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llEiNKY IVITLLS HI HJJ

Til!-. FIRST SI PERINTKNDENT OF
'liih lOliNS HOPKINS HOSPn \L

niOMAS STEPHEN CIJTXEN

IffSO

^4^i<.^

iu K>u>^^L^

HENRY MILLS KURD

THE FIRST SUPERINTENDENT OF
THE JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL

THOBfAS STEPHEN CULLEN

TBI Johns Hopkiics Puss
Baltimors

1920

Muxtaaaat m., v. ». *.

PREFACE

I have written this article at the request of Judge Henry D.
Harlan, president of the Board of Trusteea of the Hospital,
and of Mr. George K. McGaw, one of the trustees of the hospi-
tal — one of Dr. Hurd's wannest friends and the donor of a
large sum of money towards the erection of the Heniy M.
Hurd Library Building which is to be on the hospital grounds.

It was my good fortune to come to the hospital in 1891, just
two years after it opened. In my early years I viewed Dr.
Hurd's work from the immature standpoint of the junior
intern, later as a senior house officer, and for at least 15 years
Dr. Hurd has been one of my very best friends.

I I has been a delight to browse through his early writings,
to digest the chief events of the hospital as they were sketched
by him in the yearly reports, and to epitomize the results of
his labors since he retired from the active management of the
hospital in 1911. I had always looked upon Dr. Hurd as an
indefatigable worker, but until now I have never had the
slightest conception of the tremendous amount he has accom
plished and of how largely he has been responsible for f^e
phenomenal success of The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

The addition of "Some Random Recollections" written
by Dr. Hurd himself will undoubtedly prove of interest to
his many friends.

Thomas 8. Cxjlles.

(S)

tin

CONTENTS

CHAFTBB PAOK

I. Earlier Life 9

II. Papers on Psychiatry Prior to Residence In Baltimore. . 13

III. First Superintendent of Tbe Johns Hopkins Hospital. . 16

IV. Extracts from Annual Report of the Hospital, 1889 19

V. Extracts from Annual Reports, 1890-1897 31

VI. Extracts from Annual Reports, 1898-1906 43

VII. Extracts from Annual R^orts. 1906-1911 66

VIII. RelaUons with the Hospital Staff 63

IX. Papers Publish 1 while Superintendent of the Hospital. 69
X. Papers Published while Superintendent of the Hospital

(Concluded) gl

XI. Secretary of the Bofmi of Trustees of the Hospital 93

XII, Books written by Henry M. Hurd 100

XIII. Summary II3

XIV. Death of Qeorge Keen McOaw 117

XV. Some Random Recollections by Henry M. Hurd 119

Bibliography I37

Kt)

tailliWpHi y iji j iii . ii ii i w iwwii * i»»n

ILLUSTRATIONS

TAoaa

PASB

Henry M. Hurd Frontispiece

Henry M. Hurd. 1889 18

Henry M. Hurd and George Keen McOaw 118

Family Groups, 1849 and 1868 120

Family Groups. 1863 and 1868 124

Family Group, 1870, and Henry M. Hurd, 1874 ISO

i7»

»»^te|gjjigg*^^r^^^g^ftS|»affl|

HENRY MILLS HUBD

TH:' first superintendent of the JOHNS
HOPKINS HOSPITAL

Bt THOMAS S. CULLEN

Chafteb I
DR. HIJRD'S EARLIER LIFE

The subject of this sketch, probably the best known hospital
superintendent in the United States, an expert on hospital
organization and management, professor of psychiatry, author
and editor, was a product of Michigan, a state that has
furnished many well-known figures in American medicine.

Shortly after Dr. Hurd came to Baltimore a charming
sketch of his early life and of his manifold activities in I'lala-
mazoo and Pontiac appeared from the pen of Dr. C. B. Burr,
his successor at the Eastern Michigan Asylum at Pontiac.
This tribute appeared in the American Journal of Insanity,
1899, Vol. 46, p. 303. As it cannot l^ improved upon I shall
give it in detail :

Henry M. Hurd, A. M., M. D., the reemtly i^^polnted director
of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and the subject of oar
photosravore, wa« bom May 8, 1843, at Unicm City, Branch Co.,
Michigan. His parents, Theodore C. and Ellen B. (Hammond)
Hurd, were of New England (Connecticut) stock. His father, a
pioneer physician, came to Michigan in 1834; and, worn out by
laborlooa practice amid the hardships and privations of pioneer
life in a malarioaa country, died at the early age of 39, leaving
a wife and three little boya.

(»)

HBNRT MILLS HURD

Hit mother remarried in 1848, and in 1864 the family remored
to Oalesburs. 111. In 1868 he entered Knox College, where he
■pent two years. Subsequently he devoted a year to teaching and
general study, and in 1861 entered the Junior class of the UnlTer-
slty of Michigan. He graduated from the uniyerslty in 1868, and
in the same year began the study of medicine with his stepfather,
who was also a physician. He attended lectures at the Rush
Medical College, Chicago, and at the University of Michigan, and
graduated from the department of medicine and surgery of the
university in 1866. The year following graduation he spent in
New York in study and hospital work. Subsequently he removed
to Chicago, where he engaged in dispensary and genera! practice
for two years. It was during the time of his residence in Chicago,
In 1870, that he received the appointment of assistant physician
to the Michigan Asylum for the Insane at Kalamazoo, and entered
that field of ffi Ileal practice in which he has achieved so much
distinction. He served the asylum in the capacity of assistant
physician for eight years, at the end of which time he became
assistant superintendent On the opening of the Eastern Michigan
Asylum at Pontiac In the fall of the same year he was appointed
its first superintendent, and -:cupied this posiUon continuously
for 11 years. Possessing ra»o skill as an organizer, broad cul-
ture, literary attainments of a high order, a thorough medical
training and a long asylum and hospital experience, he brought
to the work of organizing the Eastern Michigan Asylum those
qualities which enabled him to place It at once »"nong the progres-
sive asylums of the country. He early identified himself with
the Association of Medical Superintendents, and was an earnest,
faithful and zealous member of this body.

During the period of his administration of affairs of the Eastern
Michigan Asylum he has seen the treatment of the Insane
revolutionized. For the abolition of restraint, the employment of
the insane, the extension of the system of night-nursing, the de-
velopment of the "cottage plan," and the introduction of home
comi;-U into the dull, unattractive institutional life of previous
years, he has been an ardent and enthusiastic advocate. To him,
perhaps, as much as to any other man among the present genera-

(10)

BARLIBR HISTORY

ti(m of alienists In this eoantry, U due the npid frowth at pro-
greealre methods in the ear* of the Insane, and the adranced posi-
tion which American psychiatry Is taking. His mental eoltore,
which enabled him to grasp intricate problems In all their details,
his philanthropic instincts, his ready sympathies and his keen
Insli^t into the needs of the insane, conjoined with the quick per-
ception of the skilled physician, made him an ideal asylum super-
intendent His p'^sonal presence was inspiring; he infused his
own spirit of tireless energy among his subordinates, he nnlfled
his staff and his corps of employes, and could always rely upon
their thorough co5peration. In 1881 he Tisited Sunqw for trayel
and InTestlgation In the special lines of work in which he was
engaged. The results of this trip were the subject of a special
communication to the Joint Boards of Trustees of the Michigan
asylums, and were published in connection with the biennial re-
port of the Eastern Michigan Asylum for 1882. His writings
upon the subject of mental medicine have been Toluminous and
of a high order. Aside fmn the numerous papers published in
the American journal of Inaanity, as reference to its flies for
the past 11 years will show, many of great merit hare appeared
elsewhere.

Among his recent and most scholarly productions is his presi-
dential address in 1889 before the alumni association of the medi-
cal department of the University of Michigan, on "The Mental
Hygiene of Physicians." His reports of the Eastern Michigan
Asylum are written In a masterly and finished style, and have
been warmly received and favorably noticed by the precession of
this and foreign countries. He was a vice-president of the Ninth
International Medical Congress, is a member of the Michigan
State Medical Society and of the Detroit Academy of Medicine,
and is corresponding member of the Detroit Medical and Library
Association.

In June ot the presrat year there came to him, without preri-
otts Intimation, the tender of the position of director of The Johns
H(9kins Hospital. The dfer came as a gratifying surprise, but
he hesitated to accept it He was reluctant to relinquish the
work to which he had devoted his best years, to separate himself

(11)

HBNRT MILLS HURD

!(■

from hla patient*— maoy of whom had lone hMn objoeta of his
car* and aolldtad*— and from frlonds *nd«ar«d to him by th*
•tronf«*t tl«*. H* h**lUted to abandon th* work In whleh h* had
b«*n ao long and raocwMfuUy engaced, and In which th* pro*p*eta
for ftttar* oacfiiln*** op*ned wld* and *r*r wld«r b*for* blm;
but oonsldoratlon*. paramonnt among whleh ware th* Ineraaaad
opportunltloa for the education of hla diUdren, oonatralned him
to accept the poaltlon.

By mental endowmenta and education he la peculiarly well
fitted tor the reaponalble and delicate dutlea of a hoapltal direo-
tor. He la thoroughly de**rT!ng of hla recent rwj great honor,
and will adorn the poaltlon to which h* baa b*«n called; but aa
we write theae Unea. the feeling retuma with erer-lncreaalng fwoe,
that In the gain of The J(dina Hopklna Hoapltal, the proCeaalon of
paychlatry auatalna an Irreparable loea, and the aaylum ayatem <a:
Michigan la deprived of Ita moat llluatrlooa exponent

When Dr. Hurd came to Baltimore to see The Johns Hop-
kins Hospital and to meet the trustees of the hospital one of
the trustees from the Eastern Michigan Asylum at Poctiac
came with him with the intention of urging his superintendent
to decline the call. After he had met the trustees and had
visited the hospital he turned to Dr. Hurd and said : " My
object in coming with you was to see that you retr led to
Michigan, but I have changed my mind. If they offer you this
position and you do not accept ii^ you wiU make the mistake of
your life."

IIXJ

BARLT PAPERS ON FSYOHIATRT

Chaptbi II

PAPr^ ON PSYCHIATBY PUBLISHED BY

DB. HUBD PBIOB TO fflS COMING

TO BALTIMORE

Amid his many Mjlmn duties Dr. Hud fonnd time to do
much writing and, as intimated by Dr. Bnrr, contribnted a
great deal to our knowledge of insanity. In 1880 he published
a paper on " Becent Judicial Decisions in Michigan Belative
to Insanity." This was followed in 1381 by "A Plea for
Systematic Therapeutical, Clinical and Statistical Study.** In
this paper Dr. Hurd carefully analyzed the methods employed
in the various asylums and clearly pointed out where improve-
ments might with much profit be inaugurated. On page 11 he
says:

Much of the preeent statistical toformatlon contained to the
pabllshed reports qf the Institutions tor the insane Is nnsatlstao-
U^T. There are tables enooth, hat they laok anitormltr, pre>
dsion In statement and practical atility.

Thdr lack of uniformity is w^ illustrated br the varying num-
ber of tables given In different reports, taken at random from
a package before me.

In concluding this article Dr. Hurd says :

In this earnest plea for more sTStematlo thwapeutieal. clinical
and statistical inquiries, I would not be understood as criticising
the thintragh wwk now done in conneetion with as^ums. I have
merely attempted t« p<dnt out the necessity for farther progress,
and have soggeeted methods whieh would tend to Increase the
effleleney of asylom work.

(18)

HBNRY MILLS HURD

In 1888 Dr. Hnrd published papen on " Practical Sng-
gMtiona Belative to the Treatment of Inianity " and " The
Treatment of Periodic Inianity."

At a sanitary convention held in Pontiac in January, 1883,
Dr. Hnrd gave a most interesting address on " The Hereditary
Influence of Alcoholic Indulgence Upon the Production of
Insanity." His views as expressed 86 years ago tally so well
with our present conception of this most important subject
that I quote his conclusions :

In the foregolnc paper I have endeavored to show that In-
ebriety In parents Is a irequent cause of Insanity In their children.
beeaose dronkenness produces a transient insanity, even In a
healthy brain; chronic drunkenness produces organic brain dis-
eases, bringing In their train Impairment of the memory, inac-
tivity of the reason, a weakening of the will, and a loss of the
natural affections; also moral perversions and vicious propensi-
ties, and finally, unmistakable diseases of the mind and nervous
system— all of which are capable of transmission to childron.

That the children of Inebriate parents inherit diseases, sneh as
epilepsy, hysteria, chorea and idiocy, or if not actual diseasea.
nervous systems which are abnormally responsive to every tOrm
of disturbing Influence and are easily disordered.

That between the ages of 20 and 46 insanity Is liable to be
developed In the children of Inebriates, and that insanity of this
type la recovered from Imperfectly or not at all.

And finally, that however much people may differ as to the
expediency of " prohibition," s&called, in the present state of pub-
lic sentiment, there should be no dMCerence of opinion among
thinking men as to the right and duty of the sUte to take
strenuous measures to prevent the transmission of an inebriate
heredity to children.

During 1883 Dr. Hurd also published a paper entitled
" PutiiTd Provisions for the Insane in Michigan,** In this
article he sketched in a moet interesting way the haphazard

(14)

■ARLT PAPBR8 ON PITCRIATRT

manner in which inune patients were looked after in Michi-
gan until the opening of the aaylnm for the inune at Kala-
mazoo. He ipoke in no uncertain terms of the duty of the
state to care for the insane within her borders. The conclud-
ing paragraph in this article rereals rery dearly the wise
statesirnnship of Dr. Hurd :

I wou Itersta the oonrletioo that It < > the duty of tbe staU
to eonttnne to care for her Inswie In the staU asTltuns: that ao
eonslderaUon of false eeonomy thould vnwtat her from dotng
everjrthlnf whleh oan be dooe for the eomlbrt and restoratioo of
•Ter7 Insane person. If he reqairea the restraint and sedosloB of
an asylum for the dangwtms Insane, he should haye It If he
reQulree euratlTe treatment In • hospital, or raffers from a form
of disease which calls for constant narslng. he shoald hare that
If his welfare will be promoted by glTlag him labor, the liberty
of hom^ and a manner of life nearly resembling that of a private
family, he shoald recelTe them. No money should be wasted upon
buildings, surroundings, or care. Sufficient howerer. should be
expended to render each unfortunate as comfortable as his oondl-
Uon will permit Anything less than this Is unworthy a great
state like Michigan. ^^

Dr. Hurd in 1883 also published "The Minor Treatment
of Insane Patients." In 1886 he pubUehed an interesting
article on "Paranoia.** During the year 1886 we find two
articles from his pen " The Belation of General Paresis and
Syphilitic Insanity** and "The Data of Becovery from In-
88:ity.** In 1887 "Gastric, Secretory and Other Crises in
Geneml Paresis*' and "The Colony System of Michigan**
appeared. In 1888 Dr. Hurd published an important article
on The Beligious Delusions of the Insane,** sJso an article
on « Imbecility with Insaniiy.** In 1889 he also contributed
a paper entitled "A Case of Inebriety with Insanity: with
Hemarks."

(IS)

HENRY MILLS HUaD

I ;

i"'

Chapter III
DR HUBD, THE FIRST SUPERINTENDENT OP THE
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL
Dr. Hurd was appoiBted superinteident of The Johns
Hopkins Hospital in June, 1889, and assumed the duties of
the position on August 1, at which time President Oilman, who
had acted as director of the hospital since the preceding
Pehruary, and Dr. John S. Billings, who had heen medical
advisor to the Board of Trustees for 12 years, terminated their
connection with the hospital. Dr. Hurd, as has already heea
mentioned, was the first superintendent of the Eastern Michi-
gan Asylum at Pontiac. Here he had taken charge of a hrand
new institution, had worked out the details of its management
and had piloted its destiny most successfully for 11 years.
Here at the Hopkins he had a similar opportunity, dif-
fering only in tiiat the patients were suffering from bodily
inswad of mental ills. In this institixtion he was destined to
establish later the most harmonious relationship between the
hospital and The Johns Hopkins Medical School which opened
its doors in 1893. His wise councU, his broad vista and his
tact have in large measure been responsible for the continuous
cordial and intimate relations that have always existed between
the medical sdiool and the hospital.

Dr. Burr in his tribute to Dr. Hurd said, ** His reports of
the Eastern Michigan Asylum are written in a masterly and
finished ttyl^ and have bean warmly received and favorably
noticed by the profession of this and foreign countries.'* The

<ie)

DR.

HENRY M. HURD WHEN HE CAME TO THE JOHNS
HOPKINS HOSPITAL IN 1889.

iOBemm

I
■',.1

8UPBRINTBNDBNT OF THE JOHNS H OPKINS HOSPITAL

same standard of excellence shown in the Michigan reporta haa
been maintained in the annual reports of The Johna Hopkins
Hospital. In fact, when the history of this institution is
written it will only be necessary to amplify what haa already
been succinctly reported in the yearly record of the hospital.

The annual report has given the list of the trustees together
with their various committees, the consulting physicians, the
medical board, the house staff and the names of the physicians
connected with the out-patient department. Dr. Hurd then
briefly chronicled the important events occurring during the
year, referred in dcuul to the changes in the personnel of the
staff and pointed out where certain departments needed to
expand or where new departments should be created. It is
interesting to watch how a suggestion of his would bring forth
fruit In one report he would advise the innovation, in the
next it would be briefly stated that tentative plana were under
way. The next report would probably say that the building
was under construction, and in the report of the foUowing
year would be a detailed description of the building together
with splendid illustrations, and in addition tiiere would be a
succinct report of the addresses given at the dedication of the
building. A more detailed report of the proceedings would
usuaUy be contained in the hospital Bullbtik or form the
theme for an address.

The report of the Training School for Nurses has alwaya
been given a prominent part in the superintendent's report
and since 1896 there has been a very fuU report of the colored
orphan asylum. Dr. Hurd haa always made it a rule to make
acknowledgment of gifts to the hospital no matter how small
they have been, and since the beginning he haa never failed
each year to thank the clergy who have held services in the

<1T)

I'Xi

HENRY MILLS HURD

hospital on the Sabbath. The statistical tables relating to the
patients treated in the hospital and in the dispensary have
been most exact and very full.

The annual reports of The Johns Hopkins Hospital from
1889 to 1911 breathe the very atmosphere of Henry M. Hurd
and in no other way can the reader gain a better insight into
his make-up and into the tremendcuj amount of work this
splendid medical statesman has accomplished than by reading
these records.

liS)

•;;*'!^5j^!SHL.. _

EXTRACTS PROM ANNUAL RBPORTS

Chapteb IV

EXTRACTS FROM THE JOHNS HOPKINS

HOSPITAL ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1889

No description of Dr. Hurd's work would be complete with-
out a reference to that splendid Board of Trustees and that
rare medical staff with whom he was associated in the early
days of the hospital I have accordingly had the first and
secc: 5 pages of the first report reprt)duced. All who were
fortunate enough to have been connected with the hospital in
fte early days wiU never forget that splendid, candid, whole-
soul^ face of Miss Isabel Hampton. One never thought of
Mr. Emory without instantly associating him with Mr. Joseph
Hoplnns, and everybody in the hospital, both young and old
looked upon Miss Rachel Bonner aa an elder sister

For convenience I have divided the reports into the regular
calendar year, although, as a matter of fact, the hospital year
began February 1 and ended January 31.

1889
(May, 1889-nJanoar3r 81, 1890)
Dr. Kurd's first report begins as follows :
To the Trustee, of The Johne EopMnt Hotpital:
OromffliKr.— I present hererwlth a sammarr oT th« !»«««»».

xri,i?K "»• ''o^"^ yw majr oomMpond with the llMai jeu
which roni from February 1 to January 81.

<10)

HESniT MIIXS HX7RO

OBOAlflZATION

The organization of The Johns Hopkins Hospital differs In
some essential feittnres from that of other general hospitals in
the United States. The service is divided Into three distinct
departments — medical, surgical and gynecological each under a
responsible chief with continuous service. The heads of these
departments are non-resident, but arrangements are made for
them to give as much time to the work of the hospital as the
necessities of patients demand.

Each departmer.^ has a responsible resident physician who has
had a long and varied experience in a general hospital, and is
abundantly able to fill the place of the chief of the department
whenever he is absent from the hospital. Each resident physician
has a staff of assistants who give aid In case-taking, surgical
operations, clinical notes, examinations of urine, sputum, blood,
etc. — also in dispensary work generally. The resident and assis-
tant resident physicians, surgeons and gyneccdoglsts, are resident
In the hospital.

The dispensary has a chief who directs and arranges the work
of the different departments, and each department in turn is
under the special direction and control of a responsible head,
who takes care of the work and has a amtlnuous service. Bach
head of a dispensary department has as many assistants as the
proper work of his department requires, whose medical work he
directs and controls.

The nursing work of the hospital is under the charge of the
superintendent of nurses, who also acts as the principal of the
training school. She has the responsibility of the management of
the nurses' home and the instruction of nurses. She selects
and accepts probationers, prescribes courses of study and arranges
duties. She supervises all nursing-work.

The purchase and delivery of provisions and the cooking, dis-
tribution and serving of food, are placed in the hands of a pur-
veyor, who is made responsible for this branch of hospital work.

The care of rooms and buildings and the oversight <a the work
of the laundry come upon the matron, who is charged with the
duty of purchasing bedding, dry goods, clothing, household and

(20)

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL RBPORTS

laundry rappUet. In addition to these offlcee there la a comp-
troller of aeconnts, who sopenrlaea the receipt of mcmey and the
payment of bills; an apothecary, who porehases medicines and
prepares and delivers prescriptiims; a sapenrlsor of grounds, who
looks after all outside labor; and an engineer, who has the care
and OTersight <a the engines, boilers, filters, pumping apparatus,
machinery, warming and ventilating apparatus, water-tanks,
sewers, water-closets, lavatories, steam-cooking i^tparatus, water,
gas, electrical and steam distribuUon.

mSTOBIOAL
Upon the opening of the hospitol in May, 1889. Dr. W. H. Welch
had been appointed pathologist, Dr. William Osier, physician-in-
chlef. and Dr. William S. Halsted, acting surgeon and chief of the
dispensary; Dr. Hmry A. Lafleur, resident physician, and Dr.
P. J. Brockway, resident surgeon; with Dr. H. A. Toulmin, assis-
tant physician, and Dr. George B. Clarke, assistant surgeon.

SubsequenUy in June Dr. Howard A. Kelly was appointed
gynecologist and obstetrician, and Dr. Hunter Robb, resident
gynecologist. The value of the services of Dr. Billings in planning
and building the hospital cannot be too hifl^y estimated. His
foresight as to the future of the hospital, hto high ideals of hospi-
tal requirements, his familiarity with hospital work and his
versatility in adapting means to ends, have done much to bring
The Johns Hopkins Hospital to its present stote of occellenoe.

President Oilman's services as an organiser were of great value.
By an unusual occurrence of events it was possible for him to
bring the university idea into hospital managonent, and to give
to the inaoguration of the hospital enterprise a breadth and
liberality which it might have lacked had it been exclusive
organized by a purely hospital officer.

TRUSTEES AND MEDICAL 8TAPF

Pages 22 and 23 are facsimiles from the first annual report
(1889) of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, giving the Trustees,
Consulting Physicians, Medical Board and Hospital Staff at
that time.

(M)

TRUSTEES.

FlUUf CI8 T. KUrO.

JOBBPH MERBEFIBLD.

LBWIS N. ROPKINa

Mmditn < tftr ifavrff
QaoMB WmaAM Baowv, Chabus J. M. Owm,

Jaksb Oambt, Ijiwh N. Horxim,

OaoBOi W. CoBMn, Fbabcu T. Koio,

WnxiAM T. Dixo*, Ala" P. Smith, M. D.,

Onaaa W. Dosnir, G IIobtov BnwAiT,

JotBPB P. Buiorr, Fiuvon Wheo.

CXMMMITTCEa

FSAVcn T. Knro, « qfU»t
Alas P. Skrh,
FkAXCB WHtn.

Gaoias W. Ooavn,
OaoBoa W. Dofsuv,

GaoBos W. Ccnram Fbavos T. Kno, m «0mt,

WnxiAX T. Dccov, F«a»o» WHrts.

BtMhf a i H i i .'

GaoMB W. OoMBB, Pbabch T. Knw . m

OaoBSB W. Donnr, Aiuui P. Buva,

FkABoa Warn.

CONSULTING PHYSICIANS.

AZAH p. Sian, M. D, rapmnitinf Hoqpital Tn^»m,
Jaxbb Oabbt Tbokai, M. D, rtpraMoO^ Uairtnity TraMMi^
I. B. Asaammm, M. D^ T. 8. LATmaa, M. D^

& a Chbw, M. D^ p. r.UMLm, M. D,

p. DoBALnoB, M. D, O. W. MnunBnaBDBB, M. D^

W. T. HowABD^ M. Dn 1* McLabb Totabt, M. D.,

a JoBBHOB, M- D^ W. a VABBOBailLIX,

H.P.a WiuoB,lLJ>.

MEDICAL BOARD.

AiAB P. 8MITB, M. D, wpwwBtii* HaKfUKltnmmt,
Jakb Cabbt Thoma^ M. D^ r eprawitiB g Uaiwwltj
W. &Halmbd,M.IX, Howabd a. Kbixt, M. D,

HasBT M. HuBD^ If . D, Wiluak Oubb, M. D,

WiLUAM H. Waua^ If . D.

•-»»*

HOSPITAL STAFF.

U.Bva»,U.JK

WauAV OoJB, M. D.

HAvrr Tooumi, M. I>^

Bmncf A. LAWUfBm,M.lK

lC.Dk

WnuAK & HAunD^ M. D.

F. J. BaoGKWAT, M. IX

OfntealogitI mii (Hukkitkm

HowABD A. Kbixt, M. D.

Oaoaoa E. Clabsiv If. D.

W. W. Fabb, m. r.

BmidmU Qfumlotbtt:

Bnm Rbaa,lLD

A. L.O1

WnxiiJi H. Wi

M.IX

M.D.

W. T. COVMOOMAM, If. IX

AUDUVSBB G. Abbor, 1L D.

M.IX

OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT.
Cki^ 4^ tk$ Dupmmrft
WnxiAX 8. HAZBirBDk U. TX
^ OtMral JMieiM.-
WxiuAX On.BB, M. D.
% DeptrtmtHl pi Dimtm ^ OdUtm:

WiLUAx Oaxm, M. D., nd W. IX
S. IVpiirfw* ^ Nmmm Limtm:

WnxiAX OUB, IL D., ud H. M. 'SmaauM, M. D.

4. Jiyiwwl ^ Ommd Awftry:

W. a Hautbis M. D., Mriitad I7 J. M. T. Ftanrar, If. IX

5. Dipartmmt tg OmUo-Ur nu rf Ikmm:

W. & HAunoH If: D., wd JAMBi Bbowx, M. D.

9. Btftrtmmt ^ Opuadoff:

H. A. KaixT. M. D, — Irttd liy Hwrna Bcbb^ M. D.

7. Dto|MNMMl q^ QrfrtBJf'tfy Md (Hotoni

a TMBOBAUk M. Dl, «ad B. L. Babsous, M. IX

8. Ikpartrnml ^ LmfHgobgf:

Jamm N. Maocbbiii^ M. IX
4. JkpaHmmt *i Li r matohgi f:

S. & MoBwm, IL IX

Ifui luBBb A. Haxrob, ay(r< »< w d « rf y Amu

L. WlBDBB BKOBT,
Mm Baobbi. A. BobBbb, Mmkon.

Staxuet UvtcasMB, O wflri ff w ^

'i !

HBNRT MILLS HX7RD

00UMI8 or XmiOAL INSTRUCTION

Bcglnoinf with Jaanarr 6 of th« prtMBt jmr [1890] ooanM
of pofltcnuluaU iutraetlon In madldn*. lorgarr uid sjrsMology
har* b««n irnntantted at the l.otpitaL Dally iMtorM haT« ban
flT«n In the dlnloal amphitheatre, and ellnlca In medldne. nir-
gwr and gTneeology hare beeu glren three tlmee a week, at which
time the wealth of ellDleal caaee afforded Ij the hoepltal and
dlapensary hare been otlllied. Rare (qtportunltlee to ttadr dli-
eaiee hare been afforded In the dlepenia'T and the hoepltal wards;
and to wltueee enrfloal operatloni In the prlrate operating room*.

UlBOBATOBIBS

The wor.. of the patholoslcal laboratcwr, formerly carried on
by the nnlrenlty, was astomed by the hoepltal September 1, 1889.
No chance, howerer, has been made In any of Its arrangements
or coursee of study, and the work of Instruction and original
research has gone on as In former years. The pathological
material afforded by the hospital has proren unusually ridi. It
has been most carefully and thoroughly studied by Professor
Welch and Drs. Councilman and Abbott

The clinical laboratory uas been In successful operation under
the direction of Professor Osier. Analyses of the blood have
been made carefully and systematically as a matter of routine,
both to determine Its constitution and to ascsrtaln the presence
of malarial or other organisms and parasites.

The hygienic laboratory ha:« also been equipped and made
ready for practical work under the direction of Dr. Billings and
Dr. Abbott Its work thus far has be«i confined to meteorological
obsenratlons, the study of Tentilatl(m, the analysis of ground-
air, and the bacteriological examination of watw.

thb kxtbses' traikino school

The Nurses' Training School was formally opened in
October, 1889. A 11 report of this momentous occasion is

(24)

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL RBP0RT8

giren by Dr. Hurd in the fint number of Thi Johns Hop-
KiKt Hospital Buluttik published on December 1 of that
year. After a ihjrt addreM by the president of the Board of
Trustees, Mr. Francis T. King, Hiss Hampton spoke at length
on "The Aims of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Training
School for Nurses," and was followed by Dr. Hurd who took
as his theme " The Relation of the Training School for Nurses
to The Johns Hopkins Hospital.'' I quote briefly from his
address on that occasion :

The benefloent work of The Johns Hogkiat Hospital antedates
br many years Its tomial opening In May lart. From Its Inoep-
tlon In the mind at Its tonnder, and the sabseqnent daboratlon
at the Idea by the trastees so vrlady chosen by him— daring the
pi'eparatlon of Its plans and In the whole ooonw of its erection—
from the flnt foandatlon stone to the last tile ap<m the roof, It
has constantly been fnlfllllng Its mission. It bu all along stimu-
lated hospital construction to an unprecedented degree. From a
personal knowledge of hospitals east and west, . do not hesitate to
wy that th«re Is not a single hospital In this broad land which
has not felt the Influence at Its oonstmetlon, either directly or
Indirectly, or has not bem energised by Its example to make
more perfect proTlslon for the care and treatment of titk people.
It has taught hospitals the practical application of the laws of
hyglne to heating, TenUlatlcm. house drainage, sewerage and
hospital construetlim In general. It has oonmanded attention to
the Importance of sunlliAit and air space, and to the abscflnte
necessity of an abundant supply of pure air to each IndlTldual—
a supply properly tempered to meet the varying conditions of sum-
mer heat and winter cold. The cardinal principle of the hospital
has been to give the sick the most perfect hygienic Burroondings
attainable In a dty. It has so prepared the way tor better pro-
Tlsltm tor the comfort of the sick, whether rich or poor, that the
p.>bUe now demand It Bo great. In fact, has been the force of Its

(»»

RBNRT MILLS HT7RO

•zampl* for (ood. I do not hooiuto to lar that had tho hoapltal
DOTor rooolTod or trwtod • ttntU patint, tho work it hM alroadr
•ooompllstaod In thowing tho war to bettor botpttal eoastmetion
would hATO tnllT Joatiflod tho oxpondituro of trory d6ttar it coat

To^ajr wo are aaaembled to witneaa the Inaufuratlon of one of
the departmenta o( thia hoapital whieh we hope will Inflaenee in
a cimtlar manner, oren if not In an eqnal degree, training achoola
for naraea throughout the oountrr. Thla aehool haa been eatab-
liahed In oomplianoe with the inatniotitma ot the fou;>der of the
hoepltal. in the following language: " I deaire you to eatabllah in
oooneetimi with the hoapital a trrining aehool for fenule nuraea.
Thia wrovlaion will aecuro the aet-rloea of women competent to
care for the aick in the hoapital warda, and will enable 70a to
benefit the whole oommunit^ by aupplying it with a elaaa of trained
and esperlenoed nuraea." The Board of Truateea haa carried into
tf eot thia injunction in no grudging manner. No adiool in thia
country haa been more worthily honaod or more fully equipped
for claaa-room and practical work and none haa erer atarted out
with broader Tiewa or mora comprehenalTe plana for the pnver
training of nuraea.

What baa the hoapital a right to expeet fr«n the pupila of thia
aehool?

L They ahoold hare an adequate ooneepticm <rf the reaponal-
bilitiea aaaumed by the nurae when ahe entera the aehool. The
handa of a nurae are a phyaldan'a handa lengthened out to min-
later to the aick. Her preaenoe at the bedside la a trained
TlgUanoe aupplementing and perfecting hia watchful care; hw
knowledge of the patlent'a condition an eaMntial element in the
diagnoaia oi diseaae; her managemmt t^' the patimt, the prac-
tical aide of medical adence. If ahe falls to appreciate her duUea
the physician fftlla in the aame degree to bring aid to hia patient

2. The nurse should have an oithuaiasm in the work of nurs-
ing. No one should assume the work without fading it to be
of aU oeenpaUima the one beat suited to the taatea and capadty
of the individual. Nuralng to be wdl done ahonld be enterei'

(M)

■mucTS FRcnc annual mportb

apoB with Ml "•nthuflaam of humuity" whieu wlU llfhtM
•Twjr luurdihlp. Md r«Dd«r th« dotm hanj mA ooBtMitod In Imt
Htmmx oaUlBf .

S. Bh« ihoald oootlder naralnc • profliHloa and Tl«ir it m •
lite work. It la not « tndo. nor u ooeapatlon loMr, dot a
mouw at rapport limply, bat • Toeattaa whldi torlan Into •»
tlTlty tho bMt MOtlmMita erf tho hoinui hourt and aoliits tho
floor lympotlUoo of onr bottor natvroo.

4. Bho ihottld took to fit horMlf to b« a toMhor of othort. It
■hoiild bo hor ambition to learn tlio dntloa of bor *oaUlnf that
■ho may boeomo oonpotnt to Impart Instmottoa. Prom thla
aohool aa from a oontor of knowlodco ahonld fo forth gradvataa
to foand similar Mboola throoi^ioat tho land.

K. For hor hlchoat uofnlnoaa a nwoo ahoold haro a oapadty
for tnatalnod montal effort Havlnc choaon hor llfo work and
proTon hor fltnoas for It by a latlirfaotory porlod of probation,
iho ohoold punno hor Toeatlon "without haato, without root,"
stoadUy, porolstmtly and oonragoooily, with a mental oqalpolso
whleh keopo eonatantly In view a high Ideal of oxeoUonoo. Tho
iweetert rewarda of earth oome to earnest effort and ffelthfol ae>
eompllahment In lines of phllanthroplo work. They are not
gained by fltfol toll or half-heartod endeavw.

Lest there may be a mlseoneoptloii I oo^t to add that eathn-
■lasm In wwk. dorotlon to dnty. norestlng fldtflty to high Ideals
of eOetenoy, kaon hnmaaltarlan Impulses and lore of sdeuttflo
truth, cannot and must not bo eonsldorod oMlgatloos peeullar to
nurses. Tho trustees and oflleors ot tho hospital aoospt similar
obligations for themselrss. and oxpMt OQual enthusiasm and doro-
tlon from all oonneetod with tho hospital In any respraslUo
eapadty.

What, on the other hand, has tho pupU In tho training school
a right to expect from all who are o onn e et od with the hospitalT

1. Tho pupil nurso has reason to ezpoet, and should roeolTO, tho
respect, confldonoe and cooperation of orary rl^t-mlndod person.

2. eho should enjoy orery facility tot seeurlng Instruetion, and
an opportunity to obtain a higher training in orery toanch ot
knowledge which promises to increase her ofBdency and uo-
fulness.

(tf>

HBNRY MILLS HURD

3. She should Lave proper hours for work, proper hours for
study and recreatlcm, pleasant apartments, healthful surround-
ings, refining associations and every incentive to effort, and every
aid to accomplishment of her work.

Many hopes cluster about this training school. The work of
many years of patient labor spent in construction is over. The
scaffold has been swept away, and the completed edifice stands
before us. The work of the hospital cannot be complete until this
school is open and in successful operation. The poor of Baltimore
in their homes, suffering; for lack of proper nursing and adequate
attention, look to this school for a solution of the problem of
district nursing among the poor. The homes of the wealthy
reed no less the skilled nursing which this school aims to supply.
The trustees and ofllcers of the hospital welc(»ne the school and
bid it God-epeed.

PUBLICATIONS

In the first annual report Dr. Hurd says :

There has been established, as an organ of the hospital, a
monthly publication known as Ths Johits Hopkins Hospitai.
BtrtLBmr, which is to contain announcements, programs, reports
of societies and minor medical contributions. The Bmxmif has
met with much success and seems to have found a place in medical
literature. In addition to the Brnxcrm a volume of Hotpitca
Beporta is published in fasciculi which will constitute a volume of
about 600 pages during the year 1890. The first fasciculus con-
tained 64 pages, and had the following list of articles: " On Fever
of Hepatic Origin, Particularly the IntermittAnt Pyrexia Asso-
ciated with Gtell-Stones," by Dr. Osier

Through the medium of The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Bulletin the numerous activities of the hospital have been
duly chronicled and many important events have been re-
corded. The numerous discoveries in the various departments
have uccu brought to the notice of the medical world through
this journal. It has been a faithful mirror of The Johns

(28)

EXTRACTS PROM ANNUAL RBnPORTS

Hopkins Hospital and its establishment was one of the moat
important moves ever made by the hospital. Tt has enabled the
institution to tell the civilized world p ^liptiy jiist Trhat it has
accomplished. The Johns Hopkins I osp^tal Report contain
the lengthy articles— those that are to< ex:en«ivefor i monthly
journal. They now comprise 18 volmuej.

Dr. Hurd started both the Bulletin and the Reports and
was editor of both from the initial issue until he relinquished
his position in 1911. He was the editor in every sense of the
word. Many of the articles which were rather cmde in their
English construction were entirely recast by him. Any mem-
ber of the staff who wandered into the superintendent's office
late at night when all was quiet or on a Sunday afternoon
would find Dr. Hurd busily engaged in correcting galley
proofs for the Bullbtin or for tiie Reports.

Both of these publications possess a dignity and style rarely
noted in medical periodicals. The printing has been good,
the illustrations excellent and the text remarkably free from
typographical errors.

The Hopkins Bulletik and the Reports are to be found in
medical libraries the world over. Dr. Hurd deserves the lion's
share of credit for the marked success of these publications.

BOOIBTIES

In the first report Dr. Hurd refers to the medical societies
of the hospital.

A flonrlBhlns hospital medical soelfltr hat been estabUthed
under the direction of Dr. Welch, whldi ueeU bi-monthly and
li recolarly attended by memben of the hoaplul and dlqMUsary
staff. At these meeUngt papers are read, patients are exhibited,
morbid pathological spedmens are presented and the results of
original InvestlgaUont In the clinical. path<doflcal and hygleinle

(M)

i^atti

HBNRT HILLS HURD

laboratorlM mre reported. These meetings hare been of great
talaob and the amount of work which has been done compares
most fsTorably with that accomplished by any other similar
society.

A Journal Club, composed of members of the hospital and dis-
pensary staft, also meets bi-monthly. At these meetings the cur-
rent literature in the rarious departments of medicine, surgery
and gynecology is presented in abstract by persons prsTiously
appointed to report frmn these departments. This enables all
members of the staff to keep fully informed as to what Is being
accomplished by workers in every branch of medical scimoe with
the least expenditure of time.

In November, 1890, a Historical Club was organised to hold
monthly meetings for the study of medicine in its historical
aspects. These meetings have been well attended and have proven
interesting and profitable.

The Historical Clab still continues. Scattered thronghont
the various volumes of Thb Johks Hopkins Hospital
Bulletin are many articles which were read at the Historical
Society. They are of much interest and value.

(80k

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

Chafcbb V

EXTRACTS FROM THE JOHNS HOPKINS

HOSPITAL ANNUAL REPORTS FOR

1890-1897

1880

(FrimuuT 1. 1890— JaaiuuT 81. 1891)
In the report for the year ending Jantuury 6l, 1891,
Dr. Hnrd refers to the work of the hospital among the poor of
Baltimore and emphasizes the fact that care must be taken to
see that people who are financially able should not be given free
treatment:

The added ezperienee of a 7«ar haa demonatrated Che neoea-
■ity of the medical, rargieal and KmeeoloKlcal work which this
liospltal is dolnc unong the poor of BaltlmoreL The tree work
hag ooostantly grown in importaL.oe and nsefulnoH since the
opening of the hospital and hondreds of poor people have reoelTed
relief who coald not have ohtalned it othenrlee. This work haa
been done cheerfollj and ungradgin^r both among hospital and
dispensarr patients. It is evident, howcrer, that some persons
who uvly for grataitoos advioe and prescriptions In the dlspen-
sar7i and tree beds In the hospital are not dbJeeU of charity, and
shonld not recelTS the beneflts of the Instltatloo.

In some of the New York hotvltals the names at all persons
applTing for rellet when any doabt exists as to the propriety of
granttng it. are reported to the Cbarit/ OrganlsaUon Society, and
a systematic InTsstlgatlon is made 1^ an agent of this sodety.
After a careful review of the niiole sabjeet I am strong y of the
<9lai«i that the time has come when an arrangement shonld be
made with the Charity Organisation Society of Baltimore^ whereby

(tt)

HBNRT MILLS HTJRD

all suspected cases may recelTe a prompt iiiTestlgation. It de-
moralizes any man to receive as a gift what he is able to pay
for wholly or in part Indiscriminate and haphaxard charity
begets habits of improvidence and of wastefulness, if not of actual
vice among its recipients.

In addition to the evil effect upon the onnmunlty of indisc/lmi-
nate charity there is also danger of doing injustice to the pro-
fession of medicine, which numbers among its members so many
persons actively engaged in charitable work. Neither the hospital
nor dispensary shoald interfere with the sources of support of
these men by affording free medical or surgical treatment to
those who are able to pay for it

In this connection mention may be made of the excellent pro-
vision which exists at this hospital for the accommodation at
private or pay patients^— a provision which is not excelled in any
general hospital in this country.

Dr. Hurd in the report also refers to the Training School
for Nurses :

Each month demonstrates the value and necessity of the work
of the Training School for Nurses. The school is devel(ving a
new field of usefulness for the young women of Baltimore and
Maryland and is growing in popular favor. The dignity and
importance of the profession of nursing were never so well appre-
ciated in this community as now.

From the early days of the hospital to the present it has
been a matter of frequent comment that for inteUectual refine-
ment and for mental capacity few if any hospitals in America
have been as fortunate as The Johns Hopkins Hospital in the
personnel of its Training School for Nurses.

1881

(February 1, 18»1— January 81, 1892)
The report for the year ending January 31, 1892, contains
the names of the first class of nurses who graduated from the

(S2)

■diiiiMb^i^BiM^yAi^iM

■ ■k'.^^'i^-i^ ■■i^^-*^.«-'?.^-^*i^.^i#^%*^.»>-^>>^_.^i..A^.^.^>

EXTRACTS PROM ANNUAL REPORTS

training school. Among them are Mary E. Oross (Mrs.
John M. T. Finney), Georgia M. Nevins the superintendent of
Garfield Hospital, Washington, D. C., M. Adelaide Nutting
who later became superintendent of nurses in The Johns
Hopkins Hospital Training School and who is doing such
excellent work as professor in the Teachers' Training School
at Columbia University, New York. This list also contains
the name of Susan 0. Bead (the late Mrs. William Sydney
Thayer).

1892
(February 1, 1892— -Jauuary SI, loM)

ICBDICAL IN8TBUCTI0K

In the report for the year ending January 31, 1893,
Dr. Hurd makes a most important announcement relative to
the opening of The Johns Hopkins Medical School.

3y the endowment of the medical school through the goieroslty
of MlsB Garrett and others, the university is now in a condition
to assume the responsibility of medical Instmetlcni, and com-
mencing with October 1, 1893, both graduate and other work will
cease on the part of the hospital. It is gratifying, In the review
of the past three years, to notice that women have not In any
respect proven a disturbing element They have pursued their
work under the same conditions as men, and have done faithful,
honest and successful work. Although the hospital ceases to
do any more medical teaching, the fact that the governing idea
in its erection was the promotion of medical teaching cannot
be lost sight of. The c<«struction of the wards, the locatitm of
the laboratories, the arrangement of the dispensary and amphi-
theater, the divers systons of heating and ventilating, and the
facilities for their demonstration, all point to a preoonoelved
plan that the hospital should do its share in the work of prao*
tical Instruction. It is confidently believed that no other hospi-
tal in the United States is better equipped to do medical teaA-

S (tS)

■f ■

HBNRT MILLS HURD

In», or In Its brief eareor has done more thorouch and tucKeatlTe
work. The same faithful work wUl be oontlnaed by the same
men, under the direction of the university In future, as a part
of the curriculum of the medical school

1 4

! ;

LTINO-IN AND ORILDBEN's WARDS

The epproachlng opening of the medical 8Cho<d renders It Im-
portant that no time be lost In arranging for the erection of
a lylng-ln ward, to provide for the proper Instruction of medical
students and nurses. In many respects It seems most desirable
thai this ward be situated adjacent to the hospital, so that nurses
may be readUy provided, and yet far enough removed to render
It free frcan the stir and publicity of a large general Iiospltel.
and a numerously attended out-patient department This building
ought eventually to be built upon a well-approved plan, and should
furnish ample accommodations for women who are awaiting con-
finement, for parturient women, and for those who suffer from
any form of puerperal Infection.

A children's ward, separate and distinct from other wards, must
be erected. Such a ward alone wlU give children the prt^er oppor-
tnnlty for comfort and recovery.

The children are now well provided for in the Harriet Lane
Home. After long years of waiting it is a pleaanre to know
that in the near future the obstetrical department is to have
adequate and most satisfactory accommodations.

1888

(February 1, 1898— January 81, 18M)
In the repori; for the year ending January 31, 1894,

Dr. Hurd describes the colored ward :
The oolcved ward, of which mention was made in the last report,

has also been erected during the year and is now ready for the

reception of patients. It ccmslsts of two stories surmounted by

a half story.

(S4)

■iMLaUiti.ri^^

EXTRACTS PROM ANNUAL REPORTS

Thii addition to the hospital has been of great value as it
brings all the colored patients under one roof instead of
having them scattered in various portions of the institution.

Dr. Hurd then refers to important changes in the library.

The Qpening of the medical school, and the Increased demand
for medical bocdn on the part of modlcal stadeots. have rendered
It desirable to pay special attention to the Uhrarr of the hospital.
Hiss Thles. who has received a carefnl tralnlnc In the Enoch
Pratt Pre* Library, has aeeordlntf 7 been employed at the J<rint
expanse at the onlverslty and howltal to eatalocne and arranfe
the collections which have grown r^ldly during the year. It Is
evident that by the doae of another year the shelving will be
filled, and no more room will be available for future additions. It
consequently becomes Important to know how Increased acoom-
modatloLS can be secured.

In this oonnectlofi It seems eminently pnqter to refer to the
great advantages which the medlc&l dDoers of the hospital and
the students In our medical courses have derived from the
proximity of the library of the Surgeon General's Offlce. The
enlightened policy of this library, whereby valuable books of
reterenoe otherwine unattainable are loaned to the hospital under
satisfactory guarantees against loss, cannot be too highly praised.
The medical offloers of the hospital, and the Instructors and stu-
dents of the medical sdiod, are under many obligations for the
uniform promptness and courtesy of those who have charge of
this unrivaled collection of books In meeting the frequent dcaiands
made upon them.

THX WHITBBOSX VUKD

By the generous act .•^t Mrs. W. E. Woodyear, of Baltlmcnre. the
" White Rose Fund " has been established and the sum of $S000
has been placed at the disposal of the trustees, the Interest oC
which Is to be used for the comfort and happiness of sick children.
It was not proposed to endow a bed or to establish a charity, but
to use the income of the fund in sndi a way as to promote the
oomf «»t and happiness of pow. slek eUldren who oooopy beds in
the public wards of the hoq^tal.

(•■)

HENRY MILLS HURD

•i ■< •

It was the Intention of the liberal donor to provide mean« by
which flowers, boolui, pictures, excursions, music and other means
of amusement could be afforded for the children in a more liberal
manner than would be practicable If these extra expenses were
paid out of the income of the hospital.

It is doubtful if any gift to the hospital, no matter how
large, has yielded more downright satisfaction to the donor
than this gift has. Year after year Dr. Hurd has referred to
how much it has meant to the children and what added pleas-
ures this fund has made possible. He has always been most
enthusiastic when speaking of it in report after report It
reminds one of a thread of gold carried through from year to
year. Mrs. Woodyear gave this money in memory of her little
daughter, Rose Blanche Woodyear.

1884

(February 1, 1894-January 31, 1895)
In the year 1894 several important advances were made.
Experience having shown that the work of the pathological
department was of great value and Importance to every other de-
partment, it was decided by the trustees, after a thorough con-
sideration of the subject by the medical board, to organize this
department, and to give it an equal standing in the medical staff
by appointing a resident pathologist and an assistant resident
pathologist In consequence of this acUon. Dr. Simon Plexner
aModate in pathology In the medical school, was appointed resi-
dent pathologist, and Dr. L. P. Barker, the associate in anatomy,
was appointed assistant resident pathologist.

As far as is known at present, this is the first instance where
similar ofllcers have been appointed with staff standing in con-
nection with any hospital In the United States.

OUT-PATIENT 0B8TBTBICAL SSBTICB
This service has been placed under the Immediate charge of
Dr. J. WhItrldge Williams, the associate in obstetrics In The

(86)

li:

■sssassssssm

%aa

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

Johns H( iklns Medical Sdiool. who hu ncelved the app<dntin«nt
of MalstJit oUtetrlclan to The Johns Hcvklns Hospital. Dr.
O. W. Dobbin has been appointed an additional assistant In the
gynecological department to look after this work In a special
manner, both In the dispensary and In attending patients in their
homes. It Is contemplated that poor patients expecting to be
confined, and unable to pay the exoeases of a physician, shall
Tlslt Jie dispensary to arrange for the se: rices of the resident
obstetrician. In arranging for this service It is hoped to be able
to bring relief to patients who require the services of a physidan,
and to furnish the attention of a skilled nurse during the first
24 hours following confinement It Is expected that this service
win eventually grow Into a branca of district nursing.

In this report Dr. Hurd refers to the resignation of Miss
Hampton.

Shortly after commenconent exercises In June last, 1894, Miss
HampUm, who had been the superintendent of the training school
ever since its opening, tendered her reslgnatltw. Her services
to the school had be«i of great value, and her resignation and
relinquishment of all training school wwk must be regarded a
serious loss to trained nursing throughout the country.

Upon her resignation. Miss M. A. Nutting, who had been her
assistant for the previous two years, received the appointment
of acting superintendent Subsequently, in Deconber last she
was appointed superintendent, and given leave of absence for
eight months from February first t visit other hospitals and
training schools in this country and Eurc^e. to see their methods
and to perfect herself in nursing work.

THB COLOBSD OBPHAN ASTLUH

In Dr. Hurd's report for the year ending January 31, 1895,
we find the first report of the colored orphan asylum.

By the vrill of the founder of the hospital, the erection and
maintmanoe of a colored orphan asylum waa enjoined, and pro-
vision iras made tor its support out of the inoome of the ho^tal
fund.

(»T)

Lai£±.i:-*jl39lHlMaMBS£:

.«.^^».M>.v>«^.«*^m^>*».i,*«^»^..^ife«p^*^

HBNRT MIIXS HURD

A tract of land on Ramiiiftmi Atvobo and Klnf Btr««t haa baaa
imrehaaod as a pormanent alta for The Johns Hopkins Colorad
Orphan Asylum, and tha chlldrsn har* baan ramorad to thair
nafw homa.

A detailed report of the committee on the colored orphan
asylum follow* that of Dr. Hurd.

1886

(Febnxarr 1. 1895— Janoarr 81, 1816)
In Dr. Hurd's report for the year ending January 81, 1896,
we find an account of an addition to the diapensary :

In acoordanoa with the raoommendatlon of the medical board,
the trustees erected, durlnc the summer of 1886, in connection
with the dispensary foor class4>ooms for the aocommodatl<m ot
dassea from the medical achooL

Dr. Hurd in this report also recor^ -le death of one of the
most picturesque members of the hospital family :

Upon the 16th day oi October, 1896. Mr. L. Winder Emory, who
had discharged the duties of purveyor with conspicuous ability
and flCelity, died suddenly at angina pectoris. The vacancy thua
created was flllfid January 1, 1896. by the appointment of B. H.
Read, of Baltimore, who immediately entered upon the diaeharie
of hla duties.

1886

(February 1, 1896-^anuary 81. 1887)
THB OLXKIOAI. LilBOXAIOBT

In the report for the year ending January 81, 1897,
Dr. Hurd refers to the new clinical laboratory :

By an unexpected gift of $10,000 from a generoua donor, whoae
name we are prohibited to mention, it haa bean practicable to
erect a large and convenient (dinical laboratory for the use o(
the hoapital and medical school between the amphitheatre and

<M)

_-^" vM»*f ?i:..n.

•t-Jh^jt/^...-^ < '■-■if^^ V?

BXTRACT8 FROM A NNUAL RTORTB

diipcBMury. Thia portion of tho building, whlcb wu (onBorly on*
■toi7 la holgbt. bM now bMn nlMd to tbroo itortM. tad tbo
•ddltlonnl room fnmlihM ampl* Moommodi^ jb fMr modioli
olnMM>

Min Nutting's report to the raperintendent for the yeu
1896 announcee the inangnration of the three-year course in
the Training School for Nurses.

The demand for Information oonoemlng tbe school remains
about as nsoal:

The nomber of written i^plleatlont for

olreolars !!*•

AppUoante formallr oonsldered IM

Aeoepted awUeaats 91

Among the acknowledgments for the year ending January
81, 1897, Dr. Hurd mentions Mr. Spence's gift of a reproduc-
tion of Thorwaldsen's statue of Christ:

One «t tbe most notewortbr and wproprlato glfU irtiltih tbe
bowltal bas ever reoelTod Is a reprodoetloa ol Tb<Mrwaldsea's
celebrated statoe of Christ, b7 Stain of Copenhagen, wbleh baa
been plaoed In tbe rotonda thronsb tbe llbersllty (if William
Wallace Bpuoe • of Baltimore. A full account of tbe Interesting
ezerelsee at tbe ouTeUlng of tbls statue^ together with the ad-
dresses dellTcred on tbat oeeasUm, was publlshed In tbe BcuJRnr
for January, 1M7.

The superintendent's report for the year ending January 81,
1897, giwa for ihe first time the « By-Laws, Rules and Begu-
lations of The Johns Hopkins HoipitaL" A perusal of this
18-page article gives a most illuminating idea of the inner
working of this hospital.

•Tbe reader will be interested to know that Mr. (^yeooe
rounded out bis e«itarf— he died a abort time after bis 109th
Mrtbday.

(39)

i^SL:

..U«.«.>«i>,U-«.^t>w;w»"'>:^t'"-'*v»^.»->">^.di»*

t*. !» ii^ i.i ^...P^.f>,^\^l,

HBNRT MILLg HURD

r-f

ir^.!

1897

(Fibruarr 1, 1897— JanoMT 81. 18M)
In 1897 the first claH of The Johns Hopkim Medical School
receiTed their degrees from The Johns Hopkins Unirersi^,
and the 12 students who stood highest in their class were
eligible for positions in the hospital. Dr. Hard in his report
for the year ending January 31, 1898, says:

BedDDljiff with the first of September. 1897, 12 members of the
graduating class of The Johns Hopkins Medical School are In
future to be appointed resident medical officers. These phTslelans
are dlrlded Into three groups, and serve four months In each
department of hospital service, the service being determined by
lot. In this manner each resident medical officer secures four
months service In medicine, surgery and gynecology.

In addition to these resident medical officers, the resident
physician, surge<m and gynecologist each Is supplied with a first
and sec<md assistant, who are appointed from those who have
had previous hospital experience. The working of this plan has
thus far been satisfactory.

In accordance with this arrtmgement the following-named per-
sons were appointed resident medical officers •: Drs. O. L. Hunner.
J. P. Mitchell, O. B. Pancoast, L. P. Hamburger, Thomas R. Brown,
B. L. Ople, R. P. Strong, W. O. MacCallum. W. 8. Davis, I. P.
Lyon, C. A. Penrose and Mary S. Packard.

The rotation system was abandoned after a few years.

* Taken as a whole this was the most remarkable group that
has ever graduated from The Johns Hopkins Medical School.
Several of them have International reputations.

Dr. Walter S. Davis died In September, 1898. and In the Annual
Report of the Ho(q>ltal for that year Dr. Hurd paid a fitting tribute
to his worth.

Recently Dr. Clement Andarlese Penrose, -""other member of
this group, died. He received his A.B. deg. from The Jc^ns

(40)

-.--^w

t^^^&s^baSL.

■' ^gtig^jIfR-JMi^. .

BXTRACT8 FROM ANNUAL RBPORTB

Dr. Hurd'i report for this year also contaiiu an account of
the addition to the gynecological operating room rendered
poaaible by the generosity of Dr. Howard A. Kelly, who gave
$6000 to auiat in defraying the expenses.

Hopkins UnlTertity in 1893 and immedUtoly entorsd the Msdlcal
School. After his year as Intern he located in Baltlmwe and In a
few years was recognised as on* of the most promising of the
yonnger physicians.

In 1908 he serred as Vice-Director and Surgeon of the Bahama
Expedition. His report of the medical condltii»ts noted on the trip
is rery interesting. Ths most valuable paper was that on Leprosy.
This paper graphically depicted i>c deplcnrable condition existing
in the Bahamas due to leprosy snu to degeneracy resultiuir '^om
close intermarriage.

In the spring of 1917 he waa appointed Chairman of the ii_
timore Food Eommny Commission and did much to further food
consenratiim.

In August 1917 he was commissioned major in the United State*
Army and was sent by the surgeon gr ^eral to make an exhaustlT*
study oa army sanitation in the English and French armies.
General Oorgas in speaking of Dr. Penroee's report said: "Tills
report has been of great value to the Medical Department of the
United SUtes Army."

After completing his work on sanitation he took charge of a
three-hundred bed hospital at Ckmdrioourt, France. Here he
contracted a septic bronchitis irtildi nearly caused his death at the
time. He partially recovered but was left with an Impaired heart

He returned to America late in December and (or a time waa
able to resume his practice. In Mardi 1919 the infection again
became pronounced. He gradually lost ground and died early on
the morning of July 4, 1919.

Penrose was an excellent medical consultant, a man of rare
Judgmmt, beloved by his patients and a loyal friend. His death
was a great loss to the cltisens of Baltimore.

<41>

•^- '^■^*^- :.. '•TA-«^^Hi.w-g-.-fa'^»>-*"^->**-"'*^ngr*Tr

I I

■I

HBNRT MILLS HURD

In Dr. Hurd'8 report for this year scholarshipg and honor-
able mention in the Training School for Nuraes are recorded
for the first time.

Dr. Hnrdsays:

The experience of anotber year has denumstrated the feasibUlty
and dealrabUlty of extending the course of training of nurses
from two to three years. The changes In the course of study
hare enabled nurses to spend more time In learning the funda-
mental branches of their work, and the shortening of hours of
duty has enabled them to bring greater freshness and vigor of
mind to their studies and regular dnUes. The result has been
to improve the standard of nursing, and to give a greater state
of efficiency to the school than it has ever prerloosly had.

r r

I. 4:

U2(

i' • ■

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

Chapteb VI

EXTRACTS PROM THE JOHNS' HOPKINS

HOSPITAL ANNUAL REPORTS FOR

1898-1905

1888

(FebnuuT 1. IMfr-nJanoaiT 81, 18M)
In his report for the year ending January 31, 1899, refer-
ence is made to an incident that cast a pall over the hospital
family. It is vividly remembered to this day :

It is mr ud dntr to report the death of Dr. L. B. Livliicood
who had filled the positicm of aaslstant resident patholoclst fw
two years, and who had seenred a leave of a b se n ce to go to
Barope for farther study. He left his dnties July 1 and was
drowned a few days after in the destraotlon of thetlll4ated
steamer La Bourgoyne. He possessed onnsnal ability, great in-
dustry and a finely trained mind, a combination of goalities whieb
gave every promise of snccess as a teacher and research worker.
In his death the hospital and the medical nchodl have ezper^
enoed a severe loss.

The hospital lost another of its young medical men during
this year. Dr. Walter S. Davis died of Addipon's disease on
September 27, 1898. In referring to him Dr. Hurd says :

Dr. Davis was full of energy and enthosiasm, and daring his
medical coarse tai^ his year of hospital rssidoiee showed him-
self thorooA in his work, consdentioos in the disdiarge of duties
and eOeient and faithful in all he attonpted to do. His taadiws
and associates anticipated higji raoeass for him in his
professiim. and all lament his untimely death.

(M)

^m^^ki^&uMu.

HBJNRT MILLS HURD

I ?

i, -

t J

A glance through the list for this year of those who secured
scholarships in nursing is particularly interesting. Among
the names in the senior class is Elsie Lawler, our present
superintendent of nurses. In the junior class the name of
Agnes Hartridre, one of the present assistant superintendents
of the hospital. The steady advancement of these two mem-
bers of the training school for nurses is ample proof that
Miss Nutting made no mistake in her selection of her pupils
meriting scholarships.

1899

(February 1, 1899--Januar7 31, 1900)

QBADUATES FILLING POSITIONS AS 8UPEBINTENDBNT8 OF TKAIN-

INO SCHOOLS FOB NUB8B8

One of the most interesting items in the report for the year
ending January 31, 1900, is a list of the graduates of the
teammg school who are fiUing positions as super uitendents of
trainmg schools for nurses. This list contains the names of
24 graduates of The Johns Hopkins Training School who are
now themselves the heads of training schools. Nothing could
show more graphically how much the gxaduates of this school
are appreciated throughout the United States and Canada.

1900

(February 1, 1900-^anuary 81, IMl)
In the report for the year ending January 31, 1901,
Dr. Hurd refers especially to Volumes VIII and IX of The
Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports:

ITie past year has been one of considerable activity In the pub-
llaitlon. of the hospital. Volume VIII of the Reports, containing
exhauatlve studle. by Dr. Osier and hi. staff in typhoid fever
ha. recenuy been pubUrtied. and Volume IX. which oontalw 88

(44)

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

elaborate articles impared origlnallr 1>7 hia ■tudents to celebrate
the 26th annlTenary of the doctorate of Profenor W. H. Weldi,
the pathologist of the hospital, was poUlshed in April last aod
constltntes a Tplume of nearly 1100 pages. In point of ezceUence
of matter and thorough presentation of seienUfle work the rolune
is follr equal, if not snperior. to any of similar character erer
pablished in this conntry.

In addition, the Bvuxra has been regolarly published with
increasingly valuable contributions each month. Volume ZI
which was completed with the December issue, contains S40 pages
and numerous illustratioas.

1901

(February 1. 1901— January 81, 1902)
In the report for the year ending January 31, 1902,
Dr. Hurd again refers to the great value of Thb Johks Hop-
KIK8 Hospital Bullxtin and of the Reports. He says :

Volume X of The Johnt HopMnt Hotpital Report* is in progress
and will be completed during the present summer. The Buixbtih
of the hospital has been issued monthly during the year and
has now reached an annual volume of nearly 400 pages. It is
gratifying to observe how extensively it is circulated and Quoted
both ip this country snd in Europe. It U evident that this pub-
licatiob has made a permanent place for itstif in medical literap
ture and our publishers inform me that the series ol volumes is
already in aeUve demand to supply libraries. The V9tn pre-
sented in it during the past 12 years form, in fact, • good com-
mentary upOT >Jie advance of sdentiflc medicine in America.

During *' year, it may be added, the volume of the Buir

inmrhas ^ upward of 900 octavo pages of reading mattw.

Dr. Hi '- M mentions the substantial addition to the
public gynecological ward :

During the year, in order to furnish additional aocmnmodatioos
for paUents recovering from gynecological operaticms. and to
secure tftdlities for an examining room and laboratory in oonneo-

(45)

HgNRY miXS H PRD

Uon with thla ward. Dr. Kelly, with crMtt UberaUtir. gaT« to tli*
hospital the tttin of $10,000. This anm haa been expended In bolld-
Ing upon the north tide of the public gynecidoclcal ward, a large
tw&etory annex which aftorde accommodations tar 12 patients.

The superintendent also gave a complete list of the larger
donations made to the hospitol from the time of its completion
up to the end of 1901.

1902
(Pebroary 1. IMZ-Jannary 81, 1908)
From Miss Nutting's report to Dr. Hurd for the year ending
January 31, 1903, we learn of the esteem in which graduates
of the training school are held. This is shown by the large
number of requests for nurses to fill important positions m
other schools :

Letters requesting us to send our graduates to fill positions as
ffdlows:

Superintendents 26

Assistants C

Head nurses . . .*. 15

1908

(FebnuuT 1, 1908— Janoarr 81, 1904)
Nearly every hospital board of trustees has its period of
anxiety and perplexity wonderng just how it will meet its
financial obligations. The trustees of The Johns Hopkins
Hospital have been men of affairs — ^men possessing r broad
vision — and they have in every instance found their way out of
the dilemma. Early in 1904,* however, without a day's wam-

* As It often requires six months to assemble the data at the
preceding year the annual r^ort ajwcvs about the middle of
the following year; hence the Balttanere Are ct Febniary. 1904,
was mentioned In the report for 1908.

(4t)

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

ing, thdr annual income was for fhe time being maricedly
impaired. Dr. Hnrd in his annual report published early in
1904 refers to this critical period in the hospital's career in
detail:

To X%« Board of Trutteet of The Johnt Eopkitu EotpUat:

GKfiuicBir.— The dose of the past year of the hospital has
been marked by the most serious calamity whldi has belSllSD
the hospital daring its ezlstenee. On the morning of FAmary 7^
almost before it had beoi possible to sum up the results of the
operations of the prerions flseal year, whldi dosed February 1,
a general oonflagratlon swept orer the dty of Baltimore and
pnnred most disastrous to the real and lease-hold property ot
the hospltaL Dwlng the fire <4 stores, warehouses and offloe
buildings, widely soattered in the business portion of the dty,
re pr es en ting an aas essed Talnation of more than a million and
a quarter dollars, were destroyed, entailing a loss of laoome
for at least two years of about $120,000. ▲ portion of this loss
was made up by insurance. In aooordaaee, howerer. with the
policy of the hospital, an insurance liad not been secured against
a total loss, but merdy for t sum which had been deoned suf-
fldent to provide for rebuUdlng In ease of partial destrueUon
by lire. The results, however, prored that such Insnranoe was
wholly Inadequate to repair the efteoU of a widespread calamity,
and a loss of c^tal funds ot between 1800.000 snd $400,000
resulted.

For sereral weeks thereafter great anxiety was f dt lest it should
beoome n»~8ssary to curtail seriously the work of the hospital
by closing wards and cutting down the stalt of nurses and
employes. Throuiji the liberality, howerer, ct Mr. John D. Rodte-
fdler, of New York, who had familiarised himsdf thoroughly
with the work of the hospital, its financial standing, and ita loss
of income and capital, a half million ddlars hare been plaoed at
the disposal of the trustees to repair these losses and to enable
the work to go oa without diminution. Never was assistaaes
man timely to the instltutloa. The magnitude of the work at
the hospital and the need of laereaslag dialoal fs^lltles to

(4T)

HENRY MILLS HURD

lil

the growing demands of the medical 8cho<« had hitherto oon-
earned all its Income and had left no arallahle fond to meet the
unforeseen emergency of rebaUdlng Its warehouses. Hence the
pecQliarly Umely character of the aid afforded by Mr. RockefeUer.
and the critical condition of the insUtaUon wlthoat sndi assis-
tance. The thanks of the medical staff of the hospital and of
the officers of the medical school are due to him tot his prompt
and generoas recognlUon of the educational work of the hospital.

At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees of The Johns
Hopkins Hospital on Thursday, April 7, 1904, the following action
was unanimously taken in reference to the gift of Mr. Rodceteller:

" In Tiew of the donation of 1600,000 made to The Johns Hop-
kins Hospital by John D. Rockefeller:

"RetolveA, That the Trustees of The Johns Hopkins Hospital
desire to express their grateful appreciation of the gift of Mr.
John D. Rockefeller to The Johns E(q>kins Hospital, announced
to the trustees by his son, Mr. John D. Ro<*efeUer, Jr., in a
letter to Dr. William Osier. This munificent donation will enable
the hospital to continue its worits of charity, medical education
medical research and the training <rf nursee; and the trustees
hope and beHeve that by a wise use of this donation they will be
able to expand and improve the great Institution committed to
their custody."

The report for the year ending January 31, 1904, contains
the foUowing sentence: "In the out-patient obstetrical de-
partment there were 285 cases treated, with no deaths." This
speaks volumes for the splendid work being done by the
obstetrical department.

This year brought another Uberal donation to the hospital.
Through the liberality of Mr. Henry Phipps, of Pittsburgh, the
sum of $20,000 has been given to the tn .ees of the hospital to
Increase the facilities of the out-patient department for the study
and treatment of tubercular patients. It was the wish of the
donor that one-half of this sum should be used to construct a
separate dispensary for tubercular patients so as to render it

(48)

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

possible to segregate these from other patients. It was his far-
ther wish that the remaining $10,000 should be so Inrested that
the InocHne may serve to promote special work and InTestlgatlm.

In this report Dr. Hurd quotes extensively frcm a scholarly
paper by a member of the hospital staff. This article is
entitled "The Kelation of The Johns Hopkins Hospital to
Medical Education and the Promotion of Medical Knowl-
edge." It gives a dear and concise view of the close connec-
tion between the work of the hospital and the medical school.
It takes up in succession :

1. Construction of the hospital.

2. Medical organization of the hospital.

3. Belation of the hospital to medical education.

4. Relation of the hospital to the advancement of medical
knowledge.

5. The treatment of patients.

6. The Training School for Nurses.

7. Belation of the medical school to the university and to
the hospital.

This paper should be read by all interested in medical
teaching and in hospital management.

In the report for the year ending January 31, 1904, we
find the first annual report of the x-ray department. Dr. F. H.
Baetjer has been in charge of this department from its incep-
tion up to the present time. He has made an unusual success
of this important branch of the work.

In the annual report for 1903 Dr. Hurd has made a notable
innovation. He gives a complete list of the trustees of the
hospital from 1867 to the present There is also a complete
list of the officers of The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1889

■■- i

HBNRT MILLS HTJRD

(?3i

-I
'I'

to 1903. This list includes not only all the senior members of
the staif, but also every resident physician, resident surgeon,
resident gynecologist, resident obstetrician, resident patholo-
gist, assistant resident physician, assistant resident surgeon,
assistant resident gynecologist, assistant resident obsvetrician,
assistant resident pathologist, and every house medical o£Bcer.
It is in reality an up-to-date directory of every medical man
who is or has been connected with the hospital since its open-
ing. It will be of the greatest value in succeeding years.

1904

(F^mary 1. 1904->7aDaar7 81, 190B)

Dr. Hurd in his report for this year refers to the new clinical
building.

The amphitheatre and surgical building, to which referesee
was made In the last report, were completed and made ready for
oocupancjr In October, 1904. A fnll description was given in the
last report, and need not be repeated h«re.

The building has proven eztronelj useful, and has added very
much to the convenience of the surgeons In their <q>erative work,
and has afforded needed facilities for those who are engaged in
teaching.

The basement of the building has been fitted up tat a genito-
nrlnary ellnle, under the charge of Dr. H. H. Toung.

The new surgical building and clinical amphitheatre were tor-
mally opened on October 5. 1904. Appropriate addresses were
made by Henry D. Harlan, president of the Bok/d of Trustees;
Dr. Lewis A. Stimson, of New York; Dr. T. ClUrord Allbutt, of
Cambridge, England; Dr. A. Jaeobl, of New Tork; and Dr. D. C
Oilman, ex-president of The Johns Hopldns University. At the
unveiling of the tablet in mem(»y of Dr. Jeese W. Laiear, ad-
dresses were made by Dr. James Carroll, of the United States
Army, and by Dr. William S. Thayer.

(SO)

MtaAl

^tl^m

EXTRACTS PROM ANNUAL RBP0RT8

Dr. Hurd in thii report •!«) refers to the opening of the
Phippa TnbercnlosiB Diapensary.

The Phippa dispenMry wm opened with epproprlete eeremcnlee
on the 21»t of Pebnuur of the present yeer. Short eddreaeea
were made by Mr. Henry Phlppe; Dr. Wlllltm Oeler; Dr. B. M.
Blggi, of New York CJlty; end Dr. Henry Bulon Jeoobe, weel-
dent of the Leennee Society, a aodety for the etady of tuber UMds.

Mr. Phlppe eabeequently gaTO $6000 to be need for the vurdiase
of book* and apparatus and for the endowment of the dispensary.
Under the arrangements which were mad^ the sum of |10.<KW
from Mr. Phlpps's former donation was used In th3 construe-
Uon of the Phlppe dispensary, and the remaining $10,000 was
set aside as a permanent endowment

1906

(February 1, 1906— January SI. IMO)
The effects of the fire were felt for a long period of time,
and in Dr. Hurd's report to the trustees for the year ending
January 81, 1906, we find the following reference to the
financial stress that was still felt by the hospital :

The work of the hospital during the past year has been at-
tended with unususl cares and anHettes. due largely to the dis-
turbed finances of the InsUtutton. eonsequent upon a diminution
of Income. When the last report waa presented. It was hoped
that, by speedy rebuilding. Inoreased rentals fr«m» the buildings
which were erected might become aTallable at an early day ao
that the necessity of plndilng econony might be remored. Un-
fortunately. howoTer, the expense and delays of rebuilding, due
to the rush to erect a large number of buildings at the same time
In the burnt area, rendered It impoeslble to regain the full Income
of the hoepltal during any portion of the year, and we are foroed
to conclude It with a iwrge deficit It to hoped that the oomlng
year will be more prosperous.

(SI)

HENRY MILL43 HtJRD

r i;

BESIONATION OF DS. OBLEB

The departure of Professor Osier wrenched the heart-strings
of each and all of the Hopkins family. Dr. Hurd in his report
said:

In May last Dr. William Osier, who had filled the position of
physldanln-chlef to the hospital since its openinc in 1889, re-
signed to accept the position of professor of medicine at the
University of Oxford. This closed a most faithful, efficient and
active service on the part of Professor Osier, covering a period
of 18 years. During thla Ume he had given himself unUringly
to the work of the hospital and had won reputation as erne of the
most accomplished clinical t«achers in America. Through his
energy and foresight the organization of the medical service of
the hospital was early perfected, and his long period of service
enabled him to fully develop the plans formed upon his coming
to the hospital. He was much beloved by his patients and by
the members of the medical staff. The trustees in his departure
have lost an inspiring and a stlmulaUng personality. It is grati-
fying to know that he is to return at stated intervals to Balti-
more, in order to keep himself In touch with the work of the
hospital and of the medical school.

APPOINTMENTS OP DB. BABKEB AND DB. THAYEB
To fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignaUon of Dr. Oslw,
Dr. Lewellys P. Barker, of the University of Chicago, onc« an
intern and later a resident pathologist in the hospital, and for
several years a teacher In the medical school, was appointed phy-
sician-lnKjhief, and Dr. William S. Thayer, for many years resi-
dent physician at the hospital, and former associate in medicine,
w&a appointed associate physician. Under the experienced guid-
ance of these able men, it is confidently felt that the medical
work of the hospital will continue with undiminished efficiency.

The accommodation for children in the past had been totally
inadequate and through the cooperation of the trustees of the

(62)

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

Harriet Lane Home and those of the hospital it looked as if
ample facilities would be afforded.

Miss Helen Skipworth Wilmer, a graduate of The Johns
Hopkins Training School for Nurses, gave $30,000 in memory
of her father, and the trustees contemplated using this money
in erecting an additional building for the accommodation of
the ever-increasing number of pupil nurses.

Dr. Hurd in his report on these projects said :

Br the will of tbe late Mrs. Harriet Lane Johnstoo, of Washlnf-
ton, a home for Invalid children from the state of Maryland has
recently heen established with an ample endowment, to be known
as the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children of Baltimore City.
After conilderable thought upon the matter, the trustees at the
home deemed It wise to establish a worklnc relati<m between the
proposed Institution and some well-organized hospital. Accord-
ingly, upon mature ccmsidoratlon on the part of the trustees of
The Johns Hopkins Hospital and of the Home for Invalid
Children an arrangement has been made whereby the home will
be placed as a children's hospital for medical and surgical cases
VLVr.u the grounds ot The Johns Hopkins Hospital. The hospital
will provide a site for the building free ot charge, furnish heat
and light, and assume the maintenance and nursing of the children
at a specified price. The home will remain under the charge of
the Board of Trustees as established by its founder, and an agree-
ment has been made which will insure a wholly harmcmlons rela-
tion between the two Institutions.

In December last Miss Helen Skipworth Wilmer, of Bait.' n ire,
offered to the hospital the sum of |30,000 to be used to erect a
memorial to her father, the late Skipworth WUmer, Esquire, a
prominent dtixen of Baltimore, and for a number of years a mem-
ber of the Board of Trustees of T ohns Hcvkins Hospital.
Mr. Wilmer, during his entire connection with the hospital, felt
a special interest In the educatiou of nurses, and it seems pecu-
liarly fitting that his daughter sho'ild thus desire to perpetuate

HSNRT MtTXf HUFD

bit maoMrr. Th* tniitMa bav« aooDptea the gift, ud propoN
to erect In oonnaetloa with th« nuriM' bom* an addition*! boUd-
Inc to ba OMd aa dormltortea tor tba nuraaa.

Strangers going to and from the hoapital often linger to
examine the son dial and in sunny ircuti?r r t' bee how closely
their watcha tally with the dial.

Mr. Oaorga K. MeOaw. one of tbe tru- tee^ ot ae hoapital, baa
placed in tbe circle upon the terrace ii. nedti'clr in front of tbe
hoapital entrance an ornamental broDst -< in am: urm a pedaatal.
after a norel deaicn by Albert C. Creb.>ie. f / V^rB, N. " . and
ao arranged aa to tell tbe time dorlag *\\<i eni . . day as well aa
tbe time of son-rise and sun-set thrc ghout the year. This
dial from Its wiginal deaign and beaatltal workmuoship la bixbly
ornamental to tbe grounds oi tbe hospital.

f'=i

I'l- i

Aw ABO AT THB LoVISUKA PUHOHASB EXPOSI-^^N

In 1904 tbe Maryland Commission of tbe Louisiana Purdiase
Exposition made an appropriaUon of |700 to defray the expenses
of tranaporUng and setting np an exhibit of Tbe Jobna Hopkins
Training School for Nurses at St Louis.

The asbiblt waa duly installed under tba direetlim of Miss Ross,
and excited much interest among those who Tislted tbe exposition.
Tbe grand prise, cmsisting of a diploma and a bronse m» al,
waa awarded by tbe Board oi Awarda. Unfortunately, owing to
the high price of labor and tbe difflcnlties incident to thf> tram-
portation of Uu> exhibit and fitting it up In St Louis, an indebted-
ness of about li^BO waa Incurred, whieb waa assumed pe tonally
by Mr. William *.. Marburg, one of the membera of tba Mary and
commission and a trusl<je also of tbe boi^ital.

(84)

- it '.wr-wai* •—

■XTRA0T8 FPOM ANNUAI- RBI^RTS

Cha?TBB VII

EXTRACTS KBOM THE JOHNS HOP .INS

HOall'iAL ANrr^L WA'^tYLTF FOB

1^.. 1911

1009

The report for 1 90; #af made ' - 1
had been ippoif^* ac* ^g Bvm iuteii^

intendent't ' beeii « It aia re
says:

In th9 abt h « o(
ynn have granted a
bcr 1, 1"*^. I haT«* tae h aor
the work

Slnee t

toth

riuju

^ortc

^thi

dtDr. i.

who

oer-

1«I3

Hard, auperintendent, to ^vhom

! absence to date trom Norem-

timit the foUowlns report on

f the hohi>ital diirl&> the year ending Jaaoary 81, 1M7.

n iae «9or< was r~ ented the boapltal hae had a meet

year, ant

looka aa though the coming Tears

oi carea and anxletlee which hare

tike i,»at} 9 present year aids with a

chron: lee the generous Marbni^

sncoeaefui flnan
would hi ft 4* o
troublet) th> hospital
"tnall Hurplai? to Its ert

Dr. inorton'- repoi

ueqTip t.
Mr. William Marbu
mn

1 money s ezp<^!ide<I la the erection oC a tov^- f-urj prirate
ward Qi, m The I burg." This building haa enabled the hos-
pital & ' laadie n.au nc rirate patl«its than was heretofore
poasib %

(5S)

Mr. Albert Marburg, Mr. Theodore
i tfc vfisaea Marburg gare to the hoapltal the aum of
mmix. y ot their brother the late Charlea Marburg.

».».«„».»— .yl».,.

HENRY MILLS HURD

« H

If I
f 1 !

1 1

DB. HUBD's vacation

Early in November, 1906, Dr. Hurd commenced his well-
merited year*8 leave of absence. He left for New York and
there boarded a steamer for Havana. After a short stay in
Cuba he journeyed to Mexico and remained there, visiting
various points of interest, until January.

In January he returned to Baltimore, and in a short time
left Boston for Europe accompanied by Mrs. Hurd, Miss Hurd
and Miss Anna Hurd. Their first stop was at the Azores.
They thoroughly enjoyed a visit to Gibraltar and to Algiers.
They visited in succession the chief cities of Italy and also
went to Sicily. After a stay at Lake Como they went to
Switzerland. Here Dr. Hurd left his family and journeyed to
England where he renewed many old acquaintanceships and
visited the asylums and hospitals. He greatly enjoyed an
extended tour through Scotland. Here also he was royally
treated.

Leaving Scotland Dr. Hurd rejo'ned his family in Holland
and attended the International Congress of Alienists in
Amsterdam.

He returned to America thoroughly rested and greatly
pleased with what he had seen during his happy year of leisure.
He resumed his hospital duties on November 1, 1907.

1907

(February 1. 1907— January 31, 1908)
In the report for the year ending January 31, 1908,
Dr. Hurd refers at length to the Training School for Nurses
and dwells especially on the loas the hospital had sustained
through tiie resignation of Miss Nutting.

(66)

Huamiii

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

The Training School for Nurses daring the past year has been
called upon to part with its superintendent and principal. Miss
M. Adelaide Nutting, who had ably supervised its work since
1894, when she succeeded Miss Hampton, now Mrs. Robb, upon
the resignation of the latter

Miss Nutting, her immediate saeu« : jr, graduated from the first
class of nurses trained by Mrs. Robb, and subsequently held im-
portant teaching positions in the scho(d. Her connection with tlie
school in fact as pupil and teacher ooTered a period of about 18
years, and during this pwiod she Inaugurated many improrementa
in the methods of teaching which contributed much to the eroln-
tion of the school as we hare It at present

Hence, when Miss Nutting decided to accept the call to the
Chair of Institutional Management in Columbia UniTersity, it was
generally recognised that the training scho(d had lost a most
raluable officer, whose place would be filled with great difficulty.
The best wishes of the trustees, officers and pupils of the hospital
and sdiocd for her success a.j.itnpany her in her new field of
labor.

It Is gratifying to be able to add that iviiss Oeorglna C. Rosa
has taken up the work whidi Miss Nutting laid down, and has
prosecuted it with intelligcnoe and rigor. She, like Miss Nutting,
had been connected with the school for many years. She was
trained here as a nurse, and after her graduation had filled many
positimis in connection with the school. As acting snpwintendent
she has had charge of the school for several months, and has
discharged a difficult range of duties with discretion, faithful-
ness and efficiency.

THX DBPABTlCmrr OV SOCIAL SSBVICB

Dr. Hurd in this report referred at length to the social
serrice department which had just been inaugurated.

It has long be«i evident that the work of the hospital, both
in its wards and in the various out-patient serrioes, has been

(67)

MililiilfliM

.■:iaB^.^a^4...>.>-»».iMci^iJ^a.«i^. ■:.j=^,T».i.Mfei««Ai..,

HBNRT MILLS HURD

i*¥

inoomplste bj naaon of the limitation of the iphere of phnlduui
•ad none*, whok from the nature of their eonneeUon with patlmta,
ne c ee ia rily oonflne themielTee to the treatment and care of their
physioal allmenta onlr. When the care of the hoipltal la with-
drawn and the patients return to their homee, they freanently
loee the benefit which they recelre. because of bad sodal eondi-
tlcms, lack of proper food and improper hygienic sorronndinss.
With the hope of relierint many of these conditions and help-
ins to rmder permanent the good received while under treatment,
the trustees of the hospital, largely through the initlatlTe of Mr.
John M. Olenn, one of their number, for many years dosely
identified with the public and private charities of Baltimore, have
established a department of social serrice under the spedal eharge
of Miss Helen B. Pendleton, for many years a trusted and el5-
dent agent of the Charity Organisation Sodety of Baltimore. It
is her duty to lo<A after those persons who need something more
than medical adTioe and prescriptions, and to bring them into
rdatioa with such duuritable agendes or philanthropic persons
as will enable them to improre thdr formei «uifaTorable condi-
tions of life. She has in her work the adTioe and coundl of Dr.
Charles P. Bmerson, who has for sereral years organised and
directed a rery esctenslTe friendly Tisitlcg work among the poor
of East Baltimore, and the assistance and aetire cooperation ot
a large number of friendly Tisitms from among the medical stu-
dents of The Johns Hopkins Unlverdty and other charitable
workers.

The wwk under Miss Pendleton is still in its intaney, haying
been fully inaugurated only in September last, but its sucoeu
already has been gratifying and encouraging. ▲ kindred but less
oomprehensiTe work on the part of the ofllcers of the hospital
and the medical students of the unirersity, as before intimated,
had been osxried on under Dr. Bmerscn's dBdent and wise direc-
tion during the past five years.

(M)

aXTRAOTS ntOM ANNUAL RBPORTS

1906

(F*1inuu7 1. IMS— Janiuurr SI. 1M9)
THB FHIPP8 P8T0HIATBI0 OUNIO

Dr. Hnrd's rvpoti for tbe year ending January 81, 1909,
ipeaki of the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic.

The Phlppa Piydilatrle Cllnle, which wm glTW hr Mr. Hanry
Fhlpps lasl Jane, will looii be besui. and arran«em«ita for the
eonduet of thi* dcvartment apon the completion of the tniUding
have been aatliteetorlly aettted. The ardiiteet, Mr. Ghroevenor
Atteborr, of New York, haa the worldns plana well onder way.

This ia the moet Important gift that the hoapltal haa recelTed
•dnce Ita original fOondatlot. and one which win nndonbtedlr
add mndi to Ita oaefalneoa. It la a matter of great latlafaetion
that we have bean able to aeenre Dr. Adolf Meyer, of New York,
aa dlreetor, a man who In knowledge and experience ranka with
the flrat men in the United 8tatao and Bnrope In hia apedal
caUing.

The anperintendenf a report for the year ending January
31, 1909, contains three reports of exceptional merit— Bqtort
of the Phipps Dlapensary Norse; Beport of the Phippa Dis-
pensary, and the First Annual Beport oi the Sodal Senrios
Department Tbeee dearly show how much the hospital is
doing for the welfare of the citizens of Baltimore in tlwir own
homes.

19W
(Vebmarr 1. IMf-^annary tl. ItlO)

In the report for the year ending January 81, 1910, is a
splendid record d the work dona by the new social serrioe
department.

TO Dr. Htmrw M. Hwrd, fttperi wrei iJew t ef Tim /o»m JTof Mm
J ee ytt e l :

So.— Theaeob r of the soeial serrlee Mpartment enffing

FBbniary, UM. ^ > ■- decided grewtli In the work, niere are

?■

(■•)

^HUiHB^

HENRY MTLLS HURD

now 980 caaes recorded as comysred with 414 in the preoedins
year

That the hospital physicians recognize the usefulness of this
department is shown by the increase in the number of cases re-
ferred to us from the wards. During the first year there were 48

cases, this year there have been 123

Maboabct p. BaooDBir,
In charge of

tocial tervice department.

1910

(February 1. 1910— January 31, 1911)

Dr. Hurd's report for the year ending Jnnuir- 31, 1911,
refers to the resignation of Miss Eoss, the superintendent of
nurses and the appointment of her successor:

At the beginning of the fiscal year Bliss Roes, in consequence
of ill health, resigned her posiUon and Miss B. Bt Lewler was
appointed superintendent of nurses and principal of the training
school in her place. Miss Ross had been oimnected with the
hospital since h« graduatlcm in 1894, and had serred ftilthfully
in many capaciUes in nursing service. She devoted herself assidu-
ously to her work, and her fiUlure in health was much deplored
by aU connected with the hospital. Her successor. Miss Lawler.
is also a graduate of the training school, and for a time was
assistant superintendent Later she held responsible positfans In
connecUon with hosplUls at Toronto. Ontario. Niagara Palls,
N. Y., and Pittsburgh. Her training has been varied, her oppor-
tunities for acquiring familiarity with the duUes of superin-
tendent have been unusual, and she consequently comes to us an
expert teacher. She has now given nearly a year's faithful ser-
vice to the hospital, and her success gives every prospect of
ocmtlnued and increasing usefulness.

(00)

J;l

EXTRACTS FROM ANNUAL REPORTS

THX PR07E880B OF PSTOHIATBT

In this report Dr. Hurd also referred to the development
of the psychiatric department and to its director who had
recently joined The Johns Hopkins Hospital staff:

The professor of psychiatrr, Dr. Adolf Meyer, has been «p-
poiuted psychiatrist to the hospital, and althoofh the psychiatric
clinic is not ready for occupation. Dr. Meyer has been able to do
Tery effectlTe work in connection with the hospital wards and
the out-patient department. It seems fortunate that prior to the
opening of the Phipps Psychiatric ainic it has been possible to
utilize his services in connection with various charitable agencies
in Baltimore. There is reason to anticipate when the clinic is
opened that these relations may be productive of great good by
promoting cooperation with the clinic on the part of many char-
itable organisations.

In the report for 1910 Dr. Hurd gave a complete list of the
large gifts made from the opening of the hospital in 1889 up
to the ^d of 1910.

leii

(February 1, 1911--January SI. 19U)
THS RBSIOKATIOK OV DB. HUBD

In the 23d report of The Johns Hopkins Hospital f cr the
year ending January 31, 1912, on the page headed ** Trustees *'
we find : President, Henry D. Harlan ; vice-president, William
A. Marburg; treasurer, John C. Thomas; secretary, Henry
M. Hurd, M. D. On scanning the report still further we read
[page 27] :

In May, 1911, Dr. Henry M. Hurd resigned from the snperin-
tendency of the hospital to become secretary of the Board of Trus-
tees, and Dr. Winford H. Smith, general medieal snperlntendrat
of Bellevne and Allied Hospitals. In New York, was appointed
his successor.

HBNRT WUJB HURD

Dr. Hard wm the lint rapwrlntflodtiit of th« ho^tal, aiid
held the office for 22 years. Dr. Hard'i wlie •dmlnlitratloB.
his hish Ideals, his example and his readiness at all times to
gire of his knowledge to others, hare eontrilnited largelr to the
general derdopment ot hovitals thron^oat the oonntrr.

The man of small calibre is prone to pick ont as his sac-
cessor one who has even, less ability than he possesses — one
who by contrast will compare unfarorably with him. The
man of vision, on the other hand, is anxious to have the work
that he has carried on so successfully continue to broaden out
and will suggest for the post he is relinquishing the best
available man. Dr. Hurd with his usual good judgment of
men recommended the best man he could find. The wisdom
of his chcMce has been continually evident and it has ever
been a delight to see how happy and how proud Dr. Hurd
has been of the well-merited success of his successor. Dr. Win-
ford H. Smith. Dr. Hurd's pride has been akin to that of
a father who views with the greatest satisfaction the striking
achievements of his son; the more he accomplishes and the
greater recognition his work receives the happier he is.

Lll

lii

RBLATIOKS WITH HOSPITAL STAFF

Chaptkb YIII

DB. HUBD IN HIS RELATIONS WITH THE
HOSPITAL STAFF

When The John* Hopkins Hoopital opened there wu no
medical school iram which to draw hospital interns and they
consequently were oontinnally recraited from all parts of
the United States and Canada. This system had its adyan-
tages. Nearly ereiy man came from a diflnrent schooL The
men c<»npared notes, told one another of the methods in
vogue in the school or hospital from iriiich they had come^
and thus each man soon became fairly familiar with what
was being done in a medical way all over the ooontry.

Some of these interns had had sevoal years' training or by
instinct immediately dropped into line. There were others
of ns who wwe young and immatore and who needed carefol
and persistent training. Dr. Hnrd was a past master in
stimulating the house men to do their best He did not molly-
coddle them in the least This good dd state of Maryland
is cdebrated for its Maryland or beaten biscuits and it is a
well-known fact that the mon they are hammoed in the mak-
ing the better they are. Dr. Hurd with his keen pooeptiou
soon learned this fact and he applied the principle to good
purpose in his training of these men.* By a gentle but Arm
hint here and a rather emphatic suggestion there he soon

*I had often heard of aa iiit«r«eUii« iBterrtow the sivorla-
tsBdeat had with an Ineowlng group of laUms sad also vagae

(Ml

HENRT MILLS HURD

>,:■$:

**• ■

transfonned the raw recruit into a splendid house officer.
Some of the men in the beginning hardly knew just how to
take this discipline, but in a short time all thoroughly appre-
ciated the value of the standards set by the superintendent, and
they would, later on, view with amusement and pleasure the
probationary period of those who came after them. One and
all soon came to realize that Dr. Hurd was their best friend.
Many a time when one of the interns was in deep water — when
illness occurred at home and he was called suddenly away,
some one would quietly slip up beside him, place his hand on
his shoulder and casually say " Can't I do something for you ? '*

accounts of a very apt story related by the director tm that occa-
n. I asked Dr. Hurd if he would mind repeating it Here it Is:

"THAT STORY"

"When the men who had been selected for the positions of
interns at The Johns Hopkins Hospital out of the first graduating
class of The Johns Hopkins Medical School came on duty, they
found an organization for their work which had already been
in successful operation for about eight years. They were bright
enterprising students who were peculiarly receptive to all new
ideas and much Inclined to adopt them with little regard to their
bearing upon the former routine of hMpital service. As all were
men of marked ability, some of the Innovations which they wished
to inaugurate were improvements without doubt and made for
better service, but the general effect of their combined action
caused confusion and a lack of coordination in the different
departments. In fact, since the changes of hours of duty and
general methods of work caused so much trouble, It was felt Ciiat
some steps were needed to cheek a similar individualism on the
part of equally active and zealous young men who were to enter
hospital service in succeeding years. After the interns for the
coming year had been appointed I called them into my office for a
friendly talk about their duties and without referring to the

<e4)

I'm

RBLATIONS WITH HOSPITAL STAFP

"Don't you need some money ?**— many a man has had hit
load greatly lessened by this quiet, unostentatious friend.

A former student recently told me that toward the close of
his second year he had reached the end of his resources and was
preparing to leave the medical school and go to work.

Just after he had packed up and was arranging to leave
that night Dr. Hurd met him in the hall and said, ** By-the-
way, I have been wanting to ask you how your father's estate
has turned out,** and the young chap told him the facts.
Dr. Hurd took him into his private office, told him he must
under no circumstances give up his studies and insisted on

emburraasmento of the pMt year I rehsarsed the tale of tks mwU
bojr who while on hta way to school trodgins throng the deep
■now was overtaken by • genUemaa, in a flne tumoot with a
dashinc span of horses, who kindly asked him to ride with him.
■"»• tovlUtioa was joyfnUy accepted and the boy was soc« makins
flne procrewi when the idea oecn r red to him that the driver of the
hwsee was not driving them prcqierly. He knew that he ooold
drive them mneh better and snoested a transfer of the reins
to him in order that he mi^t dismay his superior skilL To his
great surprise and diseomftort his host stopped his slei^ and
gravely but deddedly informed him that an invitation to ride
did not carry with It the privilege of driving and that he might
get out if he thought otherwise. I added that it gave the manage-
ment of the hospital much pleasure to know that they were wilUng
to ride with us during the oomlng year and I fdt sure that saeh
a Journey together would be of great servioe to them and to the
hoepital, but I deemed it my duty to say frankly that the manage-
ment of the hospital must do the driving and would continue to
do so In fatnre as ; t had in the past

" The parable was promptly and correctly interpreted and there
was never any dldleulty In this respect with the Interns at the
hospitaL They have always been loyal and eoSperattve in
I ealeulated to add to the eflhdenoy of the hoepltaL"

{»}

HBNRT MILLS HURD

■I

furnishing him with raiScicnt funds to see him through to the
end of the coU^ year, and next year saw that it was possible
for him to continue his studies. This young man is now one
of the most promising inrestigators in this country. He told
me that he knew of at least five or six other students who had
also been helped out by the same generous superintendent.

Dr. Hurd did not hold himself aloof from the house staff,
but after the evening meal often dropped into the reading
room to have a chat with the men congregated there. Every
now and then an informal invitation came to dine with
Dr. Hurd, Mrs. Hurd and his daughters. These were red
letter occasions— events never to be forgotten.

Every one of the men who was connected with the hospital
during Dr. Hurd's time has a vivid recollection of that tall,
slender figure passing silently down the corridors with his
head bent slightly forward and apparently walking on air, his
tread was so light. He rarely was content to mount the stairs
one step at a time, he invariably went up two at a time with
his arms outstretched as if he contemplated an aerial flight

Celebrated men who are closely associated with large num<
hers of young men are often given a special name as a mark of
the esteem and affection in which they are held. When the
men of the hoepital staff of 20 years ago gather together and
discuss old times they always refer to " Uncle Hank " with
the warmest regard.

The visitor to the hospital— the one who comes to stay a few
weeks or months — while impressed by the good work done in
the various departments and by the original articles published
by the hospital is more impressed by the spirit of ooSperation
and good fellowship that exists in the hospital and medical
school. Dr. Hurd and the " Big Four "— Drs. Osier, Halsted,

(SS)

fPi

■Hi

RBLATIONB WITH HOSPITAL STAn"

Kelly and Welch— hare in large mearaxe been reepooaible for
this deli^tful atmosphere.

Many of the senior members of the hospital staff have been
geniuses and it is a well-known fact that geninaes frequently
become so engrossed in their Indiyidoal subject that they are
temporarily totally oblivions to the fact that other people have
to be considered and that these people have precisely the same
rights and privileges as they. A tactful, gentle but firm tug
emanating from the superintendent's o£Sce would awaken such
an individual from his revery. It was thin absolute faimee^
on the part of Dr. Hurd that won for him the confidence and
affection of the senior staff. They knew that th^ would
always get a square deal.

Dr. Hurd's relations to the trustees have always been most
pleasant The trustees in their selection of the first superin-
tendent looked the field over for the most able hospital execu-
tive they could find, and, when they had selected Dr. Hurd
and he had accepted, they wisely abid 1 by hi* mature judg-
ment on all medical matters, and when he felt that it was wise
for him to relinquish the exacting duties as superintendent of
the hospital they insisted that he retain a connection with the
institution and made him secretary of the Board of Trustees.

As we look back, it does seem a pity that Dr. Hurd did tot
have an assistant to relieve him of the many time-consuming
and incidental details connected with his office. It was not
until the last few years of his life in the hospital that he was
relieved of these by the appointment of the late Dr. Bupert
Norton as assistant superintendent

Dr. Hurd was an ideal superintendent In addition to the
satisfactory administration of the hospitel he was deeply
interested in the fundamental edncatifm of the medical stadsnt

HBNRT MILLS HITRD

•nd of the nune. He wu continiialljr ftixralfttinff the houae
offioen to do their beet and wae ev;T uUndfnl of t r' /elfare of
the patient. He was no boreaacKit, but a nun who had the
interest of all r onected with him at heart

<iti

PAPBRB FUBUgMB) WHILB lUPBRINTBNDaNT

CHATtn IX

PAPERS PUBU8HED BY DB. HUBD WHILB

SUPEBINTENDBNT OF THE JOHNS

HOPKINS liOSPITAL

MoBt men after cuing for the many detaila of rach a large
inatitution aa The Johns Hopldna Hoepital and editing the
BuLLKmr and Reports would find littla or no time for other
labon; not lo with Dr. Hnrd. With the indomitable energy
which haa always • <«n ao characteriatio of him he kept right
on with hia Utenry work, each year writing one or more
articles. Hia papers have in large meaanre been limited to
four main subjects— psychUtry, hospital management, medical
education and the ediieati<m of the nurse.

In 1890 we find in the MarfLa Mtdiedl vowmai a i,aper
on " Pteiodit ^ in IMancholia." Dr. S> '>■ ^n the same y sar
W8<? chairman c* the Committee on Hos: - the !!■ jsd

States and made hia report at the Nat - .1 >. erence of
Charities and Corrections held in Bait? -, 'uay, 1890.
Immediately after raadint; thit report lie aOrsMed the
assemblage on « ISie Belation of the General Hoq>ital to the
Medical Profession.'' In this address he clearly outlined what
the general hospital ahould stand for. Hia ideaf! for that
period were so advanoed thaf I quote them.

The Biasleii of tlie teneral hovitt: auiy be sv>rduarlaed to
m: (1) TO tonlah raedioal treatmmt and proper nurslBc to the
slek poor, aad eepwitellr to the homeiess and MesdleM- (S) to
foralah similar trMtment to those who are aHe and wllljig to
pay for It. and asp«dallF to thoae who are wtthoat faBlUes and

HBNRY MILLS HURD

.;•!

home*; (S) to proTlde aaeptlc operatlns rooms where tntlieptle
■urgerr majr be done with full omifldenoe In its resulfe— this
ccmfldence being based upon the knowledge that ell selentlflc
requirements have been met bjr proper construction and thwoogh
management; (4) to provide Instruction in and full demonstrar
tlons of the most approved methods of treatment of the sick to
medical students and medical men; (6) to train capable, hi|^-
minded, self-saerlfldng wonen as nurses; and flnallr (6) to
advance medical study and Increase medical knowledge.

It is evident that the old-time Idea that the hospital is designed
for the destitute and homeless alone must be materially modi-
fled to meet the present exigencies of modem life. Many persons
in moderate circumstances live comfortably as long as they can
labor and produce, but. when ill, can procure skilled medical
attendance and proper nursing <mly at the cost of future debt
and a weary stmsgle to pay the (^ligations incurred. The ex-
penses ot living are constt^ntly increasing [1890] and the otunpe-
titlon of modem life is Intense, so that the majority of laboring
men. of necessity, spend their earnings as they receive them,
with little prospect of laying up a reserve for the traditional
" rainy day." Hence, whether it be considered a good policy or
not, provision must be made to care for many of these wage-
earners in public hospitals in the event ot long continued or
serious illnea«i. The same is true of the more wealthy classes.
Many of them cannot procure at home the constant medical care
and the thorough nursing required, and certain portions of the
public hospital must be set i^art for them.

In the Tran$action$ of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty
of Maryland for 1891 appears a memoir to the late Richard
Gundry, a well-known asylum superintendent and later a
member of the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons of Baltimore. Dr. Gundry was an old and valued
friend of Dr. Hurd.

In the American Journal of Insanity for 1892 Dr. Hurd
published an article on " Journal Clubs.*' In this paper he

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3 f

PAPERS PUBU8HBD WHILE SUPERINTENDENT

spoke most enthtuiastically of the value of such clubs and
pointed out how they should be corducted :
For the success of a Journal club it is essential:

1. That the work be made obligatory. It wUl not do to rely
upon a zeal for study whleh may be cooled by other duUes or by
social oblifatloDt. The work should be made a part oi the regn*
lar routine of the instituUon, and should not be pushed aside by
any triTial matter. The same rule which corems excuses from
any regular professional duty should gOTem all absences from
the Journal club. No new man should be added to the staff who
does not intend to derote himself as loyally to this as to any
<^er hospital or asylum duty. If outsiders are admitted— and
I should say the more the better— they should come iato the
work under the same conditions.

2. A definite hour which will be reasonably sure to be free
frcan interruption should be selected, and rigidly adhered ta
Such an hour ought not to be at the close of an exhausting day's
work.

3. The proceedings should be informal, and tree discussion
should be expected. The Journal study should have the widest
possible range. Fren<A, German and Italian Journals a^ottld all
be laid under contribution.

4. The work should be th^ntiughly supervised by the suptfin-
tendent or some person whom he may seleet Whoever takes
charge of the club ought specially to prepare himself to sum up
each subject and to present its practical bearings upon the better
study or the better treatment of Inianlty. This wUl tften involve
study and extra exertion; but such mental effort is recreative,
and a grateful change from rcutine work.

The advantages of a Journal club are manifold. A few of them
may be mentioned:

1. It develop* a spirit of professional study among the mem-
bers of the hospital or asylum staff. The spirit of investigation
and inquiry U easily lost unless special efforts are made to de-
velop It This is eepedaUy true where routine duties oonstantty
press themselvee upon the attenUon. Unless a spirit of study

<n>

HBNRT MILLS HURD

■!*■■»•

and Inqulrr ia sedalonsly cnltiTated among the yoonttr mMB*
teni ot a medical staff, the seal tor profeiMloiial adrancement
spe^lljr disappears.

2. It proTides for the systematic aoqaisition of knowledge bjr
a dlTision of labor: and the least possible wc^te of time on the
part of eadi person oonoemed. This is an age of ooSperation In
literary work. Ubrary and sabject oatalognes are undertaken
by associated laborers; and enterprises which woold be impoe-
sible to an indiTidual become practicable to the niany. Witness
the sncoess of H. H. Bancroft's gigantic historical enterprises.
The work which he has finished by the aid of collaborators would
have consumed 400 years of individual effort, bad such a length
<a yean been graated to the head of the undertaking. It is In
keeping with the spirit of modem study to economise time and
effort by multiplying workers. Psychiatry and neundogy are so
Tast that each student cannot read the good, the bad and the
indifferent The eralu should be winnowed before it is gathered
into storr uses.

3. It supplies a common field of study where the members of
the staff may meet for conUct of mind with mind. By means
of it, indiTidual tastes and aptitudes for study may be utilised
for the commoci good. It gives a bro&der professional aspect to
asylum work by bringing each member of the staff into relation
with the whole field 'A psychiatry. It also effects the readier
training and more spiiedy assimilation of new members of the
staff. Young men come to asylum work fresh from medical schools
and hospitals with a keen seat for scientific work. This should
be utilised, and habits of regular study in llneB of psychical
research should be acquired as speedily as praetieable. The
Journal club will also contribute materially to the unification of
a staff which may have been brought together from different
schools of medicine. This ia too often neglected in large asylumc.

In 1892 Dr. Hurd published an article on " Post-Febrik
Insanity." After discussiug the subject in detail he recorded
tluef cases of this character that had occurred in The Johns
Hopkins Hoepiul, one after laparotomy for removal of dis-

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PAPERS PUBUSHBD WHILB SUPERINTENDENT

eased ovaries, one following pneumonia and a third during
conyalescence fiom typhoid fever.

In 1893 we find an ariicle entitled '* The Relation of Hos-
pitals to Medical Education.** This appeared in the Boaton
MecUcai and Surgical Journal, cxm, p. 141.

In the medical writings of a physician one rarely has the
opportunity of catching a glimpse of the personal charm or of
the depth of sympathy of the writer. On October 14, 1894, a
meeting was held in m'imory of the late George Huntington
Williams, professor of geology in The Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity. Dr. Hurd had kaown him since he was a boy and was
closely related to him by family ties. Dr. Kurd's tribute to
his deceased friend brought out riridly that personal charm
and sympathy which has always so endeared him to those with
whom he has been closely associated.

In 1894 Dr. Hurd published a l«ttgthy article on " Some
Moital Disorders of Childhood and Youth," and in the Bul-
Min of the Ammcan Academy of Medicine, 1896-6, an article
on " Laboratories and Hospital Work.'*

In the MaryV d Medical Journal for 1896 we fi.l a second
article on ** Paranoia.**

In the American Journal of Insanity for 1895-6, p. 477,
Dr. Hurd says:

It has bMD the castoai of the /onmol ef IntanUy during more
than half a ewtiUT to publish full details of new InstltuUons
erected fc>r the better eare and treatment of the Insane; hence
the reoMt (vmlng of the new McLean Hospital at Waverly, near
Boaton, calls for more than a paaslnc notice.

Dr. Hurd then describes in a most interesting manner this
large institution for the care of the insane. He also gives
illustratitms and plans of the various buildings. The paper
is a most complete one, occupying 26 pages.

(Tt)

HBNRT MILLS HX7RD

On February 17, 1897, Dr. Hurd gave an address on ** Hos-
pital Organization and Management** before the Training
School for Nurses at the hospital of the Uniyersi^ of Penn-
sylvania. This was published in the Univenity Medical Magor
zins, iz, p. 488. It contains much of interest and I quote
some of the remarks made by Dr. Hurd on that occasion.

I cannot resist the temptation to say a word respecting the
Improrements which have be«i made in hospital construction
during the past 80 yean. These improTements I bellere to be
largely due to the experience of the Crimean War in Europe and
of the ClTll War in America. The first gave us training schools
for nurses and trained nurses, and the latter improved hoqtltal
amstruction. These waves of progress from the East and West
crossed the ocean in turn and brought to the whole world better
facilities for the care of the sick and better methods of treatment

The most noteworthy improvement in hospital construction
has been in the directicm of better sites for buildings, which
are no longer crowded into narrow, dingy streets with unpleasant
surroundings, and amidst insalubrious and unsanitary conditions,
but are placed in open squares, in commanding situations, where
sunlight and fresh air can freely come upon their Joyous and
health-glTing missions.

The buildings themselves are more scattered, and sickness and
suffering are diluted by differentiation and segregation rather
than cmcentrated by piling one ward upon another. Hospital
wards also have been more conveniently arranged to do their
appointed work, and have had comforts and conveniences in the
way of service-ro(»ns, tea-kitchens, rooms for the dangerously ill
and dying, and the like, which have contributed Immeasurably
to the comfort of the sick. Special efforts have been made in
the construction of wards to provide for heating, ventilation, the
isolation of infectious, harmful, or offsnalre patimts, and for all
sanitery needs. Laboratories for the investigation of disease have
also been built and fitted with instruments of precision for the
more accurate and scientific study of disease processsa. Opera^

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imm

PAPERS PUBUBHED WHILB SUPBailNTBNDBNT

Ing nomu have beoi pUaned and «r«eted at laTlih ezpensa to
oanr ont as strletlj aa In a labwatory all the reqalremanta of
antiaeptio aurcaiy. Dlainftatins planta hara bean Jolaad to arary
'capital to deatroy the Kenna of dlaaaaa and to prerant tha trana-
miaaion of infection from one patient to another.

It la reUted that a aurgeon-ceneral of the United Statea Army,
now deoeaaed, onoe aUted that it waa no r^ert of the work of the
army medical corpa to atndy dlaoaae or to engage In any work
of research, bat rather to cure sick aoldlers. fmrgetting that the
cure of aiek B<ddiera la more promoted by tu« aplrlt which leada
to the atndy of diseaae than by the narrow rlvt, that the indi-
Tldnal a(ddier at morning sick-call alone ahonld engroaa the at-
tention of the army sorgeon.

The beat method of keeping the torch of knowledge lighted ia
to paaa it along from hand to hand. Hence I haTO little aympathy
with thoae who deplwe the oae of hoapital wards aa meana of
instmetion. They ahoold be oaed for the training of noraea and
for the inatroction of medical students, and by their vwy oae
for theae purpoaea their efldeocy for the core of diaeaae will be
angmented.

In a weU-ordered hoapital. aa in a well-ordered atate. there
should be an ultimate and final authority, a proper aubdlTiaton
of duty, and a thorouA adjuatment of all portiona of a oomplaz
and often eumbrona mechaniam to its apedal naea. It ia the
part of a Board of Trustees to eatabliah the poliry of the hoapi-
tal. to giro an impetua to the machinery, to oil and readjuat it
from time to time, to watch ita operationa, and to somtlnlae its
reaulta.

A frioid oi mine used to say that responsibility without poww
>• weakneaa. ReaponaibiUty and authority must go hand in hand.

If I were asked to indicate the beat madiinery fmr hospital
goremment. I should say a Board of Trustees to be sororeign
and reaponsible for the whole institution, a medical board to ad-
Tlae the trustees in all medical matters, a chief ezecutlTe offloer
to be known aa director, secretary, or auperlntendwit, whose duty
it should be to coordinate and superrise all other departments,

(TB)

n I

m. j

HBNRT MILLS HURD

• pnrrvyor to look after food-rappU«a, a matroD to lopoiTlM tho
household and a mperintandent of nonea to hare oharga of the
traintnc idiool and the nnnee. Under theae heada oC d^art-
menta there shoold be sabordlnato ehlefii of departments, like
the enfflneer. ehlef eoc*. Unndrr man, dletsdiool teacher, store-
keeper and the like.

▲ wwd as to disoipUne. From the eharaeter of the work of a
hoapltal and the necessity of the development of kindly insUneU
snd humane methods of thousht and action among all employta,
it is unwise to estabUsh and enforce a semi-military discipline
or eren <me whldi would be practicable or adTisable in a railway,
a large factory, a corporaticm. or other business enterprise. There
should be a rigid discipline and a strict aooountabUity for the
performance mr neglect of duty, but this discipline should be sus-
taining in ito nature and calculated to derelop the indiriduaL
Through its kindly control the thoughttess or untrained nurse
or employ« should be led to a higher level of cmiduct and feel-
ing until her better nature beoomea the goreming power. TO
many hospital anploy«s the life beoomes truly educaUoaal, and
the ottoer who does not strive to make it so tells of an important
duty. A wisely directed enthuataam, a kindling of the moral
nature, a glimpse of a higher, broader, and more satiafying life
can thus be given to all who have to do with the ai^ in the
hospitals. Hospital work, when done with loving, eager en-
thusiasm, blesses the patient and the nurse aUkei It should be
the aim of all to do charitabl« work in a duuitable, kindly way.
I have little patience with those who look upon the medical treat*
ment of the sick in hospitaai as a business matter only, and the
nursing of the sick as an avocation, a trade, a preparation for
getting a living, a matter of hours on duty to be endured as
paUenUy as possiMe fbr the relief which is afforded by getting
through with them. Unleaa the care of the aide can be ^ortfled
by sympathy, kindly feeling, enthusiasm and personal interest
It becomes drudgwy and heartless routine. Hence the necessity
of developing the best instincts of all who have to do with the
sick by a sustaining, fostering and kind discipline which regards
the individual and not the

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PAPERS PUBU8HBD WHILB SUPERINTENDENT

Maeh of the kU«g«d liMk <rf lympiUhr ■ooMCIinw flompUiacd
o( on th« 9ut of th* ho^ltal phriielaiii, nariM and «mployii, I
MtoTo to b« dm to ortrwork.

In 1897 Dr. Hnrd and Dr. John B. Chapin, phjridui-in-
chief and raperintendent of the department for the inaane of
the Pennsylvania Hoapital of Philadelphia, P»., were aaked by
the ''Joint Select Committee to Inveitigaie the Charities and
Beformatory Institntions in the District of Columbia" to
make a report on the hospitals of the District of Colnmbia.
This they did and their flndings were embodied in a paper
presented to the committee on NoTember 84, 1897. TTus
report embraced a fall description of the Asylnm and Alms-
honse Hospital; the ChUdren's Hospital; the Colnmbia Hos-
pital for Women and Lying-in Asylnm; the Central Dis-
pensary and Emergency Hospital; the Freedman*s Hospital;
the Garfield Memorial Hospital; the National Homceopathic
Hospitd and the Home for Incnrables. The report is an
eihanstiTe one. It points out the excellent features in each
institution, draws attention to the weak spots, and makes
numerous admirable recommendations looking to the more
^slamatie and the better handling of patients in the District
of Columbia.

In the Atbanif Mtdieal Atmah for February, 1898, we find
an article entitled **The Medical Serrioe of Hospitals,** and
in the Maryland Medical Journal for 1898-9 Dr. Hurd con-
siders • The Non-Medical Treatment of Epilepsy.**

At a meeting of the Gynecologiaa and Obstetrical Society
of Baltimore, December 18, 1898, Dr. Hurd gave a paper on
"Port-OperatiTe Insanities and Undetected Tendencies to
Mental Disease.** This artide appeared in the Amariean
Jovmdl of OhiMriet, VoL mix, 1899. It is interesting

(TT)

HENRY MILLS KURD

to read Dr. Hiurd's riews on the subject. They are of much
importance to the laity aa well as to tiie surgeon.

Po«t-op«ratlTe inaanity may be eonaldered a complex affair,
oomprlslns symptoms which may differ in eaoae, maaltestatiOD.
coarse and termination. There would seem. In taet, to be little
sronnd for the use of the term, were it not for the esiatenee of
infections processes accompanied by delirium or prolonged de-
pression. In other words, if an <werstion is free trmn septic
infection in a ease destltnte of any tendency to insanity, there
can be no fronnd to think that the operation per «« prodnoes
mental disease or that the insanity is postroperatire in the sense
that the operation bears a cansative relation to the insanity.
There are distarbing factors, it is true, In connection with sur-
gical operatiims, which may be competent to produce an Insani^,
and I will briefly refer to some of them; bat the insanity which
they produce can only be considered post-operatiTe in point of
sequence rather than of causation. It is unquestionable that
the prolonged use of anesthetics like ether, chloroform, or nitrous
oxide has produced excitement, delirium, mental confusion, and
often prolonged mental alienation without the accompaniment of
any (deration whatever. Instances are also not at all uncommon
where, following an operation, excitement has followed the local
application of iodoform, the instillation of atropia or the admin-
istration of the salicylate of soda, and where, notwithstanding
the surgical operaticm, the symptons of insanity subsided wholly
upon the withdrawal of the intoxicating agent

Similarly, we may have mental symptoms fidlowing an opera-
tion clearly ascrlbable to shock, loss of blood, excessive exhaus-
tion frcan the fatigue of a constrained and nnnatnral position,
long-continued vomiting from an amesthetic. or abstinence from
food owing to anorexia. There may also be a poisoning of the blood
and omsequent interference with proper cerebration from defec-
tive action of the kidneys, due wholly to the withdrawal of water
by the month lest it may excite vomiting after an abdominal
(Veratlon; or the anasthetlc may have caused a transitory neph-
ritis with accompanying loss of kidney function. These and

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li«l I

1MB

PAPBR8 PUBU8HBD WHILB 8UPERINTBNDBNT

■imlUr oaoMs which art not rargleai la diaracUr, but arc nt^.^
—nir an aooompanlmnt of a snrgleal oparaUon may prodaoa
inianitj which cannot In any manntr ba dlffarantiatad Crom
actoal poatH>p«ratiTa inaanity due to infaetion.

In 1899 Dr. Hurd waa president of the Medical Psycho-
logical Association. On that occasion he took m the theme for
his address "The Teaching of Psychiatry." That his interest
in the care of the insane never flagg«d is clearly shown hy the
fact that from the first meeting of this association in 1879 ^p
to the time of his presidency in 1899 he had missed but two
annual meetings.

In this address he paid a touching tribute to an old friend :
WhUe encaged In writtns this address the emshlnc imwb oomes
of the sudden death of Dr. Ooddinc. It la dllltealt to reallaa that
our noble-hearted and caltlTated aaaodate haa gona from earth.
He had a pceta «oul, the charity of a saint and the heart of a
child. He loved poetry, Uteratore, art and miialc; above alL he
lored hla fellow-men.

^^ In 1900 Dr. Hurd published a splendid article entitled
" Hospitals, Dispensaries and Nursing.'* At the aid of this
paper he gave a list of the principal hospitals of the United
Stat<« that had been established during the last century.

In the Bvn«tin of ihe Iowa BtaU IngtituHon for 1901
appears a paper by Dr. Hurd entitled « Reception Hospitals
for Cases of Acute Insani^.**

On November 81, 1901, Dr. Hurd deUvered an address on
" Psychiatry in the Twerieth Century," at the opening of an
additional building at the New Jersey State Hospital at
Morris Plains. After paying a tribute to the late Miss
Dorothea L. Dix, whose work had beoi such a benefit to New
Jersey as well as to the entire country, he sketched the gradual
changes that had taken place in the treatment of the insane

(W)

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HBNBT MILLS HUKD

in tht United Stetn. He then pointed rat iHien imprort-
ments might with profit be n.ade in the handling of mental
cHee. The pith of his remarks is contained in his concluding
paragraph:

The fatore o( psTehlatry la Amerlea la bright with hopei The
era o( foBBdatlaB and eoostraetloa Is nearlr erar; lostltatleBs
have been evolved, dertfoped and perfseted; pathoioctaal IniH-
tatas hava hew eataMlshed aad Uherally eoalwed aad mpportad;
trained men with bread leamlag and tadiBtaal haowMie hava
been ralaed op tor spaelal atody. and an earaeat spirit of Invaa*
tlgatloB haa bean developed. Wa are on the thr«held eC new
dlaeoverlea aad Importaat lasprovMseata la the traatOMBt of the

(•0)

'1 -^

PAPBR8 PUBUIRID WHILB lUPBUNTBNDINT

CHARn X

PAPEBSr PUBLISHED BT DB. HUBD WHILB

SUPERINTENDENT OP THE JOHNS

HOPKINS HOSPITAL (Coholudd)

In 1909 Dr. Hurd uldrMMd th« gndiuting dan of the
training Mhool of th« Oarfidd Hoapital at Waahingtcm, D. 0.
He took as hia tlwme ** The Educated Nnrae and Her Future
Work.* Thia paper waa later pnblidied by the FHedenwald
Preaa in Baltimore. It ahonld be carefully read by every
nndergradnate and graduate nurae. It will alao give to the lay
reader a very clear idea of what real nuraing meana— it por<
traya in no nnootain terma how much the medical profcHion
owea to the trained nurae.

Dr. Hurd gave a charming addreaa on '*The Duty and
Reaponaibility of the Univeraity in Medical Education,'' at
the graduating ezerdMa in the Yale Medical School on June
88, 1908. After briefly conaidering the aubject of hia dia-
couneheaaid:

To dlaeoia an edooatioBal qomUoii beflore ualvereUy bmb ear
geata the iwproprteteneaa of the qootetfam from Coafudua with
whtah an eiBlnent leienttit (met prebeed an ifldraaa made under
similar elreamataaoM: "Avoid the appearauee of erll: do not
atoop to tie yaw ahoe la your nelchbor^ meioa patflh." A aMm-
tMr of the teadilBt ataff of one of the aeweet adioola of medlatae
ooi^t to dlvlay a decree vt modaaty In the preaeuee of medical
taaehcra whoae thooghta and aetlvttlea have been molded hy the
tradlUooa o^ one of the oldeat aiedleal adiotdi la the United
Statea. the alzth In point of Ume of eetaMtahment. and ihonld

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HENRT MILLS HURD

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hesitate above all to urge the doty and respoosibilitr of a oni-
Tersity In medical education.

Perhaps I may also plead in mitigation of my Indiscretion a
degree of hereditary relationship to Yale in the fact that my
father graduated here in medicine in 1830; my grandfather was
a student about 1796, but did not graduate; my great-grandfather
graduated in 1778; and my great-great-grandfather in 1739, and
may speak as one whose speech can be tolerated because of Un.
albeit remote.

In his remarks directed especially to the graduating class
he said :

In your chosen profession be students and productive workers
always. Do not look for speedy results and do not be discouraged
if the secrets of nature are not wrested from her Jealous grasp
without a severe struggle. The foundations of our art are broad
and deep, and the superstructure should be erected slowly and
with care, by accurate observation of disease and painstaking
deductions. In your life as physicians be prepared for trials,
disappointments and adversities. Take for your motto the words
written by Sir Thomas Browne, that eminent physician, more
than two centuries ago: "In this virtuous voyage <rf thy life
hull not about like the Ark without the use of Rudder, Mast
or Sail and bound for no Port. Let not disappointmoit cause
Despondency nor difficulty Despair. Think not that you ue saU-
Ing from Lima to ManiUia, when you may fasten up the Rudder
and sleep before the Wind; but ocpect rough Seas, Flaws, and
contrary Blasts; and 'tis well if by many cross TaCks and Veerings
you arrive at the Port; for we sleep in Lyons Skins in our
Progress unto Virtue and we slide not but dimb unto it."

Have a purpose and carry it out with fortitude. There can
be no more absorbing or inspiring career than is afforded by
the study of medicine at the present time. The scaffolding
reared by countless workers during thousands of years around
the fair temple of medicine, necessary toe the building doubtless,
but concealing its proportions and too often defacing its beauties,
has been swept away, and for the first time it Is permitted to

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PAPERS PUBLISHED WHILE SUPERINTENDENT

ns to know aomething of the dlmeiiBioiui and architeetoral pos-
sibilities of the completed edifice. Can there be a nobler aspira-
tion lor any man than to assist in the completion of the work of
transformlns the ancient art of healing Into the science of
medicine?

In 1902 Dr. Hurd was the chairman of the Section on
Neurology and Psychiatry of the Medical and Chirorgical
Faculty of Maryland. At a meeting of the section held
November 14, 1902, he took for his subject "The Future
Policy of Maryland in the Care of Her Insane.** When in
Michigan he did not hesitate to tell the state just what her
duty was in the care of the insane. In Baltimore he spoke out
in the same fearless manner. He had carefully studied the
situation in Baltimcrf and in the various counties. Maryland
was far behind the times and at the meeting of the Medical
and Chirurgical Faculty in 1897 a symposium on the state
care of the insane had been arranged. The papers read on
that occasion brought forth much resentment on the part of
the state authorities.

Dr. Hurd in his address in 1C92 pointed out what had been
accomplished in the interim, but also stated in no uncertain
terms that in many places throughout the state the conditions
were still deplorable. He did not generalize, as is so frequently
done, but was specific, mentioning the institutions at fault.
He then indicated how these appalling conditions should be
rectified.

A man who has the nerve and patriotism to come out boldly
and draw attention to the glaring faults in his own state and
at the same time to indicate the means by which these condi-
tions can be ameliorated is without a doubt a most valuable
man in his community — ^he i& a real citizen.

r -■

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HENRY MILLS HURD

•#•' , i;

Dr. Hiird*8 concluding paragraph addressed to the medical
profession was peculiarly apt to the occasion :

Those who have read the recently publlahed lite of Paateor
(every physician ought to read it) must have been Impreued by
the fact that in the mind and life of this wonderful man iclen-
tiflc knowledge was invariably regarded as the handmaiden of
humanity. In the height of Pasteur's interest In the study of
ferments, which opened the way to our present antiseptic sur-
gical methods, he turned aside from his chosen work f<w five
years to study the diseases of silk-worms, because of the suffer-
ings of the people in certain portions of Prance consequent upon
the destruction of the silk industry. His subsequent studies in
puerperal fever, charbon, chicken cholera, plague and hydn^hobU
were inspired by a similar notion; to use his own words, "To
give the heart its share in the progress of science." We may
not be able to imitate Pasteur in scientiflc achievement and In
broad and vivifying generalization from isolated scientific facta,
but we can imitate his bro4d humanity and his desire to amelio-
rate the lot of the unfortunate. We can at present do no greater
service to humanity and the commonwealth than to use our pro-
fessional influence and personal effort to pronote the hospital
treatment of acute cases of Insanity and appropriate state care
for the Insane poor of the chronic class.

All interested in the care of the insane should read this
article in full. It appeared in the Maryland Medical Journal.
February, 1903.

Thanks to Dr. Hurd and his colleagues the disgraceful con-
dition that then existed has long since been corrected. The
State Lunacy Commission, then more of an advisory board,
now has ample authority and at the present time Dr. Hurd is
the most valuable member of the commission.

In 1904 Dr. Hurd gave the address to the graduating class
of the Training School for Nurses at the Albany Hospital.
He took as his theme " Is Nursing a Profession ? " This paper
was pubUshed in the Albany Medical Annals, September, 1904.

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PAPERS PUBLISHED WHILE SUPERINTENDENT

In his address at the graduating exercises of the Lakeside
Hospital School for Nurses in Cleveland, in 1906, his paper
was entitled **ShaU Training Schools for Nurses be En-
dowed ? ** This is a theme that is engrossing the attention of
more than one institution.

In 1906 Dr. Hurd read a paper entitled "The Medical
Organization of General Hospitals,'* before the eighth annual
meeting of the Association of Hospital SuperintendentB, This
article was published in the National Hospital Record in
October of that year. At the annual meeting of the Canadian
Hospital Association, held in 1908, Dr. Hurd spoke on « The
Proper Length of the Period of Training for Nurses." This
paper was published in the American Journal of Nursing in
June, 1908.

In May, 1908, Dr. Hurd gave a paper on " Psychiatry as a
Part of Preventive Medicine." This was published in the
Atn'rican Journal of Insanity, 1908-9.

The object of prevwtlve medMne being to lessen the burdens
of mankind by obviating preventoble diseases, it is deemed appro-
priate at this time to inqnire in what manner the experience erf
those who are familiar with the problems of psrchlaUr may be
uUIized to assist in this good work. It needs no elaborate demon-
stration to show the evils of insanity and the heavy public and
private burdens which it entails upon every community. Next
to alcoholism it is probably the most potent ©\-8e of pauperism
and dependoioe.

The article is a most instructive and important one. The
conclusions are particularly interesting:

The methods of rendering the teachings of psychiatry more
effective to prevent disease ihould be:

1. To instruct children in the schools the art of healthy and
useful living. Teadiing should be more thorough and not re-

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HFNRT MILLS HURD

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■trlcted to fit one to get cm In the world, bat rather to Inoaleate
Ideals which will give him a conception of the prime Importauoe
of self-control and moral rectltade. It shoald also Inelade a
knowledge of the dangers of Immorality and intemperance.

2. To use the newspapers and the special reports of officers of
instlttttions for the insane and defective classes, to scatter broad
-ast a knowledge of the laws of bodily and mental health, and
the best means of preventing the development of mental disorders.

3. To give a better recognition of psychiatry in the cnrriculnm
of every medical scho(4, so that physicians may become ftuniliar
with the diagnosis and treatment of Insanity. To this end psy-
chopathic hospitals should be established to give clinical instrac-
tion, so that the family physician may recognize insanity, may
be able to scrutinize carefully the mental condition of neurotic
children and may give wise advice upon all educational problems.

In the Nursing Mirror for 1908-9, Dr. Hurd published an
important paper on " State Registration and the Education
of Nurses in the United States.**

On November 30, 1910, a Health Conference was held in
Pittsburgh. On that occasion Dr. Hurd gave a short but most
practical paper on " Cooperation Among Hospitals.** In this
address he emphasized the great value of cooperation. He
said:

Hospitals are often established by too zealous friends tar these
medical men, or established hospitals fall under the dom. ion of
two rivals in the profession. Under the circumstances, ooSpera-
tion between the two hospitals becomes difficult and often impos-
sible. I know many cities where such bitter feelings have In th'>
past destroyed all hope of oodperation and where the friends ot
able physicians or surgeons formed two armed camps. Even the
ladies become enlisted and fight under one or the other banner.
I am glad to say, however, that the days of bitter rivalry between
hospitals are passing away. The whole world is becoming more
tolerant and the odium medicum is following tbe course of the
odi«m theologicum. May its departure be as speedy.

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PAPERS PUBLISHED WHILE SUPERINTENDENT

In referring to the purchase of hospital supplies he men-
tioned a method that has given splendid results :

A Tvry obTlons form of cooperation is tor all t>*«i bospltala of
the city to adopt a common standard of ordinary erery-day sap-
pl*es and to arrange for their parchaae throofh a common pur-
chasing a«ent

In the city of New York recently also an attempt has been
made with very graUfying success to esUbllsh a hospital bureau,
which la a central supply bureau under a purchasing agent, whose
duty it is to make contracts for gauzes, cottons, surgical Instm-
uents, rubber goods, furniture, fixtures, bedding, blanketa. linen
and the like. These supplies are purchased in Urge quantities
according to a definite standard of ezcellmee and at the lowest
market prices. The ssTlng of expense in the cost of supplies is
considerable, but the saTing to the hospitals in the payment of
salaries to the officers to purchase is probably equally great The
same is true of breadstuffs. fuel, machinery, etc. Every depar^
ment of the Ne v York hospitals has profited by the central bureau.

Hospital officers often do go. a in secret and the community
at large does not appreciate how much is dme by the unpaid and
unselfish men and women who are managing our great hospitals.
The good work they do should be better known and this can only
be known by a wide publication of their work. They should not
put their candle under a bushel, but on a candlestick, w.wt all
may see and coSperate in helping on their good work. There are
hundred! of men and women who \any to do good, bnt who need
to be set at work. Tell the public what you are doing and do
not hesitate to aak for substantial support

At the graduating exercises of thg Nurses' Training Sch;H)l
of The Johns Hopkins Hospital or. May 19, 1910, Dr. Hurd
gave a delightful address on " Florence Nightingale— a Force
in Medicine.'' He said :

I desire rather to speak of her career as a OMistmctl re philan-
thropist as a sanitarian and as an organizer of nursing service
in city end country, of her statesmanlike grasp ta the problems

(87)

HBNRT MILLS HURD

of army nanlnc and of the influenoe of her life work apoa the
medicine and snrgerT of he paat half oentuiy.

In the course of !us address he refers to the visits the late
Francis T. King, the late Mrs. Bobb, and Miss Nutting had
with Miss Nightingale. Dr. Hard's address was most inter-
esting from beginning to end. I shall quote a few paragraphs.

It Is mj task this aftemomi to tell yon In what manner she
tuup Suenced the wonderful prosress of medicine daring the past

^rst, and probably to a larger degree, she has wrought tor
medical progress through her reform In nursing. She found it
an occupation and has made it a calling. From the Tery begin*
nlng of her career she Insisted that any woman who engaged In
nursing should qualify herself as thoroughly for it as a man quall-
fles himself for an^ ning in which he expects to succeed. She
belleTed that the o...jt of training was to teach not only what
was to be done, but how to do it The physician or surgeon should
order whatever needs to be draie for the patient's care, but the
training of the nurse should teach her how to do it to his order.
Training, also, should teach the symptoms of disease, so that the
nurse may know what certain symptoms indicate about any dls>
ease and whether the patient is worse or better' when the symp*
toms change. Telling the nurse what to do i5 not moui^ and
cannot be enough to make her work perfec'

2. In all her writings Miss Nightingale . * ntly dwelt

np<m the value of sanitation and obedi«ice v«. - ^*n of health.
She speaks with endless Iteration of the nued ui. pure air, pure
water, efficient drainage, perfect cleanliness aod sun-light In the
sick room. ....

Her books in fact have been an immense influence in promot*
Ing the sanitation of the home and of the public and private
hospital. They furnished principles for the guidance of those
who would work out their own plans, when principles had once
been enunciated and detailed and specific plans for those *o fol-
low, who cannot plan for themselves. Her suggestions and direo-

(M)

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PAPBR8 PUBU8HBD WHILB BUPBRINTBNDSNT

ttoos ftir tha can of p«ti«nU In their own homw «r« liiTaliubl*
and !»▼• n«fr«r tw«n aqiuaad toy any oChar wrttar. 8ha eriaa
aload and aparaa not for good aanltation and for tha car* of tha
patlaot. 8ha may not aluoya ba In acoord with praaant thaorlaa
of tha bacterial orliln of many dlaaaaaa and may arr in aaerlMng
meaalca and other infactlooa dlaaaaaa to a lack of aanltation, bnt
her main theala that bad air and all dirt are dangeroaa la onaa-
■allable. ....

It may be called to mind that at thla hoapltal Ita foondar.
Johna Hopkins, made prorlalon eqnally for tha care of the aide,
the Instmetlon of medical atadenta and the training at noraea,
each duty being equally obligatory

S. One of Florence Nigbtingale'a moat Important oontrlbutiona
to medical progreea is to be foond in her "Notaa on Mattera
Affecting the Health Effldency and Hoapltal Admlniatratlon of
the Britlah Army, Founded Chiefly on Bzperiencea of the Laite
War." This work in my <vinion oonstltutea one of the moat Tain-
able oontrlbutiona ever made to hoapltal organlaation and admin-
latratiim in time of war. Had the condualona which aha reached
been heeded in the CiTll War in America or in the Boer War
in South Africa or in tho Spaniah-American War, hundreda of
thousanda of livaa might have been aared and milliona of people
might not hare mourned over a useleaa and needleaa aaerlfloe of
the flower of their young men. Her ability to analyse dry atatia-
tlca and army retuma and her rare power to draw ccnreet eon-
dusiona from them aeema remarkable.

Probably one of the most interesting articles that Dr. Hurd
ever penned was entitled " The Site of The Johns Hopkins
HospitaL" This paper was read at The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital Historical Club in December, 1910, and published in the
Johns Hophiiu Nunea Alumna Magasine, April, 1911.

A plat of the site of The Johna Hc^kina Hospital which was
prepared to fodlltate the sale of the property to the late Johna
Hopklna haa recently come to light among the reoorda of the
hoapltal and an examination of the anrrey haa soggeated to me

HBNRT MILLS HURD

tip

that It will b« InUrMtlnc to all paraoos eoonaetad with th« hoqpi-
tal to M6 It and to learn somttblng of Its prerloiu hlstmr.

The lite of tae hospital haa been used for hospital purposes
for somewhat over 100 years. A ceneral hospital was esUbllshed
on this site In 1797 or in the early part of 1708. In an old
report It Is spoken of as a beautiful site upon a hill, about a
mile from the city of Baltimore. When I came here 21 years
SCO, the town extended but a little to the east of the hospital
and most of the nolshborlns streeU hare been opened slnoe the
present site was selected.

Dr. Hurd then sketches the early history of Baltimore in a
most fascinating way and refers to the epidemic of yellow
fever that invaded Baltimore. In 1808 the old hospital was
leased to a firm of physicians, Drs. Smyth and Mackenzie. In
1834 it waa used as a lunatic asylum, later called The Mary-
iand Hospital for the Insane.

From Dr. Kurd's paper we learn that at one time the town
of Joppa on the Gunpowder River waa larger than Baltimore
and that from this town there waa l brisk trade in tobacco,'
many ships sailing from Joppa to England. The old Joppa
Eoad ran from Joppa through Baltimore to AnnapoUs. It
crossed the present hospital ground a few feet north of the
present administration building. A house that faced on the
Joppa Boad existed until a few weeks ago (June, 191S) and its
front foundation can still be seen on the south side of Monu-
ment Street between Bond and Caroline streets. It waa
located directly behind the moving picture parlor frequented
by colored people. This building was clearly visible from
Monument Street when the picture parlor was being con-
structed. Judging from the front of the house the Joppa
Road crossed the present Monument Street, going northward
and westward between Bond and Caroline streets. In 1836

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PAPBR8 PUBU8HSD WHILB SUPCRINTISNDSNT

land WM bought by the hoapital on th« north d th* Jopp*
Bead and thii onoe bnaj mvin thoronghfare waa doted.

Johns H<wUnf ditiJ. tlia daj before Chrlatmas, 187S. and early
In ^be Mlowins Febmary the tmatees organlaed foi flret

time ae a board end arranged to take over what proi*^ , waa
ready for them. .... They made ai< effort to get competltlre
plans, but finally caye it ap and Dr. i. 8. BUllnfs, who is now
at the head of the New York PnMic Library, went abroad with
K wt of plaus whldi he sabmltted to all persona who were akllled
In hospital oonstnictloo. In 1874 the original bolldlnga had
been ttnn down, bat it was not onti*. 1876 that Dr. Billlags re-
turned with hia plana. ....

The buildings were begun In 1877, but wwe erected no faater
than the trustees had the money to pay for them. They built
them wh<My out of income and when money was not ayallaMe
to oontlpue the work they oeased building operations until more
money eame Into the treaaury. The result was a delay of full
12 years Itvton the buildings were completed. The trustees were
bitterly attacked by the newspapers, eepedally in the columns
where the letters of the people wpear. but they went on in their
own way and when the bulldlnga wore completed and opened in
1889. they had been conatructed wholly out ot income and the
capital fund of the hoepltal had been increased more than flOO,-
000 during the process of building. Many hospitals are bollt
after a dlffermt plan and must contend with norertr and debt
for many years. The trustees ot The Johns Hopkiiis Hospital
wwe more sensible. They knew that ' e hoepltal was to last
for a long time and that there waa nr reason w;.> Uier mii
cripple It tor all time in order that it might b« open*
years aooner.

Dr. Hnrd then gaye a short account of Johns HopiuM^
Accompanying the article is a picture of the old 1
Hospital; the real estate plat of the present hoep:
showing the position of the original Maryland Hob^
this ground and the location of the Joppa Boad. Tb

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HBNRT lOLLa HDRO

pictaw ihowi tlM dto of th« praent hoipittl-* brotd fcnot
•round it, a t«nt on the dte, and numy men and horsey nady
to begin the tzcaTation for the foundation of The Johna
Hopkina Hoepital. Etery one intereated in the inatitution
will be delighted with Dr. Hurd'a article.

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PAPIRS PUPUSMBD WRILB nDORlTART OP BOARD

CBAPTB XI

D& HUBD, SECRBTABT OF THE BOABD OF

TBUS'^ * OF THE JOHNS

H .& HOSPITAL

SlKwtly after Dr. >. .a relinquished hie dntiee m iuperin-
tendent of the hospital he moyed ^acrosa town'' to 10S8
Si Paul Street where he hM since resided. Hio secretarial
duties have occupied much of his time, but he has aeverthdesa
always somehow made time for his literary work. The first
artide from his pen after he became secretary was ** Early
Days of The JoLns Hopkins Hospital and Medical SduKi.**
A perusal of this splendid historic^ sketdi gives one a graphic
picture of the hospital in its formative days. To one who was
on the scene in those delightful days it brings back priceleaa
memories. In order that the reader may recall some of the
m -tones I will quote sections of this sketch :

late J<Ans HftpUna proonred an act of ineorporatloa of
!ito future homltal from the IfarTlaad Legislature la IWI and
named U aUa men, neaiiy all of them Intimate and trusted
frioids or ralatlTes, to aet as Ineorporatora and tmstess. Bnoad
deeding to this Board of Tmsteea a site for the Instltattoa,
whleh flOBslsted of the buildings and grounds of the old llarr*
land Hospital for the Insane^ founded la 1717. he had taken no
further steps towards Ite woetloa at the time at his death in

December. 1S78 The aetaal work of eonstruetloa did not

begin until 1877. and the hospital was not opened until Ittt.

The medical adiool. fer whldi Mr. Hopkins made provision In
his will, when he made his bequeet to the nnlversltr. was not
opened untn 189S, 80 years subsequent to his death. Theee

(M)

HENRT MILLS HURD

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delayi ard disappolotmrats were due to flnuicial difflcnltiM,
for which the tnutees of the unlTenity were In no way re-
■p<mslble

In August, 188», when I came to BalUmore to assume charge
of the hospital as supertntendent, I found four wards in com-
mission, vie., a pay ward for men and women, two public wards
for men and a public ward for women. An out-patient depart-
ment had also been opened under the charge of Dr. Halsted.
The pathological laboratory, under the charge of Dr. Welch with
a corps of assistants, had been operated as a branch of the uni-
versity since 1886, although recenUy under the Joint control of
the hospital and the university, owing to the financial difficulties
which hampered the university at that time.

Dr. W. H. Welch was in the full tide of his brilliant career as
a teacher, and had attracted to Baltimore such men as the late
ChrisUan A. Herter and W. S. Halsted, of New York, W. T. CkMincU-
man, now of Harvard, A. C. Abbott, now of the University of
Pennsylvania, P. P. Mall, later at CTark University and the Uni-
versity of Chicago, and any others of equal prominence, who
were aU deeply engaged In medical research. Possessing encydo-
pedio knowledge, unusual geniality and large-mindedness in his
relations with other men, and the gift of exposIUon, so essenUal
to the true teacher, he has been an active factor in the university
and hospital for many years. He is above aU an invesUgator
with a Judicial cast of mind and with the ability to stimulate
his associates and students to productive work, and the greater
ability to exercise a wise control over them.

Dr. W. S. Halsted was at the bead of the surgical work of the
infant hospital which he had organized In accordance with the
newer teachings of Lord Lister, along the line of a better tech-
nique based upon the teachings of baetericdogy. He possesses
the faculty of constructive work not alone in the prineiplea of
surgery, but also in the details and mlnutia of surgical teehnigue.
He is eminentty thorough in all that he undertakes to do and
whatever principles of surgery he has established have be«n
firmly founded upon experlaice as a surgeon, diligence as an
investigator and experimental «itudles upon the lower animals.

(94)

■mamm

PAPERS PUBUSHED WHILE 8BCRBTART OF BOARD

He was tben bednnlng to derdop what was to beoomo daring
the next 20 jreara a Bthooi of rargeiTi not cnly in what was
accomplished, bat also In the Inflaenoe whldi he exerted apoo
new men and the training which ther reoelved.

Or. William Osier had lately eome from Philadelphia as
physlclan-ln-chlef of the hospital and had already attracted madi
attention by reason of his anlqae personality, his Tersatlllty in
medicine and his literary facility. He was a master of English,
deeply versed In the history of medicine, an expert path<dogist,
a well-trained diagnostician, filled with knowledge of practical
medicine, and a remarkable clinical teadier. He had anwearled
Indastry and a wonderfnl ability to atlUse his gifts to accom-
plish beneficial resnlts for medical science and for the world.
His call to Oxford in 1905 was a serioos blow to the hospltaL

It Is remarkable that three aach men as Weldi, Halsted and
Osier should have been found to launch the hospital on Its sno-
ceesful career, eadi possessing dUterent powers and yet aU
working harmoniously to supplement the activities of eadi other.

In October Dr. H. A. Kelly came from Philadelphia to assume
his duties as gynecologlst-in-chief of the hospital, and estaUlshed
a public and prlTate ward for surgical diseases of wonen. He
was and is a brilliant operator whose mechanical deftness and
manual skill hare beox the admiration, envy and despair of all
who have followed his work in the operating nxon. His ability
to devise new operations and to meet emergencies in surgery is
phenomenal. In addition to an extensiire surgical work he early
became Interested in the preparation ot surgical books which
were dearly written and beautifully illustrated by the best medi-
cal artists procurable in this country or Europe. His intwest in
art as applied to medicine and surgery has been an Important
contribution to the profession and has influenced widely medical
literature in America. Equally with Osier. Wdch and Halsted,
he has trained studoits to do excdlent wotk as operators and
teachers throughout the country.

All of these l«ulers were young men, the eldest not being more
than 40 years of age and many of them much younger. Gray
hairs thus Car hare not adraved the heads of most ot those who

(S»)

HENRT MILLS HURD

I? 'i '

■A: ' •>'■»

jK.

Jfc p

I in:'

were Intereited In the derel(vment of the hoepltal, althooch It
mast be acknowledged that some might have grown gray if they
bad retained their original covering. All were wisely Interested
in the public welfare and used their influoioe in the city, state
and country at large to improve sanitaUm, to give better eare
to the poor, earlier help to the tuberculous and to institute
healthier conditions of living generally. ....

In the Journal of the American Medical Association, 1912,
Vol. \ix, p. 1677, Dr. Hurd published a paper on "The
Proper DiTision of the Services of the Hospital."

In 1912 he was president of the fourteenth annual meeting
of the American Hospital Association. He took for his theme
on this occasion " Hospital Problems." This address appeared
in the Intematicnal Hospital Record for that year.

In the Bulletin of the Medical and Chirurgicai Faculty of
Maryland for 1912-3 he published an interesting paper en-
titled "Extracts from the Laws of Maryland and Virginia
Regarding the Early Care of the Insane."

Dr. Hurd's paper " Three-Quarters of a Century of Institu-
tional Care of the Insane in the United States " appeared in
the American Journal of Insanity, 1912-3, Vol. liix, p. 469.
He divided the care of the insane during this period into four
stages:

1. The period of neglect

2. The era of awakening.

3. The period of state care of the insane.

4. The period of scientific care.

After considering each of these stages in detail he took up :
Laws for commitment of the insane in every state ; the criminal
insane; detention hospitals; hospitals for the chronic insane;
after-care of the insane; architectural changes and improve-

ii*L I

immm^aiMmmmmmmammmmmmm

PAPERS PUBLI8HBD WHILE SECRETARY OF BOARD

ments ; scientific work ; biographies, etc. The article is a very
instimctive one even for those who know littie about psychiatry.

In the Modem Hoapitai for 1913 we find two articles from
Dr. Hnrd's pen, "The Hospital as a Factor in Modem
Sociel^ " and " Hospitals and the Befonn of Medical Teach-
ing."

During the year 1914 Dr. Hnrd contributed eight papers to
the literature, "Some of the Writings of the Late Eugene
Fauntleroy Gordell^; "Belatic^. of the General Hospital to
the Training School for Nurses'*; "Hospital Medical Sta-
tistics"; "The Small Hospital a Factor in Medical Edu-
cation"; "Mental Cases in General Hospitals"; "The
Human Side of Florence Nightingale"; "Eupert Norton";
" State Registration of Nurses."

Dr. Gordell was the medical historian of the Uniyersity of
Maryland and had published a most valuable history of medi-
cine in Maryland. His book is a very interesting one and will
long remain the source of information relative to medical
events in this state.

Dr. Bupert Norton had been associated with Dr. Hurd for
several years. He remained assistant superintendent when
Dr. Winford H. Smith succeeded Dr. Hurd. In 1914
Dr. Norton developed typhoid fever and died.

Dr. Hurd in his article paid a well-deserved tribute to his
former associate.

A reference to Dr. Hurd's bibliography shows that he pub-
lished no less than eight papers in 1916. Among than were
" The Early Years of The Johns Hopkins Hospital " ; " Forty-
Five Tears Ago and Now "; " The Treatment of Mental Casea
in General Hospitals"; "The General Government of State
Hospitals."

(»T)

! I

HBNRT MILLS HURD

In 1916 Dr. Hurd in addition to a tremendous amount of
editorial work he had vnder way published six papers. They
were " Some Sources of Friction in the Management of Hos-
pitals"; "Another Source of Friction in Hospital Adminis-
tration'*; "Who Shall Manage the Training School for
Nurses?"; "The Advantages of the Budget System";
" Nathan Smith, Nathan R. Smith, and Alan P. Smith—*
Medical Family "; " Need of Segregation of Imbecile Women."
On March 12, 1917, Dr. Hurd read a paper on "Johns
Hopkins and Some of His Contemporaries " before the His-
torical Club. This was published in the July number of the
BuLLETiK for the same year. In his introductory remarks
Dr. Hurd says :

The primary object of our Historical Club, when it wai founded,
was the study of medical history. To-night I have thought it
wise to speak of the Ufe of one who was not directly connected
with the history of medicine, but who, because of the Influence
which the university and hospital he established have had upon
medical educaUon in this country, seemr dosely alUed to m<Mll-
cin& I have also an additicmal reason for speaking briefly of his
personal history before this dub, because as the years pass I flnd
that the career of JcAns Hc^klns becomes lees familiar to the
present generation, and there is danger that he may become a
mythical personality. This is my reason tm speaking of his
origin and personal characteristics and giving some account of his
career in Baltimore. I also wish to speak of his personal interest
In the hospital and of the men he selected to carry out the
enterprises.

Dr. Hurd then briefly sketched the life of the foimder of
The Johns Hopkins Hospital and also gave a short account of
the original trustees of the hospital

WiHx a reemrd of so much work d(me after resigning the
superintendeney the reader will naturally ask why Dr. Hurd

(M)

PAPERS FnBLISHKD WHILS SBCRBTARY OF BOARD

did not remain at the helm. Physically, mentally and in every
way he was still in his heyday, but he felt that he had borne
the heat nf the day long enough and that the running of the
hospital should now be placed in younger hands. One of the
trustees of the hospital who spent several weeks traveling with
Dr. Hurd some yearc after he had retired from the superin-
tendency was so much surprised at his agility that he turned
to me and said, ** I he"'* nsver seen a man who can jump out
of bed, say his prayers, sliave and drees as quickly as Dr. Hurd
does, and he does not in any way curtail the length of his
prayers.**

(Ml

HBNRT MILLS HURD

i \:

if.

,f^ ,'

Chapter XII
BOOKS WRITTEN BY DB. HUBD

HoSPITAUi, Dl8PEy«?ABIE8 AND NUBfiINO
Edited bt Johw S. Bnxines, M. D., awd Hbubt M. Hubd, M. D.

The International Congress of Charitiee, Correction and
Philanthropy was held in Chicago, Jnne 12 to 17, 1893. Sec-
tion 3 was devoted to the hospital care of the sick, training of
nurses, dispensary work and first aid to the injured. Dr. John
S. Billings was chairman and Dr. Henry M. Hurd secretary
of this section; Miss Isabel A. Hampton was chairman of the
subsection on Nursing.

Many valuable papers were read in the section and it was
clearly evident that tne addressM should be published, but the
necessary funds were lacking. Dr. Billings and Dr. Hurd
came to the rescue and at their own expense published and also
edited the large volume of over 700 pages. This splendid
publication is of much interest to Baltimoreans not only on
account of the many valuable papers, but also because Balti-
moreans contributed in no small measure to the success of the
Congress.

Dr. Billings* chairmanship address was entitled '* The Bela-
tions of Hospitals to Public Health.*' Miss Hampton took for
her theme "Educational Standards for Nurses,** and Miss
L. L. Dock spoke on " The Eelation of Training Schools to
Hospitals.**

Dr. Hurd*s address was on ** The Eelation of Hospitals to
Medical Education.'* Mr. Henry C. Burdett, of London,

(100)

BOOKS WRITTEN BY DR. HURD

England, the Honorary Chairman of the Section, in discussing
Dr. Hnrd*B paper said :

I should like to say that I think It Is Tery Important that
we should hare a paper of this kind read this session. It Is
Important because It clearly lays down and brings out clearly to
the non-technical mL.J the reabon why the cost of administer-
ing hospitals tends steadily to Increase, and what those who give
to hospitals really get back In return for their money. A man
Is often amazed by the demands which are amstanUy made
for more and more money, especially for buildings, and I do
think that Dr. Kurd's paper will fulflU a rery useful pnrr..ose.
and I hopf. It will be printed and widely drenlated unong
hospitals. ....

Miss M. A. Boland, .he dietitian of The Johns Hopkins
Hospital, gave an interesting address on " Hospital Dietaries.'*
Dr. Hurd gave a second paper " Description of The Johas
Hopkins Hospital." After briefly detaiUng the gift of Johns
Hopkins and speaking of the plans and building of the hos-
pital, he described the institution in detail, giving numerous
illustrations and plans. The picture that will appeal most to
the older members of the faculty is the one of the isolation
wprd, with the old boardwalk extending from the northern
exit of this building over to the steps of the pathological
building. One can even now vividly see those going from the
hospital to the laboratory in rainy weather, tuning up their
coat collars and sprinting rapidly over to the pathological
department.

The Congress was honored by a paper " Sick Nursing and
Health Nursing *' by Florence Nightingale, and by an addreas
by our own Cardinal Gibbons on "Work Done by Religioos
Communities Devoted to the Belief of the Sick."

Too much credit cannot be given to Dr. Billings and to
Dr. Hurd not only for editing, but also for her ring the cost of

(101)

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HBNRT MILLS HURD

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tic

this Toltune which contains valuable articles from specialists
in all parts of the world.

SUGOESTZONS TO HOSPITAL YlSTTOBS

In 1896 Dr. John S. Billings and Dr. Hurd brought out a
small book entitled "Suggestions to Hospital and Asylum
Visitors." The need for such a book was very evident and
S. Weir Mitchell prevailed upon these Tell-known hospital
authorities to write it Dr. Mitchell's introduction is so much
to the point that I quote it in full :

Per several years I have been urging apon Professor BlUlngs
the need for a small manual suited to the wants of hospital visi-
tors. I have many times been asked by laymen who have to
manage eleemosynary InsUtnUons where they could learn how
critically to Inspect them with a reasonable chance of seeing
what Is wrong and learning how to value what is praiseworthy.
It is useless to point the inquirer to the greater works on hygiene.
These presuppose such knowledge as few possess who are not
educated physicians. There is needed a condensed sUtement of
what to see in a hospital and hoto to see it

Every new domain of observation requires a peculiar and in-
dividualized training. The acute microscopist might be a duU
observer of the facts of disease which we caU symptoms; the
clever artist may be a sad failure when called upon to see with
critical eyes the phenomena of the laboratory. How. then, can
we expect that quite untrained people should of a sudden become
useful observers In a field as new to them as is a hospital?

Boards of managers are chosen out of the every-day life at
commerce and professicng other than that of medicine. The
members are presumed to study results into which enter ques-
tions of cooking, dietetics, ventilation, medical and snn^eal
cleanliness, which involves dlsinfecUon, and many other matters
exacting careful attention, and only to be thoroughly understood
after years of training. This little manual is meant to assist
untrained observers, yet even the most expert manager of a hos-

(102)

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BOOKS WRITTEN I Y DR. KURD

pital or the »blert medlad obitnrw ought to find In It Talnable
hint*. This fiiide to the hoipltia TUrttor 1 h»T« Mk«d leav* to
Introduo*. It hM coit an amount of care and thought out of
proporUoo to Ita alie. While In manuacript It wa* criUcally
read toy ProfeeaorB J. M. DaCoata, J. William White, and myself,
and oertain changea or addltlona were auggeated. FlnaUy, Dr.
Kurd, the aooompUahed director of The John* Hopklna Hoepltal.
waa kind enough to aaaodate hlmaelf with Profeeaor BlUlnga
and to take the utmoat Intereat In the work. Out of their Joint
labor and the crlUdam of able physldana and nuraea haa come
at last the hdpful Uttla book which originated In my auggee-
Uon, and which I confidently commend to aU who, being man»-
gera, trustees, or In any way connected with hospital work, are
not contented to assume an ofllclal name and remain Igncu-ant of
how h<meetly to fulfill the duties which should go with It

8. Wsn MrroHBX, M. D.

It is doubtful if any smaU book of 43 pEgea was ever bo
crammed full of information and good advice. It should be
reprinted and be read by every hospital trustee and by all in
any way interested in hospitals. A perusal of its pages will
give the reader a very dear idea of the manifold details of
hospital management will enable LJn to render valuable
advice without unjust criticism and will make the path of the
superintendent or director of the hospital a much smoother
one. In short, it will promote the maximum efficiency with
friction reduced to the minimum.

The copy of the book that fell into my hands contains a few
notes in Dr. Kurd's hand writing. These I venture to repro-
duce here without his knowledge or permission :

BUQOEBnONS JOB THS OBOANIZATION OF AUXIUABT BOABDS

07 YISIT0B8

1. Composed of men and women who are Intaraated in human-
itarian and philanthropic work.

(io«)

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HBNRT MILLS HURD

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t. Th«7 should b* abwdatoly free from any partiMui or polltS-
eal blM.

5. Thty shonld feti at liberty to maka angtaatlona aa to tba
pcdlejr of the hoapital. aa to purehiuinc, admlnlatratlT* datalla.
•tc They ahonld be contented to preaent their rlewa to the
coremlng body with whom maat reet the reaponalblUty of the
final dedalon.

4. They ahoold seek to asalat In all aodal aerrloe mattera. The
oflloers of a hoapital, aa a role, are not widely acquainted with
the poaslbllltles of aoelal help In the community or the aourcea
of aid. The Board of VUltora can do Incalculable good by brlnr
Ing the hoapital Into relation with all helplnc acendea.

6. Boarda of Vlaltora should never lose alfht of the fact that
they are prlvHeced to asalat In a moat Important public aerrloe^
The Increaalnff wealth of the country and the growth of a lelaure
dasa can only do harm If theee become a aource 6t peraoaal
pleasure to those who have leisure and abundant meana. It
however, they use tLelr good fortune for the pubUc good, new
asplratlona are arouaed and new and moat satisfying channela of
activity are found which dignify and ennoble the Individual and
bless the community. Personal service to hospitals and almllar
charities thus become not only a duty but a pleasure, and life la
enlarged and made purpoaeful by the performance of good work.

Thb Institutional Cabb op thb Insanb in thb United
States and Canada
At the 66th annual meeting of the American Medico-
Psychological Association held in Washington, D. C, in May,
1910, Dr. Hurd gave an address entitled " A History of Insti-
tutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada.**
This paper was published in the American Journal of Insanity,
1910-11, Vol. Ixvii, p. 587. In the course of his address
Dr. Hurd said :

The movement to write a history of the aaaodatlon and Ita
work had Ita origin at the Baltimore meeUng In 1895, wh<m Dr.
Powell, of Georgia, presented a very Interesting ouUlne of the

(104)

I !

a»

HiiUMttiiMi

<r«*»;£i.

msmM

BOOKS WRITTSN BT DR. HTTRD

"rlM and procrwi ct • VMt amUm of AttrtttM In th* II com-
moiiwMlthi of the Sooth." with dHiOltd Meoonti of tuUtaUou
In Vlrglni*. Korth Candinn and GoorglA. It WM trldcBt trom
tho lntw«ot which wm thta ozdtod that maeh had bMO dOM hy
■Imilar toondations In aU tho aUtco of tho Union, and tram thia
oonrleUon grow tho orlUnal roaolnUona anhoaqnontly proooatod
by Dr. J. W. BAboodc, of CotamMa. & C. Thooo roaolnttona woro
oooaldorod and taroraMr aetod apon. and a eonunlttoo wa a ap-
polntod, hat nothing aooma to haTO oomo of It, althooi^ prograaa
baa h««n reported from time to time, and an effort haa bean
made to stir up r general sentiment in faror of oompletlng the
work. For this and other reasons, althongh not aware of any
special personal fltneas for the work. I did not feel at liberty to
deeline the appointment made at the OincinnaU meeting, and
of whldi. by the way. I learned for the first time In Jnne last at
Atlantic City. Since that time I haye made an Intermittent effort
to organise the work and to collect snch material as I could find.

The full committee consisted of Dr. Henry M. Hurd, chair-
man; D' William F. Drewry, for the South; Dr. Bichard
Dewey, for the West; Dr. Charles W. Pilgrim, for the middle
states; Dr. G. Alder Bltuner, for New England; Dr. T. J. W.
Burgees, for British Ametlca.

The object of the preeuit paper is to giro some aceoont of
the progress of the work and to say what needs to be done. I
hope. also, to stir np in the minds of the members ot the aseodar
Uon a feeling of responsibility for it. so that there may be coSpera-
tlon in gathering the material and preparing it for pnMleaUon
at the proper time. The dUBeultiea in the task are Tory great
Those who have been Interested in the oonstntotion of the Instl-
tntions for the insane in the United SUtes hare been largely
isolated workers, and their reewds are. consequenUy. widely
scattered throughout the different states ot the Union

In his concluding paragraph Dr. Hurd says :
I have taken the liberty to embody the substance of thia
paper in a reaolution which I now offer to ascertain the win of

(106)

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HBNRT MILLS HURO

th« MaoeUUon in th« matter (rf tti* pablleaUon of th« book. I
■haU bo Torr glad to haTo it modlflod, rovlsod, or In aar way
ehanf«d m aa to brine out more oomplotalr the wlihoa of tho
aaaodaUon in this mattor. I am not woddad to anr thaory of
publioaUon, or any form of work. I am aaxlouf that tha work |o
on with aa maeh rapidity aa poaalUa. It is eqaally important.
howoTor. that tho work bo dooo thoron^ly, ao that in futara all
may know who in the paat eontrlb'Ued to the aaooeaa of an iu-
portant philanthropic achieranent.

Volumes I, II and III of this stupendoiu work appeared
from The Johns Hopking Prew in 1916 and Volume IV m
1917. These four volumes contain in all 2926 pages.

A glance at the preface to Volume I gives the reader a clear
idea of the tremendous amount of labor entailed in the prepa-
ration of these volumes. After taking up nearly three pages of
the preface in thanking ^.-uious men for their cordial coopera-
tion in furnishing data the editor says :

The obllcatlons of the committee to the Individual superin-
tendents of nearly 200 InstituUons in the United State* and
Canada are very great; in fact, without their cofiperation It would
Itave been impracticable to prepare any adequate hUtory of the
movements «n the various states and provinces.

It is evident from a careful study of all the material which
has oome into the hands of the cnnmittee that a gradual evolu-
tion has occurred In the care of the Insane in America during
the past half-century, which bids fair to change materiaUy the
discouraging views as to the htvelessness of their cure which
have prevailed for many year- in the United SUtee and Canada.

The movement towards the promyt treatment of curable casea
without the formality of legal CM^mltment and under the same
CMditlons as in admission to a bfrplta! for general bodily disease,
gives every hope that at an etiiiy day case* of recmt attack may
be received everywhere promptly, and that greatly increased
numbers can be cured. Cases of a chronic nature are also now
much more satisfact(n11y dealt with In insUtaUana on the eo^

(iOS)

iiL'i-i!"/'

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^amgBSjsm

itfii

B OOM WRITTEN BY PR. HURD

tag* pUB. with ootpljrlat oolonlM tor Um •mplonnwt of pAtlmta.
•Bd taAT* • ooiTMpoadtafly b«W« oroortimltr to attalB Mlf-
rapport Th«M moTMBMiU promUM to nuko matwUl dtaatM
la tBtoro mothods of ewlBS for tho Iiimbo.

Volmno I U hi«toricd in chMMter. It gires a dew account
of the Awodation of Medical Svperintendenta of American
iMtitutioni for the Irsane from 1844 to 1898 and of the
American Medico-Peychological Aaaodation from 1898 to
1918. It then deecribes what the Am«riean Journal of Inr
Manity hat accomplished. Volume I wae written by Dr. Hurd
and the reader can beet obtain an idea of ♦' 'nj'.e range of
•ubj«x:ti considered in thia volume by glan*^ •• .ug^ ite liata
of contents:
nonoir Chawb I pasb

I. IntrodnetloD •

II. The AasoclatloB ct Medical Soperlntendrata of Amorl*

can Inatltatlona for tbo InaaB*. 1844-1898 U

III. Tbo American Madloo^Paycfaolodcal AsaoeUtlon.

189M91S **

IV. Th* American Joomal of Insanity '•

CHimn II

I BarlT and Colonial Care of the Inaane 81

I\ . Th* Bra erf Awakening ••

CKAvna III
L Dwothoa Lyndo Dlx and Her Work IW

CHAvm IV
I. BrdnUon of Institutional Car* In th* United States. . 18f

II. Coonty Car* of th* Inaan* 1**

IIL Chronic and InenraU* Insan* IW

IV. Th* Colony Systsm **•

V. Btat* Car* *••

VL Th* WlaoMisln Systnn of Coonty Car* !••

(tOT)

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'if 4'

ii 1

HENRT HILLS HI7RD

BBCTI05 Chawm V y^^

L Brolntion of the Adminiitration of HosplUls 179

IL PreMDt OoTvmment of Initltutlons for th« Inaane 18S

III. M«thodt of InTwtlcatlon of Public Iiutltntlona 196

IV. Otrelopmnit of HoaplUl Architecture 904

Chattb YI

I. The ProposltlODi J17

II. Reforms In Caring for the Insane 228

III. Medical Treatment of the Insane 230

IV. N(»i-Medlcal Treatment of the Insane 284

V. Employment for the Insane 842

VI. Asylom Periodicals 260

VII. IndlTldoal Treatment 264

Vin. Experimental Removals 260

IX. Origin of the Psychopathic Hospital In the United

States 268

X State Psychopathic Hospital at the UnlTCrslty of

Michigan 266

XI. Bostmi Psychooathlc Hospital 276

XII. Research Work In Hospitals 281

CHAPm VII

!. Training Schools for Norses and the First School In

McLean Hospital 289

II. First Training Scho<ri for Attmdants at the Bnflaio

State Hospital ( Asylam) . 1888-1886 801

Chaptcb VIII
I. Private Care of the Insane 818

CHArm IX

I. Growth of the Law ol Insanity 821

II. Commitment of the Insane jsi

III. Conditions of Discharge 888

IV. Admission ci Volontary Patloits 844

V. Care of the Criminal Insane 848

(108)

_5^«^ii »»*»-«*•»»•»».'». *»« ,.»(»»»■« *■»*».« «»,._j»„...

yUg

BO0K8 WRirJKN BY DR. HPRP

CHArnB X

uonoir

I. immlfnitloii Mid the Care of the iMMie 866

II. The Allen-Born in RrtaUon to the Coet of Btete Cere. . Mt

CHArm XI

I. Insanltr unong the Necroee t^l

II. Ineaalty among the North American Indiana ttl

III. Insanity among Indiana In Soath Dakota SM

r. . The Chlneae and Japanese Inaane In the United

States •••

CHAraa XII

I. insUtnUonal PovnlAtlon •••

IL CeasQS of the Insane **J

III. Feeble-Minded In Instltatlons "*

CHima XIII
I. Laws for the Commitment of the Insane In CJanada. . . 417
IL Care <rf the Insane In Canada Prerloos to the Bstab-

llihment of Provlndal Institatlons **«

III. lBrtaM^'>^T»«"**^ of ProTlndal Inrtltntlons 464

vr. System of Care In the Prtrrlnoee <rf Canada, and Got-

▼emmmt and Infection of ProTlndallnstltatloiis. 46«

V. The CWtraet System In the Protlnoe of Qaebee 467

VL Immigration and the Care of the Insane In Canada.... 471

VII. CCBsna ot the Insane In Canada 47S

yilL The Chlneae and Japanese la InsUtatlons In British

ColvmMa between the Tears 1871 and ItU 480

IX Dwothea L. Dlz and Canadian Instltatlons 411

Voltunea 11 and III and part of Voltime IV are deyoted to a
detailed description of the institutioM for the care of the
insane in the United States and Canada. Volmne III also
includes the institutions in Hawaii and in the Philippinfls.
Pictures of many of the institutions are giwn and often plans
of the buildings accompany them. In each article is a detailed

(lot)

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HBNRT MILLS HURD

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list of the medical personnel of the institation from its begin-
ning to the time the volmne appeared, so that the previoiu
activities of any man who has devoted his life to psychiatry
can be readily followed.

The latter half of Volume IV is devoted to biographies of
prominent psychiatrists in the United States and Canada.

The picture in Volmne I that will interest Baltimoreans
most is that of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane as it
appeared in 1832. It faces on the old Joppa Boad and in the
backgromid is the present Church Home and Infirmary, then
the Washington Medical School. The site ^1 the Old Mary-
land Hospital for the Insane is, as has been mentioned else-
where, now occupied by The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

In Volume II is a splendid plate of the Sheppard and Enoch
Pratt Hospital The frontispiece of Volume IV is a repro-
duction of a portrait of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, to whose pioneer
labors American psychiatry owes so much.

These volumes have brought forth much praise. Sdenee
for July 28, 1916, in reviewing Volume I, which was written
in its entire^ by Dr. Hurd, says :

This is one of the few works in the English langoace in which
the history of a separate branch ot medldne haa been exhaus-
tively treated The present volam^ although it pnrfeeses

to deal only with the general history of instltational care ot
the insane on this continent, is, in reality, an exhaostive history
of American psychiatry in all its phases, and is therefore likely
to remain the aathoritative work on the snbjeet for an indeflnita
period. ....

Dr. Hard modestly regards this wQi>k as a souree-book for the
historians of the fotore bat It is ondeabtedly a permanent hla>
tory wbieb may be extaoded, bat will hardly be dnplieatad. The
chapters are eompleto la thamselvee. the book Is well Ulustrated.

(110)

miS^

BOOKS WRITTEN BY DR. HURD

and the style 1b charming In its slmpUeltr, sobriety and Its traces
of delicate humor.

The American Jowmal of Jrucmity for October, 1916, in the
course of the review of Volumes I and II, says :

Too much praise cannot be given to the manner In which the
task Imposed upon this Editorial Committee has been carried
out. and as wie of the members of the committee. Dr. Burgess,
said at the meeting In New Orleans in April last, while all the
eommiUee have tried to help, the harden of the work has been
on Dr. Hard's shoalders.

The Nation on February 8, 1917, says:

No sarvey of the treatment of American insane daring the
last two centuries has before appeared; it is pleasant to find the
difficult task so well executed as in this volume.

The British Medical Jowmal for December 8, 1917, in
referring to the four volumes said :

Dr. Hurd is to be congratulated upon the success with which
he has carried out the collection and colllgaticm of the numerous
interesting records contained in these volumes. Naturally they
will appeal most strongly to readers across the Atlantic; but
in their record and analysis of suooess and failure in attacking
a problem of great importance in all dvillied oommunltie*—
namely, the care of the insane— they should find many readers
tbroughoat the world.

in another foreign review we find the following tribute:

This monumental work. is. in the main, the product of the
veteran Dr. Hard, emeritus professor of psychiatry in The Johns
Hopkins University, and formerly medical superintendent of the
Pontiae State Hospital, who is well known on this side of the
Atlantic as the most distinguished of American alienists. Dr. Hard
has retired from active praetiee, but his abundant enwgy would
not auffer him to be idle, and he has employed his leisure wisely
and weU in predudng this great work, which will be a dassie
from the day of poblloatioD.

(Ill)

imStl^

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HEa«mT MILLS HURO

It must be remembered that during the immense amoimt of
labor entailed in the preparation of these voliunes Dr. Hurd
had been greatly troubled with his eyes and it was only his
indomitable will that continually spurred him on to the com-
pletion of these labors that were a fitting climax to his many
successful years of hospital directorship.

(118)

i i i

BUMMART

Chapteb XIII
SUMMARY

Dr. Htird in addition to hia other editorial duties has been
one of the editors of the American Journal of Insanity since
1897 and of the Modem HospUd since 1918.

He is a member of the Association of American Physicians ;
of the American Academy of Medicine, and was its president
in 1896 ; of the American Medico-Psychological Association,
of this he was secretary from 1892 to 1897 and president in
1898-9, he also edited three volumes of its proceedings; of the
American Anthropological Association; of the American Hos-
pital Association and its president in 1912. He is also a mem-
ber of the American Public Health Association.

In 1896 Dr. Hurd was given the degree of LL. D. by hi«
alma mater, the University of Michigan.

On September 16, 1874, Dr. Hurd married Miss Mary Doo-
Uttle, of Utica, N. Y. They had three children, a son and two
daughters. The son died in o' idhood.

Mrs. Hurd was always greatly interested in her husband's
labors and ever manifested the same cordial relati<m to the
hospital interns and to the senior staff that Dr. Hurd did. A
year or two after they left the hospital Mrs. Hurd*s health
began to fail and her death on March 14, 1913, was keenly felt
by the host of friends of the family.

Miss Eleanor and Miss Anna Hurd are the constant com-
panions of their father and it is a delight to see the manner

fi (118)

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HBINRT MILL43 HURD

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in which they watch over his wdfare and literally force him
to conserve his unbovmded energy.

Dr. Eurd is a Presbyterian. He has shown the same fidelity
to his church that he has ever manifested in his professional
duties.

From the preceding pages of this article the reader will 3ee
from what an intellectually sturdy stock he came and few men
have had such a long medical ancestry. Step by step he rose
until he was not only the first superintendent of a large asylum
in Michigan, but also a dominant figure in that commonwealth.
His fame as an administrator was not confined to his own
localily, but was widely known. It was for this reason that he
was later called to Baltimore.

All through his career he has been a thoroughly consistent
and industrious psychiatrist He has published many valu-
able papers dealing with the study and treatment of the insane,
has for years been one of the editors of the AtMrican Journal
of Insanity and less than three years ago edited a monumental
work of four volumes on " The Institutional Care of the Insane
in the United States and Canada." As mentioned before he
wrote Volume I and edited Volumes II, III and IV.

For years he has been a most valuable member of the Mary-
land State Lunacy Commission. A foreign journal speaks of
Dr. Hurd as " The mest distinguished of American alienists."
It is clearly evident that in psychiatry he has reached the top
rung of the ladder.

The trustees of The Johns Hopkins Hospital manifested
rare discernment when they selected Dr. Hurd to become the
first superintendent of the hospital It fairly blossomed under
his wise generalship until its fame spread far beyond the oon-

{114)

SUMMARY

fines of this continent— until it was known in every dvilized

land.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin and the Hoa-
pitdl Reports under his able editorship added greatly to the
prestige of the institution. As an expert in hospital organi-
zation and in hospital management he is recognized as the
leader in America. His advice in hospital and nursing prob-
lems is continually sought. His is invariably the final word
on these subjects.

His writings on hospital organization, hospital manage-
ment, medical education and nursing are numerous and most
valuable and he has ever aimed to publish historical records in
order that they may not be lost— in order that they may be
preserved for future generations. Whatever he has undertaken
he has finished.

A prominent publisher who has come in contact with him
nearly every week for at least 25 years said to me recently
" Dr. Hurd is the most practical and business-like physician
that I have ever met »*— and he meets an unusually large num-
ber. It is undoubtedly this practical bait, coupled with rare
discernment, a broad knowledge of men and a wide knowledge
of psychiatry and medicine that has enabled him to accomplish
so much apparentiy with so little effort.

From time to time brilliant statesmen advanced in years
have been spoken of as ** grand old men." Dr. Hurd is the
grand old hospital stateraaan of America. Early in his career
he wanted to become a surgeon in the navy, but was disqualified
on account of his frail physical make-up. He would have
undoubtedly made his mark in government service, but what
a loss the asylums and hospitals of this country would have
sustained, and how much psychiatry and the profession of

(116)

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MMMMHM

HBNRT MILLS HTTRD

medicine in general would have missed had he successfully
pcssed the physical requirements for the navy I

His has been a life well spent — a life full of labor for his
fellow man. In a memorial tribute to the late Dr. William
Whitney (jk)dding, Dr. Hurd unconsciously gave a most vivid
description of himself. " You felt instinctively that you had
to do with one who knew no guile or self-seeking, but who
appreciated it to be his duty to place his powers of mind and
heart unreservedly at the disposal of his associates or his
fellow men." But Dr. Hurd is not gone, he is still with us,
actively engaged in writing the history of The Johns Hopkins
Hospital. That he may long be spared to browse in the
Henry M. Hard Library, which my friend George K. McGaw
is building as a mark of appreciation and esteem to our mutual
friend, the first superintendent of The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital, is our earnest prayer.

M-l

wmi^

OBOROB KBBN MoOAW

Chaptbb XIV
THE LATE GEOBOE KEEN MoGAW

For MTeral monthi Mr. HcGftw had been failing in health,
and in June he venc to hii rammer home at Buena Vista.
The erection of the Henry M. Hurd Library waa uppermost
in his mind, and the last thing he did on the morning he left
for the mountains was to turn over to Judge Harlan addi-
tional funds for the building. He was particularly anxious
that Dr. Hurd should not only see, but also haye the oppor-
tunity of often enjoying the library bearing his nsme. My
account of Dr. Hurd's manifold activities was accordingly
promptly undertakon and as soon as it was completed, early
in July, Judge Harlan and I spent a delightfiil day with
Mr. McOaw and his family in the mountains. For fully two
hours Mr. McGaw listened with great interest to the rwdtal
of the many things his friend had accomplished and again
ezpreissed himself as so happy that the library plans were well
under way. That was the kst time I saw that whole-souled
and true friecd. He had a fairly comfortable summer. He
died raddenly on the morning of September 9, 1919.

Dr. Hurd and Mr. McGaw had known <Hie another for many
years, as they both were prominent members of the ]Rrst Pres-
byterian Church and Mr. McGaw was also one of the Trustees
of The Johns Hopkins HospitaL

In March, 1911, Mr. McGaw suggested a trip South and a
few days later Dr. Hurd, Mr. McGaw and myself left for an
extended trip, visiting Pinehurst, Columbia, Savannah

(IIT)

HENRY MILLS MURD

C "^
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If-.'* .

JackBODTille, Knights Key, Havans, Key West und Miami.
It was on this trip that the lasting and intimate companion-
ship and friendship was cemented between these two splendid
men, and since that time they have been together week in and
week out. It was this close companionship that revealed to
Mr. McGaw Dr. Hurd's wonderful breadth of character, and
that prompted him to plan this tribute to his friend — a tribute
that will not only be a constant reminder of the first superin-
tendent of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, but that will also be
of inestimable value to the succeeding generations of students
in The Johns Hopkins Medical School.

Dr. Hurd's estimate of his departed friend rings so true
and is so beautifully expressed in a recent letter to me that I
cannot help reproducing it here.

Sbal Hajbbob, Mb., Sept. 13, 1919.
Dbab CuLLBy : Many thanks for your telegrams and your
thoughtfulness in sending them. I have been greatly shocked
by the unexpected death of the best of friends and I know of
no one who may occupy the vacant place in just the same way.
He was so noble in his plans and modest in carrjring them out,
80 that his own work might be minimized. I always felt him
to be a rare man. We all of us ought to be better men for
having known him. I have written to Mrs. McOaw, but I feel
that I could not in any way tell her properly how much I loved
him

Sincerely,

Henbt M. Hubd.

(118)

II.

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CHAPm XV

SOME BANDOM RECOLLECTIONS •
HxwiT M. Hdbd

I WM bom in Union City, Bnmch County, Mich., May 3,
1843. My father wm Dr. Theodore Ctnfield Hurd, a phyri-
cian, a graduate of the Tale Medical School. He came from
Connecticut by way of New York to Michigan about the year
1836 and settled at Burlington, in the adjoining county of
Calhoun, where he had a farm and engaged in the active
p/actice of medicine. My mother was Eleanor Eunice
Hammond, also of Connecticut antecedents, but bom in
Chenango County, N. Y. Her father, Chester Hamuond,
was a student at Yale College for two years, but did not
graduate because of ill health. Her grandmother was Fannie
Goodrich, a native of New Havoi. Both grandfather and
grandmother were persons of unusual religious and philan-
thropic seal. They had removed from New York to Michigan
about 1836 with the avowed object of doing something in
a personal way to establish good institutions and churches in

* Some or Dr. Hard's friends who knew that a abort sketch of
his manifold actlvltlea was to appear were partlcolarlr anxious
that h« shoold publish b brief account of his earlr Ufa. Dr. Hurd
raluetanUy oonsmted. Ha felt that this was too personal to be
published In the hospital Bulletin, but preferred to have It In-
serted in thla smaU volume.

(IIS)

?'H

HENRY MILLS HURD

the infant territory. My father waa a man of rather nnusnal
energy and foresight, with excellent bnainess instinct and
great love of his profession for which he was peculiarly fit^?, a
by reason of what used to be termed his "good judgme it."
My mother was active, energetic, with a keen tongue an $j
excellent sense of humor. During the first two years of r-y
life I lived on the farm about two miles from Union City,
but in 1845 the failure of my father's health caused him to
remove to my grandfather's hous6 at Union Citj, where he
died in December of the same year. Although I was but two
and a half years old, I have a distinct recollection of being
carried downstairs the night he died, and I can never forget
the sense of horror which I had at the time, although so very
young. As my mother's means were small, in 1846 she
determined to take up her residence alone at the farm with
her three children to struggle with the difiSculties of a pioneer
life. There was little money in the country, and the farms,
although very productive, found little sale for crops which
were raised. It should be stated that in this region the slow
process of clearing land was not necessary as there were large
natural prairies, known as Burr Oak openings, which only
required to be broken up and fenced to funlish excellent
farms.

While at this farm, when between three and four years of
age, I had my first induction into school life and regret to
say that my failure at the beginning of a career as a student
was ignominious. I remember accompanying an older brother
to the schoolhouse, about half a mile from my mother's house,
with spelling book in one hand and small basket of luncheon
in the other. When I reached the schoolhouse I was filled with
shyness, but at last was persuaded to enter by the pretty school-

(lao)

Theodore, aged 9

Charles, " 4

Henry, " 6

Union City, Mich., 1849.

Theodore, aged 13
Henry, " 10

Charles, " 8
Taken about 1853.
Union City. Mich.

FAMILY GROUPS.

til S f

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SOME RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS

teacher who induced me to do so by promising to show me a
little pocket penknife which she had. An effort was made
during the forenoon to interest me in learning my letters by
the aid of the penknife which had already proved so attractive.
I felt, however, a sudden access of shyness when the morning
recess was announced, and I flew out oi the schoolhouse with
my basket of luncheon and started for home, which I reached
in record time, and not waiting to enter the gate, but throwing
the basket of luncheon over the fence, I clambered over and
announced to my astonished mother that I would never go to
that school any more. I did go, however, and found that my
shyness had disappeared, and I enjoyed the schooling as much
as such a child could.

We remained on the farm for about two years or until my
mother married a younger brother of my father, who was
also a physician. In fact, I come of a medical family; my
father and his two brothers were physicians and quite a
number of cousins and uncles belonged to the same profession,
I remember with great distinctness being present at my
mother's wedding and of the sense of loneliness which came to
me when ehe departed on her wedding tour. During my
mother's absence we lived under the charge of a Miss Bobinson,
who was one of the women then known as " Governor Slade's
schoolmarms," sent out by Governor Slade of Vermont to
improve educational conditions in the West. Governor Slade
believed that there was a great need of schoolteachers and
organized a movement by which several hundred were sent
from New England to various points in Michigan, Ohio and
Indiana. I remember having a great admiration for Miss Rob-
inson, but felt that in the matter of the washing of hands and
face and the combing of hair she was altogether too strict A

(lai)

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HBNRT MILLS HURO

few months later we removed to Union City and occupied a
double house with the family of Elder Bennett, who had a
large family and was a very earnest, zealous preacher. He
used Biblical phrases frequently and instead of the word
" hogs " he always said " swine," and in other ways also was
quite professional in his utterances. The next year my step-
father built a new house and we moved there. It was a pre-
tentious affair with large wooden Corinthian columns on
the front, an orchard with plenty of peach trees and a small
farm of 80 acres adjoining.

My stepfather was warmly interested in everything which
concerned the education and development of his three step-
children. No man could have been kinder or more thoughtful
for our welfare. As he was engaged in the active practice of
medicine he always owned fine horses and drove them very rap-
idly, 60 that I considered it a great privilege to go with him on
his rounds, although I often thought that his calls were much
too long for the comfort of a restless, active boy who sat wait-
ing at the gate. The prevailing disease in the whole region was
malaria, and at times almost every person was ill with it. I
remember that my father would return from his morning
rounds lying deathly sick in his carriage which was driven by
some volunteer. He not infrequently reached home to find
my mother ill with ague and my brothers also. Most of them
had a daily chill. I recall with great chagrin that I had a chill
every second day, but was so reasonably comfortable on the
alternate days that I was not an object of interest to the family
or to the neighbors. Servants could not be got or if they came
they generally remained only long enough to bake a batch of
bread, and would then be sent for to come and take care of
their own homes. I remember on several occasions being sent

(122)

BOBIB RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS

to the neighbors to get food cooked or to secure necessary sup-
plies for the members of the family who were too ill to go. In
the following year there was a severe epidemic of dysenteiy
which prevLiled through that whole region and of which many
persons died. The diseases which prevailed were: undoubtedly
due to the atill uncleared land, the remaining swamns and the
ravages of mosquitoes. By the time that we re. oved from
Union City to Illinois in the autumn of 1854 so many improve-
ments had been made that the region had become fairly
healthy and has continued so ever since.

The town of Union City was at the junction of the Cold
Water and St. Joseph rivers. It had been developed by a
company whose headquarters were in New York, largely be-
cause of deposits of bog iron ore in the vicinity and the mis-
taken notion that it was at the head of navigation on the St.
Joseph River, which flowed by a circuitous course west into
Lake Michigan. The futility of the St. Joseph River route
was soon apparent when a steamboat was built at Union
City to inaugurate the traffic. It ran into a hidden V" aad
was sunk very early on its first trip. The clearing up ui the
coimtry, the draining of the marshes and the cultivation of the
soil diminished the rainfall so much that no attempt wab ever
made afterwards to utilize the river as a means of transporta-
tion. My Grandfather Hammond had come to this region
because he felt it important that it should be a Christian com-
munity and in company with another good man established
a congregation and built a church edifice on the bank of the
St. Joseph River. As there was little money, the church was
erected by donations of lumber and stores and by the voluntary
labor of those who were interested in the project. My grand-
father used to say that in the building of the church the

(123)

HBNRT MILLS HURD

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amount of actual money expended was but $80, all the rest
being donated in service and in labor. The church was pro-
vided with a bell which summoned worshipers from the town
and surrounding farms. It used to be said, however, that the
rattling of the iron step on my grandfather's buggy was always
regarded as a signal that the time to go to church had arrived.
The atmosphere of the town was eminently good, and I re-
member distinctly that as a child I attended the morning
service, Sunday school between services, the afternoon service
and what was knovm as " five o'clock meeting," the latter
being usually a prayer meeting or a missionary service.

Sunday was kept very strict'y and little in the way of out-
side recreation was permitted. I once was sternly reproved for
splitting kindling wood one Sunday afternoon for the next
day's fire. We all went to Sunday school and recited verses
and received much religious instruction from those who taught
our classes. I remember that my teacher, a maiden lady of
mature years, used to talk to me in a solemn way not only in
the class, but generally for an hour or so every week in her
own home to which I was invited. The superintendent of the
Sunday school was an excellent gentleman who devoted much
time to his duties. He had an unfortunate habit of weeping
when addressing the children, and I was much impressed by
the remark of a fellow scholar that " Colonel Moeely must
carry an onion about in his handkerchief to be able to secure
tears on such short notice." The pulpit was at the front of
the church and the choir was in the raised singing seats in the
rear. During the singing we always rose and faced about so
as to see who did the singing and to judge how well it was done.
I do not think that I got very much out of the sermon because

(124)

Henry M. Hurd
in 1863, aged 20.
Ann Arbor. Midi.

! -^i -'^j . . u Mpf I •'"'yp^'^gg^ =

Henry M. Hurd

in 1868, aged 25.

Ralesbnrg. 111.

sjg^M/^jjj^M^ssMms

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BOMB RANDOM RBC0LUDCTI0N8

unully when it begu I went aonndly to ileep and remained
■o until the end of the aerrice.

We went to echool et flnt at what was known as a " select
school " kept first bj Miss Bobinstm, whom I have mentioned,
and later by Miss Sargent Both were excellent teachers and
we were very fortunate in being under their tuition. Later,
after Miss Robinson had returned to Vermont and Miss
Sargent had married, I was sent to what was known as " the
district school ** on the river bank, where we had very poor
teachers.

As my parents were froji the firat very anxious that the boys
of the ^imily should have a college education, they removed in
1854 to Qalesburg, 111., a town about 170 miles southwest of
Chicago, in a beautiful prairie country. This town was the
Beat of Knox CoU^e, which had been founded in 1837 by men
who had emigrated to this then remote r^on from Oneida
County, N. Y. The project was originated by a company of
settiers headed by the Bev. Dr. Gde from whom the town
received its name. Most of than made the journey in wagons
to Pittsburg, thence down the Ohio Biver by steamer to Cairo,
thence by steamer up the Mississippi Biver to the mouth of the
Illinois Biver, thence by a barge to Peoria, about 60 miles from
Galesburg, and finally by wagons to the site of the new town.
The journey consumed several weeks and there were many
hardships l^ reason of low water, difficultiea of navigation
and the condition of the boat which made the ascent of the
Illinois Biver — ^this boat being a stem-wheeler and its motor
power supplied by the horses of the emigrants. When the
emigrants reached Galesburg, they made thdr first settlement

(US)

HBNRT MILLS HX7RD

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in Henderson Grove, a belt of timber about seven miles away
from the site of the future town. Here they built log houses
and passed the first winter. Meantime they w«re laying out
a site for the new town, which contained a liberal space for a
school, an academy and a church. A stringent prohibition
clause was inserted in all deeds of land forbidding the sale of
intoxicating liquors on the premises, and providing a penalty
of confiscation of the bnd if this rule was broken. In the plat
of the new village every other lot was set aside to be sold to
create a fund for the establishment of the new college. An
academy was first started and afterwards a college, which in
1854 was in successful operation and had already graduated
a number of students. We reached Qalesburg, by raUroad
from Chicago to Altona and thence 20 miles by stage, about
midnight November 25, 1854. The railroad known as the
Central Military Tract Boad was extended to Galesburg in
the following January; the Peoria and Oquawka Boad was
completed from Burlington a few months later and another
branch was soon built from Galesburg to Quincy, being known
as the Northern Cross Bailroad. These lines when consoli-
dated were known as the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
Bailway, which afterwards had a very prosperous career. We
took possession of our new house almost immediately and lived
there for the next 11 years. The town had all the features of
a pioneer town as far as comforts of living were omcemed.
The streets were unpaved and there were no sidewalks. The
roadway ran through a black loam soil of unexampled depth
and fertUity which in the winter season rendered the streets
almost impassable. I have known a wagon drawn by two
sturdy horses to stick in the mud in the principal street of the
town. For weeks at a time it was often necessary for all travel

(IM)

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^MB RANDOM lUBCOLLDOTIONB

to be on horseback becaiue the itneti could not be trarened
by vehiclei.

The oonunnnity wu a highly cultivated une, full of anti-
■layery enthusiasts and much devoted to every good cause.
It was regarded as a station on the " underground railroad **
and many an escaping fugitive slave was concealed there and
conveyed quietly and secretly to Canada. It was known all
along the Missouri border, 75 or 80 miles away, as a ** nigger-
stealing " town and many of the people rejoiced in the epithet.
The coll^ had two large buildtngs of brick with studoits'
rooms in one-story wings in the rear. The college classes were
small and the curriculum was the good old-fashioned curricu-
lum of the New England C!ollege. The faculty had a president
who taught philoeophy, a professor of mathematics and astron-
omy, another of Qreek and Latin and another of chemistry and
the natural sciences. There was also a principal of the
academy and a principal of a female seminary which was really
a co-ordinate part of the school with a three years' course of
study for graduation and d^rees similar to the degrees given
to the men. There was, however, no co-education except in
the academy. I was sent to the academy where I had the ad-
vantage of excellent teachers. At the age of 4 years I had
advapced so far in my studies that in 1858 I entered Knox
CoU^ where I spent the next two years. When I had com-
pleted two years of the required coU^ coo. , an unfortunate
change occurred in the management of the school by reason
of the rivalry of two religious denominations for its control.
Feeling ran high upon both sides of the oostrove tj, and partly
from this cause and partly from health conriderations I re-
mained at home for a year, and improved the opportunity
offered by my freedom from study to teach a country school.

HKNRT MILLS RXTRD

The experience wm Talnable but KHnewhat seTere, largvly
becAttw of the hardihipt of coimtry life.

Meantime the Civil War had broken out, the whole oom-
mnnity was in a ferment, and great excitement prerailed. I
can never forget the general lurpriM at the failure of all
attempts at settling the controversy as to the right of secession
and the firing upon Fort Sumter, nor the call to arms which
came to every community. Tlie catastrophe at Bull Run to
the Federal Army sent a thrill of despair throughout the whole
North and many of my former fellow students rushed to the
colors, many of whom, alas ! never returned.

In the autumn of 1861 1 went to the University of Mtrb!?an
at Ann Arbor and entered the junior class, graduating in 1863.
I have never regretted the change from Knox College. It
gave me a wider acquaintance and contact with a large number
of students drawn from many states. The instruction was
probably no better than at Knox College, but it was on a larger
scale and afforded more stimulation from teachers and fel)'^ ^
students. Greek and Latin were taught by experts, not
" gerund-grinders," but men who had a feeling for the liter-
ature of Oreece and Home. Tha same was true of French and
German. The most stimulating influence, however, came from
Presid^t Tappan in Philosophy, Andrew D. White, later
president of Cornell University, in History, James R. Boise
in Greek and F S. Frieze in Latin. I can never forget my
indebtedness to these men. I graduated in 1863 in a class
sadly depleted by the Civil War.

After an imperfect course of instruction, consisting of
reading medicine in an o£Bce under a preceptor and two courses
of medical lectures, one at Rush Medical College, Chicago,
and another at the University of Michigan, I graduated in

JILIS ■

BOMB RANDOM RBCOLLBOTIONS

March, 18C6, and became a doctor of medicine. Aftenrarda I
went to Philadelphia to answer a otU to enter the United Statee
Nayy ai a medical ofBcer, but waa rejected on the ground of
insufficient health and vigor to endure the hardahipa of naval
duty. I was kindly but uncompromisingly informed by
Surgeon Folz, the chief of the Board of Ezaminen, that it
was the unanimous opinion of the board that if I were ac-
cepted for duty " there would be a pension ou the rolls of th«
department within 12 months " — ^not wholly an encouraging
statement! I now recognize that this unkind verdict waa
probably one of the best piecM of good fortune I ever had.

The period b.rvreen 1855 and the beginning of the Civil
War in 1861 was one of general public interest in moral and
social questions. The extension of slavery had become a vital
question because of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise of
1820, principally effected through the efforts of Senator
Douglas of Illinois, which had thrown open Kansas, Nebraska
and the territories north and west of them to the extension of
negro slavery hitherto prohibited. There was great excite-
ment and opposition to slavery in the North which culminated
in the organi2ation of the so-called Bepublican party, composed
of out-and-out anti-slavery men and more conservative Whigs.
In Illinois the feeling was hot upon both sides of the question,
the northern portion of the state having been settled by
emignnts from New England and the Middle States, and
the southern havin^ received settlers from Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, Missouri, and Virginia, states in which the institu-
tion of negro slavery existed. The new political party had
secured tiie electi<m of representatives in Congress '"'*y gener-
ally in the North and the political parties in the House of
Bepresentatives and Senate were nearly equally divided. As

■«m

"IB H ." ' ' ^ 111

Bti'i.r <K.

■an

HBNRT MILLS HURO

a reault of this political excitement in the year 1858 a novel
contest between two candidates for the United States Senate
was inaugurated in Illinois. The Democratic State Conven-
tion had nominated as the candidate of the party for election
as United States Senator, Stephen A. Douglas, while the Be-
publican Convention had nominated Abraham Lincoln. These
men already chosen by their respective parties as candidates
for the senatorship were to be elected not by popular vote, but
by representatives and senators in the state legislature of
Illinois meeting in joint session. For this reason great excite-
ment in reference to the election existed throughout the whole
state, as it depended upon the votes of individual representa-
tives elected in the different counties and election districts.
An active campaign therefore began in the early sununer and
lasted until November. Both candidates took the stump and
made speeches generally at conventions or in couniy seats or
at mass meetings of the two parties. As a boy of 15 I fre-
quently heard Judge Douglas speak in the open air to members
of his party and I met Abraham Lincoln upon railroad trains
and at stations or hotels. The two candidates for the United
States Senate early arranged for seven joint debates on the
issues of the campaign. One of these was held at Qalesburg
on October 7, 1858, where I saw and heard both of these strong
men pitted against each other on this occasion. It was
a bright, clear, cold October day which had followed a period
of warm weather and rain. The streets were gaily decorated
with the banners of both parties and there were processions
and demonstrations in abundance in the morning hours.
Owing to a severe north wind it w&a impossible to have
the speeches in a large tent which had been prepared and con-
sequently the crowd gathered in the shelter of a large college

(ISO)

Charles Hurd, ^
and Henry M. Hurd
aged 27, April. 1870.

Galesburg, 111.

Henry M. Hurd,

aged 31, In 1874.

Chicago, 111.

jifjtrt.ism,,

SOME RANDOM RBCOLLaXTTIONB

bailding and was clotiely packed together to the number of
15,000 or 20,000 persons. The opraiing speech was made by
Stephoi A. Douglas and occupied an hour. His voice was
unusually well suited for public speaking. He was a short,
thick-set man of great energy and force of character who was
extremely popular with his party and was aUe to play up<m
their emotions and prejudices to a ranarkable degree. His
speech was largely a defense of his course in tidvocating the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise and a vindication of his
doctrine of ** Squatter Sovereignty * by which every state was
to be free to setUe whether or not slavery should be extended to
it or rejected. ^ He strongly doionnced his opponent and the
party which he represented because it was a sectional party
with its members almost wholly in the northern states and not
like his own party represented in evoy portion of the Union.
He further made the charge that his opp(mait, Abraham
Lincoln, had prepared for presentation, ^ a meeting in the
northern portion of the state, a series oi resolnticms doiounc-
ing slavery and favoring the dissolution of the Union rather
than a condition half-slave and half-free throughout the
United States. Douglas* speech was received with great
enthusiasm by his party. Throughout his address Mr. Lincoln
sat upon the stage wrapped in an old-fashioned woolen shawl
and was apparentiy unmoved by the d«iunciationa ci his
opponent. When he arose to speak his unusual height and th«
slendemess of his figure attracted univenal attention. He
itocd head and shoulders above all others about him and his
head appeared quite too small for the height of his body. His
Toic^ sithougfa dear and poietrating, did not possess the
oratorical qualities of his oppoiait, but it was easily heard by
the vast audience and seuned admirably adi^pted for clear.

'■■ »

HBNRT MIIXS HURD

convincing argument rather than for denunciation and vita-
peration. He began by saying pleasantly that he did not
intend to reply at length to his opponent's charge as to the
resolutions passed in a distant part of the state, because he had
already explained on two occasions that he was not in that
part of the state at the time, that he had not prepared the
resolutions, and that he knew nothing about them. He made
this explanation, he said, to show why he did not devote him-
self more to the matter, but wished to conserve his time so that
he might press his own argument. He stated, however, that he
did not blame Judge Douglas for presenting his charge
against him for the third time, as he believed it to be good cam-
paign material on the Judge's part. The Judge in this matter
reminded him of the fisherman's wife whose husband was
brought home drowned. After examining his pockets and
finding that they contained several eels she said, " Oh ! my
poor husband is dead, take out the eels and set him again."
This was followed by a roar of laughter from the audience and
it was evident to all that Senator Douglas' charges had been
sufficiently answered.

Mr. Lincoln spoke for an hour and a half and was followed
by Senator Douglas in a summing up of half an hour. The
proceedings excited much interest in both parties and there
was much eiithusiasm and general good feeling among all who
gathered to hear them. The speeches were subsequently
gathered into a volume and circulated by the friends of
Abraham Lincoln as campaign material, a fact that would
seem to indicate that they put a greater value upon his
utterances than their opponents did upon those of Senator
Douglas. Wher. the election occurred in November the
party of Senator Douglas secured a majority of the membeis

(1S2)

BOMB RANDOM RBCOLLBCTIONS

of the Houae of Delegates and the State Senate and Senator
Douglas was reelected.

No person unfamiliar with the eitraordinary political ex-
citement preceding the Civil War can have any conception of
the amount of oratory which was heard thronghont the state
of Illinois during the next four years. It was my privilege
to listen to many speeches from able and eloquent men, ensh
men as Judge Trumbull, John Wentworth, Owen l4>vejoy,
Emory Storrs, Kobert IngersoU, Bichard Yates and many
others.

In Galesburg, as I have said before, a strong anti-alaveiy
sentiment existed. Clergymen preached against n^ro slavery
from their pulpits and did not hesitate to denounce the Demo-
cratic party because it was thought to be devoted to the exten-
sion of slavery. On one occasion I heard Jonathan Blanchard,
a clergyman of unusual ability as a public speaker, after de-
nouncing certain practices in tiie community which he thonght
to be detrimental to its welfare, say: "If this continues we
shall go from worse to worse until finally even our very
children will become Democrats,'* conveying the impression
that there could be no degradation equal to that.

It is interesting to recall how through what was known as
the " lecture system " it had become possible for people in re-
mote communities to hear lectures and addresses from persons
of more than usual ability in politics or literature. In
almost every important town, east and west, lecture courses
were given under the supervision of a local committee who
usually were filled with a desire to promote the education and
welfare of the public, and rarely expected to receive any pecu-
niary return for their woric, but felt amply repaid by the liter-
ary treat thus offered to them. The lecturers had a hard time

(1S8)

HBINRT MILLS HURD

. ' .. i

<rf it, a 3 t.d^ ri^rd iTviTel was sloir and, in the absence of Pnllnuui
con, veiy uncomfortable. Coontiy roads were generally bed,
hotda were poor, and the lectures were usually given in
diurches or badly ventilated and uncomfortable crowded public
halls. To a growing boy, however, it was a great opportumty
to hear men who wero in the public eye and were wtXL known
tiuoughout the country as political leaders or literary men. I
remember, for example, hearing Wendell Phillips lecture upon
** Lost Arts " and was wonderfully impressed by the quiet dig-
nity of the man and his eloquence as a speaker. I also heard on
many oocasi(ms John B. Gouj^, the well-known temperance
advocate, whose lectures wero most dramatic and stimulating.
Bayard Taylor <m several occasions came to town and gave
lectures on his travels abroad. I once heard him lectun on his
trip to the North Cape in the winter time. Henry Ward
Beecher was also one of the lecturors and had a great control
oiw&c ac andimoe by reason of his eloquence and remarkable
voice. Horace Greely gave a lecture upon his trip overland by
stage to the Pacific Ooast, and described in a shrill, unihetor-
ical v<noe, but in a charming narrative, his adventures in con-
nection with the trip. I remember also hearing George
Sumner, a relative of Charles Sumner, deliver an interest-
ing lecture upon his travels in Spain. Sir Henzy Vane, a
noted Knglishman, gave a lecture up(m " Cromwell and His
Times." There were many others, but these will serve to
indicate tiie dumuter of the lectures and their influence
upon the social life of the community. There were few other
entertainments except local concerts or gatherings of a rdig-
ious or political character. It is difficult to overestimate the
influence of the Lyceum system up(« the growing boy or the
young student at this time. I oftcai think that the disccntinu-

(is*)

Jf- ?

itmm

BOMB RANDOM RBCOLLBCTION8

ance of the ^stem has bem a serioiu loss especiaUy to new
oommunities.

Ill

In May, 1870, wbile living in Chicago, I received an invi-
tation to Kalamazoo, Mich., to act as a medical officer in the
State Hospital for the Insane, which had been in operation
since 1869 under the charge of Dr. E. H. Van Densen, a man
of great abilil^ and experience. I expected to remain during
the summer only, but became so much interested in the woric
that I accepted a permanent appointment and remained in
Ka l a m azoo eight years. I was later given charge of the «i*1e
department of the hospital, which was then housed in a new
building as a separate institution, and remained there during
the final four years. In 1878 I became assistant superinten-
dent of the hospital, but resigned in a few wedro to assume
charge of the Eastern Michigan Hospital for the Insane
at Pontiac, which had been established for the care of the
insane in the eastern portion of the state. This institution
I opoied, organized and conducted for 11 years, or until 1889.

In June, 1889, 1 received an appointmoit as superintendent
of The Johns Hopkins Hospital at Baltimore and assumed the
duties of this position August 1 of the same year. This
position I held until August, 1911, a period of 22 years. Upon
my retirement I became Secretary of the Board of Trustees
of The Johns Hof^ns Hospital.

<135>

-,i <

' 1}

•IN ';

^i^i

IgUB^

BIBUOORAPHT

BIBLIOGBAPHY

HENBY MILLS HTIBD, M. D., LL. D.

MINNIB WRIGHT BLOGO
UHUuuAir, nn jokks hotkiks bowrai.

1881

Reetnt Jadietal daeialoiui In Mleldgui ralatiT* to innnlty. Am. J.
Ihhul, Utln, N. T., 188041, zxxril, 88-86.

1888

A plM for •jntematle thonpeotieal, dinieal and itetiatioal atody.
Road baton tha Aaaodatlon of Madloal Saparlntandanta of
Amariom InatltaUona for tha Inaana, at tha annual maattag
In Toronto. Jnna, 1881. Am. J. Inaan.. Utlaa, N. T.. 1881-88.
XDCTili, 1C41.

Praetieo! aoggaatlona ralatlva to tha treatment of lnaanit7. Fhyal*
olan ft Sure-. Ann Arbor, Mieh.. 1881, It, 88S-8M.

1888

Fatora prorlBlon tor tha Inaana In MldUsan. n. p.. 1888. 9 p. 8*.

Tha traatmant of parlodlc inaanltjr. Am. J. Inaan., UUea. N. T.,
188848, Dnrnr. 174-180.

Daddns In aayloma. A refatatl<m (lattw).
N. T., 1888-88, zzzix. 608-607.

Tha haradltary Inflnanea of alooholle Indnlganoa u^tm tha prodne-
tion of Inaanlty. A pwar read at a aanltair conTantion held
at Pontlao. Mldtigan, January 81 and Fatooary 1, 1888. Ra-
printed frooa a Bopplement to tha Annaal Raptvt of tha Sao-
retary of the State Board of Health of Michigan, for tha year
1888. Fhyaldan ft Surg., Ann Arbor, Mieh., 1888, r, 48-67.

Am. J. Inaan., Utlca,

1884

The minor traatmant of Insane patlanta; aommaiT.
Utiea. N. T., 188S-84, zl. 806-809.

(18T)

Am. J. Inaan.,

HBNRT MILLS HURD

w-i

I I

1886

PmwioI*. Am. J. iMui.. Utlca, N. Y., USU6, xlM, 47S48S.

1887

The relaUon of gen«nl paresis and lyphlhUo Insaaltr. Am. J.
lOHUi., UUca, N. Y., 1886-87, xllU, 1-18.

^•.*A*f-**' recorery fro«i inaanltr. Am. J. Inaan.. UUca. N. Y.
1886-87, xllll, 848-265. ^^ ^ *

^•-*?i?"^»y!^ «' >"<*»««««• Proc. Nat Confer. Char., Bort.,
1887, ZlT, 216-220.

1888

Oaatrie, eeeretonr and other crisea In general paresis. Am. J
Insan.. UUca, N.Y., 1887-88. xUt. 60-66.

^* im^iw? 471387*' ***' *"■"•• ^' '• ^"■^' "****• "• ^-
AUo: Tr! Ix. Intemat M. Cong., Wash., 1887, t. 868-268.

Hard, H. M. ft ChrlsUan. B. A. The nlUmate resnlts In a case of
ocsecUra of Uie head and upper Uilrd of Uie homems. Ann
Burg., St Lools. 1888, Til, 481-484.

1888
^"'^"*J«^**» *»~»**y- ^^'J- IM«-. UUca, N. Y., 188848, ilT,

First rep<nt of the saperintendent of The Johns Hopkins Hospital

J(dms Hopkins Press. 47 p. 8». # »—

Atoo; Jcdins Ht^klns Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1889-90, 1, 77-89.

A case of toeWety with Insanity; wltii ronarks. Am. J. Insan.,
UUca, N. Y., 1889-90, xItI, 61-70. *«■«•,

The relation <rf the Training Seho(d toe Nurses to The J<dins Hop-
kins HospitaL Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1889-90, 1, 7-8.

^'^^mI'^S^ ** melanchoUa. Maryland M. J.. Bait, 1890, «lll.

'^^^.J'^^?"***®® ** hospitals. Proc Nat Confer. Char., Bost..
1880, XTll, 166-168.

The relaUon of the general hospital to the medical profession.
Proc. Nat Confer. Char, Boat, 1890. xrll, 166-162.

(188)

ill' I

BIBUOCnUPHT

INl

BMond report of the raptvlatoadoat of The J«hu Hopkins Honl>
Ul for tho TMr oBdlat Janowr II. Utl. Bidt. Iff 1. Tte
Johns Hopklna Ptots. 7C p. •*.
aim; Jchns Hopkins Hosp. BolL, Bait. mi. U. 1S«-1S1.

Mottolr of Klehard Oandnr, ML D. Tr. M. A Chlr. FlM. ItarjitMd,

ItM

Third report of the snperlntendent «t The Johns Hopkins Ho9l-
tal for the year aiding Jsnoary SI. IMt. Bait. The Johns
Bt^klns Press. M p. S*.
Afo: Johns Hopkins Hosp. BnlL. Bait. ItM. 111. t7-10S.

Journal dabs. Am. J. Insan.. Utlea. R T., IMl-M. slrlU. tTMTL

Post:.brUe Insanity. Maryland M. J., Bait, ItM. xzrU. IC14M.
aim: Am. J. Inssn.. Utka. N. T.. ltt»M. sllz. tC44.

ItM

Foorth rmort of the superintendent ef The Johns Hopkins Ho»>
pltal lor the year adlnc Janoary tl. ItM. Bait. Ittt. Tfe*
J<Ans Hopkins Press, tt p. S*.

The relation of ho^tals to medleal edaeatloa. Boston M. A I. J.
lttS,ra(lx.l4144t.

ItM

Fifth report of the sopedntendent of The Johns Hopkins Bto-
pltal fbr the year ending January U. lt«4. Bait. lt»4. The
J<duis Hi^klns Press. M p. t*.

Burd, H. M. ft BlUlngs. J. 8., «to. Hoapltsls. dtapeosarles and
nnrsbic Papers and dlscosslOBS In the International Gon-
cress of CharitleB. Correetlon and Philanthropy, seetlon ttL
Chleago, June U-17, 18M. Bait. Itt4. J^u Hopklas
7Up. 8*.

The relation of hoepltals to medleal edaoatlni.
In: Hoepltals, Dlspoisarles and Nnr^ng. . . .
Char, [etfr], 1893, Bait ft Lend.. Itti. It-IM.

Intemat Ooa^

Oeeerlptlmi of the John Hopkins Ho^ltal. Baltteore. Md.
1»: Hoqpltals, Dl9u»ries and Narslng. . . . Intemat Ctons.
Char. [etflL].18M. Bait ft Lend., lt»«.4tl^4«t. ^^

(IM)

%'■

HBNBT MII4L8 KURD

omnmamo rativ*
ity. October 14,

0«or|» HoBtlnftOB W tlamr Th«> mlontM of
OMettBc held ta the Joiuu Hopkins Uatv*
ISM. Baltlmora, IS p 8*.

8<mi« mental dlMrdertotchudhood and y oath !3oatOB M s 3. J.
1SS4, czxzl, SS1-S86.
At$e: Baltimore, 1896, Friedenwald Co., 16 p. 8».

1S»5

Sixth report of .le •upertntrmifnt of Th« Johns I upklBfl Ff^upltal
for the 7WU- ending Joji try ;.\ 1895. ' '♦ ;895. The J ^h as
Hopklni Preat. 74 p.

Hard. H. M. A r 'Ulni;s, J. 8. Huggestioni u. ^rwp^
rlaltors. - iih an Introductlau b* 8. Weif Mi
ISSS, J. li. ippincott Co.. 48 p.. 8°

and

Pti

The alleDista c the p&jt half oentary. Proft %m. V i. PeyAi
Am., 1894, btiai. N. Y., 1896. 1, 167-171

189«

Beventh report <>f the snperlntendent of T
pltAk for the year ending January 31,
Johns Hopkins Preie. 69 p. 8*.

lohuA Hr>i
'. Be"

iOSB
M. " ie

The new McLean Hoi^lt

Labont lories and hospital work.
18»5-6. 11. 4SS495.

. In:- ''n., Chicaro. H96- U
Bull. iB. Ar i M Baste- 'a^

Paran(> a Maryland M. J., Bait i896 jtx I-4
Alto iAbat] Virginia M. St nii-Month., I chmond, ] :»6 ., . ,t>S.

Eighth report of tlie
pltal for the yeat
J<dtna Hopkhu Pr

Hospital organization
ing School tor r
February 17, 18S"

Hi d, H. M., Burr. C .

statisTicai tabieis,
olatioa. Am. J In

i»7

p*'rlm dent of The uns Hopk us Hoe-
llBf jaai- r ? . 18». Rait., 18^7. The

. 88 r ■-.

d ma:. jnt drs lef ore the Train-
ees t> Tjn, -ajty f PennarlTanla,
UnlT. A. ig.. Phi- 1896-7. ix, 48 500.

* Wise, P M.

the Amer; ar
m., Chicago

(140)

«P« rt ci th

edico-PPvCi
0-7, UU, 106

tmmittee <«

^■BB

u uw

BIBUOORAPHT

Hard, U M . * dupln. J. B. Baport on th« hocpluia of Um Dtetriet
of (kdambla. To the Joint Select C!ommitt«« to InTWttgat*
the charltlea and reformatory InBtitutlonn In tbe District ot
Columbia. Waahlnfton, 1S97.

IMS

Ninth report of tha ■aparlntandent of The Jobua Hopkins Hospital
for tha year endlof January 81, 1898. Ealt., 1898. The Johns
Hopkins Presa. 91 p. 8*.

Thi ledioa aarrioa of hoepltala. Albany M. Ann.. 1898. zlx, 187-

(Proe. Johns Hopklna
Johns Hoptrln^ Hosp.

Tha non-medical treatment ot epilepsy.
Hoep Med. Soc, Norember 7, 1898)
B«" ^alt, 1898, Ix, 296-297.
Alfo yland M. J., Bait, 1898-9, xl. &3.

1899

Tenth re >ort of the superintendent r The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital for the year ending January 31, 1899. Bait. 1S99. Tha
Johns Hopkins Pr«us. 92 p. 8°.

Post-operatlTS insanities and anuetaeted tendencies to mental
dis^iise. Am. J. Obst. N. T.. 1899, xzzlx. 381-3S5.

Presidential address. The teaching ta jwyehlatry. Dalirered at
the anual meeting of the American Madieo-Piyeholoslcal
Af ;at,«B at "'w York, May 23, 1899. Proa Am. Med.
.tA., Asa.. lot)9. Tl, 79-92.
Ah >hns Hopkins Hosp. BuU., Bait, 1899, z, 20S-209.
J. Insao.. Bait. 1899-1900, M. 217-230.

1900

Sleyenti t of the superintendent of The Johns Hopkins Hoa-

pita ae year ending January 81. 1900. Bait, 1900. The

Johxis Hopkins Press. 114 p. 8*.

Memorial addresses In honor ot William Whitney Qoddfng, M. D.,
LL. D. Delirered before the Utdieal Society of the District ia
Columbia, June 7, 1899. Nat M. Rer.. Waah., 1899-1900. ix,
874-377.

Hospitals, dispensaries and nursing. (American philanthropy ot
the nineteenth century). Char. Rer., N. T., 1900, x. 298-806:
817-381,

Hospital construction from a medical standpoint BrlckbuHder.
Boat, 1900. ix. 248.

(141)

i ■ t i

■'I I
41

HBITRY MII4LS HUKD

1901

Twelfth report of the snperintendent of The Johns HopUns Ho»-
pital foTtho year ending January 81. IML Bait, 190L The
Johns Hopkins Press. 114 p. 8*.

Reseptlon hospitals for cases of aeate insanity.
Des Moines. 1901. ill. 88^.

Bull. Iowa Inst,

1908
Thirteenth repcwt of the snperintendent of The JohM HopUns
Hospital for the year ending January 81, 1908. Bait, 1908.
The Johns Hopkins Press. 118 p. 8*.

The educated nurse and her future work. Address dellrered at
the graduating exercises of the Training School of theOar-
fleld Hospital, Washington, D. C; and similarly at the Tnln-
ing School of the Methodist Bplsoopal Hospital, Brooklyn.
N. T. Baltimwe [1902], Friedenwald Ca, 14 p. 8*.

Psydilatry in the twenUeth century. Address at the form^ open-
ing of the new hospital buUdlng at Morris PUins, New Jersey,
NoTcmber 80, 1901. Albany M. Ann., 1908, sxiii. 186-180.

1908

Fourteenth report of the superintendent o« T^,* Jo^i" ,?®R^
Hospital for the year ending January 81, 1908. Bait, 190S.
The Johns Hopkins Press. 110 p. 8*.

The future policy of Maryland in the care of her insane. Maryland
M J.. Bait, 1908. xItI, 4U4.

The duty and responsibility of the UniTorsity in jnedi^ education.
Sdenoe. N. T. ft Lancaster, Pa.. 1908, n. s., xrUi, 66-70.
Alto: Tale M. J., 1908-4, x, 1-17.

•' 1 I

\ 5

1904

Fifteenth report of the superintendent d Jhe Johns Hopl^
Hospital for the year ending January 81, 1904. Bait, 1904.
The Johns H(q>kins Press. 130 p. 8*.

Is nursing a prof »r«ion? Albany M. Ann.. 1904, xzt. 6M-6S7.

1906

Sixteenth report of the superintendent of The Johns Hopkins Ho»>
pital for^e year ending January 81. 1906. Bait, 1906. Tte
Johns H(q>klns Press. 188 p. 8*.

(143)

BIBUOORAPHT

John Howard's obMrmttons on hoBpltala (1779-1790). (Proe. JAua
Hopkins Hosp. Mad. Soc. October 8S, 1906). Johns Hopkins
Hosp. BnU., B«lt, 1908, xrl. 4U418.
AJw: Tr. Ass. Hosp. Supcrintoid., 1906, Tit, 167-166.

Bssponse to Dr. Cheeror's " Addrsss at wsloome." Tr. Ass. Ho«.
Superlntaid.. 19M, tU, 604».

1906

8«T«it«enth ropwt of the superintendent ci TheJohu Ho^dns
Hospital tat the year ending Jannary 81, 1906. Bait. 1906.
The J<Ans Hopkins Press. 126 p. 6*.
Shan training sdiools tor nurses be endowed? An address da-
llTored before the Training Sehoid for Nurses of Lakeside Hos-
pital, aereland. May 11. 1906. Am. J. Norslns. PhUan 1*084,
▼1, 84S-86I.

Aim: Nat Hosp. Hec, Detroit 1906, x. 18-99^

aim; Brtt J. Nursing [ete.], Lond., 1906, zmil, f»-rvt.

The niedf.««l organlsatlai of gennral hospitals. Tr. Am. H«q^ Asa..

1906, Till. 7948.

Alto: Nat Hosp. Ree.. Detroit, 1906, z. 14-16.

1908

Nineteenth report of the superintendent of The Johns Hopkins

Hospital for the year widlng January 81. 1908. The J<dins

Hcvklns Press. 188 p. 8*.
The proper length of the period of training tor nurses. Am. J.

Nursing, Phlla.. 1908. Till, 671-688.
Bow ean psydilatry asalst prerantlTe medicine? (Bditorlal).

Am. J. Pub. Hjv.. Boston, 1908. xrill, 878-878.
Piydiiatry as a part of i^reraatlTe medicine. Proe. Am. Med.-

PsychoL Ass.. Bait. 1908, xt. 167-164.
Also: Am. J. Insan., Bait, 19084, ter. 17-84.
Also; N. Albany M. Herald, 1910, zzrlll, 104-108.
In memoriam. Daniel Cott Oilman. 1881-1908. Address. Johns

HopkinB UntT. Clr&. Bait. 1908, zzvll. 80-88.

1909

Twentieth rwort of the superintendent of The Johns Hoi^lns
Hospital tat ttie year ending January 81. 1909. Bait, UO*.
The J(^M Ho^dns Press. 188 p. 8*.

mate registration and the eduflatfcm of nurses In ^ UBltad States.
Nursing Mirror, Land., 1*084. n. a.. vUl. 87-88; 68.

^ff

■it ;

I.,

HENRT MILLS HI7RD

1 i

,1,

In memoriam, WilUam Keith Brooka, 1848-1908. Addr«M Johai
Hopkins UnlT. Clre., Biat., 1909. zzrUl, 6-9.

1910

Twenty-first report of the eoperlntendent of The Johns Hcvldns
Hospital for the year ending January 81, 1910. Bait, 1910.
The Johns Hopkins PrewS. 128 p. 8*.

CkH>peratlon among hospitals. A paper presented to the Pitts-
burgh Health Conference, Norember 80, 1910, as a part of
a symposium on " CoK>peratlon."

Memorial serrloes for Isabel Hampton Robb, who died April IB,
1910, at aereland, Ohio. Remarks. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
BuU., Bait, 1910, zzi. 251-262.

Florence Nig'itlngale— a force In medicine. AddrMS at the gradu-
ating exercises of the Nurses Training School of the Johns
Hopkins Hospital. May 19 1910. Johns Hopkins Nurses
Alumna Mag., Bait, 1910, Ix, 68-81.

1911

Twenty-second report of the superintendent of The Johns Hopkins
Hospital for the year ending January 81. 1911. Bait, 1911.
The Johns Hopkins Preos. 109 p. 8*.

The medical service of a hospital In: Hospital management a
handbook for hospital trustees, superintendents [etc.]
(Aikens). PhUa. ft Lond., 1911, 97-107.

A history of Instltutiimal care of the insane in the United SUtes

and Canada. Am. J. Insan.. Bait, 1910-11. Izril. 687-692.

Also: Proa Am. Med.-PsychoL Ass.. Bait, 1910. zrii, 488-488.

The site of the Johns Hopkins HospltaL A paper presented to the
Johns Hopkins Historical Club and repeated to the Teresians
in December. 1910. Johns Hopkins Nurses Alnmnis Mag.,
Bait. 1911. X. 6-20.

The proper rdatlcn of the superintendent to the trustees of a
hospital Tr. Am. Hosp. Ass., 1910, Tonmto. 1911, xil, 244-248.

1912

The proper dlTlsion of the serrioes of the hospital Read In tb3
symposium on the relations of the hoepital to the public in the
section on hospitals of the American Medical Association, at
the sixty-third annual session, held at Atlanf' Hity, June.
1912. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago. 1912, lix. 16771C

(144)

BIBUOORAPHT

[HMpital problems.] Praddoitua addraM at the fourteenth
>niii y*i eonfereaee of the Amerlean Hospital Aieoelation. In-
temat Hoep. Ree., Detroit. 1>12. xri, S-U.
AUq: Tr. An. Hoep. Saperintand., MIS, ttf, 8S48.
M fMng in behalf of the laabAI Hampton Robb Memorial Fond.
Remarks. Johns Hopkins Norses Alumna Mac, Bait, 1912,
si. 16-19.

Itlt

Three-ooarters of a oentnry of instltational ears cf the insane in
the United SUtes. Am. J. Insan.. Bait, 1912-18, Iziz. 469-I8L

BxtraeU from the laws of Marylead and Virginia regarding the

early eare of the insane. BnlL Mad. ft Chir. Fao. Maryland,

Bait, 1918-18, T, 8648.
Barly days of The Johnp Hopkins Hospital and Medieal SchooL

Johns H(vkins Aluaaii Mag.. Bait, 1918-18, i, 106-U4.
The hospital as a factor is modem society. (Editorial). Mod.

Hoqt., 8t Lonis, l;^^^.- i, 88.
Hospitals and the reform of medical teadiing. (EdiUvial). Mod.

Hosp., St Louis. 1913, 1, 18M88.
Review of "A History of Norsing." Johns H(9kins Norses

AhiBUUB Mac Bait, 191». zii, 91-94.

(Bditorial).

Mod. Hosp., Bt Lonis,

Hospital medical ststisties.

1914, 11, 4446.
The small hospital a fketiv in medical edocatlon. (Bditorial).

Mod. Hosp., St Loois, 1914. 11, 104-106.
Mental cases in general hospitals. (Bditorial). Mod. Hosp., St

Loois, 1914. 11. 178.

The homan side of Florence Nightingale. (Bditorial). Mod.Hov..

St Loois, 1914, 11, 884.
State registration at nnrses. Mod. Hosp.. St Loois, 1914, ill, 107;

187.
Or. Rnpert Nwton. (Bditorial). Mod. Ho^p., St Loois, 1914, iU,

108-109.
Borne <tf the writings of the late Bngene Faantleroy CordelL BolL

Med. ft C!hir. Fae. Maryland, Bait, 191M4, tI. 116-119.

Relation of the gsnwral hospital to the training school for norses.
Boston M. ft a Jh 1814. dzs. 8^8487.

(14B)

^'^\ :

HENRT MILLS HVRD

Tw«nt74lftli aiuilTerMry of The Johns Hopkiu HospitaL 1999-
1914. AddreuL Johns Hopkins Hosp. Boll.. Bait, 1914. zzr,
SS6-869.

Prasentatlon ot Ubtots. portrait and medallion at the Honital
October 7, 1914. Remarks. Johns Hopkins Hospital BolL,

Bait. 1914. SET. S6M69.

Hold. H. M.. MeOaw, W. D. [et al.1 Johns H<vklns Historieal
Club. Special meeting. Majr 26, 1918, In memory of Dr. John
Shaw Billings. Johns Hopkins Hotp. BolL. Bait. 1914.. xzr,
S44-I6S.

i !

!■

1915

Hospital organisation and management Ret. Handb. Med. Se..
N. T.. 8d ed.. 1916, T. 299-aiL

The treatment of mental eases in general hospitals. (Bditwial).
Mod. Hosp., St Loais, 1915, It, 84-35.

The general gOTomment of state hospitals. Mod. Hosp.. St Louis,
1916. It. 944-945.

OrganiaatloB and administration of hospitals for the insane. (Edi-
torial). Mod. Hoep.. St Louis, 1915. ir. 258.

Oni^t training schools for norses to be endowed? (Bditorlal).
Johns Hopkins Norses AlomiiA Mag.. Bait. 1916. ziT. 9-8.

The eartjr years of The Johns Hopkins HospitaL Johns Hopkins
NorsM Alomna Mag.. Bait, 1915, zir, 7549.

Forty-llTe years ago and now. An address before the Training
Sehotd for Norses at the Sheppard and Bnooh Pratt Hospital,
May 19, 1915. Johns Hopkins Norses Alomna Mag., Bait,
1915, zlT, 256-964.

The eare of eases of mental disease in general hospitals. Tr. Am.
Hoep. Ass., 1916, xrii, 455468.
Alto; Mod. Hosp., St Loois. 1916. T. 88-85.

1916

Hord, H. M.. Drewry. W. P. let ol.] The instltotional care of the
insane In the United States and Canada. 8 r.. Bait. 1816, Johns
Hopkins Prws. 8*.

medieal

Nathan Smith. Nathan R. Smith, and Alan P. Smith-
family. Maryland M. J.. Bait, 1916. liz. 5649.
Also: BolL Med. * Chir. Fae. M&ryland. Bait, 1915-16, viU.
157-168.

(14«)

*rr.W- !t?ri^g#ji----3S^.r~.-r?.tia. 1.-.1-: j.4

---rrriiMaii«i

BIBUOOBAPHT

Mod. Help.,
Mod. Hoip., 8t

AddrcM <m Ui« oeeulon of th* optnlns of tho Jobn HQlm«r Fn-
oh(»«tlile BnildlBg at Sprlngllald SUto Hoqpltal. on Jwm 9,
Itli Muyhuid PijrobUt Q., Bait. 1»16-1«, t.. M4S.

NMd of Mcrcftlon of Imbodlo womoa. Mairlaad PijrQhlat Q.,
Biat., 191S-1«. ▼. tM7.

lUport of oommlttM on a hlttory of "Tho Imtltatlonal Oar* of

the InMno In tho United Btatea and Canada." Am. J. Inian.,

Utlca, N. T., 1915-ie, Ixxll, 17M77.
Some sonroea of trietlon In the management of lioepltala. (Sdt>

torial). Mod. Heap., St Looia, 191«, t1, S041.
Another aoaroe of trioti<m in hoapital admintctration. (Bditorial).

Mod. Hoip.. St Lonia, 1916. vi. lU.
Wlto ahall manage the training aehool for noraeaT

St Looia. 1916. Ti. 114-llS.
AdTantagea of the bndget lyatem. (Bditorial).

Looia. 1916. Ti, 186.

1917

Hard. H. M.. Drewry. W. F. let oil The instltational ear; of Uje

inaane in the United Stataa and Canada. VoL It. Bait. 1917,

Johna H<q^kina Preaa. 659 p.. 8*.
Johna Hivkina and aome of liia ecmtamporarlaa. J<dua Hopklna

Ban. BolL. Bait. 1917. zxrlli. »6-299.
State hoapitala and agrieoltoral pr^aredneaa. (Bditorial). Mod.

Hoap.. St Looia. 1917. Iz, 84.

Borfcet W. C. BiU •aphy of William H. Weleh. M. D;. l-L^
With fbrewocd W Henry M. Hard. Bait, 1917. Johna Hopklna
PreM. 47 p., 4*.

1919

A BketA of Dr. Lyman Ctaalding. Johna HopUna Heap. BolL,
Bait. 1919. zxz. 186-189.
aim; Bon. Med. Uhrary Aaa., Bait, 1918-19. yHi. 8M8.

Some early reminiaeenoea of William Oaler. J. H. Heap. BalL,
1919. 818.

Sir inniam Oaler and TlM Jidina HopUna Ho9itaL ContrlbotlaBS
to Medical and Birtogical Beaeareh. Dadieated to Or WlUiam
Oaler. Bart. M. D., F. R. S. in honor <tf hia aarwtlath birth-
day. Joly IS. 1919. By hia poplla and eo-wortara. Y^ 8.

(147)

^^a^ay>>.