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BY ABiEL HOLMES, D. D. FtUow of the American Ac 'cmy cf, Aitt and Seietue$, Member of the Mauachutetts Historical Society, id MtniMer df the First Church in Cambridge. •8UUM QO£«VB IN ANNVX naPBBRE.—— TACIT. AMMAL. WITH BY THE AUTHOR, AND MAPS OF NORTH ANa SOUTH AMERICA. \U IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. COMRISINO A PERIOD OF TWO HUNDRED YEARS. Cambridge, (Massachusetts) Printed. Eontfon: REPRINTED FOR SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES, PATERNOSTER-ROW ; BY J. F. DOVE, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE. 1813. . «,ai*v-».jt*.*.-. \ .fe"T \ ■:-,U/' ^[1D)ettff(ement. The peculiar interest which, at the present juncture, attaches to every species of information connected with tiie Trans-Atlantic hemisphere, both as occasioned by the political commotions in South America, and the war with North America, has induced the Editor to add to English literature a work which deservedly ranks high in the United States. The Author possessed raatiy valuable opportu- nities of consulting the archives of diflerent States and Public Bodies ; and of this great advantage he has industriously availed himself, for the purpose of tracing the authenticity of the occurrences nar- rated, and of arranging the materials so collected in ther natural order, thus acrurateh to ascertaiii the discovery and subsequent history of the new world. Original authorities have been consulted in every practicable instance in compiling the work ; and the copy received by the Editor was coiTccted and enriched by MS. emendations from Dr. Holmes' pen. The historian commences wit the earliest period of the discovery of the Ameri- cas, including every point of useful and interesting *:"'- ^>crt. . ,.-.; j^^ti»rf*4 ■• ■ 3t.,.«., I IV ADVERTISEMENT. *' { i„ f .,'7.5 m ■i information connected therewith, and continues his Annals in regular and systematic succession. While the .Editor thus alludes to the peculiar interest \vhich the passing circumstances excite in reference to this work, in justice to the best feel- ings of humanity, he cannot conclude without adopting the eloquent language of the Quarterly Review, in concluding its critique on the American edition of this work : — " Let but the American go- " vernment abstain from war, and direct its main " attention to the education of the people and tho en- " couragementofartsand knowledge; and, in a very " fewgenerationstheir country may vie witJi Europe. '* Above all, let not that Anti- Anglican spirit be che- ** rished, for which there no longer exists a cause. " With whatever indignation they may think of the " past, they ought to remember that it was from " England they imbibed 'those principles for which " they fought, and by which they triumphed. There " is a sacred bond between us of blood and of lan- " guage, which no circumstances can break. Our " literature must always continue to be theirs; and, " though their laws are no longer the same as ours, " we have the same Bible, and we address our com- " mon Father in the same prayer. Nations are too " ready to admit that they have natural enemies, " why should they be less willing to believe that they " have natural friends T Quarterly Review ^ Vol. II. page 337. ~ ' v^a^^- .^ ._ — ^*-<,. — -> — ■^''^•^- PREFACE. t I. NEW WORLD has been discovered, which has been receiving inhabitants (torn the old, more than three hundred years. A new empire has arisen, which has been a theatre of great actions and stupendous events. That remarkable dia* covery, those events and actions, can now be accurately ascer- tained, without recourse to such legends, as have darkened and disfigured the early annals of most nations. But, while local histories of particular portions of America have been written, no attempt has been made to give even the outline of its entire history. To obtain a general knowledge of that history, the scattered materials, which compo.^e it, must be collected, and arranged in the natural and lucid order of time. Without such arrangement, effects would often be placed before causes; contemporary characters and events disjoined ; actions, having no relation to each other, confounded ; and much of the plea- sure and benefit, which History ought to impart, would be lost. If history however, with chronology, is dark and con- fused ; chronology, without history, is dry and insipid. In the projection therefore of this woik, preference was given to that species of historical composition, which unites the essen- tial advantages of both. It has been uniformly my aim to trace facts, as much as possible, to their source. Original authorities therefore, when they could be obtained, have always had preference. Some authors, of this character, wrote in foreign languages ; and this circumstance may be an apology for the occasional introduction of passages, that will not be generally under- stood. While originals possess a spirit, which cannot be in- fused into a translation, they recite facts with peculiar clear- ness and force. Quotations however in foreign languages are al wa)s always insetted in the marginal notes. There also are placed those passages in English, which are obsolete, eiiiber in their orthography, or their siyle. To some persons they may, even ther;., be offensive ; but they may gratify the historian, and the antiquary. The one may be pleased with such marks of authentic documents ; the other, with such vestiges of an- tiquity. - ' ■ f " " - ^ ' . ' * #■ The numerous references may have the appearance of sit- perfluity, perhaps of ostentation. The reason for inserting so many authorities was, that the reader, when desirous of ob- taining more particular information, than it was consistent with the plan of these Annals to give, might have the advan- tage of consulting tlie more copious histories for himself. Should these volumes serve as an Index to the principal sources of American history, they may render a useful though humble service to the student, who wishes to obtain a tho- rough knowledge of the history of his country. Professions of impartiality are of little significance. Al- though not conscious of having recorded one fact, without such evidence, as was satisfactory to my own mind, or of having suppressed one, which appeared to come within the limits of my design ; yet 1 do not flatter myself with the hope of exemption from error. It is but just however, to observe, that, had 1 possessed the requisite intelligence, more names of eminence would have been introduced ; more ancient set- tlements notieed ; and the States in the Federal Union more proportionally respected. For any omission, or other faults, which have not this apology, the extent of the undertaking may obtain some indulgence. u>^. Camhridgc, Massachusetts, 10 October, 1805. ;2git] gX ( 1 ) V ' t «"■'■ )li':» AMERICAN ANNALS. re Its, 'HRTSTOPHER COLUMBUS, a native of Genoa, having formed a just idea of the figure of the earth, had se- veral years entertained the design of finding a passage to India by the western ocean > . He made his hrst proposal of at- tempting this discovery to the republic of Genoa,which treat- ed it as visionary. He next proposed his plan to John II. king of Portugal, who, at that time, was deeply engaged in proiiecuting discoveries on the African coafit, for the purpose of finding a way to India. Iji this enterprize the Portuguese king had been at so vast an expence, with but small success, that he had no inclination to listen to the proposal. By the advice, however, of a favourite courtier, he privately gave orders to a ship, bound to the island of Cape de Verd, to at- tempt a discovery in the west ; but the navigators, through ignorance and want of enterprize, failing in the design, turn- ed the project of Columbus mto ridicule. Indignant at this dishonourable artifice, Columbus left Portufjal } and, having previously sent his brother Bartholo- mew mto England to solicit the patronage of Henry VII. re- paired to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. It was not till he had surmounted numerous obstacles, and spent seven years In painful solicitation, that he obtained what he sought. To the honour of Isabella, and of her sex, the scheme of Columbus was liitt couaienanccd by the queen. 1 Some Spanish authors have uii^cncrously insinuated, that Columbus Has led to this (ireat enterprize by information, which he leceived, of a country, discnvercil I'lr to the west, with the additional advantage of a iournal of the voya2;c, in wliicli the discovery was made by a vessel, driven from its course by eajteriy winds. It is afHrmed, however, with entire credibilit\-, that " Columbus had none of the West Islands set foorth uiito him in globe or card, neither yet once mentioned of any writer (^Plato excepted and the coinmeiltaries upon the same) from 942 Ycercs before Christ, untill tliat da;^- ; neither understood l^c of them by the report of aiiy other thathnd sethe thern ; but pnly comforted himsdfe with this hope, that the land had« l*e'vnnin.^ wtiere the sea had an end* jiic." Ilaklnvt, iii. '23. Kttbcrtxon, i. Note .xvii. OL. I. ,B * Through 'y 4 i AMERICAN ANNALS. [l402. Through the influence of Juan Perez, a Spanish priest, and Lewis Santangel, an officer of the king's household, she was persuaded to listen to his request ; and, after he had bee» twice repulsed, to recall him to court. She now offered to pledge her jewels, to defray the expence of the proposed equipment, amounting to no more than two thousand five hundred crowns i ; but this sum was advanced by Santangel, and the queen saved from so mortifying an expedient >. On the seventeenth day of April, 1493, an agreement was made by Columbus with their Catholic majesties : That, if he should make any discoveries, he should sustain the office of viceroy by land, and admiral by sea, with the advantage of the tenth part of the profits, accruing from the productions and commerce of all ihe countries discovered ; and these dig> nities and privileges were not to be limited to his own person, but to be hereditary in his family 3. Columbus, on the third day of August 4, set sail from Palos inJSpain, with three vessels 5 and ninety men, on a voyage the most daring and grand in its design, and the most important in its result, of any, that had ever been attempted. He, as admiral, commanded the largeSt ship, called Santa Maria ; Martin Alonzo Pinzon was captain of the Pinta^ and Vincent Yancz 1 This denomination of money, used by most historians may, without explanation, essentially mislead the reader. They were dauntless gold crowns. Vega [Commentaries of Peru, 423.] .^ays, the expence was ** six millions of maravadies, making the sum of 16060 ducats." A Spa* nish ducat of exchange is equal to 4f. 1 \d. t-2, and lacks therefore but a half penny of being equal to an English crown. If the IGOOO ducats of Vega be estimated as equal to so many English crowns, they make exactly 4000/. sterling ; and this is the very sum, M-hich, Dr. Robertson says, the expence of the equipment •• did not exceed." 2 Life of Columbus, 0. xi. xii.xv. with the principal authorities, cited under A. D. I49'2. 3 Harris's Voyages, i. 5. The instrument, containing the terms of this agreement, is inserted entire in Harard's Collections, i. 1^-3; but it is there dated April 30, 1492. Though the name of Ferdinand appvars connected with that of Isabella in this conipact, he lefused to take any part in the cnterprize, as king of Arragon. The whole expence of the ex- pedition was to be defrayed by the crown of Castile, and Isabella re- served for her subjects of that kingdom an exclusive right to all the bene- fits, that should accrue from its success. Robertson, i. Do«;k ii. Through- out this transaction, tlic conduct of Isabella was truly inagnanimuus ; and though she did not, like the Tyrian queen, conduct the great enterprize in pciison, yet she has (Strong claim to similar honour: Dux faminafacti. 4 He sailed from Gomera, one of the most westerly of the Canary is- lands, on the Cth of September, "which may be accounted the first set- ting oTit upon the voya-^e on theoccan." Lffe of Columbus, cxviii. 5 One of these vessels had a deck \ the other two, called Caravels, hai n auf. They arc thus described by Pe(er Martyr ; " Ex regio fisco d«ti- oata 14Q2. It, and tie was d beeu Bred to oposed nd five tangel, mt was rhat, ii' e office ita^of uctions ;se dig- person, en Palos rage the kportant He, ^ as Maria ; V^incent Yancz r, -without tless gold )ence was A Spa- bre but a ducats of le exactly tson iVj^, ies, cited US of this but it is appvars akc any "the ex- >ella re- thebciie- hrough- ous ; and nterprize lina/iacti. anary is- first set* xviii. vels, ha4 SCO d«sti< Data 1402.^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 3 Yanez PInzon, of the Nigna. When the fleet was about two hundred leagues to the west of t he Canary islands, CoUimbus' observed that the magnetic needle i the compasses did not point exactly to the polar star, bi; <: led toward the west . This discovery made an alamiing im: csslon on his pilots and mariners ; but his fertile genius helped him to assign a plau- sible reason for this strange appearance, and to dispel their fears. Expedients, however, at length lost their effect. The crew, with loud and insolent clamour, insisted on his return, and some of the most audacious proposed to throw him into the sea. When his invention was nearly exhausted, and his hope nearly abandoned, the only event that could appease the mariners happily occurred. A light, seen by Columbus at ten in the night of the eleventh of October, was viewed as the harbinger of the wished for land ; and early the next morning land was distinctly seen ». At sun rise, all the boats were manned and armed, and the adventurers rowed toward the shore, with warlike music, and other martial pomp. The coast, in the mean time, was covered with peoples, who were attracted, by the novelty of the spectacle, and whose at- titudes and gestures strongly expressed their astonishment. Columbus, richly dressed, and holding a naked sword in his hand, went first on shore, and was followed by his men, who, kneeling down with him, kissed the ground with tears ofjoy, and returned thanks for the success of the voyage. The land was one of the islands of the New World, called by the na- tives, Guanahana4. Columbus, assuming the title and au- thority of admiral, called it San Salvador j" and, by setting up nnta sunt tria navigia : unum onerarium caveatum, alia duo levia merca- toria sine caveis, qna? ab Hispanis caiavelx vocantur." De Nov. Orb. p. 8. 1 Stdw crioncousiy ascribes this discovery to Sebastian Cabot, five years after this voya'^e of Columbus. It unquestionably was made in this first vovagc. Witlj the correction of the name and date, the rcfnark of this venerable antiquarian is just ; " Before his time, 'jver since the first find- ini^ of the maiineiicall needle, it Mas wenerallic supposed to lie precisely in place of the meridian, and crosse the equator at ri^litanpcls, respect- ing; with the points dulie north and south." Stow's Ciironicle, p. 811. 2 The voyage fromGomera was .S:* davs; a lofgcr time tliau ar.y n,an had ever been known to be from the siijlit of land. 3 They '* appeared in the simple innocence of nature, entirely naked." h!obcrfso/i. 4 It is one of that cluster of the West India islands, called flaliama;;, ly- ing in the 26th degree of north latitude, above SOOO miles to the west ofGomera. Robertson, i. book ii. Belknap, Biog. i. lai. The authors of the Universal History [xll. 3ao, 831.] erroneously aliirm this first dis- covered island to be the one, now called New Providence, which is atio- ther of the Bahama islands, in its neighbourhood. The island, disco- vered by Columbus, still retains its original Indian name, tiioughit isalw dunotniuated in maps, Cat Island. It is remarkable fur nothing, buttbt event that ws liave recited. B 3 * a ciGsSj ll smm if 4?liJ{ I ':( P i\ % V 61 4 AMERICAN ANNALS. [14Q2, a cross, took possession of it for their Catholic majesties *. '*' Many of the natives stood around, and gazed at the strange ceremony in silent admiration. Though shy at first through fear, they soon became familiar vi'ith the Spaniards. The admiral, perceiving that they were simple and inoffensive, gave them hawksbells, strings of glass beads, and red caps, which, though of small intrinsic worth, wereby them highly valued. The reason, assigned for their peculiar estimation of these baubles, is, that, confidently believing that these visi- tants had come down from heaven s they ardently desired to have something left them as a memorial. They gave the Spaniards, in return, such provisions as they had, and some cotton yarn, which was the only valuable commodity they could produce 3. Columbus, after visiting the coasts of the island, proceeded to make tarther discoveries, taking with him several of the natives of San Salvador. He saw several islands, and touched at three of tlie largest of them, which he named St. Mary of the Conception, Fernandina, and Isabella. On the twenty- seventh of October, he discovered the island of Cuba, which, in honour of the prince, the son of the Spanish king and queen, he Cdlled Juanna. Entering the mouth of a large river with his squadron, he staid here to careen his ships, -ending, in the mean time, some of his people with one of the natives of San Salvador, to view the interior parts of the country. Returning to him on the fifth of November, they report, iliat they had travelled above sixty miles from the ghore ; that tlic soil is richer and better, than any they had hitherto discovered ; and that, beside many scattering cot- t;iges, they foiuid one village of fifty houses, containing about a thousand inhabitants 4. Sailing from Cuba on the fifth of December, he arrived, the next day, at an island, called by the natives ilayti, which, in honour of the kingdom, by \\ hich he was employed, he named Hlspaniola ?. On the shoals of this island, through the carelessness of his sailors, he lost one of his ships. The Indian cazique ^, or prince, 1 Life of Colunilms, c. ii. xvi — xxi. xxiii. Peter Martyr, 2. Herrera, j. 47. Fiirclias, i. 799. 7S0. European Settlemcnls in America, i. 5 — 11. Robertson, i. 11 y. 158. '2 — «« Geiitem es&e missain e coeloautumant." P. Martyr, p. 4. .3 TJfc of Columbus, c. xxiii. xxiv. RobeitEon, i. book ii. Herrera, i. 47. 4 Robertson, i. book ii. Herrera [1. 64.] says " a whole generation lived in a bouse." 6 «» AbHi.spania— diminitivcHispaiiioIa." P. Martyr, 245. Herrera, }. 107, li>8. 6'riiis title, which signifies lord or prince, is rightly applied to the princas of Ilayti; for, according to Clavigero, "it is derived from the Haitin tongue. ■ / c„-. sties «. strange hrough . The Pensive, ed caps, highly ation of Bse visi- :sired to ave the d some ity they oceeded I of the touched Mary of twenty- , which, iing and a large is ships, ;h one of Ls of the er, they from the they had ring cot- ng about e fifth of railed by lom, by :ss of his jue^, or prince, Ilerrera, ca, i. 5— .4. •rera, i. 47. •eoeration Herrera, he princw he Haitin tongue* r403.] AMERIC \N ANNALS. 9 prince, Guacanahari, receiving intelligence of this loss, ex- pressed much grief, and sent all his people with their canoes, to save what they could from the wreck. " We lost not the value of a pin," says the admiral, "for he caused all oui' clothes to be Isid together near his palace, where he kept them till the houses, which he had appointed for uS;; were emptied. He placed armed men, to keep them, who stooJ there all day and all night ; and all the people lamented, as if our loss had concerned them much." The port, where this misfortune happened, Columbus called Navldad [the Nativity], because he entered it on Christ- mas day. Resolving to leave a colony here, he obtained li- berty of the cazique to erect a fort, which he accordingly built with the timber of the ship, that was wrecked ; and, leaving it in the hands of three officers and thirty-eight men^ prepared to return to Spain I. . . .... ...i.sj : . 1493. Columbus, having taken every precaution for the security of his colony, left Navidad on the fourth of January ; and, after discovering and naming most of the harbours on the northern coast of Hispaniola, set sail, on the sixteenth, for Spain, taking with hun six of the natives 2. On the four- teenth of February, he was overtaken by a violent tempe?t, and, in the extremity of danger, united with the mariners in imploring the aid of Almighty God, mingled with supplica- tions to the Virgin Mary, and accompunieil by vows of pil- grimage. That his discoveries, in case of shipwreck, mi;;fht not be lost, he wrote an account of thera on parchment, wrapped it in a piece of oiled cloth, and inclosed it in a cake of wax, which he put into a tight cask, and threw into the tongue, wliich was spoken in this island of Hispaniola." But It was af- terwards inaccurately applied to the nobles of ^Icxlco, who, tliojgh divided into several classes, with appropriate title* ro eai tj, " were con- founded together by the Spaniards under the general name of caziques." Ilikt. Mexico, i. ;j tl>. 1 LifeofColunibiis, r.xxvii. XXX. xxxiii. xrxiv. xNxv. Hcriera, i. 51 — T"), 78- Purclia.s i. 730. Tniv. Mist. xli. 487. Roliertson, i. book ii. Iij Jhe Life of Columbus, tlic f»('// is said to bi; named Navidad; but Her- rera, and Robcrtsou at'lcr biin, say, that this name was i^ivcn to the fort. This fort'fication was liuislu'd in ten days ; thepoor natives unwarily help- ing it forward ; " tliat njinple race of men;" to use the words of Dr. Ro- bertson, " lal)ouriii;j; with iiiconsideiatc asbiduity in erecting this first mo- nument of their own servitude." 2 Piirchas, i. 7.')0. Two of those natives died on their pa'^san.e to Spain } the other four were presented to bis Catholic majestv by Columbus, to- gether with a c|nai\tity of i>otd. which had been jjiveu to him by the ca- zique at Hispanio!.!. Liilv. iiist. n1. 487. B 3 sea. I '■' H' I E i; -x... t' :^ ^ i5 AMERICAN ANNALS. [lAQS* • sea. Another parchment, secured in a similar manner, ho placed on the stern, that, if the ship should sink, the cask might float, and one or the other might possibly be found. But his precaution, though prudent was fruitless ; for he was providentially saved from the expected destruction, and, on the fourth of March, arrived safety at Lisbon. On his arri- val at Palos on the fifteenth, he was received with the highest tokens of honour, by the king and queen i, who now con- stituted him admiral of Spain i. Columbus adhering to his opinion, that the countries, which he had discovered, were a part of those vast regions of Asia comprehended under the name of India, and this opi- nion being adopted in Europe, Ferdinand and Isabella gave them the name of Indies 3. The Portuguese, having previously explored the Azores and other islands, instantly claimed the newly discovered world, and contended for the exclusion of the Spaniards from the na- vigation of the western ocean 4. Their competitors, however, were careful to obtain the highest confirmation possible of their own claim. While orders were given at Barcelona for the admiral's return to Hispaniola 5; to strengthen the Spanish title to this island, and to other countries that were or should be discovered, their Catholic majesties^, by the admiral's ad- vice, applied to the Pope, to obtam his sanction of their claims, 1 " Sedere ilium coram se publice, quod est maximum apud reges Hisjpanos amoris tt gratitudinis, supremique obsequii signum, fecerunt." p. Martyr, p. t>. 2 Robertson, i- book ii. Harris, Voyages, i. 6. Herrera, i. 84, 86, 93. Belknap, Biog. i. 102. S Robertson. i> Book ii. Names, however improperly applied, are apt to be permanent. " Even after the error, which gave rise to this e- pmion, was detected, and the true {losition of the New World was ascer- tained, the name has remained, and the appellation of West Indies is gi- ven by all the people of Europe to the country, and that of Indians to its inhabitants." Ibid. 4 Chalmers, Annals, i. 6. " 5 The second commission to Columbus is dated May 28, 1493. It is inserted entire in Hazard's Collections, i. 6 — 9. 1 6 The king of Portugal, according to Peter Martyr, agreed with them in a reference of the dispute to the Pope of Rome ; 'but it might beat a subsequent period. By this contemporary historian it appears, that the queen of Spain was a niece of the Portuguese king, and that this connec- tion facilitated an adjustment of the controversy. «• Diim it^ in confuso res trartaretur, pars utraque pacta est, ut a summo Pontifice decerneretur quid juri'3. Futuros se obtemperantes Ppntificas sanctioni, fide jubent u- trinque. Res Castellae tunc rcitina ilia magna Etizabetha cum virosrege- bat, quia dotalia ejus regna Castcilu: sint. Eiat regina Juanni regi Por- tugalite consobrina : propterca facilius res est composita. K.x ulriusque partis .f^itur assensu, lincnm e>: plumhaU bulla summus Pontifex Alex> andcr Sc.xtus, Sec." P. Mait;r» p. iCl. . and ".v.~:.:^„ - -► ,*.... - -. ,«, , [1403. iner, ho he cask e found. r he was and, on lis arri- highest ivr con- >untneSy gions of bis opi- illa gave ;ores and I world, 1 the na- lowever, isible of ilona for ! Spanish r should iral's ad- r claims, )ud reges fecerunt." 14, 86, 03. plied, are to this e> was ascer- idies is gi- ians to its 9S. It is with them It be at a , that the s connec- n confuso erneretur jubent u- riros rege- regi Por- ulri usque ex Alex- and 14Q3.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 7 and his consent for the oonque't o^ ^^e West Indies. An am- bassador was sent to Rome. The Pope^ then in the chair, was Alexander VI. a Spaniard by birth, and a native of Valentia. Readily acceding to the proposal, he, on the third of May i, adjudged the great process, and made the celebrated line of partition. He granted in full right to Ferdinand and Isabella, a'll the countries, inhabited by mfidels, which they had dis- oovered, or should discover, extending the assignment to their heirs and successors, the queens of Castile and Leon. To prevent the interference of this grant with one formerly made to the crown of Portugal, he directed that a line, suppo- sed to be drawn from pole to pole, at the distance of one hun- dred leagues westward of the Azores, should serve as a boun- dary ; and bestowed all the countries to the east of this ima- ginary line, not actually possessed by any Christian prince, on the Portuguese, and all to the west of it, on the Spaniards >. How astonishingly great, at this period, was the influence of the Pope of Rome ! Thiu sovereign Pontiff, "in:virtue of that power which he received from Jesus Christ, conferred on the crown of Castile vast regions, to the posse&.sion of which he himself was so far from having any title, that he was unac- quainted with their situation, and ignoranteven of their exis- tence 3." Although neither the Spaniards, nor the Portu- guese, now suspected the validity of the Papal giant, yet the other nations of Europe would not suffer them quietly to en- joy their shares 4. In the progress of these Annals, we shall find different nations planting colonies in the Kew World, without leave of the Catholic king, or even of his Holiness. It early became a law among the European nations, that the countries, which each should explore, should be deemed the 1 One bull, granting their Catholic majesties " the sovereign domi- nion of the Indies, with supreme jurisdktion overall that hemisphere," , was paSiicA on the '2d of May. But the Great Bull (on every account en- titled to tltat name) was issued on the day following. A ropy of it in the original Latin, with an Km^lish translation, is preMervod in ilarris, V^oya* ges, i. fi — K. It is also in rta/. Coll. i. 3— 6. See Hen era, i. 96. 2 Life of ("(iiumbns, c xlii. Herrem, i. 96. Robertson, i. book ii. Chal- mers, i. G. Belknap, Biog. i. IDS: and the authorities at the clcse of this year. The Portuguese, it seems, were dissati^tietl witii the Papal parti- tion. The sul)ject was therefore referred to six plenipotentiaries, three chosen from cadi nation, whose conferences issued in an agreement, that the I/ne of partition, in the Pope's bull, should be extended two hundred - and seventy leagues faithertothe west; tliarall westward of that line should s fall to the share of the Spaniards, and all eastward of it to the Portii!',uese. Tliis agreement was made 7 June, 1493. It was sealetl by the king of Spain '2 July that year; and by the king of Portugal i7 rcbruary, 1494. Ilcrrera, i. 1 K), 117. Harris, Voyages, i. 8. 3 Itobertson, i. book ii. 4 Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, book xxi. c. xvii. B 4 absolute n I \ '- \. - -fc. -w.*«*--i5-rin — -, — -—* **«*ta.^ ^ — if^fji^^ ."i.:iV-;:?"=5S3»'-i~.*-- ■- ■■i.*^- ; If 9^ AMERICAN ANNAlS. [UQS. absolute property of that discoverer, from which all othera should be entinly excluded f. Aboveaceutury * after this pa- pal grant, the pailiainent of £n. miliar ^■- ^ . ^a -Ji ,..^' : i a«i- . . ■ . -"• «.-, '"""^n^^^'-J. mpun- Carib- , e, the , seel©- j^ imocu- » uvium* S, 266. bus in- 1404.] AMERICAN ANNALS. miliar intercouvse with ih<: Indians, they lessened that vene- ration fur themselves, which was first entejtsuned, and, by iiH discretions and ill conduct, effaced every favourable impre«« siun, that had first been made ; that the gold, the women, xh^ provisions of the n stives, became subject to their licentious prey; that, under these provocations and abuses, thecazi9i:eof Cibao surprized and cut ofl' several of them as they straggled about, heedless uf daiigtr ; that then, assembling his subjects^ he surrounded the fort, ami set fire to it ; liiat some of the Spaniards were killed in dektiding it ; and that the rest pe« fished, in attempting to escape by crossing an arm of the sea », Leaving Nuvidad, he sailed eascvardly j and, at the same island, anchored before a town of Indians, where he resolved to plant a colony. He accordingly landed all his men, provi- sions, and utensils, in a plain, near a rock on which a fori might be conveniently erected. Here he built a town, which, in- honour of the queen of Castile, he called Isabella. This wa» the first town, founded by Europeans in the New World a, 1194. Colunibus in the spring dispatched twelve vessels for Spain; and after a prosperous voyage they arrived safely in April at Cadiz 3. Leaving Peter Margarite the cotnmand of three hundred and sixty foot and fourteen horse, to reduce Hispaniola under obe- dience to their Catholic majesties, he now sailed for Cuba, which he descried on the iigth of April. Sailing along it$ ' southern sliore, he discovered on the fifth of May another island, called Jamaica 4. Here, on landing, he met with much, opposition from the ferocious natives; but, after repeated de- feats, they became tractable, and even brought food to barter 5. Although Columbus appears to have made no settlement at Jamaica ; yet, so favourable was the opinion that he enter- tained of the island, that he marked it out as an estate for his faajily 6, A hurri- 1 Rob9rtson, i. book ii. 2 Life of Colviinbiis, c. ii. & xlv — Ii. Herrera, i. 106—113. Pur- clias, i. 731.' \\ -Martyr, 11— IS. European Settlements, i. lU, 30. UnU vor>al Rist. xli. 268, Robertson, i. book ii. 3 1*. Martvr, 10. 4 Jamaica is probably an Ttidian word, for Oviedo mentions a river in Ilispaniob, of that n.ime. Univ. Hist. xli. S46. b Univ. Hist. xli. 3K>. " I'liuibns in locis volenti Prse fee to terrain ca- pcre,amiatiac minitautcsocciiricnuit, plls;n^squr.'^aepiusattentdrunt: scd victi .'temper, aiiiicitianj oinnes mm I'ra'fecto inicre." P. Martyr, p. yp. 6 Tiie son and family of Coliiiiihus, .considering Jamaica a>! their own fiopeity, built upon it St. Ja^o ent than any within the remembrance of the natives, occurred in June at Hispaniola. Without any tempest, or fluctuation of the sea, it repeatedly whirled around three ships, lying at anchor in port, and plunged them in the deep. The natives ascribed this disorder of the elements to the Spaniards >. Columbus, on his return to Hispaniola, to his inexpressible joy, met his brother Burtholumew at Isabella, after a separa- tion of thirteen years ». I'he brother's arrival could not have been at a more seasonable juncture. Columbus essentially needed his friendly counsels and aid ; for all things were in confusion, and the colony was in the utmost danger of being destroyed. Four of the principal sovereigns of the island, pro- voked at the disorderly and outrageous' conduct of the Spa- niards, had united with their subjects to drive out their in- vaders i, Columbus, first marchmg against a cazique, who • had were abandoned on acrount of the advantagCK attending the situation of St. Jago, which increased so greatly, as in a short time to contain, according to report, 1700 houses, 2 churches, 2 chapels, and an abbey. The court of Spain, notvrithstandin}; its ingratitude to the father, granted both the property sftid government of Jamaica to his family ; and hit sen Diego Columbus was its first European governor. But the descendants of Co^ lunibus degenerated from his virtues, and they, or their agents, murdered 60,000 of the natives. Univ. Hist. xli. 348. 1 P. Martyr, 45. " Gentem banc perturfalsse clementa, atque porten* ta h>Tc tulisse, immuruiurahant insulares." Ibid. 2 Herrcra, i. 1S8. Bartholomew Columbus was so unfortunate, in his voyage to England, as to fall into the hands of pirates, who detained him a prisoner for stveral years. Whvn he had, at length, made his escape, and arrived at London, so extreme was his indigence, that he was obliged (o *pend considerable time in drawing and selling main, to procure money sufhcient to purchase a decent dicss, in which he might venture to appear at court. He then laid his brother's proposals before the king [Henry Vll j] but with little cffcrt. " This prince," it has been justly remarked, "was rather a prudent steward aiul manager of a kingdom, than a great king, ind one of those defensive i^eiiuises, who arc the last in the world to relish a great but problematic design ••" But, with'all his excessive caution and parsimony, he received tlie overtures of Columbus with more appro- bation, than anv monarch, to whom they had hitherto been communi- cated. When 6artlui!omew had tiiiished his negcciation in England, he st't out for Spain, by the way of France, and at Paris received information of his brotlwr's extraordinary discoveries in his first voy?ge, and of his pre- paration tor a second expedition. This intelligence hastened him on his journey; but before lie leached .Spain, the Admiral had sailed for Hispa- niola. He was received, however, with due respect by Ferdinand and Isa- bella, who persuaded him to take the couinuod of three ships, which they had appointed to carry provisions to the colony at Isabella. Robertson, J. book ii. " 3 P. Martyrs account ef the enormities of tlie Spaniards sufficiently Luroptan ScttkiMTits, i. chap i. shews, --=--"-^?k:?-- 1405.] AMERICAN ANNALS. It had killed sixteen Spaniards, easily subdued him ; and sent several- of his. nbjects prisoners to Spain ^ 1495. The unsubdued caziques of HispanioU still showing a deter4 mlnation to destroy, if possible, the Spanish colony, Colucn* bus set out from Isabella, to carry on the war agamst them. His army consisted of no more than '< £00 Christians, SO horses, and as many dogs;" but the Indians are said to have raised already 100,000 men. iThe Spaniards soon routed the Indians, and obtained a complete victory. The admiral spent a year in ranging the island; and, in this time, reduced it un* der such obedience, that mH the natives from fourteen years of age and upward, inhabiting the province of Cibao, where are gold mines, promised to pay as a tribute to their Catholic ma- jesties, every three months, a hawk's bell full of gold dust; and every other inhabitant of the island^ t\venty-£ve pounds of cotton a. The tranquillity of England, at this period, being propitious to the increase of its commerce and manufactures, London now contained merchants from all parts of Europe. The Lom- bards and Venetians, In particular, were remarkably numerous. Among these foreigners, John Cabot, a Venetian, and his three sons, Lewis, Sebastian, and Sanctum, were living in London. The father, perfectly skilled in the sciences requisite to form an accomplished mariner, was led by his knowledge of the globe to suppose, that a shorter way from England, to India might be found by the northwest. The 'famous disco- very of the New World caused great astonishment and much conversationinthecourtof Henry VII. of England, and among the English merchants ; and the specimens of gold carried home by Columbus, excited an ardent desire of prosecuting fhews, why the poor natives were at once united and desperate: " Ea Kens, qtiae Hraefecttim in ea navigationc sccuta fiierat inajori ex parte indoinita, vaa;:!, cui nihilpeiisi essct, libcrlatcm sibi, tjuoniic mudo posset, quxritaiis, abiiijuriisminimeseabstincrepoterat, Insiilariunifocminas.antepaientum, fratrum, et viroruni nculos raptans, stupris rapinis que intenta, aninios omnium incclarum perturbarat. Quaraobrcm pluribus in locis quotquot imparatos e nostri« incoixrepcriebant, rapide, ettanquain sacra oflerentes Deo, tiucidaveriint." De Nov Orb. p. 80- 1 T..ife of Columbus, c.liv.—lxi. Robertson, i.bookii. European Set- tlemeats, i. 24. 2 Life of Columbus, c.lxi.Hcrrera, i. MS. The mcasurp, said by Iler- rcra to be "a small hawk's bell, " is wroujiht up, unmercifully, by some historians, into " a lar.i;e liorse bell." it was, in truth, a little bell, worn by the hawk in the sport of a falconer*. Ilerrcri [i. It'*.] says, that '• only kipir Manicatcx e,avc, every month, half a gourd full of gold, being Vivilh 160 jjcios or peiccs of eight.' i. -I shews, this -^f)»' to V3 AMERICAN ANNALS. [UQO. this discovery. The adventurous spirit of John Cabot wai hr>i<;htcned by the ardour of his son Sebastian, who, though youn<;, was ambitious, and, at the same time, well versed in every science, subservient to a matheniaiical knowledge of the earth, and to navigation. With these incitements to the meditated enterprize, he com- municated to the king his project, which was favourably re- ceived. A commission war. accordini^iy, ori the fifth of March, printed to liini and his three sons i, giving them liberty to isail to all parts of the cast, went, and norih, under the royal banners and ensii^ns, to discover countries of the heathen, un- known to Christians ; to set up the kind's banners there ; to occupy and possess, us his siibject^-, such places as they could subdue; giving them the rule and jurisdiction of the same, fo be holuen on condition of paying to the king one-fifii> part of all their gtains 2. 1496. While Columbus was successfully establishing thefounda* tions of Spanish grandeur in the New World, his enemies were assiduously labouring to deprive him of his merited ho- nour and emoluments. The calamities, arising from a long voyage and an unhealthful climate, were represented as the effects of his ambition ; the discipline, maintained by his pru- dence, as excess of rigour; the punishments, that he inflicted on the mutineers, as cruelty. Resolved to return to Spain, to vindicate himself from these false charges, already made against him to the Spanish court, he exerted the small remains of his authority in settling affairs for the prevention of such disorders, as had taken place during his former absence. He built forts in the principal parts of the island ; established the civil go- vernment on a better footing ; and redoubled his diligence for the discovery of mines. Having made these prudential ar- t The style of the comniissinn is, " Johavni Cabotlo, Civi Venctianun, ac Luclovico, Svlmstiano, et Saiictu, Filiis dictlMohamis," &c. It in dated the itli ofMarrli in the eleventh year of the reign ol" Henry VII. Henry was crowned ('ct. .'50, .MS,*). \f that year he reckoned the ^w/ of his reign, thisromniission i'i rightly plated by Ilakluyt, Robertson, and others, in \\dh\ but, if tlic fii:,t vear of his reign he reckoned from I486, the coITlnli^t^ion must be |)laced, wheie Kynicr and some others have placed it, in 1 )r)<>. 2 Hakliiyt, iii. 4, 5. ■? ; wliere may be seen the Letters Patent ; as also in Ryaicr".s Foedcra, x .. .'^if)') ; and in (^fjalmers. Annals, i. 7. Chalmers iiays, it is iIum)^!!'^! American State Paper of Enciland. Seealso Purchas, i. 7 IS. f^ii'e of Coiuiiibus, r. I\iii. P. Martyr, tO- iiflkn.ip, liiog. i. 149, i'jQ Robcitbcii, l)oc;k i.\. iG. FDister's \'oya«i<;s, xiGU. rangements. ar- 1407.] AMERICAN ANNALS. IS laneementR, he set sail from Isabella, on the tenth of March ', with 993 Spaniards and 30 Indians; leaving the supreme power in the government of the Province to his brother nurtholumew, with the title of Adelantado ; and the administration of justice t) Francis Roldan, - lU the title of Alcalde >. The natives of Hi^paniola, by wars with the Spaoiards, and a pestilential disease, occasioned by the damp places in which they concealed themselves to shun their enemy, were already essentially reduced in numbers and in strength, it is asserted by a very credible historian, that one- third of these wretched inhabitants had now perished 3. Three ships having arrived in July at Isabella with provi- sions from Cadiz, Bartholomew CuUunbus, on dispatching^ them for their return ti> Spain, sent on board three hundred Indian slaves. This measure was in compliance with the royal mandate ; fur their Catholic majesties, on receiving in- formation, that some caziques had killed tlie Spaniards, had ordered, that, whoever should be found guilty of that crime, should be sent to Spain 4. The country on the southern coast of Hispaniola, appearing very beautiful, was judged an eligible place for settlement. Bartholomew Columbus, having received written orders from his brother Christopher in Spain, to remove the colony i'yoin Isabella to the south part of the island, now began a settle- ment there 5, and, in memory of his father, whose name was Dcminick, called it Santo Domingo 6, Henry VIT. on the third of February gave permission tc* John Cnbot, '-> ta'.e six English sliijis in any haven or havens of the realm ori'vMghind, being of the buriiea of two luindred tons or under, wiih the requisite furniture, and all such mak- lers, mariners, and suhjects of the king, as should be uiiliug to accouipaiiy liiin 7. \Vhatever miu;lit have bcon tlie c.uisf, an equipment appears not to have Leen made, to the extent of the royal licence. ■ ( 1 as also 'halmws Purclias, i. 149, 1 He visited spveial of tlic West India iilaiulii before his <.loj>arture ffjr ir'ljsi". wliicV. was not till tlic -iOlli ol' iprii. Hciicr:'., i. I J4. 2 P Maityr, a, 40. li»;iTcia, i, CrJ 3 Ileiicia, i. 1.17- 4 ibid i. Iv33. ... 5 Herrcra, 16«, iGc). ; . 6 Life of Columbus, c l.xxiii. P. Martyr, 60. 7 Hakluyt. i. 611, where is iiiftr'.eil a reccMtl of tlic rolls, relatiii? to tbis vyjaifr tn title il, «' l'>illci sijiiiut.i Apho IS Ht-ririf.i 7." Ste Hazard, Cull. i. 10. Chilmers, i. 8. l^rit. t-iip. ir .•■jiner'.i.a, i. IntrvJ. vi. In "1. :f m M'i, 11 ■ !1 I ^ 1 h Hi AMERICAN ANNALS. [140^ la the beginning of May i, Cabot and his son Sebastian and three hundred men> with two caravels, freighted by the mer- chants of London and Bristol, connmenced a voyage of disco- very 3. On -he twenty-fourth of June they were surprised by the sight of land, which, being the first they had seen, they called Prima Vista. This is generally supposed to be some part of the island of Newfoundland. A fe\v days afterward they discovered a smaller island, to which, on account pro- bably of its being discovered on the day of John the Baptist, they gave the name of St. John. Continuing their course westwardly, they soon reached the continent, and then sailed along the coast norihwardly to the latitude of 67 and a half degrees 4. Finding that the coast stretched toward the east, and despairing of making the desired discovery here, they turned back, and sailed along the coast toward the equator, ** ever with an intent to find the passage to India," till they came to the southernmost part of that tract of the continent, which has since been called Florida. Their provisions now failing, and a mutiny breaking out among the mariners, they returned to England, without attempting either settlement or conquest in any part of the New World 5. Through a singular succession of causes, sixty-one years elapsed from the time of this discovery of the northern division of the Continent by the English, during which their monarcbs gave little attention to this country, which was destined to be annexed to their crown, and to be a chief source of British opu- lence and power, till, in process of time, it should become an independent empire ^. This remarkable neglect of navigating the coast, and of attempting colonization, is in some measure accounted for by the frugal maxims of Henry VIL and the unpropitious circumstances of the reign of Henry VII L of Ed- ward VI. and of the bigotted Mary j reigns peculiarly adverse to the extension of industry, trade, and navigation 7, 1 See Note I. at the end of the volume. ' 8 P. Martyr, 232. 3 Fabian, in lii> Chronicle, a;tys, tlcit one ship at Bristol was manned and victualled .'»l the Idi)g\i cost j tl.at diveis merchants of I.onilon ven- tured ill lieiMnall stock,;; and that in the company of the said "-hip ?ailtii also out of liiii-tol throe or four small ships, " fraught with sleight and gro-se merchandizes." IIa!>Iuyt, i. 615. 4 Tor an illustralion of thr probable extent of this voyage, to the north and south, see Note !. at the end of the volume. ,5 P. Martyr, 23?. Ilakhivt, \.5\S\ iii. fi— 0- Smith, Hist. Virginia, p. I. Piirc!\as, i.7.ir, 7.'5S. Jofelyn's V(»ya; os, 'J30. llanis, i. 8fiO. ' I?o- bcits^)n. b. ix. It3, ir.llniv. Hi^t. xl. .'i;S. Torster, 4(36,431. Helknap, Rio^. i ]r>i. Mather's Magnal:a, i. '.i. Prince, Chron. Inirod. 80. Biog. Britan. Art. GiLliKRT. C Fiobertvon, book iv. p. «??. 7 Uaiv. Hiit. ixxi.^. -^ib, tOii. B:!* ''i..p. Infrod. vi, vii. While 1407* ian and \e mer- f disco- •Ised by n, they »e some terward nt pro- Baptist, r course n sailed ; a half he east, e, they equator, till they ntinent, >ns now rs, they LilemenL le years division lonarchs led to be Lish opu- !come an .vitiating measure and the of Ed- adverse manned nloti VCII- \ip Failed 14Q8.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 15 CI uht and the north Virginia, Rfio/ Ho- . Britun While 1498. While the tcstimotties of fidelity and good conduct, car- ried by Columbus to Spain, silenced the personal calumnies of his enemies, the large specimens of gold and pearl, which he produced, proved the falsity of their representation of the pover- ty of the Indies. The court became fully convinced of the im- portance of the new colony, the merit of its governor, and the necessity of a speedy supply. Two ships were sent out in Fe- bruary with succours, under the command of Pei(*r Fernandez Coronet. The admiral staid to negotiate for a fleet, adequate to his enlarged views and purposes. But his enemies, though silenced, were not idle. All the obstructions, which they could raise, were thrown in his way. It was not therefore till after a thousand delays and disappointments, that he was enabled to set out again in prosecution of his discoveries. lie at length received commission tocarrj', if he should think fit, five hundred men, provided that all above three hundred and thirty ' should be paid otherwise, than out of the king's re- venue ; and was allowed for the expediiion six millions of ma- ravedies j four, for the provisions to be put on board the fleet, and two, for the pay of the men. It was now also provided, that none of any nation, but the Castilian, should go over to the West Indies 2. On the thirtieth of May he sailed from Spain, on his third voyage, with six ships, loaded with provisions and other ne- cessaries, for the relief and population of Ilispaniola 3. On the thirty-first of .July, in the ninth degree of north latitude, he . discovered an island, which he called Trinidad. On the first of August he discovered the continent at Terra Firma. Sail- ing along the coast weslwardly, with the continent on the lefi, he discovered Margarita. The Spaniards, finding that the oysters, brought by il"" inliabitants of this i.'iland on board the ship of Cohunbus, contained pearls, were inexpressibly de- lighted ; and, hastening to the shove, found all the natives- decked in these ricliornatneuts, which they disposed of to the Spaniards for mere trifles 4. Columbus, having discovered many other islands for two hundred lf*:i;j,rtes to Cape Vela, anchored on the twentieth oiF Hispaniola 5. On the i.hiriicth he entered the harbour at that 1 By advice of Colnnibtu it was resolved, that 33o men should be kept always on the inland of IIi7. 6 Ll.'b of Columbus, c. Ixv— Ixxiii. I'urcbas i. b2S, 8*27. Prince, Chroa. Jntroi. 80. Europ. Setilenjcnts, i. 140. - %. island. \ i \ \ 1! ■ t A"', :• ia( U' 16 AMERICAM ANNALS. [U99» island, where the lieutenant, agreeably to his brother's advice, had appointed a new city to be built ». Until this year, Isa- bella had been the chief place of the residence and government df the Spanish colony; but the capital vvasnow transferred to this new city »; which was long the most considerable Euro- pean settlement in the New Worlds. In the absence of the admiral, Roldan, a man of obscure "birth 4, and of base character, though now high in office, had Separated himlself from Bartholomew Columbus, and formed a faction. He had virulently aspersed the characters, and mis- represented the designs, 6f the two biothers- He had sent his scandalous charges in writing to the court of Spain ; in- tending to prevent, if possible, the return of Christopher Co- lumbus, and to destroy the authority of both 5. He had been chosen the leader of a considerable number of the Spaniards, tsrhom he had excited to mutiny ; and, taking arms, had seized the kini>'s magazine of provisions, and endeavoured to surprise the fort at St. Doiningo 6. It reiiuired all the address and vigour of Columbus, to subdue this fuciion. He at length succeeded ; and in November articles of agreement were made between him and Roldan, with his insurgents 7. Columbuf;, accompanied by his brother the lieutenant, hav- ing tet out in February to pass through the island of Hispa- niola, came in March 10 Isabella, and in April to the Con- Cfption. It was his inieniion to go early the next year to St. Domingo, to make preparation for his return to Spain, to give tli^Mr Catholic majesties an account of all transactions ^. 'I'he spirit of discovery beginning to spread itself widely, private adventurers in Spain and Portugal, stunulaled by the 1 T ife nf Ciiliimbus. c. l.wiii. *■ 2 Pui( his, i. 7.91. 'l'li()ii"Ji Lsalielhi was cliof en in 1491, as n siluaricn irioir hcp.hl'.Uil auil roiiuinHlinii:; than tliat of Navithul, yet its ahaiuloii iiiriu is .iv(i ibcd to llie uiihcalthiiK-;s ot the air, and the liaoncss of ti:r soil, "(.'equi a uitaliandonnc;- rcfte villc, c'est que raircti ctoit mulsain ct Ics tciTcs i'.:;aivai;-es." nnejc. Metiiodi>jue, licojj. Art. l>ABt;i,i.E. 3 IJo'icTtsnii, i. Ixjok ii. ■t " lloI'laniHii (liiciKJain — niipui {os'-tirtim ot calonuni dnrtnirni ex fa- ni.ilo suo, (ifirulo iustiti.T |,)iasi(icrn, I'ra'iVctus eiexcrat." 1'. Maitjr, i>6. .> P. ^Iaitv^, 07. I'urclias, i.7.5l. t) Ruhi r'.snn, i. book ii. 7 l-ifc ot'Colmnl)!!':, i-. I\x\i. T'v (Iii- npiiTpment, the mutlnppis were xr, have twi) ships, with iirovjsioas, 10 r,in_v them to Spam, aiul each of t.'ien tnii'.ht'^ake a slave with him. iieiiera, i. '.MO. 8 Life ot'Coluinbiir, c. Ixx.Niv. , V ,,V^ V "n^ to give gold 1490-] American ANNALS. 17 gold remitted to Europe by Columbus, made equlpmeilts at their ot^rn expence. Among the earliest of these adrenturers was Alonso de Ojeda, a pliant and active officer, who had accompanied Columbus m his first voyage. Aided by the patronage of the bishop of Badajos, he obtained the royal li- cence for the enterprize ; the bishop, at the same time, com- municating to him the admiral's journal of his last voyage, and his charts of the countries, which he had discovered. Such was Ojeda's credit with the merchants of Seville, that they equipped him with four ships, with which he sailed from St* Mary s in Spain on the twentieth of May. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine gentleman, eminently skilful in all the sciences subservient to navigation, accompanied Ojeda in this voyage. Pursuing the course of the great navigator for the New World, they in twenty-seven days discovered land in about five de- £;rees north latitude, on the coast of Paria. Having traded jiere with the natives, they stood to the west, proceeded as far as Cape Vela, and ranged a considerable extent of coast beyond that, on which Columbus had touched. After ascer- taining the truth of the opinion of Columbus, that this coun- try was part of the continent, they sailed to Hispaniula, where they arrived on the fifth of September, and soon after returned to Spain. The country, of which Amerigo was erroneously supposed to be the discoverer, not longafter unjustly obtained his name ; and by universal consent, this new quarter of^ the globe has ever since been called America i. Another voyage of discovery was undertaken by Alonso Nigno, who had served under the admiral in his last voyage. Having fitted out a single ship, in conjunction with Christo- pher Guerra, a merchant of Seville, they both sailed to the coast of Paria. Though their discoyeiies were unimportant ; 1 Robertson, i. book ii. Prince, Chron. Jnirod. 80. Europ. Settlemetits, i. 46. Belknap, Disc, on Discovery of America, n. 115. This name is supposed to have been first given to the New World by the publication of Vc-piicci's accduntofliis Voyage; but at what time is not certain. For a refutation of his claim to the honour of discovering the continent of the New World, see Robertson, i. Note xxii. Ilerrera and ail the earliest and best Spanish historians uniformly ascribe this lionour to Columbus. Hcrrera, i. 214. Herrera says, that Americas Vcsputius (so the'nameis often written), " to make good his false and iiSMinied claim to the dis- covery of the Continent, suppressed the name of nrap,on's Mouth, which Columbus had given to the entrance into a liay near Trinidad ;" and that he " confounded the passages of the two voyii;;es," that, made before Mith Colunibus, and this, made with Ojcda, '• in order to conceal the Admiral's having discovered the continent." Ibid. Q21, 223. But*En* i^lisli historians remember, and it ought not to be forgotten, that the CABU'ii were the tirst ditcuverers of the Cuntintut of America. See A. U. 1497. Vol. 1. € * yet '^'. % i 18 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1500. yet they cairied home such a quantity of gold and pearls, as inflamed their countrymen with desire of engaging m similar enterprizes i. The mutineers at Hispaniola not daring to go to Spain, a new contract was made with Roldan, by virtue or which he was reinstated in his former office ; and his followers, amount- ing to one hundred and two, were restored to whatever they had enjoyed before their revolt 2. In consequence of this agreement, lands were allotted to the mutineers in different parts uf the island ; and the Indians, settled in each district, were appointed to cultivate a prescribed portion of ground for their new master. This service was substituted for the tribute formerly imposed ; and it introduced among the Spaniards the Repartiamentos, or distributions of Indians in all their settle- ments, which subjected that wretched people to the most grievous oppression 3. 1500. Vincent Yanez Pinzon havinff,in connexion with Ariez Pin- zon, built four caravels, sailea from Palos for America 4. He stood boldly toward the south, and was the first Spaniard who ventured to cross the equinoctial line 5. In February he discovered a cape, in eight degrees south latitude, and called it Cabo de Consolation ^ ; but it has since been called Cape Augustine 7. Here he landed, but could obtain no interview with the natives 8. Sailing northwesterly, he discovered and named the river of the Amazons 9. Having sailed along the coast to Trinidad, he returned to Spain »o, 1 Robertson, i. book ii. 2 Herrera, i. 211. 3 Robertson, i. book if. 4 Prince [Chron. Introd. 81.] says, he sailed from Palos IS November, 1499; and Herrera [i. 232.], that he left the Cape Vcrd islands 13 Janu- ary, 1.500. .5 Robertson, i. book ii. 6 Herrera. 1.2.11. 7 Purcbas, i. 828. Prince, ut supra. 8 P. Martyr, 81 — 83. Robertson [i. book ii.} says, that Pinzon "seems to have landed on no part of the coast beyond the mouth of the Mara^- non, or river of the Amazons." But I rely on P. Martyr, who savs, that the Spaniards landed at the Cape; that in the neighbourhood of it 5-i of the natives, armed u4th bows and arrows, came forth to meet them, fol- lowed by others, armed in the same manner; that the Spaniards endea- voured to allure tliem by gifts, but in vain ; for, in the dead ofnight, they fled from the places which they had occupied. "Omnem sermonem rejiciunt, parati semper ad pugnam. Nocte intemnesta aufugiunt." Vega [Commentaries of Peru, 339.] says, the Pinzoiis gave the river this naiiie, " because they observed, that the women fought with as much coinage in defence of those parts as the men." % 10 Prince, ut supra. The m^ ■ JJ.B ! HBir 1500.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 10 The fertile district of country, " on the confines of which Pinzon stopped short/' was very soon more fully discovered. Pedro Alvarez Cabral, sent by Emanuel, king of Portugal, with thirteen ships, on a voyage from Lisbon to the East In- dies, in order to avoid the caltus on the Guinea shore, fetch- ed a compass so far westwardly, as, by accident, to discover land in the tenth degree south of the equinoctial line. Pro- ceeding along the coast several days, he was led from its ex- tent to believe, that it must be apart of some great continent; and, on account of a cross, that he erected there with much ceremony, he called it, The Land c^ the Holy Cross ; bift it was afterwards called Brasil '. Having taken possession of it for the crown of Portugal, he dispatched a ship to Lisbon with an account of this important discovery, and pursued his voyage 2. The Portuguese king, on receiving the intelligence, sent ships to discover the whole country, and found it to be the land of America. A controversy hence arose between him and the king of Spain; but they being kinsmen and near friends, it was ultimately agreed, that the king of Portugal should hold all the country that he had discovered, which was from the river of Maragnon, or Amazons, to the river of Plate 3. The implacable enemies of Columbus renewing their com- plaints against him, the king and queen of Spain sdnt Bo- vadilia as a judge, with power to enqixire into his conduct; and with authority, if he should find the accusations proved, to send him into Spain, and to remain himself, as governor. Bovadilla, on liis arrival at Hispaniola, thoroughly executed his commission. He assumed the government of the colony, and sent Columbus home in chains 4. ..^ . .-. ,}.. . .r .>'":.■ ' ■- Portugal, 1 From a certain wood, which dies red, a name previously to this pe- riod known to the Arabians. Forster's Vovai^es, (.'GS. >5. Robertson, i. bock ii. Forster, g6iS. Prince, Introd. 81. Biblioth. iXmericana, p. 50. 3 Purchas, v. 1437. 4 Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxv, Ixxxvi. llerrera, i. 2S5— 213. Belk- nap, Disc, on Discovery of AnuM-ica, 116. The captain of the vessel, in which Columbus sailed, totiched with respect for his years and merit, offered fo take otftbe irons ; but he' did not allow it " Since the king has comniaiided, that I shouUl obey his governor, he shall find me as obedient to this, as 1 have been to all his other orders. Nothing;, but his commands shall release me. If twelve years hardship and fatigue; if con* tinual dan^;ers, and frequent famine; if the ocean, first opened, and five times passed and repassed, to add a new world, abounding with wealth, to theSpaniiih monarchy; and if an infirm and premature old age, broujiht ou b^ those icrvic*!;, deserve these chains as a reward; it is verv fit I CJ '2 should M AMERICAN ANNALS. [l50K Portugal, at that time still in her glory, disregarding the donation made by the Pope, and the compromise for half the world, to which she had reluctantly agreed, viewed all the discoveries, made by Spain in the New World, as so many encroachments on her own rights and property. Under the influence of his national jealously, Caspar de Cortereal, a Portuguese, of respectable family, inspired with the resolution of discovering new countries, and a new route to India, sailed from Lisbon, with two ships*, at his own cost. In the course of his navigation, he arrived at Newfoundland, atabay, which he named Conception Bay ; explored the whole eas- tern coast of the island ; and proceeded to the mouth of the great river of Canada. He afterwards discovered a land, which he, at first, named T»^rra Verde, but which, in re- membrance of the discoverer, was afterwards called Terra de Cortereal. That part of it, which, beinj^ on the south side of the fiftieth degree of north latitude, he judged to be fit for cultivation, he yarned Terra de Labrador. Keturning, and ■communicating the news of his discovery to his native country, he hastened back, to visit the coast of Labrador, and to go to India through the straights of Anian, which he imagined he had just discovered. Nothings however, was afterward he^^rd of him. It is presumed that he wr^s either murdered by the Esquimaux savages, or perished amon^ the ice. On this disastrous event, a brother of Corterealundertook the same voyage, with two ships ; but probably met with a similar fate ; for he was heard of no more >. 1501. Roderigo de Bastidas, in partnership with John dela Cosa, fitted out two ships from Cadiz. Sailing toward the western continent, he arrived on the coast of Pana ; and, proceeding to the west, discovered all the coast of the province, since known by the name of Terra Firina, from Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien 3. Not long after, Ojeda, with his former associate Amerigo Vespucci, set out on a second voyage, and, being unac- quainted with the destination of Bastidas, held the same should wear thein to Spain, and keep them by me as memorials to the end *>f ^Tiy life." Emop. Settlements, i. 43— 45. He accordingly kept them iintii his death. "I always saw th6se irons in his rnom," says his son Ferdinand, " wliich he ordered to be buried with his body." Life of Co- lumbus, c. Ixxxvi. Herrera, i^ Q42. 1 Herrera [L314.] says, they were Caravels. 'i pointer, Voy. 4Go. 461. Harris, Voy. i. '270. Venegas California, i. 1 18. 3 Robertson,!. \gg. Vrince, Chron. Introd. 8!. Ilarris, Voy. i. aTOj but Gah aiio, cited by HairU, puts this voyage in i£02. course. 1502.] AMERICAN ANNALS. course, and touched at the same places, tended to increase the ardour of discovery f. These voyages 1502. Columbus exhibited so many charges at the court of Spain against Bovadiila, demanding justice at the same time for the injuries; which he had done him, that their Catholic majes- ties resolved to send another governor to Hispaniola. Nicho- las de Ovando, knight of the order of Alcantara, being ap- pointed to this office, he sailed on the thirteenth of February for America, with thirty>two ships, in which two thousand five hundred persons embarked, with the intention of settling in the country. This was the most respectable armament, hitherto fitted out for the New World, On the arrival of this new governor, Bovadilla, whose imprudent administration threatened the settlement with ruin, resigned his charge ; and was commanded to return instantly to Spain, toanswer for his conduct a. Ovando was particularly charged by the queen, that the Indians of Hispaniola should be free from servitude, and protected, like the subjects of Spain ; and that they should be carefully instructed in the Christian faith. By command of their majesties, both Spaniards and Indians were to pay tythes ; none were to live in the Indies, but natives of Castile ; none to go on discoveries, without leave from their highness- es ; no Jews, Moors, nor new converts, to be tolerated in the Tidies, and all, that had been taken from the admiral and his brothers, was to be restored to them 3. In the large fleet, that now arrived, came over ten Francis- can Friers ; and these were the first ecclesiastics of that order, who came to settle in the Indies 4. Columbus, acquitted at the court of Spain, with the promise of "estitution and reward, required bin ^^w incentives to en- gage once moie in discoveries. His ambition was, to Kriive at the East Indies ; and thus to surround the globe. On this- prospect, he was fitted out in May on his fourth and last voy- ai;e, under the royal patronage, with a fleet of four vessels, carrying one hundred and foiiy men and boys, amoniij whom were his brother Bartholomew, and his son Ferdinand, the 1 Robertson, i. book il. Josselyn, Voyaces, 230. In Bibliotheca Ame- ricana is preserved the following; title of a book : " Ainerici Veiputii Navi- gatiotertiaaLisbujiaeportu cumtribusConservantiiicX iiavtbusad Novum Orbem ulteriusdetegendum, die Mail dccima, l/iOl." ^ 2 Herrera, 1.247—263. Robertson, i. 188, 189. . 3 Herrera, 248, 250. 4 Ibid. i. 249. \ C 3 writer ■\; f \\m 22 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l502, writer of his life I. In twenty>one days after his departure from Cadiz he arrived at Dominica; and in twenty-six at His- paniola. Soon after his arrival at this island^ apprehending an approaching storm, he advised a fleet, then rtady for sea, not to leave the port; but his advice was disregarded. I'he fleet, consisting of eighteen sail, within forty hours after its depar- tire was overakf^n by a terrible tempest ; and of the whole num< ber of vessels, three or four only were saved. Among those, that were lost, was the ship ii which was Bovadilla, the go- vernor, who had sent Columbus, in a tyrannical and scanda- lous manner, to Spain 2. RoUan and the greater part of the enemies of Columbus were swallowed up at the same time, with the immense wealth which they had unjustly acquired. The fate of the Indian king of Magna, now also lost, was less }iornble, than the outrage, that preceded it. He had offereri to till the ground, to the extent of fifty miles for the Spaniards, if they would spare him and his people from the mines. A Spanish captain, in return for this generous proposal, ravished his wife; and the unhappy k'in|?, who secreted himself, was taken and sent on board the fleet, to be carried to Spain i. After the storm Columbas sailed to the continent, and dis- covered the Bay of Honduras 4, where he landed; then pro- ceeded along the main shore to Cape Gracias a Dios ; and thence to the isthmus of Darlen, where he hoped, but in vain, to find a passage to the South Sea 5. At the isthmus he found aharbour, which he entered on the second of November; and, on account of its beauty and security, called it Porto Hello 6. . Porto J Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxvii, Ixxxviii. P. Martyr, 102, 206; but he iays, here were 170 men : " cum hominibus centum septuaginta." Her- rera, i. 2ft2. Belknap, Biog. i. 1 16, 1 17. 9 Life of Columbus, c. Ixxxviii. Europ. Settlements, i. cbap. vii. Belk- Brp, Biog. i. 1 16. Herrera [i. 233] says, the fleet consisted of 31 ships; the Author of Europ. Settlements says, it consisted of 20, and that ifi pe- rished. 1 have followed Ferdinand Columbus. On board the ship, in which Bovadilla perished, was a mass of gold, estimated at 3310 pesos, which was designed as a present to the Spanish king and tjueen. P. Martyr ascribes the los» of the ship partly to the weight of the gold ; " prsc- uimio gentium et auri pondere, summersa intcriit." De Nov. Oib. 101. Puvchas remarks, tliis is " a fit emblem for Christians, who, wlu-n bey will lade themselves with this thick clay, drown the soule in dc:>truction and perdition." Pilgrims, i. 7-23. 3 Purchas, i. 913. 4 Columbus called it, The Port of Casinas. Ilerrera, iii. 366. 5 Herrera, Ibid. Robertson, i. '203, 206. Prince, Jntrod. 82. Belknap, Biog. 1.118. 6 Herrera, i. 269, Life of Columbus, c. xcii. It was probably from per- gonal observation, that Ferdinand Columbus drew this description : " The country about that harbour, higher up, it not very rough, but tilled, and . ■ . '.. ^ • . fuU / pro- and but he Her- rom per- •• 'Die lleil^ and fuU 1503.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 23 Porto de la Plata, or the Haven of Silver, thirty-five leagues north of St. Domineo, was built this yeai' by Ovando i. Hugh Elliot and Thomas Ashurst, merchants of Bristol, with two other gentlemen, obtained letters patent from Hen- ry VII. for the establishment of colonies in the countries new- ly discovered by Cabot. Whether they ever availed themselves of this permission, and ipade any voyages to the New Woild, neither their contemporaries, nor subsequent writexs, inform us*. On this charter of licence, Anderson observes, that king Henry pays no regard to the imaginary line of division made between Spain and Portugal by the Pope's authority ; and that, according to his genius and former practice, he does iiot pretend to §ive one penny toward the enterprize. "It there- fore," he subjouis, " succeeded no better than Caboi's voy- age ; for private adventurers rarely have abilities and patience sufficient to perfect such undertakings, unless supported by the public 3.'* 1503. Columbus, leaving Porto Bello, entered the river Yebra on the ninth of January. The beauty and fertility of the ad- jacent country invited him to begin a plantation. Remaining at Yebra, he 3cnt his brother Bartholomew with sixty-eight men in boats to the river Veraguay, whence they proceeded to the river Duraba. Finding abundance of gold here, it was concluded to establish a settlement. The Spaniards actually began to erect houses ; but thei;* insolence and rapacity in- censed the natives, who falling upon them, killed several of their number, and obliged thf.m to relinquish the design 4. These Indians were a more hardy race, than those of the islands ; and this was the first repulse, sustained by the Spa- niards. But for this adverse occurrence, Columbus would have had the honour of planting the first colony on the conti- nent of America. Leaving this hostile region, he now sailed full of houses, a stone's throw or a bow shot one from tlie ot!ier j. anA it looks like the finest landscape a man can imagine." A water spout near Porto Bello 13 December excited great alarm among the Spaniards. The same writer re^iaiks : •• If ihey had not dissolved it by savinij; the Gospel of St .John, it had ci-itainlv sunk whatsoever it fell upon." Ibid. 1 Univ. Hist. xli. 518. 'I'bis haven was formerly reckoned the second place of consctpicncu in Ilispaniolaj but in 176.S it was a ineie tishing village. Ibid. 2 Forster, V^oy. 989, 431. This commissiou, in the orginal Latin, is in Hazard, Coll. i. 11—19. S Hist. Cointneice, ii. r> 4 1'. Martyr, '2 1 4, 216. " Figere ibi pedcm fuit consilium : sedinccl.-e futuinrn perniciem olfacientes vetuerunt. Facto agniinc, cum hoiireudo clamoie ruunt in nostrus, qui domus xdificare jam cxperant." Ibid. C4 for I M 94 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l504. for Htspanlola ; but by the violence of a storm was obliged to run his ships ashore at Jamaica. In his distress at this island^ he sent some of the hardiest cf his men to Uispauiola, to re- present his calamitous situation to the governor} and to solicit vessels to carry him and his people away. He remained however at Jamaica eight months, without the least intelli- 5ence from his messengers, or assistance from the governor, ^he natives becoming exasperated at the delay of the Spaniards, the burden of whose support was intolerable, the inventive genius of CulumbuB had recourse to an admirable device, to regain his authority. Assembling the principal Indians around him, he caused them to understand, that the God, whom he served, provoked at their refusal to support the objects of his favourite regard, inteutied to inflict on them a speedy and se- vere judgement, of which they would soon see manifest to- kens in the heavens ; ^for or that night the moon should with- hold her light, and appear of a bloody hue, as an omen of their approaching destruction. His menacing prediction was ridiculed ; but its actual accomplishment, at the precise time foretold, struck the barbarians with terror. This eclipse of the moon, which he had happily foreseen by his skill in astrono- my, established his character, as s. prophet. The affrighted Indians brought him instantly a plenty of provisions ; they fell at his feet, and besought him in the most suppliant man- ner, to intercede with the great Spirit, to avert the threatened calamity. Apparently moved by their entreaues, he consoled them ; but charged them to atone for their past transgression by their future generosity. The eclipse went off ; and from 'hat day the natives were superstitiously cautious of giving oU fence to the Spaniards ^ 1504. When the fortitude and skill of Columbus had been tried to the utmost extent, in repressing the mutinies of his own people, and the violence of the Indians ; a ship, generously litted out by a private person at Iltspaniola, arrived at Jamaica, uiid carried him to St. Domingo. Convinced, that a dispute with a governor, in his own jurisdiction, could bring him lit- tle advantage or honour, he hastened his preparation for return- ing to Spain 2. On the scoikI of September he sailed from Hispaniola. Having encountered the most terrible storms in the voyage, and sailed after losing his mainmast seven hundred leagues, he 1 Lifeof Columbus, c. xcv — ciii. Herreia, i. 29i, ^96. Purchas, t. 7*;i. Hobeitson, i. book ii. Belknap, Hiog. i. 1 18, 1 ij), 2 Life of Coluinlms, x( iv. — cv. Kiimp. Settlements, i. 55 — 60. Univ. Hiist. xli- 547 • l^elkuap, Disc, on Discoveiy of America, 110. with 1505.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 2C with difficuUjT cached the port of St. Lucar. Here, to his in* expressible grief, he learnt that his friend and patronness, queen Isabella, was dead i. She had steadily favoured and supported while the Catholic king had opposed and injured him. The value of the Indies beci.ming daily more apparent, and also the largeness of the share, that must fall to the admiral by vir- tue of the stipulated articles, it had been the seltish policy of Ferdinand to fix the.absolute dominion in himself, and to dis* pose of all the employments, which belonged to the admiral, according to his own pleasure >. The conduct of Isabella was more just and generous, as became the greatness of her chaf racter. This illustrious woman, " was no less eminent for virtue, than for wisdom ; and whether we consider her beha- viour aH a queen, as a wife, or as Q mother, she is justly enti- tled to the high encomiums bestowed on her by the Spanisl^ historians 3." Bastidas, with the leave of king Ferdinand, went with two (hips, to discover that part of Terra Firma, where lay Cartha^ ffena. 4. Landing on the island Codeco5, he took six hundred o('the natives ; proceeded to the Gulf of Uraba; and returned to St. Domingo, laden with slaves ^. Some adventurous navigators from Biscay, Bretagne, and No/mandy, in France, cametliis year in small vessels, to fish on the banks of Newfoundland; and these were the first French vessels, that appeared on the coasts of North America 7« 1505. The Indians of Hispaniola having made several attempts to recover their liberty, the Spaniards considered their conduct as rebellious, and took arms to reduce them to subjection. 1 Life of Columbus, c. cxviii. Europ. Settlements, i. 60. Belknap, Ditc. on Discovery of Amerira, 115. 2 Life of "Columbus, c.cviii. S Robertson's Charles V. ii. book i. p. 6. " The Spaniards," says Mc- zeray, " lift her abo\e all other llemines." Hist. Fruticc, 54'i. 4 This name had bceu given to that port by ColumbvK, on account of its resemblance to a port of that nmne in Spnii). P. Martyr, 105. b It lay near the port ; and this was the Indian name. " Insulam vo- cant incolic Codeg<»." Ibid. 6 Harris, Voy. i. Q70. y Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. 9. Brit. Emp. in America, Introd. xlvi. Encyc. Methodique, Geosf. Jirt. Canada. 'I'his fishery appears to have been immediately productive. The French account is: " Dcs \5Ci, les Basques, les Bretons, etles Normands, utiles ctaudacleuxnavigateurs, se hasardoient avec de foibles barques sur lebanc de Tcrreneuve, ct noaris- soient une jmrtie de la France du fruit de leur pcche." Ibid. These fish- ermen are said to have discovered at this time the Grand Bank af New- luundiand. Ibid. Commerce, ^r/. Communaute Ci. Oii.^s. They n Hi il« >I1 f p; i mm ii V ll i I '■t l.tj a l^ SO AMERICAN ANNAI.S. [l506. They made war aqainst the caziqiicof Higucy «, who, after tijE^nalizing himself in defence of his countrymen, was igno- sninionsly hung. Anacoana, the female cazique of Xaraguay ', being accused at this time of a design to exterminate the Spa- niards, Ovando, the Spanibh governor, under pretence of mak- ing her a respectful visit, marched toward Xaraguay with three hundred foot and seventy horsemen. She received him with every token of honour, and feasted him several days. Amidst this security, the Spaniards, at a preconcerted signal, drew their swords, and rushed on the defenceless and astonished Indians. Their princess was instantly secured. Her attend- ants were seized and bound, and left to perish in the flames of the house, where they were assembled, which was set on lire. Anacoana was carried in chains to St. Domingo, where, after the formality of a trial, she was condemned to bt hanged. This atrocious conduct toward the Hay tin princess completely humbled the natives, who, in all the provinces of Hispaniola, now submitted^ without farther resistance^ to the Spanish yoke 3. 1506. *.- Coliimbus, exhausted by age, fatigues, and •disappoint- ments, died at ValUdolid in Spain on the twentieth of May, in thefifty- ninth year of his age, and was buried in the cathe- dral of Seville. " He died with a composure of mind suitable to the magnanimity which distinguished his character, and with sentiments of piety, becoming that supreme respect for religion, which he manifested in every occurrence of life 4." On 1 A province at the eastern exf remity of the island. Robertson. ■2 This province extended from the fertile plain, where Leoganc ii now •itiiated, to tijc western extremity of the island. Anacoana, iis liichly rc;4|)ccted sovoreign, had hceii uniformly friend'y to the Spaniards. Her accusers were some of the udiierents of Roldiin, who had settled in her country, and v tie exasperated with her for endeavouring to restrain their e.xc«sses. RoliciNnn. 3 Robertson, i. hook iii. B. de las Ca'as Relation, p. 14. Casas says, that afier thi« unji!>>» war ended, with such a destruction and massa.re, tin; Spaniards, havi.ii; reserved few beside the womTj and clilldrcn, diviuct! these amoni; themselves ; some liecpinLj ,'J0, .ithers 40, others loo, sonic 200, accordiiij; to the interest they had vith the tyrant [governor] of tlic Island, ibid. lf May, e cathe- suitable :er, and )ect for life 4." On on. tic i iS now liichly ds. Her in her uin their !(t ays, that lajie, Um; diviiio! 00, some orj of the isagcd, of npiexion* through ant, well ■i) his own the aiVfc- tiuu 1507.] AMERICAN ANNALS. *i^ On his tomb is this Spanish inscription: A Castilla T A Lbon, Nurvo Munuo Dio Colon ; in English, ** T% Castile and Leon Columbus ^ave a New World ». ' Some slips of the sugar cane were now brought from tht Canary islands and planted in Hispaniola, where they were found to thrive so well, as soon to become an object of com- merce «. Jean Denys, a Frenchman, sailed \^ iih his pilot Camart, « native of Rouen, from Ilonileur to Newfoundland, and drew a map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and of the coast of the ad* jacent country 3. 1507. Ferdinand, King of Spain, established a Board of Trade* composed of persons, eminent for rank and abilities, to which he committed the administration of American afTairs 4. Pursuant to bulls of the Pope, Father Garcia de Padilla was nominated the first bishop of St. Domingo. Their Catholic majesties ordered the Cathedral church of that city to be mag* ninccntly built at their own expence 5, The inhabitants of Hispaniola, computed to h:ive been, when Columbus discovered the island, at least one Anillion, were now reduced to sixty thousand ^. The natives of the Lucayo islands, to the number of twelvt tion of those he had to deal witli ; and his presence attracted respect, liav» injT an air of authority and i^inntletir. He was always temperate in eating and drinicing, and modest in liis dress, tie understood Latin, and com« posed verses. In reli;^ion he was ver.v zealous and devout. He wasa man of undaunted courage, hi^h thoughts, and fund of great ei -'Tprixes. Herrera, who gives tins description and character of Coluniltiw L ^11, 31?,] adds, " Had he performed such a wondeifn! rnterpii/c in the ancient days, as the discovery ofu New World, it is likely tliat lie would not only have had statues, and even temples, erected to his hon(.< or, but iliat some star woul pugrapbical' srror probably, jjut in I.'^Ol. .*> llcneia, i. 318, where are particular instructions to the Prelates on e X'lfsiastical affairs. Robertson, i. ?17. An author, cited by Piirchas [i. 914,] savs, that in tliice or four months, wlule he was in a certain town in on« of" the Wett Irdia islands, COOO children died for the want of their parents, who were sjut to the mines. See 13. de las Ca»as, Uelat. p. 'i3. «, - !L hundred' i .,./l y fit '' 2B AMERICAN ANNALS. [l508. hundred thousand, wasted in the mines of Hispaniola and Cu- jba^ or by diseases and famine, had previously become extinct '. 1508. Juan Diaz de Soils and Vincent Yanez Pinzon sailed from Seville, with two caravels, to the coast of Brasil,and went to the thirty- fifth degree south latitude, where they found the grand river Paranaguazu, which they called Rio de Plata, or River of Silver ». Proceeding to the fortieth degree, they erecled crosses wherever they landed, took formal possession, and returned to Spain. In this voyage they discovered an extensive pro- vince, known afterward by the name of Yucatan 3. Sebastian de Ocainpoby command of Ovando sailed around Cuba, and first discovered with certainty, that this country, which Columbus once supposed to be apart of the continent, is a large island 4. The gold carried from Hispaniola in one year, about this time, amounied to four hundred and sixty thousand pieces of eight. Cotton, sugar, and ginger, now also became cons- derable articles of exportation from the West Indies to Spain 5. The Spaniards, finding the miserable natives not so robust and equal to the labour of the mines and fields, as negroes brought from Africa, began about the same time to import negroes into Hispaniola from the Portuguese settlements on the Guinea coast ^. I Purchas, i. 004. The Spaiiiards, understanding to be the opinion of the Lucayans, that departed souls, after certain expiations on cold north- ern mountains, wotild pass to a southern region, persuaded tiiem to believe that tney had come from that place, where they might ice their departed parents •tnd cliiidren, acquaintance and friends, and enjoy every delight. Thus seduced, they went with the Spaniards to Hispaniola and Cuba. But, when they discovered that they had been deceived; that they had come to dark niinesj instead of Elysian fields; that they should not find any one of their parents or friends, hut be compelled to submit toa severe govern- ment, and to unwonted and cruel laoours; abandoned to despair, they either killed them>-clvc':, or, obstinately rejecting food, thev breathed out their languid spirits. P. Martyr, 481. " Quando vero se deccptos fui£S» ronspexerunt, ncc parcntibus aut optatorum cuiquam occurrercnt, sed gravia impcria ct insuetosac saevos labores subire cogerentur, in despfbra- tionem vcrsi, autscipsosnecabant, aut electa inedia languidos emittebant s;)iritus, nulla ratione aui vi persuasi, ut cibum sumere vellent. Ita mi- seris I^ucais est finis iuipositus." ■2 Though it now first received this name, it was previously discovered by the Portuguese. See A. D. 1600. 3 llerrcra. i. 3.13. Life of Columbus, c. l.xxxix. Robertson, i. SSO. 4 Robertso;., i. 231. ■ li Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. 15. 6 Ibid. Robertson [i. a78] says, a. few negro slaves were sent to Ame- rica iu the year 1608. . ' - ' A hurri- ? 1509.] AMERICAN ANNALS. SQ A hurricane demolished all the houses in St. Domingo, and destroyed upward of twenty vessels in the harbour i. Thomas Aubert, a shipmaster, made a voyage from Dieppe to Newfoundland ; and, proceeding thence to the river of iSt. Lawrence, was the first who sailed up this great river to the country of Canada. On his return he carried over to Paris some of the natives 2. 230. 1509. Don Diego, son of Christopher Columbus, now succeeding Ovando in the government of Hlspaniolaa, repaired to the island, accompanied by his wife, his brother and uncles, and a numerous retinue of both sexes, many of whom were married here, and the island began to be populated. He placed a lieutenant over the islandof Cuba 4. Agreeably to instruction from the king, he settled a colony in Cubagua, where large fortunes were soon acquired by the fishery of pearls 5. Alonso de Ojeda, having sailed from Hispaniola with a ship and two brigantines, carrying three hundred soldiers, to settle the continent, landed at Carthagena ; but was beaten o(F by the natives. While he began a settlement at St. Sebastian 6« on the east side of the gulf of Darien, Diego Nicuessa with six vessels and seven hundred and eighty men began another at Nombre de Dios, on the west side 7. Both however were soon broken up by the natives ^. 1 Puiclias, i. 910. * Univ. Hist, sxxix. 406. British Einp. Introd. xlvi. Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. \b. Forster [432] says, he matle this voyage in a ship call- ed the Pensee, belonging to his fatlier, Jean Ani;o, Viscount of Diepp*. 5 For twoycar.s after flie death of CoKinihus, tliis sou had made inces- sant, but fruitless apphcation to iting Ferdinand for tl'c oftices and rijjlils to which he was lcu;ally entitled. Heat last commenced a suit agaiu.^t the king before the Council of the indies, and obtained a decree, in con- firmation of his claim of the vicerojaify, with all the other privijcgcj, stipulated iu the capitulation with iiifi father. Ilobertson, i. book iii. 4 ihirris, Voy. i. '27 1. Robertson, i. book iii. 6 Robertson, i. book iii. 6 Harris [i. '271] froni Gr.Ivano, calls it a fort, and say?, it was the first built by the Spaniards in Terra Firma. 7 Nicuessa obliged all his men, whether sick or well, to work on his fort, and ihey died at their labour. The 780 men, whoai ho brought from Hispaniola, were soon reduced to 100. Hcrrera, i. 839- 8 Herrera, Ibid. Harris, Voy. i. 271- Robertson [i. b. iii.] says, that these Indians were fierce and warlike; that their arrows were dipped iti a poison so noxious, that every wound was followed with certain death; that in one encounter they slew above 7U of Ojeda's followers; and tli*t the Spaniards, for the lirJt time, were taujji.t to d:ciid the inhabiUnts of the New Wuild. ■•• ■•■ -- - The ,1«lSv> «d !f^ AMERICAN ANNALS. 1510. [1511. The greater part of those, who had engaged with Ojeda lod Nicuessa in the expedition for settling the continent hav- ing perished in less than a year, a few who survived now set- tled, as a feeble colony, at Santa Maria on the giilfof Darien, Under the command of Vasco Nunez de Balboa i. Juan Ponce de Leon, who had commanded n the eastern district of Hispanlola, under Ovando, now effected a settle- ment, by his permission, on Puerto Rico. Within a few ■^ears this island was subjected to the Spanish government; and the natives, treated with rigour, and worn out with fati- gue and sufferings, soon became extinct *. John de Esquibel sailed from Hispaniola, and began a set- tlement at Jamaica 3. :Sfti. 1511 i.i. Don Diego Columbus proposing to conquer the island of Cuba, and to establish a colony there, many persons of dis- tinction in Hispaniola engaged in the measure. Three hun- dred men, destined for the service, were put under the com- mand of Diego Velasquez 4, who, with this considerable num- ber of troops, conquered the island, without the loss of a man, and annexed it to the Spanish monarchy 5. Hispaniola was not completely subdued untU ihi^ year '*• 1 Robertson, book iii. Prince. Chron. Tutrod. 83. 2 flerrera, i. S%. Robertson, i. bonk iii. This island was discovered by Columbus in his second voyage. Juan Ponce passed over to it in '508, and penetrated into the interior part of the country. Ibid. B. de las Ca- sas [p. 4.] says, that above SO islands, near this, were in like manner en- tirely depopulated. 3 Prince, Chron. 7»//W. 83. 4 Fie accompanied Christopher Columbus in bis second voyage. Rob. 6 ttobertson, ;. Qtl. Prince, Chron. 7«'roquez, who condemned him to the flames. When he was fastened to the stake, a Franciscan frier, labourinji; to convert him, promised him Immediate aiimittance to the joys of heaven, if he would cmbrac*" tV.e Christian faith; and threatened him with eternal torment, if he should C'^r.tiniie obstinate in hi»^unbelicf. The cazique asked, if there were any Spaniards in that region of bliss that he described. Onbeiagtold, there wer«; " I will not go." said he, •• to a place whcie T may meet with one cf that .'icciu'td race." B. de las Casas, i20, 21. Robertson, i. book iii. 6 Univ. Hist. .\ll. 46/. Two 1513.] AMERICAN ANNAL3. 8! Two bishops were now constituted here, one at St. Domingo* and another at the Conception. Three bishopricks had been previously erected In the island, but no bishops had been stnt to them «. Ferdhiand establish :d the Council of the Indies, In whicH was vested the supreme government of all the Spanish domi* nlons in America *. He now permitted ,the importation of no» groes, in greater numbers, than before, into his American colonies 3. 1512. Juan Ponce de Leon, sailing northwardly from Puerto Ri- co with three ships, discovered the continent In thirty degree* eight minutes north latitude, and called it Florida 4. Having gone ashore, and taken possession, he returned to Puerto Ri- , CO through the channel, afterward known by the name of the Gulf of Jb lorida, and discovered the Bahama Islands 5, 1513. Vasco Nunez de Balhoa, a Spaniard, e^nployed in the con- quest of Darien and the Gulf of Uraba 6, having travelled a- cross the isthmus of Darien with two hundred and ninety men 7, from the top of a high mountain on he western side of the continent discovered an ocean, which, from the direc- tion in which he saw It, took the name of the South Sea. FaU ling on his knets, and lilting up his hands to heaven, he gave thanks to God for being the first discoverer. Having proceed- ed with his followers to the shore, he advanced up to his middle in the water with his sword and buckler, and took possession of 1 Ticrrera, i. S75. 5 Robertson, iii. book viii. This, or a similar council, was in being gomv years before, lor v,e have already met with one ofits decrees. See A. D. i:iOC). Note .'.{. 3 Robertson i. book iii. 4 " Because," says Purchas, [i. ,\Sc)] " it -A'as first discovered by) (be Spaniards on I'alni Sunday, or on Ea&ter day. v.hich they call I'asqna Flo- rida [dc Fiores, Jlcrvfra] j and not, as'Ihcvot writctb, for tlic Hourishing verduie thereof." F. Martyr [301] ai^recs with i'urcJias: " Floridain ap' pellavit, 4uiaresurrectioiiis festo r;pererit. Vocat lliipanus Pascha ilo- riduin resurrectionis dicn;." 6 Herrera, ii. 33,S4. Harris, Vov. i. 271. Univ. Hist. xl. S78. Brit. Emp. iii. "iOij. Robertson, i. '^13. Prince, Cliron. //i.'/W. aH. Eucvcloj). Mctliodique, Histoire, J/^ Cabot j andUeo-;. Art, iXoiuuE. Pu'rchaa, 6 Venagas California, i. II9, 7 Harris, Vov. 271. ^ . ' '' thi, "v h \n' li M S2 AMERICAN AKNAL5. [l514; thig occaa in the name of the king his master, vowing to defend it with those arms against all his enemies;. J a token of possession he erected piles of stones on the shore ». Peter de Cordova, a Dominican Frier, having obtained leave of the king, now we-it over from Spain to the continent of America, with other friers of his order, to preach to the In- dians at Cumanas. Ferdinand issued a decree of his privy council, declai'ing, that the servitude of the Indians is warranted both by the laws of Gog and man ; and that, unless they were subjected to the dominion of tHe Spaniards, and compelled to reside under their inspection, it \vould be impossible to reclaim them from ido« Jatry, ai\d to instruct them in the principles of the Christian faith 4. 1514. ^ Vasco ^uner having sent the king of Spain an account of hisdiscovery of the South Sea, and of what he had heard of Peru, acquainting him at the same time, that it would require a thousand men to effect that conquest 5 ; his majesty order- ed Pedro Arias d' Avila to embark for America as governor ofDarien*. He aocordin^ly sailed from St. Lucar with fif- teen vessels and fifteen hundred men ; and, by his tyran- ny and exactions after his arrival, all the country, from the fjulf of Darien to the lake of Nicaragua was desolated'. 1 Herrera, ii.5S. P. ^lartyr, 178. Prince, Chron. Inirod. 83. Robcrt- «on, 5. 261. Forster, Voy. 263. « P» Martyr, !82. This author says, that the Indians opposed his passage over the mountains ; that they fled at the dischari^e of the Spanish guns; that *ht Spaniards, pursuing them, cut them in pieces ; that 6()0 of them, togetlier with their prince, were destroyed lilce brute beasts j and that Vas- co ordered about 50 to be torn to pieces by dogs. " Canum opera," adds the historian, " nostri utuntur in praeliis contra nudas eas i-entes: ad quas rabidi in6liunt, baud secus an in feros apros aut fugaces cervos." Ibid. 180, 181. Vasco returned in February, 1514, to Darien, without the loss of one nian in ary ofhis niuncious actions with the natives. Ibid. S05. .«? Hcirera, ii.4,'5. 4 Knbertson, i. lOl>. 5 Herrera, ii. 68. <> He was the fourth governor of " Goldet. Jastilc," as the countries of Darien, Carthagena, and Uraba v,cre now denominated. Harris, Voy. i. «'/!. F.John dcQucvedo, a Franciscan frier, came over with him', as bishop of Daricn, accompanied with several ecclesiastics of that order. Ilerrcra, ii. 69- 7 Herreia, ii. 6S, GQ. Robertson, i, 2,'J7. B. dc las Casas [23—26 ] say;!, tli'.t this " merciless governor," ran through above 50 leagues of the finest LTniutry in the woild, and carried desolation witii him wherever he went; that before his ai rival there •"■•'^••e many villages, to\vnntinent I the In- iclai'ing, the laws d to the ler their rom ido- /hrisllan count of heard of j require y order- governor with fif- s tyran- y, from ated ?. Robert- is passage ish guns; of them» that Vas- era," adds entes : nd vos." Ibid. )ut the loss d. SOS. 68. luiitries of is, Voy. i. 1 him, as lat order. -q6 ] says, fthe finest he went ; ies, which y abound' the Spa- kinsdonr, Adx»- AMERICAN ANNALS. 83 UlO.] A disscntlon not long after arose between Vasco Nunez and Arias. Vasco, charged with cdliiiiiny against the goviern- ment, was sent for by the governor, alid but in chdiris ; and, after some formalities of a trial, condemned, and beheaded >. Puerto Rico, the chief town on the island of this name, was founded, and John Ponce de Leon a|)pt)irited it^ govetnbr z. ' 1515. Gasper Morales, sent by Pedro Arias d'Avila, marched from Darien across the land to the South Sea ; and discovered the Pearl Islands in the bay of St. Michael, in £ve degrees north latitude 3. John Arias began to people Panama on the South Sea, and discovered two hundred and fifty leagues on the coast, to eight degrees thirty minutes north latitude 4. Gonsales Ferdinandus Oviedas discovered the islands of Ber- mudas 5, twelve degrees north of Hispaniola. 15l6. Juan Diaz de Soils, at that time reputed the ablest navigator in the world 6, was appointed by the king of Spain to command two ships, fitted out to discover a passage to the Moluicca or Spice Islands by the west, and to open a communication with, theim 7. Having sailed the proceeding October, he entered the Rio de Plata in January »* In attempting a descent in the ' • Country 1 P. Martyr, 320. Ilerrera, il. l28. Robertsbh, i. 250; 951. 2 Uoiv. IJist. xli. 520. Ehcytlop. Methodiquc, Geog. Art, Juan pe TiKftTo llictt. 3 Harris, Voy. i. 2/1. Prince, Chron. Jw^rorf. 83. 4 Prince, ibid. ^4. ' Ibid, from Plirchas. Matiy authors ascribe this lliscovery to John Bcrnmdez, a Sr>aniard, in l52-^.>. 6 Herrera, ii. 79. 7 Robertson, i. booR iil. 8 Ibid. On the authority of Purcnas I had (ondilded, ih.1t tlie PortU' guiese first discovered the river de La Plata abbut A; D. 1500 [See p. 23; tiote 2.]; but, on a careful inspectioh of Hakluyt atid Purchas, 1 am led to believe, that the hoiiour of that discovery may belong tp Juan Diaz de Solis, in idu8. Haicluy t's account, taken from the same MS*, which Pur- chas after uard^ more completely published, says, that Don EmanOd, on hearing the newsof Cabral's discovery in the west, " sehiprescnti^ shipijcs to dis<.'(»vcr the whole countrey, and found it to be a part of America." But it dues tiot satisfactorily appear, that these ships \^entso fkr south as La Plata. A controversy arising between the kings of Portugal and Spaiti, * ** A Discourse of the West tndm and the South Sea, written ly Lof(ex TTar, Portugal,"'' Vol, /. P « tjj^y » h ^ M ' i ■m M i 1 f » a 34 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iSlO*. country I about this river, De Solis and several ofhiscrevtr were slain by tiie natives, who, in sight of the ships, cut their bodies in pieces, roasted, and devoured them. Discouraged by the loss of their commander, and terrified by this shockmg spectacle, the surviving Spaniards sailed to the Cape St. Augustin, where they loaded with Brasil wood, and set sail for Europe, without aiming at any farther discovery >. Sir Sebastian Cabot and Sir Thomas Pert with two ships, fitted out by some merchants of Bristol 3^ visited the coast of Brasil, and touched at the islands of Hispaniola and Puertu Rico. A Ithough this voyage seems not to have been beneficial to the adventurers, yet it extended the sphere cf English navigation, and added to the stock of nautical knowledge 4. Bartholomew de las Casas 5, having undertaken to protect the American Indians, went for this purpose from St.Do- - ;, . mingo *' they agreed in the end, that the king of Portugal should holdeall the country that he had discovered, the which was (as ! have said) from the river ofMarannun to the river of La Plate ; albeit the Spaniards affirme, that it stretcheth no tiirthcr than the island of Santa Catalina." The ulti- mate agreement of the two kin;j;s may liave been subsequent to the discovery rf Solis, and to the prejiidiceof his honour, and ofthe Spanish interest. The same Portuguese >^riter, whose account is published by Hakluyt and Purchas, allows, that " the first Spaniard, who entered this river and iphabited the same, was called Soils." See Hakluyt, iii. 786—788, and Purchas, v. 1437. 1 This was probably some part of Paraguay, the discovery of which i» ascribed to Solis in V-ncycIop. Methodique, Geog. Art. Paraguay j though its full discovery is justly to be ascribed to S. Cabot in 1A26. 2 ilerrera, ii. 81. Kobeitson, i. book iii. S Robertson, book ix; but from one account in- Hakluyt [iii. 409.] it is probable they " were set foorth by the king ;" and in another [ibid. 498] it is affirmed, that the king furnished and sent them out. 4 Hakluyt, i. b\2, iil5, 5l6i iii. 498, 499i where there are accounts of this voyage. Cluon. Inlrod. 84. Robertson , book ix. 22. Josselyn, New Eng. Rarities, 103, and Voyages, yjl. Biblioth.:ca Americana, M. Some historians take no notice of this voyage, or cciifound it with a voy- age made io the service of Spin in 1526. P. Martyr [De Orb. Nov. Q33.] mentions Sebastian Cabot, as bein^ with aim in Spain in \'j\[>, and expecting to go on a voyage of disco vesy the following year. *' Familiarem habeo domi Cabbottum ipsum, et contubernalem intcrdum } e^cpectatque in dies ut navigia sibi parentur. M, irtio mense anni futuri MD.xvi. puto ad e.xplorandum discessurum." But he does not deter- mine, either from what port Cabot was to sail, or by whom he was to be employed. It is probable, that he refers to prepai atiotis, e.>;pected to be made iot him in England, whence the accounts iu Hakluvt prove him to have sailed, " The faint heart" of Sir Thomas Pei ", is alarmed to have been " the cause that tlie voyage took none effect." b He was a native of Seville, and with other clergymen accompanied Columbus in his second voyage to Hispaniola, in order to settle in that island. The design of this benevolent ecclesiastic was, to obtain ascen- dent;)' over the ludiacc of South America without force, by the preaching .,. vV * . '- - . T ef W . r-r. y»B ja , n ' ' his crew cut their icouraged shocking Cape St. id set sail two s^iiipSy le coast of id Puerto beneficial ^f English ledge 4. to protect m St. Do- mingo hold* all the aid) from the iards affirme, ,." The ulti- the discovery mish interest. Hakluyt and his liver and [has, V. 143T. •y of which is Vkukgmxy; in 1526. yt [iii. 409.3 inother [ibid. lUt. ; arc accounts 22. Josselyn» mertcana, 54. it with a voy- e Orb. Nov. f' )ain in 1615, lowing year, em intcrdum j [se annifuturi oes not deter- . he was to be xpccted to be : prove him to [rmed to have accompanied settle in that obtain ascen< I the preaching ef 1517.] AMERICAN ANNALS. #* mingo to Spain. The Catholic king being dead », Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, who had entered on the administration of the government for the young king Charles, sent three friers, of the order of St. .leroine, foi the chief management of affairs in the West Indies} biit the m gociations of Las Casas were deferred until the arrival of tlie new king, who was daily expected from the Low Countries >« 1517. A Flemish favourite of Charles V. having obtained of this king a patent, containing an exclusive right of importing four thousand negroes into America, sold it for twenty-five thou- sand ducats to some Genoese merchants, who first broiight into a regular form the commerce for slaves between Africa and America 3. Francis Hernandez Cordova sailed from Havanna 4 on the pight'i' of February, with three caravels and one hundred and ttnmen, on a voyage of discovery. The first land, that he ^■jLvr, was ca' e Catociie 5, the eastern point of that large penin- sula, on the confines of the Mexican coast, to which the Spa- niards gave the name of Yucatan 6 , As he advanced toward the shore, he was visited by five canoes, full of Indians, de- cently clad in cotton garments 7; a spectacle astonishing to the Spaniards, who had found every othei part of America possessed by naked savages. He landed in various places; but being assailed by the natives, armed with arrows, he left the coast. Continuing his course toward the west, he arrived at of tlie Domiiiican and Franciscan friers ; and he possessed all the courage, the talents, and activity, requisite in supporting such a desperate cause. Herrera, ii. |.')t). IJobertson, i. book iii. I Ferdinand died in 1.516. By marrying, in l6l9, ^abclla of Castile, tlic si'-tcrof Henry IV. he annexed tlie crown of Ciistiie, of rtuich Isrt- bella w.iK hriress, to tin- throne of Arragon. Encyc. Mcthodiquc, His- toire, Arf. Fbrdinasd. See p. G, note t), of tliese .\nnals. 9, llencra, ii. 101. RoberUon, <. book iii. S Robertson, i. ii79- 4 This port is called in the language of Cuh.1, Agaruco; B. Diaz. i. 3; in that of Spain, La Havana. Purchas, v. Itl5. ,'> B. I3iaz del Castillo, who was with Cordova in this e.vpedition, says, [i. ,').] an Indian chief, who came with 1-2 canotis to tlie Spanish vessels, nudt* signals to the captain, that he would bring ther,^ to land, saying* " Con-Esrotoeh, Con-Escotoch," which signifies, "Come to our town," wltence the Spaniards named it Punta de Catoche. Dc Solis had previously seen thisccwst. See A. D. 1508. 7 The women of this place were remarkably delicate. " Faemin* ^ cingulo ad talum induuntur, velaminabusque diversis caput & pectorate- gunt, & pudice cavent ue crus, aut pes illis visatu."." y. Maityr, 9U0. V * " D g Cam* i% Z9 AMERICAN ANNALS. [iSlS. Campeachy ^ At the mouth of a river, some leagues to the northward of that place, having landed his troops, to protect his sailors while filling their water casks, the natives fushed on them with such fury, that forty-seven Spaniards were killed on the spot, and one man only escaped unhurt. Cordova, though wounded in twelve places, directed a retreat with gieat presence of mind, and his men, with much difficulty regaining the ships, hastened back to Cuba, where, ten days after their arrival, Cordova died of his wounds >. The cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland had already attracted the attention of several European nations ; for fifty Spanish} French, and Portuguese ships were employed in it. this year?. 1518. - Don Diego Velasquez, governor of Cuba, encouraged by the account that he received from those who went on the expedition with Cordova, now fitted out a second armament. Juan de Grijalva, to whom he gave the principal command of the enterprize, sailed on the fifth of April from St. Jago de C\iba, with four ships and two hundred Spanish soldiers, to Yucatan ; discovered the southern coast of the bay of Mexico to Panuco toward Florida; and first called the country New Spain 4. In this voyage he discovered the island of Cozumel ; also an island, which he called the Islaod of Sacrifices 5 ; and another, 1 The Indians called the place Suhitpeck, whence the name of Cam- peachy. Ilcrrera, ii. 11.*}. 2 Purchas, i. 783. P. Martyr, 289t «90. Herrera, lii. IIS— 117. B. Dhz, i. chap. i. Hobertson, i. book iii. Univ. Hist. xli. 468. n Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. 34. That respectable author says, this is the first account we have of that fishery. But he ailuwrs, that French vessels came on the const of Newfoundland as early as K»04 ; and the Freneh writers are probably correct in affirming, that they came that r/rflrtofish. A. D. 1504. — If llakluyts conjecture be right, we are in- debted to Sir Thomas Pert and Sebastian Cabot for the above informa- tion respecting the Newfoundland fishery. lie supposes that Oviedo, a Spanish historian, alludes to their voyage [See A. D. 1510.] when he says, *' That in the year ldl7, an English rover under the colour of travelling to discover, came with a great ship unto the partes of Brasill on the coast of the Firme Lar>(i,and from thence he crossed over unto this island of liispaniolat" &c. This English ship, according to Anderson, had been . at Newfoundland, and reported at iltspaniola the at>cve statement of its fishery. See Hakluyt, i. 516, aiJd iii. 499. 4 Herrera, ii. 12J. Purcha^, i. 78.S, 813, 813. B.Diaz, i. chap. fi. De Sulis, i. 20 — S2. Uobertson, i. 297. Prince, Chron. Jntrod. 84. En- cyclop. Methodique, Geog. Art. Mexique. 5 *• Because, going in to view a house of lime and stone, which over- looked the rest, theyJbund several idols of a horrible fisure, aod a more 1510.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 37 another, which he called St. Juan de Ulua < ; and heard of the rich and extensive empire of Montezuma >. Francis Garay, governor of Jamaica, having obtained from the bishop of Burgo i the government of the country about the river Panuco, sent an armament of three ships with two hun- dred and forty soldi'^rs, under the command of Alvi?r*z Pinedu, who sailed to Cape Florida, in twenty- five degrees north lati- tude, and discovered five hundred leagues westward on the northern coast of the bay of Mexico to the river Panuco, in twenty-three degrees north latitude, at the bottom of the bay 3. This armament however was defeated by the Indians of PanucO, and one ship only escaped 4. • 1519. Velasquez, anxious to prosecute the advantages, presented to his view bv the expedition of Grijalva, having provided ten ships at the port of St Jago, appointed Hernando Cortes s commander of the armament. Cortes sailed from Cuba with eleven ships, and five hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers, and landed first at the island of Cozumel 6, On the thirteenth of March he arrived with the whole armament at the river of Ta!basco or Grijalva. Disembarking his troops about half a league from the town of Tabasco, he found the borders of the river filled with canoes of armed Indians. Perceiving them determined on hostilities, he prepared to attack the town, in Itorrible worsiiip paid t© them ; fi)r near the stejS* where they were placed vere the carcases of six or seven men newly sacrificed, cut to pieces, and their entrails laid open." De Solis, i. Q9< 1 '* A tittle island, of more sand than soil ; and which lay so low, that sometimes it was covered by the sea. Butfrom these hmnble beginnings, it became the most freciuented and celebrated port of New Spain, on thai side, vhich is boundea by the North Sea." Ibid. 2 Ibid. 98. 3 Harris, Voy. i. 271. Prince, Chron. Jntrod. 84. 4 IJ. Diaz, ii.' l()'3. This ship, says Diaz, "joined us at Villa Rica." 5 lie was a native of Medellm in'Estremadtira. He possessed an estate in the island of Cuba ; where he had been twice alcalde. R. Diaz, i. 35. The Authors of tlie Universal History [\li. .168] say, that Grijalva, find- ing that tho rr.a,st of New Spain furnislied abundance of goli, and that the inland roiintrv w. The next day he marched out with his troops to a plain, where he was met by an immense body of Indians, who, falling fu- riously on the Spaniards, wounded above seventy by the first discharge of their weapons. The Spanish artillery did great execution ; but when the cavalry came to the charge, the In- dians, imagining the horse and rider to be one, were extremely terrilied, andHedto the adjacent woods and marshes, leaving the field to the Spaniards 3. Cortes next saiU.d to St. Juan de Ulua, where )'-: di$em« barked his troops, and constructed temporary barracks. At this place he received ambassadors from Montezuma, king of Alexico, with rich presents ; and a message, expressing the rcadine&s of that sovereign to render the Spaniards any services, ^ut his entire disinclination to receive any visits at his court. After repeated and mutual messages and gifts, Montezuma caused his ambassadors to declare, that he would not consent, that foreign troopg should appear nearer his capital, nor even allow them to continue longer in his dominions 4. " Truly this is a great monarch and rich," said Cortes j " with the per- mission of God, we must see him." The bell tolling for Ave Maria at this moment, and all the Spaniards falling on their knees before the cross, the Mexican noblemen were very in- quisitive to know wha? was meant by this ceremony. Father Bartholome de Olmedo 5, on the suggestion of Cortes, ex- plained to them the Christian doctrines ; and they pfomised to relate all, that they had seen and heard, to their sovereign. \ Tobacco is said to have been first discovered by the t>!paniardg near this place, tliough it is assigned to the 'lext year : " Cette plaiite [Tabac] acre en caustiqjie trouvee, -cii \r>QO, pres ^e Tabasco dans le {^oife dii Mexique" Precis sur i'Aincri(]ue, p. llC. 2 Drawing his sword, he gave three cuts with it into a great ceiha tree, which stood in the area of a lari!,e enclosed court, and said, that a.'ainst any who denied liis majesty's claim, he was ready to defend and rn.imtain it witii the sword and shield, which he then held. B. Diaz, i. G\. 3 B. Diaz, i. •)?— GO. De fiolis, i. SO— 87. P. Martyr [;508] ^ives a very lively description of this action : " Miiaciilo percuhi niiseri iiic>ita- bant, neque exercendi tela locus dahatiir. Idem animal aihitrahantur bominum equo annexum, uti de Centauris exorfa est fahclla." A town was afterward founded on the spot where this battle was fought, and named Santa Maria de la Vitoria. B. Diaz, i. 67. 4 Kobertson, ii. book v. ft Tie was chaplain to the expedition, and not less respectable for wis- dom than viitue. [lobcitson. : !^ ■ He *—'*?* '^- 1510.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 39 He at the same time declared to them, that the principal de- sign of the mission of the Spaniards was, to abolish the prac* tice of human sacrifices, injustice, and idolatrous worship'. While at St. Juan de Ulua, the lord of Zempoalla sent five ambassadors to solicit the friendship of Cortes, who readil/ agreed to a friendly correspondence >. Cortes now incorporated a town, and named it Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, designing, however, to settle it at another places. In the first council, holden afier this incorporation, Cortes renounced the tie of captain general, which he had holden from Diego Velasquez, and the town and people elected him to the same omce 4. Tlie council of Vera Cruz now vrote to the king of Spain, giving an account of their new town, and beseeching him, that he would grant Cortes a commission of captain general in confirmation of that, which he now held from the town and troops, without any dependence on Diego Velasquez. Cortes having written at the same time to the king, giving him as- surance of his hopes of bringing the Mexican empire to the obedience of his majesty, sent dispatches by one of his ships to Spain, with a rich present to king Charles 5. This present partly consisted of articles of gold and silver, received from Montezuma ; and those were the first specimens of these me- tals, sent to Spain, from Mexico 6. Four Indian chiefs, with two female attendants, now went voluntarily to Spain 7. Cortes had some time sinr'^ received the ultimate order of Montezuma to depart instantly out of his dominions * ; but that mandate, like the former messages, being preposterously accompanied with a present, served merely to inflame desires, » already kindled, and to renew the request of an audience. Intent on his d«sign, he first marched through Zempoalla to Chi''huitzla, about forty miles to the northward of St. Juan de Ulua, and there settled the town of Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, and put it in a posture of defence 9. Determined to ■I B. Diaz, I. 81, 85. De Solis, i. 122. 2 Ue Solis, i. 1-29, 130. . , .,, , ^ 5 Ibid. i;Jl, l.S>. ,-, ,, , ... • . ' ii ' ' 4 R. Diaz, i. ill. De Solis, i. chap. vii. , .. . , .a^ .0 De Solis, L 1(58,169. . ' , \ .^. -rn, a Clavi;4eio, i. .\'>o, HQ. 7 I*. Martyr, .'HI. ■b Koheitsoti, ii. booJv V. 9 "Till then it moved with tlie army, thougli observiii;: its prori-r distiuctious -AS a r(.'|Hit)lit." De Solis, i. \b-2. It was now settled on the plain iietween the se;i and Chiahuit/lu, half a league from that towiv [ibid.] and 'iOO miles sonth-east of the city of Mexico. It has since be- come a city remarkal)Ie for the ^reat tratHc carried on Itetween the opu- lent countries of Spanish America and Old ^pain. European Stittte- liicnts, i. 7:). D 4 con- '■,V. ) II' U 'I t m ■ ■•*. i^iiii I I x% ■* 40 . ■ AMEHICAN ANNALS. [l510. conquer, or to die, he now completely destroyed Vis fleet, and commenced his march toward Mexico >. Having passed, unmolested, through several Indian towns, whlcii, through the Influence of Zempoalla and Chiahuitzia, were previously In the friendly confederacy, he, with extreme difftcuity, passed an abrupt and craggy mountain, and entered the province of Zocothfan. Here he received Informatum of TIascala, and resolved to pans throujy^h that province on his way to Mexico. Approaching nigh to us confines, he sent four Zempoallans, of great eminence, as emoys, to obtain a passagA through the country. The messengers being detained, Cortes proceeded in his march, and first sitccessfuUy engaged five thousand Tlascalan Indians, who were In ambush ; and afterward the whole power of their repul)lic. The Tlascalans, after suffer- ing great slaughter in repeated assaults on the Spaniards, con- cluded a treaty. In which they yielded themselves as vassals to the crown of Castile, and engaged to assist Cortes in all his future operations. He took the i'epublic und^r his protection, and promised to defend the persons and possessions of its in- habitants from injury or violence } and now entered its capital without molestation >. Taking with him several thousand of his new allies, he re- newed his march 3 ; and, after having forced his way through the most funniduble opposition, and eluded various strata- gems 4, formed by Montezuma to obstruct his progress, he ar- rived at Iztapalapan 5, six miles distant from Mexico, and made a dls- %- 1 De Soils, 172, 177- He took with him 500 men, 1.5 horse, and 6 field iiieces; and left the rest of \m troops, as a p>arri$on, in Villa Rica. The lord of Zempoalla supplied him with provisions, and 200 of those Indians, called Tamemet, vrhosc ofHce was to carry burdens and perforin all servile labour. Robertson, ii book v. 2 Robertson, ii. book v. De Solis, i. 178 — 2.'9n. B. Diaz, i. chap, vi. " We entered the territory of TIascala," tays B. Diaz, *• 21 days before our arrival at the chief citv, which was on the '23d of September, J519" 3 lie had remained about 20 days in Tla!>cala, to receive the homaae of the principal towns of the republic, and of their confederates. De Solis. Authors differin respect to the number of Tlascalans, that Cortes took with him. B. Diaz says 2U00 ; Herrera, 3000; Cortes himself says OOOO. De Solii, i. 264. 4 At Cholula in particular, a large city, 5 leagues distant from TIasca- la, and 20 from Mexico, a plot for thedestiuttion of the Spaniards being discovered, Cortes directed his troops and allies to fall on the inhabi- tants, 6000 of whom were killed without the loss of a single Spaniard. Robertson, ii. book v. Ciavigero, ii. 53. 5 A large and beautiful city, which contained at that time more than 12000, houses, and was situated towards the point of a peninsula, from •which a paved causeway, 8 yards wide, extended, without varying the least ,* 1510] AMERICAN ANNALS. iL\ a disposition for an entrance into that great city >. Meanwhilf Montezuma, baffled ir all his schemes for keeping the Spa- niards at a distance, found Cortes almost at the gates of his ca« pital, before he was resolved, whether to receive him as a friend, or to oppose him as an enemy ». The next day Cortes marched his army, consisting of about four hundred and fifty Spaniards and six thousand confederate Indians, along the grand cause- way, which extended in a straight line to the city of Mexico. It was crowded with people, as were also all the tower*, tem- ples, and causeways, in every part of the lake, attracted to be- hold such men and animals, i\s they had never before seen 3. To the Spaniards every thing appeared wonderful. The ob- jects, great in themselves, were probably magnified in their view by contrast with their own weakness, and by perpetual apprehension of meeting a desperate enemy in a monarch, the extent of whose power was incalculable. As the Spaniards ad- vanced, beside numerous towns, seen at a distance on the lake, they discovered the great city of Mexico, " elevated to a vast degree above all the rest, and carrying an air of dominion in the pride of her buildings 4." When they drew near the ci- ty, a great number of the lords of the court came forth to meet them, adorned with plumes, and clad in mantles of fine cot- ton ; and announced the approach of Montezuma. Soon af- ter appeared two hundred persons, in a uniform dress, marching two and two in deep silence, barefooted, with their eyes fixed on the ground. Next followed a company of higher rank, in showy apparel, in the midst uf whom was Montezuma, in a most magnificent litter, borne by his principal nobility. When Cortes was told, that the great Montezuma approached, he dismounted, and respectfully advanced toward him. Monte- zuma at the same time alighted, and, supported by some of his chief princes, approached with a slow and stately pace, in a superb dress, his attendants covering the streets with cotton cloths, that he might not touch the ground. After mutual salutations, Montezuma conducted Cortes to the quarters 5 least from a right line, to the southern gate of the jjreat temple in IMexi- cn. Clavii>eru, ii. 62, d'i. B.Diaz, i. ms. Clavigerosays, tliisrau^e* xvay extended more than 7 iniies ; but the temple to which it led waS about a mile and a half wiihiu the city of Mexico. Ibid. 1 DeSolig, i. ■2(}Ck ' '2 Robertson, ii. book v. ^ 3 B. Diaz, i. 188, loy. 4 De Solis, i. 299. 6 A palace, built by kins; Axajacatl, the father of . Montezuma : which was so large, as toaccomm.tdate both the Spaniards an<| their allies, who toij[etlier with their attendant woincu and sei vants ctcccdod 7000. Cla- visjero, ii. Ob. . which 'i t II 1: ll J -"■ ■»i.ef3«sv''.--^.£i:!!2ai m < H' 1 m ' J kK j/K- , ( Kd f ,1 s 42 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l5ia. which he had prepared in the city for his reception, and imme- diately took leave of him, with the most courtly expressions of •hospitality and respect, Cortes took instant precaution for se* curity. He planted the artillery so, as to command the diffe- jent avenues, that led to the place ; appointed a large division of his troops to be always on guard ; and posted sentinels at proper stations, w)th injunctions to observe the same vigilant .discipline, as if they were in sight of an enemy's camp ^ Corses, knowing that hi« sa^ty depended on the will of a monarch, in whom he had no right to confide, determined, with unexampled temerity, to seize Montezuma in his own palace, arui bring him, as a prisoner, to the Spanish quarters. Having properly posted his troops, he took five of his prime officers and as m^ny soldiers, thirty chosen men following at ^ «listance, as if without any other object but curiosity, and, at the usual hour of visiting Montezuma, went directly to the palace, where they were admitted without suspicion 2. An assault, lately made on Jthe garrison at Vera Cruz, and a treacherous attempt against the Spaniards at Cholula on their march toward Mexico, were made the pretext for a charge a- gatnst Montezuma. Satisfaction was demanded of the asto- nished sovereign, who endeavoured to explain and exculpate. Nothing satisfied. It was expected, that he would go to the Spanish quarters, as an evidence of his confidence and attach- ment. On his resenting this indignity, an altercation of three hours succeeded, when an impetuous young Spaniard pro» posing instantly to seize him, or stab him to the heart, the inti- midated monarch abandoned himself to his destiny. Consent- ing to accompany the Spaniards, he called his ofEcers and com* municated to them his resolution. Though astonished and afflicted, they presumed not to dispute his will, but carried him " in silent pomp, all bathed in tears," to the Spanish quarters. The principal persons concerned in the assault at Vera Cruz, who had been sent for by Montezuma himself, having been tried by a Spanish court martial, wee burnt alive. Cortes, convinced that they would not have ventured to make the nttack without orders from their master, put Montezuma in fetters during their execution; a monitory sign, that the mea- Bxue of his humiliation and of his woes was nearly full. Dur- ing six months, in which the Spaniards remained in Mexico, he continued in tlicir quarters, attended by his officers, with the external appearance and the ancient forms of government, 1 Robertson, ii book v. B. Diaz, i. cliap. viii. De Soils, i. act) — ,*.10. Clavii^em, ii. fi.>— (iiS. 9 This was tight davsuUer the arrival of the Spaniards at Mexico. B. but »-»s«-mrr:^-JttiO'i; ',!:5>fcr^- 1520.] AMERICA^T ANNALS. 49 but in personal subjection to a foreign and intrusivs power. By the persuasion of Cortes, Montezuma acknowledged hiin« self a vassal of the king of Castile, to hold his crown of him, at superior, and to sut^ect his dominions to i^he payment of ani annual tribute i. He now firmly expressed bisdesires and ex* pectations, that Cortes, having finii^ed bis embassy, wqu14 take his departure », 4 '. " 1520. At this juncture a fleet and army, sent against Cortes, by Velasquez, under the command of Pamphilode Narvaez, made a fruitless attempt to reduce the Spaniards of Vera Cruz. Cor^ tes, having made overtures of peace, that were rejected by Narvaez, departed from Mexico, leaving a part of his forces ia that city under Alvarado, and marched to Zempoalla, where he attacked Narvaez in his quarters, obtained the victory, and obliged his troops to serve under his banner. Receiving intelli- gence, that the Mexicans bad taken up arms against the Spa- niards, whom he left with Montezuma, he now marched back^ strongly reinforced, to Mexico 3. Alvarado, it appears, in the apprehension of danger from the Mexicans, who were enraged at the detention of their so- vereign, had fallen on them while they were dancing at a fes- tival in honour of their gods, and mutual hostilities had suc- ceeded. Cortes, on his arrival at Mexico, assumed a haughty air and indignant tone, both toward the captive king and his people. Irritated afresh, the Mexicans fell furiously on a parly of Spaniards in the streets, and attacked their quarters, at the same moment. Early the next morning the Spaniards, sally- ing out with their whole force, were met by the whole force of tlj^ Mexicans; and after an action, fought with mutual des- peration, were compelled to retreat to their quarters. Havint; spent one day in making preparations, a hundred Spaniards at day break sallied out again, and, amidst showers of arrows^ 1 Robertson, ii. book v. Montezuma accompanied this proHsion of fealty and boma;>e with a mai^niliccnt present to his new sovereign ; and liis subjects followed the example. The Spaniards now colIecteH all the treasure, whidi tlicy had actjiiircd by gift «r violence ; and having melt- ed the gold and silver, the value of these, without including jewels and various ornaments, of curious workmanship, amounted to 600,000 peso'?. Uobertson, ii. book v. B. Diaz, [i. '.> 18.] says, upwards of 6o,000 crowns. 2 Robertson, ii. booit v. l)e Solis, i. book iii. S Robertson, ii. bonk v. ('.lavii;ero says, that 140 soldiers, with all their allies, had been left in .Mexico; that Cortes now returned to th.it <'ity with an army of I.IOO S|>anisii intbntry, pi) horses, and 5000 'I'lnscalans; ami that his rombined forces amounted to O'^W men. Hist. Me.\. ii. QO, lOi, Hi2. Tiu7 nmrciied iuto Mexico '.^4 June. Ibid. - X made vi ''I ' ..... -.»v'- 44 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l520. made their way to the great temple, in the upper area of which -five hundred nobles had fortified themselves, and were doing tssential injury with stones and arrows >. After making three attempts to ascend the temple, and as often receiving a vigorous repulse, Cortes, though suffering from a severe wound in his }eft hand, joined theassailants in person, and tying his shield to his arm, began to ascend the stairs with a great part of his men. Their passage was obstinately disputed ; but they at last gained the upper area, where a terrible engagement, of three hours, ensued. *' Every man of us," says iiernal Diaz, " was oc versd with blood ;" and forty-six Spaniarcls were left dead on the spot x. Cortes, ordering the temple to be set on flre, returned in good order to his quarters. The violence <^ hostilities still continuing, and the situation of the Spaniards soon becoming absolutely desperate, Cortes applied to Montezuma by a message, to address his subjects from a terrace, and request them to desist from their attacks, with an ofter from the Spaniards to evacuate Mexico. The captive monarch, standing at the railing of the terraced roof, attended by many of the Spanish soldiers, affectionately ad- dressed the people below him, to that purpose. The chiefs and nobility, when they saw their sovereign coming forward, called to their troops to stop, and be silent. Four of them, approaching still nearer to him, addressed him with great sym- pathy and respect ; but told him, that they had promised their gods, never to desist, but with the total destruction of the Spa« piards. A shower of arrows and stones now fell about the spot where Montezuma stood ; but he was protected by the Spaniards, who interposed their shields. At the instant of re- moving their shields, that Montezuma might resume bis ad- dress, three stones and an arrow struck him to the ground. He was carried to his apartment; where he died, in a few days J, 1 Their station was "so very high and neighbouring," that it entirely comma!)ded the Spanish quarters. Clavigcro, ii. 107, 108. Robertson represents this action, at tlie temple, as after the death of Montezuna; but I tV>II()\v CIavia;ci«), who followed Cortes. •2 B. Diaz, i. .TIO. Not one of the poor Mexicans, engaged in the action survived it. hiflamed by the exhortations of their priests, and fightr ing in defence of their temples and families, under the eye of their gods, and in view of their wives and children, they contemned death. Part of tliem died by the point of the sword, and part threw themselves down to tlie lower floors of the temple, where they continued to fight until the V were all killeil. Robertson, ii. book v. Clavigero, ii. 108. B. Dia^ [i .•■Jll] says 7—P.\U Clavigero, 11.103—112. Robertson, ii. book V. Ue Soils, ii. book iv. thaiJ. .\iii — .\v. ' ' *• less s^ ■ ■.W(k^ -~-.rrS*-NS3:ir=!5ir. 1520.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 45 " less of his wo'ind, which was but inconsiderable, than of sorrow and indignation ».'* The Mexicans now most violently attacked the SpaniardSj who, making another sally in return, had twenty soldJers slain. Death being before their eyes in every direction, the Spaniards determined to leav * the city during the night. On the first of July 2, a little before midnight, they silently commenced their march, hut Wde soon discovered by the Mexicans, who assailed them on all sides ; and it was with great loss, and the utmost hazard of entire destruction, that thoy effected their retreat. On the sixth day, this maimed and wretched ariny, puisued ly hosts of tnraged enemies, was compelled to give them battle oear Otompan, toward the confines of the I'las- calani territories. This battle was extremely bloody, and lasted upwards of four hours ; but the Spaniards, ^ith their Indian ! Europ. Settlements, i. chap. xi. Clavigero [ii. 1 10. ] thinks it pro- bable, that he died on the SOth of J une. He was in the r)4th year of his age. His body was honourably home out, and delivered to the Mexi- cans, who received it with strong expressions of sorrow. B. Diaz, i. .Il.i. Clavigero, ii. 110. Of its treatment the accounts are various. P. Mar- tyr [360] stops here. " Corpus humandum civibus tradiderunt nostri. Quid ultra ncsciunt." MonteKuma was a prince of majestic and graceful presence; of vigorous understauiHtig; of martial genius, and distinguished bravery. Ilewasjust, magni'.. and liberal ; but his justice often de- generated into cruelty, and hir ; »,:. ^cence and liberality were supported y heavy burdens on his subv < c; 'n every thing, pertaining to religion* he was exact and punctual, and was jealous of the worship of his gods, and the observance of rites. Though often zealously urged by Cortes to re- nounce his false gods, and en brace the Christian faith, he had always re* jected the proposal with horror ; and to this rejection he inflexibly adher- ed in the prospect of death. See Clavigero and Robertson. Why did he adm't Cortes into his capital, and subject himself to the grossest indigni- ties, when he might uR'mestionably have expelled, ifnot annihilated, his army > Antonio Ue Solis, the Spanish liistoriograplier, is at no loss for a re.ison: " The very effects of it have since discovered, that God took the reins into his own hand, on purpose to tame that monster; makii>g hit unusuul gentleness instrumental to the first introduction of the Spaniards « beginning t'roin •whence aflcncard rcsuttiJ f'lc convirsioii oftfiose hcgtktn uctioiis." Conquest Msxico, ii. 141. We ought to afiore that IVo- '/idcnce, which we cannot comprehend; but it U impious to insult it by assigning such reasons for its measures, as are contradicted by facts. The nattu'al causes of the abject submission of Montezuma may perhaps be traced to a long and traditionary e.<[)ectation of the subjection of the Mexican empire to a foreign power; to the predictions of soothsaycrt;, with their expositions of recent and present omens ; to the forebodmgs of a superstitious mind; to the astonishment, excited by the view of a new race of men with unknown and surpri/ing implements of war; and to the extraordmary success of the Spanish arms from the first moment uf the arrival of Cortes on the Mexican coast. 2 This disastrous night was called by the Spanards Nochc tristei and by this name it is still distiiii^uisbed in New .Spain. Clavigero, ii. 114. Robertson, ii. boek t. • '':-: aujc^ i4 \{ ' 4d AMERICAN ANNALS. [l520, ftuxilitries, obtained a decisive victory over the whole power of Mexico ; and, proceeding in their march, reached the ciiy of Tlascala, where, in the bosom of their faithful ally, they found entire security i. Cortes having subjugated the districts in the vicinity of Tlascala, ?*nd as opportunely, as fortuitously, received a fresh succour of men and ammunition*, marched back toward the coast o/ Mex'co, six months after his disastrous retreat, and made i.n entry into Tezcuco on the last day the year 3. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese gentleman, on a voy- age for the discovery of the Molucca or Spice Islands, in the service of Spain, entered the famous Straits, which bear hia name, on the eleventh of November, and on the twenty-eighth of that month, entered the great Southern Ocean, which he Cd'led The Pacific 4. 1 Clavigero, ii. 1.13--120. B. Diaz, 817—33.1. These anchors here disagree in their //a'e*; 1 follow Clavigero, who thus adjusted them after a carefa comparison. Dc Solis, ii. 178— 189- Hcnera, iii. 74. Robert- son, ii. book V. Dr. Rdbertson [ibid. Note xci.] after examining the va- rious accounts of the Spanish historians, gives it as his opinion, that the loss of the Spaniards, in this retreat from Mexico, cannot well be esti- mated at less than 600 men. Clavigero fii. UO.] fftliowing the com- putation ot Gomara, inclines to the opinion, that " there fell," en tl>e snd night, " beside 430 Spaniards, more than 4000 auxiliaries, and among them, as ^ori ■ says, all tne Cholulans ; almost all the prisoners, the'men and women, who were in the service rf the Spaniards, were killed, also 4rv horses; and all the riches, thay 1 ad amassed, all their artillery, and iill the manuscripts belonging to Cortes, cont?,inin^ an account of every thing which had happened to the Spaniards laitil that period, vcre lost." Many of the Spanish prisoners were inhumanly sacrificed in the great temple of Mexico. Ibid. 120. 2 A merchantman from the Canaries, with fire arms, powder, and ■warlike provisions, coming to trade at Vera Cruz, the captain, master, and Ii S])anish soldiere, who had come to seek their fortunes, went with Cor- tes' commissary to the camp, and joined the army. Cortes received some other reinforcements about this tio'.e, " beyond all cxpcctition." t)e fcvjlis, ii. '234, 255. Robertson, ii. hook v. 8 Clavigero, Ii. 1,'58, ISP. I'ezcuco was the second city of the empire, situated on the banks of the Mexican lake, about twenty miles from Mexi- co. Robertson, ii. book v. 4llerreraj iii. 22. Encyc. Methodique, Geoj». yj.»^ PaCiftqub. Prince, Chron. Jnirod. 85. Harris, Voy. i. 12 — \f\, where there is ah entire account of this voyage. Ma£,cllan sailed from Seville 10 August, 1519, with 3 ships and 2.S4 men ; and in December of that year dis- covered Patagonia. Seellerrera, ii. 175, 170. Robertson, ii. 375. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 215. Biblioth. Americana, 52. Encyc. Methodique, Geog. Art. MAC£LLAKi Vencgas California^ i. 1.^0^ , iti>,) .■ •■■ 1321. 1521.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 4; 1521. Cortes, having fixed his quarters at Tezcuco, resolved to make an aiisault on the city of Iztapalapan <. Leaving a garri- son, of more than three hundred Spaniards and many allies, under the command of Gonzales de Sandoval, he marched with upwards of twohundved Spaniards, And more than three thousand TIascalans, with many of the Tezcucan nobility, who were met by some troops of the enemy, that fought them, but retreated. The assailinj^ army, on entering Iztapalapan, and finding it almost entirely evacuated, began in the night to sack the city ; and the TLiscaiauc set fire to the houses. The light of this conflagration discovering to them thv, water overflowing the canals, and be^^inning to inundate the city, a retreat was sounded ; but so far had the inundation risen, that the Spaniards made their passage back with difficulty ; some of the TIascalans .vere drowned; and the greatest part of the booty was lost », This disaster was soon compensated by new confederacies, formed witu several neighbouring cities by nicans of their ambassadors 3. Cortes, who never relinquished the thouglit of the conqtiest of Mexico, had taken care to have thirteen brigan tines built, while he was at Tlascala, in aid of the great enterprize 4. These vessels he now caused to be transported by land to Tezcuco. The command of the convoy, consisting of two hundred foot soldiers, fifteen horsemen, and two field pieces, he gave to Sandoval 5. Eight thousand TIascalans carried on their 1 Tiiis was in revcn?:^ for theoffenres, receired from its anciVntlord Cuitlahuatzin, whom Cortes knew to be the author of the meinoral)le de- feat of the first of July. Clavi^ero, ii. 14'2. 'i Clavigeio, ii. l^i, 14.'). B- Diaz, ii ;54,.'T.5. The citizem, in ordc^ todrowaall their eiumics, broke the mole of the Jake, and cntirelv de- luged the city. Two S|,;">iartls only and one horse were lost; but up- wards of fiOOO of the hostile i..,*ivfs wevc slain. Ibid. B. Diaz says [ij. 48.], that hercceive{< a wound in Lit throat, " the marks of which," he adds, " 1 carry to this day." S Ibid. 4 He had olitained of the senate 100 men of burden, for the transpor- tation of the sails, cordage, iron, and other materials (jf the vessels, which he had unrigged the preccdini^ year, with a view to this very use j and f<)r tar had extracted turpentine from the pines of a neighbourinj^ mountain- The materials were so prepared, that they might be carried in pieces ready to be put together. The first brigantiue'has built bv ^Iartino Lo- pez, a Spanish soldier, who was an enq;incer in the army of t^ortcs. Aft«;r thatmodel the other twelve were built by the TJa.scalaDs. Clavigero, ii. 185, 180. Robertson. ^ SiMidovi^l had orders to proceed by a place, called by the SpaniarO; ' " » Puebl* ? 1 km I ■\% \ I m 40 AMERICAN ANNALS. {l52t. t^eir backs the beams, sails, and other materials, n^cessdiry for their construction ; two thousand were loaded with pro- visions ; and thirty thousand were armed for defence, under the command of three Indian chiefs >. After several expedi- tions into the neighbouring cour 'ry; a fruitless attempt at a negociation with Mexico ; and the suppression of a cohspi** racy against his own life ; Cortes made h!s final preparation for the siege of Mexico. On the twenty-eighth of April the brigantines were launched into the Mexican lake. Notice of the grand movements was given to the allies, who now poured into Tezcuco, in great numbers, to the aid of the Spaniards. On the twentieth of May Cortes collected his people in the great market place of Tezcuco, and made a disposition of them for the siege. Thie whole army, destined for this service, consisted uf nine hundred and seventeen Spaniards, and more than seventy-five a thousand auxiliary troops, which number was soon after increased to more than two hundred thousand 3. Cortes, resolved to possess himself of the three causeways of Tlacopan, Iztapalapan, and Cojohuacan, divided his army into three bodies, and committed the expedition of Tlacopan to Pedro de Alvarado ; that of Cojohuacan to Christopher de Olid ; and that of Iztapalapan to Gonzalo de Sandoval. Cor- tes himself took the command of the brigantines >. After several days, spent in various acts of hostmty, Coiftes, with much difficulty, effected an entrance into the great square of the city ; but was so violently assailed by the citizens, that he found it expedient to retreat 4. Twenty days having Puebla Morcsca, to inflict an exemplar}' punishment <. n the inhabitants, ■who had robbed and put to death 40 Spanish soldiers, who were on their march from Vera Cruz to Mexico, for the relief of Alvarado In the tem- ples at that place were found many traces of their blood upon the walls; their idols were, besmeared with it; " and wc found," says B. Diaz, *• the skins of two oi their face.s with their beards, dressed like leather, and hung \ipon the altars, as v ere also the shncs of four horses, together with their s>i:,000 allies; to Sandoval, '24 hoises, lf>S Spanish infantry; two cannons, and more than 30,000 allies; Among the brigantines he cl'stributed 32 > Spaniards, and l'.\ falconets; asMgniug to each brigantine a captain, V2 soldiers, and as many rowers.- Clavigero, ii. 160. f ' 4 Ibid. 102— lt)7. ■ •' -:.,-:.-■' -..% passed *, .. .v.lf mmm 1521.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 4Q passed, during which the Spaniards had made continual en** trance into the city, Cortes determined on a general assault. On the appointed day he marched with twenty-five horses, all his infantry, and more than a hundr d ^lousand allies; his brigantines, with more than three thousand canoes, form- ing the two wings of his array on each side of the causeway. Having entered the city with little opposition, and commenced a most vigorous action, the Mexicans made some resistance, and then feigned a retreat. The Spaniards, pushing forward with emulation to enter the square of the market, unwarily left behind them a broad gap in the cause\Vay . badly filled up; and the priests at this instant blew the horn of the god Painalton I, when a multitude of Mexicans assembling, and pouring with fury upon the Spaniards and allies, threw them into confusion, and compelled them to retreat precipiiately. In attempting to pass the gap, apparently filled up with fag- gots and other light materials, it suak with the weight and violence of the multitude ; when Spaniards, Tlascalans, horsemen, and infantry, plunged in promiscuously; the Mexi- cans at the same moment ruslaing upor tliem fiercely on every side. A tremendous conflict ensued. Cortes, who had come to the ditch, in aid of his defeated troops, was at length bringing them off, when he was seized by sixchiefs, who had cautious- ly taken him' alive, ** to honour their gods with the sacrifice of so illustrious a victim," and were already leading him away for this purpose. His men, apprized of his cant'ue, flew to his aid ; and Christoval de Olea, cutting on with one strok« of his sword the arm of a Mexit -m, who held him, and killing four of the enemy, libei;ated his general, at the expence of his own life. Other soldiers arriving to the assistance of Cortes they took him out of the water in their arms, and placing him on- a horse, hurried him off from the crowd of his enemies 2. Various I This horn was reserved for times of extreme danger, to exciic the people to rinns. t:iuvij;er«. 'i B. Diaz, ii. 91^ — 1<»>. Clavigero, ii. i;'2— 17(». The loss, sustained l)y the besiegers on that day, vvas seven horse.--, a niiinbcr of arms and boats, and a piece of artillerv, upwards of lltoo allies, and more than (jO Spaniards, some of v. horn were killed in battle, but -lu were taken alive, and immediately saciifued in the great temple of Mexico. The Mexicans celebrated their virtory eight successive days with illumfnations and music in their temples. Ibid, and Robertson, ii. book v. This celebration ap- pears to have commenced at the instant of victory. " Before we arrived at our (|uaiters," says B. Diaz, " and while tlie enemy were pursuing us, we heard their shrill tiinbals, and the dismal sound of the great drum, fronj the top of the ])i incipal temple of the god of war, which overlooked the whole city, its mournful noise was such as may be imagined thernu- :ic of the infernal gods, and it might be heard at the distance cf almost Vol. I. L three 111 J 60 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l52i; Various acts of mutual and bloody hostility succeeded by land and on the Mexican lake. Quauhtemotzin, the king of Mexico, though reduced to the greatest distress, still obsti- nately refusing to surrender, on repeated proposals of terms more honourable and indul^cint, than, in such an extremity, he might perhaps have possibly expected > ; Cortes began with most of his forces to attack some ditches and intrencnments ; and Sandoval with another division attacked the city in the quarter of the north. Terrible was the havoc made this day among the Mexicans, more than forty thousand of whom, it is affirmed, were slain z. The stench of the unburied car- cases obliged the besiegers to withdraw from the city ; but the next day they returned, to make the last assault on that district of it, which was yet in possession of the Mexi- cans 3. All the three divisions of the troops, having penetrated into the great square in the Centre of the city, made the at- tack at once, and pressed so hard on the feeble, exhausted citi* zens, that, finding no place of refuge, many threw themselves into the water, and some surrendered themselves to the con- querors. The Mexicans having previously prepared vessejs, to save themselves by flight from the fury of the enemy, one of them, carrying the royal personages, escaped; but it was soon overtaken by a Spanish brigantine, and surrendered. *• I am your prisoner," said Quauhtemotzin, the Mexican king, three leagues. They were then sacrificing the hearts of fen of our com- E anions to tlivir idols," " Every quarter of the city," says the descriptive obertson, " was illuminated ; the great temple shone vith such pecu- liar splendor, that the Spaniards could plainly fee the people in motion, and the priests busy in hastening the preparations for the death of tlie prisoners. Through the gloom tliey fancied that they discerned their companions bs the whiteness of their skins, as they were stript naked, and compelled to dance before the image of the god, to whom they were to be oftered." 1 In addition to the daily loss of incredible numbers in action, famine begau to consume the Mexicans within the city. The biiu;antines, hav- ing the entire command of the lake, rendered it almost impossible to con- vey to the besieged any piovisions by water. By means of ihe vast num- ber of Indian auxiliaries, Cortes had shut up the avenues to the city by land. The stores, laid up by Quauhtemotzin, were exhausted. The com- plicated sufferings of this devoted people brought on infectious and mor- tal distempers, " the last calamity, that viiits besieged cilies, and which filled up the measure of ^their woes." . Robertson, ii. book v. P. Martyr, de Orb. Nov. 408. 2 Clavigero, ii. 187. 188. On no day was so much Mexican blood spilt. «• The wretched citizens having now ndthcr arms to repel tlie multitude and fury of their enemies, strength to defend themselves, nor space to Ynter of every ditc'» S Tbree-fouiths -A Eobert.on. to ■/ \ • »' 1 5 2 1 .1 AMERICAN ANNALS. 5 ^ to the Spanish captain; '* I have no favviur to ask, but that you will show the queen my wifs;, and her attendants, the re- spect due to their sex and rank." When conducted to Cortes .he appeared neither with the sullen fierceness of a barbarian, nor with the dejection of a suppliant. " I have done \/hat be- came a monarch. I have defended my people to the last ex- tremity. Nothinjg now remains but to die. Take this dagger," continued he, laymghis hand on one, which Cortes wore at his side, "plant it in my bi^east, and put an end to a life, which can no longer be of use »." Cortes now ordered, that all the Mexi- cans should leave the city without arms or baggage; and for three days and three nights all the three roads, leading from the city, were seen " full of men, women, and children, fee- ble, emaciated, and dirty, who went to recover in other parts'* of the Mexican territory ». The fate of the capital decided the 1 Robertson, ii. book v. B. Diaz* ii. 122. Clavlgero, ut supra. P. Martvr, 40<). " En ferruin quo me potes et debcsjugulare, exosuin ct molesvum mihi jam erit vivcre." But he was reserved for a more cruel destii'iy. Quauhtemotzin was the eleveilth and last kin;; of Mexico. H« succeeded Cuitlahuat/iit, a brother of Montezuma, formerly prince ot lir- tapala|)an. who was elected king, on the dv-ath of Monte/uma; but, aftor a I'cii^n of three or four months, died of the small pox. This disease, to- tally unknown before iu the New World, was brought to the Mexican country by a Moorish slave, belin(M),oi)() houses. [Clavigero, ii. 72, ] Thfi-e were at this city, during the siege, 200,000 confederate Indians, fluo Spanish foot, 8o horse, 17 pieces of small cannon, 1.'5 hrigantines, wid Cooo canoes, [llerrei-a, iii 179, IW. I'urchas i. 7HS.] The siege lasted 7't days, during which time there werefH) dangerous battles; some thf)u- saiids of allies perished; more than loo.*>paniards were killed and sacri- ficed; and, according to the best comi)utati()n, more than 100,000 Mexi- oiius were slain, beside upward of .W.ooo, who died by famine and sick- ness. " The city appeared one complete ruin." Clavi^^eio, ii. 192, \93, book V. Harris, Voy. i. 77'i. V v^ ' W .: I 1 " £3 fate < 52 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l522, fate of the empire, which was soon after entirely reduced under the dominion of Spain >. Bartholomew de las Casas, having obtained a commission from the king of Spain to make a peaceable religious settle- ment at Cumana, with orders that ships and seamen be pro- vided for him at the royal charge 2, now arrived there with three hundred artificers, " all wearing cosses." Gonzalo de Ocam- po not allowing him to execute nis commission without direc- tions from the governor of Hispaniola, Las Casas went to that island, to obtain the governor's sanction. Gonzalo going there also from New Toledo, followed by many of the inhabitants, and some of the new colonists incautiously trading along the coast, contrary to the express orders of Las Casas ; tne natives, seizing this opportunity, demolished the houses at Cumana ; burned the monastery ; and killed all the golden knights, and others, remaining there, excepting a few, who escaped in a small vessel. Not one Spaniard was now left alive, from the gulf of Paria to the borders of Darien 3. Panama was constituted a city, with the proper privileges, by Charles V. 4. 1522. The emperor of Spain appointed Cortes captain general and governor of New Spain ; and certain commissioners to receive and administer the royal revenue there, with independent ju- risdiction 5. I CUvigem, ii. book x. B. Diaz, ii. 124 — 12G. Robertson, li. book v. Nothing was wanted, but a good cause, to render this conquest one of the most illustrious acliievements, recorded in ancient or modern history. But, wliiie we admire the action, as s?reat, we condemn it, as criminal. The sanguinary customs of the Mexicans were indeed abolished by the intro- duction of lAU()])oan principles and manners. But at what expente ? The victors, in one year of merciless massacre, sacrificed more human victims to avarice and ambition, than the Indians, during the existence of their empire, devoted to their god<. The forms of justice were establislied. But by what means? The Indian princes were despoiled of their territory and tributes, tortured for gold, and their posterity enslaved. 'I'he Chris- tian lleligion was introduced. But in what manner, and with >vl»at effect* •' Her mild parental voice," to use the words of Clavigero, " was suborned to terrify confounded savages; and her gentle arm in violence lifted up to raze their temples and hospitable habitations, to ruin every fond relic nnd revered monument of their ancestry and origin, and divorce them in an- guish from the bosom of their country." For a further account o/Mtsi- to. Set Kate 11, at the end of this volume, 1 Ve<;a, OGi. . S Ilerrera, iii. 181, 182. Vega, C(32, 003. Robe t,on, i. bookiil. 4 Universal History, xxxix. \f>^. : b Ilerrcra, iii. 3':J. Uubcrtiun, ii. book v. Villa •w.rsaa^*fiSjE!«^ 1524.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 53 Villa del Spirttn Santo, in the province of Guascaca In Netv Spain, was built by Gonzales de Sandoval «. Newfoundland, settled by different nations, is said to have contained at this period fifty houses >. 1523. ' Cortes with three hundred foot and one hundred and fifty horse, conquered Panuco. On the river Chlla he built a town, called Santo Stephanu del Puerto, and left in it a hundred foot, and thirty horse 3. He now rebuilt the city of Mexico, on the model of the European towns, dividing the ground among the conquerors. The Spanish Quarter was now begun with twelve hundred inhabitants 4. Alvarado, sent from Mexico with three hundred foot, seventy horse, and four field pieces, to discover and conquer Quahutemallan, and other towns toward the South Sea, discovered and subdued all that country ; and bui|t the city, called St. Jago Quahutemallan. Gonzales d'Avila discovered and peopled a place in the bottom of Ascension Bay, in fourteen degrees north latitude, and called the town Gil de buena Vista 5. Baron de Lery formed the first project in France for obtain- ing a settlement in America ^. 1524. ^-r John Verrazzano, a Florentine, having been sent out the preceding year by Francis I. of France, with four ships, to prosecute discoveries in the northern parts of America, now coasted from the twenty-eighth to the fiftieth degree north la- titude 7. In this voyage he discovered, with a considerable degree 1 Encyc. Methodiqiie, fJeog. Art. Vim a del Spikitu Santo. 2 Ibid. Jr.'. '['KRUii Nklve. .'J Herrera, iii. y78. Harris, Voy. i. 9r'2. 4 Herrera, iii. 279. 2S(t. Veneijas, California, i. IS.']. 'Die city was ultimately built with l(to,000 houses, '♦ fairer and stronger than before." J'urchas, i. 788. i rt Harris, Voy. i. '27'i- Miiiot, Hist. Massachusetts, i. liH. Tiie French A nnotator on an Eni!;lisli woric entitled, " 'I'lie Conduct of the Trench with respect to No- va Scotia," [note 4, p. 'io.] savs, the settlement of Lery was projected in 1.518 : •• Des l.^is, jc Baron de f^ery &de Saint Just, avoit enterpris de former une habitation sur les cotes de I'Anierique sententrionale." I pre- fer a known to a dubioij« authority. The .Annotator [p. 10] also says, Lery and St. Just landed cattle on the Isle of Sable. Charlevoi.\ does not mention cither in his Pastes Chronologiqucs. .7 Ilakluyt, iii. iQrj — 300, where is Vcrrazzauo's own account of liis E 8 - voyage. Bi - • rrx3 'i'*. -"^ "■ ■'■-v ti SfT n mi m ; I i 1 • 54 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l5?4, degree of accuracy, the coast of Florida ». The whole extent of his discovery was iipwards of seven hundred leagues of the North American coast -, which he named New France 3. He made another voyage the next year; but he and his crew were lost by some unknown dissaster 4; and neither the king, nor the nation, thought any more of America for several succeed- ing years 5. Historians remark, that it is to the great honour of Italy, that the three Powers, which at this day possess almost all America, owe their first discoveries to the Italians : Spain, to Columbus, a Genoese j England, to the Cabots, Venetians ; voyage, that he sent to the king. Universal History, xxxis. 406. Forster, Voy. 43-2— 4.sa Prince, Chron. Iiilrud. Hti. Belknap, Biog. i. .'33. Harris, Voy. i. 810. Brit. Emp. Introd. xlvi. and i. 16;}. Some historians fix these discoveries in the years l.'>'i3, 1524. ib-2rj. It appears, that Verraz- zano was sent out by the French liing in KV23; that he at first crui/ed "with snccess against the Spaniards; that he at length sailed with one of his f )ur ships on a voyage of discovery ; that he " departed from the disha- bited rocke hy the isle of Madeira the I7th of January, theyccre 16Q4;'* and that he made another voyage in Ihi.'), with the design of settling a co- lony, but was ]ieard of no more. Forster supposes, that in his voyage of 1.'>'24 he first arrived oft' that part of the Americin coast, where the town of Savannah now stands ; " a rew land," says Verra/zano, " never before &eene uf any man either ancient or moderne." Having sailed thence to the southward as far as to the 30th deg. north lat. it appears, that he then sailed northwardly to the 34th deg. and thence still northwardly, until he foimd the coast *• trend toward the east ;" that here he attempted to send Lis boat ashore, but was prevented by the roughness of the sea •; that 1)rocectli.;i; in the eastward, he found a welt cultivated island t> and a little )eyond it ;> ;^ood harbour, in which were more than 20 canoes, belongmg to the natives ; that he proceeded still northwardly to 50 deg. along the coast of the country ; and that then, on account of the failure of his provisions, he sailed directly to Frifnce. Purchas [i. 769] says Verrazzano rather sought to discover all along the coast, than to search or settle within land. 1 Chalmers, i. bl'i. . * Hakluyt. S Belknap. 4 Some authors say, they were masisacred and eaten hy the savages. Charlevoix [flist. Nouv. France, i 7.] thinks that thestory is without foun- daticm. I lis account is: " Peu de terns a|)res son arriv^een France, ilfit iin nouvel armeinent a desscin d'ctablir une Colonie dans FAmerique. Tout ce cju'on sgait de cette enterprise, c'est que s'etant emharf|ue, il n'a point paru depuis, et qu'on n'a jamais bien s^ii ce qu'il etoit deveau." See also Fastes Chronologi«nies, prefixed to his history, p. xviii. "II y perit; On ignore par quel accident." 5 Ce qu'il y a de plus certain, c'est que le malheurcux sort de Verazani fut cause, que pendant plusieurs annees, ni le Iloi, ni la Nation nesongc- rent plus k I'Amerique. Charlevoix, Hist. Nouv. France, i. 8. • Forster supposes this to have happened " somewhere about Ncv Jcr- sej/, or Stafen Island." In lat. 40 deg. he entered a harbour, ivhich, by his desvripi'ion. Dr. Belhnap supposed, tnust be that of New York. ■j- Sujij>o$ed bi) Forster to be Aantuihctt or Marthas Vinei/drd. / ■■"::'"^'"'"' ''■:'■ "'■''^-':. '-- -.V— • - - - ■ ■;- -- .".■-■-^and '4acaai*a,' 1524.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 58 and France, to Verrazzano, a Florentine ; " a clrcumAtance which sufficiently proves, that in those times no nation wag equal to the Italians in point of maritime knowledge a|id ex- tensive experience in navigation >." It is however remarkable, that the Italians, with all their knowledge and experience, have not been able to acquire one inch of ground for them- selves in America. This singular failure has been ascribed to the penurious mercantile spuit of the Italian republics ; to their mutual animosities and petty wars; and to their con- tracted selfish policy 2. Luke Vasquez, a Spaniard of Aylon,^ having previously sailed with two ships *o Florida, and perfidiously carried o^ a number of the natives 3, fur which vile action he had ob- tained the reward of a discoverer of new lands, instead of merited punishment, now sent over several ship^ to Florida. The year following he came over in person, with three more ships; but, as if in judicial punishment of his cruel perfidy, he lost two hundred of his men, who were cut off by the natives, and one of his ships was wrecked near Cape St. Helena. These losses, with his disappointments in the ex- 1 The remark appears to be originul in Charlevoix [i. 1.]; the infe- rencg is Forster's. 14 Forster, V'oy. 437. Pnrchas, i. 7.)'). 3 A. D. 1520. He made this voyage with some associates, iji execu- tion of tlie inhuman project of stealini^ Iniiinns, to Mippiy the scarcity of hands in working; tlie Spanisli mines. Havini; at the place now cHlleti St. IJelcaa decoyed a large number on board his ships, he sailed otV with them. Most of tlicse wretched captives pined to death, or were wrecked in one «f the ships, which foundered at sea. A few suHered a worse fate in Spanish slavery. Univ. Mist. xli. 379. I*eter Martyr, 470, 471. " Uospitii fidcni violarunt Hispani tandem. Astu namqtie artibuscpie variis, post cujicta diligenter vestigata, operant dederunt utunadierum ad naves visendi cau- sa niuiti concurrerent, implcntur naves iuspectantibus: ubi refertasviris ac f:cminis hahuere, anchoris, evuLsis, velis protentis, higcntes alxluxerunt in t>ervitutum. Ita regioneseas universus e.xamicis reliquenint inimicas et ex pacatis perturbatus, HIiis a parentihus ahiatis ab uxoribiis maritis." Charlevoix [Hist. Nouv. France, i. p. xvii.] says, that Vasque/ discovered the Cape of St. Helena, at the mouth of a great river, which has since been railed, 27ie Jourdain. In his map of the Coasts of French Florida [ibid. p. 24.] he makes the .lourdain the same as the Coiigtine, or Stiutve, of South Carolina, and near it!< mouth puts these words: Ivi dvvoit ifri- ie Cap St. Jh/ciu: I conjecture, that, instead of the Congaree, he should have taken the Coinliu/icc, which empties itself into St. Helena Sound near the island of St. Helena, whose inhabitants pronouocethe mme Stint 1/e-h-iiaA, de- riving probably both the name and pronunciation from the Spaniards. I have »ot:> nodutibt, but that \'asque2 landed on the Carolina coast: and, but for another St. Helena in the Spanish Florida, I should lon^sii)( i l.ave dfawn the same contiusiun from the following description of P. Marty c (De Orb. Nov. 471.] which refers to the place where Vas ^s^^^^^=^ 56' AMERICAN ANNALS. [l525. pected advantarfes of his discoveries. Induced him to return to Hispaniola, where he died of a broken heart ^ Papantzin, a Mexican princess, sister of Montezuma, was baptized ; and she was the first person, who received Christian baptism in Tlateloloco -, 1525. Charles V. emperor of Spain, having sent Stephen Gomez from Corunna, to find a passage to the Molucca Islands by tlje way of America, this skilful navigator sailed to Cuba and Florida, and thence northwardly to Cape Rui^o, in the forty-sixili degree north latitude, and returned, without making the discovery. He was the first Spaniard, who sailed along this nort! ern coast 3. Francisco Pizarro, and Diego de Almagro, who had already distinguished themselves among the Spanish conquerors of A- merica, not satisfied with the glory of the past, resolved to per- form still greater achievements. Pizarro, having marched un- der Balboa across the isthmus of Darien at the time of his dis- covery of the South Sea 4, had received various hints from the natives concerning the opulent connUy of Peru 5- He and Al* niagro associating with them Hcrnandode Luque, a schoolmas- ter and an ecclesiastic in Panama, who had amassed considera- ble wealth, these three solemnly swore in public, and entered into articles under hand and zeal, never to forsake each other in any dangers or discouragement whatever, until! they should have made an entire conquest of that country 6, Pizarro, by licencct 1 Universalllistory, xl. .S7r,3SO. 2 Claviy;tMo, i. 231. 3 Prince, C.'hmn. .7'/)i'ro, as Gomara says;" and that lie returned to Spain in ir>'2.'j, carrying ^vitli him some Indians. Gomez accompanied Mag'^llan in his great voy- age a few years before. Purclias, i. 7.')S. 4 Robertson. See A. D. i.">l.'3. He was also witii Ojedn, in his disas trous expedition for settling the continent. See A. D. 1510. 5 All the people on the coast of the South Sea concurred in informing IJalhoa, that there was a mighty and opulent kingdom, situated at a con- fiidcrable distance toward the soiith east, itobertscm. () Vega, 4I«, 42(>, .V>2. " Luqiie celebrated mass, divided a conse- crated host into three, and reserving one part for himscli> gave the other two li it i>ll*»l|l>iiniK,ii])eurs, that Pi/arro sailed from Panama, 14 November, 16-J4. But the substance of the allied expedition was in l.Vi.j. •i He went to Madrid, wiiere he entered into a treaty with the emperwr, which was 4 March, lj'2."). Its principal articles were,"That Cabot should have the commandofa squadron of four ships, in (piality of captain general, and that Martin Mendoz, who had been treasurer to Ma^jellan's squadron, shoitid serve under hitn, as lieutenant; that he should sail through the newly discovercfl Straits, then cross the South Sea to the Molucca Islands, and thence proceed on the discovery of 'I'liarsis, Ophir, and C'ipango, which were then thought to be the islands of Japan ; ar.d that he should there load his ships with gold, silver, and the other precious com- modities which the country atVorded. It was Cabot himself, who pro- posed this expedition. Charlevoix, Paraguay, i. do, ;!!. .1 A ))rivate adventurer fieijjhtcd the liftli vessel at his own expence. CharleNoix. Fort m # ..) r^sah'^^v-.t":!,,.:-: vr". T^itrrneT' ■ 58 AMERICAN ANNALS. [1526. Fort Saiitl Spiritus ; but it is generally called by historians, Cabot's Fort. Sendir)g dispatches to the emperor, with the silver that he had collected, he remained at Paraguay two years; discovered about two hundred leagues on that river; and, leaving Nuno de Lara the command of ihe fort Santl Spiritus with one hundred and twenty men, returned to Spain '. Previously to this lime, Thomas TIson, and Englishman, had found the way to the West Indies, and was resident there ; whence it is conjectured, that the English merchants already carried on a clandestine trade with those p^rts of America >. Ji i ' ■' >i 1 Herrera, iii. vJftl. Harris, Voy. 1. 272. Charlevoix, Paraguay, i. SI — So. Charlevoix [\\nt\. fiiy— :](>.] tells an aft'ccting story of the fate of this tjarrison, which, though it has the air of romance, is not incredible. Man^ora, prince of the 'rinibiiez (an Ind/an nation in the neighbourhood r.i" Cabot's fort), becoming enamoured with Lucy Miranda, a Spanish lady, tile wifcof Sebastian II urtado, (one of the principal officers of the fort), in order to obtain nosscssionof her laid a plot for the destruction of the •arrison. Taking auvantage of the absence of Iliirtado, who was detached with another officer, named Ruiz Moschera, and 6<» soldiers, to collect provisions, he placed 4000 men in a marsh, and went with SO other), loaded with refreshments, to the gates of the fort, which were readily oi)ened for their admittance. Lara, the Spanish governor, in token of gratitxido, gave them an entertainment, at the close of which, late at night, M^ngora giving directions to his attendants to set fire to the ma> ga/.ines of the fiirt, the 4000 men, at this preconcerted signal, rushed in to tlie massacre. Most of the Spaniards were killed in their sleep. Lara, though wounded, espying the treacherous prince, made up to him, and ran him through the body, but was intercepted in his flight, and killed. >iot a living person was now left in the fort, excepting Miranda, four other women, and as many children, all of whom were tied, and brought before Siripa, the brother and successor of Mangora. At the sight of !Miranda, he conceived for her the same passion, which had nrovccl fatal to bis brother. On the return of Hurtado, Siripa ordcreo him to be tied to a tiee and there shot to death with arrows. Miranda, throwing iicr>ic!f at tlie feet of the tyrant, by her suppliant charms procured her husband's release. The Indian prince indulged them a restricted inter- < oiirsc ; but tlie lioiuidaries being passed, he instantly condemned Miranda to the Hamcs, and linrtadotothetortiyingdeath, which he had but lately escaped. M<)>-chera now embarked with the poor remnant of his garrison, and Cabot's Fort was abandoned. !2 Hakliiyt, iii. .vOO. This fact was discovered by Hakluyt in "a cer- faiiie note or letter of reineiubrance written li'iO by master Nicholas Thorne, a princiiiall marcliant of Bristol, unto his friend and factour Thonia? Midnall," then at St. T 'icar, in Andalusia. It appears, that to the 'I'ison above mentioned Thome sent armour and other commodities, spcrified in that letter. " Tliis Thomas Tison," says Hakluyt, (sofarre as f can conjcctiMe' may secme to have bene some secret factour for M. Tlioviic and otiier English niarchants in those remote partes ; whereby it is proi)al)Ie ihat sonic of our marchants had a kindc of trade to the VVett Indies even in those ancient times, and before also." 1527. 1527.] AMERICAN ANNALS. ■ 1527. The scheme for discovering a passage to the East Indies by the northwest being resumed in England, a voj' ge was made, by the advice ofKobert Thorne of Bristol, with two ships, furnished out by king Henry Vlll. but it proved disastrous. One of the ships was lost in a dangerous gulf » between the northern parts of Newfoundland and the country, afterward called by queen Elizabeth, Meta hwogynlUr The second ship, after the loss of the tirst, shaped its course toward Cape Breton * and the coast of Arambec or Norumbega 3. The navi- gators went frequently on shore, and explored those regions, and returned in October to England 4. 1 Gulf of St. Ivawrence. Brit. Emp. J/ifrod. p. vii. 2 I'V/st r[V^oy. <>8«).] concludes, that as Cape IJieton was caMed hy tliis name at s»> early a peiiod, it must have been thus named bj, Sebastian Ca- bot in his voyage of 1497. But it is more probable, that it received its name from the -Bretons, of Bretagnc in France, who early fished on the uci;:;hbouring coast. [See Annals, p. '^f».J Forster himself [431.] meiuiuns this supposition, witlv>ut strictiue. S The situation of this coast Forster [Voy 290.] confesse';, is entirely unknown to him ; but he " ratiier supposes it to be the coast ot what is now called Nova Scotia, or perhaps of even a more southerly region." Tiir- chas [v. Ui.1'2.] says, " l'en)ptesf<»et is that place, f-^ famous under the name of I'Jorombega." M. Kene Laudonniere [Makluyt, i. 3oo.] sayj, that the country, discovered by Verrazzano iu 1524, extends from •iii to 54 deg. north lat. and in longitude from '210 to S.JO; and that "the casterne part thereof is called by tlie late writers. The Land of Norumbega, which be- ginncth at the Bay of Camo, which separateth it from the Isle of Canada." Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 1 IJ.] says, that M. Denys divided all the eas- tern and northern parts of Canada into four provinces, the first of which reached from Fentagoet to the river of St. John, and was what had before been called Norumbega : "La premiere, dcpuis Pentagoet, jusqu'a la lUviere de S. .lean, il la nomine /<■/ Fruviiicc ties Etcclicmins, & c'est ce qu* on appelloit auparavant lu Norhiilic^nc."' 4 Ihkluyt, i. .jl?; iii. I'iO. Hobertson, book ix. 28. Forsten 289. Biblioth. Amcric. Anno i;)27. llakluyt inforn)s us, that Master Hobert 'I'liornc, ♦• a notable member and ornament of his country," oxhortt.^ the king with " very waighlie and substantial! reasons, to set forth a disoove- rie even to the North pole;" that "this his motion took present ctVcct ;" and that "a Canon of .S. Faul in London, which was a great n)atheniati- cian, and a man indued with wealth, did much advance the action, and went therein himself in person." The imperfection of the account (.f that voyage llakluyt ascribes to " the negligence of the writers of those timarp engagement, he was ob ig ' to direct his course to- ward the sea. Sailing to the est »/ard, he was lost with many others, in a violent storm, about the middle of No- vember ; and the enterprize was frustrated 3. Pizarro, having made very extensive discoveries in Peru 4, went to Spain, by agreement of the joint adventurers, to ask a commission from Charles V* for the conquest and govern • ment of that country ; and on giving information to the em- peror of his discoveries and purposes, and presenting his request, was appointed governor, captain general, and ade- l Tic sailed from St. Lucar to Cuba l6 June, ir>27» with 600 men, but be Ictt more than I to at St. Domingo. Purclias, v. \190- His commis- sion authoriied iiini to conquer and jjuvern the Provinces within the pre- scribed limits. Ibid. y " Small low cottages, so built by reason of continual tempest." Pur- cbas, i. 771. ;> Purchas, i. 7f>9; and v. 1490 — 1.V28, wlicre there is an entire account of this voyage, as rlso in Harris, Voy. i. 790 — S(>">. Univ. Hist. .\1. .'J81 i xli. 409- Heriera, iii. 418; iv. '27, '28; v. 91— !');>. Charlevoix, N<>uv. France, i. p. xix. Venegas, California, i. 14^2. Prince, Chion. /»^/w/. 87. From the hay «>f Santa Cru/, where they landed, to the place of their em- barkation '2'i ^^cplember, it is computed, that they marched above 800 Jiiiies. Narvae/ is supposed to have been lost near the mouth of the Mis- «isippi. His people, with great diillculty, provided a kind of boats, to •-■ross tlic livers in their way, makina; tlieir ropes of horsehair, and their 5aits of the soldiers" shirts. In <;onclusion, 1/) only were left alive, 4 of whom.attersnllerinir almost incredible miseries arrived 8 years afterwards at Mexico, riic bay of I'ensacola is said, by the Spaniards, to have been iliscovcied in this ex| edition by Narvaez, who landed there. Ibid. 4 See .A. 1). l.=»!i,"». He was absent three years on these discoveries, and retur.'.ed to I'anama nbwut the end of \~t'i7' Hcrrera, iv. 0. Charlevoix (Nouv. I'ranee, i. p. xix.] says, he discovered about '200 leagues of the I'e- ruvian coast, even to tiie port of Santo beyond tlic district of Quito. The ?icklines>i oftho.se re.»i(.ns, and the liardsliips of the adventurers, may he jnferreil from the extraordinary mortality, that prevailed among then). IM/arrft carried out 1 1'2 men, Aliiiasrro 7o'. In less than nine months Klo of these died. Vcw fell by the svvord ; most of them perisheu by diseases. ,t{<»l»crtson, lii. Note II. . . lantado ■Sr- '^TTi 15 31.] AMERICAN ANNALS. fil ^antado of all the country, which he had discovered, wUh Supreme authority ». .3529. Cortes, having gone to Spain the preceding years, now si led an instrument, which had also the signature of the empress of Spain, by which he obliged himself to send ships at his own expence, for the discovery of countries and lands in the South Sea 3. 1530. William Hawkins of Plymouth having commenced a friendly intercourse with the natives of Brasil, one of the kings of that country voluntarily accompanied him to England, where he was introduced to Henry VIII. at Whitehall 4. Pizarro, returning from Spain, landed at Nombre de DIos marched across the isthmus of Panama ; and joining Almagro and Luque; these three enter,irising associates, by the ut- most efforts of their combined interests, fitted out three small vessels, with one hundred and eighty soldiers. With this contemptible armament Pizario sailed, to invade a great 1 Ve^ra, 4^r,. 2 He went to Castile in great ponp, rarrying 250,000 marks of jjol\. i. Ci"'-'. Venenas, California, i. ISJ. i] V^encL^as, i. l.S.i. C'ortes had, in hV-T, sent Saavcdra with three ships from New Spain, to lind a i)as>a|;e that way to the Moluccas. One of file ships arrived safely at these islaiiils, and retinned thesame way hack to I'anama this year (1 ■).'>).) laden with sjiict.N. 'I'liis voyage prepared the Spaniards to possess themselves of the l'hili|)pine isl;;nds, in tiie ludiaw seas, whi<;li they hold to this day. Anderson, Hist. Commerce, ii. bi. ilarris, Voy. i. '272. 4 Hakhi'vt, i.o'JO. Pnrchas, y. 1 170. " — at thesi^ht of vhomc," sa\s Hakluyt, " tlie kin;;; and all the nobilitic did not a little marveile, and nut without cause: for in !iis cheokes were holes made according; to their fn- va!»e manner, and therein small bones were planted, standing an inch out from the said holes, which in his own couutrey was rcjjuted for a grf;jt braveric. He had also another hole in his nether lippe, wherein was fct a preeions stone about the hi:;;nesse of a pease. All his apparel!, behaviour, and i^esture, were very strange to the beholders." 'I'lie change of air an«l Uict so iitllEttcd him, that oi\ his return with Hawkins he died at sea. Ibid. tfur- •^itel AMERIv AN ANNALS. [l532. empire. Landing at the bay of St. Matthew, he advanced to- ward the so'.'fh along (he scacoaht ; a-d after varions disasters, reached the province of Coaque, iind sarprized and plundered the principal settlement. Continuinic his march along the coast, he attacked the natives with such violence, af com- pelled them either to retire into the interior country, or to submit to the conqueror; and met with little resistance, until he attacked the island of Puna, in thebay of Guayquil, whose inhabitants defended themselves wit'^ such obstinate valour, that he spent six months in their reduction. He next pro- ceeded to Tumbez, where he remained several months '. 1532. Pizartc, passing forward to the river Pluro, established Hear its moiitli the first Spanish colony In Peru, and named it St. Michael 2. Leaving a garrison at this new town, he began his n; ni:h, with a very slender and iT accoutred tniin of followers \, upward Caxnmalca, where Atahuaipa, the Inai of Peru, was eniampi>d with a considerable body of troops, and soon met an officer, :i!!r\alca. Pizarro, advancing with pretensions of comin.',' as ihlaces, and come up closefothe Indians, to iii^lit with them and robthciu of their jewels of gold and silver and precious stones." Ibid. I Robertson, iii. book vi. Vega [4i7.] says, that ,0000 Indians' were killed that day, .^ooo of whom were slain by the sword; and that tlic rest were old and infirm men, women, and children, who were trampled under foot ; for an innumerable multitude of all ages ar,d sexes were col- lected, to see the solemnity of this strange and unheard ufcu.bassy. '■2 Vega, 400. S Robertson, iii. book vi. 1533. l"'"% 1533.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 1533. % The ransom of Atahualpa was now brought In ; and it ex- ceeded one million live hundred thousand pounds sterling i. After the division of this immense treasure among the Spa- niards, the Inca demanded his liberty; but it was denied. PizarrOy resolved on his death, t sily found pretexts for pro- curing it. The charge consisted of various articles : That Atahualpa, though a bastard, had deposed the rightful owner of the throne, and usurped the regal power; that he had put Jiis brother and lawful soverelgil to death ; that he was an idolater, and had not only permitted, but commanded the ofFerinjj of human sacrifices j that he had a great numbi-r of concubines ; that since his imprisonment he had wasted and embezzled the royal treasures, which now belonged of right to the conquerors ; and that he had incited his subjects to take arms against the Spaniards. After all the formalities of a trial, observed in the criminal courts of Spain, Atahualpa was pro- nounced guilty, and condemned to be burnt alive 2. Asto- nished at his fate, heendcavouied to avert it by tears, by pro- mises, and by intreaties, that he might be sent to Spain, where a monarch would be his judge. But Pizarro, unmoved, 1 Kurop. Settlements, i. 1 H. Vega [474, 482.] says, that the sum total of the ransom amounted to 4,60j,670 ducats; and that tliere were 40 or .'jO.OOO pietjj-s ol"eii«;ht to a man. Dr. Robertson [iii. book vi.] says, that after setting a|)art the fiftli due to the crown, and 100,000 pesos as a dona- tive to ll)e soldiers wliich arrived with Almaa;ro, there remained one mil- lion five hundred and twenty-eight thousand five lumdred pesos to Pi/arro. and his followers, and that hOOO pesos, "at that time notinfcricr in eti'ective value to as m '.ny pounds sterling in the present century," fell to the share of each hoiscinaii, and halt'tliat sum to each foot soldier l*i/arro and his oflircrs received y of completing the ransom within the limited time, which however was ex- cused by the Inca on account of the distance of Cii/co, three S|)aniarv1s only were sent to that capital, with directions to take possession both of tliv^ city ami treasures, tliough C'u/co was guarded by an army of 50,000 of the natives. Two hundred men's loads of gold weie brought away, without tlie least opposition, in massy plates from the temple of the Sun. Harris, Voy. i. 7«).'. 'i llohertson, iii. book vi. Montesipiieu, having established the nrincf- ])](.', " I'hat we should not decide by political laws things which belong to the law of nations," adduces this historical example as an instance oififs cruel violation by the Spaniards. " The Ynca Athualpa could only be, tiieil by the law of nations; they tried him by jiolitical and civil laws^ ."»iul, to till up the measure of their stupitlity, they condemned him, no' by the political and civil laws of bin own country, but by the political ,. iii civil laws of theirs." Spirit of Laws, vol. ii. boek :cxvi. chap, xxi, xxii. Vol. I. F ordered I ^ M AMERICAN ANNALS. [l535. ordered him to be led Instantly to execution. Valverde, at this critical moment attempting his conversion, promised mitigation of his punishment, on his embracing the Christian faith. The horror of a tormenting death extorted from him the desire of baptism. *• The ceremony was performed ; and Atahualpa, instead of being burntj was strangled at the stake >." Fizarro, to complete the scene of shameless guilt> gave him a magnificent funeral, and went into mourning >. Pizarro soon after forced his way into Cuzco 3, ancTtook possession of that capital in the most solemn manner for the king of Spain 4. ^ ^ tfenalcazar, governor of St. Michael, marched with some Spanish soldiers through a mountainous country, and, though frequently and fiercely attacked by the natives, surmounted every obstacle by his valour and perseverance, and entered Quito with his victorious troops. Alvarado, about the same 1 Rubertson, iii- book vi. Had the Spanish historians of South America been contemporary with the Spanish conquerors, we n)ight have suspected tliem of a confederacy, to varnish over the entire actions of the Conquest with the gliss of religion. The extorted consent of the wretched Inca to an ablution, whose meaning he neither understood, nor regarded, is ascribed by Garcilasso de la Vega to tlic infinite mercy of God. The Catholic his- torian believed, doubtlesis, that by means ot this rite the murdered Inca received as great a rcconipcuce for the loss of his /j/e, as his subjects for the loss of their coniitri/ } which, Acosta assures us, '• was recompensed to them by the gain which heaven was to their souls." — " But now," sa^s Vega, " to consider that an idolater, who had been guilty of such horrid cruelties, as Atahualpa had been, should receive baptism at the hour of his d.'atli, can be esteemed no otherwise than an effect of the infinite mercy of God toward so great a sinner as he was, and 1 am." Commentaries of Peru, 47t). Atahualpa, who ever since the arrival of the Spaniards had been impressed with a persuasion, that the end of his empire was approach- ing, was greatly depressed at the sight of a comet ; and said to Pizarro, who asked the cause of liis depression : " W hen I saw nivself first in chain , I thought theicwould be little distance between my impriMmment and my grave, of which I am now fully certified l)y this comet.'' ibid. 47'i. Alsted, aGerman author, [Thesaurus Chronoit^^iic, p. 492.] takes notice of this comet, and relates several calamitous events, vthwh/oi/owed it. " i ■)S3. Arsit cometaxiphias seu ensiformis. Sequuti sunt i rnemotus in dcrma- nia, mutationes in Anglia, et contentio inter Carolum V. cum Gallosu|)er ducatu Mediolanensi." This expositor of omens oujjht to have added. The termination of the empire of the Incas. 2 Vega, 474 — 478. Herrcra, iv. .i73, 97(i. Purchas, v. 143G. Europ. Settlements, i. 143, 144. 3 This was the imperial city of the Incas, and was situated in a corner of the Peruvian empire, above 400 miles from the sea. Robertson. . The spoil of this city was immense. See llei rera, iv. S'J I. 4 Ilerrcra, iv. 392. Uohertson, iii. book vi. Historians difl'nr widely in their daU-s of the events of this toiitjuest. 1 have generally followed Ur. '_.''''- ' • time. mama 35. s, at used Btian him ; and ; the took or the some hough mated ntered : same \tnerica ispected lonquest ncatoan ascribed lolic hi»- red Inca jects for pensed to w," says horrid wur of te mercy itaries of ards bad [>roach- 'i/arro, m chain , inent anil id. 47'i-, notice of Cicima- allo super e added, Europ. a corner on. . The l«r widely lowed Dr. time, J534.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 67 time, made a most hazardous expedition into the same king- dom '• 3534. The Spaniards had already begun to settle a colony in the interior part of Peru * ; but, for the better accommodation of trade and commerce, Pizarro now transplanted them to a place near the sea, selected for a new settlement, over against the valley of Riinac, and here he founded the city of los lleyes 3 ; since known and celebrated under the name of Li- ma 4. _ Though the misfortune of Verazzano had suspended the enterprizes of the French for discoveries in the New World ; yet, on a representation made by Philip Chabot, admiral of France, of the advantages that would result from establishing acolony ina country, from which Spain derived her great wealth, these enterprizes were renewed. James Cartier of St. Malo, by commission from the king, sailed in April from that port with two small ships and one hundi-ed and twenty- two men ; and on the tenth of May came in sight of New- foundland; but the earth was covered with snow, and great quantities of ice were about the shore. Six degrees to the southward he discovered a harbour, which he called St. Ca- tharine's. Returning to the northward, he sailed almost round Newfoundland. In forty-eight degrees thirty minutes north latitude he discovered and named the Baye des Cha- leurs, or Heats 5 ; and the Gulf of St. Lawrence 6, Having 1 Robertson, iii. book vl. ,\l\'arado, a distinsinishetl officer in the con- quest of Mexico, had obtained tliegoveniincitt ot'Cuatimala. Heembarlc- ■ed on this expedition with .'>0() men, above '20(» ot'wjiom served on horse- back, and, landing at I'ucrto Vie^o, coiniiicnced iiis march toward Quito ; but in paHsin;; the inowy ridi.^ of the Andes and the deserts Co of his men were fro/.on to death, and before he reached the plain of tluito a fifth pai t of the men and half of their horses died. No expedition in the New Woi Id was conducteil with more perseveiing cour;\!>e than this; and in none were greater harclsliips endured. Hobertsun. V'ei;a [ I'ji, 41)3.] says, among those who were frozen to ticatli in passini; ilie AiuUs, was the first Spanish woman, who ever tame to Peru. 'i In the vallev of Sauwa, 30 leagues fnmi Rimac witliin land. Ve^a. S Vega, !r2l,b2.L 4 Uobei tson, iii. book vi. Lima is a corrup ion of the ancient name of the valley in which it is situated, ibid, llerrcra [iv. Kit*; v. i.] puts the buildini^of Lima in MjP,!*: and Robertson |H January . . . 1535. Cartier, by royal commission, sailed a second time from France, with three ships, accompanied by a number of young men of distiuclion, who were desirous of making their for- tunes under his guidance ». Discovering now the river of Canada, which gradually obtained the name ofSt. Lawrence 3, he. sailed up this noble stream three hundred leagues to a great and swift fall ; formed alliances with the natives; took pos- session of the territory ; built a fort ; and wintered in the country, which he called New France. He at this time vi- sited Hochelaga, which he called Montreal, a large Indian settlement 4, where the French were well received, but were soon infected with the scurvy, of which disease twenty-five of their number died. The next spring Cartier returned with the remains ofhiscrewto Frances. This was the first at- tempt of the French to make a settlement in America ^, Cartier expatiated to the king on the advantages, that would probably result from a settlement in this country^ principally 1 Charlevoix, Hist. Nouv. France, I. p. xx. Jntroit. and p. 8,9. Ilakiuyr, iii. 180, '201— 'il'2. Purchas, i. 749; v. lOoS. .Diiiv. Uibt. xxxix. 4o;. Betknap, Bio«. i. 34. Prince, Ciiron. Introd. 89. Forsterj Voy. 437, 43ii. Brit. Eiup. Introd. p. xlvii. 2 JeunesGentilshomincs, qui voulurentleiuivreenqualite de ^'ohln• taires. Charlevoix. .S .^ccordinij lo CliarJcvoix, the name of St. Lawrence was first given to the Bay, it was next extended to the Gulf; and tlien to Mc Utter uf €a>iada, which discharges itself into the Gulf. Hist. Nouv. France, i. 10. In sailiiiir iip this river Cartier discovered Ilazleor Filbert Island [Isicaux Coudre;] Uacchus l.tland, since called, The Isle of Orleans; and the river St. Croix, sii'cc called Jacques Cartier's river. From this rivor, partly by ■tratageni and partly by foicei'.lie carried off'Donnaconna, achief of the natives. •'Thv'; poore king of the countrey with two or three others ot his cliicfe companions comining aboarde the I'rench shifpes, being reuuir- ed thither to a banquet, was traiterously carryed away into France, where lie lived four yeeres, and then dyed a Christian there." Ilakhiyt, iii. l»i;. It appears, that ten of the natives were carried to France by Cartier; and that all of them, excepting a girl ten years of age, died before his third voyage in :540. Ibid. iS'i. 4 It contained about .')0 dwellings, each 50 paces long, and 14 or l/} hroad, encompassed with pallisadoes. The original name, given by Cartier, was Mont-Royal, and was applied by him to a mountain near the Indian villa'4.et but it was afterward extended to the entire island, called at this ■ day Montreal. Charlevoix, i. i.s. 5 Cluirlevoix, i. 9— IS. Ilakluyt, iii. « 12-^23!!. a J'Wi'.tcr, Voy. 4.39. * by ^^at^ 1,536.] AMERICAN ANNAl.S. OO by incaas of the fur trade ; but the fallacious opinion, then prevalent uniong all the nations of Europe, thai such countries «t.;!y, as produced gold and silver, were worth the possession, had such influence on the French, that they slighted the salu- tary advice of Cartier, and would hear no more of the esta- blishment of a colony in Canada >. Don Pedro de Mendoza, with twelve ships and two thou- sand men, made an expedition up the river de la Plata, to dis- cover, conquer, and inhabit the circumjacent regions ; and died on his return home 2. The people, whom he left, built a lar^e town, called Nuestra Sennora de Buenos Avres 3, the capital of the government ; and, with the aid of the natives, discovered and conquered the country, until they came to the mines of Potosi, and to the town of la Plata 4. . , ; , li • ' ' r . 153(3. ' A voyage was made from England to Newfoundland by one hundred and twenty persons, tliirty of whom were gentlemen of education and character f . The tirst land, ttiat they made, > was ^ - ' I Forslcr, Voy. 441. s a He sailed from Cadiz in August 1M5. Clmrlevoix, Parasjuay, i. 42. By a storm in the river lu Plata he lost 8 of his ships and sailed with the rest for Spain i leaving behind the greatest part of his men. In a short time not ftOO of them remained alive [I'urchas, i. 849.] and at length but 200, who went in the ship boats far up the Paraguay, leaving' their mares and horses at Buenos Avres. " It is a wonder," savs l.ope/ Vaz, ♦• to see that of Su Diaresand 7 horses, which the Spaniards left therr, the increase in 40 years was so great that the countrey is 2u leagues up full of horses." Ilakluyt, iii. 7H7. 3 From its salubrious air. Ibid, and Ilakluyt, iii. 7S,<(. The Islands of St. Gahriel [See A. D. I.w6.] werea little alwve this place. Ibid. 4 Harris, Voy. i. '27.3. Univ. Hist, x.xxi.x. 'ios. I'.iicyc. ? Ceog. Art. Buenos Avres. icyc. Methodi(]ue, 'I'his Spanish colonv two years afterward [I3i7] built the town of Atsumption'oij the ri\er Paraguay rPmchas, 1. «')0. Herrera, v. ;14.'J.]-, and "the Indians" of this place " tt-stowed their daughters in marriage upon them, and so they dwellt all to;{ethcr in one towne." They were here i2() years before any intelligence of them readi- ed Spain ; «' but waxing olde, and fearing that when tliey were dead, their sons, which they had begotten in this countrey, leing very many, should live without tl>c knowledge of atiy other Christians," they built a ship, and sent it into Spai« with letters to the king, giving an account of all that had occurred ; and the king sent 3 ships with a bishop and several priests and friers, " and more men and women to inhabite, with all kind of cat- tell." Hakluyt, iii. 788. Lopez V^az (ibid.) calls the town La Asiruxiuii. a Hakluvt says, "One Master Hore of London, a man of goodly sta- ture and of great courage, and given to thestudieof Cosmogra|>iiic, en- couraged divers gentlemen and others, being assisted by the king's favour and good countenance, to accompany him" in this vdyage of discovery ; and that " bis pevswasions tookc such eflect, that withiii short space many f 3 gen- \ h (J li n ' t' ' . ?'■.; 70 AMERICAN ANNALS. \^537. was Cape Breton, whence they sailed north-eastward to the island of Penguin, and then to Newfoundland ; but, after suffering the extreniiiy of famine, in which many perished, and the survivors were constrained to support life by feeding on the bodies of their dead companions, they returned to England i. - 1537. Cortes with three ships discovered the large peninsula of California a; and the island of St. Jago in its vicinity 3. The Supreme Council of the Indies in Spain made some ordinances for the provinces in New Spain j among which wfere the following: That the Prelates should see the children of the mixed race between Spaniards and Indians instructed in the Christian doctrine, and good manners ; that the Viceroy should not permit the Indian youth to live idly, but require that they learn some trades; that the College, founded by the Franciscan Friers at Mexico, for teaching Indian boys the Latin Grammar, should be finished ; and that the Indians* gentlemen'of the Innes of court, and of the Chancerie ; and divers other* of good worship, desirous to see the strange thini^s of the ivorld, very •wil- lingly entred into the action with him." This indefatigable author wfote most of his relation from the mouth of Master Thomas Butts, one of the gentlemen adveuturei-s, " to whom," says I(a^. . j » * 1538. ' . » Pizarro sent Baldivia with a large number of Spaniards, to discover and conquer the country of Chili ; and they dis- covered considerable territory, principally on the sea coast to- ward the south east, to upward of forty degrees south lati- tude »• 1530. Ferdinand de Soto, governor o " Cuba, having projected the conquest of Florida, sailed from the port of Havanna with nine vessels, nine hundred men beside sailors, two hundred and thirteen horses, and a herd of swine. Arriving on the thir- tieth of May at the bay of Espiril^u Sau on the western coast of Florida, he landed three hundrecl iien, and pitched his camp ; but about break of day the next morning they were attaclced by a numerous body of natives, and obliged to retire 3, 1540. • - Notwithstanding the general rejection of Chartier's advice relative to making a settlement in Canada 4, individuals entertained just sentiments on the subject. A nobleman of Picardy, Fran9ois de la Roque, lord of Roberval 5, more 1 Herrera, v. 154. -s^ 2 Harris, Voy. 1. 673, who places tlie enterprize in this or the foBowingf '' \e.ir. Almajjro had previously (in 1535) invaded Chili, but met with for- midable opposition from Ihe natives, and was recalled from his expedition by an unexpected revolution in Peru. Robertson, iii. book vi. 3 Ilcrrera, v. 2io. Dniv. Hist. xl. 382. Belknap, Biog. i. 186. There is an entire account of this expedition in Purchas, v. 1A2R — I55GL 8oto had already received from Charles V. the title of Marquis of Florida. Near- ly 1000 men were raised in Spain for the expedition, and among them •were many gentlemen of quality. Ten ships were fitted owt to carry them with all necessary stores; and they sailed from San l.ucar tor Cum 6 A- pril, 1538. Herrera, v. 224. Prince, Chron. Introd. 92. Biblioth. Americ. 57. 4 See A. D. 1535. 5 Created by the king (1^ January, 1540) lovd in Noriimbega, and bit lieutenant general and viceroy in Canada, Hocbelaga, Saguenay, New- foundland, Belle Isle, Carpon, Labrador, the Great Bay, aud Baccalaos, with plenary authority. Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 21. f 4 tealous i 72 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l541* xealous than any of his countrymen for prosecuting dis- coveries in this country, fitted out two ships at his own ex- p^nce; but being ready for embarkation himself, he sent Car- *tier with live ships before him, with a royal commission, as captain general '. Cartier commenced this voyage in May ; and, after encountering many storms, landed in Newfound- land on the third of August. Roberval not arriving, he pro- ceeded to Canada; and on a small river, four leagues above the port de St. Croix, built a fort, and began a settlement, which he called Charlebouro; *. ' I 1511. ' ' ' Francis Orellana, having accompanied Gonsalvo Pl^arro from Quito to the river Nnpo, followed its course to the Maregnon ; descended that river ; and arrived at its mouth after a voyage of nearly seven months 3. The reduction of Cliili was completed 4. St. Jago de la Nueva Estremadura, the capital of Chili, r vant of provisions ; and of the 200 Spaniards, who left Quito, not more than 10 returned to that city. Ibid. 2; .'5. 4 With the addition of Chili, seven great kingdoms, inhabited by a vast number of wealthy and warlike nations, bad now, since the discovery of America, been compelled to submit to the Spanish yoke. Europ. Settle- ments, i. 67. .S TIerrera, v. .'JOO. Lniv. Hist, xxxix. 208. (> It was the capital of theaudienreof Guatimala,and oneof the noblest cities of New Spain. Ilerrera [v. 550.] says, that COO Indians perished, and ;i grciU 1542.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 73 ty, was now removed, together with the episcopal see and king's council, to the distance of two miles '. Francis Jtl^iTro was assassinated at his own palace at nooa day, by the friends of Almagio, attheageofsixty-threeyears^. Don Pedro de Alvarado, in assisting to suppress an insrr- rection of Indians, was thrown down a precipice by a horse, which fell from a high rock against him ; and he died soon after of his bruises 3. ..• ■ """r^' 1542. Soto, having marched several hundred miles, and passed through the Indian towns of Alibama, Talise, and Tascalusa, to Mavilla, whence, after a severe engagement, he had re- treated to Chicac;a, remained there until April of this year 4. His army, now resuming its march through the Indian terri- tories, was reduced to about three hundred men, and forty horses 5. Soto, having appointed Lewis de Moscoso his suc- cessor in com nd 6, died at the confluence of Guacoya and Mississippi 7. great number of Spaniards. Tlie authors of the Universal History [xxxix. 147.] say, that, beside a liurricane and volcanic eruption, there was at the same time one of the most dieadfnl earthquakes, ever felt in anypartof the globe; but their account of the number that perished appears exagy,erated. 1 I'urchas, i. 814. '2 Vega [Ol'i — 615.] says, that 13 conspirators in Chili went with drawn swords, and y assinated him. llerrera [v. '289 — 291.] says, that John de Ueda was at the head of the conspirators ; that he was joined by 17 others, '• all able and daring men ;" that they acquainted I'l others, " no ways in- ferior to themselves," with the design, wlio also agreed to carry it on; that " they all set out armed from Alniagro's houve;" and that s(Miie stayed to curcthestreets, "so that tliosc, who made ti) his house, v, ere only nineteen." 3 llerrera, V. 3.>1— .'5"it. Vega, ").'(). 4 See A. D. 1. ").'><)• He readied Mavilia (a town ciulo'od with wooden walls) in IMl. 'I'lie engagement there was in October of that year; and in it ','000 poor natives were slain, and 48 Spaniards. A consideiablc num- ber of .Spaniards died afterward of their wounds ; so that their entire Ioas was 8.J. 'I'hey lost also 4.''> horses. 'I'he town was burnt in \lic action, Chicai;a was an Indian village of Jo houses, 5 Lniv. Hist. xli. ;3tjl. Sec A. U. K'>43. r> llerrera, vi. 8. 7 llerrera, vi. i). Purchas, v. I. ').52. Belknap, Biog. i. 102. Univ. Hi; t. xli. 3lV>. To prevent the Indians from obtaining knowledge of his death. Ills body was put into an oak, hollowed for that purpose, and sunk in the river. IJelknap, l>iog. i 1!.).'. Harris, Voy. i. SO}), llerrera, vi. •). Herrera, ^^ho mentions the hollowed oak, defines the place in the river where ii was sunk, by saying it was where the river was a (luarter of a league over, and 10 fathoms deep. At his death he was 4'2 years of age, ami had e.<- jiended 1(H),(»(H) ducats in this expedition. Heriera, \i. 9, where there is ajjlcasing account of his character. Juan ''■^ 'I I ^1 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l54 4, Juan Rodiiguez de Cabrillo, a Portuguese in the service of Spain, on an expedition, to search for the Straits of Anian, and to explore the western coast of America, discovered land ^ in forty-two degrees north latitude, on the North American coast, and, in honour of the Viceroy, who had employed him called it Cabo Mendocino. Having proceeded to the forty-fourth degree, he was compelled by the sickness of his crew, the want of provisions, the weakness of his ship, and the turbulence of the sea, to return '. Cartier, having waited in vain at Canada for the arrival of the viceroy M, de Roberval, and consumed all his provisions ; and now dreading an attack from the savages, set out on his return to France. Roberval, with three ships and two hundred persons, coming to recruit the settlement in Canada, met him at Newfoundland, and woul.d have obliged him to return to his province ; but he eluded him in the night, and sailed for Bretagne. The viceroy, proceeding up the river St. Law- rencefour leagues above the island of Orleans, and finding here a convenient harbour, built a fort, and remained over lliQ winter ». » ' I 1543. The small remains of Soto's army, consisting of three hun- dred and eleven men, arrived at Panuco on the tenth of Sep- tember; and the great expedition terminated in the p'./erty and ruin of all who were concerned in it. Not a S|>?n'ar(| was now l«ft in Florida 3. ..->?>*... 1544. Orcliana, having contracted with the kin"; of Spain for the government of as much territory as he could conquer, in the provinces about the river Amazon, by name of New Andelu- z\a, sailed from San Lucar with four ships and four hundred men, and arrived at the mouth of a river, which he supposed J Forf the plant. Hastening to his house ai Pnr- co, be washed the silver, and used it ; and, when it was exhausted, repair- ed to his treasury. A irnifidential friend of f lualpa disclosed the secret to aSpaniard, living at Porco, and tlie mine was innnediateiy wrought. The first register of the mines (^f I'otosi was in April 154.5; and Ilualpa's mine was called, 2'/»c discovrrcr, because it marked the channel toother mines iii iiiat mountain. Ibid. 4 Herrera, vj. 112. h Vega, /."iO. 7G.S. Robertson, iii. book vi. He the next year fl'lS] divided the lands in Peru. Ilcriera, vi. '21(3. " Jiis memory," says \'c-- ga 11 1 i i i * ^^1 '^1 w V w V ,fi •■< '■■% i k t t. ■ "¥■ ;o AMERICAN ANNALS. [i54g. ./ . ■ •./{ t-J*f ,• ^54 8. The English fishery on ihi' American roast had now be- come an object of national importance and legislative en- couragement. The parliament of England passed an act prohibiting the exaction of mono>y, fish, or other rewards, by any oHicc ' o*" the Admi ralty, unaer any pretext whatever, from the Englisli fishermen and mariners, going on the service of tiie nshtry a*. Newfoundland. Tl\is was the first actof par- Jiair.cnt selaiing to America '. nit- 1540. The civil war in France had cxceetlingly retarded the pro- gress .ifralonization, from the time o?'Roberval's first enter- pfize for the settlement of Canada -. 1'he same nobleman, at lengt'iy ace anpanied by his brother and a numerous train of adv^ .!(ri.-rs, embarked again for the rivtr St. Lawrence; but they we;e never heard of afterward. This disastrous event uivoi-irc- ;ed the people and the government of France to such rt .It-gref^, that for fifty years no measures were taken for sup- plyir\? -ic few French settlers, who still remained in Ca- nada ', The Portuguese built the city St. Salvador, which was the {;a [77fi.Jk " ought for ever to be cclebratefl, in regard I'bat by his good for- tune, exceUentfondiict, prudence, !Uk1 wiMlom, the new empire contain- ing 1300 league? in length, was recovered, and restoicd to the empe»-or Charles V. with a vast treasuie'^vhicii lie brought with him." I Ilakluyt, i. .'>21 ; iii. ISl, 13'i, where the act is inserted entire. "By this act," says llaklujt, " it appeartth that the trade cut ot'Kngland was comiuon and frequented about the beginning of the reii; ne ol" Kdward the (S namely in the year 1.048, and it is much to be marv;?iled, that by the negligence of our men, the f ountrey in all this time hath bene no better ^parched." See also Chalmei^, i. <). Anderson, ii. »3. I'orster, Voy. 'iU'-i- The preamble of the act says, "within these few years past there have been taken by ccitiin officers of the Admiralty divers giieat exactions, as sums of money, lioles, or shares .n'rish, &c. to the great discouragement of tluxe fisheiies [Newfoundland and Iceland,] and of damige to the whole ' commonwealth." 'I'here is an apparent error in Prince, 'Chron. Introd. (»0] who places thcbi'ginning of the .ishing ade of the English at New- tiiiindland in l.^uo. 'i See A. D. 15 10, 'A Cliarlevoiv, Nouv. France, i. 2"?. " Avcc eu\ tomherent toutes les Cs-peranccs, quon avoit cou^i'ii's de faire un Etablissemcut cu Amcrique." L'niv. Hist. xx.nIx. 408. Joiiter, Voy, 4ia. first I5t3G, 1551. J AMERICAN ANNALS. .ff first European settlement in Brasil '; and the Jesuits now introduced Christianity into the Brasilian country *, ^ ^ 1550. The controversy that gave rise to the Separation from the Church of England began about this time ; and now com- menced the Mva. of the English Puritans 3. The plough was introduced into Peru 4. 1551. Bartholomew de las Casas, having zealously laboured fifty years for the liberty, comfort, and salvation of the natives of America, returned discouraged to Spain, at the age of seventy- seven years 5. 1 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 217. It became afterward populous, Tnao;nificent, and incomparably the most gay and opulent city in all Brasil, ibid i'i^. e Histoire Impartialcdcs Jt-suites, i. 385 — 387. 3 The controversy was " on occasion of bishoj) Hooper's refusing to be con'^ecrated in the Popish habits." Neal, Hist. Pui itans, vol. i. Preface, and p. 61 — 6r>. See Prince, Chron. 21/J Burnet, Mist. Ucforniation, iii. l()i)— 203. Hooper was a zealous, a pious, and a learned man, who had };one DUtof England in the latter part of the reigii of Henry Vlll. and resided at Zurich. Ibid. Pierce, [Vindication of the Dissenters, p. 29.] bene* observes, " that the habits have, from the very infancy of our Ketbrma- tion, been an otVenceto vrrj^ /tat'iu-cl and pious men." The archbishop of Canterbury, with other bisho])s and divines, having concluded on an or- der of divine worshij), an act, eonfirniini' life. Whoever siiould write or print against the book were to he lined lo/. f)r the fust oHi'iico ; 20/. for the second j and to be imprisoned for life for tiic third. 'I'lict'ouncil iniinediatcly aj.'- pointcd Visitors, lo sec that the Litun^y was received throu^iiout rjigiand. Neal, Hist. Puritans, 1. ou, ol. See Note 111. at the end of the vol, 4 Vega, a7S. 'I'liis historian of Peru was c.irrietl that year lo see '"-eo at plougli in the valley of Cozcc, and great numbers of liulians fJorkptl liom all parts, with adoni hmcnt, to behold " this prodigious noveltv." lU 5 Encyclop. MctlKKiique, Art. Casas. He wrote his N':'.;iative of the destruction of the Indians by the Spaniards, in the year 1)42 [Purchas v. 16Gy, where the substance ofitii inserted,] atwhichtimehe:ifbrmcd, " thai of three millions of people, which were m Hispauiola of the natural in- habitants^ there scarce remain 30i» ;" "and now," adds Purciias [;. Ul::!.], ♦•as Alexandro Ursino reporteth, none.it all: only two nnd twenty tliou- iand negroes and some Spatuards n :^llle tlure." Las Casas died .\, D, I56t3, ilitat. xcii. Luttyg. .NUnhud. ibid. U^S. ^ 78, AMERICAN ANNALS. 1552. ll5Cd. The ricli mine,* of New Spain were discovered i. The Portuquei.e about this time put cattle and swine for breed on the Isle of Sable 2. 156$. Tiie culture of grap^n had already succeeded in Chilis. , • 1558. iT The Inca of Peru and his wife were baptized at Cuzco. The inhabitants of the city honoured the day of the baptism with the sport of bulls, and throwing of darts, and other sig- nals of joy 4. ^ 1560. , Don Antonio de Rlbera carried from Seville several olive plants, and planted them in los Reyes, whence one of them was conveyed by stealth to Chili ; and from this time the olive flourished in Chili and Peru 5. , • .. ' •' 1 Robertson, ii. 388. - 2 Hakluvt, iii. 155. I rely on this account, wliich is taken from aRe- Birt of Sir iluiuphrey Gilbert's voyage in 1383, written by M. Edward aies, a gentleman who accompanied Gilbert, who says, " Sablon lieth to the seaward of Cape Breton about 25 leagues, whither we were deter- mined to goe upon intellis;cnce we had of a Portugal, during our alM>de in S. John's, who was himsclfe present, when the Hortugals (about thirty yeeres past) did put into the same Island botlt Neat and Swine to breedc, which were since exceedingly multiplied." See a French account, p. 53, note 6, of these Annals. 3 Vega, 388. Bartholomew de Terrazas, one of the first conquerors of Peru, first planted them in the city of Ciiili. This year from a vine- yard in the country he sent So Indians, " laden with' fair and goodly grapes," to his friend Garciiasso de la Vei^a, father of the historian. " I''or my part," says Vega, *« I did partake of those grapes ; for my father hav- in, r AMERICAN ANNALS. [1562, corned by a pjreat number of the natives, and erected a pillar of hard stone, on uliicb he caused the arms of France to be enujraved. Froceedinji; to the northv'^ard, lie discovf vod nine other livers •, o!ie of which, in the atitude of thirty-two de- grees, " because of its Uir^cness and execellent fairencss," he C'tlled Port lloyal ^. Saibnt; many leagues up this, he erect- ed on an island in the river a pillar of stone, similar to that previously erected on the river of May ; built a fort, which he called Charles Kort; and here left a colony, promising to return, asboonaspossible, with reinforcements and provisions 3. The set- pillar of liard slone to be planted within the saydc river, and not for from the mouth of the same upon a little sandie knBp|)c, in wltich pillar the ^rmcs of Trance were carved and engraved. V\c called this river T/u- Jiivfrof Mill/, hccause we di^coveied it the fiist day of thcsayde month. " In cotisttiig iiortliiiiivilli/ from lat. 30, l?ibauit could hardly have passed by St. John's river, a broad navii^able strcani, without noticing if. Hawkins, vho visited the Fiend j settlement «m the rivrrof May [See pa^e St, note S.], found it " standing in thirtie d«';;recs and better" [Hakhiyt, i. ■'>.3t)]. 1»liich iattitudc iierfeciiy agrees wiili that of the mouth of the St. John's. 1 Named hi the I'rciic/i S, Eiiff/is/i names . tSf. Marv's Satilla ' vft .. Alatamaha .S -S Newport ^ ft Ccjeechce r Savannah May Hi vcr [in Soutli Carolina] I > road River p Port Hoyal I know that Charlevoix's map of J'rench Florida puts the Alatamaha for the Seine; the Oneechee tor the Ch.iiente; and the Savannah for the Garonne. It may be correct; 1 wtainap, thoni;hit contain some rare and curious mrtter, a; d ad the sr utiini of some historical problems, cannot claim rnthe I <.iitiiit. e, wliiie 'l j resents Fowhatan or James River as in South Carolina, with .fruncs i own in A'irginia on its banks, and Charles- town, theCarolinia.icDpi'al. ; ?^ its mouth. 1 pretend however to nothing; more than co/vVr/Mrc, with rci^.ird to the several streams, corresponding to the French names. 2 I'urchas, v. 160.3. llakhiyt. iii. ,1ot. " The haven is one of the fair- est of the West Indies." Ibid, .^2l. "^\'ec stroke our sailcs, and cast anker at ten fathom of water; for the depth is such namely when the sea beuiiineth to flowe, that the E:reatest shippes of France, yea, the Arguses of Venice may enter there." Ibid. .'}()!). Dr. Belknap erroneously supjiosed Port Pioyal river to be the same as the river of May : " Ribalt named the Uiver Afrty, and the entrance he called Port Royal" American Bio;»ra- phy, i. .'if). lie accordini^lv fixed Ribault's Colony and Fort Charles at the river of .May. Ibid. Jiut the accounts of this voyage of Uibault, and of the voyage of I-audonniere in l.'.)64 [Sec note ;j iri that year], prove, that (bey '"ere two di'.tinct rivers, and widely distant fiom each other. The French settlement on the river of May was in about .^o decrees north latitude [llakhiyt i. ;>.'iy.]; but Fort Charles, built by Uibault on Port H(jval liver, was in ht.. Si degrees. Ibid. iii. SOy. 3 i>(.e Note IV. at the cud of the volume. tiers. The Seine The Somine Tlie Loire The Charenfc The fJamnne The flironde The I'lelle 'I'he (Jiande Port Rfivaie cliaiun en ei p.: 15(J2.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 81- tlers, whom he left behind, soon after mutinied, and killed Al- oert, their captain, for his severity. Reduced at length to insup* portable extremity, they, by extraordinary efforts, built and .igged out a vejsel i, and, " embarking their artillery, their forge, and -ther munitions of war, and as much mill, as they could gatht'i-," they put to sea. When they had been out several weeks, and spent all their provisions, they butchered one of their number, who consented to be made a victim, to save his comrades 2. Soon after they were taken up by an English ship, and carried into England 3. 1 They procured turpentine from the pine trees ; and *' gathcreil a Innd of inosse, which groweth on tlie trees of this country," to caulk tlicir vessel; and made sails of their own shirts and sheets. The moss, men- tioned by Laudonniere, qrows several feet in length on the trees alon<> the southern sea coast ; and fs u great curiosity to a person born in New Eiiu- land. I never saw so perfect natural arbours, as those on the islands ■ St. Helena and Fort Royal, formed by trees of the forist, covered wit. this species of moss. The trees appear exceedingly venerable; and, in. pervious to the rays of the sun, form a most grateful shade in that burnin. climate. '2 After sailing a third part of the voyage, they were so ijccalmed, that in three weeks they saileu not above '2.'> leagues. During this time their provisions were so far spent, *' that every man was constrained to eate not past twelve graines of mill by the day, which may be in value as much as twelve peason" (pease). When the mill was spent, tliev ate tlioir shoes and leather jerkins. "Touching their beverai',e," says l-audonnicro, "some uf them drank the sea water, others did drink their own urine." This ex- treme famine continued so long, that several of them died with lunger. A boisterous head wind now springing up, and their vessel becoming sud- denly half filled with wafer; •• as men resolved to die, evL'ry one fell downe l).ickwarde, and gave themselves over altogether unto the will ot the waves." Oneof their number, at this juncture, encoarai^ing them with the hope of seeing land in three days, they threw the water out of tiu' pmuace, and remained three days without eating or drinking, excepting the ^ea water. No land appearing at the end of the three days ihcy becaiue absolutely des- jierafe. In this extreme despair, it was suggested, that it were better that one man should die, than that so many men should peiisli. 'i'lic direful expedient was adopted ; and exec uted on Lv there (or I-aihau,) " whose fiesjh was divided equnlly among his feliowes: a thing so pitiful to recite,* says Laudonniere, " that my pen is loth to write it." llal. He wet, S. Carolina and "Georgia, i. 18. I'rince, Chron. IntroJ.99- Uwivh-, Voy. i.blO. Anderson, Hist. Com. ii. 117. ' ( Vol. I. 156^ ^ ^^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y '^ ^ i 1.0 I.I 11.25 liilM |25 ■^ IM 12.2 1^ ■40 2.0 Photograptiic Sciences Corporation L1>^ \ <^ ^^ -*\ ^rvV 33 WiST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. 4SI0 (716)«73-^i03 '^ 8S AMERICAN ANNALS. [15G4. ' ■ f I 1563. IChof first slave trade of the English was opened on the coast of Guii^ea. Johi^ Hawkins, in the prospect of great gain, resolved to make trial of this nefarious and inhuman traffic t. Several gentleman in London, to whom he com- municated the design, became liberal cpntributors and adven- turers (or its execution. Three good ships \frere immediatel^r provided, and with these and one nundred men Hawkins sail- ed to the coast of* Guinea », where, by money, treachery, and force, he procure^ at \easi three hundred negroes* and sold theni at Hispa(UQla,3. 1564. The civil wars in France, among other causes, had prd rent- ed the conveyance of the promised succour to the French co- tony at Port Ko^al. Peace being now concluded, and admiral CoUgny informing the krng, that he had received no intelli- gence of the men, whom Ribaultha4 left in Florida expres- sing concern at the same time, that they should be left uiere to perish; the king consented, that he should cause three 1 He made serera! voyages to the Canary Islands, " and there by his good and upright dealing being growen in love and &vour vrith the peo> pie, informed nimselfe amongst them by diligent inquisition of the state of the West India, whereof he had received some knowledge by the in> litructions of his tather, but increased the same by the advertisemei^ts and reports of that people. And being amongst other particulars as!>ured that iNEGROES were very good merchandise in Hbpaniola, and that store of negroes might easily be had upon the coast of Guinea, resolved with him- self to make trial thereof." Hakluyt, iii. 500. 2 He sailed from England in October 1562; touched at Teueriffe, and proceeded to Sierra Leona. > S Hakluyt, i. 5£l, 529, where there it an entire account of this voyage^ Hawkins sold his negroes at three places in Hispur.iola; the port of Isa« bella; Port de Plata; and Monte Christ! ; and received in exchange, *' &uch quantity of merchandise, that he did not only lade his owne 3 shippes with bides, ginger, sugers, and some quantity of pearles, but he fraighted also S other hulkes with hides, and other like commodities, which he sent into Spain." Ibid. Anderson [Hist. Com. ii. 117.] says, " this seems to have been the very first attempt from England for any negro tradf," [See p. 88, 35, of these Annals.] Purchas, v. 1179. Biog. Britan. Art. Hawkins. Joselyn. Voy. 339. Keith, Hist Virginia SI. Stow [Chron. 807.1 informs us, that Hawkins in his youth had studied the mathematics; ajd that " he went to Guinea and Hispaniola, which then was most strange and won- derfiil, by reason he wast he first Englishman that discovered and taught the way into those parts. ihips ■Bsftsi^WiWHHII^l'fP ere by lii» I the peo- ■ the state by the >n- otei^ts and pured that i store of with hiro- lis voyage. )ort of Isa. age, «• £.uch lippes vfith lighted also je sent into ms to have ?,'• [See p. Hawkins. f."] informs id that "he ! and won- and taught I66b,] AMERICAN ANNAtS. 83 ships to bd furnished and sent out to their relief. M. Rend Laudonniere, appointed by the kinjv, on the recommendation of the admimi, to the conlmaiid ofthe ships, sailed in April for Florida, and arrived on the iwenty-Mh of June at the river of M^y. After sailing northvTArd slbout ten leagues, and hold- ing intercourse with the natives, stopping short of Port Roy- al I) where Ribault's company ndd been left, he sailed back to the river of May, where he built a fort, which, in honour of Charles, the French kinsr, he called Caroline *, His ships returned in July to France 3. ISdS. Ribault, who had been appointed governoirto supersede Laudonniere, arriving at Florida with seven sail of vessels^ took all the best of the men at Fort Caroline for an expedi- tion against a Spanish fleet, and left Laudonniere with the charge of the Fort, without the means of defence 4. At this juncture 1 Much error and confusion had been avoided by historians, had they but carefiilly observed the trayene sailing of Laudonniere. *' Wee sayled [from the river of May] toward the river of Seine, distant from the river of May about foura leagues : and there continuing our course towarde the North, wee arrived at the mouth of Somnie, which is not past sixe leagucft distant f^ont the livtr of Seine, where wee cast anker, and went on shoare." Here tlie company consulted top^ether respecting the place, which they sliouid choose for <* planting their habitation ;" whether toward the Cape of Florida, or at Port Royal. " If wee passed farther toward the North to ^eekeout Port Royali, it would be neither very profitable nor convenient ; aitlmugh the haven were one ofthe fairest otthe West Indies; but that in this case the question was not so much ofthe beautie of the place, as of tilings necessary to sustaine life. 'And that for our inhabiting it was more needefiiil for us to plant in places plentiful of victital, than in goodly Havens, faire, deepc, and pleasant to the view." The conclusion was* " Tliat it was expedient to seate themselves rather on the River of May than on any other, untill they might hear newes out of France." Hakluyt» iii. fm, 324. t '2 It stood not above two leagues distance from the mouth of the river. ' llitkluvt, iii. 3SQ. 3 H*akluyt, iii.SI9, 325, 330. Purchas, i. 770} v. 1603, l604. Char- levoix, Nouv. France, i. 3fi-~lO. Univ. Hist. xl. 895, 306. Europ. Settle- ' raents, ii. 935. The English writers in general mistake in suppo8in£; Fort V.anline to have been built in the English Carolina. It was built in ths I'lvnch and Spanish Florida. [Univ. Hist xl. 4t9.] It has been confound* cd probably with Vort CfuiHes. See Ad D; K'iCK?. Du Pratz egregiously errs, when he aiHrms, that the ruins of Fort Caroline are visiblenear Pef& tacufit. Hist Louisiane, i. 3. See page 95, not* \, 4 Hakluyt, iii. 354. On mustering his men, this is the account he sives of them : •' I found nine or ten of them, whereof not past two or three ^ad ever drawen sword out of a scabbard, as 1 thinke. Of the nine G « there Wi m rf 1* ! ■I* N 84 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l 565 . juncture Pedro Melendez was on his way to Florida^ in exe- cution of an enterprize in the service of Philip It. of Spain, who had given him command of a fleet apd army, with full power to drive the Huguenots out of Florida, and settle it with good Catholics *. Arriving at Florida, he massacred Ribault 2, and all the company, excepting Laudonniere and a few others who escaped to France 3. Melendez now built three there were fburebut young striplings, which served captaine Ribault and kept his dogs. The tifte was a cooke. Among those that were without tiie fort, and which were of the foresaid company of captaine Ribault there was a Carpenter of three score yeeres olde, one a Beere-brewer, one olde Crosse-bowe maker, two Shoomakers, and four or five men that had their wives, a player on the Virginals, two servants of Monsieur du Lys, one of Monsieur de Beauhaire, one of Monsieur de la Grange, and about four score and five or sixe in all, counting as wel Lackeys ^ women and children. Those that were left me of mine owne company were aboutc sixteene or seventeene that could beare armes, and ail of them poore and leane : the rest were sicke and maymed." Ibid. 1 The Spaniards "pretended those territories belonged to them, af- firming they were the first discoverers." Mezeray. a Ribault, at the first assault, was not far distant, and is said to have *< parled with tlie Spaniards." He set sail with Laudonniere for France an September, but was separated from him the next day, and immediately after overtaken with a tempest, *i which in fine wrackt him upon the coast where all his shippes were cast away, and he with much adoe escaped drowning, to fall into their hands which cruelly massacred him and all his company." Hakluyt, iii. 355. How many were killed mow, does not appear ; but of Laudonniere's wretched company about 6o appear to have men previously massacred. There were, he informs us, 85 or 86 in all. At his fii-st escape from the fort, he found " three or foure" of his men, who had also escaped. When a boat arrived from the ships, to take hira oft^ he went " with the boat along the re«ds to seeke out the poor soules which were scattered abroad, where (he says) we gathered up 18 or 90 of them." Ibid. 3 Laudonniere had" fortified and inhabited" in Florida ** two summers and one whole winter," or " a year and a quarter, as the French kin»'s lieutenant." Hakluyt, iii. 301, 3 10. John Hawkins, the slave merchant, was at fort Caroline'in August; but it must have been previously to Ri- bault's arrival. lie had made a second voyagi 'he coast of Guinea the preceding year ; and having sold his slaves in '^est Indies, stopped at the River of Miay, on his return home, t' wai .,'s ships. Laudonniere had been at war with the natives, and I ..d " not above 40 soldiers left un- hurt," nor above ten days provision. 'V\x soldiers had been obliged to live on acorns and roots, and some of ihem had served a Floridian king against his enemies, " for mill and other victuaiies." Hawkins spared tbem 20 barrels of meal and other necessaries, " to helpe them the bet- ter homewards," and a bark of 50 tons ; for they had already deter- mined to return to France. On the arrival of Ribault a few days after- ward, they changed their purpose ; and stopped to be massacred. See Hakluyt, i. 539* 540 i Ui. 347, 348. Purchas, v. 1604. ^ forts France, . among hi afterward des Canta in&mis, lam se alii uiissa in I oraret Ini edoctus finiit." 3 His and 100 s and, with him. Th France di Sfjanish. he sailed . delays by 4 One I and the o mm 565: \ exe- 1568.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 85 forts on the river of May >, and strongly garrisoned them with Spanish soldiers *. ault and without Ribault them, af- i to liave or France tnedl lately I the coast s escaped im and all ', does not ar to have [- 86 in all. f his men, take him >oor soiiies 18 or SO of lummers nch king's merchant, usly to Ri- uioeatlie stopped at ludonniere lers left un- obligcd to ridian king tins spared m the bet- lady deter- days after- icred. See 1508. The chevalier Dominique de Gourgues, a soldier of for- tune, of a good family in Gascony, hearing of the massacre of his countrymen in Florida, determined to revenge their death, and repair the honour of his nation, by driving their murderers out of that country. On this vindicative enterprize he sailed from France, at his own expence, and without orders, with three frigates and one hundred and fifty soldiers and volunteers, and eighty chosen mariners, to Florida 3. The Spaniards, to the number of four hundred, were well fortified on the river of May, principally at the great fort begun by the French, and afterwards repaired by themselves. Two leagues lower toward the river's mouth, they had made two smaller forts, which were defended by one hundred and twenty soldiers, well supplied with artillery and ammunition 4. Gourgues, though informed of their strength, proceeded 1 The authors of Encvclopedie Methodlque [Geo^. Jri. Fi.oniDE] say, that Melendez now made settlements (forma des etablissemens) at St. Au- gustine and Pensacola. If he now built a fortat Pensacola, Ou Fratz may have mistaken the ruins of this, for the ruins of Fort Caroline. An ac- count in Hakluyt [ii. 469.] confirms that of the French Fncvclopedic: •' The Spaniards [in 1372] have two forts there [Florida,] chierfy tu keepe out the Frenchmen from planting there." 2 Hakluyt, iii. 335. Purchas, 1. '70; v. l604. Chalmers, i. .513. Hcw- et, S. Carol. & Georg. i. IQ. Prince, Chron. Introd. 100. Mc^eray, Hist. France, 700; Melendez, for this act of cruelty, became infamous even among his own countrymen. Disappointed in a naval project ten yesMs afterward, he killed himself. •• Eadem tempestate [137i>]'"Petius Me^eu- desCantaber, Floridae victor, scdinsigni inGallos perlidia, upiidsrasetiam in&mis, cum res Americanas Batavicis parum sapienter comparct, Bri- 1am se aliosque portus obsequio redditurum jactabat ; ct jam parata claijse niissa in Angliam legatio, quae littus et hospitum, si co vcnti adiu;erent, oraret inipetraretc^ue. Sed subita morbi lues nautas disjeret, et dux ipse edoctus pollicitationes vanitatem, pudore ut credituni, aut mctu vitum ■ tiniit." Grotii Annates, (x3, 01, & Index. 3 Ilis equipment, according; to Mczeray (who says he had 200 soldiers and 100 seamen,) was made with jMirt of his own estate, which he 'sold, and, with wliat his brotlier. President of the Generality of Giiycnne, lent him. The reason, assigned by this historian, why the Government of France did not reveose the massacre, is, that the kin<^'s Council was half S^ianish. Gourgues had recently returned from Africa. Losing no time, he sailed from France in August l.'it>7 to the West Indies, wjjencev at^er delays by storms, he proceeded to Florida in the sprinsi; of 136!^. 4 One of these lower forts must have been on one side of the rjver, and the other on the other side j for the river '* passed between them." G 3 re- \ <'>>'::■% 80 AMERICAN ANNALS. [ifiCS. resolutely forward, and with the assistance of the natives, made a vigorous and desperate assault. Of sixt^' Spaniards in the lirst fort, there escaped but fifteen; and all in the second fort, were slain. After sixty Spaniards, sallying out from the third fort, had been intercepted, and killed on the spot, this last fortress was easily taken. All the surviving Spaniards were led away prisoners, with the fifteen who escaped the massacre at the first fort ; and, after having been shown the injury, that they had done to the French nation, were hung on the boughs of the same trees, on which the Frenchmen had been previously hung. O/er those devoted Frenchmen Melendez had suspended a Spanish label, signifying, '* I do not this as to Frenchmen, but as to Lutherans." Gourgues, in retaliation, caused to be imprinted with a searing iron in a tablet of fir wood, *'I do not this as to SpaniarHs, nor as to Mariners, but as to Traitors, Robbers, and Murderers ^" Having razed the three forts a, he hastened his preparation to return ; 1,1 it 1 Charlevoix [Nouv. France, i. 103, J04.] justly condemns this barba* rous retaliation : *' Je ne crains pas de dire que Texpediti on de Cheva- lier de Gonrgues, ^usques-li si glorieuse pour lui, et si honorable pour la Nation, auroit etc infiniment puis relev6e par une cooduite, ou sa mn- deration', et la generosite Francoise eiit fait un beau contraste avec I'inhn* manite des Espagnols, qu'en la tenninant avec li. nieme fureur, qu'il detestoit en eux." He pertinently cites the reply, made by Pausaoias, king ofSparta. to a citizen cfiEgina, Mhohad proposed to him, aswbatwould immortalize his name, to han^ the dead body of Mardonius on a ^llows, in revenge for the like indignity, shown to Leonidas by Mardonius and Xerxes : '* Thou must have a very wrong notion of true glory, to imagine that the way for me to acquire it is to resemble the Barbarians." The observation of the Catholic historian may have been as sincere and disin- terested, as it is just and generous j it is difficult however to foreet, that they were Huguenots, whose Massacre Gourgues revenged ; and that P. DeCharlevoix was " de la Compagnic de Jesus" [a .Tesuit,] one of whose avowed tenets is. That faith is not to be kept with heretics. 2 " Considering he had not inen inough to keepe his fortes which he had wonne, much less to store them, fearingalsolest the Spaniard which hath dominions neerc adjoining should renew his forces, or the Savages shouM prevail a°;ainst the French men, unlesse his Majestie would send thither, he resolved to raze them. And indeede, after he had a'-sembled, and in the ende perswaded all the Savage kings so to doe, they caused their subjects to runne thither with such affection, that they overthrew all the three Forts flatte even with the ground in one day." ' Ilakluyt, iii. 359, S6o. Du Pratz [Hist. Louisiane, i. 4.] says, that Gourgues established a new post before his return to France; hut that tlie disorders in that king- dom did not permit its sup|)ort. Tiie account in [Jakliiyt, on which I rely, makes no mention of it. " Finding his sliips set in order, and every thing ready to set sayle, hce counselled the kings to continue in the aniiiie and ancient league which they had made with the king of France, which would (j, ±,- '<* SIWP PPM 1572.] AMERICA5T ANNALS. 87 return ; and on the third of May embarked for France <• His sovereien not avowing the enterprize, his countrytoen now bade Florida a final ameu '. If the settlement of Ribault at Port Royal, or that of Laudonniere at the river of May, had been supported by the Parent State, long possession might have furnished a stronger claim to the country, than pnor discovery, and France might have had an empire in America, before Britian had sent a single colony into this New World. The Licenciate Castro, governor of Peru, to discover cer- tain islands in the South Sea on the Peruvian coast, sent out from Lima a fleet, which, sailing eight hundred leagues westward of the coast, found a cluster of islands in eleven degrees south latitude, to which the governor gave the name of Solomon Islands 3. 1572. Francis Drake, the celebrated English navigator, made his first voyage to South America. Entering the port of Norn- brede Dios with four pinnaces, he landed about one hundred and fifty men, seventy of whom he left in a fort, that was there ; and with the remaining eighty surprized the town, but was soon repelled by the Spaniards. He next sailed into Da- rien harbour, where he landed, and intercepted two companies of mules, laden with gold and silver, on the way from Pana- would defend them against all nations; which they all promised, shedding teares because of his departure, Oiacatar^ csnecially; for apNeasing of -whom he promised them to returne within twelve moons, (so Uiey count the yeeres) and that his king would send them an army, and store of knives for presents, and all other things necessary." 1 Hakluyt, iii. S.5ft— S6o; and Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. O'V— 106 ; where there are entire accounts of this voyage. Mezeray, Hist. France, 701. Chalmers, i. 513. Purchas, v. iCoi, l6o.5. Uoiv. Hist. xl. 413— 417. Anderson, ii. 1^7. He arrived at Kochel 6 June, with the loss but of a small pinnace and 8 men in it, with a few gentlemen nnd others, who were slain in assaulting the fbrti. Hakluyt. When Gourgues went to Pa" ris to present himself to the king, to inform him of the success of his voy- age, and to offer Iiim '* his'life and all his goods" toward subduing this whole country to his obedience, he met with an ill reception, and was constrained to hide himself a long time in the court of Roan, " about the year 1570." He died in irjHi, "to the great grief of such as knew him." Hakluyt, iii. S6o. Purchas, v. 1605. S Chalmers, i.5l3. S Hakluyt,' iii. 467. Purchas, v. 1447. Tin's name was given, that the Spaniards, supposing them to be those islands^ from which Solomon fetch* eu gold to adorn the temple at Jerusalem, might be the more desirous to go and inhabit them. ibid. ?i-: ■f^^^ U mmm G 4 m» ■'!'■■ ,(. I "MS AMERICAN ANNALS. [157(5. ma to Nombre de Dios ; took off the gold ; and soon after re- einbarked ». The king of Spain gave the islands of Bermudas to one of his subjects: but the Spaniards never took possession of them 2. 1575. John Oxenham, an Englishman, hearing what spoil captain Drake had brought from South America, made a voyage, ac- companied by seventy persons, in a ship of one hundred and twenty tons. Landing his men at Darien, where he hauled his ship to the shore, and covered it with boughs of trees, he travelled twelve leagues into the main land, and built a pin- nace on a river, by which he passed into the South Sea. Af- ter taking some Spanish prizes, he and his company were made prisoners by the Spaniards, and- ejcecuted i. 1576. ..,4 All attempts to find a North East passage to India having been unsuccessful, queen Elizabeth sent out Martin Frobisher .with three small ships, for the discovery of a North West passage. Arriving at the northerly coast of America he dis- covered a cape, which he called Elizabeth's Foreland ; and the Strait, which still bears his name. This strait being impassa- ble, on account of fixed ice, he entered a bay in north lati- tude sixty-three degrees ; sailed sixty leagues ; landed, and 1 Ilakluyt, iii. 52r>, .52(i, 778. 77!>- Tie took away the gold only, " for tliey were not able to carrie the silver through the mouatainej." Ibid. I'wo days after this spoliation, he came to the house of Crosses, and burnt above ^((O.noo duoats in merchandize. I'urchas, v. 1 180. 2 Univ. Hist. xli. .'JSO- 3 Hakhiyt, iii. .V26— 598; 779—781. The Justice asked the English captain, Whether he had the Queen's licence, or the licence of any Prince or Lord. lie answered. That he had none, but that iie came of his own ))roper motion. On this acknowledgement, the captain and hiscompany were condemned, and were all put to death at Panama, excepting the Taptain, the Master, and the Pilot, atui live boys, who were carried to Lima, and there the three men were executed, but the boys weie spared. Ibid, and Purchas, v. 1180, • llii. took iJ *- n*.l«(:»li relinquish the design. Leaving that inhospitable region, their fleet was sep:\rated by a furious storm on the verjr night after their embarkation ; but every ship at length arrived in England. Forty persons died on the voyage 3. Francis Drake, on an enterpriztng voyage 4, having gone through the Straits bf Magellan, rifled the tovm of Si. Jago m 1 " For which it was then, and had been of old, a cmtom to male - them some sort of acn;fio\vledgcmcnt as admirals ; kucIi as, a boat load of salt for guarding thent from pirates, and other violent intruders, who often drive them from a good harbour." Anderson, ii. 1 44. See Hakl. iii. 139. 2 Anderson, ii. 144, from llakluvt But he errs in sayinp;, the English had but 15 sail in the fishery. A. Parkhurst, from w]ioro Anderson's ac- count is derived, says, the English " since my »«V^<.*^**^ "'■'•'»»:-. . i^^Tsrn; .■flSHCR^- 1578.] AMERICAN AVNALS. Ql in Chili *, and other places on the western coaitt of SontU America. ^ In some ofthe harbours of this coast, he seized ou ships, which iiad not a single person on board, so unsuspici- ous were the Spaniards of an enemy there. Having at length taken an immensely rich prize, and all his treasure being cm- barked in one vessel ; to avoid the danger of being intercepted by the Spaniards in an attempt to return bv the IVIagellannic Straits, he determined to sail to the Moluccas, and return home by the Cape of Good Hope. Sailing 6rst to the north to obtain a good wind, he discovered a harbour, which his call- ed prake's Port. He also took possession ofthe circumja- cent country, between thirty-eight and forty-two degrees nortjj latitude, and called it New Albion a. " This possession wa^s taken with the best right in the world, the principal king for- mally investing him with his principality 3." > Queen •.'J at least of that glorious carkasse, yet remayncat Deptford consecrated to Fame and Posteritie." At a feast on board this sbii) queen Elizabetii knighted •< this noble mariner," after his ariival in England. Idem, ibid. Tlie first circumnavigation of the cat tb was made by the shij) of Magellan nearly (to yeai-s before. See A. D. l6'^o, p. Mi. After Magellan eutered the Pacific Ocean, he sailed northwesterly Jal object oif the v«iyage. Queen Eli/abetli however, on the com- plaint of the Spanish ambassador, caused this spoil, or at leas^a great part of it, to be sei(ue8tcredfor tbeuse of thekingof .S|)ain ; but, at the same time, asserted the absolute freedom sons from attempting to settle wlthm two hundred leagues of anyplace, which Sir Humphrey Gilbert, or his associates, shoul'd have occupied during the space of six years. This is the tirst charter for a colony, granted by the crown of fin- gland I. if'-g. Mr. Cotton, a merchant of South Hampton in England, employed captain Whitburn in a ship of three hundred tons, to nsh fur cods on the great bank at Newfoundland ; but the excess of cold obliged him to put into Trinity harbour, at that Island, where, by fish and other commodities, he cleared the expence of the voyage ». 1580. New Mexico, between twenty-eight and twenty-nine de- grees north latitude, was dicovered by AugustinRuys, a Spa- nish Franciscan missionary 3. IMajesties bands, to!»ethfr with her hii;l)ncsse picture and armes, inapierc of si\e pence of current Kn^liKh money under the plate, whereunder was also written the name ofourCJenerall." llakUiyt, «/ *«/>/•«. 1 Ilakluyt, i. 077— 079; iii- IS*)— 137; Hazard, Collect, i. 24--SH ; Brit. Emp. Jntrtui. p. viii — xiv; where this patent is inserted enth-e. Smith, Virginia, p. 4. Beiknap, Biojr. i. 108. Forster, Voy. «8}). Blog. Britann. .4 r/. Gilbert Hohertson, hook ix. p.SO. Anderson, 11. 167. 9 Univ. Hist, xxxix. 248. Whitburn repeated the voyage, and was at Newfoundland when Sir Humphrey Gilbert arrived there in 1683. Ibid. 3 lincyciop. Mithodique, Geog. Art. MtxiquG (nouve-^u.) Charlevoix, Nouv. Fiance, 1. p. xxv. I'astes Chron. Charlevoix (ibid.) says, that Antoine do Kspejo, a Spaniard, in l.'>82, made discoveries to t''e north of New SiMiin, additional to those of lluys, and gave to all that^raud country the name of New Mexico. * ^ 1581. 'aa9Crg!f?''-;:-JSl*('*Bff^. ^.JllL'-CUfflWesfet! 1583.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 03 i 1581. The French trade to Canada was renewed aderan Interrupt lion of nearly fifty years >. 1582. Edward Fenton, an Englishman, with a fleet of four sail, embarked for the East Indies and China by the west ; but proceeded no farther than to the coast of Brasil, to the thirty- third degree south latitude >. 1583. Sir Humphery Gilbert, in virtue of his letters patent from queen Elizabeth, had already attempted a voyage to America, which, through various unpropitious circumstances, was frus- trated j. This worthy .knight, with his characteristic reso- 1 Hakluvt, lit. 1S7« The cause of this interruption was the outrage of Cartieraiid hiscoinnany, in carrying oH' an Indian king in 1535. [See p. 08, notes.} *< Tliis outrage aiid injiirinus dealing did put the wiiuje couMtrey people into such dblike with the French, as never since they would adinitanyconversatlonnrfamiliaritie with them, untilof late yeei'd*. the olde matter 'beginni>ii> to grow out ofminde, and being the rather drawen on by gifts of many triiling things, which w^re of great value with them, they arc within these two or thice yeeres content againe to admit atraiBqiie, which two yee:es since [i. e. 1581] was begiinne with a small harke of thirtie tunnes, 'whose returne was found so profitable, as the next yeere following by those Marclianls whomcint to have kept tlie trade se- cret unto themselves from any others of their ownc couutiey men, there was hired a shippe of four score tunnes out of the Isle of Jeiwy, h\it nut any one mariner of that place, saving a sihipboy." Hakluyt, iii. )tj7. Sec A. D. 158.S. « Hakluyt, iii. ""ir — 708, where there is an account of this voyage. .') Some writer [Biog. Uritan. if 1 rightly rciurmber] says, that Gilbert in thi^ first attempt, reached Newfoundland. [Sec Coll. Hist. Soc. ix. 54.1 E. llaies in Hakluyt [iii. 14(5.] docs not mention his arrival at any land. By his acco\mt it appears, that the dispositions of the numerous volunteers, who oftered to accompany Cilbert in that voyag'*, were so various, that dissensions arose, " and the greater number were dispersed, leaving the Cenerall with few of his assured fricnd,i 1581. ':\ 94 AMERICAN ANNALS'. [l6B9i resolution and perseverance,- now resuming the enterprize, sailed from England for Newfoundland with two ships and three barks', carrying about two hundred and sixty men >. On the discovery of land in about fif\y>one deffrces north latitude, finding nothing but bare rocks, he shaped his course to ihe southward, came in sight of Penguin island 3, and pro- ceeded to the bay of St. John. At St. John's harbour (New- foundland) he found thirty- six vessels of various nations, which refused him entrance. On his information however of his commission from .the queen of England, they submitted } and be took possession of the harbour of St. John, and twa hundred leagues every \vay around it, for the crown of En- gland. He then published three laws for the government of the territory. By the iirst, public worship was established according to the church of England; by the second, the attempting of any thing prejudical to her majestie's title was declared treason according to the laws of England ; by the third, the uttering of words to the dishonour of her majesty was to be punished with the loss of ears, and the confiscation of property 4. This formal possession, in consequence of the gagement, and his life in great danger thereby." Life of Sir Walter Ra- legii, prefixed to liis Historyof the World, p. xiii. I Oneoftliem, a bark of 200 tons, was bailt, victualled and manned by Sir W. lialei^h, who according to Oldys, set out in it to accompany liis brotlier, in the quality of vice admiral; but in two or three days(li} June; this baik, en account of a contagious sickness, which Infected the wiiole ship's company, returnt;d to Plymouth. Ilakluyt, iii. 149. a " Ara<'ng whom," saysHaies, «♦ we had of every faculty good choice, as shipwrights, masons, carpenters, smithes, and such like, requisit to such an action: also minsrall men and retinei-g. Besides, for solace of our people, and allurement of the Savages, we were provide4 of Musike iu good varietie: not omitting the least toyes, as Morris dancers, hobby h»)rssc, and Maylike conceits to deliioth in the harbour of St. John, and elsewhere: "For which grounds, the. did covenant to pay a ccrtaine rent and service unto Sir Humphrey Gilbert. hi« hcires 01 assigncs for ever, and yeerelv to maintaine possession of the same, by theimclvcs or their ussii;;ues." Ibid. discovery '-"- ^WtatewJ rf-?K--::TJ-4i[ 1588.] AMERICAN ANNALS. QB discovery by the Cabots, is considered by the English, as the foundation of the right and the title of the Crow^n of Eiigiatid to the territory of Newfoundland^ and to the fishery on its lianks. Gilbert, intending to bring the southern parts of the country within the compass of his patent, the date of which was now nearly expired, hastened his preparations to return to England. Intending however, previously to his departure, to make farther discoveries on the coast toward the south, he embarked from St. John's hairbour with his little fleet, and «ailed for the Ible of Sable by the way of Cape Breton. After spending eight days in the navigation from Cape Race toward Cape Breton S the ship Admiral was cast away on some shoals berore any discovery of land, and nearly one hundred souls perished. Of this number was Stephen Parmenius Budeius, a learned Hungarian, who had accompanied the adventurers to record their discoveries arid exploits >. Two days after tlii^ disaster, no land yet appearing, the waters being shallow, tlie coast unknown, the navigation obviously dangerous, and tho provisions scanty, it was concluded by the general and the company to return to England. Changing their course accor- dingly, they passed in sight of Cape'Race on the second of September, and on the ninth, when they had sailed more than three hundred leagues on their way home, the frigate, on board of which was Sir Humphery Gilbert, foundered in a violent storm at midnight, and all the souls on board perish- ed 3. i 1 The distance between Cape Race and Cape Breton is 87 leagues. Ilakluyt, iii. 155. 2 Uaieti. says, it was the intention of Parnienius " to record in the La- tine tongue the i^ests {exploits, fioni the l^ntin viovAgestd] and things worthy ot'ceineinbratKe, happening in this discovciie, to tlie honour of our nation, the same bi'inij artoinedwith th0^eloquent slile of tliis Orator and rare I'uet of our time." Ilakluyt, iii. \lS. Sec an account oftiiis learned lluni^arian, with a poem, wliicl> lie wrote in England inccicbiation of the projected Voyage, in the Collections of Mass. Hist. Society, ix. 49 — 15- In that account there is a small error, i'armcnius is there said to have been lost vith Gilbert; but he was lost in the ship Admiral several days litfarc. It was natural to suppose, that Gilbert was on board the Admiral ; but, on carefpt inspection, it appears that he was not. " Fhe Genciall made choise to goe in his frigate the S(/uirrel/, the '^amc bcinj nio^ convenient to discover ujwn the coast, and to search into every harbour or creeke, whicha great ship could not doe." IJakluvt, iii. )bii. 3 Hukluyt, i.679— (>99; iii- 143^1(>(i. Harris, Voy. i. 533—586, 800. Forstcr, Voy. '29'i, '^93. Hazard, CoU. i. Si Prince, Chron. LitriKi. \02. Belknap, tt'un^_. i. 37. Stith, Vir^j;. U. Uiiiv. liist xii. H^. 13iog. Britann. Art. GilBEHf. . ■ i Sir y. Ai i'^" I'. i *: (j6 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l584. Sir Adrian Gilbert obtained from queen Elizabeth a patent for the discovery of a Northwest passage to China, to remain in force five years, by the title of, The Colleagues of the Fel- lowship for the Discovery of the Northwest Passage ^ The renewal of the French trade with Canada, two years since, was so auspicious, that the French had now three ships, one of a hundred and eighty tons, one of a hundred tons, and one of eighty, employed in that trade >. . . 1584. Sir Walter Ralegh, observing that the Spaniards had only settled on the middle and southern parts of America, and that there was vast extent of territory north of the gulf of Mexico, that was yet unknown, after mature deliberation, resolved on its discovery. Having digested a plan for prosecuting the de- sign, he laid it before the queen and council, to whom It ap- peared a rational, practicable, and generous undertaking. The queen accordingly gave him a patent, granting him free li- berty to discover such remote, heathen, and barbarous lands, not actually possessed by any Christian prince, nor Inhabited by Christian people, as to him should seem good ; with pre- rogatives and jurisdictions as ample, as had been granted to his brother. Sir Humphrey Gilberts, On the reception of this patent, Ralegh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow, two experienced commanders, to explore the country, called by the Spaniards Florida. Sailing from the west of England on the twenty- seventh of April, they arrived at the West Indies on the tenth of June. Proceeding soon after to the continent, they arrived at the American coast on the fourth of July, and sailed along the shore one hundred and twentjr miles, before they could find an entrance by any river, issuing into the fiea. Coming to one at length, they entered it ; and having manned their boats, and viewed the adjoining land, they took formal possession of the country for the queen of England, delivering it over to the use of Sir Wal- ter Ralegh. This proved to be the island of Wocokon, on the 1 Halkuyt, i. 774— 776; iii. 96 — 98, whcreare entire copies of the pa- tent. Bclk'nap, Biog. i. 38. Anderson [il. 137.] says, this "scheme ended in nothing at all." 2 Ilalvlmt, iii. 187. See A. D. 1.581. S After the death of Sir H. Gilbert's tather, his mother maried Walter Ralegh, Esq. of Fardel; and by him was the mother of Sir Walter Ra- legh. An entire copy of Ralegh's patent is in Hakluvt, iii. 24a— 245; Hazard, Coll. i. S.S— 38; and Brit. Kmp. Jntrod. i. p.'xv— xix. It was ** to continue the space of six yecres, and no more." borders t treSifflWRflS-' : -:-'-«ifi' 1^84.] AMERICAN ANNALS^ Of hotdms of which they remained two days without seeing any people of the country. On the third day three of the natives came in a boat to the sidr of the island, near the English, who persuaded one of their > ^o on board their ships, where they gave him a shirt, and v&. .om toys. I'he next day there came to them several boats, in one of which was Granganimeo, a brother of the king of the country, with about forty men i; and to this princely personage, whom his attendants treated with profound rer^pect, they made presents of such things, as pleased him *, A day or two after they trafficked with the na- tives. The king's brother afterwards went on board the ships, accompanied by his wife and children. Afler this friendly in- tercourse, Barlow and seven of his men went twenty miles through Pamlico sound to Roanoke, an island near the mouth of Albemarle Sound, where they found a village, consisting of nine houses, built with cedar, and fortified with sharp trees. In the absence of Granganimeo, who lived here, they were entertained with peculiar kindness by his wife. While par- taking of the refreshment, that she prepared for them, they were so alarmed by two or three of the natives, who came in from hunting, as to be ready to take up their ahns, to repel them ; but she instantly caused some of her men to go out, and take away their bows and arrows, and break them, and beat those Indians out of the gate. This generous woman, concerned to see the English In the evening putting off from the shore, carried a supper, half dressed, and delivered it at ihe boat side, with the pots in which it was cooked. Perceiv- ii)g their continued distrust, she ordered several men, and thirty women, to sit on the bank, as a guard to them through f VJ \ r t . 1 " The maner of bis comming was in Ibis sort : bee left bis boates al- together as the first man did, a little tVoin theshippes by the shore, and came along to the place over against the ships, followed with fortie men. When he cainte to the place, bis servants spread a long matte upon the ground, on which he sate downe, and at the other ende of the matte foure (ithcrs of bis companie did the like, tlie rest of his men stood round about him somewhat a farre ot|': wlicn we came to the &horc to him with our Weapons, bee never moovcd from bis place, nor any of the other foure, nor never mistrusted any bar(ne to be dttVcd from us, but silting still he beckoned us to come and sit by him, which ve performed : and being set liee made all signer, of joy and welcome." llakluyt, iii. '247. 'i *' When we shewed him all our packet of merchandize, of all thingtr' that he sawe, a bright tinnne dish most pleaded him, which be presently looke up and clapt it bi|fore bis breast, and after made a bole in the biimme thereof nnd hung it about his necke, makiQgsigrls that it would (lefende him against his enemies arrowes. — \Ve«xcbanged our tinn^fiJsh for twentie skinnc!!, woorth twentie crowiies, or twentie nobles ; and a copper kettle for fiftic skini woorth tiftie ci cwnec." llakluyt, iii. 247. Vol. I. W the. vmmms^ R' I 96 AKttmCAN ANNALS. [\S95^, tKe night, and sent several fine matfi, to screen them from the weather. The shipis, the fire arms, the clothes, and especU sAly the complexions, of the English, excited the admiration of these tawny abori^f^ab, and produced a sort of magical in- fluence, which procureid'from them these extraordinary tokens of respect and hospitality. Aditr spending a few^ weeks in trafficking with the people, and in visiting some parts of the continent, the adventurers returned to £ngland, carrying with them two of the natives. On their arrival', diey gave such splendid descriptions of the beauty and fertility of the country, and of the mildness of the climate, that Elizabeth, delighted with the idea of occupying so fine a territory, bestowed on it the name of Virginia r, as a memorial that this happy dis- covery was made ander a virgin queen • / 1. ^4 . 1585. Sir Walter Ralegh sent out from England a fleet of seven sail, with people to form a settlement in Virginia; deputing Sir Richard Grenville to be general of the expedition, and Idr. Ralph Lane to be governor of the colony. Sailing from Plymouth on the ninth of April, they proceeded to Virginia by the way of the West Indies, and anchored at Wocokon the twenty-sixth of June. From this island Grenville went to the continent, accompanied by several gentlemen ; was absent from the fleet eight days ; and in that time discovered several Indian towus. He then sailed to Cape Hatteras, where he was visited by Granganimeo, the prince, seen by Amadas and Barlow the proceeding year 3. He next sailed to the island of Roanoke, where he remained a short time, and then em- barked for England, leaving one hundred and seven persons under the government of Mr. Lane to begin a plantation. This was the first English colony ever planted in America 4. Greji- 1 It has since been called North Carolina; and the original name is applied to the adjoining country on the north east. Prince, Chron. Inirod. 102. 2 Hakluyt, iil24(S— aril. Purchas, i. 755. Smith, Virg. 3 — t. Be- verly, 4. Stith, 9, 11.31. Prince, Chron. Introd. 102. Stow, Cliron. 1018. Brit Emt). iii. ,15. Robertson, book ix. d9> 40. Belknap, Biog. i. 138. Oldys' Life of Ralegh, 23—25. 8* Althoni^h the short Journal of this voyage in Hakluyt gives no ac- count of uhat passed between Granganimeo and Grenville, Oldys lup- poses, the settlement of the English in the country was then agreed on to rheir niiitiial satisifaction. 4 Ilakluyt, iii. 251— 255. Smith, Virg. ,5. Beverly, C, U. Stith, li. Utiiv. Hist. .\'x.\ix. 237. Prince, ChroD. Introd. 103. Kubertsou, bouk i.x. • Th tttXi; it V .# *,aP!R'iW'" '■s^aW!?!^ ' ::srmnmmmmf- Be- m. 1018. i. 138. 1A85.] AMEEICAN; ANN^ALS^ Qft Grenville, at his departure for England, sailed nortlieasterly, and discovered the coast from Roanoke to the country of the Chesepeaks, one hundred and thirty miles i. Sir Bernard Drakej a Devonshire knisht, with a squadron of English ships, was now sent to Newfoundl&nd, where he t( ok several Potuguese ships, laden with fish, oil., and furs, and carried t' eo), as good, and lawful prizes, to England 2. /' Some merchants and gentlemen of landed pioperty in En- gland, with some noblemen, belonging to the court, formed an association, and sent out two barks for discovery, under the command of John Davis, an experienced navigator. Leaving Dartmouth ii^ June, he sailed up to sixty-six degrees forty minutes north latitude, in the strait, which bears his name, and explored the western coast of Greenland, and part of the opposite coast of the continent of America, between which two coasts the strait runs. Anchoring here under a large mountain, he named it Mount Ralegh. He viewed Terra de Labrador, and the more notherly coasts ; and dis- covered Gilbert's Sound, and the straits, which he afterward called Cumberland Straits 3. ix. 42. Biog. Britann. Art. Greenville. Brit. Emp. Introd. i. 20; iii. .36. Birch, Life of Raleigh * ^jrefixed to his Works, p. xv. Oldys, p. xxviii. The names of these first colonists are in Hakluvt, ut supra; and in Hazard, Coll. i. 38, 39. This settlement of the Bngiish was begun seventeen years after the French had abandoned Florida, on the same coast, but far to the north of the settlements, tor which France and Spain bad contended. 1 Ibid. The colony, that lie left in Virginia, discovered, from 17 August, 1585, to 18 June, 1586, so far to the south, as Secotan. 80 miles distant from Itoanokc, and to the northwest so far as Chawanook, distant from Roanoke about 1.30 miles. Uakluyt, iii. 958. 2 Univ. Hist, xvxix. 248. Anderson, ii. 1 02. Forster [294.] ascribes it. lo the strength of Sjiain, Portugal, and France, that the English did not venture before to dispute with them the title to this fishery. Anderson simply considers this, as an act against a nation at open war, " Portugal being now united to Spain." Forster erroneously says Sir Francis, instead of Sir Bernard Drake. S Hakluyt, iii. 98—103, where the writer of the voyage .says, " wean- kered in a very f.iire rode under a brave mount, the clittbs whereof were as orient as golde." Harris, Voy. i. 579, 589 Purchas, i. 741. Forster, Voy. 2g3_30i. Prince, Chron.J«/roff his wwn hand." ^ M H2 1566. 1 w lo 100 AMERICAN ANNALS. fl58C« ni ■/ f 'l ! i i!l' M 1586. Queen Elizabeth, no\7 at war with Spain, was advised to at- tack her settlements in America, and to surprize the Spanish fileons. In prosecution of this scheme, private adventurers in ngland fitted out a fleet of twenty sail, with iwo thousand three hundrsd soldiers and mariners, under the command of Sir Francis Drake i. This distinguished naval commander, on his arrival at the West Indies, captured and pillaged the city of St. Domingo ; and, sailing over to the continent, took the city of Carthagena, and obliged the inhabitants to ransom it. Leav- ing Carthagena, and sailing by the coast of Florida, he sacked St. John's fort, near St. Augustine. He next sailed for Vir- ginia, to visit the English colony, recently planted there, and arrived ofF the coast on the ninth of June. Discovering a dis- tant fire, he sent his skifF ashore with some of his men, who found several of their' countrymen of that colony, and took them on board their ships, oy their direction, the fleet pro- ceeded the next day to the place, which the English colonists made their port ; but some the ships, being of too great draught to enter, anchored about two miles from the shore * From this place Drake, who had been told, that the colony was in distress for want uf provision, wrote a letter to gover- nor Lane, then at his fort at Roanoke, about six leagues dis- tant, making him an offer of supplies. The next day Mr. Lane and some of his company going on board the fleet, Drake made two proposals : either to leave them a ship, a pin- nace, and several boats, with sufficient masters and mariners, furnished with a month's provisions, to stay and make farther discovery of the country and coasts, and so much additional provision, as would be sufficient to carry them all into England ; or, to give them a passage home in his fleet 3. The first pro- posal was gratefully accepted, A ship was accordingly selected Fjy Drake, and delivered to the colonists; but before the pro- visions were entirely received on board, there arose a great storm , that continued three days, and endangered the whole fleet, Mai'.y cables were broken, and many anchors lost ; and some of the ships, of which number was that, destined for the use of the colonists, were compelled to put to sea. Drake now generously making the colony an ofler of another ship 1 The ilect sailed I'i September, 15S.">; stopped at the islands of Cape de Veril ; and arri\edat Ilispaniola 1 January, l.'>8(>. ilakluyt. IVincc. ■i " N\ ithont the harbour in a wilde roade at sea." Ilakluyt. ^'' TJbe whole cwlony now consisted of 103 persons. Ibid. with >«iMigr^.-->-^i if i i ! '. i i«' jii..:ttijw wi aiij neral massacre of the colonists. This however was frustrated bythe vigilanceof theEnglish governor, whocontrived a coun- terplot ; in execution of which Pemisapan was slain on the first of June, ten days only before the arrival of Sir Francis Drake. The fears of the colonists appear now to have sub- sided. But the hope of finding a rich mine in the interior part of the country, which they had already made one attempt to ■ discover, seems to have greatly influenced their wishes to con- tinue longer in Virginia 2. Little did they know the true sour- ces of wealth. Little did they imagine, that a de.spicahle plant would, at a future period, enrich the inhabitaiits of this 1 Hakluyt, iii. aC3, 264, 528, SSI— 548, 781. Purclias, i. 755, 757- Beverly* 9. Stitb, 47. Prince, Chron. ///^;W. 103. Univ. Hist, xxxix. 127. Brit. Emp. Introd. i. iJ I . Of the discoveries of this colony, during its year's residence in Virginia, \se miglit perhaps have had accurau~ ^c- counts, but for the loss of its papers. The narrator in Hakluyt [iii. 3. The mine is said to be " notorious" among the Indians, and to lie up the river of Maratoc. The narrator in Hakluyt calls it " a niarveillnus and most strange niinerall;" and adds, " there want- ed no great good will from the most to the least amongst us, to have per- fitted this discoverie of the Aline : for that the discoverie of a good Mine by the goodnesse of God, or a passage to the South Sea, or some way to it, and nothing else can bring this Countrey in request to be inhabited by our nation. H3 very it ! 'la i:: '-•'>»■«(*« ( i ii i 1e inhabited, unless it were found to contain latent treasures of the precious metals. Had the Virginian adventurers remained but a little time longer at their plantation, they would have received supplies from home ; for immediately after their departure, a ship, sent by Sir Waller Ralegh to their r^Jief, arrived at Hatteras, and made diligent search for them ; bat, not finding them, returned to England. Within fourteen or fifteen days after this ship had left the coast, Sir Richard Grrnville arrived at Virginia with three ships with provisions ; but searched in vain for the colony, that he had planted. Unwilling to lose possession of the country, so long holden by Englishmen, he left fifteen Of his crew to keep possession of the island of Roanoke, and re- turned to England '. Tobacco was now carried into England by Mr. Lane ; and Sir Walter Ralegh, a man of g liety and ifashion, adopting the Indian usage of smoking it, and by bis interest and exam- ple introducing it at court, the pipe soon became fashionables. 1*87. 1 Hakluyt.iii. SfiS. Purchas, I. 755. Smith, Vug. 13. Beverly, II. Belknap, Biog. i. 9l6, 217. Robertson, book ix. 46. Sir R. Grenvillc was mortally wounded five jears aftei ward HiOi) in an engagement with a Spanish fleet, and died on boaiil the adniirai's ship, vrhere he was a pri- soner, " highly admired by the veiy enemy lor his extraordinary courage and resolutioni" Stith, yO 2 Mr. Thomas Hariot, a man of science and observation, who was with Lane in Virginia, after describing the tobacco plant, says, " the Indians use to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it throush pipes made of clay. We ourselves, during the time we were there, used tosuckeitafttr their manner, as also since our return. ' Camden [Eliz. 324.] says, that these colonists were the first that he knows of, who brought tobacco into England ; and adds: " Certainly from that time forward it began to grow into great request, and to be sold at an high rate." Oldys [LifeRal.p.3l.] says, the colonists under Lane carried over tobacco " doubtless according to the instructions they had received of their proprietor; for the introduc- tion among us of that commodity is generally ascribed to Ralegh himselfV I do not call this the Introduction of tobacco into England}, because in Stow's Chronicle, [p. 1038.] it is asserted, that Sir John Hawkins carried it thither first in the year 1576. Bui it was then considered as a mere drug, and that Chronicle tells us, " all men wondered what it iriCant." I'he description of the use of tobacco in Florida in Hawkins' vcyagc of 1565 [Hakluyt, i. 541.] confirms theacccount of its introduction into En- gland that year : " The Floridans wlien they travele have a kinde of herbe dryed, which with a cane, and an earthern cup in the end, with fire, and the dried hei-bs put togeth«?r, do sucke thorow the cane the smoke thereof, , which smoke satisfieth their hunger." After this particular notice of to- bacco in Florida, Hawkins probauly carried a specimen of it to England, at a curiosity. This singular plant appears to have bsen used by the na- tives ^ * 1687.J AMERICAN ANNALS. 10« sent 1687. Sir Walter Ralegh, intent on planting the territory within his patent, equipped thi'ee vessels^ and sent another company of one hundred and fifty adventurers to Virg,inia. He incor- porated them by the name of, the Borough of Ralegh in Vir* gtnvav and constituted John White governor, in whom, with a council of twelve persons, the legislative power was "ested s and they were directed to plant at the Bay of Chesepeak, and to erect a fort there. Arnvine at Hatteras on the twenty- se- cond of July, the governor with forty of his be«t men went on board the pinnace, intending to pass up to Roanoke, in the hope of finding the Englishmen, whom Sir Richard Grenville had Iftft there the year before ; and, after a conference with them concerning the stale of the country and of the Indians, to return to the Aeet, and proceed along the coast to the Bay of Chesepeak, according to the orders of Ralegh. But, no sooner had the pinnace left the ship, than a gentleman, in- structed by'Fernando, theprincipal naval commander, who was destined to return soon to England, called to the sailors on ■board the pinnace, and charged them not to bring back any of the planters, excepting the governor and two or. three o- thers, whom he approved, but to leave them in the island'; for the summer, he observed, was far spent, and therefore he would land all the planters is no other place. The sailors on board the pinnace, as well as those on hoard the ship, having lives in all parts of America. In the account of Cartier's voyage in lASj, we find it used in Canada. '* There groweth a certainc V\\\A of Jicibe, whereof in Sotnmer they make great pio>ision for all the yeere, making Sreat account of it, and onely men use of it, and tirrt they' cause it to- be ried in the sunne, then weare it ahout their neckcs wrapped in a little beaittes skinne made Uke a little bagge, with a hollow ncece of btone or wood like a pipe: then when they please they make pouder ofit» and then put it io one uf the end-s of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a cciie of fire upon it, at the other cude suckeso long, that they All their boviies full of Bfuoke, till that it commeth out oftheirmoutlv and nostrils, even as out of the tonnell ofachiuincy." Hakluyt, iii. 2'i4. It was used copiously in Mexico, where the natives took it, not only in smoke at the mouth, but also in snuff at the nose. " In crxler to smoke it, they put tlic leaves with the gum of liquid anther, and other hot and odorous herbs, into a little pipe of w{)od or reed, m some othci more valuable substance. Tlicy received the smoke by hucking the pipe and shutting the nostrils with their fingers, so tliat it might pass by the breath the more easily towards thekngs." It was such a luxury, that the lords of Mexico were accustunied^to compose themselves to vlcep with it. Clavigero, i. 439. [See p. 48, note %, of these Annals.] Clavigero says, " Toiacco is a name takeu from the Haitiiie lan< fuage." H 4 been s\ ^1 i it M 1 !,') nt ii ■ - L \l »{'!.^ I.r'! it II 104 AMERICAN ANNALS. [l587 been persuaded by the ma:<«ter to this measftre, the governor, judging it best not to contend with them, proceeded to Roan- oke. At sunset he landed with his men at that place in the island, where the fifteen men were left ; but discovered no signs of them, excepting the bones of one man, who had been slain by the savages, l^he next day the governor and several of bis company vveut to the north end of the island, where governor Lane had erected his fort, and his men had bnilt se- veral decent dwelling houses, the preceding year; hoping to find here some signs, if not the certain knowledge of the fif- teen men. But, oncoming to the place, and finding the fort rased, and all the houses, though standing unhurt, over-grown with weeds and vines, and deers feeding within them ; thej returned, in despair of ever seeing their looked for country- men alive I. Orders were given the same day for the repair of the houses, and for the erection of new cottages. All the colony, consisting of one hundred and seventeen persons, soon after landed, and commenced a second plantation. On the thirteenth of August, Manteo, a friendly Indian, who had been to England, was baptized in Roanoke, according to a previous order of Sir Walter Ralegh ; and, in reward of his faithful service to the English, was called lord of Roanoke, and of Desamonguepeuk. On the eighteenth ^rs. Dare, « daughter of the governor, and wife of Ananias Dare (one of the Assistants), was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke, who was baptized the next Lord's day b^ the name of Virginia; because she was the first English child born in the country. On the twenty-seventh of August, at the urgent solicitation of the whole colony, the governor sailed for England to pso- cure supplies ; but. of his countrymen, whom he left behind, ever afterward known >. Thus terminated the nothing was exer- ] About a vreek afterward some of the English people going to Croatan >vere told by the Indians, that the \b KngiishnicDi left by Grenville, were suprised by 30 Indians, vrho, having treacherously slain one of them, compelled the rest to repair to the house, containing their pn>vision8 and weapons, which the Indians instantly set on fire; that the English, leay> ing the house, skirmished with them above an hour ; that in this skirmish* another of their number was shot into the mouth with an arrow, and died ; that they retired fighting to the water side, where Uy their boat, inrith which they fled toward Ilatteras ; that they landed on a little island on the right hand of the entrance into the harbour of Hatteras, where they remained awhile, and afterward departed, whither they knew not. Hak«\w», iii. 283, 984. ' ^ ilakluyt, iii. .280 — 287* where there is an entire account cf this voyage, with the names of all the 11 7 settlers; of whom 01 were men, 17 'woinien, and 9 children. The two natives (Manteo and Towaye), who went 1587.] AMERICAN ANNALS. 105 exertions of Ralegh, for colonizing Virginia, which proved unsuccessful, says Chalmers, *' because the enterprlze had been undertaken without sufficient information, because the project was new, iind the means employed were not equal to iheend'." John Davis, having sailed the last year to Labrador a, now Diade a third and very iiiiportant voyage. Sailing from Dart- mouth with three vessels 3, one only of which was destined for discovery, the other two for fishin";, he proceeded again to that northern regipn; ;tnd on the thirtieth of June was in se- venty-two degrees and twelye ipinutes north latitude, where the sun was nve degrees above the horizon at midnight, and the needle varied twenty-eight degrees toward the west. The whole of that coast he called London Coast. Sailing sixty leagues up Cumberland Straits, he discovered a cluster of is- lands, which he called Ciunberland Islands. Having, on his passage back from the northern seas, discovered and named Lumiey's Inlet he returned in September to England 4. The Spanish fleet, and the untimely death of secretary Wal sing- ham, hindered the prosecution of these discoveries s went to England with Amadas and Rarlow in 1584, returned with this colony to Virginia. Sec Smith, Virg. 13, 1-i. Beverly, i:), \5. Stith, 47—60. Purchas, i. 7.W- Prince, Cliron. Iittrod. io3. Belknap, Biog. i. .10. Stow, Chron. 1018. Brit Emp. iii. 38. Harris, Voy. i. 815. Ha&j. 40, 41. 1 Political Annals, i. 515. 2 This voyage, like the other, was for the discovery of a Northwest passage ; but Davis proceeded no farther than to (ki deg. 'io min. north lat i'or an account of this second voyage, see ilakluyt, iii. 103 — 1 1 1. Uarris, Voy. 580—589. Forster, Voy. 302—308. Purchas, i. 741. Univ. flist. xU. 86, 101. Camden, Eliz. 3i4, 3'^.). Belknap, Biog. i. 38. I'orster con* sidered this second voyage of Davis highly important; but " the great fault of it is, that in consequence of his not having named the countries he law, it is very unintelligible." 3 " Two Barkes and a Clincher." Hakluyt. 4 Hakluyt, iii. 111.— 118. Foi-stcr, V^.y. .S08— 310. Purchas, i. 74'2. Univ. Hist xli. 101. Brit Euip. i. '2. Forster says, that Davig went farther to the north than any of his predecessors; and tliat, if tlie ice had not prevented him, he would certainly then hav*; made tlicdis- covery which was afterward happily eitected ui I61O, by Hafliu. 5 Purchas, i. 74'2, where " Master Secretary Walsingliaai" is style4 ** The epitome and suiuniaric of human vvorthinesse." i/ I V 1 6SS« '^1 loG AMERICAN ANNALS. ijW! \ i» ..!• .[l«88. 1588. The cUy of Nombre de T)io» was about this time removed to Porto Bello, by order of Philip 11. of Spain «. Thomas Cavendish, an Englishman, completed the circum- navipuion of the earth. On this voyage he passed through the Straits of Ma<;ellan ; and pillaged, and burned several of the Spanish •settlements in Chili, Peru, and New Spain >. This was the second English voyage round the world. These war- like circumnavigations were from this time discontinued by the English naiion until the reign of queen Anne 3. Governor White, though detained in England, so importu- nately solicited Ralegh and Grcnville for the relief of the Vir- 1 Some historians place this event in I,'>«4. See Univ. Hiit. xxxix. I'lO. Ulloa'f Vuvai;e to South America, i. 86. But, at it clearly appears from I laklu>^t, iii* M3, that the measure >was onl v recommenaed to the king of Spain iu 1A87 by his surveyor Baptista Antonio, I presume its accomniishmcnt cannot have been earlier than the succeeding vear. " If it would please your majestic, it were cood that the citie of Nombre de Dins inii;i)t he brought and builded in this harbour [Porto Hello]." Nom- bre dc uios (built in 1A86, and effected in two years and two months. Two of his ships were lost in the vovage. Ibid. .1 Anderson, ii. Ifi4; who fhere says " neither this nur Drake's circum- navigations were intended for making any useful settlements in those re- ino»» narts for the benefit of our commerce, as most certainly they might eask.^ have done^ but their principal aim was privateering against and pillagini; the Spaniards, tci^ctlicr with some transient commerce." t='^'V. « » giniaii 16Q0.II AMERICAN ANNALS. 107 ginian colony, as to obtain two small pinnaces, in which fif- teen planters with sqitahlf supplier) of provision sailed fur Vir* ginia. More intent however on a protitable voyage, than on the reli'^''of the colony, they went in chare of prizes; until at lengui two men of war from Rochelle, falliiiL, in with them, disabled and rifled them, and obliged theiii to put back for £n« gland i. 1589. Sir Walter Ralegh, having expended fory thousand pounds in attempting the colonization of V^irginia, without realizing the expected gain, maile an assignmentof his patent to Thomai* Smith, and other merchants and adventurers, with a donation of one hundred pounds for the propagation of the Christiau religion among the natives, and for the general benefit of lU« Virginian colony >. 1 590. ^^ ' The English nation, at the juncture of governor White's arrival in Lngland, being still at war with Spain, and appre- hending an invasion by the Invincible Armada, the gover- nor, who was one of the queen's council of war, was obliged to remain there until the spring of this year. Finding hnn- self at liberty to return to his colony, he sailed from Plymouth with three ships, and, having passed through the West Indies in the quest of Spanish prizes, arrived on the fifteenth of Au- gust at Hatteras. In attempting to ^o on shore on the seven- teenth, one of boats was overset, ana seven men were drown- ed. This disaster discouraged the sailors to such a degree, that they all seemed resolved to abandon the research ; but, by the persuasion and authority of the governor and one of their captains, they resumed it. The governor accordingly, taking with him nmeteenmen in two boats, went toward the place where he had left the English colony, and found on a tree at the top of the bank, CKO : "arved in fair Roman let- 1 OIf1ys,Lifc Ral. p. 41. Naval Ilist.G. Brit. i.'24(). Belk. Biog. i. 219. •2 Hakliiyt. i. Sl,^— SI7 ; lla/.ard. Coll. i. 4'2.')i where are entire copies of tliis .issignnient. Biich, f.iffltai. p. 'il. Siith, J."). Belknap, Bioir. i. v*