badness of the water 3, induced several of the people to
explore the neighbouring country, for more eligible situa-
tions. Some of them travelled up into the main land, until
they came to the place recently visited by Mr. Warham and
others ; and here Sir Richard Saltonsiall, Mr. Phillips, and
some others, settled a plantation.

On the South side of the mouth of the river Charles, on a
peninsula, called by the natives Shawmut, but by the En-
glish, Trimountain 4, there lived at that time, in a solitary
cottage, Mr. BlackstonS, an Episcopal minister; who, going
to Charlestown at this juncture, informed the governor of an
excellent spring of water at Shawmut, and invited him over
to his side of the river. Johnson and the principal gentlemen
of the company, induced by this invitation, crossed the river ;
and, finding the place as eligible, as they had been led to ex-

1 The Rev. John Wilson had formerly been a minister of Sudbury in
the county of Sutlulk in Knglaiid ; and is characterised as a man of dis-
tinguished piety and Zeal. Mather, Magnal. i. 22. "We used imposition
of hands," says gov. Winthrop [Journal, 'iO.], " but with this protestation
by all, that it was only as a Mgn of election and confirmation, not of any
intent that Mr. Wilson should renounce his ministry he received in Ed>
gland."

a Winthrop, Jour n. 20. Mather, Magnal. i.2 2. Prince [243.] places
this article 30 Julyj but he had not Men seen governor Wintlirop's
Journal.

3 The neck of land, on which Charlestown is built, abounds with
good water ; but the settlers had only found a brackish spring, by the
water side, to which they had kn. access, excepting when the tide was
down. Prince, 844.

4 Mr. Prince, [249] supposed the name Trimountain was given, on
the account of three contiguous hills, in this peninsula, appearing from
Charlestown in a range. Wood [N. E. Prosp.] writes the aboriginal name*
Mishaumut.

5 He is said to have been the first Englishman, who slept on the penin*
snia. He dwelt in that part of West Boston, now callea Barton's Point.
Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 841. ,. .

■ <'i»

V 2

pect.

m:i.^ >

I -I

212 AMERICAN ANNALS, * [l630.

pect, they began a Kcttlement there by the erection of small
cottages I.

At the second court of assistants, holden at Charlestown,
it viras ordered, that no person should plant in any place, with-
in the limits of the patent, without leave from the governor
and assistants, or the major part of them ; that a warrant
should presently be sent to Agawam, to command those who
were planted there, to come immediately away ; and that
Trimountain be called Boston ; Matapan^ Dorchester j and
the town on Charles river, Watertown.

The governor with most of the assistants, about this time,
removed their families to Boston ; having it in contemplation
to look for a convenient place for the erection of a fortified
town ».

Mr. Pynchon with some others chose a place for settle-
ment between Dorchester and Boston, and called it Roxbury 3.

The first general court of the Massachusetts colony was
holden at Boston. At this court many of the first planters
attended, and were made free of the colony 4. This was the
first general court, which the freemen attended in person.
It was now enacted, that the freeoAen should in future have
power to choose assistants, when thsy were to be chosen ;
and the assistants were empowered to choose out of their
own number the governor and deputy governor, who, with
the assistants, were empowered to make laws, and appoint
ofHcers for the execution of them. This measure was now
fully assented to by the general vote of the people 5; but when
the general court convened early the next year, it rescinded
this rule, and ordaine*!; that the governor, deputy governor,
and assistants, should be chosen by the freemen alone ^.

In consideration of the inconveniences, that had arisen in
England from the custom of drinking healths, governor
Winthrop restrained the practice ut his own table, and dis-

1 Prince, 241—244. Coll. Mist. Soc. iii. Q41, 242.

2 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. x.w. VVonderwork. Providence, 39.
Prince, 249. Dudley says, it was the previous intention of the settlers to
give that name to the j)iace, which they should" first resolve on" [Lett,
to countess of Lincoln, 14.] ; and Hubbard, that it was in respect to Mr.
Cotton, an eminent minister in a town of that name in Lincolqshire; who
it is probable, was soon expected from England. See A. D. l6S3.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxv. Dudley's Lett, to countess of
Lincoln, 14. Fleet's Rep;ister (1792) puts its incorporation 28 Sept. 1630.

4 Wonderwork. Providence, p. S9 ; where it is said, the number of
freemen this year was 110. See their principal names iu Prince, il 4.

.0 Prince, ii. ;J Chalnicn?, i. 153.
it Chalmers, ibid.

,.^„^ , coun-

'•■'^•mtfiM

Id30.] AMERICAN ANN \L 4 S13

countenanced it among the people j wher e it becai\ gradu.
ally abolished I.

The infant colony sustained a great loss, in th« death (u
Isaac Johnson; who was the first magistrate that died ir^
Massachusetts. He was distinguished for piety, wisdom, an(
public spirit; was oneofthehve undertakers' of the pi:)'
tation, and a principal founder of the town of Boston. He wus
buried in his own lot ; and the first burying place in Boston
was laid out around his grave 3.

John Billinston, indicted for murder, was found guilty
" both by grand and petty jury," and executed. This was the
first execution in Plymouth colony 4.

Some of the scattered planters in the Bay of Massachusetts
having purchased lands of the natives about Pa'icataqua ; and
John Mason having obtained from the council of Plymouth a
new patent for a tract of land in the same region 5 ; the west
country adventurers were not less attentive to their interest.
They now obtained from the council a patent for Edward
Hilton, for all that part of the river Pascataqua^ known by
the name of Hilton's Point, with the south side of the river
up to the falls of Squamscot^ and three miles in breadth into
the main land ^.

Sir William Alexander sold all his right in Nova Scotia,
excepting Port Royal, to St. Etienne, lord of La Tour, a

1 Winthrop, Journal, 30.

2 The other 4 were, gov. Winthrop, dcp, gov. Dudley, Sir R. Salston-
stall, and John Uevell, esquire. Prince, ii. 2, 14.

3 Prince, ii. 1, 2. He died SO September. The lot, that he had
chosen, './as the great square, lying between Cornhill on the southeast ;
Treinont street on the northwest ; Queen street [now Court street] on
the northeast ; and School street on the south-west [Prince, ii. 2.] ; a des-
cription, which precisely marks the present burying place near the Stone
Chapel. His wife, lady Arabella, coming from '<a family of a noble
earlaom into a wilderness of wants," was inadequate to the trials of so great
a transition. She was taken sick soon after her arrival at Salem, where
she first landed, and there died. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. \xiv.
The ship, in which gov. Winthrop came over, was named from her.—
Of the people, who came in the ships with gov. Winthrop, 200 at least
died from April to December. Ibid. p. 6. About UK) persons, totally dis-
couraged, returned in the same ships to England. Chalmers, i. 162.

4 Ifuhbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xvii. Prince, ii. 2, 3. lie " was
one of the profanes t among us. He came from London, and I know not
by what friends shutlled into our company." Ibid.

5 This tract was called New Hampshire. Belknap, N. Hanip. i. 14.
The grant is in Hazard, i. 280 — 293. Those tiansactions were m 1^2*).

Belknap, N. Hamp. ii. 10—15. The patent sets forth, that Hilton
nnd his associates iiad at their own proper charges transported servants,
built houses, and planted corn at II iltou's Point, now Dover, and in-
tended the farther iucieabc of the plantation. Ibid. See. p. 187 of this
volume

V 3 ■ French

li*-

2:4 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l03l.

French Huguet t; on condition, that the inhabitantR of the
territory shoutd continue subjects of the Scottish crown.
The French still retained possession >.

The Dutch continuing their pretensions to the land lately
settled by the Swedes, one of the Swedes built a foit within
the capes of Delaware, at a place called Hoarkil) *.

Sir Robert Heath, attorney general of Charles I. obtained
a grant of the region, which stretches southward of the Vir-
ginian coast fro;n the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude,
comprehending the Louisiana territory on the Mississipi },
by the name of Carolana 4.

Charles L issued a proclamation, forbidding the disorderly
trading with the savages in New England, especially the fur-
nishing of them with weapons and habiliments of war 5.

1631.

Robert, earl of Warwick, having the last year received 9,
grant from the council of Plymouth 6 of all that part of New
England, which extends from Narraganset river one hundred
ana twenty miles on a strait line nenr the shore toward the
southeast, as the coast lies toward Virgitiia, and within that
breadth from the Atlantic <Kcan to the South sea, now made
It over to William, viscount 8ay and Seal, Robert, lord
Brook, and their associates. This is the original patent for
Connecticut 7.

The

I Chalmers, i. 03. Condiiite dcs Franc. 103. Brit. Emp. j. 170.
This grant of Sir W. Alexander is in Hazard, Coll. i. .S07— .S09.

a Smith, N. Jersey, 22. This place has since been called Lewis Town. lb.
S Univ. Hist xl. 274.

4 Chalmers, i. 51.'>— 517. He seems liowcver to have made no settle-
ment; and at a future day [See A. D. l(iC3.] his patent was declared to
bave become void, because the conditions, on which it had heen granted,
wcrii never fulfilled. Ibid. The authors of the Universal History [xl.
274 — 278.] says, that Sir Robert Heath conveyed his right to *heearl of
Arundel -, that this earl was at t)ie expence of planting several parts of
the country, but that the civil wars, breaking out, put a stop to the
design; that, by different conveyances, the property of the whole country
devolved at length o* Dr. Cox, who, at great expence, discovered part
of it, ?.r.u, in a niemoiia! to king William, inc«)ntestibly proved his claim
♦o it ; and that his son, Daniel Cr»x, Esq. who resided fourteen vears in the

• country, continued his father's clair.\ and published a very /uli account

ofit.

5 Chalmers, i. 168. This Proclamation i$ in llazzard, Coll, i. 311,312.

6 It had been confirmed to him by a patent from Charles I. Trumbull,
i. 13.

r Trumbull, i. 12, IS. A copy of this Patent is in Hazard, Coll. i.

Sl8i

!* ■

— .-• »-i.t-^V'

AMERICAN ANNALS.

213

|C31.]

The president and council for New England made a grant
to Robert Aldworth and Giles Elbridee of a hundred acres of
land for every person, whom they should transport to the
Province of Mame within seven years, who should continue
there three years : and an absolute grant of twelve thousand
acres of land, '• as their proper inheritance for ever," to be laid
out near the river, commonly called Pemaquid '.

King Charles {jave a special commission to the earl of
Dorset and others, « for the better plantation of Virginia >."

The same king granted a licence, under the sign manual,
to William Clayborne, " to traffick in those parts of America,
for which there was already no patent granted for sole trade."
Clayborne, and his associates, with the intention of monopo-
lizing the trade of Cheseoeak, planted a small colony on the
Isle of Kent, situated in the centre of the province, soon after
granted to lord Baltimore. That province afterward found
cause to regret, that a people had nestled within its limits,
who paid unwilling obedience to its laws 3.

Neither the soil, nor the climate, of the inhospitable island
of Newfoundland answering the expectations of lord Balti-
more ; that worthy nobleman, having heard much of the fer-
tility and other advantages of Virginia, now visited that colo-
ny. Observing, that, though the Virginians had established
trading houses m some of the islands toward the source of the
bay of Chesepeak, they had formed no settlements to the
northward of the river Potowmac, he determined to procure
a grant of territory in that happier climate. Charles I. readily
complied with his solicitations ; but before the patent could
be finall adjusted, and pass the seals, this eminent statesman
died 4.

The Massachusetts colonists early determined to build a
fortii dto\^n. The governor, with the assistants and other
principal persons, having already agreed on a place fur this
purpose, on the northwest side of Charles river, about three

5518; and in Trumbull, Connect, i. Appendix, No. 1. The other paten*
ttjics were Robert, lord Rich, Charles Fiennes, E.f>c\. Sir Nathaniel Rich,
Sir Richard Saltonsti II, Richard Knightiv, John Pym, John Hampden,
John Humphreys, aiid Herbert Pelham, Esquires.

1 Ha/ara. Coll. i. 315—317. where is an abstract of this grant, called
"The Pemaquid Grant." It appears that <• the people or servants" of
Aldworth and Elbrid£;e had bet^n settled on this river three years. Ibid.

a This Commission is in Hazard, Coll. i. 312 — 314.

3 Chalmers, i. '-J07.

4 Ibid. i. 201. He died 15 April, 1632.

iriiiles

t'l

216 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1631,"

miles from Charlestown i ; they, in the spring of this year,
commenced the execution of the design. The governor set
up the frame of a house on the spot where he first pitched his
tent, in the selected place. The deputy governor completed
his house, and removed his family. The town was taken un-
der the patronage of the government, and was called Newtown.
It soon appearing however, that Boston would be the princi-
pal place of commerce ; and Chichetawbut, a sagamore of
the neighbouring Indians *, now making voluntary professions
of friendship; governor Winthrop in the autumn, removed the
frame of his house into Boston ; and the scheme of a fortified
town was gradually relinquished 3.

The ecclesiastical concerns of the Massachusetts colony
were sacredly regarded ; and now the third church was ga- •
thered at Dorchester ; the fourth, at Roxbury j the fifth, at
Lynn ; and the sixth, at Watertown 4.

At the first court of election in Massachusetts, " that the
body of the commons might be preserved of good and honest
men," it was ordered, that, from that time, no persons be
admitted to the freedom of the body politic, but such as were
members of some of the churches within its limits 5. At this
election, one hundred and sixteen took the oath of freemen's,

Thomas Williams having undertaken to set up a ferry be-
tween Winisimet and Charlestown, the general court esta-
blished the rate of the ferry between those two places, and be-
tween Winisimet and Boston 7. An order of the court of as-

1 They first agreed (6 December, l6S0) " to build a town fortified upon
the Neck" between Roxbury and Boston ; but that place was soon after
dven up, 1. Because men would be forced to keep two families. 2.
There was no running water; and if there were any springs, they would
not suffice the town. 3. Most of the people had built already, and would
not be able to build again. After many consultations, the place, de-
scribed in the text, having been agreed on bv all to be " a fit place for a
beautiful town," was determinately fixed. On this spot a town was laid
out in squares, the streets intersecting each other at right angles. All the
streets were named ; and a square, re-icrved for a Market Place, remains
open, and retains it name, to this day. See the authorities at note 3.

2 AtNeponset. Hediedof the small pox in 163.S. Winthrop, Jourii. fid.
- 8 Winthrop, Journ. Ql. Prince, ii. 6, 7. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. G — Sjviii.
41.

4 Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. I,';. Mather, Magna!, i.29.

,5 Hubbaid, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxvi. W^onderwork. IVov. 30.

6 Prince, ii. 29. Johnson says, «' about 83," and Hubbard, 107 ; but
follow Prince, who had reviewed those authors, and would not have
varied from both, '.vitliout special cause. Whichever was the true num-
ber, there were, to use the language of Hiibljaid, ** enough for a founda-
tion."

7 Prince, ii. 29. The court enacted, that he should have 3d. a person
from Winisimet to Charlestown, and 4(i. from Winisimet to Boston. Ibid.

bistunts

J 031.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 21 7

sistants at Boston, for levying thirty pounds on the several
plantations, for clearing a creek, and opening a passage from
Charles river to the new town, shews that this town was yet
destined for the benefit of the colony at large ; and marks the
progress of the several towns in the colony «. The court of
assistants ordered, that corn should pass for payment of all
debts at the usual rate at which it was sold, unless money
or beaver were expressly uanied a.

The small pox, breaking out among the natives at Saugus^
swept away the aboriginal inhabitants of whole towns 3.

'1 he Swedes built a foit on the west of the Dataware, and
called it Cbristeen. Peter Lindstrora, their engineer, having
at this place laid out a small town, they here made their firs(
settlement 4.

After a long relaxation of the spirit of enterprize, Lucas
Fox made a voyage to the northern parts of America in search,
of a northwest passage to India. Toward this enterprize
Charles I. furnished one ship, completely fitted, and victual-
led for eighteen months ; and when Fox was presented to him,
gave him a map, containing all the discoveries made by his
predecessors, with instructions, and a letter to the Japanese
emperor, if he should reach Japan. Near the main land on
the west side of Hudson's Bay, Fox discovered an islandi^
which he named Sir Thomas Roe's Welcome ; and after-
wards discovered and named Brook Cobham Island (now

'■ M

''^J^hI

Hi9

r V^^^H

^■fl w

H^v

4 1

tiiii'>

^■^ 1 Ibid. 30, 31. TIjo order was, that there be levied froq*

Wiiiisiinet - /O. 16*'.

Boston - -

/5.

Wessagussct - 2.

Dorchester

4. 10.

Sangus [Lynn] 1.

Roxbury

Nantasket - 10.

Salem

Watertown - 5.

Charlestown -

4. 10.

The passage from Charles river is still open.

2 I'rince, ii. 35. Chalmers, i. 154. In l630, corn was 10 shillings** a
strike: and beaver, 6 shillings a pound. " We made laws," $a\s Dudley,^
" to restrain selling corn to the Indians ; and to leave the price of beaver
at liberty, which was presently sold for lOs. and 20 s. a pound." Prince^
ii. 1. A milch cow, in 1(331, was valued from 'i5/. to 30 /. sterl. Hutchin-
son, i. 27.

3 I. Mather, N. Eng. 23. When Dr. 1. Mather wrote, thele were,
living some old planters, who on that occasisn, helped to bnry whole fami-
lies of the natives at once, (n one of the wigwams they found an infant
sucking at the breast of its dead mother ; every Indi.in of the place being
dead. Ibid. Alany. when seized with disease, were deserted by thcii'
relations, and " died helpless," unless relieved by the English, who,
visited their wigwams, and contributed all in their,)'' wcr to their assis.-
tance. Wonderwork. I'rovideuce, 61.

4 Smith, N. Jersey, 22,

called

f ^\l

'■I^;1 J

'' ^M il

218 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l632,

called Marble Island), Dun Fox Island, and a cluster of is*
lands, which he called Briggs's Mathematics. He also dis*
covered king Charles's Promontory, Cape Maria, Trinity Is-
lands, Cook's Isle, lord Weston's Portland, and the land,
stretching to the southeast of this last promontory, which he
called Fox's Farthest. On his return, he gave names to every
point of laud on that coast, and to every inlet, and adjacent
island ».

, Thomas Jamesj sent near the same time on the same voy-
age of discovery, visited Hudson's Bay; came to a promon-
tory, which he named Henrietta Maria ; and ran his ship a-
E round on an island, which he afterward called Chaarleston Is-
tnd J where he remained with his crew during the winter.
His discoveries were beyond those of Hudson, Baffin, and
pther navigators a,

1632.

Charles I. by the treaty of St. Germain, resigned the right,
which he had claimed to New France, Acadie, and Canada,
as the property of England, to Lewis XIII. king of France.
Chalmers says, the signal event of the capture of Quebec was
unknown, when peace was re-established in April, lOSQ; and
assigns this as the reason why king Charles, at that treaty, .
absolutely restored to France, those territories generally and
without limits; and particularly Port Royal, Quebec, and
Cape Breton 3. From the restitution of these territories to
France, njay be dated the commencement of a long train of
ills to the colonies and to England. To this transaction, in
the judgement of the able historian, last quoted, may be fairly
traced back the colonial disputes of later times, and the Amcr
rican revolution 4.

Soon after this restitution, the French king gmnted to De
Razilly the lands around the bay and river of St. Croix 5.

1 Foster, Voy. 359—307.

9 Foster, Voy. 367—375. Harris, Voy. i. 634. Univ. Tlist. xli. 102.
For their slielter, they made huts of pieces of wood, which they placed
in ail incliucil posture around a tree, and covered with boughn of trees
jind with their sails; but they ail became frozen iu their limbs. After
suffering extreme hardships, they returned, in 1(53^2, to England. Ibid.

A Chalnicis, i. QS. 3rit. America, book xiv. 246. Hazard, Coll. i. 319'

4 Chalmers, i. 112.

5 lliid. i. |Ht». This grant was made in 1633. Charlevoix, NoXiv. France,
i. M",. Ilutchinsr.r. [Mass?chus. i. 1'28.] says, it gave" 12 leagues on the
^ca, and 20 ie.i;;ues into the land ;" but he mistakes in saying, that the
s;r3nt was n;ude to La Tour, if Chalmers and the French historians are
correct.

The

to De
5.

ot trees

\6S2.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 2ig

The parent, designed for George Calvert, lord Baltimore,
was, on lus decease, fitted up to his son Cecilius Calvert, lord
Baltimore. When king Charles signed the patent, he gave to
the new province the name of Maryland, in honour of his
(jfueen Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry the Great, king of
France. Lord Baltimore Kelu it of the crown of £ngland, pay-
ing yearly for ever two Indian arrows *.

The king of England, " informed of great distraction and
disorder in the plantations in New England," referred the
subiect to the consideration of his privy council. The coun-
cil, after examination, passed a resolution that the appearances
were so fair, and hopes so great, that the country would prove
beneficial to the kingdom, and profitable to the settlers, as
that the adventurers " had cause to go on chearfuUy with
their undertakings ; with an assurance that, if things were
conducted according to the design of the patent, his majesty-
would not only maintain the liberties and privileges heretofore
granted, but supply any thing farther, which might tend to
the good government, prosperity, and comfort of his people ii)
those plantations a.

The court of assistants in Massachusetts ordered, that six*
ty pounds be leived out of the several plantations, toward
making a palisade about Newtown i. The first considerable
accession of inhabitants to that town ^vas made this year by

1 Univ. Hist. xl. 466. It was originally include! in the patent of the
Sout'i Virginia company, and considered as a part of Virginia ; but on
the dissolution of that company, the king made this grant to lord Balti*
more. lb.

2 Hutchinson, Massachus. i. 31, fiQ, and Coll. .'>2 — 54 ; Hazard, Coll.
i. 324, 3'i6; Morton, 90; where is the order of council. The iuforma-
iioti oi' the king was derived from a Petition of Sir Christopher Gardiner,
Sir Ferdinando Gorges, capt. Mason, and «)thcrs, exhibited against the
colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts. TUe conclusion," says gover-
nor Bradford, "was, against all men's expectation, an order for our
incouragoment, and much blame and disgrace upon the adversaries."
Ibid. Gardiner was a high papist, who came to New England; butfuj
ifome miscarriages left the country. Ibid.

3 Prince, ii. 56, 57. The pr«)portiou was as follows

lOs.

Watertown - / S

Salcni - / 4.

The New-town 3

Rostoi) <• a

Charlestown - 7

Roxbury 7

Mead ford - • 3

10.

Dorchester 7

Saugtis and f -,
Marble Harbour V "

11.

Wessagus>-et 5

12.

Winiiiiniet l.

The

lOs.
The reason for renewing the design of a fortified town is not asiiis^ncd.
it was probable on account of new dangers. Hutchinson [Massachus.
J7-] says : "« They were frequently alarmed this year by the l:idians."
The fortification was doubtless made. A fosse, duo around' the New Town
[Camluidgi j, i^, iu some jjlaccs, visible to this day. Coll. Hist. ^'oc. vii.Q.

^-^U

IhrV ■'

1 'V, V

#;i s

220 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l632.

a company, which had recently arrived from England, and had
begun to settle at Mount WoJiaston j but which removed to
Newtown, in August, by order of court i.

The choice of magistrates in the colony of Massachusetts
was, for the first time, made by the freemen, whose number
was now increased by the addition of about fifty-three ».

A fortification on the Corn hill, in Boston, was begun ;
and the people from Charlestown, Roxbury, and Dorchester,
"worked on it in rotation 3.

Conant's island, in Boston harbour, was demised to go-
vernor Winthrop, and was hence denominated Governor's
Garden ; but it is now called Governor's Island 4.

The first church at Boston was begun to be built by the
congregation of Boston and Charlestown 5. The greater part
of the members of the church having early removed from
Charlestown to Boston, and the entire number of members
byeiiig now one hundred and fifty-one, they amicably divided
themselves into two distinct churches. The church in Bos-
ton retained Mr. Wilson for its pastor; the church in
Charlestown invited Mr. Thomas James to its pastoral care^,
, The court of assistants ordered, that there be a house of cor-
rection, and a house for the beadle, built at Boston with
speed. It also ordered, that no person should take any to«

K;ri

il'

I ' )

I Wintlirop, Joiiro. 42. " These were Mr. Hooker's company."
5 2 Wonderworking I'rovidence, p. '^S.

•. 3 Winthrop, Journ. ZQ. Prince [ii. Cl.] (supposes this to bewhat i»
BOW called Fort Hill. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. ^43.

\ Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 909. U has continued in governor Winthroj)'s
family to the present time; and is now in the possession of the Ho-
nourable James Winthrop, esquire, of Cambiicigc.

5 Winthrop, Journ. 42. It had mud walls and a thatched roof: and
^tood on the south side of .State Street, a little below the place, where
the old State house now stands. Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 181).

6 Hubbard, M.*^. N. Eng. chap. xxv. Prince, y,)0. The number of
members, who asked a dismission from the church at Boston, in order to
form a new church at Charlestown, was .S3. They were dismissed 14
October -, and embodied into a dis*''ict congresiational church 2 Novem-
ber, at which time Mr. James, wh(, jad recently arrived from ICngland,
vas ordained their pastor. Mr. Wilson, who had been previously or-
dained their teacliw (not ;ifls/o;-, as was stated p. 2()7 from Mr. I'rince),
•was chosen and ordained pastor at Boston 2 J Novenber. Winthroj),
Journ. 46. Prince, ii. ()() — 73. If the first church at Boston be consi-
dered as translated, in its organized state, from Charlestown toShawniut,
it was the second church, slathered in Massachusetts; if, as a 7/i'W and
distinct church from the time of its division, it was the seventh. The
order of the first churches, as stated in Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. ].'>, wasgivea
in reliance on Johnson (Wonderwork. Prov.); but it is not entirely ac-
(;ur4tp.

' baCCQ

f -

1633.] AMERICAN ANKALS. 221

hzcco publicly ; and that everyone should pay a penny for
every time of taking tobacco in any place ».

In this period of colonial history, the duties and the ex-
pences of office were more formidable, than its honours were
alluring. The general court of Plymouth passed an act, that
whoever should refuse the office of governor should pay twenty
pounds sterling, unless he were chosen two years successively ;
and that whoever should refuse the office of counsellor or ma-
gistrate should pay ten pounds 2.

Sir Thomas VVarner, governor of St. Chiistopher's, sent
a small colony of English people to inhabit Montserrat ?,

Some Ze-danders, trading about this time to the Leeward
Islands, were so well pleased with Tolmgo, that, On their re-
turn home, the company of merchants, to which they belonged,
undertook to settle that island, and gave it the name of N"ew
Walcheren ; but this settlement was soon brokfli up by the
Spaniards 4.

1633.

The grant to lord Baltimore gave umbrage to the planters
of Virginia. They therefore presented a petition to Charles I.
remonstrating against " some grants of a great portion of lauds
of that colony, so near their habitations, as will be a genend
disheartening to them, if they shall be divided into several go-
vernments." The privy council, having hf ird v/hat was al-
leged on each side, thought tit to leave lord Baltimore to his
~X^ patent, and the complainants to the course of law ; but gave
orders for such an intercourse and conduct, as should prevent
a war with the natives, and farther disagreement among them-
selves 5. William Cleyborne continued to claim Kent Island,
and refused submission to the jurisdiction of Maryland, be-
cause the government of Virginia, knowing no reason why the

'Ml

*. 1

1 Prince, ii. C8.

2 Prince, ii. 7j. Such an example cannot perhaps be found iu the
annals of any other nation. 'I'lie /<:::• alone jiiovps, that no demagogues
then aspired at the chief niaiijistrary. An historical /(/cf confirms the re-
uiHrk. Kdward Winslow uas the next year (1033) chosen governor, " Mr.
Bradford having been governor about ten jears, and now l^ importuntti/
got off'." Winthrop, Jouin. 47.

3 Univ. Hist. xli. 318.

4 Univ. Hist. .xli. S'21. TLd number of settlers soon increased to nhn\ t
501),. and bct<an to erect a fort ; but the Caribbean Indians applied for
assistance to the Spaniards, who sent a force, which demolished the rising
fort and exterminated the colony. Ibid.

ii The order of council is entire itj Hazard, Coll. i, 337.

rights

Hill

-s ' t|

i \

222 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l633*

rights of that place should be surrendered, gave countenance
to his opposition. This transaction olFei s the first example,
in colonial history, of the dismemberment of an ancient colo-
ny, by the formation of a new province with separate and equal
rights'.

The jealousy of Virginia was directed toward its religious^
a& well as territorial, concerns ; for its legislature now enacted
severe laws, to suppress religious sectaries, which began to
appear in the colony. This measure induced some people,
■who had already gone to Virginia, to flee into other colonies j
and prevented others from coming for settlement *.

The French, in taking possession of Acadie pursuant to the
treaty of St. Germain, had dispossessed the Plymouth colo-*
nists of their trading house at Penobscot 3. Additional cala*
mities were now expected. Intelligence was brought to the
governor of-Massachu setts, that the French had bought the
Scotch plantation near Cape Sable -, that the fort there with all
the ammunition was delivered up to them ; that the cardinal
of France had sent over some companies already ; and that
preparation was made to send more the next year, with a
number of priests and Jesuits. Aiaiuied at tnis intelligence,
the governor called the assistants, and principal mrn m the
colony 4, to Boston, to advise proper measures. It v as agreed
to finish, with all expedition, the fort begun at Boston; to
erect another at Nantasket ; and to hasten the planting of A-
gaviram 5, lest an enemy should prevent them by taking pos-
session of the place. John Winthrop, a son of the governor,
repaired, by order of the government, to Agawam, with
twelve men, and began a plantation. The alarm however was
groundless. The French, aiming at trading merely, did not
molest the English plantations; yet their spoliation of the Ply-
mouth trading house gave just occasion for suspicion and vigi-
lance 6.

The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act, prohibiting
the purchase of lands from the Indians, without licence from

1 Chalmes, i. aop.

2 IJrit. Ki/ip. iii. 1«0.

5 Chalm Ts, i. 164. Wiiitlirop, Journal, .S7. Tfthc account in p. 244
be conert, this trading house was on Kcmubeck river, unless another
house had liecn erected since. Rut I adhere to mj' authorities. The
French plundered the Plymouth trading house in l63i, •• carrying thence
SCO weight I f beaver and other goods." Ibid.

4 "'Ihe ninisters and captains and «ouip other chief men." Winthrop.

6 " Being he best place in the land for tillage and cattie." Ibid.

6 Winthio^t, Jouru. 17» 43. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, jfxvii.

' » • the

****•

1033.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 223

the government >. While it thus cautiously guarded against
the danger of savage hostilities, it equally guarded against the
evils of idleness, luxury, and extoriiun ; for it required con-
stables to present unprofitable fowlers, and tobacco takers, to
the next magistrate a ; and ordered, that artiiicers, such as
carpenters and masons, should not receive more than two
shillings a day; and labourers not more than eighteen pence,
and noportionably ; and that merchants should not advance
more than four pence in the shilling above what their goods
cost in England 3.

Three ministers of celebrity, John Cotton, Thomas Hook-
er, and Samuel Stone, together with John Haynes, afterward
governor of Connecticut, and two hundred emigi-ants from
England, arrived at Boston. Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone
proceeded to Newtown, where the one was ordained pastor,
and the other, teacher. Mr. Cotton remained in Boston, and
was an assistant in the ministry to the first church in that
town. His example and counsels were patriarchal. It was
he, who principally delineated the ecclesiastical polity of the
New England 'churches, which, from this time, were styled
Congregational 4, The fame of the removal of these eminent
men invited over great numbers of Puritans, who could find
no rest under archbishop Laud's merciless administratiot) 5.

Wahquimacut, a sachem on the river Connecticut, having
solicited the governors of the New England colonies to send
men to make settlements on the river 6, the Plymouth colo-
nists

1 Belknap, Biog. ii. 417.
a Wynne, i. 74.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxvi. " Those good order?," reitu-
latin;; the prices of labour, and the profits of trade, " were not," says
Hubbard, "of lon» continuance, but did expire with the first golden age
in this New World." Ibid.

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xxviii. Hutchinson, i. 4 J 9. See-
Note VI. at the end of the volume. Mr Cotton had an early and intimate
connection with tlie Massachusetts colonists. At the ciiibarkation for N.
England in 1630, he preached a sermon to gov. Wiiithrop and his com-
pr.uy, from -2 Sam. vii. lu. entitled " God's Promise to the Plantations."
On his arrival at Massachusetts, he had very great intluence in the affairs
ofchurch and of state. Hubbard says, "whatever Ik lelivercd in the
pulpit, wa« soon put into an order of court it' of a civil, or set up as a
practice in the church, if of an ecclesiastical concernment."

5 Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 13. Ne.-'l says, that for several years hardlv a
vessel came into these parts, but was crowded with passengers for New
England. Ibid.

6 The Pequots were conquering the river Indians, and driving their «a-
cheiPs from that part of the country. Wahquimacut, in l63l, made a
journey to Plymouth and Boston, hoping that, if he should persuade the
English to settle there, they would be iii? protectori. Gov. Winthrop

treutcil

.,.w*/->''«P»r-

t ..^

!■ i^-

224 AMERICAN ANNALS. ' [l033.

nists had already made discoveries on that noble slreatn, and
found a place, where they judged a ira'hnj; house mi^^ht
be advantageously erected '. Governor Winslow and Mr.
Bradford now visited Boston, and proposed to governor Win-
throp and his council to join with Plymouth in a trade to Con-
necticut for hemp and beaver, and in the erection of a house
for the purposes of commerce. This proposal being declined,
the people of Plymouth determined to undertake the enterprizt;
at their own risk *. The materials for a house, entirely pre-
pared, were put on board a vessel, and committed to a cho-
sen company, which sailed for Connecticut, The Dutch of
New Netherlands, hearing of the design, had just taken a
station on that river, at the place where Hartford now stands ;
made a light fort; and planted two pieces of cannon 3. Op
the approach of the Plymouth adventurers, the Dutch forbadt
them to proceed up the river, ordered them to strike their co-
lours, and threatened to tire on them. But the commander
of the enterprize, disregarded the prohibition and the menaces,
went resolutely forward, and, landing on the >vest sid^ of the
river, set up his house about a mile above that of the Dutch,
and soon after fortified it with palisadoes. This was the first
house erected in Connecticut 4.'

The

treated him with generosity, but paid no attention to his proposal. Gov.
Winslow seems to have gone soon alter to Connecticut, and discovered the
river and the adjacent parts, "when the Dutch had neither trading house,
nor any pretence to a footofland there." But whether the Dutch, or the
English of Plymouth, were thefiret discoverers of the river, is uncertain.
Trumbull, i. 15, l6.

1 Near the mouth of Little river in Windsor. Ibid, and Coll. Hist. See,
V. 167.

2 It being reported, that the Dutch were about to build on Connecti-
:,Ht river, Winslow and Bradford represented it as necessary to prevent
them from taking possession of that fine country ; but Winthrop objected
to the making a plantation there, because there were three or four thou-
sand warlike Indians on the river ; because the bar at t'le mouth was such,
that small pinnaces only could enter in at high water; and because seven
months in the year, no vessels could go in, on account of the ice and the
violence of the stream. Winthrop, Journ. 5\.

3 Smith says, that the Dutch built a fort on Connecticut river in lGJ.3}
but according to Dr. Trumbull, [Hist. Coniiec. i. 21.] Smith represents
it " as Vniilt ten years before it was."

4 Prince, ii. O'?— 9(3. Trumbull, i. 1,5—21. The iilo"" --.f this settle-
ment was called by the natives Natawanute. The sachems, who were the
original owners of the soil, having been driven from this part of the coun-
try by the "»"quots-, William lioUncs, who conducted the enteiprize
from Plymiiuth, ;.ook them with him to then- home, and restored them
to their rights. Of these sachems the Plymouth peopU,- purchased the
laud, where they erected their house. Th^ conciueriiij Indians were

oficndcd

1033.J AMERICAN ANNALS. 225

TKe river and country of Connecticut now began to attract
much attention from the colonists. Several vessels went into
this river, in the course of the year, to trade. John Oldham
of Dorchester, Samuel Ilall, and two other persons, travelled
westward into the country, as far as this river, on which they
discovered many eligible situations for setLlcmcui. '.

The jealousy of the parent country, or rather of its arbitrary
monarch and '^'s court, was, at this early period, directed
against the ir;>ant colony of Massachusetts. An order was is-
sued by the privy council, to stay several ships in the river
Thames, ready to sail, frei^^hted with passengers and provisi*
ons : but it appears not to have been effectually executed ;
fur, during the year, great numbers emigrated to New En-
gland. By the same order of council, the letters patent for
the plantation in New England were required to be brought
to the council board 2.

A specimen of rye was broui^ht to the court of Massachu-
sells, as the tirst fruits of English grain 3.

A ship of sixty tons was built at Medford 4 ; and a water
mill at Roxbury 5.

At the close of this year, and in the following wintert the
small pox broke out again among the natives of Massachusetts,
and made great devastations among this unhappy race, des-
tined, by various means, to ultimate extermination 6.

The colony of Plymouth added two assistants to the former
number, making seven in the whole ; and this number was
never exceeded m its subsequent elections 7.

ofieiided at the restoration of the original proprietors of the country ; and
the proximity of two such neighhours, as the irritated Dutch, and the
ferocious Peqnots, rendered it difticutt and hazardous tur the EngUsh to
retain their new purchase. Ibid.

1 Hubbard, i\IS. N. Eng. chap, xxvii. Trumbull, i. 20.

2 Chalmers, 150. This order is in Hubbard, MS. N. Eug. chap, xxvi;
Hutchinson, i. Hi, .S.'2 ; and Hazard, Coll. i. .Sll.

3 Hutchinson, i. -24. "This poor people," y js Johnson, " greatly
rejoiced to see the land world bear it."

4 ^Icdford was begun to be settled very early, but we have scarcely
any account of its first settlement. Deputy governor Dudley, speaking of
the first transactions of the colonists, who arrived in 1630, says, " some of
\is" planted " upon Mistick, which was named Meadford." Lett, to coun-
tess of Lincoln, 14. It was so considerable, as to be taxed with the other
towns in 1632. See p. 219.

5 Winthrop, Journal, 5().

a Ibid. 56. Hubbard, MS. Ent;. chap. xxir. Morton, 100. Hubbard
says, this part of the country, which had been most populated with
Indians, was almost " unpeopled" by this disease.

7 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xvi.

!■>!.. ■

' tl

Vol. L

1634.

:-iW-^T<««Br..,

320

K V

?K t

'5'*-i

AMERICAN ANNALS.

1634.

[l03l.

Lord Baltimore laid the foundation of his province on the
broad basis of security to property, and of freedom in religion ;
granting, in absolute fee, fifty acres of land to every emigrant ;
and establishing Christianity agreeably tothe old common law,
of which it is a part, without allowmg pre-eminence to any
particular sect '. George Calvert, brother of the governor,
arrived early this year at Point Comfort, near the mouth of
the Potowmac, w;th the first colony, consisting of aboot two
hundred Roman Catholics from England *, Proceeding to Po-
towmac river, he passed by the Indian town ot that nnme,
and went to Piscataway, where, by presents to the head men,
he conciliated *Heir friendship to such a degree that they of-
fered to cede r-j s part of thefr town to the settlers, and to live
in the other until they could gather their barvest ; after which
the^ were to resign the whole to the English. Calvert, thus
amicably, obtainmg possession of the whole town, gave it the
name of St. Mary's ; and applied himself, with great assiduity,
to the cultivation of his new colony ; the settlement of which
is said to have cost lord Baltimore above forty thousand pounds
sterlings.

The settlements in Massachusetts were now extended more
than thirty miles from the capital 4 ; and the number of free-
men was greatly multiplied. So remote were some townships
from the seat of government, and so great the inconvenience
of assembling all the freemen for the ousiness of legislation ;
that the constitution was altered, by general consent of the
towns. A t a general court for elections at Newtown, twenty-
four of the principal inhabitants of the colony appeared as the
representatives of the body of freemen. Before they proceeded
to the choice of magistrates, they asserted their nght to a
greater share in the government, than they had hitherto been
allowed, and passed several resolutions 5, defining the powers

1 Chalmers, i.207.

Q Chalmers, ibid Belknap. Blog. ii. S76. Humphreys, Ilisf. Accmitii,
S8. They sailed from England in November 1633; and were cliie%
gentlemen of good families. Ibid.

3 Univ. Hist. xl. 403. Chalmers, i. 207. Europ, Settlements, ii. 2-29.

4 Hutchinson, i. 437.

5 They resolved, that none but the General Court has power to chuse
and admit freemen ; to make and establish laws, to erert and appoint olH-
cers, as governor, deputy governor, assistants, treasurer, secretary, cap.
tain, lieutenants, ensigns, "orany of like moment," or to remove suclt

upon

1634.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 327

of the general court, and ordaining trial by jury. After the
election of magistrates, they farther determined, that there
should be four general courts every year > ; that the whole
body of freemen should be present at the court of election on-
1^ ; and that the freemen of every town might choose depu-
ties, to act in their names at the other general courts, which
deputies should have the full power ofalTthe freemen >. The
legislative bod^ thus became settled ; and, with but inconsi*
derable alterations, remained in this form during the coutinu-
ance of the charter \ This was the second house of represen-
tatives in the Ame ican colonies 4.

This innovation exciting an inquiry into the nature of the
liberty and privileges of the people, which threatened distur-
bance to the colony ; the ministers, and the most prudent ci-
tizens, were consulted, respecting a body of laws, adapted to
the state of the colony, and an uniform order of discipline in
the churches j.

The colony of Massachusetts took early care to prevent the
encroachments of the Dutch. Some persons, dispatched in
the bark Blessing^, after making fartherdiscovery of Long Is-
land, proceeded to the Dutch plantation at Hudson's river,
where they were kindly entertained by the Dutch governor

upon misdemeanour, also to prescribe their duties and powers; to raise
money and taxes: and tudispose of lands, '* viz. to give and confirm pro-
prieties." It was farther ordered, that the constable of everv plantation
shall, upon precept received from the secretary, give timely notice' to
the freemen of the plantation where he dwcMs, tu ^end so many of their
said rtiembers, as the precept shall direct, to attend upon public service.
It was also " agreed, that no trial shall pass upon any tor life, or banish*
ment, but by a Jury so summoned, or by the General court." flazard.
Coll. i. S20, 321. If he representativcf, at the same time, imposed a fine
on the court of assistants for violating an order of the general court
[Hutchinson, i.s6.] : but it was " remitted again before the court brolce
up." Winthrop, Journ. 65.

1 The courts were sonn reduced to two in a year. Hutchinson, i. 37.

2 " It shall be lawful for the freemen of every plantation to choose two
or three of each town before every general court, to confer of, and pre*
pare, such publick business as by them shall be thought fit to consider of
at the next general court ; and such persons as shall be hereafter so de-
puted by the freemen, shall have the full power and voices of the said
freemen derived to them for the making and establishing of lawes, grant-
iug of lands, &c. and to deal in ail other affairs of the commonwealth
\vherein the freemen have to do, the matter of election of magistrates and
other officers only excepted, wherein every freeman is to give his own
vote." Hazard, Coll i..S-21.

S Hamcd, Coll. i. 3'20, 321. Hutchinson, i. S5— 37.

4 The first was in Vin^inia. See p. l6l of this volume.

5 Hubbard, MS. N. Knj;. chap. xxvi. .,

6 Built at Mistic in 1031, ana called the Bleuing of the Bay.

■■. - , ■ ,vx. Q 2 ■,-.--. ',■■-. Van

.::.s,ii.ssifs>mKm,,J*tBKrr'

m^m

228 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l634.

VanTwilly, to whom they showed their commission, pur-
porting, that the king of England had granted the river and
country of Connecticut to his own subjects ; and requesting
him to forbear to build in that quarter. The Dutch goveruur
wrote a courteous and respectful letter to the governor of
Massachusetts, signifying, that the lords the States had granted
the same territory to the West India company ; and request-
ing, that the colony of Massachusetts would forbear to chal-
lenge it, until the matter should be decided between the king
and the states '. It was resolved however, by a number of
people in this colony, to plant Connecticut ; and persons were
deputed from towns, to view the country. 1 he account,
which they brought back, of the advantages of the place, and
of the fertility ofthe soil, determined those, who had concert-
ed the measure, to begin several plantations there immedi-
ately i.

Storms, in the mean time, were gatheriti^, which threatened
to desolate the country. A special commission was given to
the archbishop of Canterbury and eleven other persons, for

foverning the American colonies 3. An order was also sent
y the king's commissioners to the lord warden of the cinque
ports, and other haven towns, to stop the promiscuous and
disorderly departure out of the realm to America 4.

The Indians in Connecticut began hostilities against the
English. Captains Stone and Norton of Massachusetts, going
in a small bark into Connecticut river, to trade, and casting
anchor about two leagues from the entrance, were visited by
several Indians. Stone, having occasion to visit the Dutch
trading house nearly twenty leagues up the river, procured
some of these Indians to go to it, as pilots, with two of his
men. These guides, putting ashore their skifF before their
arrival at the place of destination, murdered the two English-
men, while asleep. About twelve Indians, of the same tribe,
remaining with the bark, taking the opportunity when some
ofthe English were on shore, and the captain asleep in his
cabin, murdered all on board, and then plundered and aunV.
the bark.

r Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. cliap. xxvii.
'■i Hubbard, MS. N. Eiig. cbap. xli.

3 This commission, in the original I^atin, is inserted in Hazard, Coll. L
Si4 — 347 J and, in English, Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. x.\xvi.

4 This order is in Hazard, Coll. i. 347. There aUo is inserted, " A
Co.NcLCsfoN ofthe Lord's Cominisioners for the government of Nfiw En-
gland," in these words: " Sir Ferdinando Gorges is made Gow nor of
the whole country.— They have divided the country in twelve Fro-
vinces.— -And they disposed it into the hands of the twelve men— out of
which twelve men there is a guveruor continually to be chosen."

The

«CMk.

1<534.] AMERICAN ANNALS. fiS©

The Pcquots, if they did not actually perpetrate the mur*
der, partuuk of the spoil <. The council of Massachusetts,
on this occasion, sent messengers to treat with them, but ob-
tained no satisfaction. The renuots however sent messengers
afterward with gifts to Massacnusetts colony ; and the go*
vernor and council, afler a conference of several days, con-
cluded with them a treaty of peace and friendship*.

Roger Williams, minister of Salem, holding tenets, which
were considered heretical and seditious, " tending equilly to
sap the foundation of the establishment in church and stale j,"
and being found irreclaimable, was banished the jurisdic-
tion 4.

Some people of Salem went to Agawam river, and began a
town, which was called Ipswich ; where a church was now
gathered 5.

Mr. Humfrey, who had been chosen deputy governor at
the formation of the colony in England, came to Massachu-
setts with his noble consort, the lady Susan, sister of the earl
of Lincoln, bringing a valuable present to the ministers in the
colony 6,

The governor and council, v^th several ministers and others,
met at Castle island, in Boston harbour, and agreed on the
erection of two platforms and one small fortification to secure

1 Some say, that the Pequots did this mischief. Dr. I. Mather FN.
Eiig. 24, 25. j| says, that though they were not native Pequuts yet tliey
had frequent intercourse with them ; and that they tendered them some
of the spoliated goods, which were accepted by the chief sachem of
the Pet]uots. He adds, that some of the goods were tendered to the
chief sachem of Niantick, who also received them. See Ti umbull, i.
tJO, 61.

2 Hubbard, MS. N. Kng. chap, xxiiij Ind. War, H — IC. Josselyn
[N. Eng. liar. 107.] says, the country during this time was "really
placed in a posture of war." Trumbull, i. tio, Gl.

.3 Chalmers, i. t.5U.

4 Hutchinson, i. .S7, 38. Collender, U. Island, 18. Hubbard, in chap.
XXX. of his MS. Hist. N. Eng. givesa minute account of the ** disturbances
both civil and ecclesiastical in the Massachusetts, bv Mr. H. Williams in
the year 1^34."

h Winthrop, Journ. 68. It was thus named at the court 4 August,
** in acknnwledgement of the great honour and kiuduess doue to
our people which tuck shipping" at the place of that name in England.
Ibid.

6 Wonderwork. Providence, 60. Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 233.

7 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. xxvii. The present consisted of 16 heifers,
valued at 20/. each, sent by Mr. Richard Andrews, a private friend to
the plantation. One was assigned to each of the ministers, and the re-
Biainder to the poor. Ibid. Winthrop, .Journ. 67.

Q 31 the

k* »

>ila. ir« » xc

•*5£i-'|' '■i«i*»i»iii>-*..

230 AMERICAN ANNALS. \lQBS.

the town ». These works were accordingly erected at the pub"
lie expence*.

In the infant capital We now perceive the first efforts toward
a police, and the earliest dawnings of commerce. Select men
were first chosen, this year, in Boston, for the general ma-
nagement of afiairs. A market was erected. A house of en-
tertainmeiit was set up. The first merchant's shop was' open*
ed3.

l63S.

The colony of Massachusetts, apprized of the oppressive
measure of a general government for New England, prepared
to counteract it. • The ministers, considered at that time as
the fathers of the commonwealth, were consulted by the ci-
vil magistrates. At the request of the governor and assistants
all the ministers in the colony, excepting one, met at Boston,
to consider two cases ; one of which was, what ought to be
done, if a governor should be sent out of England. They
unanimously agreed, that if such a governor were sent, the
colony ought not to accept him, but to defend its lawful pos-
sessions, if able ; " otherwise, to avoid or protract 4."

The deputies of this colony apprehending grtfat danger to
the commonwealth from the discretionary power of the ma-
gistrates, in many cases, for want of positive laws ; it was a-
greed, that some men should be appomted " to frame a body
of grounds of laws, in resemblance of a Magna Charta, which,
being allowed by some of the ministers and the general court,
should be received for fundamental laws 5."

When the English parliament began to inquire into the

frievances of the nation, the patent by which the council of
lymoiith was established, was complained of as a monopoly;
and when those grievances were presented to the throne, the
patent of New England was the first. The council itself was
jn disrepute with the high church party for having encouraged
the settlemeni- of the Plymouth and Massachusetts colo«

\ Winthrop, Journ. 68. Gov. Winthrop says, "to secure the city;'*
but this metropolis has never 7/e^ been incorporated by that name.

•i Wonderwork. Prov. 194; "at the expence of the country in gene-
ral."

3 Winthrop, Journ. 62, 77. It is conjectured, that by the market
nothing more is meant, than a inarket place f to which the market meo
might resort. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 204.

4 Winthrop, Journ. 78. '"-' ' •" '..
6 Ibid, 82. ,

nists,

fimMiL

iH ^ ^m,

l6^5,] AMERICAN ANNALS. 231

niftts, who fled from episcopal persecutions. Discouraged by
the operation of these prejudices, that council resigned hs
charter to the king >. " The plantations, intrusted to the care
of great corporate bodies, grew up stinted and unpromising,
and seemed to wither away without hope of ultimate comple-
tion. The annihilation of these companies infused a princi-
ple of a new life. Restraint was no sooner removed, and men
were left free to manage their own afiairs in the way most
Agreeable to themselves, than the colonists engaged in every
laudable pursuit, and acquired an extefit of population, of com-
merce, of wealth, and of power, unexamplea in the annals of
the world*."

On the surrender of that charter, a quo "warranto was im-
mediately brought by Sir John Banks, the attorney general
against the governor, deputy governor, and assistants of the
corporation of Massachusetts, fourteen of whom appearing,
and disclaiming the charter, judgment was given for the king,
that the liberties and franchises of that corporation should be
seized into the king's hands 3. The arbitrary measures of the
king and his ministry might have been ruinous to the infant,
colonies, but for the controuling power of Heaven. A greaa
ship, built to bring over a general governor to New England^
and to command on the coast, fell asunder in the launcning ;
and the design was again frustrated 4.

The colonists of Massachusetts on account of the increase
of cattle, experiencing inconveniences from the nearness of
their settlements to each other, be^an to emigrate from the
first settled towns. Some of the prmcipal inhabitants of Ips-
wich, obtaining leave of the general court to remove to Quas-
cacunquen, began a town at that place, and called it Newbu«
ty, Mr. Parker, a learned minister, who had been an assis-
tant of Mr. Ward in the ministry at Ipswich, accompanied
them 5. Liberty of removal was also granted to Watertown
and Roxbury, on condition of their continuance under the go*

Mk V ■

Wk 'M

m^-' jH

^ci

iHI'Bil

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Luf;. chap^ xvi. Belknap, N Hamp. i. 34. The
council took previous ( are " to secure some portion of the expiring inte-
rest to such ot themselves as were disposed to accept it." Ibid. " The Act
of surrender" isinllazard. Coil. i. 303} and the *' Reasons" furit, ib.
&90->Sg2.

« Chalmers,.!. 96'

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Enf[. chan. xxvi.

4 Ibid. chap, xxvii, xxxi. Tne quo warranto is in Hutchinson, Coll.
101—104; Hubbard, Coll. 423— 425.

5 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xxviii. Mr. Parker and the people
with whom he now removed, came from Wiltshire in Eoglapdt Ibi^.

vernment

■t'\ -r

r..-*A(MHw»^^^%^^^M«flMU^i*Ah«H«iai^«i

~»-vii^-

>^ri<^

"^steSSSfe*,

a ! 1 1. I

< .If

232 AMERICAN ANNALS; [1635.

vernment of Massachusetts i. Musquetequld was purchased
of the natives, by some of the Massachusetts colonists, who
settled the place, and called it Concord 2. The reverend Pe-
ter Hobartand his associates, from Hingham, in the county
of Norfolk in England, began to settle a town, to which they
gave the name of Hingharaa. A church was gathered at
Scituate, in Plymouth colony, composed of members i?gularly
dismissed from the church in Plymouth 4.

Settlements were now begun to be made on Connecticut
river. Some of the people of Dorchester had made prepara-
tions for a settlement at a place on the west side of the river,
called by the Indians MattancangS; and the inhabitants of
Newtown and Watertown had been contcrr^oiating a removal.
On the fifteenth of October about sixty mei2^ women, and
children, with their horses, cattle, and swine, commenced a
removal from Massachusetts, through the wilderness, to Con-
necticut river ; and, after a very difficult and fatiguing jour-
ney of fourteen days, arrived at the places of their destiua-

1 Winthrop, Jpurn. 82.

2 Wonderwork. Providence, 79» 81. Hubbard. MS- N. Eug. chap,
xxvii. It was called Concord, *• on account of the peaceable manner m
■which it was obtained." Coll. Hiit. Soc. i. 240. The tract was six miles
square.

S Hingham Records, copied, by IVcsident Stiles. The house lots nr
the settlers weje drawn 18 September, l("iS">. 'ibe Rev. TeterHobart m,
there on that day, " and drew a lot with the tuenty-uine." Ibid, j .;
arrived in N. En'ghnd 8 June with his family. Hobart's MS. Journal-

4 The Rev. John l^othrop's MS. Records'of the churches of Scituate
and Bai'nstable, copied by President Stiles, who found the MS. in ]76(>
in the hands of the Rev.Klijah Lothrop of Gilead in Connecticut, aiiH
remarked: " 1 account it the more valuable, as these churches of Scituate
and Barnstable have no records till many years after their gatberina;."
The settlement of Stituate commenced in l63 i. The Rev. John Lothrop
arrived there 27 September ; the dismission of the members from Ply-
mouth, " in case they joy ned in a body att Situate," wa.s US November,
16.34. The church was formed by covenant 8 January, and Mr. Lothrop
was inducted into the pastoral office 10 .fanuary, 16S0. Ibid.

.') H-ubbard [MS. N. Eng. chap, xli.] says, some of the Dorchester
people went to Connecticut at the close of the last year; Dr. Trumbull
[i. 49-] says, they went this summer. The place, which they selected,
vas near the Plymouth trading house. Plymouth was dissatisfied with
thissupplantation by Massachusetts; and there was danger of contention
between the two colonies; but the Dorchester settlers ijiadesuch oflers 01
satisfaction, that Plymouth accejited them*. Winthrop, Journ. 8(5.
Hutchinson, i. 48. Trumbull, i. TiO. The Rev. Dr. M'Clure of Windsor
[Coll. Hist. .Soc. v. 167.] says, The right of settling here they purchased
of the old Plymouth company in Englaikl; and the soil, of the natives
the J ear proceeding their removal.

• T/tr cntnpni.uttiou tens .'in / ; 40 acres o/.incathxv ; aii^ a large tract
of upland. Coll. Hist. Soc. ix. 153.

'*' tion^

»*^iii*aiij8**'s(MIW'***'**'^

1035.] AMEUICA^I ANNALS. 233

tion I. Mr, Warham and Mr. Maverick, the ministers of Dor-
chester, who were accompanied by the greatest part of thei*
church, settled at Mattanean«, which they called Windsor. Se-
veral people from Watertown took possession of a fine tract of
meadow at Pauquiaug, lower down the river, where they com-
menced a plantation, which they called Wethersfield. Others
from Newtown be^an a plantation, at Sukiang, between those
settlements, which was afterward called Hartford *,

John Winthrop, a son of the governor of Massachusetts
returning from England, brought a commission from lord Say
and Seal, ford Brook, and others, to be their governor at the
river Connecticut ; with men, ordnance, ammunition, and
two thousand pounds sterling for the erection of a forts* Soot\
after his arrival at Boston, he sent a bark of thirty tons with,
twenty men, to take possession of the mouth of that river, an^
begin a fortification. A few days after their arrival at the
place designated, a Dutch vessel appeared off the harbour^
sent from New Netherlands, to take possession of the entrance
of the same river, and to erect fortifications; but the English,
having two pieces of cannon already mounted, prevented their
landing 4. The fort, now erected was called Saybrook fort 5,

The commission of Mr. Winthrop interfered with the set-
tlements projected by the Massachusetts colonists ; three of
which they had already begun ; hut the agents of the lords in
England, disposed to promote the general good, permitted
them quietly to enjoy their possessions^.

The general court of Massachusetts prohibited the currency
of brass farthings; and ordered, that musket bullets should pass
for farthings. It also establlsiied a commissioner for military
affairs, with power of life and limb 7.

An extremely violent storm of wind and rain from the south
cast, on the fifteenth of August, did great injury in New En-
gland. Immense numbers of forest trees were destroyed,

1 Tnimbull, i. 50. Coll. Hist. Soc v. 167; ix. IM.

2 'rnimbull, i. 49, 50. Coli. Hist. Soo. v. l66, IG?. Hub. MS. N. Eng,
xli.

P, Winthrop, Joiirn. SB. Tmmbull, i. 50,51. The Articles of agreement
bftweon the lord viscount Say and Seal and others, on the one part, and
John \\ iiithrop, esquire, on the other, dated 7 July, l035, and Mr,
Winthrop's commission, to be" governor of the river Connetticiif, M-ith
the plates adjoinini> thereunto during the sp.ice of one year," dated IH
July, are in Trumbull, ibid. Appendix No. H j Hazard, Coil, i^ 395, S96,

4 'rritnibull, i. jl.

.•} Gov. Trnmbidl, MS. in Mass. Hist Society-

Winthrop, Journ. 8i?. Truuibujl, i. '"io. Ilutchinson, 1.47.

7 Winthrop, Jouin. i>0

■:"'"' Many

ii ■■: ll

^ ^: I - . iii wV i ^%»m w nh iiiii. . i.i,ii#»*ii.i f i

Z:Ts-9W^pr'

"Ml

234 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l636.

Many houses were unroofed ; many blown down; and the
Indian corn was beaten to the earth. The tid«; rose twenty
feet perpendicularly. At Narraganset, tne natives were obli-
ged to climb trees for safety ; yet, the tide of flood returning
before the usual time, many of them were drowned i.

Sir Henry Vane, the younger, with a fleet of twenty sail,
well provided with stores anapassengers, came to New En-
gland ». During the year, nearly three thousand peoples,
among whom were eleven ministers 4, came from England to
Massachusetts; and about one hundred and forty-five freemen
were added to the colony 5.

The company of New France conveyed the territory on the
banks of 'he river St. John to Saint Etienne, and to La Tour,
the general of that colony *>. Eossillon, commander of a French
fort at l.a Heve, on the Nova Scotia shore, sent a French man
of war to Penobscot, and took possession of the Plymouth
trading house, and all the goods 7. The Plymouth colonists
hired a large ship, and employed Girling, its master, attended
by a barkof their own with twenty men, to displace the French,
and recover possession. The French, amounting to about
tighteen men, having notice of the expedition, fortified the
])lace ; and entrenched themselves so strongly, that Girling,
after nearly expending all his ammunition, was ready to aban-
don the enterprise. The Plymouth bark coming to Massa*
chusetts for consultation, the colonists agreed to aid the Ply*
mouth neighbours with men and ammunition, at their charge,
bvit not as in the commoln cause of the country. Such how-
ever was the scarcity of provisions, caused by the late hurri-*
cans, that they could not suddenly victual out a hundred m«jn,
the number requisite for the expedition. The subject was de-
ferred for consideration ; Girling was forced to return ; and
the Plymouth people never afterward recovered their interest
at Penobscot «,

%'ll^i

i Hul)banU MS. N. Eng. cliap. xsvii, xxix. Hutchinson, i. r^a.
"Noneiiow living in these parts, either English or Indian, had seen the
like." The extremity of it continued five or six hours. " Tiie mark^^ of
i.*^ will remain many years, in those parts where it \\as sorest." Mprtop,

103.
a Univ. History, xxxix. 281.

3 Wonderworli. I'rov. 87.

4 Jossclvn, Voy. a.Ofi.

.'j Wonderwork. Prov. 71- '

tj Chalmers, i, 12(5. ^■

7 Hubbard, MS. cliap. xxvii,

8 Wiuthrop, Journ, 87. Hubbard, Mf?. N. Eng. chap, xxvii.

* , . / TUq

^<ffr^^

tt^tm

i636.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 235

The returns from New Netherlands, this year^ were four>
teen thousand eight hundred and ninety-^ne beavers, and one
thousand four hundred and thirteen utters, estimated at one
hundred thirty-four thousand guilders < .

Ren6 Rohault, having entered into the Society of Jesus,
resumed a project, which had been interrupted by the English
conquest of Quebec, of founding a college in that city. The
institution succeeded, and was of essential service to the colo*
ny. Many of the French wore now encouraged to embark
with their families for Canada >. M. Champlam died at Que-
bec, justly regretted by the colony of New France, of which
he was the parent 3.

The French, under the conduct of M. Bretigny, establish-
ed themselves on the island of Cayenne, and on the adjacent
continent 4. t

'? u

1636. 1

Preparation being made for a settlement at Suckiang, Mr.
Hooker, and Mr. Stone, the ministers of Newtown, with
their whole church and congregation, travelled above an
hundred miles, through a hideous and trackless wilderness,
to Connecticut. They had no guide, but their compass ;
no covering, but the heavens. They drave one hundrea and
sixty cattle, and subsisted on the milk of the cows, during
the journey. On their arrival at the place of their destina-

1 Hazard, Coll. ;. 397 ; where are the returns for almost every inter-
mediate year from 1624 to \035. In \&14, the returns were 4000
leavers, and 700 otters, estimated at S71'25 guilders. The Dutch W.
India company failed in 16S4. From a state of its accounts, it appears,
that

Fort Amsterdam in N. Netherlands cost I Guilders. Stuyterst
the company - - T> 4I7'2. 10

and that the Province of N, Netherlands cost • 4188tiO. 11

Ibid,
e Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 196, 197. ttohauk had projected this
seminary ten years before, at the time when the Jesuits first went into
Canada. Ibid.

3 Ibid- Champlain was a nan of ^reat penetration, courage, constancy,

Erobity, and patriotism. Charlevoix (ibid), in addition co these traits of
is character, ascribes to him various and distinguished merit : " un liisto*
rien Ad^le et sincere, un voyageur, qui observe tout avec attention, 110
errivain judicieux, un bon geometre, etun habile hommc denier."

4 Univ. Hist. x.\xix. iSi, Qretiguy was killed by the natives.

tion,

i'' . mihiiii mmim:.

i iii-i li i i Tl i M "

■F/

i^^B V

»s

Ml *'

m. >.]

236 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l636.

tion, they began to build a town, which they afterward
vallea Hartford ».

This town and the other towns recently settled on Con>
liecticut river ^, finding themselves without the jurisdiction
of Massachusetts, entered into a voluntary association ;
chose magistrates ; and made laws for themselves, after the
example of the colony, from which they proceeded. The
iirst court in Connecticut was holden on the twenty-sixth
of April 3.

For the better governr lent of the Indians, and for their
improvement in civility and Christianity, the colony of
IMymouth made several laws for preaching the gospel to
them; for admitting Indian preachers among them; and,
with the concurrence of the principal Indians, for making
orders and constituting courts, for appointing civil rulers,
and other officers, to punish misdemeanors, with the liberty
of appeal to the county court, and court of assistants 4.

Roger Williams, on his expulsion from Massachusetts,
went to Seconk [Rehoboth] , where he procured a grant of
the land from Osamaquin, the chief sachem of Pokanoket.
Advised by eovernor Winslbw to remove from that place,
which was within the jurisdiction of Plymouth colony, he
held several treaties with Miantonimoh and Canonicus, the
sachems of Narraganset, who assured him, that he should
not want land for a settlement. With this assurance, he
went over Seconk river, to a place, called by the Indians
Mooshausick, where in conjunction with several of his
friends, who followed him, he began a plantation ; which.
In grateful acknowledgment of the providential goodness,
which he '.ad experienced, he called Providence 5.

Complaint having been made to the general court of Mas-
sachusetts against John Wheelwright, for preaching a se-
ditious sermon, he was sent for to the court, and convicted
of sedition and contempt of authority. On his refusal to
make the least retractation, the court ordered his removal

1 Winthrop, Jomn. 100. Trumbull, i, 55. Coll. Hist. Soc.vii. 1.5. The
land was purchased of Sunckqua<ison, the sachem and proprietor; but the
evidence of this purchase being imperfect, a new purchase was made of
the Indians in 1O70; the deed, which is still on record, counting on the
former purchase. Coll. Hist. Soc. ii. G.

2 Windsor and Wethersfield.

S liubbard, MS. N. E\v^. chap. xli. Trumbnll, 1. 54. The first court
>vas holden at Newtown [Hartford]. The settlements on the river, a few
pf the first years, bore the same names with the towns in Massachusetts,
iron) whith'the scttleis came. Trumbull, ibid.

I T'lvmouth Laws, PJ, SS.

5 Caikndcr, U. Island, IS, 19. Hutchinson, 1.38. Adams, >\ Eng. 56.

■ out

> i.""" »■-

itt^mt.

"♦•''•'P'^

iCaO.j AMERICAN ANNALS. 237

out of the jurisdiction. Many of his adherents now removed
from Massachusetts, and made a plantation at Rhode Island >.

Sir Henry Vane, who came to New Enaland the pre-
ceding year, was now chosen governor of Massachusetts 2.
Short however was his administration^ and transient his po-
pularity 3.

Piic general court of Massachusetts, about this time,
enacted, that every particular township should have power
of its own affairs, and to set mulcts upon any oiTender against
public order, not exceeding twenty shillings ; and liberty
to choose prudential men, not exceeding seven, to order tlic
affairs of the town. For the public safety, the colony was
divided into three regiments ; which w;ire put under the
command of three colonels with their lieutenants 4. There
were already twenty towns built and peopled in Massachu-
setts 5. A ship of a hundred and twenty tons was built at
Marblehead, by the people of Salem j and five mills were
erected in the colony, in the course of the year^. The
number of freemen added to the colony, this year, was ;ibout
one hundred and twenty-five ; the number of deputies was
ordinarily between thirty and forty 7. A new church hav-
ing Duen gathered at Nevvtown, of which Thomas Shepard
was the pastor, this society, on the removal of Mr. Hooker's
congregation to Connecticut, purchased their dwelling

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eni?. chap, xxxvii. Wheelwright had been a silenced
minister in Kngland. Ibid. chap, xxxix. Some of these adherents re-
moved by order of the same court, for their justification of his doctritie,
and for their reflections on tlie proceeilini>s of tlie court. Ibid, xxxvii.
HubH^u, ill chap, xxxviii, fiives a particular account of the dist»ii)anc«-
in Massachusetts, from IftjG to iC-il, In- Mr. \\ lieeiwriijht and xMi>,
Hutchinson.

•2 Winthrop, Jonrn. 100.

3 Though he was not more tlian 21 or 25 jears of age, his solemn de-

fmrtment conciliated tor him ahnost the whole colony. He ajipears fi>
lave been of a very enthusiastic temper; and the early colonial writers
remarked, th;'t his election would remain a blemisli on the judi^ment ot
the electors, " while Mew lui^land remains a nation." Chalmers, i. lOa
It is allowed however, that his writings exhibit proofs of a strong mind, as
well as vivid fancy, and that he was distinguished for l)i.>> integritv and
zeal. He returned to Lngland in Ui;)?; and snlVcred death in lGC'2, on the
charge of high treason. 'I'hough Hume considered him as an enthusiast,
yet he has described his deportment at his execution ..o a» to render hira
an object of admiration. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 172.

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Cng. chap, xxxii.

« 6 Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 13; " considerable towns."

6 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 232. Winthrop, Journ. lO.S 108. Of these mills,
2 were windmills, built at Boston and Charlestown ; 3 were walermills,
built at Salem, Ipswich, and Newbury. Ibid

7 Wouderwork. I'rovidwice, loU, 108.

houses

i ?

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I . -Ki:

L?fc;

>■ .'

,n''>

i '

\
.1

•T

238 AMERrCAN ANNALS. [l630.

houses md Unds, and made a permanent settlement '. This
place was ilill under legislative patronage ; for the general
court now contemplated the erection of a public bchool
here, and appropriated four htindred pound* for that pur.
pose s. A new church waa also gathered at Dorchester,
and the reverend Richard Mather was chosen its minister 3.
A warrant was issued to the lord admiral of England, to
stop ministers, who did not conform to the discipline and
ceremonies of the church, from going beyond sea. By this
order, no clergyman was to be suffered to go to the Somer
Islands, but such only, as should have the approbation of
the archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishop of London ;
and all ministers, who had already gone thither; without
such approbation, the admiral was to cause to be immedi-
ately remanded to England. The severe censure and fines
in Star Chamber, and the rigorous impositions of ceremo-
nies, with the suspending and silencing of numerous minis-
ters, for not reading in the church the Book for Sports to
hf. exercised on the Lord's day, caused many people of the
English nation to sell their estates, and to embark for New
England 4.

John Oldham was murdered in his bark by the Indians
near Block Islands. The Indians, who perpetrated the
murder, were principally Blockislanders, with a number of
the Narragansets, to whom these Indians were then subject.
Several of the murderers fled to the Pequots, and were pro-
tected by them ; and they were therefore considered as abet*
tors of the murder *,

1 Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 15. Mr. Rhepard and his people arrived at Bos-
ton from England in Oct. I6.I.9. The church ^as orpniiied, in thepre<
tence of a great assembly, 1 February, 1636. Ibid. Winthrop, Journ. 0'^.

2 Massachusetts Laws. 3 Coll. Hist. Soc. i.x. 1.55.

4 ilushworth. Coll. ii. partii. 410. Hazard, Coll. i. 420.

5 An island about <iO miles S. S. West of Newport in Rhode Island. 'In
Laet's map of Nova Anglia, &c. it isfcalled Ad. Slock Et/latid; deriving its
name probably from a Dutch admiral Oldham had formerly belonged
to Mr. Warham's congregation at Dorchester. Trumbull, i. 63.' Hubbard
[MS. N. Eng. chap, xvi.] says, he was convicted of being concerned in
sending letters to England of complaints against the colony and church of
Plymouth, in 1624, and was sentenced to depart from the jurisdiction.
He returned, without licence, in 1625, and behaved in such a manner,
that he was sent out of the colony, with a passport; and from this time
he traded ^^enerally with the Indiails until his death.

6 Trumbull, i. 63. The Pequots were seated on a fair and navigable
river, i'i miles eastward of the mouth of Connecticut river; and were a
more fierce, cruel, and warlike people, thnn the rest of the Indians. Hub-
bard, Ind. Wars, 14. Their principal sachem Sassacus lived at or near
Pequot [New London] ; aud his tribe could raise 4000 meu, tit for war.:
Coil. Hist. Soc. i. 147. : . .

Massachusetts

I0a6.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 239

MasiachuBetts government therefore judged it expedient
to send eighty or ninety men, under the command of John
Endicot, of Salem, with commission to treat with the Pe-
quots, and to offer terms of peace, on condition of their sur-
rendering the murderers of the English, and forbear ng
farther acis of hostility ; or else war ». On their arrival at
the Pequot country, they, by an interpreter, sent a message
to the Indians, who, on understanding the proposal, first
concealed themselves behind a hill ; and soon after ran into
the woods and swamps, where pursuit was impracticable >.
Little was effected by this expedition. One Indian only was
slain ; and some wiffwams were burnt 3.

To prevent the Narraganset Indians fro!;i joining the
Pequots, and to secure tb'^.ir friendship, Massachusetts sent
a solemn embassy to Canonicus, their chief sachem, who,
being old^ had caused his nephew Mtantonimoh to take
upon him the government 4. Mianconimoh, accompanied

1 His instructions were, to proceed to Block Islsntl, and put the men U*
the sword, aud take possession of the island, but to spare the wotneii and
children. He was next to sail to the Fequot country, and demand the
murderers of Stone, Norton, and their company ; and additional satisi-
fiiction. When he arrived at Block Island, forty or fifty Indians appeared
on the shore, and opposed his landing; but it was eftected. After a siiia'i
skirmish the Indians fled to the woods, and could not be found. The
English spent two days on the island, in which time they burnt their
witfwams, destroyed their corn, and staved tlieir canoes, 'i'licy next
sailed for the Pequot country. Trumbull, i. 63, 61. Block Island rnn-
tained, at that time, about 60 wigwams ; and the natives had there about
200 acrcM of corn. Ibid.
t2 Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 21. .23.

S I. Mather, N. Eng. «5. Hubbard, [MS. N. Kng. xx.\iv.] says, the Nar-
rSgansets afterward told the English, that IS Pequots were killed, and lo
wounded; and that but one of the Block Islanders was slain.

4 The youn^ prince Miantonimoh was of i^eat stature, sfern and cruel ;
*' causing all his nobility and attendants to tremble at his sneecli." The
old king, hearing of the English embassy, collected his chief counsellors,
and a great number of hir >eople, revolving that tiir: youui; kini; should, in
his hearing, leceive the message. The ambassadors, after l>eing " enter-
tained royally," were admitted to audience in a round state house, aboot
50 feet in diameter, made of long |)oles, stuck in the ground, and entirety
covered with mats, excepting a small aperture in the middle of tlic roof, to
give light, and let out the smoke. Here sat the sachem, "with very i;reat
attendance;" but, when the ambassadors began to deliver their message,
he lay extended on a mat, and his nobility sat on the ground with their
legs doubled up, tlieir knees touching their chin. At the close of the inter-
preter's speecn, which they heard with great gravity, Miantonimoh re»
plied, that he willingly embraced peace with the Etiglish; but the near-
ness of the Pequots, to whose sudden incursions Iris people wero exposed,
rendered it expedient for him to " hold amity with both." The cjnclu'
sion was an embassy to Boston, wliich terminated in the treaty of peace.
W'onderwoik. Providence, loy.

'WHS

&^>3«

•I

»■'

240 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1637.

by another sachem, two of the sons of Canonicus, and near
tw;:nty of his men, went to Boston, and entered into a
treaty of peace ; the articles of which were : That there
should be a firm peace between the Narragansets and the
English, and their posterity ; that neither party should
make peace with the Pequots, without the consent of the
other ; that they should not harbour the Pequots ; and that
they should return all fugitive servants, and deliver over to
the English, or put to death, all murderers. The English
were to give them notice when they were going out against
the Pequots ; and they were to furnish them with guides ;
and a free trade was to ^'e maintained between the parties.
Cushamakin, the bachem of the Massachusetts, subscribed
these articles, vviih the English >. The Narragansets were
at thia time estimated at five thousand fightin^ nien *.

At the close of this year, there were about two hundred
and fifty men in the three towns on Connecticut river. The
whole number of persons is eitimatcd to have been about
eight hundred ; of families, a hundred and sixty or seventy 3.

16.3;.

The Pequots were rather emboldened, than intimidated,
by Endicot's impotent expedition. In April, they killed
six men and three women near Wethersfield, and took two
young women captive. They also killed twenty cows, and
did other damage to the' inhabitants. Alarmed by these
atrocities, the Connecticut colonists took vigorous mea-
sures for their security. A court was summoned at Hart-
ford; and the towns, for the first time, sent committees, to
deliberate on a subject, in which the very existence of the
colony was concerned. The court, after mature delibera-
tion, considering that the Pequots had killed nearly thirty
of the English +; that they had insulted and horribly tor-
tured their captives ; that they were attempting to engage
all the Indians to unite for the purpose of extirpating the
English ; and that the whole colony was in imminent dan-
ger, unless some capital blow were immediately given to
their enemies ; determined, that an offensive war should be
carried on against them, by the three towns of Windsor, Hart-

I Hubbaril, Ind. Wars, Q7 ; MS. N, Knsj;. cliap. xxxiv. Tninibull, i. 6r).

*2 Callender, tt. Island, 70. Uo!;er Williams, wlio was (?allendci's au-
thority for this article, says, tliey wore so populous, '« tliat a traveller
'would meet with a dozen iudiau towns in 20 miles." Ibid.

3 Trumbull, i. 59.

4 Several were killed «t Savbrook and elsewhere. Ibid. 66-^70.

ford.

4\\-

1637.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 241

ford, and Wethersfield ; and voted, that ninety men should
be immediately raised ; forty-two from Hartford ; thirty
from Windsor; and eijghteen from Wethersfield. The
other New England colonies, roused by the apprehension
of danger, as well as incited by the request of Connecticut,
agreed to send all their forces against the common enemy >.

On the tenth of May the troops firom Connecticut, con-
sisting of ninety Englishmen and about seventy Moheagan
and river Indians, fell down the river, in a pink, a p*nnace,
and a shallop, for the fort at Saybrook. Tne Indians were
commanded by Uncas, sachem of the Moheagans; the
entire army, by John Mason, who had been bred a soldier
in Europe. Mr. Stone of Hartford went as chaplain >. At
Saybrook, a council, called to settle a plan of the expedi-
tion, agreed to proceed first to Narraganset ; to send back
twenty men to strengthen the infant settlements on Con-
necticut river ; and to take, in their stead, captain Under-
bill, with nineteen men from the garrison at Saybrook
fort. In pursuance of this plan. Mason proceeded with his
troops to Narraeanset Bay, where he engaged a large body
of Narraganset Indians, as auxiliaries.

The army, consisting of seventy-seven Englishmen, sixty
Moheagan and river Indians, and about two hundred Nar-
ragansets, marched on the twenty-fourth-of May to Nian-
tick, a frontier to the Pequots, and the seat of one of the
Narraganset sachems. The next morning a considerable
number of Miantonimoh's men, and oi the Nianticks,
joined the English, who renewed their march, with nearly
live hundred Indians. After marching twelve miles to a
ford in Pawcatuck river. Mason halted, and refreshed his
troops, fainting through heat and scanty provisions. H^re
many of the Narragansets, astonished to find it his inten*
tion, to attack the Pequots in their forts, withdrew, and
returned home i. Under the guidance of Wequash, a re-
volted

1 The late governor Trumbull of Connecticut, who was thoroughly ac-
quainted with American history, remarlced, that the Pequots were jeaUus
of the new settlements of the English, and plotted their ruin ; that they
murdered several persou^s, and committed many outrageous acts, which
frave /'lue to a Just and ntccxsary war. M S. account ot the state and origip
ut' Connecticut, in Ma^s. Historical Society.

'i Mr. Wilson of Boston was chosen to attend the Massachusetts troops,
as ciiaplain. One of the early laws of N. England was : *' Some minister
i'i to be sent forth to go along with the armv, for their instruction and eu-
couranement." Abstract of the Laws of T^. Eng. chap. x. art. 4.

3 The Fequnt? had two forts, one at Mistic river; and another, several
miles farther distant from the English arn)y> which was the fort of Sassa-

Vui.. I. |i citf.

•■I r.

\mi.

I •!

242 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1637.

volted Pequot, the army proceeded in its march toward
Mistic river, whero was one of the Pequot forts, and, when
evening approached, pitched their camp by two large rocks >.
Two hours before day, the troops were roused to the event-
ful action, the issue of which was in fearful suspense. After
a march of about two miles, they came to the foot of the
hill, on the summit of which stood the hostile fort. The
day was nearly dawning, and no time might be lost. Ma*
son, throwing the troops into two divisions, pressed for.
ward with one to the eastern, and Underbill with the other,
to the western entrance. When Mason drew nigh the fort,
a dog barked, and an Indian instantly called out, Owanux !
Owannx ! [Englishmen ! Englishmen !] The troops pnissed
on, and, having poured a full discharge of their muskets
through the pausadoes upon the astonished enemy, entered
the fort, sword in hand «. A severe conflict ensued. Many
of the Indians were slain. Some of the English were killccl,
others wounded ; and the issue of battle was yet dubious.
At this critical moment, Mason cried out to his men, « We
must burn them." Entering a wigwam at the same instant,
he seized a Are brand, and put it into the mats, with
which the wigwams were covered ', and the ci)mbustible
habitations were soon wrapped in flames. The English,
retiring without the fort, formed a circle around it ; and
Uncas with his Indians formed another circle in their rear.
The devouring 6re, and the English weapons, made rapid
and awful devastation. In little more than the space of one
hour, seventy wigwams were burnt ; and, eitner by the
sword or the flames, five or six hundred Indians perished 3.
Of the English, two men were killed, and sixteen wounded.
Soon after the action, about three hundred Indians ad-
vanced from the remaining fort ; but a chosen band, met
them with such warmth, as checked their onset; and en-
couraged him to order the army to march for Pequot har-
bour 4. When this movement began, the Indians advanced

cus, their chief sachem. The very name of this chief filled tlic Tntlians
with terror. •• Sassacus," said the flantiganscts, " i-, all one God ; no man
can kill him." Hubbard, Iiid. Wats, SO- Trumbull, i. 31. Coll. Hist.
Soc. ix. 8<t.

1 " Between or near" them. These rocks are in Groton, a town near
New Loudon, and are called Porter's rocks. Trnmbuil, i. 76.

"2 The entrance was " only barred with two great forked boughs, or
brandies, of trees." Mason's History.

8 Mason says, 6 or 7 hundred j Dr. Trumbull supposes, about C)Of».

4 Their vessels had been ordered to sail from Narragai^et bay. the iii^lit
before, for Pequot liarbour. When the action at the fort was ended, tin re

MAS

1037.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 243

to the hill, on which the fort had ntood. The sight of its
ruins threw them into a transport of rage. They stamped
the ground, tore their hair, and, regardless of danger, de-
scended the hill with precipitancy toward tiie English,
whom they pursued nearly six miles, with desperate but
impotent revenge. The English reached their vessels in
safety; and, in about three weeks fi im the time of their
embarkation at Hartford, they arrived at their habitations,
where they were received with every expression of exquisite
joy, and pious gratitude.

The body of the Peuuots, returning from the pursuit of
the English army, repaired to Sassacus at the royal fortress ;
where, on consultation, it was concluded, that they could
not remain longer in the country with safety. Destroying
therefore their wigwams and fort, they fled into various
parts of the country. Sassacus and seventy or eighty of the
chief counsellors and warriors tt )k their route toward Hud-
son's river.

The governor and council of Massachusetts, on receiving
intelligence ofthis success of the Connecticut troops, judged
it needful to send forward but ono hund.cd men ,. These
troops, under the command of captain Stoughtor , arriving
at Pequot harbour in June, and receivine assj lunce from
the Narraganset Indians, surrounded r large body of ' ?-
quots in a swamp, and took eighty .;apnve. The men,

was no appearance of tlicm in the Sound. About an hour after, while the
officers were consult! ni?. in deep perplexitVf what course to take, the
vessels, "as thouj^h guiilcd by the hand of Providence" to their relief, ap-
peared fully in view; and, under a fair wind, were sleeting directly into
the harbour. Trumbull, i 70*

I Massachusetts colony had determined to sen'^ 200 men ; and had pre-
viously sent forward captain Patrick wit|i 40 men, to form a seasonable
jiniction.with the Connecticut troops ; but, though these troops, while at
Narraganset, had intelligence of Patrick's march, it was judged inexpedient
to wait for his arrival. Trumbull, i. 71. 74. The court of Plvmouth
ai;rced to send 50 men at the charge of the colony, with as much speed as
possible, and provided a bark to cany their provisions, and to attend them
on all occasions ; but when they were ready to march from Massachusetts,
" they had word sent them to stay, ui^ f \c enemy was as good as vanquish-
ed, and there would be no need." :*a i-ton, 108. The number, raised by
each town in Massachusetts, gives us some idea of the propoj tjon which
the several towns bore to each other [Hutchinson, i. 70.] :

Boston - -

Newbury

Charlestowu -

I'i

Ipswich

Roxb\iry

Salem - -

Dorchester -

Saugus [Lynn]

It)

Weymouth -

Watertown -

Hin'uhani -

Newtown

MedfoT-d -

Marblehcad -
R2

*■

thirty

"vt

\y 1

I l'

■I ■

^■'

244 AMERICAN ANNAL?: ' [r637.

thirty in number, were killed, but the women and children
were saved. Forty men, raised by Connecticut, and put
under the command of the heroic Mason, made a junction
with Stoughton's company at Pequot. While the vesscli
sailed alon^ the shore, these aJMexl troops pursued the fu-
gitive Indians by land, to Quii.nipiacky and found some
scattering Pequots on their march, ileceiving information
at Quinnipiack, that the enemy were a considerable distance
westward, in a great swamp, they marched in that direc-
tion, with all possible dispatch, about twenty miles, and
came to the swamp >, where were eighty or a hundred war-
riors, and nearry two hundred other Indians. Some of the
English, rushing eagerly forward, were badly wounded ;.
and others, sinking into the mire, were rescued by a few
of their brave companions, who sprang forward to their re-
lief with drawn swords. Some Indians were slain ; others,,
finding the whole swamp surrounded, desired a parley;
and, on the oflfer of life, about two hundred old men, wo-
men, and children, among whom was the sachem of the
place, gradually came out, and submitted to the English.
The Pequot warriors, indignantly spurning submission, re-
newed the action, which, as far as it was practicable, was
kept up through the nieht. A thick fog, the next morning,
favouring the escape oTthe enemy ; many of them, among
whom were sixty or seventy warriors, broke through the
surrounding troops. About twenty were killed, and one
hundred and eighty captivated. The captives were divided
between Connecticut and Massachusetts, which distributed
them among the Moheagans and Narragansets ^. Sassacus,
the chief sachem, fled with about twenty of his best men
to the Mohawks, who, at the request of the Narragansets,
cut off his head ; and his country now became a province of
the English 3. A

1 Near where Pairfieid or Stratford now stands. Hubbard.

2 It was judged, that, during the summer, 700 Pei|uot!i were destroyed,
among wlium were IS sachems. About '200, beside women and children,
survived the Swamp Fight. Of this number the Eni;Iish gave 80 to Mian-
toninaob, andaotoNinnigret, two sachems of Narraganset -, and theotbor
100 to Uwcas, sachem of the Moheagans; to be received and treated a4>
their men. This division was made at Hartford in September IC38 ; at
which time, among other articles it was covenanted. That the Pecjiiots
should never again inhabit their native country, nor be called l'equot.s, Ixit
Narragansetts and Moheagans. Trumbull, i. S.i — 87. A number of the
male children were sent to Bermudas. Hubbard, Ind. Wars. M. Hutchiiv-
son, i. 80. Gov. VVinthrop [Journ. 1.34.] says, " We had now tUin and
taken in all about 700. We sent \b of the Iwys and two women to Ber-
muda, by Mr. I'ierce, but he missing it, carried tlieni to Providence Isle."
. 3 VVinthrop, Journ. A. D. 1637. Morton, 107— U 4. Hubbard, Ind.

Wars,.

163^] AMERICAN ANNALS. 245

A proclamation was issued in April by tbe king of En-
gland, to restrain the disorderly transportation of nis sub-
jects to the American colonies. It commanded, that no
licence be given them, without a certificate, that they had
taken theoathsofsnpremacy and allegiance, and comformed
to the discipline of tne church of England ^ To give effect
to this arbitrary measure, an ordinance was passed, which
enacted, that none should entertain any stranger, who
should arrive in the colonies with an intention to reside ; or
allow^ the use of any habitation, without liberty from the
standing council *. On complaint of several disorders in
New England, the king in July appointed Sir Ferdinando
Gorges general governor ; but the measure was never car*
ried into effect 3.

Ann Hutchinson, a woman of familistic principles in
Boston, holding lectures for the propagation of peculiar
tenets, attracted a numerous auditory, and eained many
adherents. The whole colony became divided into two par-
ties, which stiled each otlier Aatinomiant and Legalists.
Sucii was the warmth of the controversy, chat a synod was
judged expedient to settle it. A synod was t;ccordingly
convened at Newtown, composed of all the teaching elders
in the country, and messengers of the sttveral churches 4.
After a session of three weeks, the synod condemned eighty-
two erroneous opinions, which had become disseminated in
New England. This was the first synod, holden in America 5.

The

Wars, 36—54. 1. Mather, Troubles with the Indians. «5, 26, 47, 48, 50,
Triinibull, i, 66— 87- {lutcbinson, i.76 — 80. However just the occasion
of this war, humanity demands a tear on the extinction or a valiant tribe,
which preferred death to what it nnight naturally anticipate from the pro-
gress of the English settlements — dependence, or extirpation.

*' Induli^e, my native land ! indulge the tear.

That steals, impassion'd, o'er a nation's doom j

To me »?ach twig, from Adam's stock, is near, ^

And sorrows fall upon an Indian's tomb."

Dwight's Greenfield Hill, Part IV. entitled,
" The Destruction of the Pequods."

1 Hazavd, Coll. i. 431, where the proclamation is entire. Chalmers, i. 161.

8 Cha'.mcrs, i. 165; " enacted with a signal follv." lb.

S Chulmcrs, i. l6'2. Belknap, Biog. i. 385. This failure is thus account-
ed for. The troubles in England and Scotland checked the business for the
{Present; and, soon after, archbishop Laud and some other lords of council,
who had been zealous for the measure, lost their authority. Ibid.

4 The magistrates were also ])resent, and were not hearers only, " but
speakers also, as thev thought fit."

5 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xl. Winthrop, Journ. 137—140. Hut-
jchinson, i. 66 — GQ. Coll Hist. Soc. vii, iG, 17> The church of Boston sopn

V. i> after.

|l?V,l! ' I

240

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[its;.'

The government of Massachusetts, apprehending a breach
of peace from the Familists, caused Hity-eij^ht. persons in
Boston to be disarmed, and several towns Oi Salem, New-
bury, Roxbury, Ipswich, and Charlestown ». It also pasr&d
a law, that none should be received, to inhabit within the
jurisdiction, but such as should be allowed by some of the
magistrates *.

Samuel Gorton, of the familistic sect, giving great dis*
turbance in New England, was banished from the colonies
of Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts 3*

The town of Dedham began to be built; and here a
church was soon gathered 4. Mr. Jones was ordained pas-
tor, and Mr. Bulkley teacher, of the church in Concords.

Ten years had now elapsed since the comn:encement of
the settlement of Massachusetts. During this period, ninety,
ifour ministers came from England ; of this number twenty-
seven had returned ; thirty-six had dic'^ ; and thirty-one
were yet lijiing in the country. The number of ships,
which, during this period, transported passengers to New
England, was estimated to be two hnndred and ninety-eight ;
and the number of men, women, and children, twenty-one
thousand two hundred 6.

after," with one consent," agreed to pass the sentence of excommunicatinn
on Mrs. Hutchinson, " for many eviJs in lier conversation, as well as for
corrupt opinions." Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, x.xxix. Mi. Hutchinson,
her husband, being one of the purchasers of Aquehipc k, sold his estate in
Massachusetts, and removed with liis foniily to tliat island. On Ills death
(about 1642), Mrs. Hutchinson, beinj; dissatisfied with the people or place,
removed to the Dutch coxmtry beyond New Haven ; and, the year after,
she and all her family, consisting of \G persons, were killed by the Indians,
■with the exception of one daughter, whom they earned into captivity.
Hutchinson, i. 72.

1 Wonderwork. Prov. 121. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxviii.

2 Minot, Mass. i. 29-

3 Josselyn, Voy. 259- Josselyn calls him "a blasphemous atheist j" and
Hubbard styles him |' a prodiuious minter of exorbitant novelties, even
the very dregs of familism." MS. N. Eng. xlvii. where there is a distinct
account of the troubles, occasioned by Gorton and his adherents to Mas-
sachusetts.

4 Wonderwork. Prov. 125. Winthrop [Journ. 163.] says, it was
gathered 9 Nov. 1638.

5 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxvii.

6 Josselyn, Voy. 238, and N. Eng. Rar. 108. This article, though it has
been quoted by respectable authority, and may be snbstantially true, is
neither stated with precision, nor with confidence. The language of
Josselyn is, " in the ten first years chiefy •" and (in reference to the num-
ber of emigrants) "as near as can he guessed." Some writer, whose
name I have lost, affirms, that " by an exact computation, 4000 planters
had row come out of England ; in all the four grand settlements." See
Hutchinson, i. 93.

M. dp

A>, '

X.NXVUl.

ays, it ^va$

1638.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 247

M. de Enambuc, the father of the French colony at St.
Christopher's, brousht from that island to Martinico a
hundred soldiers, alf of them well provided for forming a
colony. Landing at Basse Terre, he built a fort, called St.
Peter, and made the first settlement on the island <.

John Davenport, a celebrated minister of Coleman Street
in London, accompanied by Theophiius Eaton and Edward
Hopkins, merchants of London, with several other respect*
able persons from that city and its vicinity, arrived this
summer at Boston, 'i'he unmolested enjoyment of civil and
religious liberty was the object of their emigration. Not
finding in Massachusetts sufficient room for themselves and
the numerous friends, whom they expected to foUov/ them,
and being informed of a iarge bay to the southwest of Con*
necticut river, commodious for trade, they applied to their
friends in Connecticut to purchase for them, of the native
proprietors, Jl the lands, lying between the rivers Con-
necticut and Hudson ; and this purchase they, 'n part, ef-
fected. In the autumn, Mr. Eaton and some others of the
company made a journey to Connecticut, to explore the
land and harbours on the sea coast ; and pitched upon Quin-
nipiack for the place of their settlement. Here they erecte4
a nut, and remained through the winter.

l638.

The way being prepared, Davenport, Eaton, and the rest
of their compahy, sailed from Boston for Quinnipiack ; and.
in about a fortnight, arrived at the desired port. On the
eighteenth of April they kept their first sabbatn in the place,
under a large spreading oak; where Mr. Davenport preached
to them. Soon after, they entered into what they termed a
plantation covenant '. Determined to make an extensive
settlement, these enterprising colonists paid early attention
to the making of such purchases and treaties, as v ould give
it stability. In November, they entered into an agreement
with Manauguin, sachem of that part of the country, and
his counsellors, for the lands of Quinnipiack. Monauguin,
in consideration ot being protected by the English from the

1 Univ. Hist. xli. 228. He died soon after; and his colleague, Sir Tlmmas
Warner, did not long survive liim. At the time of his death, St. Christo-

Cher's is said to have contained twelve or thirteen thousand English inha-
itants, Ihid. 27 1- Several historians, { mm find, place this article in 1635.

2 By this covenant they coleninlv ef)ii;agcd, that in the gathering and
ordering of a church, and in all yuhlic offices, relating to civil order, they
>yould be guided by the rules ol &icri|>ture. Trumboil, i. 91<

; R 4 ■ hostile

? .

'^m

248 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l638.

hostile Indians, yielded up all his right and title to all the
land of Cluinnipiack, of which he was the sole sachem, to
Theophilus Eaton, John Davenport, and others, their heirs
and assigns for ever ; and they, in return, covenanted, that
they would protect him an i his Indians ; that they should
always have a sufficient quantity of land to plant, on the
east side of the harbour j and, by way of free and grateful
jetribution, they gavehim, his counci' and company, tweive
coats of English cloth, twelve alcaymy spoons, twelve
hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen of knives, twelve porrin-
gers, and four cases of French knives and scissars. In
December, they made another ■ purchase of a larce tract,
jying principally north of the other, extending eight miles
cast of the river Cluinnipiack, and five miles west of it tu>
ward Hudson's river >. Near the bay of Quinnipiack they
laid out their town in squares, on the plan of a spacious
city ; and called it New Haven. This tov/n was the foun-
dation of a flourishing colony of the same name, of which
it hecame also the capital t.

Kieft, the Dutch governor of New Netherlands, pro-
tested against this plantation ; but his protest was disre*
garded, because unsupported 3.

The religious differences in Massachusetts were, in the
mean time, giving rise to a distinct colony, in another di-
rection. John Clark and some others, flnding the decisions
of the synod supported by the general court, went to Pro-
vidence, in search of a place, where they might have peace,
and liberty of conscience. By the advice and aid of Roger
Williams, they purchased 'Aquetneck 4 of the Indian sa-
chems ; and the natives of that Island soon after agreed, on

I This tract was purchased of Montowese, son of the great sachem at
Mattabeseckj and was 10 miles in length, north and south, and 1,3 miles
in breadtli. It included all the lands within the ancient limits of the old
towns of New Haven, Branford, and Wallingford ; and almost the whole
yritbin the limits of those towns, and uf the more modern towns of East
Haven, Woodbridge, Cheshire, Hamden, and North Haven. For this tract
the English gave 13 coats, and allowed the natives ground to plant, and
liberty to hunt within the lands. Trumbull, i. 93, 04, from N. Haven
Recpords.

•2 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xlil. Winthrop, Journ. 131, 151,
Mather, Mag!ial. book i. 25. Trumbull, i. 89— 9 1. Hutchinson, i. 83.
Chalmers, LiQO.

3 Chalmers, i. 571. Smith, N. York, 3.

4 Other islands in Narragansetts bay were sold at this time. Aquetneck
was the largest of them. Canonicus, chief sachem of Narragansetand Ni-
antick, and Miantonimoh, sold them to William Coddinuton and his asso-
ciates, in considerpvion of fifty fathom uf white beads. Hubbard, MS. N.
Eng. chap. xlii. Hutchinson, i. 72. Chalmers, i. 271.

receiving

l638.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 24Q

receiving ten coats and twenty hoes, to remove before the
next winter. The adventurers^ to the number of eighteen,
incorporated themselves into a body politic, and chose Wil-
liam Coddington to be their judge, or chief magistrate t.
Small as the number of associates was ; the fertility of the
soil, and the pleasantness of the climate, soon attracted
many people to their settlement ; and the island, in a few
years, became so populous, as to send out colonists to the
adjacent shores. The island was afterward named the Isle
of Rhodes ; and, by an easy declension, Rhode Island '.

Canonicus and Miantonimoh gave Roger Wulianis a deed
of Providence 3.

A quo warranto having been brought by the attorney
general against the governor, deputy, and assistants of the
corporation of Massachusetts <f, and judgment being given,
that the liberties and franchises should be seized into the
king's hand ; the council made an order, requiring the pa-
tent of Massachusetts to be sent back, by the next ship, to
England 5. Judgment not having been entered against the
charter, there was a delay of compliance with the order of
council. Meanwhile, the general court of Massachusetts ad-
dressed a petition on this snbject to the lords commissioners
for foreign plantations, vindicating the cause of the colony
with firmness, and supplicating relief with tenderness 6.

Arbitrary measures were still pursued in England, in re-
ference to the American colonies. An order was given by
the privy council in May to the lord treasurer to take speedy
and effectual course for the stay of eight ships, then in the
Thames, prepared to sail for New England. By this order,
Oliver Cromwell, Sir Arthur Hazlerig, John Hambden,
and other patriots, were prevented from coming to Ame-

1 Callender, 30 — 32, where are the names of the 18 associates. Their
association, accordin:; to Callender, preceded the completion of the pur-
chase. They united in a body politic 7 Marci), the sachems signed the
deed 24 March, 1(538. W'A. ''.loward the close of the year, they chose
three persons, as assistants to tiicir chief ma>jistrate. lb. 42.

2 Chalmers, i. ^71-

3 Dated 24 March. Backus, N. Ena;. i. 89. Brit. Emp. ii. 130.

4 Hazard, Coll. i. 423, where it is inserted, lltibhard, [MS. N. Eng.
chap, xxxvi.] says, that the business of demandingtlie patent of Massachu-
setts had been on hand ever since the year 1034 ; but it had been overlook-
ed, by the interposition possibly of matters of great moment, until this
year.

5 Hubbard, ^^S. N. Eng. chap, xxxvi. Chalmers, i. l6l. Hutchinson,
Col. 10.').

6 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Nxwij HaiJ.ud,Coli. i.i435,43Ci w^ere
the Petition is entire.

rica.

250 , AMERICAN ANNALS. [l638,

rica«. How limited the foresight of man ; how inscrutable
the counsels of God ! By this arbitrary measure, Charles,
• tar from suspecting, that the future revolutions in his
1 Hgdoius were to be excited and directed by persons in
such a humble sphere of life, forcibly detained the men
cijstined to overturn his throne, and to terminate his days
by a violent death =."

Scui cely had the venerable founders of New England felled
thj trees of the forest, when they he<rart to provide means
io insure the stability of tliclr coloi.y. Lenrninff and Reli-
gion they wisely judged to V.!c ..he firmesf nilTars of the
church and commonwealth. The -igv^ature )i Massachu-
setts, havitifv previously foatidcd a school or uollege, had
tht: last year (5 637 ) ordered, that it beat Newtown: and
«ppo'n.tea a conunittee i to carry the order into etTect. The
Jiberality of an uulividual now essentially contributed to the
completion of this vise and pious design. Job , Harvard, a
wortliy minister, dying rliis year at Chavitstown, left a le-
g icy of seven hundred ;:nd seventy-n'.ne pounds, seventeen
shillings, and two pcr\ce, to tht; Tnibli? .school at Newtown.
In honour of that generous bcneLiotor, this collegiate school
\v ;i>; soon after, by an order of court, named Harvard Col-
lege ; and Newtown, in compliment to the college, and in
jiiemory of the place whtre many of the first settlers of New
England received their education, was called Cambridge 4.

Several gentlemen in Boston and its vicinity, having
formed themselves into a military company, petitioned to be
incorporated. The council, adverting to the examples of
the pre.:orian bands among the Romans, and the templars
jn Europe, was cautious of erecting a standing authority of
inilitary men, who might ultimately controul the civil

1 Hazard Coll. i. 4^-3, where is a copy of the Proclamation. Mather,
^Iimnal. book i. 23. Chahncis, i. l6o, l6l. Belknap, Biog. ii. 2'i9. Neal,
>J. Erig i. 108.

2 Robertson, bonk x. lfi;l.

3 Governor WiDtlirop, deputy i^overnor Dudley, treasurer Bellinq;ham;
;Mi'. fiumfiey, 1^1 r. Hat lackciklen, and Mr. Stoui^htoii, counsellors^ Mr.
Cotton, ^Ir. Wilson, Mr. Davenport, Mr. Wells, , Mr. Shephard, and Mr.
I'cl'Ms, minister. MS. Records of M;Ksachu.setts.

4 MS. Ricoids ot" Mibsnchusetts. Winthrop, Jonrn. IW. Hubbard,
MS. N. Enu:. cli;ip. Nxxii. There wQie several benefactors to this college,
beside Mr. riarvauU and '• the other colonics sent sofiie small help to the
iiu(k'it.?kini;." Mather, M'ai;inal. book i v. WO. The primary f)bject of this
institution was, to furnish a succession of learned and able ministers.
Ibid. l>y Miissiuluisetfs Records it appears, that the court gave it the
jianie of Haiivaud in iGJUj but the name of Newtown was altered by
ilie court iu Mny l'}3i.

power,

Bventeen

l038.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 251

power. The patriotic associates however were allowed to
be a company, but subordinate to the authority of the coun«
try *. This is the origin of the company, distinoruished in
the military annals of Mas?nchesetts by the merited name
of The Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company.

John Wheelwright, who had been banished from Massa-
chusetts, went, accompanied by a number of people from
Braintree, to New Haii.^shire, where belaid the foundation
of the town and church of Exeter 2. The inhabitants of
Pascataqua attempted, about this time, to gather themselves
into a church state ; but, through dissensions, they appear
not to have succeeded in the design 3. Josselyn, whom we
have quoted as an original authority, made his first voyage
to New I iigland this year 4. Boston at this time was
*' rather a village, than a town ;" consisting of no more than
twenty or thirty houses 5.

I'here was a great earthquake in New England on the
first day of June. The earth shook with such violence,
that, in some places, the people could not stand, without
difficulty, in the streets ; and most moveable articles in their
houses were thrown down. This phenomenon formed a me-
morable epoch in the annals of New England^. About

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eiig. chap.'x.\xiii. .

Q Hutcliinson, i. I06. Pres. Stiles MSS. The next year (1(539) 35 per-
sons, settlers of Efceter, entered into a combination, and' erected a civil go-
vernment. The reason, which they assign for the measure, is : " Consider-
ing with ourselves the holy will of God and our own necessity, that we
should not live without wholsoni Lawes and Civil Government among us,
of which we are altogether destitute." The Constitution, with the names
of the 35 si>»ners is in Hubbard, MS. N. En^. chap. x\xi, and Hazard, Coll.
i. 463. Their rulers were Isaac Grosse, Nicholas Ncedham, and Thomas
VVilson; each of whom continued in office one year, havita; two assistants.
The laws were made in a popular assembly, and tbrmally consented to by
the rulers. This combination subsisted tlup? jears. lielkiiap, N. Hamp. i.
37. It was a few mUes only beyond t!ie north eastern boundaiy ofMassa-
chusetts, amid the forest, which then skirted the shore of the great bay of
Pascataqua, that Exeier was planted. Chalmers, i. 475.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxxi. Hubbard says, " they fell iuto
factions, and strange confusions."

4 Josselyn, Voy. 20. It is a curious fact, that Josselyn brought " from
Francis Quarlcs tlie po^t," the translation of several Psalms " into English
metre," and delivered them to Mr. Cotton, mirjister of Boston, " for his
approbation." Ibid.

6 Ibid. 173. There were two licensed inns then in Boston. " .An officer
visits them," says Josselyn, whenever a stranger goes into them ; and " if
he calls for more drink than the officer thinks in his jud;>incnt he can so-
berly bear away," he countermands it, and "appoints tiie proportion be-
yond which he cannot get one drop." ]bi<l.

6 Winthrop, Journ. 135. It occurred between the hours of three and
four P. M. The weather was clear and warm, and the wind westerly. «' It

cuiuu

', ^.

: li^l'ii. I

252 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l638.

About one hundred and thirty freemen were added to
Massichusctts; and there arrived this summer twenty ships,
with at least three hundred persons >.

The first New England built ship arrived in the Thames s,

Uncas, sachem of the Moheagans, having given umbrage
l)y entertaining some of the hostile Pequots, went to Boston
in June, w ith a present to the governor of Massachusetts ;
promised submission to the English ; and was ever afterward
taithful to their interests 3. In September, articles of
^i^reemcnt were made between him and the colonists of
Connecticut 4.

The government of Plymouth colony caused three En-
glishuien to be pmt La death, for the murder of an Indian
near Providences.

A Swedish factory, conducted by Minuitz, having reared
habitations for shelter on the eastern banks of the Delaware,
jiear its confluence; Kieft, the governor of New Nether-
lands, transmitted a remonstrance against the proceeding ;
laying claim to the whole South river, as the property of
the Dutch. Minuitz however retained possession «.

The assembly of Maryland prepared a collection of regu-
lations, 'i'he province was divided into baronies and ma-
nors, the privileges of v/hich were carefully regulated.
Bills were passed ibr settling the glebe i for the liberties of

<.aa)e with a uott>e lik«a continued thunder, or the rattling of coaches in
London, but was prebentiy gone." It was felt at Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, Narragaiiis,et, Pasc.atat|ua« and tlie circumjacent parts. It shoolc the
ships, which rode in Poston harbour, and all the islands. " The noiie and
the shaking continued about four minutes. Tlie earth was unquiet !20
days after by times." Ibid. Josselyn, N. Eng. Rar. 109. Hutchinson,!.
90. Trumbull, i. 92. Professor Winthrop, Lect. on Earthquakes, 16.
Memoirs Americ. .Acad. i. 262. Brit. Eoip. i. i!76.

1 Winthrop, Journ. 163.
' 2 Pemberton, MS.

3 Winthrop, Journ. 155. Hubbard,. MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxiv ; Ind.
Wars, 40, 41. In 1640 he conveyd his lands to Connecticut

4 Gov. Trumbull, MS. State and Origin of Connecticut.

5 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, l.xxvi. Morton, 120, 121.

6 Chalmers, i.571, 572,531. Kieft asserted. " that the wh^le South ri-
ver of New Netherlands had been in the Dutch possession many years,
above and below beset with forts, and sealed with their blood." Disputes
arose. A bloodless war ensued. The Dutch dictated the terms of peace.
At the treaty of t^tockholm, in 1640, "Sweden dnd Holland prudently
pas:;ed over in silence colonial squabbles, and American territory ; for
the preteiuions of neither party could have been supported by fair and
accurate discussions." Chalmers, ibid. .Smith. N.York, 3,4. Souf/i
liver was the Dutch name of the Dtftnvare ; North river, the name of
<lie JFiitfuon : In the Dutch language Zuyd rivierf and Noordt rivUr.
Spe Laets map at p. 6^.

the

163Q.] AMERICAN ANNAI-S. ' 253

the people ; for swearing allegiance to their sovereign ; and
ifor securing titles to their estates. The law for civil causes
and for crimes was ascertained. Laws were passed for the
payment of tobacco, and for the planting of corn ; and va-
rious other regulations of domestic economy and of com-
merce were established ». The acts of this assembly are the
first, of which any record appears in the province ^.

The English at St. Lucia were surprized, in the night, by
the Caribbean Indians; and almost all were killed in their
beds. A few escaped to Montserrat n.

The Spaniards attacked a small English colony, which
had taken possession of the little unoccupied island of Tor-
tuga, and put every man, woman, and child to death. They
even hanged such, as came in and surrendered themselves,
on the promise of mercy, after the attack 4.

M. Poincy attempted to muke a settlement at Grenada ;
but was driven off by the Caribbeansf.

» ■

1639.

The inhabitants of the three towns on Connecticut river,
Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, finding themselves
without ihe limits of the Massachusetts patent, conceived
the plan of forming themselves, by voluntary compact, into
a distinct commonwealth. All the free planters convened
at Hartford on the fourteenth of January ; and, after mature
deliberation, adopted a constitutioti of government. This
constitution had been thought, by the judicious, to be one
of the most free and happy constitutions of civil government,
that has ever beeu formed. The formation of it, at so early
a period, " when the light of liberty was wholly darkened in
most parts of the earth, and the rights of men were so little
understood in others," does great honour to the intelligent
colonists, who framed it. It has continued, with little altera-
tion, to the present time ; and the happy consequences of

A > I't

< I.

i<\

'i:

1 Chalmers, i, 311.

2 ]bid. SS4. \t was from the VirE;iiua Papers in England, that notice
was obtained of the proceedings of an as:enibly, holden at St. Mary's ia
163.5. Ibid.

S Univ. Hist. xli. 215.

4 Edwards, W. Indies, i. 139. Univ. Hist. [xli. 5lQ,] instead of an
"English colony." says, <*thc freebooters of all nations, Vfhu had settled
on the island of Tortuga."

4) Uui>v Hist. xli. ! .j. , f, ,. ..

^.tM»*»'

2r>4

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1(530.

it, which, for more than a century and a half, the people of
Connecticut have experienced, exceed description ».

Agreeably to the constitution, the free men convened at
Hartford in April, and elected their officers for the ensuing
year. John Hay nes was chosen governor; and Roger Lud-
low, deputy governor 2. The general assembly proceeded
gradually to enact a system of laws. The first statute in the
code of Connecticut is a declaration or bill of rights 3.

The planters of Quinnipiack had continued more than a
year without any other constitution, than their plantation
covenant. Having received a respectable accession to their
number, by the arrival of the reverend Henry Whitfield,
William Leet, esquire, and others 4, they were now prepa-
red for a more systematic combination. All the free plan«
ters in the settlement convened on the fourth oi June, and
proceeded to lay the foundations of their civil and religious
polity 5. Among other resolutions, they resolved, that they
would all be governed by the rules of scripture. Having
bound themselves to settle civil government according to
the divine word, they determined, that church members
only should be free burgesses ; and that they only should
choose magistrates, and have power to' transact all the civil
affairs of the plantation. They also resolved, that twelve

1 Trumbull, i. 95 — 98, where is a sketch of this constitution ; in Ha-
zard, Coll. i. 437 — 141, it is entire. Though dated 14 January, l638, its
true date, accordini? to the vrcsciit reckoning, is in the year 1039. 'I'hc
constitution decreed, that there shall be yearly two General Assemblies;,
or Courts-, that at the first, called the Court of Election, shall be yearly
chosen so many magistrates and other public officers, as shall be found re-
quisite, one of which to be chosen governor for the year ensuing, and no
other niai>istrate to be chosen for more than one m\r, provided there be
ai.x chos<'ii beside the governor, who being chosen ana sworn according
t>> anoatii recorded tor that purpose, shall have power to administer jus-
tice according to the law here established, and for want thereof accord: ig
to tlie rule of the Word of God. That choice was to be made by all the
freemen who had taken the <»ath of fidelity, and did " cohabit within this
jurisdictinu." No person might be chosen governor mofe than once in
two years. The towns were to send their deputies to the two courts, and
these weie empowered to make laws, and to do any other public \)usiness,
•• which concerned the good of the couunonwealth." See also Trumbull,
i. Appendix No. III.

2 Roger Ludlow, George Wyllys, Edward Hopkins, Thomas Welles,
John Webster, and William Pheiiis, where cliosen magistrates ; and tlic
first of the six was chosen deputy s^overnor.

3 Trumbull, i. 98, where are the names of the first dapvfics.

They were a part of Mi-. Davenport and Eaton's company ; and were
principally from Kent and Surrey, in the vir iuity of London. ll)id. DO-
' '"* Newmr.n's. Ibi

6 This convention was holdeu iu a large barn of Mr.

men

1639.] AMKPtlCAN ANNTALS. 255

men ' should be chosen, who should be empowered to choose
seven, to begin the church. After a proper term of trial,
seven men \v< 'e chosen for the seven pillars, 'ihe court,
consisting ot tliftse seven persons only, convened on tho
twenty- fifth of October; and, after a solemn address to the
Supreme Being, proceeded to form the body of fre«rnen, and
to elect civil otficers. Theophilus Eaton was cho ,v;n gover-
nor; and to him, at the close of the election, Mr. Daven-
port gave a charge in open court. The freemen now decreed,
that there should be a general court annually in the plant.i-
tion 2.

The reverend Peter Prudden, with a coninanv from We-
thersfield, purchased Wopowage of the natives, and there
commenced a settlement, whic>" was afterward called Mil-
ford. A church was gathered there on the twenty- 8<"coiid
of August. In the first town meeting, the number i>t free
planters, or church members, was forty-four. The Indians
at this place were so numerous, that the fcLnglish judged it
newCssary to enclose and fortify the town 3.

Some of the first adventurers, who came to Quinniplack,
purchased Menunkatuck of the natives on the tweniy-nintU
of September ; and, in commemoration of the place in Surrey,
from which they chiefly emigrated, called it Guilford. As
soon as their purchase was completed, they removed from
New Haven, and settled there. Mr. Henry Whitfield led
forth this little flock into the wilderness, and was its first
pastor. William Leet, than a young mm, afterward gover-
nor of New Haven, accompanied the settlers to Guildford 4.

Cup-

1 The persons, chosen for trial, from whom the 7 pillars were selected,
•were* • Theopliilas Eaton, • John Davenport, * Kobcit Newman,

• Matthew Gilbert, Jtichard Malbon, Nathaniel Turner, Ezckiel Cheevei-s,

* Thomas Fugill, • John Piinderson, William Andrews, and • Jcremjafi
Dixon. N. Haven MS. Records. This fundamental agreement was signed
by 63 persons 4 June} and there were soon after added about 50 other

•names. Ibid. 101.

2 N. Haven Records in Pres. Stiles' Itinerary. Trumbull, i. 99 — 10'2.

3 Trumbull, i. i03, 104, ':!98. Hubbard [MS. N. En;,', chap, xiii.]
says, the company of settlers was from Hartford and its vicinity. Mr.
Prudden was installed their pastor 18 A\>t'\\p 1640. Trumbull.

4 Rev. Thomas Rui?gles, MS. Hist, of Guilford in Pres. Stiles' MS,
Coll. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. x'ii. Trumbull, i. 103. It was " almost "

. winter" when these resolute people removed. They now chose four of
tlie principal planters for civil £;overnnjent, " whose power was to con-
tinue until the church was formed, or rather appeared in fbrrn, when
their power was to end. So Soon as their wiiderncis state would admit,"

2Vit "[pillars.

Ilk

Hill

'?! I

mmtsfii

250 AMEniCAM ANNALS. [l6s0.

Cupheae and Pughquonnuck v. ere purchased of the na-
tives ; anda settlement was bt;guu a'. Ciipheag. since named
Stratford >.

George Fenwick) a gentlemat of great estate, and emi-
nent for wisdom and piety, arriving from England with his
lady and family, laid the foundation of the town of Saybrook
at the mouth uf Connecticut river*.

Sir Furdinando Gorges obtained of the crown a distinct
charter in confirmation of his own grant, of all the land
from Pascataqua to Sagadahock, styled The province of
Maine. Of tnis province he was made lord Palatine, with
the same powers and privileges, as the bishop of Durham,
in the county Palatine of Durham. In virtue of these pow-
ers, he constituted a government within his province ; and
incorporated the plantation at A^amenticus into a city, by
the name of Gorgeana, which, with a lofty name, was but
an inconsiderable village. The province did not flourish 3.

Rowley, in Massachusetts, was settled by about sixty in-
dustrious and pious families from Yorkshire, under the gui-
dance of Ezekiel Rogers, an eminent minister. These set-

in April 1043, " they formed themselves into a Congregational church ;"
Avhen " the purchasers of the lands, and those persons in whose hands the
civil power had been intrusted, did actually in a formal manner in
vritini; rt'sii;n .ill their rights and authority unto the church." hi imita-
tion of Mr. Davenport's procecdure, the church was formed by covenant
on seven pillars. UuuglcN, MS. Hist, ut supra. Mr. Whitfield was a well
bred man, a good scholar, a great divine, an excellent preacher; and
he was the father of >he plantation. Previously to his departure from En-
j:;]and, he enjoyed one of tlie best church livings at Okely, iu the county
of Surrey, beside a lar^e |)cr.s(>nal estate. After continuing eleven years
in the ministry at (luilford, he returned in 16.50, during the protectorate
of Cromwell, to his native country. A large handsome stone house,
built at Guilford at his own cxpence, and ** which served as a fort for
himself and many of the inhabitants," was seen standing by President
i-tiles, who viitited it in 176R. Ibid. Trumbull, i. 300. See' Coll. tlist.
Soc. iv. 189— tSS, where Mr. Rugglcs' History of Guilford is preserved.
blather, Magnal. bookiii. 217, 318.

I Trumbull, i. 105. _ Pushquonnuck was the vcstern part of the pur-
chase, bordering on Vairiield. Ibid.

'2 Hubkud, >IS. N. Kng chap, xxxvii. His lady died soon after their
arrival. I was informed at Saybrook in 1803, that she was buried near the
riargiu of the river; and that her monument was in recent remembrance,
though but fcmall, ifany, remains uf it were yet visible.

,') Hubbnrd, MS. N. Eng. chan. xv. xaxI. Belknap, Oiog. i. 385 — .383.
Sullivan, 71. Brit. Em|). ii. 3. Tne confirmatory grant is in Hazard, Coli.
i. 442 — l.'jO. The name of the Province was given in compliment to the
queen of Charles I. who owed, as his private estate in France, the Pro-
vince of. Meyne. Sullivan, 307.

tiers.

.; v «« , 'i< _ 111.^ ^ 1.

'-*'-,*,-■

1630.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 257

tiers, many of whom had been clothiers in England^ built
a fulling mill ; emplo^^ed their children in spinning cotton
wool ; and were the Hrst who attempted to make cloth in
North America >.

A settlement was begun on the north side of Merimac, and
called Salisbury ; anotlier at Winicowet, and called Hamp-
ton. Yarmouth and Barnstable a, in Plymouth colony, were
settled 3. A church was gathered at firaintree, of which
Mr. Thompson, a pious and learned minister from Lanca-
shire, 3oon atter became its pastor ; and Henry Flint, a man
of similar piety, its teacher 4.

There were now two regiments in Massachusetts ; which
were mustered at Boston, to the number of one thousand
soldiers 5. About eighty- three freemen were added to the
colony this year *. The church in Boston was sold by the
proprietors ; and another was erected near the market place 7.

The first printing press in North America was set up this
year at Cambridge ^.

The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act to free from
all duties and public taxes all estates, employed in catching^
making, or transporting fish. All fishermen, during the
season for business, and all ship builders were, by the same
act, excused from trainings. Sumptuary laws were also

1 Woiidervroik. Prov. 130; Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxli. This
article is there put in 1638 j but Winthrop [Journ. 175.] puts it in
1639. Mo. «.

3 The church at Scituate was in a broken condition several years. The
Rev. John Lothrop, witii part of that church, removed to Cape Cod,
and settled at Barnstable, 1 1 October, 1039- Lothrop's MS. Kecords,
and President Stiles' MSS.

3 Winthrop, Journ. 172, IRS. It appears by gov. Winthrop, (ibid.)
that Sudbury was likewise settled in 1 639.

4 Winthrop, Journ. 188. Hubbard, MS. > ''.ng. chap, xxxvii. " Mount
Wollaston [Braiutree] had been formerly li to Boston." It was given to
that place *< for upholding the town and church there. " The inhabitants
of Boston, who had taken their farms and lots at Mount Wollaston,
desired to gather a church there in 16S6 } but the measure was then
op posed at Boston, lest, " j)y the removal of so many chief men as woulu
go thither," the original desii;n should be frustrated. Winthrop, ib. 107, 187.

5 Winthrop, Journal,! 7 (>•

6 Wonderwork. Prov. 184.

7 Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. S6T. Thfe old one wad " out of repair and too
small." Ibid. The new one cost about 1000 /. which were raised out of
the weekly voluntarily contribution. Winthrop, Journ. 217.

8 Winthrop, Jourti. 171. It " was began by one Da} eat the charge of
Mr. Glover," who died on his passage to America, <* The first thini;,
which \xas printed, was the freeman's oath ; the ne^t was an almanack,
made for New England by Mr. Pierce, mariner ; the next wm the Psalms,
iicwiv turned tttto^ metre." Ibid. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 19.

Vol. I. 8 made

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^58 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l63g.

made for festratining excess in apparel, and ether expences ^

The commission of governor Harvey was revoked in the
beginning of this year ; and Sir Wilham Berkeley was ap-
pointed governor of Virginia. The king's instructions to
the new governor evince a prodigious change in colonial po-
licy. While preparations were making in England and
Scotland for civil war, there were given to the wishes of the
Virginians, a provincial legislature, a regular administration
of justice, a government of laws s.

The legislature of Maryland passed an act " for establish-
ing the house of assembly." It enacted, that those, who
should be elected pursuant to writs issued, should be called
burgesses, and should supply the place of the freemen who
chose them, in the same manner, and to the same intents,
as the representatives in the parliament of England ; that
the gentlemen, summoned by the special writ of the proprie-
tary, and those freemen, who should not have votea at any
of the elections, toeether with the governor and secretary,
should be called, The House of Assembly ; and that all acts,
assented to by that body, should be deemed of the same
force, as if the proprietary and freemen had been personally
present. The assembly, thus formed, passed what seems to
have been intended for a code of laws, until a complete sys-
tem of provincial jurisprudence could be established 3.

Inconsiderable, at this early period, must have been the
numbers, wealth, and power of Maryland j for a generil
contribution was thought necessary, to erect a watermill for
the use of the colony. Slavery seems to have rooted in
Maryland with its original settlement ; for an act of the new
assembly describes " the people," as consisting ot all Chris-
tian inhabitants, " slaves only excepted 4."

A nunnery of French Ursulins was founded at Quebec.
Madame de la Pel trie, a pious Catholic lady, devoting her
person and fortune to this religious design, went to Quebec
with three Ursulins, attended by le Jeune, superior of the
Jesuit mission in Canada. Entering the city under a general
discharge of cannon, they proceeded in triumph, amidst
the acclamations of the psople, to the church, where Te
Deum was solemnly sung for their arrivals.

1640.

1 Hutchinson, i. 92.
' 2 Cliaimers, i. 119, 120. Gov. Harvey's Commission, given in l636, is
in Rvmer's Feed. xx. 3. and Hazard, Coll. i. 400 — 403.

3 "Chalmers, i. 213.

4 Clmhue's, i. <2M-. 216.

5 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 906~209. l-niv. Hist, xxxix. 438,
4:^9. Charlevoi.\ (ibid.) sayii, that M. dc la Peittic had such zeal for the

6on-

**-^

lt)40.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

259

l64D.

An attempt was made in the English parliament to esta-
blish once more over Virginia the government of the ancient
corporation, and thus to annul the charter of Marj^land,
but it was vigorously opposed' by the Virginian assembly,
and the measure was relinquished '.

Opechancanough, an Indian emperor in Virginia, being
dead a, governor Berkeley made a firm and lasting peace with
the natives 3.

Among other useful laws, now passed by the assembly of
Maryland, was its inspection law, which established many sa-
lutary regulations for the improvement of the staple or the
colony, and for the protection of purchasers from frauds 4.

Several of the inhabitants oi Lynn, finding themselves
straitened for land, went to Long Island in search of a new
plantation ; and agreed with lord Stirling's agent there
foi tract of land near the west end of the island, and with
th atives for their right. The Dutch at New Netherlands,
hearing of these contracts, sent men to take possession of
the place, and to set up the arms of the prince of Orange,
Ten or twelve of the English company, beginning soon af-
ter to erect buildings, took down the prince's arms ; in the
place of which an Indian drew an ugly face. Provoked by
this indignity, the Dutch sent soldiers, who brought off the
lilnglishmen, and imprisoned them ; but after a few days,
having taken an oath of them, they set them at liberty.
The adventurers now removed to the east end of the island :
where, to the number of forty families, they settled the
town of Southampton. Inviting Mr. Pierson, a man of
learning and piety, to be their minister, he and several of

conversion and comfort of the Canadian natives, that she cultivated the
earth with her own hands, to increase her power to promote their benefit.
The hospital, called de 1' Hotel Dieu, was founded the j)receding year at
Sileri, by M. la Diichesse d' Aii^uillon. Ibid. Mrs. Ann Winslow, a re-
spectable lady, who resided several years in Canada, informs me, that
both thciie institutions are now in a flourishing state, especially the Hotel
Dieii.

1 Chalmer?, i. 21/». The reason assigned for the oj.-'position of Vir-
ginia is : This " ancient dominion had now learned from experience, that
more liberty was enjoyed under any form, than beneath the rule of a
commercial company." Ibid.

2 While a prisoner in the hands of the governor, he was shot by an Ea«
glish soldier. Keith, 146.

.S Ibid.

4 Chalmers, i. 216.

Iffif

I: fc

II., i:' I

s 2

the

.- — ,„.J|kJl:--fc-.^

Ill-

260 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l640.

the company formed themselves into a church at Lynn be-
fore their departure ; and the whole company, with the ad-
vice of i\ome of the magistrates of Massachu>;?tts, erected
themselves into a civil government <.

The inhabitants of Providence, to the number of forty
persons, combined in civil government, according to their
own model >. Some of the Providence people began a plan>
tation at Patuxet, comprehended in their grant 3.

The settlers on the north side of Pascataqna river already
experiencing serious inconveniences, and apprehensive of
greater, for the want of civil government, formed a govern-
ment of their own, independent of the proprietary lords +.
The oldest record of New Hampshire is dated this year 5.

The first general court in the province of Maine was hoi-
den at Saco 6-

The general court of Maasachusetts gave liberty for two
new plantations ; one of which was called HaverliiU ; the
other, Andover 7. It also granted the income of the ferry
between Boston and Charlestown as a perpetu'^ revenue to
Harvard college K It made provision for a put c registry 9.
It prohibited the use of tobacco i<>.

The magistrates with the ministers of Massachusetts chose
the reverend Henry Dunster, to be president of Harvard
college ».

After a long time recess, the parliament assembled ; and
persecution was stopped. On the change of affairs in En-
gland, emigration ceased. Several of the Most considerable
colonists, and many of the ministers in New England, now
returned to their native country u.

The

/, #

1 Winthrop, Journ. 204. Hubbardp MS. N. Kng. chap, xxxiii.
Matlier, Magnal. book iii. OH. Neal, N. Eng. i. 208.

^ Cailender, 43. Douglass, ii. 78.

3 Cal lender, S'i. Adams, N. Eng. 63.
. 4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. x.\xi, where is a copy of the con>pact.

5 Chalmers, i. 498.

6 Sullivan, 308.

7 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xxxii. The names were given " wifli
reference to some of the planters, who belonged to those towns in En-
gland." Ibid.

8 Massachusetts Laws. Douglass, i. 543. Adams, N. Eng. 73.
. 9 Hutchinson, i. 4b5.

10 Chalmers, i. 42. . ; t^ .

- 1 1 Mather, Magnal. iv. 127.

12 Chalmers, i. 165, 166. Hutchinson, i. 03. Neal [N. Eng. i. 218.]
$:\yi, the New England colonics the w\t twenty years'decreabed, instead
ot lecciving any accession. The greatocss uf this change was distress*
4v7 :. ' *"i'y

1640.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 26 1

The inhabitants of Strawberry Bank [Portsmouth], hav-
ing voluntarily given several sums of money for building
and founding a parsonage house and a chapel, now granted
fifty acres ofland to be annexed to them as a elebe >.

I^athaniel Turner, in behalf of the town of New Haven,
purchased of Ponus, sagamore of Toquamske, and of Was-
cussue, a sagamore of Shippau, all tne lands belonging to
them, called Rlppnwance, excepting a small parcel, reserved
by them for planting. A part or the whole of this tract was
soon after purchased of New Haven by some of the inhabi-
tants of Wetherstield, who settled upon it the town of Stam»
ford *.

fully felt by New England. The price of a milch cow, which had been
from 25 to 30 /. fell this vear to 6 or 6 /. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap,
xxxii. There werejudgeid to be 12000 neat cattle, and about 3000 sheep
in the colony. Hutchinson, ut supra. For the number of colonists, that
had come to New England, see p. 246. That estimate seems to belong
to this year.

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xxxi. From the language here used,
we should naturally conclude this foundation to have been exclusively
Episcopal; but the following account is given of it. '• In the first be-
ginning of their government, they had no laws, to render votes of town
meetings valid, with respect to property ; nor any forms of conveyance,
but such as were taken from the laws of England. Therefore, the
inhabitants thought it necessary to confirm their vote of a patronage by a
legal deed, and no other forms existed, but such as were peculiarly ac-
commodated to tlie church of England." Mr. Richard Gibson was
chosen for «♦ their first |)arson ;" and /le exercised the ministerial function
according to the ritual of the English church-, but he appears to have
soon left the country. No person was oidained for the ministry at Ports-
mouth till almost 50 years from tne time of its first settlement. Of all
the temporary preachers during this period, Gibson was the only one,
who followed the English ritual. " The building, which in i640 was
called a chapel, appears ever after to have been called a meeting house."
MS. Account of Keligioui Societies in Portsmoulli f peats me J, by Rev.
Timothy Alden, jun. This accor';jt, the result of diligent and accurate
investigation, will be printed in th.. r.ixt volume • of the Collections
ofMass. Hist. Sosiety.

2 MS. Memoir of Rev. Noah Welles of Stamford, in President Stiles'
Itinerary. Turner gave the natives for the New Haven purchase 12
coats, 12 hoes, 12 hatchets, 12 glasses, 12 knives, 2 kettles, and 4
fathom of white wampuiv The Wethersficld purchivsers gave New
Haven for the township of Sramford 33 I; and ol.li<;ed themselves to join
with the people of New Haven in the foi m of gevernmcnt, lately
{agreed on there. Twenty men agreed to settle by Uie last of November,
1641 ; and before the en(J ujl i()41, there were iiO or 40 families settle! at
is tan) ford. Ibid.

• VuL X.
S3

The

iii

2ii2

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[l041.

The general court of Massachussctts established one hun-
dred laws, called The Body of Liberties ^ It is in the laws
of an infant people, an historian has justly remarked, that
we trace their principles, and discover their policy. A sketch
of the most remarkable laws in the first New England code
is therefore subjoined. It was enacted, that there never
should be any bond slavery, villanage, or captivity amotig
the inhabitants of the province, excepting lawful captives,
taken in just wars ; or such as should vi'illingly sell them-
selves, or be sold to them ^ : that if any strangers, or people
of other nations, professing the Christian religion, should
fly to them from tyranny or oppression of their persecutors,
or from famine, wars, •' or the like necessary and compul-
sory cause/' they should receive entertainment and suc-
cour 3 : that there should be no monopolies, but of such new
inventions, as were profitable to the country, and those for
a short time only : that all deeds of conveyance, whether
absolute or conditional, should be recorded, that neither cre-
ditors might be defrauded, nor courts troubled with vexa-
tious suits, and endless contentions about sales and mort-

1 Winthrop, Journ. 2.':;7. Thry had been roniimsccl by tlie Rev, Na-
thaniel Ward, who was some time a ininistcr at Ipswich; and had
formerly been .a siident and practitioner at law. Having already been
revised and altered bj 'he cuurt, and sent into every town for considera-
tion, they wero nov revised againi amended, and presented, " and so
established for thr. • vj-ars, by that experiencf to have them fully
amended, and es»ab'. ii.;d to be perpetual." Ibid. Hubbard [N. Enu;.
chap, xxxii.] says, the people had prevailed to liave the subject committed
to two divines, ercli of whom formed a model -, that these models were
presented to the general court in 1639 ; that tlie court committed them
to the governor, deputy governor, and some others, to be considered ;
and that the body of laws v,as this year M6"^ established. As governor
Winthrop says expressly, that the body of liberties was composed by
Mr. Ward, I presume the ot/ier divine, to whom the subject was com-
mitted, was Mr. Coftnn-. and that " An Abstract of the t.aws of New
England, printed in T^ondon in 1641," and reprinted in Coll. Hist. Soc.
V. 173 — 187. was his model. It was found in manuscript in Cotton's
study after his death. Mr. Aspinwali, who published it in I G,').5, ascribes
it to " that godly, grave, and judicious divine, Mr. .lolin Cotton ;"savs,
that it was " commended to the general court" of Ma-,sachusetts ; that
*' being by him done, and with all sweetness and amiableness of s))irit
tendered, but not accepted, he surceased to press it i^ny farther at that
season." Address to the Header, ibid. IS7 — 190.

2 '' And surh." says the law, "s>'all have the liberties and Christian
usage, whirh the I>aw of Cod, established in Israel concerning such
persons, doth morally require."

3 " According to that power and prudence Go shall give us."

gages J

iff

1041.] AMERICAN ANNATES. 203

gages: that no injunction should be laid on any church,
church officer, or member, in point of doctrine, worship,
or disciplme, whether for substance or circumstance, '• be-
sides the Institution of the Lord »."

The exigencies ot the Massachusetts colonists, arising fiom
the scarcity of all foreign comnnodities and the unsaleable-
ness of their own, incited them to provide fish, clapboards,
planks, and other articles ; to sow hemp and flax ; and to
look to the West Indies for a trade for cotton ^. The gene-
ral court, in the mean time, made orders about payment of
debts, setting corn at the usual price, and making it payable
for all debts, which should arise after a time prefixed. It
also sent some select persons into Kngland, " to congratu-
late the happy success there ;" to give creditors satisfactory
reasons, why such punctual payment was not made now, as
bad been made in former years ; to be ready to use any op-
portunity, that might providentially be ofi'ered, for the be-
Eetit of New England; and to give advice, if required, for
settling a form ot church discipline 3.

It hence appears to liiive been no part of the object of their
mission, to solicit parliamentary aid or patronage ; although

1 Massachusetts T.avf.. 1« the defect of a law in any case, thedecisioa
•was to be " by the \V oid of God." Ibid.

2 Hubbard [MS. N. Kiig. cliap. xxxii.] says, the general court; ia
1()40, made several orders for the manufacture of woolen and linen cloth,
•• which in a little time sto|)i)ed this gap in part;" and that, soon after,
a traffick was begun to the \V. Indies, and Wine islands, by which,
among other goods, nnicli cotton wool was brought into the country from
the W. Indies; and that the inhabitants, by learning to spin it, and by
breeding sheep, and sowing hemp and flax, soon found out a way to
supply thenselves with many necessaries of cloth.

3 Winthrop, Journ. 2'2;i, 221. Hubbard, MS, N. Eng. chsp. xlv.
Chalmers, i, 17'2. 'llie persons, sent to Ent^land on tliis occas'ion, were
Hugh Peters, minister of Salem ; Thomas Welde, minister of Uoxbnry ;
and William Hibbins ofBooton. They sailed from Boston S Augu^t. ibid.
Mr. Bentiey [Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 253.] says, that Mr. Peters was much
engaged in trade, and knew ail its embarrassments; and that, as he had
often done the business of the colony with succees, he was thi,nglit a proper
person to return to England, and to represent the sense of the colony
upon the laws of excise and trade. The historian of Salem ascribes the
rapid improvements in that town to the inflivencc of Mr. I'eters, during
the five \ears of his ministry. " The arts were introduced. A waterniiil
was erected; a glass house; salt works; the planting of hemp was en-
couraged, and a regular market was established. An almanack was intro-
duced to direct their aftairs. Commerce h.id unexampled glory. lie
formed the plan of the fishery, of the coasting voyages, of the foreign
vovages ; and among many other vessels, oiieof .300 tons was undertaken
under his influence." Id. ibid. Neitlier Welde nor Peters ever returned
to N. Kngland. The first was ejected in the reigii of Charles II } the other

:§m

came toatrasjicaiend. Hutchinson, i. 98.

S 4

the

"v. ,./'

\^VM mi

264 • AMERICAN ANNALS. [l64l.

the colony had been advised to this measure. The reason
I assigned for not following that adrise is very remarkable.
v/ I It vvas the apprehension of subjection to the authority of
parliaments
' A very cold winter closed this year. The harbour of Bos-
ton, where ships ordinarily anchored, was so deeply frozen
over, as to be passable for horses, carts, and oxen, five weeks '.

The lords and gentlemen, holding a patent for the lands
south of Pascataqua, finding no mfsans to govern the people
there, nor to restrain them from spoiling their timber, agreed
to assign all their interest of jurisdiction to Mas8achuset':s,
reserving the land to themselves. The inhabitants at Dover
and Strawberry bank were accordingly declared to belong
to the Massachusetts jurisdiction 3.

William Bradford, governor of Plymouth, surrendered to
the freemen of that jurisdiction the patent of the colony,
which had been taken in his name 4.

Richard Smith purchased of the sachems a tract of land
in the Narraganset country, remote from the English set-
tlements ; erected a house of trade ; and gave free entertain-
ment to adl travellers 5.

The Dutch governor at Manhattan pressed the English
with his claim to all the territory of H artford. The gover-
nor and council of Connecticut returned an answer to the
Dutch, without determining the question of yielding more

1 Winthrop, Journal, 21$. " Upon the great liberty which the king
had left the parliament to, in England, some of our friends there wrote to
us advice to send over some to solicit for us in the parliament, giving us
liope that we might obtain much,&c. but consulting about it, we declined
the motion for this consideration, that if we should put ourselves under
the protection of the parliament, we must then be subject to all such
laws as they should make, or at least such as they might impose upon us ;
in which course, though they should intend pur good, yet it might prov^
very prejudical to us." Ibid. On tliii, passage governor Trumbull, nearly
14G years afterward, remarked: •' llere observe, that as at this time, so
it hath been ever since, that the colonies, so far from acknowledging the
parliament to have a right to make laws binding on them in all cases
•whatsoever, they have ever denied it in any case." Lett, to J. D. Vander
CapellaninColl. Hist. Soc. vi. 136.

9 Wonderwork. Prov. 170.

S Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xlv.

4 Hazard, Coll. i. 468, where is the instrument of surrender. Mather,
M -nal. book ii. 5. The " Purchasers or Old Comers" made a reservation
of three tracts -n the patent for themselves. See Hazard, i. 4t)6, 467,
where the namt jf those first ])urchasers are preserved.

5 Coll. Hist. Soc. v. y 16. The land, which Smith bought, was " among
the thickest ot the Indians i" bislioHsewar, ''on the great road of the coun-
try." Ibid.

land

l642.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 265

]and to their trading house, which had now but thirty acres.
Dissatisfied with this answer, the Dutch sent soldiers to be
billetted at their trading house ; but the Indians, at this
juncture, killing some ot^^ their men at fort Aurania, ihey
were constrained to keep tlieir soldiers at home, in their own
defence ».

The Caribbee islands about this time attracting the atten-
tion of the people of New England, many persons sold their
estates, to transplant themselves and their families to th: is-
land of Providence ; but their hopes of settling a plantation
there were soon frustrated by the Spaniards ».

The Freich began the preceding year (1640) to plant at a
place on the continent of South America, called Surinam,
m nine degrees of north latitude, from the mouth of the ri-
ver Oronoque, southward to the river Maroni ; but that
country being low, manshy, and unheal thful, they abandoned
it this year. The English, the same year, at theexpence-
of lord Willoughby, first settled there 3,

1642.

The house of commons passed a memorable rssolve in fa-
vour of New England, exempting its imports and exports
from custom, subsidy, or taxation 4,

The ministers of New England received letters from se-
veral pbous people in Virginia, earnestly soliciting a supply
of faithful ministers. At a lecture in Boston three ministers
were agreed on for the solicited mission ; and they went
with letters of recommendation from the governor of Massa-
chusetts ta the governor and council of Virginia ; but their
residence in that colony was short ; and the pious design
was unhappily frustrated 5.

The

1 Hubbard, M.S. N. Eng. cha)/ xlix.

2 Hubbard. MS. N. Eni;. chaj) \lvi. The English had been in posses-
sion of the isle of Providence, and had parliv planted it, ever since If)2f);
but they were now (1641) attacJved by tlie Spaniards with a threat force,
and obliged to surrender the island to them. 'I'he Spaniards however,
having nothing in view, in drivinnout the Kniilish, bvit to keep up their
pretensions to all the Bahama islands, ■' d not settle on the captured
island ; and the English again took possessio; of it. Anderson, ii. 301-

3 Anderson, ii. 389, 392.

4 Chalmers, i. 174. Hutchinson, i. 114, where the order is inserted.
The introduction of it is remarkable: «« Whereas the plantations in New
i'.nsiland have, by the blessing of the Almii^hty, hnd good and prosperous
Euocoss, tinthout am/ pitbl'ic charge to this state," Src.

b ll'ibbardjMS. N. Eng. chap, xxvii, xxviii, xlvii. The three ministers,

sent

'Ai

i",

W^' '■

M '

."4

266 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l642.

The .issembly of divines at Westminster being called by
the parliament, to consider and advise about the settling of
church government; several lords of the upper house, and
about thirty members of the house of commons, with some
ministers in England, who were for the independency of
churches, sent letters to Mr. Cotton of Boston, Mr. Hooker
of Hartford, and Mr. Davenport of New Haven, to ask their
assistance in that synod ; but they declined the invitation i.

The first commencement at Harvard College was holden
at Cambridge on the ninth of October; when nine candi<
dates took ttie degree of bachelor of arts. Most of the
members of the general court were present ; and, for the
encouragement of the students, dined at the " ordinary
tomnions ^."

Thomas Mayhew of Watertown, having recently obtained
of lord Stirling's agent a grant of Martha's Vineyard, with
the adjticent islands, removed his family to the Vineyard,
and began a settlement at Edgarton, of which he was the
ruler, and his son the minister. He appears to have been
the first Englishman, who settled on that island 3.

Darby Field, an Irishman, living near Pa'cataqua, went
in June, accompanied by two Indians, to the White Hills
in New Hampshire, nearly a hundred miles west of Saco.
About a month after, he went again to those mountains,
with five or six persons ; and, by a report of strange stones,

sent to Viip;inia, were Mr. Thompson of Braintree, Mr. Knolles of Water-
town, and Mr. James of New Haven. They went in UUi, and returned
the next summer; for the »;overnment of Virginia had made an order, that
all such persons, jis^vould not conform to the discipline of the church of
England, should depart the country by a certain day. Ibid. Mather, Mag-
nal. bofik iii. 1 If). " Though the state did silence the miniiters because
they would not cc.iform to the order of England, yet the p«jople resorted
to them in private houses to hear them." Wiiithrop, Journ. '272.

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xivii. Winthrop, .fourn. iJ54, 255.
Hutchinson, i. 115, 116 j where is a copy of the invitation, with the
names o'i the signers.

2 Wiuthrop, Journ. 2G-t, 265. The batchelors, now graduated, "were
young men of goo« hope, and performed their parts so as give good proof
of their proficiency in the tongues and arts." Ibid. The T/icses of this
first class of graduates are published entire in Hutchinson, Mass. Appendix,
No. VI.

3 Nnl, N. Eng. i. 4.35. Hutchinson, i. I6l. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 155.
M;iitlia's Vineyard and Nantucket were not included in ei,thcr of the four
New Eoiiland governments. 'l"he 'arl of Stirling laid claim to all the
islands, between Cape Cod and Hudson's river. Together with the con-
v^-yance of territory to Mayhew, he granted, according to the opinion and
usage of {lis day, the some powers of government, which tlie Massachu-
sHtsp»opie enjoxed by their charte-. Hence it was, that Mayhew was
caJlcd governor of the island. Hutcliiusou, ibid.

, • • excited

)C42.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 26/

excited great expectation of prticious metallic substances ;
but they were never found '.

The general court of Massachusetts made an order for
the preparation of houses for saltpetre, with the intention of
manufacturing gunpowder ; but it was not carried into ef-
fect for several years 2.

A villaae was granted at Ipswich river j which afterward
was called Topsfield 3.

Richard Blinman, who had been a minister in Wales,
went with a few people from Green's Harbour, near Ply-
mouth where he had been seated a short time,, and settled
at Cape Ann, which at a general court this year, was esta-
blished to be a plantation, and called Gloucester*.

Gorton, the familist exile, and eleven other persons pur-
chased of Miantonimoh, the Narraganset sachem, a tract
of land at Mishawomet, where he built a town, which was
afterward called Warwick 5.

A village having been begun the last year within t^:i
township of Charlestown, a church was now gathc. ,d
there, and the settlement was called Woburn^.

About twelve hundred and thirty-two freemen were added
this year to Massachusetts colony 7.

ThfM'e had now been settled in New England seventy-
seven ministers, who were driven from the parent country,
beside sixteen students, who afterward became ministers 8 ;
fifty towns and villages hi;d been planted ; thirty or forty

1 Winthrnp, Jomn. 247, '-its, 2C"). Belknap, [N llamn. i. 19—91.]
has placed this article in 1632; but i^ov. Wiuthiop is doubtless correct.

2 Wondciwoi Ic. Prov. 181.

S Hubbard, MS. N.Eng. chap. xlv.

4 Winthrop, Journ. 244. Woiulcrwork. Prov. 169.

5 Callender, 36. It was built . .out 14 miles northward of Smith's
trading house. Coll. Hist. Soc. v. <2 i 7 The purchasers paid for the land
144 fathoms of wampum. Hutchinson, i. 118- Gorton and his friends IQ
Augiist, lOtt, procured a solemn subnubsion of the Narra^anset sachems to
kin^ Charles; and (iorton, Greene, and Holden went to England, and ob-
tained an order, to be suffered peaceably to possess their purchaie. Their
tract being incoiporatcd in the province of Providence Plantations, they
returnf^d, and carried on their improvement; and t/um, in honour of the
earl of Warwick, who had given then fiiendly patronage, tliey named
the place Warwick. Callender, 3(), 37.

6 Winthrop, .lourn. 268. Mr. Carter was ordained pastor of the church.
Ibid. Wonderwork. Prov. 175. In the (irst settlement of New England,
Johnson observes, when the people judged their number competent to
maintain a minister, "they then surely seated themselves, and not before;
if being as unnatural for a right New England man to live without an
able ministry, as for a smith to vfoik his iron without fire." Ibid.

7 Wonderwork. Prov. 174.

8 Univ. Hist, xx.xix. 289,

churches.

: ; mi

i I- .' r

^U:i

2C8 AMFl'.CAN AXNALS. [l042.

churches, and a greater number of ministers' houses had
been erected; a castle, several prisons, and forts; Ships
had been built from a hundred tons ; and five oi: them were
already at sea '.

Emigrant colonists from Connecticut ha'! already over-
spread the eastern end of Long Island. Encouraged by a
title, given by earl Stirlino; in 1639, they novi/ advanced
westward to Oyster Bay ; but were driven back bv Kieft,
the Dutch governor at N-w Netherlands, because they ap-
pcared within sight of his residence. The inhabitants of
Connecticut instantly seized the garrison of Fort Hoiae on the
river Connecticut, in the vicinity of Hartford, ana obliged
the Dutch to recede within ten miles of the Hudson *.

The people of New Haven, intending to make a planta-
t,ion at Delaware, sent agents, who duly purchased of the
natives several tracts of land, on both siaes of Delaware bay

or river, to which neither the Dutch, nor the Swedes had
any just tills 3 ; and erected a trading house. It did not
however remain long unmolested. Kieft, the Dutch go-
vernor at New Netherlands, without any legal protest or
warning, sent armed men to the Delaware, who burned the
trading house, and seized the goods 4.

Emigrants from Maryland having taken possession of the
J)iitch Schuykill 5, the governor of New Netherlands, hear-
ing of what he deemed an instrument, sent Alpendam from
Alanhattan with two sloops, and easily dispossessed these
English colf/nists, unprepared for resistance. The weakness
of Maryland, yet in its infancy, and the distractions of the
parent country, involved in civil war, prevented expressions
of provincial and of national resentment <».

Intrigues of Clayhorne, in Maryland, infused jealousy
into the natives. The rapid increase of the English, threatr

1 N. Eng. First Fruits, in Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 247, 248.

Q Chalnjers, i. 571. See p. 224, 227, of this volume.
■ 3 Ila/ard, Coll. ii. 164. The occasion oftlie success of the New Haven
agents is remarkable. A Pe<iuot sachem, in the time of the Pequot war,
Iiad fled from his country, and settled on Delaware river. He, at this
juncture, gave an honourable testimony in behalf of the English people
by whom his nation had been exterminated. He told the Delaware sa-
chcin, that, although they had killed his counlrvmen, and diivcn him
out; yet they were honest men, and had just cause to do what they did;
for the Pequots, he acknowledged, had done thorn wrong, and refused,
v'hen demanded, to give them reasonable satisfaction, llubbard, MS.
N. Eng. chap. xlv.

4 Hazard, Coll. ii. I64, 213.

5 Hiding Creek.
43 Chalmers, i. G32.

enmg

icm were

1043.] AMERICAN ANNALS. SCQ

enlng their own annihilation as.a'^eople, gave them much
uneasiness. Individuals procured their lands, with the au-
thority of government, tor considerations totally inadequate,
with whlwh therefore, in review, they were greatly dissatis-
fied. These combined causes, in the beginning ot this year,
brought on an Indian war, which, with its accustomed evils,
continued several years ».

The Iroquois had already entered into a considerable com-
merce with the Dutch at New Netherlands, to whom they
disposed of their peltry, and who, in return, furnished them
with fire arms ». ,

Maisonneuve, a gentleman of Champaign, who, the pre-
ceding year, brought over several French families to Mon-
treal, now entered with them into possession of their ntw
habitation and chapel of this island, with many religioiiii
solemnities i.

13.

This is the meinoictDic xra of the first union of the New-
England colonies. This confederacy had been in agitation
several years. As early as the year 1G38, articles of unict
between the four colonies of Massachusetts, A^lymouth,
Connecticut, and New Haven, for amity, oifence, and de-
fence, mutual advice and assistance on all necessary occa-
sions, were drawn up, and referred to a future time for con-
sideration. Difficulties however occurred, which retarded
the execution of the design until the present year ; when
commissioners, appointed by those colonies, completed and
signed the articles of union at Boston , on the nineteenth of
May 4. The reasons, assigned for this union were, the dis-
persed

1 Chalmers, i. 216. See p. 215, 221, of this volume. In 1644 there was
a sudden massacre ofSOO English people in Virginia. All the Indians for
<3uo miles had confederated to exterminate all strangers from the country.
Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xlvii.

« Wynne, 1.308. See p. 144 of this volume.

3 Wynne, i. 307. Charlevoix, Nou v. France, i. 297, 228. In 1640, the
French king had vested the property of the island in 35 associates, of whom
Maisonneuve was one; and 15 Oct. l641,lie was declared governor of the
island. Ibid.

4 The articles were now signed by all the commissioners, excepting
those of Plymouth, " who, for want of commission from their general
court, deferred their subscription till the next meeting j" and then (Sept. 7.)
they also subscribed them. Winthrop, Journ. 282. Hutchinson, i. 125.
In Plymouth colony, beside tlip town of Piyinouth, tlcie were nowsettled
Duxboroui;;!), Scituate, '1 auntuti, Uchobutb, Sandwich, Barnstable, and

Yarmouth.

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persed state of the colonies ; the vicinity of the Dutch, Swiss,
and French, who were inclined to encroach menf: ; the ap-
pearance of a general combination of these savage tribes, to
extirpate the English color/ies ; the commencement of civil
contest in the parent country j the impossibility of obtain-
ing aid from England in any emergence ; and, in fine, the
alliance, already formed between these colonies by the
sacred ties of religion. The commissioners declared, that,
as in nation and religion, so in other respects, they be and
continue one; and henceforth be called by the name of
The United Colonies of New England '.

The members of this league were deemed by all their
neighbours as one body, with regard to their public trans-
actions, though the peculiar affairs of each continued to be
managed by its own courts and magistrates. Rhode Island,
petitioning to be admitted a member of it, was absolutely
refused, unless, by submitting to the jurisdiction of Ply-
mouth, it should cease to be a separate colony. It pr;. /erred
however the flattering benefits of independence to all the
advantages of dependent union ».

On the completion of the colonial confederacy, several
Indian sachems came in, and submitted to the £n tHsIi go-
vernment; among whom were Mian tonimoh the Narraganset
and Uncas the Moheagan chiefs. The union rendered the
colonies formidable to the Dutch, as well as Indians, and
respectable in the view of the French ; maintained general
harmony among themselves, and secured the peace and
rights of the country ; preserved the colonies during the
civil wars and unsettled state of England ; was the grand in-
strument of their defence in Phillip's war j and was essen-
tially serviceable in civilizing and Christianizing the In-

Yarmoutb. Hutchinson, i. 207- It ought to have been mentioned Before,
that DuxBORouGH was incorporated in l637 ; and that many years befoie,
there were several families settled in the place [Coll. Hist, Soc. ii. 3.] 5 and
that Taunton and Sandwich began to be settled in 1637. Winthrop,
Journ. 147. I'ecticut was the Indian name of the }>{ace where Taunton
is settled. A plantation was begun there "by a gentlewoman, an ancient
maid, one Mrs. Poole ; slie went thither, and endured much hardship, and
lost much cattle." Sandwich was begun " by many families which re-
moved from Sagus otherwise Linn." Ibid.

1 Trumbull, i. IQO. Morton, ISO. Hutchinson,!. 134,126. Thear-
ticles of this Union are entire in Winthrop, Journ. 276 — 282; Hubbard,
MS. N. Eng. chap, li; Brit. Emp. i. 281—287; Neal, N. Kng. i. «23. This
union subsisted more than 40 years, until the abrogation of the charters
of the N. England colonies by king James II.

2 Chalmers, i. 178. The' application of Rhode Island for admission
into the union was A. D. 16-I8,

S Wondeiwoik. Prov. ibS.

dlans.

'or admission

1043.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 27 1

dians >. The proportion of men, assigned to the colonies
by this alliance, was a hundred to Massachusetts, and forty-
five to each of the other three colonies, Plymouth, Hart-
ford, and New Haven a.

Massachusetts was divided this year into four counties,
or shires ; Essex, Middlesex, SulFolk, and Norfolk 3.

Several persons, arriving at Boston, attempted to esta-
blish presbyterian government, under the authority of the
assembly of divines at Westminster, which met this year ;
but they were baffled by the general court 4.

The Massachusetts general court ordered, that, in the
yearly choice of assistants, the freemen should use Indian
corn and beans ; the Indian corn, to manifest elections ;
the beans, the contrary j with a penalty of ten pounds for
putting in more than one Indian corn or bean, for the choice
or refusal of any public officer 5. The same court ordered,
that Wampampaeg should pass current in the payment of
debts to the amount of forty shillings ; the white, at eight
a penny, the black at four, excepting in payment of country
rates <>.

Mr. Rigbee, a wealthy gentleman in England, a coun-
sellor at law, and a member of the long parliament, having
purchased the Plough Patent, at Sagadahock, called Ligonia,
sent over Mr. Cleaves with a commission to govern the
people there, as his deputy. A legal controversy respecting
the right to this territory ensued. Rigbee,. or his agent,
and assignees, at length relinquished their title' to any part
of it y.

The township of Wells, in the province of Maine, was
granted by Thomas Gorges, deputy governor, as agent to
Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of that province,
and was confirmed by a court, holden at Saco the following
year 8. '

On complaints against Gorton and his adherents, for in-
juries done to the natives, and other crimes, they were sent
for, to appear at the general court at Boston. On their re-
fusal to acknowledge the jurisdiction of Massachuseas,
Gorton and several of his adherents were taken, carried to

1 Trumbull, i. 197.

2 Briti&h Emp. i. 84.

3 Hutchinson, i. 117.

4 Chalmers, i. iGn. Massachusetts Laws.
a Massachusetts Laws.

6 Ibid.

7 Hubbard, MS. N. En?, chap. xliv.

8 Cull. Mi!>t. Soc. ill. im-

Hutchinson, i. 1 17.

Boston,

hr h ifi^u

272 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l643.

Boston, and imprisoned ; and the next year were banished
from the jurisdiction, and from the lands, purchased of the
Indians^ on pain of death i.

It was strongly suspected, that Miahtohinioh had, the last
year, contrived to draw all the Ihdiand throughout the
country into a general conspiracy against the Eh^ish. On
being sent for, however, by the Massachusetts government,
he readily appeared, and declared his innocence with respect
to a conspiracy ; and the English were satisHed *,

This year Miantonimoh made war on Uncas, the Pequot
sachem, who had been uniformly friendly to the English, and
was still their ally. With a thousand Narragansets, Mian>
tonimoh eave Uncas battle ; but Uncas, with less than half
that number of Moheagans, obtained the victory, and took
Miantonimoh prisoner. By the advice of the commissioners
of the United Colonies, he soon after cut ofThis heads.

The English parliament passed an ordinance, appointing
the earl of Warwick g ivernor in chief, and lord high admir^
of the American colonies, with a council of five peers, ^nd
twelve commoners. It empowered him, in conjunction with
his associates, to examine the state of their affairs ; to send
for papers and persons; to remove governors and officers, and
appoint others in their places ; and to assign over to these
such part of the powers, that were now granted, as he should
think proper 4.

The English people of New Haven, in all their attempts
to settle a plantation at Delaware, found the Swedes open
enemies, and the Dutch secret underminers of their interest.
This year Mr. Lamberton, in the name of the settlers, com-
plained to the commissioners for the United Colonics of
many gross injuries, which they sustained from both ; of
the Dutch, for burning down their trading house on the tU

1 Winthrop, Journ. 309, 310. Callcnder 36. Hutchinson, i. I19—
122. Adams, N. Eng. OG. Hubbard [.^TS. IS. Eng. chap, xlvii.] says,
Gorton encoura!>ed the Nan'.i<;aMscts to rise in reb'>llion against the United
Colonies; but 1 do not fiiu) this charge alir at the trial. See a
letter, written by him in his own defence, in hinson, i. Appendix
No. XX. See p. 2(?7 of this volume.

2 Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 44.

3 Winthrop, Journ. 305, 30G. I. Mather, ind. Troubles, 66. Hubbard,
Ind. Wars, 42, 45; MS. N. Eng. rhap. 1. Callender, 72. Coll. Hist.
Soc. ix. 77, 84. Hubbard (ut supra) describes Miantonimoh as *• a very
goodly personage,of tail stature, subtil and cunning in hiscontiivcments,
as well as haughty in his (]esign.s."

4 Chalmers, i. 17C. This ordinance is entire in Hazard, Coll. i.
SS3— 636.

. ver:

Dvernment,

ie on the n*

azard, Coll. i<

1<544.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 273

ver; and of the Swedes, for complicated abuses. Governor
Winthrop of Massachusetts, president of the commissioners
for the United Colonies, wrote in September to William
Kieft, the Dutch governor of New Netherlands, and to John
Prince, the Swedish governor at Delaware, on the subject
of these injuries; and soon after received answers, " but
without any satisfactions" The commissioners however
authorized Mr. Lamberton to treat with the Swedish go-
vernor, and save him a new commission to proceed with
the trade and plantation at Delaware; and harmony was re-
stored *.

The government of Harvard College had been committed
by the general court to all the magistrates and the ministers
of the three nearest churches, with the president ; but the
court now enacted, that all the magistrates and the teachins
elders [ministers] of the six nearest towns 3, and the presi-
dent for the time being, should be governors of the college
for ever 4.

Some of the inhabitants of Watertown began a plantation
at Nashaway, which was called Lancaster 5.

1644.

Roger Williams, having been sent to England, as agent
for Rhode Island and Providence, by the interest of sir Henry
Vane, obtained of the earl of Warwick a patent for the in-
corporation of the towns of Providence, Newport, and Ports-
mouth, with the power of governing themselves ; but agree-
ably to the laws of England 6.

An interesting change toch place in the government of
Massachusetts. The deputies in the general court moved,
that the two houses might set apart, the magistrates by
themselves, and the de[ uties by themselves ; and that what
the one should agree upon should be sent to the othjr, and,

1 Hazard, Coll. ii. S30.

2 Hubbard, MS. N. Eug. chap. xlix.

3 Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and
Dorchester. •

4 Winthrop, Journ. 319. ColL Hist. Soc. vii. SI. They met the first
time, by virtue of this act, S7 December, l64S, "considered of the
officers of the college, and chose a treasurer." Ibid.

5 Winthrop, Journ. 321.

6 Callender, 43, 44. ChUmers, i. 271, 272. Hutchinson, i. S9.
Adams, N. Eng. 66, 67. The patent is in Hazard, CoU, i. 638—640.
It is there dated 14 March, 1643 ; but that was according to the oid
method of dating. Williams went to England in l64S.

Vol. I. T If

!■■

l (

374 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l644.

if both should agree, then the act to pass. The motion,
after considerable controversy, and some delay, took effect ;
and, from this time, votes were sent, in a parliamentary way,
from one house to another >.

The castle on Castle Island having fallen into decay >, the
six neighbouring towns undertook to rebuild it, at their own
charges ; but, when completed, the other towns in the co-
lony contributed somewhat toward the expence. A captain
was now ordained, and put in possession of the castle, with
a yearly stipend for himself and his soldiers, whom he was
to keep in constant readiness on the island 3.

There were now twenty-six training- bands in Massachu*
setts ; and the soldiers, composing them, were ordered to
** be exercised and drilled," eight days in a year 4. Their
officers were chosen by a major vote of the mijitia 5. A
horse troop was also enlisted ^. It was ordained, that there
be one general oihcer,^ in time of war, under the name oi
major general 7. Thomas Dudley, esquire, was appointed
to this ofllice, at the general election in May ; and was the
first major general in Massachusetts s. The reverend Mr.
Wilson of Boston, among other donors, gave a thousand
pounds for the procurement of artillery 9.

A treaty of peace was made at Boston between governor
Endicot and the assistants, on the one part, and M. Marie,
the deputy of M. D' Aulney, the French governor of Aca-
die, on the other ; with a proviso, that it oe ratified by the

1 Winthrop, Journ. 32&. Mass. Laws. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap.
xlvi. Hutchinson, i. 14^. Chalmers, i. 166.

2 Tiie reason of this early decay was, that " the country afforded no
lin^e, but what was burnt of oyster shells." Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. ^98. Hub-
bjird [MS. N. Enu. chap, ^lix.] says, that the towns, which rebuilt tlic
castle, were alarmed by the menaces of the Dutch, and apprehended,
that, without some fortincation at the entrance into Boston harbour, they
lay " exposed to the invasion of a mean and contemptible enemy ;" that
the assistange from other towns was in 1646 ; and that afterward the
general court completed thc'^stablishnieut.

3 Wonderwork. I'rov. 194.

, 4 Wonderwork. Prov. 191. "

^' 6 Pembcrton's MSS. _

6 Ibid.

7 Jealousy of the military power is discernible in Johnson's account of
this transaction. lie represents thegov^rnmcnt, as •' labouring to avoid
high titles," yet as ordainini; this office, and contering this title, from a
.conviction of the necessity of order and subordination. See p. idO.

'8 Hubbard, MS. N. Eug. chap. xlv.
9 Wonderwork. I'rov. 194.

Cora*

lOH.] AMERICAN ANJ^ALS. 275

commissioners for the United Colonies at their next meet*
in^'.

The Anabaptists beginning to grow troublesome in Mas-
sachusetts, the legislature ot that coldny passed a law against
them, with the penalty of banishment for adherence to their
principles, and contempt of civil and ecclesiastical authority >.

Nantasket, having now nearly twenty houses, and a mi*
nister, was by the general court named Hull i. Eastham
was built by the people of Pl]^mouth 4. The reverend Sa-
muel Newman with part of his church removed from Wey-
mouth, and settled Rehoboth 5. The towns of Reading ^ and
Wenham, in Massachusetts, were founded 7.

Martha's Vineyard, by an act of the commissioners for the
United Colonies, was annexed to Massachusetts 8.

William Brewster, ruling elder of the church in Plymouth,-
(lied in the eighty-fourth year of his age 9.

St. Lucia lying uninhabited. Parquet, a Frenchman, sent
to that island forty men under Rousellan, well provided with
stores and ammunition. Rousellan, marrying a Caribbee
woman, was left unmolested } and the Indians traded with his
colony «o.

S. N. Eng. chap.

rilubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, lili ; and Hazard, Coll. i. 586, 537,
where this Treaty is -inserted. S;c also Hazard, Coll. il. 53, 54. Win-
llirop, Journ. 3t)0. The commissioners did ratify it in September 1645.

•i Hubbard, M3. N. Eng. chap. xlv. Ha/curd, Coll. i. 538, where the
law is inserted.

3 Winthrop, Journ. 339.

4 Morton, 1S9.

5 Pies. Stiles' Lit. Diary. Here he completed his Concordance, using
pine knots tor his study light, lb. He spent a year and a half r.t Dorcheii-
tcr ; 5 years at Weymouth; and 19 years at Hehoboth : wher^ he died in
16&J, -itltat. LXIIl. blather, Magnal. book iii. 1 13—1 16. It is /its work,
'< which passes under the name of The Cambridge Concordance." Coll.
Hist. Soc. i^. 191. One edition Aair/ been printed in England.

6 Wonderwork. Prov. 188. Hubbard [MS. N. Eng. chap, xlvii.] says,
a church was gathered there the ne.xt year.

7 Wonderwork. Prov. 189- Wenham was built between Salem and
Ipswich i and a church was now gathered there.

8 Pemberton, MSS.

9 Coll. Hi«t. Sac. iv. 108, 113. Morttm, 12G (there wrongly placed
in l643). Belknap, Biog. «52— a66. He was educated at the University
of Cambridge in England-, and was a man of considerable abilities and
learning, and of eminent piety. Though well qualified for the pastoral
oflice, yet his diffidence would not allow him to undertake it. In the
destitute state however of the Plymouth churchy his public services were
ofthe highest utility. In his discourses he was discriminating, yet pa-'
thctic; in the goveimiicnt of the church, resolute, jet conciliatory.

10 UiAv. Hist. xU.t217.

T s

1645.

270

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[\Qi&,

1645.

- '<■■

The commissioners for the United Colonies > sent mesen*
^ers to the sachems of Narraganset and Moheagan, requir-
ing their appearance at Boston, and, in the mean, time, a
suspension of the wars between the two nations. The Nar-
ragansets treated the messeneers kindly at the first, but soon,
changing their tone, declared their determination to have
no peace, without the head of Uncas. Roger Williams of
Providence givine notice to the commissioners, that the
Narragansets would suddenly break out against the English,
they drew up a declaration, containing those facts, whicli
the^ considered sufficient to justify them in making war
agamst the Narragansets ^. In prosecution of such a war,
they determined immediately to raise three hundred men 3.
The news of the preparation of this army intimidated the
Narragansets, who now submitted to peace, on terms pro-
posed to them by the commissioners. These terms were.
That, as their breach of covenant had been the cause of all
the expence, in preparing for war, and it was but reasonable
that they should reimburse it, they should pay, at different
periods, two thousand fathoms of wampum ; restore to Un-
cas all the captives and canoes, which they had taken from
him, and make satisfaction for destroying nis corn ; submit
all matters of controversy between them and Uncas, to the
commissioners, at their next meeting ; keep perpetual peace
with the English and all their allies and subjects ; and give
hostages for the performance of the treaty. This treaty was
signed on the thirtieth of August ; and Indian hostages were

} The meetins; of the Commissioners was called 28 June, before their
ordinary time of meeting, " partly," says Morton [ 1 33. ]i, "in regard of
some differences between the French and the GovernnieBt of the Massa-
chusetts, about their aiding of Monsieur Latore, and partly aboat the
Indians, who had broken their former agreements about the peace, con-
eluded the year before." '

•i It is entitled, " A Declaracon of former passages and proceedings
betwixt the English and the Narrohiggaasels, witli their confederates,
wherein the grounds and justice of the ensuing warfare opened and
cleared." This Declaratiou was published by the order of the Cotn-
missioners at Boston, on the 10th of August, lC45. A Copv of it is pre-
served in Hazard, Coll. ii. 45 — 50, and in Hubbard, MS. N. Cng. chap. !.
In this Declaration it is affirmed, that the Engli.<:h Colosies, " both in
their Treaties and converse with the barbarous nativei of this wilderness,
have had an awful respect to divine rules." .

3 Massachusetts was to furnish 190 ; Plymouth,. 40 j Connecticut, 40^
Kew Haven, 30. Hutchiu»uu, i. 139.

. , left.

1645.] AMERICAN ANNALS, 277

kft. The small English army, already prepared to march)
was now disbanded ; and the fourth day oi September, which
had been appointed for a fast, was ordered to be observed as
a day of thanksgiving i.

The general court of Massachusetts laid an impost on wines
and strong liquors, for the support of government, the main-
tenance ot fortifications, and the protection of the harbours ^.

Most English manufacturers having already begun to
flourish in New England, liberty was granted this year^ by
the legislature of Massachusetts, to make iron. An iron
work was accordingly set up at Lynn, with rtood patronage,
and for a considerable time was carried on with spirit ; but
at length, through some fault, it failed 3.

A remarkable instance of justice occurred in Massachu-
setts this year, in the execution of the law, against buying
and selling slaves. A negro, who had been *< fraudulently
and injuriously taken and brought from Guinea," and sold
to Mr. Williams of Pascataqua, was demanded by the gene*
ral court, that he might be sent home to his native country 4.

Manchester, in Massachusetts, was incorporated 5.

A ship, built at Cambridge, sailing for the Canaries, car-
rying fourteen pieces of ordnance and about thirty men, was
attacked by an Irish man of war with seventy men and twenty
pieces. A severe action ensued, which continued a whole
day ; but a shot at length raking the steerage of the man of
war, the New England ship escaped 6.

1 Hutchinson, i. 138—142. Trumbull, i. l.5«—156. Theparties ia
this Treaty were, the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New En-
gland, and Pesseciis Mexanno, the eldest of the sons of Canowicus, and
other Sagamores of the Narragansei and Niantic Indians. Hazard, Coll.
ii. 40 — 43, where the Articles of this Treaty are inserted entire.

The commissioners, " considering that the colonies of Connecticut
and New Haven have expanded more tiian their proportions in the late
expedition, and that they have been out of purse a good value a con-
siderable tyme before the other colonies were at any charge about thf
same," ordered, that those twc colonics should have the oOO fathoms of
wampum, due on the first payment, deducting the first hundred fathoms
ordered to be given to Uncas. Hazard, Coll. ii. 44.

2 Massachusetts Laws. Ten shillings were to be paid for every butt of
Spanish wine, landed in the colony. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Iv.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xlv. "Instead of drawing out bars of
iron for the country's use," says this historian, '* there was hammered out
nothing but contention and lawsuits."

4 Belknap, N. Ilamp. i. 75. The court was <' resolved to send him back
without delay." Ibid.

5 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 933. »
tJ Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ivi.

T2I

There

V^ AMERICAN ANNALS. [l045.

There were in Providence and its vicinity, nbout this time,
one hundred and one men, tit to bear arms >.

In the colony of Connecticut there were eight taxable
towns; Hartford, Windsor, Wethersfield, Stratford, Fair-
field', Say brook, Southampton [on Long Island,] and Far-
mington i. In the colony of New iJaven there were six i
New Haven, Milford, Guilford, Southold [on Long Island,]
Stamford, and firanford 4.

Charles de la Tour, for the sum of two thousand and
eighty-four pounds, mortgaged fort La Tour, and all his
lands and possessions in Acadic, to sergeant major Edward
Gibbons 5.

The legislature of Virginia prohibited dealinj^ by barter;
and established the Spanish piece of eight at six shillings,
as the standard of currency for that colony ^.

A conspiracy of William Cleyborne and Richard Ingle,
aided by the turbulent spirit of the times, raised a rebellion
^n Maryland. Calvert, the governor, unsupported by any
real power, was constrained to flee into Virginia. Cley-
borne and Inele instantly seized the administration, which
they exercised with the accusto|i><(d violence of the rebel-
lious f,

• 1 Pres. Stiles' Literary Diary,

9 Fairfield, was settlcff soon after the Pcquot war. Mr. Ludlow,
who went with the troops in pursuit oftlie Pequots to Sasco (the great
swamp where the battle was fought), was !io pleased with the fine tract of
country, that hie soon projected a spttlement there ; and in 16S9 he with
a number of others began a plantation at Uiiquuwa, which was called by
the settlers Fairtield. At first there were but S or 10 families, which pro-
liably removed from Windip'r with Mr. Ludlow j very soon after, another
company from Watertown joined them ; and a third company, from Con-
cord. 'JTrumbull, i. ^04, 105. The settlers fron» Concord brought with
them a minister, Mr. Jones; who came from England an old man, and
died a few years afterward. Pres. Stiles' Itinerary.

5 Fabmington, received its name this year (iCt.'i). It was part of a
tract, purchased hy governor Flayncs in behalf of Hartford in l640. Tlie
Indian name of th.it entire tract wasTunxis; which included the towns
of Farmin.'ton and South ingtoH, and extended westward to the Mohawk
country. 'Trumbull,'' i. 11. 5.

4 Tiiimbull, i. 1.^7. Buanfobd was settled about 1640, byannmher
of people from Wethcrsfield. The Indian name of the place was Totoket ;
which was sold to the Wethersfield people by New Haven, for what it
<>riginaUy cost that town. The Ilev. Abraham Pienson, with a part of Iiis
church and congregation from Long Island, united with the people oi
Wethersfield in the settlement of Hranford. Ibid. 144.

.5 Hazard, Coll. i. ,541 — 544, where there is a copy of the mortgage*

6 Jeffei-son, Virg. 247.

7 Chalniers, i. 217- This rebellion was suppressed io August l646.

• i ... The

i.'i'i''* ' ' ' ' '

1 040.] AMERICAN ANNALS. tfO

The fort of the Swedes at Delaware was burnt with all
its buildings } and all their powder and goods were blown
.up«.

The Dutch eoTemor at Santa Cruz about this time sur-
prised the English governor on that island^ and murdered
him. A war ensued on the island, and the Dutch were
defeated >-.

1646.

The general court of Massachusetts passed the first act to
encourage the carrying of the gospel to the Indians ; and
recommended it to the ministers to consult on the best
means of effecting the desi^ 3. By their advice, it is pro^
bable, the first Indian mission was undertaken ; for on the
twenty- eighth of October the Rev. John Eliot commenced
those pious and indefatigable labours among the natives,
which ultimately procured for him the title of The Indian
Apostle. His hrst visit was to the Indians at Nonantum^
wnom he had apprized of his intention 4.

By a motion of the general court of Massachusetts, I
synod, called for the purpose of settling a uniform scheme
of ecclesiastical discipline, met at Cambridge 5.

In an agreement, made in 1644, between George Fen^
wick and agents of the colony of Connecticut, it was sti-
pulated, that a certain duty on corn, biscuit, beaver, and
cattle, which should be exported from the river's mouth,
should be paid to Fenvvick for the space of ten years. This
agreement was confirmed, the succeeding year, by the ge-
neral court, which, at the same time, passed an act, impo-

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xlviii.
•i Univ. Hist. xlwiOl.

3 Hutchiniion, i. 16I.

4 Hutchinson, i. U>l--lC.3. Coll, Hist. Soc. i. I68; v. 2.'i6, 257 j vii.
24. They were situated on the south side of Charles river, about 4 or 5
miles from his huuse at Ro.xbury. On his approacli tu their village, ac-
L'ompanied by three other persons, Waban, a wise and grave Indian, at-
tended by five or si.\ others met him, and welcomed him and his compa-
nions into a large witrwam, where a considerable number of his country-
men assembled, to heqr the new doctrine. After a short prayer in En-
glish, Mr. Eliot delivered a sermon, of an hour's length, in the Indian lan-
guage ; and was well understood by his new and attentive auditory. Ma-
ny of the hearers listened to his discourse with tears. Waban received
religioas impressions, which were never afterward lost, and which happily
«luaTified and disposed him to aid the pious design of converting his couu-
trvmen in the Ctuistian taith. Ibid.

5 Coll. lliit. Soc. vii. U5. See A. D. i648.

¥ 4 > . sing

i'*MiA.^.Xii&

l±Si^

ZZi-i^:^^^^^^ -^i^js^A- Jir:^;^-

fiSd AMERICAN ANKALS. [r640,

sing a duty of two pence per bushel on all grain; six pence
on every hundred weight of biscuit ; and a small duty on all
beaver, exported from the mouth of the river during the same
period. The object of this duty was the maintenance of the fort
at Saybrook. At a meeting of the commissioners for tho
United Colonies this year (1046,) the commissioners from
Connecticut made complaint, that Mr. Pynchon and the in-
habitants of Springfield refused to pay the impost >. The
board of commissioners judged the fort at Saybrook to be ot
great importance to the towns on the river ; but the subject
of an impost having not been laid before the general court
of Massachusetts, and the commissioners of that colony
having had no instructions respecting it, it was deferred to
the next meeting. At that meetine (I647,) the commission-
ers, on a full hearing, determined, that it was of weighty
consideration to all the plantations on the river, that the
mouth of it should be secured, and a safe passage for goods
up and down the river, maintained, though at some expence ;
and that, as Springfield enjoyed the benefit, the inhaoitants
of that town shouH pay the impost of two pence a bushel
for corn, and a penny on the pound for beaver, or twenty
shillings on every hogshead >.

A few persons of some influence in Massachusetts,
opposed civil and ecclesiastical institutions, and imagi-
ing that the parliament of England would establish the
presbyterian form of church government only, presented a
petition to the general court, to establish that form in this
colony. The court being slow to censure them, they asso-
4:iatedi with themselves a few more persons, and framed a
bill of complaint, containine gross charges against the go-
vernment of the colony, witn the intention of presenting it

1 Springfield, accordini^toseveral. respectable authorities, was set-
tled by William Pjnchon antiotliers from Itoxbur^' in 1636. Ilutchiii'-
son, i. 98, 99« Chalmers, i. '287- Trumbull, 1. 57- For aboiit two

J ears it was united in government with the towns in Connecticut. Trum*
ull, ibid. Johnson [Wonderwork. Prov. 199.] er.uneously places the
settlement of this town about |A45. In a MS. account of ministers by
Pres. Stiles, I find, that George Moxon settled at Springfield in 1C37 ;
that a church was gathered in i64.'>, when he was chosen pastor; and
that he returned to England in liiBH. This is a traditionary account
received from Rev. Stenben Williams, D. D. and Rev. Mr. Breck, minis-
ters of Springfield. Tne church and town Records were burnt in the
Indian wars.

' 2 Trumbull, i. 168 — 170. Previous to this decision of the commis-
sioners, Massaciiusetts had unfairly prejudged her "^'n cause. For the
resolutions of the general court of this colony respecting the impost, and
governor Hopkins' reply in behalf of Connecticut, see Hazard, Coll. ii.
bl, 82, where they are iniiertcd entire. See also Tjumbull, ut supra.
^ • , . to

' • I'm -'imIWi i'-— '

1040.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 281

to parliament ; but the niiigistratcs detected and suppressed
the design >. Edward VVinsilow, already chosen an agent for
the colony, to answer the complaint of Gorton and other
j< amilists, was now inRtructed to make defence against these
new adversaries, who hur' actually taken measures to render
the colony obnoxious in England '. Winslow, by his pn.dent
management, aided by the estimation in which lie was
holden by many members of parliament and the principal
persons in power, successfully vindicated the colony 3.

Meanwhile new troubles arose. The Quakers making
their appearance in Massachusetts, their legislature of that
colony passed laws against their toleration. No master of a
vessel was, from this time, allowed to bring any one of this
sect into its jurisdiction, on penalty of a hundred pounds 4.

The inclination of ministers and others to return to the
parent country exciting serious concern in New England ;
the commissioners for the ,United Colonies proposed, that
measures be taken to detain in the country such scho*
lars, as should receive contributions toward their education
at Cambridge 5.

The

1 Wonderwork. Prov, QO'i. The suppression " was effected by a small
fine laid on them." Ibid.

2 Ibid. This appears, by a petition to the earl of Wanvick and the
otlier commissionei's tor V'creitfn I'luntations. found among the papers of
these malcontents. The substance of It h in Hutchinsun, i. 148, 149.

3 Morton, IS4. Tiie Petition and Ucnionstrauce of the governor and
company of Massapimsctts, to the earl of Warwicit and the other commis-
KionerH for Forcit;n I'lantations, in answer to the Petition of Gorton, is iu
Hazard, Coll. i. ■H47— "JSO. ^riie onler, obtained by Gorton and other!),
to be suftered peaceably to possess their purchase [See p. 2G7 note />. («f
this volume,] was obtained t/iix t/tar. That Order, or Passport, is in
Hazard, Coll. i. ri46; dated l.'i Nlav, lOtG. However disorganizing and
vexatious may have been the conduct of Gorton and his adherents, it is
])leasing to iind the first characters in Kngland endeavouring to moderate
the exercise of colonicil authority, and to checic the current of popular
indignation. The commissioners of parliament, in 1647* sent letters to
Massachusetts colony (in reply to its Remonstrance and Petition,) ia
wlijch, with delicate address, they at once paid great deference to the
just rights of the colony, yet strongly inculcated the toleration of those,
who had been once driven into exile. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. liv.
The Letters are in Hazard, Coll. i. .5,51 — i.53.

4 Massachusetts Laws. Hazard, Coll. ii. .56,1. ,

.5 Hazard, Coll. ii. 74, 75. The claim to their public services was
founded on the charity, that had b^en repeatedly bestowed by the colo^
nics for the maintenance of poor scholars at Cambridge. In 1G64, the
liev. Mr. Shepard of Cambridge wiwca to the commissioners, representing
the neccSsitv of farther assistance; and desired them to encourage a gene-
ral contribution in the colonics. The commissioners recommended it trt
Uip cpnsideiation of the several leijislatuics j they adopted the recom-

nienduttun;

' i!

^*— --r-^ ^f-^* --'

■"^s.

':ies--- -~i»^.. ?c£^'.-

i :

283 AMERICAN ANNALS. t^^^O.

The freemen of Massachusetts, viewing the commission-
ers for the United Colonies as general officers, now chose
their own commissioners for themselves '.

Captain Dobson, in a ship of eighty tons, double manned,
fitted out from Boston for trade, with a testimonial for the
Gulf of Canada, ran, in stress of weather, into a harbour at
Cape Sable, where he discharged several pieces of ord-
nance. While the natives were trading with the people on
board, D'Aulney, the French governor, sent twenty men
from Port Royal, who captured the English, and carried
them with their ship into that port, where the ship and car-
go, valued at a thousand pounds, were kept as contiscated.
The men were sent home a.

By an ordinance of the lords and commons of England,
all merchandize, goods, and necessaries for the American
plantations, were exempted from duty for three years ;
on condition, that no ship or vessel in any of thp colonial
ports be suffered to lade any goods of the growth of the
plantations, and carry them to foreign parts, excepting in
English bottoms. This was the foundation of those subse-
quent navigation acts, which may be termed the Commer-
cial Palladium of Great Britain i.

A great and genera! battle was fought, near the confines
of Connecticut, between the Dutch and the Indians, with
mutual firmness and obstinacy. The Dutch ultimately kept
the field 4.

* The

n»cndation ; and an annual contribution was made tlirough the United
Colonies sev'eial subsequent years. Trumbull, i. 148. Coll. Hist. Soc.
vii. 45. In the difficult case above stated (1046,) the commissioners for
Massachusetts desired to advise with the general court and ministers of
that colony, •' for the orderinp; such a course, an.d how such schollars may
be implo3ed and incouraged when they leave the C«j|ledge, in New Plan-
tations, or as schoole Masters, or in ships, till they be called and fitted
for other service." lb.

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. liii. They had previously been chosen,
ever since the contcdcration, by the magistrates and deputies. Ibid.

2 Ibid. Iv. I'he 'ground of the seizure and confiscation appears to
have been an illicit trade with the natives.

3 Anderson, ii. 404, 40.>. The preamble of the ordinance recites,
" that whereas the several plantations of \'irifiui.i, Bermudas, Barbadocs,
and other places of America, have been much benelkial to this kingdom,
by the increase of navigation, and of tHc customs arising from the com-
ninditics of the growth of those plantations imported into this kingdom,
Srr." The ordinance enacts, " that all mercluindi/cs and necessaries, for
the supportation, use, and e.xpence of the said plantations, shall pay no
rustrm nor duty for the same, the duty of excise onlv excepted, for thre^
vears to come, e.xre pt to the plantations in Newtouiulland: Provided, &c."

4 IVumbi;!!, i. HJ3, l6l. In that part ofiloisenck, commonly known

,.-H-^-

'l >

[1646.

omniission»
now chose

le niann<;d,
ial for the
harbour at
ces of ord-
! people on
venty men
ind carried
lip and car-
contiscated.

f England,
! America u
iree years ;
hp colonial
ivth of the
xcepting in
hose suDse-
le Commer-

be confines
idians, with
niately kept

The

rh the United
:oll. Hist. Soc.
tnissioners for
d ministers of
scholiars may
in New Plan-
led and fitted

y been chosen,
ies. Ibid.
)n appears to

nance recites,
as, Barbadocs,

this icingdom,
lom the coni-
tbis kingdom,
lecessancs, fur
, shall pay no

ted, for thre«?

'rovidcd, &c."
imoniy known
by

1047.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 283

The Dutch governor (Kieft) and the senate of New Ne«
therlands protested to governor Eaton of New Haven
against the English coronists, for entering within their
limits*.

The French were expelled from Cayenne by ^he Dutch
under the command of admiral Binks i»

The first general assembly of Rhode Island, consisting of
the collective freemen of the several plantations in the co-
lony, met at Portsmouth on the nineteenth of May ; esta-ir
blished a code of laws ; and erected an institution of civil
government 3. The legislative power was invested in a court
of commissioners, consisting of six persons, chosen by
each of the four towns of Providence, Portsmouth, Newport,
and Warwick. Their acts were to be in force, unless re*
pealed within ^ limited time by the vote of the major part
of the freemen of the province, to be collected at their re-
spective town meetings, appointed for that purpose 4. The
whole executive power appears to have been invested in a
president and four assistants, chosen from the freemen by
their several towns, and constituting the supreme court for
the administration of justice. Every township, forming
within itself a corporation, elected a council of six, for the
management of its peculiar affairs; and the town court had
the trial of small cases, but with an appeal to the court of
the president and associates 5.

The French at Canada, in their trade with the neighbour-
ing Indians, had several years been obstructed by the Mo-
hawks. Unable to subdue that ferocious people, they,
about this time, sent M. Marie as an agent, to solicit aid of
Massachusetts, with otfers of liberal compensation ; but the

by the name of Strickland's Plain. " Great numbers were slain on both
sides, and the graves of the dead, fora century or mure, appeared like a
number of small hills." Ibid.

1 The words of the Protest are, " for entering the limit of New Ncthcr-
land." New Haven is culled in that Protest " lied Hills j" and elsewhere,
by the Dutch, " Red Mounte ;" from the colour of the hills, which sur-
round the town. The Protest and gov. Hilton's Answer are in (ia/ard.
Coll. ii. or>, hfi. For a farther correspondence between the Entjlish and
Uutch governors on this subject, see Hazard, ibid. 68 — 7?.

2 Univ. Hist, xxxix. Q.U.

a Chalmers, i. y7.S. liackus, N. Eng. 1. 198. Adams, N. Eng. 91.

4 Callender, U, 1.5. Douglas ii. 80.

5 Cullender, 4'). Chalnit'is, i. JTcJ.

government

,'M>i,

lU <

,..-.-JS-

•.--^

[ )

lift 'I It

284 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1647.

government of that colony agreed not to the alluring pro-
posal I.

The legislature of Massachusetts passed an act against Je-
suits *.

^ The town bridge, at' the entrance of Salem from fioston,
\vas built. It was made of earth, secured with stone^ The
children of the poor in Salem were put under masters, and
itttr good families, by the town 3.

reier Stuyvesant, succeeding Kieft, as gdvernor of New
Netherlands, laid claim to all the lands, rivers, and streams,
from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod 4.

Several persons of good quality in England ventured their
estates on an iron work, which tney began at Braintree ; but
the price of labour was so high as to render it unprofitable 5.

An epidemical disease passed through the American Con-
tinent. The English, French, Dutch, and Indians, were
seized with it. It extended tp the West Indies. In each
of the islands of Barbadoes ana St. Christopher's five or six
thousand died. In these islands it was accompanied with
H great drought, which caused an extreme scarcity of pro*
visions ^.

" The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America,'* a work
composed by the reverend Nathaniel Ward, was published
this year, in a quarto volume, at London 7.

Thomas

1 Gookin's Historical Collections of tlie Indians, in Coll. Hist. Soc. i.
161. Marie was "a person of orders, and most probably a Jesuit."
•* Great pay" was offered by the French " for such succour" against the
Mohawks. •♦ The Eni^lish," says Gookin, " were not willing to engage
themselves in that afl'aiN forasmuch as the Maquas [Mohawks] had never
done nny injury to the English, and in policy and reason were like to be
a good Bulwark between the English and French, incase a time should
come of hostility between these two nations. For these and other reasons,
M. Marie returned without succour." Ibid.

a Hazard, Coll. i. 550, where the act is entire.
_ 3 Coll. Hist. 8oc. vi. '229, '^37.

4 Hazard, Coll. ii. 1 13, 216. Kieft took passage the next year for llol-
land, in a ship, laden to the value of ^20,000/. but the mariners, mistaking
the cliannel, were carried into Severn, and cast away on the coast of
Wales near Swansey ; and Kieft and about 80 other persons were drowned.
Hubbard, MS N. Eng. chap. 1. 5 Wonderwork. Prov. 207.

6 Hubbard, M8. N. Eng. chap. Ivi. This, historian denominates it a
plague or p.cstilential fever.

7 Bibliotiieca Americ. Q2. If this were the year of its first publication,
it must have had a rapid currency : for I have seen a copy of the fourth
edition, printed in 1047. It is a production entirely original, and the
work of a master. It was written during the struggles between Charles 1.
and the parliament of England ; and seems to have been intended to in*
flucuce both parties to moderation. It contains many important truths,

seasoQci^

1648.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 285

Thomas Hooker, minister at Haitrord, and the father of
the churches in Connect'cut, died, at the age of sixty-one
years ».

16 18.

il'

lans. were

The New England colonists sent to the p^overnor and
council of Caiiada a proposal, that there should be perpetual
p^ace between the colonies, even though their mother coun-
tries were at war. The French governor D'Ailleboust and his
council were so well pleased with the proposal, that they ap-
pointed father Dreuillettes to go to Boston, and finish the ne-
gotiation, on condition that the English colonists would as-
sist the French against the Iroquois. The same reasons
however, that had already prevented them from acceding to
a similar proposal, operated against their compliance with
this condition ; and tlie negociation was without eflect.
It was afterward renewed by the French, but in vain s.

Since the consultation, in 1634, respecting a body of laws,
adapted to the civil and religious state of Massachusetts,
committees, consisting of magistrates and elders, had been
appointed almost every year until this time, to prepare a code
for that colony. Meanwhile laws of the greatest necessity
had been successively enacted. This year, for the first
time, the whole were collected; ratified by the court, and
printed 3.

The first instance of capital punishment for witchcraft, iti
New England, occurring in colonial history, was in this
year. Margaret Jones of Charlestown was indited for a
witch, found guilty, and executed 4.

The synod, which met at Cambridge in 1646, protracted
its session^ by adjournments, to this year, when it was dis-

seasoned with inimitable wit and humour; but its stile is obsolete. The
author was the same per^ion (mentioned p. -iGa of this volume.) who com-
posed The Body of Liberties for Massachusetts. He was forced out of
England fot Nonconformity in )034, and was minister of Ipswich until
1645, when he returned to England, where he died at about the age of
LXXXIII years. Mather, Magnal. book iii. 167.

1 Trumbull, i. 30G. He was pre-eminently distinguished, as a preach-
er and a writer, and as a man of piety. His most celebrated work was
•• A Survey of the .Summe of Church Discipline;" which was printed at
London, in a quarto volume of nearly 500 pages, I6I8, undej the inspec-
tion of the celebrated Dr. Thomas Goodwin. Sec Mather, Magrial. book
iii. .'.8—68; Morton, 1S5; Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. S3 — il.

2 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 448. See A. D. lGt7.

3 Hutchinson, i. 4.S7. Josselyn, Voy 9G3. ?Cj.

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chii^p. Ivi. tlutcliinson, i. 150.

! * : i> ^ solved.

♦

1h)

r.i

B ii

t'?'/!

286 AMEniCAN ANKALS. [t6-|g*

solved. This synod composed and adopted the platform of
church discipline, called " The Cambridge Platform," and
now recomniended it, together with the Westminster Con-
fession of Faith, to the general court, and to the churches.
The churches of New Eni^land in general complied with the
recommendation ; and the Cambridge Platform, with the
ecclesiastical laws, formed the religious constitution of the
New England colonies «.

Maiblehead, hitherto a part of Salem, had the consent of
the town for separate town privileges z.

The town of Maiden was built on the north side of Mystic
river, by several persons from Charlestown, who gathered
themselves into a church i.

The inhabitants of Boston being now too numerous to
meet iu one assembly, the people in the north east part ot the
town formed a distinct church 4; and, the next year, erected
an ediHce for public worship 5.

Several persons having begun a plantation at Pequot har-
bour^, the reverend Richard Blinman had removed from
Gloucester to this new settlement ; which, after his arrival,
received considerable accession. The inhabitants now con-
sisting of more than forty families, the general court grant-
ed them, for their encouragement, three years' exemption
from colonial taxation. John Winthrop, esquire, was au-
thorized to superintend the afiairs of the plantation 7; which
was afterward called New London **. A con-

1 Mather, Magnal book v. ,'} — 38, Avlierc the Platform is inserted entire.
Trumbull, i, 302. Neal, N. Eng. ii. ;W. Adams, N. Kng. 89, 90. Coll.
Hist. Soc. vii. 2o. The ministers and chnrches of Connecticut and New
Haven \*ere present at the synod, and united in the form of discipline,
which it recommended, li}' this platform the churches of New England
in general wallced for more than 30 yedis. This, in ccmne xion with the
ecclesiastical laws, was the religious constitution of Connecticut about
6o years, until the compilation of thu .Saybrook Platform. Trumbu^. i.
S0'2--305.

2 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. iS3.
a Wonderwork. Prov. 211.

4 Johnson [Wonderwork. Prov. 212.] says, this was the 30th church in
Massachusetts.

a Wonderwork. Prov. 212. That part of the tcwn was separated from
the rest" by a narrow stream," which, Johnson says, was " cut through I
neck of land by industry." Ibid. It is the stream, which passes under
Mill briiluie. .See Coll". Hist. Soc. iii. '2!)7.

i) In lfit(». The Indian name of the /•?//</, on which the first settlement!
were l>oi;iu), was Namr.uin, aduii, Towawo!;. Truuibull, i. 173.

7 lliid. Mr. Bliuuian continued at New .London until 1658, when he
renujvud to New Haven. He-turning afterward to Kngrland, he was settled
at Uristol, wlierckcdicd. He wrote iu defence of Infant Baptism. Pret.
Stiles' iMSS.

« In iijiti, the whole tract, now comprised in New London and Gro-

ton.

0th church in

\04Q,] AMERICAN ANNALS. 287

A congreg./Zional church in Virginia, founded by the mi-
nisters sent from New England in l(i42, was now increased
to the number of one hundred and eighteen persons ; but its
magnitude afforded it no security. Sir William Berkeley,
governor of the colony, liad already banished Mr. Durand,
: LS elder ; and Mr. Harrison, its pastor, now enjoined to
depart from the country, came to New England '.

Of the Susquehannah Indians, not more than one hun-
dred and ten were now left. These, with the Oneidas and
Wicomeses », amounted to two hundred and fifty 3.

The island of St. Bartholomew was first planted, this year,
by fifry Frenchmen, under M. Poincy, governor of St. Chris-
topher's, and at his own expence 4.

Canonicus, the great sachem of Narragansetts, died at a
very advanced age; leaving the hereditary quarrel with the
English entailed on his successors 5.

1649.

Charles the First of England was beheaded at Whitehall,
at the age of fifty- one years 6.

On the publication of the accounts of the hopeful progress

ton, was called Pcquot; and retained this name about four years; but in
\G')S (March 24) the assembly of Connecticut passeil an act for its altera-
tion. " This court, considering that there hath ytt no place, in any of'
the colonies, being named in memory of the city of London, there being
a new plantation, settled upon that tair river Moheagan, in the Poquot
country, being an excellent harbour, and a tit and convenient place for
future trade, it being also the only place which the English in these parts
have possosed by conquest, and that upon a very just war, upon th:ir
great and warlike pcoole, the I'cipiots, that therefore they might there-
by leave to posterity tne memory of that renowued city of f^ondon, from
whence we had our transportation, have thought fit, in lionour to
that tiitnous cit\, to call the said plantation Nkw London." The jiame
of the river was also changed, and called the 'rhatnea. Trumbull, i. 27J,
171.

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Kng. chap. I v. Mj-. Harrison after r«idin!» n year
or two in New England, went to Kngland ; and having taken th»j dejjree
of Doctor in Divinity, settled at last in Ireland. Jbid.

2 Their" forced auxiliaries." Smith, N.Jersey, SI. S Ibid.

4 Encyclop. Methodique, Art. lJ.\Krii£LEMi. Univ. Hiit, xli. 'i.>9.
Atlas Geog. Amcr. v. :)3(j. .

5 Hubbard, M.S. N. Kng. chap. 1.

C Hume, Hist. Eng. chap. x. llenault. Hist. France, ji. 118. The hou'c
of lords was suppressed? the oaths of allegiafice and supremacy were abo-
lished j and the whole power fell into the hands of the people. Oliver
Cromwell was declared captain general ivf the troops of the state j and
atlterward rose to the supreme powrr, with the title of Pfotector. lie-
aftult, ib.

1.1- n

288 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l64g.

of the Indians in New England in the knowledge of the gos-
pel, the attention of the English nation was excited to the
subject. By the solicitation of Edward Winslow, then in
England as agent for the United Colonies, an act of parlia-
ment was passed, by which the Society for propagating the
Gospel into New England was incorporated ».

On the decease of t>ir Kerdinando Gorges, his estate in
the Province of Maine fell to his eldest son John ; who,
through discouragement or incapacity, took no care of it.
Most of the commissioners, appointed to govern this pro-
vince, having deserted it, the remaining inhabitants were
now obliged to combine for their own security*.

A proposal w<is made to the commissioners for the United
Colonies, from New Haven general court, What'' course
might be taken for the speedy planting of Delaware. After
a deliberate attention to the subject, tlie conclusion of the
commissioners was, not to patronize the projected plan-
tation i.

During the extreme distress of the royal party in En-
gland, this year, the immense territory, lying between the
rivers Rappahannock and Potowmac, was granted to lord
Hopton, Berkeley, Culpepper, and other cavaliers^ who
probably wished to make Virginia an asylum 4.

X Gookin, in Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 312. This Society was fo consist of i6
persons, namely, a president, treasurer, and 14 assistants; who were au-
tliorizcd to purchase real estate not exceeding 2000/. per annum, and to
possess goods and nionev witiiout restriction. The Commissioners for
the United Colonies of W.England, or snch persons as they should ap-
pohit, were to have power to receive and dispose of the monies, received

ing,

of the children of the natives. MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixxv. Bibliotheca
Amcric. 93. Hazard, Coll. i. G.J.'i. Morton, 143. Hoornbeek [de Ccn-
versionc Indorum, 'itil.] sax-s, the English parliament began to take mea-
sures for the promotion of this pious design so early as 1 7 March, 1647.

2 Belknap, Hiog. i. 389, 390.

3 Hazard, Coll. ii. I'i7. It was in consideration of ** the present state of
the colonies, generally destitute of suffirient hands to carry on their ne-
cessary occupations," that the commissioners judged it expedient to take
no part in this enterprize. Thev declared however, that, if any persons
from any of the colonies shoulcfgo to Delaware, and, without leave of
the New Haven merchants, should seat themselves on any part of their
land, or, in any respect, be injurious to them in their title and interest
there, tlicy would neither protect nor own them in such procedure.
Thej', in fine, lcf^the New Haven nwrchants their just liberty, to dis-
po'-u of the land, which they had purchased in those parts, or toimprov«
or plant it *« as they should see cause." Ibid.

4 Chalincfs, i. 330. See A. D. jCCC and l673.

A body

1049.]

AMflRICAN ANNALS.

280

A body of one thousand Iroquois, in March, suddenly
attacked the Huron village of St. Ignatius, containing four
hundred persons, all of whom, excepting three, they mas-
sacred I.

John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, died, aged
sixty-three years > ; and Thomas Shepard, minister of Cam-
bridge, aged forty-four years s^t

Governor Endicot of Massachusetts and deputy governor
Dudley, with the assistants, signed a declaration against
men's wearing long hair, as unscriptural4.

The complete establishment of the American church in
all the Spanish settlements in South America, at this pe-
riod, comprised one patriarch, six archbishops, thirty-two
bishops, three hundred and forty-six prebends, two abbots,
five royal chaplains, and eight hundred and forty con-
vents 5.

The Jesuits, about this time, remonstrating at the court
of Madrid against the immorality of the Spaniards^ ascribing
to this cause the failure of success in their missions; their
remonstrance was listened to with attention. The sphere of
their labour's was marked out ; an uncontrouled liberty was
granted to them ; and orders were given to the governors of
tne adjacent provinces, not to interfere, nor to suffer any
Spaniard to enter within this pale, without licence from the
fathers^.

1 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 448.

2 Mather, Magnal. book ii. 8. Morton, 1 4i. Belknap, Biog. ii. 337.
The talents and virtues, the wealth and influence, of this eminent man,
signally qualified him for the chief magistracy in an infant plantation, of
wnich he was the fifither, as well as governor ; and the same rare assemblage
of qualifications would have enabled him to shine in a larger sphere, and
more elevated situation.

3 Mather, Magnal. book iii. 57—68. Morton, 142. Coll. Hist. Soc. vif.
42—47. Mr. Shepard was an eminently pious man,an impressive preacher*
and a very distinguished divine. As a writer on experimental religion,
he was one of the roost judicious, discriminating, and useful, that has
ever appeared in New Kngland.

4 -Hutchinson, i. \5i. " Forasmuch as the wearing of long hsir, uffer
the manner of Ruffians and barbarous Indians, has begun to invade New
England, &c."

5 Robertson, iii. 409.

6 Europ. Settlements, i. 379> 2,80. The Jesuits agreed conditionally to
pay a capitation t?x. in proportion to their flock; and to send a certain
number of their subjects to tne kind's works. Terms being thus settled,
tliey gathered about 50 wandering families, which they united into a lit-
tle townshi; and within a century their subjects amounted to 300,000
families, and could raise 00,OUO armed men. Ibid.

Vol. I.

^ M

1630»

^# .

dOo

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[lOffO.

!*»'»■•

1650.

Stuyveiant; the Dutch governor of New Netherlands, ar-
i^iving at Hartford, demanded of the commissipnera for the
United Colonies a full surrender of the lands on Connecttcat
river. Afiter a correspondence and an altercation of several
days, the controversy was referred to arbitrators, who con-
cluded on articles of agreement at Hartford *.

The college at Cambridge was made a body corporate, by
an act of the general court of Massachusetts ; and received
a charter, under the seal of the colony, by the name of
'* The l^esident and Fellows of Harvard college a."

In the depth of winter, there broke cut in Charlesto#n a
terrible fire, which, blown from one building to another by
a violent wind, consumed the fairest houses in the town 3.

lliere were now about forty churches in New England,
and seven thousand seven hunored and fifty communicants 4.

On the island of Martha's Vineyard there were about
forty families of Indians, who professed the. Christian reli*

fion, and attended the religious mstructions of Mr. Ma^hew.
he whole island had, in a manner, embraced Christianity,

' I Gov. Trumbull's MS. State and Origin of Connecticut. Hubbard,
MS. N. Eng. chap. xlii. Hutchinson, i. 85, 1^0, 5 U. Hazard, Coll. ii. 170
—173; 318—220, 252, 54&— 551. Trumbull, i. 197— lOfK The com-
missioners chose Mr. Bradstreet of Massachusetts, and Mr. Prince of Plv*
mouth ; the Dutch governor chose Thomas Willet and George liaxter. In
regard to limits, it was agreed : That on Long Island a strait and direct
line, run from the westennost part of Ovster Bav to the sea, shall be the
bounds; the easterly part to bebng to the English, and the wettermost to
^e Dutch: and that the bounds on the main land begin at the west side
of Greenwich bay, about four miles from Stamford, and run a northerly
line 20 miles, and, beyond that distance, as it shall be agreed by the twu
governments of the Dutch and New Haven, provided the said line come
not within 10 miles of Hudson's river. It waa also agreed, that the Dutch
should not build any house within six miles of the said line; the inhabi-
tants of Greenwich to remain (till forther consideration) under the govern-
ment of the Dutcifc. Another article of agreement was, tiMt the Dutch
should hold all the lands in Hartford, of which they were actually poa<
sessed ; and all the residueion both sides of Connecticut river, was to r emai(i
to the English there. These limits were to be strictly and inviohbly ob-
served until a full and final determination in Europe, by themrcual con*
sent of England and Holland. Ibid. The articles of' agreement are in
the three last cited places of Hutchinson, Hazard, and Trumbull.

9 Hutchinson, i. 171- Neal, N. Eng. i. 297. The college was governed
under this chaf ter until 1685, when the colony charter was vacated. Hut-
chinson, ibid.

8 Wonderwork. Prov. 221.

4 Stiles' Christian Uniou, 116.

• and

AMERICAN ANNALS. 20 1

A the English cuttotns arid xnannerS) in their

lOao.]

and ador _

hutbandk-j.' toui ether concerns >.

The south part of the town of Barnstable in Massachusetts
was, about this time, amicably purchased of Wianno and
several other sachems \

Charles II. transmitted from Breda a new commission to
Sir William Berkeley, as governor of Virginia, declaring
his intention of ruling and ordering the colony according to
the laws and statutes of England, which were to be esta-
blitthed there. Thus, whi^ that prince was not permitted
to rule over England, he exercised the royal jurisdiction
over Virginias.

The authority^ n( the crown continuine to be acknow-
ledged in Virginia, and in several of the West India islands*
the parliament issued an ordinance, for prohibiting trade
with Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda, and Antego4.

The constitution of Maryland was established. A la«ir
was passed for settling the provincial assembly. It enacted,
that those members, called by special writ, should form
the Upper House; that those, chosen by the hundreds,
should compose the Lower House ; and that all bills, which
should be passad by the two houses, and assented to by the
governor, should be deemed the laws of the province, and
have the same efTect, as if the freemen were personally pre-
sent. The colony was now divided into threevcountries,
' which contained eight hundreds. Laws were enacted for
peopling Maryland. An order was made for the relief of
the poor. Punishments were provided for various crimes^
The fees of office were regulated. The interests of agricul-
ture and commerce were encouraged. Public prosperity
and private happiness were thus promoted by salutary laws^
which were as prudently executed, as wisely planned 5.

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. cbap^ Ixxv.
S Coll. Ilist Soc. iii. 15.

3 Chalmers, i. 122. RobertMiOt book ix. I la For the prevention of
the rebellion of subjects, or the invasion of enemiiiib the commission
empowered the sovernpir and council ** to build castlei and fortifications,
at the expence o? the planters." ,

4 Chaniftn, i. 122. I2S. In tonseqtietace of this orditMQCe, Massachu*
srlts, the next year, passed att act against trade with those pltxtt, until
their " compliance with the Commonwealth of England," or iartbter order
of the General Court Hazard, Coll. i. 55S.

5 Chalmers, 1.220.281. The constitution ofMarytand continued above
li20 years, until the revolutionary war. At the time of its adoption the
most common and useful arts must have made but small progress in the
colony ; for tht? nrerpdiag year (iG49) an order was poasfedt providing
for the smith." Ibid.

Us ' Barbadoesj

'i^*

l1 ■

202 AMERICAN ANNAIS. [1650.

Barbadoes, though sr . led but little more than twenty
years, already contained more than fifty thousand whites,
and a much greater number of blacks and Indian slaves >.

The kin^ of France granted the old French West India
company his licence to sell Martinico, St. Lucia, Grenada,
and the Grenadines, to Du Parquet, governor of Martinico ;
who purchased those islands for 6fty thousand livres >. Re-
solved on ah invasion of Grenada, Du Parquet collected up-
wards of two hundred hardy Frenchmen for the enterprize.
On meeting unexpectedly with a kind reception from the
natives, he affected a regard to moderation, and opened a
treaty with the chief of the Charibes for the purchase of the
territory. Having made the natives a few trifling presents 3,
he considered the purchase as complete ; estabTished a co-
lony in Grenada } built a fort for its protection ; and left
the government of the island to a kinsman, named Le
Compte. A war soon after ensued, and the natives were
exterminated 4.

The Caribbee isle of Anguila was now first settled' by
some English people 5.

The Spaniards of the garrison on the isle of St. Martin^
unable to maintain themselves, dismantled the fort, and dc-

1 Europ. Settlements, ii. 86. Univ.Hist xli. 134, 197« It could inustrr
10,000 foot, and 1000 horse. Ibid. About this year, the planters in Bar-
badoes obtained the true secret of making sugars ; by sufl'cring the canes to
ripen 15 months, instead of Vi, and by boiling and curing them to a white
consistence. After this discovery, the value of the lands on the island in-
creased to such a degree, that land, which could have been previously
purchased for 200/. cost afterward 7000/. Ibid.

2 Univ. Hist. xli. ii2G.

S " Some knives and hatchets, and a large quantity of glass beads, beside
two bottles of brandy for the chief himself!" Du Tertre, a French histo-
rian of the expedition, quoted by Edwardt, Hist. VV. Indies, i; 34U. The
French afterward ** considered the refusal of ttie poor savages to confirm
the agreement, as contumacy and rebellion."

4 Edwards, W. Indies, i. 34/)— 348. Father Du Tertre says: " Forty
of the Cliai'ibes were massacred on the spot. About 40 others, who had
escaped the sword^jan toward a precipice, from whente they cast them-
selves headlong iiito the sea. and miserably perished. A beautiful young
Sir! of 12 or l.i years of age, who was taken alive, became the object of
ispute between twoof onroflicers, each of them claiming her as his law-
ful prize; a thiid coming up, put an end to the contest, by shootini; the
girl through the head. The place from which these barbarians threvr
themselves into the sea, has been called ever since /r Mornedcs Sautiurs
[Leapers Hill."] 'i'he French, after niassacring the naiives. proceeded
to massacre each other; and L)u Panjuet, having injtircd his fortune in
planting the island, and supportini? his authority, sold his property in tlie
island, in 1C'j7, to the count dc Carillac fur:]U,buO crowns. Ibid. Univ.
Hist. .\li. 2,>r>.

3 Univ. Hist, xli asa Anderson, ii. 114;" whos" n; sterity still hold it."

stroyed

2gs

1651.] AMERICAN ANNALS.

Btroyed all their houses and cisterns. The French and
Dutch soon after, by accommodation, divided the island
between them *.

1651.

The parliament of Eneland passed the famous Act of N»>
vi^ation. It had been observed with concern* that the £n-

Slish merchants for several years psat had usually freighted
le Hollandern' shipping for bringing home their own mer*
chandize, because ibeir freight was at a lower rate than
that of the Enelish ships. For the same reason the Dutch
ships were made use or even for importing American pro-
ducts from the English colonies into Ensland. The English
ships meanwhile lay rotting in the haroours ; and the En-
glish mariners, for want of employments, went into the
service of the Hollanders. T hese considerations, principally,
induced the parliament to enact^ " That no merchandize,
either of Asia, Africa, or America, including also the En-
glish plantations there, should be imported into England in
any but English ships, and belonging either to English or
English plantation subjects, navigated also by an Enalish
commander, and three-fourths of the sailors to be En^^ish-
men ; excepting such merchandise, as should be imported
directly from the original place of their growth or manufac*
turein Europe solely : and that no fish should thenceforward
be imported into England or Ireland, nor exported thence to
foreign parts, nor even from one of their own home ports,
but what should be caught by their own fishers only *»**

The church at Maiden havmg called a minister to the pas-
toral office, without, if not against, the consent and approba-
tion of neighbouring churches and allowance of the magis-
trates, the general court imposed a fine on all, who were
concerned in the transaction 3 ; and soon after passed an
order, that no minister should be called to office,, without

1 Univ. Hist. xli. 269. Anderson, ii. 412.

2 Anderson, ii. 415,416. Dr. Robertson, [book ix. 111.] assigns a dif-
ferent reason for this act : ** Not satisfied with taking measures to subject
the colonies, the commonwealth turned its attention towards the most ef-
fectual mode of retaining them in dependence on the parent state, and
of securing to it the benefit of their increasing commerce."

6 Hubt^rd, MS. N. Eng. chapb Ix. The procedure of Maiden was
*• contrary to the approved practice of the cbuntry." The court, accord-
ing to Hubbard (ib.), *• passed an handsome fine or mulct." The people
of Maldi^ aekDowledged their miscarriage. Ibid.

tha

' I

.■»Al

i04 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l051.

the ADprobatlon of some of the magtstratei, as well as the
neigh Douring churches <.

A sumptuary law was passed this year by the legislature
of Massachusetts *.

The general court of Massachusetts having, at the motion
of the reverend John Eliot, granted the land at Natick to
the natives ; a number of them combined for the purpose of
government 3.

! ■>

!f)i

" 1 Ibid. It was now left to the power of every county court throughoHt
the juritdiction. to make aufficient nrovjiion for the mtintenance of the
niiniitry in the mpcctive towm of tne coJony ; and to rectify any defiect,
«' en complaint of any «ucb, for want of meant whereby comtbrtably to
aubiiit." Ibid.

a MaiMchuaettt Lawi. The law ittelf, and the languase in which it is
exprcMed. are curioui. The court, lamenting the inemcacy of former
"Declarations and Orders againit excew of apparel both of men and uu.
ineut" proceed to obicrve: ** We cannot but to our grief talte notice, that
intolerable exceu and bravery hath crept in upon ut.and especially among;
people of mean condition, to the dishonour i«f God, the scandal of our
profcuion, the consumption of estates, and altogether unsuitable to our
poverty." They ** acknowledge it to be a matter of much di Acuity, in
regard of the blindness of men's minds, and the stubborness of their wills,
to set down exact rules to confine all sorts of persons T yet ** cannot but
account it their duty, to commend unto all the sober and moderate use of
those blessings," ice. The court proceed to order, that no person, whose
visible estate shall not exceed the true and indiflferent sum of 300/. shall
wear any gold «r silver lace, or gold and silver buttons, or any bone lace
above two shillings per yard, or silk hoods or scarves, on the penalty of
JO ihillingi for every such offence. The law authorises and requirt's the
selectmen of every town to take notice of the apparel of any of the inha-
bitants, and to asses such persons, at '*they shall judge to exceed their
rankes and abilities, in the costliness or fashion of^ their apparel in any
respect, especially in the wearing of ribbands and great boots," at iiooir.
estates, according to the proportion, which swch men use to pa^ to whom
such apparel is suitable and allowed. An exception however is made in
favour of public officers and their fSfimilies, and of those, " whose educa-
tion and employment have been above the ordinary desree, or .whose
estates have been considerable, though now decayed " We smile at the
simplicity of our foi:efiithers ; but the mother country had set an example
of similar measures, effected in a more luntmarif manner. In the reign of
queen Elizabeth, ** began in England long tucb and rapien," which suc-
ceeded the sword and buckler; "and he wm held the greatest gallant,
that had the deepest ruffe, and longest rapier. The offence unto the eye
of the one, and the hurt unto the life or the subject, that came by the
other, caused her maj|>st^ to make proclamation against them botb^ and
to place selected grave citizen* at every gate to out the ruffes, and breake
the rapiers points, of all passenger* that exceeded a yeard in length of
their' rapiers, and a qayle of . a yeard in depth of their ruffes." Stow,
Chr«n. 869.

S .vfather, Magnal. book iii. 197. CoU. Hist. Soc. i. 180. Mr. Eliot
ji^vised them to adopt the form of ^overoinent, proposed by Jethro to

• 1

1001.] AMERICAN annals: dgs

A forge iron manufacture was set up at lUynham in Mu*
tachuiettfl, a town recently settled >.

The town of Salem voted, to build a fort on the south
eait point of Winter Island ; toward which the general court
gave np«i hundred pounds >.

The assembly ot Connecticut passed un act to encourage
the discovery of mines i* The settlement of the towns of
Norwalkana Middletowa in Connecticut commenced about
this time 4.

The Dutch erected a trading house, rather than a fortifi-
cation, on a low point of land 5, which commanded the
Delaware. Hudde, left to rule and traffic there, purchased
of the Minquaas the lands on the western shore of the
Delaware, from Christiana cteejc to the river of fiom^
tbook: which was the earliest Indian purchase, nutoe
there by the Dutch. The Swedes, observinff this coop
duct of their rivals, protested against )t» with little elfect.

Moses. A<;cordingl3r on the 6Ui of Angust iOA) about one bundrcd of
them met together, and chose one ruler of a hundrH, two rvilen of fifties*
and ten rulers of tens. After this transaction, they entered into covenant
See the form of the covenant, ibid.

1 Coll. Iliit Soc. iii. 170. It was set up by James and Henry Leonard,
who came to this town in 1059, •« which was about two years after the finC
settlers had planted thenuelvcs upon this spot." Ibid. Tku article ought
to ttand <M A. D. 1654.

« Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 298. "The first fort was on Beverly side, and
erected by Conant's men before Endicot arrived. It was called Dnrbie or
Derby fort." Ibid. Tkii article ought to ttand in A. D. 1639.

5 TrumbulK i. 901. This act was passed on the motion of John Win.
throp, afterward governor of Cunnecticut, who judged there were mines
and minerals in the colony, which might be improved to great advantage.
.See the entire act, ibid. The Winthrom vvere men of inquisitive minds
and of philosophical learning. John W inthrop (son of the abovenamed),
who also was governor of Connecticut, seat a specimen of a non-descripC
mineial to Sir Hans Sloane. Dr. Ramsay of Edinburgh, a member of the
Royal Society, infoFms roe, that he saw tiat specimen in the British
Museum i that it was denominated Columsiumj and that it attntctcfl
much notice. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences has been
some time endeavouring to raakcfiirther discoveries of this mineral; but
has hitherto ascerUioed thepbce merely, where the original specimen
was procured, formerly called by the natives Nant-neague. It is about
three miles from New London.

4 Ibid. i. 209. The Indii^n name ot .m plac^ where Middletown was
settled, was Mattebeseck. The principal planters were from Engfaind,
Hartford, and Wetliersfield. There was a considerable accession from
Rowley, Chelmsford, and Wobum, in Mawachusetts. The legislature
named the town in 1653} 90 years after, the number of housholders waa

"5^ Jbid. ^ ,,. .

6 Near where Newcastle now stands. Chalmers.

BisingH

hi <.

It ' '' ' '

20^ AMERICAN ANNALS. [l652.

Risingh however, the Swedish governor, took the place by
force the subsequent year, and named it Fort Casimir ^

/ t..J3»rri .-J.

1652.

**■

"-' Sir George Ayscue, who had been appointed commander

of the parhament's forces for the reduction of Barbadoes,
sent captain Denis », pursuant to instructions, with a small
squadron of men of war, to Virginia, to reduce to obedience
that colony ; which, last of all the king's dominions, sub-
milted to the government of the Protector 3.

The inhabitants of the Province of Maine were, by their
own request, taken under the protection of the colony of
Massachusetts 4. Commissioners, appointed by the general
court of that colony, repairing to Kittery and Agamenticus,
summoned the inhabitants to appear before them, and re-
ceived their submission. Fifty persons then took the oath
of freemen 5. Agamenticus was now named York^. The
province was made a county, by the name of Yorkshire }

' I Chalmers, i. 633. Having strengthened and enlarged that fort, be
soon after, on the same river, fiv^ miles higher, erected Fort Christiana,
in honour of his c|ueen. Ibid.

3 This er-Tpedition 10 Virginia was ii/?er the reduction of Barbadoet and
the other Carribbee islands. Robertson, book i.<. 111. Brit. Emp. iii. 177.
Univ. Hist, xli. 140—142. Ayscue arrived at Barbadoes with the fleet
16 October, 1651, ** and succeeded at length in bringing the island to
capitulate." Edwards, W. Indies, i. S.36.

3 Keilb, 147- Beverly, 81. Univ. Hist. xli. 482. Governor Berke-
lev took arms, to oppose the formidable armament on its entrance into the
Chesepeak} but the contest vras short. His bravery however procured
fovourable terms to the colony. A general indemnity for all past offences
vraa granted ; and the Virginian colonists were admitted to all the rights
of citizens. Robertson, ^book ix. 111. The Articles of agreement, and
the Act of indemnity, both dated 12 March, 1651, are in Jefferson, Virg.
under Query XIII. and Hazard, Coll. i. 560 — 564. The true date, ac-
cording to the present reckoning, is 16,'>2. The Instructions to Denis
and others, signed by President Bradshaw at Whitehall, are dated 26
Sept. 1651. Those Instructions arc in Hazard, Coll. i. 566 — 558.

4 Hnbbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Iviii. Belknap, Biog. 1. 390. Massachu-
setts claimed the jurisdiction of that Province, as lying within the limits
of its charter of 1628. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 8. Hutctiinson, i. 177.

5 Hazard, Coll. i. 575, where is the Return, made by the Com-
missioners, taken from the Records of the county of York. The com-
missioners were Simon Bradstreet, Samuel Symouds, Thomas Wiggin,
and Brian Pendleton. The names of the freemen are also in Hazard. Ibid.

6 Hazard, i. 576, where may be seen the Privii^eoi;?, granted to that
^ t<»vn by the Commissioners,

1 A

an4

1052.] AMERICAN ANNALS. fiO?

and the towns, from this time, sent deputies to the general
court at Boston i.

The first mint was erected in New England for coining
money ».

To encourage the staple coinmodity of Virginia, the £n-

S^ish parliament passed an act, which ^ave legal force to
e injunctions oi James and Charles against planting tobac-'
CO in England 3.

The government of Maryland was taken out of the hands
of lord Baltimore, for disloyalty to the ruling powers in En-
gland, and settled in the hands of the parliament 4.

By an order of the council of state for the commonwealth
of England, the government of Rhode Island was suspend-
ed : but that colony, taking advantage of the distractions,
which soon alter ensued in England, resumed its government,
and enjoyed it, without farther interruption, until the Resto-
ration 5.

John Cotton, minister of the first church in Boston, who
has been styled the patriarch of New England, died, in the
sixty-eightn year of his age $.

n the limits

1 Hutchinson, i. 177. The towns of Wells, Cape Porpus, and Saco,
did not subscribe a declaration of their submission until the m-xt year (5
July, 1653). The villages, lying still farther eastward, appear not to have
surrendered their independence until l658. Chalmers, i. 480, 400, dOl.

2 Hutchinson, i. 178. Chalmers, i. \%'i. The money coined was in
shilings, six pences.and three pences. The law enacted, that "Massachu-
setts and a tree in the centre be on the one side; and New England and
the year of our Lord, and the figure XII. VL III. according to the vain d
of each piece, be on the other side." Massachusetts Laws. '1 he several
coins had N. E. on one side, and the number denoting the number of
pencct with the year 16.W, on the other. This date was never altered*
though more coin was stamped annually for SO years. Hutchinson, Coll.
480.

^> Keith, 148. Robertson, book w. 113.

4 Hazard, Coll. i. Ji6. In 1^.01 it was settled in the hands of the Pro-
tector. Ibid. For the reasons of this procedure, with the evidences, that
•• the province of Maryland had more need of reducing than any planta-
tion in America," see ibid. 621 — 6;J0.

ft Chalmers, i. 274. Douglass, ii. 81.

6 Mather, Magnal. book iii. 14—31. Hutchinson, i. 179. He is de-
scribed by Hubbard [MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixi.], as a man "of excellent
learning, profound judgment, eniiuept gravity, Christian candour, and
fweet tepiper of spirit."

Mi -

■i J

• ii »

roe

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1653.

I. UIM

M',rt'

1653.

Tlie commissioners of the United Colonies, apprehensive
nf hostilities >vith the Dutch, concluded provisionally, that
iivc hmidred men should be the number raised out of the
' iuur jurisdictions ^ On this occasion, Plymouth colony ap-
pointed a council of war, and agreed on several military or-
ders. In May, the council of war issued warrants in the
name of the state of England, for pressing sixty men, the
number required of that colony, on condition of the need of
them, to be taken out of the several towns within the juris-
diction of Plymouth ; and Miles Standish was appointed
their captain 2.

The commissioners of the colonies, finding it necessary
to make war with Ninnigret 3 the Niantick sachem, con-
cluded on that measure ; and voted, that two hundred and
iitty foot soldiers, officers and commanders included, be inir
mediately raised by the several colonies 4.

J Hazard, Coll. ii 2i}l.

Ma'-sar.husftt:> was to send (commanders included)
Plymouth - - -

Connfioticut » - -

"New I lav en - » . «

335

ao
e$

500

'• All the cormnissioDprs, ^^xceptinji those of Ma<>!>achusetts» were of opi«
nion, tiiat there had been a horrid and execrable plot, concerted by the
Dutch 'governor and the ludiaas, for the destruction of the English colo-
nies. " 'i'ninibuU, i. 'iOQ.

2 Hazard, Coll. i. .580, 581. The tovns in Plymouth jurisdiction
Mtfi e to raise men in the tullowing proportions :

JMymouth - - 7 Yarmouth - - -

Duxborough - - - 6 Barnstable . - - 6

S(!itiiate - - - 9 Marshticid - - - (>

'' Sandwich - - - 6 Hchohoth - . - 6

Taunton - - H Easthani - ... 3

S It appeared, that he liad spent the winter at Manhiittan, with

Stuyvcsant, on the business of the conspiracy. Trumbull, i. '20}).

4' Hazard, Coll. ii. -293, 295. The 'i.'>0. men were to be raised by the
coLonics in a due proportion, as vas agreed on at the first meeting of the
commissioners at Boston this year.

Massachusetts was to raise and send - • 166

Plymouth , 80

C«jnnecticut - ♦ - - ."JS

New Haven - - - - 21

Massachusetts, not satisfied with the reasons for the war, deciiacd raising

her quota. The general court of that colony resolved, that n > d«termina-

. tiw»

-=*£;

1 65 3 J AMERICAN ANNALS. 290

To clear the title of Massachusetts to the province of
Maine, skilful mathematicians were ordered to run the north
line of the Massachusetts patent according to the late inter-
pretation of its bounds ; and it was run, agreeably to that
order, in October >.

The first fire in Boston, recorded by the early historians,
was in this year >.

The incursions of the Iroquois having obliged M. de Mai*
sonneuve, governor of Montreal, to repair to France for fresh
recruits, he returned with one hundred men. Mar^^aret
Bourgeois, a respectable lady, who afterward instituted the
order of the Daughters of the Congregation, now came with
him to Montreal 3.

Thomas Dudley, formerly governor of Massachusetts, and
a principal founder of that colony, died, aged seventy-seven
years 4,

tioD of the commissioners, though they should all agree, should brndthfr
get\eral court to join in an offensive war, which should appear to such
court to be unjust. This declaration gave great uneasiness to the sister
colonics, and nearly effected a dissolution of their union. Trumbull, i.
•215, 216. See Hazard, Coll. ii. '288— 2{)d. Hutchinson,!. 179—182.

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Iviii. Hazard, Coll. i. 591.

2 Coll Hist. Soc. iii. atip. Josselyn, [Voy. 967. N. Eng. Rar. 1 1 l.]calta
it** the great fire^" but no particulars of it can be found.

S Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. SI2, SIS. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 4.04.
Charlevoix estimates M. Bourgeois as a greater ac«iuisition to the colony*
than all the soldiers. '* Mais la plus heurense acquisition, (ju'il fit datu
ce voyage, fut celle d' une vertueuse l''ille, &c . . . qui a depuis rendu son
nom cher et respectable ^ toute la colonic par seseminentes vertu.s, &c.'*

4 Morton, 150. Hubbard. MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixi. Hutchinson, i. MH,
Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 11- On ^Ir. Hooper's removal to Hartford, Mr. Uud*
ley removed from Newtown to Ipswich; and afterward to Roxbury,
where be died. He was a man of sound judgment, of iniiexible integrity,
of public spirit, and of strict and exemplary piety. His intolerance to«
ward religious sectaries derives some apology from the age in which he
lived ;an age, not thoroughly acquainted with the trueprincinles of civil
and religious libcrtv. With strong passions, he was still placable and
generous. One fact is at once illustrative of these traits of his character,
and of the patriarchal kind of governmeut, exercised in Massachusetts«
during the infancy of that colony. Governor Winthrop, having led
j{overnor Dudley to expect, that he would settle with him at Newtowu
[See p. 916 of this volume] ; his removal to Boston gave Dudley great dis-
satisfaction. •* The ministers," being appealed to on thii occasion, " for
an end of the difference ordered, that the governor should procure them
a minister at Newtown and contribute some to his maintenance for a
time; or if he could not by the spring eflect that, then to give the deputy
towards his charges in building thereto/." The governor promised com-
pliance; but, on making payment of that sum, Dudley returned it to
him, with strong professions of personal eEtimatioQ. \V iuthrop, Journt
49. C9II. Hist. Soc. vii. 11.

1654.

tk i

|i n

%. •

AMERICAN ANNALS.

■'im

t 'J

^00 '

;• fttii fc^trgt 1054.

{1654.

The colony of Connecticut receivincan order from the par-
liament, requiring, that the Dutch should be treated, in all
respects, as the declared enemies of England ; the general
court ot* that colony passed an act, sequestering the Dutch
house, lauds, and property of all kinds, at Harttord, for the
benerit of the conmionwealth ».

Although the colony of New Haven could not efTectnally
engage the confederate colonies in a war against the Dutch ;
yet some of the principal persons of the colony, going this
year to England, prevailed so far with those in power there,
its to obtain a commission for certain ships ana soldiers, to
ticizc the Dutch plantation at New Netherlands, for the use
of the English. A fleet sailed from England for that pur-
pose ; but the voyage was long, and news of a peace, con-
cluded between the States of Holland and the powers in En<
gIdiKl, reached America before the arrival of the fleet. The
comnuiidcr in chief, hence induced to turn his forces, with
those raised in Massachusetts,into another direction, attacked
the French forts about St. John's river, and reduced them,
and the adjacent places 2, under the power of the English 3.

The

• 1 Trumbull, i. '225. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. A point of land, which formed
part of their pmsehsion«, isstill called Dutch Point. Ibid.

'i Penol)scot, &:c The Kn»lish " met with no great resistance." Ihif-
chinsou, i. 1 8:). All the coinitry hum Penobscot to Port Uoyal was con-
•]ucred at this time. Sullivan, 158. Port Uoyal capitulated in August.
Chalmers i* 1S7. The French pretended, that they had purchased the
Knglish ri!j;ht at the price of 5000/. a price, which, if there was such an
a;;rc'cment, was never paid. The conquered country was confirmed to Kn-
giand the following; year. Univ. Hist. xxxi:<. '25(5.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. ling. chap. lix. Intelligence of the peace, signed
S .April, was received •iS June. Hazard, Coll. i. 589. A short time
before tliis intelligence arrived, Massachusetts had consented to the raising
of troops tor an expedition against the Dutch ; but it was not until Croin-
>veH, Lord Protector, had signed to them his pleasure that it should be
»)()ne. The general court, having received a letter from his highness
•' declare (0 June), that though they understand tliat this colony is not
in such a capacity as may be apprehended to send forth such numbers of
men, as might vigorously assist in that undertakng, yet do freely con-
M;nt and give liberty to liis Highness's commissioners major Robert Sedg-
wick and cnptain John Levoret to raise within our jurisdiction the
number ofSOO volunteers furnished with all necessar}' accommodations to
assist them in their entcrprize against the Dutch ; provided the persons
l>e free from lci;al engagements." Hazard, i. 587. IJy "legal engagements,"
Hutchinson, [i. IH,S.] supposes, must be intended " apprenticeship and
other servitude, as well as processes from courts," &c. For "Proceedings

■:,stMim-<:

which formed

1654.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 80 1

The peace with the Dutch, with " the hopeful establishment
of government in England^" occasioned a public thanks-
giving in Massachusetts '.

Massachusetts not joining her confederates in a war against
Ninnigret, that sachem prosecuted his war with the Long
Island Indians, who had put themselves under the protection
of the English -. The commissioners in September sent a
messenger to him, demanding his appearance at Hartford,
where they were convened, and the payment of tribute long
due, for the Pequots under him ; but he refused to appear,
and sent them a spirited independent answer. Determining
therefore on a war with him, they ordered two hundred and
seventy infantry, and forty horsemen, to be raised 3. Orders
were given that twenty horses from Massachusetts, twenty-
tour men from Connecticut, and sixteen from New Haven,
should be immediately dispatched into the Nehanticic coun-
try. The commissioners nominated three men to the chief
command, leaving the appointment to Massachusetts ; but
the general court of that colony, disregarding the nomina-
tion, appointed major Simon Willard. The comn/issioners
gave himacommissionr to command the troops, with instruc-
tions to proceed with such of them, as should be found at
the place of rendezvous, by the thirteenth of October, di-
rectly to Ninnigret's quarters, and demand of him the Pe-
quots, who had been put under him, and the tribute, that
was still due ; also a cessation of hostilities with the Island-
ers. If Ninnigret should not comply with these demands,
the instructions were, to subdue him. Willard marched
with his men into the Narraganset country ; and, finding
that Ninnigret with his men had fled into a swamp, fourteen
or fifteen miles distant from the army, returned home, with-
out attempting to injure the enemy. About one hundred
Pequots, who had been left with the Narragansetts ever
since the Pequot war, voluntarily came off with the army,

of the council of war at Plymouth," on the same subject, see Hazard, ColL
i. 587 —MJO.

i Hutchinson, i. I8.S. The thanksgiving was 20 September.

8 Triimbiill, i. Qio. He bad hired as auxiliaries, the Mohavrlvs.
Pocoratocks, and Wampaiioags. It was supposed, that hisdesii;n was, to
destroy the Loni; Itiand Indians, and the Moheagans ; but a collection of
such a number of Indians from various quarters would have endangered
the general peace of thp country. Ibid.

3 Massichusctts was to raise the 40 hor<emcn, and 153 footmen i Con-
necticut, 4^j and New Haven, 21. Tiuuibull, i. -2^1-

I- -M

> 'i

} 1

and

•i '

! i i

• )

<i .1

H'\l

I* .

h I

Id*'

<^P

802 AMERICAN ANNALS. [\Qb4.

And put themselves under the protection and government of
the English «.

New Haven colony, from its first settlement, attended to
the interests of learuinff, as well as to those of religion and
and civil polity. Beside establishine a ministry in each town
by law, to be supported by the inhabitants, it established
schools in each lown, for common education ; and a colony
grammar school, to prepare youth for college. This year
the reverend Mr. Davenport brought forward the institution
of a college, to which the town ot New Haven made a do-
nation of lands >.

The whole number of ratable persons in the colony of
Connecticut, this year, was seven hundred and seventy-live ;
and the grand list was seventy-nine thousand and seventy,
three pounds 3.

Thomas Prince having been appointed by the general
court of Plymouth colony, the preceding year, to settle a
government at Kennebeck ; he now issued a warrant, di-
rected to the marshal ofNew Plymouth, requiring the in.
habitants on the river Kennebeck to make their personal ap-
pearance at Merry Meeting on the twenty-third of May. The
people generally assembled ; and sixteen took the oath of

fidelity

1 Hutchinson, i. 18.5— 1S7. Trumbull, i. 220— «S3. Trumbull, (Ibid.)
sa\8i Ninnisret had left country, corn, and wigwams, without defence,
aiid they might have been laid waste, without loss or danger. The cnni-
nissioners were entirely dissatisfied with the conduct of the commander
of the expedition ; but historians ascribe the defeat of their design to the
secret intrigue of Massachusetts. Hutchinson, the historian of that
colony (ut supra), snys, "this was the second time of their preventin;;a
general war, contrary to the minds ofsix of the commissioners of the other
colonies."

<2 Fres. Stiles* Hist. .Tudges of Icing Charles f. p. 40, On a donation to
thit college of perhaps 40<) /. or 500 /. sterling, by governoi Hopkins, who
died at London in \6b6, the general assembly erected the colony school
into a college for teaching " the three learned languages, Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew;" and for the education of youth in good literature, to fit
them for public service in church and commonwealth •" and settled 4i) /. a
year out of the colony treasury on the preceptor or rector, beside the salary
from New Haven school, with too/, for a library. Mr. Uavenpoit had
the care of the colony school several years ; but in l6(iO the reverend Mr.
Peck was established in it, according to the act of assembly, and taught
the learned languages and the sciences. The convulsions of the times
however in 1664, and the want of ade(|uate support, caused this college
to terminate in a public grammar school ; which is still preserved, and
hoUU the Ilo|>kin8 funds, and the other endowment? of college estates, to
this day. YalcCollege was not built on this foundation^- Ibid. — The ge-
neral court of Connecticut iu l6.^>3 ordered, that ^0/. be paid to the sup-
port of a fellowship in Ilnr\.irtl college. Trumbull, i. 222.
S Trumbull, i. i32. Tin- nunbei and list ufeacb town are subjt'ined;

liuitfoi4

I'i-

AMERICANT ANNALS.

303

J654.]

fidelity to the State of England and to the present govern-
ment of Plymouth ; and fitteen laws were established for
their government >.

John Eliot, minister of Roxbury, having previously re-
ceived encouragement from the general conrt of Massu-
chusetts to proceed in preaching the gospel to the natives,
now obtained several parcels of land for those Indians^ who
should give any just hope of their embracing the Christian
religion 2.

Colonel Wood, living at the falls of James river in Virgi-
nia, sent suitable persons on an enterprize of discovery.
Having passed the A lleghany mountains, they entered the
country of the Ohio, and, m ten years, discovered several
branches of that river, and of the Missisippi 3.

The Iroquois about this time so efTectually exteminated
the Eries, that, without the great lake, on the borders of
which they were situated, and which still bears their name»
we should have no evidence of their existence 4

John Haynes, governor of Connecticut, died 5.

Town?.
Hartford -
Windsor
Wcthersfield
FairAeld -
Saj brook
Sti^tfurd -
Farmington
Middletown
Norwalk -

Persons.
177
165

11.1

- b3

7^ .
. 4()
SI
■ S4

Estates,
i IP.tiOO

12.602

- 8,634

- 4,437

- 7,9.'W

- 5M9
8,172
2,30{)

riH

; 1

775 79,073

1 Hazard, Coll. i. 5P.1— 586, from Plymouth Records.

2 Hubbard, MS. N. Cog. chap. Iviii. 'Hubbard (ib.) mentions lands at
Hasanameset, " a place in the woods beyond Medfield and Mendon," ad
at Puncapoag, beyond Dorchester, beside Natick.

3 Hrit Emp. iii. 195. Adair, 30H.

4 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. ;)i2. This historian calls them " la na-
tion des Erie/, uu fiu Cfiai." See Wynne, i. 334.

5 Trumbull, i. '293, 2'i^. He was distinguished for his abilities, pru-
dence, and piety; and in hisdeath the colonv sustained a great lo.'^s.. He v.m
chosen governor of Massachusetts in 1G35, before his removal to Connec-
ticut} and wa^ considered as " not inferior to governor Winthrop." On bis
removal ( 1636,) he was ch<;scn governor of Connecticut; and he was con-
tinued in that oiRce, when the constitution would permit, until his death-
Ibid.

1655,

d04

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[l655.

^^.

%v4 ft

1655.

Toward the close of the preceding year Cromwell had
fitted out a fleet of thirty sail, under vice admiral Penn,
with land forcca commanded by general Venablcs, for the
conquest of Ilispaniola. Arriving at that island on the thir-
teenth of April, they were repulsed by the Spaniards, with
great loss. .On the second ot May they landed on Jamaica,
and laid aej^e to St. Jago, which, at lensth capitulated.
The whole island was soon reduced * ; ana has ever since
remained in the hands of the English.

Governor Eaton had, by desire, compiled a code of laws
for the colony of New Haven. These laws, having been
examined and approved by the ministers of the jurisdiction,
were presented to the general court, wh;jh ordered that five
hundred copies should be printed *.

The general court of Massachusetts, in consideration of
the straits of the colony in the article of clothing, passed an
act of r.ssessment on spining3.

This year Mrs. Ann Hibhins of Boston was tried and con-
demned for witchcraft ; and the next year was executed 4.

An epidemical distemper similar to that of 1647, prevailed
through >U;w England 5.

I Univ. Hist. xH..<J49. Wynne, ii. 444, 445. Cromweirs commission
to general Venables is in Hazard, Coll. i. ryQ^ — ,')04. Univ. Hist. [xii. 144.
Sig'J says, that the Heet, when it sailed from England, had at Icasi *ooo
land troops, a great |>art of which was composed of Cromwell's veterans ;
and that Karbadoes afterward furnished SbOit $oldien. Salmon [Chron.
Hist. i. I6i2.] says, the combined forces consisted of 9000 men, Venabie^
Vitas suspected oif an attachment to the royal party ; and was afterward in-
strumental in restoring Charles II. He and Pcnu, on their return from the
W. Indies, were sent to the tower by the protector; but their conquest
was of greater importance than Cromwell then imajgined. He gave orders
however to support it ; and Jamaica was the chie^cuuisition, which the
English owe to his cntcrpriicing spirit. Allen, Hist. Eng. 259.

•2 Trumbull, i. y3.7. Th<ry were printed in England.

S Massachusetts Laws. The law required, ** that all hands, not ne-
cessarily employed on other occasions, as women, boys, and girls," should
" spin according to their skill and ability;" and authorized the select men
ill every town, to " consider the condition and capacity of every family,
and assess them" accordingly, •• at one or njo» •srioners."

4 Ilutcliinson, i. 188. THc second instance in M. England, .^e p. 285.

.'> Iliibburd, M.'^. N. Eng. chap. Ixi. Hutchinson, i. 100. Of this disease
died Nathaniel Iloger.*, a very rcspecLilile minister of Ipswich, a descee-
dant of the celebrated .John Rog«Ms, who s:«ffcred martyrdom in queen
Mary • rcigu. Ibid. Mather, Magnal. book Hi. 104— 109.

---• ; ^^ •'-•■;^^ The

'&r

1655.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 305

The Virginian legislature changed the Spanish piece of
eight from six shillings, and established it at five shillings
sterling, as the standard of its currency i.

The Swedes at thd Delaware were extirpated by the Dutch,
who became possessed of the west side of Delaware bay K
The fortress of Casimir was now denominated Niewer Ams-
tel by the Dutch ; by the English, Newcastle ; and a village
naturally arodC under its walls 3.

The Onondaeas sent deputies to Quebec, accompanied
by a large nuniber of their nation, to solicit missionaries of
the French. Missionaries were accordingly sent to that tribe
of natives ; and several of the heads of it became their pro-
selytes 4.

Edward Winslow, distinguished in the annals of Plymouth
colony, died on board the English fleet in the West Indies,
in the sixty- first year of his age 5.

1 Jeflerson, Virg. Query xxi. See p. 278 of this volume.

2 Now called the Three I^ower Counties. Smith, N. York, 6.

3 Smith, N. York, ibid. Chalmers, i. 633. The Dutch W. India
company, feeling the blow, struck by the Swedes, had applied for aid to
the city 'of Amsterdam; and, with this alliance, sent an armament from
Manhattan, under the command of Stuyvesant, the governor. lb. Stuy-
vesant arrived at the Oelaware 9 September, and soon after anchored be*
fure Fort Casimir, and landed his troops. This fort, commanded by Suen
Scntz, surrendered IG Septcmher, on articles of capitulation. The whole
<;treni,th of the place consisted of <l cannon (14 pounders,) 5 swivels, and
some small arms j all of which were delivered to the conquered. Fort
Christiana, commanded by llisingh, surrendered to Stuvvesantr^d Septem-
ber. About 80 Swedes took the oath of fidelity to tlie States General j
the rest, with a few e.\coptions, went to Sweden. Smith, N. York, 6.

4 Univ. Hist. x::xix. 457, 458. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 320.

5 Morton, 153. Hutchinson, i. 187. Cromwell appointed three com«
missionere to superintend and direct the operations ofPenn and Venables
in their expedition to the W. Indies, of 'vnom Winslow, then in England,
was chief. His reputation was so great, and he found so much employ-
hient, thiat he had never returned home after his departure as agent in I6i6.
The commanders disagreed in their tempers and views ; and the commis*
sioners could not controul ihem. Winslow participated the chagrin of the
defeat ; but not the pleasure of the subsequent victory. In the passage
between Hispaniola aiid Jamaica, the heat of the climate th-ew him into a
fever, which aggravated by his dejection, tcrminatad his iii ;. Belknap,
Biog. ii. 981— 309- His actions form his best euiogium. In New En-
gland, his name will ne 'er be forgotten. His portrait, an excellent piece
of painting, is in possession of Dr. Josiah Witisluw, who inherits the old
family estate, called Careswell farm, at Markhfield. The eye is black and
expressive, and the whole countenance very interesting. The portrait is
taken With whiskers. Josiah Winslow, sob of Edward (aUo governor of
I'lvmouth colony,) is drawn without them. •* Beards were left off early
iu'New iingland, and about the same time they were in Old. Leveret is
the lirst governor, who is painted without u beard. He laid it aside ia
Cfom well's court." iiutchinsoDi i- 15 J.

Voj.. I. X 16^6.

i "

300

AM£RICAN ANNALS.

[105(5.

1656.

The Quake;*9, at their first appearance in New England,
tyere considered equally hostile to civil order and to Chris*
tian truth. The legislature of Massachusetts therefore passed
sentence of banishment on twelve of that sect, the whole
number then in the colony >.

Oliver Cromwell, protector, made proposials to the colony
of Massachusetts for the removal of some of its inhabitants
to Jamaica ; but the general court very respectfully declined
compliance *.

A township was granted at Shashin, which was called
Billerica ; and another, above Concord, called Groton 3.

General Daniel Gookin of Cambridge was the first £n<
^lish magistrate, chosen to be ruler of the praying Indians
in Mas^aciiusetts 4.

Cromwell granted, under the great seal of England, to
Charles Saint Etienne, William Crown, and Thomas Tem-
ple for ever, the territory denominated Acadie, and part of
the country commonly called Nova Scotia, extending along
the coast to Pentagoet and to the river St. George, it was
erected into a province, independent of New England and
of his other dominions, and the three grantees were ap-
pointed its hereditary governors 5.

New

1 Hutchinson, i. 197. Neal, N. Eng. i. 311. Ifazarjd, i. 630—632,
where the act is entire- An act was passed, laying a penalty of a 100/.
un the master of any vessel, vrho should brini;'a known quakcr into any
part of the colony; and_re(]ulringhim to giw" security tocarry him back
again, the quaker to be immediately sent to ihc house of correction, re-
ceive twenty stripes, and be kept to hard labour until transportation. A
penalty was enacted of 5/. for importing, and the same for dispersion or
concealing quaker's books : and tor dercnding the doctrines of tneir book!)
40 shillings for the first ofiencei 4/. for the second} and fur the next
commitment to the house of correction, *'till there be a convenient pav
sage tor them to be sent out of the land." Another severe law was passed
the next year (l6i>7) against bringing quakers into the jurisdiction, or
harbouring them in it See l^titchinson, i. 198. This law is entire in
Hazard, Coll. ii. 554. See A. D. 1646, p. 281 of this volume, where the
quakers are noticed ; but that article seems to have hee^ inserted kn
I/ears too soon* ^ If that be an error, it is copied from the printed laws,
and ^rom Hazard's Collections, both of which give tfiat datt, Chalmers,
[i. 190.] says, " the frst quakers who appeared in New England, ar-
rived from Barbadoes in July, 1606."

2 The Letter of the genem court to Cromwell is in Iltttchioson, i
192. and Hazard, Coll. 1. 638.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Iviii.

4 Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 177. »

6 Chalniersji. 187. Hazard, ColUI. €16—619, £rem Memoires del'

Ameri«iu^

•Jfli

n nutchinsoii> I

1657.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 307

New Amsterdam^ afterward called New York, was laid
out in several small streets '.

An insurrection was raised in Maryland by Josias FendaU
a man of restless intrigue, which sreatly distressed the pro-
vince, and added to the burden oiits impositions *.

Miles Standish, the hero of New England, died at Dux-*
borough, at an advanced age i»

1657.

The governor and council of Plymouth, about this time.,
hearing that Alexander, son and successor of Masassoit,
was conspiring with thu Narragansets asainst the English,
sent for him to the court. Major Window, with eight or
ten men, surprizing him, and requiring his attendance, he
was persuaded by one of his own chief counsellors to go to
the governor's house } but his indignation at the surprisal
threw him into a fever. On his promise to come back^ to
Plymouth, if he should recover, and, in the mean time, to
send his son as a hostage, he had leave to return ; but he
died before he reached home 4.

The Indians at Ponkipog having sold all their land, the
town of Dorchester, at the request of the reverend John
Eliot of Roxbury, empowered four persons to lay out a

Amerique. *<Thus, for the first timet was introduced that confusion
\vith regard to Acadie and Nova Scotia, which so perplexed statesmen in
aftertimes, by considering those as two different countries, that were in
truth the saiiic ; the former containing the latter and more, and AcadiR
advancing westward till it met w>th the settlements of New England
For it ought always to be remembered, that the southern boundary of
Acadie, as established by the grant of Henry iV. in 16OS. was the 40th
degree of north latitude; that the southwestern limits of Nova Scotia, as
appointed by the patent of James 1. in l62i, wai the river St. Croix.
And thus was the stream of St George now affixed as the outmost extent
ofboth towards the south-west" Ibid. 188.

1 Smith, New York, 22.

2 Chalmers, i. 224.

.1 Morton, 155. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixii. Belknap, Biog. ii.
335. Coll. Hist. Soc. ii. 4. Hubbard (ut supra) says, he was allied to the
noble house of Standish in Lancashiie,and inherited some of the virtues
of that honourable family as well as the name. In the military annaU of
Plymouth he stands pre-eminently distinguished. Dr. Belknap, [Bio^.
ii.3.S5.] says, after the encounter at Mount Wollaston in 1628, we have
iiupaiticular account of him. We find however, that, so late as \6l)S,
be was placed at the head of the troops, provisionally raised by Plymouth
colony, and that he was chosen one of the assistants of that colony, as
long as he lived. His sword is preserved in the cabinet of the Massachu*
sctt:^ IIi<it()rical Societv. ......

4 Hubbard, Ind. War, 49, 50.

X 3 plantation

■ . (

1 ,(

^ M»

i'l

^ i^l

308 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l657.

f plantation at Ponkipog, not exceeding six thousand acres ot'
and, and gave that tract for tl exclusive use and benefit of
the Indians ^

Massachusetts legislature granted a licence to certain per*
sons, to supply the eastern Indians with arms and ammu-
nition for hunting, on paying an acknowlegement to the
public treasury >.

A ship, with many worthy passengers was lost in a voyage
from Boston to England 3.

Several sentlemen on Rhode Island and other associates
made the Fetaquamscut purchase of the chief sachems of
the Narraganset country. The island of Canonicut was
also purchased of the Indians by William Coddington, Be.
nedict Arnold, and others 4.

The question of enlarging the subjects of baptism having
been much agitated, the magistrates ot Connecticut had,
the last year, sent several of their number to Massachusetts
for consultation. The magistrates of both these jv^risdictions
united in calling together several of the ableet ministers of
each colony, and recommended to their consideration seve-
ral inquiries on the disputed subject. Twenty-six ministers
met at Boston in June ; and the result of their disputation
was presented to the magistrates of each jurisdiction, and
afterwards printed 5.

William Bradford, governor of Plymouth ^, Theophilu?

I Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 100; ii. {^ Ponkii)Og (now Stoughton) was then
. within the limits of Dorchester.
1 Belknap, N. ilamp. i. I60.

3 Morton, 163. Among the passengers lost was Mr, Thomas Mayhew,
jnn. who had been the principal instrument iu the conversion of the na-
tives on Martha's Vineyard. Hubbard, MS. N. V.a-s, chap. Ixii.

4 Callender, 3f). Brit. Emp^ ii. 1S5, 148. CuU Hist. Soc. v. ^17.
The smaller islands had been purchased before.

b Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xli. l.xiii. The title of it was " A dispu-
tation concerning church members and >heir children, in answer to XXI
Questions."

G Morton, 156. Hutchinson, i. 206. Gov. Bradford, at the time of
his death, was in the LXIXth year of his ai^e. Pietj-, wisdom, and in-
tegrity, were prominent traits of his character. Though he had not a
learned education, he read and wrote murN. He very assiduously studied
the Hebrew lan;Tua<re j the French and IVutch Languages were familiar
to him; and he had consif^erablc kiii)>vieug,c of the Latin and Greek.
From the time of hix tirst election in l6'il, he wa^ annually ciiosen ^o*
vernor, as long as lie lived> excepting^ three years. Set Belknap, Biog.
ii. 217 — 231- Hubbard, [MS. IM. Eng. chap. Ixiii] says, "• he was the
vcrypropand, glory of Ply mouth colony during all the wht>le series of
changes th?.t passed over it."

Eaton,

1^58.] AMERICAN ANNALS. SO^

Eaton, governor of New Haven % and Edward Hopkins, ior*
merly governor of Connecticut, died thia year >.

l658.

A considerable settlement was made this year between
Mistic and Pawcatuck rivers, by several families from Mas-
sachusetts 3. The settlers, finding that there was a contro-

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eno^. chap. xlji. Gov. Eaton, died 7 January,
^tat. LXVIl. For sevorat yearn he had formerly been an agent for the
king of England, at tbe cuurt nf Denm»rk. He vras one of the original
patentees of Ma.»achu»ett8, and toon after his arrival was chosen one of
the magistrates of the colony. On the settlement of New Haven he was
chosen covernor of that colony ; and was annually re-elected until his
death. In private life he was vcr^amiablei his public character was dis-
tinguished for integrity and diiniity, wisdom and piety. Trumbull, i. 240.

9 Trumbull, i. 241, 942. He was governor several years, and highly
esteemed, as a wise and uprij^ht magistrate, and as a man of exem-
plary piety and extensive charity. Having occasion to go to England, he
was there chosen first warden ot the English fleet ; then commissioner of
the admiralty and navy ; and finally a member of parliament. These un-
expected preferments induced him to send to N. England for his fa-
mily, and to spend the remainder of his days in his native country,
where he died, /Etat. LVIII. He gave 500U/. out of his estate ia En-
gland, " for the upholding and promoting of the J^ingdom of the liord
Jesus Christ, in those parts of the earth }" which donation was considered
as made to Harvard College, anJ the grammar school in Cambridge,
and, by virtue of a decree in char eery, was paid in 1710. The money
hiu been laid out in real estate in a township m Massachusatt!!, named, in
honour of the donor, Hopkintoo. The legislature of Massachusetts has
made such addition to the fund, that six baichelors may now reside at
Harvard College, and seven boys be instructed at the grammar school.
Mr. Hopkins' whole estate in New England, estimated at about lOOOA
sterling [Hutchinson, i. 101, says "at least 2000/."] was appropriated to
the support of the grammar schools in New Haven and Haptford. Ibid.
Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 32-

3 This tract, part of PeqiK originally belonged to New l^ondon.
The first man who settled on it, was William Cheeseborough from Re-
hoboth, in 1649- The general court of Connecticut, claiming the land,
summoned him before them ; and, after stating their claims, and taking
bonds or his good conduct, allowed his continuance, promising at the
5.iime time* that if he wouUi procure a sufficient number of planters, they
woul4 give them all proper encouragement in making a permanent set-
tlemestt^ and about lO or 12 families began lo plant there this year.
Massachusetts claimed this country by virtue of the assistance it afforded
Connecticut in the conquest of the Pequots. After the determination of
the dispute by the commissioners, the planters petitioned the general
court of Massachusetts, and obtained a grant of 8 miles from the mouth
of Mistic river toward Wekapang, and 8 miles northward into the coun-
try, and named the plantation Southcrton. It continued under the go-
vernment of Massachusetts until after Connecticut obtained a royal
charter. Trumbull, i. 242— ;244. Gov. Trumbull, MS. State and Origiii
of Connecticut.

X 3 versy

•4

l<fi

tj 'Jr. '\

l"%

M-'f

xf^j' i

'Huh

S ij

EHH

310 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l658,

versy between Connecticut and Massachusetts abov.t a title
and jurisdiction, entered into a voluntary contract to govern
themselves, until it should be determined to which colony
they should submit. The commissioners for the United
Colonies, observing that the Pe^uot country should accom-
modate two plantations, detemuned, that Mistic river be
the boundary between them ; and that those people, already
settled by commission from either of the two governments!
be not molested ^

The general court of Massachusetts ordered, that no per-
son should publicly and constantly preach to any com-
Sany of people, whether in a church state or not, or be or«
ained to the office of a teaching elder, where any two or-
ganic churches, council of stale, or general court should de<>
clare dissatisfaction at such public service, either in refer-
ence to doctrine or practice, the offence being declared to
such people, church, or person, until the offence be orderly
removed ; and that, in case of the ordination of any teach-
ing elder, timely notice be given to three or four of the
neighbouring organic churches, for their approbation >.

Differences concerning baptism, in this and the two pre-
ceding years, terminated in the removal of one part of the
churches and towns of Hartford* Wethersfield, and Wind-
sor, to plantations higher on Connecticut river; one of
vrhich was called Hadley ; the other Northampton 3.

Orders were given to William Beckman^ lieutenant go-
vernor at Newcastle, under the command of th^ director ee<
neral of New Netherlands, to purchase of the natives the
lands around Cape Henlopen, in order to raise a fortifica-
tion, and extend the settlement 4.

The affairs of Maryland continuing in a distracted state^
the government of that province was surrendered by the
commissioners to Feudal' 5, who had been appointed go«
vernor by the proprietary ; but his intrigues, instead of al-
lowing the restoration of the public quiet^ rather aggra-

1 Trumbull, i. 242--244. Gpv. Trumbull, MS. St^te and Origin of
Connecticut. Backus, N. Epg. i. 343.

3 Hazard, Coll. i. 493. The Eccl«siaitical Constitnti^n of Massachu-
setts, composed of laws, made at different times by the legislature of that
colony, is inserted ibid. 488 — 490.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xli. Th^ separation was *' orderly and
peaceably." Ibid.

4 Smith, N. York, T. Chalmers, i. 6G3. For want of goods, the pur-
chase was not made until tb? next year. Smithy ib.

5 Ao insurgent. Se? A. D. 1G6().

> yated

>aod Origin of

1059.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 311

vated those mischiefs, which had long wasted the pro-
vince I.

There was a great earthquake in New England 2.

Ralph Partridge, minister of Duxborough, died 3. :.

Oliver Cromwell, protector died on the third of Septem*
ber; and was succeeded by his son Richard 4.

1659.

The Virginians seized the occasion of the death of the
protector's governor, to throw od the government of the
protectorate. They applied to Sir William Berkeley, living

firivately on his estate, to resume the government of the co-
ony ; but he did not consent to the proposal until they so-
lemnly promised to adventure their lives and fortunes with
him for their king. Berkeley was restored in January;
and the colonists proclaimed Charles II. king of England,
Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia, before his restoration to the
crown of England 5.

At the meeting of the assembly of Maryland, the bur-
gesses, by the direction or connivance of Fendal, governor
of the colony, dissolved the upper house, and assumed every
power in the state ^.

The general court of Massachusetts, in addition to the in-
come of Charlestown ferry, formerly granted to Harvard
College, ordered, that there should be annually levied a
hundred pounds, by addition to the country rate, for the
maintenance of the president and fellows of the college 7,

1 Chalmers, i. 234.

2 Morton. l64. Josseyln, Voy, «69.

3 Magnal. book iii. 99< Morton, 104.

4 Life Cromwell, 403.

5 Chalmers, i. 125. The firmness, which the Virginians expressed in
the royal cause, drew from the icing a particular mark of his favour } for
some part of his habit, at the time of his coronation, it is said, was com*
posed of Virginian siilc, sent to him from the colony. Univ. Hist. xli.
53'2.

6 Clialmen, i. 224, 285. The form of the procedure was singular.
No sooner was the assembly convened, than the burgesses sent the foN
lowing paper to the upper house : '« To the honourable the governor and
council, 'i hat this assembly of burgesses, judging themselves to be a
lawful assembly, without dependence upon any other power in the pro-
vince now in being, is the highwt court of judicature : and if any ob-
jection can be made, we desire to hear it." A conference ensued ; and
the upper house, refusing to betray at once its trust and its own just au-
thority, was dissolved by the burgesses. Ibid. 236.

7 Mass. Laws. It was to continue " during the pleasure of the coun-
try."

: X 4 William

•.-.■:;;WM*a-.»^'<-

I^^^B '

i'ii

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1 tfUIH

;i''-*M

liH ^'

^liS '

v.||fl

111

"* 1

SlSr AMERICAN ANNALS. [l65g,

William Robinson, Marniaduke Stephenson, and Mary
Dyer, quakers, were brought to trial before the general
court of Massachusetts, and sentenced to die. The two
first were executed ».

John Winthrop, Humphrey Atherton, and associates,
purchased of the Narraganset sachems two tracts of land,
joining to Narraganset bay, and settled them with inhabi>
tants 2.

Uncas and Wawequay, sachems of Moheagan, granted
all their lands to major John Mason, agent for Connecticut,
who, the next year, surrendered the lands to that colony 3. ,

Thomas Macy removed his family from Salisbury, in
Massachusetts, to the west end of Nantucket, and began a
settlement at Madikit harbour. There were, at that time,
nearly three thousand Indians on the island 4.

1 Hutchinson, i. 200. Hazard, Coll. ii. 565. They received this sen-
tence " for their rebellion, sedition, and presumptuous obtruding them-
selves after banishment upon pain of death." Mary Dyer, was reprieved,
on condition of her departure from the jurisdiction in forty-eight hours,
and, if she returned, to sutler the sentence. She was however carried
to the gallows, and stood with a rope about her neck until the others
yiete executed. This infatuated woman returned, and was executed in
l66o. A declaration of the general court, in justification of these pro-
ceedings, was soon after printed. It is entire in Hubbard, MS. N. Enc;.
chap. Ixiv ; and Hazard. Coll. ii. .'jG? — 562. — An extract is in Mather,
Magnal. book vii. 23. See A. D. 1661.

2 Coll. Hist. Soc.v. 217, 2»8, SJO. "One lying to the southward of
Mr. Smith's trading house [See p. 264.] and the other to the northward
©fit" ibid. The next year ( l660) the Narraganset sachems, " for va-
luable consideration, mortgaged to major Atherton and partners the re?
maining part of the whole Narraganset cor.ntry, containing the Cow-
hesset and Niantick countries." Ibid. Atherton had about W associates.
The consideration, here mentioned, was a sum of money for the Indian
tiachems, to redeem their lands, that they had mortgaged. A longer time
vas allowed for payment ; but the sachems, failing also in this new en-
gagement, surrendered their lands, in lC6'i, to those associates, *< and

Sve them quiet and peaceable possession and seizin, by turf and twig.'*
id. Packns. N. Eng. i. 343.

3 Gov. Trumbull, MS. State and Origin of Connecticut. CoM. Hist.
Sbc. ix. 85. Trumbull, i, 424. The planters of Connecticut made re-

Seated purchases of their lands. " The colony not only bought the Mo
eagan country of Uncas, but afterwards all the particular towns were
purchased again, either of him or his successors, when the settlements in
them commenced." Ibid. 114.

4 Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 1.56 — 160. The natives were willing to sell their
lands y and the English gradually purchased them, until they obtained the
whole, excepting some small rights, which are still retained by the abo-
riginal proprie'.ors. Peter Folder was the most uistinguisbcd man amung
the first English settlers of the island. His daughter was the mother of
Dr. Benjamin Franklin, who it is thntight, " inherited a part of bis noble
publick spirit from his grandfather, Peter Fulger." Ibid.

- . Francis

AMERICAN ANNALS.

313

j660,]

Francis de Laval^ who had been abbot of Montigny, novr
appointed bishop of Canada came over, bringing, for the
first time, monks of other orders beside Jesuits i.

Sir Christopher Mims took the Spanish town of Cam^
peachy 2.

Henry Dunster, president of Harvard College, died 3.
Peter Bulkley, minister of Concord, died, in thp seventy*
seventh year of his age 4.

t is in Mather,

1660.

King Charles the Second was restored to the British
throne on the twenty-ninth of May j and made his entrance
into London on the eighth of June 5

The parliament passed an act for the general encourage*
ipent and increase of shipping and navigation, by which the
provisions, made in the celebrated Navigation Act of 1 651,
were continued, with additional improvements^. It enacted,

that

1 Charlevoix, Noiiv. France, i. 830. Univ. Hist xxxix. 4C6.

2 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 141. Harris, Vo^'. ii. 903.

3 Morton, 170. Mr. I)unster is considered as the first president of
Harvard College ; and the commencement of his presidency was in l040.
[See p. 260, and Harv. Catalogue.] But the first member of the college
was Nathaniel Eaton, " who was chosen professor or master" of that se-
minary in 1G37 i " for not only the tuition of the scholars, but the care
and management of all donations for erecting edifices, &c. were committed
to him." Pres. Stiles' MSS. He was a distinguished scholar ; but was
removed from his oifice for his severities, and went to Virginia. See
Winthrop, .Tourn. 184 — 187. tlov. Winthrop (ibid.) says, Elaton " had
been some time initiated among the Jesuits." Mr. Dunster was well es-
teemed for his learning, piety, and spirit of government i but, imbibing
at length the principles uf antipxdobaptisni, lie excited uneasiness among
the overseers of the college, and was hence induced to resign the presi-
dency 24 October, 1654. Mather, Magnal. book iv. 127. He was a great
master of the oriental languages; and when a new version of the psalms
had been made by some of the New England divines, and printed in 1640,
that version, requiring " a little more art," was committed to him ; and,
with some assistance, he revised and refined it, and brought into that state,
in which the churches of New England used it for many subsequent years.
Coll. His Soc. vii. 19, 20.

4 Neal, N. Eng. i. an. [See A. D. 1637, p. 246.] He was de.scended
from an honouraole family in Bedtor<!shire, and educated at one of the
English universities ; and was distinguished for his knowledge in theology,
for general literature, and for piety. He was u moderator (Mr. Hooker
■was the other) of the synod ir; 1637« P. Stiles' MSS. and Election Sermon
109. Mather, Magnal. book iii. 96 — 98.

.•> Rlair's Chronology. Henault, ii. 140.

6 Anderson, ii. 453. [See A. D. l6,->l.] The second article of the act is,
I* >lQne but natural born subjects, or naturalized, shall henceforth exer-
cise

-"'.;„;• , "'".; "' I'^p i i m ii.ii » m mi 1 1 i 1 ■ ,wf i * »i*< .» i i i«iiii ..i^'. " *^ •

314

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1660.

thr.t no sugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton, fustic, dy-
ing woods, of the growth of the English territories in Ame.
rica, Asia, or Africa, shall be transported thence to any
other country, than those belonging to the crown of En-
gland, under the penalty of forfeiture. The most submis-
sive colonists considerera the act as grievous, and contrived
various methods to evade it '.

The only English colonies on the American continent,
after the emigrations of half a century, were Virginia, New
England, and Maryland j which are supposed to have con-
tained, at this time, no more than eighty-thousand inhabi-
tants 2.

At the commencement of the civil wars in England, the
population of Virginia had increased to about twenty-thou-
sand souls. The cavaliers resorting to that colonv, during
the distresses of those times, \ ireinia containecf, at this
en<»ch of the Restoration, about thirty-thousand persons 3,
The province of Maryland, notwithstanding its various dis-
tractions and revolutions, continued to increase in popula-
tion, in industry, and in wealth ; and contained about
twelve- thousand persons 4.

The generals Whalley and GofTe, two of the judges of
king Charges I. arrived at Boston. Having left London be-
fore the king was proclaimed, they did not conceal their
persons or characters. They immediately visited governor
Endicot, who gave them a courteous reception ; but, choos-
ing a situation less public than Boston, they went^ on the
da^ of their arrival, to Cambridge 5.
h. A tract

cise the occupation of a merchant or factor in those places" [Asia, Africa,
or America,] " under forfeiture of goods and chattels." This is judged
to have been a good improvement on the fortner act ; " it haviiig been
before common toJiave Dutch merchants to be factors and agents in our
colonies." IbiH.

1 Chalmers, i. 241, 242. While the parliament restrained the colonial
trade to England, it conferred the privilege of the sole protl. Jtion of to-
bacco on the plantations, ibid. 243.

2 Chalmers, i.239.

5 Clialmers, i. 125.
4 Chalmers, i. 220.

6 Hutchinson, i. 215, 216. Chalmers, i. 240. President .Stiles' Hist,
of Three -tf the .Fudges of king Charles I. 23 — 26. The act of indemnity
was brought over the last of November. It appeared however, that
Whalley and Goffe were not excepteJ, with those, to whom pardon was
oft'ered ; and some of the principal persons in the government were alarm-
ed. The governor summoned a court of assistants 22 February, 1661, to
consult ahout securing them ; but the court did not agree to it. Finding
it uubafc o remain longer where they were, tbey left Cambridge 26 Fe-
bruary,

— ■-... *»<— ~"*»-.«--f7f^-^-*—- "

•■-*#*-

j60O.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 81 A

A tr^Ct of land, six miles square, having been granted to
some of the inhabitants of Sudbury ; it was now incorpo-
rated by the name of Marlborough >.

Several of the inhabitants of Ipswich, on petition to the
general court of Massachusetts, obtained a grant of land,
near Ctuabaug pond, six miles square ; which was soon af-
ter settled, ana named Brook6eld z.

Woolwich, in the Province of Maine, was settled 3.

The township of Norwich, in Connecticut, having been
purchased of the natives ; the reverehd James Fitch, with
the principal part of his church and congregation, removed
from Saybrooke, and planted that town 4.

The town of Huntingdon, on Long Island, was received
as a member of the Connecticut jurisdiction 5.

There were, at this time, in New England ten Indian
towns, of such as were called Praying Indians^. The first
Indian church in New England was now embodied' at Na-
tick 7.

bniarv* and arrived at New Haven 7 March. A few days after their re-
moval, a hue and cr^^ was brought by the way of Barbadoes;'and the go-
vernor and assistants issued a warrant 8 March tu secure them. To avoid
all suspicion of their sincerity, they sent Thomas Kellond and Thomas
Kirk, zealous royalists, to go through the colonies, as far as Manhattan,
m search of Lt^m j but deputy governor Leet favouring their concealment,
and Mr. Davenport, minister of New Haven, and a few other confidential
persons, actually aiding it, tliey eifectually eluded discovery. Ibid.

1 Coll. Hist. Soc. iv. 46. its Indian name was Okommakamesit; and
it appears to have begun to be settled by the English about the year 2654.
Ibid.

2 Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 258. The court required these conditions: *' Pro-
vided they have 20 femilies there resident within three years, and that
they have an able minister settled there within the said term, such as the
pourt shall approve - and that they make due provision in some way or other
for the future, either by setting apart of lands, or what else shall be thought
mete for the continuance of the minibtry among them." The Indian pro-
prietor, Shattoockquis, gave a deed of the land to the English 10 Novem-
ber, 1665. Ibid. See a copy of it, ibid.

3 Sullivan, 169. Mills were now erected there. Ibid.

4 Trumbull, i. 245, 246. The township is about nine miles square. In
June 1659 Uncas and his two sons, by a formal deed, made it over to
Thomas Lcfl&ngwell and 84 other proprietors ^ who, at this time, gave
Uncas and his sons about 70 1, as a farther compensation, in addition to a
former benefit, on account of which Uncas haa given Leffin£"'ell a deed
pf a great part, if not of the whole town. Ibid.

5 Truinbull, i. 246.

6 Hutchinson, i. 166.

'J' Coll. Hist. Spc. i. 181.

About

•■•.^^•,--«- •->•>••-*•*'

i «M

:<16 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iCCl,

About this time a few adventurers emigrated from Mas-
sachusetts, and settled around Cape Fear *.

1661.

Charles IT. in h's instructions to Sir William Berkeley,
governor of Virginia, required him to call an assembly, as
might be, an"! assure it of the royal intrntion to grant a
general pardon and oblivion of all persons, those only ex-
cepted, who were attainted by act of parliament; provided
that body should repeal all acts, made during the rebel,
lion, derogatory from the obedience, which the colonies
owed to the king and government of England ; to transmit
an account of all tobacco shipped from that colony, that
every one might be punished, who should transgress the act
of navigation ; and to transmit his opinion of the practica-
bility of establishing an iron work 2.

The laws of England, which seem to have been observed
by consent of the settlers of Virginia, were now expressly
adopted by an act of the assembly of that colony ; exceptin t»
so far, as a difference of condition rendered them inapplica-
ble .1.

The Society " for the propagation of the Gospel among
the heathen natives of New England, and the pafts adjacent,"
was incorporated by king Charles II 4.

'The king appointed the great officers of state a commit-
tee " touching the settlement of New England S." , ^

Complaints being made to the king against Massachusetts,
he commanded the governor and council " to send persons
to England, to answer these various accusations." Charles
II. had not yet been proclaimed by them. The governor, on
receiving intelligence of the transactions, that were taking
place in England to the prejudice of the colony, judged it
inexpedient to delay that solemnity any longer. Calling the
court together, a form of proclamation was agreed to ; and
Charles was acknowledged to be their sovereign lord and

1 Chalmers, i. .5 ir?. These emigrants, from the unpropitious soil and
climate, and the want of a good fishery, for some years experienced the
miseries of want. On their so icitation of aid from their countrymen, the
general court ordered a univ€r;al contribution for their relief Ibid. 516.

'2 Chalmers, i. 245. The ii on work " is proposed," says the King* " to
be undertaken by onrself."

3 .Tetl'crson, V'irij. Query XV.^.

4 IIumi)hrey's Hist. Account, 6. See A. D. 1649.
6 Chalmers, i. 244^

- >

' " king,

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lOOl.] AMERICAN ANNALSv 31/

king, and " to be lawful king uf Great Britain, France, and
Ireland, and all other territories thereto belonging i."

An address to the king was also agreed to, and ordered to
be sent to England z.

The generalconrt of Massachusetts, received a letter from
the king, signifying his pleasure, that there should be no
fartlier prosecution of t'le quakers, who were condemned to
suffer death or other corporal punishment, or who were im-
prisoned, and obnoxioas to such condemnation; but that
they be forthwith sent over to England for trial. The court
accordingly ordered, that the laws in force against the qua-
kers, so far as they respected corporal punishment or death,
be suspended 3.

The

1 Ibid. '25S, 254. Hutchinson, i. 211)— 918. The court pHblished au
order the same day, " forbidding all disorderly behaviour on the occasion ;
deciarinz, that no person niiglit expect indulgence for the breach of any
law; and *' in a particntar manner, that no man should presume to drink
tiis majesty's health," which, the order says, " he hath in an especial man*
ner tbrbid." This last prohibition, whatever was its origin, was very pru-
dential. Had what was forbidden been injoined, v mi}>ht have proved too
severe a test of the loyalty of the colonists j especiallv, if what Chalmers
says were strictly true, that king Charles and New iLngland " mutually
hated, contemned, and feared each other, during his reign ; because the
one suspected its principles of attachment, the other dreaded an invasion
of privileges." Ibid. 241. Hutchinson, i. 2 16 — 419. Chalmers, i. 254.

2 Hutchinson, i. 219. It is inserted in Hazard, ii. .')93 — b\)!i.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng, chap. Ixiv. Neal, N. Eng. i. 3^.^4,33.5. On th.s
occasion, 28 aoakers were released from prison, and conducted out of the
jurisdiction ot Massachusetts. The letter front the king and the acts of the
court are in Hazard, ii. .595, 596. The letter was superscribed to governor
Endicot, and to all the other governors of New England. To vindicate
the errors of our ancestors were to make them our own. It is allowed,
that they were culpable \ but we do not concede, that, in the T)rcsent in-
stance, they stood alone, or that they merited all the censure, bestowe<t
on tliem. Laws, similar to those of Ma>^sachusetts, were passed elsewhere
against the quakers, and particularly in Virginia. " If no execution took
place here [Virginia,] as it did in >few England, it was not owing to the
moderation of the churcht or spirit of the legislature.' Jef!cison, Vtrg.
Query XVII. The prevalent opinion among all sects of Christians, at that
day, that toleration is sinful, ought to be remembered ; nor may it be
forgotten, that the first quakers in New England, beside speaking and
writing what was deemed blasphemous, reviled magistrates and ministers;
and disturbed religious assemblies; and that the tendency of their tenets
and practices was to the subversion of the commonwealth, in that period
of its infancy. See Hubbard, M S. N. EniT. Hazard, Coll. i. 6S0 ; ii. 596 ;
and the e»ily historians of N, Eng. In revicwjnji the conduct of our re-
vered ancestors, it is but just to make allowance for the times in which
they lived, and the occasions of their measures. It is readily conceded
however, that severe treatment of sectaries generally serves to increase their
zeal, aad their aumbers > and that it i& thcrt^foro as repugnant to sound

policy.

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818 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l002.

The Indian translation of the New Testament, by the re-
verend John Eliot, was finished this year, and printed i.

The tract of land at Kenncbeck river, owned by Plymouth
colony, was now sold for fourteen hundred pounds ster-
ling «.

1662.

The charter of Connecticut was granted by king Charles
TT. with the most ample privileges, under the great seal of
England. It ordained, among other provisions, that there
should be annually two general assemblies, one holden on
the second Thursday in May, and the other, on the second
Thursday in October j and that the assembly should con-
sist of the governor, deputy governor, and twelve assist-
with two deputies from every town or city. John Win-
throp was appointed governor, and John Mason, deputy
governor, until a new election should be made. The
governor and company were authorized to have a corn-
inon seal, to appoint Judicatories, make freemen, con-
stitute officers, establish laws, impose fines, assemble the
inhabitants in marshal arra}' for common defence, and to
exercise martial law in all necessary cases. It was ordained
by the charter, that all the king's subjects, in the colony,
should enjoy ail the privileges.oT free and natural subjects
within the realm of England ; and that the patent should
always have the most favourable construction for the benefit
of the governor and company 3.

The

policy, as (o the benevolent spirit of Christianity. The great and learned
Grotius, in reference to the treatment of the sectaries in Holland, says,
with equal candour and discrinnation : " Nee illos plane damnavcris, qui
pruva et moribus noxia docentcs exilio, aut honorum facultatunique adem-
•tioDc mnlctavennit. 8ed contra evcntus fuit. Quin ipsa invitant peri<
cula," &c. Annales, I6, I7> It is hardly needful to subjoin, that, whatevet
are die religious theories of the Quakers or Friends at this day, their de«
portmcnt in society excites respect, and conciliates esteem.

1 Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 176. It was dedicated to Charles II.

•i Sullivan, 117. It was sold to Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng, Thoma>
Brattle, and .John Winslow. Ibid. Gee A. D. I6i28.

.'] Trumbull, i. 950, 260. Chalmers, 223, 29 1. Stokes Brit. Colosius,
6;?— 67. Brit. Emp. ii. 169 — 171. See the entire Charter, prefixed to
the Acts and Laws of Connecticut. The general court of Connecticut,
in 1661, pnipared a Petition to the king for a charter; and John Win-*
t'lrop, then governor of the co!oi:y. went to England to procure it. An
eitraordinary ring, that Mr. \Vinthrop now presented to Charles IL
v/hich the kings father Charles i. had presented to Mr. Winthrop's grand-
father, is thought to liave bcea ioiluential io proc«irii)g the royal nvotir,

, \i: ibid.

■'f if

1(502.] AMERICA^r ANNALS. 319 '

The charter included the colony of New Haven ; but
that colony did not accept it, nor agree to be united under
one government with Connecticut >.

A synod of all the ministers in Massachusetts, with mes-
sengers from the churches, was holden at Boston, by ap-
pc intment of the general court, to deliberate and decide oa
cfjrtain subjects ot ecclesiastical controversy a. The result
cif its delioerations was del* 'cd to the general court ;
which ordered it to be printed, and recommended its obser-
vance to all the churches in its jurisdiction 3.

The general conrt of Massachusetts appointed two licensers
of the press 4.

The three townships, settled on Connecticut river, in the
r '^uny of Massachusetts, were made a county, by the name
oi Hampshire 5.

The town of Dorchester voted, that Unquety [Milton^
should be a township, if it have the consent of the general
court ^.

Meta^om, sachem of Pokanoket, afterward celebrated

Ibi»i. Governor M'inthrop did not arrive with the charter until after the
general election in May; and the freemen made no alteration in their
oiKces until f) October ; on which day Mr. Winthrop was chos'.-n gover-
nor, and Mr. Mason, deputy governor ; magistrates, or assistants, were
also chosen i and the charter was publicly read to the freemen. Trum-
bull, ibid. Mather [Magnal. book i. 24.] says, it was '• as amply privi-
ledgeda charter, as was ever enjoyed perhaps by any people iimlcr tlie cope
of heaven." The Petition, for it is in Hazard, Coll. it. 5S<' — .588, and
Trumbull, I Append. No. VII. It cost the colony about 1300/. sterling
Trumbull, i. Slvi.

1 Chalmers, i. '296. Trumbull, 260 — 277, where the objections to the
union, with the arguments fur it, and the ncgociations to etVcct it, are
recited at large. See A. D. U)Gr}.

2 Mather, Magnal, book v. G;J, Gt. Hutchinson, i. 22.3. TrumbuH, i,
3i!). Two iiuestions wcic referred to its decision: 1. Who arc the sub-
jects of baptism? 2. Whether, according to tl\e Word of God, there
ought to be a consociation of churches ? In answer to the first, the syond
deeUrcd, •* That church members^ who were admitted in minority, .in-
tlerstanding the doctrine of faith, and publicly profesMng tlicir'asscnt
thereunto, not scandalous in life, and solemnly owning the covenant of
the church, wherein they give up themselves and children to the Lord,
and subject themselves to the government of Christ in his church, their
children are to be baptized." This answer " was substantially the same
with that given by the council in lG37." The synod also gave their opi-
nion in favour of the consociation of churches. See " The Answer of
the Elders and other Messengers of the Churches," with Remarks, ia
Mather, Magnal. book v. Gl— 84.

S Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixvi.

4 llutchinwn, i. i267. Daniel Goukin, Esq. and Rev. Mr. Mitchel.

5 Ibid. 220.

<» Cull, ilist. Soc. i. 100. it was incorporated this year.
-,.-., . under

*.'l

\ ' n

■'••51^

n.^^li

I )

320 AMERICAN ANKALS. [1602.

under the English name and title of king Philip, made his
appearance at the court of Plymouth, ana solicited the con-
tinuance of the amity and friendship^ which had subsisted
between the government of Plymouth, and his father and
brother ; and promised for himself and his successors to re*
main subjects of the king of England >.

The authority of lord Baltimore, the proprietary of Mary-
land, being re-established at the Restoration, he appointed
Charles Calvert, his eldest son, governor of the colony;
who now assumed the administration '. The assembly of
Maryland besought the proprietary *' to take order for set-
ting up a mint," and a law was passed for that purpose 3.
The prosperity of this province was considerably checked by
the incursions of the Janadoa Indians ; but, by the aid of the
Susquehannahs, they were repel" ^, probably annihilated 4.

The ancient constitution of^ V •j'inia being restored, the
grand assembly of that colony was convened in March,
agreeably to the governor's instructions. The church of
England was now, with the approbation of the people, re.
gularly .established by the assembly ; churches were ordered
to be built; glebes were laid out, and vestries appointed:
ministers, who had received their ordination from some
bishop in England, were to be inducted by the governor ;
and all others were prohibited from 'preaching, on pain of
suspension, or banishment 5. The assembly enacted a law
*' against the divulgers of false news 6."

The

1 Neal, N. Eng. i. lldi. Morfon, 17Ii 172. The court expressed its
willingness to continue the friendship; and promised to aObrd the In-
dians •• such friendly assistance by advice and otherwise, as they justly
may }" and to " require" their " t'.nglishat all times to carry friendly
towards them." Ibid. I. Mather [Trouhles with the Indians, 70.1 says,
it was at this time, that Metacoin desired, an English name, and t^at
the court named him Philip.

2 Chalmers, i. 360. Univ. Hist. xl. 469. Europ. Settlements, ii. 229.

3 Chalmers, i. 248. "The great hindrance to the colony in trade, for
the want of money," is assigned as the reason for the measure. It was
enacted, that the money coined shall be of as good silver as English
sterling; that every shilling, and so |n proportion for other pieces, shall
weigh above nine pence in such silver ; and that the proprietary shall ac-^
cept of it in payment of his rents and other debts. This coin being after-
ward circulated, the present law was confirmed among the perpetual laws
of Maryland in I676. This is the only law for coining money, which
occurs in colonial history, previous to the American revolution, except*
ing the ordinance of Massachusetts in l652. Clialmers, i. 948.

4 Chalmers, i 249. Their " name seems now extinct or forgotten."

5 Chalmers, i. 34."». The Uutch left it, on the remonstrance of Cal-
vert.

6 Ibid. 216. The assembly *♦ considered how much of the late misery

had

l663.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 321

The Dutch retired from the country around Cape Hen-
lopen ; and Calvert, governor, of Maryland immediately oc«
cupied it '.

By an act of uniformity in religion, which took effect on
the twenty-fourth of August, about two thousand dissenting
ministers were ejected from their benefices, without any
provision for themselves, or their families. Soon after they
were banished five miles distant from every corporation in
England. Several ultimately died in prison, for exercising
their ministry in private, contrary to 'aw ; but a considerable
number of them found an asylum in New England >.

tf::

1663.

Tlie immense territory, lying southward of Virginia, al-
though granted to Sir Robert Heath by Charles I. 3 re-
mained unsettled. Edward earl of Clarendon and several
associates, apprized of the excellent soil of that country,
formed a project for planting a colony there. On applica-
tion for a charter 4, Charles II. granted them all the lands,

lying

had arisen from the falsehood of rumour," and was hence Influenced to
make the law. Ihld. "Happy had it been for that colony," adds Chal-
mers, *• had a rule so promotive of internal tjuiet been carefully attend-
cd to and enforced." Various other beneficial regulations were now es-
tablished, which long served as the code uf provincial jurispruden'-e.
No other not <:e was taken of the late" usurpation," than a declaration
of the assembly, " that, in order to avoid like inconveniences, it had re-
viewed the whole body of laws, expunging all the unnecessary acts, and
chiefly such as might keep in memory the late forced deviation of the
people from his majesty's obedience, and bringing into one volume those
that are in force." The Virginians were now happy in the governor of
their choice, and in the form of government, that had formerly given
them great satisfaction; and in the language of Chalmers, " as they nei-
ther felt the pressure of grievance, nor experienced the fever of distrust,
they continued, for some time, in that desirable but unimportant state of
tranquillity, which adds nothing to the stock of historic knowledge."
Ibid. 247.

1 Chalmers, i. 634.

2 Neal, N. Eng. S/j6. Pierce, Vindicat. Dissenters, 231, 232. The
learned and pious John Owen, D. D. who, under the Protectorship, had
been dean of Christ church, and vice chancellor of the university of Ox-
ford, was invited to tlie pastoral charge of the first church in Boston*
and shipped his eftects for N. England ; but he was forbidden to leave the
kingdom, by express orders from Charles II. Ibid. Hutchinson, i. 226.
It does nut satisfactorily appear, that he vi'as invited to the presidency
of Harvard college.

3 See A. D. 1630, p. 214, text and note.

4 " Excited by a laudable and pious zeal for the propagation of the gos-
VoL. I. Y pel,"

■'f

'S3 ■'* 1

322 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l663.

lyinff between the thirty-first and thirty-sixth degrees of
north latitude i; and constituted them absolute lords and
proprietors of that tract of country, reserving to himself
and his successors the sovereign dominion. He empowered
them tu enact and publish any laws, which they should
judffc necessary, with the assent, advice, and approbation
of tlie freemen of the colony ; to erect courts of judicature,
and appoint civil judges, magistrates, and officers ; to erect
forts, castles, cities, and towns ; to make war, and, in cases
of necessity, to exercise martial law ; and to build harbours,
make ports, and enjoy customs and subsidies, imposed,
with the consent of the freemen, on goods loaded and un-
loaded. One of the provisions of the charter is peculiarly
worthy of notice >. The king granted the proprietors autho-
rity to allow the inhabitants of the provmce sueh indul-
gences and dispensations, in religious affairs, as they, in
their discretion, should think proper and reasonable ; and
no person, to whqm such liberty should be granted, was to
be molested; punished, or called in question, for any dif-
ferences in speculative opinions relative to reli|;inn, provided
he disturbed not the civil order and peace oi the commu-
nity. The province, thus erected, was called Carolina 3.

The privy souncil, considering the present condition of
Carolina, oecided, that all former grants were now void,
because they had never been executed. Animated by this
decision, the proprietors held their first meeting in May,
to a^ree on measures for the transporting of colonists,
and tor the payment of various expences ; and they now

pel," they " beg a certain country in the parts of America, not yet cuhi-
vated and planted, and only inhabited by tome barbarous people, who
have no knowledge of God." Charter. The applicants, beside Claren-
don, were George duke of /VIbemarle, William lord Craven, John lord
Berkeley, Antony lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berke-
ley, and Sir. lolin Colleton. Ibid.

1 Including the territories of what afterward constituted North Carulj.
na. South Carolina, and Georgia. Ramsay, .S. Carolina, i. 1, \<2. By a
second and more ample charter, dated 24 March, 16C7, the buundurics
were made to extend from the 29th degree of north latitude to S6 de;;.
SO min. and from these points on the coast westward In parallel lines to
the Pacific Ocean. Hewet, i. 45. Brit. Emp. iii. 211 — 225.

2 The reason assigned in the charter for such a dispensing power is,
" it might happen, Uiat several of the inhabitants could not in their pri-
vate opinions conform to the exercise of religion according to the litur*
gy and ceremonies of the church of England."

3 Hewct, i. AH, 4(>. Chalmers, i. 517. Drayton, S. Carolina, 5. Some
writers place this article in 1O62.

published

iarolina, 5. Some

AMERICAN ANNALS.

323

1663.]

published proposals to all who would plant In Carolina ■.

Charles II. conferred a charter on Rhode Island andPro>
vidence plantations >. By this charter the supreme or legis-
lative power was vested in an assembly, the constituent
xntmbers of which were to consist of the sover<or, and as-
sistants, and such of the freemen as shouldbe chosen by the
towns: but the governor, and six assistants, were to be al-
ways present 3. The legislature of Rhode Island passed an
« act, that all men professing Christianity, and of competent
estates, civil conversation, and obedient to the civil magis«
trate, though of diflferent judement in religious affairs,
Roman Catholics only excepted, should be admitted free-
men, and have liberty to choose and be chosen officers in the
colony, both civil and military 4.

A small plantation, that had been several years established
within the boundaries of the Carolina patent, on the north
eastern banks of the river Chowan, was now named, in
compliment to the title of general Monk, Albemarle 5.

A ship arrived from Holland at Delaware river, with new
planters, ammunition, and implements of husbandry ^.

A terrible earthquake was lelt in the northern parts of
America '. John

1 Chalmers, i. .517> The proposals were made at the desire of" the
New England people, settled around Cape Fear," See A, D. 1 660.
These proposals offered, among other privileges, that the emigrants may
present to the proprietaries 13 persons, in order that they may appoint a
governor and a council of six for three years-, that an assembly, com-
posed of the governor, the council, and delegates of the freemen, should
be called, as soon as the circumstances of the colony would allow, with
power to make validity after the publication of the distent of the proprie-
taries ; that every one should enjoy the most perfect freedom in religion;
that, during five years every freeman should be allowed 100 acres of land,
and M for every servant, paying one half penny only an acre; and that
the same freedom from customs, which had been allowed by the royal
charter, should be allowed to every one.

3 Hazard, Coll. ii. 61-2 — 6-28, where the charter is entire. Chalmers,
i. 274. Stokes, Brit. Colonies, 60—62. Coll. Hist. Sor. v. 318. There
were, at that time, but 18 representatives in the colony; 6 from New-

£ort, 4 from Providence, 4 from Portsmouth, and 4 from Warwick,
louglass, i. 37* Tliey were chosen half yearly by the several towns.
Callender, 46.

3 Chalmers, i. 374.

4 Brit. Empire, ii. 148.

5 Chalmers, 518, 519. This plantatioti had been made by settlers
from Nansamond, which was lettled so early as 1609. lb. See that
year.

6 .Smith, N. York, 9.

7 Morton, 173, there placed, according to the old computation, >in
1662, Josselyn, Voy. 68. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 863—369. It
was felt throughout New England and New Netherlands ; but Canada

Y 3 wa«

ill

'^}''^

ft'

\',>

m^m

324 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l063,

John Norton minister of Boston S Samuel Stone, minis*
ter of Hartford % and Sainuel Newman, minister of Keho>
both, died 3.

1664.

f, 'IS

was the chief seat of its concussions. It began there about half an hour
after five in the evening. While the heavens were serene, there was sud<
denly heard a roar, like that of fire. The buildings were instantly
shaken with amazing violence. "The doors opened and shut of themselves,
vith a fearful clattering. The bells rang, without being touched. The
walls split asunder. The floors separated, and fell down. The fields put
nn the appearance of precipices ; and the mountains seemed to be movmg
out of their places." The first shock continued nearly half an hour.
Several violent shocks succeeded this, the same evening, and the next
day ; nor did the earthquakes until the following July. The effects of the
first, in January, were remarkable. *« Many fountains and small rivers
\fen dried up. In others, the water became sulphureous: and in some,
the channel in which tiiey ran before, was so altered that it could not be
distinguished. Many trees were torn up, and thrown to a considerable
distance; and some mountains appeared to be much broken and moved.
Half way between Tadousac and Qiuebec. two mountains were shaken
down : and the earth thus thrown down, formed a point of land, which
extended half a quarter of a league, into the river St. Lawrence. The
kland Aux Coudre» became larger than it was before } and the channel
in the river became much altered." Memoirs Americ. Acad. Arts and
Sciences, i. '263 — 263. This is a credible account ; because derived fnini
original sources. But that this earthquake in Canada overwhelmed a chaia
c( mountains of free stone more than'200 miles long, and changed tliat
immense tract into a plain, though affirmed must not be believed. Sec
Clavigero, Hist. Mexico, ii 221.

1 Morton, 177. Mather, Magnal. book iii.*2-»-41. Mr. Norton was
an eminent scholar and divine. He was teacher of the church at Ipswich;
but, after the death of Mr. Cotton, he was solicited to return to lioston,
and officiated as his successor until his own deatb.^ He was much respect-
ed for his talents and piety ; and had ** an eminent acumen in polemical
divinity." In the year 1644 William ApoUonius having, at the direction
of the divines in Zealand, sent over to New England a number of ques-
tions, relating to the way of church government there, the ministers of
New England unanimously requested Mr. Norton, to draw up an answer;
which he finished in 164^. Dr. Cotton Mather, supposes, this was the
first Latin book, that was ever written in the country. Mr. Norton, as*
sisted in modelling the Cambridge Platform in 1647. He also wrote an
answer to a letter of the famous Dureus. who laboured for a pacification
among the reformed churches. On the restoration of Charles II. he and
Simon Bradstreet, esquire, were sent to England by Massachusetts colony,
with an address to the king; but, returning with a less successful embassy
than their constituents had expected, their reception was at least cold and
suspicious ; and the severe reflections of some of the colonists are thought
to have preyed on his spirits, and accelerated his death. Mather, Mair-
nal. book iii. 82 — 41. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. l.\xiv. Hutchin-
son, i. 220—223.

2 Trumbull, i. 3«6. Mather, Magnal. book iii. Il6 — 118. Morton,
179. Coll. Hikt. Soc. vii. 41. Mn Stone was educated at Emanuel col-
lege in Cambridge. He was eminently pious and exemplary. His ser>

moos

1064.]

AMERICAN ANNALS.

323

1664.

King Charles II. granted 9, patent.to his brother, the duktt
of York and Albany, for various and extensive tr&cts of land
in America i. A part of this tract was conveyed soon after
by the duke to John Lord Berkeley, baron of Stratton, and
Sir George Carteret, of Saltrum in Devon, members of tho
king's council, by the name of Nova Csesarea, or New
Jersey *.

The same king issued a commission,, empowering colonel
Richard Nicolls, Sir Robert Carr, George Cartvt^right, and
Samuel Maverick, esquires, *^ to hear and determine com-
plaints and a{)peals in all causes, as well military, as cri-
minal and civil," within New England ; and to proceed in
all things for settling the peace andsecurity of the country 3.
The commissioners, arriving at Boston, laid before the council
their commissions and instructions, requiring assistance for
the reduction of New Netherlands. The council advised^
that the entire subject be submitted to the general courts
which was soon to meet 4.

Nicolls, who had been fitted out from England with four
frigates and three , hundred soldiers 5, for the conquest of the

Dutchf

mons were replete with sentiment, concisely and closely applied. He
was an acute disputant. lie was celebrated for his wit ; and his company
was much sought by men of learning.

3 Morton, 170. "Mather, Magnal. book iii. 113 — llG. Hewasanani*
mated preacher, an indefatigable student, anH a pious man. Ibid. See
A. D. >664, p. 275.

1 Smith. N. York, 10. The boundaries of the patent are described
ibid, and Trumbull, i. 277'

2 Smith, N. York, 10, 11. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 348, 362. This name
was given in compliment to Sir George Carteret, whose family came from
the Isle of Jersey. Thus the New Netherlands became divided into New
Jersey and New York. Ibid.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. Ixv. This comn.'ssion is in Hutchinson,!.
Append. No. XV. and Hazard, Coll. ii. 638,. 639-

4 Chalmers, i. 386,387. Morten, 18^. The general court, resolving
" to bear true allegiance to his mai^^sty, and to adhere to a patent, so
dearly obtained, and so long enjoyed by undoubted right," raised i200
men for the king's service j though they did not join the expedition, be#
cause it had been crowned with success before they embodied. Chalmers,
ibid, and 573.

h The authors of the Universal History [xxxix. 348.] say, that Sir
Robert Carr was sent with a strong squadron, and 3000 land troops, with
orders to dispossess the Dutch of the country, given by king Charles to his
brother, and to put the duke of York in possession of it. What separate
iuatructions may have been given to Carr, we know noti but he sailed
-, Y 3 from

/ ; :

./!

tSt^k

r^y^-.-;- •:-,-\„tx..

S26 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1664;

Dutch, proceeded directly to Manhattan, without waiting
for auxiliaries. No sooner had the frigates entered the har-
bour, than Stuyvesant, the governor, sent a letter to the
English commanders, to desire the reason of their approach,
and of their continuance in the harbour without giving
notice to the Dutch. Nicolls answered the letter, the next
day, by a summons. Stuyvesant, determined on a defence,
refused to surrender. Letters and messages were reciprocal-
ly exchanged. The English commissioners meanwhile
published a proclamation, encouraging the inhabitants to
submit; sent officers to beat up lor volunteers on Long
Island; and issued a warrant 10 Hugh Hide, who com-
manded the squadron, to prosecute the reduction of the
fort. These preparations, with the refusal of Nicolls to treat
about any thing but a surrender, induced the Dutch govr^r-
nor to agree to a treaty for that purpose; and on the twenty-
seventh of August articles of capitulation were signed, by
which the fort and town of New Amsterdam were surren-
dered to the English. The Dutch were to continue free de-
sizens ; to possess their estates undiminished ; to enjoy
their ancient customs with regard to their modes of wor-
ship, and church discipline ; and they were allowed a free-
dom of trade to Holland ^ In honour of the duke of York,
New Amsterdam now took the name of New York *.

On the twenty-fourth of September the Dutch garrison at
Fort Orange capitulated to the (English ; ^nd, in iionour of
the duke, was called Albany h

ft-om England with Nicolls,, and acted subordinately to him. In regaid
to the number of troops, I have followed Smith ^nd Chalmers, both of
•whom say, thev were 300.

1 Smith, N,'York, 12— 2S. Chalmers, i. .573, .571. The last privilege
Kicolls had no power to confer ; because a king of England could not dit>
pence with the laws, by permitting a commerce, which they had prohibit-
ed. Chalmers, ibid, and p. 590. There were XXII! Articles in the Ca'«

Situlation. See them entire in Smith, N. York, ig — 21, and Smith, N.
ersey, 43 — 17. The English deputies, who signed the treaty, were
Sir Robert Carr, George Carteret, John Winthrop, governor of Con-
necticut, Samuel VVyllys, one of the assistants of that colony, and Tho-
mas Clarke and John Pynchon, commissioners from the general court
of Maisachusetts, who. Smith says, "but a little before brought an aid
from that province." Gov. Winthrop and several of the principal men
in Connecticut had previously joined the English. Trumbull, i. 279.

2 Smith , N. York, 11, 22. The town was laid oqt eight years before.
See A. D. i65d.

8 Ibid. Smith. N. Jersey, 60. While Carteret, who had been com-
niissioned to subdue Fort Orange, was at that place, he had an interview
>vith the Indians of the Five Nations, and entered into a league of friend-
ship with themi " which," adds Smith nearly a century afterward (1756),

"re-

li-U<ii!ti,«

1664.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 327

On the first of October, articles of capitulation were made
between Sir Robert Can* and the Dutch and Swedes on De-
laware bay and river > ; which completed the subjection of
New Netherlands to the English crown *.

Three inhabitants of Jamaica on Long Island purchased
of certain Indian chiefs a tract of land, on a part of which a
town was built this year, and called Elizabeth Town 3.

The reverend John Eliot completed the translation of the
bible into the Indian language, which was now printed at
Cambridge 4.

The line between the colonies of Massachusetts and Ply-
mouth was amicably settled, by a committee from each co-
lony 5.

A very large comet was seen by the people of New En-
gland^.

Count de Cerillac sold the island of Grenada to the French
West India company for a hundred thousand livres 7.

Colbert, prime minister of France, erected on the ruins of
the eld Canada and West India company a new exclusive
West India company, for forty years 8. Lewis

*' remarkably cootinura to this day." Hist. N. York, 22. Golden, Five
Nat. 34.

1 Chalmers, L 634. Jefferson, Virg. 375. Encyc. Brit. Art. Delaware.

C w*h, N. York, 23. The history of New Netherlands, Chalmers
[d« ; ^' - ves. "contains nothing, but their settlement, their constant
turr: >:.>f, i.:>eir extinction ; and it ought to teach a lesson to nations and
to nivii, uow they admit others to invade their r'ghts, because continued
possession at length forms a title, specious if not just."

3 Smith, N. jersey, 62. The name of the town is said to have been
given tor Elizabeth, the wife of Sir George Carteret. The entire tract was
called The Elizabeth Town Grant. Beside Elizabeth town, the towns of
Newark, Middletown, and Shrewsbury, were soon built; and these, with
the adjacent country, were in a few years well inliabited by many settlers
from Scotland ; some, from England; someof tht Dutch, who remained
in the country ; and some, from the neighbouring colonies. Ibid-

4 Josselyn, N. Eng. Uar. 112. Douglass, i. 333. It was republished
(1685) with the corrections of Mr. Cotton, minister of Plymouth. Ibid.
Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 94. The title ef it is ; " Ma:nu5»e Wunneetupanatam>
-we UP-BIBLUM GOD Naneeswe Nukkonk Testament Kah Wonk
VVusKU Testamen':."

5 Hutchinson, i. tf29. Coll Hist. Soc. i. 100.

6 Josselyn, Voy. 50, 372. Hutchinson, i. 3v26. It was visible from 17
November to 4 l*'ebruary. I. Mather [Discourse on Cornets, 1 13. [says,
*' this ^mous comet was conspicuous to the whole world."

7 Upiv. Hist. xli. 226. Of 500 French planters, who were settled on
the island when Ceiillac bought it in 1657, no more than 150 now lived
there. [See p. 29'2. note 4.] Ten years afterward (1674) the charter of the
French W. indies being abolished, the island became vested in thecrown
of France. Ibid. Edwards, W. Indies, i. 349.

8 Encvc. Methodique, Commerce, Art. CoMPAioMiE. Anderson, ii. 481.

Y 4 Its

■■»'I

<'*ftm

i f i m mi ttiui i^ ' n t m,i m ■■nfj.i« »i "»im >«f»^«:.ai ?-

328

AMERICA.. ANNALS.

[1665.

Lewis XIV. redeemed Martinlco from the proprietaries,
and granted it to this new company i.
The English took the isle ox St. Lucia from the French ».

1665.

At the general election, New Haven and Connecticut be.
came united in one colony 3. A proportional number of the
council was of the former colony of New Haven. All the
towns sent their deputies ; and the assembly appeared en^
tirely harmonious. At this session counties were nrst made,
and county courts were 6i-st instituted by that name4. At
the time of the union. New Haven and Connecticut con-
sisted of nineteen towns 5.

The court of assizes 6 in New York collected into one code
the ancient customs, with such additional improvements,
as the great change of things required, regarding the laws
of EneTand as the supreme rule. These ordinances, trans*
mittedto England, were confirmed by the duke of York,
the following year?. It was ordained by the government,
that no purchase from the Indians, withotit the governor's
licence, executed in his presence, should be valid s.

The inhabitants ofJNew York were incorporated on the
twelfth of June, under the care of a mayor, five aldermen.

Its limits were, *' 1. That parf of the continent of South America lying
between the rivers of Amazons and Oron»K')ko, vith tlic adjacent islands.
S. In North America, all Canada, down toand behind Virginia asidFlorida.
S. All the coast of Africa from Cipe Verde, southward, to the Cape of
Good Hope." The o/tf <.)mpany had subsisted about 40 years. Sec An-
derson, ii. 31 1. Before this new company was formed, France paid tribute
for her !ux"rics to the Dutch. Voltaire, viii. 193.

1 Univ. Hist. xli. 230, 241. See A. D. 1650, p. 292.

2 Anderson, ii. 478. It was taken by 6 ships of war, carrying about
1,500 men, who were joined by 600 Carribueam in 17 canoes. The En-
glish colony, two years after, reduced by enideniical diseases to 80 persons,
abandoned it, and burned their fort. Ibla. Univ. Hist. xli. 218.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. xli. Hazard, Coll. ii. 610.

4 Trumbull, i. 289. 477. The superior court was instituted at tlienext
session in October. Ibid.

5 Trumbull, i. 290. The grand list was 158,620 1. ]6s. r>. rf.

6 Erected by Nicolls, composed of the p,overnor, the council, the jus-
tices of the peace; and invested with every power in the colony, leg!sl^->
tive, executive, and judicial. Chalmers, 1. 575.

7 Chalmers, i. 577.

C Smith, Nev York, 27. *

S and

[1665.
trietaries,

French a.

;ticut be-
3er of the
All the
eared en-
rst made,
me 4. At
icut con-

) one code
jvements,
the laws
:es, trans-
; of York,
vernment,
];overnor's
is.

ted on the
aldermen,

merica lying
cent islands.

asid Florida.

the Tape of
Sec An-

paid tribute

rninc; sbout
L The En-
80 persons,
218.

dattlienext

icil, thejiis-
ony, leg!sla»

and

1665.] AMERICAN ANNALS. ~ 329

and a sheriff. Until this time the city was ruled by a scout^
burgomasters, and schepens *. ,

Nicolls, governor of New York and New Jersey, reluc-
tantly resigned the goyernment of New Jersey to Carteret,
its appointed governor, who took possession of Elizabeth-
town, the capital, now consisting of four families, just set-
tled in the wilderness >.

The commissioners, returning to Massachusetts, from the
reduction of the Dutch colony, began in April to execute
their important trust ; but, meeting with opposition from
the jealous and spirited colonists, they left the country, with
menacc«i of vindictive punishment 3.

The militia of Massachusetts consisted at this time of four
thousand foo':, and four hundred horse. The colony main-
tained a fort at the entrance of Boston harbour, with five or
six guns ; twro batteries in the harbour, and one at Charles-
town. The number of its ships and vessels was about eighty,

1 Snnith, N. York, 27' Thomas Willet, esquire, an Englishman, who
usually lived and finally died at Swanzey aL the head of Narragansetts bay.
was the first mayor, after the conquest. He was a merchant, and bad fac-
tories, or Indian Trading houses, from Kennebeck to Delaware, particu-
larly at New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. Pres. Stiles' MS. Memoran-
dum in Smith's Hist. New York. Nicolls found the town composed of a
few miserable houses, occupied by men, who were extremely poor, and
the whole In a mean condition ;" but he foretold its greatness, if it were
encouraged with the immunities, which he then recommended. He in-
formed the duke of York, by a letter, dated in November, 1665, " such is
the mean condition of this town [New Yuik,] that not one soldier to this
di<y has lain in sheets, or upon any other bed than canvas and straw."
Ch.ilmers, i. d?."). 597. Some of the houses however were handsomely
built of brick and stone, and in part covered with red and black tiles, anil
<* the land being high, it presented uu agreeable prospect from the sea.'*
Brit. Km p. ii. 208.

2 Chalmers, i. Gl5.

3 Chalmers, i. 388, 389- A conference between the commissioners and -
the general court soon degenerated into altercation. The commissioners

at length asked that body; " Do you acknowledge the royal commission to ,
be of full force to all the purposes contained in it ?" To this decisive and
eii.lntrassing question the general court excused itself from giving a direct
answer, ail'' chose rather to " plead his majesty's charter." The commis-
sioners however attempting to hear a complaint against the governor and
company, the general court, with characteristic vigour, published, by
sound of trumpet, its disapprobation of this proceeding, and prohibited
every one from abetting a conduct, so inconsistent with their duty to God,
and their allegiance to the king ; and, in May, the commissioners departed,
threatening their opponents " with the punishment, which so many con-
cerned in the late rebellion bad met wit)i in England." ibid. Hubbard,
MS, N. Eng. chap. Ixv.

from

,, -if

330 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l665.

from twenty to forty tons ; about forty, from forty to a hun-
dred tons ; and about twelve ships, above a hundred tons i.

The second charter of Carolina was eranted by Charles II.
to the same proprietors. It recited and confirmed the former
charter, witn enlargements. Carolina was declared inde-
pendent of any other province, but subject immediately to
the crown of England ; and the inhabitants were never to be
compelled to answer in other dominions of the crown, ex-
cepting within the realm ».

Several gentlemen of Barbadoes, dissatisfied with their
condition en that island, having proposed to remove to the
county of Clarendon 3, recently laid out by the proprietaries
of Carolina; John Yeamans, a respectable planter of Barba-
does, was now appointed commander in chief of that county.
He was ordered to ffrant lands to every one, according to
the conditions agreed on with the adventurers, reserving one
halfpenny sterling for every acre, payable in March, I670.
King Charles, in aid of the laudable exertions of his cour-
tiers, gave them twelve pieces of ordnance, which were now
sent to Charles river, with a considerable quantity of warlike
stores 4. In the autumn Yeamans conducted from Barbadoes
a body of emigrants who landed on the southern bank of
Cape Fear. He cultivated the good will pf the natives, and
insured a seven years' peace. The planters, in opening the
forest, to make room for the operations of tillage, ** neces-
sarily prepared timber for the uses of the cooper and builder ;
which they transmitted to the island whence they had emi-
grated, as the first object of a feeble commerce, that kindled
the spark of industry, wV ich soon gave animation to the
whole 5."

1 Hutchinson, i. 244.

Si Chalmers, i. bJl, .')-2Q. Drayton, S. Carol. 6. Jefferson* V'irc;. 276,
Arcovdinsr to the limits, fixed in this charter, St. Augustine.as well as the
whole of the present State ot'Gcorgia, fell within the Kngli.sh dominions;
but the Spaniards alleged, that this grant was an invasion of their rights,
and never admitted the limits of this charter, in any subsequent treaty.
'rhcKn<4lish therefore had recourse to tlie claim, founded on prior disvci-
very. Univ. Hist, xxsix. \29- See A. D. l6(53.

3 ."stretching from Cape Fear to the river St. Matheo. Chalmers.

4 Cl.ahDers,, i. h'20, .021. Yeamans was directed "to make every
thing easy to the people of New Krigland, from which the greatest emi-
grations are expected, as the southern colonies are already drained."
ibid.

h Chalmers, i. M3. The rext year, an acrount of this new •• New
Plantation, begun by theKnglish at Cape Feare," was published at Lon-
don. IJibliothcca Americana, 98.

The

■I ;i

1605.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 331

The English inhabitanls of Maryland now amounted to
sixteen thousand >.

The government of Rhode Island passed an order to outlaw
quakers, and to seize their estates, because they would not
bear arms ; but the prople in general rose up against it, and
would not suffer it .o ue carried into effect 2.

Misquamicut was purchased of the Indians; and a num-
ber of baptists of the church in Newport removed to this
new plantation, which was afterward called Westerly 3.

A baptist church was gathered in Boston 4. The first pro-
secution of anabaptists, that occurs in the records of Mas-
sachusetts, was in this year 5.

There were in Massac isasetts six towns of Indians, profes-
sing the Christian religion 6.

M. de Courcelles, appointed governor of New France,
transported the regiment of Carignan Salieres to Canada?.
To prevent the irruptions of the Five Nations by the way of
Lake Champlain, Courcelles built three forts between that
lake and the mouth of the river Kichlieu K

John

1 Univ. Hist, xl 4Cj^. Brit. Emp. iii. 4. Governor Calvert, though a
Roman catholic* yet had caused the passing of an act, by which all pro-
fessing Christians, of every denomination, had liberty to settle in the pro-
vince. That act, with Calvert's mild and ini])artial administration, k-
counts for this considerable increase of inhabitants. Ibid.

2 Coll. Hist. Soc. V. 219-

3 Callender, 39,65 Th»y afterward "generally embraced the seventh
day sabbath." Ibid. Theii plantation was constituted a township by the
name of Westerly, in IGOQ ibid. It foi merly belonged to Stoniilgton
[Trumbull, i. 860.] ; but it is now in the State of Rhode Island.

4 Hutchinson, i. 237.

5 Ibid. Antipxdobantism had appeared in the colony about A. D.
1643 (ib.); and a law had been made against it, with the penalty of
banishment. See p. 275. of this volume.

6 Hutchinson, i. 242.

7 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. SSl. Josselyn [Voy. 274, N. Eng.
Rar. 1 13.] says, " 1000 foot." A gre it number of families, many me-
chanics, and hired servants, with horses (tiie first ever seen in Canada)*
cattle, and sheen^ were transported at the same time. 'I'his was a more
considerable colony, than that which it came to supply. The 100 asso-
ciates ('See p. 199 of this volume] soon grew weary of the ex pence of
maintaining their colony } and from the year 1044 abandoned the fur
trade to the inhabitants, reserving to themselves, for their right of lord-
ship, an annual homage of 1000 beavers. Reduced at length to the num-
ber of 4.5 arsociates, they made a total resignation of their rights, in l662,
to the French kin"|, who soon after included New France in the granti
which ha made of the French colonies in America in fiivour of the West
Indiacompanv. Charlevoix, ib. .S79. 380.

8 Charlevoix, i 381. Smith, N. York, 44. Jrfferys, Hist. Canada. The
fyi\ vvas placed on the ^pot, where that of Ri ;hlicu h.id formerly stood ;

and

\
(■

■1'

•sSl .*"

332 AMERICAN ANNALS. tl066.

John Endicot, governor of Massachusetts, died in the se-
venty-seventh year of his age ».

1666.

wmi

The Mohawks, by incursions on the French in Canada,
not merely prevented their commerce with the wehtern In-
dians, but often endangered their colony. It was to repel
or subdue this ferocjous enemy, that a regiment had been
lately sent over from France. M. de Tracy, vicerory of Ame-
ncd, and M. Courcelles, the Canadian governor, with
twenty-eight companies of footj and all the militia of the
colony, marched from Quebec above seven hundred miles
into tne Mohawk country, with the intention of destroyirig
its inhabitants; but on tl^eir approach, the Mohawks re-
tired into the woods with their women and children ; and
the French did nothing more, than burn several villages, and
murder some sachems, who cho!i>e to die, rather than to
desert their habitations -.

The natives at Sandwich had made such proficiency in the
knowledge and observance of the gospel, that theeovernorof
Fiymouth colony and several principal m^n took measures
toward forming them into a church state 3.

and had since been called, as also the river, by the name of Sore!, from
;i captain of the regiment of Carignan, wlio had the chargcxof building it.
The second fort, built at the foot of a water fall on the river, was called
Fort St. Lewis i but M. de Chanibly havin,:^ afterward bought the land on
which it was situated, the whole canton, toiiiether with the stone tort,
since built on the ruins of the old fort, bears the name of Cliambly. The
third, built three leagues higher than the second, was called St. Theresa.
Ibid

1 Morton, 188. Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. 26l. This is the same person,
•who came to Salem in l6i8. He continued at Salem until he was re-
<]uestcd to remove to Boston, " for the more convenient administration of
justice," as governor of that jurisdiction. The historian of Salem charac-
terises him as "a sincere Puritan." Ibid.

2 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, 385, SSO. Colden, 83. Smith, N. York,
43. Gookin (author of Hist. Collect, of the Indians), whoconversed witti
some Frenchmen, " that were soldiers in this exploit," says, that |1j«
march of the French was in the dead of the winter, when the rivers, and
lakes were covered wi;h a firm ice, tipon which they travelled the most
direct way ; that they were obliged to dig into the snow on the edges of
rivers and lakes, to make their lodgings in the night ; and to carry their
provisions, arms, and snow shoes, at their back. Coll. Hist. Soc. i. iGl.
M. de 'I'racy, though upwards of 70 years old, chose to command the
«M eciifior. in person. Cljarlevoix.

:-■ Morton, 192.

' ■ ' The

1660.] AMERICAN ANNTALS. 333

The first act, which occurs, of any colonial assembly, for
the naturalization of aliens, was passed this year in Mary-
land .

The assetnhly of Carolina transmitted a petition to the
proprietaries, praying, th.it the people of Albemarle might
liold their possessions on the same terms, as those on which
the Virginians held their's. The proprietaries acceded to
the reqi est ; and commanded the governor to grant the
lands in future on the terms prescribed by themselves ».

The bucaniers of America, about this time, began their
depredations. They consisted of various daring adventurers,
who originally combined for the spoliation of the Spaniarclt*
in the West Indies. Lewis Scot sacked the city of Cam-
peachy ; and, after exacting an excessive ransom, left it
nearly in ruins 3. John D»vis, with eighty meit, surprized
Nicaragua ; plundered the wealthiest houses and churches ;
and carried oif money and jewels, to the value of fifty tliou-
sand pieces of eight. Not long after, he was chosen com-
modore ; and with seven or eight vessels went to FIf)i idci,,
where he landed his men, and ptlaged the city of St. Au<
gustine 4.

Henry Morgan, a Welchman, having gone from Wales ta
Barbadoes, and commenced pirate, was now made vice ad-
miral by Mansvelt, an old pirate at Jamaica. Sailing to-
gether, with fifteen ships and five hundred men, chiefly
Walloons and French, on a spoliating enterprize, they tooli
possession of the island of St. Catherine 5, and left a hun-
dred men for its defence ; but it was soon after recovered by
the Spaniards. Morgan afterward took the castle at Panama,
and obliged the city to pay for its ransom one hundred thou-
sand pieces of eight 6,

Maracaybo, a rich town, the capital of the province of
Venezuela in South America, was pillaged by the French
bucaniers ; who carried off the linages, "ictures, and bells of
the great church, and for the ransom and liberty of the

1 Chalmers, i. 315. The general court of Massachusetts had, as early
a£ \Q62, granted to a few French protestant refuges " liberty to inhabit'*
in their colony. Ibid.

2 Chalmers, i. .'j'20.

3 Hist. Bucaniers, i. 49. Harris, Voy. 8£1. lie was the first pirate,
who attempted to land in the Sp.inish dominions, ibid.

4 Hist. Bucan. i. 4y, r^o. IVdTm, Voy. 821. Davis was born at Jamaica.
The castle of Augustine had a garrison of 200- men i yet Davis did not
lose a single man. Ibid.

3 Near Costa Ilica in 19 deg. 30 min. north lat.

G Iliit. Bucan, i. 79— 81, 98. Haras, Voy. 8. n— 326.

in-

t !«

834 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1O67,

inhabitants exacted twenty thousand pieces of eight, and
five hundred cows * .

1667.

The proprietaries of Carolina were induced, by intelii-
gence they received respecting the Bahama islands, to apply
to the king for > grant of them ; and he gave them a patent
for all those islands, lying between the twenty-second and
twenty>8eventh degrees of r',.th latitude >.

A treaty of peace wa'. concluded at Breda between En-
gland and Holland. By this treaty Ne^"' Netherlands were
confirmed to the English ; and Sunnam was confirmed to the
Dutch 3. A treaty was also concluded, at the same place,
between England and France. By this treaty, France yielded
to England all her part of the island of St. Christopher, to-
gether with the islands of Antigua and Montserrat ; and
England yielded A cad ie to France 4.

A general treaty of commerce was concluded between En-

gland and Spain, comprehending the interests of both king*
oms, in Europe and America 5.

Peace was established between the French in Canada and
the Five Nations, which continued several years ^. The

1 Encvc. 'Metlioclique, Geog. Art. Maracaybo. The piraf« are
there called Fitiustiers. They again pillaged it in U)78. lb. Hist. Bucan.
i. 6 -J.

<i Hewet, i. 48. The proprietaries had fitted out a shin, and sent cap-
tain William Sayle to bring them some account of the Carolinian coast.
Savie was driven by a storm among the Bahama islands, of whirh (parti*
cuiarly the island of Providence) he acquired some knowledge. He after*
ward explored the coast and the mouths of the rivers in Carolina; and re«
turning to England, gav6 intelligence of the Bahamas. Ibid. Anderson,
ii. 490. The island, on which Sayle was driven, was St. Salvador; and
he is the first Englishman, mentioned in history, who landed on it. Co-
lumbus made no settlement on this or any other of the Bahama islands.
Univ. Hist xli. 331.

3 Encyc. Brit. Art. Delaware. Chalmers,!. 578. Brit. Emp. ii. 208,
400. Surinam had recently been taken by the Dutch; and the uti pos-
sidetis was the basis of the treaty. Anderson, ii. 493. The English
planters at Surinam now principally retired to Jamaica. Coll. Flist. Soc.
1. 65. Their number, at the time of this evacuation, amounted to above
1500, beside their families. Univ. Hist. xli. 359.

4 Anderson, ii. 49s2. Acadie was restored generally, without specifi-
cation of litnits, and particularly Pcntagoet, St. John, Port Uoyal, La
Have, and Cape Sable, lying within it. ' Chalmers, i. 393. This article
of the treaty was not concluded until February, 1668. Ibid.

5 Univ. Hist. xli. 358. Amderson, ii. 494.

6 Smith, N. York, 43. They now cultivated a mutual trade.

sieur

/
*■

\067'] AMERICAN ANNALS. 336

sieur Perot, a French missionary, travelled above twelve
hundred miles westward from Quebec, making proselytes of
the Indians to the French interest i.

Governor Nicoll^ of New York retired from his govern-
ment. It is recorded to his honour, that he exercised his
extraordinary powers with moderation and integrity >.

Several persons of distinction in England fitted out captain
Gillam, on a renewed attempt for a north west passage
through Hudson's £ay to China. Gillam passed through
Hudson Straits to Baffin's Bay, as far as seventy- five degrees
north latitude ; and next sailed south to fifty-one degrees
some minutes, where, on the river, which he named after
prince Rupert, he built Charles Fort, and laid the founda-
tion of a fur trade with the natives 3.

Liberty was granted by the legislature of Massachusetts
for erecting a township thirty or forty miles west of Roxbury ;
and it was called Mcndon 4. The like liberty was given to
Brookfield 5; and to Westfield ^. The town of Lyme, in
Connecticut, was incorporated 7.

John Wilson, minister of Boston^ died, at the age of
seventy-nine years *,

1 Ibid. 4t. Colden, Five Nations, 3 ">.

2 Chalmers, i. .578. He was succeeded by governor Lovelace; the
most metnurable act of wiiose administration wai the purchase of Staten
Island from the natives. Ibid. 509.

3 Anderson, ii. 4&-r. Univ. Hist. xli. 87. This was the first fort that
the English ever had in Hudson's Bay. lb. We have no account of au
attempt for this discovery, since the voyaa;esofFox and James, until thi^
year See A. D. 1631, p. 217, 218,of this volume.

4 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. cliap. Ixvii. It was settled by people from
Roxbury. Ibid.

5 Ibid. Liberty had been granted to Rrookfield in 1 600 [See that
year.] ; but the grantees having forfeited the first grant, and six or seven
families being now settled there, it was now renewed; and tlie regulation
of the settlement fell into the power of the general court. Ibid.

6 Ibid. Then a village 7 miles west of Springfield.

7 Trumbull, i. 33-2. About the year l664, settlements commenced
here, on a tract of land originally belonging to Saybrook. Ibid.

8 Morton, 194. He was the first minister of Boston, and was in the
ministry in the first church in that town 37 years ; 3 years, before Mr. Cot-
ton; iO years, \«ith him; 10 years, with Mr. Norton; and 4 years, after
tiim. Ibid. He is represented by his contemyjoraries, as one of the most
humble, pious, and benevolent men of the a^e, in which he lived. See
Hutchinson, i. U5S ; Mather, Magnal. book iii. 41 — 51. His portrait i:^ in
the Historical Socie^.

16C8.

•|i

}

336

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1668.

k V

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1608.

As soon as the royal commissioners had returned to En-
gland, the general court of Massachusetts appointed four
commissioners ** to settle all alTairs for the governmen't of
the people" in the Province of Maine. In execution of their
commission, they entered the province, accompanied by a
troop of horse, and easily rc>established the colonial autno-
rity on the ruins of a feeble proprietary government «.

To promote a reformation of manners, the general court
of Massachusetts sent a printed letter to every minister in
the colony, requesting a particular attention to that pious
design '.

A township of land, eight miles square, was granted by
the legislature of Massachusetts to Daniel Gookin and
others, by the name of Worcester 3,

The first settlements on the £a- 3 river side, near Salem,
were incorporated by the name of Beverly 4.

Haddam, in Connecticut, was incorporated ■<.

The governor and council of New York gave directions
for a better settlement of the government on Delaware "5.
Governor Lovelace of New York gave order for customs at
the Hoarkills 7. , .

1 Chalmers, i. 484. Hutchinson, i. 2(3o— "268. The pro^'incf appears
to have been in a confused state; and ^omc of the principal person^ applied
to the general court of Massachusetts to re-assutne the jurisdiction nvcr
them. ' The commissioners, appointed by the court, were major general
Leveret, Mr. Edwaid Tyng, captain Richard Waldron, and captain Ho-
bcrt Pike. Ibid.

2 Ncal, N. Eng. i. 370. The cflTect appears to have been salutar)'. Tiie
pious zeal of the government, though highly commendable in it^ princi-
ple, was not always exercised acrordinp to knowledge. A licence having
been obtained this year (lf>63) for printing Thomas a Kempis de Imita-
tione Christi, the general court was alarmed; recommended to the !!•
censers a more full revisal ; and ordered the press, in the mean time, to
stop; giving for a reason, " that, being written by a popish minister, it
contained some things less safe to be infiiiied among the people." Hutchiu-
ion, i. 25A. Chalmers, i. dO'i.

e Coll. Hist. Soc i. 115. The Indian war, which commenced soon af-
ter, prevented the settlement of thr town until A. D. 16%.^. Ibid.

4 Coll. Hist. Sof. vi. 23.S. They had achurch built as early as 1617. lb.

5 Trumbull, i. 332. There were 98 original proprietors. 'I'hey began
their settlements on the wtj/ side of the river; and t/itsc were now incor-
porated. The extent ol'thc (own was 6 nnles east and west of the river. lb.

6 Jefferson, Viig. Query XXlll. from Smith, N. Jersey.

7 Ibid.

. Lord

[l668.

rned to Kn-
lo'intcd four
vcrnmen't of
tion of llieir
panicd by a
onial autho-
E5nt «.

eiteral court
J minister in
) that pious

9 granted by
Gookin and

near Salem,

ve directions
I Delaware <■.
)r customs at

rovincf apr^j""'
I person*- applied
urisdiction over
c major gcnerul
and captain Ho-

nsalutarj'. Tlie
le in it^ princi-
irencc having
mpis de Imita-
ndcd to the li«
c mean time, to
jish minister, it
ople." Hutchin-

menced soon af-
iJ5. Ibid,
ally as l6/S7. lb.
rs. They began
were now incor*
t of the river. lb.

ry-

I6OO.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 337

Lord Willoughby, governor of Barbadocs, sent forces to
St. Vincent andDominica, and obliged the natives of those
islands to lubmit to the English government i.

Bridgetown, in Barbadoes, was destroyed by fire >.

Jonathan Mitchel, minister of Cambrid^<3, died, at the
age of forty- three years 3. Henry Flint, nnnister of Brain-
tree 4. Samuel Shepard, minister of Rowley, and John Eliot,
minister of Newtown Village, died this year 5.

1669.

The first assembly was coTTstituted and convened in Albe-
marle county in Carolina <^. One of the laws of this assembly
indicates the state of religion and morals. It was entitled
♦' an act concerning marriage ;" and it declared, that, as
people might wish to marry, and tliere being yet no minis-
ters, in order that none might be hindered from so necessary
a work for the preservation of mankind, any twr persons,
carrying before the governor and council a few of their

1 Univ. Hist. xli. IfiO-

2 Salnion, Chronological History, i. 193.

3 Mather, Magnal. book iv. I r)S—i8r». Morton, 900 — 204. Hutchin-
son, i. 2G0. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 47 — ^)l. Mr. Mitchel possessed a capa-
cious mind, and extraordinary talents ; and is always mentioned by the
New England writers, as one of tlie most learned men and best preache'u
in his day. He was also distinguished for the sweetness of his temper, ft r
\\'x'- meekness, humility, and piety. He was about 18 years in the ministiy
at Cambridge ; and " was laobt intense and faithful" in performing its sa-
cred duties.

4 Mather, Magnal. book iii. \ii. Morton («00.) says, he was a man of
known piety, gravity, and integrity, and of other accomplishments; and
Hubbard, [MS. N. Kng. rhap. Ixix.], that he was an eminent minister.

5 Morton, 200, 204. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixix. The two last
named ministers, though of early standing in the ministry, are represented
as very worthy and useful men. Mr. Eliot (who died at the age of about
85 years) was the son of the celebrated minister of Roxbury ; and he fol-
lowed the example of his father, in endeavouring to Christianize the In*
dians. lb. Gookin [Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 171 ] says, he was a very excellent
preacher in the English tongue; that, beside preaching to his English
church, he, for several years, preached the gospel to th( '?'lians, once a
fortnight constantly at Pakemit, and sometimes at N. C i , and other
places} and that the most judicious Chrifitian Indians (ashe hudoften heard
them say) esteemed him as a most excellent preacher in their language.

6 Chalmers, i. 52.^. A constitution had ueen given to that colony in
1667. The governor was to act altogether by the advice of a council of
twelve} the one half of which he was empowerrd i:o appoint, the other
six were to be chosen by the assembly. 'Hie assembly was composed of
the governor, of the council, and of 12 delegates chosen annually by the
freeholders, lb. 524. .

\^ji.i}^_

Vo^.. r.

neigh"

% > I

338

AMERICAN ANNALS. fieCg,

mutual assent, shall be

..if ?

ulr

neighbours, and declaring their
deemed husband and wife i.

The inhabitants of Boston being now so numerous, th&t
the two houses of worship could not contain them, and
some of t!)e brethren of the first church being aissatisfied
with Mr. Davenport on account of his leaving NiW Kaven
for a settlement there 2; a third church was gathered in May,
of which Mr. Thomas Thatcher was ordained the first pastor j
and an edifice was built on the mdn street, for its use i.

The friendly Indians in New England, having raised an
army of bix or seven hundred men, marched into the country
of the Mohawks, to take revenge for their injuries 4. After
besieging one of their forts several days, their provisions be-
coming spent, with all their ammunition, and some of their
number being taken sick, they abandoned the siege, and
retreated toward home ; but they were pursued and inter-
cepted by the Mohawks ; and, though they fought with
great valour, their commander 5 and about fifty of their
chief men were slain. This was the last and most fatal
battle, fought between the Mohawks and the New England
Indians <5. ,

,' • Sir

1 Chalmers, i. 525. « During almost 20 years we can trace nothing of
clergymen in the history or laws of Carolina." Ibid.

y, On the death of Mr. Wilson, he was invited to the pastoral cars of the
fir-it church in Boston, and accepted the invitation. Hutchinson, i.970.

3 Ncal, N. Eng. i. 084. Hutchinson, i. 960, 270—274. Coll. Hist. Sec.
iii. 258 ; iv. 211. The church was built of cedar. lb,

4 There had been a war between these nations about six years. This
cnterprize of the Indians \vas contrived without the knowledge, and under<
taken contrary to the advice, of their English friends. " Mr. Eliot and
myself, in particular (says Mr. Gookin,) dissuaded them, and gave them
several reasons against it, but they Mould not hear us; but the praying
Indians were so cautioned by our advice, that not above five of them went;
and all of them were killed, but one." Coll. Hist; Soc. i. 166.

5 Josiah, alias Chickatawbut, the principal sachem of Massachusetts.
Gookin sav's, he was a wise and stout man of middle age, but a very vicious
person. He was a descendant of Chickatawbut formerly mentioned [See

{I. 21C.] For - time he seemed attentive to the Christian religion ; " for
le was bred up by his uncle, Kuchamakin, who was the first sachem, and
his people, to whom Mr. Eliot preached." Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 166— 169.
President Adams showed me a deed of Braintree, given by Indian Josiah
to the inhabitants of that town between the years 1660 and I670.

6 Coll. Hist. Soc. i. IGG, 167. It does not appear, what other tribes,
befide the Massachusetts, were concerned in tliis expedition. Gookin
cays, Josiah was •• the chiefest general ; but there were divers other saga-
mores and stout men that assisted." The march of the Indian army was
about 200 miles. The Mohawks laid an ambush for the retreating enemy,
in a defile, with thick swain^ts on each side, and fought to the greatest ad-
vantage.

l669'l AMERICAN ANNALS. 330

Sir Thomas Temple having but partially executed the
king's order for the surrender of Acadie to the French,
agreeably to the treaty of Breda, a definitive order had been
transmitted to him^ to deliver up that territory, according
to the letter of the agreement ; and it was effectually obeyed ^

Charles II. gave to prince Rupert, and several lords,
knights, and merchants, associated with him, a charter,
under the title of " The Governor and Company of Adven-
turers trading from England to Hudson's Bay V*

Richard Mather, minister of Dorchester, died, at the age
of seventy-three years 3,

trace nothing of

vantage. The reason of the loss of such a number of chiefs was, that al-
most all the stovittst leaders and sagamores pursued the Mohawks into the
thickets, ibid.

1 Chalmers, i.393. Brit. Emp. i. 173, 174. Heat firstrefused togive
lip the forts of Ptntagoet, St. John, Port Royal, La Have, and Cape Sable,
alledging that they did not belon<; to Acadie. Ibid.

'2 Univ. Hist. xli. 87. Urit. Emp. i. 4—22, where the charter is entire.
Sec A. D. 1()68. The cliarter ceded totiiem the w hole trade of the wat.^is
within the entrance of Hudson's Straits, and of the adjacent te{;ritories.
The entire sum, which constitutes the original funds of the compan)',
amounts to IOj.'jOO /. sterling. The general opinion is, that the proprietors
of this stock, who are at present not 90 in number, gain about 2000 per
cent No trade in the world is so profitable, as this. Forster, Voy. 378 —
380.

3 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chaji. Ixi.x. Hutchinson, i. 259. He was or-
dained by Dr. Morton, bishop of Cliester, in I6l8; and silenced by Dr.
Neale, archbishop of York, in 1634. Pres. Stiles, Lit. Uiary. He came to
New England in lC3>'>, and arrived on the coast 15 August, when he, with
all the passengers, very narrowly escaped shipwreck by the tremendous
storm, which occurred that day. [See p. 233 of this vohime.] After the
removal of Mr. Warham, with the first church of Dorchester, to Windsor,
a new church was gathered, and Mr. Mather *as installed the pastor. He
was an exemplary man, a good scholar, and a soUd, practical preacher.
He wrote several treatises, which were well received ; and he was gene-
rally consulted in ditficulties relating to church government. He wrote
the Discourse about ciiurch government, and the Answer to the XXXK
questions, in behalf of the ministers of New England, both published in
1639 ; and the Platform of Church Discipline, in 1648, /as chiefly taken
from his model. Attending a council at Boston 16 April, he was seized
with the strangury, and died on the <22nd of that month. Mather, Mag-
nal.book iii. 12«— 130. Coll. Hi»t. Sec. i. 99} ix. 170—172.

i ^?

Z 9

lero

^,i« *-r <*~

340

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1C70.

: 1670.

The proprietaries of Carolina having procured two ships
for the transportation of adventurers to their projected settle-
ment ; William Sayle, appointed the first governor, em-
barked virith a colony of settlers, v^ith provisions, arms, and
utensils for building and cultivation. On his arrival at
Port Royal he began to carry his instructions into execution '.
He issued writs to the freeholders for the election of the
complement of the grand council, and of twenty delegates,
the two bodies composing the parliament, which was in-
vested with legislative power. A> an encouragement to
settle ar Port Royal, one hundred and fifty acres of land
were given to every emigrant, at an easy quit rent j clothes
and provisions were distributed, from tne store of the pro-
prietaries, to those, who could not provide for themseh ;-s ;
and, to secure the good will of the neighbouring tribes, con-
siderable presents were made to the Indian princes *.

A bloody war between the Westoes and the Serannas, two
Indian nations in Carolina, was carried on with such fury,
as to prove fatal to both. This event providentially opened
the way to the introduction and establishment of the English
colony 3,

The treaty of Madrid was made between England and
Spain, for ascertaining the American territories of both
kingdoms. By this treaty it was agreed, that each should
retain what it then possessed : and that the subjects of nei-
ther should enter the fortified places of the other, for pur-

1 Gov. Sayle's commission is dated 96 July, 1669. He was constituted
governor of that part of the coast, lying southwestward of Cape Carteret.
The expence of the equipment -was 12,000/. sterling. Sayle was accom-
panied by Joseph West, who was entrusted with the commercial affairs of
tlie proprietaries. 'I hese noblemen were, for some time, the only mer-
chants for the supply of the wants of the colonists, rather than the ac-
i{uirement of profit. They employed vessels, to carry on a circuitous
traffic, for the purpose of procuring colonists, cattle, and provisions, fk'oni
Virginia, Bermudas, and Barbadoes, and of carrying off the inconsiderable
products of the land. " Before the year 16*9 they had expended 18,000 /.
on a project, which had then only yielded them vexation and poverty."
Chalineip i. 329. Drayton, S.Carol. 101.

2 Chalmers, i. 530. Drayton S. Carol. 101.

3 Mewct, i. 64. The Westoes are said to have been a numerous and
powerful tribe. lb. The Catawba nation mustered, at that time, 1500
fighting men. Drayton, S. Carol. 94. Governor Drayton (ib. 9'2.) " ha-
zards an opinion," tlii'. the number of the natives in Carolina, at the same
time, was " perhaps not lesv than 30 or 40 thousand souls."

poses

[i67o.

d two ships
icted settle-
irernor, em-
arms, and
s arrival at
execution <.
ction of the
y delegates,
ich was in-
ragenient to
cres of land
nt ; clothes
of the pro-
themse)v;.s;
tribes, con-
ies *.

irannas, two
1 such fury,
ially opened
f the English

Bngland and
ries of both
each should
jjects of nei-
her, for pur-
was constituted
f Cape Carteret,
kyle was accom-
nercial affairs of
, the only mer-
er than the ae-
on a circuitous
provisions, ftom
e inconsiderable
)ended 18,000/.
n and poverty."

I numerous and
that time, 1500
n (ib. 9«.) " ha-
ina, at the same

poses

16;0.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 341

poses of trade ^ In consequence of this treaty, the pirates,
or bucaniers, who, for several years, bad greatly annOyed
Spanish America, were cut off froin all future protection
from England ; and all commissions to them were annulled K

The election of governor, magistrates, and civil ofHcers,
in Connecticut, hitherto consummated by the body of the
people, convened on the day of general election at Hartford,
was now allowed by the legislature to be completed by
proxy ; and a law was made, for regulating the freemen's
meetings, and the mode of election 3.

A considerable number of the inhabitants of New Haven
removed to Wallingford, about this time, and began the set-
tlement of that town, which was at first called New Haven
Village 4. Massacoe was made a distinct town by the name
of SymsburyS. Deerfield, in Massachusetts, began to be
built 6.

A mortal disease broke out among the Indians in the north
of Canada, and swept off whole tribes, particularly the tribe
of the Attikamegues, who have never since been heard of,
under that name. Tadoussac, the chief mart of the Indian
fur trade with the French, began to be deserted, as also
Trois Rivieres, where the icnall pox carried off fifteen hun-
dred Indians at once 7,

1 Chalmers,!. 11. It was called the American Treaty. Univ. Hist,
xli. 358. From this time until A. O. 1702, a considerable trade was car-
ried on by the English from Jamair^ with the Spaniards ; by which the
English, for goods, negroes, and flcur, received, by computation, from
<56 to 300,000 /. a year. Polit. Tracts in Harv. Coll. Library.

8 Anderson, ii. .'i04. v

3 Trumbull, i. 333. The original choice of public officers was made
then, as it is still, by the freemen of the colony in their respective towns,
lb. See Connecticut Laws, p. 151.

4 Trumbull, Century Sermon, 92. Dr. Trumbull [Hist. Connect, i.
.W3.] says, it was incorporated that year by the name of Wallingford ; that
it was purchased by governor Katon, Mr. Davenport, and other planters
of New Haven, in 1638; that its settle .nent was projected in 1669; and
that a committee wasanjrainted by the town ot New Haven, with powers
to manage the whole anair of the settlement.

5 Trumbull, i. 332. The settlement of the town was made about this
time. The lands lay on Tunxis river. In l644. the general court of Con-
necticut gave leave to governors Hopkins and Haynes to iiispose of them
to such of the inlwbitants of Windsor, as. thev should jud^^e expedient-:
and in 1647 resolved, that those lands should be purchased bv the country.
A purchase was made of the Indians, and settlements began under the
town 'of Windsor, of which, at first, this plantation was considered an
appendix. Ib.

•6 Williams, Vermont, 810.

7 Charjevui.x, Nouv. France, i. 438. Uniy. Hist. acl. 5.

•■ ^

John

>'l% Wji itr. . ; _rj .. ' . ' .r rrr

342 ' AMERICAN ANNALS. [167I.

John Davenport, minister at Boston S John Allin, minia"
ter of Dedham a, and John Warhapi, minister of Windsor,
died, this year 3.

1671.

Governor Sayle, dissatisfied with the situation at Port
Royal, removed to the northward, and took possession ol a
neck of land, between Ashly and Cooper rivers. Deputies,
authorized tq ass"' thegovernor, soon after arrived, bringing
with them twenty- three articles of instructfon, called Tem-

f>orary Agrariai' Li. ^ s, intended for the equitable division of
andi among t\\< people ; and the plan of a magnitlcent town,
to be laid out on the neck of land between the above named
rivers, and to be called, in honour of the king, Charlestown 4,

Go-

1 IVIather, Magnal. book iii. 51 — h7. TruiDouii, i. 40O — 502. Mr.
Davenport died of an apoplexy, A\.tat. LXXIII. He was tlic first minister
of New Haven, whence lie removed to Boston in I677. He posbr.ssed an
energetic mind, and is characterized as a hard student, an universal scho-
lar, a laborious, prudent, exemplary minister, and a man of eminent
piety. Hubbard [MS. N. Eng. chap. lxi\.J says, that Mr! Davenport was
•'a person beyond exception and coiiipaie forall ministerial abilities; and
tipou that account highly esteemed and accepted iii lioth Knglands." He
was profound in counsel, and intrepid Im action. When the pursuers of
king Charles' judges were cominu; to New Haven, he preached publicly
from this text (Isai. xvi. 3, 4.): Tide counsel, execute judgmeid, make tin/
shadow as the night in the midst of the voon rl>iif, hide the onirosts, httirai/
not him that wandereth. Let mine ouitasts dwelt with thee, Moab, he thou
a covert to them from the face of the Sjioiler. '* It was-Davenport's intre-
pidity, that saved the juflges." Fres, Stiles' Hist. Judges of Charles 1. 32,
69. See p. S14 of this volume. There is a portrait of Mr. Davenport at
Yale College.

2 Mather, Magnal. book iii. 132, 133. Mr. Allen took the pastoral care
of the church of Dedham the same year in which it was gathered (lC;18.)
He was a judicious and able divine, and was distinguished in polemical
divinit)'. He died in the '.XXV th year of his age. lb.

3 Mather, Magnal. book iii. 121. Trunibull, i. .19^- Mr. VVarham was
distinguished for his piety ; but was subject to melancholy. He is sup-
posed to have been the first minister in New England, wJio used notes in
preaching ; •♦ yet he was applauded by his hearers, as one of the most ani'
mated and energetic preachers of his day." He was one of the principal
pillars of the churches of Connecticut. Ibid.

4 Hewet, i. 49 — ^'i- Ramsay, S. Carol, i. 3. The proprietaries in the
rnean time, dissatisfied with every system previously created for their pro-
vince, signed in July a body of Fundamental Constitutions, which had
been compiled by the celebrated John Locke; asi.ii;ning as a reason, " that
we may estahlifh a government agreeable t:> the monarchy, of which Ca-
rolina is a part, that we may avoid making too numerous a iemocracy."
By this edict a palatine was to be chosen from among the proprietaries for

life,

AMERICAN ANNALS.

343

»n> minis""

1071.]

Governor Sayle falling a victim to thn climate >, the com-
mand of Sir John Yeamans, who had hitherto discreetly
ruled the plantation around Cape Fear, was now extended
over that, which lay southwestward of Cape Carteret. The
shores, the streams, and the country, havmg now been ac-
curately surveyed, the planters, from Clarendon on the north,
as well as from Port Royal on the south, resorted to the banks
of Ashley liver, as furnishing the most eligible situation for
settlement » j and here was now laid the foundation of Old
Charles Town 3, The province was now divided into four

coun-

life. w1)o was en.'powered to act as president of the palatine court, com-
posed of the ^v hole : A body of hereditary nobility was created and de-
nominated landgraves and caciques, because they were to be in name
unlike those of England. The provincial legislature, dignified with the
name of parliament, was to be biennial, and to consist of the proprietaries,
or of the dnr»uty of each; of the nobility ; oftherepresensativesofthe free-
holders of every district ; and, like the ancient Scottish parliament, all
were to meet in one apartment, and every member to enjoy an equal vote j
no business however was to be proposed until it had been debated in the
grand council, to be composed of the governor, the nobility, and deputies
of proprietors. The church of England alone was to be allowed a main'
tenance by parliament ; but every congregation might tax its own mem-
bers for the support of its own ministers ; and to every one was allowed
perfect freedom in religion. " Yet," says Chalmers, ♦• the most degrad-
ing slavery was introduced by investing in every freeman the property of
his negro." This government was intended to be the miniature of rhe
old Saxon constitution. These Fundamental Constitutions, consisting of
120 articles, though declared to be the sacred and unalterable rule of
government in Carolina for ever, were instantly discovered to be wholly
inapplicable to the circumstances of an inconsiderable colony, and, in a
variety of cases, to be altogether impracticable, and were therefore im-
mediately changed. Mr. Locke was not long after, in reward of his ser-
vices, created a landgrave ; but, were it not for the writings, by which
his name is immortalized, he, like the other Carolinian nobles, had been
consigned to oblivion. Chalmers, i. 526—529. Univ. Hist. xl. 423.
Biblioth Americ. [09.] mentions Fundamental Constitutions of Caro-
lina, printed at London, in quarto, in I6O9.

1 His death is ascribed to " the damps of the climate."

2 Chalmers, i. r>.SO. " For the convenience of pasture and tillage."

3 Chalmers, i. 530. This town was built «« on the first high land;*
and it was for some years the capital of the southern settlements, lb.
[See A. D. 168O.] *• Its site is now known [I8(W] as part of a plantation,
called 0/</ Town, belonging to Mr. Ellas Lynch Horry. Several grants of
land in its vicinity " bound on Old Charlestown, or Old Town Creek." No
traces of a town however are now to be seen there, excepting a small hol-
low, running directly across the point of land on which the town stood, said
by tradition to be a wide ditch, maou for the purpose of defence against
the Indians. Little of it can now be seen ; but it can be traced quite across
the point of land where Old Charlestown stood. Drayton, S, Carol. 200. In
finswer to some inquires confer ning the history and antiquities ot'Carolina ,

*-T«ieSp=!nPff»5r«-.

•»M»3W^*»'*'*'.*w*1

'>W IS

4; 1

%rli

KM-

344 AMERICAN ANNALS. [I67I.

couiuies, called Berkeley, Colleton, Craven, and Carteret
counties ; and the people, who had hitherto lived under a
kind of military government, began to form a legislature for
establishing civil regulations i.

The first act in Virginia for the naturalization of aliens
was passed this year. All the freemen iff" that colony, sup-
posed to be nearly eight-thousand, were bound to train every
month 2. There were hve forts in the colony 3 ; but not more
than thirty serviceable great guns. The Ind')<iii neighbojirs
were absolutely subjected. The colony tovita'.\*id abaut
forty -thousand persons, men, women, and children ; of whom
two-thousand were black slaves, ^nd si v-thonsandl, Chri&tian
servants 4.

The assembly of Maryland p issed act ;. for ' ^encouraging

Dr. Ramsay wrote (o me : •' We have no early records of cir first settlers.
The records in our public olEces about ti.e yvvs 16W, or even 1700, an,.
scarcely legible. A durable ink, toataml a ciii.iatr, ,>a desideratum."

1 Hewei, 1.60. Ten men.! ers were elected IS rei)resentative'> for Col-
leton coiuity, and ten, for Berkeley. A commits c, appo nted t. j-ame
sofiit; public reguiations, proposed these three , tht. first, to prevent per-
»on.' from leaving the colony ; t'nc second, to prohibit ail men from dis-

Eosin'; ii arais andamn. iiiition to Indians; and the third, for the regular
uilding ot'Cbarlestown. Ibid

2 " Ho: -f! ve have none ; because they would be too chargeable to the
poor people." Gov. Berkeley.

.1 "Bu"' says Berkeley, " we have neither skill nor ability to make or
Jinaiutuin them; for there is not, nor, as far as my euquires can reach,
ever was one engineer in the country."

4 Chalmers, i. 315, 325, 337' It was judged, there arrived annually at
Virginia about 1500 servants, of which most were English, few Scotch,
and fewer Irish ; and above two or three ships of negroes in seven years.
Nearly 80 ships came out of England and Ireland every \ear for tobacco;
a l\nv New England ketches; "but of our own," says Berkeley, "we
never yet had more than two at a time, and those not more than 20 tons
burden." This account of Virginia in the sixt^-fourth year of its existence,
is taken from Answers of the famous Sir William Berkeley to Inquiries of
the lords of the committee of colonies. See those Answers entire in Chal-
mers, i. 325 — 3a8. The 23d answer, which concludes the whole, is
characteristic of the man, as well as descriptive of the colony : " The same
course is taken he.'e, for instructing the people, as there is in England :
Out of towns every man instructs his own children, according to bis ability.
We have 48 parishes, and our ministers are well paid, and by my consent
shnuld be better, if they would pray oftener, and preach less : But, as
of all other commodities, so of this, the worst are sent us, and we have
few that we can boast of, since the persecution in Cromwell's tyranny
drove divers worthy men hither. Yet, I thank God, there are no free-
schools, nor printing ; and I hope we shall not have, these hundred yeare.
For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects, into the
world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the best govern-
ment : God keep up from both !"

■ , v-^'

— -»~'i w r^(^—~

- *.;-'~,>ii.>^,.,h*»»-.<r«,»~*

1671.] . AMERICAN ANNALS. 846

the importation of negroes and slaves ;" for making void and
punishmg fraudulent practices, tending to defraud real pur-
chasers and creditors, fur quieting possessions ; for the ad*
vancemenC of foreign coins ; and for the encouragement of
the sowing and making of hemp and flax >.

Philip, chief sachem of Pokanoket, pretending some tri«
fling injuries done to him in his planti'in; land, was ready to
break out into an open war with the inhabitants of Plymouth ;
but, on a formal inquiry into the controversy, he acknow-
ledged, that his meditated hostilities were without provoca-
tion, and, together with his council, subscribed an instru-
ment of submission '■

Articles of agreement were made between the court of
Plymouth colony and Awasuncks^ the squaw sachem of Sa-
connet 3.

The Indians of Dartmouth and its vicinity, to the number
of between forty and fifty, entered into an engagement of
fidelity to the Enjglish 4.

The number otmen from sixteen to sixty years of age, in
Connecticut, was two thousand and fifty 5, The town of
Derby, in that colony, was settled ^. . . ,

A grand

1 Chalmers, i. S6a.

fi Hubbard, Ind. Wan, 51, 52. Hutchinson, i. S79. T. Mather*
74. Philip appears to have been on very guod terms with the Eni^h'sh,
the next yea., and to have maintained a princely credit among them.
I have before me a copy of a letter, which he then sent, by an Indian,
" To the honoured capt. Hopestill Foster at Dorchester," in which,
after lemindiog himof aprnmiie, that he had made him of 6/. in goods,
he adds : " My request is, that yon will send a yards of white or light
coloured serge to make me a coat, and a goud Holland Shirt ready made*
and a pair of good Indian Breeches all which I have present need of:
therefore I pray. Sir, fail not to send them by my Indian, and with them
the several prices of them, and sill< and buttons, and 7 yards of Gallown
fortriniming." The letter is dated " M(.nnt Hope, the iSth of May, 1672 !"
and closed with " the subscription of k'ing Philip. His majesty: p. P."
For this letter, and some other rare historical moi-sels, 1 am indebted to my
literary and worthy friend, tlie reverend Thaddeus M. Harris, who
obligingly sent me his " Memorancla relating to the Geography, History*
^nd Antiquities uf America." Hv obtained the tetter from a copyoTi file m
the town of Dorchester, attested by Noah Clap, town clerk.

3 Coll. Hist. Soc. v. 193. Her people had given umbrage.

4 Ibid. 194. They signed a written agreement Dartmouth is in Ply*
mouth colony.

.'} ChaltnciTi, i. QOQ.

6 Trumbull, i. 336, 8S7. The Indian name of the place was Paugasset.
Attempts had been made to settle it, during 18 or 20 years. Govern.^r
Goodyear and several other gentlomen in New Haven porchased a consi-
derable tract there, in l6'>3; and "some few settlements'.' were made
th'ne ;^oon after, in l6j7 and l6j9a purchase was made of the lands of

the

[ i mil

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r3;::;;:-:^yaaCgfg Lii .. ' >;"*! ' . m —w i > mrCTM

.^ t~,.''

Br,.

340 * AMERICAN ANNALS. [1672,

A grand congress of the French and of many of the Ca-
nadian Indians was hold^n at St, Mary's Fall j and the In-
dians professed submission to the king of France i.

1672.

'\ The comm --cc of the American colonies had already been
regulated and i .strained, by the parliament oJ England. The
parliament, now '.sidering the colonies as proper objects of
taxation, enacted : ^ hat if any vessel, which byiawmay trade
in the plantations, shall take on board any enumerated com-
modities, and a bond, with sufficient security, shall not have
been given to unlade them in England^ there shall be ren-
dered to his majesty, for sugars, tobacco, ginger, cocoa nut,
indigo, logwood, fustic, cotton, wool, the several duties
mentioned in the law, to be paid in such places in the plan-
tations, and to such officers, as shall be appointed to collect
them. For the better collection of those taxes, it was enact-
ed : that the whole business shall be managed, and the im-
post shall be levied, by pfficers, who shall do appointed by
commissioners of the customs in England under the autho-
rity of the lords of the treasury. The duties of tonnage and
poundage had been imposed, and extended to every dominion
of the crown, at the Restoration ; but this was the first act,
which iniposed customs on the colonies alone, to be regularly
collected by colonial revenue officers*.

The Spanish garrison at Augustine receiving intelligence of
a civil dissension in Carolina, a party advanced from thvt
fortress, under arms, as far as the island of St. Helena, to
dislodge or destroy the settlers ; but fifty volunteers, under
the command of colonel Godfrey, marching against them^
they evacuated the island, and retreated to Augustine 3.

The union between the three colonies of Massachusetts,
Plymouth, and Connecticut, was renewed at Plymouth, by
commissioners duly authorized, who subsipribeu new articles
of confederation 4,

the chief sagamores, Wcstanamow ami ilasikenute. The planters applied
for town privilec^es in I671 ; but their number was so small, that they
vere not allowed to be incorporated until 1675. Ibid.

1 Charlevoix, i. 48S, 481). Univ. Hist. xl. 8, 9-

2 Chalmers, i. 317, 318. The commissioners of the customs did accord-
ifiijly ai>point collectors for Virginia, who were well received " in that
loval dominion." Ibid. 320.

S Hewet, b 63.

4 Hazard, Coll. ii. 621 — 520, where the Articles are inserted entire.

The

'^^iim

1072.] AMERICAN ANNALS. • ' 347

An insurrection was made in New Jersey, to evade the
payment of ault rents. The insurgents expelled C4rteret,
and appointed another governor '.

The first code of Connecticut laws was printed ; and the
assembly enacted, that every family should have a law book K

A mission was attempted, about this time^ from Massa-
chusetts to the Massawomeks. Six or 9even Indians one of
whom was '» teacher, accompanied by other persons, who
could speak both the English and Indian languages, were
employed in this pious design ; but, atter proceeding to
Connecticut river, they returned home, discouraged 3.

The general court of Massachusetts passed a new act, of
confirmmg the charter of Harvard College, and for encou-
ra^g donations to that seminary 4.

Trom the gathering of the first church in Massachufl^ts
at Salem, in 1629, to this time, forty churc'ies were ga-
thered, and one hundred and twenty towns built, in New
Knglands. •

The names of the commissioners, who subscribed them, were John Win-
thorpe, Jamos Ric'hiirds, Thomas Prince, Josias VVinslow, Thomas Dan-
Ibrth, and William Hawthorn, The proportion of men for any general
service was settled, for 15 years to come, as follows: Massachusetts, 100 j
Plymouth, 30; Connecticut, 60. Ibid. Hutchinson, i. Q83. A particular
reason for the renewal of the confedaration, with some alterations, was,
that New Haven and Connecticut had now become one colony.

1 Chalmers, i. 6l6.

2 Trumbull, i. 2Q6, 338. It was printed at Cambridge; and consisted
of between 70 and 80 pages, in small folio. Tlie colony had previously
kept its laws in manuscript, and had^ promulgated them by sending copies
to be publicly read in the respective towns, 'l^hc compiler of this code
was Roijer Ludlow, esquire. Ibid.

3 Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 157, 153. This mission took its rise from Indian in-
telligence of such a people, "great and numerous," 3 or 400 miles south-
westerly from Boston, who spake, or at least understood, the lunguage of
the New Ens^land Indians. The missionaries were provided with Indian
bibles, primcis, catccliisms,and other books, translated into the Indian lan-
guage; and with necessaries, to the e.xpenco of 30 or 40/. Gookin, ib.

4 Neal, N. Eng. i. .391. The first college edifice being small and de-
cayed, a collection was made this year for erecting a new building. It
amounted to IH95/. '2$. Qil. In Boston were collected 800/. of which 100/.
was given by Sir Thouias Temple, "as true a gentleman," says C. Mather,
fas ever sat foot on the American strand." Hutchinson, i. 284. The
town of Portsmouth, " which was now become the richest" in New Hamp-
shire, made a suljscription of 60/. per annum for seven years. Dover gave
3'2/. ; and Exeter, 10/. Belknap, N. Hamp. i. 117. i'hese donations in
N. Hampshire were made earlier (1C69), but for the same purpose. Ibid,
ijee A. D. I677.

5 Jobselyn, N. Eng. Rar. 105.

■If

•I'l

■■ <■

War

_..t^.

348 AMEl^ICAN ANNALS. [l672.

War having been recently declared in England against
the Dutch, it was proclaimed at Boston in May i.

Manisses [Block Island]] was made a township by the name
ol New Shoreham ».

The town of New Castle, on the Delaware, was incorpo-
rated by the government of New York. It was to bi sub-
ject to the direction of a bailiff, who was constituted presi-
dent of the corporation, and six assistants 3.

The Scahcook Indians, about this time, left their country,
lying eastward of Massachusetts, and settled above Aih jny,
on the branch of Hudson's river, that runs towani Canrt',ci4.

M. de Courcelles, governor of Canada, built a fort on the
north side of the east entrance of Lake Ontario 5.

Richard Beliinghani, governor of Massichusetts, died,
aged upward of eighty years 6. Charles Ch.iuncy, president
of Harvard College, died, in the eighty-second year of his
tge?.

1673.

iii

1 Kiitcliinson, i. 2fi3. Tliis wat the first instance of a public declara-
tion of war in lliat colony. In the preceding Dutch wars witli l')nu;land,
until forces came to u-diice Manhattan, correspondence and commerce
continued between the English and Dutch colonies. Ibid.

Q Callender, 39. After conjecturins; the orifjin of the name of Block
Island (.'•'ce p. 2.S8.), I discoveied it, in Laet (71.); " Extiina insbiaruin
est quan) Na\arclnis Adriatiu^ Block- de suo nomine appellavit."

.*} Siiiiih, N. .Fcrsey, 72. Encyc. Biit. v. 718. The inhabitants were
row entitled to a fiee trade, without being obliged, as formerly, to make
entry at New York. Ibid.

4 Coldcn, Five Nat. Qb.

ft Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 4t.S. Minot, Mass. I. 181. Courccllei
projected this fort as a barrier aa;ainst the Iroquois; but he persuaded those
Indians, after caressins; thcin, and making tliein presentti, that he in-
tended it merely as a place of trade, for their nui'ual acconmindatinn. " lis
nes'a pergurent pas d abord que, sous pretexto de chercher leur utilile, le
pouverneur ii'avoit en vfie, (\uc de Ics tcnir en bride, et de s' assflrer un
entrejiot pour ses rivres tt scs munitions," &c. Charlevoix, ibid.

Neal, N. Eng. ."^OO. He had lived to be the only surviving patentee*
named in the charter, llutc! nson, i. 2Cf>. Hubbard, [MS. N. Eng.
chap. Ixx.] says, " he was a notal>ie hater of bribes j" and a man " of larger
comprehension, than exprcsyion."

7 Hubbard, MS.N. Eng, chap. Ixix. Hutchinson, [i. 2.';<).] has placed
president Chauncy's death in i67t» not adverting to the old metnnd of
computation. I.Mather, in his Discourse on comets, remtirks, "there
was a total eclipse of the sun in N. England August 12, A. D. 1672, the
day before the commencement, and that year the Collcdge was eclipsed
by tli€ death of the learned President there, worthy M. Chauncy." The
late president VVillard corrected the date, in the catalogues of Harvard
College. President Chauncy was an indefatigable student, and a very
learned and pious man. He was eminently skilled in all the learned lan-
gua|j;es, especially in the oriental. Before he came to America, he was

chosea

1073.]

AMERICAN ANNAL3.
1673.

349

A lecond Dutch war hrt ig recently commenced, a
small squadron was sent from Holland, under the conduct of
Binkes and Evertzen, to destroy the commerce of the EnglihU
colonies in America. Tliis sersrice they effectually per-
formed on the Virginian coast ; and, procuring intelligence
of the defenceless slate of Ne\v York, they seized the op-
portunity to regain what had been formerly lost. On their
arrival at Staten Island, the commander ot the fort at New
York sent a messenger, and made his peace with the enemy.
On that very day the Dutch ships moored unricr the fort,
lanv^ed their men, and entered the garrison, without giving
or receiving a single shot. The city instantly toUowed the
example ot the fort; and, soon after, all New Netherlands
consented to the same humiliating submission i.

Lord Culpeper, having in 16G9 purchased the shares of his
associates in the Virginian grant, now obtaiiied from king
Charles a lease, for thirty-one years, of the quit rents, es-
cheats, and other casualties of the whole >.

New England is supposed to have contained, at this time,
about one hundred and twenty thousand souls, of whom
about sixteen thousand were able to bear arms. The town
of Boston contained fifteen hundred families 3. The militia

chosen Hebrew Professor in the University of Cambridge in England,
where,he was educated i but, instead of that ofHce, he wa» nuide Greek
Professor. While minister of Ware, he made submission to the High
Commission Court (Feb. 1 1, l63a.) ; but he soon repented of that submis-
sion, and, before he came to N. England, made a solemn *' lletractation,"
which was afterward printed in London. Mather, Magnal. book iii. 133—
141.

1 Smith, N. York, 29. Chalmers, i. 579* All the magistrates and
vonstables from East Jersey, Long island, Esopus, and Albany wcie im-
mediately summoned to New York; and the greater part of them swore
allegiance to the States General, and the Prince of Orange. This con<
quest extended to the whole province of New Jersey. Smith, ibid.

8 Chalmers, i. 330. See A. D. 1619.

S Chalmers, i. 43, 433. "Observations made by the curious in New En-
eland, about the year 1673," given toUandolph for his direction, contain,
m addition to what is inserted in the text, the followiuih 'tatements-:
«« There be 5 iron works which cast no guns. There arc i!> merchants
worth about 50,00U /. or about 600/. one with another. 500 person?,
worth 3000/. each. No house in N. England has above iO loonis. Not
SO in Boston hath 10 rooms each. The worst cottages in N. England are
lofted. No beggars. Not three persons put to death for theft annually.
There are no musicians by trade. A dancing school was set up; but put
down. A fencing scliool is alluwed. All co'tdagc, sail cloth, and nets,

* . come

' i

■m

!■

l: « ^

I' J

1^'

350 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1674.

of Connecticut amounted to two thousand and seventy
men ».

A number of religious people from Northampton, Hadley,
Hatfield, and that vicinity, plautt^d the township ,•. Nouii-
ticld, on Coiuiecticut river ».

Count Frontcnac completed the fort at Ontario, begud
the preceding year by Ci)urcelles, and called it after his
own name :•,. 'I'ho irench also built a fort this year at
Michilimackinac 4.

Father Marquette, and Jolict a citl/en of Quebec, em«
ployed by M. Talon for the discovery of the Missisippi, en-
tered that noble river on the seventeenth of June ; ana, after
deseendinff it, until they came within three days journey
of the gult of Mexico, they returned toward Canada 5.

Thomas Prince, governor of Plymouth colony, died, at
the age of seventy-three years 6.

1674.

All the freemen of Carolina, meeting by Rumtiions at
Charlestown, elected representatives, to make laws for the
government of the colony. There were now a colonial go-
vernor, an upper and a lower house of assembly ; and these
three branches took the name of parliament, agreeably to

come from EngUnnd. No clotlj made there woith 4s. a yard. No linen
above 2s. 6d. No allum, nor copperas, nor salt, made by their sun."
Chalmers, ibid.

1 'rrundnill, i. 5J10. One quarter were mounted as dragoons.

2 Coll. Hist. Soc. ii. 30. The Indian name of the place was Squaw-
keague. The English town was laid out on both sides of the river, G
miles in breadth, and 1'3 in length. The planters built small huts, and
covered them with thutch : made a place for pulilic worship; and built a
stockade and fort. The township was granted '• to ^le^>srs. I'inchion, Pier-
sons, and their associates, in ltt7a." Ibid.

3 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 444. Smitii, N. York, 44. Chalmers, i.

687.

4 Minot, Mass. i. 181.

5 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, 1. 4.34 — 457. Univ. Hist. xl. 12. The
French received information of this river from the natives. Charlevoix*
(ib.) says, Marquette and Joliet went toward the 33d deg. of latitude,
"jusquesaux^'l^flHAfls." Encyc. Methodique[Geog. ^4;7. Mitsisippi.] says,
they descended from 43 deg. '20 min. to 33 deg. 49 niin. Ferdinand de
Soto had discovered the country on the Missisippi, 130 years before ; but,
Ay\nf, toward the close of the expedition, the Spaniards did not see
fit to settle it. Encyc. Methodique, Gcog. Art. Louisiane. See A. D.

G Morton [Supplement,] 206. lie was an upright and very useful
niagistrate \ a |)io(is and exemplary man. He was a distinguished patron
of learning, and procured revenues for the support of grammar school*
ia Plymouth colony. Mather, Maj^ual. book ii. G.

the

1674.] AMERICAN ANNALS* 851

the constitutions. This was tho first parliament, that passer!
acts, which were ratified by tho propriutaries, and preserved
in the records of the colony •. The proprietaries transmitted
to Carolina vines and other useful plants, and men skilled in
the management of them '.

Atreaty oFpeace between England and the States General
of Holland was siijncd at Westminster. The sixth article
of this treaty restored New Netherlands to the English 3,
and the English territories in Guiana to the Dutch 4. On
this pacification, the duke of York, to remove all doubt
and controversy respecting his property in America, took
out a new patent from the king ; and commissioned major
Edmund Andros to be governor of New York and all his
territories in these parts. The Dutch^ in October, rc.jgned
their authority to Andros, who imnlediately received the
submission of the inhabitants, as far westward as Dela-
ware 5.

Daniel Gookin, of Cambridge, completed liis Historical
Collections of the Indians, in New England ; which fur-
nish an authentic account of their numbers, customs,
manners, leligion, government, and condition c.

Quebec

1 Ilcwet, i. 74, 75. Sir John Ycamans, reiliiccd to a fethlc and sickly
condition by the warm climate and his indefati;j;ahle labours for the si\c-
ce»» of the «ettleinctit, returned to iinrbadocs. where he died. lb. Jo-
seph West, who is ju:.tly celcbrutcd for his courage, wisdom, and mode-
ration, succeeded him in the i';ovcrninent. ibid. Chalmers, i. .oio.

'J Cbaimcrs, i. r>S\,

3 Smith, M. York, 31. L'niv. Hist, xxxix. 340.

4 IJancroft (iuiana, lo. Kncyc. Mctlin(li(|iip, Geo;:. Arf SuniNVM.
Bancroft says, " in c.\changc;" but if wa.s on llio iirin<i|>Ie of uti possidc'
tii : for the treaty provided, '* that whafvoovrr may have been taiven dii-
iwvj, the war, sball be restored to the former possessor. Chalmers, i.
579.

5 Smith, N. York, Si. Smith, N. Jersey, 1 10. Chalmers, i. 579.
Trumbull, i. S41. Univ. Hist. x.\xi\-. 3Ch'. Brit. Pimp, ii. '.210, .lua,
401.

G Coll. Hist. Sac. i. 142. This work was dedicated to king Charles II.
and seems to have been prepared for poblirnlion ; but it was not pub-
lished until the year 17}^» when it was jjrinted in tlie Colletlions of the
Massachusetts I'listorical Society [i. 141— "iy?.^ From this respectable
authority we learn the numbers of the priiuipal Indian nations in N.
England, in ltJ74. Thwe were then within the jurisdiction of Massa.-
chusetts :

Men.

1. The Peipiods (formerly 4000 warriors) then containing 300

, «. The Narragansets (formerly /iOOO do.) - - about 1000

8- The Pawkunnawkuts (formerly aboutSOOO) nearlv extinct

4. The Massachusetts (formerly .SOOO) - - ' - 30O

■ 5. The Pawluckets (formerly about .SOOO) - - - y.io

There were, at that time, 7 old towns of Praying Indians:

1- Natick

L'£

[i i

1 'y''>n

■ ^^^B

"Jmm

hi-'a

WJMr:

IfB^'iJ

B^'

352 AMERICAN ANNALS.

Quebec was made a bishopric <.

John Oxenbridge, minister of fiostoHj died *,

[1075.

1675.

Andros, governor of New York, made efforts to acquire
the country, lying westward of Connecticut river ; but he
was effectually frustrated by the spirited conduct of the co-
lony of Connecticut 3,

The

3.
4.
6.

Natick

Pakemit, or Punkepaog, (Stou^hton)
Hassanamesit (GraCcoii)
Okonnnakainesit (MaiiLorougb) -
Waniesit (Tewksbury)
Nasholiah (Liitletoti)

7. Magunkaquug (llopkinton)

Families. Souls.

9Q 14.>
12 about (50

19 Co

10 60

15 75

10 50

11 55

99 , 495
There were also seven other towns of Pravin^ Indians, within the juri.-^dic
tion of Massachusetts, which were called the New Praying towns in the
Nipmuck country.

Manchage [Oxford] coi^tained
Chabanakongkiini (Dudley)
Maanexit [Si. E. part of Woodstoek] -
Quantist>et [S. .K part of Woodstock]
Wabquissit [S. W. corner of Woodstock]
Pakachoog [part of Worcester]
Wacuntiig [Oxbridge] supposed

Souls

4.5
100
100
150
100

605

In all 14 towns and about 1 100 souls, " yielding obedience to the gospel."
In Plymouth colony, tliere were 497 praying Indians of whom 142 read
Indian, 72 wrote, 9 read English. There were supposed to be upward of
100 more young Indian children, who had commenced learning,
not included in this estimate. Martha's Vineyard contained at least 300
families, and they were generally praying Indians ; and the island of Nan-
tucket, about 300 families many of whom also were praying Indians.

1 Charlevoix, Nouv. France,!. Henault, ii. 174.

2 Mather, Magual. book iii. 221. Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 300; vi. 5
(Introd.) He was educated at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge
in England. In the persecution of Nonconformists, A. D. IfiO?, he went
to Surinam j thence he went ♦•> Barbadoes ; thence, in I669, to New
England, where he succeeded ^?.•. Davenport, as pastor of the first church
in Boston. Magnal. ibid, lie was one of" the most popular ministers"
in N. England. Chalmers, i. 435.

3 Chalmers, i. 581. That country had been conferred on the duke of
York, though it had been possessed by the Connecticut colonists from the
year 1637, and confirmed to them by a royal charter in I662. lb. Oq
the intelligence, that Aiidros was about to invade the colony, and to de-
inandasurrendcr of its most important posts to the government of the

duke'

..€ '. -

h '/

16;6;] AMERICAN ANNALS. ' 353

The public revenue, arising from the customs on the pro-
ductions of Virginia, amounted to one hundred thousand
pounds a year. That colony now contained fifty thousand
inhabitants >.

The first English ship, that arrived at West Jersey, ar-
rived this year ».

The militia in the Province of Maine now amounted to
seven hundred 3.

Two insurrections, raised in Virginia, this year, with-
out grounds, and without concert, v/ere easily suppressed 4.

The memorable war between Philip, king of the Wampa-*
noags, and the New England colonists, now commenced.
Sausaman, a friendly Indian, having given notice to
the English of a plot, that he had discovered among
Philip's Indians against the English, was soon after mur-
dered. Thrc ;^ Indians, one of whom was a counsellor and
particular friend of Philip, was convicted of the murder, at
Plynfouth court and executed 5. Philip, apprehensive ot
personal danger, used no farther means to exculpate him-
self either from the harge of conspiracy, or of having con-
cern is the death - Sausaman ; but had recourse to arms.
Finding his strengtn daily increasing, by the accession of
neighbouring Indians, he prepared for war. The Indians,

duke of York, detachments cfti^c militia of Connecticut were sent to
New London and Saybrook. Andros arrived at Savbrook in July with
an armed force, and demanded a surrender of the u^rtressand town; but
captain Bull, uf Hartford, arriving at this juncture with a party of mili-
tia, raised the king's colours, and made an instant show of readiness for
resistance, whirh stopped their hostile procedure. The ass'^'nbly of the
colony, then in session, immediately drew up a protest, anu sent it, by
an express, to Saybrook, with instruction»'to captain Bull, to propose to
major Andros a reference ^of the affair in dispute to commissioners.
Andros, with his suit, was permitted to land. 'I'he proposal of re*
ference to commissioners was rejected. Andros commanded, in his ma-
jesty's name, that the duke's patent, and his own commission, should be
read. Bull, in his majesty's name, commanded him to forbear reading.
When his clerk attempted to persist in reading. Bull repeated his pro-*
hibition with energy, and with effect. He then read the assembly's pro-
test Andros despairing of success, abandoned his design, and returned
to "New York. Trumbull, i. 346.

1 Chalmers, i. 330,

2 Smith, N. Jersey, 70. No other arrived for nearly two years*
' 8 Chaliiiers, i. 507' The town of Kitterv contained

York - - - - 80 B'lacfc Point
Wells and Cape Porpus - 80 Casco Bay
Saco and Winter Harbour 100 Sagadahpck
4 Chalmers, i. Slif. " By the prudent vigour of the governor.''
h This c«urt Was in June. Philip and several of his Indians had been
previously examined ; and, though they would own nothing, yet they
" conld not free themselves from just suspicion." Hubbardt

18S

100

»'

Vol. I.

I just SUS[;

A a

having

-'>-*«-f-

kit' ''i

IfU,

■i;

!(■ '■• '«

354 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1075.

having sent their wives and children to the Narragansets
for security, be^an to alarm the English at Svvanzey. After
offering tnem insolent menaces, they proceeded to kill
their cattle, and rifle thtnr houses. Provoked by these
abuses, an Englishman d'scharged his gun at an Indian,
and gave him a mortal wound. The Indians instantly fell
on the English, and killed all in their power. Eight or
nine were slain in Swanzey and its vicinity, on the twenty-
fourth of June; and on tiiat day the alarm of war was given
in Plymouth colony. A company of foot, under captain
Daniel Henchman, another company of horse, under cap*
''* tain Thomas Prentice, with one hundred and ten volunteers,
marching from Boston, joined the Plymouth forces at Swan-
zey, on the twenty: eighth. Twelve men of the cavalry, to.
ward the evening of the same day, passing over a bridge,
that led into Philip's lands, for the purpose of discovery,
were 6red on by the Indians from the bushes ; one was
killed, and anotHer, whose horse was ehot down under him,
was wounded . The next morning, the shout of war was
heard at half a mile's distance; and nine or ten Indians
showed themselves on the English side of the bridge.
Their challenge was instantly accepted. All the horses
with the entire body of volunteers under captain Mosely,
chased them precipitately over the bridge, and pursued them
a mile and a quarter beyond it. When the advanced sol-
diers were just retreating to the main guard, they dis-
charged their guns on the Indians, who were running into
a swamp, anu killed five or six of them. This resolute
charge of the English made great impression on the enemy ;
and Philip, with all his forces, left Mount Hope that very
night, abandoning the country to the English <.

Captain Hutchinson arriving as commissioner from Mas-
sachusetts government, with orders to treat with the Nar-
ragansets ; It was reisolved, the next morning, to march all
the forces to make the treaty, sword in hand. A treaty
was accordingly concluded on the fifteenth of July *.

During

1 Hubbard, MS. N. chap. I. Ind. Wari, 78—87. Ilutchinsoti, i.
286,287. Church, 11— 13. Calleuder, 73.

1 Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 65— 0"; Hutchinson, i. 289— 291 ; where the
Articles are inserted. The date is " I'elaquain'-cot, July 15, lG73." The
c6inmi3si(5ners for Massachusetts were major Thomas Savage, captain Ed-
ward Hutchinson, and Mr. Joseph Dudley } those for Connecticut (who
had been sent seasonably forward) were major Wait Winthrop, and Mr.
Richard Smith. There were four Indians, who siubscribed the treaty, as
counsellors aud attornies to Canonicus, Ninigret, Mattatog, old queen
Quaiapen, Quananshit, and Pomhain, *' the six present sachems of the

w^Ie

i^'i'

[1675.

ragansets
y. After
d to kill
by these
n Indian,
antly fell
Eight or
e twenty-
was given
sr captain
inder cap-
rolunteers,
ts at Swan-
avalry, to-
a bridge,
discovery,
; one was
ander him,
f war was
en Indians
he bridge,
the horses
in Mosely,
rsued them
/anced sol-
, they dis-
nning into
ms resolute
;he enemy ;
! that very

from Mas*
;h the Nar-

march all
A treaty

uly ».

During

lutchinson, i.

)\ ; where the
. 1675." Tlie
,e, captain Ed-
inccticut (wh»
jrop, and Mr.

1 the treaty, as
:og» old queea
ichcnu of the

whole

1(5;5.] AMERICAN ANNAIJS. 355

„ During this nego elation for peace, cai)tain FuUer.and lieu-
tenant Church 1 were dispatched with fifty men to Pocasset »,
to concluded peace with the Indians, if pacific and friendly,
or to fight them if hostile. They found the enemy on Po*'
casset Neck ; but, such were their numbers^ that, after
some skirmishing, in which the English expended their am-
munition, they were taken off by water to Rhode Island.
Church, hastening to the Massachusetts forces, borrowed
three files of men of captain Henchman, with his lieutenant,
and returned to Pocasset, where he had another skirmish with
the enemy, in which fourteen or fifteen Indians were slain.
This loss struck such a terror into Philip, that he betook
himself to the swamps about Pocasset, where he lay secreted
until the arrival of the other English forces from Narragan-
set. These forces arrived on the eighteenth of July, and
resolutely charged the enemy in their recesses ; but the In-
dians, taking advantage of the thick under wood, and firing at
them, who first entered, killed five on the spot, and
wounded four ; and, deserting their wi evvams, retired deeper
into the swamp 3. The English followed them in vain,
until night approached, when the commander ordered a re-
treat. Most of the Massachusetts companies were noiv
drawn off, and captain Henchman only, with a hundred
foot, together witn the Plymouth forces, was 'eft to watch
the motions of the enemy. It being impossible for the En-
glish to fight in the swamp, but to the greatest disadvantage,
they resolved to starve out the enemy ; but Philip, aware
of trie design, contrived means to escape, with the greatest
part of his company 4. Fleeing into the country of the

whole Narraganset country." Ibid. The Narragansets' were still very
powerful*. This trii)e had promised Philip to rise, in the spring of IG7G,
with 1000 men; but this number, it is supposed, was meant to contain
all the Indians within the bounds of Rhode Island, who, beitig under the
authority of the ^reat Narraganset sachem, were of > , oalled by this ge-
neral name. Callender, 7H. Hubbard, Ind. Wars, lid Hutchinson,
i. 4.'>8.

I Benjamin Church, afterward colonel, a hero of if real fame.

y Now Tiverton, &c. II miles froai Taunton. Hubbard. .)

3 This swamp on Pocasset Neck is 7 miles long. The Indians had
newly made wigwams here (about a hundred iu .di) of green bark, which
they now left; but the materials would not admit them to burn. lb.

4 The swamp being not tar from an arm of the sea, extending up t.o
Tanntou, the Indian;, either taking advantage of a low tide, waded oVer
oj wafted themselves overon small rafts of timber, very early, before break
of day, 1 August. About 100 women and children, left belund, soon
fU'ter reKigned themselves to the mcrcv of the English. Hubbard. I.
Mather.

• See p. .S.')l.

A a 2 Nlp-

^IH'i

lit"

H^^hI A

tiiy ..I'f^ -

^^^BfIi

I'ilWlii'

Mlf '

^fifi^

■ X

IpB

if ; . HbI'

^i'|ii

■

356 * AMERICAN ANNALS. [1O76*

Nipmucks I. this ferc.ious and vindictive prince, kindled
the flame of war in the western plantations of Massachu*
setts *.

The Nipmuck Indians had already committed hostilities
against the English. On the fourteenth of July they had
killed four or five peopls at Mendon in Massachusetts 3.
The governor and council, in hopes of reclaiming the Nip-
mucks, sent captain Hutchinson with twenty horsemen to
Quabaog [Brookfield,] near which place there was to be a
great rendezv6us of those Indians, who had promised to
hold a treaty with the inhabitants of Brookfield. Hutchin-
son, with some of the principal people of that town, went
to the place appointed ; but, not findmg the Indians, they
proceeded four or five miles toward their chief town, until
they were ambuscaded by two or three hundred Indians,
who shot down eight of their company, and mortally wound-
ed eight more 4. The rest escaped through a by path to
Quabaog. The Indians closely pursuing tnem, violently as -
saulted the town, killed several persons, and set fire to every
house, excepting one, into which all the inhabitants had ga-
thered for security 5. This house they soon surrounded ;
and, after repeated attempts to set fire to il, they filled a
cart with hemp, flax, and other combustible matter, vvhich
they kindled, and thrust toward it with long poles'. At
this critical moment, major Willard happily arrived with
forty-eight dragoons, and dispensed them *.

The Indians on Connecticu'. riv« , near Hadley, Hatfield,
and Deerfield, and those at Penic ;o!' and other places on
Merrimack river, be^an their ho * lities about this tirre;
and before the end of August the ;\ hole co!ony of Massa-
chusetts was in the utmost terror- The Hadley Indians, by
fleeing from their dwellings, betraying their conspiracy

1 About Worcester, Oxford, Grafton, Dudley, &c. Church.

9, Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 72, 73. Ncal,N Enjj ii. l. Church, «1 — 9S.

3 Mather, Ind. War, 5. Hutchinson, \. '2Q\. ■' Blood was never shed
in Massachusetts, in away of hostility, before this day." Mather, lb.

4 Captain Hutchinson, was one of the wounded. He was carried to
Quabaog, and afterward to Marlborough, where he died 19 August.
Hutchinson. The ambuscade was laid at a place called Meminimisset.
" a narrow passage between a steep hilt and a thiek swamp, at tlie heait
of Wickaboug pond." Coll. Hist Soc. 2.')9.

b There were about 20 dwelling houses, and 70 souls in the town.

6 Mather, Ind. War, 6, 7. Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 111-114. Hot-
chinson, i. 991 — aps. The next day (.\ug. 5.) Philip, with about 40 men,
beside a much grtaternumber of women and children, joined the Nip-
muck Indians in a swamp, ten or twelve miles from Brookfield; about lO
uf them were armed with guns, the rest had bows ai:d an-ow<>. Ibidv

witU

►wn, went

1675.] AMERICAN ANNALS. ' 35;

with the hostile Indians s were pursued by captains Lothrop
and fieers, and overtaken about ten miles above Hatiield, at
a place called Sugarloaf Hill, where a skirmish was fought,
in which nine or ten of the English were slain, and about
twenty-six Indians. The Indians, who escaped, Joining
with Philip and his company, was so eriboldened, that,
about seven days after, they fell upon Deerfield, killed one
man, and laid most of the town in ashes. On the same day
Hadley was alarmed by the Indians in the time of public
worship, and the people thrown into the utmost confusion ;
but the enemy were repulsed by the valour and good conduct
of an aged, venerable man, who suddenly appearing in the
midst of the aflBrighted inhabitants, put himself at their
head ; led them to the onset ; and, after the dispersion of
the enemy, instantly disappeared. This deliverer of Had-
ley, then imagined to be an angel, was general Gofie, one
ot the judges of Charles I. who was, at that time concealed
in the town a.

Early in October, the Springfield Indians, who had been
uniformly friendly to the English, having perfidiously con-
certed with the enemy to burn the town of Springfield, re-
ceived in the night into their fort, about a mile from the
town, above three hundred of Philip's Indians. The plot
however being disclosed by a friendly Indian at Windsor,
dispatches were immediately sent to major Treat, then at
Westfiel.d with the Connecticut troops, who arrived at
Springfield so opportunely as to save considerable part of
the town from the flames ; but thirty two- houses were al-
ready consumed 3. On the nineteenth of October, seven or
eight hundred Indians furiously assailed the town of Hadley,

1 Philip and the Nipmuck Indians were harboured, at that time, la the
adjacent woods. Hubbard.

2 Stiles' Hist. Judges, 100. Hutchinson, i. 219- See p. 3 14 of this vo-
lume. From N. Haven tho j;jdi;es \V halley and Goffc went to West Hocic
(a mountain about 300 feet h^gh, and about two miles and a half fiom
the town) ; and were some time concealed in a cave •• on the very top of
the rock, about half or three quarters of a mile from the southern extre-
mity." Stiles, ib. 7~» 76. They afterward lived in conrealment at Mil-
ford, at Derby, and at Branford; and, in iGtU, removed from Milford to
Hadley, where they were soon after joined by colonel Dixwell, another
of the king's judges. Dixwell took the name of Davids, and some year?
after removed to New Haven, where he married, and left several chil-
dren. His grave stone may still be seen in the old burying ground in New
Haven, with this inscription: " J. D. Esq. deceased March 18th, in the
82d year of his age, 1688."

3 Hubbard, Ind, Wars, 199—13!. "The sad tidings of Springfield ca-
lamity" renched Boston 7 October, at the close of a day of Humiliatjou,
»p^.iointed by the Council. Mather, Ifld. War, 16. Trumbull, i. 3.'»i.

A a 3 on

»SS^»aw;gar*^5eiS!»i£^^

'&*

M^mk

ass AMERICAN ANNALS. [1C75.

on all sides ; but they were repulsed by the Connecticut
and Massachusetts forces '. '

The commissioners of the three United Colonies having
declared the war with the Indians to be just and necessary,
had already concluded, that it should be jointly prosecuted
by all those colonies '. Finding that the Narragansets, m
violation of their engagements, were accessory to the hos-
tilities of the enemy, they now determined, that one thou-
sand soldiers shoula be raised, to march into the Narragan-
set country, to obtain satisfaction of those Indians, or to
treat them as enemies. Josiah Winslow, governor of Ply-
mouth, was appointed commander in chief. The Massa-
chusetts forces marched from Boston on the eighth of De-
cemb-f, and were soon joined by those of Plymouth. The
troops from Connecticut joined them on the eighteenth, at
Petyquamscot 3. At break of day the next morning, they
commenced their march, through a defcp snow, toward the
enemy, who were about fifteen miles distant in a swamp, at
the edge of which they arrived at one in the afternoon.
The Indians, apprized of an armament intended against
them, had fortified themselves as strongly, as possible,
within the swamp. The English, without waiting to draw
up in order of battle, marched forward in quest ot the ene-
my's camp. Some Indians, appearing at the edge of the
swamp, were no sooner fired on by the English, than they
returned :;he fire, and fled. The whole army now entered
the swamp, and followed the Indians to their fortress. It
stood on a rising ground in the midst of the swamp ; and was
composed of palisades, which were encompassed by a hedge,
nearly a rod thick. It had but one practicable entrance,

1 Hubbard, Tnd. Wars, 13S. [Intohimon, i. 096.

2 Hazard, Coll. ii. 534. The coniniissioDcrs for Plymoutli colony pre-
sented to the body of eomniissioners a Nan-ative, " showiifq the manner of
beginningot'the present war with tlie Indians of Monnt Hope and Pocas-
set;" which was the basis of that cicterniination. It is inserted ib. bS-2 —
534. The meetina; of the commissioners, at which the war was declared to
be just and necessary, was 9 Sept. 1675. They //jr« concluded to raise
immediately lOOO soldiers out of the colonies, in such proportions, as tlie
articles of Confederation established; Massachusetts, 527; Plymouth, 168;
Connecticut, 315. Ibid. 535. At an adjourned meeting 2 November, they
declared the Ns^rai^ansots to be " deeply accessory in the present bloody
outrages" of tht native., lliat were at open war, and determined, that lOOO
»7ore soldiei-s be raised, for the Narr '^anset expedition, " in lilce propor-
tions in each colotns as the former >.ere" Ib. .531.

3 The Connecticut troops consisted of ,300 Eivglishnicn, and l.'^iO TSTo-
heagan and Pequod Indians; qnd were divided info h companies. This
corps was commanded by major Treat. Ti uinbull, i. 354.

. . . which

[1075.

nnecticut

js having
lecessary,
rosecuted
an sets, m

the hos-
one thqu-
*^arragan-
jns, or to
»r of Ply.
le Massa-
th of De-
ath. The
teenth, at
ling, they
oward the
swamp, at
afternoon,
^d against
possible^
ic to draw
►f the ene-
ge of the

than they
w entered
rtress. It
and was

y a hedge,
entrance^

1 colony pre-

le manner of

e and Pocas-

tetl ib. .')P>'-2 —

s declared to

uded to raise

tions, as tlie

mouth, 1!)8;

vember, they

esent bloody

d, tliat 1000

like propor-

uid i:>0 Mo-
anies. This

which

1076.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 350

which was over a log of tree, four or five feet from the
ground ; and that aperture was guarded by a block house.
Falling providentially on this very part of the fott, the £n»

flish captains entered it, at the head of their companies,
he two first, Johnson and Davenport, with many of their
men, were shot dead at the entrance. Four other cabtains,
Gardner,. Gallop, Siely, and Marshal, were als*) killed.
When the troops had eitected an entrance, they attacked th6
Indians, who fought desperately, and beat the English out
of the fort. After a hard fought battle of three hour^, thd
English became masters of the place, and set fire to the wig-
wams. Thj number of them was five or six hundred, and
in the conflagration many Indian women and children pd*
rished. The surviving Indian men fied into a cedar swanip,
at a small distance ; and the English retired to their quarters.
Of the English there were killed and wounded about two
hundred and thirty; of which number eighty-fivn were
killed, or died of their wounds. Of the Indians one thou-
sand are supposed to have perished ^

The Massachusetts and Plymouth troops kept the fieldr
several weeks ; but without any considerable achievement.
The Connecticut troops, who had suffered most in the
action, were so disabled, that it was judged necessary for
them to return home. The great body of the Narraganset
warriors soon after repaired to the Nipniuck country 2.

1676. * i

The Narragansets, in retreating from their country, drove'
off from one of the inhabitants of Warwick fifteen horses,
fifty neat cattle, and two hundred sheep. On the tenth of
February, several hundred of the Indians fell upon Lan-
caster ; plundered and burned the greatest part of the town ;
and killed or captivate^! i».ay persons. Two or three hun-
dred of the Narraganset and other Indians, not long after,
surprized Medfieid, and burned nearly one half of the town 3.

1 Potock, an Indian counsellor of Narraganset afterward taken at R.
Island, and executed at lioston, acknowledged, that the Indians lost 700
fighting men that day, beside 30f), who died of their wounds. What
number of old men, women, and children, perished by fire, ^r hunger
and cold, the Indians themselves could not tell. Hubbard.

'2 Hubbard, Ind. Wars, 141— 166. Mather, Ind. War, 19» 20. Hut-
chinson, i. '297—301. Trumbull, i. 353—359.

3 Although there were 2 or 300 soldiers there, the Indians did that
mischief, and killed about 18 persons, men, women, and children. I.
Mather.

S'?^*'^ ■ A a 4 On

; •-— < a^aW^^'v^^,**.;

;:;:^ar:SKc::i»^-i^5arr^^

J%^

fin..

(Ill t.i

liJf'Iifl

\ ■'

(

360 AMERICAN ANNALS. [tO/O.

On the twenty-fifth of February, the Indians assaulted the
town of Weymouth, and burned seven or eight houses and
barns. On the thirteenth of March, they burned the whole
town of Groton ' to the ground, excepting four garrisoned
houses ; and, on the seventeenth, they entirely burned
Warwick, with the exception of one house. On the twenty
;. *h of March, they laid most of the town of Marlborough
bes *. On the same day, captain Pierce of Scituate,
v.. Had been sent out by the governor and council of Ply-
mouth colony with about fifty English, and twenty friendly
Indians of Cape Cod, was cut oft by the enemy with most
of his party. Two days afterward, the Indians fell upon
Rehoboth, and burned forty dwelling houses, and about
thirty barns j and, the day after, about thirty houses in
Providence.

Although there were several parties of Indians scattered
over the country, yet the main body of them lurked in the
wroods between Brookfield, Marlborough, and Connecticut
river. Early in April they did some mischief atChelmsford 3,
Andover, and in the vicinity of those places 4. Having, on
the seventeenth of the same month, burned the few deserted
houses at Marlborough, they, the next day, violently at-
tacked Sudbury ; burned several houses and barns ; and
killed ten or twelve of the English, who had come from
Concord to the assistance of their neighbours. Captain
Wadsworth, sent at this juncture from Boston with about
fifty men, to relieve Marlborough, after having marched
twenty-five miles, learning that the enemy had gone through
the woods toward Sudbury, turned immediately back, m
pursuit of them. When the troops were within a mile of
the town, they espied, at no great distance, a party of
Indians, apparently about one hundred ; who, by retreatmg,
as if through fear, drew the English about a mile into the
uroods ; when a large body of the enemy, supposed to be
about five hundreds suddenly surrounded them, and pre-t

I It contained about 40 dwelling houses. Its inhabitants now deserted it.
a The inhabitants were hence constrained to desert the town. What
{pw houses were left were burnt by the Indians 19 April. 1. Mather.

3 Hubbard ascribes th/s mischief to thp Indians of Wamesit, a place near
Chelmsford, bordering on the Merrimack j but he does them the justice
to say, that they "had been provoked by the rash, unadvised, cruel acts
of some of the English," toward the close of the preceding year. Chelms-
ford appears to have been incorporated about A. I). iGftS; but it was
npt mentioned that year, because not noticed in the early histories.

4 Hubbard says, that on the l.=>th of April 15 houses were burnt on the
north side of tht n^ er, near Chelmsford.

' eluded

...j riUtt '-'-

16;G.] AMERICAN ANXALS. 36l

eluded the possibility of their escape. The gallant leader
and his brave soldiers fought with desperate valour ; but they
fell a prey to the numbers, the artifice, and bravery of their
enemy. The few, who were taken alive, were destined to
tortures, unknown to their companions, who had the hap«
pier lot to die in the field of battle '.

About the same time, the Indians burned nineteen houses
and barns at Scituate ; but they were bravely encountered
und repulsed by the Inhabitants. On the eighth of May,
they burned and destroyed seventeen houses and barns at
Bridgewater *. On the eleventh, they assaulted the town
of Plymouth, and burned eleven houses and five barns; ^nd,
two days after, they burned seven houses and two barns in
that town, and the remaining houses in NamasketS.

Several large bodies of Indians having assembled at Con-
necticut river^ in the vicinity of Deerneld, the inhabitants

1 Some historians say, that captain Wadsworth's company was entirely
cutofl'; others, that a few escapeid. Suinc represent his company, as con*
sistini; of50} some, as consisting of 70 men. All asiree, that 60 at least
were killed. Captain Broclcbank and some othcr!« " Veil iii^o his company
as he marched along •" and this accession may account tor the diflerence
in the narratives. President Wadsworth (of Harvard College,) a son of
captain Wadsworth, 'who fell on this occasion, caiued a decent monument
to be afterward erected over the grave of these heroes, from which I co-
pied the following Inscription:

"Captain Samuel Wadsworth of Milton, his Lieut. Sharp of Broolclin,
Cant, oroclebank of Rowley, with about Twenty-Six* other Souldiers*
fighting for the defence of their country, were slain by the Indian enemy
April 18th, 1(370, and lye buiied in this place." The monument stands
to the west of Sudbury Causeway, about one mile .couthward of the church
in Old Sudbury, and about one quarter of a mile from the great road*
that leads from Boston to Worcester.

'2 The inhabitants courageously sallied forth r,m their garrisons, to
(ight the enemy; and a storm of thunder, lighteniii!;, and rain, at that
juncture, providentially, contributed to save the town from entire coufla«
gration. It is remarkable, that Bridgewater, thout;)), by its local situa-
tion, peculiarly exposed, never lost one of its inhabitants in this war.
Mather, Magnal. book vii. .59. I iiotv find, that thesettlementof BriDG£-
V'ATER was begun in the year 1031, by a very religious people; " though,
b\ rtasou of the smallness of their nunibei- and ability, and the scarcity
of candidates, they had not an ordained minister till the year 1663."*
Tlicir first was the reverend James Keith, who died 23 July, 17 19, " hav-
ing been 66 years a taithful minister of the gospel." Pretace to a Sermon,
preached at Bridgewater by Rev. Mr. Keith, in 1717, 2d edit, printed 17fiS.

3 Soon after the war broke out (about .luly 167.''>) the Indians killed
several English people at Taunton ; burned about half the townofSwan-
;fey ; and principally burned the towns ofNamasket [MiddleboroughJ and
Dartmouth, blather, Indian War, 4.

This, it is supposed, aas the numltr of Lodics/ound,

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302 AMERICA.N ANNALS. [167O.

of Iladlry, Hatfield, and Northampton, on recei /Ing the
intelligence, combined for their extirpation. On the eigh-
teenth of May one hundred and .sixty soldiers, destined for
that entcrprize, marched silently twenty mile* in ttie dead
of night, and, a little before break ot day, su: prized thij
enemy, horn they found asleep, and without guards at
their principal quarters. The first notice, that they gave of
their approach, was by a discharge of their gins into the
wigwams. Some of the Indians, in their co:u*iiernation, ran
directly into the river, and were drowned. Others betook
themselves to their bark canoes; and having in their hurry
forgotten their paddles, were hurried down the falls, and
dashed against the rocks. Many of them, endeavouring to
secrete tncmselve^ under the banks of the river, were dis-
covered and slain. In this action, distinguished by the
name of the Fall Fight, the enemy lost three hundred men,
women, and children '. The Indians, recovering from their
surprise, and falling on the rear of the English on their re-
turn, killed captain Turner, ccnunander of the expedition,
and thirty-eight of his men ».

On the thirtieth of May, a great body of Indians, sup-
po.-cd to be six or seven hundred, appeared before Hatfield.
Having burned twelve houses and barn, without thefortifi*
cation, they attacked the houses in the centre of the town,
that were surrounded with palisadoes ; but twenty-five re-
solute young men of Hadley, adventuring over the river ;
and boldly charging the enemy, they instantly fled from the
town^ with theloss of twenty-five of their men.

Thoii;^^h 'Massachusetts was the chief theatre of the war ;
Connectifut, her sister colony, was active in the suprcssion
o» ?,he coiinnon enemy. Volunteer companies had been
foimed, early in the year, principally from New London,
Norwich, ^nd Stonington ; which associated with them a
nuniher of Moheagans, Pequots, and Narragansets. These
companies ranged the Narraganset country, and greatly
harassed the hostile Indians. In one of these excursions,

1 See a particular account of this Fight by the reverend Mr. Taylor of
Dcesfield, ui the appendix to his edition of Williams' Redeemed Captive,
141 — 143, Of the 300 there were 170 fighting njen. Mather, Indian
War, 31. But one of tlie English was killed in the engagement. Hub-
bard, Indian Wars, 2Q5, 7!o(c.

'2 The English, going out on horseback, had alighied about a quarter
of a mile from the Indian rende/Aous, and tied their liorses to the trees.
The Indians fell on the guards, left with the horses, and killed some of
tbem. These are included in the 38.

■li

--yr-'

1070.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 363

in March, Captain Denison^ ofStonington, rendered signal
.service to the cause, by the capture ot Nanunttenoo, the
head sachem of all th'* Narraganiiets K Between the spring
and the succeeding autiiinn, the volunteer captains, witu
their flying parties, made ten or twelve expeditions; iu
which they killed and captivated two hundred and thirty ol
the enemy ; took fifty muskets ; and brought in one hundred
and sixty bushels of their corn. They drove ail the Narra-
ganset Indians^ excepting thgse of Niunigret a, out of their
country.

The assembly of Connecticut, at their session in May,
voted three hundred and fifty men, who were to be a standing
army, to defend the country, and harass the enemy. Major
John Talcot was appointed to the chi'-t command. Early
in June, mnjor Talcot marched fr )rwich with about

two hundred and fifty soldiers, ai ndreA Moheagan

and Pequot Indians, into the W, country 3; but

found the country entirely desc ell as the fort

and wigwams at VVabaquasset, < mi the iiith of June, the
army marched to Chanagongum, in the Nipmuck country,
where they killed nineteen Indians, and took thirty-three
captives ; and thence marched by Qaabaog to N'orthampton.
On the twelfth of June, four days after their arrival at Nor-
thampton, about seven hundred Indians made a furious at*
tack upon Hadley ; but major Talcot with these gallant sol*
diers, soon appeared for the reliefof the garrison, and drove
off the enemy.

On the third of July, the same troops, on their march
toward Narraganset, surprized the main body of the enemy
by the side of a large cedar swamp, and attacked them so

1 He had. ventured down from tlie nortliern wilderness toward Sea-
coiirk, near the seat of Philip, to procure seed corn, to plant the town^,
which the Kns^ljsh had deserted on (^onnecticvit river. This sachem was
a son of Miantoiiimoh, and inherited the ))ride of his father. He would
not accept his life, when oflcred on the condition, that he should m.nke
peace witli the Knglish. When lie was iuforined, that it was determined
to put liim to death, he said, " i like it well; I shall die before my heart
is soft, or I shall have spoken any thine; unworthy of myself." The Mot"
hcagan sachem, his counsellors, and the principal I'equots, shot him at..
Stonington. Trumbull, i. S02.

2 This sachem had formerly siven the colonies much trouble; but, in
this wai', he refused to join the other Narrai^anset sachems. The Narra-
ganset Indians, who joined the Connneciicut volunteers, were his men,
it is very remarkable, that, in all these e.xpeditions, the English had not .
one man killed or wounded. Trumbull, i. SGO, Sfi?.

3 See p. Sa2. It is, to this day, called at Woodstock, as it is hvrc writ-
ten after Dr. Trumbull, Wuh-a-quas-set. *

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304 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1676,

suddenly, that a considerable number of them was kill^
and taken on the spot. Others escaped to the swamp, v/hlch
was immediately surrounded by the English ; who, after an
action of two or three hours, killed and took one hundrec|
and seventy-one. Soon after, ^hey killed and captured six-
ty-seven, near Providence, and Warwick. A.bout the fifth
of July, the army returned to Connecticut ; and in their re-
turn took sixty more of the enemy *.

The eneniy, thus pursued, •ad hunted from one lurking
place to another ; straitened for provisions; and debilitated
by hunger and disease ; became divided, scattered, and dis-
heartened ; and in July, and August, began to come in to
the English, and to surrender themselves to the mercy of
their conquerors. Philip, who had fled to the Mohawks,
havins provoked, instead of conciliating, that warlike na-
tion, had been obliged to abandon their country > ; and he
was now, with a large body of Indians, lurking about Moun(
Hope. The Massachusetts and Plymouth soldiers were \ * •
gilant and intrepid, in pursuit of him ; and, on the second
of August, captain Church, with about thirty English sol-
diers and twenty confederate Indians, surprized him in his
quarters ; killed about one hundred and thirty of his Tien,
and took his wife and son prisoners. Philip himself but just
escaped with his life.

About ten days after, Church being then on Rhode Island
"with a handful of volunteers, an Indian deserter brought him
information, that Philip was in Mount Hope reck ; and
offered to guide him to the place and help to kill him 3.
Church, who never allowed himself to lose a moment's time,
instantly set out, in pursuit of him, with a small company
of English and Indians. On his arrival at the. vi amp. he
made a disposition of his men at proper distances and sta-
tions, so' as to form an ambuscade, putting an Englishman
and an Indian together behiad such coverts, as were found ;
and his company soon commenced a fire on the enemy's

1 .Trumbull, i. S6S — 365. From about tlie beginning of April to the
6th of July, the Connecticut volunteers, and the tro«'>ps under major Tal-
cot, killed and captured about 420 of the enemy. Ibid.

2 It was commonly reported, that, with the design of drawing; the Mo-
hawksinto the war, Philip had killed some of that nation in the woods,
and imputed their death to the English ; but that one of the Indians, who
was left for dead, revived, and informed his countrymen of the truth,
Hutchinson.

3 lie said, Philip killed his brother jnst before he came away, for i<iving
some advice that displeased him *, and that he had fled, for fear of tho
same fate. He wanted to kill Philip, in re/enge of his brother's death.

sheU

1676] AMERICAN ANNALS. i^S

shelter, which was discovered on the margin of the swamp.
It was open, in the Indian manner, on the side next to the
swamp, to favour a sudden flight. Philip, at the instant of
the fire from the English, seizing his gun, fled toward the
thickets, but ran in a direction ^ward an English soldier
and an Indian, who were at the station, assigned them by
captain Church. When he was within fair shot, the En-
glishman snapped his gun, but it missed fire. He then bade
the Indian tire; and he instantly shot him through the
heart >.

The, death of Philip was the signal of complete victory.
The Indians, in all the neigbouring country, now generally
submitted to the English ; or fled, and incorporated them*
selves with distant and strange nations. In this short but
tremendous war, about six huudred of the ikihabitants of
New.Eneland, composing its principal strength, were either
killed in battle, or murdered by the enemy ; twelve or thir-
teen towns were entirely destroyed ; and about six hundred
buildings, chiefly dwelling houses, were burnt. In addi-

1 The death of Philip, in retrospect, makes different impressions from
what Mere made at the time of the event. It was then considered as the,
extinction of a virulent and implacable enemy ; it is now viewed as the tall
of a great warrior, a penetrating statesmen, and a mighty prince. It then
excited universal joy and congratulation, as a prelude to the close of a mer-
ciless war; it now awakens sober reflections on the instability of empire,
tlie peculiar destiny of the aboriginal race, and the inscrutable decrees of
Heaven. The patriotism of the man was then overlooked in the cruelty
of the savage; and little allowance was made for the natural jealousy of
the sovereign, on account of the barbarities of the warrior. Philip, in the
progress of the English settlements, foresaw the loss^f his territory, and
the extinction of his tribe; and made one mighty efi()rt to prevent those
calamities. Our pity for his misfortunes would be still heightened, if we
could entirely rely on the tradition (mentioned by Callender, 73.), 'I'hat
Philip and his chief old men were at first averse to the war; that Philip
wept with grief, at the news of the first English who were killed ; and
that he was pressed into these measures bv the irresistible importunity of
his young warriors. The assurance, on the other hand, oftheeciuity of
our ancestors, in giving the natives an equivalent for their lands, is hisrhly
consoling. 'I'he upright and pious governor Winslow, in a letter dated
at Marshfield, 1 May, IC7O, observes : '* I think I can clearly say, th»t be-
fare these present troubles broke out, the English did not po^tsess on^ foot
of laud in thjs colony, but what was fairly obtained by honest purchase of
the Indian proprietors. We ftrst made a law, that none shotild r.'rchase
or receive of gift any land of the Indians, without the knowledge nnd al-
lowance of our Court. And lest yet they should be streightened, we or-
dered that Mount Hope, Pocasset, and several other necks of the best
laod in the colony, because most suitable and convenient for them, should
never be bouglit'out of their hands." See Hubbard s Narrative (where
this imiwrtant letter is inserted entire) and Ha^tard, Cull. ii. 53^1— -i>3-l.

tion

n :<s

I >

i-l3

^=Nrr"*-

36d AMElilCAN ANNTALSr [1676.

tion to these calamities^ the colonies contracted aii enormous
debt; while» by the loss of their substance, through the ra-
raees of the enemy, their resources were essentially dimi-
nished f.

The New Engltind colonies, in this impoverished and cala-
niitous st^te, were destined to a new scene of trouble, which
closed at length very inauspiciously to their liberties. Com-
plaints having been brought against them, the preceding
year, by the merchants and manufacturers of England, for
their disregard to the acts of navigation 2 ; the governors
of ihese colonies were now commanded, by royal authority,
to einforce a strict obedience to the laws of trade. Com-
missions were transmitted, empowering proper persons to

T Hubbard's Narrative of the Indian Wars in NVw England. Increase
Mather's Brief History of the War with the Indians in New England.
Church's History of King Philip's War. Mather, Magnai. book vii. 45 —
.55. Callcnder's'Historical Di' ourse, 7.1 — 81. Neal's History of New
England. Hutchinson's History of ^Iassuchusetts, i. 283 — 308. Trum-
bull's History of Connecticut, i.'nii — .300. Adams' History of New En-
gland, 118 — 127. Morse and Parish's Compendious History of New En-
gland, 249 — 264. A sketch of the Indian war in another part of New En-
gland is subjoined. Within twenty ckiys after Philip kindled the war at
the southward, the flame broke out in the most northeasterly part of the
country, at the distance of <200 miles ; and, in the vears 1675 and lO/G,
most of the plantations in the Province of Maine, with those on the river
Pascataqua, partook in the sreneral calamity. After the death of Philip,
the Massachusetts forces, which were then at liberty to turn their arms
into that quarter, surprized .ib<nit 400 of the Eastern Indians at Cochecho
(Sept. 6, 1670,) and took them prisoners. One half of them beini? found
accessory to the late rebellion, 7 or 8, who were knovvn to have killed any
Englishmen, were condemned and hanged; the rest were sold in foreign
parts, for slaves. These were railed strange Indians, who had fled from
the southward, and taken refui;e among to Penacooks. This stroke hum-
bled the Indians in the cast, although the war with them continued until
the spring of 1678. See the above cited authorities, and Belknap, New
Hamp. i. 133 — 16.'J. A treaty of peace (though of little efl'ect) was made 6
November, I676, between the governor and council of Massachusetts and
Mogg, a Penobscot Indian, in behalf of the sachems of Penobscot. This
was the first treaty, made with atiy of theTarrateens •eastern Indians.
Belknap, ib. Hutchinson, i. ili*. Hubbard, Indi ''ars, 377 — 380,

•where the Treaty is inserted.

2 The complaints stated, " that the inhab'^tnts ct New England not
only traded to most parts of Europe, but encoi rasred foreigners to go and
traffic with them ; tliat they supplied the other plantations with those fo-
reign productions, which oiigbt only to be sent to England ; that, having
thus made New England tliv great staple •^ftbe colonies, the navigation
of the kingdom was greatly pi ejucliccd, the national revenues were im-
paired, the people were extremely impoverished ; that such abuses, at the
same time ttiat they will entirel." destroy the trade of England, will leave
no sorlofdcpendeivcc from that country to this." Chalmers, i. 400.

' ad-

/■• •

old in foreign

16;6.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 867

adminster an oath, framed to secure a strict observance of
those laws. To add weight to these measures, it was deter-
mined, ** that no Mediterranean passes should be granted t6
New England, to protect its vessels against the Turks, till
it is seen what dependence it will acknowledge on his ma-
jesty, or wht^ther his custom house officers are received as
in other colonies »."

The malecontents in Virginia, taking advantage of a war
with the Susquehannah Indians, excited the people to insur-
rection. Nathaniel Bacon, ahold, seditious, and eloquent
young man, who had been concerned in a recent insurrec-
tion, now offering himself as the leader of the insurgents^
was chosen their general ; and soon after entered Jamestown
with six hundred armed followers. Having besieged the
^rand assembly, then convened in the capital, he compelled
It to grant whatever he demanded. On tinding himself de-
nounced, after his departure, as a rebel, by proclamation of
governor Berkeley, he returned indignantly to Jamestown.
The aged governor, unsupported, and almost abandoned,
flod precipitately to Accomack, on the eastern shore of the
colony ; and, collecting those, who were well aB'ected to-
ward his government, began to oppose the injurgents. Se-
veral skirmishes were fought, with various success. A party
of the insurgents burned Jamestown. Those districts of the
colony, which adhered to the old administration, were laid
waste. The estates of the loyalists were confiscated. Wo-
men, whose fathers or husbands obeyed what they deemed
the legal government, were carried forcibly along with the
soldiers. The governor, in retaliation, seized the estates of
many of the insurgents, ?nd executed several of their leaders
by martial law. In the midst of these calamities Bacon, the
author of them, sickened and died ; and the flames of war
expired. This rebeU'on cost the colony one hundred thou-
sand pounds 2. On information of this rebellion, Charles 1 1,
dispatched Sir John Berry with a small fleet, which trans-
ported the first troops, ever sent to Virginia 3.

VklN

1 Chalmers, i. 400—102.

2 -Chalmers, i. 332— 3S,>. Beverly, 10.>.

3 Chalmers, i. 336. 'I'hese were the first troops sent to onv of the colo-
nies for the suppression of a revolt. It was determined, in Novemljer,-
ifiMl, to disband tlieni, " unless the assembly w^ll pay them;" and they
w^re soon after paid otif. Ibid. 3.>'i. flcverly [lio] says', these troops
•were one rei^iment of infantry. The whole value of warlike stores, sent
td Virginia by Sir J. lierry, amounted to I l,l7tJ/. 2s. Id. sterling. Chal-
mers, i: Si»U. Sec L'niv. llist. .xli. jda.

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a68 AMERICAN ANNALS* [lO;^*

The whole custom of tobacco from Virginia, collected in
ijigland this year, was one hundred and thirty>five thuu*
sand pounds sterling >.
, Maryland now contained about sixteen thousand inhabi-

tants ; of whom the Roman Catholics were to the number of
« ' ■ Protestants in the proportion of one to a hundred. Cecilius
Calvert, the father of the province, died, 4nthe forty-fourth
year of his government, *' covered with ajgeand reputation V*
i^ Charles Calvert, now succeeding his father, immediately
^^ called an assembly ; which, among other acts, passed a law
^ , ** against the importation of convicted persons into the pro-
vincc3."
The country of New Jersey was formed Into ICast and
V West Jersey 4. Carteret, who had returned to that province
the preceding year, began now to clear out vessels from
East Jersey; but he was steadily opposed by Audros, gover-
nor of New York 5.
I A fire !n Boston burned down about forty-five dwelling

houses, the north church, and several ware houses ^.

John Winthrop, governor of Connecticut^ died, in the
seventy-first year of his age 7.

1677.

1 Chalmr rs, i. 3'' t. Maryland Mas probably included. H>.

9 Chaiiueri!, i. .'itrl. That province had been previously divided info
ten counties. No parishes were yet laid out, nor churches erected, nor
public maintenance granted for the su|)port of a ministry , and there were
mthc whole colony three clergymen only of the church of England. lb.

3 ibid, 364.

4 Ibid. 6 1 7. Fa^t Jnsey was released in July by the assignees of lord
Berkeley to Carteret ; and he, in return, conveyed to them West Jersey,
The government of the last was retained by the duke of York as a depen-
dency of New York ; the gov ernment of the first was resigned to Carteret :
** And here commenced a confusion of jurisdiction, and an uncertainty of
property, which loni{ distracted the people, and at length ended in the
annihilation of the rule of the proprietors." lb. See the instrument of the
release of New Jersey in Smith, History New Jersey, 80 — 33 } and " The
Concessions and Agrcenicnts of the proprietors, freeholders, and inhabi-
tants of the province of West New Jersey," ib. 5i2 1 — .539.

5 Ibid. 6 18. Aiidi'os saw that Carterci's clearance " tended equally to
ruin the commerce atul to lessen the customs of New York." Ibid.

6 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ix.xiv j Indian Wars, 10 1. Hutchinsdn,
5. 349. The church was rebuilt the next year. Coll. Hist. See. Hi. 265p.

7 Mather, Magnal. book ii. SO — 33. He was the eldest son of the first
governor of Massachusetts. He was educated at the university of Dublin,
and afterward travelled into France, Holland, Germany, Italy, andTur-'
key. With these advantages he became a very accomplished gentleman,

/ as well as a great scholar. He was a i^uritan of distinguished piety. To
Connecticut he rendered most important services, and he was very highly
respected and esteemed bv that colony. He was one of the greatest chy*

' mists and physicians uf hiii Age ; a member of the Royal Society ; and one

'i'^lSaevrr-'T^

1677']

AMERICAN ANNALS.

oiiiii :;IH- ^ 1677* ■.-» w fjiv •• : '

The controversy between the colony of Massachuseft? an4
the heirs of John Mason and of Ferdin^lndo Gorges was now
settled in £neland >. It was determined, that the bounda-
ries of Massacnusetts could not be construed to extend far»
ther ndrthward, along the river Merrinlack, than three £n-

' glish mites beyond it. Maine^ both as to soil and govern*
nient» was adjudged to the heirs of Gorges. Before the
complaints were fully adjusted, and while king Charles was
in treaty with Gorges > to acquire his interest^ an agent>
employed by Massacnusetts for the same endj purchased of
that proprietor the whole territory j and assigned it over to
the governor and company 3.

The second ship arrived nrom London at West Jersey, C^ugk
lt>,] bringing two hundred and thirty passengers, most of

. whom werequakers, some of good estates in England. They ^
landed about Rackoon CreeK, on Delaware, where the
Swedes had some few habitations ; but not sufficient for their
repeption. Com'missioners, who came over in this ship, pro«
ceeded farther up the river, to a place called Chygoe's Is-
land, where they treated with the- Indians, and began the
regulation of tKeir settlements. At that place the town of

cf the most distinguished characters in New Englaflllr tflaying gone to
IkMtutiy to attend the court of the commissioners of the United Colonies*
be was taken sick, and died there on the 5 th of A pril, and was interred in
the same tomb with bis tather. lb. Trumbuil, i. 362-

1 Edward Randolph, a kinsman of Mason, had been sei.t to New En>
gland the preceding year, with a letter to Massachusetts, requiring that
colony to send aver agents within six months, fully empowered to answer
the Complaints, which Mason and the heirs of Gorges had made, of iti
usurping jurisdiction over the territories claimed bv tneinj atid the colony
senf W iUum Stoughton and Peter Bulkley. On their arrival, an hearing
was ordered before the lords chief justices of the king's bench and'commoa
pleas} and their judgemnt was confirmed by the king in council Sec
the authorities in note 8.

S Ferdinando Gorges, grandson of Sir Ferdinando. Belknap.

3 Chalmers, i. 997. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixx. Hutchinson,, i.
811— 3 IS. Belknap, N. Hamp. i. ld4— 169; Americ. Biog i. 391,392.
John Usher was the agent, employed by Massachusetts to make the pur-
chase ; and he gave to Mr. Gorges, for his interest in the Province of
Maine, 1350/. sterling. This territory has ever since been a part of Mas- •
sachusetts. It is now formed into two counties, York and Cumberland;
t>ut the District of Maine, as established by the laws of the United States,
comprehends several other counties, and extends from Pascataqua to St. ,
Croix } a territory sufficiently large, when duly populated, to form a dis-
tinct state. Ibi4'
,.iVot. 1. B b Bur-

\'\

•v

I (I

$76 AMZMCAtl ANNALS. [1G7;.

Buriington wag now laid oul by mutual agreement of the
poprietors ; and it was toon settled by a considerable num-
ber of reputable families from Yorkshire, and other parts of
fcndAfid *.

Sir William Berkeley was recalled from the government
of Virffinia, lifter An administration of forty years j and was
•ueceraid by tolonelJeflfereys*.

Milled a person of sonte connderation, arrived in Carolina
in Julyi as chief magistrate and collector of tkc royal cus-
toms 3. He found the colony at Albemarle to consist of a
few inconsiderable plantations, dispersed over the north-
eastern bank of Albemarle river, and divided into four dis-
tricts. In attempting to reform some abuses he rendered
himself obnoxious ) and an insurrection |>roke out at Aljbe-
marie in December. The insurgents, conducted chiefly by
Culpeper, imprison^ the president and seven proprietary
deputies ; seised the royal revenue ; established courts of
justice; appointed oflScers ; called a parliament; and, for
two years^ exercised all the authority of an independent
state 4.

Com-

I Smith, New Jersey, 9S, ^03. Proud, i. I4a->149- Another ship ar
rived from I^ondon in November, with about 60 or 70 passengers, fsnme
of whom settled at Salem andethen at Burlington. Another aUo arri vrd
in the autumn, with 1 14 passengers. Ibid.

8 Chalmersr I dW^ 9S7. The assembly some time after declared, ** that
he had been an excellent and well deserving governor," and recommended
to the king the payment to lady Berkeley of 300 /. '• as not only a ri^lit,
but as due from that colony to his serruces and merits." lb.

3 Miller collected, from July to December (1677,) 9'i7,068 I6s. weight
of tobaoce, and 1949/. 8». !</. ctcrling, being the parliamentary duty of
one penny a pound on tobacco exported to other colonies. The annual

fiarliamentary revenue, arising in that Uttle colony, amounted to 3000/,
teHing. Chalmers, r. 558.

4 Chalmen, i. 5S3 — 535. Culpeperhad, in 1671, been appointed sur.
veyor general t>f Carolina, and had raised commotions oh Ashley liver.
The royal revenue, now seized, amonnting to 3000 /. was appropriated for
supporting the revolt The colonists at Albemarle were tbr from being
numerous; for the /fMa3/r<, consisting of all the S9«*ilmjf A«n(/$, from 16
to 60 years of age, one*third of which was composed of imlitM, Negroes^
and Women, amounted to 1400 only; and, exclusive of the cattle and ln«
dian corn, 800,000 pounds of tobacco were the annual productions of their
hbour. **Theseforroed the basil of an inconsiderable commercci which
was almost entirely carried on by the people of New England, who sup-
plied their little wants, who sent their commodities all over Europe, wh(v
in a great measure, governed the colony, anddirected the purtaitt of the
planter to their own advantage." Some men of New Enjeland are charecd

. with co-operating with ^he conductors of the insurrection, that they
" might get the trade of this country into their own faandt.** lb. See pa>

pers,

Another ship ar-

)678.j AMERICAN ANNALS. 37 1

Commissioners were sent, about this time, from Miuta*
chusetts and Connecticut, to theMohawki, to secure their
friendstiip *. Mutiial promiseik were made at Albany be-
tween the Five Nations and colonelCoursey, an agent in
behalf of Virginia and Maryland K The whole force of the
Five Nations wad then estiiiiAted at two thousand one hun-
' dred and fifty fighting men 3.

The general court of Massachusetts passed a new law for
apprehending and punishing^, by fine and correction, every
peilBon, found at a quAker's meeting 4.

Th^ contributions for rebuilding Harvikixl College had
been so liberal, thata fair and iBtatelybrick edifice wa^ erected
this year ; and so far finished, that the public exercises of
the comn^ehcement were performed there 5.

East Greenwich, in Rhode Island, was incorporated *.

1678.

The assembly of Virginia caused magazines to be built at
the heads of the four great rivers in that colony ; and filled
them with arms, ammunition, and guards, to awe the
Indians, and prevent their depredations 7.

The province of New York contained, at this time, about
twenty-four towns, villages, or parishes, in six precincts,
ridings, or courts of sessions. All the militia of the pro-

{)eti, ib. 560'-5&2( illustrative of the origin and progreu of an insurrection,
ittle noticed by historians, and which*, itintil Chalmen pubhihed his Annals,
had *' remained in oerfect obscurity."

1 Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap. Ixxiii. Hutchinson, i. S48. This treaty
tlutchinste supposed to be the first between the Mohawks and Masia-
tliusetti.
it Colden, S7.

8 Chalmers, i. 609. Fighting men.

TtefeMaquas [Mohawks] were estimated at • Soo
Oneidas -.-.--- 900
Ohondagos ...... 350

Cayugas . i . . . . soo

Senekas - -x - • - • 1000

9150

4 Hutchinson, i.^ .S20. ** This law lost the colony nany friends."

5 Hubbard, MS. New En^hnd, chao. Ixx. See A. D. |673.

6 Callender,39. Petequamscut and the adjacent parts were incorpo-
rated in 1674. by the name of KiiiiosTON. Ibid.

7 Keith, 1C2. During the administration of lord Culpeper, who sue
ceeded governor JeflTerevs, those liugaiincs were removed i and a small
party ^ light horse, called Rangers, was appointed to scour the woods.
Ibid. idO.

B b 2 , vince

^v/^. , -'

373 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l67J!l.

vince were &bout two thouMud. lu annual exports, beside
pease, bee^, pork, tobacco, and peltry, were about sixty
thousand bushels of wheat. Its annual imports were to the
value of about fifty thousand pounds i. There were now in
the city of New York three hundred and forty-three
houses a.

Major Andros, governor of New York, having the preced-
ing year sent a sloop withaoaie forces to the Province of
Maine, and built, a fort at Pemaquid ; the eastern Indians,
who, until that time, had been hostile from the commence-
ment of Philip's war, discovered pacific dispositions^ All
tlie succeeding autumn and winter, they remained quiet,
and lived in harmony with the new garrison. In these au-
spicious circumstances, a treaty was made at Casco, between
the chiefs of those Indians and authorized commissioners,
[April 13;] and an end put to a distressing war 3.

Mas-

1 Chalmers, i. 602. •• There is one standiog company of soldiers," savs
Anilros, "with gunnert and other officers, tor the forts of .Albany aud
Ke\r York. Fortresses are, James Fort, situated upon a point of' New

' York town, between Hudson's river and the Sound: it is a square, with
stone waliii, four bastions almost fegular. and in it 46 guns, mounted. AU
bany is a small long Ktockadoed fort with 4 bastions in it, with 12 guns,
which is sufBcicnf against Indians. Therearenoprivafeereaboutourcoasts.
Our merchants ar^ not many i but, whh hthabitants (lid planters, about
•2000 able to bear arms, old inhabitants of the plaice or of England ; except
in and near New York, of Dutch extraction, and some of all nations: but
few servants, who are much wanted, and but very few slaves. A mer-
chant, worth 1000 /. or ,500 /. is accounted a ^ood substantial merchant ;
and a planter, worth half that in moveables, is accounted rich. All tlie
estates may be valued at 150,000 /. There mav have lately traded to the
colony, in a year, from 10 to 15 ships or vessels, upon an average, ofioo
> tons each, English, New England, and of our own, built. There arc re-
• ligions of all sorts; one church of England; several Presbyterians, and
Independents, Quakers and Anabaptists, of several sects; some Jews:
but the Tresbyterians and Independents arc the must numerous and sub-
' stantial. There are about 90 churches or meeting place.<t, of which above
, half are vacant. Few. ministers till verv lately." Answers of Sir Edmond
' Andros, dated in April 1678, to the Inquiries of the committee of colo-
nies. See the Answers entire in Chalmers, i. (k)0— Q04.

2 Ibid. 597,. It was found, that, instead of the common proportion of
inhabitants, there were 10 for each house; but, thus computed, there
were then in the citv no more than 3480 souk. lb. AQS.

3 Belknap, New (latnpshire, i. 158. Andros sent his forces in August,
1677, " to take posssessioa of the land, which had been granted to the
duke of York." In the preceding Jfuly, after the province bad sustained
various sufferings from the Indians, ati affecting occurrence had height-
ened the terror aud perplexity of the inhabitants. The government having
ordered 300 Indians of Natick, with 40 Engluh soldiers, under captain

. Beujainiu Swell of Ilainpton, to the assistance of the eastern settlements,
. :« ^ ' : " *hey

1^76^

AMERICAN ANNALS.

37«

small accessions -of plantera

Massachuscttts received b
from Europe for several preceding years. The colonyi at thia
time, imported no nesroes >.

M. de la Sale rebuilt fort Frontenac with stone. He also,
this year, launched a bark of ten tons into Lake Ontario ;
i^nd the year following, another of sixty tons into Lake
Erie ; a'bout which time he inclosed with palisadoes a littlp
spot at Niagara 2.

The town of Salem contained eighty- five houses, and three
hundred polls 3.

Canonicut Island, in Rhode Island colony, was incorpo^
rated by the nafne of James Town 4.

William Coddington, governor of Rhode Island, died, 10
Che 8eventy*eighth year of his age 5. lliomas Thacher,

minister

they anchored off Black Point; and. being joined by some of.the inhabi*
tantf, mtrchedto seek Ike enemy, who thowed themielvet'oa a plain in
three parties. By a feigned retreat, the Indians drew them two miles from
the fort, and then, turning suddenly and violently upon them, threw them
iflto-confusion^ Swelt. with a few of the more resolute, fought bravely
on the letveat. until he came near the fort, when he was killed ; 60 mora
were left dead or wounded j the rest got into the fort. The victorious sa«
vages then surprized and captured about 90 fishing vessels, which put into
the eastern liarbours by night. Ibid. 157* Mr. Bentky mentions [ColL
Hist. Soc. vi. SdS.]. that, " in 1677. IS Salem ketches were taken by the
Indians, and some of them returned, with 19 wounded men." These
ketches were probably a part of the SO vessels, mentioned by Dr. Belknap.
' 1 Chalmers, i. 486. 4S7 ; where are extracts from Answers of the agents
Stoughton and Bulkley to the Inquiries uf the committee of colonies. de>
livered in April that year; some of which are subjoined. *' Cases of ad-
miralty are decided by the court of assistants. Foreign merchants we know
of none. The number of English merchants is very small ; and of the
other inhabitants, who are chiefly planters, we know of no calculation
that hath been made. New planters have rarely come over for many years
past ; much less Irish or Seotch. or any foreigners : Hot jat any blacks
imported. A considerablernumbtr of small vessels are built in the country
under a hundred tons burden ; but those that are larger belong to owners
in Eneland. or to other.colonies."

2 Cnarlevoix. Nouv. f rsnce, i. 457. 458. Spiith. NewYork, 44. See
A. D. 1673. The fort, built that yeoTf appeaa tb hvffi bc^n :merely a
stockade ; " n'etoit que de pieujc"

3 Coll. Hist. Soc. vi. sad.

4 Callender, 39'

5 He came to New England with governor .Winthrop. «s an assistant,
in 1630; and was a principal merchant in Boston, where he built the first
brick house, In 1637. when the contentions ran high in Massachusetts,
he was grieved at the proceedings of the court against Mr. Wheelwright
and'others ; but, not availing in nis opposition to those measures, he relinr
quished his advantageous situation at Boston, and " his large propriety and
^jnprovements at Bfuntree ;" accompanied the etuigranti^ who, on th:^

B b 3 .^pcft*

i'l

i^al^^y^ijj^^

^74 AMICRICAN ANNALS. [\^79»

xniniiter in Bostop, died> in the fifty-eighth year of his
Age*.

1679.

While theagenty of Masiachusettt were in England, dayi
of fasting and prayer were repeatedly appointed by authority,
to implore the diyine hietising on their endeavours for ob-
taining favour with the Mng, and the continuance of charter
privileges *. By deitire of the general court, a synod was hold-
^n at'Bostdn, this year, to give counsel, adapted to the state
of the colony, which was believed to be suflering judicial
calamities from heaven ). Suitable measures, in the mean

time,

eeesiion, left thecolonv; «nd wu •• tlic grt-at initrument" in rffcctini; tho
Afiginal lettlemtnt of ftbode Uland. In l047. be aiiisted in forming a
booy of laws for that colony, and wai the next year rhonen governor ; but
he declined the office. In l65l, b« received a commiksion from England,
to bt governor} but, finding the people j«iiiou8, Icit, " the committion
Blight afiKt tbair landiand libertiei," he resigned it. He was afterwartl
Icpcatedly prevailed on to accept the chief magistracy ) and was in tlia^
once at tn« time of hit death. He appear* to have been prudent in his
adminiitration, and activa in promoting the welfare of " the little com-
monwealth, which he had in a manner founded." See Dedication of Cal*
lender's tint. Discoune. See alio A. 1). I6.SR.

1 Mather, MagnSl. book iii. 1 tR — 163. Mr. Thadier was the 6rst mi,<
nisterof the Old South church ill Boston. [Sec A. I). 1666, iii which
year that church waa gathered.] He was ordained pastor of the church in
Weymouth, 9 January, 1644$ and was iutfaHedtLt Itoston, 16 February,
T07O. He was well vened in oriental learning, particularly in the Hebrew
language, a compendious Lexicon of which he comiwsen. His prayers
>ivere distinguished for copiousness and fervency. He was a " popular
preacher," an exemplary mau, and a faithful minister. Ibid. Coll. Hist.
80c. viii. «78-

9 Hatchinton, i. S24. It was the usage of our pious ancestors in New
England to observe special days of fastinp and of thanksgiving beside ai)
annual observance of those two solemnities.

S Hutchinson, i. 324. The general court appointed this synod at its scs.
•ion in May, }67ft and referred to its consideration two questions : « 1.
What aretne reasons, that have provoked the Lord to bring his^udgmenf!!
upon New England. 2. What is to be done, that so those evils may be
Amoved?" The synod convened at Boston. 10 September, 1670. Mr.
John Sherman, and Mr.' Urian Oakes were its moderators. After a day
of prayer and ftsthng, the synod speiit several days in discoursing on tlie
1^0 great ouestiont. The'Resnlt, pointing out the sins of the time, and
rccommenainga riiformation, was presented to the General Court; which,

Sy an act of 15 Octobisr, 167^, *' commeitdcd it unto the serious consi-
eration of all the churches and peoplie in thcjurisdiction." See Mather,
Magnal. book v. SV-98. Dr. C. Mather says,'** the admonitions of the
Synod were not without very desirable effects." Governor Hutrhinsoq
ti- 924.} does ** not censure the authority of the colony for their great

. ' ' anxiety

i;00*l AMERICAN annals: 875

time, were taken, Co avert the royal diaoleaiure. The ge*
neral court sent respectful addrettee to toe kin^ ; enacted
Jawi, to remove the causes of some of the complamts againet
the colony ; and passed an ordinance, to punish high treason
virith death, and to require all persons to take the oath of
allegiance. The king's arms, at the same time, were put
up in the court house. The colony however ne^U^cted to
conform to the acts of trade, and tp send new agents as re-
quired, to England. For the /ril neglect, the court i^Uedgedl
to her agents, '* that the acts of navigation were an invasion
of the rights and privileges of the sul^ects of his majesty in
that colony, they being not represontfd in the parliament t'*
for the tecottJ, it apolo^zed, by saying, ** that the country
was poor ^ that proper persons wevf afraid of the seas, as the
Turkish pirates nad lately taken their vessels ; and that his
majesty was still employed in the most important afiairs >."
Although a oommismon for the acpointment of a custom*
house officer for New England had been granted the Ifist
year, it wm then judged expedient tp suspe^ the dcpartum
of such an officer tor the present." Edward Randolph, who
had at thiit tinte been recommended to the lord treasurer, as
the most suitable person for collector of Boston, now came
over in that caj^citv ; but ** he was considered as an enemy,
and opposed with tne steady zeal pf men, who deemed theif
chartered privilcffes invaded *.**

■ A terrible iirel>roke out near the dock in Boston alKVit
mjdhiffht on the eighth of August, and continued until near
noon tne next day. Above eighty dwelling houses, seventy
ware- houses, with several vessels and their lading, wer^
consumed. The entire loss was 9Qmpute4 ^ be ^wp hupdre^
thou^nd pounds 3.

Charles

^fixiety on thii occaiion^ or for onnx every proper measure to obtain the
$iDi|e8 of heaven, as well a» the favour of their earthly sovereign }" though,
he thinki, V we have no evidence of any extraordinary degeneracy." An
English Kstorian of more recent date, and of high respectabiKty, but of
less caadoar, tees, or thinks he se^, in these yuef/ioiu, " pious arts,**
and thie '*. ^ai^|9(iil inilu^ce of fitnaticisni.'* We know very well what wa*
the character of Charles, and what ^ere the manners of his court, at fhat
very time; but is ^t incoaceivable, that the principal men in a colopial
goverauMtBt. at the distance of 3000 miles from that cqurt, could be relU
gious? It will be recorded, to the everlasting honour of New England, that
her riders, whfui o^h<:ro^n p]^ct\o!a, liaye g^ n^rtUly pf ^9 <t3/c men, ^ar*
ing God,

1 Chalmers, i. 407. 410.

3 Ibid. 390, 40A, 40(Y.

a. Hubbard, MS. N. Eng.chap. Ixxiv. who sayi, itwasjuatly suspected

B i> 4 to

immiJUitii

1 ■

a;0 AMERICAN AMNALS. [lOBO,

Charles II. ordered two small vesseb to bo provided at his
own expence, to transport to Carolina several foreign pro*
testants, who proposed to raise wine, oil, silk, and other pro-*
ductionsof the south f. '^.'^,11. . > ><<!

y l68o,, - • ■■-'■ ]' • •^"*'V ^^-

'.■ .'..ij.^^-j till .VU'Jii * :ijr>y yth i' (it,

New Hampshire beesMd leparatAd fVom M'tissaihusetts.
A commission for the separate^ government of that^ oolony
had passed the g^eat seal th^ preceding year ; and it was now
brought to Portsmouth by Edward Randolph.' By the form
of government^ describd^ivthis cOmttiisi3ion,tHe- people had
a representation in a body chbsen by 'themsefyes t and the
king was represented by a president and couAdiP of his own
appointment, he retaining the prerogative of disaniluUing
the acts of the whole, atnis pleasure. Th^ -first' asstfmbly
xnet'at Portsmouth On the sixteenth of Mayeb >. ' '.,:..

Plymouth colony petitioned for a' new^baker, wltb^ the
0ame privileges, that Kad been granted to other colonies,

tohcve been kindled by dfsiglk fltltchtn«(^, i:'949i~ Xoll. HUt. Soc< iir.
960. The houses aiia iwarehotic^s near the towwde^tt^ Jwhkhinrere re-
built after this great fire, were either constructed with brick* or filast^red
6n the outside with a strong cement, intermixed with ^P'ayelaod^^tass,
and slated on the fop. Several ot these plastered^nouses are '^'ilt ,r'einaiuiDg
in Ann Street, in tiieir original form. Coll. Hiit. Sotf. i^: 1.60, li^.

1 Chalmers, i.^ 541. Many foreigners of varimiR nations emigr^ed to
Carolina, from this time to the Revolution of William and Mat-y^/lbid.
Hewet [i. 73, 74.] says, that, after the conquest of Nevv.Nfthernn^ ip
l6fi>4, the colony, then is it$ earliest infancy, received a great ^dqjtiop to
its strength froni the Dutch, who formed a tpwn on the sputh^rest side of
Ashley river,' which they afterward abandoned.

& Belknap, New Hampshire, i. 170 — 177. The number of qualified
voters ip all the towns was 209 ; viz.

In Portsmouth • 71 Hampton - 57

Dover - - 61 Exeter - 80

Portsmouth sefittp the assembly S member;; ppverfS; Hampton,S} ^nd
Exeter, 9- John Cutti was the first president. He was ** a principal mer>
chant, of great probity and esteem at Portsmouth ; but then ageqan^ in-
firm." lb. SeealsoKatchinson, i. S19> The pifblic expence of the pro*
vince of New Hampshire during that year, fx^Iiifi^ly of the minister's
salSrieft and the town rates, including the charges of the assenibTy and
council, the stipepds of the marshal and jailers, and the boqnty fpr the
killing of wolves, amounted to IS 1 /. IS «. 4 ^. The province nitf on estates,
real and personal, of oiie prnny in thp pound of the value, was laid on the
only four town's, as follow^ : ' " - ■»»-"»"i

■ Portsmouth - /99. 17. 3. Hampton • A 43. 17.'* •

Dover - - - 80. • • E.\fter • • - 11. 94.* *'*

i-Wii ^'Slrf*

^Ul

it was now

1680.] AMERICAN ANNALS. ^77

but without success ; for king Charles was then meditating
extensive plans of reformation for New Kngland >.

Connecticut contained, at this time, twenty-six small '
towns, in which there were twenty-one churches ; and \a ^
every one, excepting two newly planted, there was a settled
minister. The value of its annual exports was judged to bei
nine thousand pounds. It owned twenty-four small vessels.
There were in the colcny twenty merchants, some of whom
traded to Boston ; and some, to the West Indies and to other
colonies. 'There were few servants, and not more than
thirty sl^yes. The militia amounted to two thousand five,
hunored iuid seven ib.

1 Chalmers, i. QR. The agc;nt died ; and the papers were lost. The
Address of the general court to Charles II. is itiJierteii ib. 108.
; a Chalmers, i. 807—3 10, where are Answers of the assembly to the In-
quiries, of 'the lords of the committee pf colonies, which disclose a variety
of curious particulars of the State of Connecticut at the end of 44 years.
The date is 15 July, 1680. Some other articles are subjoined. " We have,
for the present, only one troop, which comists of about 6o horse} but we
are upon raising three more Our forces are train bands: in each county
iliere is a major, who commands its militia, under the general.
In Hartford county there are - 83d New Haven • • • 62S
New London . . . ■ . 509 Fairfield • - . . 540
The whole militia, 2507. The number of our planters is included in our
trainbands j which consist of all from 16 to 60 years of age. We have one
small fort at the mouth of Connecticut river. As for our Indian neigh-
bours i we compute them to be about 500 fighting men. We are strangers
to the French, and kiiow pothing of their strength or commerce. There
ate but few servants, and fewer slaves ; not above 30 in the colony. There
come sometimes three or four blacks from Barbadoes, which are sold for
92/. each. The increase [of inhabitants] is as follows: The numbers of
mettt in the year 167 1. were 2050 j in 1676, were9.S08i in i677, were
S362-, in 1678, were 2490; in 1679, were 2507. Our buildings arc ge-
nerally of wood ; some are of stone and brick ; and some of them are of
good strength and comely, for a wilderness. The commodities of the
country aie provisions, lumber, and horses. The property of the whole
corporation doth not amount to 1 10,788 /• sterling. There are no duties
on goods, exported or imported, except on wines and liquors i which,
though inconsiderable, are appropriated to maintain free-schools. The
people are strict congregationalists ; a few more large congregationalists;
and some, moderate presbyterians. There are about 4 or 5 seven da> men,
and about as many quakers. Great care is taken of the instruction of the
people in the Christian religion, by ministers catechizing and preaching
twice every labbath, and sometimes on lecture-days ; and also by masters
pf&milies instructing their children and servants, which the law com-
nutnds them to do. Every town maintains its own poor: but there is sel*
(lom any want, because bbour is dear; being from 8 «. to 2 «. 6 ^. a day for
a labourer; because provisions are cheap; wheat is 45. a bushel Win-
Chester, pease S s. Indian corn e « Od. pork 3 </. a pound, beef 3 </. 1-2 a
i)ound, butter 6 d. and so other matters in proportion. Beggars and va-
gabonds are not suffered ; but, vrhtn discoverea, they are bound out to
ifrvice } vagabonds, who pass up and down, are punished by law."
' The

I I

! f

1)^

^ ►..

5^7B ^ AMEnicAN annals; [i(J8q,

The militia of Rhode Island colony consisted principally
of ten companies of foot. There were <* nine towns or divi-
siont" in the colony. The principal place of trade was;
Newport, where- the buildings were generally of wood, and
snnall. The principal exports were noYses and provisions.
The imports were cniefly the productions of Barbadoes t.

The assembly of Virginia, *'with a vieW to the speedy
peopling of the colony, and to give all possible encourage-
ment to persons of different nations to transport themselves,
their families^ and stock, to settle there," empowered the
governor, by an instrument under the great seal, to declare
any alien, on taking the oath of allegiance, to be completely
Datura] i zed 2. An act of " free and aeneral pardon and obli-
vion," in reference to the late rebellion, with the exception
uf the principal authors and promoters of it, was alA> passed
by that assembly 3, Th^ Yitaf armed trainbands in Virginia
' amounted

t Clialmfirs, i. 282— ^28-1, where arc Ans^vers of the governor and coun-
ril of Rhode Island to the same inquiricii, as those mentioned in the last
note. A few more article$ s»r« here subjoined. " The French, sejfted at
(lanadAf and upon the bay of Fundy, are a considerable number; as we
judt(e> about 9000: But as for the Indians that were inhabitants of this co>
ion)', thrv are generally cut oifby the late war. We have several meii,
who deal in bu vttii; and seliingt though thej cannot be properly called mer-
f hahti } and, fur planters, we conceive there are above doo, and about 500
men besides. W e have im shipping belongins; to the colony, but only a
few sloops. 'As for goods, exported or imported, there are very few j and
thpre is "no cufti>m impofted. We have lately bad few or no new-cbiuers^^
either of English, Scotch, Irish, or foreigners ; only a few blacks imnorte^.
There may be, of whites and blacks, alM>ut 200 born in a year. Wc hav^
50 marriages a year, 'flic burials for the last 7 ye^s, according to com-

fiutation, amount to iHh. Those people who go under the name of Bap-
ists and Quakers itrc the most that congregate together ; but there are
others ofdivcis persuasions and principles, alT which, together with them^'
etyoy their liberty according to iiis majfsty's graciou$ charter. We leave,
cver^ man to walk as God stiall persuade their hearts, aod do actively or
passively yield obedience to the civil magistrate. As for beggars and va-
gabonds, we have none among us."

3 Chalmers, i. 3 16. This cbiidition however was annexed } <• that no-
thing shall be construed to j»ive power to foreigners toe.xecuteany matter,'
which, by acts made in England concerning his majesty's plantations, they
are disabled to do." Ibid. This was an act of the first assembly after the
arrival of lord Culpeper as governor of Virginia.

S Ibid. 341. The same act, reciting, that, during the liceMtiousness of
iate times, ill disposed persons bad taken upon them to asfiers^ thegovern-
'fnent, without which the inhabitants could not have been so easily led
away, imposed severe penalties on those, who should maliciously excise the
■people to a dislike of the governor, or who should, by words or writing,
defame the adininistration of the colony. Similar laws agaii»t "the pro-
pagation of false news" occur among the more early acts of assembly of all
tbe colonies. Tkou sfmlt not raise efalH r<'portt vara precept of Moscf,
v«* , ' ' acting

T'H I

1G80.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 3/0

fimounted to eight thousand five hundred and sixty-eight ■.

•♦The Ovster Poirt," delightfully formed by the con- .
iluence of the rivers ^sl^ley an^ Cooper, being found a more
eligible place for Jement, than tnaton the banks of the
Ashley, chosen b. >he first settlers of Carolina, the proprie-
taries ^ncouraeeti the inclination of the inhabitantft to re- .
move to it. The preceding year a removal had commenced ;.
but it was in this year that the foundation of the new town ..
was laid; nnid dunne the year thirty houses were built. |t
received the name oi the old settlement, Charlestown ; an^
was immediately declared the port for the various purposes
of traffic, and the capital for tne general administration o^
government*. ^ '

Though the proprietaries, had ^iven early instructions tq
cultivate the good will of the natives, and more recent or-
ders to prohibit all trade with them for seven years ; yet a
war commenced in the beginning of this year with the
Westoes, a powerful tribe on the southern boundary of Ca-
rolina, and endangered the ruin of "that hopeful settrement.'^ ^
A peace however was concluded the next year; and, to pre-
- vent the return of similar mischiefs, commissioners were '
appointed by the proprietaries, to decide all complaint^ be-
tween the contending parties 3.

The proprietors ot West Jersey having importuned thft
duke of York to be restored to the rights, wnich they de-
rived from his grant of 1664 ; their pretensions were at
length referred to Sir William Jones, in compliance with
whose judgment the duke confirmed West Jersey to the pro-
prietors. Thus that province, after being ruled for some
time as a conmiered country, was reinstated in its former
privileges 4. The customs at Hoarkills, which had been
complained of as a hardship from the beginning, were
taken oflf this year 5. About this time, a watermill wa«

acting under a divine commission. A law of Alfred, the admirable
fbunderofthe jurisprudence of England, declared, " whosoever spreads a
ftlse report among the vulgar shall have his tongue cut out." Ibid. SdS.

1 Ibtd. 8!>7. "From actual returns, 7'i68 foot; 1300 horse."

8 Chalmers, i.fl4 1. See A. D. 1671, p. 318.

S Chalmers, i. M9. '*'I'hc cause of hostilities may be found in inju-
ries, which had been for tome years mutually given and received." lb.

4 Ibid. 618,619. The various ta.Tes, imposed by the governor and
council of New York on that province in 1078, were at the same time ex-
pended to Jersey^ Ci^rterct endeavoured in vain to establish there a free
jwrti for the governor of New York seized and condemned the vessels
trading thither; "and, however unjust, this measure was decisive, because
it was supported by superior power." Ibid.

t Smith, N. Jerjcy, 1 17— 1*4 SedJ tht arguments agninst this impost, ib.

» ' ' • built

« ^ i

.» -—■•'».>..^..

Sft^ AMERICAN ANNALS. [l660^

built near Rankokas creek, and another at Trenton >.

A. number of families removed from Windsor: in Connec-
ticut to the east side of the riv^, and began the settlement
of East Windsor *.

M. de la Sale, having undertaken a farther discovery of the
Mississippi, had, the preceding year, built a fort on the river
Illinois, and called it Crevecoeuri. He now sent out M.
Dacan with father Hennepin, to trace the Mississippi, if
possible, from its confluence with the Illinois, up to its
source. These two voyagers left fort Crevecceur on the
twenty-eighth of February, and ascended the Mississippi to
the forty- sixth decree of north latitude ; where they were
stopped by a fall m the river, to which father Hennepin
gave the name of the Fall of St. Anthony 4.

A great comet surprized and terrified the people of New
|!lngland5.

Josiah Winslow, governor of Plymouth, died, in the

1 Smith, N. Jersey, 1 14. The inhabitants of W. Jersey lud hitherto
•either pminded their corn, or ground it witli handtnills.

2 Coil, lliist. Sf)c. V. I'll9- Fifteen years they passed the river in boats^
to attend public worship on the west side. lb.

3 " Heart breaker," on account of troubles he met with there.

4 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 46o } ib. Fastes, Chrou. 96. Harris,
Voy. ii. 900. Du Pratz, Louisiane, i. 5.

5 Mather on Comets, 123. Hutchinson, i. 348. It was seen in N. En*
j;Uud from 18 November to 10 February. It was also seen in Europe; and
Jlenault, [ii. 192.] savs, that it was the largest comet, which had ever been
'seen ; and that this phenomenon struck a great terror into the minds of the
people in Francej " but," he justly remarks, "we are too much astoiKshed
«t uncommon events, and not enough at those, which happen every day.^'
It was by observation on Hth votact, that the great Sir Isaac Newton ascer-
tained tlie parabolic form of tUc trajectory of comets ; and demonstrated
their regular revolutions round the sun. This admirable discovery, while
it made a new epoch in astronomy, contributed to the removal of those ter-
rorst which the appearance of a comet had always excited. This pheno*
fnenon, in ail ages, and among ail nations, had been previously viewed as a
presage of some ^ireful event. It has since been considered as a constituent
f>art of an august system,~which, whether examined by vulgar or by philo-
jKopbic eves, ought to lead man^to ** wonder and.adore." The learned pro*
fessor Winthrop j^On Corned, Lect. II. p. 44.] says, <' No comet has threatr
ened the earth with a nearer approach than that oTl^SO; which, had it
come down to the sun a month later^ .would have passed as near the earth
as the mwm is." They* who are curipus to know what opinions learned
men of ancient times entertained concern:ing comets, are referred to Aris<-
jtotle, M(7iu;a'.x. Cap. v, vi, vii} Seneca, Natur. Qujest. lib. vit; and Travels
of Anachanis, ii. ]9!i, 196. I cannot forbear to subjoin the following re-
mark of Seneca [ut supra, p. 7d9.] on this subject } because it has been su
•exactly verified, since the discovery of Newton: "Veniet tern pus, quoista
<)ux nunc latent, in lucem dies' e.\trahat, et longioris aevi diligentia. Ad
inquisitionem tanturum aetas una non suflicit, ut tota coelo vacet. V.e^iie^
Xempus, quo posteri nostri tain aperta non neciase iQirentur."

\-™-.

^'flM'l'>K.#^'~

1C81.} AMERICAN ANNALS. »&*

fifty-second year of his ajge >. Urian Oakes, president of '
Harvard College, died, in the fiftieth year of his age *.
Roger Conant, who had the early care ot the settlement of
Cape Ann, died 3. About this time aUo died John WheeU
wright, the founder of the town of Exeter 4»

168I. .;

Virginia contained, at this time, about fourteen thousand
" tithables, or working hands." The house of burgesses
consisted of forty-one persons 5. ..,

The

• 1 Morton [Supplement J, 207. "He was a worthy and well accom-
plished gentleman, deserved!)- beloved by the people, being a tiue friend
to their liberties, generous, arable, and sincere; qualities incident to the
£imily.** Ibid. lie was the son of governor Edward Winslow; and the
tirst governor, iorn in New England. His discretion as a civil magistrate,
and hiRbravervaiantilitary commander, procured him much respect in
both oAces. "Nlather, Magnal. book ii. 7.

2 Mather, Magnal. book iv. 186 — 188. Coll. Hist. Soc. vii. 51—54.
He was educated at Harvard College. Soon after he graduated, he went
lb England, where he was settled in the munstry at Tichfield. Such was
his celebrity for ministerial quaiiBcations, learning and piety, that, on the
decease of Mc. Mitchel, the church and society at Camoridge sent a mes-
senger to England to invite him to their pastoral charge; and he com-
iQenced his ministry at Cambridge 8 November, 167 !• On the death of
president Hoar, he was invited to the presidency of Harvard College, and
entered on that office in 167 d. He was a man of extensive erudition, and
of distinguished usefulness. Dr. 1. Mather says, " he was one of the
greatest lights, that ever shone in this part of the world."

A Hubbard, MS. N. Eng. chap, xviii. See A. D. l(j^5, p. ]g4.

4 Ibid. chap, xliii. The sentence of banishment of Mr. Wheelwright
having been taken off by the general court, he was settled as minister at
Hamptoni butafterward went to England. On the change of times there,
be returned to New England, and was settled in the ministry at Salisbury,
where he continued until his death. See A. D. 1638, p. 251.

5 Chalmers, i. Ja.b, 3.^6, from the state of Virsinia, as delivered t«) the
committee of colonics in December, 1 68 1, by lord Culpeper. Other par-
ticulars are here subjoined. There were SO counties, each of which sent
-two members to the house of burgesses ; Jamestown sent one. 'i*he charges
of government were maintained, 1. By private levies, raised in each parish,
lor the minister, church, courts of justice, burgesses' wages, &c. 2. By
public levies, raised by actof assemblv. S- By the 2s. a hogshead, with
Is. 3d. a ton, paid for fort duties, which amount to 3000/. a year. " The"
ecclesiastical " livings are 76 or 77 ; but the poorness of the country and
the low price of tobacco had made them of so much less value, scarcely
the half. As to the military power : There is not one fort in the whole
country, that is defensible against an European enemy. There may be
15000 fighting men in the country; and yet they used to count 3o0 au
army royal. In relation to the ludiaus: We are at peace with all. at leaxt
in- war with none. But that which bids fair to be the speedy r^nd certain

uudoiog

■f-

\'i

5d2 AMefttCAN ANKALS. [l<58l.

The legislature of Maryland, in this and the subsequent
year, made an attempt to introduce matiufactures into that
colony ; but without much success ^ Fendal, who had for-
merly raised an insurrection in Maryland, and bad beeh
pardoned, was now tried for seditious practices, and found
guilty. He was fined forty thousand pounds of tobacco ;
imprisoned until payment ; and banished the province *.

Edward Kandolpfi came over, the second time, to Massa-
chusetts, as collector for Boston, and made a vigorous, but
unsuccessful, attempt to execute his office 3.

Mason arrived at New Hampshire, and was admitted to
a seat in the council. Asserting, soon after, his right to
the province, assuming the title of lord proprietor, and pro-
ceeding to an act according to these pretensions, his conauct
was deemed *' an usurpation of his majesty's authority here
established,*' and a warrant was issued for apprehending
him ; but he fled to England 4.

During the year ending with April 168I, there were en-
tered at Portsmouth forty-nine vessels, from ten to one huns.
dred and fifty tons burden 5. The amount of the provincial
customs, levied at that port during the same year, arising
from taxes on wines and liquors, and one penny a pound of
the value on the first cost of goods imported, was sixty-one
pounds, three shillings and one penny ^.

tindoing of this colony, is the Jow or rather no prireof the only produci
cf our landsi and our only commodity, tobacco: for the market is over-
stocked, and every crop overstocks it ino.-e. Our thriving is our undoing \
and our buying of blacks hath extremely contributed thereto, bjr making
more tobacco : >^-e are too ntany for that, and too few for any thing else."
Ibid.

1 Clialmers, i. 36(3, Sd?. It made laws for promoting tillage, and rais-
inif provisions for exportation ; for restraining the export of leather and
hides ; for the support of tanncn and shoemakers j and for encouraging
ttie making of linen and woolen cloth.

d Chalmers, i. 237. Sec A. D. 1656, and 1659.

a Chalmers, i. 410. Hutchinson, ii. 73. By • letter to the gn^erhori
Randolph demanded the tinal resolution of the general court, Wliether it
would admit his commission to be in force, or not ; that he tnight know
how to govern himself. The court remained silent; "thus," says ChaU
mers, "showing equally its contempt for the man, and thte embarrassnielit
of its situation." Chalmers, ib. 411.

4 Belknap, N. Ilamp. i. 182, 1.83.

a Chalmers, i. 510. '* Many of the said ships Were driv^ in by MitSl
of weatl)(ir, and made no stay." Ib. Dr. Belknapt from the Council n-
cords, says, from |.^.June 1 680 to 12 .Apiil 168I, ^ere entered 22 ships^
IS ketches 2 barks, S pinks, I shallop, and i Hyboat; in all 47. K
Ilamp. i- 187.

6 Chalmers, i. 51 1. This was mohey of the province, which was of
kss value tlian sterling 33 I 3 per cent. Nu iiarliamcntary duties were
then collected.

* William

\6S\,] AMERICAN ANNAtS* 8§3

William Penn, the son of Sir William Penn », liaving pe-
titioned Charles II. for a tract of territory between tl)e bay
and river of Delaware and lord Baltimore's province of
Maryland ; a charter, making conveyance of tWut territory,
was signed and sealed by the king, on the fourth of March.
It constituted William Penn andnis heirs true and absolute
proprietaries of the province of Pennsylvania,, saving to the
-crown their allegiance and the sovereignty. It gave him,
his heirs, and their deputies, power to make laws, by advice
of the ireemen, and to erect courts of justice for the execu-
tion of those laws, provided they be not repugnant to tlie
laws of England'. The charter being thus obtained, Penn,
by a public advertisement, invited purchasers. Many single
persons, and son^e families, chiefly of the denomination of
quakers, *vere induced to think of a removal ; and a number
of merchants and others forming theniaelves into a company,
purchased twenty thousand acres of his land 3. On the ele-
venth of July, Penn entered into certain articles with the
purchasers and adventurers, which were entitled ^'Condi-
tions and Concessions 4." These preliminaries being ad-
justed, a colony came oyer to America, this year, and com-
menced a settlement above the confluence oi the Schuylkill
with the Delaware 5.

Thomas Mayhew, the first settler of Martha's Vineyard,
died, in the ninety-tthird year of his age 6,

1 Sir William was the adniira!, who assisted iu taidng Jamaica. See
A. D. iGlta.

a See the Chartet* entire in Proud's Hist. Pennsylvania,!. 171..— 187,
an4 a suniroarv of it in Clialniers, i. 436. The preamble and the Hi st sec-
tion declare tne reasons for the ^rant tu be, the commendable desire of
William Peiiu to enlarge the British empire, to promote commodities of
trad«, to reduce the savage natives, by just and genth; manners, to the love
of civil society, and the Christian religion; together with a " regard tvtlte
piemorv and merits of bis late fiitber."

8 The land was sold at the rate of 20/. for every 1000 acres.

4 These are inserted in Proud, ii. Append. No. I.

5 Proud, i. 1 70—196. Belknap, Biog. ii. S95— 402, 410. Chalmers, i.
640. Uqiv. Hist. xli. e. Three «lu|>s sailed for Pennsylvania, that year)
2 from London, and 1 from Bristol. The John and Sarah, from London,
is said to have been the first, that arrived there; the .Amity, from London^
with passengers, was blown off* to the W. Indies, and did not arrive at the
province until the «nsutng sprins; tlie Bristol Factor arrived at the p!ace«
wbsre Chester now stands, 00 tne ilth of Oecemlierr The passengers,;
seehig some house*, went on shore, near the lower side of Chester creek ;
and, the river freexing up that night, they remained there all winter.
Proud, ibid.

Coli. Hist. Soc. i. aoi. Sec A. D. lGl7, p. 26ft

. ifiSS.

■hi

',**.

N ■

■J

\ i

£84

AMIbRICAN ANNALS^

[l082»

1682.

'■ »

■4;

William Penh, the proprietary of Pennsylvania, publishedt
a firame of government; with a body of laws *, agreed on in
£nsland between himself and the purchasers. To prevent
all future pretence of claim to the province by the duke of
York, or his heirs, he obtained of the duke his deed of re-
lease for it 1 and, as an additional territory to the province^
he procured of the duke his right and interest in that tract
of jand> which was at first called the territories of PennsyU
vania, afterward, Tbe three lower counties on Delaware »<

In the month of August, Pehn, accompanied by about
one hundred passcneers, chiefly Quakers, embarked for
America } and landed at New Castle on the twenty-fourth
of October. The next day the people were summoned to
the court house ; where, after possession of the country
was legally given, he made a speech to the old magistrates
and the people, acquainting them with the design of bis
coming, the nature and end of government j particularly of
that, which he came to establish ; assuring them of " liberty
of conscience and civil freedoms," and recommending them
to live in sobriety and peace. He also renewed the ccm-
niissions of the magistrates. Proceeding afterward to Up-
land [Chester] , he there called an assembly on the fourth of
December 3. This assembly passed an act of union, annex-
ing

\ Theframe of government was published in April ; and the ehi*f inten-
tion of tliis.famous charter was declared to be ♦• for the support of power
in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of
power: For liberty, without obedience, is confusion; and obedience,
without liberty, is slavery." The body qflmvs, agreed on by the adven-
turers, and intended as a supplement to the frame, was published in
May i " and it docs gieat honour to their wisdom as statesmen, to their
morals as men, to their spirit as colonists." Chalmers, i. 641 — 64d. The
Frame of Government and the Laws are in Proud's Hist. Pennsylv. Ap-
pendix, No. 11.

a Proud, i. 196—902. Chalmers,!. 641, 645. Belknap, Rio^. ■w40S—
408. The duke of York gave two deeds of feoffment for the tr.rritories ;
the first was for Newcastle and a district of 12 miles round it, 'iS far as the
river Delaware ; the second comprehended the tract from 19 miles south of
Newcastle to the Hoarkills, "otherwise called CapeHinlopen." The first
tract formed the county of Newcastle; the second, thecoonties of Kent
-and Sussex. Ibid.

3 This assembly consisted of 73 delegates from the 6 counties, into
which Pennsylvania and Delaware had been already divided. The free-
men, though allowed by ihc frame to come, for this time, in their own
.persuDs. yet declared, that tlie fewness of the people, their inhabilitv in
/, ,^ estate,

[1082.

vania, published
8 «, agreed on in
rs. To prevent
i by the duke of
5 hi8 deed of re-
to the province,
rest in that tract
aries of Pennsyl-
n Delawar* »«
)anied by about
I, embarked for
\c twenty-fourth
sre summoned to
I of the country
e old magistrates
le design of bis
tj particularly of
them of " liberty
immending them
enswed the com-
afterward to Up-
f on il>e fourth of
ofunionj annex-
ing

; and the thi*f inten-
he support of power
pie from the abuse of
ion i and obedience,
ced on by the advcn-
et was published ifi
statesmen, to their
,1.641—643, The
Hist. Pennsjiv. Ap-

knap, niog. .u40S—
nt for the trrritories ;
round it, 'iS far as the
Vom l« miles south of
linlopen." The first
the coonties of Kent

the 6 counties, into

divided. The free-

is time, in their own

5, their inliability in

estate,

iCaa,] • AMERICAN ANNALS. 385

ing tht!' ' '>ree lower counties to the province t ; and an act
^settleiii'^nt, in reference to the <* nrame of government/,',
ji he Dutch, Swedes, and other foreigners were then natu-
ralized ; and all the laws, agreed on in flpgland, were passed
in form ».

Penn imn'iediately entered into a treaty with the natives,
from whom he purchased as much of the soil, as the circum-
stances of the colony required, and ** settled a very kind
correspondence" with them 3.

'Thcr

Sistate, and unskiifuln^ss in matters of govemment, would not permit
hem to act; and desired therefore, that tiie deputies, now chosen, might
serve both for the provincial council and general asseihbly: 3 out of every
county fur the former, and 9 for the latter. Chilmtfrs, i. 045.
. ^1 Until this union with Pennsylvania, these counties, from the year
1667, had been holden as an appendage to the government of New York.
Encyclop. Rrit. v. 7 19> The want of the roval authority for this act, with
the oiieration of other (tdusbs, produced dimcultiei, which afterward ren-
dered this union void ; and the three lower cbunties had a separate assem-
biy» though under the same governor. Belknap, Biog. ii. 412.

2 Proud, i. 304 — 2o6. On the west side of the Delaware, o'a the lands
granted to Pcnn, the Dutch had, at this time, one place for religious wor>
iihip at Newrcastlei the Swedes, 3, one at Christeen, oite at Tenecum, and
one at WIcocoa (now in the suburbs of Philadelphia.) lb. Smith, N. Jer-
sey, 22, Chalmers f i. 643.] says, " when the proprietary arrived on the
banks of the Delaware, he found them inhabited by 300O persons,, com*
posed of Swcdci, Dutch, Pinlanders, and English. ' '

3 Cnalmi^ra, i. Ct4. Proud [ii. 2)2.] says, the friiendship, now begun,
Mras never interrupted for the space of more than 76 yeart. One part of
Penn's agreement with the Indians was, that they should sell no lands to
any person, but to himself or his agents; another was, that his agents should
not occupy nor giant any lands, but those which were fairly purchased of
the Indians. Thes^ stipulations were confirmed by subsequent acts of
Assembly; and every bargairt, made between private persons and the In*
dians without leave of the proprietor, was declared void. Belknap, Biog.
ii. 4l6. We have no disposition to detract from the merits of the wise and
philanthropic founder of Pennsylvania, or of his pacific colony; buta^
^xcfusitg title to the praise of justice and fidelity toward the natives can«
not be granted them. The author of The History of Pennsylvania has
t-ited, on this occasion, poetical lines fioin Dcscriptio Pennsylvania;, by
Thomas Makin of Philaoelphia, dated 17^9. in which New England, in
contrast With that colony, is stigmatized as involving herself in wars with
the natives by her own perfidy.

*' Non regio hcc Indos armis subigendo tenetur,

Sed certa emptori conditione data est.
btra Bed infelix, heu ! bella A'ov'i^y/^/m sensit;

Iiidis quae semper gens malcfida fuit."

This iMguage of ^ poet, when transcribed and translated by an historiant

i without stricturer becomes injurious. A little softening in the translation

does not absolve the charge. The fiicts, recorded in the early histories

of New EnglaDd, snd especially the laws of the New England colonies,

' Vot. I. Co de.

■n

■\

$86 AM^niCAN ANNALS. [l682.

The proprietary nexi proceeded, with the assistance of his
surveyor j^neral, Thomas Holme, to lay out a place for the
projected citv ; to which he had already assigned the name
.of Philadelphia. The city^ was immediately begun ; and,
within less than a year, eighty houses ana cottages -were
built t. The first settlers were generally quakers, who had
suffered persecution, on account of their religion ; and who,
tvith other dissenters from the church of England, sought
liberty of conscience in a country, which offered to the per*
secuted a peaceful asylum *.

Governor Carteret of East Jersey, early in the year, trans^
ferred his rights in that province to William Penn and eleven
associates ; who immediately conveyed one half of their in-
terest to the earl of Perth and eleven other» 3. In the towns

. 1

demonstrate a great re^rd to the rights of the natives, both in the pur-
chase of lands, and in the observance of treaties. Beside what may be
found in this volume, in proof of the assertion, the observations of Dr.
f^elknap [Amer. Bio^. iii. 417 — 4190 deserve attention. That discrimi-
natingt yfi candid hutorian, after mentioning the instances of New En-
gland, and of the Patch at Delaware, obierves, that " it may be proper
to considei: Mr. Venn as having followed the * examples of justice and
Inoderation/ which had been set by former Europeans, in their conduct
toward the natives of America."

i PFbad, i. 333. $34. Belknap, Bios. ii. 410— 43 1. Chalmers [i. 645. ]
says, " we are assured," that near 100 nouses and cottages were built in
that time. The ground, chosen for the purpose of this city, was claimed
by some Swedes ; to whom Penn gave, in e.tchance for it, a larger Quan-
tity of land, at a small distance. Coaquannock (the Indian name or the
place, selected fur the city,) then exhibited an agreeable prospect. It
liad a high and dry bank next to the Delaware, and was finely ornamented
with pine trees. Proud, i. 21 1, 233. Smith [N. Jersey, lOS.] says, that,
in 1678, a ship from Hull passed the first time so high up the Delaware, a$
Burlinjtton ; that off against Coaquannock, where was a bold shore, she
passed so near it, in tacking, that a part of the rigging struck the tr«bs ;
and that some of the passengers remarked, it was a fine spot for a town.

9 Proud, i. 2 16, 2 1 7. Chalmers, i. 644. Chalmers (ib.) says, Penn was
•' accompanied" to Pennsylvania by about 80Q0 emigrants } but be proba-
bly meant tu include all the emigrations of this year. Penn, in a letter to
the ministers of England, dated 14 August, 1683, writes that he had com-
pleted " the settlement of six and twenty sail of people within the space of
one year." Proud (ut supra) says, '* the settlers amounted to such a large
number, that the parts near Delaware were peopled in a very rapid man-
ner, even from about the foils of Trenton, down to Chester, near 50 miles
on the river ; besides the settlements in the lower counties."

3 Chalmers, i. 620. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 363. The reason assigned by
Chalmers for Carteret's transfer (in February) is, that h« was •* ofTended
with a province, which he could neither please nor govern." The reason,
assigned for the conveyance made by Penn and his associates, is, that " they
wished for aid in the arduous task of peopling and niling a diitf ot colony."

Ibid.

T*"

[1682.

nstance of his
i place for the
ned the name
begun ; and,
cottages -were
leers, who had
ion ; and who»
gland, nought
red to the per*

the year, trans*

*enn and eleren

»alf of their in-

In the towns

s. both in the pur-
»ide what may be
obtervations of Dr.
n. That discriini-
tanccs of New En-
•• it may be proper
pl« of justice and
M, in their conduct

Chalmen [1.645]
tages were buik in
pis city, was claimed
t)rit, a larger Quan-
Indian name of the
seable prospect. It
IS finely ornamented
ey, loa.] says, that,
up the Delaware, a$
as a bold shore, she
ng struck the tr«bs ;
ine spot for a town.
i(ib.)»ays,Pennwa8
ants; butheproba-
Pena, in a letter to
tes that he had com*
e within the space of
anted to such a large
n a very rapid man*
hester, near 50 miles
iunties."

! reason assigned by
^t he was •* offended
Ivern.'* TberisasoD,
lciate8,is,thaf*tbejr
lug a diitfot colony.

i(J82.J

AMfiltlCAN ANNALSi

is?

bF East Jersey there were supposed to be settled about seven
hundred fannilies >. Newark was already a compact town,
said to contain about one hundred families >. A ship arrived,
this year, at West Jersey, and landed three hundred and sixty
passengers on the Jersey shore, between Philidelphia and
Burlineton 3.

Lord Cardross, a nobleman of Scotland, having formed a
project for carrying over some of his countrymen to Caro-
lina, embarked with a few families, and maaean attempt to
establish a eolony on Port Royal island 4 ; but this colony^
daiming, from an agreement with the proprietaiies, co-or-
dinate authority with *^he governor and grand council of
Charlestown, was compelled, with circumstances of outrage^
to acknowledge submission 5.

, Carolina was now first divided into three courtttes ; Berke-
ley, Craven, and Clarendon ^. Governor West, in autumn,
held a parliament, which enacted laws for settling a militia;
for making high ways " through the boundless forest, which
surrounded the capital;'* for suppressing drunkeness and
prophane swearing j and for the observation of the Lord's
day r.

Randolph, doU^ctor of the Port of Boston, having writteti
home, that he was in danger of being punished witn death,
by virtue of an ancient lawj as a subverter of the constitution.
Was ordered to return to England. Massachusetts was again
threatened with a writ of guo warranto ; and her agents in

Ibid. Governor Carteret died in November; and Robert Barclay, the f«>
mous author of the Apology, Was chosen governor of East Jersey, the ne.xt
year. Smith, N. Jersey, C^, l66. Douglass [ii. 288.] says, Barclay *• aome^
times officiated by a deputy." During Carteret's administration, the gc«
neral assemblies and supreme courts sat at Elisabeth town. Smith.

1 Smith, N. Jersey. lUl. This number was exclusive of the out plants*
tions, whibh werti supposed to contain half as many inhabitants ai th*
towns.

3 Ibid. 159*

3 Ibid. 160.

4 He\Vet, i. 89. Cardrosi soon returned to Britain. lb.

5 Chalmers, i. 544. See A. D. i6t)6.

6 Ibid. Berkeley filled the space around the capital, as &r as Stono
creek on the north, and the Sewee on the south ; Craven occupied the
district to the northward of it, toward Cape Fear, formerly denomi-
nated Clarendon } and Colleton contained Port Royal and the lands in its
vicinity, to tbf distance of 30 milei. The first, of these counties was the
ouly one. so populated, as to have a county court for the determination
of its local anairs ; and the iO members, \irhich composed the lower house
of parliament, were chosen at Charlestown. Ibid.

7 Univ, Hist. xl. 4i5. Chalmers» i. 544.

I '

C c 3

England

> V

^dft AMERICAN ANNALS. [\6&B^

England represented to the general court tbeeaeeofthe
colony as desperate t.

Edward Cran field, arriving at New Hampshire as lieu-
tenant governor and commander in chief, found that the
province contained four townships, with four thousand in-
habitants, and mustered four hundred and fifty militia >•
His administration was extremely arbitrary and oppressive J.

M. de la Sale descended the Missisippi to the sea ; and»
in the name of Louis XIV. kins of France, talcing possession
of all the country watered by that great river, named it, iu
honour of the king, Louisiana 4.

l683.

HI)

The first assembly of Pennsylvania was holden at Phila*
delphia on the twelfth day of March. On the request of
the assembly and of the freemen for a new charter^ it was
given them by the proprietary on the second of April, and
accepted by the provincial council and assembly on the same
days.

1 Chalmen, i. 411, 413. The sgents desired the Keneral court to de-
termine, since many cities in England, and some of the plantations, liad*
submitted, whether it were better to resign itself to the Icing's pleasure, or
to suffer a writ to issue. After considerable debate and consideration, it
was concluded by the court, and by the inhabitants generally, that it were
, « better to die by the hands of others, than by their own." The ministecfv
advised the people to this conclusion; and Hutchinson [i. SS7.1 sayi*, <• the
clergy turned tne scale for the last time." Massachusetts had at length
sent Joseph Dudley and John Richards as agents, in the room of those,
who returned in l679> They sailed 9 1 May, 16S8. Hubbard, MS. New
England, chap Ixx. The instructioos to these agenti wert given w^th great
caution, and restriction,
fi Chalmers, i. 494.

3 Belknap, New Hampshire, i. chap. viii. Adams, New England, i. 137-

4 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 464 \ Pastes Chron. S6. Du Pratz, i. S.
Univ. Hist. xl. 19, 90, 27 1- Wynne, i. 393- Some of these authors place
this discovery m 1683 ; I have followed Charlevoix. The chevalier de
Tonti, who had been fefk at Fort Creveceeur [See p. 880.], was obliged
by the Illinois to abandbn that fortress; but the persevering Sale phiced
another garrison there in 1681 ; and built a second fort, which he called
St. Lewis. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 464. See p. 350, note d.

5 Proud, i 239, 240. This second charter entitled, " The Frame of the
Govertitrient of the Province of Pennsylvania and Territories thereunto an-
nexed, in America," is in Proud, ii. Append. N« HI. By this charter the
provmcial council was to consist of 18 persons, three froin each county ;
and the assembly was to be composed of 36, six from each county, "men
of ~ost note for their virtue, wisdom, and ability." The amendment!*,
introduced into this second charter, bad previously been agreed oa. lb;
339- • . . .

I i^ - ' ' * Among

1688.] ' AMERICAN ANNALS. 380

Among the settlers of Pennsylvania some, who came from
Germany, of the denomination ofuuakers, settled seven miles
distant from Philadelphia, and called their settlement Oer«
mar'^wn*. A settlement was also made in that province
by a large number of the ancient Britons^ and called North
Wales*.

The inhabitants of New York now first participated in the
iMislative power. Thomas Dungan, arrivinff m governor
otthat province, issued orders to the sheriift, to summon
the freenolders, for choosing representatives to meet him in
Msemblv on the seventeenth of October 3.

Articles of high crimes and misdemeanor were presented
to the committee of olantations, by Randolph, against the
corporation of Massacnusettsin Jane ; and an order of coun*
oil was passed on the tweaty-sixth of Julv« for isauins a quo
warranto against the charter of Massachusetts, with a de-
claration from the king, that if the colony, before prosecu*
tion, would make full submission and entire resignation to
his pleasure, he would regulate their charter for nis service
and their good, and with no farther alterations, than should
be necessary for the support of his government there. Ran*
dolph, the evil genius of Massachusetts, arrived with the
quo warranto in October 4. The day after his arrival, a
great tire happened in tjbe richest part of the town of Bos-

1 Proud* i. «19, 230, 830. They consisted of ^out 20 families, from
jthe Palatinate.

2 Ibid. Several of these settlers were of the original of early stock of
the society fA Friends in Wales. They had early purchased of the proprie*
tary, in England, 40.000 acres of land. In the three fiist years, there ar*
rived at Pennsylvania, frpm London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, Cheshire,
Lancashire, Holland, Germany, &c. about 00 sail of ships, with passengea
or settlers. Ibid.

a >Smith, N. York, 44. The council, the €ourt<of assizes, and the cor-
poration of New York, had concurred in soliciting the duke of York to
permit the people to have a sluire in the governroent ; aud .the duke in-
formed (be deputy governor of 4he province, that he intended to establish
the nme form of government as the other plantations enjoyed, " particu-
larly in the choosing of an assembly." '3ongan, " a man of integrity, mo-
deration, and genteel manners, thougii a professed papist," was appointed
governor in l682, and instructed to call an assembly. It was to consist of
a council com|X)sed of 10 members, and of a house of nepcesentativef*
chosen by the freeholders, composed of IS members. The laws of this
legislature were to be of no force, without the ratification of tht ptopiie-
tary. Chalmers, i. .'584.

4 Hutchinson, i. S38. Biblioth. Americ. 104. Chalmr.';s, i. 414, 462.

& Hutchinson, ib It consumed a great number of dwelling bouses,
.vrsreUouses, and vessels. Coll. Hist Soc. iii. 269.

I Cc 3 J*ga-d

I JI!

'■<

iMIi

i'u-

3Q0 AMERICANT ANNALS. [lQ84«

Lord Effingham, appointed governor of Virginiai wasex-
pressly ordered '* to allow no person to use a printing press
on any occasion whatsoever I."

To remedy the distress, felt by the want of a common
measure of commerce, the parliament of Carolina *' laised
the value of foreign coins/' It also suspended all prosecur
tion for foreign debts ^.

The French erected a fort between the lakes £rie and Ha<

ron3.

l684.

* .>>*ir'r»-'i*i f.* ♦-^^I^*

■ J no vin ti;i>:>,i

The high eourt of chancery in England, on the eighteenth
of June, gave judgment for the king against the governor
and company of Massachusetts ; their charter was declared
to be forfeited ; and their liberties were seized into the king's
hands 4. Colonel Kirk, of opprobrious memory, was now
appointed governor of the colonies of Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Maine, and Plymouth; but, before his com*
mission and instructions could be finally settled, the demise
of king Charles annulled his appointment 5.

The Five Nations, since the peace of 1671} had turned
their arms to the southward, and conquered the country from
the Missisippi to the borders of the plantations, as far as
Carolina. Virginia and Maryland, often involved in the ca-
lamities of their Indian allies, whom they were unable to
protect, except by treaties, found it expedient to settle a
peace with the ferocious conquerors. A treaty was accord*
ingly holden at a grand convention in Albany ; and^ on the

1 Chalmers, i. 345 ; ** agreeably to the prayers of Sir W. Berkeley.
See A. D. 167 1.

3 Chalmers, i. 545. The Jirst of these acts gave rise to the currency of
Carolina, which afterward became extremely depreciated. The second,
though at first confirmed by the j)roprietaries, was afterward dissented
irom, " because it was contrary to the king's honour, since it was in efiect
to stop the course of justice; because the parliament had no power to«Qact
a law, so f:ontrary to those of Enp;land." They also issued orders, ** that

~ all officers should be displaced, who had promoted it." Ibid.

S Minot, i. 181. " During the peace, from 1667, to 1683, tJie French,
vrith a spirit of enterprize and perseverance, which do them honour,
formed a settlement at Detroit, established a fort still farther westward at
Missilimakinack. and extended their commerce among the numerous tribes
that bunt on th^ banks of th^ Missisippi. They were, howeyer, steadily
opposed bv the Five Nations." Chalmers, i. 589.

4 Hutchinson, i. 340 i ii. 5. Chalmers, i. 415.
b Chalmers, i. 417*

a Xi\ .-j-

mi.

.1} ^

[1084,

nia| was.ex-
rinting press

fa QQVamon

lipa ** liaised

all prosecur

Brie ftnd Hu-

no vJn tiyi-aft

le eighteenth
the governor
was declared
nto the king's
ary, was now
husetts, New
ore '■ his com*
id, the demise

, had turned
s country from
ons, as far as
lived in the ca-
rere unable to
mt to settle a
y was accord-"
; and, on the

Sir W. Berkeley.

to the currency of
ed. The secoiid,
:ei-ward dissented
ice it was in effect
no power to enact
led orders, ** that
Ibid.

|68S, Uie Frencbt
do them honour,
rthcr westward at
le numerous tribe;
however, steadily

1684.] AMERICAN ANNALS. Sgi

second of August, a peace concluded by lord Effingham
and governor Don^an m behalf of all the settlements >.

Penn, the proprietary of Pennsylvania, went to England,
leaving his province under the administration of five com-
missioners, chosen from the provincial council *. Philadel-
phia already contained nearly three hundred houses, and
two thousand inhabitants i.

In every town in East Jersey, there was a house for public
worship, where religious service was performed every week 4.

The line of partition was run between New York and Con-
necticut 5,

All the land in the towns of Dorchester and Milton, in
Massachusetts, with the exception of six> thousand acres prcr
viously reserved for the Indians, was granted and conveyed
in aconiirmatory deed from Charles Josiah, an Indian sachem,
grandson ofChickatawbut^.

M. de la Barre, with a large army from Canada, made an
unsuccessful expedition into the country of the Five Na-
tions \

1685,

I Colden, 44. Chalmers, i. 567. Smith, N. York, 46.
. 8 Chalmers, i. 650. Thomas Lloyd was at the head of them, as president.

S Belknap, Biog. ii. 424. Twenty other settlements were begun, in-
eluding those of the Dutch and Swedes. Ibid. Proud, i. 388.

4 Smith, N. Jersey, 186. The people " being mostly New England
men, do mostly incline to their way. They have no public laws in the
country for maintaining public teachers, but the towns that have them,
make way within themselves to maintain them." Newark appears to have
been the only town in the province, which had a settled preacher, who
** followed no other employment" Ibid. Letter from John Barclay and
others to the proprietors.

5 Trumbull, i. 985. It was confirmed by the governors of those colo-
pm 94 February, 1685.

6 Coll. Hist. Soc. i. 195. For this deed he received a va'.uable sum
of money from William Stoughton, esquire. The same land had been
previously conveyed by Josiah the father, and Chickatawbut the grand-
pther, of this sachem. Ibid. See A. D. 1657.

7 Charlevoix,!. 489 — 49S. The army was composed of 700 Canadians^
ISO'soldiers, and 200 Indians, principally the Iroquois from the Fall o£
St. Anthony and the Hurons ot Lorette. lb. After a delay of six weekt
at Fort Frontenac, during which time a great sickness l^roke out in the
French army, De la Barre found it neccessary to conclude the campaign
with a treaty. Crossing the lake for that purpose, he was met, at a place
desigiiated, by the Oneidas, Onondagos, and C^yugas ; the Mohawks
and Senekas refused to attend the treaty. Seated in a chair of state, the
Indians and French officers forming a circle around him, he addressed
himself to Garan^ula, an Onondago chief, in a haughtv speech, which
was concluded with a menace of burning the castles of the Five Nations,
and destroying the Indians, unless the satisfaction, which he demanded,
were giveih Garangula, seated at some diatanse before his men, with

C c 4 h^

^... . *, ^

CL_tt»»i*ll"N«^<~'*'^^»'

dgs

AMERICAN ANNALS.
l685.

fl685-'

Charles II. died on the sixteenth of February. He was
succeeded by his brother James II. who was proclaimed at
Boston on the twentieth of April >. Connecticut^ with the
other colonies congratulatea him on his accession to the
throne, and begged the protection of her chartered privileges;
but in July a quo tvarranio was issued against the governor

bis pipe m his mouth, and the great calumet of peace before hiro,
did nothing but look at the end of bis pipe, during this harangue. When
it was finished, he walked five or six times round the circle, and then*
standing upright, thus answered the French general, who was still seated
in his elbow chair : " Onnuntio, I honour you, and all the warriors, who
ate with me, honour you. Your interpreter has finished your speech ; I
now begin mine. My words make haste to reach your ears ; hearken to
them. Onnuntio, in setting out from Qtiebec, you must have imaginedt
that the scorching beams of the sun had burnt bown the forests, which
render our country inaccessible tu the French ; or that the inundations o^
the lakes had shut us up in our castles. But now you are undeceived ■, for
I'and tay warriors have come to assure you, that the Senekas* Cayugas*
Onondagos, Oi^idas, and Mohawks, are yet alive." After ascribing ^e
pacific overtures of the general to the impotence of the French, and
repelling the charges brought ajjainst his countrymen, he added i <*We
are born free; we have no dependence either on the Onnuntio or the'
Corlar*." Tfjis speech, which furnishes an interesting specimen of the
spirit and eloquence of the aboriginals, has this admirable conclusion:
•• My voice is tne voice of all the Five Nations. Hear what they say ; open
your ears to wha't ithey speak. The Senekas, Cayugas, Onondagos,
and Mohawks say, that when they buried the hatchet at Cataracuoy, in
the presence of your predecessor, in the very centre of the fort, and planted
the tree of peace in the same place, it was then agreed, that tne fort
should be used as a place of rend^^^voi^s for merchants, and not as a refuge
for soldiers. Hear, Onnuntio, you ought to take care, that so great a
number of soldiers, as app^r ther<^, dq no| choke the tree of peace,'
planted in so small a fort, and hinder it from shading both your country
and ours with its branches. 1 do assure you, that our warriors shall dance
fo the calumet of peace under its leaves, 'and that we will never dip up
the ax to cut it down, until the Onnuntio o'c the Qorlar shall either
jointly or separately endeavour to invade the country, which the great
Spirit had given to our ancestors. This belt confirms my words ; and
tbisother, the authority, which the Five Nations have given me." Enraged
at this bold reply, De la Barre retired to his teiit. and prudently sus-
pended his menaces. Two days after, at the conclusion of the peace, the
Indian chief and his retinue returned to their country, and the French
army embarked in their canoes for Montreal. Baron la Hon't'an in Harris,
Voy. ii. 9.6. Colden, 59- Smith, N. Yoik, 46—50. Charlevoix, Nouv.
France, i. 491—493.

I Sewall, MS. Diary. Hutchinson, i. 340. Chalmers [i. 417.] says,
with sorrow and aftected pomp."

• Titles given iy the Indians to the governor of Canada and N. York.

rs [i. 417.] says,

J885.] AMERICAN ANNALS. $03

and company of that colony *. A similar writ was issued ii^
October against Rhode Island >. Randolph was now ap-
pointed, by the lord treasurer Rochester, deputy post mas-
ter of New England 3. Kin^ James, on the eighth of Oc«
-tober, issued a commission, in which Joseph Dudley, a na«
tive of Massachusetts, was appointed president oi New En-
gland 4.

The colony of Plymouth was divided into three cbunties j
Plymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol 5. In that colony there
were, at this time, one thousand four hundred and thirty*
nine praying Indians^.

The commerce of Charlestown, the capital of Carolina,
began to attract notice in England, and the iiist collector
was established for that port 7.

The assembly of Carolina passed an act for clearing lots
and streets of Cfharlestown, and for settling and regiuating
a nightly watch in the town ^.

1 Chalmers, i. 297. Trumbull, i. 886. The Articles of high inisde*
meanor, which were exhibited against the governor and company, are in
Phalmers. i. 301 — 304. 'I'hcv are s\^tied by Edward Randolph.

2 Callender, 4?. Adams, R Eng. 141.

. 3 Chalmers, i. 463. This appears to be the first instance of such an
appointment in the English colonies. Ibid!

4 Hutchinson, L 341—345; 350—353. Belknap, N. Hamp. i. 2S0—
93%. Trumbull, i 388. Coll Uht. Soc. v. 944. Chalmers, i. 418.
The royal grasp did not at first take in all the New England colonics. The
jurisdiction of the president and council extended over Massa-
chusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and the Narraganset or king's province.
The royal commision was received on the 1 5th of May, i686, and
published on the 25th of that mouth ; nt which time Dudley's administra-
tion commenced. It was short, and " not very grievous." The house nf
delegates was indeed laid aside ; but the ancient ordinances of the general
court were declared to be in forv^e j and the laws and customs of th^
jTolony were continued, lb.

264

b Morton [Supplementj, 207.
6 Hutchinson, i. 349.
At I'awnet. Billingsgate i
and Easthani orNauset V

Manamoymet - - - - 116

Sackatucicet and Nobscusset 121

Matakeesec ... - 70

Scarnton or Scanton • • 51

Marshpee ..... 141

Suckanesset ..... 72

Monamet - . - - . no
Saltwater Pond . - - 90
Namasket and Titicut - . 70
Namatakeeset - • - • 40
Moxisset ..... 85

Cooxit 120

Seconet .---.- go

1439

Reside boys and girls under 12 years old, who were supposed to be more
than three times that number, lb.

7 Chalmers, i. 548. Drayton. S. Carol. 16O.

4 Drayton, S. Carol 201. The " first known act" for that purpose.

" ^\

} \i

304 AMERICAN ANNALS, I168O.

The town of Branford, in Connecticut, after a long period
of desertion^ became resettled, and reinvested witn town
privileges I.

The inhabitants of Canada amounted to seventeen thou*
sand ; three thousand of whom were supposed to be capable
of bearing arms *, .

1686.

The Spaniards at St. Augustine, suspecting that the En-
glish colonists inflamed the natives against them, invaded
(he southernmost frontiers of Carolina^ and laid waste the
feeble settlements of Port Rayal 3. A writ of quo warrantQ
was issued, about this time against the patent of Carolina 4.

The attorney general of England was ordered to prosecute
writs of quo warranto against East and West Jersey with
effects. Several persons in East Jersey havine received
abuses, and been put in great fear by quarrels and challenges,
ft law was made tor their suppression 6.

1 Trumbull, i. 28J), 290. Mr. Plerson, minister of Bradford, and
almost his whole church and cnn^jregation. were so dissatisfied with the
union of New Haven and Connecticut in 1665. that they soon removed
into Newark, in New Jersey. I'eople from various parts of the colony
gradually moved into the deserted town.

2 Chain), i. 609. "An accurate account taken Ijy order of the go-
vernor."

S Chalmers, !. 5.37, 518. The Carolinians prepared to attack St. Augus«
tine y but were restrained by the remonstrance of the proprietaries, and
relinquished the project. Ilewet [i. SQ.] says, no attempts were afterward
made for many years toward establishing a colony in that quarter.

4 Chalmers, i. 5H). '^ The proprietaries, prudently bending; before a
storm, which it seemed vain to resist, eluded the force of a blast, that
had laid the charters and governments of New England in ruins." They
oflered a treaty of surrender. See ibid. 564 — 566. Carolina had as yet
no commodity fit fur the markets of Europe, but a few skins, and a little
cedar; both of which did not amount yearly to 2000 /. lb.

5 Chalmers, i. 622. The proprietaries now represented to king James,
that they had paid for this province 12,000/. and that tbcy bad already
sent to it several hundreds of people from Scotland.

6 Smith, New Jersey, 195. The law declared, that none, by word or
message, shall make a challenge upon pain of six months imprLnonment,
without bail or mainprize, and a 10/. fine} that whoever accepts, or con-
ceals, the challenge shall also forfeit 10/; that no person shall wear any
pocket pistols, skeins, stiliaders, daggers, or dirks, or other unusual wea-
pons, upon pain of 5 /. forfeiture for the first offence, and for the second
to be committed; and, on conviction, imprisoned for 6 months, and to
pay a fine of 10 /. No person might go armed with sword, pistol, or dag-
ger, pn penalty of 5 /. Ibid.

.^'u-

King

'n.

M:.:.

[l68(5.

long period
with town

teen thou*
be capable

lat theEn-
itn, invaded
d waste the
uo vsarrantQ
\ Carolina 4.
to prosecute
Jersey with
me received
I challenges,

Bradford, slnd
tisfied with the
' soon removed
s of the colony

order of the go-
tack St. Augus-
oprittaries, and
were afterward

|uarter.

ending before a

of a blast, that
ruins." They
nahad as yet

ins, and a little

to king James,
cy bad already

ne, by word or
imprlr.onment,
accepts, or con-
shall wear any
er unusual wea'
1 for the second
months, and to
pistol,

or dag-

King

1686.J AMEHICAN ANNALS. 395

King James, determining to establish the 9ame arbitrary
rule in New York, as he designed for New England^ de«
prived thatcolony of its immunities. Dongan, whose commis-
sion was now renewed, was instructed, among other articles,
" to allow no printing press." Deprived, at the same time,
of the assembly. New York was reduce4 to the condition
of a conquered province. There were now in that province
four thou3and foot, three hundred horse, and one company
of dragoons. The shipping, belonging to the city of New
York, had increased to nine or ten three mast vessels, of
about eighty or ninety tons ; two or three hundred ketches
or barks, of about forty tons ; and about twenty sloops, o£
t wenty- five tons ^ The city was now first regularly mcor-
porated by a charter *, Albany, on the Hudson, was incor?
porated this year 3.

Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston on the twentieth of.
December, with a commission from king James for the go-
vernment of New England 4. He was instructed to appoint
no dn6 of the council, or any to other offices, but those of
the best estates and characters, and to displace none with-
out sufficient cause ; to continue the former laws of the coun-
try, so far as they were not inconsistent with his commission
or instructions, until other regulations were established by
the governor and council ; to allow no printing press ; to

S*ve universal toleration in religion, but encouragement to
e church of England ; to execute the laws of trade, and
prevent frauds in the customs. To support a government,
that could not be submitted to from choice, a small military
- establishment, consisting of two companies of soldiers, was
formed, and military stores were transported 5.

Before the expiration of the month, Andros, agreeably to
his orders, dissolved the government of Rhode Island ; broke

1 Chalmers, 1.688, 60l.

2 Smith, New York, 195. New York was put under the government
of a mayor and aldermen in 166j; which Smith denominated an incor*
poration. See that year.

3 Ibid. 198.

4 Sewall's MS. Diary. Chalmers [i. 419] says, he wasappointed cap-
tain general and vice admiral of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine,
Plymouth, Pemaquid, and Narragansct, during pleasure. " He was re*
ceived with a satis&ction in proportion only as he was less dreaded than
Kirk." lb. 421. Hume [Hist. Eng.] calls Kirk *• a barbarian." See aa
account of him, ib.

5 Chalmers, i. 420, 421. Judge Sewall, who lived in Boston, and was
there when Andros arrived, writes in his Diary : " Dec. 24. About 6U
red-coats are brought to town, landed at Mr. Pool's whart) where drew
pp, apd $0 marched to Mr. Gibbs's bouse at Fort Hill."

-i . its

'ii

AMERICAN ANNALS.

tl680«

■ 'i

lit

hU- ■'■'•1

\:-

i;= . '^^

its seal ; admitted five of its inhabitants into his legislativQ
council ; and assumed the administration >.

Many oi' the inhabitants of Roxbury, in Massachusetts,
received from the government the. grant of a tract of land,
in the southern part of the colony, for « settlement, which
was named Woodstock ».

Samuel Lee, a dissenting minister i>f London, of great
learning and reputation, came to New England 3.

The nrst episcopal society was formed in Boston ; 4nd tha
service of the Common Prayer book introduced 4.

A small

I Ibid. 27<>. When Andros demanded the Chartsr of Clarice, the late
governor of Hho>k iLland, be pioniiied to deliver it " at a fitter season."
Ibid 421.

1 Hutchinson, ii. 201. Bounded south by Woodward and .SafTery's line.

8 Sewall, MS. Diary. He was settled in tne ministry at Bristol, not long
after hit arrival ; but he did nut continue there " much above three years.^
Soon after the Kevn!uti6n, he embarked for England} but the ihi)i. in
.'which he took passage, was taken by a French privateer, and carried intq
St. Maloes in France. His family beini; sent thence into England, with-
out his knowledge, and he, by the king's order, detained ; he iell into a
fever, and died in a few days, JktaL LXlV. He weU understood the learned
Vinguagcs j spoke Latin Huently and elegantly ; was well versed in all th«
Jit>eral arts and sciences; " was a great master in physic and alchymy;
and no stranger to any part of polite or useful learning." Calamy's Con?
tinuation of Account of Ejected Ministers, i. 53 — 56. Among the MS8'.
preserved in the British Museum, there is one of Samuel Lee, entitled
^* Answier to many Queries restive to America, chicHy to the Natural Pro*
duction? and Disease^. 1690." Biblioth. Americ. 30.

4 Coll. Hist Soc. iii. 2.59. The service >vas introduced before the arri*
vai of Andros. Randolph was active in promoting it. Judge Sewall writr^^s
in his Diary: " August 5, [l686,] William Harrison the bodice maker is
buried, which is the first that I know of buried with the Common Prayer
JJook in Boston. He was formerly Mr. Randolph's landlord." *' August
$ 1. Mr. Randolph and IVIr. Bulli vant were here. Mr. Randolph mentione<f
a contribution toward building them a church, and seemed to goe away
displeased because I spake not up to it." Andros, on the day of his arriyar,
applied fur theus.e o/que of the ch4)rcbe$ in Qostqn. Judge Sewall (ib.)
tiaving mentioned^ tluit the gpyernoran^ icpvaspltor^ toqk jtn^ojths ^t \h^
Tovrn house (remarlving, that the "governour stood with his baton whcu
oaths given to counsellors"), writes : " It seems [he] speaks to the ministers
in tlie Library about accommodation as to a meeting^iouse, that might so
contrive the time, as one house might serve two assemblies." " Dec. 21.
There i»a meeting at Mr. Allen's of the Ministers and four of each Con-
gregation, to consider what answer to give the Governour; and it was
agreed, that could not with a good conscience consent that our meeting
houses should be made use of for the Common Prayer worship." «' March
QQ, 16867. This day Kis Excellency views the three meeting houses. 23.
The Governour sends Mr. Randolph for the keys of our meeting house
[Old South,] that may say prayers there. Mr. Eliot, Frary, Oliver, Sa-
vage, Davis, and myself wait on his excellency, show that the land and
bouse is oui^, and that we can't consent to part with it to such use ; exhibit

legislativQ

sachusettSy
ct of land,
ent, which

i» of great

>n ; 4nd ths

A small

larke, the lata
i filter season."

\ Saffery's line,
ristol, not lone
tre three year*.^
lit the «hi))t in
,nd carried intp
England, with-
; he fell into a
uod the learned
r«tsed in all th«

and alchymy;

Calamy's Con?
nong the MS8.
>1 Lee» entitled
be Natural Pro*

before the arri-
le Sewall writr>8
lodice maker is
;ommon Prayer
rd." ♦* August
»lnh mentioned
,ed to goe away
lyofhisarriyal,

ke SewaU (»l>)
thjjoaiths^tUi^
J&haton whctt
to the ministers
that might so
s.' " Dec. 21.
r ofeachCon-
iur; and it was
lat our meeting
|hip." " March
jug houses. 23.
meeting house
ry, Oliver, Sa-
at the land and
ich use } cxhiliit

1687.} AMERICAN ANNAL3, 3ST

A small brick church was built in School Street, in Bos-
ton, by some French protestants ; who, on the revocation
of the edict of NantZj sought an asylum in New England >.

.«t

l687.

The attorney general received orders from king James^
in April, to issue a writ of quo warranto against the charter
of the proprietor of Maryland; but no judgment was ever
obtained >.

Sir £dmund Andros went, in October, with his suite and!
more than sixty regular troops, to Hartford, where the as*
sembly of Connecticut was then sitting ; demanded the char-
ter ; and declared the government to be dissolved. The as
sembly, extremely reluctant and slow to surrender, or to
produce, the charter kept the subject in debate and suspence
until evening ; when the charter was brought and laid on
the table, where the assembly was convened. The lights
were now instantly extinguished. There was no appeHr:inc9
however of disorder. The candles were relighted; but th«-
patent was gone. Sir Edmund assumed the government;
and the records of the colony were closed 3.

Atr

aa extract of Mrs. Norton's deed, and how 'twas buHt by particular per-
sons, as Hull, Oliver, lOO/. apiece, &c." "Friday, March 'Jj, lG87./
The Governour has service in the South meeting hou.se. Goodm. Need-'
ham, though had resolved to the contrary, was prevailed upon to ring the
bell and open the door at the Governoui-'s eomniand, one Smith and Hill, ,
jpiner and shoemaker, being very busy about it."

1 Ibid. 2d t. There was a con tribution in New Ens^land for their relicfl
In Salem 26 /. were contributed in September. " The greater part wc*it,
to the southern states, particularly to South Carolina." Ibid. vi. 265.
S Chalmers, :. ii71.

3 Chalmers, i. >i9S. Trumbull, i. 390, 591. Captain Wadsworth of
Hartford silently curried oif the charter, and secreted it in a large hollow
tree, which, to this day, is regarded with veneration, as the preserver of
the constitution of the colony. Trumbull, ibid. The venerable oak stuod
ill front of the house of the honourable Samuel VVyll^'s, esauire, tlirn one
of the magistrates of the colony. It still remains within tne enclosure of
the old family mansion^ and is in little danger of injury, except from time,
while under the auspicious care of the VVvllys family. In reply to an in-
fluiry concerning this tree, a daughter orthe present Secretary Wyllys(»f
Ctonnecticut wrote to me, from Hartford: "That venerable Tree, which
concealed the Charter of our rights, stands at the foot of Wyllys tlill.
The first inhabitant of that name frund it standing in the height of its
gbry. Age seems to have curtailed its branches, yet it is not exceeded in
the height of its colouiing or richness of its foliage. The tiunk measures
21 feet in circumference, and near 7 in diameter. The cavity, wliicli
was the asylum of our Charter, was ucai the roots, and large enough fo

r,-

30ft ' AMERICAN ANNALS. [1687.

An order was transmitted from England to the governor
of New York, to permit vessels to pass, without mterrup*
tion, to East Jersey, on paying the same customs as at New
York I.

There were in Massachusetts, at this time, beside the
principal church at N<itick, four Indian assemblies of reli-
gious worshippers. In Plymouth colony, beside the princi-
pal church at Marshpee, there were five assemblies in that
vicinity, and a large congregation at Saconet. Between Sa-
conetand Cape Cod there were six societies, with an Indian
teacher to each ; one church at Nantucket i and three at Mar*
tha's Vineyard ».

James Ii. detached Sir Robert Holmes, w^.h asmallfleett
and an extraordinary commission, for suppressing pirates in
the West indies. The governor and council uf Carolina re-
ceived orders to show an example of submission to his pow-
ers and to atibrd every assistance to his armament 3.

M. de la Sale, the discoverer of Louisiana, returning from
an enterprize for the discovery of the mouth of the Missi-
sippij was shot, in a mutiny, by one of his own men 4.

The

admit a child. Within the space of eight years, that cavity has closed,
as if it had fulfilled the divine purpose for which it had been reared."

1 Ibid. G24. The Jen>eys were, not long after, annexed to N. England.

9 Mather, Magnal. book iii. 19l» lO'ii' " There are 6 churches of bap-
tized Indians, and 18 assemblies of catachuinens, professing the name of
Christ. Of the Indians there are 24, who are preachers of the Word of
God} and besides these there are four English ministers, who preach the
gospel in the Indian tongue." Ibid. Lett, of I. Mather to Professor Lcus*
den of Utrecht.

3 Chalmers, i. 5 16, fH7- *' This sensible project proved successful ; till
new causes not long after gave rise to piratical adventures, which required
all the continued energy of William and Mary to suppress." lb. Uuiv.
Hist. xli. 361, 362. Hume says of James tl. that " his application to naval
aftairs was successful, his encouiagement of trade judicious, his jealousy
of national honour laudable." Hist. Eng. James U. chap. ii. Henault says^
the public are indebted to this prince, when only duke of York, for the
contrivance of signals on board a fleet, by the means of Hags and stream*-
crs. Hist. France, ii. 200.

4 Univ. Hist. xl. 260. After his discovery in leS"^, he went to France,
and obtained leave of the king to discover the mouth ol' (he Missisippi, and
to make a settlement there. He sailed in 1684 from Rochelle, with 4 ves-
sels, 100 soldiers, and a number of people for settlement. Arrivitig at H
large ba^, he took it to be the right branch of the Missisippi, and called it
St. Louis. This was the bay of St. Bernard, at the distance of lOO leagues
westward of the Missisippi. Here he built a fort, and put 100 men in it.
He made war on the natives; and travelled along the coast, to find the ttnt
mouth of the great river, wliich at length he imagined he had discovered |
and built a second fort. Returning to his tint fort, and finding that his

frigate^

tt:^M\

rrr.

i'e governor
ut intcrrup*
B as at New

, beside the
blies of reli-
e the princi-
blies in that
Between Sa-
:h an Indian
hreeatMar-

a small fleet*
ng pirates in
Carolina re-
i to his pow-
nt3.

turning from
f the Missi-
n men 4.

The

ivity has closed*
>een reared."
i to N. Enprland.
[hurchesof bap-
iiig the name of
of the Word of
who preach th«J
Professor Lcus*

I successful; till
which required
ss." lb. Uuiv.
ication to naval
- his jealousy
llenault says*
York, for tht
ags and streams-
went to France*
irlissisippi, and
le, with 4 vcs-
Arrivitig at i
)i, and called it
e of 100 leagues
: 100 men in it.
to find thetrut!
jad discovered i
inding that his
frijjatei

IS.

I
>f

1687.] ameHican annals. sod

The French court aimed a blow, which threatened to
destroy all tlie British interest in North America <. M.
Denonville, succeeding M. de la Barre, took the field with
fifteen hundred French and five hundred Indians. The Se-
nekas had absolutely refused to meet M. de la Barre at the
late treaty, and were known to be most firmly attached to
the English ; it was therefi)re determined to extirpate or hum-
ble them, and to make them exaniples of French resent^
ment to all the other Indians. M. Denonville commenced
his march from Cataracui fort on the twenty- third of June.
When the army had reached the foot of a hill, about a quar*
ter of a league from the chief village of the Senekas, the In-
dians, who lay in ambush', suddenly raised the war
shout, with a discharge of fire arms. This surprize threw
the French into confusion, of which the Senekas, took in-
stant advantage, and fell upon ihem with great fury ; but the
French Indians rallied at length, and repulsed them. In
this action, a hundred Frenchmen, ten French Indians, and
about eighty Senekas were killed. The next day Denonville
marched forward, with the intention of burning the village ;
but found it in ashes. The Senekas had burned it, and fled 3.
Nothing was left to employ the valour of the soldiers, but
the corn in the fields, which they eflfectualiy destroyed.
Before Denonville returned to Canada, he built a furt of four
bastions at Niagara, and left in it a hundred men, with pro-
visions ; but it was soon after abandoned 4.

frigate, and mrst of the men, goods, and provisior.i were lost ; he took a
few men with him, and travpUed through the country, to find out the Illi-
nois, purposing by that river to return to Canada. On this iou-ney he was
killed, 'rhe rest of the party proceeded by the way of the Illinois to Que-
bec. The Ciaincoets, an Indian tribe, which had been ill treated by some
of the new settlers, no sooner heard of Sale's death, than they surprized the
inhabitants of St. Louis, and murdered them all, with the exception of
four or five persons, whom they carried to their village. Univ. Hist. xl.
«50 — 2C9. Hennepin in Hani's, Voy. ii. 91 1 — 916. D- ^ntz, i. 6. En-
cylop. Melhodique, Commerce, Art. Compaonie ot; Missisippi, ou De
LA L0UISIANE. Atlas Geog. America, v. 681.

1 " The war was un tertaken, chiefly to put a stop to the English trade,
which now began to extend itself far into the continent, and would in its
coiiseauence ruin theirs." Coldcn, 78.

3 'I he scouts had advanced before the army as far as the corn of the
villages without seeing a single Indian; though they passed within pistol
shot of .'>00 Senekas, who lay ou their bellies, and let them pass and repas(',
without disturbing them. ib.

3 Two old men only were found in the castle, whd were cut into pieces
and boiled, to make soup for the Fre^ich allies, lb.

4 Golden, 77— 79- Univ. Hist. xl. 37— 3y. Charlevoix, Nouv. France,
i. 516.-518.

1689.

, 1'

'■■,•!
4 .■■

I'i

* a J

400

AMERICAN ANNALS.

[1686.

1688.

The inhabitants of several town* tn the county of ZsteXp
in Massachusetts, refused to lay the assessments, without
which the taxes, impeded by the grand legislative council,
t&nder the administration of Andros, could not be collected*
** The feeble but magnanimous efforts of expiring freedom"
vere considered as seditious ; and punishments were inflicted,
proportioned to the aggravations of the supposed crime u
So great already were the oppressions of the colony, that
fome of the prmcipal colonists sent the reverend Increase
Mather to £neiana« as an agent, to represent their grie^
vances to the kin^ *.

It beinft del ^rmtned to superadd New York and the Jerseys
to the jurisdiction ofthe four colonies of New England ; a
new commission was passed iii 'March, appointing Andros
captain general and vice admiral over the whole. Francis
Nicholson was soon after named his lieutenant, with the ^ j«
customed authority. The constitution, established on thij
occasion, was a legislative and executive governor and coun-
cil, who were appointed by the king, without the consent
of the people i.

The eastern Indians having renewed hostilities 4, Andros

marched against them at the head of eight hundred men^

^ " ■■ ' On

1 Chalmers, i. 422. The select men of Ipswich voted. "That inasmuch
as it is against the privilege of English subjects to have money raised, with-
out their own consent in an assembly or parliament, therefore they will
pctitioQ the king, for liberty of an assembly, before they make any rates."
Sir Edmund caused them to be imprisoned and fined, some 20 /. some SO /.
and some 50.^ as the Juducs, by hitn'instructed, should see fit to determine.
Mr. Appleton, who had uecn an assistant, and Mr. Wise the minister ot
Ipswicn, were imprisoned. Hutchinson, i. 365.

Q Hutchinson, i. 3(3G. Uundolph, having failed in one action of defama-
tion against Mr. Mather, was briuging forward a new action against him.
I'o avoid the service of the writ, he kept concealed} and some of his church
carried him aboard ship in the night, iu disguise. lb.

3 Chalmers, i. 426.

4 The lands from Penobscot to Nova Scotia had been ceded to the
French by the treaty of Breda. The baron de St. Castine had fo^ many
years resided ou those lands, and carried on a large trade with the Indians,
with whom he was intimatelv connected, having several of their women,
heside a daughter of the sachem Madokawando, for his wives. In 168^,
a ship, belrngins; to I'asrataqua, landed some wines at Penobscot, sup*
posing it to be within the French territory. The agents of the duke of
York at Pemaquid went and seized the wmes ; but, by the influence ot
the French ambusiiador in Englandi an order was obtained for thi rcstora*

tioii

[lG8d.

J of Esse:(^
8, without

'e council}
\ collectedt
jj freedom"
re inflicted,
ed crime u
ulony, that
d Increase
their grie-

thc Jerseys
Ungland ; a
ing Andros
le. Francis
uvith the *. J*
hed on thii
ir and coun-
Lhe consent

js4, Andros
indred men*
1 On

rbat inasmuch
raisedi with-

bre they will
lalce any rates."
20 /. some 30 /.

t to determine.

he minister of

ion of defama-
n against him.
iC of his church

ceded to the
had foi many
th the fndianst
their women,
ves. In 1686*
enobscot» sup*
of the duke of
le influence of
for thfc rcstora*
UU&

1680.] AMERICAN ANNALS. *" 401

On his approach, they retired into their fastnesaes; but,
by establishing garrisons, by detaching numerous parties^
to attack their settlements and destroy their scanty provi-
sions. he reduced them to the greatest distress, and secured
the country from their incursions ■.

The 6rst episcopal church in Massachusetts was erected in
Boston, in Iremont Street, and called K.ing*s Chapel '.

The French, settled in New France, now amounted to
eleven thousand two hundred and forty- nine persons 3.

lf)8C).

King James having abdicated the throne, Williiim, prince '
of Orange, and Mary, the daughter of James, were pro-
claimed on the sixteenth of February 4. A report of the
landing of the prince of Orange in England had reached A«
merica ; but before the news of the entire revolution arrived,
a most daring one was effected in New England. The colo-
nists had borne the impositions of the new administration
about three year^. Their patience was now exhausted. A
rumour, that a massacre was intended in Boston by the go-
vernor's guards, was sufficient to kindle their resentment
into rage 5. On the morning of the eighteenth of April
the town was in arms, and the people poured in from the
country to the assistance of the capital. The governor and
such ot the council as had been most active, with other ob-
noxious persons,tq the collective number of about tifty, were
seized and confined ; and the old magistrates were reinstated K

The

«■..'.

tion of them. On this occasion, a new line was run, which took Cas<
tine's plantation info the duke's territory. In the spring nf i6s^, Andros
went in the Rose frigate, and plundered Castine's house and furt. This base
action provoked Castine to excite the Indians to a new war; they, on their
part, not wanting pretences for its renewal. See ficlkuap. New Hamp-
shire, 1. SIS, 243 ; Hutchinsun, i. 370.

1 Chalmers, i. 499. Belknap. [New Hampshire, \. 211 ] savs,, Andros
had 700 men.

2 Coll. Hist Soc. iii. S59.
S Univ. Hist. xl. 47.

4 Blair's Chronol. James abdicated, and went to France, 23 Dec. 1C89.

5 This rumour might have been the more easily credited, on account
of the military ordprs, given- out on the recepi.on of a copy of the Prince
of Orange's Dccliiration. " A proclamation was issued, charging all oiH-
cersand people to be in readiness to hinder the landing of an v forces, which
the Prince of Orange might send into those part^of the world."

6 Captain George, of the Rose frigate, was first sc'zed and imprisoned;
and, some hours after, Sii Edmund Andros vai taken lo bis fort. No !c «

Vot. I. D d than

> \

i(l^

l«

''^

402 ^ AMERICAN AN. AtS. [X^BO*

The new council, inviting others to join with them, took
the title of ** A council for the safety of the people and con-
servation of the peace ;" and chose Mr. Bradstreet their pre-
sident. On the second of May, the council reconinienaed,
that an assembly by a delegation from the several towns in
the colony should meet on the ninth of that month. Sixty-
six persons met, and, having confirmed the new government,
it was agreed, that on the twenty- second day of the same
month there should be a meeting of the representatives of
all the towns in the colony. On that day, the representatives
of fifty four towns met at Boston ; and, after various debates,
it was determined " to resume the government according to
charter rights »." On the twenty-fourth, the governor and
magistrates, chosen in ICSO, signed a paper, declaring their
acceptance of the care and government of the people accord-
ing to the rules of the charter, until by direction from En-
gland there be an orderly settlement of government. On
the twenty-ninth, king William and queen Mary were pro-
claimed, with great ceremony, in Boston. Adaresses were
sent to the king. Application was made for express au-
thority to exercise government acccording to the old char^
ter, until a new one could be settled. Tliis privilege was
obtained *.

The freemen of Rhode Tiiland, on hearing of the impri-
sonment of Andros, met at Newport, on the first of May^
voted to resume their charter, and replaced all the general
officers, who had been displaced three years before 3.

Information of the accession of William and Mary to the
throne was received with ioy at New York, and the lieute-
nant governor and council waited with anxiety for orders to
proclaim them ; but while the principal oHicers and magis-
trates were assembled to consult for tho public safety, Jacobf
Leisler, with fortyruine men, seized the garrison at New

than 1500 men surrounded the fort on Port Hill, which surrendered. The
next day, the governor was confined in the fort under strong guards. On
that day also, the castle, on Castle Island, was summoned, and surrendered.
Chalmers, i. iGO, 170. Captain George was obl'ged to give leave to go on
board his ship, and bring the sails on shore The ♦mops, which collected
around Fort Hill, pointed the guns of the South batterj toward the fort
on thr summit, and thus brought the governor's garrison to b'lbmission.

1 Each town gave ir.structions to its delegates, whether to resvune the
charter or not ; an<l 40 of the 54 " were for reassumptidn." HutcMnson.

2 Hutchinson, i. 872—390. Chalmers, i. 429—43!. Belknap, Nevr
Hampshire, i. 2S'>, 236. There are no public records, from the di»ohi-
tion of the old charter government in I6SC, until the restoration oi'it in
1689. Hutchinson, i. 354.

3 Calleuder, 40.

r.: , York,

I i ) «Mii * ».w».ii

l60O.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 403

York, and held It for the prince of Oranee. William and
Mary were proclaimed there in June ; and the province was
now ruled by a committee of safety, at the head of whioh
was Lcisler i.

The inhabitants of Virginia and Maryland at once prcH
claimed William and Mary king and queen of England*.

On the twenty seventh of June, the Senekas, Cayugas,
Onon'lagos, and Oneidas, renewed their covenant with (ho
English 3.

1 welve hundred Indians of the Five nations, invading tho
island of Montreal on the twenty-sixth of Juhr, burned all
the plantations, and made a terriblcmassacre ofmen, women,
and children. The whole French colony was thrown into
consternation ; and Valrenes, the commander at Catarocuay,
by order of Denonville abandoned the fortress at that place 4.

A conference was holden at Albany, in Septemberi be*
tween several commissioners from the colonies of Massachu*
setts, Plymouth, and Coniiecticut, and the Five Nations^$«

York,

1690.

Count Frontenao detach jd from Canada three parties of
French and Indians, who were to take three different routs
into the English territories. One party, consisting of a
hundred and l^fty French Indian traders and as many Indians,
surprized and destroyed Schenectady^. Another party,

1 Smith, New York, 69. Chalmers, i. 591, 59S?.
S Chalmers, i. 431.

3 Colden, 99- Tliis rencwa, of covenant was previovis to the arrival of
count Frontcnac, who came over Q October, this}ear, as governor of Ca«
nada, at the age of 68 vcars. M. Denonville was' recalled. lb. 90.

4 Smith, N. York, 66. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 649. Univ. Hist,
xl. .19—51. Smith says, looo French were slain in this invasion, and 26
carried into captivity and burnt alive Charlevoi.x' account of the barbari-
ties of the Indians, in tb; massacre at Montreal, is too horrid to translates.
" lis ouvrirent le sein dos fcmmes enceintes, poi»r enarracher le fruit, qu*
elles portoient, ils miretit des enfans tout yivans. a la broche, et contraig*
nirent les meres de les tourncr pour les faire rotir."

5 Smith, N. York, 63. Colden, 100—104. The commissioners endea-
voured to engage the Five Nations ngainst the eastern Indians, who were
then at war with N. England; but, though they would not enter into that
war, thiey ratified their friendship with the English colonies. " We pro-
mise," said they, «* to preserve the chain inviolably, and wish that the sun
nay always shine in peace overall our heads, that are comprehended in
this chain."

6 The assault was made about 11 or 12 o'clock on Saturda]|' night, and
60 men, women, and children were massacred, '* being divided and se-
cure." Sewali, MS. Diary. See Colden, 1 IS— 1 15.

D d 2 con*

»i

namm

ipm

<'/>i

\^'

'.^

404 AMERICAN ANNAtS. [1690.

consisting of fifty-two men, of whom twenty five were In-
dians, surprized Salmon Falls, near Pascataqua, and killed
;^bout thirty of the bravest of the inhabitants ; the rest, to
the nvimber of fifty-four, principally women and children^
surrendered at dibcretion. The Sieur Hertel, who com-
manded this expt^dition, met, on his way homeward, a third
party, which had marched from Quebec; and, joining his
company to it, attacked and destroyed the fort Casco ».

The Infiians having taken the fort at Pemaquid*, andth^
French privateers from Acadie still infcbting the coasts of
J^ew England ; the general court of Massachusetts deter-
mined to make an attempt on Port Royal. A fleet of eight
small vessels, with seven or eight hundred men under the
command of Sir William Phips, sailed on that expedition on
the twenty-eighth of April. The fort at Port Boya], being
In no capacity to sustain a siege, surrendered, with little or
no resistance ; and Sir William took possession of the whole
sea coast, from Port Royal to the New England set)il^-
ments 3.

The people of New England, ascribing their troubles to
Canada, formed a bold and hazardous design to reduce it to
subjection to the crown of England. An armament was
equipped for that service, and the command of it given tp
Sir William Phips. The fleet, retarded by unvoidable acci-
dents, did not arrive before Quebec until the fifUv of Octo-
ber. Phips, the next morning, sent a summons on shore,
but received an insolent answer from count Frontenac. The
next day, he attempted to land his troops, but was prevent-
ed by the violence of the wind. On the eighth, all the
effective men, amounting to between twelve and thirteen
hundred, landed at the Isle of Orleans, four miles below the
town, and were fired on, from the woods, by French and In-

1 Belknap, New England, i. 2"»r — 259. Casco fort contained above 100
pci-sons. It was taken " whilst the forces were gone to Port Royal." Hut-
chinson, i. 307.

2 The Indians besieged that fort Q2 August, 1689. It was so situated,
as to be nveilookcd from a rock, that was near it; from which the Indians
galleJ the garrison to such a degree, that the next day is capitulated on
terms, "which were kept with Indian faith, some of the men being but-
rliPied, and the others carried captive." Hutchinson, i. S96.

r. Ibid. 396, 397. The fleet returned 30 May. The author of Ilistoire
«l Commerce dcs Colonies Angloises {(y'y, 66.) says, that Sir William de-
stroyed tiie French fort at the river St. John; that iie cleared the country
of all the French, who refused to take the oath of fidelity to the king of
Eo'^Ianrt ; and that he placed a governor there, to command those, who
consented to remain, urit. Emp. [i. 176] says, that about a third part of
tlie vrhcle number remained; and that most of these were protestants.

.. . diana.

[1690.

e were In-
and killed
;here8t, to
1 children,
who com-
ard, a third
joining his
lasco ».
i», andthp
i coasts of
ietts deter-
eet of eight
1 under the
ipedition on
oyal, being
ith little or
)f thiB whole
land settle-
troubles to
reduce it to
[lament was
:it given tp
oidable accir
lftl\of Octo-
Ins on shore,
itenac. The
ivas prevent-
hth, all the
and thirteen
es below the
ench and In-

ined above 100
Uoyal." Hut-

wafi so situated*

lich the Indians

capitulated on

men b«ing but-

{96.
lorofHistoire

Sir William de-
red the country

to the king of
and those, who
t a third part of

protcstants.
dian6.

1 600.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 405

dians. Having remained on shore until the eleventh, and
then learning by a deserter the strength of the place, they
embarked with precipitation. A tempest soon after dis*
per.sed the fleet ; which made the best of its way back to
Boston ».

Success had been so confidently expected, that adec^uate
provision was not made at home for the payment ot the
troops. There was danger of a mutiny. In this extremity,
the government of Massachusetts issued bills of credit, as a
substitute for money ; and these were the first, that were
ever issued in the American colonies *.

Kine William sent a large body of French refugees to
Virginia ; and lands were allotted to them on the bank of
James river. Others of them, purchasing lands of the pro-
prietors of Carolina, transported themselves and their families
to that colony, and settled on the river Santee 3.

' 1 Hutchinson, i. 89^—401. Smith, N. York, 68, 69. Colden, 1'26—
131. Sir William arrived at Boston on the 19th of November. Some
vessels of the fleet were blown off to the West Indies ; one was lost on An-
ticosta; and two or three were wrecked, or never heard of. About 200
men were lost by the enemy and by sickness ^ " not above 30 by the ene-
my." — A small ves$el had been sent to England express, early in April, to
solicit assistance for the reduction of Canada; but the English government
faHd too much on its hands, to pay any attention to the proposal. Massa-
chusetts however determined to proceed } and Connecticut and New York
engaged to furnish a body of men. From these two colonies 2000 were
expected to march by Lake Champlain, and attack Montreal, at the same
time when the forces by sea should be before Quebec. The fleet, which
sailed 9 August from Nantasket, contained between SO and 40 vessels, the
largest of 44 puns and '200 men. The whole number of men was about
2000. Great dependence was placed on the expected division of the French
force; but the army, designed against Montreal* h.'^d unhappilvretroated;
and the news of its retreat had reached Montreal before tne ^eet arrived
at Quebec. This occurrence must have dispirited the English forces, and
proportionally have animated the French. Count Frontenac was now able
to employ the whole strength of Canada against the little invading army.
Some writers ascribe the return of the New York and Connecticut troops
to a culpable cause. Charlevoix, with whose account Smith seems best
satisjSed, saj's, oiirjarmy was disappointed in the intended diversion, by
the small pox, which seized the camp, killed 300 men, and terrified our
Indian allies,

2 Hutchinson, i. 402. Belknap, New Hampshire, i. 263.

S Hewet, 108. Others, who were merchants and mechanics, took up
their residence in Charlestown, and followed their ditTerent occupations.
These new settlers were a great acquisition to Carolina. It is highly to
the honour of England, that, even in the reign of king .Tames, large col-
lections had been made for the French refugees ; and that, after king Wil-
liam's accession to the throne, the parliament voted 1,5,00«)/. sterh'ng to
be distributed among persons of quality, and all such as, through age or
infirmity, were unable to su])port themsclvt-s or families.

- Seth

'."■'

405 ' AMERICAN ANNALS. [lOoi.

Seth Sothel^ countenanced by a powerfnl faction, and
presuming on his powers as proprietary, arrived suddenly at
Charlestown, the capital of Carolina, and seized the reinis
of government ». ,,-

The whalefishery at Nantucket commenced this year*."

The island of St. Christopher's was reconquered from the
French, by the English under colonel Codrington ; and the
male white inhabitants, amounting to about eighteen hun-
dred, were sent, with their women and children, to Hispa-
niola and Martinico 3.

The island of New Providence had now become so popu«
lous, that the proprietaries sent Cadwallader Jones to be it»
governor 4.

1691.

Colonel Henry Sloughter arrived at New York, with a
commission to be governor of that province. The first as-
sembly, after the Revolution, was nolden on the ninth of
April 5. The province was now, by an act of assembly, di-
vided into ten counties ^.

Major Peter Schuyler, with a party of Mohawks, passed
oyer lake Champlain, and made a bold irruption into the
French settlements at the north end of the lake 7.

The general assembly of Virginia solicited and obtained
a charter from the crown, for the establishment of a college,
projected in that colony. The king and queen gave, at
the same time, nearly two thousand pounds toward the

1 Chalmers, 1.552. Hewet, i. 102 — 104. His popularity and power
•vftre of short duration. The assembly compelled him to abjure the go-
vernment and country for ever. The proprietaries dissented from the laws,
passed under his government; and, m 1692, appointed a new goveroor<t

S Coll. Hisi Soc. iii. 157.

3 Univ Hist. \1. 278.

4 Ibid xii. S32.

5 Smith, Ne>f York, 71 — 73. All laws, made in the province antece-
dent to this period, were disregarded both by the legislature and the courts
of law. In the Collection of the Acts of the province, made in 1752, the
compilers were directed to begin at this Assembly. Ibid. Leisltr, having
refused to deliver up the fort to the governot, was afterward condemned
to,death for high treason. Ibid.

6 Ibid. 186. The division is there said to be into 12 counties ; yet 10
only are described; and there were no more than 10. 30 late as A. D. 1755.
See Smith, ib. 206.

7 Smith, New York, 78. Univ. Hist, [xxxix. 360.] says, Schuyler had
300 English and 300 Indians., Colden [I29.] says, that, in his several at^
tacks, the French lost 2 captains, 6 lieutenants, and 300 men.

charge

m^:

;t»on, and
iddenly at
the reins,

s year *.
I from tho
1 ; and the
I teen hun-
, to Hispa-

je so popu-
les to be ita

'ork, with a
The first as-
the ninth of
ssembly, di-

iwks, passed
ion into the
e 7.

land obtained
t of a college,
ueen gave, at
toward the

arity and power

abjure the go-

ed from the laws,

a new governor,

province antece-
le and the courts
,adeinl752, the
Leisltr, having
■■ward condemned

, counties ; yet 10
late as A. D. 1755.

ays, Schuyler had
» in his several at-
men.

JOgl.] AMERICAN \NNALS. 407

charge of building; and endowed the seminary with

twenty-thousand acres of the best land, together with the
)erpetual revenue, arising from the duty ot one penny per
}ound on all tobacco, transported from Virginia and Mary*
and to the other English plantations. In grateful acknow-

'. edgment of the royal patronage and benefaction, the college

was called William and Mary x.

r Keith, 169. Beverly, 13S, 139. Coll. HistSoc. v. I63i

EXD OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

This volume brings down the Anncils to the Revolution of William
and Mary. A very respectable historian remarks, that the legal and con«
stitutional. history of the American colonies, in their early periods, affords
but little instruction. Cecinit prmlia. His subject was war. Chalmers
supposes, that the political annals of the colonies from their settlement to
that Revolution may be thought by some the most curious and instructive^
because, during that eventful period, the colonies were planted; their con-
stitutions, after various changes, were established; the groundwork of
their future jurisprudence was laid ; and they were sensibly affected by
every change, which the innovations of those days introduced into the
parent country.

ii^

charge

■\7-i^, ■ '•Hv^^'^^^^^^'''^^'?'^^i!r~S-t -

•1

^! \

( ^09 )

NOTES.

NOTE I. (p. 14.)

lIisTORiAVs assign differeot dates to this voya^. In the Voyages of
Hamusius, Sebastian Cabot is represented as pLcmg it in 1496; and re>
spectable historians have hence taken that for the true year. On a critical
examination of the acccunt in Ramusius, there does not appear sufficient
ground for their conclusion. Ramusius derived his acconnt from Butriga*
riusf the pope's legate in Spain, who derived his information from S. Ca-
bot. In Cabot's account, which was merely verbal, the //me of the voyage
was incidentally mentioned) and without precision : " The king com-
manded two caravels to be furnished with ail things appertaining to the
voyage; which-was, a^ farre as I remember, in the year 1406, in the be*,
ginning of summer." T^or ouoht this uncertainty of Cabot himself to ap*
near strange, when it is considered, that he was then an old man, as we
learn from the same conversation with the legate : « After this I made
many other voyages, which 1 nowe pretermit ; and waxeing old I give
myself to rest from such traveb." Instead therefore of trusting to so vague
an account, I have rhosen tc rely on <* an extract taken out of the map
of Sebastian Cabot concerning his discovery of the West Indies, which,*
Ilakluyt says, *< if to be scene in her majesty's privie gallerie at Westmin-
ster, and in many other ancient merchants houses." The extract (which
is preserved in Hakluyt, iii.6.) begins thus: '< Anno Domini 1497 ioannes
Cabotus Venctus, & Sebastianus illius filius," &c.^~The extent, as well as
the time, of this celebrated voyage has. been involved in obscurity. By
some writers the Cabots are represented as having sailed to 56 deg. north
latitude; by others, to 58 ; by others, to 60. Ramusius, in his Sd volume,
says, it was '* written" to him by Sebastian Cabot, that he sailed to « the
latitude of 67 degrees and an halfc, under the north pole." Hakluyt, iii.
7 — 0. This account is probably the true one. — Some authors say, that the
Cabots sailed no farther io the south, than toS8 deg. or S6 deg. north laf.
}'. Martyr says, Cabot went nearly as far south, as the latitude of the straits
of Hercules, or Gibraltar. Dr. Belknap [Amer. Biog.i. 154.] accordingly
considered 36 deg. as the extent of the voyage; and Dr. Forstcr [Voy. 967.],
on the authority of that passage in P. Martyr, says, <' Sebastian Cabot must
have been about as far as Chesapeak Bay in Virginia." But the entire pas-
sage, in the original (p. 232.) seems to imply, that Cabot proceeded still
to the west, probably southwesterly, as the coast lies, afier he had reached
the 36" of latitude. P. Martyr, having mentioned the obstruction which
Cabot found from the ice, in his vojagt to the north, adds : '• Quare co-
actus fuit, uti ait, vela vertere, et occidentem sequi : tetendit que tantiim
ad meridiem, littorc sese incurvante, lit Uerculei freti laiitudinus fere
gradum xquarit: ad occidentemque profectus tanthn est, ut Cubam insU'
)amil<evo, longitudine gradutttn pene parem, habuerif." Obscure as this
passage is, it satisfies me, that Cabot sailed to Cape Florida, which lies in
!^5 deg. 20 min north lat. The English founded their original claim to
the principal part of North America on the discovjeiy made of it in this
voyage : but some writers consider the claim of no validity, because the

Vol. I. £e Cabots

*»ti V

i':'.<i

( 410 )

Cabots made no settlement. See Hazard, Coll, i. Go3 ; Univ. Ilist. xli,
86. See also p. 7, 8, of this volume. The question of right is it ft to jurists
and statesmen ; but it must be granted, that, accordinj; to the prevalent
notions of former limes, this was a most important voyage :

*' For the time once was here, to the world be it known.
When alia man sail'd by, or saw, was his own." Frcueau. -

NpTE II. (p. 52.}

The Mexicans lived in Aztian, a country situated tn the north of Cali-
forni.i, until about A. D. 1160; when they commenced their migration to*
"ward the country of Anahuac. After a temporary residence in several in-
termediate |)lac^s, they at length arrived at that situation on the lake,
Mrhere tlicy were to found their citv. As soon as they hail taken possession
of it, they erected a temple for their god liuifzlopochtli, around which
they now began to build huts of reeds and rushes. Such was the be£;in-
ninjj! of the great city of Mexico*. Sec Ciavigcro, i 112 — 12.S. For a
distinr'' view of the situation <.f the city with its causeways, see the map

Erefixcd to the Sd volume of Clavigero'j or the maps in other Mcxicat\
istories.

li 1

NOTE III. (p. 77.)

Although the orra of the Puritans commenced in the reign of Ed^^'ar(l
VI; yet that pious Youn!» prince very soon after began an ecclesiastical
reformation. Had he lived to perfect it according to his intentions, the
Puritans would probably have been satisfied. Kiithc died in IhUS, at the
early age of XVf ; and was succcdcd by queen Mary, a bigotted papist,
under whose administration John Rogers, of pious memory, was burnt at
Smithfieid ', and bishop Hooper, with other pious reformers suffered
martyrdom. On the accession of queen Elizabeth, the reformation, which
had been begun by Edward, was, in some degree, restored ; but that
illustrious queen, addicted to show, and jealous of prerogative, soon made
the Puritans feel the weight of their royal power. Bishops and other
clergymen were deprived, for refusitig ihe oath to the queen's supremacy.
At length (81 Jan. Ift6.1,) the Convocation of the English clergy met, and
finished the XXXIX Articles. Of the lower house, 43 present were
for throwing out the ceremonies, but S5 were for keeping them ; and
these, with the help of proxies, cartied their measure by one vote. The
bishops now begun to urge the clergy to subscribe to the Liturgy and cere-
monies, as well as to the Articl .s. Coverdale, Fox, Humphrey, and
others, refused to subscribe; and t'lis was the epoch of Nonconformity.
What hard treatment the Puritan Reformers received under the suc-
ceeding administrations of James I. and of his successors, until the Revo-
lution of William and Mary, is v ell known. As authorities, that confirm
this Note, and give full in forma' i«»n on the subject, the reader is referred
to Burnet's History of the Reformation of the Church of England,
Pierce's Vindication of the Dissci ters, Prince's Clironology, and especially
Neal's History of the Puritans.

• 4- D. 1325.

? ■'■'

NOTE

'uiv. lliat. xlJ.

is lift to jurists

the prevalent

wn,

Frcueau.

'. nortti cf Cali-
'ir migration to^
ce in several iu-
n on the lake,
taken possession
, around which
^ was the bec;in-
12—123. For a
,ys, see the map
J other Mexican

reign of Edwanl
an ecclesiastical
i£ intentions, the
?din \hri3, at the
a biftotted papist,
orv, was burnt at
eCormers suffered
.'formation, which
stored •, but that
jiative, soon made
ishops and other
jeen's supremacy.
h clergy met, and
43 present were
!ping them •, and
)V one vote. The
Liturgy and cere-
Humphrey, and
Nonconformity.
'd under the suc-
[s, until the Revo-
ities, that confirm
reader is referred
.rch of England,
,gy, and especially

( 411 )

NOTE IV. (p. SO.)

Some histoi'*ans entirely overlook thi* temporary settlement of th»
Trench in the 'inglish Carolina; others tont'ound it with the settlement
At St. Matheo, a few 1 ;agues north of St. Augustine. Not one of them has
ascertained the /'/nee of it, with precision. Chalmer.1 says, Ribault huilt
Fort Charles, on the : iver Edisto. The authors of the Universal History
say, it was built on tl e rivpr St. Croix, which indeed, Charlevoi.x says,
was the Spanish name of Edisto river. Clailevoi.x says, Ribault's Fort
stood pear the place where Charlestown, the capital of South Carolina,
now stand*. Mezeray says, it was bnilt " at the end of the Streights at St
Helens." I wrote, some time since, to Dr. Ramsay, the well known
historian, and made inquiry of him res|)evning this article. The Doctvr
obligingly wrote to me in reply: «' 1 have taken some pains to inform
myself of the place where Riband commenced his settlement of French
Protestants ; but without any satisfactory result. Ediito river, in it«
nearest part, is about S6 miles from Charleston; but there is no evidence
of any French settlement ever having been made in its vicinity. There
is no river in South Carolina, known by the name of the Shallow
or Base river. Mr. Drayton, our late governor, has been consulted on
the points, relative to which you N.ish for information, who assured me,
that, while writing his View of South Carolina, he minntcljr enquired into
the very subjects, which have perplexed you, and fouud them so involved
in darkness and contradiction, that he did not see his way clear to assert
any thing on the stibject, more than yon will find in the 5th page of hit
work."

It would not become me to he positive on a subject, that is attended
with such accknowledged difRculties, and that has baffled such int^'jigcnt
inquiries. I am satisfied however, that neither the latitude of the place
where the fort was built, nor its distance from the river of May*, will
allow us to fix it so iar north, as the river Edisto. It appears clearly to
have been on an island up Port Royal river, in about the latitude of 34
deg. It seems probable, that it was the island of St. Helena, or some
island in its vicinitv. Mezeray's account seems to fix it there. Charlevoix,
in his Map of the'Coasts of Florida, has placed it >n that quarter, though I
apprehended, too far north, at an island toward the mouth of Edisto. It is
asserted on the face of the map : " Dans cetfc Isle Ilibault batit petit Fort,
et le nomma Charles Fort." There is one additional confirmation of the
probable truth of my conjecture, concerning the place of that fort. When
Hibault had " sailed about Ih leagues" from I'ort Royal river, he found
another, wlpch " hsa not psai haii'e a fathome water in the mouth
thereof." This he called Base or Shalhno river. Gov. Dravton (p. 34.)
says, " Edisto is shallow and incapable of being navigated far up its stream
by boats of heavy burden ;" and, though he de>.cribes the numerous rivers
of Carolina, this' is the only one, which he calls shalloxo. Hence I con-
jecture, that the Edisto of the Eii^liah is the Rase or Shal/ow river of the
French. If so. Fort Charles must have been abou t i /> leagues from it*j and
that is about the distance of St. Helena from the Edisto.

NOTE V. (p. 163.)

It is not so difHcult to find proofs, in support of the text, as it is to
select them. They may be seen in Morton, 3—5 ; llubbard's MS. N.

• Sixti/ French leagues, iharletoix.

Eng. J

C!»«l X

^•*i9l««iM'***«»^«b >•'«■«

'-fc -J. , „ ^

( 412 )

Enf;. } Mather, Magnal. book i. 6 ; Prirco, Chron. 49, 49 ; Haxar^'t
Collections, i. 340— 373 ; Hut^hiniop, i. 3 j Belknap, JBiog. i. 151—178,
Art. Robinson. The motive!), ascribed by some Cn^ligh writers for the
emigration of the Puritans from Leyden, it it easilv. conceived, might
have been readily admitted, without critical inquiry, by the advocates
fbr the English hierarchy^, near two centuries ago ; but it visa hardly to
be expected, that writf.s, of our own age, should copy the injurioui re-
presentation of those early times into the pages of sober history. The
nistorian who tells us, that the Puritans removed from Leyden mto the
American wilderness, because they were "obscure and unpersecuted,"
must not expect to be believed. We endeavoured to assign, in the text*
the true cause of that removal ; and have nothing to subjoin, but an ex-
pression of regret, that the misrepresentations of foreign writers, oa
this and the succeeding articles, have been recently ti«D8cribed Into thf
yrork of a very respectable historian of our own countrv.

The character and ptincipals of Mr. Robinson and hit Society seem not
ifet to be fully known. The reverend John Robinson was s man of
learning, of piety, and of Catholicism. At first indeed he favoured the
rigid separation from the church of England ; but. after his removal to
llolland, "he was cnnvinre<t of his mistake, and became, ever after*
more moderate in his sentiments respecting separation." Baylie, who wat
aealously opposed both to the Rrownistt and Independents, allows, that
" Mr. Robinson was a man of excellent parts, and the most learned,
polished, and modest spirit, .is ever separated from the church of England}
that he ruined the rigid sei^aration ; aud that he was a principal over-
thrower of the Browiiists." See Prince, 86-^-94 j Coll. Hist. Soc. iv.
133 — 143} Belknap, Biog. Art. Robinson } Moshciin, v.381. chap. xxi.

Against the concession, of«nemiet however, and the demonstrations of
friends, the Puritans of Leyden and of New England are, /« this day,
represented as Brownists} that is, the followers of Robert Brown, a
sectary, whose principals were, in many respects, very exceptionable,
in the vie^ of old sober Christians : and wlio at length abandoned them
iiimselft, and conformed to the church of England. Mr. Robinson, who
ought to be allowed, to say what were his own principles, has explicitly
declared them, in '* A just and necessary Apologie of Certain Christians
no lesse contumeliously than commonly called Brownists or Barrowists."
This Apology professes •' before God and men, that such is our accord
in the case of religion v^th the Dutch Reformed Churches as that we arc
ready to subscribe to all and everie article of faith io the same church*
as t!.ey are layd in the Harmony of Confessions of Faith, publ'shed in
their name;" with the exception of "one onl3r particle i" relating tn the
Apocrypha. On examining the Dutch [Belgic] Confession of Faith in
the Harmonia Confessionum, 1 find it to be the same in Latin, which,
translated into English, now constitutes a part of " The Constitution of
the Reformed Dutch Church in the United States of America." U
essentially agrees, in its doctrines, with the Church of England.

NOTE VI. (p. 223.)

Tut the principles and '^sages of the congregational churches, see
Cotton's Power of the '^eys. Hooker's Purvey «rf the Sum of Church Dis-
cipline, Norton's Answer to the Enquiries of Apollonius, Cambridge Plat-
form. Mathers's Magnalia, book v. Ratio Disiptinac Fratrum Nov.-Angl.
Hutchinson, i. chap. iv. and Stiles' Cbristiau Union.

i. 48. 49 i Haaara**
p,Blog. i. liiJ->J8'
n^li8h writers for the
ilv conceived, might
iry. by the advocates
but it was hardly to
opy the injurioutre-
if sober history, the
om Leyden into the
€ and unpersecuted,
to assign, in the text,
o subjoin, but an ex-
f foreign writers, on
y tianscribed into the

d his Society seem not
BiNsoN was a man of
ideed be favoured the
t, after his removal to
id became, ever after,
tion." Baylie. who was
ependents, allows, that
and the roost learned,
the church of England}
was a principal over-
; Coll. Hist. Soc. IV.
hciin,v.381. chap. XXI.
d the demonstrations ot
urland are, t» this day»
srs of Robert Brown, a
l8, very exceptionable,
length abandoned them
,d. . Mr. Robinson, who
.rinciples, has explicitly
rie of Certain Christians
BrownistsorBarrowists.

that such is our accord
Churches as that we are

lith in the same church,
m of Faith, publ'shedm

particle;" relating V|.^^^
'■1 Confession of Paith in
,e same in Latin, wbicb,
of " The Constitution ot
States of America." W
urch of England.

rregational churches, see
^ the Sum of Church D^-
pollonius, Cambridge Plat-
plinJB Fratrum Nov.-Angi.
Union.

.-.;;. 51