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Inc Dominion or Canada department of aouiculturb Dominion Experimental Farms DIVISIOS 01 CEEMISTET LIME IN AGRICULTURE BT ntANK T. SHIITT, X^., D.So.. l/MI4iHi'j'i i'MIMtt BULLETIN No. 80 Published by authority of Hen. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister efAgrleultur*, Ottawa, Ont. Exp. Farms Service Bui. Dominion of Canada nKrAUTMKNT OF AOIUCULTURE DctMINION KXI'EKIMKMAL FaIIMS DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY UME IN AGRICULTURE IIV FRANK T. SHUTT. M.A., D.Sc, Ifuiiiiiiiun Chemist BUI.I.KTIN No. BO Published by authority of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister af Agriculture, Ottawa. Oni. 7:iC44— 1 0ONTRNT8 T^<:y. liOtliT of frnii-iiiinil. Tho N'litiiri' cif Lmiii' :i!i>I 1 iiiii' tnlii'. . . I.inii> l.lin.'>loM<' anil Marl. . l.iinc kiln rcfii«o s ;i (i:lri lilMf Itl Till' A>;ririiltui'iil fiiiic'l ions (if lime :iiiil iU riiin|H.iiii(|- 1" Ariilit.v iir -niirnc!-* 1(» Mi'(liinl-i of i(-t hit; lor iii'iillt V II llitlufni'c of lime nil tilth II ('iiciiiiiiil I'tlict^ of liini' i(iiii|Miiiii(l.« 1:,' lllllllCllIT of lillll' on tilt- lifl' of till- -nil ]j ('oiiipiiriitivi' v:iliii- i>f liiiii' i'oin|)oiiiiil- 1;; !:• lillll' or lailii. nail' of llitio iircf. '• iMi" 1.; Till' apiilii'atioii iif liiii iii|ioiitiil" 11 Quirk lilllr II SL(k'il lillll" 14 (iroiiiKJ liliii-toiir II (lyp-Miii or laiiil iilastor i:, Tlio IVc anil MisUsu of Lime lij 7.1fi44— 1} Oll^^^^. .Tiiiiunrv J.'i, 1015, 'II , II iniiiriiMp, I'll. Miiii-ii r I'f AL'rii-iillirf. (•tt.i'Vil. Sui I l,;i\.' ilii- li ir '•■ - I. mil 1. i.vnIiIi. C r s.iur .,mti.\.i1. 1!.i!!. tin N". '"'• c.f ..;ii- iru'il.ir -iri>^, >iiiiili.l I. 111. I ill Atfririilt'irc, iiml pr^ I'.in d !■> lli. l)>'iiiliii>>ii < iMiiii-l. I'r, I-'i,ihk '!'. Slmli Tlic lii'i'-rl.ni.-r ..I' iii.iii.ln'iir J t!i. t'. rtililv ..l' o'lr v,,il. ,■:,!, |,:iril!y !•.■ .nt-r- 1-,-lini ilnl anil iiiu.li '■( niii' U'Tk Inn'. I"ll. ii. ilnni-frv iiinl in \\iU\ liu-lLii^'ry. Um Ix'i'ii i-:ii rli •! II u illi tlii- III-! in \ ii vv . ■| lie iivriiici hirnur in l!i' pa-l lia- n.., |,i;.| mi,, h .iin-:;li.iii \« tlilr- iii;itliT but a> ,vr:ir- >;.. I'.v. lie i> l.i .■..luiiii.' i-..n- i'.ii- i.l' llic li- inii.;; Nrliliiy ..f lii- li. Ivl- nmi \* liiivinir ••III- '|ii' li.'ii |ir' '. 'lit t" lii- alti'nli"ii in a \ii,v [.in-i-l'iil \i i.v. W'f ari- tliin rr.M iv ,1,..; HIT.' ,ni(l Iiimh- iminiiir- a- l.i tlir In -t imIIh''!- 'I' niaiiitailiinL' ami rvcii ImilciinL: ii|i -oil I'rrtilitv. 'I'lii- din. ami i- liL. Iv I., ii -n a-.' M'ar ''\ .viar. ti-ni'c llic il;ila ^ ■ I ;.■•'■ .mil lln ■■.-nil- v,. I, a... -. an- I mil nrr.'i-i in uip..! Ian.', a- lili.' >.'.■•- ..II. 'I'll., part |.la>.-.| li\ liin. in mainlainiiiu a'l.I im-r.a-iiiL' -nil I'lTtility i- an i'MtcI- iiijfly lii,|...rtiiiil 111. all. I i- il. .ill "illi .ia:i.. .-..ii.-i-. l.\ in llii« laill.tlii. 'I'li.-iv lire i,,,,,',,..!- titll' - . (■ lii'ii'-f.-i.. in tl; • |).. mini. .11, a- i- imlj.'alr.l in tlii- I. all. 'tin. (,,,,1 It i|.i.. r- !•• nil- i. I'l' v.ry la-.a—ary tlial mir t'.irin. r» .li.iiil.l lii\i iiii|iri'--. il Mil. -tarn r a- an tlTi.tiU' ami p.\i.K. Uiiiiloi, Ih/iiiiiiivn h'.j I'l I nil' h! :i i,tiii,^. 6: LIME IN AGRICULTURE nv IliAMv r. SIIITT. M.A., D.Sc. JJomiiiion < 'li'')itisl. Foreword, Tlioiiu'li in fpootit y('iir« scii'iitilii- iuvotijMti.nis liave ;ii1(1im1 iinich t<. mir kimw- IimIhc of tlh liiiictions (pf llinc in tlic soil, \\io u~i> of lime in nuriniUnrc i- iiii tixccc !- in-ly old i.iMi'ticc. A study of tlic lii-tnry c,f ii[;ricMdtnrc shows thnt llic I'inplnyiiU'nt of limo for the nniclionitiuu of suiL lias boon cnemiragod and aiiain doitrocatod. This nally means that thoro is a uso and a misnso of lime rnto>s rationally cmi'loyod, tiio iiinnodiato advanta«:o> may he followiil liy dcMTfasod yiolds duo to soil impovorish- incnt. On tlio other hand, lime- and carhonato of limo may ho usod with mnoh honofit, ini-roa-in^r oiop produotion without inipnirinii the soiTs fertility. It therefore hehooves the fartiur to understand tiie nature and aurieultural funetinus of lime and its several c nmpounds. to know what may he expeeli'd from them and, in a Keuoral way, their 1 IToet < II -oil fertility, (•hemi<'ally, physically and hio!.i'_'irally. Informal ion on this suh.ieet would appear to he tinaly. a>, tlue largely to articles that have appeared recently in the nu'ricultural press and the advert i>eineiit.s of tho-o who Inive lime and ground limc-tmc U, sell, a very keen intere-t in the use of tluvo materials h:\< heen awakem il. .NuiTierous inquiries an niis hnllitin to present, in >ueciuet and l)'pular fonn. information mi the mnro important phases of the i|ue . '. lu- uts ealeium and oxygon. Its eharactcrs, as it appears in com.ucr.v. in hard, wlntish- ^'roy lumps, are well known. It is somewhat caustic to handh' an.l hreak.s down or "slakes" on the addition of water, with tin- .volution of much heat. 8 It i<< usiiiilly proi>iirc'(l or iniiimf.K tunil l).v hcatiiiR liinr>i...i, (.Mr^onntc of liim) with wiKid or ical in ii -i "■iii'ly i-i.ri^tr'U'tcil kiln. ( )ci-ii>ii.iKilly ctlicr furins i.f ciir- lii.M.itc l<..v((l for' this piiriioco, siuli i\p marl siikI •■ystor shells, hoth . ■ ' hiih liiii.v viclil vi i> ^innil lime. 'I'lic iiilfii-f hciit i.f tin' Uilii ilccmiiin-!- llic Varhonatf, farlHuiic a>i«l jras (i-axboii dioxide) beiiiK driven off and .Mii-tie or <|iiiel;- liiiie leiiiaiiiiii^'. Tlip |iurit,\ i.r iiiialitv nf any -aniiilc ct' lime will naturally liepeinl iiikhi llu" .iuali;y (T (i.iui. -itii.ii of (he linicsto.ie u-cil and the thomuulaK-s with which it h.'-» leeii hnriit. Tlir fn -Ime-^ of the lime Is ,i1sm a nii.ttcr cf -nine iiiiin.rtaneo. sin.i> e\|i. -lire to air. and i-pecialiy damp air. eaii-es a ^:radnal slakiuL: and tlnally a e^n- vorsioii into earh 'tnite.* f^T.vKin IIMK. Slaked lime I'.n-.wn in ■■hemi-lry a- ■•alriiiin liydrcxidi'. re-ult- frem thi' tini'.n of water with (|uiikiinii>. The jire. i-s uf slakini; (Idinfl water to the lime, i- i-(.mm"idy prartised hy hullders in ttu' inakioL;- nf mcrlars. and, as already reniarki'd, is ■ie<-(imiianied hy the f;eneraticin of a c-..nsiderahle amount of heat. Tlie result is a w!dli-li-,L;re\ (.;• previsV-c iiite (ace,.n!iu-. to the Miadity of the lime.) powder haviii- prripi'rlie-^ that are dislinrtly eaiistii- and alkaline. Air-slaked lime residls from ih.' lonu- exposure of (luhklime to tli<' air. Thi' lime iirst ah^oilis moisture, heim.' eonverted into the hydroy.iile (slaked lime) which then takes np . nd « il>iues with earhonie aei-.l ( alwiys present in the atiiaisphere) to ti.rin i;:e !■ ;rlM.i, lie. it Hill lie.h ;,ir . tlonl. : . liiat air-hiked liiee is if e;,ri.li'.. eoinpi^itioii: it may he essentiall.s -hiked lime with a small pereenta}:e of earhoii ite. or it may hi' larply enrhomite of lime with trace- only of slaked lime. deiH'iidin:.' chicl'y upon the li-iipth of time the lime ha^ hieii e\po-ed. I.IMI -loNi;. MAUI,. ThcM'. a- p'Uiite(l out, are e--i>iiti;!!iy earhonate of lime or si>eakintr ehemieally, form- of cjli'ium earhonate. l.ime-tones are not all iilcntical as to I'ompnsiiion ; some contain notalple amounts of earhonate of mamicsiuni and are known as nia;r- nesian lime-tone or doiMiniti ; others contain varying proportions of ipiartz, shite and similar imrt rock material. Hence. i;i-..und liine-toiu^- the form iiseil in aitriciil- tiirr- will he f.un-.l more or le-s variaMc. the hetti'r "pfilities hciiif,' alino-t pare ci;r- hoiiate of lime, the poorer i^n-ailes iMintainiii!,' po--il.ly iii4 nion- than thrcc-fonrth- of their wcli-dit of i-arhonato. A sin.all proi>orlion of earhonate of mayiusium, -ny :! p.r cc.it to ."i |ii 1 cent a; patently does not materially ath ■•' the aKricuitu'ral value tif a limestone hut a larcc proportion is certainly midesirahle. as an e.\eoss (,f ma;.'- ne-inm compounds mon" or leiuthern jKirt of ('an- iida. and iiartieiilarly in the eastern half is within ea-y reach of the nirrieultiiral di — trict-. In N'ova Scotia there are -evra'al dciior-its I'li Cape I'reton I^l-uid and on- the inainhnid witli a calcium earhonate content of fl."> per cent or over. Iliuh ^rrade ,l,.i,,,-;i :■ . .il-,, r. liiid ill tlii' vi.-ioitv . !' St. .lolni. .\en' I'.ninsW'ek. ISno-jts o.-i-n- in Southern (Juelie<' and in the triaiijrnlar area of f)ntario lyiii^r hetween the St. • i.iu:.U limo clio'.ilil \ir sloit-.l in .i ."lu-il or liin ttmt Is w. 11 tirotfitcil from rain or tlip I •iliaiii'c III' w.itcr. Tlip aitinn of walcf in s'.iiliii'B liino results in tlip evolution of a. very ron- si.lcialilc .iiuoum of la a; niici Hip a>'i iddital arcps-s of wati r to lime in iniiiropcrly protected : ;.i. ■ - li.is not unfri'iimiitly lipon tin- cause of disiastrous t'lies and the destruction of farm liuildiiigs. » LiiwifiiPe 1111(1 Ottiiwii rivti>. .MiK-li nl Ontario .-uutliwcst uf a liii' ruiiiiiiiR from I\ili'J:>lMii 111 ( If ii;;l:!ii li:iv i- u in '' .' ; il. liv lili;i-; > .1 : .iliicof thi- i- lllii^lir-li.li, liilt liiuli frravlc dipi.-its oi-cur. Siiniliir fonimtious iirf rxiniTiod in Miiiiiti.ln in llic vii-inity of lakrs Wiiiiiii.i-^ unil WiiiniprL'n-i-^, l.iil mil' .rtuinlrly tin ic arc im dc'im-it-i \vi--f (if tlii^ niitil till ll.ic'.y iiMnintain- aiv VMi-lioil. lien' linii-t'ini' i- fmind in alunidaiUT ; it al>ii iii-riir- .it x.iiii- - i.i.liit- in lirili-l\ t i.luniliia. Inlnw i> a list uf a li>' localitios wlioi-f it i« liiinj;- i|iiaf''ic ul.lainid; tiic calcinni carlMmato fftiitr>nt, i ;,:>.i t:\y- u. T;.-ii I:(i:ii. I":.|i.' Hm tun I'mmtv. N.S I'TII'. l':>''U, l.cl ;;l I. .\i irl.l.iiin. Wiiili I'liuiilv, (M- I'l- ■ '■ •- 1; ;:in\ illi'. I lilt !' . 1 - AmiI. liliiii M'Kinii :; 1'>.-.-\ i-u:iiil' (Hit ||.'» H-Mi Inilli-. Oxfoni ' '"MMi^ . < '11' r.:'..71 i:iii lais.bllyii Is!;iilii, SWiUi l.aki, -M.in '<'''" I'-'-K •riic (!;i|i. Alia '■'■•" Xortli ' I'll ol' T. x.nla l>'...ncl '■<••_■'■•■> " Toil lull I. Siuitll.-IM \'ali.(MlVi.' l^laiul '■''■■' MrrI nr -lull marl i< fcniul in Ivd- or a^ a d. ;. ^it. \;:ol!:- in tlilcl;i,c~- U- in a few in.ii, - til several feet, on oM l.:k ■ l.cilcni-. li 1 ■ n-iltd fr tn tlic ; an.u! - til 11 atiil |i.irlial di-intciir.il i -n uf inanv lmih f;.; i n- ■! licit \v;!li r -'■!.•. licici . v tl;c^c licj- or .Icpc-its arc ovcrhiid I'.v d;. -iN uf miick-c;.^::: i. matciiiil tc d !'v I: ' li.iilitil liic.iy cf aqnalic and (.trie- ii|;iil- and ii-cU 11 '• • ) :• ■■•.-'■iwi ainculni. li ; v:.iU |,..,.r in hi, inn- atid nitr.-va. Mail- .ttv f.'i ■! icnllv n 1 1 in <'ana.l;i tli, 1 .c liractically I'liic .-arlicnatc of lime. :;nd niatiy ■■( I'a-c have l)ccn n-id in lla' ; ,! ;- fac-tnrc cf ecntcni. fur whicji |ini|ii.-,. thev p.-M-- tni 1 ihaei-Ml v. due. .\';ait . -iim- marls eontidii notidilc ammint- of day. Mind m- ..rLianie matter, which natiiniMy Icucr tlair vaiitc .1- a -.mrcr .if lime Marl-, th iii' i-c. it '.ill he -en. ai-c xaii!: :■ lis to (.n.dity; -mne -am|ile- amifv-cd in the K\|M:-iiif ntal Farm 1 ih a-,'l ^1 ii- 1; •■<■ vhcv.n o\i-r '.»' I'cr ci-nt carhc lali cf lime, uiille cihcr- ha\c fallen ti- eav .t- '■'•<< ' • f cent in llii- eon-:i!ect I. \!ai;-. cliicily hv iv ,-cn m!' the fa- I that lla-^ ne > I' ■■.'■<'■^■ viditccd 1,1 -I vciv :,nc 11..V, Icr \'.hic!i 111 IV he ua'ily : ■ d iiic|'.iiMi!\ lii-li'ihei .1 , r the land, eon-iitiile a \ei\ it-cfn! faini cf earhcn.le .f lime f..r in;fiia.lt;;r 1 jaaiai - •; and one tlie \alne of which ( '.in.idiaii f.inni 1 - hav, nut a- yi t fully rcali-id. .'11 many I'.irt- of the Dominion, hed- cf marl cea.v i.f Mi-.-ater d- h -- dc|ilh .ttid e\! ;■. and tlin- it is that frei|iicntlv t'armet- may liial en then- ..v,ii pr. p -iy. 1 r e , v i.c.a --ilile in their own ncl'ilihcnrliccl. a tnaterial that will va-tly imiacvc ih. '.t- - T^ nnd one that can he iiroenreil tit a minimnm expenditure p tiiap- -Implv til ih ■ d dicfriiii,' and litinlinjr. I.IMI; I\IIA li: l-i '•! . Thi- wa-tc prcdnel frdit liiiic ki'n- i- eMrciiniv va.il.ihl,. in ji.-il'Mi. hut mav he -aid li c,,i,-i-t c--:iilittny ,f iinleariit lina -t. iic. c •! •k-!ime tiii;l ait- -la! • d lime, (lei ;i-ionally fairlv lari;c pcreeittt^La-. cf -.ital and cth. r inert mtleiia'- avc pre-enl. aii'I these, ntitiirttllv. ledt-c,. it- vtiliic. I'v mih ntly it nia.v he chtaiind in t!ie n-iiihhciii-h 'cd cf kiln^ ;il a veiy 'cw li-aie. nenh hai-w it- n il li-i.e v.il:c. i., ^ . :,li V ■-(. il m 'y pv. vc ai n ml'- s Oite,. ,,f lime fm- a:.fie::|; n-;! earii -a-. Tiii- i;i P '• t! .■rush 1 cr crcand. h.i- h, 1 11 put on the imirkd tind -eld n e'.e; the ;;.,ni ■ cf - .\ tic d- tnral l.ime." A- lei Iwc -tmiiiles tire tilike a- !>. 1 ..inn i-itimi. p'tf-'ti-.- -It .i.ld . i:'y he mtide on cinirtinti . d analy-i- its to the pereenltme- cf .piicklliiic. earhiiiaie d lime, etc.. pri-ent. l.ime kiln ti-he- are ti miNtiire. eoiisi-tina chielly cf th. a-!i. - ff.m the fuel tt-ed with varitihlc amounts of ipiieklinie, nnhnrnt lime-lcn... -.cak ,; ■. \V. . d i- the e .111- limn fuel emplcyed in tliis conntry and heiiee ihe.-e tela- e, iitain m..re cf le-s p,,f- :i-h. S.uiple- i'.';',ve h en ana!y-;.d in the Farm lahcrtit..; a- th -t .■ciitai- ■■] a- m;i> h as four per cent p..tas1i and. airaiii. otlier samples have heeu -h..wii t a. fain h- tliaii OIK' per cent of this clement. 10 fa-. I iMi:. C,:\^ liir.r i- :i «M-i.' or l..v-pru,liiri in the iiiiriliiMtinii .if illmniiiatincr iTiH nml .'ir>y fr.-.|iu iiilv lie Mlit:iiiii'cl I'liiin till' lily u:iJ \v.irl;-i fur tli(> iMrtnirc. It U (niilc vnrinnie in 1 ii'-ili.ui lull niav In- c. iii>ii|i-riil I'.M- i.rnclii-al piiriin..'.' :im a iiii'durc of slaked Ku;.', !• 111. ..hate . f lliiii'. -rvn-al .-iil|i!'iil.'- .if liiiir am! i-frlaiii tarry matter. Th" Kiilpliiir lime, tiioiiuii impartiiit' an inseetieidiil \.!liie, :ire .li^liietly iujiiri..'.!- In ^muiiin \ rK..|ati..ii. ami ln'iict- ihr iiiiiiieiliate iiiei.r- piratinii with llic » lil nl llii~ iiialerial a- fre-lily drawn Ir.im tin wurUs. is not tn lie iilvi-iil. r\i'.'plM:'/ ill f-a-r- ulnr.- it i-i ii>e.l si""'! lily f.ir tlie il. -1 riiel ion of eertairi li..\i..r- in-i'.'l-. I-In]. i-ine I" tl... .lir. a- in ^mall li.-ij'- in tli ■ li.'ld, will. Iiewever. in tli. |.,.ii'->. ,,i uv . i.r three ni.nlli-* e..nvi-rt tlie-:' lianiil'iil -nlpluir ei.m|iiainds into li;iiiiili .- -■ Iplial.. nt' liiiii' a \alii;iMe fnriii tri atr.l of in tlii^ luiHetiii niwler tin- la-id- iiii; of '.:yi -iiiii. 'Du. fully evii..-i(| niatiTial. ii..\v i---nlially earlionate and snlpliate (f lini.-. may 1 .■ -i.r. a.l ami l^.rr.wi .1 ..i' li'jlillv plon^rlieil under. Tims used it will ]pli.-ati..ii may l.e say tiv, t.'iis yrr aere. l.iit on ov.liie.ry 1 nm- that are not exeeediiiLrl.v acid, tile i!f..--im_'- nia\ he in lli" m'n4lih..nili...i.l if I'.v.i tiiw p,-r ;iere. Tin; .\(ii;i( ri/nit.M. i iNt tio.n."^ <»|'- i.imk .\.\1) its cdMi'drNDs, Tlie oliiei ;>ml ont-tamliiijr ohjfit- of api.lyiiiK lime or iMi-hoiiate id" lime are Iw.': Tiir .■aTeeiioii or maitraliz.itioii of aei.lilv or -..nrm'-s mid the impfoVeiiicnt of tilth cr Ml,' hanii-al lomlitioii .d' -oil.-. I md.i. i.l..!ly. th.'y -erv<' ..IImt ii^eliil jiarp -c--. ns vill !i,- :. int.-.l o.it ill the .• .iir-i- ..f tlii- di-eii--ion. AfJIiirY o|! volltMSS. .\ri.Iity or -oiirm-- in a -..11 i- ;i jiro],. ity ..r (piality distimdly detrinu iital to f1,,. li liii ,,r m..-t I'anii rr..|>-: lim.' am! .-arlionato of lime e..|iihiiie wilh and nentrali/.o the -od'- ariil- and llir i.\.-i-- ii-.^.i r.':.dri-s the soil >li-hlly alUaliin-. a eomlition fiiv..iiral.l to crop ;;Towtli. In tlii- v.ay Imie and otlaT alkaline lime eomiiounds ina.V re>toi'0 iiiid enliaiiei! fertility. Wi-I. |..wdyiiiii- and ilMraimd -oil- are e-p el illy aiil t.. lH.e,.nie -our. Soils (..ii-i-liiu': essentially of vejretahle ort'Uiio m.ithr. as min-ks and !> 'at loams, iiri» n^aally. thoiodi n..t invariahly, soiir. Aaaiii, -tr^Hi^-e n-; it may seem, many liuht, \i|i''!nd ^.'il- ar.- -lii;!illy aidd. prelum dily l.y ri'a.-.ai of iho v.a.-himr out and leiirhinil iin.iy of tlirir oriiiiiial >t..re of earh.aiate ..f lime or its with.lrawal hy many y.'ars of ei-.pi.inu. Ill all -oils, lint more e-pe.-ially in -aiidy iiml KMvtdly loams, there i.s a ttaideney f,,r (lie lii'ii- loi.iii.iend- to di-aiipirr, )Mit'y throii,".h removal hy erops hut inoro 11 ivtieiilarly hy tlioir >ol'i'ioii and p;--,iiiv int.. -trata hel.iw the zone neemded hy t!in irr. wirir r.".1s. Carhonate of lim.' is fairly soliihle in wator .■.•iitainiiiir earbon dioxide - :;nd -oli nioi-liiri i- M~uallv -aturatrd with that !Ms- and thus the soil's lime i-.' e..'i-t;:i.lly \va>hr.l d.iwnwav 1- and may lai-'j-.ly 1 arried olT hy tlie draiii:iL'e Wiiter. 1 ! is fai-1 eNplain- th.- |in-. ;ao of earhoiiaie of lime in the waters ..f eur rivers, lal the M'a. Oiiee the availahlr lime his li,.iir. S.uiii. -..i!-. hy n-i-o'i of their origin. .,,,. V, II -\ li.d with I'lrhr.mite of lime -for ve;ir- ■ *" eahlv;.ti.iii. S".-h .are almost iiivijrialdv -tvoiijr, prodiietive soils and stoek fed o'l th.av er,.p- are thrlftv with iilenty fiC •■ ! , i|, ." I'.nt ihe'o are other ~oils ispe.aally many clays, silts jual miieks — that nre jioor in Inic from the onte t and t'.,eM'. under cultivation, hecomc jxiorer and iworer in tliis con-titnent. II .V ',',./> <,f '/'■■<'ili!l for A' nil I irUI, L;i::ni. P.,„.'r. Tl'.c ii-;u;il t. -: I'or .i.'l.liiy .ri- ■...iiiiii--- in a sdil \* l)liii' liiiiiii- |>:i|ii'r; if ilii- i.s tiii'ii".] iT'i til.' ~'.ll, ur IMC c.i. •lihl.-, i- ->iir. i- |iiM.'ti -.illy cl.-(it:il.' uf ( nrlHMi.i'i' "f liiiii- luiil will I"' 1.1 iii'liiil l.y liiiiihii ..|- ill! ii|iiiliciitioii 111' niiii'l ur urouiiil liiiu-.-.tiiiii'.* I! Ill' ,.i> \ P' I i;liii.i- p';! I iiKi.\ r |r:i i'ii"-i'.l :'• m.,' ilni'j -r.'i ■. It i- very ii iinil it i- ivill III i^it till' ln-i i|ui!iiy . l.t.iiiKil.l... Ii i';ni tn'.|iii iitly l>c Imiijilit in -iikiII Liicik.s ciiiitainiin; l«. uty-livi' t.. til'ty Iriii^ ..I tlii- |i.i|"'r, I'lifli al>init .ini'hiilt' imli wide by twu In tlirrr iiH-lir- Iwiiy. in'.'lc .It'll l.y .\ in'iny |i:iiii-r ..r . .mill mi.1 i-.ivit. 'I'Ih -f "hlhiks" iiri' II ViM-y I'nliVi'iii'ilt :m1i| -IliUll.'i' I'.ii'lll ill 'aLI'i I,. Ilavr ill.' lot |i 11. r. Tlicy slimilil lir k.'|.| ill ii rli-,iii, li'y, |irili'i'.il.l\ uiili' in ■ illi, wi'll-c.irki'il li.ittlc Wlnii tfiiriiis or I'Utliii;; ..ut a slil|p ,,f llic liiinii- i>it|.. r Ln' ii>i', it i> licsirnlili' to u.-ic n imir III |..r.'i".- lor -.iinir ..iIhi- -iiiiii' iii-ti'iiiiii iil. ii- -ri^-nr-). ii- tin' |i.i|iit i- .-M'li-itiN. ,iii I the tiii)',i'r- may caii-i' its n ililiniiiij. 'I'll.' ti'-T may Im' liunl.' in «.",■ 'miI wh.v - : \\f .ji-ii'lli. tw.i, li illi nf wliirli al'i -iin 'I.' anil, il I'uri fully lai'rir I .n't, ii-li il.l.'. 1. 'I'akn HI), liy mean- nf a >'!iinlc "i- ti-'.wi'l, a lillln "f lli. -nrfai'c -..il t'l-. in - 'V, half a ilii/cii |ila.i's ..n llm ana t.i Im i \ainini'il ainl ni'x w.-ll. u-iiii; tin- linwrl tv a I .,ri, :..;. li,.'Mil hiiii. Ill' till' v,,i|. 'lalM' a -nrill 'iianlilv (a f.'w..nii'— ^ (if till' mixi'il -'lil anil, and imlti'n; it in a I'li'iin i-iip .ir linn' i'l-, p.nir mi a litlli- ' . . I 'il water iiiid stir with a cli an iiirri' .«!' lick cr -p. mi until tlir mass j.. ,,f ih,. inn-i-I. ncy of II Very tlii.'k jia^li-. Int'i tliis ■'imal' pic-- a pi.c,' .if Mac lilnin- n 'pM- l.y ni as of 11 small stick nr tlic liack of tlic kiiilc, inscrtinjr tlic paper until one-lialf to two- tliird- .it' il - Icniil'i i< vviliiin tli.' pa-ty ina^-. At tlic cii.l i.l tifticn lainalc-, i.ii '.illy draw ..lit ''a' papii and nnlc ! i' the pari liat ha- li.'cn in ...iita.-t uiili t!i.' -.11 his turn. .1 red. l! -.., the -^oil !>• a.'id. •J. i'lac.' a ^trip i.f l.liio litinn- pai..'i' in the l...t|..iii . i' a li.'an. ilr.\ a' -- lain'.ii'r (preferahly ilat-l.'.tlmned I an.) over it placr a r..iin.l "lilt, r paper" i iiii ha ,,',i!. at a drnpuist's) or it, -in-h is not readily ohtainaM.'. a piei-.' ..!' .'Icm. while l.h. tinii peer out to til the Idlt.'in of the tiiinhlcr. On this piit a few miici-- ..f the -..il I,. Ic t. .ieil. collected and mixed as already dis'-rihcd. and pocr ..n • itlicien* h'.ilcil wati'r to iii'.i-lcn or wet the >oil thor.iimhly tlir.iii,i;hoiit i|s mas-. .,nl n . iii..rc. and -. t ,i-idc ''..r I If an lioiir or loni;'(>r. To exaiiiiiie the litmus paper, tin' tniiiMcr i- in- < rlcl ; \ icucl tai. imli till' liitliin of the i-la-.- i's eidmir uiU he will lir..ii:^!i| .ait a,Lrain-t thi' u!,it.' i Iter paper. A- a cliei k and to eii-nrc that any cliaiiL:c in cilmir may let !.■ .In.' I . .'.'.litv of the wat.r nr lilt'r p.ijx^r used, a hlank test shmihl In- made in the same manner, hut ii^iiiLT 11. 1 >oil. iNiia i;m i: or i.imi: ux vw iii. The in I' cell.'. ..f lime ami it- . ■ i!:|i..iiinl. ncin il .' llih .ir li'Xtnii' ..■' tie -.lil . i- s'itiitcs, as we have sai'l, one ol' it- ni.i.-t imp'i'tant and valiialil.' OMpart i.'-. Ti;- js II r -i niir 1 I .1 ■Mi^l .C'-i i.. ncti. ' 'i in lii- ■■. ■ -.■ ■•'■ y h. inc. i . ,ai ' a . i !,■ ni a - - ■ . niid ciihc-ivc wl' et and inov.- frial.i.' .md le,!! >v; naie:, A<-\ . '[''.':■. i- Ic. ••;.,.;!it ahont liy the a",;ic;a! ir ^'allierini I'l.:. t'l.'r of I'l" li ic- pirn.'! ■- "i' \'.. ■ j. ' ; . la ■;.'i- units, a pr. ce>- known a- ll'icenlitimi. This ll.icculation vastly inipi',.\e- pla tic soils, convert im.' them from a -till'. imiH'rvious .'ind alm.ist nni'llaiili' .■alii'i: inio ..i... which renders Ihein I'li-icr and less e\|«'n.-ive to w.irk. Fiirtla r liii- tl.'Ci-ni at i. ai makes days d ii';-, warnier. he iter a. ratcl, with a larjier emit cut of m.ii-tai'c a\ailali!a fur p'ant frrovvtn anil thus hriiif-s ah ''.il a more i'avonrahlc and rca>!y .".ad.'li .n f .r ihc ext ": i..n of th(> root system in search of food. It permit- the farm ar P. ■ iltiv.il.' hi- elav -,.il ciirlitr in the s|iriii^'. f.ir lloeculatimi a-si.-i drainau". a:al ilms \. ill ca-iirc, in in.-t • ."SfVi'l.il cll.tllc.i; liU'tho.Is havo lueii .l-'Vist-.l in re. ail .\.:irs lii' .). 1. aaiiaalej a soil's •'liii:- rciiuiri'inrr.t." from tta- r.sir'.< ..I" wtii.Ii ic';. 1..^ c.ilr:' it- 1 .! ■ ,, ■ ..-. :(;•(.' ain..uat of lane rc-iuiieJ per a re. Hut tl a - . aaiiol b.' . .iii'Ui. trcl oulsi.U- of a Inl.o: .I'.ory. 12 wa^nii--, (iirlior (H'ctlinn ntitl iiKTcnw d ,vi«lil«. TIichc cfTcctH of lime mid its rdrnpouiiiN nil 1 Kivi. ufii li iii.,.v 1 (■ -.iiiminMl ii|> ill till' wnnl tin llnv i'lj.'. niii.v lir cdL^iilirid on a p.il' "vitli tluir p 'Ucr tn iiiiitrali/c ri'iiiity. On lit'lit -mIU -.iihIv jiimI i;iM, ll'. I 111- liiiic ;iiiil iMil Mulic i.T Hull' iirc iiIm) I c iiiii ill. lilt iiM ill -M iii:ir!>iil :i iii.iiiniT n- in llir i-.i-c nl i-!:iv., Tlir ii-lidii lio;r is t.i ciiiiiiit »liL:litl,v tl;( »iril piMiii«. icn.liriiiL: t'lr ^uii- -■•im uliiil iicrnirr nr clii'^iT in tfMM'r :ii,.l t' !>. I I ill u: ir-- I'pi II ;iiicl p.:.!-. tin \ iir. li-- rciiilil* (irii .| mit in si':i-i>ns <■ clrnilLtllt, (IhMli \l. Ill I.I I- 111 I. Mil. 'i.Mlil \| -. I!i-'i r< III !• li:iv ,,|ri ,ii|\ In,;; iii.mIi 111 -•nil lr:n;t!i to tin' m ill r.iu/iii'-' inllnrin-c of lini" Mill i-arl .'ii,!;!' hI linn' ni^.n ihv aiiit- wliir!i iiui.v di vrlii|i in a snii. 'I'luTi' i.n' ntiii', i-lii ni'i','! M i-lii.ii.-. Iiiwi'v ;. til z'.i I'l-ilrv III a -uii-idi TV i-|iar:ictiT iinii v..li". "'nil 'air ; !. I r . n liiiiiiiL a -■•ii. ami t!.i-i xvi'i law I, liiii-!l> ili-cll- r'l. I !r-t. III.!, ' (■ V: iit.irii:! i'- i'ti.a I, I li!i.r iiiiiipMiinl i.ii llic -nil's >tiirr •'( ii: rt. iniav.i::..!.' |m'.i.!i. Wl.iii' lla m :r liMn- uliirii tala- plai-c aiv imt altn^'i tln'i' III: !i :-!.., 1. tla'Ti- i- iitl'i- .'fiila l.iit liail i.iiM . ;'- ai-n tlii' iMii 'iiat<' am] ^ul|.ll:lIl■ ul' li': f. I:a- till' t' 11 ' 11 '. t I '■ ■ Wr '.1 |!;r i;.-,.l ili'i | iit;- .]; I'lii , mil-, tile lillM' tllkill' tl: I !:, 1 i.t' li..' i"i:i-!i W'.i li i li! r.iti'il ill a Iniiii a"iin...ili!i' I'V pLiiit-. 'I'li - ill' lini" r i.cii:..: 1 '- ina'.- .:>■> II iiiilii-'il n t,i--;i- h "t ili/.ci'-. Tlic i 'Vi I't is niif nnill.v in i-t ii !'•!• l,'i 111 I !a,'. - .ill I will I. nii.-t a; [lai'i lit ap iii i-li'-.-rr aail ntliiT ii'triiiniii' ii . (Till- M liii-ll ni'l'" IiiI'Mi'iiIit''- 1|'ills. C'l'-. I'll! an (— I'Mtial anil iiopn'taiil rnii -lilinnr i,i' all aralilc -nils i< nij.'aiiic inattor - I. 111'!- "1' li.;niii--fnniiiia;- inatorl.d llm n-iilt- if the pai'iial do-ay nf tlir Vnnts, Ic:: (-. I'ti'.. nf III iii.v :'■ a. i.i'iniis ,,f p'ant-. Tfi- -I'liii-ili-cayi ■ 1 ir^ja:.!.' inatti'i' ii- tlio s'ln- a'lii -I ill lii.n-c nl' nitrnyin. tin- il.iinin.int and iii'-t i-n-tly cli luont of plant fnnl. ilii; ill inii- till- 1 1 1 ! M 1. 1 -" 1 1 i I I'l i^^ 1 n I'lUi 1 " ' iilili.'i'il I ly tii'nuiii;;' ornps- iiud iiidi I'd \'\ ali t!'i iiij'ii'r n'.|i|t- it ih'i-t l„- i..Nii!i/.ii| and n .n.-ni'tnl iiitn ,iitrati'>. 'I'liis pj-o- ci -- kii iWii ;- i.il i'i;ii':i;i. n. i- tlm lilV wni'l; f\' I'liaiin vn^i'talili- inii'i'n-,,ij.Miii-ir- nr 1 ai'ft'i'ia wil liiii t'a- -nil. Ill -nil- (i,-l;tiri'. ^r pi'ai'iii'.illy -n. nf oarl. itn of limn, .m-.l cspcrially in ill- drain. I, \Mit'r! i'_;i; d ■.]'.-. tlia il .'ay nf tlm ni'iranii' inatti'i- i- ai'iniiinaiiioil liy tho di'Vi-'i anil lit ni I iti.in .I'ii.ini." arid-. ::i la I'.iliy i-la-- -I nr liinapod as !innia' acid, and il:.:- lia -nil l.i-.-i im-- - .iir. 'I'lii- acid cnndilinii n! tin. -oil i- di~tin: tly nnfavmir- ali'c. pi'.iclii'ally inliil.i; ivc. i,, tlic life and dcvolnpnicnt of llic ii-cfal iiiti ifyiin,' nriraii- i-o ■. fni' til. an l! ari-l: mily in a neutral, nr ratlmr sl!;:lill.\ alkaliiii", -oil. I.iiiit? and c'l'li. iiatc nf lime ni'iilrali/.c tla'-n acid-, niakinir ilii- snil -nil.iMc fnr the growth of liii-c I'.Hicri.i anil, fiirt'icr. fiirni-li a ka-c or alkali tn cmnliini' v, itli tlic nitric arid pridiicid liy till III. 'i'lin nitrate nf V\nv -n fniiiicd i-, im d.'ilit. t]a> principal, diri'ft aial iinn.cdiati' - iiirci nf tlie niti'nL.eii -.;i|ip'y nf ,.iir tii Id i r.ip-. A'-'ain. ikcrc i- air ik.r da-- nf kactcria tlic fiiiictln:i nf wliicli is to fix atiiios- Iilierii- iiitrnijin wiihin tlic -nil, iiaiin''y the .\zu!(jlir(iii(.'ht alioiit l',v till' prcst ni<' <•( ciiriiiiniiti' of liuic Ami. Iii-tlv, tliti-f arc llic llit^<■^'l■ll■^;;lth(•|■illt.' l.actrria .1--1 c i.it.d with tlu' IcnimirM -i-ldvcr. alfalfa, p, as. lifans. etc-, 'riii^i' Imi'trria. ri'^iiliiiLr in iiinliilfs nr tulicrclcs on the nulls i.i tlic l(■^'llllll■s, ;iri' alilc. in -unii- uny n"t as vit pcrfii'tly iimlcrstuoil, to ai'pn'iiriiil" '' 1 iiirn' en ..f lln- I'w <-.\i-li::;j i tin- int r-ti.'i, >.f tli, -..ij nint tn pi-- it on in a form -ir\ ii'ialilc to tlnir Im-t. wlnrc it is Imilt up into tlic ti— moi of root, stem anil li if. 'I'lii' li iriinu- ^•onrraily :ii( iinioii'.'.- "ur most iniiioi't.mt forapr crops ami t'l'y l> -sc-.- this tiniipir pro|HTly of hnviiiir thi- -oil riilur iti nitr 'trcM from ihiir pri'wth. Tlif hactiTia that inaMo tin ni to play tiiis important roh- in aurii nltnrf i-aniicit liiriM' in an aciil soil, lunl ll.n- it is that an applio.iti. n of lim.' or of nir- hiiiiatf of lime favonrin-!- tin ir ilrvolopmiiit 1 iii-oiirai; puinds. I're-ontiiifr these facts in tahiihir form we IniM-:-- 2.O1111 111. i|Uii Klitue 3. .".71 111. BrciiMiil limcFteno iiial m.irt. ^.(1(1(1 •• r._ 2,tU3 !b. frislily Hinkiil liii"'. It' i|uicklimo \v( re worth if.'i iier Ion. prouiicl limestone, equally free from iiiipur- itii-. would le worth fi'.sl* pi r ton and freshly slaked lime .f.'!.*-'* per ton. It may he repiMted that those coinpovmds as found in commerce are lu-vcr aliso- lutoly pure; thrre may he ooii>'ideralile variation in composition atnou^' the several samiile- otTcred the luirchaser. WhiK , ihevefore. tho ahovo coiunarison. :is to oipiivalout woi^dits and values, may servo in a :;eMeral way, an analysis is necessnr.v when the exact lime value of any particular sample or samples, is de-ircd. IS I.IMK Ol! (MilllAAli; Ol-' I.IMi; I'liia Kll Mil.!', i The cost of the material should not in all ca-es finally settle the question which of these two ffirms will he tiie hotter to aiiply. 'riiorc are at least two other factor.s or oouditioiis that should roeoivo oonsidoratiun — the character of tho soil and the rapid- ity of .?otioii roijuired. (^iiickliino and slaked lime arc not so desirahh- or -aie for liiiht. sandy and gravel- ly loams as are ground lime-tono and marl. T!ie-e soils are t!-ii:illy poor in orftanio matter and tho etfect of lime, as is well known, is- to hasteu tlic oxidation and dissijia- tioii 01 this Constituent. Hence, unless the lime were applied in small dus-iuus (less than 1,()00 pounds per acre) and at long interval-, the luimiis of the soil — oortaiii- It Iv Olio of it* Tlii>-«| \iilu..' ! ■■'ii-tiiiuiil- a .iilil In' iiihIuIv i-iilii'i.l In jiiuiiiil iHid tliu!* tli(> fertility (if till' "nil M'riniixlv iiii|>:iir<'i|. (';ir)> <>f litiio (linir-tmio miil I IT'' I- 111 I'll niilil.r ill ii II ti'ii !iii i !iii cxci'.. inn tin littlr nr no liariii. For luiivN -i lilt .• -liikiil liiii.' i- III hi' i)rr:rrrril. It i-i true tlint. tlu'-r iiiiiil- iiri' ciiiivi rinl ill til,' luiir t liiiif into niriiiinMli- nf liiiii- witliin the ^^lil. lilt li'iiivr Ml, r. vic.iri.ii, ,iiii| :iiti\r linni tlir i>iil-ct iinil Ixlwn in u tiiirr pnwilir tliiiii t., >iinil liiiH- iiii' ilhv I'll-- niMi-,. r..^!;!', into ^.iliiti.in tiiii> iillnwinn: a liinro roiniili-ti' iiM'l i;iiir..nM ili-lriliiii..n ihr.imlii.iil tii ii. A- .1 n-nlt tlh'ir intlii.'in'f in tlniTiilat,- ii.i; I'll' i|,,.v ju'li>-li- will JM' iiini-,. rii|>i.l an. I niipi ..\rni( nl in tiltli will Im nidri- iillii klv ' ■ ■iM-'l- I'"r till- -iiin-.' i.:i-i..i. ill.' . Iirini.','! :ii'i!.iii iil t' tln-i. T .nn- i-- in .r.' \.^' H 1'. tl.:.ii lliiit nf ur..; 1,1 riiir-i,,i]> mill in.irl. On 'i'\\> rii'li in iirtiiinl.- ni.iM. r. iniiil;» :iinl |i|.iii> Iniinw, tlir 111 'I'l raii'tir f.iriii-.-- 'iiii'kliin.. all. I ,-!;tkv,| Inn,, ma,\ !«■ ;im-,|, ami in faii-lv larjir am .I'lil- -a.v t\v.> t.i t iiir t..n^ |irr m.ti- it' -InniL' aci.iitx .i!' -.,il i- -li.iwn, m« i- fri'ipii'iil Iv tlir ,n-i'. Illi: AIMM K Al ION 01 I.IMK I ( (Mj'or M)S. (Jim I l'nni\ -()\\\v\i. liini'. a- |iiii'.li a-cil. i- in liaiil li:ni|is nf jjnalrr nr li ^.-, -izu mill a> >in-li is a.s II i-,iii-n,|,i.,n.i', not >iiilal,lr fnr a unifnnn tlistriliulinn nvcr tlic -.il. It II1II-1 lie >lakril. 'I'lii- i- nm-t riailii.v : in|ili-lii,il l>.v iiiarini! tlir linii' in -mall licit.s, >a.v nf a '.iinIii'I na.'li, iiiii f,.|-|iil,v* ili-|.i.-ri| n\,T til,' tii-lil In l>i> irraliil. I'nur a litlli' water. alMiiil nun tliinj tlin v.iijjlit nf tin- Uliin, vn that tlic slaking' liiav lin Kraijiial &111I a tine [inwilir ri>uit. mi raili, covtr tlm hnai> with an iiicli nr twi> nf iii.iist wiil ami • ■ 'W I Ill II!, I-.- H\,. nr ihi.'i \, 'cl^-. \> ii.-ii 1',. ; ;.i \ .i !,,■ ;1, .iii\ ., ' ,..| ,,-,,i fall into a Hue |).,wilir. 'J'n faeilitatr dit-triluitinTi ami avniij a icrlain linplfasantiii>.-' in hamlliii^', it is well t.i mix the .->laki'il limn with >nil; tlin wlmln nia.v tlaii he fairly <.i nl,> sin-cail liy a shnvni. ami, if a damp ila.v U rlm-in fnr tin w.irk, it 111, i.v h. ainnin- lill-iu'il withniit anv ^'rnat 'iH'onvcnirnrn. J''nrt.v hnips nf aliniit .■><> pminil- nr J.', h. ai., ..f ^n pmintls each, i-; an ap.'lieati.iii I '■ a|'p!n.\imalel> niir t,.n |. T a. ■re. On ih.' Ii,'!vi,-t -.iis the .lr,--in'j ma.v he tw. t. 'K p.,;- aere. hut ..11 lii-ht ami pni.r wnil.s il ImuM not e\en.il I.IHH pe-im|s per aev '. ThiTo han hem put mi the market j,'i«iiiial i|iiirklinie, hiit it i- imt «enerall,v nhtjiin- al>!e. Its (li-.trilnit!.,n fr.in a wa^'iinn hn.x i.- rather unpleasant wnrk ami if ;|ii- f,,im of lime is used it is ileMrahle tn apply it with a -pe'ial linie^spreader nr di-lrihulnr nr with a siH'eial attachment made fnr the seed nr ferliii/er drill. ."^Idki'd ///;m.— This i.-, in the form nf a pnwder and may be liinst ennvenii ntly. jiliMsantly and iinif.irmly .pnad hy emplnyin;; a lime spreader nr fertili/.er drill, a* lnentioni«o litth' than too niuoli, and esjiecially if the orpanie enntent of the soil cannot hi- constantly enriched. a, mind IimrsloiiP.~'T\u' essential points to be remenihered in the purchase of tlr '■■■nil are composition and deirree of fineness. The matter of eomposition lias 13 :,lri'iiily Ix'cn ri'l' Niil ti>, 1 ut it iii.i> Im' ml'lnl tli:it .tn M,.A\ i' 'li.Milil lie ili'iiiMii"lril il tlii> piiri'liMMT \\i\> III) kiiMwliti^;, .1' tin- (Mtiilv or <|ii:ilit.v of tlif liiiii'-tnin. fruiii c. Iiii-li the iiiMti-riiil liii'* licin prciiMnrl. If tlu'l'c ist iKi Kilill'silil'T iij* Id till, iii'«-i, .111 iu-.|ii><'ti.iM i.r ;i liial wilh -liiVi s iiinst Mitlirc. 'I lii> iimrc < ci,ii«cl.v till' liiin-liiiif liui hifn KroiiiKl tlic -luwiT will lie it-i ni'tinii III tlic «,.il iiiKJ till' IiiiiLTi r will il rciimiii an nctivp nu'i-ut in iiiii.li..r.itiiiir llir ^lil (IfiiiTiilly -iK'nkintr, tli nr-t i-nriiuiid iiuitiriiii !:< tin- clicniH r, i,^ KriMliii(r, iiinl I -pi'ciiil'y til il (iiii> (KiwiliT. I- :i riitlicr i'(wfly ii|)iriitiiiii. [f ii (|iiii'U, proiniit in'tiili il i|i-iriil. 11 iiiiitcriiil T."p |i'V ii nl i.l wliirli |m--,'. llir.nitili .i >i,.-c 1ni> nn -li •- In llw iiiii'.ir iiii-li, will lie fuiiiiil vitv iMirly -ati-t'iict.iry. Cuiii <■ ^i-iiiiiiil liiiic-ti.inw, linw- I'VIT, (Mil II ■ MliT.-^rilll.V ll-i (I >;iy ."ill t'. T'l IMT il-Ilt i.,--iii;.' tliri' •!. 1 ."l(l-|llr-ll hiovc till piis-iiiin tlinmuli n In iii,'~li -ii'Vf it' ininuMliaii' nml. in a >i'ii-i'. ijiiii'li, ilivi^ivi' ai'tiiiii. i'* imt a ^lc -i.li iMtinii. Till' ap|ilii'atii>ii limy In- I'l.iii Iwn l.i ti'ii Imi- \vr ihT", ari-ni'iiiii ; to lln' I'liaiMi'tcr tiinl tile ac'iilily of llir !«nil anil tlic liiiif. c uf tiiicin-- nf tlir iiiatrrial, I'lililr i|nii'k Mini slal.nl liiiM'. i-xii'-i-i (if ijT.'inil liiin-linr can du little ur im liirni and tlio aaitin hiild'* true (if iiiirl. Till' iipplicatiiiii uf fri-iiund linn -t'liic ;i| d iii..rl utTcr-i nn -) iai liillcMliy cr liliplcasaiiliM--. a spreader may lie iwcd ,,r llic material di-lriliuted liv -li .Vi I rruiii a wati.'iiii. Tl-.'v III ly lie ap'i!'i I ;it ai;\ '"i -i i-'' lie v.m:- ■ i:! u ■i'lix -ill-' liie* lieen ^lalcd. for li;rlit Inam-i and sidi- ;!cni lally tliat arc i> mr in 'ir;raiiii' tieitiiT. A- v'.h'm liiiic lli.v -li..iil,| !i.' Ii'rriiwcil in i i :• .lejii 'd in;,!.-, m in li a-, nf llieadiiw.s er pa>tiirc-i. merely spread uii tlic >nrface. Special niaeliiiu'i'y i-* liuw niatiiifactnred h< cru-li and pnlvevi/e liine-tene. I''"- rieiif milN have at least a capacity uf twu ur tlirce toiH l>er liuiir. It is 'Stated tlial oiiiployiiiji siicli mills at tlic ijiiariie^ uvuiind liiiie-t..ii|. can I'C prudueed at a c.-t uf fit) reiitu to 5*1. ."(1 per ten. 'I'.i tlil-, uf iMiiri', tii, uiirce of snpjily. tin- late- fur id lut« naturally lieintr less ttiaii fur >liipiiieiit- uf a few tuns. Tlic ci>t uf tlm mill and uf t!ie iiece.-^ary piwer- to 1 J Imr-e p ,\vrr (iiirinf? and liuiler !,i rni: It u-.e|!,| iir,.!, lUv |.,. Tfaii sip'i'i i.. *1 u,,| t'' ; • lie fmind tun larm^ fur nianv an individual farmer, even tliuiu'li a vile I'.le >um''v uf limest.inc may Im> mi his pruiierty. lint in many districts, tl,ruii-Ii aiirlculMrd ui".;-i!|. izatiuii> and u'licr furin- uf cu-upi ratiun, arrau'^'emeiit- nii'.dil I'c made wli. rel.y the linicstuiie ciinid he iiiiariiud. and tl.;^ Kruun-l. material supplied in a cuinmiinily at a niinimiim nxst uf prndiietiuii. CYI'Sl M (III I.AMI l't.\»HU. (■ypsuiii is a iinturally-ucciirrini; sulphate uf lime, and is found in vast IhkI.s ur de- posits in several provinces of the Dominion. Crushed or Rroiind it f()rms the well kii.rtvn land plaster, (iyp-nni euntains ahoiit une-litlh uf its weight uf water, knuwn as tie water uf cry-tailizatiun. Wlu n it is strunuly licatcfl (liuniid) this water is driven off and pla^iter of Paris re-iilts. 'I'liis is not ii.sed in iipriciiUiire. luit is nmch valued ill the arts from its pri perty uf makiiiic a white hard ccminit when ini.xed with the rciiiiisi^e amount of water. (lypsum may he valnahlc airrieultiirally in furnishiiiir lime fur jiJant f;ruwtli as it is fairly -olulde in water, hut since this lime is eonihincd with sulphuric acid and is lircM'nt in a neutral condition it follows that ;njpsnm Jms no ndn ■ for l/i,' ■'i;',it,nr„l of sour or arid soils. For this purjioso it cannot take the place if (piicklime, slaked lime, marl or ground liinestoiie. which, as wo know, are e>-entially al'salinc in ciiar.icter. The IWu chief affrieiiltural fiiiict iuii- uf land phi -ter ■ •(■ it r ■ -■ .f ilu ■ni'ah'iej- clay and its effect or viifliieiieo on the insohihle i'ota>h cumpuimdi scitiim- free this element in forms availahlc for plant use. The tir>t of tla ,-c fiiiielium maKcs it viilnahlo for the dressinj? of heavy clay loams, whicJi H improves in tilth liv renderius them less plastic, more ojien and friable, in a word, mellower iuul ni ire e.Tsily worked. The «Hi)ii(l n*l4' tluif wr haro H|K>1|Mriiillv lii'iK-ticiiil ii> a lop elrr^oinir u,r iIhmt. ii ithh tlmt parti- I iil.irlv n -r'''ii I- •" |i"fa-li Mi.iiuirinif. 'I'lu- ii^iuil ii|'|>li' iitinii i>> in tin- iirinlilMirlnnnl 111' 5''i.v-< >.-i - till |ir>i|» rl.v i.t "tixiini" .>iiiiii<'iiiii iiihI fur |lii-> roii-xin i* jiiiv-'rlv II I il III -i.,Mi - iin.l ' ..w liiirii-. I'Imi- ( iii|i'>.M i|. .prinkliinf (ir iiii"liim till- tiiM'Iy Ml'' 111 I iii.itiiiul ill 1.1 -I. ill-, it -irxi-. Im nliiiti tlii> tiilniKiii I'l llif vcr.v nnilily dt- • ■iiHii'-iiI'li' uriii. iiiiij ill.'!.!, i.t.ilU t.i k,, |i till- iitiii.'-ii'i.rf i.f ilic luiiliiiiiu tri'f frnm mill. mil. iMiii hipI sWi. t, li i- thi- hm' i.I hm.l plu-u i- ilml w,- -|m ■ iiill.v iic.T|imi|.|icl. !.■! !•> ll i- III! . ii- (111 \.iliii I.I till ri--ultiiiu iiiiiiHiii' i ■ I'liliiii I williiiiir iiii.v liiiiilriiiii-i' to '111- iMTii-i i.t llii- itllni' iwiUll t;ilirti..|l- i.l llii> illili'l|i||ll4'llt -Ilii-r.iliiMlI l\ ill ll.i- y.il. .\ii .iplilii iitii.ii 111 ^'Mi^iiiii i- \;Juiill, |i. hiinl- atTi lid liiv "Mink iiikali". 'I'l c s..iliiiih riirl-uiiiitc wliirli mhIi M.il« i-iiiifMlii iii.t i.ii!> .1.1- iliri--liv ii» :i rorri.-i-c rli. - mi' :i!, rllllilil; jut,, iinii i.illim ,\\\,i\ tiir |.|..iit li--lli> I i-|.|iiiill\ ill till' iliiMli iliilli' tiiirl'iii'i' lit tl.i' M.il) lilt it ill!- ill. .-I iiijiiriMii-K' ,,|| i|,,. |,i|y-iiM| ci.iiiliti.iii 1.1 tile i-i.il. piiilillinii it aiiiti;; ii> !i.riii liaril, rrfnic- ti.r,\ lll;i--<-. Till' lll>plii-:i|i..ii 111' I, mil plil-lri loiivirl- till' nil-Ill. lllltr ill' -.iilil illlii Mll- phiiti' ..t M.ihi. 11 iiii!i|iT Inriii I.f alkali a- rrL'.iril- viui t iMr li'c aiiil nii.' |i>- inrjiiili. iai ti. tlir irhv-nal i liti.ii uf llic si.il. ( 't liiiiii ri'i.il liiiiil pla-liT i- .-I'liu wliat Mirial.lf in ri.iii|ii..i' l..|i ; p.ini- ^aliipl.i iiiii\ ii.it I-. iit.iiii 111. .1-1 iliaii imi pir iTiif. .-iilpliair 111 Iniic wliilc jiiuli ^Tailr may ri-arli '."• ti. !'."i pir i-i'iif. All iiiiiil.v-ii. i.- iiiTi ->iii\ til ilcli niiiiii' tlic ipialit.v n: ati.v piirtiriiha' Mllllplc. Till \-Si: AND Misi'si: (»!■ I.I.Mi;. I liirr i« a ,1-c ,'iiil .1 tiii-a-i i.f liini.; it lau lie iiiipliViil Ii%'itiiiiatc1.v to iiicrra^i I r p pr..llla■^.1ll .mil il cm aU.. I.r ^i. u-i.! tliat ~..il imp .\ irisliiiimf tmi-t iiifvitaliiy fi.l''.w. It liii- 1.1 III -h'Uii that liiiii- anil il- I'l.inp .tinil:- may pirf.iriii many iiiipnrtaiit fiiiiitiiih-. ii, I- iri . liiii: a'lili.y, in iiiiproviii;; tilth, in pruiiinliiii.' iiiliitii-atii.n ; iicvcr- tliili-.- tiny arr not fcrtili/ir,.;. It i« trin- tlicy may «crvc a ii-|.fiil i)iirii'i-i' in sniic si.il> liy funii-liiiiij- nvail.il.Ii' lime, Imt tiny il.i imt ikIiI tn thr snil's irnn. ..f iiitn.L'rii. .plii.-p!i,.rii- a. ill imil p,,tn-h. the i— I'litial iliiiu'iit- lliiit iiiii-t I"' i-i.ii-t.intiy rrliiiiii'il if fill' -.ilV firtility is In l.r niaiiitaiiii-d nr iiii-n-aM-iI. I.imi- ami it> i'..iiip.iiiiiil- arr t.. In- n^Mriir.l a- aiiiriiiliiu'iil-, lllatl■rial^ ttiiit may iiiipr..\.. the soil, ih. iiiir.iHy. pliy^ii'ally ami liinlnKiiMlly, ami thus make it iimro suit- al.lc ti.r rr..)i ;;r..ulh. 'I'lii-y arc Hut to lii' riiti~i liTcil i.r liM-d as siilistillltcs fur lliaiiiirc. fi.r draliiaui- i.v for tillairi-. Thr ixflii-iv i' and i-xi-i.--ivi. uso of tlii> inure raii-tii- fi.rm- (ipiii'i;-limi.. s|,;,l<,.il-iimi.) must im-vitahly li-.nl tu cxhaiistiiin of fcrtilily. fur. as ui- iiii\i- -I'll:, thiy act as -timiihiiits. »■'■ r.j: I'nr hut la.t addiiifr to the suil's stuns (if plant !'■ 111!. 'I'll- ' -r if the inildri- furiii- iiiiirl. ^rruimd liiiicstini' js ii.,t fraii;.dit \(itli tin' saii'i- li. hj. r t'l ihr -iiirs fiitnrr. hut cvrii «itli tlicso l|.s> a.-tivc malcrials. it is iiicum- hi III tli.it thu >.irs liuiniis ciiiitiiit he iiiaiiitaiiicd. \'\'i I u niaiiuri- is r<'t:iihir!y applied niid a mtatiuti adopted that pcriudii'iilly adds to tin i.r;;aiiii- miittir and lihre of tlir suil, jiidieiuus limiiifr can du no harm; indeed, it may lu-uve ..f the i-'reatrst Ix-nelit. The eunditiuns that iiidii-ale the iieeessity ..r desirahility ..f limiii'; have hr'cn cnnirernti'.l ; in rr'-u'-'iii/imr tin -e cMiiiIIii..ns we mu-t iK'iir ill iiii'id that hiuinj^' is hat one leature in the eemi niie ai. ! ratiuii-d inanaj^emeiit of soils.