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N„. 58 KEADE ST., 1,EW VOBK. \ ir H t m O Katered, Moordtng to Act of Congress, In the yew 1809, by J. N. STEARNS, Is ttm Qlerk'i Office of the District Conrt of the United Statci for the Eaateni District of New York. f^ ffl •o ^ ( \i I- t ro PREFACE. -»o*- Thdj Text-Book was originally designed for the use of yoang pooplo between the ages of fourteen and twenty, as a means of tcnching them the great facts and principles which lay beneath the Temperance JReforraation. It was desirable, therefore, that very simple language shoald be nsed. A glance at the Table of Contents will show how comprehensive is the argument, and that it is adapted to meet the actual wants of our age, and the special hludrances of our time, rather than to give a dry cyclopaedic summary of all the facts and details of the subject. Within the limits of a small volume, this, indeed, was found to be impossible ; and we therefore accepted the alternative of a thorough and original exposition. As we proceeded, however, we found that, without the sacrifice of scientific accuracy and the re- jection ot the very words of high medical authorities In the sections bearing upon Chemistry and Physiology, we must occasionally use learned terms. The Questions prepared for each part, carefblly read and pondered by the pupil himself, — or, what is better, put by a teacher, who will examine his pupil upon them, — will enable every youth of ordinary ca- pacity and education to understand the matter qaite weU. /I M a? <0 CONTENTS. I. Pa«i Sk8. 1~-9. The Morals of Temperanoo; or, TomporuweM a Virtoe, ft II. SiCB. — 50. Tho Cbemloal Uiatory of Alooholi • • • \ 10 I Secb. 51— 72. III. Tho Diototica of Tomporanco, • • • 64 Bics. 73—84. IV, Tho Pathology of Intomporanoe, V. • • 88 Saos. 85—94. Tho Medical Use of Alcohol, . • • . 108 VI. Sees. 95-102. Temperanoo in Relation to the Bible, . • 115 VII. Bicg. 103— 125. The Historical Question: as to tho Evil, . • 180 VIII. Bacs. 126—166. The National Question: and the Il«"jedy, . 170 IX. Bics. 167—193. Tho Philosophy of the Cure, . , , X. Summary of tho Argument, . • • 809 •J' TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. I. 1. "It is an ancient artifice of fraud," says Dean Soutli, " to prepossess the mind by representing bad tilings under a good name." Hence tlie need of revising our definitions and verifying tliem by comparison witli facts. — Temperance is a word in everybody's mouth; yet what particular actions it commands, or forbids, and why, are points generally unsettled. This is rather owing to the fact that people are not taught to think in a precise method, than to anything hard or obscure in the nature of the subject itself. A very simple process of reasoning will bring every honest and candid mind to the true use of words upon this matter. All persons are agreed that Temperance is at least a moral virtue, and consequently concerns a course of life dictated by the intellectual and moral powers. It is the governing of passion and appetite ; therefore, it can never be the mere gratification of them. What virtue is there in doing what one merely likes to do, and what is pleasant or natural to do? Animal instincts and fleshly appetites cannot rise to the dignity of virtues ; 1. What does Dean South remark in regard to falsehood putting on the livery of virtue ? Why are people's notions so unsettled on the subject of Temperance ? What is Temperance, — an appetite or a virtue ? ^Vhat i» m TEXT-DOOK OP TEMPRHANCE. « ■# for virtue is only and always moral stronj^'th shown in restraining the lawer nature and its blind iniimlsoH. A boy, for example, who sucks his barley sugar, is no more virtuous or temperate than a dog that gnaws his bono ; but a child that, at the request of its parent or superior, cheerftilly gives up some sweets that have been given him, because he is told and believes that they arc injurious, really displays a virtuous and temperate dis- position. In other words, the mind rules, and not the appetite. Hence, Temperance, the virtue, always begins with self-denial, and is not possible without it. But the temperate action or state may exist where there is no self-denial. A person may be so well-instructed, and so obedient and faithftil to the best instincts of nature, as to have no unruly desire seeking to transgress the higher law ; and the state or practice of such individual will be " temperate " because it expresses obedience to Divine law ; that is, manifests a just relation between animal desire and the moral will. The one is servile, the other magisterial. Thus, while the motive will be a criterion as to the true character of a man, it is " the fitness of things " which must bo the solo test of the rightness of the action. 2. How is this ^^ fitness "to be ascertained? Just as all other truth is to be known, — by seeking for it, — through the use of our perceptive and rational powers. He who seeks will find, provided he searches in the love of ■- " ■■'■ '■ IM L M— I^M^— !■! ■■■ !■■■ W ll !■■■ ^^—11 M— — ^— M.^l III 11. ■■ I ■ ■ III N il || ^| | M ..^ .1 . 1 I III ■■ I iMll M I ■ ■■ M . I 1^ the meaning of virtue t Is it virtuous to do what one likei 1 Where does Temperance begin 9 What is implied in the «tofe of Temperance t Iloware the Desires and the Will related ? What is the sole test of the rightness of actions t 2. How la the fitness of things to be known 9 What are such relationa called? *» «^ K-*' TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. *» ti «^ &«' truth ns the tranifcstatlon of tho Divine will, and oh- X 8crvc8 the known conditions of sound reaHouing. Just UH a nmn may, by carelessness and inattention, add up a column of figures wrongly, so by carelessness ho may violate the laws of sound thinking, and form an *^ opin* ion," instead of reaching a conclusion ; but tho faulf rests with tho man and not with the relations fixed by God, that show forth his wisdom and power. The re lations of fitness arc tho laws which man has to obey,—' tho rules of his life, knowablo by reason through expo riencc. 3. Tho practical conclusion from this examination is, that while Temperance, tho virtue, is always a state of mind opposed to sensual gratification, and therefore founded upon tho recognition of tho higher law, ^ Temperance, tho right action, is obedience to the intel- lectual perception of those relations of fitness among things, which we call tho adaptation of right means to X good ends. lie, consequently, who drinks or smokes merely because he ^4ikes" it, or because it is pleasant or fashionable, acts upon a motive beneath morality, and therefore below Temperance; and ho who drinks or smokes, without any perception or proof of the useful- ness of drinking or smoking, acts upon an impulse that contains no clement of intellectual law or truth. What is neither good in motive^ sound in sense, • nor useful in result, can have no title to the sacred nama of Temper- ance. We add the definitions of Temperance given by several great and philosophical writers, some of them separated by centuries of time from each other. 3. state the conclusions deducible from this line of remark. What art the three esHcntial elements which must be united in Tempcnmce V 6 TRX'l-nOOK OF TKMPF.RANOR. 4. Sooratcs [B. C. 450] Hays, — ♦• IIo who kti<)W8 what Is ffood ftiul choo«o« It, who knowi what is bod aud uvuidH It, in Icuruud uuu tuuipcratc." Arlstotlo, the most scientific mind of antiquity, says,— •• Tcmpcrttnco Is a moan stato on tho subject of pleasures, — bodily plt'UMurcs, — ttud not nil even of'thcHo In tho natural dcslrcH few orr, nnd only on ono hUIo, — that of exceM, the object of our natural desire heintj the iiatisfaction of our watUs. But In tho case of peculiar [or urtUlclul] plonHurcs, many peoplu err, and fre(iuently ; for people who arc called * lovers ' of hucIi pleasures are ho called, cither from being pleased with improp' er objects, or in an Improper dej^reo or manner, or at an Im- proper time. A man Is called Intemperate for feclluff moro pain than lie ought, at not obtaining pleasant things i^as wlue] ; but tho temperato man Is called ho fr'>ik) not feeling pain at tlio absence of, or the ahstaininri ftom, pleasure. Now tho intemp- erate man desires all things pleasant, nnd is led by his inera desire to choose these things. But tho temperate man Is in tho mn^n on those matters, for ho is not pleased, but rather annoyed, at tho principal pleasures of tho intemporato man; nor is hu pleased wlt'.i any improper objects, or pained at their nbHonce; nor does lio feel desire wiien lie ought not, or in any case improperly. But ho feels moderate aud proper desire for all ihose pleasant things which conduce to health." 5. Tho philosopher Ilobbes [A, D. 1640] defines — " Temperancfe, the habit by which wo abstain ftom all things that tend to our destruction ; Intemperance, tho contrary vico ; as for the common opinion, that virtue consisteth in mediocrity, nnd vice in extremes, I see no ground for it. Courage may bo 4. What Is the moralist Socrates' definition ? How does Aristotle, in Us ^hics, respectively deflue tlie temperate aud tho intemperate man? 0. Give the deflnitiou of Ilobbes, the philosopher of Malniesbory. TKXT-m)OIC OF TKMrKKANCi:. vlitiif wIh'IJ tlio (Inrln^ l** rrti'tmc, if Ow raimfi fm ffood, and et» tn >nr fi'ur no vlco wlioii tin; Uiii);{c>r Is cxtrtMiio. To jflvo u man iiiorv then hin dm: h no InJUHtloc, tliou);li IL !>(> to f^ivo lilni h'nn. Ill n\(tH, It Is not tliu nnm ilitit inukcth llbcrullty, but thu reason; and Hu iu ull utUor virtuun uuU vlceti." 0. ** Most iieoplo," nays David Ilunto, *♦ will naturally auent to tho dcllnltloii of tho elegant and Judicious l)OCt, — ■ •' ' Virtue (for mer<; good-niiturc Is a fool) Ih aensc auil tipirU, with huinuulty.' AllMMTUONU. **Tho prudence explained in Cicero's Offiies is that sagacity winch leads to the discovery of Truth, and pre- serves us fiom error and mistake. ** To sustain and to abstain, that is, to bo patient and continent, appearod to some of tho ancients a summary comprehension oi .J I morals. ** With the Stoics, as with Solomon and tho Eastern moralists, folly and wisdom are equivalent to vice and virtue." ** Men will praise thee," says David, ** when thou doest wr^//wn^o thyself, ** (Ph. xllx.) *'I hate a wise man," says a Greek proverb, *' who is not ivisa unto himself.'* 7. Thomas DcQulnccy, tho acute critic, gives an ad- mirable definition from tho physiological stand-point, namely, " Temperance is adaptation to the organism ; " while tho late Dr. Samuel Brown, of Edinburgh, has a 0. Give the hiijtorian iiml philosopher IIuino'8 deflnition. Wl>at does ho quote from (Jiccro 7 Did tho Ancients exclude abstiniuice from their con« ception ol" virtue ? What rule did David and tlio (jrei'ks lay down ? 7. Wliat wan the ol)Juctivu dethiition of Mr. l)v (^ilnccy ? What the huI>' jectivo one of Dr. S. Urowu. thu chemist and reviuweril ■^11 10 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. no less luminous and comprehensive definition from the moral point of view, — , "True and i.nlvcrsal Temperance is the spirit of obedience to all the laws of man'e manifold and miraculous nature." 8. It IS a plain inference from all this that dietetic Temperance is the proper use of food, which includes as truly abstinence from bad, as the use of good things : and hence, if alcoholic liquors are bad, true Tcraperanco teaches, and demands, entire abstinence from them. II. 9. The intoxicating constituent in strong drinks that is specially objectionable on the ground of Temperance morals, is technically called Alcohol, or Spirit of Wine. It is common to ale and beer, to cider, perry, and other fermented drinks, and of course to every form of fer- mented wine, and of ardent spirit distilled from fermented liquors. It is a product of fermentation, an edtict of distillation ; in other words, it must be generated by the one process, before it can be drawn out, or extracted, by the other. To understand this fact in all its fulness, and to meet a large number of difficulties urged by the igno- rant, it will be needful to explain the general principles of chemistry, and to show how alcohol comes into being. 8. state the general conclusion ; and the proposition assumed, wliicli, being established, will render abstinence a moral duty. ». What is the intoxicating constituent of strong drinks technically called ? Is it a product, or an cduct, of distillation ? liy lohat process is it generated f TEXT-DOOK OF TESIPERANCE. 11 One fallacy, however, may be anticipated, namely, ** Fermentation is a natural law or power." This is quite true, but it by no means either destroys the distinction between " nature " and " art," or throws the responsibility from man who uses natural power for his own ends, upon the Divine Author of it. All works, >\hether bad or good, — whether the manufacture of powder, bullet and pistol, and the discharge of them at the head of a noble patriot by n foul assassin, — whether the moulding of iron into ploughshares, or the production of gun-cot- ton for the blasting of rocks, — are equally done by borrowed power, expressed by natural law ; but the character of the work must nevertheless determine the moral position of the worker, according to the old and everlasting test, " a tree is known by its fruit." 10. A celebrated English bishop and botanist. Dr. Stanley-, once said in Exeter Hall, by way of objection to the "teetotalers" (i. e., thorougbi abstainers from all alcoholics), that " their chemistry was at fault, since they took sugar, which contained alcohol." A lady wittily retorted with the argumentum ad episcopum, — ** If in sugar, rum there be, The uishop drinks it iu his tea ! " Clearly, jSaccharum is one thing, and *.Eum another ; and before it can be truly alleged that the " thing " rum is in the " thing " saccharwm (as the one word is in the other). Is fermentation a Natural law ? Is not all power derived, tlirough nature, from God f For what is man " responsible " 7 — is it for the fact of power, or the use of it 7 Give examples of the difference of use, as good or bad. What is the distinction between nature and art 7 What is the final test of good or «vil7 10. What celebrated man asserted that alcohol was in sugar 7 Docs csl KM i 1 12 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERA!ICB. it most be extracted from the sugar while it remains sugar, and this cannot be done. Certainly if it is in, it will come out; but if it will not come out, there is no proof that it is in. In fact, however, while by the action of sulphuric acid, imitating the natural process of the growth of vegetable juices into sugar, an old linen shirt can be changed into sugar, not the most purblind of theorists would ever argue that, therefore, there is sugar in linen I Stated in the plainest terms, the truth is, that while the ''matter" of all organic life is very much the same, the forms of it are forever varying. Now we have the air, the water, and the mineral, as the food of plants ; then we have the infinite variety of vegetable organism, food and poison, built up out of these ; here the precious wheat, and there the poisonous poppy, flourishing si'le by side in the same field ; and then again we have, fed by grass, roots, grain, and fniit, one flesh of birds and Iveasts, and another flesh of man at the head and crown of creation. As Paul says, in reference to plant, seed, and animal, though all springing originally out of the common elements of the globe, " God giveth to each a body as it pleaseth Him." — Though things, in infinite variety and endless procession ard circulation, having a tri-unity at bottom, may assume every form in turn, they can never be two forms at the same time. The thought, when analyzed, is seen to be an absurdity : for change is a fact of succession; and to affirm that one change is within another, or is another, is simply to talk nonsense. rum come from the fer tentatlon of sugar? If the bishop be right, what is the correct inference 7 Jow do you explain the fallacy ? Does alcoliol come out of sugary matter ? Explain the changes involved in the chemistry of nature, and show how variety springs from combination. What is change I Can one change b<) H another ? II Vl TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. IS 11. Professor Frankland, of the Ro5'al Institution, defines Chemistry as " the science which treats of tlio atomic composition of bodies, and of those changes which result from an alteration in the relative position of their atoms." Substances are cither (1.) simple bodies, in- capable of being resolved into more than one kind of matter, or (2.) compound, separable into two or more distinct substances. The simple substances, up to tlie present condition of our knowledge, are sixty-two, and arc technically called elements. They manifest a more or less intense affinity (or attracting force) amongst themselves, when in contact, which induces aggregation of some, and consequent separation of others. It is through the "combination" of these elements, that all the infinitely varied forms of earthly matter are suc- cessively brought about. This force of chemical affinity has five modes of action at present known : (1.) Direct combination of substances with each other. (2.) Dis- placement of one element or group of elements, by another. (3.) Mutual exchange of elements. (4.) A re- arrangement of the constituents of a body. (5.) The resolution of a compound into a more simple compound, or into its elements. 12. Each atom has its atomic weight or specific grav- ity (see table of elements), which represents, as nearly as possible, 1. The smallest proportion by weight, in which it is found to unite with, or be thrust from, a 11. Give Professor Frankland's definition of tho science of Chemistry. NVliat are tlie two great classes of substances ? How n: any simple, eubstnn* eea are known 7 Wliat relation do they hold to each other ? In other words, liow do tliey behave? Are i\xey attached to each other, and, so to speak, *' given in marriage' 7 How many forms of union and dissolution, or of marriage and divorce, do they exhibit 7 Name the five kinds. 14 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. compound ; the smallest weight of Hydrogen so enter- ing or leaving a substance being taken as unity, or the standard to start from. 2d. The weight of the element in the solid state which contains the same amount of heat as seven-fold by weight of solid Lithium at the same temperature. 3d. The weight of the element wh ch, as gas or vapor, under like conditions of heat and pres- sure, occupies the same volume as one part by weight of Hydrogen. — Of course the weight of a compound substance is the sum of the atomic weights of its ele- ments. 13. When atoms exist not combined with other kinds of matter, they nevertheless sometimes group themselves together in pairs, trios^ quartettes, etc., and are then termed elementary molecules. Hence the " molecular-vo^wme " of an element in a state of gas or vapor, must be the same as the molecular-vol- ume of Hydrogen, under the same conditions, while the molecular weight of an element will be generally found to be double or treble that of its own atomic weight. Oxygen, for example, is both a diatomic, and (as ozone) a triatomic-molecule. Sulphur is also diatomic and hex- atomic. As a rule, however, the molecular weight of a cowi- pound is identical with its atomic weight. The molecu- lar volume, or the space filled by the combining pro- portions of a compound, is equal to that filled by two combining proportions (one molecule) of H3'^drogen. ^11 12. What does an atomic weight represent! Of what is Hydrogen the unit ? What else measures specific gravity? 13. What are " elementary molecules " ? What is " molecular volume,* and how is it related to " molecuhir toeiffht "1 7 TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. 15 Hence tVie law, "Equal volumes of all gases and rapors contain, at the same temperature and. pressure, An equal number of molecules." Under this law, tliere- Ibre, the molecules of nearly all compounds, however great the aggregate volume of their constituents, have one uniform volume, which is precisely the same as that of one molecule of Hydrogen: Thus, in regard to 1 olumc, — 2 of Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen, form 2 of Steam. 3 of HydrogCii -j- 1 Nitrogen, form 2 of Ammonia. 6 of Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen +2a:Catbon Vapor, form 2 of Alcohol-Vapor. 14. Elements that combine with each other readily, de- velop much heat, which in fact measures intestine chem- ical affinity or motion. Such elements are possessed of widely different properties, and when their compounds are decomposed by an electric current (which is but another form of motion), the constituents arc separated at opposite poles. Those that appear at the positive pole are called " Negative " elements ; those that appear at the negative pole, "Positive" elements. (For an- other purpose and reason, the Negative are also called chlorous; the Positive, basylous.) The difference, never- theless, is one of degree only, since they merge insen- sibly into each other, and both series exhibit a gradu- ated intensity of the two qualities. 15. The Book of Nature has in truth its natural Al- 14. What is the effect of rapid combination of elements f What results from their separation by an electric current ? 15. To tokat may the G2 primitive elements be compared ? What is the result of their varied combination ? Name the 21 elements moat essentiaV to life, man, and civilization. U iO TEXT-BOOK or TEMPEKANCE. plmbct, out of which its simple syllables, and its vuricd and tlistinct words, its atmospheres and fluids, its eartlis and minerals, and its living and illuminated chapters of the vegetal and animal kingdoms, arc all elaborated by a process of progressive combination, — a process whereby its G2 primitive elements are put together in different quantities and different ways, resulting in an ever increasing number and complexity of compounds. The following is the Primer of this Natural language. Tlio 21 most necessary and important of these elements are put in lai-ge type, the next in importance in italics, and those rarely found in Boman type : — KAME. Aluminium .... A ntimony Arsenic JUirium JHsmiUli J!oron IMIOMINE ('udmiuin ('a'ciuin CALCIUM CARBON ('('I'iiim CIlLOllINE.... (Viromium Cohalt COlTEIi Didviiiiuin FLUOKINE (Jluciuum ilofd IIYDUOGEN.... Iiuliiun lOniNE Iridium lUON l^antlmnium .... JjEAD .....•••.. Lithium A{(t- M ■ 24. What Is a baaic saltt Give an example from two compounds of Cop* |per( Cuprum.) Show on tho board the »ign» uf the number oC " bonds,'* ttom one to three, and from three upwards. Draw a diagram of these *' bonds," symbolically expressed in six substances. What is tho iufcrcnc* It to chemical reaotiou f TEXT-BOOK or TKMPRUANCB. 23 It followfl, ftom thla variation of attachment (or atomic l)ow(u), that tho atoinii, and tUolr rvlutivo wclglitn, din^ play wry differttU valueti in chemical reactions* An atom of Zlno U equal, in thn* respect, to two atoms of Hydro- gen ; io tliat, when ZimC is brought into contact wltli Steam at a great heat, one of Zn expels ttom the St jam two of II, taking their place, thus,* — on, + Zn - OZn 4- II, Water. SliMU-oiUa. So, when Zinclc-oxido Is in contoct with Hydrochloric- acid, and tho Zinc is exchanged for Hydrogen, two ntonm of this are found to bo necessary to replace tlio Olio utom of the zinc, as, — OZn + 2IICI - Zn CI, lln«lo oakt*. ni7drw«bl<>rl«>Ml4. Zlnelo o>l .. It >«l m 32 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMP£1UNCE. compound-substance in the universe, not excepting sugar itself, can possibly contain alcohol prior to, or indepen- dent of, that process on which its genesis depends. Neither, as we have seen, can this process take place in any living organism, plant or animal, nor even in lifeless substances, unless certain conditions exist which con- spire to produce it. Glucose consists of the following elements : Ca II12 Oo, according to the new system, with Hydrogen for unity ; but the older chemists, now to be cited, have the formula of C,2 II12 O12. 35. What is the nature of the vinous fermentation which generates Ethylic Alcohol? The ioUowuig from Turner's Chemistry will answer fully, — " This name is given to the peculiar decomposition which the different species of sugar undergo in certain circumstances; and by which their elements combine to form new compounds, which, under similar conditions, are always the same. When a saccharine solution is placed in contact with substances in a state of decompo- sition or putrefaction, it is observed after about twenty- four hours, if the temperature be kept between 38** and 86** F., that the taste of the sugar has disappeared; pure carbonic acid is disengaged, and the liquid has acquired intoxicating properties. It now contains alcohol, which may be separated by distillation. If we compare the composition and quantity of these products with that of taincd 7 Give the new and old formula of glucose. Is alcohol producible by eynUiesis? (Note.) 35. What is tho nature of the process opcrniod on grope sugar wJ»icb gives rise to Alcohol ? How Uoiu UeLig define Fvrineiitatiou, etc ? TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. B8 the iugar cmploj'od, wc shall find them to contain the Banto weight of carbon." Baron Licbig, in a later work, thus defines the pro- cesses, — " Feumentation, Putuefaction, and Dkcat. — Tlieso are processes of decomposition^ and their ultimate results are to reconvert the elements of organic bodies into that state in which tliey exist before they participate in the processes of Life, [whereby] complex ouoanic atoms of the highest order are reduced into combinations of a lower order, into that state of combination of Elements from which they sprang." ('* Letters on Chemistry,*' 2d series, pp. 127-9.) 8G. Turner's Chemistry, edited by Licbig, goes into particulars, — *' Fermentation is nothing else hut the putrefaction of a substance containing no nitrogen. It is excited by the contact of all bodies, the elements of which are in a state of active decomposition. In nitrogcnized sub- stances of a very complex constitution, putrefaction {or fermentation) is spontaneously established when water is present, and when the temperature is sufficiently 1i^k| and it continues till the original compounds are whouy destroyed.* Substances containing no nitrogen, on tlio contrary, require, in order to their undergoing this meta- morphosis, the presence of a nitrogenized substance already in a state of putrefaction (fermentation). The ■1 i * Hence tho error talked some years ago, about " inceptive fermentation." !M. Wliat Is the dilTerenee between Fermentation and Tutrcfaction t loug will Fermentation go on if not artificially arrested 7 S How I 84 TEXT-nOOK or TEMPEnANOB. Ptibstanccs which Wst promote the chnngc nro glladlno, gluten, vegetable albumen, in Hhort, all substances in u state of spontaneous decomposition^ to wlileli the general name of ferment Is given. Putrefying animal substances are equally capable of exciting the same action [as in the Lamb wine of the Cliincse]. 37. ** Ferment, or yeast, is a substance in a state of putrefaction^ the atoms of which ore in a continual motion.* This motion, or conflict of the elements, com- municating itself to the sugar, destroys the equilibrium of its atoms. These no longer retain the same arrange- ment, and group themselves according to their special attractions. The carbon of the sugar is divided between the hydrogen and the oxygen ; there is formed^ on the one hand, a carbonized compound, containing almost all the oxygen (carbonic acid) ; and, on the other, a second carbonized compound, containing all the hydrogen (alcohol). *^ It is highly probable that cane sugar, before it under- goes the vinous fermentation, is converted into grape sugar by contact with the ferment; and that, conse- quently, it is grape sugar alone which yields alcohol and carbonic actd.f * This explains why ferment and fermented substances were prohibitedin the typical and symbolical insHtutlons of the Jews, and wore applied to breatlf as well as wine and honey. t '* Whatever denomination of sugar you start with, it becomes grnpt tugar } this is the preliminary step. This grape sugar then auffera dumem- berment, and is resolved into carbonic acid and into alcohol."— Vrofoanor Brande (Lectures, " Medical Times," vil. p. 170). ■Jl 37. What Is Yeast 1 What does it do on the atoms of sugar t Is there •ttch a thing as " inceptive fermentation," or docs the process, once bcg*Mi, go on eoniinuounly 7 What is the observation of Prof. Brande concc<-uing grape juice ? TEXT-UOOK OF TEMrKUASCE. a5 ** 111 i\ici fermout,Hli«;ii <>f vcjrotaljlo juices containing Bumii', it iippears timt tlu^ «'loniontf* ofcc^rtain other prln- c'ipU'K lIuM'oin (liHNulviMl tako an oMMontial part In the for- mution of the now prodiictH orcanioned bij the action of the air on the juice of the ffrape, of fruit«, and of other phintN. " The nitrogenizcd matters in solution, such as gluten, gliad'no, vcg(?table alljuincn, etc., are spontaneously de- composed ; and it is then that the decomposition of the sugar is commenced, and continues ulono till the sugar has entirely dis/»ppcarccl. When the juice has once beffun to ferment It maybe preserved from the contact of the atmosphere without the action being thereby ar~ rested.* The nitrogenized [nourishing] matters of the juice are constantly precipitated in the shape of ferment ^ or yeast; and in the fermented liquors, besides alcohol, there are found other substances, such as ananthic ether, oil of potato, oil of grain, etc., the presence of which could not be detected previous to fermentation." 38. In the light of these explanations, the notion that Alcohol ia^^i Sugar or in Grapes, or that nature has adapted her arrangements to the production of Alcohol, must appear simply absurd. Against the first of these * '^Thfl ferment may exist and liedornant till theprenenceqfoai'ygehren- dera it active, and capable of communicating ita activity to other bodies. If, for instance, I express the juice of grapes, cautiously ayolding the contact of air or oxygen, the grape Juice remains vnchanged, though the azotized ferment is contained in it ; but throw up a little oxygen into the Juico— a bubble is sufaoient— and now the ferment begins to change, and has become capable of inducing a new arramftment of the elements of sugar."— Prof. Brande. I 88. Is Alcohol in Sugar 1 Give the reasons of Prof. Lisbig. li 80 TrXT-Bt)OK OF TKMPKUANCl!. objections, howovor, wo nay plnco the following pan- ittgo from the " Organic Chemistry " of Unron Liebig (1813) — ♦* Fkrmkntation op Scoau. — The poeuHnr (lecompo- Bition wl»icli Hugiir suft'crH may bo viewed uh a typo of all tho tranHformntions doHi^^nutcd fcnnontation. Tiio analyHiH of HUgar from tlie cunu proves that it contains tho ELKMENT8 of curbonic acid antl alcohol, minim 1 atom of water. TUe alcohol and carbonic acid produced by tho fermentation of a certain quantity of sugar contain to- gether 1 equivalent of oxygon, and 1 eciuivalcnt of hy- drogen more than the sugar contained. It in known that 1 atom of sugar contains 12 C(iuivalcnt8 of carbon, both from tlio proportions in which it unites with bases, and ft'om tho composition of saccharic aciil, the prod- uct of its oxidation. Noav, none of these atoma of carbon are contained in the sugar as carbonic aci ?, because the whole quantity is obtained as oxalic aciil, wlicn sugar is treated with hypor-manganatc of potash ; and as oxr.lic acid is a lower degree of tho oxidation of carbon than carbonic acid, it is impossible to cim^cIvc that tho lower degree should bo produced from 1Hfei*,higher, by means of one of the most powerful agents of oxidation which wo possess. *'It can be also proved, 1 1. at the hydrogen of the sugar does not exist in it in the foim cf alcohol, for it is con- verted into water and a kind of carbonaceous matter when treated with acids, particularly with such as con- tain no oxygen ; and this manner of decomposition is never suffered by a compound of alcohol. Sugau, therefore, contains neitiieu alcohol nou carbonic acid, so that these bodies must be produced by a dijjerent •f TEXT-DOOK OF Ti:Atr£IUNC£. 37 arrangemmt of ita atoma, and by Uiclr union with tho olemciitH of water." 89. An Atncrlcnn Hcrlul Imvlng, In 1847, given cur- rency to some erroneous views regarding the iiudden production or alcohol In nowly expressed grape Juice,* we Induced an esteemed f\'lend and careiYil analyst, to institute a number of experiments, and now rcpubHsU his *^ Ueport," with an advertisement prcllxed, that a})- pcarcd for several yeurs In tho papers, — EXPEUIMENTS OV AN ENGLISH CIIGSIIST. ** The Committee of the British Temperance AnffO' ciation having received, ftora Dr. Lees, the detail of tho following experiments conducted by a practical chemist, in tho presence of competent witnesses, are prepared to olfcr a premium of £50 to any person who win extract any niiprcclablo quantity of Alcohol from grapes, ripe or otherwise, provided the fruit has not in any way been meddled tvith by art; they believing that the intervention of man is necessary to the placing of ft'uit in a condition such as will permit of the vinous fermentation." After twenty years* lapse of time, these experiments remain unrefuted. "Dr. Perelra ("Elements of Materia Medica") of the Manufacture of Wine, says, — *Ai LIcbIg Bays, " Vegetable juices in general become turbid tcltcn in coniact toith the air, hkvouh vkumkhtatiom commkngks." — (CAem<< t What r^ "H» 46 TEXT-DOOK OF TEMPERANOll. Bouquet or aroma. Acetic acid. Sulphate of potash. Chlorides of potassium and sodium. Tannin, and coloring matter fVom the grape husk. Undecomposed sugar, gum, and extractive matter, in imall quantities. The substances in italics are new compounds. After a time, the alcohol suffers a slow decomposition, and the wine becomes milder. This, probably, is owing to the gradual conversion of part of the alcohol into ethers, by union with the different acids. But, on ex- posure to air, in a proper temperature, wine will at once enter into the a^setous fermentation, during which the al- cohol quickly disappears, and is replaced by acetic acid, or vinegar. A more complete contrast between the natural and the artificial wine can hardly be conceived than these analy- ses present. 46. The following (determined by Dr. Bence Jones) is the percentage of alcohol contained in samples of the liquors named, as given by the Alcoholometer. Port Wine, 20 to 23. Rum, Sherry, 15 to 24. Whiskey, 72 to 77. 59. toxicating principle ot prepared tobacco, but was not present in the naiu* ral leaf. It results, like alcohol, ft-om fermenUUion ; several other volatil* oils are generated at the same time. 40. Gire the percentage of alcohol in eight of the most celebrated Wines t Also of Spirits and fermented liquors? TEXT-DOOK OF TEMPERANCR. 47 Madeira, 19. Brandy, 50 to f 8. Champagne, 14. Geneva (Gin), 49. Burgundy, 10 to 13. Bitter Ale (new), C to 12 Rhino Wine, 9 to 18. Porter, 6 to 7. Claret, 9 to 11. Stout, r> to 7. Moselle, 8 to 9. Cider, 6 to 7. 47. Alcohol can In no sense be regarded as " a good creature of God," in respect to diet. For, in the first place, it is not constructed like food, being neither solid nor innocent ; and, in the second, whether good for any proper end, it is still an artificial, and not a natural, prod- uct. In a strict and scientific sense, man can make nothing, — he can only modify; the ultimate power which efibcts every change belongs exclusively to that all-per- vading Spirit in whom we ** live and move and have our being." There is nothing done or developed by the creature, which is not also done by the agency nf Qod empowering or sustaining it. In this last case, ho . ever, the result is called Art, not Nature. When we speak of the ** creations " of the poet or the painter, we employ the word figuratively. '^ Creature," therefore, in a strict sense, is the minor relative, of which ** Creator" is the major. Hence "creature" must signify, in this discussion, either some substance which formed a part of the original cre- ation, or which is still produced in nature, independent of human aid or agency ; for vital and vegetative nature may.be viewed as a ** perpetual creation," in which the types of all original products are constantly renewed, m '11 47. Is alcohol, In any sense, "a good creature"? Was It placed or pro- vtded in Paradise t Can such words as creation, or growth, be fairly applied to it? Why not t _l^.jf vi;l m 48 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. bcnrlng fruit ultor their several kinds. When the origU iitil creative act was accomplished ; when the spirit of God brooded over the face of the waters, ond chaos re- tired before tiio reign of order ; when the sun was flxed, and the planets were appointed their courses in tho heavens ; when the fiat went forth, ** Let Light 6e/' and *' Light wat;** when radiant heat cheered and quick- ened the fresh creation, and animated every living thing ; when silence gave place to praise, and the songs of birds made vocal tho bowers of Paradise ; when ftom the rocks fountains of living water gushed forth, and eastward tho silvery stream rolled on ; when " tho Morning Stars sang together, and all the Sons of God shouted for joy " at this fresh outbirth of creative power, — is it recorded that Alcoliol was there? 48. If wo pass from the records of Revelation to iho open and illuminated volume of Nature, — if wo search throughout the wide range of vegetative and animated forms for tho presence of alcohol, — there is not ono plant or flower, not one creature or compound, resulting from the formative processes of life and growth, in which it can possibly be detected or developed. Creation, growth, maturity, — these are terms which refer to life; but alcohol has nothing to do with life, except to destroy it ; it is a poison alike to plants and animals ; it is the outcome of vegetable death and decay ^ not of life, growth, or creation. It is not a creature, but the result of the death and decomposition of a creature. The clusters of the grape are but so many natural air-tight bottles, each id. la ftlcohol found lu nature t Does any living cell lecrcte it t What If the character of a " grape " berry ? TEXT-UOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 49 containing vvitliin it an cxqnisito apparatus for nouvisli- mcnt ami preservation, — tlie only "IVnit of the vine" which nature " creates " and *' matures." But neither in this nor In ony otlier *' fruit " ha\ o chemists ever de- tected the proaenco of alcohol ; at least, in the records of their multitudinous experiments and analyses, we find no memorial of the (\i8covery.* 41). But the indications of Nature's design do not ter- minate hero. Even when fermentation is established by the interference of Art, it still requires the continued ex- cilion of human ingenuity to secure the object sought. The art of the brewer and the maltster is, in fact, a battle with Nature. The sweet juice of the young grain is the natural precursor of the flour in the ripe one. JJature aims to mature her fruits, so as to adapt them to the wants and laws of her animated creatures ; or, when they cease to be thus used, to reduce them again to their sim- ple ^^ elements." It needs little reasoning to establish the position, that neither immature nor decaying fruits were ever designed to be the food of man. Nature ex- erts her energies and processes in perfecting the gluten of the barley ; this the maltster destroys and reconverts into less compound elements ; Nature, again, seeks rap- * Some yeAN ago, Indeed, a medical man prof^essed to have discovered a small quantity in a Jar of gooecberrics t Possibly, but then thuKo were neither in their natural place, nor natural state : they were decaying in arti- ficial circumstances, for Nature docs not put her *' Aruits " into Jars and cup- boards. She Iceeps them for weeks and months upon the living tree, and so long as the skin bottle is unbroken which contains their pulp, both are pre served. Even wlien her " wine " is left ungathered (Jer. xl. lo, 12), and de> composition at last begins, nature still avoids the brewing process. H !*; 49. What are the l\irther indications of natural design 9 Give a summarj of Dr. Shaw's statement. Is alcohol •• the fruit of the vine " f t 50 TBXT-m>OK or TKMrKRANCE. ^ Itlly to ri)erator, proceed directly on to vine- gar ; where again they make no stop, but, unlcaa prevented Jure (dno^ HpuntLneombi go on to vapidity, ropiness, njouUllness, aiid putrefaction. To speali philosophically, the intention or tendency of nature is to jjroceed IVom tho very bej^inning of vinous fermentation, directly, in one continued sericH^ to jmt refaction; and thei jc again to a new j;eneration ; wliich appears to be tho grand circle wherein all natural things are moved, and all tho physi- cal or rather chemical phenomena are produced." - (''Chemical Lectures;" London, 1731, pp. 126, 127.) Alcoholic wine, then, is no more entitled to be called *'- monia. To apply the phrase "fruit of the vine " to any of the substances resulting from its decay, is just the same absurdity as to call death the fruit of life; and tho prevalence of this mode of speech amongst divines and others is a disgrace to our age and country. It exhibits a humiliating extent of ignorance and confusion of thought. In the hope of assisting to remove this oppro- brium, tho author lias entered into more detail on the Pi'inciples of Chemistry than ho would, otherwise, have deemed needftd in treating of the genesis of alcohol. TBXT-DOOK OF TEMPERANOE. fil r>0. ** It \h a very general oiTor," Buys Licblg, ** to Hiip- podu that organic Hubstanccs liavo tlio power of under- going Chango Hi)ontanoou8ly, without the aid of an ex* tenial caune. The jui'iea of the fruity or other parts of. a plant which very rca^Hly undergo decomposition, retain tlielr properties unchanged as long as they are protected fVoin immediate contact with the air ; that is, aa long cia the celts or organs in^which they are contained resist the influence of the air, Tlie beautiful experiments of Goy Lussttc upon tlio fermentation of the Juice of grapes are the best prooHs of tlio atmosphere having an intluenoo upon the cliangcs of organic substances. The Juice of grapes which were expressed under a receiver filled witli mercury, so that air was completely excluded, did not ferment:** ('* Org. Chem." . 271.) In fact the grape is plainly constructed with a view to prevent the formcntativo process taking place upon its contents. . The tannin, coloring, and resinous principles are de- termined to the coat or husk, for the purpose of forming a skin-bottle impervious to the action of the air, and ex- cluding the operation of those external agents which promote decay. Next to the skin is placed the acid, be- 3'ODd that the saccharine pulp, then comes the glutinous central pulpy protected by a treble baiTier from the iuflu- 1 .•*!' *0n this principle, Mr. F. Wriglit, of Kensington, liai prepared, for sao. ramental use, the pure juice of grapes, ft*e« from alcoliol, and supplies above three hundred of the churches. 50. Do organic ^hangea, such as fermentation, take place spontaneously f Is not a distinct agent always necessary ? State the general structure of the grape, after FabronI, and show low provisions are made to prevent the •!• coholic fermentation. Give, flnrily, the solemn testimony of Holy Writ. 52 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. iT. 'JB THE ANATOMY OF THE GRAPE. See Adam Fabroni " On the Art of Making Wine," ch. 1. EXPLANATION. Figure I. exliibits the grape e^ripped of its elcin ; beneath the transparent •uperlicial pulp may be traced the texture of tlie conduits or reins coming from tlie crown, It, and, after ramifying into a species of fine uctworlCp descending into tlie stem, A. « Fig. II. represents a horizontal gection, made a little above the seeds. The supcriicies. A, is clearly divided into three parts ; through tlie central part run two drteries (AA, Fig. VI.); the outward region borders on the sicin Hnd extends to the conduits or veins (marked C, Fig. V); while a third substance is placed between the central and the external (or cortical) pulp, which may be called the intermediate pulp. Fig. in. presents a vertical section, with a seed in one half. Fig. IV. presents another section, containing both seeds, DD, enclosed in the central pulp, £ ; the seeds are united by means of a gelatinous ligature, to the two funicles, BC, running from A. The other iialf, G, rc^tre.sents more distinctly the two arteries which run through the c^tral pulp, E. Fig. V. displays the two arteries, CD, which rise from the centre of the stem. A, and ascend through the middle of the fruit, to the crown, B, from whence they fold back and ramify into the beautiful network described ia Fig. I. (Their course backward is marked C in the cut.) Fig. VI. represents the arteries and veins separated from the pulp. TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 5a enco of oxygen. It is in this central part, and in the organic structure of cells and vesicles, that the gluten resides, and it is this nitrogenized substance which is most susceptible of decay, and from the putrefaction of which tlie yeast is formed ; hence, so long as the pulp remains excluded flrom air, a^id the cells unbroken, it is impossible that the alcoholic fermentation can take place. This, however, is done by the violent crushing or tread- ing of the fruit ; but it is not done by nature. Indeed, nature adopts the most wonderful precautions to prevent the alcoholic fermentation, and to preserve the *^ fruit of the vine" unchanged, as wholesome and nourishing /ood for that being who exerts his utmost ingenuity to con- vert it into a poisonous drink I Thus beautifully do the designs of Nature and the discoveries of Science, harmonize with the decldrations of God's most Holy Word, — " Thus saith the Lord, As the Grape is found in THE Cluster, and one saith, Destroy it not, * for a Blessing is in it: so will I do for my Servants' sake, that I MAY NOT DESTROY THEM ALL." (Isaiab Ixv. 8^ " Septuagint" Translation.) ' « if •The word translated " destroy " signifies " corrupt " (as in Mai. i. 14). M t''ii ■ I 54 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEBANGB. m. i;- 61. The important, practical question concerning Al- cohol, is not, How is it generated, but what does it do in the healthy human body when introduced there ? No one holds that it is indifferent or neutral, — mere " chip in pottage," — for in that case, as no one would like it, so no one would take it, much less buy it. Does it then act as diet, or as drug? as food, or as poison? In other words, will it help to sustain health and strength, which are the ends of food? — or will it, on the contrary, im- pair health and lessen strength? If it really has any *^ adaptation to the organism," then its timely use is no violation of Temperance ; but if it is, in its proper- ties and operation, unsuitable to the normal wants of man. Temperance imperiously dictates that we should totally abstain from it. These questions can now be answered satisfactorily. The researches and discussions of the last thirty years, forced upon the world of so- called " Science " by the Temperance reformers, have, amidst many changing hypotheses and conflicting theo- ries, left amongst the settled truths of the question, a large number of clear principles and demonstrated facts and laws. To these we will now call attention. 61. What is the real question of importance concerning Alcohol 7 Uow is It to be determined t TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 55 52. The Experience of many hundreds of thousands of abstainers, often under the most crucial conditions, — an experience embracing all regions, and the most varied circumstances of life, — has shown that people are not only as well able to perform the duties and enjoy thcf natural pleasures of existence, ixithout strong drinlc as with it, but that their strength is increased, their health improved, and their enjoyments augmented. In England, where Government and Life Assurance statistics are ac- cessible, it has been established, that the health of tee- totalers is, on the average, one-half better than that of moderate and free drinkers together ; and that the value of life amongst abstainers is increased by one-third as com- pared with the moderate drinkers.* And this fact holds true, equally of abstaining soldiers, — in India, China, Afghanistan, the Crimea^ — of peasants in agricultural counties, and of artisans in large, manufacturing cities. In India, the percentage mortality amongst the British troops, in one presidency, after an experiment extending over several years, stood thus: — Abstainers, 1 ; Mod- erate drinkers, 2 ; Free-drinkers, 4. 1 In the Crimean * Notwitlistanding the disadvantage, that in the ranks of Temperan*,* Men are included au extra proportion of men (now reclaimed) who once were drunlcards. t The "South India Temperance Journal" for 1844 records tlie following facts in relation to the 25th (British) Regiment, stationed at Cannamore : — 241 Teetotalers, in a year sent to the Hospital 198 = 80 per cent. 767 Non-teetotalers sent . . ^ . . 2,202 = 286 '• The Teetotalers had of deaths . . . . 5= 2 " The Drinlters had 23= 3 «« r 4 52. Wlmt has Experience shown in regard to abstainers? What is the verdict of Life Assurance Societies ? Wliat was the result of the trial of abstinence by the English soldiers in India? In Ihc Crimea? What doet Dr. Lyons report? What is the meaning of the Indian statistics i 56 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. war, the Turkish troops, though badly camped and fed, never had a death-rate higher tlian 5 per cent., even when scurvy prevailed, and the British troops never sank lower than 10. Dr. Lyons* Report on the Army of the Crimea admits that the porter rations were injurious ; while the rum rations were simply deadly. The army returns from India illustrate the same truth. In the Ben- gal presidency, where rum rations were given (of course in "moderation"), the army had 73 deaths per 1000 over an average of 20 years. In the Bombay presi- dency,when porter was tried, after a short trial, the deaths were reduced to 1 in 50. In the Madras presidency, after a long trial the deaths diminished to 38 per 1000. But amongst the Temperance soldiers, the death-rate sank to the normal rate of 11 per 1000. The plain teach- ing of this is, that spirits killed 62 soldiers per 1000 ; porter only 27 per 1000 ; pale-ale, owing to its greater approximation to water, will simply kill about 12 per 1000 ; or. In other words, double the natural mortality. 53. It is a remarkable fact, which may be stated in this connection, that Sales' Brigade, when exposed to great hardship and privation in Afghanistan, but hap- pily beyond the reach of " drinks," enjoyed an unexam- pled exemption from sickness, crime, and death.* Gen- erals Napier and Ilavelockf bore the same testimony to ♦The words of Gleig, the historian, are, " Xo sicknesa, no crime." t *' Having been attacked with fever, Havelock says, * There was nothing in surrounding localities to cause such an alBiction, and therefore I attributed 63. What was the experience of Sales' Brigade in Afghanistan? What famous Indian Generals ascribed their health to the practice of abstinence f What was Havelock's experience ? What was the testimony of Sir R. Sla- don, physician general ? TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 57 the advaiitngcs of abstinence in India, and Sir Rams- den Sladen, Physician General of Madras, statcH tlic result of his tropical experience as follows : "I have enjoyed an uncommon share of health ; but I find I can go through bodily and mental exercise much better when I abstain altogether from alcoholic or fermented liquors." The celebrated Cavalry Generals, Stuart and Stone- wall Jackson, who fought so well in a bad cause, were both abstainers, and ascribed their power of endurance to their abstinence, and no system could be more severely tested than was abstinence from strong drink during the burning heat and the freezing cold of their summer and winter campaigns. 54. Extreme exertion under high artificial tempera- It partly to a rather prolonged exposure on one occasion to the rays of the sun, and partly to having, at the suggestions of Mends, modified the habits which they deemed too avstere for the fatigues of active service, and con- itented to drink a few glasses of wine daily, instead of restricting myself, as I had done for many months, to pure water. The fever was speedily checked ; and on the disappearance of its symptoms under skilful treatment, I resolved henceforth to legislate for myself In dietetics; and, resuming my former system, abjured entirely the use of wine. A single example does not prove a rule ; but my own experience, as well as that of a few others ia tlie Ben* gal Contingent, certainly goes to establisii the fact, that water-drinking is the best regimen for a soldier.' " Although after this he was exposed to rain and sun, and made long and painful marches in a heated atmospliere, and endured cold and fatigue, his health remained Arm and unshaken. He was willing to drink wine as well as water if it could be proved beneficial. A man of fact in this, as well as in everything else, he abjured the use of all stimulants because they were in- jurious to his health, and strove to drive them from the army because he knew they made soldiers worse in every respect, instead of better."— //ea<^ ley^s Life of Havelock. 64. What was the result of two remarkable trials of abstinence in the Government Yards at Portsmouth and Woolwich ? What is the esiiiperienot of the Sheffield Armor-riatc-roUers ? p. I 58 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. ture is also borne far better by abstainers than by (UiMkcra.' Above seventy years ago, the celebrated Dr. Ir (Moos, of Bristol, tried the experiment amongst the Anthorsniiths of Portsmouth, and, in his " Hygeia," re- cords that the abstainers worked far better and with less subsequent fatigue. In the attempt to make the " Lan- caster shells," at Woolwich, three sets of men broke down in the process, so excessive were the labor and lieat ; and only when a band of abstainers undertook the work was this "monster shell" actually made. The London "Times" of Sept. 11, 1867, in describing the rolling of the 16-inch armor-plate at the Atlas works, Sheffield, gives the following splendid testimony to the physical excellence of abstinence. The slab of iron to be rolled weighed 21 tons. " Sometimes one came on groups of men who were saturating in water the rough bands of sacking in which they were enveloped before going to wrestle with some white-heat forging; some- times on men nearly naked, with the perspiration pour- ing from them, who had come to rest for a moment from the puddling furnaces, and to take a long drink of the thick oatmeal and water, which is all that they venture on drinking during their labor, and which long experi- ence has proved to be the most sustaining of all drinks , under the tremendous heats to which they are subjected." 55. A difference of climate, of heat or cold, does not appear to make any material difference in the result, as to the advantages of abstinence. In the Army of the 55. Does climate make any material diflTerence in a trial of abstinence f What was the result of the e:;perimcnt in the Army of the German Con- fed«ration? What ia the verdict of British Life Assurance, as regard* Alcohol ? What of the Preston Sick Clubs T m TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. i$ German Confederation, when the experiment was made above twenty years ago, amongst 27,000 troops, it was found that the strong country levies from Holstein, Mecklenburgh, and Hanover, chiefly laborers and wood- cutters, to whom the usual grog rations were given, had 90 cases of sickness per 1000 ; while the city-bred troops, less inured to toil, from the Ilanse-towns and Brunswick, from whom they were withheld, had only 42 cases. So, in the British Temperance Provident Life Assurance Society, taking the most favorable adult pe- riod, it is found that the rate of mortality is 11 per 1000, while in other offices, very careful in the selection of their lives, it ranges from 16 to 23 at the same age. In the Provident, during the last twelve years, separate books have been opened for the insurance of good lives of non- abstainers ; but when the quinquennial profits were di- vided, it was discovered that one-third more profit ac- crued to the teetotaler than to the respectable, limited drinker. The first report of the Health of Towns Com- mission, in England, shows another striking fact, arising from a comparison of the statistics of the Temperance Sick Club with that of a large number of others, includ- ing a Manager's Sick Club, composed of members living under sanitary conditions superior to those which the majorit}' of working-men can now enjoy. 1000 drinkers had 23 sick per year, for an average of 7 weeks and 4 days, at a cost per head of 56s. ; while 1000 abstainers had only 13 sick, for a period of 3 weeks and 2 days, at a cost of 29s. per head ; so that the teetotalers extend to each other more pecuniary help, and save themselves much protracted pain. Compared with them, there is, in the average community of '* moderate drinkers," twice : i- ' M 1^1 in I til \r 60 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMFEIIANCB. ns many persons sick, for twice as long ft time, and at twice as much expense. This, again, amounts to the sig- nillcant fact, that abstainers save themselves from tlucc- fourtiiH of tlie common miseries of mankind. The pains and ileprcssions of the sick-bed are diminished, tlie cont of sicivucss abridged, the prolonged and painful nursing of wife and daughter rendered needless, and a vast train of inconveniences that attend disease, especially aujongst tiic poor, are saved to tlie sufferer and his friends. Over the household of the truly temperate, the cloud of alllic- tion rests neither so densely nor so frequently, and whiU^ it casts a shadow less sombre, passes quickly away, dis- pelled l>y the bursting sunlight of health and hope. ^)C). The great navigators to the polar regions, botii English and American, — Ross, Parry, Franklin, Rich- ardson, Kennedy, and Kane, — have demonstrated the actual perniciousness of alcoholics in high latitudes, where all the powers of life are needed to resist the destructive energies of physical nature. Whatever tends to lower the vital activity, or to depress the heat-generating pow- ers of the living frame, must be specially avoided under the rigorous climate which prevails within the Arctic and Antarctic circles. Hence the rule of abstinence was en- forced by authority, but with undoubted benefit to the health and strength of the men.* If alcoholics cannot * To the numerous testimonies of Experience referroil to, we ndd that of Sir Julia lUcharcLson, M. D., one of tlie most distinguished members of thti Arctic I<:xpeditions : " I am quite satisfied that splritous Mqnots, diminish theiwwer of resisting 50. How did the Arctic Navigators deal with Akohollcs ? What is the in- ference from their «'xperiencc? What is the testimony of Sir John KI "i- ardsou and Dr. Jlcllae ? V» .lat id tlie verdict of experience, as stated by Brinton, Smith, Lallemand, etc. ? TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 61 give potver in circumstances of such extremity and need, it is simple folly to use them with such n view, in tho ordinary circumstances of daily life. Tho lato Dr. W. Brinton, of London, a man of large experic ice, thus ad- mits this truth in his great work on ** Dietetics," — ** Careful observation leaves little doubt that a moder- ate dose of beer or wine would in most cases at once diminish the maximum weight which a healthy person could lift. Mental acutenesa, accuracy of percej^tion^ and delicacy of the senses^ are all so far opposed by alcohol^ as that the maximum efforts of each are incompatible with the ingestion of any moderate quantity of fermented liquid. A single glass will often sufllco to take the cihje off both mind and body, and to reduce their capacity lo something below their perfection of work." (p. 380, 1861.) Dr. E. Smith, in his experiments recorded in tho *' Phi- losophical Transactions" for 1859, had proved the same thing of alcohol, — cold. Plenty of food and sound digestion are the best sources of heat. We found on our northern journey that tea teas far more refreshing than tvine or tpirits, which we aoon ceased to care for, while tl»o craving for tlie tea in- creased. Liobig, I believe, considers that spirits are necessary to northern nations, to diminish the waste of the solids of tho body, but my expericitce lends me to a contrary conclusion. The Hudson's Bay Company liavo for many years entirely excluded spirits IVom the Air-countrles in the nortli, over which they have exclusive control, to tlio great improvement of tlie health and morals of their Canadian servants, and of the Indian tribes." [Dr. Mcllac's testimony at tlie meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, ut Montreal, in ISoO, was as decisive, and is ns reliable, as either of the others. '* Tiio moment that a man had swallowed u drinlc of spirits, it was certain that his day's work was nearly at an end. It was absolutely necessary that the rule of total abslinence be rigidly cn« forced, if wo would accomplish our day's task. Wliatever it could do for a sick man, its use as a beverage when wo had work on hand, in that tcrriAo co'd, wos out of tlie question." 1. 1''. H.] i if [33 , ■' I. ' 6S TEXT-DOOK or TEMPEUANCB. ♦♦ It giviitly h'Hucna muHcnhir tone and j)nwe)'. Thcio in vo ovidciioo ?hat it incroasos nervous influence, whilst tljcru is uiucli ovi(l(Micc that it Ivssemt nervouH power." I*roros8(»r.s Lallkmand aucluding Liebig himself, who confoHHcd that alcohol, if oxidized^ would yield lesH heat^ at greater cost, than the normal ftiel of the body. IIo says, — *' If 1 part by weight of Sugar of Milk can keep up the temperature of the botly at the normal height for .33 hours, then nn equal weight of Alcohol will keep it up for 65 hours, and an equal weight of Fat for 87 hours." (" Animal Chemistry " 3d ed., p. 117. Lend. 1840.) Thus ho admits that, taking both cost and conse- quence into account, the poison, Alcohol, is four times dearer than the natural fuel, Oil. Moreover, whatever amount of alcohol is oxidized^ leaves a proportionate amount of carbonaceous food unconsumed ; and, in some cases, compels nature to protest, by setting up a disinclination for fermented liquors, — 61». Does Alcohol hinder the elimination of Carbonic Acid from the body? Ulmt great authorities admit the fact t What is the evidence wanted, but not obtained, to prove that Alcoliol la oxidised, or burnt up within the body! What lii the concession of Dr. Aostic ? TEXT-BOOK or TEMrERANOB. M "When Cod-llvor oil is ndministorcd to persons nc- custonicd to drink » 70 TEXT-DOOy. Cy TlCM^ERANOy. that of acting as a vehCde or menstruum oi digestion and circulation — is counteracted exactly to tiie extent to wiiich it is introduced into the system of any living thing, whether vegetal or animal. 62. When it is asserted that strong drinks are nourish- ingy the abstainer is strictly logical in replying, that such an opinion is fallacious, because, in the first place, it does not contain the elements of the living tissue ; and in the second, it is speedily cast out of the body, in greater or lesser quantities, — in fact, is treated as an intruder. To this Dr. Lankester has unwisely objected: ^'^ Both water and alcohol are equally eliminated from the system, un- changed '* I Very well, >ve reply, the objection would be a sulHcient refutation of anybody who asserte that " water nourished the body in the sense of food.*' But nobody does say that of water, though many assert it of alcohol, which is lighter and more volatile ! But even from the bare objection two clear inferences arise : (1) that it is absurd to call either alcohol or water food; (2) that to destroy genuine food wholesale, in order to generate an article not only worthless but pernicious, is at least as gratuitously wicked as for an invading gen- eral to burn down the growing corn, or tear up the ripen- ing vines. But after this evasion, the differences between the natural element of Water, and the artificial Alcohol, still remain. Water fulfils useful, necessary, and blessed purposes in the vital economy, and goes out of the body in the actual discharge of a beneficent sanitary mission ; while Alcohol really creates an internal commotion, de- 02. What was the evasive objection of Dr. Lankester, and otiier a(lv<^ catea of tippliug ? "What is tlie answer to It ? TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 71 files tho vital stream, lowers the temperature of the blood, wastes the nervous energy, impairs tho nutrition of the structures, and is finally expelled by the " Po- lice Force " of the Sanitary System. C3. Still another plea is put forth in justification of the use of strong drink by those who love it. " Spirits," they say, " may not be either nourishing or warming, but we do not drink pure alcohol ; we drink wine and beery and these contain other elements, which are food." This delusion,, no doubt, is bolstered up by the venal testimonies so readily obtained, and so widely adver- tised, by pale ale and porter brewers, who live in riches upon the ignorance and demoralization of mankind. They audaciously advertise, for example, that their beer and porter is "highly nourishing." Now Dr. Lyon Platfaib, C. B., Professor of Chemistry in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, has analyzed a specimen of this drink, and reports that of blood-forming matter it con- tains exactly one part in 1666 parts I Baron Liebig, in his " Chemical Letters," states that the whole purpose of brewing is to get rid of the nitrogenous, blood- forming elements of the grain, and to transmute the use- ful sugar into alcohol. " We can prove," says he, " with mathematical certainty, that as much flour as can lie on the point of a table-knife is more nutritious than eight quarts of the best Bavarian beer; that a person who is able daily to consume that amount of beer, obtains from it, in a whole year, in the most favorable case, ex- 'M m 63. Are there other elements in alcoholic drinks that are nourishing! What Is the proportion of nutriment la Porter, according to Professor Play • Mr ? What iu Bavarian tccr, according to Professor Liebig I m ' if' '' ■• ;! :' ! ■\^ 72 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. actly the amount of nutritive constituents which is con« tainecl in a 5-lb. loaf, or in 8 lbs. of flesh 1 " C4. Dr. Ilassal's analysis of *'Olcl Pale Ale," from Burton, published by AUsop & Co. themselves, will en- able a child to see through the impudent delusion. A gallon of it, containing 70,000 grains, and costing 2s., was found to consist of Water, 65,320 ; Sugar, 100 ; Vinegar, 200 ; Hop extract, 710 ; Malt gum, 2,510 ; Al- cohol, 1,160 grains. Now, as we have seen, only that seventieth of a pound of sugar is food of any kind ; not the alcohol ; not the hop (which is a vegetable nar- cotic) ; not the vinegar ; and not even the gum, since that substance passes undigested through the body. 65. As to "Wines, the case is no better. The albu- men of the grape is valuable nourishment, but in fer- mentation it becomes yeast, which is corrupting matter ; while the sugar becomes spirit. Now even Dr. R. Druitt the great eulogizer of the Light Wines, is compelled to confess that '•'' Alcohol is a mere drug; and although a constituent, is not the valuable one, in Wine." The salts of wine are also the salts of grapes, and in the latter exist in a more assimilable fox*m, and in greater abundance. 66. On looking at our bodies, we are struck with two kinds of work that arc being done, both inextricably 64. What Is Dr. Hassal's analysis of Pale Ale ? How many elements in ale are food of any sort ? 155. What is Alcohol in Wine, according' to Dr. Druitt ? What are the val. cable constituents in Wine, and where do they pre-exist in greater abun- dance? 66. What are the four kinds of work done by the body f What U the moaning of the correlation of force ? TEXT-BOOK Ot TEMPERANCE. 78 associated with our life. (1.) Tlio blood and juices with- in, the solid limbs and tissues wo feel, the breath we ex hale, the water wo expel, and the perspiration which transudes from the skin, arc all tvarm. Heat is got up in the system, and the thermometer tells us that, in the natural state, our external parts are at 98° F., and our circulating stream at 100°. (2.) This warm-blood is being continually sent from the heart, the beating life' pump whose strokes we can feel and count, through all the arteries of the system, to every cell and tissue of the living-house. With these two sorts of work, or power-in-action, we perform (3,) ea^erwaZ work, with feet and hands, under the direction of the Will ; and, there- fore, (4,) Mental work, of sensation, feeling, thought, and volition. How these forces pass from one form to another, — become translated, as it were, — or how they are correlated^ is only partly known, but of the fact it- self there can be no doubt whatever. For example, a person whoso heat has sunk several degrees, or whose body has not been nourished for days, or whose frame has been wasted by fever and inflammation, can neither work with his body, nor think or feel with his brain ; and, on the other hand, a person who has been subjected to intense emotion of any kind, whether of pleasure or of pain, is incapable of much physical work. The great law holds good that all labor is exhausting; which simply means that all organic force is transitory, and is continually undergoing change or transformation ; and the conclusion is, that we must restore the old conditions in order to realize fresh force or power. 67. The NATURE of the machinery or organism con- cerned in this fourfold work is plain enough, though it 1 (' i I ■ ! 74 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. has yet many secrets and processes hidden from the eye of human science. (1.) The stomacli, for example, is a primary gnito Aviicro are prepared the /<«e^food for ligiiting, and tlio 7iouriHhing-fooi\ for buiUling-up. The lungs are at once the bellows which (l)y inspiration) take in the fresh air (or oxygen), for oxidizing the car- bon and hydrogen of the food and tissues, or burning it up ; and which (by ex'piration) send out the excess of carbonic-acid gas, or foul air, thus serving as a chimney for the perpetual ventilation of the house. The arterial system, where the oxygen meets with the transformed food and tissues, is the general/*rout Leanof beef laiugliuta :! 1 13 2 1 4 1| ■. d. 4| A e| \\\ 1 2 1 3 1 »| 1 1 74 a u 28 71. These calculations were based upon the experi- ment of burning these various substances in an ariijicidl retort, and measuring the heat ; but in ale and beer many things exist which are not absorbed by the body, or burnt in the blood, — such as gum, hops, and alcohol. But assuming, for the sake of argument, that the alcohol, narcotic hop, and gummy residue of the beers, are really ; (U 't:^ I'M 71. What U the cost and value of beers? IsgumdigestlUef r 80 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. consumed in the body, and not eliminated,* what, accord- ing to the tables of Prof. Frank land, would be the value of such hypothetic.J food as compared with natural sources of power ? Guinness' Stout, C4 bottles at lOd. each, would cost 6s. 2tl. Bass' Ale 9 bottles at lOd. each, will cost 7s. Gd. And give out of heat 8.28 So that, were the constituents of beers ever so digesti ble, a pound of dripping at 9d. would exceed in value 9 pints of Bass's best ale, costing 7s. Gd. ; and 3d. worth of oatcakes or porridge Avould generate more power than 7 pints of "Guinness* Stout" ! Though eating beef, ham, and mutton, for the production of " force," is a very wasteful method of living, it is economy itself com- pared with the extravagant and (alter all) utterly delu- sive plan of gaining power from pale ale, or brown stout. This, surely, is a demonstration that the drinker *' pays too dear for his whistle." Sir Benjamin Brodie, F.R.S., Surgeon to Queen Vic- toria, after a long life of experience, gives, in his *' Psy- chological Inquiries," his final verdict thus : — " Alcohol removes the uneasy feeling and the inrbility of ex- ertion which the want of sleep occasions. But the relief is ♦Tlio authorities for t!ie statement that gum Is not food nre the following : — Frerioh'a Handworterbuch, iil. Bloudot's Traitd de la Digestion, p. 297. Siiron's Archiv. i. Gmelin's Verdauung nach Versuchen, 11. Boussingault, in Anr%l de Chemie,M ser. xviii. Lchmann, ill. Of50 grains of gum in mixture, 40 grains were found in the excrement, undigested. We know the old travel- ler's tale of persons in the Sahara living for days on gum ; just as we know of the Indians, of Orinoco, living: for weeks on clay. Neither case applies to tlie ordinary circumstances of man ; for if the gastric juice does partly dissolve gum when men are stari'ing, a.id it has nothing else to digest, ex- periments clearly prove that it will not do so when it has anything better io operate upon. • TEXT- BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. 81 only temporary. Stimulants do not create nervous power; they merely enable you, as it were, to use vp that which is left, and then they leave you more in need of rest than before." (i., p. 148.) Baron Liebig says of the drinker : — " Spirits, by their action on the nerves, enable him to make up deficient power at the expense of his body. lie consumes his capital instead of his interest." Prof. Pereira, in his "Treatise on Food" (1843), says : — " Ales are not fitted for ordinary use, on account of their in- toxicating and STUPEFYING qualities." Dr. Chas. Wilson, in his "Pathology of Drunken- ness" (Edinburgh, 1855), says: — " No circumstances of ordinary life can render even the mod- erate use of intoxicating fluids either beneficial or necessary, or even innocuous." Dr. E. Smith, in his "Practical Dietary" (1865), savs : — "The proper place for these compounds is as Medicines; but not as Foods ; and they should not find any place in mere die- tetic arrangements." (p. 313.) Dr. H. R. Madden thus expresses himself in an elaborate Essay on " Stimulating Drinks " (London, 1847) : — "Alcohol is not the natural stimulus to any of our organs, and hence functions performed, in consequence of its application, tend to debilitate the organ acted upon. "Alcohol is incapable of being assimilated, or converted, into any organic proximate principle, and hence cannot be consid- ered nutritious. " The strength experienced after the use of alcohol is not ^ t^} \ I Hi V 82 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. A new itrenych added to the system, bnt Is manifested by calling Into exercise the nervous energy pre-existing. •*The ultimate cxhanating effects of tilcoljol, owing to its stim- ulant properties, produce an unnatural susceptibility to morbid action in all the organs, and this, with tlie plethora superinduced, becomes a fertile source of disease. "A person wlio habitually exerts himself to such an extent as to require tlie dally use of stimulants to ward off exhausti«)n, may bo compared to a machine working under high pressure. lie will become much more obnoxious to the causes of disease, and "Will certainly break down sooner than he would have done under more favorable circumstances. ** The more frequently alcohol is had recourse to for the pur- pose of overcoming feelings> of debility, the more it will be re- quired, and, by constant repetition, a period is at length reached when it cannot be foregone, unless reaction is simultaneously brought about by a temporary total change of the habits of life. *' Owing to the above facts, I conclude that i^ '-. daily use of STIMULANTS IS INDEFENSIBLE UNDER ANY KNOWN CIUCUM- 8TANCES. " 72. The author of " The ChemisMy of Common Life," who was no physiologist, put forth the notion, that if alcohol was not direct food, it aided the digestion and absorption of food. But this is not the fact. As Pro- fessors Todd and Bowman justly state, in their great work on Physiology, the essential action of alcohol on animal tissue is such, that if a glass of grog were laken after a mutton-chop, and were liept in the stonnach, the meat would never be digested. Luckih' for the drinker, tljc spirit, by the law named in § 60, mixes with the water of the blood, and passes on with the current of the circulation, and thus, after dcia3'ing digestion, allows 72. Does alcohol aid digestion ? Whose experiments show that it retardi dlgostioQ ? TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 83^ (['eiAi supplies of gastric juice to perform that function. Tlie recent experiments of Dr. Henry Munroe, of Hull, publislied in tlie London " Medical Journal," may be here summarized, as showing that the same essential tendency to retard digestion is common to all forms of alcoholics. Fiiiclv Miacud ll'eof. 'M Hour. 4th Hour. 0th Hour. 8th Hour. lOth Hour. I. Gastric juice and water iJeef opaque. Digesting & 8ei)arallng. Ileef much lessened. Slight cont- ing un beef. Broken up into shreds. Dissolved liicesoup. II. Gastric juice with alcohol. No altera- tion percep- tible. Slightly opaque, but beef un- changed. No visible change. Solid on cooling. J'epHiiie precipi- tated. III. Gastric juice and imle ale. No change. Clondy, with fur on beef. Beef partly loosened. No further change. No diges- tion. I'ep' sine pre- cipitated. 'Thepepsine is the digestive ferment, Avhicli U tlius demonstrated to have Its function obstructed so long as any alcoliol remains in tlie stomach. IV. %\t iJatljoIogiT of Intcmg^rana. 73. A poiaon may be defined to be, *' A substance, which, brought into contact with the skin, mucous sur- faces, nerves, blood cells, or other organs of man, alters their normal state, by virtue of some special inherent quality." Such a disturbance means, first, some degree of altered structure, temporary or permanent ; and, sec- ond, a consequent altered function, which may be either 73. Define a poison. Is it a notion of quality or quantity ? What are the three classes of poisons ? How are they distinguished ? In which clasi do you rank tobacco and alcohol ? * - 1 ^ . 84 TEXT-IJOOK OF TEMPKUANCE. ai' increased, or a lowered action. Hence, * Poisons* arc usnally classed nndor liircc general heads : as (I.) Inilaut, or acrid poisons, which intiamu and tend to de- stroy the living tissue ; (II.) Narcotics or sedatives, which lessen the action of the nerves, and, if taken iu snOicient quantity, destroy action and feeling ; (III.) NarcoticO'CicridSj which possess the double action of both classes, according to their dose or concentration. Ar- senic, Spanish-fly, jalap, and sulphuric acid arc examples of the first class ; opium, prussic acid, and chloroform, of the second ; deadly night-shade, tobacco, strychnine, and alcohol, of the third. On this point, Orfila, Taylor, Chiistison, and all toxicologists are agreed. 74. The slightest thought Avill induce the belief, that the continued use of any one of these powerful agents, however disguised or diluted, so long as it produces a sen- sible effect at all (and who would take it if it did not?), must tend to alter the natural condition of the bodily organs, and to produce effects that, sooner or- later,will tell sensibly upon human life. In the preceding part of this Text-Book, it has been shown, by a series of facts, that health, strength, warmth, endurance, and vital power, arc all best upheld by abstinence from alcoholics, and that the moderate use of such liquors actually and sensibly increases mortality. This proves, by experience, that alcohol is not food, but is poison. 75, Drs. Simon and Thudichum, of Loudon, have re- r-t. Is it probable that any continued use of poisons can be harmless t What facts contradict tlie notion ? 75. State the fallacy of the definition that aWhol is food. What dccsit assume, and what omit 1 Give the confession of Dr. Thudichum, ,4 ST.; TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 85 cenlly attempted, on theoretical grounds, to include al- cohol in a partial definition of food. Tiiey assume that alcohol is decomposed in the body to some extent, and gives out heat. This is to beg the definition as well as the fact. For even if alcohol were burnt in the body, and made the body warmer instead of colder, it would still be true that, before it was decomposed^ it acted as a poison upon blood and tissues. Now, true food must not only warm and nourish, but must do so without burning and destroying. Food must answer the end of food innocently, which alcohol docs not. A true defini- tion of food will give, not only the chemical action, but the physiological relation. After all his pleas and apol- ogies. Dr. Thudichum is compelled to make the fatal concession concerning alcoholics: "Whether they are beneficially consumed, or otherwise, must remain for fu- ture research to determine." Science has reached no conclusion adverse to experience. 76. Some of the leading i)hysiologists of the day — such as Prof. Lallemand, Dr. King Chambers, and Dr. Edward Smith — incline to the view that the main action of alcohol is to depress vitality by its narcotic action upon the nerves and brain. This view, however, should be held in connection with the- fact, that all vital organs resist the first blows of a narcotic as truly as of an acrid agent ; whence it follows that when a narcotic is given in small doses, the reaction will resemble the symptoms commonly ascribed to a " stimulant," or goad. It is of 70. What views are held by some leading pliysiologists as to the exclusive iction of Alcohol? Can a narcotic be also regarded as a stimulant? Do stimulants give "force," or ** expend " it? ' .Ml 'Ak. 86 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. little moment what the agent is called, so long as tlie fact is perceived that it does not (jive^ but calls out and wastes power. A stimulant is not the corn that strength ens the horse, but the whip or spur that induces the animal rapidly to expend its strength. It is not the uew cash which accrues to a man on the death of a rich relative, but the money which the lawyer has borrowed for you by mortgaging your old farm. It will all have to be paid back again, sometimes with interest and costs. It now remains to trace the chief pathological results of the use of alcohol. Two series of experiments performed with Bourbon whiskey and sherry wine in April, 18C7, and reported in the *' Chicago Medictil Joi.rnal," are instructive. The whiskey was mixed with sugared water, which was an error, because sugar tends to raise the temperature, and thus to confuse the experimeut. We record the results : — Before whiskey, drauk at 10.30, p. m., After 4 oz." " ♦* 11.00, ♦' * " " *• 11.30, " " " " " 12.30, A. M., *' The sphygmograph shows, that while the number of beats were increased from 83 to 89 per minute during the first hour, the force of the heart and pulsations was weakened^ whence a congestion of the venous radicles would ensue." 77. This substance is so virulent a poison that it can be taken only in the diluted form of ardent spirits, a Temperature Pulse per in mouth. rain. 98i'» 83 971" 85 974" 89 97i«* 85 77. How does Alcohol produce sudden deathl Wliat relation does it bev TEXT-BOOK OP TEMFERANOE. 6T teaspoonfiil of which hoe often destroyed the life of a child, and from half a pint to a pint that of men unac- customed to its use.* It produces death in such cases by nervous shock, not very dissimilar to that of a blow on some susceptible centre, like the ganglionic nerves of the stomach. As consumed in wines, cider, and beer, tho violent acridity of the poison is sheathed in ten or twelve times its bulk of water. Tho experiments of Dr. Ed. Smith, F.R.S., published in the " Philosophical Transactions " for 1859, prove that alcohol " interferes with alimentation" and " its power to lessen tho sali- vary secretion impedes the due digestion of starch." "When spirituous liquors are introduced into the stomach," says Dr. Aitken, in his " Practice of Medicine " (5th Edit.), *' they tend to coagulate, in the first instance, all albuminous articles of food or fluid with which they come in contact ; as an irritant they stimulate-the gland- ular secretions from the mucous membrane, and ulti' mately lead to permanent congestion of the vessels and to thickening of the gastric tissues. In these eflects it is impossible not to recognize the operation of an agent most p iuicious in its ultimate results. The coagula- tion is very diff'erent from that effected by the gastric fluids, and tends to render the articles more difficult of solution by the gastric juice." " Even diluted, in the ♦ Oesterlin (Ilandhtichder Ileilmittellehre, 1855) records the case of a child, 1| years old, who hale-spoonful3 of brandy, taken at Kips, proved fatal to a healthy girl of 4 years of age, in spite of aiedical aid. :|^ to alimentation? Give Dr. Aitken's explanation of the effect of Alcoho* 88 TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. form of beer or wine," says Dr. Lankcstor,* F.R.S., " it is found to act injiiriously on the (Iclicato membranes of the stomach and otiicr digestive organs." t " Wlien talien in largo quantities in any of the above forms, it acts most injuriously on tlie stomach, liver, brain, heart, and other organs of the body. • . . It is found to destroy the quality of the blood, to congest the mem- branes of the brain, to produce incurable affections of the liver and kidneys, and to cflect changes in the muscular structure of the heart, the result of all of which are painful and lingering diseases, or sudden death." X Anotlier result, even when positive disease itself is not generated, is to mask the symptoms of disease pro- duced by other causes, to frustrate the aims of proper treatment, and to set the physician's skill at defiance. " So destructive," adds Dr. Lankestcr, *' is this agent, on the whole body, that large numbers of persons avoid its use altogether, and thus have successfully demon- strated that the use of this agent is not necessary to health." The consequence of this again is, that while the abstainer has not lialf the sickness of the moderate drinker, the diseases to which he is subject are much more amenable to treatment, and require less violent remedies. i^ « * The Inflammatory appearance of the drinker's stomach has been fre- quently exhibited in tlie plates published by Sir. E. C. Dclavan, Illustrating cases supplied by the late Dr. Scwall, I'resident of the American Medical Institute. See Dr. Nott's "Lectures," and Dr. Lees' "Illustrated History of Alcohol," t '• School Manual of Health." London, 1868. J Ibid. upon the food and the stomach. What is the dictum of ]>r. Lankestcr! How does Alcohol act la regard to disease ? TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 89 78. Alcohol, in oven modcrato doses, if continued, sensibly alters tlio ciiaractcr of tlio blood. Tliis Ims been sliown by a scries of experiments and microscopio observations, instituted by Schultz, Vircliow, Boeclver, and others. Prof. Schultz (Berlin, 1842) says:— • " Alcohol stimulates the vesicles to an increased and unnatural contraction, which deprives them of coloring matter, and hurries them on to the last stage of develop* inent, i. e., induces their premature death, — not sud- denly, but gradually, and more or less according to the quantity of alcohol used. The pale vesicles lose all vital resistance, less oxygen being absorbed, and less carbon being carried out, and the plasma itself becomes an irritant to the circulatory and secreting organs." This is the reason why alcoholized blood cannot suitably nourish the body, and how especially it is unfit to pro- mote the healing of wounds and inflamed parts, Vir- chow (1853) describes, as the result of his experiments in the use of beer, " A decrease of water (the vehicle of vitality) ; an increase of fibrin, and of colored clot, which reddened much loss rapidly on exposure to the air than normal blood, and containet^ many more of the pale blood-discs than is usual in perfect health, which may bo regarded as defunct bodies, no longer capable of their original duty, that of absorbing oxygen." * Boecker (1854) argues that this is evidence of par- tially effete matter kept in the blood. His experiments ♦ Dr. Moleschott (Mliller's Archlv.) has shown that when the liver is cut 78. Whose experiments clearly show the influence of Alcohol upon the blood ? State the results arrived at by Trof. Schultz ; and the inlierence as respects wounds. Give tlie verdict of Trof. Virchow, as to effects of beer; of Dr. Boecker, and the inierences. What modifies, or limits, the evils of 1 \m 90 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. with Rhonisli wine luul (lioifrect of luri^oly lessening the amount of carbonic ut'i»l bioiitiicil out, nnd stopping; the cxcri'tion of earthy phosi)liatea, thus retaining ashes in the living house and stopping ventilation. As Dr. King Chambers says, *' There is n general resemblance be- tween those experiments and those with pure spirit, Piodificd apparently in close proportion to the smaller r/nautity of alcohol and to the amount of the antagonis- tic ageni;, water, therein absorbed. " This is an im- out of fVog« tlioy lone Ihrlr powf r of brcnthltig out corbonlc-aolj (foul olr), an'Ous system? Give the views of Dr. Chambers. / L .: ..s.!n i 1 f 90 TKXT-nOOK OF TE3IPERANCE, the nervous system, doubtless nnd cspeciallii on the mental func* tions of tin' nervous system, every experimenter, from the first pa- triarch downicards, icoitld agree that its prime action is evider^. But what ts a stimulant? It is usually held to be sorao^Iilng which spurs on an a.ilmal operated upon to a more vigorous performance of iti duties. It seems very doubtful If, on tlio healthy nervous system, this is ever the clTect of alcohol, even In the most moderate doses, and for the shortest periods of time.* There is noticed, also, an increased rapidity of pulse; but that cannot be regarded as an evidence even of locally aug- mented vital action, for, of all patients, those specially exhibit it who have the weakest hearts, and are most enfeebled by dis- ease. A diminution of force is quite consistent icith augmented quickness of motion. Physiologists have always taught, as con- flrmed by all experiments, that large doses of alcohol immedi- ately, and small doses after a time, depress the nervous cen- tres; the primary action is anaesthetic, — a diminution of vital- ity in the nervous system." These facts enable us to realize the subtle and varied consequences of the use of alcohol, through the nervous system and brain, upon the mind and actions of men. The forms of mental perversion to which the use of this poison gives rise, from irritable temper to outra- geous crime, — darkening the perceptions, exciting the passions, hardening the heart, blunting the conscience, and destroying the brain, — are infinitely various, and find their abundant illustration in the records of our legal tribunals. It is not a text-book but a cyclopaedia ♦"Kenewal of Life," London, 1859; and '< Clinical Lectures," London, 1865, Does increased puise or motion prove increased force 1 What is the pri- mary action of Alcohol called ? what does ancestheaia mean ? What mei¥ fnleirocts follow the use of Alcohol? Civo two historical examples. TEXT-DOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 97 that can adequately exhibit them. The assassin Booth and the Emperor Theodore are two of the latest ex- amples on tlio tableaux of modern history, which can never be forgotten.* Dr. H. Munroe, of Hull, has published several cases where the maniacal tendency to set fire to houses and to steal {pyromania and kleptomania)were entirely due to the use of intoxicants. Plato, twenty centuries ago, recognized a fact in physiology, when he forbade the use of wine to the newly married. It perverts the brain of the unborn child ; it strikes a blow at reason and virtue in the very womb. It is the real cause of so many ill- balanced minds, neither insane nor sensible ; and in its higher use it is the teeming fount of the sad idiotcy which disgraces and depresses our boasted civilization. In Dr. Howe's reports to the Legislature of Massachu- setts, he shows that nearly one-half of the idiots had drunken. parents (l±d out of 300). It is an undoubted fact, exemplified in the history of thousands of families, that the children born after their parents joined the ■ \i * Wilkes Booth, the cowardly murderer of the late President of the United States, when lie saw his helpless victim in the box at the theatre, had not the cruelty to strike the blow ; hia human feelings overcame him, and trem- bling with suppressed agony at the thought of becoming an assassin, he rushed into the nearest restaura7it, crying out, "Brandy I Brandy I Bran* dy I " Then, gulping down the hellish draught, it instantly poisoned his blood, fired up his brain, transformed his whole nature into that of a raging fiend ; and, in this remorseless condition, he shot down that noble-hearted President, — the nation's great hope, the people's best Mend. '.:ri State Dr. Mnnroe's cases. What was Plato's doctrine? What are the consequencec of neglecting it ? What proportion of idiots have drunken parents ? f '^. 08 TEXT-noOK OF TKMl»i:UA\CE. Temperance Society, are not or^y physically heallhi^ but mentally brighter and hatter tluin those born before. 83. Dr. Ed. Smith, *' London Phil. Trans, " 1850, hnj published the results of experiments made upon himsoif and friends. After sipping a few spoonfuls of wino, tlie first thing in the morning, they noted down the foUow ing symptoms and sequences : — " In from tUrco to seven minutes, the mind xms disturbed. ConsclouHiicss, the power of llxing tlic nttcntlon, the percep- tion of llglit, and wo bclicvo of sound also, and tlio power of directing and co-ordlniitlng tlio muscles, were lessened ; whilst there was a very marked, pecullur, continuous, thrilling, not unpleasant sensation, passing down through the whole system, during thirty minutes. After this porlod the effect diminished, as shown by increased consciousness and the perception of light, as if a veil had fallen from the eyes; nevertheless^ the last power to he completely regained ims consciousness. '♦ Spirits made us very hilarious and talkative In ten minutes, and during twenty to twcuty-flve— so nmch so, that my friend was altogether a king. But as minutes flew away, so did our joyousness ; and, little by little, we lessened our garrulity, and felt less happy, until at length, having gone down by degrees, we remained silent, almost morose, and extremely miserable. Then, indeed, we felt the horrors' and the sorrows of the drunkard's lot, and saw, loilh a clearness which can only be per- ceivcd by such experience, how certain it is that he must again drain the intoxicating cup. ^* In {XQkMilon, every mental perception was darkened; and the dreaminess, which Is not an unpleasant feature of it, is a con- dition in which noiciier thought nor imagination acquires power. " 83. What were Dr. E. Smith's experiments ? In what order were tha effects produced on senses and mind ? What was the sentient result ttaAk explains the slavery of the drinlter ? TEXT-BOOK OF TKMPEIUNOB. 99 An agent with such tendencies as these can hardly bo regarded us a friend of man or God. By necessary law it is thus seen to be the seed of inordinate appctito, cre- ating and fostering a passion for itself, which grows with what it feeds on. The solo issue of its use is sensuality and sin, ending in that frightful condition of moral slo* very, confirmed drunkenness, wlien the rational Will is abolished, — a condition which forever debars its victim from reaching " Thnt tranquil height Where wisdom purities tlie sight, And God unfulds to tlie liumble gaze, The bilas and beauty of his ways. " «4vk« 84. Power must plainly bo stored up in some available form, before it can be expended. In the human body it exists as a concentration of cohesive, chemic, organic, and nervous forces, the Eum of which is the actual strength or capacity of the Constitution (1,) for nutrition and excretion, i. e., health-power ; (2,) for endurance and resistance of disease ; and (3,) for voluntary work with the surplus. When people are recovering from illness, it is not until the nutritive functions are restored that the strength comes back for working with the bands or the brain. So, after long walks, the brain is not in a fit state for thinking, because the surplus, or accumulated power, has been spent. But the constitution and the food, in each case, expresses a fixed amount of power, just as does the mechanism of a steam-engine with its 84. Explain the law of the generation of power In the body, and iti dUtrt* bution. '1 if S'li; ^■1 '! '^ i|] i M 100 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPRRANOE. fuel and stcnm. All tlicflo forces, as n little thought will Bhow, are correlated, ftiid many of them mutually con- vertible, — i. c., as OHO fo'm disappoars, it becomes another of exactly the same vtdue. So much concen- trated sun-power passed into wood or coal in growing, holding together its parts, does, when separated in burn- ing, reappear as light and heat; the excess of heat above the boiling-point passes into steam-force, and that vanishes into mechanical action and attrition, etc., to become once more light, heat, and electricity. Tho forces of the sun interweave themselves into the texture of the golden grain, and become fixed as cohesion or chemical attraction ; bread made from tbat grain is di- gested into blood, part transformed into muscle, part into oily and saccharine fuel in the circulation, to be at last decomposed in the perforuance of the work to which it was destined. Thus we return to our starting-point, for all this merely explains how force is liberated, after being temporarily /iced, or stored up for use. A little diagram of the Body and its essential parts — Head, Trunk, and Limbs — will make the application of this law very plain. \ brains) • * • 4 Total 24 17 • • TRUNK • . 20 24 Total. TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. 101 It, under normal action, of tlio whole mcasuro of force coming from digested food, wo have lesn or more used up by tlio Trunk, then tlicro must he a corresponding alter- ation in the surjtlua force available for the uses of tlio Brain and the Limbs, i. o., for Thinking and Working. It cannot be used first in the body, and also in the bruin, tho nerves, and the voluntary muscles of the limbs Hence, if tho sum of a Man's available force ([criycd from Food be represented as 24 degrees, of which 17 are needed for tho healthy and vigorous working of tho body itself, — there will bo 7 degrees left for voluntary work, physical or mental. When alcohol is introduced, how* over, it evidently creates an increased activity of the in- ternal vascular system^ indicated by greater pumping of tho heart, and quickened pulsation and breathing. Now, unless this work can bo done ivithout expenditure of power, which is absurd, just so much force as this increased internal work required must have been ab- stracted from the surplus fund destined for volu >tary work, — tho real end of tho wonderful series of divine provisions revealed in nature ; in other words, tho Body, regarded as an instrument of voluntary action, is now less strong by 2 degrees, having only 4 units of energy available instead of 7. This demonstration will explain the meaning to be put upon tho remarkable wordo of Baron Liebig, in his *' Animal Chemistry," (1843). <'The circulation will appear accelerated at the expense of '^ GU'e the statement of Liebig as ioi)\G force-wasting action of AIcohoL Show why tho stimulation of tlie vascular-systeni robt the voluntary nenref of asefnl power. ''!r li 102 TEXT-DOOK or TKMl'EUANCE. the force nvnilnblo for voluntary motion, hut without tUc pro- duction or a tftcuter lunount of invcliunlcul forcu." In Ills later ** Lottors," ho ngtiln flays: — " WIno Is quite RuprrfluouH to mnn. . . . It l«con»tnntly folloxned by the fxpendlturc of power. TIii'ho drinks promote the change of matter In the body, nnd are couHoqucntly attrrnkd by an inimrd lonii of power, which ck.\.sk8 to uk ruonr'TiVK, becttUHO It Is not employed in ovurconiln;; out\«'arU diitlculttcs, — 1.0., in working." In other words, according to this great chemis*" alco- hol abstracts t.ic power of the Hystcra from doing useful work in flcld, woritshop, or study, in order to clcauiie the house from tho vlufllement of Alcohol ktselC 1 1- • •'i TKXT-HOOK OF TKMI'KHANCK. 108 V. JKl)c Pcbita! djucstioit. 85. Is Alcohol a onrntlvo ngont? Were we to answer tills question in tiie anirinfitivo, it would really be, to tlui ini^ nrtitil mind, lui argument a^j^uinRt its commoi; use. Why take a euro, wlien wo have no complaint? Medicines are not lor the healthy, but the diseased, nniC that which makes them melic.'ines at all is their pecu- liar power to produce extraordinary changes in the body. Physic and food arc contraries, related respec- tively to disease and healtli. If alcoliolics are ever really useful as medicines, or even as adjuncts to medi- cal treatnjcnt, certain conditions must be observed in their use, which are generally overlooked. (1.) The disease must bo tnerc ar"* understood before the remedy, or supposed remedy, can be administered. (2.) It must bo known that the alcohol is the essen- tial part of the remed}', and not a mere accident. For example, when brandy and hot water are given for spasm, the real remedy is the heat. (3.) The nature and strength of the liquor must bo known, which it rarely is. Besides, it is often adulter- ated with powerful drugs tliat may occasionally eft'ect the benefit ascribed to the spirit. ^ 85. Is Alcohol a medicine ? Wluit does lliis Imply ? To wlmt are food end pliyslc related ? Is It phy«Ic for lieoUh nnd i'ood for lnn])i)etence? Whnt it the characteristic of all medicine ? Is not all physic bad In health ? Whet are the /?re conditions fur a rational prescription of Alcchol? A« to th« 4t 104 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMTERANXB. % (4.) Above all, tho exact condition of the patient, and tho time fov tho administration, with all the proper tests, mnst be reduced to a system and science ; other- wise tho prescription is mere quackery. Where aro these conditions fulfilled? (5.) Lastly, careful and comprehensive experiments nuist be made in regard to the administration of alcohol for certain classes of disease, showing the benefit of the practice by tho lessened mortality. Where are these? As respects the first condition, alcohol is generally prescribed where the symptoms are obscure, or where other things have failed, with the mere chance or hope that the case ir be hit. In some instances, the nature of the disease, and hence the remedy, has been entirely mistaken.* Dr. Aitken, In his great work,t supplies an illustration worth noting : *' The term alcoholism is used to denote various s3Mnptoms of disease attending morbid processes of various kinds capable of being traced to the use of stimulants containing alcohol. The term is used in the sense analogous to that in which we use tho terms niercurialism, ergotism, narcotism, and the like, tho agents inducing these specific states acting after the manner of a cumulative poison. The progress of modern science has distinctly demonstrated the poi- ♦ For the showing out of the whole subject, see Dr. Lees' " DoetOTt Drugs and Drink." London, 1807. t " Practice of Jledicine," vol. i., p. 828. first, pivc Dr. Aitkcu's example of the huge mistake of treating alcoholism with Alct>hol, on the supposition that it was evidence of exalted vitalitv. State the dlirerenccs between the old and new method of treating deli -ium tnmtnt. TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 105 sonous action of alcohol. In 1828 it was theoretically advanced by Lcoviclle that delirium tremens consisted in an exalted state of tlio vital powers of the brain, excited by the molecules saturated with alcohol But now it is [seen to be] a matter of fact, determined by direct experiment as well as by observation, that alco- hol is absorbed directly into the circulation, and is capable of acting as a direct poison upon the nervous tissue through which the infected blood circulates." The old mode of treatment, with opium and drink, killed, in Edinburgh, 25 per cent., in Glasgow, 50 per cent., while now hundreds have been treated with warm baths, nourishing food, no alcohol, and no opium, and not one per hundred dies.* 86. As to the second condition, especially in ailments aflfecting stomach, liver, and kidneys, it has been found, on excluding the alcohol of porter and some wines, that the benefit has been increased. Accidental elements of cure are frequently overlooked, and the credit given to agents which really opposed the cure. Beer and porter are multifarious compounds. * Mr. Hntchlnson, of the London Hospital, however, reports some cases which did well with beer. Tills was owing, not to the alcohol, but the drugs. He " rarely employs opium or spirits. In private practice, he reports the best narcotic to be bottled stout, but for hospital use common London porter is nifflciently stupefying, if taken in quantity." — ( " Medical Times," Nov. 21, 1808.) M. Goeselin, of Paris, observes, in a recent chemical lecture, that " one of the contra indications to the use of chloroform is the inveterate tise of alco. holies so common in the classes brought to the hospitals. In these subjects, who have passed thci'r flltieth year, anaesthetics sliould either be abstained from, or employed with the greatest circumspection."— ( ♦' Gaz. des Hop.," Oct. 31, 1868.) This evinces ugain the lowering nature of alcoholic liquors. 86. As to the second, what is the fallacy of reasoning into which prac* tltloners are liable to fall in reference to compouTuf drinks and prescriptions? Uow can the true curative element be detected ? ^i 106 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 87. The third condition ia rarely fuiaileJ. Dr. AHken has some excellent observations in his second volume : — "Although so extensively used, as yet little Is certainly known of the action of alcohol when administered in the form of wine, beer, or spirits. None of the general statements so frequently met with as to the composition or effects of any particular class of beverages can be relied on as a guide to the physician in prescribinfj ; and much error seems to prevail on the subject, not only in the popular mind, but also amongst medical men." , . , " Alcohol is the most potent agent for good or evil in all these beverages ; and, therefore, its amoujit and its effects cliallcnge attention in the first instance. A pint of beer (20 oz.) may contain one^ or two, or more ounces of abso- lute alcohol, or less than a quarter of an ounce t This alcohol may be associated In tlie beer with an amount of free acid vary- ing from fifteen to fifty grains, and with an amount of sugar varying from half an ounce to three or four times that quantity. A glass of sherry (2 oz.) may contain from a quarter of an ounce to half an otmce, or more, of absolute alcohol, with sugar varying in quantity from a mere trace to 20 or 30 grains, associated with a very variable amount of free acid, and other ingredients. It is impossible, therefore, for a physician to know what his patients arc drinking, unless he is acquainted with the chief constituents and their amounts contained in the identical liquor which he may prescribe ; and, of course, before sound conclusions can be arrived at, the conditions under which these beverages are administered, or taken, must also be very precisely observed." . . . "The blindly empirical and routine mode in which alcoholic beverages are generally prescribed, in absolute ignorance of their constitution and genuineness, renders it advisable in a text-book to insist fUlly on these topics, believing that the physician cannot successfully 87. A« to the ihird, give Dr. Aitkcn's protest. •' Show how a pint of beer or wine may differ greatly as to the substances in it, —as to its Alcohol, iti sugar, its acids, or its adulterations." TEXT-nOOK or TKMl'ERAXCE. 107 copa with diseases, tind especially with constitutional diseases, and the ill-liealth wiLli wlilcli they arc associated, unless he learns judiciously to use the immense power at his disposal in the influence of diet, tcatcr, and alcoJiolic beveragen as agents In the management of the system during the intervals between the paroxysms of these diseases." (p. 242.) 88. As to the fourth condition, in the case of fevers. Dr. Anstie, an opponent of temperance doctrine, lays down as the law, that alcohol cannot be Rcientilically administered until the urine of the patient has been analyzed, and the sphygraograph (or pulse-writer) has been applied for the course of many hours : otherwise, mischief, not benefit, will result. He says, *' Even the slight and trivial symptom o^ Jl ashing in the face is a sign of the first degree of the poisonous action^ namely, a vaso-motor paralysis, and shows that at least we have touched the border-line at which the beneficial action of alcohol ceases, and its poisonous effects begin."— ( " Lancet," Jan. 25, 18G8.) But this does not express the whole truth, for we ha^'c to do with the quality of the drink as well as its quantity, and the precise purpose it is ordered for. On both these points the ordinary practitioner is deeply ignorant. In the chemical section (p. 10), we .referred to three sorts of alcohols — methylic, ethylic, and amy- lic — the boiling-point of which is, respectively, 151°, 172°, and 270°. In drinking the compounds gener- ally sold as wines and whiskeys, no man can detect the actual kind Of alcohol he is consuming. Of the il 88. As to the fourth, give Dr. Anstie's test and testimony. Is '• flashing in the face'' a sign of alcoholic poisoning? State the warning of Dr. W. B. Uichardaon. 108 TEXT-BOOK OF TEAIPERANCE. physiological difference, however, Dr. W. B. Richard- son, F.R.S., thus discourses : — " The sclentlflc physician ought never to attempt their use except as alcoliols, the precise nature of xohich he under»tanda. Does ho want a quickly actin«^ stimulant wliich eliminates rapidly, talcing out little force, he has It in methylic alculiol. Does ho want an alcohol that shall create a more histin;{ effect [draw out more power], ho has it in cthylic [wine] alco- hol. Does ho want to reduce the body, to prostrate it for many hours, ho can do that with amylic, or butylic, or caproyllc alcohol. But when he is ordering alcohol by the general loose names of gin, brandy, rum, wine, he has no conception of what he is prescribing, nor of the effect of his prescription." ♦ 89. As to the fifth condition, all facts run counter to any such conclusion, and condemn as worthless or per- nicious the old routine practice. The statistics of the London Hospital exhibit, over a series of years, a gradual advance in tlie quantity of alcohol prescribed, and a no less gradual increase in the mortality. From 1862 to 1864, the deaths rose from 7 to 10 per cent. In the surgical department, from 1854 to 1864, from 4.48 per cent, to 6.55 per cent., — an increase in both cases of nearly one-third ! 90. On the other hand, every trial in the British hos- pitals, in the treatment of particular diseases without spirits, or with vastly reduced quantities of alcoholics, • «' Medical Times," Marcli 7, 1808, p. 255. 80. As to i\\& fifth, do facts run in that direction, nnd give any support to existing routine ? "What are the ^tatisticd of the London Hospital ? 90. What do tlie trials in British hospitals tend to establish? What hare Dra. Wilks, Kees, and Sutton shown at Guy's ns to the treatment o/ TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 109 lias been, without exception, succeeded by a largely lessened mortality. Cliolera, riieurnatic fever, typhus, and typhoid fevers may bo taken as instances. Drs. Wilks, Rces, and Sutton have treated rheumatic fever extensively, toithout drugs and stimulants, and instead of the common frightful sequel of heart-disease, it has been cured in half the usual time, witli less than one per cent, of that malady, which turns out to be rather a result of stimulant treatment than of any natural con- nection with the disease. So true is the remark made thirty j^ears ago, by Dr. R. D. Mussey, that, ** under the stimulant practice, trains of morbid symptoms are often aggravated, and neio centres of irritation establishedj which, if not sufficient to destroy the patient, prolong the period of the fever, and frequently cause relapses, or a lingering convalescence." * In regard to typhus and typhoid fevers, the unhappy influence of the late Dr. Todd's treatment has not only led to the sacrifice of the Prince Consort of England and of himself, but of tens of thousands of valuable lives besides. The mortality in his own practice in rheumatic fever was always very large ; and, as Dr. A. W. Barclay observes, in his "Medical Errors," the cases contain, in themselves, a complete refutation of his theory. "The 18 cases reported, give 15 in which there was heart-complication, and in some of ' these the stimulating treatment was fully carried out. * Mussey andLindsley'aPrize Essay on Alcoholic Liquors. rheumatlo fever? Give Dr. Mussey's evidence? What does Dr. A. W, Baralay allege as to Dr. Todd'a treatment of fever ? 110 TEXT- BOOK OF TEMrEUANCB. Ill common fever ngain eleven deaths occurred among t went}'- four cases." 91. The reports of fever-treatment without stimu- lants, by Dr. Ilendei'son, of Shanghai, and Dr. Bishop, of Naples, which reduced the mortality from twenty- eight to seven per cent., attracted, several years ago, the attention of several English physicians. Dr. T. K. Chnmbers, who, under the ordinary treatment, lost one patient in five, under the new method, had only three deaths in 121 cases. Well might this physician say to his students, in his Clinical Lectures : *' Above all, I would caution 5"0U against employing wine as a substitute for the true restorative treatment. It may be useful as an adjunct, but never in its place." (p. Gl.) 92. Two uses have been imagined for alcohol as a medicine in fever, — the one, that of a fuel to keep up animal heat when solid food cannot bo taken ; the other, that of an ancesthetic, like chloroform, which will stop the destructive waste of the nervous system, indi- cated by low, muttering delirium, — the use, as it were, of a drag upon a carriage going too rapidly down hill. Our answer is, that this is altogether a matter of fact, not of theory ; and the facts are dead against the fancy. What is here wanted to be done can be better accom- plished bj'' other agencies. Milk, unfermented wine, or fruit juices, are better fuel than alcohol, while the wet 91. Give the results of the treatment of fever, without stimulants, at Shanghai, Naples, and London? Does Dr. Chambers cnll Alcohol a " medi- cine," or an axljunct 7 92. What are the two imagined uses of Alcohol as physic? What is the value of the fancy ; and why must it be thrown away ? I .-i ■i^'A TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. Ill sheet, or ice applied to the head or spine, is equally potent, and infinitely preferable for soothing the nerv- ous system and regulating the pulse. The error of the prevailing system was long ago pointed out by a prac- tical and philosophic physician. Dr. Archibald Billing, who thus enforces the truth : — " Tonics give strength ; stimulants call it forth. Stimulants excite action, but action is not strength. On the contrary, over-action increases exhaustion. One thing necessary to the recovery of the nervous system (in fever) is arterial blood. To produce this of good equality, digestion and tree respiration are requisite. Tlie digestion Imving been disturbed, it is useless to supply other than fluid nutriment (I have found milk the best), until some renewal of nervous energy takes place. This restoration will not be expedited by stimulants." ♦ 93. The elaborate statistics published in March, 1864, as to thi3 treatment of typhus fever in the hospitals at Glasgow, by Dr. W. T. Gairdner, professor of physic, are of the greatest weight, and must eventually settle the problem with the profession. It is only a question of time. - In many hundreds of cases (nearly 600), of all ages, the mortality lessened exactly as the dose of alcohol diminished, milk, or buttermilk, being given in its place. "Wine, reduced from an average of 34 ounces to 2J, was followed by a reduction of deaths from •'■rrindples of Medicine.'^ 4tli edition. London, 1841. 93. What was the most significant experiment ever made as to the treat- ment of typhus with and without Alcohol ? What do Prof. Gairdnei't statistics prove? .41 !' • ' It 112 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 17 to 11 per cent. Of 209 chiUlrcn uiuler 15 years of age, treated without any alooliol, not one cliedy though the very same class of cases, trcatctl with alcohol iu the Infirmary^ had a mortality of six per cent. Au inquest should have sat upon the six, and the just verdict would have been, '•*' Infanticide by medical routine and obsti- nacy." 94. Dr. J. B. Russell, of Glasgow, commenting on the preceding facts, observes that, " Alcoholic stimulants are a two-edffed sword in the hands of the practitioner. If employed within the range of their stimulant action, which is variable in every case, they are helpftil; if pushed beyond into their narcotic action, they impair the vitality, which it is our duty to augment. Even as pure stimulants, they may be used unnecessarily, so as to push and urge the laboring energies of the sys- tem^ maintaining an unnatural excitement in a journey, which could, with leisure, have been more easily accom- plished." Professor Lehmann, in his ** Physiological Chemis- try," observes, that, "when once the fact is admitted, that the first thing in many diseases is to furnish a copious supply of oxygen to the blood, which has been loaded with imperfectly decomposed substances, and to remove, as quickly as possible, the carbonic acid T7hich has accumulated in it, these observations will have afforded us true remedial agencies which ejtceed almost • every other in the certainty of their action. We should 94. Give the opinion of Dr. J. B. Russell, of Glasgow, as to tlie results of recent experiments ? State Lchmann's great principle of cure. What are the latest conclusions of Dr. Gatrdner, as stated by the " Medical Journal ?' i •■'il TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 113 forbid tlio use of spirituous drinkM, nnd not even pre* scribe tinctures, wiucli hinder tlio nocesHary excretion of carbonic acid." (Vol. III., on Respiration.)* It is certain tluit the exaggerated notions of tlio therapeutic value of alcohol are giving way before in- quiry and evidence, and that the old theories are being fast exploded. The " British Medical Journal " (Juno 22, 1868), for example, in reporting another of the admirable lectures of Professor Gairdner, "On tho Limits of Alcoholic Stimulation in Acute Disease/' remarks : — " The author condemned the practice, nnd also the theoret- ical views leading to the practice of tho late Dr. Todd. It is aa nearly aa possible a demonstrated fact, tlmt much of what is spent In wines and spirits for the sick in hospitals, and, therefore, probably in private practice, ia unneceaaarily, if not injurioualy, spent." There is no question that stimulants, prescribed for trifling ailments, have introduced intemperance into * Public writers are always innisting upon the need of pare air nnd san- itary regulations, wtio yet fail to see tlie important fact timt tlio use of alco- holics violated both conditions. " Excess of carbonic acid," says one of them, "is the most discernible injury inflicted by communities upon open air, — an ii\jury revenged with fatal force upon the aggressors." In differ* ent air, taken from different parts of the same town, 'the amount may vary as from 9 to 20; **nnd in this latter district," says Dr. Angus Smith, *< the deaths rose to 4.6 per 100 of the population." It is remarkable that this is exactly the ratio of mortality amongst our drinkers themselves, while it is only one per 100 amongst abstainers, who cannot, and will not, live in the bad districts. " Much of the phthisis [consumption] and scrofula [aris- ing ft-om defective nourishment] of town populations is, doubtless, due to an atmosphere overcharged with carbonic acid." ; i^^ ft.' What special reasons, as given by Prof. Laycock, impose a great tnortU responaibility upon physicians In regard to the prescription of Alcohol ? 8 ;;i 114 TEXT-nOOK or TRMPEUANCR. many funillieii, nnd Bprond ftoclnl niul personal ruin all around. **1 Imvo Hcon," suitl Dr. S. Wllks, physiclnn to Guy's Hospital, *'»o many casns of {Xirsonsj especially ladies^ who have entirely given themselves up to tile pleasures of brandy-tlrinking, become paraplegic [liaU paralyzed]. From what wo hear of our continental nciglibors, it would seem that that diabolical compound styled absinthe is productive of exhaustion of nervous power in even a mucli more marked dopfreo. It would seem that the volatile oils, dissolved in the alcohol, give additional force to its poisonous effects." • Let us hope, however, that the members of a noblo profession will speedily awake to a full sense of the great responsibility under which they labor in prescrib- ing alcoholics, recollecting the fact, of which their daily practice gives them a perpetual proof, — the fact, as stated by Professor Laycock, M.D., — that ** indiges- tion, being temporarily relieved by alcoholic stimulants, it lays the foundation for an ever-growing habit of taking them in women, and excites a more and more urgent desire in the drunkard," so that *MY is in this way that many persons of position and education become irrecov- erable sots." Forgetting this law, and pandering to fashion or appetite, the phj^sician will fail in his true and holy mission, and, under pretence of healing physi- cal disorder, will leave behind him, in many households, a demon more rampant and remorseless than ever tore the flesh of the possessed ones in olden time. • '• Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System.*' — '* Medical Times,* Oot. 21, ISflS. TEXT-nOOK or TEMPEILVNOB. 116 VI. ^mftxmxct h Jlchitiow ia iljt '^ibU, 05. A T^atin cpigrnm written in nn old Bible, says, ** This is a book whore every one sceivs his own opinions, and every onej^nda tliom." And wlien it is recollected, that the Bible has been, in many a}i;cs and many coun- tries, deliberately cited to justify despotism and drink- ing, filavery and sensuality, we can hardly wonder at the profane satire. The rebuke, however, really falls, not upon the Bible, but upon its Interpreters . The ob- jective truth remains unaflected by the perversions of mankind, who, in behalf of their lusts and prejudices, do, as Cecil says, ** labor to make the Bible their Bible." As looking at an object through a peculiar medium colors what we see, so our atmosphere of prejudice or passions, tli£ limitations of our i<:;uorance, and tlie ob- scuring media of versions or dead languages, will cer- tainly tend to distort or darken our views of scripture truth. We must, Jirst^ honestly seek with single-eye for the genuine Truth of God ; and, second^ adopt evert MEANS for clearing away the haze which floats between the Truth and the Inquirer. Our aim must be to interpret the writers in the sense of their own age^ not of ours ; in short, to see with the eyes, hear with the ears, and undcr- '« 95. Wlint was the meaning of tlio Latin epigram Inscribed upon the blanic page of a nible ? On wliom docs its censure fall 7 What are the two chief ooudltions fur fiodlng the Truth f What are the perverting media? What UG TKXT-UOOK OF TKMl'KUANCB. stmul with tlio hofirts of tlu» men ofoM, niid, by placliij; om-Hulvcjj ill tluMi- Hituation, masliir tlio mcaninj^of tliclr thonj^lits luul liiiigiinyjo. lIiilcHs om* iniiulH arc porvadcd witli tho factA^ t\\ii ciiftomH, luid tlio opinions of tlio aneioiita, inlHiiitorprotatioh of tliuir writinj;^ in Bimi)ly Im»vital)lo ; but, purilUnI and llbiinlimtod by Hudi condi- tions, wo may n'st aHHurod timt tho FactH of Nr.turo, Uio Law8 of Morals, and tlio Truths of Scripture, will bo found In happy liarmony.* 90. Among tho certain fucta, tho follow lug may bo afllrtncd : — 1. That the Bible nowhcro condemna abatinence from strong drinks. 2. That tho Biblo nowhcro associates God*8 bltasing with the ttae of strong drinks. * A work conceived In thU iplrlt han been brought to n concluilon, name' iy, "The Tcmpt'rance IUI)le Commentury, " by Dr. Li:k» and Dawhox BURXS, M. A., in which iV.\7 tcxtn iiru expounded nt)') illuHtratcd nt largo. Of tliU work, rrufusHor Tuylur Lewis, uf Union College, hitnselfan cniiacut floholar, sayR : — "It Is unique In its kind an n cnllcctlon iind fair prcRentatlon of every- thing in .Scripture tliiit cnn possibly bear on oitlior aitpect of the question. It sets bofure us tho whole matter, — Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Syriuc, Cliuhiee. It exhibits great research without puratlu of authorities, and substantial learning without pedantry. Its execution showr. accuracy, conscientious- neKR, and lld^dity. It is earnest, yet candid; very zealous, yet fair; truth- ful in its statements of adverse opinions; shunning no difflculties, yet manifesting everywhere tho deepest reverence for tlie sacred oracles. " "The Tem-pcranco Uiblu Commentary," it is believed, not only attempt! to solve the entire problem, but does solve it for all time. Every known, perhaps every possible objection, is there met or anticipated. In the text we have space only to point at certain broad facts and principles. work has been conceived in this spirit 7 Vi hat Is the characterization of it, given by Professor Taylor Lewis t 00. What arc the six certain propositions, or points, which are made goo<) lu the " Temperance Bible Commentary " ? TrXT-HOOK or TEMrKUANCR. 117 8. That till) Uil)Io, tn vniious wnyii, commewh ahniU neiico from Htroti^ drinks. 4. Tliut tl^c Diblc, in vnrioiiA nnd otnplmtlc nu^thocls* exhibits tho manifold evils of Hlroiig(lriui<8. 5. Tliat tho Uiblu is tlio (IrHt book timt proclAimcd abHtinenco to l)o tlio cure for (IriinkcniioflH. C. Tliat tlio jjfrtnit [»rinciplc of tho Hiblo — philanthro* py — ouforcos tlic pructico of ubstincnco. 97. Ignorunco of a fact in history, and of a principh in lAngiiu}j;o, lins {ircventod mon from seeing tlio truth of tlieso plain propositions, which, nevertheless, stand out in bold relief from tho sacred pages. Tho fact to which wo refer is, that there were in ancient times, as in modern, wines that were good ':ad unintoxicating, as well as wines that were evil and inebriating.* Pliny, Plutarch, Theophrastus, and others, specially call the former, *' wholesome," *' innocent," and *' moral," and distinguish them Aom thoso which inflamo tho blood and excite the passions. Tho pkinciple to which wo allude is, that where a tvord is tho same, tho thing is the same, in its species and qualities ; whence tho false and uncritical inference, that when wine is spoken of with approval in ono text, and with disapproval in another, it must needs bo the same sort of loinel Tho ** Tippling- critic " says, *' tho same wine but in different quantity/;" the *' Temperance critic " says, " tho same word but * For citations and translations fl'om Latin, Grefilc and other authors, seo the pamphlet by Dr. Lees, entitled, " Wlnos, ancient and modern." '■Vr ' «i 07. State tho one fact, and the one principle, Ignorance of which stands in the way of the perceptloj and acceptance of these propositions. First,— what is the fact, or distinction, concerning the thing, •• Wine " t Second, — what is the principle concerning the word " Wine " ? What does the tip* pling critic say, and what the Teraperanco roan ? XoU. — What of ttie cam % 118 TEXT-BOOK OF TE5IPERANCB. ^:| applied to wine of opposite quality." * Ou other words and questions, there could be no difference of opinion. Take, for example, the words man, woman, wife, spirit, angel, etc. The generic meaning does not imply that there is only one kind of men, wives, spirits, and angels ; on the contrary, in each particular passage, it is for the context (if at all) to determine the goodness, badness, or other quality of the subject. So with the Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldee, Greek, Latin, and English words for " Wine ; " from a generic term you cannot logically draw a specific inference.f * The special implications of the evil quality of a particular wine cannot be got rid of by spying that the Bible warns against excess, and thud im- plicitly sanctions a lesser use. lu reality, it warns against both tlie use and the excess. But the principle of tlio objection is false. It is the same as saying tliat if the decalogue prohibits from killing a man, we are allowed to maltreat him short of killing I Now, not only does the Old Testament com- mend abstinence, and condemn drink, but the New frequently and distinctly exhorts to it, while church history gives illustrious examples of it In the first ages. It was, as Prof. Jowett admits, ranked "amongst the counsels of perfection." The Bishop of Ephcsus — TImotheus — was so extreme an ab- stainer, that he seemed to need an apostolic prescription to induce him to use " a little wine " even as a medicine. What sort of wine it was, we do not absolutely know; but we do know that Athenacus says of the sweet, un* intoxicating Lesbian, called j.>rofropos, it was '* very good for the stomach." (li., § 24.) t A citation from a distinguished British philosopher will serve as a suffi- cient example : " The business of a lexicographer is to explain all the modes in tohich a word is used by good writers, — tracing its derivation, as- signing its radical import, and then subjoining passaged from various au- thors, in tohich the term is variously applied," etc. — (S. Bailey ; " Letters on the Philosonhy of the Mind," p. 108, London, 1863.) He instances the ab- surdity of forcing the modern sense of defalcation (as defaltation, originated by an ignorant writer, and accepted by an ignorant public), upon the older and altogether different use of the word by Addison, in the sense of " cutting off" merely. It had no relation to " fault," but to /ato, " a side." Yet of Timothy ? Give examples of generic terms, and the ordinary inferences. What philosopher sustains this view of the various applications of certain words ? TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 119 98. The absurdness of the false principle exposed is enhanced by the fact, that in the Hebrew and Greek Bible a dozen words, with tlieir special meanings, are all hidden under the English terms *' wine" and " strong drink ; " and that some of these words, clearly and un- deniably, denote uvfermented and unintoxicating wine.* (1.) Yayin is the generic term for wine, including the pure " blood of the grape, " preserved-juice, and the juice after being fermented and drugged as well. It is ap- plied in all these varied vays : *' They wash their garments in wine." " They gathered wine." *' Wine is a mocker" it " biteth like a serpent." ** Tlieir wine is the poison of dragons." Divine sanction is never asso- ciated with yayin where the context shows it to be in- toxicating. that is not so absurd as to put an exclusive, modern, and technical sense of ** fermented \a\QQ " upon the ancient word •* wine," by which a remote, deriv- ative, and specific sense is made to override the broad and general meaning of " expressed Juice. " * About 60 texts of the " Authorized Version " refer to wine (or what is supposed to be wine) with approbation, where the context shows or Implies It to be a natural or unfermented product. Not more than 52 texts can be proved, by the conte^.t, to refoi to intoxicating wine, and not one of these is connected with the Divine blessing. On the contrary, one-half of thi;m describe it as evil, as a mocker, and a stupefier, or else prohibit it, either In general, or In special cases. It is a remarkable fact, that an opponent of Temperance could at once go to the Apocryphal Scriptures, — Ecclesiasticus, to wit, — and by a ready and unambiguous quotation, confute the doctrine of the abstainer; but from the Canonical Scriptures no such passage is forthcoming. "Wisdom is Justified of her children." m 98. What augments the absurdity of forcing a specific sense upon a gener* ml term ? (JVo^c. — What is the notewortliy difference between the Apocry- pha and the Canonical Scriptures ? How many words in the original are trans- lated, or hidden, under the one word " Wine " ? (1.) What is the meaning of " Yayin " ? Give texts where it is used for very dllferont things. What u !i 120 TEXT-nOOK OP TEMPERANCE. The derivation of tlie word, like tliat of the equivalent Chaldee term Khamer, probably points to the turbid, foaming appearance of fresh expressed juices ; for cer- tainly the Jews, in much later times, had no idea of the occult process of " fermentatior ," The Rabbis, in fact, had a theory that *' the juice of fruit does not ferment 1 " The Targums speak of "the wine Khamar {=yayin)y which Messiah shall drink, reserved in its grapes from the beginning." Thomas Aquinas, in the 13th century, decides that " grape-juice {mustum) is of the specifio nature of wine (vinum), and may be used in the celebra- tion of the Eucharist." This word being general, necessitated, in the later age of Jewish literature, the use of two or three specifio terms to indicate particular sorts of wine. As, for ex- ample, the following : — (2.) Kiiameb: fresh ov ^^ foaming** wine in its first sense. But since the wine when it ferments becomes 9*6(2, the idea of redness got associated with the Chaldee use of the word ; and, perhaps, " thickness " also. It is a word used for the foam of the sea, and for the bitU' men of pits. (3.) Ausis, from asas^ " to tread," signifies the same as the classic protropos — " first trodden " or " running " wine. " The mountains shall drop-down ausis" (4.) SoBHE is *' boiled wine," the sapa of the Ro- mans, the sabe of the French and Italians. It was the luxurious drink of the rich ; of course not intoxicat- ing. Is the Rabbinical equivalent? Glre Aquinos's definition of grape-juice M "irine." (2.) Wliat Is the eense of khamerl (3.) Of AusUl (4.) Of TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 121 Other Hebrew words, translated wine, do not really signify wine at all, for example : — • (5.) TiROSH is a collective term for " the fruit of the vine" in its natural state, from the early " tirosh in the cluster" to the richer *' blessing within it" of the full ripe grapes, ready for grateful consumption. Hence Micah*s phrase, "Thou shalt tread vine fruit (tirosh) ^ but shall not drink yayin" for the fruit shall be withered (vi. 15). It is associated, as a thing of growth, with com and orchard fruit (yitzhar — not oil) ; dependent upon the dew and rain. In the Latin, French, German, Italian, and Spanish versions, it is generally, but wrongly, translated mustum, mosto, etc. It Is nowhere implied to be either intoxicating or liquid. "Whoredom, wine, and new wine " does not make sense ; but Idolatry, Ine- briety, and Luxury does, — represented by Whoredom, Wine, and Grapes, which " take away the heart." The words in Prov. iii. 10, and Joel ii. 24, translated " bursting " and " overflowing," respectively signify no more than " abundance." (See " Bible Commenta* ry.") (6.) -^SHiSHAH is the word translated ** flagons of wine ; " but errroneously, as all scholars now concede. It denoted B. fruit-cake, (7.) Shemarim, from Shamar, " to preserve," means " preserves," well refined — not "dregs." Wine is in- terpolated ; it only occurs once in the supposed sense of wine. The older translators regarded it as " sweet and 'ii Sobhe or Saba? (5.) What Is the true sense of l%ro8h7 Name the two texts, a mistranslation of which has deceived the commentators. (6.) What does Aslmkah denote ? (7.) Explain the sense and derivation of ^S^AfMO- 122 TEXT-BCOK OF TExMPERANCE. dainty things." It corresponds in formation with she- manim (from sJiemen, oil), " fat things." (8.) Mesecii, "mixture" simply, which might be good or bad. The mingled wine of wisdom (boiled grape-juice mixed with water), or the ^ine of sensuality. *' Who hath woe ? They that are mighty to mingle sweet drink" (shaJcar), i. e., with inebriating drugs. (9.) Shakar,* erroneously translated strong drink, comes from an Oriental root for " sweet-juice," and is the undoubted original of the European words (Greek, Latin, Teutonic, and Spanish) for sugar. It is used to this day in Arabia for palm-juice and palm-'Wine, whether fresh or fermented. In the Common Version of the Bible, there is just one text, and only one, that gives apparent Divine sanction to intoxicating wine, namely, Deut. xiv. 26, where strong drink is named as a permissible element in a sacred feast. The answer is conclusive, — no word for " strong " exists in the Hebrew text. The term there used is simply SHAKAR, — the original of saccar, sugar. It de- noted Palm Wine in various states, unfermented, sweet, and syrupy, as well as intoxicating and " bitter." Hence, as Bishop Lowth observes, the antithesis' of Isaiah, — w * In Notes to Dr. Delitzsh's '* Commentary on Isaiah " (Clarke, Edin* burgh), we find a modified explanation : — " The Arabic sakkar, no doubt equivalent to sakchari, ' honey of canes ' (Arrian), an Indian word, signifying 'forming broken pieces,' i.e., sugar ia ' grains or small lumps.' " rim, falsely translated *^mine on the lees." (9.) What Is the meaning of Shakar ? Is there any authority for adding *' strong " to it ? Of what Eu- ropean words is it the original ? Which is the solitary text tliat apparently Msopiates Divine sanction with intoxicating drink? What Is the fallacy f TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 123 " Thy ahechor (sweet wine) shall become bitter" — i. c., deteriorated, which it does when fermented. (10). OiNOS is the generic Greek word corresponding with the Hebrew yayin; and is applicable to all sorts of wine. The context alone can determine the specific nature of the wine to which the wor^ points. ♦ (11.) Gleukos only occurs once in the New Testa- ment, and is not associated with any Divine approval. It is classically the name of rich grape-juice, or unfer mented wine ; perhaps, in some cases, for initially fer- mented wine, the preservation of which had been neg- lected. (12.) Oxos was ^' sour wine," sometimes mingled with drugs. 99. Though the end of revelation is not to supersede experience and science, yet considering how drinking is connected at many points with morals and religion, by way of hindrance to the purposes of a progressive and Divine revelation, we may fairly expect that the subject would come under the observation of the inspired writers of the Bible. When we come to examine it, impartially, in the light of facts and reason, it will be found to have anticipated the ordinary wisdom of men and the develop- ments of modern science. The great physicians of Europe express the last verdict of science when they affirm the old Temperance doctrine, that alcohol is 'M r 'l ,li (10.) What Greek word corresponds with the Hebrew " Tapin" 1 To what is Oinos applicable ? (11.) To what Gleukos 1 (12.) To what Oxos 1 09. What special reason have we for believing that the subject of strong drink would be noticed in the Bible ? What do we actually find ? Does the Bible support the teachings of science ? Give texts in proof that iatoxioat* Ing wine is a poison, a narcotic, and a demoralizer. ;.t| ■IS m 124 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE, m .yh m. aimply a narcotic poison^ unci not food in any true or ordinary sense. Tlie property of sucli a poison is to se- duce, mock, deceive ; to generate i«n ever-increasing ap- petite for itself; and to make the soul subject to the ^ craving tyranny of the sensual nature. Now tlie express language of Scripture is but the echo of this conclusion : "Wine is a mocker" — "be not deceived thereby." The cry of the drunkard is : *' They have stricken me, but I felt it not — I will seek it yet again." The voice of wisdom is : " Look not upon the wine, when it is red ; when it giveth its eye in the cup " (or the marks of fer- mentation) ; " for, at last, it stingeth like a serpent." Nay, more, in three plain texts, the Hebrew for "poison" (KiiEMAii) — the word six times so translated — is ap- plied to this very species of drink which " stingeth like a serpent." The evil wine was like " the poison of dragono." — (Deut. xxxii. 33.) The princess made the king " sick with poison of wine." — (Hos. vii. 6.) And a woe is hurled against him who giveth such drink to his neighbor — who " putteth thy poison to him," — (Hab. ii. 15)," — the consequence being that God's poisoned cup of wrath (Khemah) shall be turned to him. Is it not pure insanity to suppose that stich an element is identical with the contents of any " cup of blessing" ? 100. The New Testament is not less explicit and com' prehensive, (1.) Engkratia — self-control — is four times trans- lated "temperance," twice temperate, and once conti- ■ -i I 100. How many distinctiona has the New Testament on this question of Temperance? (1.) What is its word for *' self-control " ? Name the text* TEXT-BOOK OP T£Mr£RANC£. 125 nent. In 1 Cor. vii. 9 ; ix. 25, it has evidently a nego* tivo application equal to abstaining, (2.) £ri-£iKEEs — forbearing — translated once mod* eration; thrice gentle; oucq patient, (3.) SopiiRONEO — sedate, discreet — translated sober ^ sober-minded, and in a right mind. This is mental " sobriety," — the state when we can obey reason, and resist appetite. This can have nothing to do with drink- ing, which, at best, is the gratification of a sensuous lust. Mental temperance being expressed by the preced- ing terms, we still need a word for abstinence in regard to the body. This is found in a compound formed from the negative particle wee (not), andpio to (drink) =sneephd. (4.) Neepiio is found in the apostolic exhortations seven times; in its adjective form (neephalios) thrice. It occurs in such peculiar connections, that it seems ab- surd to put upon it any secondary or metaphorical mean- ing. The primary sense of the word, beyond all cavil, is that of ABSTINENCE ; its secondary sense of " wakeful " expresses the condition in which people are who abstain from narcotics. " Without doubt," says Dean Alford, " the word signifies abstinence ; but Dr. Lees is bound to prove that it means total abstinence ! " Now, he ia bound to prove no more than this, — that it means not drinking^ and that the apostles use it, or ever may have used it, in that, its primary and proper sense. Josephus, where It includes abstinence. (2.) What is the true meaning of the word translated "moderation"? (:{.) What is the term for mental sobriety? (4.) What is the word for physical temperance or abstinencel How is it formed? What is its adjective ? What does Dean Alford admit 7 Howdoei Josephus, the Jewish historian, use the word? In what texts do tiie Apostles use neepho, in company with words for mental temperance aiid watchfulness ? (5.) What is the liah term ? Ill ','■>'* 4 12a TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. one of their contcuiporaries, says of the pricsti ** They abstained from wino " — (apci likratou nccplion- tes). Does this admit of doubt? Besides, Paul and Peter use the word along with tlic proper words for mcn- tiil temperance and for watclifulncss. Thus : — 1 Tim. iii. 2. Bo (ncephalion) abstinent, sound" minded, 1 Thcss. V. 6. Let us watch and drinic not (ncepho- men). 1 Pot. iv. 7. Be aound-minded and abstinent unto prayer. 1 Pet. V. 8. (Neepsate) Drink not, be vigilant . . . because ycur adversary scclvetli whom ho may drink down [Ivata-pie]. (So Dr. A Ciarlie, the commentator.) To inquire wliy Josephus, Philo, and others sliould by this word mean ** abstinence from drink," while tlie apostles signify " drinliing a little," would be to follow perversity and appetite into the den of idols. 101. The objection that the deacons are Kot Co be " given towards much wine," and the deaconesses (aged women) " not to be enslaved to much wine," falls before the fact that unfermented wine was allowed to women and to men after a certain age.* If it be said. Why warn against excess in what does not intoxicate? — we ask, Why Solomon informs us that " To eat much honey is not good," if no one ever did ? This is the * Titus, fl. 2, and 1 Tim. iii: 11, command that the elders and tlieir tcives sliallbe n«ep/ia2»ou« (abstinent), — i.e., nodrinliers of another sort of wine — ttie bad. ,r 101. What is tlie reference to " much wine " ? Were " sweets " abused by the ancients ? Give examples from Solomon and from Luoian. Were Bish* TEXT-BOOK or TEMl'EUANCE. 127 fallacy of interpreting the language of tlio ancients by the customs of tlie modorns. Pliny and many other ancient writers sliow us tliat tlie abuse of syrupy and sweet wines was a special vice of tlieir day. Lucian has this passage : *^ I came, by Jove, as tliose who drink gleukos^ require an emetic," — before tliey drinlc again. Joseplius says of the Jewish priests, that, *' on account of their ofllce, they had prescribed to them a double de- gree of purity." So Paul deemed a special and extreme form of abstinence proper to bo urged upon a birhop : Just as the Law Book of the Ante-Niccne Church com- mands that a bishop shall not enter a tavern, except on necessity. (5.) St. Paul uses a word which is equivalent to the modern pledge, — " discountenance the drinking usages," — namely, nee (not) — par (over, or in presence of) — oinon (wine). In 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3, and Titus i. 7, 8, in connection with being no drinker, sound-minded, and no striker, it is commanded that a bishop shall be nee- par-oinos, " nor near wine," — not in its company. (So Professor Stuart.) The fact that teetotalisra prevailed throughout the East for thousands of years ; that it was a part of the discipline of the oriental priesthoods from Egypt to India; that it peiTaded Judiea in the time of our Lord, and was manifested in the sympathetic sects of the Es- senes and Therapeuta3, — are circumstances which co^n- pel the impartial critic to give a plain and literal sense ops (or Ministers) subject to special reslHctlons ? Name an example from tlio Law-Buolc of ttie pre-Nicene cimrcli. In wlint way diil 8t. I'aul enforoa 1 M m '■-VI * '1 . \\ i ^J :iU ''■k •I 'ii % 128 TEXT-BOOK or TIlMrEUANCR. to iho language of the Scriptures, when It at once corre^ aponds with hiHtoricnl practices and scientillc verities. Language that would bo understood elsewhere as incul- cating abalinence could not in ralostino be regarded as teaching drinking. Professor Murphy, of Belfast, asks concerning thit text, ** Is that the form a total-abstinence prohibition would take ? " Certainly, it ia the form which the Divine prohibition took. Does tlio form (or rather tlio imialty) get rid of the eaaence and wiadom of tlio law ? If not, where is the sense of the objection ? The Rev. A. Dob- bin, in supporting Dr. Murphy, says, " It is no new discovery that the Bible is a temperance book ; and that, in certain circumstances, it gives its aanction and encouV' agement to total abstinence. There is one thing, how- ever, not yet admitted, — that the Bible imposes total abstinence upon every Christian man as an obligation, as morally binding as the sixth commandment." What- ever notion may bo attached to the word ** imposes," it seems to us who are commanded to ** be perfect even as our Father in heaven is perfect," that the Divine teach- ings, the Divine warnings, and the Divine example, do impose a very clear duty ; and that what is reasonable and good, and the neglect of which fills the world with mischief and immorality, murder included, is entitled to be called a moral obligation as truly as any of the ten commandments. It is the nature of an action, not the form of an expression, that creates and constitutes our thin ? Ih there any other source of obligatioo, any higher sanction, than th« Divine will, so expressed ? TKXT-IIOOK OF JKMrKllANCK. 129 duty.* Plato *♦ rcuNoiu'd well," wlion ho nnid that ** many otluM* c:imos oho mijijlit inciitioii, in which wine oii;j;l»t not to ho «lraiik hfj those tdio poHHcss under standing and a correct rule of action.'* — (** l^aws/' ii., C74.) 102. Wo can now go back to the six propositions laid down in §94. (I.) The Bible noivheie condkmns abstinence from intoxicants. It iiowlicro tcaclios tliat it is citlier inex- pedient or unlawful ; henco abstinence cannot bo anti' scriptural. No Jew breaks tlio ohl law, no Christian the now, by refusing to drink intoxicants. Tlio New Testa- ment law of " moderation " simply enjoins erpianimity under persecution, and gentleness under provocation. There is no text tliat says, ** To the pure all things arc proper." Timothy's case is conclusive as to the lawful- ness of abstinence, for the apostle passes no censure, and limits the exceptional prescription by circumstances personal to the patient. (II.) The Bible nowhere associates God's blessing with STRONG DRINK. Wo Can only conceive of throe m * Tt Is still often objected that " all things are to bo received with thanlcs* giving, and nothing to be catceniod impure.''* It is a disgrace to modern tcliolarsliip, that texts liaving reference to obsolete and merely coremonial distinctions of meats should bo thus perversely applied, for the purpose of Ignoring the physiological properties of an artlfluial beverage. The an jienta were viser, as the following extract from Justin Martyr, A. D. 148, will ■how: "Although we discriminate between groon herbs, not eating all, we refVoin fVom eating some, not because they are common or unclean, but because tlicy are hitter, or deadly., or thorny. But we lay hands on, and take all herbs thut are sweet, very nourisliing, and good, whether marine or land plants."— (" Dial, cum Trypho." cap. xx.) 102. (I.) Docs the Bible anywhere condemn Abstinence ? Wliy cannot it bo called anii-scriptural ? (II.) What arc the tiiree most plausible examples Of Divine sanction on strong drink ? Whnt is Dr. Wardlaw's comment oii« 130 TKXT-noOK or TKMPEUANCE. m\ ptnuHiblo olijoctionn to tliU HtattMiiont. Flmt, tho toxt of Dcut. xiv. 2i)f 2G, already dinpoHud of ns n mis-trntiRla- tion and an aHsumplion, hUicq *^ sweet drink " is tho prop- er representative of tlio orlj^lnul shakar. Second, tho text of IVov. xxxl. 4-7, wljich, however, cannot bo un- dcrHtood as anythin^^ but an iDnical porniission, a con- trastlvo admonition, in fact, equal to sayinj^ that such liq- uors turd Jit for nothing elm than to stupefy tl»o brain and cause tho soul to forget its duties, as tho Judgo of life.* Third, tho miraculous conversion of water into wine, at tho marriage feast at Cana. But tho presumption is against tho idea that our Lord would transform innocent water into intoxicating wine, — an clement that tho cotomporary Essencs called ** fools' physic," — which ofter Christians designated as tho ** invention of tho evil one" — though, as Augustin witnesses, they readily drank tho juice of grapes; whicli he very illogically condemns as inconsist- ent I In truth all our blessed Lord did, was to discounte- nance tho dunlistic mistaices of tiio Persian philosophy, with a forosigiit of the Manichuean revival of it, that there * " I pity the itate of tliat man's mind," snys Ralph ^Vartllaw, D.D., '* who can . . . allow hlmiiolf to suppo8o that this piisHugo (yiutaltis an iu«p/re TExr-nook or iL^irKitAKCK. 181 Wafl GHScntial evil in inatlrr, niul tlu'n'foic in " mnrriagc ** ond in ** wine." Now, um IiIh counliMiance of n puro inairiflgc gives no Hanction to a corrupt one, neitlierdocn his conversion of pure water into pure wine involve the slightest approval of that csHcnlially impure and cor- rupt element which in **tt mocker," and *^ wherein is ex- cess." Here, again, the modern conce[)tion is an' ieipated by Divine Wisdom, in that miracle wl. • ; , though tho first in order of time, was recorded only in tho last of tho Gospels, when the error it meets was creeping into tho church. (III.) The JUibh^ in varioua tw//.?, commknds abati' nence, 1. Paradise was not wrongly constructed ; yet, amidst tho perfect adaptations of food and drink to tho wants of our perfect originals, alcohol found no place. To you ** it shall bo for meat," a[)plled to grain and iVuit, — not to that artificial and fiery product which re- sults from their fermentative destruction. 2. The great host of tho Israelites, under God's direction, wandered forty years in the wilderness, yet ho, who sent them manna, never gave them inebriating drink. Who can doubt that, had such drink been needed^ it would have been provided? How, then, can aijholics bo required in the more genial circumstances of common life? 3. Tho Nazarites were a society of religious abstainers, whoso pledge was drawn out b}' God, to do honor to him ; and took rank with his prophets. The Rechabites wero probably voluntary imitators of them, — outside Kenitos or Arabians, — and were highly commended by the Al- 4 ?i '■'It. . nlAcance of the flnt miracle of Cana, and why it was recorded last ? (III.) 152 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMl'ERAN'CE. mighty for their fidelity to tlic pledge, and they assign an excellent reason for their practice, — '*that they might live long in the land ; " which they did. The Bible, then, implies that teetotalism is a physiological law or truth. The case of Adam and Eve involves this, as part of the best possible condition. The Nazarites, Daniel, etc., prove it by their experience, for they were *' ruddier," "fairer," and " fatter in flesh," than the drinking Jews. But Samson's case is still more emphatic, since an angel was twice sent with instr ictions as to abstinence, before the birth of the strong one. Science shows the reason. Dr. Smith's " Experimental Researches" say, ''^Alcohol greatly lessens muscular tone" Tom Sayers and Ileenan, the well-mated champions of the prize ring, were obliged to train on teetotal diet. These, then, are but reverberations from a truth well known in heaven 3000 years ago. It cannot be supposed that the pledge was a mere whim, without any physiological significance or results. "In the beginning," as the Lord argued concerning marriage, the modern system was not. The first of men and the fairest of women were constituted teetotalers. Samson, the strong man, Samuel, the holy founder of the school of the prophets, and John, more than a prophet, were striking examples of God's favor upon the system. It could not be for no reason in the nature of things that teetotalism was made the antecedent to primitive perfection, to physical power, to mental intelllgAice, and to spiritual purity. 4. AhstU nence was taught as a necessary x>hy steal preparation for In what ways does the Bible commend absUnence? Gh-e Dr. Wardlaw'i ,. Ill TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEKANCE. 133 moral purity and spiritual efficiency : (a) In the cases of Samuel and of John the Baptist, the forprunner of the Lord. (6) In the case of the priests (Lev. x.) that they might distinguish holy from profiine. (c) In the case of the Nazarites, that they might illustrate at once, and volun- tarily, the virtues of self-denial and purity. The law of prohibition to the priests means this : " As men, do your own work your own way, but while wearing my insignia, and acting as my servants, the work shall be done in j'^our natural state free from disturbing drink." * That to Nazarites implies, that " As I accept sacrifices only that have no spot or taint, so I accept yoiir living sacrifice on condition that you are unpolluted with the poison and the mocker. (cZ) To this we may add the significant advice, ^^It is not for kings to drink wine. » (IV.) The Bible, by various methods of teaching, ex- hibits the MANIFOLD EVILS of the USe of STRONG DRINKS. 1. * It seems singular that the lesson has not been learned before, and yet commentators have sometimes been on the very verge of the trutli. Dr. Wardlaw, of Glasgow, has this excellent comment on " Trov. xxxi., 1-5. The principle of the caution is applied to the priests, ' vrhose lips should keep their knowlcuge, as being messengers of the Lord of Hosts.' — (Lev. x. 10.) But such maxims and cautions apply to all. [Why not the Divine remedy?] In all, at all times, in all places, and in all circumstances, the mind ought to be in entire and undisturbed possession and exercise of its powers, for the transaction of business, for the discharge of duty, for the avoidance of temptation. In every instance iu which, even in the slightest degree, the regular exeicise of the powers of the mind is affected and im< paired, there is sin. Bui, let it not be even thus limited. Let it not be imag< incd that no sin is committed, unless, in some degree '^r other, there is the uusettlement of reason. There may be a large amount of sin, where there is nothing of the kind." — (" Lectures on Proverbs.") p. It ml ■ mi .m comment on Prov. xxxi. 1-5. (IV.) State the manifold evils, under four 134 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE God uses intoxicating wine as the constant symbol of wick* edness and punishment. Khemah is the poison of the cup of wrath, — the maddenimj clement, — which is to the soul what physical poison is to the body. From Moses to John this expressive symbolism prevails. All the im- agery of the prophots is pervaded with the idea of the evil of strong drink. 2. God shows us, in the biography of his people, how prophets, patriarchs, and priests fell into sin " through wine," and were " swallowed up " of strong drink. Solomon simply condenses historj'', and probably his own experience, when he sa3^s, " Wine is a mocker." That is its ess^ncf ii relation to the soul. 3. God teaches us that the g»eaL cause of perversion in his people, as Church and Nation, after centuries of varied education and discipline, of unexampled laws and privileges, social, sanitary, and political, — was the love of drink. " What more could I do for you ? " saith the Lord. " Why, then, when I looked for grapes, do I find poisonous (or wild) grapes?" The answer of the prophets is still the same. Amos sums up the whole in four transgressions ; and the four resolve themselves into one cause. (1.) The judges passed unjust ver- dicts, to get fines for drink to be cor iK^d in the holy places. (2.) They commanded the ik'* bnts to cease, unless they would prophesy of wine am 4rong drink. (3.) They tempted the Nuzarites to break their pledge, because their sobriety was a standing rebuke to them- selves. (4.) They cared not for the " affliction of Joseph," but drank wine in bowls — (Compare Amos ii. heads, Mcribed to etrong drink. (V.) In what way does the Bible proclAlm TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 135 C ; Micah ii. 11 ; Isaiah v.) For these sius, it is said, " Therefore shall they go into captivity ; " and it is re- markable that they learned sobriety at last in the court of Cyrus, the magian teetotaler, — royal fashion and Per- sian philosophy doubtless co-operating to that end. In this sublime history we see evil constantly asspciated with intoxicating drink ; and exhibited as the hindrance to God*s own teaching. How vain, then, to expect that our laws and crotchets will triumph over ^bis sin, where his distinctly failed ! The lesson to be learned is, that the church can only cure intemperance by banishing its causes, (V.) TJie Bible proclaims abstinence to be the curb for drinking. By approved examples, by advice, bless- ing, warning, and exhortation (as wo have seen), the wise Jews might have clearly known the Divine will on this subject. But they despised the lesson, and would be taught only through suffering and captivity. Yet there was one invincible example, which nothing but stolidity' could misunderstand. God interfered not with the ordinary life of his people unless in matters which transgressed not only the ends but the channels of Reve- lation. But in Leviticus, the 10th chapter, a case is recorded where strong drink having threatened the con- tinuance of the Mosaic economy, it must be effectually and instantly dealt "ith. Within the limits of the priesthood and the work of the tabernacle — in brief, the sphere of the Divine service, both as to time and place, — the end desired is absolute sobriety. What did ^/f -J3 >-m VU Abstinence as the cure for intemperance ? Answer an objection. 136 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEllANCE. I;: la Jehovah? Issue a mere warning against excess, like modeni moralists, priests, and preacliers? No, but an absolute mandate, interdicting the use of strong drink in his service and in his temple forever^ guarded by the terrible penalty of death. And this seems to have answered its end, during all the ages of the Jewish dis- pensation. The wonder is, that a nation so afflicted with the degradations and depravities of drinking could not save itself by extending the remedy to its entire social and religious life. What was neither needless, nor unwise, nor extreme in God's plan, could hardly be folly and fanaticism in man. It has been objected, that the priests were free to drink at other times, and only prohibited the use of wine going into the tabernacle. True, they were left " free agents " as regards their own work, and they abused that freedom sadly ; but the wisdom of prohibition, and the reasons for it, remain unchanged. The occasion for the display of the Divine wisdom is not the guiding and binding clement, but the fact and nature of its display; and thus the " specific Command " may become a " general commend." All historical teaching must be limited by time, place, and circumstance ; but that fact, surely, cannot erase the universal truth within it. It is the express business of reason to separate the accidental from the essential, and hence the folly of attempting to evade the foregoing argument by reference to Ezekiel xliv. 18, where, along with the renewal of the prohibition of wine, the priests are commanded to wear linen garments and to cut their hair short ! No doubt, as a means of phys- ical cleanliness, in a hot climate and in the confined K I TEXT-BOOK OP TEMrEUANOE. 137 and heated labor of their special services, this, also, was a wise provision addressed to *' the messengers of the Lord." But while the symbolism and peculiarity of that part of the law have passed away, and so do not apply to the modern minister, tJie reasons for the proJiibition of wine are as imperative as before. Man is as weak, and wine is as strong as ever. Alcohol, as a brain- poison, disturbs and deceives the Christian professor exactly as it did the Jewish priest ; and therefore the obligation of this part of the Levitical law as truly abides as any portion of the decalogue itself. (VI.) The Bible principle of philanthropy enforces abstinence. The first condition of doing good to others is to strengthen and purify ourselves. It has been seen that abstinence, both as a dictate of self-denial and a regimen of reason, not onl}' does good to the individual, but is a means to moral and social ends of vast impor- tance. The prudential maxims of the New Testament confirm it. " Abstain from all appearance of evil." The Lord's prayer almost enjoins it. "Lead us not into temptation." The Apostle Paul implies that discipline of temperance was needful even to him. The Divine favor is promised to those who keep themselves from all temptation and sin, save such as may cross them in the path of duty. But that duty is often made very plain in the course of life. The Divine rule is, " Do good aa ye have opportunity," If eating meat, or drinking wine, or anything, threatens evil to our brother, or our neigh- bor, then we must abandon the pleasures of sense for the diviner joys of philanthropy. If not, we sin against 'fi ■ ' m ■4i Jl (VI.) In what way does the Bible principle of philanthropy enforce abBtic 138 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. our brother and against Christ. " He who knoweih to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin." In obedi- ence to tliis higher law, and to the light which Provi- dence casts upon it, ought not strong drinks to be aban- doned by Christian professors? The good that needs doing, the evil that needs destroying, wait upon tho adoption of teetotalism. Mrs. Wightman, of Shrews- bury, who has reclaimed so many drunkards, and achieved so much good, was for years prejudiced against absti- nence, in favor of a pre-formed and self-formed religious theory. But human ntiture was stubborn, — the fact remained ; her hopes and praj-ers were unavailing, and her theory had to give way. The gospel and drink failed to effect a social reformation ; but the gospel and absti- nence achieved, and still achieves, marvellous and mani- fold results of the most blessed kind. So must the right agency ever do. Thus it may be seen, even from the bare summary of our case, how the varied language of the Old and New Testament, and the known facts ot antiquity, conspire to establish every portion of our critical theory ; how each separate fact and phrase finds its fitting place in the temple of truth ; and how it is made manifest that Holy Scripture concurs with moral and physical sci- ence in teaching abstinence from narcotic poisons, — a doctrine which needs to be reiterated afresh from the pulpits of Christendom, until the torpid conscience is aroused, and the great obstacle to the progress and tri- umph of the gospel is removed out of the way. nenoe ? What is the higher law ? What held back Mrs. Wightman ? ^'\ TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. 139 vn. 103. Were the subject of intemperance, as it inter- weaves itself, not with the multiplied and minute cir- cumstances of social and domestic life, but with the more public and memorable events of National History, to be treated in detail, it would swell into one of the largest volumes ever written. Here we can only record the leading facts of history as they bear upon the prob- lera to be solved, — fiist, those that point to the nature and spread of the evil ; second, those which indicate a partial or a perfect cure. And, first, no idea can be further from the truth than that which explains intemperance, either as a matter of race, or of climate. It is one of those hasty generaliza- tions which shallow intellects grasp at, and interested persons propagate. Pretending to be a philosophical induction, it is in reality contradicted by the most varied facts of history, which clearly show that the very same races, at different periods, have been the alternate subjects of drunkenness and of sobriety, and that the vice of intemperance has prevailed equally in the torrid, the temperate, and the frigid zones. The facts of which we shall now give specimens, — selected from regions, 103. Has race or climate much to do with the prevalence of Intemperance f Why must the hypothesis be discarded I 'jw»,*| m 140 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPKKANCE. * opochs, and conditions most widely apart, — also show, that {apart from abstinence), no variations of social life, no diversities of civilization, no forms, or development of religious faith, have secured an exemption from the wide-spread curse of intemperance, — a malady and a vice which have penetrated aliiie the hut, the mansion, and the palace, the wigwam of the savage, the tent of the Tartar, and the homo of the European, and desecrated, with equal stain, the tabernacles of Judaism, the pago- das of paganism, and the shrines of Christendom. 104. It is a curious fact, that amongst the few frag- ments of lost historical books and antique literature relat- ing to the " world's gray fathers," which have been pre- served to us, several striking notices of intemperance and its remedy are found. A page of Megasthenes' " History of India," cited by Strabo, shows that the high- est, most religious, and cultured castes of Hindostan were then, and from time immemorial had been, ab- stainers, — '* the Brachmans, the Germanas, and the Hj'lobious," or physicians. The fifth and last of the "Pontalogue of Buddha" (B. C. 560) runs thus : — " Obey the la\f , and vsalk steadily In the path of purity, and [to do tills] driuk not liquors that intoxicate and disturb the reason.'* 105. A celebrated work by Porphyry contains a page of a lost work, by Chaeremon, librarian in one of the sacred temples in Egypt, which has a very instructive 104. Was tcetotalism an ancient doctrine ? State two remarlcable exam* Ikies concerning India. , TKXT-HOOK OF TKMrERANCE. 141 passage, enouncing a doctrine, both substantinlly and verbally identical with that of the book of Proverbs (xxxiii. 30, 81). He sa^'s of the priests: "Some of them [the higher] did not drink wine at ally and others [inferior] drank ver}' little of it, on account of its being injurious to the nerves^ oppressive to the heady an impedi- ment to invention y and an incentive to lust.'* Plutarch informs us, that even the priests of inferior deities " were strictly prohibited its use during their most sol- emn purifications ; " that " wine was wholly forbidden to the kings," who were also high-priests; and that Psametik, 600 B.C., was the first of the regal line that drank it. In the Hieratic Papyri (Anastasi, No. 4), Letter xi. contains a very singular and instructive passage, writ- ten, nearly 4,000 years ago, by an Egyptian priest and tutor, Amen-emrany to his young pupil, Penta-ouVy who, afterwards, becomin; ' steady and reclaimed, rose to the dignity of court-poet ^.o one of the Pharaohs : — " It has been told me that then hast forsaken books, and devoted thyself to sensuality ; that thou goest from tavern to tavern, smelling of beer (Jienk) at eventide. If beer gets into a roan, it overcomes thy mind ; thou art like an oar started from its place ; like a house without food, with shaky walls. If thou'wieldest the rod of office, men run away from thee. Thou knowest that wine is an abomination ; thou hast taken an oath (or pledge) concerning strong drink, that thou wouldst 41 105. Was abstlnenco known In ancient Egypt ? What does a certain li- brarian say ? Does Plutarcit mention it f Wtio mentions heer in ancient times f Wliat was *' wine " esteemed ? Did taverns liave a bad reputation then, ns now ?• Give the testimony of a certain letter. Were temperano* p/e<;^e« known ? Give the proof. f U2 TEXT-nOOK or IKMrEUANCK. ^1 not put such [Uquur] Into thee. Hast thou forgotten thine oath?"* Shortly comes another letter, fl'orn this Eg3'ptian bish- op, resuming the allusion to the temperance pledge: — *' I have heard It said, thou gocnt after pleasure. Turn not thy face from my advice I or dost thou really give thy heart to all the words of the votaries of Indulgence ? Thy limbs are alive, then, but thy heart Is asleep. /, thy superior^ forbid thee to go to the taverns.^ Thou art degraded like the beasts! But wc «ce many like thee^ — haters of books ; they honor not God. God regards not the breakers of pledges, — the Illiterate. When young as thou, I passed my time under discipline; it tamed my members. When three months had ended, I was dedicated to the house of God. I became one of the first in all kinds of learning." X In contrast with the ancient Egyptians, it may be stated that the modern Copts are a sober people, what- ever the explanation may be. 106. Persia was, no doubt, the primitive seat of the * There was a sort of Burton-upon-Trcnt even then. In a letter A)lIowing the one Just cited, we And these passages : " The way up to DJa Is covered with palms, yielding nothing fit to eat save their dates, not yet ripe. . . I shall walk like one strong in bone, traversing the marshes on foot. Then let the barrels be opened, which are full of iJeer (,hek or henk) of Kati." Or was this Gath of the rhillstines, and the liquor palmowlne f t See Heath's «* Exod. I'upyri. » (PI., cxi., § 3.) X How wonderAil to see the present in the past I It Is the old, old story I Man and drink ! drink and man I evermore the same in their mutual rela- tions ; yet each generation as stupid as the one that M^ent before, always re< newing the lesson, but never coming to a conviction of the truth I The Egyptian priest says : " ' wine ' is an abomination," and he commands that a moral person should abstain troxn it, and not even go to the tavern where it Is sold and drank. Solomon and the apostles use exactly similar language ; but modern critics, looking at it through modern tastes and customs, actually transform tlieir words Into an apology for sipping ** wine," and sitting ol feasts! I i : TEXT-DOOK OF TKMP.IRANCR. 143 Aryan, or Kuroponn nnd Hindoo races. Ono of its ancient religions regarded wino as an instrument of the evil power. Wlicn liistory opens it up to us, the people were \ory temperate. In tlio words of IlcrodotuSf ** Strangers to the taste of wino, tliey dranlc water only." On this regimen, Cyrus conquered the East; with a departure fi'om it, began the decline of thaf great empire. It is singular that the deviation commenced with the medical deception. According to Anquetil, in the reign of ** Jemsheed, a cure performed on a lady of the court rendered the use of wino common. Until then it had been considered only as a remedy." ♦ Thus, by a fallacy of appetite, common in our day, what was adapted to disease came to be consumed daily in health. On this change of manners and morals, Professor Raw- linson, says : — '* The Persians, even of the bettor sort, wore In the earlier times noted for their temperance and sobriety. Tlieir ordinary food was whcatcn bread, barley calces, and meat simply roasted or boiled, which they seasoned with salt and with bruised cress-seed, — a substitute for mustard. The sole drink in which they indulged teas water. Moreover, It was their habit to take one meal only each day. The poorer klud of people were con- tented with even a simpler diet, supporting themselves, to a great extent, on the natural products of the soil, as dates, figs, wild pears, acorns, and the fruit of the terebinth tree. But these abstemious habits were soon laid aside, and replaced by luxury and self-indulgence, when the success of their arms had • «' Universal History, » vol. 1., p. 300. 11 1 100. What was the condition of the ancient Persians f Give the tettlmoBf of Herodotus and Rawlinson. 144 TKXT-DOOK OF TEMPERANCE!. I put It In tliclr power to Iinvo tho ruli niul frco gratlQcatlon of all their UoMlreN ami propt'iiNliluH. . . • ♦• Irntcml of wAter, wino booiuno tho unual bcvcrngoi each man prhlod hltnMoir on tho quautlty ho could drink; nnd tho natural roHult followed,— that mont lmneo as the bo issued an interdict against the one, but never against the other. Tlie hostile spirit of controvers} , in the early ages, however, led to the doctrine being repudiated in toto by the triumphant part}', and thus the association of a practical truth with real or supposed errors was, for want of log- ical discrimination, the unhappy cause of great subse- quent corruption of life in the Christian Church. The dark ages set in, followed by the sceptical, and it is only in our day that men are rising above the mists and looking once more at the original and abiding /ac^». 109. The most remarkable of all the religious com« munities of antiquity, were the Essenes and Thera- PEUTiE, with their kindred associates. We are indebted for our knowledge of them to two writers, — namely, Josephus, the Jewish hirtorian, and Fhilo, another Jew of the Alexandrian school. Their tenets and practices, in many curious particulars, bore so great a resemblance to those of the early Christians, that some learned writers have contended that they were Christians, pro- tecting themselves from persecution and probable ex- tinction under the veil of a secret orthodox sect. Josephus thus writes of them in his " Jewish Antiqui- ties " (xv. 11), — " These men live the same kind of life as do those whom the Greeks call Pythagoreans." . . . In his " Wars" (ii. 8), he further says : — "The Essenes are Jews by nation, and a society of men friendly to each other beyond what is to be found among any other people. They have an aversion to sensuous pleas- ure in the same manner as to that which is truly evil. Tem> 109. Who were the Essenea and Therapcutx ? Give Josephus' description of them. What do these facts evidence in the background ? I ^'3^i ill T i III 148 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. )i perance (teen enkrateian), and to keep their passions in sab* Jection, tliey esteem a virtue of tlio first order. They are long-livers, so tliat many of tliem arrive to tlie age of a liundrcd years; wliich is to be ascribed to tlieir simple and plain diet; and the temperance and good order observed in all things." Behincl these facts coucerning ancient teetotalism, there rests a deep, dark shadow, lit up anon with a lurid glrre, the evidence of a still more ancient intem- perance. Far as we go back, — beyond the verge of history, into the dim twilight of tradition, — we still find the traces of that ruin and wretchedness which ever follow in the track of strong drink. The precautions and protests of prudent and holy men, the prohibitions of the All-wise, the associations of mankind upon the basis of a common bond of union, a protective pledge and badge of brotherhood, point to a terrible background of antecedent mischief and misery^ to a long experi- ence of sorrowing hearts, of broken hopes, of blighted homes. When shall the cup of instruction be full? 110. Nor is modern history less significant and con- clusive than ancient. If Oriental nations and tribes have been cursed by drink, — Kalmuck and Chinese, Hindoo, Persian, Arab and Copt, Syrian and Jew, — so have all the peoples of Europe, Greek or Roman, from the southern Sclavonian to the Hibernian Celt, from the Muscovite and the Lap to the Scandinavian tribes of many lands and names, Norwegian or Swede, Dane, Norman, and Anglo-Saxon, or Anglo-American, 1 i! ^ 111 110. What is the lesson of modern history ? Name some of the nations, where amidst, vast varieties of social and physical conditions, intemperano* still riots. TEXT-BOOK OP TEMFEBAKOE. 149 In this exi)eriment races may mingle, climates may change, social conditions may be revolutionized, but the old nexus remains, — drink, drunkenness, and riot,— drink and degradation, drink and sensuality, drink and disease, madness, crime. Italy, with its happy climate, Norway, with its comfortable homes, France, with its wine, Bavaria, with its beer, Prussia, with its education, Ireland, with its poverty, England, with its wealth, Scotland, with its whiskey and religion, our own Amer- ican States, with their schools and freedom, are, one and all, examples of the inefficacy of all these condi- tions even to arrest the growth of intemperance, much less to suppress and extinguish the vice. 111. A passage or two from Schlosser*s " History of the Nineteenth Century," in relation to Prussia and Sweden, will be instructive. In Prussia, " The Council of Education, according to Biisching, who was a mem- ber, used every possible means to prevent non-commis- sioned officers, addicted to brandy, or incapable invalids, from being appointed teachers. . . The king (Freder- ick II.) insisted that his invalids should be provided for. . . What, however, is more melancholy than all, is, that in order to support a military scliool for nobles, he suffered recourse to be had to lotteries, which, as is well known, are as rmnous to the morals of the poorest classes of the people as brand3'^-drinking." (Vol. v., p. 7.) " In Sweden, the higher estates had, by law, diminished the enjoyment of brandy to the peasantry ; the peas- m I :i ^>\ 111. What curious legislation is recorded concerning Prussia and Sweden > What was tlio effect of extending free licenses in Sweden ? Has that policy been reversed, and with what result ? 'I&l m ■) ! 160 TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. ants, tlierefore, were desirous of avenging tlicinsclves by insisting upon the prohibition of coffee. . . Tlie nobic: Hanoverian oligarchs decreed that the peasants sliould no longer drink coffee I " (p. 12.) Thus the government made it easy to do wrong and hard to do right. " Gustavus (1775) had recourse to the Russian prin- ciple respecting the distillation of spirits, and intro« duced it into Sweden. This new privilege proved ruin ous to the country, because the income of the monarch increased just in proportion as the morality^ health, and prosperity of the people declined. The ruin and corrup- tion of a nation, which had been, for ages, distinguished for the vigor and simplicity of the people, were effected by converting the coi-n necessary for their subsistence, and which was even partly imported, into liquid poison, and that too to increase the revenues of the crown." (Vol. iv., p. 370.) Of late years, the old bad policy has been discarded, especially in Norway, in conse- quence of the earnest agitation of the temperance ques- tion ; and, now, the corn grown is found to be, not only adequate to the subsistence of the people, but aflfords a large surplus for exportation, Sweden furnishes yet another example. It has a full and active machinery for instruction ; yet, excluding offences against the forest laAvs, there was, in 1830, one criminal to 320 of the population ; and one crime in 11 was committed in drinJc, From 1785 to 1825, the popu- lation increased 20 per cent., but the consumption of brandy 400 per cent., notwithstanding the education,* * " Swedish clergy highly educated and intelligent (p. 303). A great vari* ety of educational establishments exist, both private and public. The order of the peasants (yeomen) number 2,500,000, and own double the property of all other classes put together." — (" Scott'a Travels," p. 323-3.) TEXT-BOOK OF TEMrEUA.NCE. 151 Hence " it is well that wc should guard ourselves against undue and extravagant expectations of the amount of good to be derived from school instruction. Centuries of education tvill not remove the evils of bad and mischievous customs and laws^ which form, in fact, an indirect education of another kind, often more pow- erful and lasting in its influence than any series of les- sons taught within the walls of a school-room." * 112. Prussia, notwithstanding her unexampled edu- cation, is a striking example of the essential tendency of alcoholic liquors to create an ever-increasing demand for themselves, and thus to perpetuate the evils of intemperance. The following facts were stated at a public conference, by Dr. Wald, of Kouigsberg : — " The Zollvcreiu consumed 122 millions of dollars* worth of alcoholic liquors. Berlin in 1844, compared with 1745, had one church less, and 1,500 taverns more. Out of GO children under 6, in the Orphan Asylum, 40 had been taught to sip drams, and 9 liad a depraved desire for thera. In the vale of Barmen, — renowned for its religious character or profession, — with a population of 80,000, not less than 13,000 were habitual dram- drinkers. In the conscription of that year (1852) for a dis- trict of "Western Prussia, out of 174 youug men, only 4 were admissible, tlie rest being physically incapacitated by dram- drinking. From year to year, prisons and lunatic asylums became more crowded, while thousands became permanently mad through delirium tremens (of which disease about 100 persons die annually in the hospitals of Berlin alone). Drink- - '41 f*-' ♦ "Westminster Eeview," vol. xxxiv. p. 69. 112. What is the actual condltioa of mauy porta of rruasiti, as refipccti the effects of drink? What is the mortality ari*ing from oxce?s, In Lal« bach? 152 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE, ing> l>y promoting domestic misery nnd discord, occasion! nine-tenths of tlio increasing divorces of tlie country. Fl- naliy, one-half of the entire corn and potatoes grown in the north of Germany are converted into spirits, the use of which had increased ninefold since 1817." * Maltd-Brun, the geographer (edition of 1827), had spoken of the Northern Germans as *^ being robust, fru- gal, and intelligent" as "deprived of beer and spirits,"— " while the Southern Germans, accustomed to wine, are given to drunkenness and superstition." Within one generation, then, the government temptations had altered the very character of the people. Lippich calculates, A*om the mortality returns in Laibach, that 120 of the ■whole population perished annually from excess, and that a fourth of all the adults who died there might have been saved by abstinence. The conclusion is irresisti- ble, that Germany has not discovered the cure for di'ink- ing. 113. The philosopher and statistician, Quetelet, in his great work on human development,! explodes the fal- lacy that France is a temperate country. **0f 1,129 murders committed during the space of four years, 446 have been in consequence of quarrels and contentions in taverns." It is true that in large districts, and chiefly the most ignorant, there is little drunkenness and crime (a fact to which Quetelet refers) ; but that is owing to the fact of the extreme rarity of wine-shops, and to the * See Report of Bremen Cfonference. Hertz, Berlin, 1852. t " Sur I'Homme etle D^veloppement de ses Fncultes ; " lir. ilLo. 3. (Brux* elleg, 1829.) 113. What does Quetelet record ai to French crime and iU cause ? What i 1 TEXr-BOOK CF TEMPKUANCB. 153 extreme poverty of the people. In the rich and manu- facturing parts, intcmpcrnncc and its resulting evils abound. Pr. Morel, of the St. Yon As^dum, says, in bis work *' On tlie Degeneracy of the Human Race," that ** there is always a hopeless number of paralytic and other insane persons, in our hospitals, whose dis- ease is due to no other cause than the abuse of alcoholic liquors. In 1,000 patients, of whom I have made special note, at least 200 owed their mental disorder to no other cause" (p. 109.) Many more, therefore, would bo indi- rectly affected or aggravated by drink. M. Behic, in his " Report on Insanity," says, " Of 8,797 male, and 7,069 female lunatics, 34 per cent, of the men, and 6 of the women, were made insane by intemperance. This is the most potent and frequent cause." ♦ French journals note, that years of plenty in the wine-districts are years of dis- order and crime for the country at large. The " Annals of Hygienne, " for 1863, observe, that, " in wine-growing countries, delirium tremens and alcoholism are most frequent." (Tome xxvii., p. 203.) The plain fact is, that, though partly owing to the temperament of the people, and partly to the better arrangements of the police, outrageous and besotted drunkenness may be less frequent, or less apparent, yet the serious and essential evils are as great there as in any other coun- try. Sensuality pervades their life, crime is very prev- alent, suicides are in excess, population is arrested, and extreme longevity is rarer than in almost any other I i „"*'tll * " Medical Times," Jan. 1807, p. 37. iOM Dr. Morel «ay of insanity and drink? What M. Beblc? What fu«i* ' .1 f ■•Si 154 TEXT-nOOK OF TE.MPEKANCB. land. In Franco everybody drinks, 5'oung and old, male and female, and we And one centenarian amtmgst 800,000 persons ; in the United States of America, one in every 9,000. Sixteen years ago, Dr. Bell estimated the whole of the alcohol drank in Franco in the shape of spirit, wine, and cider, as equal to four gallons of proof spirit per head annually^ for all ages, men, women, and infants. It is certainly not less now. Statistics obtained by Mr. E. C. Delavan, from the French gov- ernment, in 1867, enable us to say that the production of wine in 1865 was rated at 1,089,000,000 gallons, and of distilled spirits and other drinks, 427,746,000. Of this enormous quantity, of which only a small proportion is exported, 77,000,000 gallons of wine are consumed in Paris alone, which is 42 gallons per head yearly I Tho coat of all this to tho retail consumer, after deducting one-third for drinks exported, cannot be less than one &i72ton of dollars, — one thousand million of dollars spent in what is not food, but which vitiates the morals, poisons the brain, and destroys the happiness of the people ! * In France, in 1856, there were 360,000 drink-shops, besides inns, cafes, etc. Over all France, one drunkery to 100 persons of all ages. De Watteville, the econo- mist, puts drinking third in order among the fifteen di- !l',i *A. Husson, of the Hotel de Ylllc, fn his « Consommations de Tarls" (1856), states that previous to 1830, each Parisian took litres (quarts) of Wandy per head annually ; now 14 litres (or 3^ gallons). tity of Alcohol, estimated as proo. spirit, is consumed in France, per head? How many gallons of wine, per head, in Paris 7 What number of mer« drinklng-houses are tliere in France? I I TEXT-BOOK OF TEiirEllANCE. 155 rcct causes of pttuporism. TotliU wo have to add nearly five millions of pounds of tobacco, in smoking which the emperor and empress set the fashion 1 With such habits and tcmptutions and examples can we wonder that every third birth in Paris is illegitimate, and that there are 00,000 criminals permanently residing in the prisons of the Seine? Mr. Dickens' *' Household Words," while defending the beer-shop at homo, thus discourses of its counterpart abroad : — ** The toine-sJiopa are the colleoics and cilipkls of the poor in France. History, morals, politics,. jurlspnulenco, and litera- ture, in iniquUoua forma, are all taught In these colleges and chapels, where professors of evil contlinially deliver these les- sons, and where hymns are sung nightly to the demon of de- moralization. In these haunts of the poor, theft is taught as the morality of property ; falsehood as the morality of speech ; and assassination as the Justice of the people. It is in the wine-shop the cabman is taught to think it lierolc to shoot the middle-class man who disputes his fare. It Is In the wine-shop the workman is taught to admire the man who stabs his faith- less mistress. It Is in the wlnc-shop the doom is pronounced of the employer who lowers the pay of the employed. The wine-shops breed — In a physical atmosphere of malaria, and a moral pestilence of envy and vengeance — the men of crime and revolution. Hunger ig promrbialln a had counsellor^ hut drink is a loorse." 114, Even in benighted France, however, there is hero and there a temperance oasis, — a green spot in the waste. In the little, quaint city of Villaneuvettc, there I if '51 How much tobacco is consumed 7 What does 3Ir. Dickens' periodical call the wino'Shops of the poor ? lU. What two little towns in Franco prove the benefit of prohibiting tht 156 TEXT-UOOK OF TKMPKUANCK. is only one caf6 and ono hotel, both (closed at nine o'clock. Thoro pauperism, bcg^^ary, and illogithnacy uro all but unlcnown ; and tiio people live \vng and happily. At St. Aubin d'Eci'ouvillc, in Normandy, is an establish- ment for the production of those beautiful anatomical models which have made M. Anzoux bo well known. lie educates boys to this artistic work, and has generally about 70 persons in his emplo^'inent. Neither smoking nor drinking is allowed. The onvriera of St. Aubin never enter a wine-shop, nor waste a sou in smoking. Their hands are always steady, their heads always clear. The consequence is, that they economize and put money in the bank. What was formerly a begj^arly, dirty vil- lage is now a thriving and beautiful little town. In European Turkey, amongst another race of people, and in a beautiful climate, wo have an example which should be instructive to America, and especially to the patrons and producers of Catawba wine. Mr. Schauffler, American Missionary at Constanti- nople, thus wrote in 1827 : — "The prevalence of drunkenness upon pure wine has been on the increase for some ten years past. Before, it was checked by the liigli price of wine. It is a matter of regret that tlio poor German farmers [settled in Moldavia] should have entered upon a flekl of Industry [wine-growing] promising in pecuniary respects, but so ruinous in its moral bearings. The number of wine houses and cellars has been on a most ala lining increase since wine has become indigenous. It has often been said that trafflo, and shunning the public house ? Give tho particulars. >ybat Is th« result of wine-making in European Turkey t (iivo Mr. Sohauffler's testi* mony. TEXT-DOOK or TEMPEIUNCK. 157 puro wino did not pr(»duco thut artificial a2>petU€ fur more. This la certainly iucorrcct." Of course It is, for ftUko in Aniorlcft, Normandy, nnd England, oxpcricnco proves that cider (wliicli is nppie- >vino) is simply a stepping-stone to stronger drinlcs ; not a preventative l)ut a provocative. 115. Great Britain, liowever, perhaps, provides more varied illustrations of the whole subject of intempor-. nnce and its remedy tlmn any oil or modern country, owing to the diversity of its laws, institutions, and peo- ples. In Scotland, with a lowland Saxon and a high- land Celtic population, was seen the prevalence of drinis- ing in all ages, from the most barbarous to the most reflned, — drinking in peace and in war, in castle and bothie, — drinking amongst the pious and profane, with highland caterau and chief, with town bailie or lowland laird, and amongst tiie learned and polished circles of modern Athens. No place clean. It was the frightful results of pauperism, impiety, disease, madness, and crime, which, a few years back, led to the enactment of a measure for abolishing the selling of drink at toll-bars, and for the closing of dram-shops and public houses on the Sabbath, — a measure which has effected, according to the verdict of the Royal Commission, a vast beneflt for the country, and, in conjunction with higher duties upon whiskey, sensibly arrested the growth of drunken- ness, pauperism, and crime. Notwithstanding the occa- sional failure of town councils to do their duty, and see m •S '4 115. What country well illustrates the entire question of Temperance, and tvliy ? State tlie facts concerning Scotland. Wlint measures have conferred f rcat beQedt Mpou tlie oountry ? What wai the elTcct in EUiuburgh ? i *. 158 TEXT-nOOK or TRMrERANCB. tlio law enforced by tholr police, it U a mcaimro wliloli evinces tl»o power of repression in a very strilcing way, Jh'fore it passed, liio priHon nt ICilinlmrgli wuh nl)out to bo oitlargcd at groat expense ; aj^(>r ilfi enactment, a largo number of cells wore found to bo supertluous. If ono duy'a HuppresHion of tlio trafllc can do so much, what might not seven days' suppression accomplish? 116. Ireland, again, has a peculiar people and a strange history. Its Celtic and impressionable race has at times been sober, and at others dissipated and intern- pcrate to an excess, but during tho lifutimo of Futhor Mathew rose to a height of enthusiasm and sublimo self- abnegation which attracted tho attention and sympathy of the whole civilized world. At ono time, wo ourselves saw tho secretary of this Apostle of Temperance, en- rolling members amongst tho sixth million of his disciples. Ono great error was committed, however, — that of not preventing tho future inroad of tho trafllc by erecting a legal bulwark while the inspiration was upon tho nation. Fai^ tg this, however, tho temptations returned, tho en- thusiasm waned, tho disciples fell away, and now tho monument to Father Mathow, in tho city of Cork, is dose- crated by a perfect circle of whiskey-dons, where tho people drink to their own degradation, and defile the precincts of a statue which should be sacred to purity and temperance. All tho bad laws and influences that have made Ireland a byword and a reproach to England havo been aggra- vated by drink. Much of her agrarian outrages could 110. What is renmrkable about Ireland 7 How many disclplos did Father Uatbcw enroll, and what was the issue of the rcformatiouf Why did it TexT-uooK or tk:m[*eranoe. 159 not haio cxUtod oavo for tbiit. Ilcr poverty Ims boen transmuted into pauperism and famine by tbo same vile agent ; licr industry bas been paralyzed, her moralH cor- rupted. A leaf or two fi'om bor bistory will at onco de- monstrate tbe curse of drinking and tbe blessings of temperance. In Ireland, failure of crops bas several times proved a blessing, by leading to tbe suppression of distilling. Tbe natural loan bas suspended tbo self- inflicted curae; tbe gain bas been tbo lessened evil. For example, in 1757-8, 17C0-1, tbo average balanco of loaa between corn imported and corn exported was £78,282. But in 1759, wben, owing to a bad harvest, tbe distilleries were stopped, tbero was a balance of profit of £4,684. ** Tbe salutary effects of wbich," say« a contemporary observer, *' were the restoring new vigor to our languishing manufactures^ and a visible reforma- tion in tbe morals of tbo people." • 117. In 1808-9, 1812-13, again, for parts of tbose years distillation was probibitcd. Of oats, tbe grain mainly used by the distillers, tbo total quantity exported in 1808-11-12-15 is given from tbo averages of tbe Customs returns,! and the quantity of corr spirits pay- ing duty is added : — • "Earnost Addresses to the People, against Drinking Spirituous Liq- uors," by W. Henry, D.D., F.ll.S. Dublin, 1701. t vide " rarllamentary Papers," vll., 18.»3. ,H ■J i ■■\- decline ? What great omission was there ? Wliat was the result of closing the distilleries ? Uive the testimony of Dr. Henry, in 1761. 117. What was the pecuniary effect of partial prohibition of the distillerlea In 1808-0, 1812-13 ? What was tiie moral and social eflcct of stopping the dis tUeries in those years f 160 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. Oatt In barrel!. Valut. Spirit! la Oalloiu. 4,299,567 3,033,831 £4,080,800 2,207,225 9,(H7,091 22,419,197 Years of Dearth and Prohibition, Years of Plenty and DUtillation. 1,205,736 £1,813,591 Gain in /our yeart, by had harvesti. f,! I Thus, even in years of dearth, the prohibition of dis- tilling increased the oats exported nearly two millions of pounds in value ; so that, making allowance for the parts of years during which the distilleries were in operation, the capital of the country was increased by half a mil- lion annually, with a positive gain in all social and moral aspects besides. Mr. Sergeant Lloyd, before the Lords' Committee on the state of Ireland in 1825, assigned ^' the easy access to spirits " as the chief predisposing cause of the peas- ant disturbances in the county of Limerick. Under the prohibition from June to December, 1808, and from March to December, 1809, whiskey rose from 8s. to 18s. the gallon, and at once sobriety and order supplanted riot and debauchery. In 1810, when the pro- hibition ceased, " the commitments increased nearly four" fold; " and the Lord Mayor of Dublin directed public attention to its cause. So, again, when the distilleries were stopped from February, 1812, to September, 1813, crime also stopped ; and when they revived to thei? work of destruction, crime revived with them. TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 161 Tmui. FrlMnen. Years. Pritonen. 1 3-4 ytar'a dMTMM. 1811 1814 10,737 10,240 1812 1813 0,006 8,085 2,093 20,086 18,803 Thus, even in years of want, a p^ rtirJ measure, merely rendering drink dearer, was attended witli a reduction in crime of one-sixth, wlien under ordinary circumstances it would have increased largely. 118. Another illustration is derived from a compari- son of the years of Father Mathew's great success with ordinary years of intemperance. Lord Morpeth declared in the commons that *' the heaviest offences, such as homicides, outrages upon the person, assault with intent to murder, aggravated assaults, cutting and maiming," had been greatly diminished. His triumphs were from the year 1839 up to the cul- minating era of 1845, when the movement began to de- cline, in part owing to emigration, in part to the natural subsidence of cUl mere enthusiasms, but in 1847, 8, 9, to the desolation of the famine and the exodus. Talce convictions for offences against the person, as those most likely to arise from excitement, and to be least liable to fluctuation from varying social influences of an ordinary character, and of course, excluding the famine years, as subject to a disturbing influence. 118. What was the effect of Fathew Mathew's reform in respect to crime in Ireland ? In what proportion was crime lessened ? State the facts as t« 11 ^4-'^ Sh I i ill 162 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 81x ordinary drinking years, during which, exclusive of much illicit whiskey, 70,U13,d40 gnllons of Brit- ish spirits paid duty.'*' 1«J4 6.002 18Q5 5.8-'i2 1836 6,000 1837 2,6.31 18:« 2,710 1830 3,150 J Totnl crime of the first class. .20,330 Six has intemperate years, during which, with mie Illicit dlHtlllatioii. 42,500,100 gallons of spirits puid duty.t 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1645. .2,584 .2,324 .2,128 .2,172 .2,003 .1,800 J ::^> Total crime of tlie lirst class. 13,170 A reduction of oue-Ualf. Take, now, two quinquennial periods, and see what they establish in regard to " Convictions at Quarter Ses- sions and Assize," compared with the years remarkable for diminished consumption of whiskey. Spirit* charcred duty, Serlon* crime. ExeoBttona. Ordinary drinking years, ia35- 39 59,770,802 33,700,526 04,320 47,027 M Partially <«mp«ra... .... 26,004,367 17,493 38 The prison returns for Ireland, compared with the rev- enue returns, show that a legal check to drinking is also a check to crime. * Taken from the returns of the Tnland Revenue Office. See " Report on rublio Houses," 1853, p. 656. At tlie beginning of this period, 1,206 persons were confined in prison for illicit distilling; in 1840 only 175, and in 1841 only 171. t In several counties during this period, there happened the unprecedented circumstance of the ^presentation of white gloves to the Judges. six contrasted years. As to the increase or decrease of consumption. Aj to the decrease by means of increased duties. TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. 163 Dutjr. 0«la. Spirit!. CftMi of ImprUonraant. 1854. 1855. 38. 4d.. and 4s. 8,440,734 0,228,850 73,733 04,431 Duty, 48., 08., and 08. 2d. . f ' 2,211,878 Decrease).... .19,809 It follows from these figures that to license drink-selU ing is to license felon}^ and breed crime. So true is the saying of the jurist Mittermaier, that ** all his inves- tigations led him to the same sad truth, that society prepares the crime** 119. England, again, with her mingled races of Frisian and Saxon, Dane, Norman, Fleming, and Welsh, with her gentry habituated to wine, her city populations to gin, her shopkeepers to brandy, her southern and western peasantry to cider, and the bulk of her laborers to ale and beer, — has earned for her citizens the un- enviable notoriety of being " drunken Englishmen." Not that they are in reality greater drinkers than the Dutch, the Germans, the Russians, or the French, but they display less reticence and self-control in the mani- festation of their propensities. The whole history of this country is a comment upon the maxim, that as are the facilities for the sale of strong drink so is the proportionate drunkenness, pauperism, and crime of the people.* The evil of drinking is all pervasive ; it finds * See Dr. Lees' ** Condensed Argument for the Legislative Prohibition of 119. What is the law of tlie spread of intemperance in England ? UoW Hi.: 1 hi!'" ' ■\ m m Ill liii 164 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. its way into diurcli and state, aristocracy and denioo* racy; the seats of learning, and tlic liomcs of igno- rance; and at the present time (1867), tlie expenditure upon liquor for Great Britain is as follows : — Home-made spirits charged duty (selling, retail, at 20s. per gallon), Foreign and colonial spirits (at 27s. per gallon), . Malt liquors (2 bushels malt per barrel of 36 gal- lons, at 48s.) >* Wines (but chiefly the stronger ones), at 15s. per gallon, Cider and perry, home-made fruit wines, black beer, etc., £23,516,836 7,978,885 00,261,393 9,995,937 607,449 £101,260,000 Or, in American currency, the enormous sum of $506,300,000 120. Of this sum. Professor Leoni Levi calculates that the working-classes spend about one-third^ or, in round numbers, the vast sum of £70,000,000, which equals the entire government expenditure of the country for im- perial purposes I It is a self-imposed taxation very lam- entable and leads, in the loss of time and health,— the Liquor Traffic," — a volume of 160 pages, founded on the larger Esqay, to which the Ailiance awarded the prize of 100 guineas ($500 currency.) The whole subject is exhaustively treated. * There were in 1866, exactly 50,217,828 bushels of malt charged duty for home consumption, whicli would produce, with water adulteration, above 1,000,000,000 of gallons of beer for 30,000,000 of people; being at the rate of S3 gallons each person, exclusive of other alcoholics. 4 t ' i 1 , 1 5 much in pounds Is expended on Alcohol in Great Britain? How much io dollars ? 120. What is the share of worMng-men''8 expenditure ? What does thli teif-imposed taxation bring with it ? Who are the channels for the distri* TEXT'BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 165 the true capital of the worker — in deteriorated labor, in pauperism, disease, and crime, to a second loss, wliich cannot be estimated at much less than the first. The channeh and agents for this wasteful expenditure are an immoral and demoralizing body of men, called publi« cans, who unblushingly avow that their politics arc those of the trade^ first and last, and who are every- where, as a body, found ranged against such ameliorat- ing agencies as schools, free libraries, and temperance societies, but in favor of races and betting, prize-fights and cock-fights, — whose literature, from " Bell's Life " down to " The Licensed Victualler's Guardian," is that of ex- tremely " low life." These men are licensed by the law to carry on their debasing and deadly trade I They are always on the increase, and bring after them a propor- tionate increase of criminals and police. These crime- breeders have, for three periods, numbered as follows for England and Wales alone : — ■-,v| 1860-1. 1862-3. 1866-7. Publicans • • • 67,145 43,986 1,467 66,605 47,212 2,067 70,467 63,071 4,448 Beer'Sellers only... W!no«dealers Total Retailers Wliolesale dealers. . 112,508 3,055 116,564 3,533 128,870 6,341 r^' bution of this drink ? Wliat number of traffickers in England ? In Soot* land ? In Ireland t What has been the result of this increase in the traders t I, 1C6 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. In Scotland, in 18C6, there were 98 brewers only, and 12,472 licensed victuallers. In Ireland, in 18G6, there were 91 brewers only, And 15,541 licensed victuallers. Scotland has, besides, 132 distillers; Ireland, 60. As the temptations gradually increase, drinking as gradually and certainly extends, notwithstanding the unparalleled influences of a physical, social, and re- ligious nature which, during the past half century, have been counteracting the tendency of the sj-stem. In 1857, each person in England averaged a consumption of nearly two gallons of pure alcohol^ but in 1866, of 2 J. In 1857, each person in Scotland consumed on the aver- age 1|, but in 1866 nearly 1^ gallon. In 1857, each person in Ireland had an average of three-fourths of a gallon, but in 1866 above four-fifths. 121. The third line is very instructive in the above table : that which shows how the wine licenses, chiefly granted to confectioners, grocers, and eating-house keep- ers, had quadrupled in a few years.* The Hon. W. E. Gladstone perversely adopted the theory that the love of heaA'y-wet and potent drams was to be eradicated by * An action brought into the Court of Common Pleas, in November, 1868, for the recovery of a wine bill, elicited the fact, that at a banquet held in the preceding August, at the New Marlcet, King's Cross, London, over which the Common Sergeant of the city presided, 521 bottles of wine were drunk by the 180 guests, —1. c., tiiukk bottles each I The writer has seen the wine billtf of aristocratic clubs, which show that the proportion of drinking In the city is not greater than that in the West end. How much Alcohol is consumed, on the average, in England, in Scotland, and in Ireland ? 121. What was the result of Mr. Gladstone's schfme of xolnellctmuUtt TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 167 fjveoring a taste for ** light wines ;" and so, in spite of temperance warnings, ho obstinately persisted in his plan. The results have been disastrous in the extreme. Young people, servants, and married women, who could not be seen in a dram-shop, have been tempted to drink the new and fashionable liquor, falsely branded as ^^ in- nocent." It has done its work, and created, in ten thou- sand instances, an appetite for stronger stimulants. In 1868, there was a great scandal — one of many — crea- ted by the fall of a distinguished and aristocratic clergy- man; whereupon the newspapers, which support the causes f give a homily upon the effects ! Notably so, the London " Daily Telegraph," — a bitter opponent of absti- nence and prohibition, as well as a constant perverter of American affairs. We cite its exact words : — 'm' " Drink may doubtless sap a man's brains, weaken his powers, and even convert, as if by a harlequin's wand, a gentleman into a blackguard. The tale does but once more point the moral that he who begins to yield can never know whither the terrible habit may carry him. So stern and so steady is the march of its evil influence, that insensibly a man dwindles down into the shadow of himself, and can never win back tho strength and the courage he has lost. * No one drinks nowa- days I ' says Mrs. Grundy. Well, people no longer get drunk in the middle of the day, or reel into a theatre In the state which was common during tho old daj's of the legitimate drama ; but the doctors tell us, and the doctors ought to know, that icithin the last few years there has been a fresh outbreak of the drinking mania, not amongst the frequenters of the public house, but in good society — in the home. We cannot flatter ourselves that the report is exaggerated. Such propensities confectioners? Give the words of the " Daily Telegraph," describing tht conseqaenocs. Give an example of middle-class " temperance." liii! I'ij *': . ii 168 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCB. commonly seizo upon society by flts and starts ; and Jast now tbo unhappy suspicion again prevails, tliat ludlcs thcmselvos occasionally take rather more than is good for them, under the pretence of * supporting the system.' It seems but too truo that a dark shadow is cast on tnani; homes by the fatal habit of secret intemperancef and that, in not a few cases, the victims of the degrading vice have the excuse neither of Ignorance nor cff poverty," But what excuse, we ask, have the legislators, who create the temptations ? 122. The moral work of England is set at nought, and its legitimate fruits blighted by the pest of the traffic. The seminaries of Satan far outnumber the schools of Christ. Take, for example, the Sunday- school system, and follow t! 3 pupils into life. No. of Priaonert In Jail at No. who hava attended Sunday ■cbool. No. who hara been 8. School Taachera. No. ander 18 yean of age. No. under 18 who hava attended 8. School. No. who hava not attended 8. School. 283 230 23 33 28 82 A«j^4th. Or 81 1-2 per eent. Or 10 per cent. Or 11 per cent. Or 84 of col- umn 4. Oronlrl81-l per caat. The Rev. J. Kingsmill, in his official report on the Pentonville Penitentiary, 1849, says: "Of 1,000 con- victs 757 had been scholars in the different day schools, 122. What does the traffic do in relation to Sunday-school scholars and teachers ? Give the figures as to prisoners In Leeds Jail, and the evidence TEXT-BOOK rr TEMPERANCE. 169 high and low, in tho country ; and nearly half of thai numbery on an average^Jlve yearn. " (p. 14.) While we write, there are in England, one million of paupers receiving relief from tho public funds, and another million on the verge of pauperism, living, or starving on charity. About every eighth person is either beggar, or pauper, or criminal, or publican who creates him, or policeman who catches him, or Judge who tries and condemns him. Well-regulated minds are at the foundation of a na- tion's order, economy, and peace, but coextensive with the increase of the traffic has been that of idiotcy and insanity amongst the people. Upwards of 80,000 per- sons are now in the various lunatic asylums of Eng- land and Scotland, operating as a dead weight to civili- zation, and indicating a still larger number of persons, who, owing to moderate perversion, are either vicious, extravagant, or unreliable, the centres of domestic un- happiness, and the sources of social danger. Lippich found, that of forty children, born of drunKcn parents, only six were in possession of vigorous health, while two'thirda of that offspring were nipped wholly in the bud. When the muscular and vascular system is so pal- pably shrivelled, what must be the injury to the delicate and susceptible nervous system and the brain? During the last ten years, a million and a half of criminals have been in the prisons, and let loose again. ** We are now," says the " London Times," " in the un- wonted case of having among us many thousands, taint- of Mr. Elngsmill. Wliat la the amount of pauperism ia England ? Cite (ba teBtimony of the " Times. " ... 'ft A, 'I JTO TEXT-BOOK or TKMI»i:U.\NOI5. mij «tl, stigmatized, corrupted by crime, its slovenly habits and horrid associations. Wc are surrounded by men, forming no inconsidurabie per cent, oi tlie population, asking for worli or for charity, — t juspirlnj? against our property, and it' necii ijc, our lives ; spreuiling tlio con- tagion and art of crime, waking while wo sleep; com- bining, while wo net each only for Hclf ; and forming an imjierium in imperioy thut may lead in time to the most disastrous consequences." There is, indeed, about tho drinkinj^ system, a prodigality of mischief, — a seduc- tion, virulence, and fcrmentlnpf fecundity in the repro- duction of vice and crime, which are without precedent or parallel. 1?" The lives of the people, under a just and wlao govoiiiment, are the wealth and strength of the nation. It has been ascertained, with mu( h approximate accura- cy, from statistics of various kinds, that there are about 80,000 deaths annually in England, directly traceable to drinking, and the diseases and ac< idents it induces ; and probably 30,000 more that have had more or less to do, indirectly, with tho use of strong drink. It is certainly the greatest ot all the causes of mortality in the crmy. the heads of wliich persist in distributing the grog oi beer allowance, — a long-since demonstrated evil.* * In Wales, tho temperance and r» liglous elements have [)ro8pcred, and thr' drunkerios are greatly loss, in proportion to the inhabitants, than in other parts of tho kingdom. The conscqueucu is, that crime, especially serious crime, is far rarer. In his charge to the Grand Jury at Denbi|rh, Lord Chief Justice Bovil S'lid : — " I have travelled thus far through North Wales, and have been able to 123. How many lives arc prematurely Bacrlflced to drinking in England f Bow many die indirectly 1 What !» tho effect of tho gr« ;r» ions i»i tlM TEXT-DOOK OP TEMPEUANCE. 171 Tho rcpoif^ of llio English Rogi^trur-Gencral of birtbs, luiiiTingGRf and •Icatlis, gljall nupply ono flnal example of Iha deadly but untalkcd-of influence of al- cohol in aggravating mortality, us compared with other agen('i«'s whici, excite universal notice, and compel to immediate legislation. What are the facts regarding accidental and tcilful poisoning, which have induced tho law-muker8 to prohibit tho gale of poinous by chemists, except under tho most stringent and special conditions? The signature of the buyer must be taken, and the poi- son must be distinctly labelled. M8fti 1850. 18«0. Cases of acc/dtin^a/ poisoning, 282 279 240 /Su/ctJe by poison,* • . 110 112 156 Murder and manslaughter t in three years, • . 1,188 1,059 ■■l1 Total, » 2,247 congratulate all tho grand Juries I have met. At one place there was not a bill found for trial, and no cause on tho list. In other plaoei there wer« but few persona for trial, whose cases ritquirod liUlo consideration at the handri of either Jury or Judge." (1808.) Id Cacrnanonshire there i- one public ouse to 188 people, and only one criminal to 2,452 inhabltuuts ; in Anglesey, one public house to 210 persons, and only one criminal to 3,S0U inhabitants, and both counties are low ia education. liut In Glamorgan (South Wales), though education la above the average, yet, with one drunkery to \20 per sons, there is three and four times the proportion of crime — or one criminal to tfOtf of the population. * The papers show that suicide is often caused by drink-perversion, leadluf to a loss of 3elf-control ; and that poKsuii« are both given and taken ia mis* take, owing to the ol^Atscated condition prod iced by drinking. t Most of these cases, again, are the direct results of drinking. Army ? How many cases of suicide by polsun and accidental poisoning ur* recorded in three years? How many murders and manslaugbten ? How ^4 '■" ♦' 1 t»;P 172 TTXT-BOOK or TRMPnilANCE. WM til These firo «ad, ovon torrlblo facts, to bo found In the centre of Cliristiuti (civilization ; but they nre in great part, only concomitants or conHcciucncoH of Another de- moralizinf^ agency, — strong drink^ — of which Its last fruits are worse for the victims and for mankind. Yet the figures next to bo cited, from the returns of the same years, by no means tell the whole story, bccanso false charity towards the dead, and cm unwiUingneaa to hurt the feclinga of relatives^ induce the medical attend- ant to put down proximate cause of death {congestion^ or other disease) rather than the real one of drink.* 1868. Deaths from drink, . . 288 Deaths from delirium tremens, 424 1850. 18M. 845 818 = 951 C45 467 = 1,426 Total, . 713 890 776 =: 2,877 Thus the whole number of cases of poisoning by ar- senic, oxalic acid, and other drugs, was leaa than one- /^a// of those arising from alcohol! — and tho deaths, from this last form of poisoning, exceeded by 130 cases the deaths from accidental and self-poisoning^ and from murder and manslavghter all put together. Yet the whole machinery of law . i police is set at work to lessen the one set of efifects, while the state lends its sanction, * This is the lamc as though, to dlRgulse the fact of n pistol-phot, or tword- thrust, the retuU of a duel, tho attendant surgeoa had certiilod that " tb« deceased died of a lesion nnd rupture of several arteries." many deaths ore there fVom drink and delirium tremens, in excess over those fVom poUoning 1 and how many in excess over poisoning, murder, and manslaughter combined ? What contrast docs North Wales present ? TeXT-nOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. 173 and Hocloty Hh Hilencc, to upltoUl tlio cauaea of the other ! 124. It hiiH been objected, liowcvcr, that though in- tcmperanco doubtleHS Ih tho cause of many prematura deaths, there arc aome disoasefl which tho (Veo uso of alcohol prevents, or holdM in abeyance, — consumption, to wit. Were thin so, it would bo no argument for drinking; because it is better that men should pass away in the course of a natural disorder, than with both impaired intellect nud morals by a suicidal course of in- temperance. Some years ago. Dr. Swett, of Now York, stated as a fact, that of 74 cases of death from aggravated intemperance, in persons found in tho dead-house, there was not a single case of tuberculous lungs. It may have been so ; but it proves nothing against the great mass of contrary facts. Lippich, for instance, in his re- searches at Laibach, shows that 1 1 percent, of drunkards died of consumption. Mr. Nelson, tho London actuary, found that of 357 drunkards, Just 40 — that is, 11 per cent, again — died of phthisis. "When we recollect, then, that two-fidhs of the cases of consumption perish be- fore their twenty-fifth j'car, when drunkards are beginning to train, and that 11 per cent, of the population is about the proportion in which persons oi' all ages (\\q of consump- tion in England, — we have a clear answer to the fallacy ; since, taking equal ages, while only 7 per cent, of adults perish of consumption, 11 per cent, of drinkers die of 124. Does tlie fVee use of Akohol arrest or prevent any other disease? Has this been asserted, and In reference to what disease ? Have not drunk* mrds a much greater than ordinary proportion of conHumption? How U this proved ) Give the lacts stated by Llppicb, Nelson, and lluydecoper. ••If DPI If II 174 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPER ANCE. that disease. Mr. Ilnydecopcr, in his earnest address on the evils of strong driniv, says : — ** I have, for a continuance of seven years, ft'cquented, as one of the town clergy, the great military hospital at the Hague; and could I lay before you the number of those I saw expire thert o( pectoral complaints aud consumption, and from whose dying lips I have heard the confession, that they saw in their sufferings the fruits of their excessive drinking, you would be astonished that so many, even In our father-land, should thus perish in the bloom of life.*' ♦ 125. Mr. Nelson, by a series of approximate calcula- tions, reached the fact, that in England 1 in every 74 persons is a confirmed drunkard, and that, out of all the deaths between the three decades from 30 to 60, — which expresses the matured value of the man, — the propor- tions from drinking, were, 1 in 21, 1 in 16, and 1 in 22. Professor Huss, of Sweden, sa^'s that Eskilston, con- taining 4,000 souls, was so addicted to drink, that of the males 1 in 30, of the females 1 in 40, annually perished. He contrasts this town with the district of Jemtland, where the people were very moderate (though of the same race, and living in the same climate), where the annual mortality is but 1 in 78 of the males, 1 in 82 of the females. In the arm^^ everywhere, the mortality is still more frightful. Dr. Forrey, in his observations on the records of the medical department of the United States army, ascribed to this vice more than half the ♦ " Een Woord . . van Sterken Drank." Amsterdam, 1853, p. 174. c 125. What are the proportions of deaths amongst drunkards in England ? VThat in Eskilstan 7 How does Jcmtlnnd contrast witli lliia ? What was the iV TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEIIAXCE. 175 deaths. Mr. Huyclecoper says, that, among the Dutch, it is reckoned of their soldiers sent on service to the East, from 70 to 75 per 100 die from drink. It is, therefore, no rhetoric to affirm that, of all the curses that ever visited this cartli, intemperance is tlie most deadly. Fever and plague may visit us, but they do not tarry ; famine may come, but it is followed by plenty ; while drink, worse than pestilence, sits and broods amongst us, engendering a horrible offspring of sensuality and sin. Intemperance is an invited visit- or, the provision for whose banquet is made under sanc- tion of church and state, — whose license is pleaded by the victims, under a stolid delusion, from Holy Writ, and made legal by the crooked and corrupting policy of legislators I Russia has been cursed for ages with intemperance, and, since the abolition of serfdom, drunkenness has be- come at once more common and more dangerous. The government had }oacr made a point of raising a large revenue from corn brandy, not so much by heavy duties as by small licenses for distilling. The consequences were deplored by the late czar, Alexander, but his con- templated reforms were overruled. While we write, however (December, 18G8), good news of wise efforts reach us. The taverns are as numerous in St. Peters- burgh as anywhere, and are nicknamed " National Banks," for the double reason, that they yield a revenue to the nation, and absorb the monev of their customers. To put an end to the gigantic evils of the system, the '^■: former army mortality iu the United States troops in Inciia 7 Wliat amongst the Dutch '•■■ I!!, 176 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCK. mB iiiiMi government decrees : 1. That the price of corn brandy shall be trebled, by increase of duty. 2. That no tavern shall exist in any main thoroughfare, to tempt the peo- ple passing. 3. That every tavern shall be treated as an inn, and pay the customary license fee, — about $350. 4. That no tavern shall be open within eighty/ yards of any of the government offices, which swarm in the metrop- olis ; so that this provision is a good strike of prohibi tion. It is one virtue of despotic, as of democratic governments, that they are thus able to treat " vested interests " wi^ b contempt. VIII. &^t Itatbnal ^xxt^ixan nnii i^t §l^mtirg» i!|:i 1 26. The United States of North America have the unquestioned honor of originating the first systematic and organized plan for the suppression of intemperance ; at least amongst the Western nations and in modern times. Here, as in the mother country, it had for ages been considered, that legal license and supervision of the traffic were all that could be done to repress intem- perance, beyond the appeals of the moralist and the preacher. The people of the States, however, untram- melled by the conservative and conventional habits of 126. Where did the first systematic endeavor to suppress intemperance originate? What conditions made America more favorable to its succesi than the old country ? TEXT-nOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 177 the old country, were not disposed to accept the great curse as a thing absolutely necessary and inevitable ; but, on the contrary, as a practical people, engaged in hewing out a new form of societ}'^ and civilization, set themselves to ascertain the reason of things being as they were, and then straightway began the work of reform. There were, of course, great difficulties in the way, — of inter- est, prejudice, appetite, and fashion, — but these were neither so inveterate nor so vast as in Great Britain, '>vhere a new truth has to fight its way over the social debris of a thousand years. Besides, what were difliculties to the genius of a people who had just emerged, not only safely, but triumphantly, from a long and terrible conflict for their political independence, and who had become a na- tion of sturdy Republicans in spite of English king and oligarchy ? Hence the notion of a needed reform, of a work to he done^ having once been fairly injected into the minds of the people, they pursued, and are pursuing it, with unfaltering purpose, and steady, invincible zeal. The occasions, rise, and progress of the remarkable movement we have now succinctly to record. The en- terprise has had its five stages, and is destined to its sixth, ere it reach the culminating point which shall usher in the crowning epoch of civilization.* wd I. 127. There was the period of Chaos, when darkness brooded over the elements of social life in the States. • Namely : 1. A confused perception of the Evil. 2. Attempts at rtgu lating the machinery of mischief. ;i. Era of vague Temperance. 4. Thai of Total Abstinence. 5. The No-Ucenae agitation. 0. The epoch of Prohib itive State Law. 12 If 4f . m I78 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEIIANCE. m ~ liWI. ill . The freedom which the people exercised, at a period of great political and warlike excitement ; the abundaijce of their means ; the cheapness of liquor, with an almost open traffic, and other facilities for its purchase, — had produced their inevitable fruits. The country was over- run with intemperance, the cities were overflowed with disorder, the poorhouses filled with paupers, the jails crowded with criminals, — army, navy, and populace alike cursed with rum. Yet from the earliest period of the history of the States the sale of liquor had been looked upon with suspicion, and the worst forms of it absolutely prohibited. In the town records of East Hampton, Long Island, for 1651, is an order of a town meeting, " That no man shall sell any liquor but such as are deputed thereto by the town; and such men shall not let youths, and such as are under other men's management, remain drinking at unseasonable hours ; and such persons shall not have above half a pint at a time among four men." In 1655, the authorities " ordered, for the prevention of drunken- ness among the Indians, by selling Strong Water, First, That no man shall carry any to them to sell, nor send them any, nor employ any to sell for them ; nor sell them any liquor in the town for the present drinking, above two drams at op«i time ; and to sell to no Indians but such as are sent by the sachem, and shall bring a written ticket from him, which shall be given him by the town, and he shall not have above a quart at a time." IT. What are the six stages of the temperance enterprise ? How did the did law treat the traffic ? Give an example of prohibition. When did tht busluess of distilling comn: .::^; ? TEXT-BOOK or TKMl»EUANCE. 179 Bancroft, under the date of 1676, has a summary of a new constitution for Virginia^ in place of tJio tyrannical one of the aristocratic-proprietary. We quote the last sentence and the appended note from Hening. " The sale of tvines and ardent spirits luas absolutely prohibited (if not in Jamestown, yet otherwise) througli- out the ivhole counti'y.*' Hening, ii. 361 : " Ordinances to sell and utter man^s meate, horse meate, beer, and cyder, but no other strong drink whatsoever." The business of making and distilling spirit commenced in Boston in the year 1700, when West-India molas- ses was converted into New England rum. In 1794, the distillation of whiskey from rye commenced in West- ern Pennsylvania. In 1815, the number of distilleries in the States had increased to 40,000, destroying 10,000,- 000 bushels of breadstuffs, to make 30,000,000 gallons of poison. Ten million gallons of rwm were also manu- factured annually at that time. 128. Shortly before the establishment of independence, the evil of distillation attracted the notice of the patriots, at one of their first Congresses. On the 27th February, 1774, the following resolution appears to have passed unanimously : — • " Besolvedy that it be recommencled to the several legislatures in the United States immediately to pass laws the most effect- ual for putting an immediate stop to the pernicious practice of distillin(j grain, by which the most extensive evils are likely to be derived, if not quickly prevented." Dr. B. Franklin, Dr. Benj. Rush, and other signers of J28. What part of the Bystera fust attracted the attention of the ewlf • ti ■■'H ?l ■■* ■ -- 1 — [\ 180 TEXT-B( )K OF TEMPERANCE. 'ill! if l! ^ "»1 llil if it '"':' ip'!i;i' the Declaration of indepentlence, were members of this congress. In March, 1788, an act passed the Legislature of the Empire State, entitled *' An act to lay a duty on strong liquors, and for the better regulation of inns and taverns" It provided that the Commissioners of Excise should not grant permits to any person to sell strong drink and spirituous liquors for the purpose of keeping a tavern, unless it should appear to them that such inn or tavern ■was necessary for the accommodation of travellers, and that the person applying for the permit was of good char' acter; and that no person should sell strong drink, or spirituous liquors, to be drank in his house^ ivithout first entering into a recognizance not to keep a disorderly or gambling ho ise^ — and that if any person shall be con- victed of any offence against this act, it should be lawful for the Court of General Sessions to suppress his per- mit.* It is clear, therefore, that the old laws acknowl- edge that the sale of liquor, without a special permit from the State, is a social offence. 129. About the year 1790, there was published in Philadelphia, a thin v hime of "Sermons on Intemp r- ance," apparently written by a physician, — we believe, Dr. Rush, — which seems to have attracted attention, and • A similar act was passed April 7th, 1801, which prohibited the sale of apirituous liquors by retail, or to be drank in the house of the seller, and re- etrained and limited the power of the Commissioners of I'^xcisc in granting licenses ; and contained a further provision, that all offences against any of Its provisions shall be deemed misdemeanors, punishable by line and im- prisonment. This act was embodied in the New York Revised Laws of 1813. Congresses ? What prominent men tooic part in the discussion t On what basis WM the traffic placf Rkdman, President. " Attest, Samuel Powell Guiffitiis, Secretary, " rhiladelphia, Dec, 27th, 1790." #i 130. At last the enemy was fairly unmasked, and as- Bailed in the stronghold of popular prejudice, by that very agency most likely to be successful. The ice once broken, Dr. Eush cast aside all leticonce, and in 1794 issued his " Medical Inquiries" into the effects of ardent spirits, and announced the doctrine of abstinence, which ultimately became the basis of a radical reformation. ISO. What celebrated physician pubiished a book on the subject, and what principle did ho aoDouncc ? What Ideas were coming into view ? TKXT-BOOK OF TKMPEUANCE. 183 After combating the errors of popular opinion, and enu- merating some of the chief disorders engendered by tho use (not abuse) of ardent spirits, ho says : " It would take a volume to describe /tow mwc/t other disorders, nat- ural to tho human body, arc increased and complicated by them. Every species of inflammatory and putrid fever is rendered more frequent and more dangerous^ by the use of spirituous liquor." Ho thus struck boldy at the double superstition, — the virtue of alcohol as diet, and its prophylactic power as medicine. These papers excited inquiry, j radually attracted the attention of re- flecting men in his own profession, and, finally, of tho reading public. In 1805, ho reproduced these views in a pamphlet, which procured a wide circulation. The for- mation of the first temperance society in modern times was the consequence. It was instituted in Moreau, Sara- toga County, on tho 13th of April, 1808, under the ap- pellation of *'Tho Union Temperate Society of Moreau and Northumberland." Dr. IJ. J. Clark was the origi- nator of this idea of social xmion for suppressing the tjTttnny of social custom. The effort, however, remained local. Philanthropists, senators, and the better part of the people, now began to see the danger which threatened the country and the State, and asked themselves the question. If this agent of disease, this physical, moral, and social pestilence, goes on unchecked, what will be the end ? At last, the essential evil of the drink was per- ceived, and the " throne of iniquity " — the legalized ma- ihinery for disseminating the evil — rose dimly before the sight. Before, they had blamed the dvam-shop rather than the dram — now, the more fundamental truth ^ I 184 TEXT-llOOK or TEMPEIIANCB. i was being enforced, timt it wan the dram thut character- ized the Hhop und gave to it its peculiarity of scduo* tioii and sequencu ; while the correlated truth also emerged, that the shop was the centre and heart of temp- tation, — at once the hand that set the powder and fired the train.* II. 131. Out of these working** of light the second epoch had come, — that of systematic regulation. New so- cial truths rose into view. It was seen that the li- censed drinii house is a licensed snares and that ** the more grog-shops the more drunkenness, pauperism, and crime," expressed a connection as certain as any other social law. In 1818-19, the authorities of New York largely reduced the number of retail grog-shops. In 1820, the report of the Society for the prevention of Pauperism in New York cites the testimony of the * Hope, In the shape of prohibition, has nt laat come to the drunkard. The following was advertised in the pupors of the day. We may hear in it the lieart-voices of tliousand of viotlma, crying to society, as all men cry to God : " Deliver ua from temptat'on .' " '* WliiCREAS, the subscriber, through tlie pernicious habit of drinking, has greatly hurt himself in purse and pcrnon, and rendered himself odious to all his acquaintance ; uiul ilnding there Ih no possibility of breaking ofT from the said practice but thronyh the imposaibility to find the liquor, he therefore bega and praya thut no peraon wilt tell him for money, or on trust, any aort of apirituouf liquora, as lie will not in future pay fur it, but will prosecute any one for an action of damage against the temporal and eternal interests of the public's humble, serious, and sober servant, ' "JA3IES CIIALMEHS. "Witness, WiLMAM Andukws. "NASSAU, June 28th, 1795," 131. What formula did the theory of regulation imply ? In what city was It acted on, and with what results? Give tlie testimony of i'lo Mayor oi New York ; and state the proof of a failure. A'ofe. — Name a curious advcp iisement. TEXT-BOOK. OIT TEMrEUANQE. 185 mayor: "The cH'cct Is very obvious; drunken ptoj)!© arc much soldnmcr seen in our Hticcts. It has had a very important influcnco on the morula of tho commu- nity and lessened the number of crimes. Crimes havo numoricn^ly decreased, and comparatl 'ely havo very greatly diminished. This great heneJU to the coinmu" nifff is chiefly to bo irnputod to the suppuession ov so HANT OK THESE POI80N-SIIOP8, wl\oro a mau might buy rum enoUj^h to make himself beastly drunk for six cents.** But such v mode of uction depended upon tho whim, tho moral tone, and circumstances varying in various districts, anil ^ itself so partial that it could not permanently sti \\ tho demoralizing stream which swelled up and swept on, carrying upon its firry bosom the wrecks of home, 1 oaith, and social prosperity. Wq find it officially stated, "that three-fourths of tho as- saults and batteries committed in tho city and county of New York, and brought beforo tho Court of Sessions, proceed IV in the degrading use of ardent spirits." In fine, tho issue proclaimed that, nationally regarded, reg- ulation was a nullity md a failure. 132. New York was no exceptional city at that tim*> ; it was a typo of the whole country. The curse had eaten into every department of lifo ; the church, tho college, the camp, the change, the marine, tho civil service, wero alike infected. President Jefferson said, a little before his death : — " Were I to commence my administration again, with the knowledge which, from experience, I have acquired, the first .1 132. WhatwiM the state of the country as respects drinking T What did IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) > ■ L0_ LL 1.25 tlif2A 115 jtt EM 122 Sf U£ 12.0 I l-l 116 A^ -^^^v <^* ^ ^/ o / Sderices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145C0 (716) S72-4S0J # \ ^v \ "^^ Hi fi ! ill 186 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. question I would nsl< with regard to every public candidate foi public office should be, Is he addicted to the use of ardent spirits?" Mr. E. C. Delavan says : — . J. /! *'I know of two bishops who fell, through wine, both brothers. I know of one drinking a whole goblet of sacramen- tal-wine as his part, and then going from the communion table and disgracing himself with women ; for which he was tried and unseated." Prof. Leonard "Woods, D.D., Andover, said, in 1836 : — "I remember that at a particular period, before the temper- ance reformation commenced, I was able to count up nearly forty ministers, and none of them at a great distance, who were either drunkards, or so far addicted to drinking that their rep- utation and usefulness were greatly impaired, if not utterly ruined. I could mention an ordination that took place about twenty years ago, at which I myself was ashamed and grieved to see two aged ministers literally drunk ; and a third indecently excited." ♦ " With the light now cast on the subject it seems to me incredible, that a minister of the gospel can be in the habit of using any intoxicating liquor, without injuring his own piety and diminishing the success of his labors. It tends to inflame all that is depraved and earthly, and to extinguish all that is spiritual and holy. It is poison to the soul as really as to the body." 133. The politico-economical relations of the question just before the birth of the present movement, in 1826, may be gathered from some calculations made and pub- lished, in 1827, by Judge Cranch : — * Ninth Report of American Temperance Society, p. 47. President JefTerBon confess ? What was the condition of the church 7 Giv» the evidence of Mr. Delavan And Prof. Woods. TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEIIANCE. 187 UmTED States. — ** Annual consumption of spirits 72,000,000 gallons ; cost to consumers $48,000,000. The number of drunk- ards 375,000 ; at least 100 days of their work annually lost to the State, which may be estimated at $5,000,000. 37,500 drunkards annually die, their lives abridged by ten years on the average. Loss to the State (reckoning the profit of their labor, had they been sober at (^50 n year) $13,000,000. The expenses of criminal justice amount to $7,000,000 a year. Drunkenness produces three-fourths of the criminals, hence $6,000,000 more to ihe debit of intemperance. Pursuing these calculations on the same principle as regards the poor, who become so through drunkenness, the loss of labor of the criminals shut up in prison, etc., a total of £100,000,000 sterling Is arrived at as the total loss suffered by the country at that time in conse- quence of the use of strong drinks." The population of the United States did not then ex- ceed 12,000,000. "Wine, cider, and bc^r not included in these estimates. 134. It may be well to compare these facts with the state of things now, alter 40 j^ears of temperance agitation, and 14 years of prohibition in several States Some districts may possibly drink as much as then, but others certainly consume far less. The States. — In 1860, there were 88,002,717 gallons of spirits distilled, and 5,115,140 barrels of fermented liquors brewed [excluding home-made cider], worth $739,020,579 at retail prices ; while the value of all the flour, cotton goods, boots, shoes, woollen goods, clothing, 133. Who made some calculations, in 1827, as to the cost and consequences of making and using ardent spirits, in the United States ? What is the total cost per head ? 134. Describe the present condition of the States. How many gallons of spirits distilled iu 1860 ? How many barrels of liquors brewed, and what th« i J > T 188 TEXT-BOOX OF TEMPKRANCB. i ISii' I Ilii and books, newspapers, and other printing, produced in the United States, was 6010,000,000. The time lost by drinking, cost of crime, pauperism, litigation, etc., would make the total expense at least 01 ,000,000,000. The civil and diplomatic expenses for 1863 were $11,- 066,138. Thus the people tax themselves $728,000,000 more for liquor than the cost of their government in ordinary times. There are 180,000 licensed drink-sellers, which, at twenty customers each, make 3,600,000 tipplers. Hence, as one out of 30 every year finishes his training, and passes into the ranks of the confirmed sots, 120,000 drunk- ards are annually manufactured, who would form a column, in regular marching order, 36 miles long. At a low estimate, there are 565,640 persons employed in distilleries, and wholesale and retail liquor stores, and only 146,176 ministers and school-teachers. Railroads and Liquor. — Mr. Welles, in his report, gives us a table, " showing the aggregate sales " of liquors, at wholesale and retail, " in the several States and ter- ritories of the Union, during the fiscal year ending Juno 30th, 1867, as deduced from the receipts of internal rev- enue." The value of the retail liquor sales — that is, the first cost to the consumers — reaches, in a single year, the enormous sum of one billion four hundred and eighty-three million four hundred and ninety-one thou- sand eight hundred and sixty-five dollars ($1,483,491,- 865), that is, forty-three dollars for every man, woman, total cost ? How many tipplers annually pass into sots ? What would they all number ? What was the total cost of liquors in 1867 f and what per head f TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEnANCE. 189 and child in the country/. It is very nearly one-eighth of the value of the whole year's merchandise of the country (including liquors), by wholesale and retail dealers, auctioneers, and commercial brokers, — namely, $11,870,337,207. Tbe sum of the wholesale liquor sales is something less than one-half of the retail sales ($600,278,950), which indicates the large profits of this traffic. The total present value^of railroads is $1,654,- 050,779, which only exceeds the annual cost of the liquor drank, by less than the worth of the railroads in the single State of Pennsylvania. In the city of Philadelphia ih^VQ are 7,600 rum-shops, 885 churches, and 245 school-houses. 600,000 kegs of lager-beer were brewed in Milwaukee in 1867. 135. Statistics of New York Citt, 1868. — The whole number of places where liquors are publicly re- tailed in this city is 5,203. Each rum-hole receives a daily average of 134 visits, making an aggregate of 697,'- 202 per day, 5,183,212 per week, or 218,224,226 visits in one year! Each visit averages at least 15 min- utes. This gives us 5,455,605 days of 10 hours each, or 1,848 years J the whole value and life of a man from the birth of the Saviour to now I At present wages, each one, if sober and industrious, would earn $1 per day, or $5,455,605 in one year. But this is not all the lost time. The time of at least three persons is occupied by eaclf grog-shop to do its work. This gives us 15,609 persons, — enough to make a large city. At $1 per day for each, 135. Giro the statistics of New York city, in 1867, as regards tlie visits to the rumliolea. Express the loss of time by a supposed length of one life. p ^: ft, j 190 TEXT-nOOK OF TEMP'ERAN'CE, we have (excluding Sunday), 84,870,008, or an aggre- gate of $10,325,613 of wasted time by seller and drinker, — a sum sufllcicnb to carry on all the Sunday-school, Missionary, Tract, and Bible societies in the land. But this is a mere fraction of the cost of rum. Each rum- hole receives in money a daily average of $141,53, mak- ing an aggregate of $763,280 per week, or $38,286,590, per annum, — to which add the value of lost time, and we have $48,612,192. The total amount received for licenses, in 1866, was $1,- 225,449.26 ; in 1867, $1,305,002.27 ; and in 1868, $1,447,.. 156.63, making a total in 81 months, of $4,047,608,16. The total number of arrests by the police, for the year ending October, 1868, was 98,861, of which 60,844 "were for intoxication and disorderly conduct.* 40,000 kegs of lager-beer are daily consumed in the city of jVew; York. New York State. — The carefully prepared statistics of the New York Prison Association show that there were, in 1863, 21,242 licensed liquor shops, and about 6,750 churches. 136. At the period referred to in §130 the social condition was gloomy enough, bat still the friends of morality and order worked on. Trumpet notes were heard over wide districts of the country, indicating the * since the passage of tlie Metropolitan Excise Law, which proMbita the sale of liquor on Sunday, the Sunday arrests for drunkenness have been re- duced nearly one-half, and about 3,000 of the worst rum-holes dosed alto- gether. This is the result of prohibition, not of license. The total loss of time and money. How many licensed liquor dens are there In New York State f 136. What were the indications of the coming enterprise ? What accident TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. 191 existence of a hope and a purpose, wlilch only required to)>e known in order to become mighty by association. In 1813, tlie Massachusetts Society for tlie Suppression of Intemperance was formed, to discountenance " the too free use of ardent spirit and its kindred vices, pro- faneness and gaming, and to encourage temperance and general morality." Dr. R. D. Mussey, Dr. Torrey, uud Mr. Jeremiah Evarts were concerned in this movement, and the last named, as editor, published six articles on the subj'ict in the Boston **Panopli8t" of that year. In 1822, the death of a teamster, crushed to death while under the influence of liquor beneath the wheels of his wagon, and the burning to death of another man, oc- casioned the delivery of two discourses (we believe, by Dr. Justin Edwards), which attracted attention by the remedy proposed, — " abstinence from the use of intoxicat" ing liquors" This ultimately led to the formation of the Amer- ican Temperance Society, of whom Dr. Edwards was the first secretary, and who wrote those early and most able reports, the reprints of which did so much in exciting attention to the subject in Europe, especially in Britain. In 1825, Dr. Edwards wrote "The Well-Conducted Farm," --(No. 176 of the Tract Society's Series),— exhibiting the results, to the workmen, of an experi- ment made upon an extensive farm in Worcester County, Mass., viz. : — " They had abetter appetite for food and were more nourished led to the preaching of two sermons In 1822 ? To what did this lead ? What celebrated tract was published in 1825? Who next preached six sermons'/ What medical man appealed to his countrymen ? 192 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMrERANCE. ill by It than before; had greater vigor of body and mind; did xnoro labor with less fatigue ; got rid of disorders they had before; saved more money; were better tempered and hap- pier; and so more useful to tliemselves and others." In tho following year, the Rev. Lyman Bcechcr, D.D., preached his famous *' Six Semionson Intemperance," at Litchfleld ; but they had merely a local influence, until republished aftei wards by tho American and tho English societies, when they effected much good. Johii Ware, M.D., in an address at Boston, before tho Massachu- setts society named above, gave this testimony : — " No impression can be more unfounded, no opinion more fatally false, than that which attributes to spirituous liquors any power of promoting bodily strength. Experience has in all quarters abundantly proved tho contrary. Nono labor so constantly, so cheerfully, and with so little exhaustion, as those who entirely abstain ; none endure so wel! hardships and exposure, the inclemency of weather, and tho vicissitudes of seasons. » III. 187. Thus, all these various influences rapidly gath- ered to a head, and tho era of temperance organization was inaugurated, — an organization destined to confer untold blessings upon mankind. On February 13, 1826, the American Temperance Society was formed a<; Bos- ton, and, in March, the Executive Committee, con- sisting of Dr. Leonard Woods, Dr. Justin Edwards, and Messrs. Tappan, Odiorne, and Wilder, issued their 137. When, where, and by whom, waa the American Temperance Society brmed? What were the results? What official action was taken in th« TEXT-DOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 198 manifosto. Distilled liquors were prohibited. In tho lat- ter part of tlio same year, rrofcssor Palfrey's "Ser- mons," Dr. Boccber's ** Discourses," and Dr. Musscy's "Address before tlio Medical Convention of New Ilamp- sblrc," successively appeared. Total abstinence from ardent spirit was the doctrine enforced, as interest and as duty, on the ground of health, social and individual safety, and religious feeling. Tho people accepted the teaching as a new gospel to them, — its necessity was felt, — and it speedily became regarded by the churches as immoral to drink spirits. The triumphs of moral appeal were very great. The enthusiasm passed on far and wide. Tliousands of drunkards were reclaimed, and tho facts concerning drink as a source of pauperism and crime, attracting the attention of several of the presidents, and of lead- ing statesmen, led to official action in tho army and navy. One-seventh of tho army (6,000 in all at that time) deserted through drink, and one-fourth were in- capable of regular duty. The soldiers, in many parts, petitioned to have tho grog stopped, which proposal General Jon(is and other officers supported, and on Nov. 2, 1832, General Lewis Cass issued tho order from the War Department substituting sugar and coffee for grog. "Hereafter no ardent spirits will be issued to troops of tho United States. No ardent spirits shall bo introduced into any fort, camp, or garrison, nor sold by any sutler to tho troops. Nor will any permit be army and nary ? What was the testimony of the churches ? How many societies were formed, and drunlcards reclaimed, by the year 1833 ? What amusing prediction as to tho abstinence doctrine was folsifled? 13 hi 3! K' A l^ f '. ; fl 194 TEXT-BOOK OF TKMPEUANCB. irdniniyj I ! granted for tlio piirclwiso of anient flplritH." A thousand shiprt went out of AiiuMioan ports without nny grog, and this eventually lc(i to its banisnmcnt ftom tho navy. At a General Assembly of tlio Presbyterian Church, at this time, attended by above 500 ministers, it was declared that " among tho means graciously blessed and owned during this year of jubilee, many of your reports specially commemorate tho influence of temperance societies. In various places tho reforma- tion has been a harbinger, preparing tlio way of the Lord." In tho ncy.t year a congressional temperance society was formed. Above 7,000 temperance societies were now in active operation, comprehending a million and a quarter of morabero, and including only 10,000 reclaimed drunkards. An able literary organ, ** The Christian Examiner," published at Boston, thus records tho results : — " The greatest cnterprlso and the most hopeful omen of the age, perhaps, is tho tomperance rcforn. Here is a moral mir- acle, — a nation, a world, fast sinking into the gulf of sensual perdition. How stupendous, almost hopeless, must have seemed to the first reformers, who stretched out their hands to stay that downward course, the worlc they had undertaken I But they entered upon it ; they went forward; and what is the result? Within live years the entire conscience of tho world, of the Anglo-Saxon world at least, is penetrated; a new sentiment, a new fear, a new set of moral maxims is wrought into the heart of nations ; millions have joined in this work, — for wo do not reckon tho pledged men alone ; new laws have been framed, new legal restraints devised, new domestic usages introduced; and it may be hoped that tho plague is stayed. What most strikes our attention, and fills us with astonishment, Is this, — that such an impression in behalf of morality could have been made upon xohole countries^ in so brief a space of time. It Is I • TKXT-BOOK OF TKMrKUANCB. 195 aUo}{OlKcr moro NtirprlNln;; tliiin tho cflTcct produced hy tlio pruachinjif of Potet* tho Hermit. Tliu crUiitKli's to tho Holy Land, which ho recoinmendod, w*^ro entirely tu uccorilttiico nlth thu warlike, chlvulrlc, and Huperstltlous Hplrlt of tho a;i^e. But hero our reformcrH have ir tdo head against tho Hettled hnbitM, and ofton, too, tho incun.scd pasiiiona of tho pooplo. If this could bo done, anything can bo done. Tho auccoss of tho tem- perance cauNo in a signal and glorious pledge for anything reasonublo and Just that good men nmy dOHlre to undertake." * 138. The unwonted intelligence A*om America nati> rally excited groat interest amongst the philanthropistn * Respect for tho memory of a difltinguldlied tcmpr ranco reformer, induoea us to record the fiict, thiU, after Dr. Clicync, of Dublin, tho next most dis* tlnot exposition of tho phyHiologlcitl tloctrino that ulcoliol Is polHon, whether in fermented or distilled liquors, appeared in May, 18.'M). We give the title of the work to which we rrf«r ; — " Dispepsy Forestalled and Ueslsted ; or, Lectures on Diet, Regimen, and Employment; delivered to the students of Amherst College, spring term, 1830. Uy Edward Hitchcock, ProrcHsor of Chemistry and Natural History in that institution. Amherst: printed and pubHibed by J. & 8. C. Adams, 1830." In tho following year a secjnd and enlarged edition was published, with a "Reply to the ICcviewers," especially to "Tho Christian Examiner," for November, 1830, that had ably reviewed tho book, but which, nevcrtbelesa, fell into many of tho blunders that still linger in our literature. A passage In these lectures shows how unQt even good men are to Judge of the effect of proclaiming truth ; how they violate duty when they timidly hold It back out of fear that it will not be acceptable I " I should consider it extremely injudicious, and even Quixotic, for any temperance society to require total abatlnence from the milder stimulanta.^* Yet, this very doctrine, tw o yeari later, spread like wildfire throughout Great Britain. When the "Examiner" selected tho professor as the representative of « over-zealous partisans," our author thus mildly disclaimed for the socle* ties (as, indeed he had done in his joriginul lectures) all responsibility on their part. "At the time they were published, I knew not that one individual in the United States would coincide with me in my views, because I had not coa< suited an individual." Yet these views were not singular', they were, In fact, truths which had ripened in many minds in many distant places, — views so ripe that thejr could not fail to drop down upon the social ground prr^^red for them tnd be eagerly accepted. '4' V ^ I .1 '■■l 190 TFXT-nOOK OP TKMPKIlANCf!. of Enropo. IJoiwccn lR2rt niul 1830, — chlofly through the carncHt cfFortH of tlio Hcv. CI. Carr, of Nov Kchs, tbo Ruv. John Ed^^ar, I).I)., of llolfaHl, Mr. John Dun* lop, of Greenock, Mr. W. Col Huh, of GlaHgow, and Mr. Thomns ncaumout, surgeon, of Bradford, — this new agency of reform waH intro(hiced into various parts of Ireland, England, and Scotland. A certain amount of good was done, especially amongst grog-drinkers of the middle class, but few drunkards were reclaimed. It was soon perceived, that, owing to the fact of English drunkenness arising mainly fVom beer, the American pledge was deflcler.t and nationally inapplicable, besides involving, in the permission of the use of wine, an in- consistency which destroyed the moral power of Its Idvocatos. "The rich can drink their strong wines," said the poopio ; " why cannot the poor man enjoy his gin ? " It was felt that the pledge must bo extended to every agency of enslavement, and include abstinence alike from spirits, wine, malt-liquor, and cider. This social necessity led to inquiry into the chemistry of the question, which revealed the fact that *' alcohol " was the real agent of mischief in all these drinks, however disguised under various mixtures, adulterations, and names.* * In 1828, the late Dr. Cheyne, phyalclan to the forces In Ireland, in • "Letter on Wine and Spirits," unnounccd the injurious character of aU fermented liquors. The Uev. W. Urwiclc, D.D., in hiu " Itomarks on the Evils, OccasIonB, and Cure of Intemperance," laid down total ubatinencs from all intoxicants as the only effectual cure for national intemperance. 138. Who introduced Temperance Socletiei into Great Britain? What followed, and why did they fail at a certain point? Under what circuro- stances was the pledge enlarged ? Who originated the name teetotal, ia TEXT-nOOK O* TKMrKRANCR. 197 At ft meeting in rro«ion, Lfinonflhlre, early In 1832, ft reformed character and working-inant named *' Dicky Tumor/' uninj^ an cmplmtic provincialism for ** ontlro," said that lio would go In for teetotal, for *^ modoration " was ** botheration." Mr. JoHOpli Llvcsoy, adopting this ** tcototalisn" as the name of tlio now society they had formed on the principle of abstinence f^om ail intoxicat- ing llquorSf afterwards carried this novel doctrine to the chief towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and later on to Bliinlngham and London. Thousands of earnobt spirits took it up, and the old temperance societies, founded upon the American pledge, fast went out of existence. Drunkards were reclaimed by thousands, and by the agency of a band of lecturers, such as James Teare, Edward Grubb, Gray Mason, and Thomas Whitakcr, the new doctrine spread from Cornwall to Caithness, and bcnamo very poj)ular amongst the working-classes. In Ire\i*nd it engaged the notice of Mr. Martin, a Quaker, of Cork, who ultimately induced Father Mathew to become an abstainer, and commence that rofo^-mation which fVom 1842 to 1847 drew the attention of all Europe to the subject, and effected such a wonderful change iu the habits of the Irish people. m; ''^i^ t^* ■mM. Both theiie tracts wore published by the Diibltn Temperance Society, and Influenced the movement in England and Scotland. [In 1832, Dr. Lees, then • young man. Joined the movement, and, in 183A, signed tlie abstinence pledge, and immediately brought tlio question, by oral dlscuoHions, and through tlio prc88, before the notice of the nation, in its physiological and biblical aspects.] application to abstinence? Who were the earliest advocates of the new principle in England ? '|M,i lihi "!i !l 198 TFXT-BOOK OP TEMPEHANCB. IV. 139. We return to the United States. Five more years passed away, and behold another change I Where were thousand? of their reformed drunkards? Where their promising young men? Drawn partly into the vortex of the old traffic, and partly into a new form of social drinking. Both in private circles and in public houses, artificial mixtures and wines, but especially cider and lager beer, were supplanting rum, but doing rum*3 work. The temperance array, then, must move up higher, — must ou^'^ank the enemy, — must establish all round him the lih. i of investment. In very truth, this was attempted ; nay, the friends fancied they had done it, in hoisting a broader banner, and in altering the watchword of the old one. The teetotal pledge was adopted from England, and the system made solid and consistent. Total abstinence from ALL that intoxicates became the motto, and once more, with renewed hope, the temperance army commenced a fresh campaign, as they imagined, with all the appliances and the munitions of war that were needed. It was a mis- take ; they fought the enemy, indeed, but they fought him with unequal weapons, for they did not even assault his legal entrenchments, and so, after every victory, they really left the enemy garrisoned in the country. Now it is certain that enthusiasm., which is not a normal state of any societj"^, cannot possibly destroy an established and permanent interest. But the campaign was nobly 139. (IV.) Wliat was the next step in history of the temperance enterprise I Describe tiic origin and progress of the Washingtonian movement. ill! TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 199 fought from tlic year 1833 to tlic year 1845. The plan wa8 fairly tried, and it failed only from essential defect. The noblest leaders of the movement in church and state gradually opened out the immorality of the traffic, and an irresistible public opinion was formed in the right direction. In 1840, the WasJiingtonian movement was inaugurated at Chase's tavern, Baltimore, by a few ear- nest spirits, resolved on reforming themselves and their fellow-victims of the traffic by stirring moral appeal. John H. W. Hawkins, J. Hayes, of Maine, and, subse- quently, J. B. Gough, were amongst the most celebrated and efficient leaders of this remarkable movement. For some years, the enthusiasm raged like a prairie fire. It was an inspiration of philanthro[)y to convert drunkard and drunkard-maker by " moral suasion " — and it had the fullest trial. Absorbing mucli of the energy, it di- verted the attention of the States generally from " legal suasion." It was aided greatly, too, by Father Mathew's visit to the States in 1849 ; but it failed, for obvious reasons. It stirred up a desire for freedom, but left the temptation intact ; it corrected the judgment and enlight- ened the conscience, but it did not remove the seducing agency, and the crop of evil grew rank and rapidly. Judge 0*Neal wrote in 1845, as follows : — " This year a WashingcoDian, who sank into a driin^jard's grave, said, — pointing to a grog-shop on tlio left, — ♦ If I es- caped that hell, this hell ' —pointing to another on his right — * yawns to receive me.' Th's year has fully satisiled me that moral suasion has had its day of trium]) i: some other aids must now be sought, to keej) loiiab we ham gained, and to gain still more." * • ♦ Gen. S. F. Gary, of Cincinnati, says : " Ten yoiirs ago, tlieie was si large w k ^ ti^ r-'..' %^. nl#^' if^-. 200 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 8i!ilj«i •M III l^ii Gradually, however, the public mind veered around to the right point of the compass again. In 1844, the Temperance Union, after the triumphs of "VVashingtoni- anism, declared that, ** Could the temptation now be removed, and tho rising gener- ation bo permitted to come up without the allurements of the bar-room aua tlic grog-shop, our beloved country would soon exhibit to the world a spectacle of peace and prosperity, sub- lime and beautiful." * V. 140. Thus true temperance men were forced into polit- ical action, and the era of no-license began. We give spe- cimens of the reasoning which led to this course on the part of the wisest and most thoughful of the leaders. The sentiments that were forming and gathering in the public mind, and destined to be hurled ere long upon the traffic, we exhibit in the order of their date, extracted from the reports : — number of the Sons and Washingtonlans in this locality Who were violentlj opposed to bringing the subject of temperance Into political conflicts. In an old volume of the ' Washingtonlan,' we And accounts of these conflicts with the suasionlsts and legalists, and the names of the prominent actors. Jt is a fact worthy of deep reflection, that nearly all the advocates of pure moral suasion have returned to their cups. Some of them have died drunk* ards, and others are at this hour the most inveterate enemies of the temper* ance reform. Those, on the other hand, who were advocates of law, have nearly all kept the pledge, and are still reliable friends of the cause."— " Crusader," Nov. 1, 1860. John Hawkins, who A-om 1840, to his death in 1857, did such excellent ser* vice in the movement, was a firm friend of prohibition, and again and again pointed out the inadequacy of mere " persuasion for the traffickers." * Tenth Report of the American Temperance Union. HO. (V.) What was tho no-license era? Explain the reasoning of Judge riatt and Senator Smith. III TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 201 Professor Ware, of Harvard Univorsit}', 1832 : — ** The nature of lils calling rondors It Inevitable, that he ' cannot be a dealer in spirits without becoming accessory to vice and ruin." President Wayland, the moralist, 1832 : — " Wonld it be right for me to derive my living from -flelling poison, or from propagating plague or leprosy around mef** ThQ Presbyterian Synod of Albany^ in 1833, declared, "That the traffic is an immorality, and ought to be viewed as such throughout the world." In 1833, the question was publicly debated, in the city of New York, " What right have legislators to pass laws which enable men legally to injure their fellow- men, to increase their taxes, and expose their children to temptation, drunkenness, a nd ruin ? " The answer was the denial of the right to ruin ; and opinion rapidly ri- pened into the initial shape of prohibition, "The law," said Judge Piatt, in 1833, "which licenses the sale of ardent spirits, is an impediment to the temperance reformation. Whenever public opinion and the moral sense of our community shall be so far corrected and matured as to regard them in their true light, and when the public safety shall be thought to require It, dram-shops will be indictable, at common law, SiS public nuisances" * When the vendors charged the temperance friends * Judge riatt, at a pnblio convention in Clinton Connty, N. T., in 1883, made a statement which gives significance to the passage cited :— " It is a lamentable fact, that, upon a careful estimate, it is found, that of tlie tavern-lceepers and retailers of ardent spirits in this State, daring the last forty years, more tJian two-thirds hav^ become drunkards," M' i. i .11 ^i ■V- 202 TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. with departing fVom their original programme, Mr. Gerrit Smith (now Senator) nobly replied : — *' I admit that a grand object, within tlio scope of the consti- tution and labors of the society is that of persuading our fellow-men to refrain from ardent spirit; but I do not see why we might not also seek to remove the hindrances to this accom- plishment. Now, the manufacture and sale of ardent spirit constitute confessedly a very great hindrance to the work of inducing our fellow-men to quit the drinking of It. Could a soci- ety that should require its members to abstain from purchasing lottery tickets be expected to preserve silence on the subject Ok lottery ofBces ? Could a society formed to discountenance gambling be expected to look with unconcern on the licensed allurements of gambling-bowses f No more can ours look with indifference on the attractions and snares of the rum-shop. As in the one case, the lottery office and gambling-house irre- sistibly invite thousands to purchase tickets, and to stake their money at cards or billiards, who but for the sight of these resorts would never have fallen into this folly, so is it in the other, that men drink ardent spirit because of the inviting facilities for getting it ; and so it is, that whilst these facilities exist, our direct efforts to promote total abstinence will be measurably, if not fatally, counteracted by them. Such views we must certainly admit to be just, unless we deny what the Bible, our hearts, and daily observation alike teach us, of the power of temptation." 141. The cry of "No license" was first heard in the municipalities. The popular voice electing its rulers, this battle was attended with varying fortune, in various districts, and in many was annually renewed. The con- test, however, was of immense service. In it, the 141. What were the remits of refusing licenses? Olre the summary of the lessons taught. TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 203 crrit ** Ironsides " of our Common weal tli were getting dis- ciplined. Proof of the anti-social, pauperizing, crime- breeding character of the trafllc became matter of clear arithmetic, and created that feeling and conviction which afterwards culminated in the State Law of Maine. In some parts of the country great success attended this preliminary agitation. Throughout the " Old Colony," where the Pilgrim Fathers first settled, the ^^ no-license" principle triumphed so far back as 1832, — a district comprehending two counties and several considerable towns, "In Barnstable and Duke's Counties^ in 1835, after vacations of three, four, and seven months, the judges had to preside over two criminals onlpt and these for a petty larceny of less than two dollars," In 1834, the State of Georgia was greatly agitated on the subject of the traffic. She expelled it from the seat of her university, and tested in two counties the author- ity to grant or refuse licenses. In Liberty County, with a population of 8,000, not one drop could be purchased. In the County of Suffolk, Massachusetts, licenses were reduced from 613 to 314 ; in Hampshire County, from 83 to 8. In Plymouth and Bristol Counties, and in numerous towns, no licenses were given^ and in many of them no ardent spirits sold. " In some of those towns^ however, men who love the poison have sent for it to Boston." * In 1844, in Connecticut, temperance commissioners were elected in 200 out of 220 towns. On the 19th May, 1845, four-fifths of the cities and towns of New York * American Temperance Documents, I., p. 34. '■M f ^4 3'"tl li 'iStri--. 201 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. '■"fel State gavo a strong vote against license. The State votes collectively were, — pro^ 111,884; contra, 177,- 683. In 1845, the effects of prohibition in Massachu- setts were thus stated : — " From more than 100 towns the traffic Is entirely removed, and a reduction is already visible in the public taxation. In one town, with a population of 7,000, there were, four years since, 469 paupers ; * no license ' has reduced them down to II."* In the County of Ontario, under the operation of no license, the inmates of the jail were reduced from 125 in the year 1845, to 53 in 1846. In 1847, licenses were again granted, and the inmates of the jail increased to 132. In the County of Genessee, a similar course of things, no license succeeding to license, produced simi- lar issues. In Potter County, Pennyslvania, the traffic has been for a considerable time suppressed, the judge refusing to grant any license. " The prison has become tenantless; there is not a solitary pau- per in the county ; the business in the criminal court has ceased, and taxes have been reduced one-half." It was eventually discovered that local experiments ad- mitted of smuggling from neighboring districts, though the results of the law were still good. But its fault was its limitation, — they hadn't enough of it. It was with this measure as it has been with our laws for the aup- pression of the slave-trade. The league to put it down was not, at first, sufficiently extensive. Nevertheless, it * American Temperance Documents, !., p. 308. TEXT-BOOK or TEMrERANCE. 205 was a great boon. " WJiat are the facts ? " says an appeal of tho day. " Four times aa many crimes arc committed in places in which liquor is sold as in places in which it is not sold. And, iu a num- ber of cases, after tho sale of it had been abandoned, and tho use of It had ceased, the criminal docket had been cleared, and the jails comparatively empty. It increases, then, tho power of temptation, and it is thus a palpable violation of tho revealed will of God." Facts and opinions, of which tho following are a sample, were at this period promulgated throughout tho States : — In Catskill, New York, Dr. Iloagland and other gen- tlemen made a minute examination and report of the condition of things. Though eight merchants had aban- doned the trade in spirits, and though a large proportion of the best families, and one-third of the inhabitants, had joined the temperance society, these facts were elicited : — 38 persons were engaged in tho traffic, — or 1 dealer to every 40 persons not abstainers. Some of these places, they say, are perfect schools of vice. 130 habitual drunkards were traced, — or 1 in every 17 of the whole population, — or 1 in every 11, excluding the abstainers. Many others are free drinkers and occasional drunkards. Of those who are already inebriates, or advancing to that condition, there are 2 in every 7 of the drinking population. Taking the whole of Greene County, it was shown that of 300 criminals who had been imprisoned in tho m 1 i'* Hi 206 TRXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. Jail during 7 years, all, save 3, were intemperate ; of 60 debtors, every one. Of those wlio liad received aid at the county poorhouso, during 3 years, one-fifth were juveniles, of whom seven- eighths were children, often orplmns of the intemperate. Three-fifths of the adult females were intemperate ; one- fifth dependents on intemperate husbands, etc. Each year above 300 such paupers. But for intoxicating liquors, therefore, any public provision for the support of the poor would scarcely have been necessar3\ The whole cost of pauperism and crime, flowing from intemperance, amounted to $8,634. In Columbus, Ohio, of 44 persons found dead, the coroner's inquest was, that 38 of them came to their death by drink. The PhiladelpJiia Medical Society testified, after fhll inquiry through a special committee, that out of 4,292 deaths, in that city, above 700 {or one in seven) were occasioned by drink. ! VI. 142. State action was the natural result of municipal, being the growth and extension of the same idea. State conventions were held all over the Union for many years, sometimes attended by 500 delegates, thus laying the foundation for a change which, some day, would astonish the mere politicians. Vermont went in for a State no- license law; in 1847, the votes for licens'e were 13,707, 142. (VI.) What epoch followed " no license " f What were the first TEXT-UOOK OF TEMPKKANCE. 207 for no license, 21,793; in 1849, /or 11,205, against 23,884. The State of Connecticut, since 1834, had made, ** li- cense " or ♦* no license " one of its political issues ; and frequently carried the negative by overwhelming ma- jorities. She guarded herself against the trafllc by erecting some additional fences around it. In May, the Legislature reported a fact of great moment, showing that license is vastly more easy of evasion than prohi- bition. ** From a recent examination in New Haven, it was found to contain 60 grog-shops where liquor was sold contrary to law,** In other States the same battle, with the same weapons, — the ballot-box, — was waged with varying success. During the presidency of General Andrew Jackson, in 1834, the principle of a prohibitory liquor law was distinctly admitted by the government in reference to one portion of its subjects ; and the pre- cedent, at any rate, was established for its application to all. We allude to the law ^^for the Protection of the Indian Tribes" which, prohibiting the sale of all strong liquors to the red men, enforced its commands by in- structing and authorizing the Indian agents summarily to seize and destroy all such liquors introduced for sale into the Indian territory, — a provision which was rig- idly and righteously enforced. In February, 1837, an able report was made by a committee of the Legislature of Maine, founded on very numerous petitions which had been presented, claiming protection against the issues of the traffic. The com- \-i*v r If I' •^ ft .i experiments in State law ? What was the Indian law ? Who inaugurated the first attempts at a State law in Maine f frf HI 5 1 i i 208 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPRKANCC. mittco framed a prohihitonj bill, which, thougli lost in the Legislature, was taken up by the people.* They clung tenaciously to the conception, carried the proposition to the ballot-box, and, three years later, elected a Legislature that passed the bill, only to be vetoed by the governor. In 1838, Tennessee passed a stringent license-law, re- stricting the retail sale of drink to one quarts or more. A gentleman travelling there in 1839, writes: " A most happy change is already realized ; taverns once disorderly are now quiet and comfortable places for the weary traveller." f ^^ 1838, a convention of 400 delegates { presented a petition to the Legislature of Massachusetts, which had these pointed questions : — *' Is It right to give authority to sell insanity, and deal out snro dcstructlcn? If it is right, why should any be forbidden to do it? If not right, why should any be ptirmitted to do It? Why forbid all but * men of sober life and conversation' to do this, if it be right? Why allow such to do it if it be wrong? It may be too much to expect from human laws, that they pro- tect the morals of society Arom corraptlon ; but Is it too much to ask that they voill not throw open *,he doors of temptation f* * It was In 1837 that Mr. Neal Dow became prominently eonneoted with the prohibitory movement. This gentleman was born nt Portland, March 20, 1804. His family were members of the Society of Friends, but he him- self is a Congregationalist ; by business, a supervisor of a large tannery ; and a person of abundant means. Maine contains a very earnest and homo- geneous population, intent on their own business, caref\il of their estates, sober, moral, and religious in their habits, and of great persistency of char- acter. Mr. Dow is an excellent typo of the men of Maine, and worthy of their confidence. He became a general in the war of the Rebellion, and has twice visited Britain, gratuitously, in the service of prohibition, eifect* ing vast good. t " Journal of American Temperance Union," Feb., 1845, p. 24. t This convention founded a State Temperance Society, on total dbatinenet principles. TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPEHANCR. 209 In March, tho logiHlatlvo coinmittoo reported, rucom- mending prohibition. On tlio 13th April, a bill yrasi pasFod prohibiting tho salo of spirits in Icsd qnantitios than 15 gallons. In 1839, Missi^Bippl enacted tho one-gallon law; 'While Illinois granted power to towns and counties to suppress tho retail trafllc on petition signed by a majority of adult male inhabit'inta, 143. These laws occasioned tho mooting of a legal point as to their *^ constitutionality," in the Supreme Court. In January, 1847, the license causes of Thurlow vs. Mas- sachuaettay Fletcher vs. Rhode Island^ and Pierce vs. New JIampahirey came on for hearing. It appeared that tho town of Cumberland, Rhode Island, had refused license. The judgment of the court below j in each ca«e, waa unanimouahj affirmed^ to wit, that these laws , ** were not inconsistent with tho constitution of tho United States, nor with any acts of Congress." Tho decision covered two points, — tho extent to which licenses might bo conceded, and tho right to prohibit unlicensed sale.* Chief Justice Taney, in delivering judgment, said : — " Although a Stato is bound to receive and permit tho sale, by tho importer, of any article of morchaudiso which Congress authorizes to bo imported, it is not bound to fUrnish a market for it, nor to abstain from tho passage of any law which it may deem necessary or advisable to guard the health or morals of its citlzcus, although such law may discourage importation, or * See 5- noward's Reports, 6C1. v 3 ^1 * 143. What legal point was raised ? What was the decision of the Snprem* Ck>urt? 14 i^ \. ? M 210 1i:XT-BOOK OF TRMPERANOB. dlmlnlNli tlio profltii of tho Importer, or loNNon tho rovonuo of tho Kovuriiiiiuut. And If any Htutu dccni tlio rutail and Internal trulllc In ardent NptrltM iiiJuriuuN to cltlzonN, and calculated to produce IdlencNN, vice, or debnuclifry, I mco nothing In tlio eouMtitution of the United StuteH to prevent It from reffulatlnff and roNtrAlnlnp; tiie traUlu, or from prohibiting It altoglher If Ic tUiulu proper." * And in States : — regard to liquors brouglit in from other *• Tho law of Now Hampshire Ih a valid law; for although tho gin sold waA an import from another State, CongroNS hoa already tho power to regulate Huch Importations; yet, aa Con- gress has made no regulations on the subject, tho traffic in the article may bo lawfully regulated by tho Htato as soon as it is lauded in Its territory, and a tax imposed upon It, or a license required, or the sale prohibited, according to the policy which tho Htato may suppose to bo its interest or its duty to pur- •ue." Mr. Justice McLean concurred in tho decUion, and said : — '* If tho foreign article bo injurious to tho health or the morals of tho community, a State may, in tho exercise of that great and comprehensive police power which lies at the founda- tion of its prosperity, prohibit tho sale of it. Tho acliuowl- edged police power of a State extends often to tho destruction of property. A nuisance may bo abated. Everything prejudicial to the health or morals of a city may bo removed." t Mr. Justice Catren also agreed with the Chief Jus- tice : — * Soe 5 Howard's Reports, 673. t Ibid., 602. State tho principal points in the arji^uinent of Chief Justice Taney. Of Justice McLean. Of Justice Catron. Of Justice Daniel. Of Juutico Grier. 1 I) i ' TEXT-nOOK or TEMPEnANOE. ni "I admit, Ai Inevitable, that If tho Rtnto hnn tho power of rcNtraInt by llc«nM<»« to any oxttmt, nho liait tho diMcrctloimry power tojiul/^o of llM limit, ami may go tUu length ot prohibit' iny it alto'j ether." Mr. Jii'ttico Daniel, in answer to tho argument tliat the importer purcliaHOM tlio rtyht to sell, when bo pays duties to government, said : «- *' No such right as the one tnppoflod Is purchaAcd by tho im- poitcr, and no ir^ury, in any accurate AenNc, iii inflicted on him by Ocnyinj; to liim tlio power demanded. Ho huM not pur- chaMod and cannot purcliaMO, from tho ffovernmont, that which it could not onfluro to him, — a saio Indcpondeutly of tUo laws and policy of tho States." • Mr. Justice Grlor thus asserted both tho right of pro- hibiting sale, and that of tho seizure and destruction of property : — "All tlio laws for tlio rcKtrnint or puninhmcnt of crime, or tho preservation of tho public peace, health, and morals, are, fkrom their very nature, of primary importance, and lie at the foundation of social existence. They arc fur the protection of life and liberty, and necessarily compel all laws on subjects of secondary importance, which relate only to property, convenience^ or luxury, to recede when they come in contact or collision. 8a- Lus POPULi suPREMA LKx. Tho exigonclcs of the social com- pact require that such laws bo executed before and above all others. It Is for this reason that quarantine laws, which protect public health, compel mere commercial regulations to submit to their control. They restrain the liberty of tho passengers ; they operate on the ship, which is tho Instrument of commerce, and Its ofllccrs and crew, the agents of navigation. They seize tho infected cargo, and cast it overboard. All these things ar« * Sc« 5 Howard's Reports, 016. > ^1 ■fci^i ill I i>v '•;!', I iiiii! 212 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEBANCB. done, not from any power which the State assumes *o regulate commerce, or interfere with the regulations of Congress, but because police laws for the prevention of crime and protection of public welfare must of necessity have full and free opera- tion, according to the exigency that requires their interference" • 144. The position and feelirgs of the temperance party, immediately prior to the passing of the Maine Law, were one of mingled disappointment, hope, and despondency. Notwithstanding a moral-suasion movement carried on for twenty years, with a machinery unprecedented for its magnitude, and with a success almost marvellous, — a movement that had gathered into its ranks the successive rulers of the republic, the highest teachers, the most dis- tinguished popular leaders, the great organs of the press, and the iilmost universal church of the Western world, — a movement that had manifested Its power in redeem- ing tens of thousands, in moulding fashion, in conquer- ing appetite and interest, and in penetrating and permeating with its opinions^ platform and press, pulpit and forum, the school, the college, and. the halls of legislation, — notwithstanding this career of progress, which, amongst moral and social organizs.tions, is peer- less in the history of modern times, intemperance was scarcely visibly diminished, but, in the great towns, rolled in like a devastating flood. True, there was a mighty difference between 1812 and 1831, and, in senti- ment, between 1831 and 1851. The fifteenth report of the Temperance Union says : — « See 5 Howard's BeT)ort8, 632. 144. What were the feelings of the friends of the Maine Law ? What was beginning to be the feeling in relation to moral suasion ? TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 213 " The committee feel no disposition to pass lightly by the evil, or to overrate the work accomplished. Intemperance is most appalling In our land. Its enginery is tremendous. The capital invested In the traffic it is impossible to estimate. Moral suasion has well-nigh done Us work" •— 1. c., all that it is competent to do. " Little more could be done" said a veteran reformer, S. C. Allen, in addressing the legislative society of Massachusetts, " without more efficient legal action" The Bev. T. Brainard, D. D., of Philadelphia, at the six- teenth anniversary of the Temperance Union, charac- teristically expressed the same truth : — " We have come to a class of men who love money better than the right. The prese'> .t laics have never been executed. They never can be executed. We have used up the conscience of the com- munity. The men that have a conscience have abandoned the traffk:* 145. History shows the utter hostility of the traffic to all reform, and the folly of compromises. The following illustrations, which are to be found in the American law- reports,* show that the traffic is restless under every restraint, impatient and evasive under every regulation, — that it not only engenders defiance of law in its sup- porters and victims, but is inveterately defiant of control, — and that all concessions of confidence have been blunders of policy. * Johnson's Reports, xiv., p. 231. Cowen's Reports, 1., p. 77. Wendell's Reports, xiii., xv., xix. Hill's Reports, i., 65; iii., p. 150; yi., p. 58. Dcnio's Reports, i., p. 610. < 'V 145. What has always been the position of the traffic to all reform t What eight illuttrations are given? ,■»«' *^; 'ZU TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERAXCE* I 1^ t^^ESJ (a.) The demand of a " moral character " in the con- ductor of a grog-shop was sought to bo evaded by an assignment of license ! The judges properly ruled that ** character " was not transferable. (b.) The demand that sales of liquor should be in quantities of five gallons, and not for tippling purposes, was set at nought by selling altogether, and delivering by instalments. The judges ruled against the impudent fiction. (c.) The decree that the distinct and double offences of selling intoxicating liquors in illegal quantities and at illegal times, and doing so without a license, had separate penalties, was attempted to be argued into one offence with a single penalty ! — so that conviction on one point would be acquittal on the other. The judges ruled against this modest plea of the traffickers also. (d.) The demand that liquor should be sold only under the authority of a license was sought to be ignored by calling upon the prosecutor to prove the negative, — viz., that the seller had no license I This was as if a sheriff^s officer, when called upon to show his writ of arrest, were to answer, " You must prove that I have not one ! " (e.) The law that placed the power to license in the board of excise, on specified conditions, was attempted to be quashed by an application to the Supreme Court to compel by writ the granting of a license, — thus really vesting the power in the applicant! The judges of course overruled this plea, as well as the preceding. (/.) When the community sued by its overseers, it was argued that, as the penalties went to the poor-fund, nobody in that parish could sue, because everybody was interested in the fine ! ill ft TEXT-BOOK OP TEMTERANCE. 215 (.7.) The traffickers at last declr red that the restriction of the trade at cU was unconstitutional I In 1845, the overseers of Norwich, County Chenango, N. Y., sued the two Inoersolls for the penalty imposed upon the sale of rum in loss quantity than five gallons. The publicans pleaded, 1st. That two persons cannot be sued jointly ; 2d. That the statue conflicted with the consti- tution of the States, and was void. The judge decided against both pleas. (/i.) The law which calls for a license to sell " the dan- geroua article" was in 1851 made a plea for suppressing " temperance taverns" where only innocent refreshments were sold ; with a view to secure to the traffic not only the monopoly of drink-license, but also the exclusive privilege of offering a safe accommodation to the traveller. The court decided that ^' no license is necessary to au- thorize the business of tavern-Tceeping, the right to do so being common to all citizens" 146. Maine, in 1846, after fierce struggling and legis- lative debates, had the honor of first placing a prohibi- tive liquor law upon its statute book ; but, as might have been predicted, while the law was correct in its princi- ples, its adversaries took care to mar it in its methods and sanctions. A law of the nature of the one in ques- tion — opposed to the interest, appetite, and custom of a large minority — could not be expected to escape eva- sion, unless it originated a new executive machinery, or had some peculiarly effective sanction ; nay, even in the best of cases, such a law would have an ordeal to pass 140, What state had the honor of first adopting the prohibitory law ? To what was It oppo^d ? Would it escape evasion ? Si ^ < -a "?1 t . * 216 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMFEIONOE. Silf through, and to starve out the established forces of the old system. The prohibitory law of 1846, however, gave no power to arrest the real offender, — the liquor, — but sought to sustain its provisions by the old apparatus of fines. The rum-sellers sold secretly where they could, but at all events sold, and when detected paid the fines out of the profits of the offence. The law did not yet allow the liquor itself to be its own evidence, and so gave room for the immoral traffickers to evade convic- tion by perpetrating perjury. The law, it is true, was vindicated by penalties ; but it did not secure respect ; for the liquor was left entrenched within the borders of the traffic, 27^6 law failed because it was not as thorough in its apparatus as in its principle, yVas the case, then, hopeless? Must society, with the knowledge and sufferings of a prodigious evil, sit down in despair of ever removing it? Not so. " If this law is a failure," said the Hon, Neal Dow, of Portland, " there must be a reason for it," Like other prohibitory laws, he argued, it denounced the wrong — but, unlike them, it tolerated the instrument of the wrong, A paral- lel to such legislation would have been to prohibit lot- teries, gambling, and forgeria*, — and respect as "lawful " pi operty, the lottery ticket, the gambler's dice, and the forger's die. Henceforth, with that directness and earnestness which distinguish him, he proclaimed con- fiscation OP THE LIQUOB AS THE practical CORREL.^TIVB OP THE PRINCIPLE OP PROHIBITION, — a guaranty, without which any liquor law must ever prove a dead-letter. How did it differ from tliat of 1846? Why did the law fail? Wliat wai the peculiarity of the Maine Law ? M TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 217 This, and no other, is tho peculiarity of what is called, by way of eminence, The Maine Liquor Law, As pirated books are now summarily burnt by our custom- house officers, so confiscated liquor was to be spilt or otherwise destroyed by the State officers, whenever dis- covered. The " rummies," as they are called, struggled with desperation, and strained every nerve, but were utterly routed. The temperance party, under the lead- ership of Mr. Dow, carried the elections of 1849, and in May, 1851, by an average vote of two to one^ the bill passed the Senate and House of Representatives, and on the second of June became law, by receiving the signa- ture of the governor of the State.* This law permitted the apparatus of the traffic to be received as evidence, just as are the implements of the gambler and coiner, and conferred upon the officers the summary power of destroying the liquor. Opportunity was allowed for diverting liquor to le- gitimate uses, or disposing of it beyond the State. This was embraced, and preparation made generally in the cities and towns to acquiesce in the demands of the law, showing that law is a potent instrument in creating as well as expressing public sentiment. Here and • The law provides for the sale of alcohol for mechanical and medicineU {including artistic and chemical) purposes, by the appointment of a district agent, undtr bonds, and with a fixed salary. It does not concern itself with the private acts of home brewing, or importation (indeed, the laws of the Federal Union /)ro/cc< importation) in the "original package." It regards every man's home as his castle, and only seeks to meddle with the overt act of tale i confiscating all stores of liquor of which a part has been sold, just as revenue officers would seize a whole bale of goods on proof of any part of them having been smuggled. What was the effect of the law upon public sentiment f r %■'■ 1 f' .'iV 3 ' !.' f ■ i '■ ik' ;'^1 218 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. there, however, several publicans had the temerity to retain their stores of liquor, which became liable to seizure and destruction. Tlio first seizure and confisca- tion was made at Bangor, by order of the mayor ; and on the glorious 4th of July, 1851, the city marshal rolled out from the basement of the City Hall ten casks of confiscated liquor, and destroyed the whole in the pres- ence of the people. Soon after, Mr. Dow, as mayor of Portland, a city where gi*eat wealth had been made by distilling, issued his search-warrant on accredited sus- picion of sale, and $2,000 worth of liquor was seized and destroyed. On both occasions the populace wit- nessed the destruction in respectful silence. Other seizures followed, and nowhere did the law meet with any grave opposition. Liquors smuggled from neigh- boring non Maine Law States, by various and often ridiculous devices, quickly fell into the grasp of the marshals and sheriffs, and received their legal doom. Drunkenness rapidly diminished ; disorder disappeared ; almshouses grew desolate; houses of correction and jails thinly inhabited or entirely closed ; while external signs of moral and social prosperity were everywhere visible. Evasions of the law suggested new clauses for meeting them, which were passed b}'^ votes of two to one. Farmers, it appears, were allowed to manufacture cider, and sell it in quantities of not less than twenty-eight gal- lons ; but it, also, came under ban and forfeiture when found in tippling-shops. 147. Let us here finish the history of the law in Maine. Year after year passed away, during which it vindicated i 1 What wai doxJ>e under the seizure act 7 li7i Relate the further history of tlie law. What suits folIoMredt TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 219 itd power for good, while faithfully executed. Its enemies attempted in vain to excite disturbance of any serious kind ; and at last resorted to one of the vilest and roost unscrupulous conspiracies against justice which history records. In May, 1855, libels on the character of Mr. Dow were privately circulated, and appeals made to the jealousy of the law's observance. The Portland board of aldermen appointed the mayor and two aldermen as a sub-committee to take steps for the estAblishment (pur- suant to law) of a ^^ City Agency " for the sale of alcohol for mechanical, medicinal, and chemical purposes only. The n'ayor took steps accordingly, and purchased a quantity of liquor, which he ordered to be deposited in the City Hall. His enemies immediately had it bruited about that Neal Dow had become a liquor seller on a large scale, in violation of his own law ; and obtained a warrant against him *' for having liquors unlawfully in his possession." The officer of the court which issued tho warrant at once seized the liquors in the City Hall. Th the ofllccr bo rcturucd to tho city agent, from >vhom they weru taken." Before trial came on, however, a mob of persons as- sembled in front of the City Hall, and became very riotous. They smashed the windows of the hall, burst open the door, threw stones and brickbats, and severely injured several of the police. To prevent them from breaking into tho place, drinking the liquor, and com- mitting fr'ightf\il excesscB, the mayor, after the riot act had been read, and blank cartridge fired in vain, ordered the military to fire with ball. Several of the rioters were wounded, ona of them killed, and the riot effectually 'fuelled. A coroner's jury returned the following just verdict : — " John Robbins camo to his death by a gunshot wound, a musket, pistol, or revolver ball, shot through his body by some persons unknown to the inquest, acting under the authority and order of the mayor and aldermen of the City of Portland, in defence of the city property from the ravages of an exclied mob, unlawfully congregated for that purpose near the City Hall, on Saturday evening, June 2, 1855, of which he, the said J. R., was found to be one." 148. At the State election in September, 1855, the vote for the Maine Law candidate for governor was not only larger than any governor had ever before received, in the history of the State, but greater by thousands than any other single candidate. But a plurality of votes is requisite, and, by a vast expenditure of money, supplied . from New York, by secret influences, and an unsleeping organization, the united prohibition party were defeated. The opposition, though having control of both branches 148. What reverse took place t il TEXT-BOOK OF TEMP£IlA^XE. 221 of tho Lcgislaturo and the executive, after six months* procrastination, screwed its courage up to ** low^vater mark," and proposed a substitute for the world-fa- mous law, but a substitute so stringent, that in Britain it would be deemed no better than its predecessor I Mr. Barnes — a Wliig Senator — introduced and got passed a modifying bill which involved the principle of the Maine Law : viz., *^ that no person shall keep a drinking'house or tippling-shop within the State" though in his accom- panying report he alleges that ** a man may cat and drink what he likes, and that to interfere with his doing so is to go beyond tho true province of go/ernment " I The distilleries wore again at work, and drunkenness and crime rapidly increased ; jailers returned to their abandoned occupations, and for a time a state oi* things prevailed which had not been witnessed in Maine for six yeoi'S. This reverse, and tho workings of the modified system, however, only furnished them with another lesson in political leadership, and with fresh weapons of warfare; their phalanx returned again to the conflict with a firmer tread, to realize a more complete and lasting victory. The members-elect of the Legislature of 1857 were almost unanimously Maine-law, anti-slavery men, — the rum governor was defeated by an adverse majority of 20,000 votes. The legislators of April were indignantly rejected in September^ and the law was replaced on the statute book, with still more stringent clauses. 149. The passing of the Maine Law inspired an im- mense and even surprising enthusiasm in other States. -a ^ - ■ ■■■- ■ - i ^ What was the result of the election of 1857 ? 4 *. '' r IV if 222 TEXT-BOOK OF TKMPERANCE. Synods and conventions rnpi n,(Wt,uf whom^/.Htt tvrri^ |iiirin|>vrat« « .14 p«r mdI. ToHuuMiofCorrtotion, n.ira, " l^AMI '* mM " Tlio lion. Mr. l*omoroy ably ropllotl to Mcvcrnl objcct- oro: — "Tlio princlpio had iiUvnyM cxUtod In )<>KlNlation; It wm nnthlii{{ now hero. Itlii;; tlio clmn;{uit on * liiimnn liberty * if you Intend to rope and contino your victlnifi! If we deprive any man by thin bill of hlH liberty — /« ia of hia liberty to do wronff, for which ho never had tho rl{(ht." It flnnlly pnRScd both houses by lar^o mnjoritlen, and was signed by tho governor, May 22, 1852. In January, 1G55, tho Massachusetts law was amended, a section relating to tho scizuro of liquor niado ** con- stitutional," and somo stringent penalties added. In- cluding a clause making tho seller liable to bo sued by tho wife of tho drinker, when damages could bo proved to bo tho result of tho drinking. Four victories won within the year, and still tho tide of battle rolled on. Tho cry was set up, notwithstand ing twenty years' agitation for no license^ of ** pre- mature action." By tho doubting, tho season for preparation is never used, as that of success never oomes. Certainly wo would not wed '* Ita$h hatte, half-sister to delay.** Neither would wo counsel worse marriage with the tcAoZe-sister, " J'rocrastination, — the thief of time." lint a man n riffht to do wrong? Why not! How many victories won this year ? How was the law amended ? 13 m ^.1 4 1 iPPffl m 226 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. Hear the instructive answer of Rev. Dr. John Marsh, on behalf of the American Temperance Union : — *♦ Vast multitudes said they w.re prepared for it ; and what would another generation be without it? What were we fast becoming under our present license laws, with the waves of a foreign population rolling in upon us? Nothing better^ hut continually worse. They wish to impose no law upon the peo- ple by force ; but when a people demand a law for protection against the traffic, they do require that it shall not be holden from them, because that, by the craft to \)c destroyed, distillers, brewers, and venders have their wealth. In demanding pro- tection, they relax no effort of moral suasion. The vast influx of a foreign population ; their deep sensuality ; their readiness to engage, in all towns and cities, in the liquor trade ; the ease with which they procure a license, and the corrupting influence of their liquor shops, are viewed with much anxiety by all who love their country. In five years, 1,041,238 immigrants arrived in New York alone, — persons who knew nothing of our habits, — who look from afar upon this as the land of license [and these, at least, are prepared} — prepared to be the pillars of this Temple of the Demon of Blood. As one of the results, notwithstanding millions of teetotalers, we are vast consumers of intoxicating drinks, — an average of six gallons a head of ale and spirits to all our population above childhood! For the year ending June, 1850, there were 27,000 criminals! On. the day of the completion of the censui^., the whole number in prison was 6,702, of whom 2,460 were foreign. Ot ilie paupers fed by us, 68,538 were of foreign birth; only 66,434 Ameri- cans."* Gallant Vermont, the " Green Mountain State," inDe- * In Philadelphia, out of 5,000 tenants of the almshouse In 1851, 2,700 were drunken men, and 897 drunken women. Total pauper-recruits from houses APPOINTED TO UBGULATB TiiK TKAFKic }n one single city, 3,006. In Albany, out of 775 liquor dealers, not 100 are native Americans. What was the fifth state t When did Vermont adopt the law t TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. 227 cembei*! 1852, came fifth \\\ the rculization of this pro- hibito-protcctivo law, — the Legislature submitting the time of its action to the decision of the people. On the 6th January, at Ruthland, in a State convention, the people expressed their viva voce satisfaction in the law with immense enthusiasm, and on the Gtu February, 1853, affirmed the law by their votes, Michigan came sixth; and on the law being submitted to the people as to the time of its operation, they voted, by overwhelming majorities, for its immediate action. The liquor party, of course, made what resistance they oould, — feed the lawyers, bribed the legislators, and ap- pealed to the judges. Nevertheless, justice was finally done. In 1856, seven out of the eight judges of the Supreme Court affirmed the " constitutionality " of the law. 151. On the 10th March, 1853, in answer to attempts made by the traffic to misrepresent the law, the people of Massachusetts held the largest temperance convention which had ever assembled in Boston, and passed some expressive resolutions of approval without a single dissentient. One was, " that this law is to be regarded as the total abstinence pledge of a whole State, — [in re- gard to the sale and purchase], — and that it is a duty to God and humanity, for the State, as for every individual, to keep the pledge unbroke i ; and we believe in the manifest destiny of this law to spread, ultimately, with the spread of the Anglo-Saxon race." In some of the larger commercial towns, owing to that ' i \ • 4 Which came the sixth ? Wliat was the actiou of tlie people ? 151. What resolutiona were adopted in Massachusetts ? 228 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. foreign influence and ♦' trade connection" which sustained tho prohibited alave-trade^ the law was not enforced. In Boston, for example, things went on much as before ; though a strong protest against the neglect was dra\Vn up b}' a largo minority of the council. In fact, just prior to the passing of the lt*w, above 700 licenses were granted for a year by the city government. Citizens in the interior had only to visit Boston, in order to dis- cover the merits of the law by the logic of contrast. Thirteen years later, we find a vast improvement, the State having now got its own constabulary, wholly in- dependent of local influences. Inl£07, t. license law was passed . Men of the most opposite creeds and parties coalesced here. The beautiful State of Ohio had been strongly moved by the prohibitory question ; and amongst the agitators we may name General Gary, — a man of eloquence and power; a lawyer by profession, but, by good fortune, able to devote his talents and energy to a " cause " which involves the wholesale prevention of broils and disputes, — the rectification of the wrongs of a nation. Petitions, with 250,000 signatures, were presented to tho T/egisla- ture of 1852-3. Ohio subsequently suppressed >'^ >ale for use on the premises. In Wisconsin, this year (1853), the Maine Law \«ra3 lost by a single vote ; while Indiana passed a law bor- dering upon it in stringency. The old law in Wisconsin made the vender responsible for damages ; while, by another law in Iowa, every dram-shop is declared a nuisance, which may at once be broken up and exter- \'^ m What actioa did Qhio take ? Wisconsin ? TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 229 minatcd. liut these enactments all spared the liquor; and lienco not one of them has answered its end, or superseded the necessity of a Maine Law. All other laws allow the vender to transplant his machinery and material of mischief, which is the same folly as if a victorious general should liberate his prisoners as fast as they were made, — a course that, in recruiting the forces of the enemy, would speedily put an end to his own victories. 152. In March, 1854, a prohibitory law passed the New York Legislature with large majorities, but was unexpectedly vetoed by Governor Seymour. This created great excitement, and lost him his office at the fall elec- tion, Myron H. Clark being triumphantly carried b}' the temperance party. In various States sharp remedies were attempted for abating the evils of the traffic. In Greensboro', Alabama, the liquor license was raised to $1,000 ; in Marion, Alabama, to $3,000. In Pennsylvania, the question was submitted to the people, and lost only by a majority of 3,000 votes against^ in a poll of nearly 300,000. • After a reign of two years in Old Connecticut, the new license system was abolished ; and on the 16th June, 1864, a Maine Law was carried by a vote of 148 to 61 in the popular branch of the Legislature, and 13 to 1 in the Senate. The law was fixed > go into operation on the 1st of August, and was sure to be executed, for at the head of the State was Governor Button, a good lawyer and stanch temperance man. Thus a single 111 152. When was the prohibitory law passed in New York t "What was the license fee in some States ? Give the history of the law In Connecticut. 7T 1 230 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. i I year satisfied the people that the legalized sale of strong drink is an evil that cannot be borne. The State election oil the 3d day of November, 1868, resulted in tho triumph of prohibition. Of tho 220 members of the House of Representatives above 160 were prohibitionists. So that party can carry two votes to their opponents' one in the House, and three to one in the Senate. Doubtless the license law will be repealed, and the old prohibitory law restored. Connecticut became the seventh State, which had adopted a prohibitory law, — the sixth which had been fired to emulate the wisdom of Maine in three years. The governor, in a letter dated New Haven, October 20, 1854, says : — *' The law has been thoroughly executed with much less dlffl- culty and opposition than was anticipated. In no instance has a seizure produced any general excitement. Resistance to the law would be unpopular, and it has been found in *rain ' to set it at defiance. The principal obstacle In the way of complete success consists in the importation of liquors from the city of New York into this State, in casks and demijohns, professedly for private use." Thus we again see that the drawbacks arise, not from too much, but too little law, as regards its extension. The " New Haven Advocate " says : — '^ From all parts of the State the tidings continue to come to us of the excellent workings of the Connecticut liquor law. The diminution of intemperance, the reduction of crime and pauperism, the better observance of the Sabbath, etc., are the theme of rejoicing from every quarter. Men who voted against the law, and who have heretofore been its bitter opponents, are now its firm friends." TEXT-nOOK OF TBMPEUANGE. 231 On the 8th February, 1855, Indiana placed herself eighth in the race of prohibition, by overwhelming majorities, appointing the law to commence from the 12th June. The decision was welcomed in the capital, In- dianapolis, by rounds of artillery, the ringing of bells from every steeple in the city, and other tokens of public Joy. Indiana has had the full operation of the law ar- rested, through the indecision and imbecility of her courts. On the 16th of the same month, the Legislature of Illinois prohibited, with Maine Law sanctions, all tip- pling-houses, but allowed the manufacture of cider and wine, and their sale in not less than five gallons. The people, however, vetoed the measure. On the 20th of February, 1855, little Delaware (by a vote of 11 to 10 in the House) promptly passed a pro- tective law, the ninth star in the banner of prohibition : the Dirigo to the tardj' South. In July, 1856, Mr. T. B. Coursey, in announcing that the judges had unanimously sustained the law, says : — ** Our law, which has not been more than ^a?/ executed, has greatly diminished drunkenness, and almost entirely stopped the sale." 153. On the 12th April, 1855, completing protection to the four great free States of the West, came low?.. Though tenth in the race of prohibition, Iowa was one of the first to declare the traffic a nuisance. The con- stitutionality of the law has been sustained by the i Whon did Indiana adopt the law? What reception did it meet with! What law was adopted in Illinois ? What and when in Delaware t \ 232 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMFEOANCE. courts. It has been vigorously enforced in Keokuk. Mr. Kinbourne, when mayor, said there was not a phy- sician, lawyer, or merchant, who partook of intoxicating beverages. North Carolina, in February, passed a prohibitory measure through the House by a vote of 11 to 10. Re- strictive measures were adopted in Texas and Missis- sippi, and in other States the initial agitation was com- menced for the law of Maine. On the 10th March, 1855, the Assembly of Wisconsin passed the law by a vote of 42 to 23 ; the Senate concurred, but the governor vetoed it. The political party which had been domi- nant for forty years in New Hampshire was this month totally annihilated for its opposition to the law, good men of all parties (including some of its own) uniting in the defeatk Eleventh in the race was the territory of Nebraska, which, about this period, passed a Maine Law, fearing lest the tipplers and traffickers of Iowa would be in- duced to cross the line, and overrun their territory. 154. Next, not least, the four years' labor of the Maine Law party in the Empire State was now to be consummated. In April, 18^5, a prohibitory bill (some- what marred from the original model) passed the Senate b}' 21 votes to 11, and the lower house by 80 to 45 ; and on April 7th received the signature of the Hon. Myron H. Clark, the governor. New York State, therefore, arrived twelfth at the goal. An idea may be formed of 153. What peculiarity was there about the Iowa law t What other States followed f 154. When was the law adopted la the Empire State ? How many States did this make which had adopted it ? TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANOB. 233 |l I the inveteracy of the opposition, from the fact that on the day of the bill passing the Assembly, points of order were called to for nearly three hours in succession, in order to exhaust the patience of the House ; motions being made to commit to select comnilUees, committees of conference, and to a committee of the whole House. When the vote passed, the last move was a motion to " reconsider the vote," which was lost by 81 to 84. The day selected for the law coming into effect was the 4th of July, — the anniversary of the day on which they de- clared their emancipation from foreign rule, — a day than which none could be better for inaugurating a legal campaign against the tyranny of the traffic* 155. On the 13th of August, 1855, the la'^t of the New England States, New Hampshire, placed herself thirteenth in the race of prohibition. This was a crown- ing victory, which tended at once to sustain the law in the adjoining States, and to temper the reverse of the following year, to which we shall presently allude. Gov- ernor Metcalf, elected for a second time, in his annual message to the Legislature, 1856, said that " The act is having a salutary effect. It is more fully regarded and practically sustained than any license law we ever had iu * In 'ii^ngland, the event was celebrated on that day by the ** Grand Allt* ance " Fete in the beautiful grounds of Elvaston Castle, near Derby, a seat of the Vice-President, the lUglit Honorable the Earl of Harrington, on which occasion two tine young trees (an American and an English species) were planted in the presence of 10,000 persons, called the '* Alliance Oaks, '* and the record of tlie event literally graved upon the rock forever. The Hon. Neal Dow, Dr. Lees, and others were present on the occasion. 155. What was the "crowning victory"? Give the testimony of GoVf Hetcalf. '>■' if It 4 ft it I, ( * i-ft w 234 TEXT-DOOK OF TEMPERAKCB. the State. In many to\yus the sale of Intoxicating liquors ii wholly abandoned, and in others liquor is told only aa other penal offences are committed^ in secret." | Tho Rov. E. W. Jackson, writiug in October, 1856, says : — *' The law loorks Ukn a cJiarm. It will bo au easy matter *q close up the last gro^-shop in the State.** There was also a prohibitory law in force in one of the States south of ** Mason and Dixon's line.'* The Gallatin "Argus" contains the copy of ** An act to prohib- it the sale and gratuitous distribution of liquors within Police District No. 1, of the County of Copiah," Missis- sippi. No more licenses shall be granted, and only drug- gists and apothecaries may sell, " for strictly medicinal purposes." The penalty for the first violation of the act is $100 fine, and ten days in the county jail ; second offence, $200, and imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days. This prohibitory law was ap^ proved on the sixth of Marchy and took effect on the first day of May ^ 1856. 156. It is important to understand that the legisla- tive opponents of the Maine Law never propose revert- ing to the old system of irresponsibility. The " New York Herald," a widely circulated paper, thus records a debate in 1853 : — " The temperance excitement has nearly reached Its zenith. The friends and opponents of the Maine liquor law have each What was the testimony of Rev. Mr. Jackson? Give the provisions of the law adopted by Mississippi. 166. What was the position of the '< New Yorlc Herald " in 1853? What is,r TEXT-BOOK OF TKMPEUANCfJ. 235 presented their reports. Mr. Dcwoy commenced reading the report, and the manner of hl» rendin;j:, and the claaakal Ian- gitaye in which the report is couched, very soon attracted the closest attention of every member of the Ilouse, and the whole immense auditory. Messrs. Dewey and Odcll propose to regu- Iftto the sale of liquor by electing a Board of Excise, with power to issue licenses; retailers in towns and villages con- taining over one thousand voters shall pay for license the sum of one hundred dollars; In places containing two thousand and upwards, tioo hundred dollars, — to sell nothing but liquor, and that to adults only— ih taverns; not to be sold to anj/ citizins, but to travellers alone, — retailers to bo subject to pay all dama- ges which may occur from intoxicated persons, — and punish- ment to bo inflicted for selling to minors." * ^1 It is clear, that theso penalties, if inflicted, would ruin the business. After the passing of the law in New York in 1856, the rum party are known to have paid $10,000 to two leading journals for space to oppose the law, and lawyers were employed to carry li uor cases to the minor courts. When the verdict was in favor of the law, the case was moved to tlie " Court of Appeals." In all locali- ties where such appeals were made, the law virtually ceased. Yet, such was the public opinion in its favor — such the respect of the genuine American population for " the States* collected will " — that over ttoo-thirda of the vast area of New York State the law was implicitly • Gov. Pollock, in hia message to the Pennsylvanfo Legislature, 1856, BhowB that no one believes in tlio old system. " That the laws (previously) In existence were imperfect, and/ailed to checl: or control the evils of intem- perance, ia a proposition too plain to be doubted." would be the result of the penalties if infliotei ? Was the law obeyed in tlie State t How much of the btate i* \ 4 m 236 TEXT-BOOK or TEMi*£UANC£. obeyed nnd honored.* What the stnto of tilings wos in the fall of 1855, the Jonrnalo of the day wituoss. The ** NowYork Reformer " soys : — " This law has clone a wonderful deal of good since It went into effect, notwitlistandlng tlie Herculean i^orta of Ua foei to render nugatory its beneficent proviaions. Wo advocate a * AiHlon' of the virtuous and order-loving of all parties to nus* tain It. Unprincipled political leaders may denounce the ' fanat- icism ' that labors to ameliorate the condition of humanity, nnd will seek by every means to chain the wheels of reform to the jug-garuant of conservatism — In vain ! " The "Saratoga Helper" says: — *'It is true the law has not been properly enforced, but when, before, were there ever such aupa-humnn efforta made to oppoae and break down the laiof When, before, has a class banded together, raised large sums of money, and openly defled the legal authorities ? The resistance does not come ft'om the people, — it is the desperate struggle of a bad business to main- tain itself In the public regard. Against this bitter, unrelent- ing opposition, the friends of right have had to oppose the doubtful bulwark of on untried law; have had to feel their way carefully in administering it ; and they are suffering all the in- convenience of tlie delay of the courts/' On the ICth January, 1856, Governor Clark, in his * It is a signifloant incident, sliowing liow tlie most respectable classes regard the sale of spirits for tippling purposes as a social nuisance, tiiat ^Iien bands of women in the West, and even in Cattaraugus county, New Yorlc, — not drunken, noisy women, such as led Ihe Exeter bread riot, but quiet, well dressed, persistent ladies,— have gone to the grog-shop?, broken the kegs and demijohns, and poured out the liquor, a sacrifice to the house* hold gods, Juries have, upon prosecution, invariably acquitted. What testimony did Gov. Clark give in relation to the lawt TEXT-DOOK or TEMPERANCE. 237 messngo to tlio LngiHlaturo at Albany, thus maiiAtUy referred to the law : — " NotwIthAtnndln^; it \\m been nubjectr! to an opponltlon mora persintent, utmcrupuloug, anil dcjlant than is often Incurred by an act of legislation, — and thougli legal and magisterial In- fluence, often acting unofficially and extra-jiuUcially, Imvo com- bined to render it inoperative, to forestall ttio decision of ttie courts, wrest the statute from its obvious meaning, and create u general distrust in, if not hostility to, all legislative restric- tions of the trafllc in intoxicating liquors, — it has slillf outside of our large cities, been gencraUy obeyed. 77k« influence ta vi»i- ble in a marked diminution of the eviU it iought to remedy.** I The mayor of Albany intimated to his police, that if they meddled with the law at all they should be dis- missed! The Recorder of New York told the Grand Jury not to entertain any complaints ! Yet the parties who initiate such proceedings publish to the world the failure of a law which they never tried ! — wishing the people to forget that a law can no more work itself than can a physician's recipe. That some members of a family prevent the sick member from taking tlie physio is surely very absurd as an argument against the wisdom of the prescription ! 157. At last came the anxiously looked-for decision of the New York Court of Appeals at Albany. This court is composed of four judges elected to it, and of four Justices of the Supreme Court. The judges on this oc- casion were, Dcnio, Alexander S. Johnson, Comstock, and Selden. The current justices were, Mitchell of 157. How Is the Court of Appeals composed? Who were the judges f HrhMt was their duty t s i hi ■u Ml 238 TKXT-UOOK OF TEMPERANCE. tho first district ; Wri^lit of tho tliird ; Ilubbnrd of tlie flflli ; nnd TliomdH A. JobtiHon of tlio foiutb. Tho cnsei were entitled ** Teoplo va. Wynclmmer/' and *' People vs. Toynbce." No doubt tho New York net bad sevcrol legal flaws in it ; but its legislative object and principle was ad- mitted to be constitutional, only requiring to be amended in its expression and process. Tho duty of tho Judges was to carry out the obvious intentions of the law, under such Umitationa ofita gener- ality as constitutional rights might require and flx.* The only two points of importance, then, are these : -^ (a) Can the Legislature ** constitutionally " decree that property on hand, at a given tlmo, is contraband when used in a given way 9 (6) Did the New York Act ao constitutionally " decree liquor on hand to bo contraband for certain uses ? To the first (a) the court unanimously answers, ** It incompetent." To the second (6) some of the Judges reply, "The act does not expreaa itself with sufficient tpecijicneaa and diacrimination," One thing, then, is very certain : that the law is not * So T. A. Johnson, for the law, exprcsgly argued : " If the language li ffufceptifrle of interpretation in harmonj with the declared object of an enact- ment, courts are bound to give it that interpretation. They can only give a construction which wil* convict the legislator of absurdity or folly, incases where the language employed U so clear a$ to leave no alternative.** We may add, that living Judges arc required chiefly for this purpose, -> to make $pecific applications of the vague or broad principles of the law, becaute the law cannot alter or speak for Itself. Some of these Judges, following the reverse course, ignored a law because it cannot discriminate for itself. State thi only two points of importance. What did the Court answer to the flr«t ? What ancwor to the second t Why did they say the law was un* eonstitutional ? TEXT-nOOK OP TKMrKKAN(;K. 239 nnconstttuiionnl hecauae it in a Maiiip. TjQw, or hfcauM il forbids the sale of liquor {on A^m/, or otliorwUo forcer' tain purposes)^ but iikcauak it ihiks not do tiiih with SUPriCIKNT DISTINOTNIM.S ANf> IMlK(M.SION. Lot tllO fiilMlds of prohibition, tlioii, iimrMlml their forces niuMv. niid march to the flnol victory in tlio oltl heroic spirit. Tlioy bavo succeedod in gettiwj such a law ; let tliotn now turn thoir attention to (lorfccting its form ami maclilnery, and to making the man that shall execute the ineus- urc* U * Ftw pertoM, during the piiat twn jrcAri, had labored more sealonaljr tor prohlblilon than the lato 11. F. Ilarwooil, the beloved clrrk of thli aamo *' Court of Appeals." Ho had often deolaro " Why, then, did these people want the law repealed ? What statement is made in relation to the Albany Penitentiary ? 169. WJiat was the testimony of Hon. Nonl Dow, in relation to Portland! TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE; 243 •• Ten Months' Effects (June 1st to March 20th) : — COMMITTALS. 1851. 1862. DccrcMa. To Almshouse 252 146 100 To House of Correction for Intemperance 40 10* 30 Inmates of Almshouse on March 24th 1 12 90 22 Out-door aid to Families 135 90 45 " At the term of the District Court, In March, 1861, there were 17 indictments; at the term for 1852 there was but one (for petty larceny), the result of a mistake." H m We were ourselves in Portland a few days after this letter was published. At several hotels we asked for strong drink, but could not get it. In the spring of 1855, the Hon. Horace Greeley visited Maine, and in the "New York Tribune" gave the following testi- mony : — " The pretence that as much liquor is sold now in Maine as in former yen rs is impudently false. "We spent three daj's in travelling thro^h the State, without seeing a glass of itj or an individual who appeared to be under its influence; and we were reliably assured, that at the Augusta House, where the governor and most of the Legislature board, not only was no liquor to be had, but even the use of tobacco had almoet entirely ceased." ■ t^/-' '^. During the mayoralty of Mr. Dow, the House of Cor- * Notwithstanding much greater activity of the police under the new Uw. to BtMim the decrease in committals to Almshouse? House of Correction I Give Horace Greeley's testimony. What other testimonials are givfw? 2U TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. rcction was for ci time empty. In a pamphlet of 100 pages, published at Toronto, entitled ** The Maine Law Illustrated," being the tour of investigation made in Feb- ruary, 1853, by Mr. A. Farewell and Mr. G. P. Ure, on behalf of the Canadian Prohibition League, wp find a vast number of testimonies to the samtf effect, from persons of the highest character, including bishops^ judged, governors, mayors, marshals, magistrates, minis- ters, professors, phyblcians, counsellors, representatives, etc. Their own conclusion is thus stated : — " It is almost universally acknowledged to bo as successful in its operations as any other penal law that ever was enacted. *' At Calais, on the New Brunswick border, N. Smith Jun., of the Executive Council, says ; — "Where enforced, the results are good; the only places where It can be said to have failed are where they have had antl Maine Law justices, — irresponsible for seven years save by impeachment. Many of those who sold li(^or have turned their attention to other businesses, and are now better off than when selling liquor. They have far fewer bad debts, and more reliable customers." Mr. Sydney Perham, Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, says : — •* My knowledge of the workings of the law extends over a large section of the State. I can assure you the law worki well." Vnutt wu the retnlt at Calais t What testimony does Mr. Perham give f TEXT-BOOK OF TE3IPERANCE. 245 Professor Pond, of Bangor, says : — *' J have not seen a drunken man In our streets for the last Bix months. The House of Correction has been, at times, almost empty. I know not but It is so now. The expense of paupers is greatly diminished." Under date of September, 1854, the " Edinburgh News Commissioner " thus writes of Waterville : — *' Ten or eleven years ago, the cost of pauperism rose, in a manner unaccountable but for excessive drinking, from $700 to $1,800 a year. I am told that this year, with twice the popo* lation, the public payments for the poor will not exceed $1,000 The amount of crime is also greatly lessened. Those who still deserve the name of drunkards are mostly Irishmen and French Canadians, the latter people having settled extensively in the northern parts of Maine." On the 8th of March, 1852, the Marshal of Gardiner reports : — il- " At the commencement of the official term of office there were in the city 14 places where intoxicating liquor was sold ; some of them the habitual resort of drunken^ riotous, and dis- orderly persons. . . . But one person has been convicted of drunkenness for the last four months; but tico sent to the watch- house for the last six months. The law has been rigidly and quietly enforced." The Marshal of Augusta reports for 1852, as fol- lows : — ^ ft' :Sl 1 Prof. Pond? "Edinburgh News Commissioner >'t Morslial of Gardiner f Marslial of Augusta? 246 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE. " Augusta had four wholesale stores, business worth $200,00tf a year; retail-shops, 25. The city was (ofllcially) exempted from the new law for CO days ; one dealer made a profit of $900. As soon as the GO days were out, three of the wholesale deal- ers sent off their liquors to New York. The remaining firm persisted in selling, until about $1,000 worth of their liquors were seized. Liquor may be sold at the principal hotels, but stealthily. One of the keepers has been twice convicted. . . The police used to be called up 100 nights in a year. Since the passage of the law they have not been summoned once.'* iffi .1 m I i A gentleman well known to the philanthropic world, who has several times visited the western hemisphere in the interests of the slave, writes us as follows : — ** Near Ciiklmsford, "8th month, 11th, 1856. <' Esteemed Friend, Dr. Lees: — " la the early part of the year 1854, whilst travelling in the State of Maine, we came to Augusta, its capitqj. We were driven through the city in a sledge, by our friend, J. B. Lang, of Vassalboro', who, as we passed along, pointed out to us the city jail, the windows of which were hoarded up. * This,' he said to us, * is owing to our Maine Law.' I think he remarked, * It is empty now.' *' Thy assured friend, "John Candler.'* The Mayer of Bangor, in his message to the Council, April 22d,"l852, says : — *' On the 1st July, when I gave notice that I should enforce the law, 108 persons were selling liquors here, openly ; 20 of tl^m have left the city. Of the remaining 88, not one sdJi OJcnly." , I TEXT-BOOK OF TEMl»KUANCE. 247 Ho ftirnishod the Ibllowing statistics: — DMreaM. 1850-(>1. Inmates of Almshouse nnd House of Correctlou, 12,200 1651-02. «♦ «• «i 9,102 1850-51. Number of public prosecutions 1851-52. " •• 101 68 3,10« 43 How far the people of Maine wore prepared to honor ond enforce the law is best shown by their election of municipal boards ; 117 towns elected temperance men ; 8 chose mixed boards ; and but 3-4 elected opposition councils. The towns in favor represent a population of 254,891 ; those against, 55,505. Ill 1855, the prohibitionists in Maine lost the election of governor. The temporary repeal of the law, and substitution of stringent license, with pecuniaiy penal- ties, was ALL FOR THE BEST ; making the enemies of truth to illustrate it by the workings of error. Did the stringent license law sucoeed in restraining that drink- ing which the " State of Maine " newspaper affirmed tiio prohibitory law had increased ? The ' ' Portland Journal " reported a vast increase of drunkenness, rows, burglaries, and other crime. The " Bangor ^Mercury " said : — I; .; W !«■■ i?^; "Wo are informed by a person in the express J)iisincss, one who has good opportnnities for seeing and knowing whereof he speaks, that the quantity of liqnoi'S brought to this city this season is tenfold greater than it was last year." What statistics does the JFayor of IJangor give ? Slate the result of tUt elections in Maine, What occunpd In 1855? 248 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. The " Calais Advertiser " said : — " We have seen more men reeling dnink through our street thi last three months than toe have seen before in the last three years," 160. Soiitliward, wo pass to Massachusetts. The Hon. H. W. Bishop, judge of the Court of Common Fleas, says : — " Tho violations ot the law itself add to the criminal busi- ness. The operation of this new law has diminished the other class very much. Crimes of personal violence have hitherto constituted two-thirds of all our criminal business. Several years will pass before the courts are satistlcd as to the bearing of this new law." In January, 1856, it was announced that ** The law has evidently driven the open liquor trade out of threeeen satisfactorily achieved ; tud it has seized with such strong hold upon the hearts of the What was eaid by Dr. Stone, of Docton? TEXT-nODIC OF TKMrKUANCK. 251 iwoplo, that Its popularity has lu tUuso phiccs becorao Invin- cible." Spcakinf? of a groat political mo( ting, held in Sep- tember, larjC, the " Hoston Toloj^napli " ways : — •• We did not sr.n n dninkfln man on tho fironnd. Thin wan owing to the f< let that liquor inns not sold. Two or three men attempted to sell, but wore noon ronUd, uud took to th';lr heels." 101. Procccrl wo next to Connecticut: First, of Hartford, Mr. II. Y. Thclps, suja (Februfiry, 1855) : — **Tho flghtliiflf find rioting, so common, have entirely disap- peared. Open drinking Is stopped." Kev. Dr. Chirk says : — "The general effects of the law arc good, —very apparent in conuecuon with our Ci'y Mission." Chief Justice Williams says : — " There are more prosecutions for driuikcnness. Since the 1st of Angust, 1854, 1 havo not sc( n more than one or two iustauces of Intemperance la the streets." Judge Bulkeley says : — "There is much less drunkenness, much less liquor sold now. It Is not sold openly at all, but is driven Into secret places. The number of misdemeanors Is fur less." » 161. Give tlie statement of Mr. Thelps of Connecticut. Of Dr. Clarlb *¥ CU'ii Justice Willliims. Of Judge Bullcelcy. Lit' ..; "It*., r4: 1 I i \ 252 TRXT-DOOK OF TKMPKKAKCB. Mr. B. Mnnti nays : -* **I have boon police Juxtlco hero Tor 20 ymrn, and I knoti i fury great difference »luco thti luw wuut lutu clTcct." Mr. L. S. Cowlos says i — ** I httvu Hcon ton inoii drunk . r^forn tlil5< law paflxccl, for on* feen since. It was only when a drunken man waa making some assault, that ho wai taken up forniorly." Mr. D. Ilawloy, city missionary, says : — ** I havo a mlflnton Sabbath school. Slnco tho Ist of August It has increased one-third. I havo scon in my rounds, wives, mothers, ovon young women, tho worse for liquor, — but all that has chauffcd; and in my conversations with tho poor, many of them nay that the law must have come from heaven, — it is too good to have boon framed by man." Of Hartford, containing 20,000 people, a resident Bald he had . ot seen a ainrjle intoxicated 2)orson during the year! Tho *' Hartford Courant," of December 2l3t, 1854, has this : — "July, 185.1. CoramUtals fo Workhonae 16 July, lSd4. " *< 20 August, 1854. '< '* 8 AuffuU to December, 1851, dUohargod from the House 23 " On September 9th, thero was not a single male person in Of Mr. Blann. Of Mr. Cowles. Of Bfr. Ilnwley. What statement li made of Hartford ? Give the flguros of the " Hartford Couranf TKXT-UOOK or TEMPKRANCB 258 ? the workliouno, — which, except for two ft}iimle«, woiihl hnve been tenantlfiu. Thoro Um not hern a pAriillnl to thit lU ony neoiion, for cl^ht yottm at leant, — h«»\v much longer wo do not know; but ,wo proMumo thoro never wnn. In thoro a iiano pornon who doubts for nn Inntaut what hiM cnuited thU re- •ult?'* In Middlotown, police oxpcnAo was rcdiicccl by 81,200. For year ending October, 1854, cost of paupers, $2,218 — for 1855, 81,G44. Vagrancy lessened. Mr. Freeman, of Iladdain village, says: — *' Paapcrs reduced A'om 10 to 4. Quito on ImprovomoDt in the gale of ncce»sar!/ articlcH of life." Mr. Da}', of East Iladdam, says : — "Drunkenness diminished decidedly. Persons In alms- house, previously, 24 ; now IG. No person 8cnt to Jail ttlnco the law enacted." Dr. F. Farnswortli, of Norwich, January, 1856, Bays : -^ vi '* The amount of disease in poor families, is not one-tenth what it was. Casualties aro largely diminished." The ** Norwich Examiner " has the following statis- tics : — " COMMITTALS. (August 1, to July Zl.) 1853-M 1854-6S DeoreHA. To Norwich Almshouse 61 iO 21 I'D New London County JaU 220 127 M 'i What was the result la Middlctown ? East II«dd«mf Norwich? If 254 TEXT-IJOOK OF TEMPERANCE. " Of the 220 cases, 73 were for driiukennesH, and 4 for sell Ing; of the 127 cases, 35 were for drunkenness, 2 for getting liquor under false pretences, and 16 for selling; and these cases must obvioui>ly, under the continued operation of tlio law, ccasn. " Kiirnher in jail Awjnst Ist, 1855, IG. Four times as many sellers have been committed the past year as during the pre- vious year; hut only half as many drunkards." The " Home Journal," of July 7tli, 1855, says : — " The Maine liquor law has ruined the jail business com- pletely. The jail at Wyndham is to be let for a boarding- house." Mayor Brooks, of Bridgeport, gives emphatic testi- mony in favor of the law, in his report to the Common Council. He saj'^s that when mayor, three years ago, he was called up three nights out of five, throughout the entire year, to disperse brawling and noisy mobs. "During the past year I have not been called upon in a single Instance, by watch at night, to suppress or disperse any assemblage of riotous persons. All this change I attribute to the working of the new liquor law. It is a rare sight to see a person drunk." "Chambers* Journal," January 20, 1855, cites as follows : — " On the 1st of August, 1854, the new law came into opera- Wlmt wa» the result in Bridgeport? Wliat testimony in favor of tlie biW Iti given in " Cliambcra' Jourubl " } TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 255 tlon in Connecticut, and was carried out in a very stringent manner. A great change was visible immediately after, In New Haven, tlio capital. The noisy gangs of rowdies disap- peared, and their midnight brawls ceased; our streets wore quiet night and day; and the most violent opponents of the law said, * If such are the effects of the law, we will oppose it no longer.' A few persons got Intoxicated upon liquor from New York, and were promptly arrested, and lined "? dollars and costs, which they paid, or went to jail. As to thr pi ii-^ as and almshouses In the various parts of the State, thej irc f: ittlug empty. A largo number of our most desperate vIIIuuh, who formerly kept grog-shops and gambling-houses, have emi- grated, finding business so bad. Several who kep: gamhling- saloona and disorderly houses, in defiance of law, declared that neither one nor the other can he supported tcithout liquor^ and have moved to New York, where they can continue their in- famous business advantageously." 1] The *' Puritan Recorder," in the spring of 1856, con- tained a letter, from which we transcribe the following paragraph, showing how the law cherishes charitable feeling and forethought : — *' Another characteristic has marked the past winter. There was less complaint than usual on the part of the poor. The attention was more awake on the subject ; more had been contrib- uted and done to secure the relief needed. The poor more economically husbanded their own resources. The operation of the Maine Law had sensibly counteracted the sources of want. These beneficial efl'ects have been perceived to be in- creasing ever since the law began to take effect. Another fact tells with emphasis. It is the marked diminution of fires. Since August 1st, 1854, the loss of property from this cause has bcen/wZ/y one-half less.'* What testimony in the <' Puritan Recorder" ? 256 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. The Rev. Leonard Bacon, D.D., of New Haven, iays : — "The operation of tho law for one year Is a matter of obser- vation to the inhabitants. Its effect, in promoting peace, or- der, quiet, and general prosperity, no man can deny. Never for twenty years has our city been so quiet and peaceful asunder its action. It Is no longer simply a question of temperance, but a governmental question — one of legislative foresight and morality." Governor Dulton said : — " Criminal prosecutions are rapidly diminishing. The home of the peaceful citizen was never before so secure." 162. Rhode Island comes next, — where, however, vari- ous obstacles have been placed in the way of the enact- ment. Mr. Barstow, the Mayor of Providence, said : — " After the law had been in operation three months, I published statistics, showing -that the law, in that short time, had made a reduction of nearly 60 per cent, in our monthly committals. COMMITTALS. 1851. To Watch-House for drunltenness and assaults. . 1852. " " " .. 1851. To County Jail. 1852. *• 282 177 161 W DeenaM. 105 02 i» 163. In Vermont the law has been still more success- ful. What testimony by Leonard Bacon f lasi. What statistics are given by Mr. Barstow, of Bhode Island? I TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 257 In July, 1853, Mr. L. Underwood, States* Attorney of Chittenden County, wrote from Burlington : — *^ The law has put an end to drankenncss and crime almost entirely. Within this town, from December 1, 1852, until March 8, 1853, complaints were made to me, almost daily, for breaches of the peace ; and, on investigation, I was aatisfled that nine-tenlhs of the crimes were caused by drunkenness. Since the 8th of March^ two complaints only have been made for Buch offences^ and only one was caused by drunkenness." Mr. M. L Church said, February, 1855 : — "lam very much pleased with the law. You might stay here for a month, and you would not see a drunken man In the city." The Grand Jury in their report said : — " We feel highly gratified to find the jail destitute of inmatesy — a circumstance attributable, in a very great measure we believe, to the suppression of the sale of intoxicating liq- uors. " i 111 ri' Professor Pease, of Burlington University, says : — "There is a very great diminution in the use of liquors by the students. We have not had, for a year past, any row- dyism." At the fall elections of 1856, General Fletcher, the president of the State Temperance Society, was elected IS 'f ■ 103. What important testimony Is given by the State Attorney of Vcr* montf What by Mr. Church? Give the Report of the GrandJury. What was the result of the election of 1656 ? Give Gen. Fletcher's testimony. 17 ^W I i V i 258 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. governor of the State. On the 9th of October, in de- livering his message, he used tliese words : — " Coming from all portions of the Commonwealth, you have personal knowledge of the practical operation of this law, and its adaptation to accomplish the purposes for which it was designed" 164. Last of the New England States, comes New Hampshire, which had been so long the " grog-shop " for the " thirsty souls" of the bordering States. In March, 185G, the ^' Journal" announced that i :i J " The law works admirably in al' parts of the State. Pau- perism and crime are almost unknov: " The General Association of the Congrcgationalist churches, held on the 26th August, 1856, in their report say: — " We are called itpon to give thanks to God for the prohibitory law, which lias been attended with such happy results." The " Enquirer," published at Dover, says (Septem- ber, 1856): — " The jail, which usually has a good supply of tenants, has been entirely empty for several iceeks past." Another report from Strafford County announced that " for several weeks the jail has been empty." The " Tribune," Indiana, published the following, in 104. What was New Hampshire called ? What was the happy result of the hiw? Give the testimony of the General Association. "Enquirer." What account is gireu in the '' Tribune " in reference ta prisoners ? TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEUANCE, 259 do- April, 1856. Committed to penitentiary, 5 months pre- ceding June, 1855, when tlie law went into effect, 83. Committed during 7 months after, 61, — a reduction of 50 per cent. Since the law was annulled by the Court, drinking and gambling have held carnival. Iowa. — A letter from the State's Attorney says : — ** The prohibitory law in this State is doing considerable good. Jt works well. If vigorously carried out, it will effect moro than all the moral-reform lectures that cau be mustered into the service." A correspondent, under date of August 14th, 1856, Bays : — " There are many towns in Iowa where there is not a glass of liquor sold, and, if the reformation continues, all the citizens of that lovely prairie State will soon be free fTom the withering and blasting effects of the liquor traffic." Under a knowledge of such facts as we have detailed, can we wonder at the expression of the llcv. Jolm D. Lawyer, chaplain to New York State Prison, at Auburn? — " Give us the Maine Law, and in five years Auburn Prison is no more." 165. In Canada the agitation on behalf of the Maine Law has been carried on with varying success, but with substantial progress. After long effort, the temperance men succeeded in turning the attention of their Legisla- ture to the traffic in strong drink, and, as a result, in 1855, a prohibitory law passed their legislative assem- tit I* m l^: t ' What account from Iowa ? What was the expression of Rev. J. D. Law- yer, of Auburn ? What was the progress in (Jauada 7 260 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. ■ ! J ' ! i ■ bly by a vote of 51 to 29. TIio bill, however, was ob- Btructed in every way, and at last thrown over, on a technical objection, referring to some omission in tlie forms of the House. This but increased the ardor of the friends of the bill, whose exertions were redoubled. Petitions poured in during the next session. The peti- tions in favor were signed by 108,417, in proportion to every 4,388 against it. Amongst others, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal, with 20,000 of his parish- ioners, signed a petition, praying the Canadian Parlia- ment to outlaw the liquor traffic. The petitions against the measure emanated IVom the large cities, and from those localities in which the influence of the traffic was most powerful. Though the faith of some who had undertaken to pilot the bill through the storms of the opposition was shaken by the temporary disaster in Maine, and they deserted the helm at the most criti- cal moment, — the measure being again stranded in consequence, — it was yet felt that indifference to the claims of popular feeling could be no longeif assumed. Special committees of inquiry were appointed by the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council. Both committees reported the results of their investigation. That of the Council recommended the license law which replaced prohibition in Maine, — a law which, defective in itself, would j^et be an immense step in advance of any then existing in Canada. But the Assembly com- mittee repudiated all such jejune and unsatisfactory con- How many petitioned for the passage of the law? How many against? Wliat stand was taken by tlie Koman Catholic Bishop of Montreal 7 What was the position of the Assembly and Council ? What partial laws wer« Adopted ? 'E3 IT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE, 201 ob- n a the the ed, )eti- to man elusions, and reported in favor of downright prohibition, declaring that ** no legislative reform had been de- manded with such unanimity." Though a Maine Law has not yet been adopted, many landmarks have been erected to mark progress. In 1853 the principles of the law were applied to localities in which public works were in progress ; it being for- bidden " to sell, barter, or dispose of any kind of intox- icating liquor within a distance of three miles of any public works declared to be in progress." In 1855, a new ** Municipal Act " enabled County Councils to free their districts from the traffic by their own ordinance. Already this power has been put into force ; for, not- withstanding that Upper Canada has shown more favor to prohibition. Lower Canada has, in nine County Coun- cils, determined " to prevent, so far as in their power, the traffic in intoxicating liquors within their limits." In Nova Scotia a prohibitory liquor law is steadily demanded. In 1855 a bill was introduced and carried through the House of Assembly, which passed on the second reading by a vote of 29 to 19, and, on the third, without a division. In several counties, however, the traffic is suppressed with great benefit. In the Province of New Brunswick, prohibition has still further developed itself. In consequence of the vigorous agitntion kept up by the temperance men, a law was adopted in 1853, which prohibited the sale of spirits^ but allowed the license for other intoxicants. As might be expected, a measure so partial failed in obtain- If! What progress was made in Nova Scotia? What was the result of tiMl agitation in New Brunswick ? 2G2 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. '•I Ing a satisfactory result, and it was repealed in 18r)4. From the first this measure has been regarded by tiie friends of prohibition as an insidious triumph of the liquor interest, which sought, througli its failure, to re- tard the coming struggle. The failure of the law of 1853, however, did not disgust the people with legisla- tion, but only made them resolve that their future legis- lation should be sounder. At the next election a strong temperance House was returned, the most earnest of that party entering the government. Nothing could bo more emphatic than the decision of public opinion. Ac- cordingly, in 1855, a law was passed ** totally prohibit- ing the manufacture, sale, and importation of all intoxi- cating drinks," to take effect from January 1st, 1856. The bill was sent to the mother country ^or ratification by the home government, accompanied by a despatch, con- taining thirty elaborate paragraphs intended to dissuade the government in England from recommending the queen to sanction the measure. The bill was referred to a committee of the Privy Council, and, on their re- port, ordered to go into operation as fixed and declared. Every effort was directed to defeat the operation of the law ; mobs were organized, disturbances initiated ; but these attempts of the trade only stimulated the enthusi- asm of the upholders of the bill. Mass meetings, in favor of prohibition, were held, and ejiergetic steps adopted for enforcing the law. During the first twenty days of January, 1856, notwithstanding all difficulties, the intemperance of the city of St, John was reduced 80 per cent. What result was produced In St. John? H TEXT-nOOK OF TRMI'KUANCK. 2G3 In the Legislature a motion was inndo to dissolve tlio House, and appeal to the people while liil)orin<^ under the excitement of the struggle and of ballled appetite. This ruse was negatived by an empliatic vote of 29 to 11, and the law sustained. At last a willing hand was foimd to deal a blow at the law. The lieutenant-governor, on hia own reaponaibilitijy diaaolved the Aaaembly^ the ministry resigned, and then, with a new ministry, the lieutenant- governor precipitated an election. The stratagem was successful, and the law fell, under the pressure of pre- rogative never before exercised in the colonies since the recognition of their independent constitution, and which has not been asserted in the mother country since the bud days of the Stuarts. 166. In the meanwhile, the temperance movement achieved its partial triumphs in other countries. In Norway it had a saving effect, and arrested the down- ward progress of its people, but in other parts of the continent of Europe, after a few spasmodic efforts in Poland, in the Netherlands, and in Germany, — where Pastor BOscher, of Kirchrode, Hanover, attempted much with indifferent success, — the cause has all but died out. The beer-drinking and wine-soaking of the continent seems to have killed the soul of Christian self-denial, and to have made *' pleasure " the great end and aim of life. In Britain the cause has fared better, especially in Scot- land, the north of England, and Wales. The Free Kirk and the Evangolical Union of Scotland have generally What action was taken in the Legislature ? l'}6. What has been the progress of tlie cause abroad? In Norway^ Gcr many, etc. i 1 2G4 TKXT-BOOK OF TEMrEUANCB. H patronized tlio raovemciit, and tho Scottish Tomporance League, and ScottLsli Permissive Bill Association, are now two powerful organizations, — tlie former haviu^' a large and successful publishing ostublishinor ^ IJoth gocietics have organs of tlieir ou i, — the llrst-namcd a weekly journal, the second a monthly issue, "Tho Social Reformer." In Ireland, too, especially in Dublin and the north, there is considerable activity, but no national life. A largo number of tho Presbyterian divines of Ulster are abstainers ; but their fervor is lossenet', and their usefulness limited, by dogmatic prejudices in favor of wine, based upon the popular misintcipiotations of Scripture. In England there are thousands of tem- perance socioties and four or five general leagues, working in sev. al districts or counties, as East, West, and North. The Episcopal Church (Church of England) has a Hociety of its own, upwards of COO of its ministers having joined it. They publish a monthly magazine. Tho Wesleyaus also have their societies. Three associations, however, are specially noticeable for their peculiarities and their influence. First and oldest, the British Temperance League^ founded in 1835, which employs a staff of agents, iind publishes a monthly or- gan. Its head-quarters are at Bolton, Lancashire. Its principles are thorough on all points. Second, the National Temperance League^ the operation of which is chiefly conflncd to London and the South. It aims to operate especially, by special and semi-private action, on the respectable classes, so called, and its tone is What in Scotland f In Ireland ? In England ? English societies? •■Vhat are the tlurce great TEXT-nOOK OP TEMPEnANCE. ««5 mo'llfied and moderated to suit \\fi cllenti. It lias In past years had an unlVioruUy, evon hostile attitude, to thorough teetotallsm ond legal action, but has improved as the cause of prohibition and tiuth became more vr^'fxb- ^ ihed in the iiuUonal mii d. It publishes a " Weekly Eecord" of ita doings. Tliird au«l last, not least, jm tho Orand Alliance (as Lord Brougham oiillcd it, on« of its vice-presidents), formed June 1st, 1HJ3, *' for procuing the total and immediate suppression of tho liriuor tralllc." Its president is Sir Walter C. Trevelyan, Bart., supported by a host of distinguished vif o-chairmen, iucludin*/ Mr. B. Whitworth, M. T., Sir Wilford Lawson, Bart., M. P., wlio, on tlio 10th of March, 18G4, introduced tho Per- missive Bill into tho House of Commons, and obtained forty supporters on its first discussion ; and again, on the 12th of May, 18G9, when ho obtained ninety-three sup- porters, and greatly reduced tho votes against him. The object of that bill is simply to permit, by empowering^ the Rate-payers of a f' istrict (parish, town, or township) ^ to VETO applications for licenses to sell inebriating liq- uors, a power now permitted to magistrates or justices of the peace, and which they generally exercise I'nr the pro- tection and purity of their own immediate neighborhoods. An executive committee of teetotalers, at Manchester, conducts the association, — which is called the "United Kingdom Alliance ; " tho working secretary is Mr. T. H. Barker ; the honorary secretary Mr. Samuel Pope, an able barrister-at-law, and Recorder of Bolton. The ii/mual in- come now amounts to about $GO,000,which is effectively ox- pjndcd in the advocacy of temperance and prohibition. It Describe their Bpccittlitles. What Is the ^jn and ngeiicy of Uie Grand A^ llance V \ m 2GC TEXT-DOOK or TKMrEUANCB. publishes n ono Hlilllinj^ qiuirtorly callod **Mollora" (Journal of Social Scionco), nnd a weokly nowHpapcr, "The Alllanco Nowh," ciirulating upwards of 20,000 copies. Its peculiar provlhco is political action, with tho view of first limiting, and Anally supprossiug, tho liquor trofHo. IX. 8D^e |P&Uaj50p^s of i^t ^mifttmn (ffnlerpriw. 107. It was said of old, that "History is philosophy teaching by example." If so, tho glance wo have taken at tho history and results of intcmpcranoo in ancient and modern times should bo full of instructive philosoph}^ seeing that tho lesson is at once so continuous and so uniform. Liko cifects point to like causes, and tho question of cause is that which, in regard to this subject, is at once most fundamental and most practical. No matter as to what period, or place,or people wo go, for learning tho effects of intoxicants, tho same class of ter- rible FACTS ure summoned up, and the fugitive past is but tho photograph of tho living ^ . 3sent. Drunkenness^ in its folly, its revel, its obscenity, its beastliness, staggers across tho vision, — Poverty, clothed with the rags of innocence or the lilth of vice, files past, — Ignorance, with her sightless orbs, attended by her sad and hopeless brood, gropes on to the darkness beyond, — P)'ostUution, 167. Wbat li history? What lesson does it teach t What train foUowf dronkenness ? il TEXT-liOOK OP TKMPEUANCE. W f» In flaunting robcH of guilt, ^vitli iicnrt-on-flro of l)cll,liui** rios, sliriclcing and niocltin^;, onwardn to tljo flowing stream bcnoatli *Ulio Bridge of Siglis/' — Diaeaae witli- draws its curtain, that wo may boq its lazar victims strotclicd on tlicir *^ bod abliorrod," — Idiocy ^y^iih inco- boront gibborings and laclc-lustre eyes, sliows itself, — > Jnaanihj^ with lier multiplied children, hero ** moping melancholy," there raving madness, comes up and van« ishes firom sight, — Brutal Lust, flcrcely glaring upon outraged chastity, stalks by, — and the fearl\il panorama closes with Crime, apparelled in garments purple with the blood of victims I Can any question be more important than that which refers to the cause and the cure of such a condition of mankind? Ten years ago, the London ^^ Times " otfcrcd to the temperance societies, the following tribute t ** They have in their day, and at intervals, done a good deal ; they are not doing so much now. There ia a fashion in these things. This machinery for acting on the human imagination is not always to be got up at the exact moment you want it. It depends on the turn of enthusiasm, on individual impulses, on the unknovm suc- cession of ideas in human society, which we can no more predict, with any certainty, than we can the tem- perature of the next winter and spring." The writer ought to have said the known succession of ideps, since it is the very business of the reformer — the mission for which he was called forth out of the needs of his epoch, — to perceive, inaugurate, systematize, and promulgate I Give the •tntemcnt of the " Tlme«,» and explain !tt error. WlMrt i« th* miwlon of the reformer ff 11' I I' ^ . I . % ■ • * , L. ^QS TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. those ideas, whose function it is to work oiifc a certain and drterminate issue. It is the presence of this percep- tion, tlie possession of this knowledge, which makes all the difference between the real and the sham reformer ; as it is the possession of the art aud skill of working, which makes the difference between the real and the pre- tended craftsman. While the mere empirics, the men of crotchets and experiments, attach themselves to a move- ment, like barnacles to the keel and sides of a stately ship, true genius steadily and persistently presses for^ ward to the mark which inspires him by its greatness. It is the prerogative of such men to perceive the great tides of thought, — to feel and comprehend the tendency and want of an age, — to know, and so to prophesy, the coming event, antl to seek its embodiment in appropriate form ; and all this because they are part of that tide, — the deepest or the topmost wave of it, — and therefore its fitting, chosen, and successful exponents. In moral and social matters the reformer may exaggerate his idea, or give to it a one-sidedness ; but that is not al- ways a disadvantage ; for it »nay tend to outweigh the indifference or the stolidity of the masses. If all minds were of the calm, unbiased kind, enthusiasm would be out of place in this world. As Providence prepares the thought in the reformer, so it prepares it less consciously in kindred souls; and thus it happens that when the master speaks, the disciple answers, as thought re- sponds to thought, and heart to heart. In a country, therefore, where the press and platform are free, a great movement based upon truth, and born of social neces- sity, needs not to ^^ depend on turns of enthusiasm,'^ or " individual impulses." On the contrary, it may and it TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 2G9 ought to proceed according to a known succession of ideas, which it is the business of intelligent and true leaders to found upon clear and certain grounds of fact and philosophy. 168. The '* Times," indeed, as a true representative of commonplace ignorance, thinks that the fancied fact of there being " so little to be said about drunkenness and its cure" may account for the topic being ignored by fashionable" social reformers, but concedes that "it is not a vein/ agreeable subject," since the cure proposed demands self-denial as well as the reading of papers. After all, can that monster vice and opprobrium of civi- lization, especially of the Saxon race, — a vice that has so stubbornly defied so many remedies, social, legisla- tive, and religious, — which has set at naught for cen- turies the hortations of the moralist, the anathemas of the church, and the penalties of the state, — can such a vice, in its origin and its growth, be really a subject on which so little can be though t and uttered? Or is not the fact really this, that everything but the right thing has been said? At any rate there must be a philosophy of its cause, even if there be no hope of its cure. Nay, if it be at once inveterate and invulnerable, — if, in re- lation to this disorder of the body-politic, we adopt a dreary, hopeless fatalism, -- still it must, for that very reason, all the more have a philosophy fixed in the necessity of things, — something singular and unique to be discovered and discussed concerning it ! This is an of science, and we ought to have the science of this age 168. What is the philosophy of intemperauce? On what condition shaU the vice be extirpated ? I 270 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. I question, feeling assured, indeed, that wlicther the tri- umph of temperance is deferred, or hastened, depends very much on the activity with wlilch wo propagate just and potent ideas and plans among tlic people, and that again upon the clearness and vigor with which we grasp them ourselves. 169. Sometimes we hear, alike from friends as foes, How that " moral suasion has failed," and now that *' legal suasion has failed." Neither have failed in fact, because men are disappointed in absurd expectations. Oar blunders of method, our partial plans, arc no ground for despair. The police is not a failure, because they do not make rogues honest, but only limit their roguery ; and, on the other hand, the preacher is not a failure, be- cause he does not convert the fool, the sot, or the burglar. " The knowledge of a disease is the first half of the cure.** Until the nature and causes of our evil conditionr, are .wnown, a full and adequate remedy is simply impossible ; and so, until we are fully equipped, we have nei^^her ground for expectation nor discourage- ment. When enthusiasm is embarked, without chart, in a ship not seaworthy, which can never reach the hoped-for port, a collapse of effort follows, and it is long before the undertaking can be renewed in the old spirit, even with wiser pilotage and in a fitter vessel. It is never the delay of reform that destroys the eager spirit demanding it, but the acceptance of an unsatisfactory and partial reform, proved to be a mockerj"- by the vanity of the result. Opposition but rouses to an increased ex- 169. Does either " suasion " or " law " fail ? What are the results of fain expectations ? TEXT-BOOK or TExMl'ERANCE. 271 hibition of power, equal to the emergency ; it is the delusive concession wUijU paralyzes the reformer and postpones his triumph indeflnitely. The only lasting revolutions of history liave been the complete and radical ones, for those that were partial have had the elements of reaction within them. The lilngUsh Beer Act is a memorable example of the pcrniciousness of a false re- form, which tampers with effects instead of touching the causes of an evil. The church, the press, and the par- liament, thirty-tive years ago, were united in agreeing that the monstrous nuisance of the G0,000 public- nousES of Britain must be abated. The remedy pre- scribed was the addition of 40,000 beer-houses, — in other words, freer trade in beer, and a cheaper article. After the trial and failure of tliis quack remedy, what advance has been made by the ruling classes? They have retrograded as a necessary consequence. The in- stitution has strengthened itself in the conservatism of society ; and the magistracy, home government, and bishops can now, after all this additional evil, only pro- pose to make the beer-shops subject to the same control as the original evil they were designed to destroy. With a worse disorder than of old, entrenched in vested interests, we are to have the old, unsuccessful medicine applied to a third more cases of disease, licensed by the law itself. Agricultural science, if not of slow growth, had pro- gressive steps, each development preceded by partial failure, and by much doubt and dlsapi)ointment. At Ik isults of f obvious enough, that, if nobody drank liquors that intoxicate, nobody could get drunk with them ; but it is equally clear, that to prevent persons from drinking, 5'ou must go back to the reasons and ??io- tives which induce them to drink. A philosophical in- quiry into this subject must, therefore, go behind and beneath the superficial truism, — must begin with the moving cause of action in the subjective nature, and the essentiiil relations of the human soul. The first inquiry really is, — the inquiry which alone touches the primal W 6 172. Why do men driuk f To what two sources must all action be r*> Perred f 276 TEXT-BOOK OF TKAIPEUANOB. cause of thoso stops nnd cousoqucnccs whioli terminate in drunkenness, — Why do men drink? People generally, were they honest and perfectly sin- cere, would have to rofly, ** We drink because drink- ing is pleasant ; '* or, ^^ Because it is the fashion to drink ; " and, perhaps, the next best thing to not drink- ing at all is not to drink on false pretences. Still this explanation does not fathom thp causation of the phe- nomenon, since, very clearly, the custom rests upon some antecedent motive which Jirst established it, while the "liking "now generated must bo regarded as a conse- quence, rather than the original cause of drinking. The inquiry does not so much concern the present motive for drinking now, as the original reason for beginning to drink. What, then, is the great cause why individual men BEGIN to use intoxicating drink? The explanation must be referred to one of the two parts of our double nature, — the head or heart; or to forsake tlic figure for the literal fact, either to a " reason" or belief in our IN- TEMJGENCE, or to an emotion or feeling in our sentient and psychological nature. 173. A love of "pleasure," and a dislike to "pain," are instinctive conditions of human nature. AVhatever promises the one, or offers relief from the other, is eagerly seized, and becomes a soLiciTiNo, often a seduc- ing, motive of action. Against mere impulses of this kind, we have an interior set-off of higher principles, -— a desire for good, as good, — and aspirations after the true, the right, the beautifid, the pure. Tiiese are in- \\ t i 173. What are the two instinctive conditions of Iiuman action ? 4utie$ of society follow from thoso conditions ? WhM 4 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPEUANCE. 277 nate elements of our proper being ; dcsigncfl to Instruct and influence our will, and to curb and control the action of tiie inferior impulses. The question as to what physical conditions and agencies promote or rotartl tlie harmony of these varying, and possibly conllicting, powers, — exciting tho one or repressing the other, — becomes, therefore, a point of high ethical importance. Man, like any other vital organism, can only grow according to the conditions by which he is surrounded. Take, for example, a person who lives and works amidst depressing and unwholesome agencies. The instinct for " pleasure," combined with the feeling of " depres- sion," becomes relatively stronger to him than if he were more happily placed ; and the grog-shop and beer- saloon, consequently, present a temptation which oi)er- ates with gr«^ater intensity on him than if he had no ** relief " from a morbid monotony of life to seek, or had the porceptiun of higher duties, and the capacit}' and opportunity for purer enjoyments. It is, therefore, tho prime and principal business of man in socict}', flrst, to prohibit all avoidable evil, and second, to create those normal conditions upon which human nature is depend- ent for its true development, — in short, the office of government is to make it easy to do right, and hard to do wrong. How do these principles of human action stand related to the drinking system? In the first place, drink promises good — benefits of several kinds — to all those who think it good. In the second, it is a known means of pleasure, and i)leasure is not only inviting, but, in proper degree and circumstance, legitimate. In the third place, strong drink, like other narcotics, pre- Bcnts a ready means of relief to any feeling of dcpres- 278 TEXT-BOOK OF TKMPK RANGE. m .mmMf * slon, (llHcomfort, or cnrc, — whether conncctod with mind or hotly. So far, ihoroforo, as those relations are con- cerned as original causes of drinking, the temperance reformer has a corresponding duty to discharge : — Ist. To dissipate the delusion as to the excellence of the drink itself. 2d. To point out the danger of the drink, and to show fhat the drinker ** pays too dear for his whistle." 3d. To promote the institution of those physical, educational, sanitary, and social conditions whioh aro the conservatorH of temperance^ and the absence of whirh tends to tfic degradation of humanity. 174. An advocacy of temperance on mere " expedi- ency," it is plain, can never touch the llrst great cause of drinking In the world at large, or operate for any length of time ; all fallacies and shams are sooner or later found out ; for the intellect of man is, in the long run, sternly logical. If drinking be the cause of drunk- enness, then the curse can be destroyed only by the abandonment of drinking. But w ill the world give up drink, so long as it is persuaded that it is " good " ? As Seldcn sagaciously observed long ago (1620) : "It seems the greatest accusation upon the Maker of all good things. If they be not to be used, why did God make them?" The expediency man has no sufficient answer. The Jirst duty of temperance societies is, therefore, to explode this error, — to teach, by press and platform, by example and organization, that alcohol is not food Kame three corresponding duties of temperance men. 172. Why must *■ expediency " fail ? Give Soldeu's remark. nil TF-XT-nooK or tkmi'euance. 279 '.ill n but poison, not good Imtcvil. It is especially iin|)or- tant to tench this to uur yoiuij^, — our *♦ Ban<1s of Hope." The Uev. W. Jones, in hia celcbruteU Uttcra (1760), has well put the ease ; — "It will bo too !ato to persuad when tho juJgraeut is d«- pravcd and weaken ^jd hy ill hubiif^. Gulosus waM a country gentloman of good aitK, friendly disposition, and asjrocablo conversation. IIo was naturally of u strotg conMitHUmi and might have last(*d to a good «»'il age, but In: Is gom he/ore his time, Tiiuouoii an Eituon ix oriNio*^, which has destroyed more than tho sword. Uc asked rlcnd, a valetudinarian, how much port a man might dr nk without huHimj himself; who gavo it, as his private opinion, that a pint in a day was mora than would do any man good. 'There,' says ho, ♦ vou and I differ; for I am convinced thiit one bottle aft >r dlnn<'r will never hurt any maii — that usca exercise* Under this per- Huaslon, in eating and drinking as much as he could, his life was a continual strugjile between fulness and physic, till nature was wearied out, and liv sank all at once at tho ago of forty, under the stroke of a} -plexy. The iiaie hatli come upon many great nations, when lll-prluclplcs and stlf-ln(lul?;r(;nce, and that infatuation which is tho natural cjuscfiueuce of both, have brought them to ruin." I' 4 1 In Britain, at least, all the highest authorities in medical science are now upholding the temperance platform, — such is the resistless might of truth. Dr. W. B. Richardson, F.R.S., in lecturing on December 15, 1868, before the Philosophical Society of Hull, asked : — " What is alcohol? Is it food or poison? or is it something like chloroform, or ether, — simply a sleep-producing agent? Give Jones' illastratioo. Give the tcstimoaj of Dr. Riohardson. IMAGE EVALUATSON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 71 "^/C^' ^ >^ *> »* '/ /f 1.0 ^lu Ki ut lii 12.2 "* Bit, 1.1 : Hi 12.0 lit K^l Scmces Corporatioii m 1.6 V *■^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716)872-4503 •^ 4^ % >^ 6^ 280 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. Thoro were many theories as to the causes of the physiologi- cal action of the spirit. First, increased combustion ; next, arrest of combustion ; and next, increased tension. This waA a solemn subject. The primary effects might go through their series of stages in a youthful subject, who had rashly become Intoxicated for the first time, and leave h'.m comparatively un- injured, but the continued use of alcohol was mercileaat in that it left no important part of the body uninjured. The brain under- went changes even in its structure, and symptoms of imbecil- ity, of melancholia, of mania, and of paralysis, were often the result of its action. The vast majority of patients in the asylums who suffered from acute or intermittent mania, with a measure of paralysis, were cases of alcoholic production* There was also a peculiar condition of the lung produced by al- cohol. It occurred to him to first point this out, and the dis- ease was well known as drunkard^s consumption. Then there were peculiar changes occurring in the glandular organs ; in the liver, for instance, changes of induration. These came on mainly by drinking spirits, especially when consumed neat. " Alcohol, in the shape of malt liquors-, produced a strange change of structure in the muscleSf by which they became weak. The heart especially was affected, and dropsy and early death was the result. On these accounts the prisoner at the bar could not possibly receive any mercy. He had been asked his opinion with regard to the value of alcohol in disease. He regretted to say that he knew of no distinct series of observa- tions made with what was known to be ethylic alcohol. They would have heard of alcohol being recommended in fevers la the form of wine, brandy, and sometimes other spirits ; but, in truth, there was no evidence as to the quality of these agents.* But as to the general use of alcohol in disease, he was quite open to say, that every form of disease icould be better treated without alcohol than loith it. It was not more essentia*! to the existence of animal life than to the existence of anything else which was put in motion by some other force. The use of alcohol was simply the result of our own free will : we took it as a luxury. He should not expect the use of alcohol to be * See f 86. TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 281 ibandoned until the reason which was given to ws had beconio more highly developed; then those things which were hurtful and iojurious we should gradually eliminate from our lives." Dr. King, the president of the society, ** thought the smaller the dose the better, and it ought to be disused as soon as the physiological changes were produced." Dr. Munroe quoted the crucial fact, " that in hospitals where the largest amount of alcohol was used, there was the greatest percentage of deaths." 176. Secondly^ we must teach the seductiveness and danger of drinking ; the folly of exposing one's self to grave risks for the sake of transient pleasures which leave a sting behind. The fact can burdly be denied, for even the " Westminster Review " has admitted that "alcohol is a dangerous and tricksy spirit," and that " Moderation oils the hinges of excess," — a figurative style of expressing a deep physiological truth. Nay, Thackeray himself, in his " Virginians," is compelled to declare the truth " in the face of all the pumps I " mi' " There is a moment in a bout of good wine, at which, if a man could but remain, wit, wisdom, courage, generosity, elo- quence, happiness, were his; but the moment passes, and that other glass somehow spoils the state of beatitude.** Truly, " wine is a mocker." 176. Tliirdly^ temperance reformers must be some- thing more than sectarians. They must be general edu- Gire the testimony of Dr. King. Of Dr. Munroe. 175. Wliat is the second subject that must be taught concerning Alcohol ? Give the description of its deceptivencss, from the '• Westminster Kevlew," •ud a celebrated satirist, himself a victim. (* ^1 m 282 TEXT-BOOK OV TEMPERANCE. M cators, physiologists, sanitary teachers, politicians, pa- triots, — and they must supplement their moral suasion and example by appropriate social action. If abstainers could but take comprehensive views of their mission and their work, and band themselves together on a broad and deep principle of organization, their influence on the world of thought, of fashion, and of politics, would be irresistible. But temperance organization is as impossible with- out a principle, a pledge, a banner, or a bond, as a political party without a " platform," an array without a captain, or a church without a discipline and a faith. Hence the absurdity of objections to pledges. All life is a pledge, or manifestation, — the revealing of the inner quality by the outer form. Dean South, commenting on the apostolic injunction, " Show me thy faith by thy works" (James ii. 18), very wisely and wittily ob- serves : " Every action being the most lively portraiture and impartial expression of its etficient principle, as the complexion is the best comment upon the constitution. When a man's piety shrinks only to his intention, — when he tells me his heart is right with God while his hand is in my pocket, — he upbraids my reason, and out- faces the common principles of natwal discourse with an impudence equal to the absurdity. He who places his Christianity only in his heart, and his religion in his meaning, has fairly secured himself against a discovery in case he should have none. Those, in a very ill and untoward r/jnse, verify that philosophical maxim, that .1 ( 176. What is the third step ? On what can organization be founded 7 Give Dean South'a answer to tlie objection against expressing what is in us. t TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 283 what they so much prctentl to bo chief and first in their intention is always last, if at all, in the execution."* A temperance pledge has manifold virtues and mean- ings, and has been amply justified by its fruits. It is, (1) the expression of a conviction or truth ; (2) the dec- laration of a purpose ; (3) the utterance of a protest; and, therefore (4), a bond of sympathetic union or co- operation. 177. The perception of the fact that an opinion of the excellency of the drink was the first cause of drinking, as drinking was the proximate cause of drunkenness, led many of the early teraperanc(i men to place too much re- liance upon the proclamation of personal abstinence. The leaders of the reformation, howevtir, never fell mto this fallacy of a partial remedy ; it was confined entirely to the secondary, compromising men, and to certain earnest but somewhat narrow-minded disciples, with whom the personal pledge of abstinence was everything. Thus one party ignorantly held that abstinence was all that was needed^ and the other tenaciously maintained that it was all that could prudently be adopted. Hence in Britain arose the battle of the pledges, — finally de- cided in Exeter Hall against the short pledge, in favor of the long pledge, discountenancing all the causes of in- temperance. Short-sighted people imagined those dis- cussions, like many others, were not only unnecessary, but injurious ; but we who survey the past from the im- partial future can now clearly see that the contest was * " Sermons." Oxford, 1098. What arc the four attributes or elements of the temperance pledge ? 284 TSXT-DOOK OF TEMPERANCE. ••w a neceasity in tho development of the permanent philos- ophy of the enterprise. Tlie attack on custom was the second great practical step, — tho application of the sec- ond great remedial agency for extirpating the vice of the civilized world. The " Times," in an article on the temperance question, justly pointed out the cardinal im- portance of ** abstinence," and ** sympathy."* The first, so far as it can be carried out, at once excludes temptation to drink, and keeps in abeyance that appetite which, once roused, is uncontrollable, even in men of strong wills and robust natures. The great Dr. Samuel John* son, who declared that " abstinence was easy, modera- tion impossible," is the type of a large class of our fel- low-creatures. The pledge^ therefore, is to such a moral punctum, — a pivot upon which their will easily and safely turns. As the " Times " declares, " in some cases " — it might say, ten thousands of cases — " it had com- plete success ; the devil was fairly cheated ; the victim was enabled, by means of the aid given to his will in the abstinence ho promised, to rise to a higher moral level, upon which he then advanced to permanent (or habitual) ab- stinence." Associated pledging also increased sym- pathy, and communicated power to the infirm. Never- ♦ This " Bjrmpathy " may be more distinctly analyzed. Tlie power of ftsh- ion rests on three principles of human nature. First, instinct of imit- tion of the long pledge^ which involves, not only a declara- tion to abstain from the use of intoxicating beverages, but a promise not to give, offer, or provide them ; and to dis- countenance, in every proper way, all the direct causes of intemperance. No doubt much has been achieved by this Bocial protest, imperfect as it has been. It has de- stroyed the despotism, if it has not abolished the tyranny, of drinking customs. Even at royal and lordly tables, men endowed with moderate wills may now practise abstinence with comparative ease ; and history will yet rank this work of liberation from the depotism of social custom amongst the most signal revolutions of the nineteenth century. 179. The enormous power of custom and fashion has perhaps never yet been duly estimated by the bulk of temperance reformers. It is not only that which induces many to begin to drink, and to continue drinking, — many who have no faith in the virtue, and many who even strongly suspect the evil, of the drink, — it is that which surely antagonizes, by silently undermining, the reformation. Dr Bedcloes * puts the case strongly, but truly, when he says that " crimes of moderate magnitude do not excite so much repugnance as an oversight in any of the minutias of fashion" Who, indeed, can bear to be stigmatized as " ungenteel " c* ** vulgar " ? To bear that for conscience' sake — resolutely to ignore what Mrs. Grundy may say — is the very height of heroism, though « (( Hygeia," 1802. 179. What are the two great social antagonists of temperance ? Giro Dr. B^ddoes' words, and explain the nature of the tyranny. TEXT-BOOK OB^ TKMl»KUANCK. 287 It may not wear tlio *' crown." Fashion is a kind of slavery, wherein tUore is no slavc-inastor ; but all the men and women are the mutual hIuvos of thoir adopted notions. A dandy or dandizetto, an idiot beau or belles may set the fashion, which king, lords, and commons will servilely follow, till some new idol or fresh whim displaces the old one. Fortunately, one can see that fashion and custom are powers which can be turned against themselves. When bad customs conspire to tyrannize over men's better knowledge and purer aspi- rations, it is the duty of good men to combine and estab- lish COUNTER-CUSTOMS, and to make them honored and respected by their own virtue. This custom, as Bacon says, must bo ^^ copulate, and collegiate" for "the great multiplication of virtues upon human nature besteth UPON SOCIETIES WELL ORDAINED." 180. By this, however, is meant something more com- plex and compact than the pomp and show, on which the " Times " insists in the following significant pas- sage : — " It is a known fact that men can do together and In company what they cannot do by themselves. We may call this the effect of imagination, but, if it is, then all we can say is, that imagination is a great thing in morals, and wo should advise you to make friends with it as much as you can. Imagination, indeed, does wonders in this way. Who could possibly stand for one hour to be shot at by himself? The trial would be too great for human courage, and long before half the time was out, it would occur, and we must think very naturally and How must custom be met ? 180. Give the gist of the '• Times'" doctrine as to sympathy and organizor tion. .,* m n w 288 TEXT-UOOK OF TEMPEUANCB. •■V. : 1 i! 1 1 justly, to our isolutod tarp^ot, that thi.H vrm not the sort of trial that human nature wan Intcndud to submit to; tliat wo are intcndcc\ to rough it in many way.s, and talce our clianco, but Ihttt this sort of discipline was extra-providential, and formed no part of our allotted probation. . . But put llfty men In a row, with fifty men beiilnd them, and another fifty men behind these, and they will stand to bo sliot at a whole day. Tho sol- dier depends entirely on sympathy, on the sensation that ho is in company, on the fellow-feelln;; created by the consciousness of tho same danger, for his power to go through tho awfUl scenes in which he is placed. But tills principle does not apply to courage only. Anything that is difficult to do, any exertion of resolution, any kind of self-c'.jnial, is made easier by the aid of sympathy, by knowing thai other persons are doing the same thing that you are. Tho temporanco movement, accordingly, mado large use of tids principle. There was much tact, and '.knowl- edge of human nature, in its policy. It made a great parade of the work of reformation, a grand show or pomp of it. There were meetings, inaugurations, ceremonials, with banners, trumpets, and drums, colors flying, shouts rending the air, speeches, and processions. All this was in order to bring the task of reforma- tion out of itB damp, dark, and dreadftil cavern in the solitary human heart, where the torturing demon sits amid coiled snakes and scorpions, hissing hydras, gorgons, and chimeras dire, into the open air and open light of day, to set men to work upon it together and in crowds, and glvo them the sensa- tion of only doing what numbers were doing all around them. That was a great step gained. The old proverb of omne ignotum pro terribili ♦ applies especially to a new piece of self- denial ; it is dreaded not only as being something disagreeable, but because the kind of disagreeable which it is is unknown. A drunkard has known what it is to go without drink when he was in his natural state, but he does not know what it is to go without it when he has got used to it. He dreads this unknown pain as a child is afraid of being In the dark. Then bring him and others in the same case together; make reformation a social, * That is fVightful Mhich la unknown. Ti:XT-IlOOK OF TKMPKUANCE. 28'J open, lat'fjr. innUUttiUnnua thiixj, and yon drprli'eU of half Hn dfjfl- eulty. li la then no I<)n;;<;r a luimlxT of .scuttcriHl wrotchoH, cuch In liI.H o^vu liolo juul corner, tuMiiblln;; at tin; haro Idea of A ainrjle cncouiitor with duty ; but It Is a crowd of intMi who iiro workln;? to<;cthor, nnd dlvUllug, as It wcro, the pain and burden amonff llicni. These are the onbj two • {/rcdt (iUh that have been fis yet discovered lor ca.slng the return of the drunkard to sobriety. Thoy Uuve in their day, and at Intervals, douo a good deal." 181. \Vc would pai'ticiiliirly guard against mistaking Die pomp of badges, banners, und regalia for the true power which ihey ought to Bymbollze. IJadoks— if simple, chaste, and unobtrusive — are very well and ap- propriate ; but the real question concerns their iliHtribution and their algnijicance^ — the duties tbcy indicate, the trained faculty they mark, and the privileges thoy con- fur. It is an organization of spirit, not merely a spirit of organization, which is needed ; and wo see no pros- pect of achieving great conquests over fashion in any other way. Temperance societies, as hitherto organized, have realized no fixed social and political influence at all adequate to the just and intrinsic claims of the ref- ormation. In fine, it appears to us that we need a broad and firm organization of virtue into fashion^ — an organization and machinery of brotherhood and philan- thropy, — which, by reason of its utility and labors, its nobleness, its lofty aims, and even its exclusiveness, shall 1 •There l8 a third grcnt complementary aid wliich we shall unfold In anothrir section. It la necessary to pledge ourselves to do good, but equally baucssary to remove stumbling-blocks out of the path. ISl. What are badges t 19 290 TKXT-UOOK OP TKMt'ERANCE. liTOKlMliMy attract ilio rcspoct, nnd comiu'l tlio hoiimge, of Iho world. Tli(5 tiuu " Kt)ii.s and dui^jhtrrH of t(»m- |)c>ranco," who arc awako to tlio dl<,niity of tlioir cause, to tlio holiiiOMs of tlicii' mission, and to tliu vaHtiicss of tliolr work, Hlionld <*oiiMtitnto tlicniHclvcM into an oudku OF MKUIT, — a Icj^ion of honor, — u fiochdity *• woll-or- daincd" within the loose, atomic a«.!;i,'ro«j;ato of gcnc-ral Hocicty, — which would spoodiy emancipate niankind from the vidi^ar fashions of the drinkiu}^ Hystom, ami in- augurate a more beautiful r.nd ha|)pier mode of social intercourse. The younj^ and generous, the aspiring and broad-hearted, the cjirnest workers and dce[)-culturcd intellects, now associated in thr movement, wait to l)o organized into a imialanx ov riiiLANTimopr which shall rise above all sects and parties, and, inspired with an esprit (lu corps like ihat Mhich aninmtcd the legionaries of old Home, shall go forth to the conquest and coloniza- tion of a new social worhl, governed by *' simpler man- ners " and '' purer laws." * * In Drltaln, so far back as 18:)7, a Itcnoflt Society, calling itaelf the Isdr- FKNDKNT OiiDKK .')P Uk(;ii Anii'KH \va8 fomieU, wliicli ut OHO time roie to conHi(k>nibIn Influence, but, owing to erroneous tutiloa and indiscreet inan- ngement, received a serious check some years ngo. A slndiar order, in 1842, wnn introduced into the States, tbo chief ofDco being now at Utica, New York. In England, at present, the order of tho Sons of TKMPKnANCE Becmi to take tite lead in popularity. Tlds organization was established In 1840, by Blessrs. Oliver, titc printers, of New York, to supplement and uphold the Washinotonian movement (§ 138). It has 37 Grand, and nearly 2,000 Subordinate Divisions, extending into twenty-flve States and territories, beaides the British Dominions. During the past twcnty>8eveD years, it haa What kind of Brotherhoods are needed? yotc — On the "Sonsof Tein« perance " and other bccret ordors and bcnelit societies. State tIte peculiari* ties of the " Templars/' etc. d TRXT-nOOK OF TEMrKUANCfS. 291 lfl2. Tlio Irflnonco of custom, fiishlnn, or fltmkoyljim Iflf induecl, Miu NtaiKlin^ hindniiicu to liiiiiiun improvo- nuiiilicrt'il ovrr a.OOO.OOO i)f pernonn, niul !• iiK"uillly lulvincInK, wHIi liirrrM* liiR forco ami nwrllliiK ninkit. I»t fiitiro rnioiloiii from tlui iiiacliliu'ry of •IgiiN, Krlpn, or «hM(rff», l«'iiv«» It lr«'ii iur fm-oflvn minHiomirif woik, umi It cnibruct'4 Moiiin ol' thu ubl«itt uml iiioitt titorul untl ri-llKlou* vlfincntii in lliw laml. Tlu' unli-r ii«w niitiiltrnt ulMtiit •»*00,:m)0, exclusive of (Jn-at ISriliilii. Ill IHI.'j, wa^i oPKUnlZcil tllfl TKMIM.AUS ok IIoNOU ANH rKMl'lUlA.MK. It •nibrnocM (irniid 'IViiiplvii, wIMi mibordliintoii, in twi>nty-on» .StiitcM of tUo Union. It Ih Intcnili'il wn n biglior tt'nipcraiico niitl friitcnuil orKn'ii/atiun, tiHlh atli'nitremciit by (Li/rem n* Uh memtn'm arc proved witrthy. It lum »ix drgr*'«'M, in luidlrUui to tlio initiatory, bciitiPM lb<< Social Tfinpl)', with tliri'u (li'grcfi, wlivru iulun ant ri'oi'ivcd into full nicnibprahip. Itit beautiful ritual and fraternal nuixliim unite ita lucinbvra In a bond of uuiuu and frleudalilp uut euMlly broktMi. In IHIO, till! Cadkth ()K TicMi'KUANJK, for boyx, were organized. It liai a rltunl, paofiwordii, ant lu Now Vorit .State, au Hajiahitans were nl«o orgnnlxcd in New Yoric oIty,«> a biMivilt society, and the llrMt of tho order to iK'inil colored cltlzenn to their lodges. Tltu tuck'ty vxtcudu to all thu btutuit uf thu Uuiun, aud iucluden about 2*2,000 lenibers. The Fuire->.) I ^^v 'Vvmvahmuvv. In on opgnnlxaflon formed In thvSouthero 8tute.4, compoHoti of whiten, iiumlieriii); over lno Subordiiiatu CouncMn, lo- cated mostly in Vlrxhiliiand North Carolina. It whh organized by former " Mons of reiii|)eraaoe," who preferred u Southern orgunl/ullou. ^V'oluull, old men, and ciilldren are admitted m a.isoclales. In IfioO, the order of the Council ok FitlKN Ds arose in the West ( Indiaunp oils), and now lU' .iberH over .'100 Subordinate CounclU, and l.j,0()() meiiiNerrt. It is designed for tho tried and true, and adndtH only those who liave been a vxtva\i*iv fur oHC year prvi'ioun, of the Sonn uf Temperance, (Until Templara, or some other Itiiown tcMiperanco society. Tiie inltiutioii fee U n(»t lean than five dollars, and one black ball rejects n candidate. Jt is, thcrcibre, uu aristocratic order, in the orl^'lnul nnd best sense of tlat word. Tho liNioiiTH Tkmi'I.aiis Ol- Tk.mimchanck is an order started in 18(10, as o side degree of tho •' Good TcniplarH," but Is now an entirely iiidepen- dcfit organization. lt$ platform , is j^rohihition, and it propones to operate through the ballot-box. Its pledge Is for life. Ladies are admitted, ond ita membership is estimated nt from 10,000 to :.'0,000. Last, but not least, comes the order of the (Joon Templars theniselves. This organization was instituted in 1851, and now contains 32 Grond, with 4,000 Subordinate Lodges, scattered over 20 States, and in Canada, Nova Scotia, and Prince iMlward Island. It has u liberal liuancial basis, is cvcry- ivhere scattering a temperance literature, supporting lecturers In the held, holding county and district conventions, oud Is rapidly increasing its number* 292 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. mciit, and ought to be rebuked, ridiculed, and denounced by every earnest man. Mr. J. S. Mill, in !iis work ** On Liberty,** says : — "In our times, from the highest class of society down to the lowest, every one lives as under tlrc eye of a dreaded censorship. II does not occur to them lo liave nny Inclination except for what is customary. Thus the mind itself Is bowed to the yoke; «ven in what people do for pleasure, conformity is the first thing tl^ought of; they like in crowds. Now, is this, or Is it not, a desirable condition of human nature?" But whence is the hope of "-eedom to come, save from c.nnbination on behalf of frt.Jom? For we must recol- lect, in the language of Mr. Buckle, the historian of civilization, that "whatever may be the case with indi- viduals, it is certain that the majority of men find an extreme dlj[ficulty in long resisting constant temptation.** Hence the necessity of those "orgt*nizations " just sketched. ^ 183. There now starts up another question: Whence the peculiar consequences of drinking intoxicants ? It is a fallacy to refer everything to the law of habit ; for this In almost every State and territory. It has degrees, and methods of recogni- tion. Its membership is estimated at neariy half a million. Its three de- grees correspond to the three conditions of Self Respect, Brotherly Love, and Loyalty to God. To build up such a " Living Temple " is a noble aim. Finally, the British-American Ordeu of Good Templars was started in 1858, at London, Ontario, Canada, and now numbers 200 Frimary Lodges, with 5,000 members. It acknowledges no supreme head beyond its own Grand Lodge officers. The order is doing much toward circulating temper- ance literature, rightly believing that to be one of the most effectual ways of reaching the masses of the people. 183. What are the peculiar consequences of drinking alcoholic liquor? TEXT-BOOK or TEMPERANCE. 293 is really ignoring, not explaining, the peculiar facts. The habit of smoking paper does not engender iipassion for smoking, and lead to the continued and general in- crease of the quantity smoked. Tlio habit of taking bread-pills is not attended by tlio same kind of conse- quences aj taking opium-pills. Tobacco, opium, spirits, compared with food, have all marked peculiarities. Dis- gusting at first, they create by use an intense and irresist- ible craving for themselves, which " grows by what it feeds on." Tobacco at first excites disgust and vertigo, — even insensibility in some. After a period of probation this effect disappears, and the smoker finds a peculiar fas- cination in the noxious weed. He has passed through the purgatory of disgust to the paradise of fools, is the bond-slave to his pipe ! So with opium. It is not the habit of using it, but the properly of the drug, that enslaves tlio man to the habit. As Awsiter says, in his "Essay'* (1763), "There are mvi.ny properties in it, if universally known, that would habituate the use^ and make it more in request with us than the Turks themselves, the result of which knowledge must prove a general misfortune." Nor is the law of this far to seek. The " Cyclopaedia of Prac- tical Medicine" observes (1834), " Narcotics lose their influence when they have been taken daily for a consid- erable time." But the pleasure they excite is desired again, and, as the same quantum will not suffice, a larger is taken ; and then follows the collapse oi the system, If fill Explain the law as to opium. What is tlic fallacy as to " habit '' V Show what it means. I 294 TEXT-COOK Oy TEMPEUANCE. •v attended by uneasiness and craving, which furnish a Bccond and stronger motive for repeating the increased dose or draught. Tims, says tlie *' Medico-Chirurgical Keview," writing of opium, liashish, etc., " It ia the effect [rather tendency] of all tliesc narcotic poisons, in com- mon with alcohol, to cause an ever-increasing desire for them. There can be no doubt whatever, that everything that exliausts tlie sensorial or motor power, conduces to eratei Is stationary for eight or ten hours." Give the observations of De Quincey. ! TEXT-BOOK OF TEMrKIlANCE. 21)5 Intemperance. Here Is its proximate cause, — its true etiology. It does not spring up native from the human heart ; it has no relation to any faculty or function of human nature ; it is a physical and moral effect of a physical agent, and of tiiat alone. The late Mr. Cony- bcare, in the "Edinburgh lluview," has well put the facts : — " The passion for fermented drhiks is not instinctive. A rare accident taught some sleepless Arabian chemist — torturing substance after substance iu his crucibles and alembics — how to extract tlio fierck spiuit from these agreeable drinks, and brought up, as It were, from the bottom of Pandora's box, that alcohol which has since inflicted so many evils upon the world. . . They exhilarate, they enliven, they stimulate, and exalt the mental powers. Some [men] they stupefy, sowie they convert into irritable savarjes, some Into drivelling Idiots, and some into mere pugnacious animals. All, if long and largely used, they brutalize, prostrate, and, iu the end, carry to an un- timely grave But more wonderful than these poisonous and destructive effects, is the passion for indulging in them ichich these liquors awaken [originate] in a large proportion of our fellow-men, — the Irresistible love with which these unfortunates are smitten by tliem, — the fascinating influence by which they are charmed. The will becomes absolutely spellbound through the action of alcohol on the bodies of some, and reason is de- throned, even where it formerly exercised clear and undisputed sway It IS from this fascinating poweb that tub DANGER OF USING THEM PRINCIPALLY ARISES." 184. But still more clearly was the principle stated long ago, by Dr. Thomas Reid, the Scottish philoso- pher : — Give the observations in tlie " Edinburgh Review; " of the phUosophor Beid. ;i 296 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. " Besides the appetites which nature has given us, for useful Rud necessary purposes, we may create appetites nature never gave. The frequeut use of things which stimulate the nervous system proclucea a languor lohen their effect is gone ofy and a (consequent) desire to repeat them. By tills means, a desire of a certain object is created, accompanied by an uneasy sensation. Both are removed for a time by the object desired; but they return after a certain interval.'*' . . . Such are the appetites which some men acquire for the use of tobacco, for opiates, and for intoxicating liquors." 185. Looking back at tho preceding sections (167, 182), we are brought to the old conclusion, — not that moral-suasion and temperance societies are failures (for they have done mucJi they were adapted to do, indeed quite as much as wo had a right to expect them to ac- complish under the circumstances of imperfection in which they originated), but that they are inadequatis to meet the whole causality of the evil. Until the rem- edies of an evil are as broad and deep as the circle and fountain of the cause, the effect must continue, by ne- cessity of divine law. Whatsoever we sow, that wo * « -^orks of Dr. T. Reld," Sir W. Hamilton's ed., p. 553. He odds : " TbI«J differs from natural appetite only in being acquired by custom.*' But lie la y\rong. The true difference is, that while a pint of milk, or a pound of bread will always fulfil the same ends, tho same effect cannot be produced by the same dose of a narcotic continuously. Hence, from the desire for pleas* ure, and the dislikeof pain, — the two essential Instincts of life,— in reliition to this physical law, arises the tendency of the little use to beget the ever> growing use (called abuse), which satisflcth not, as food does. If a man is a glutton, it Is in spite of the food, whicli tends to satisfy. But if a drunkard, he is so because of the tendency of drink to create an ever-increasing apf c* tlte. What is the difTercncc between the law of food and the law of jtarcotics? 185. What is the sum of the preceding argument ? TKXT-nOOlC OP TEMPEIIAXCE. 297 nmst also reap. No mere deprecations or lamentations, no hopes, no aspirations, no prayers, will in tlio leas'^ avail, if at the same time we do not touch the actual causes of the evil effect deplored. Faith is emphatically dead and barren without works, in this case ; for the same reason that no amount of trust will cause wet powder to explode. Multifarious and majestic as tho labors of tho temperance societies have been, there nro causes wliich they cannot successfully cope with and conquer ; causes which win back from them some of th(;ir proudest trophies and most promising conquests, and occasion many of their valiant soldiers to relapse into fatalism or despair. Fields that were once white unto the harvest have been covered with blight and blackness ; fruitful orchards once ruddy with health, and advancing to a ripe and rich maturity, have been withered by some baleful blast ; thousands who, under the aspirations of enthusiasm, signed pledges of abstinence, have gradually declined and narrowed into units. Such is the history of temperance societies everywhere! They have, by immense and herculean efforts, raised embankments to shut out the swelling tide of intemperance, and /or a time succeeded ; but, ere long, some current has set in, or tho incessant return of the tide has gradually destroyed the works in some part or other, and the waves have come in again with destructive power. The reason is plai a. Philanthropy can work only by Jits and starts; it tirea and relaxes, and is carried on of necessity by a system of relays; whereas misanthropy and mammon have a ma- Wliy must mere philanthropy fail to accomplish the reformalion ? What do vested interests involve ? i T 298 TEXT-nOOK OP TEMPEUANCE. ■••«» cliincry and motive-force which nro compact, incessant, and untiring. They know no repose and need no rest ; tlicir lever and fulcrum are unfortunately pivoted upon the very laws, upon vested interests and licensed in- stitutions ; and they are worked by the remorseless in- stincts of selfishness, greed, and fear, 186. While such a social anomaly exists as institu- tions for the theoretical teaching of temperance and mo- rality, side by side with a hundred thousand seminaries devoted to the practical training of drunkards, paupers, and criminals, it is sheer madness to expect anything like general sobriety and virtue. Moral palaver passes by with little influence, when uttered amidst the press- ing and hourly temptations of life. The virtuous theory held up before the intellect is weaker than the vicious temptation which appeals to the active powers ; the cor- ruption within is far stronger as a motive-force than simple intelligence. Video meliora, etc., — " we know the right, but do the wrong." That which appeals to the evil habit cannot tend to strengthen the moral nature. Of all the strange paradoxes of our time, therefore, the strangest seems to bo that of a moral suasionist opposed to prohibition, — a teetotaler who is an anti Maine Law man I For what have we here ? A person who, as a temperance member,, teaches that intoxicating liquor is physically evil and morally and socially seductive and corrupting ; who warns the pub- lic against the tavern, as a trap and a temptation to ruin; yet — 180. What \s the great practicRl temptation! Why is a moral suasionist iucousiateat? Expluiu the force oi circumstances. \ TEXT-noOK OP TR\2r2r..iNCE. 299 • )n A person who, in his relation of citizen, takes part in the election of men who make the laws which open the public house, and sanction and license the sale of the drink which, as teetotaler, he decries and denounces I It is worse than folly, however, — it is inconsistency, con- tradiction, and perversity. It is profession lloutcd by practice ; it is moral suasion counteracted by legal temptation ; it is the blaspliemy of converting law, that most sacred of attributes, into the cloak and apolo- gy for a system which is the perpetual fountain of so- cial misrule and mischief. 187. Let us review the argument. The Jirst cause why many begin to drink must be one of two, springing out of a mental state, — either a desire to realize pleas- ure or relievo pain, arising from a knowledge of the anassthetic properties of alcoholic drinks, or a belief in their dietetic advantages. This source of drinking re- quires to be combated by special education as to the true nature of alcohol, and by pointing out its danger or se- ductiveness. The second cause why men begin to drink, is the influence of fashion and custom, — one of the standing hindrances to human progress. This can be resisted only by combination, — that is, associated example, — and the particular fashions connected with drinking re- quire a confederation more complicoted, perfect, and august than any we have yet seen in operation ; we in- voke support, therefore, to the higher organizations, — the new orders of merit founded upon work, on intrmsicand tried worthiness, — organizations which combine the vir- 187. What Is the lesson of the whole, In relation to the three evils -nd M« three remedies 1 300 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. •v 1 I tucs of Frco Masonry, tlio benefits of Mutual Assurance, and the dignities of Intelligence and Virtue. But, drink- ing from any influence, to begin with, generates by phys- ical law the liking for strong drink, which is, in fact, the initial degree and universal inauguration of the world's drunkenness. The solo 'proximate cause of tho drunkard's appetite is tho physical operation of the drink, inducing the gradual disorganization of tho nor- mal nature of man, lirst of his nervous system, and 8C<;- ond of his mental associations. This is tho secret of intemperance, which is tho condition we desire to remove, and which, of course, can only bo removed by tho de- struction of its cause. It is this acquired liking — this subjective susceptibility within men — that gives such tremendous power to the ramified temptations of tho traffic. Tho enemy^ as it were, has friends already within the citadel, willing to open the gates. So when the drink is impeached and placed at tho bar, the jury are bribed and prejudiced in its favor. The traffic surrounds the people with ready drinking facilities, and presses upon them perpetual suggestions, at once in harmony with ignorance, with custom, and with appetite. Hence its potency and the tenacity of its grasp. Law has en- trenched and emblazoned it, and law to the multitude is a powerful teacher ; and what tho law has raised into power, the law can alone destroy. It has, in fact, raised a monster ; has constructed and vivified a social Frank- enstein, whose " daily bread " is confusion and crime ; and no lesser agency can now annihilate it. It is too strong for mere suasion ; it demands legal prohibition^ called forth by tho voice of the people, and armed with executive power, — prohibition as expressive of the wis- TEXT-DOOK OF TKAIPEUANCK. 301 dom and virtue of the community, ami solemnly realizing in their Hocial constitution, for tlio boncllt of tlio great masses of the pcoplo^ thai protection for whicli tlio Chris- tian petitions God on his own behalf, — '* Lead us not Jnto temptation, but deliver us from evil." When our remedies are thus coextensive with the causes of the dist. -dcr, wo may expect the temperance enterprise to go on to an assured and corai>leto victory. Prohibition, by removing the hindrance, will give fair play to moral suasion ; or, to change tiie figure, prohi- bition, by draining aimy the poisoned waters that kill the seed of much truth, will allow the germs of knowl- edge and virtue to fructify in an appropriate soil, and to grow up to a fair and fruitful harvest of social happi- ness. 188. It has been shown that the moderate use of drink is the only proper and proximate cause of drunkenness, and that all attempts to get rid of this vice, without abstinence, will necessarily fail. The surroundings of men, playing upon their feelings and perverting their un- formed judgments, is a more powerful teacher than any mere words. This truth, Byron saw when he apostro- phized « Circumstance, thou unspiritual God and miscreator, Whose touch turns hope to dust, The dust we all have trod/' Still, it is quite true that temperance requires its bnl- •^arks, — certain exterior and supplementary work, which the enlightened temperance man should partly inaugu- 188. What is meant by the «• Bulwarks of Temperance"? 302 Ti:\T-nOO!C or TKMrKllANCR. I .. ;t*i^.)<' ratp, aad partly sliimihito others, loss mlvnnccd, to per- form. These ** conservtitors of tempcnmee," as wo may call them, arc, as the auctioneer's catalogue phrases it, ** too numerous to mention " in detail ; but the class may be known by a few samples, 189. Education is the first of those, — using the word in its proper and original sense as an educing, or bring- ing out, the latent and higher powers of the mind. For though mere cramming, learning, and instruction — or knowing, as dissevered fVom feeling and habitual being -^ is no safeguard against the encroachments of sensuality 80 long as the physical causes of appetite are fostered, it is yet very important to recollect, that a thirst, for knowl- edge, a taste for reading, a perception of the beautiful in nature and art, — in brief, the pursuit of intellectual and refined pleasures, — must positively and powerfully tend to conserve wise and pure habits of temperance, and negatively, as regards time and opportunity, tend to narrow the dangerous platform of temptation. He who has pure tastes and good habits will be least sus- ceptible to the evil influences of bad customs, least at- tracted by the gross seductions of the impure social cir- cle. As the ale-house is the antagonist of the school, so are the school, the mechanics' institute, the gallery of art, the oratorio, the free library, and the lecture-room the rivals of the drinking saloon. 190. We remember once hearing an advocate of tem- 180. What is the function of Education, and how does it bear upon the core of intemperance ? 100. Uovr docs sanitarjr reform stand related to the Temperance Befomui* Uou? TEXT-DOOK OF TEMPKUANCB. 303 poranco woakly docryinj? flanltary reform an ntadlesa, wluMo wo luul teototttllsm I Nothing can bo more absurd, nothing raoro calculated to bring contempt and dorlHion upon tho cause ho was so foolishly pleading. Not to in- f i8t on tho truth, that tho very thing repudiated should bo ono of tho uses of temperance, — ono of tlioso erids that give value to tho means, — tho advocate had clean forgotten thtit bad sanitary arrangements, by inducing a low tone of health, and fostering a morbid condition of tho mind, at onco increase the susceptibility to tempta- tion and lessen the power of resistance. The felt want of tho physical system may bo said almost to drive tho victim of dirt, malaria, and deficient ventilation to tho use of such narcotics and stimulants as will alTord un< doubted temporary relief. Tho truly enlightened advo- cate, therefore, must also bo tho friend of every kind of real sanitary and dietetic reform, the supporter of sani- tary law, and of baths and wash-houses for tho people. Ventilation, and tho absence of dirt and decomposition from the homestead and the street, is but another name for bathing the blood in pure air ; while tho bath and tho wash-house are the instruments for securing the purity, or ventilation, of the pores of tho skin, thus completing tho purification of tho circulating vital fluids. If *' clean- liness be next to godliness," — by tending to put tho soul in a better attitude of attention, — it may be said with still greater emphasis, that " cleanliness is part of temperance." If "bulwarks" and "preventatives" are needful to the normal and unvitiated members of society ; if, to sus- tain them in virtue, even their circumstances must be in .harmony with the theory of well doing, it is evident that 1 I 304 TEXT-IIOOK or TKMl'KUANCR. Vr' special teaching ond dlsclpllno, tlirongli fitting Institu- tions, MJiould cxUt for the (luv(«lo|)o- cent recreation ; for, bo assured, such h Its most plausible uso is roducod to tho solitary fact of ?ts being an ancesthetic^ or nerve-quieter. C). That Revelation and Science accord in u remark- able manner upon tli3 moral and physical question of tho uso of intoxicating wines, tho Bible having plainly pointed out their poisonous, seductive, narcotic, and hea't-deceiving properties, and nowliero given them its direct sanction. That Teetotalism, in all its parts, physical, social, and moral, is distinctly approved. 7. That histor}' shows beyond denial, that Interaper- Ance is no question of race or climate, but has prevailed \maU ages and amongst all people, whether refined or bfffbarous, whether educated or ignorant, whether pagan, Jew, or Christian, in proportion to the facilities for the use of intoxicants. 8. That, in tho language of Thomas de Quincey, " Tho most remarkable instance of a combined movement in society, which history perhaps will bo summoned to notice, is that which, in our own days, has applied itself to the abatement of Intemperance. Two vast movements are hurrying into action, by velocities continually accelerated, — the great revolutionary movement from political causes, concurring with tho great physical movement in locomotion and social intercourse from the gigantic power of steam. At the opening of such a crisis, had no third movement arisen of resistance to in- temperate habits, there would have been ground for -J - i 0. What is the testimony of the Bible ? Docs tlie Bible sanction intoxi- cating wine ? 7. What does history show ? 8. What statement is made by Thomas dc Qulnccy ? What is the only remedy ? 312 TEXT-DOOK OF TEMPEUAXOE. mi^» deapondcncj' as to the melioration of the human race." That the only remed}'' possible is a sj^stcmatic organiza' tion of moral and political force, as against an insidious and cruel foe, which shall meet the various conditions which give support to Intemperance. Tliat the history of the Temperance movement in America, and incident- ally in Britain, is a providential development of tho remedies required to meet those conditions. That pro- hibition, wherever fairly, tried, and ao far as tried, has succeeded. 9. That the philosophy of the Temperance entcrpris^^ is a question of causation, or of those factors on wbM the effect depends. That these three — (1) false fb- tions and estimates of the drink ; (2) social fashions and usages ; (3) public facilities for the sale of drink — must be met by their corresponding cures, — suasion for the head ; ths fashion of a better associated exam- ple for the conventional usage ; and prohibition of the traffic as the crown and complement of the Temperance movement. 9. What three causes arc given for the prevalenoe of iDtemperanoe? Whai are tiw three cures ? man race." ic organiza' in insidions conditions tlio history id incidcnt- cnt of tho That pro- > tried^ has enterprigp^ I on whjlQ!' ) false vb' il fashions 3f drink — — suasion ited exam- ion of the emperanco ranoe? Whai I i • ^^ ,*..;'.•;>;(< f/'f*'^ I ' '-'■•. h: J?/ ■V.-."' ■ ">■,■■, '•■■.)'' ;>t^.#-- ■■;■,;'.* J-._;r 1 ; V •J. •/,■,-',