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Sentences are made up of elements, some of jvvhlch are essential and others non-essential. These element 'may be classified according to their sentential relations, and eacli class subjected to a formal investigation. To study a sentence iu this way is to study it Xo^Va/Zy. - Sentences are made up of words; These words mayl)e classified according to their individual meaning of oMce, and' the grammatical properties and relations of each class care*' fully determined. To study a sentence thus, is to study it Mtymologioally. v^ •^V: J:; ,. Both these methods are essentially analytical, and ar^' in perfect harmony. Both should be combined in good teaching. The teacher is recommended to train his pupils to consider sentences as wholes, and then to arrange and'- dispose of their elements : and finally to treat oi tJhe indi- vidual words of which they are composed. A uniform mode of dealing with a sentence should obtain throughout the school. Ample directions are given in the following pages . ^ hereby tb}» may bo s e cur e d w^ far as relates tothe el u m e uts ^ ^ '*" Ss^bSIB^'WS- » •»* Ira; P-^ iv. PREFACE. of the sentence. In dealing with individual words the sub- joined mode will be found convenient and exhaustive : ■ NOUN. fsubj. to the verb—: or, abso-' Pi^P- ) ■ lute.. Com. \ numb., pers.; gend., case, ] obj. of the verb (or preposit— •^**'"'' ) I a,ttributiye to— (ifintheposses [ sive, or in the apposition. Rule. VERB. Introns. j ii^g. { ^o'c«' »nood, tense, numb., pers , [ Xtu|^t!'' ! ^"^«- Definite, Qualitati ., Quantitative ADJECTIVE. ( distinguishing—' . « ) (distinguishing—' ) Qualitative, V in the— degree. { marking the quality of— > n„«r,f;f4tive, ) ( marking the quantity of— ) Rule. Time. Place Degre Manner ADVERB. ' } ( verb— ) gg > qualifying the I adj.— \ Rule. ler.) (adv.- 3 And so of the remaining parts of speech, proceeding from the general to the particular. The study of English may be made tk mental discipline scarcely inferior to the study of the classic language, while for the multitude it yields richer treasures, and Is more readily turned to practical account. To secure this, pupils should, in addition to constant practice upon the exercises in Part II, be required to subject passages of their usual read- ing lessoDs to a critical examination as to the forms of sentences, the position of the elements, their mutual relations, and their fitness to express the thought intended, i ^^ Teiechers should require their pupils to practice the exercises given in Part II, as they advance in the study of Part I. f ' sub- I Rule. lie. PART r. .ft" / rom line hilo lore pile 8 in >ad- i of :>QS| the ady ON SENTENCES. ^ V ^ sentence, in its simplest form, is the complete expression of one single thought. Such an expression is com- monly termed an assertion, or affirmation. To make an assertion of any kind there must be two/^- tions or ideas in the mind : first, The idea of th^ thing 4>out which the a^^sertion is made ; and, secondly, TheHd^a^dt.that which we assert respecting it. Mk The V3ry simplest sentence, therefore, must containlwo parts, answering to these two id^s ; namely, the word or words conveying that about which we assert something, and the word or words that contain the assertion itself. The first of these is called the subject ; the second is called the predicate. All the names of things which we can thinjk o^, as we have before seen, are nouns; and the only part ^f speocb which conveys the assertion is the verb. Hence every sen- tence must contain a noun, or something equiv^ent to a noun, and a ver j. The noun will always be the subject of the sentence, and the verb will form the predicate. Sub. " prtd. ►^now melts. ■^^.-a iTi M^l jr. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 1. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. j2. A Sentence is called simple when it contains only onet finite verb. The two essential parts of the simple sen- tence are the Subject and the Predicate. =K, OF THE SUBJECT. 8. If the subject consists of one unqualified term, it is called a simple subject. The sinople subject will generally be a noun ; but it may consist of any word used in place of ^ a noun ; such as :— ——->.- ^^ ^^ ^ I. A pronoun— /go. II. An adjective — Many fell bravely. < ; III. An infinite verb — To walk is pleasant. ■- ^ Nouns which have merely limiting adjectives attached to them may '^ be considered as unqualified term^ and regarded therefore as *' simple subjects. ^ The hoya play. « Ten men are gone. This horse kicks. 4. If the subject consists of a word, with one or more qualifications attached to it, it is called an enlarged tubject. It may be enlarged in the following diffbrent ways : I. By an adjective — The good man is happy. f . II. By a noun in apposition — William the Gonquerdr die'd. III. By a participle, or participial phrase^— William dying 1 f/^*<>on afierylQfiihQ inng^om to h\%Boix. % IV. By a noun in the possessive case — A mothtrU love prevailed. V. By a preposition and its object — A man of virtue is respected. The process by which a term is enlarged, by the addition of Various qualifications, may be seen thus : The child 'cries. The good child . . . . '. . . . . cries. "" , The Farmer's good child . . . . . . cries. The farmer's good child, William, .. . . . . cries. The farmer's good child, William, of 7 years old,. . . cries. Thefanaer'sgood childj William^, of 7yew» old, havingi . i # i fi 2 a] 1 It V( tr te ca a£ I ■^ 'ViJir*^'* . ^ .'rn^^r^^ L I \ THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. i Here child is the subject, and all the words added simply gd to qualify it, t. e. to make the idea conveyed more distinct and de- terminate; but there is no assertion conveyed except by the word "cries." 9F^THE PREDICATE. c 5. The predicate asserts respecting the subject, either — first, What it is ; or secondly, What it does j. or thirdly, What is done to it. Man is mortal. . The snow* melts. The child is warned^ ^ j 6. IF the predicate consists of a single verb, or ihe vel'b ^ To be with a noan, an adjective, or some equivalent phrase after it, it is called a simple predicate .* as, Autumn departs, Man is mor(al. / Europe is a continent. He is of sound mind, -^ REMARKS. * a. All compound verbal expressions, conveying a single idea, must be regarded as forming simple predicates — as : The coat must be mended. ^^V^You otufht to go. b. The verb "to be" can never fonna'predicate by itself, except when it means "to exist," as GJod w, i. e. exists. c. The n^ative may be tak^ as a part of a simple assertion— as Strong men will not Jail. COMPLBtlOlT OF PREDICATk. 7. When the verb is afj||^ or transitive it does not con- vey a complete notion of tlfer action,^ unless we express the object as well : e, g. " William defeated ;"— Here an imperlect assertion is made, nnless - .we specify whom he defeated ;— " William defeated Harold." \^ Hence, when .the predicate of a sentence consists of a transitive verb, it requires a completion^ which completion is termed the object. 8. The predicate may be completed hy any term that can express the object of the jimrticular action, which we affirm of the subject. Such object may be expressed by— I. A noun—BrutOs killed CiwaK ' ' ' II. A pronQua-— igw the Almighty^ po w e r h urled head- ■i long. ^^^^^^£^ y S y^^ ■ •' I l^'' ' . ^ 1 8 THE SIMfPLE SENTENCE. III. An adjeclive — He commiserated tke wretched- » iVi An infinite verb-^pe loved to muse. V. A participial phraU — He loves walking, in the fields. The predi6ate qaay be completed sometimes by a ^double .object— as : . > We cail Demoithenei a great orator. He dyed the cloth a red colour. ^ '^ ^ , t BBMARRS. ^ ' o. Neufer verbs may tajte an object after tbdm, as ^rell as active,-*- only the object will generalljr signify^ really th^same thin^ as the subject, and conseauently it is put m th6 nominative case. This is seen, wherever the case can be indicated' Cos in the pronouns)^ by 'the formf of the word :— V Edward became king. . ^ . . Iris I. 6. Some neuter verbs become active by putting a preposition after them. To despairs^^Heut. verb. To despair of =act. verb. The latter mSLy of course take an object after it, like any other active verb— as : ' ■ .' PyTrho despalred'of truUi. Extension of P«EDiCATfi. - 9. The predicate,, in addition to being completed by an object, may also be more, accurately defined by eliumerating any of the circumstances ^f time, place, manner, etc., which tend to tender our idfea "of the action more explicit and dis- tuict^-^ These we term — Extensions of the predicate. ^0, The predicate may %e extended in various ways : . I, By an adverb-r-Leonidas died bravely. v This may be termed the adverbial adjunct. < . II. By a prep ■ V ^ "^ <>. BBMARK8*' (jj- , ' Observe that a prepositionaJ^phrase tany belong either to the subject, ,, .predicate, or objfect — as., 'u » A man o/^recrf Aone^y is respeated.— 7 Tjasttft. / <. ' The churo^ yfla situftted on the hill. — To pred. ^ We always read books of great merit — To obj, " I mi Ik '7 T»E SIMPLE SENTENCE. 9 J f ^ ^ 1 f I ^ 11. Tbercircamstance^ which determine mora accurately the meaning of Che predicate, may Be classified^der four, heads: ' ^\ • Those relating, Ist, fo tiiM ; 2dly, To pla^ ; 3rdly^ To manrier; 4thly, To cause and effect. . Adjuncts of Time. , ) Hfe came j(c»fm%. I suffered y&r atonv »wr«. ~ The sea ebbs and flows' ftoice a day. ■ y , ' .V • Adjuncts of Place, ' "* \> ^ ^ lives ««;^Kifon. » Civitisation trav«Is u7«t/tDart|. Learning came from the mil. > • v , - ^^ ^"^rf/wncrt q/" wanner. . '. 5iM???^y"''^^'^^- " I am «cce«/?nny circumstancwi tjf time, place, nafinner, etc., which qualify the^cUon, and set them down as extensions of tb^-predicftte^ . / Siifchlji— 9e very careful not to ^mistake a participle or inqnite mood for a predicat e^ The forro eiv mu st fr ft JifftfttM # ^nTjasanacpctive,' the latter as a noun. '■J 10 THE COMPLEX SENTENCE^' ^"*.„- MteTHOD OF ANALYSING SIMPLE SENTENCES. BXAMPLB 1. Hannibal, being sent to Spain, on his arrival there, at- tracted the eyes of the whole army. Subject. Predicate. Completion of Predicate. Extension of Predicate. ' Hannibal, being sent to Spain, (participial clause.) * attracted th^ eyes o^ ^ the whole army, on his arrival there. (adjunct of time.) - ' f ■XAHPLE 2. Lastly .came Winter clothed all in frieze, Chattering his teeth for cold. Su)b)ject. Winter . clothed all in frieze, chatter- ins hii teeth for ing II cold. 1 Predicate. -^ came Completion of Predicate. Extension of Predicate. m ■ lastly N. B. — ParticiiHal clauses, used as in the last sentence, may be put either as qualifications of the subject, or as extensions of the predicate, according as we consider them to be descriptions of ^ the thing about which we are speaking, or as modiflcatiops of the .>■ tl, THE CyiMPLEX SENTENCE. ' ^ , " Ifi^tA. tentenft is termed complex, when with only one principal Mibject and predicate it contains two or more finite f^rbs. The part containing the main subject and predicate it called the pri'fi as in the passage to be analysed. Thirdly-— Pre£bK a letter to each member to designate it ; arrange them all in a column, one under the other; and opposite to each wri^ down the kind of sentence, determined aocording to the explanations given in the preceding sections* - XXAHPXJI. .: - ■ Csesar, who would not wait the conclusion of the consufs ■peec)i^Veplied, that he came not into Italy to injure the lib- erties of Rome, but that be came to restore them. Principal sent, to 6, c, A - '1 " Adj. sent too,. a. Ciesar replied, 6. who would not wait the conclu- sion of the consurs speec^. e. that he came* not iotb Italy to injure the liberties of Rome, d. but that hQcame to reMore them. Noun sent, to a, o(H)rd. to d. Noun sent, to a, coord, to e. I V il> (i in. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. 17. A sentence is called compound, when it contains two or more principal assertions co-ordinate with each other. 18. There are three relations in which the parts of a compound sentence may stand to each other — Ist. That in which twtf'or more assertions are merely coupled together. 2ndly. That in which two or more assertions are opposed to each other. Srdly. That in which w.e account for one asser- tion by means of another. 19. The first of tliese relations is called copulattv« ; and it presents two principal varitiesr— I. When there is equal stress laid on both members — as : Man jjroposes and God disposes. ^a II. When there is a preponderating stress on the second * ! member — as: He not only ft)iig;aTe him, hut sent him away loaded with benefits. 20. . The second of these relations is called the adverta- Hvt; and it alK> presents two varieties—' 1, When the second member negativei the first — as : Thf »-ight « ? > "iiB man h nw m a ny i mmwii, b^it tlw ^^^ f^i^jvnmtb htm 1 1 ttom them all. \ i V ii^ I TIOf|I Of SENTENCES. i$ II. When the sedo^ members limits the first — as : We ought to rejoice, but we must rejoice with trembling/ 21. The third of these relations ib called the eausative / it presents like^nivise two varities-— I. When the dependence inyolves an effect or conseqaence —as : He was ait honourable man ,' andf, therefore, his friends trusted him/ II. When the dependence involves a ground or reason : I go away happy ; for 1 have satisfied him. BXAXPLB. Sir Andrew Freeport's notions of trade are noble and generous ; and as every rich man has usually some sly way of jesting, which would make no great figure were he not a great man, he calls the sea a British common. a. Sir Andrew Freeport's notions of trade are noble and generous ; b. Cand) as every rich man has usu- ally some sly way of jesting, e. which would make no great ngure d. were he not a great man, «. he calls the sea a British common. Frin. sent, co-ord. to e. Adv. sent, (cause) to e. Adj. sent, to b. Adv. sent, (condition) to c. Frin. sent, to b, co-ord. to a. and him Jm 1 CONTRACTION OF SENTENCES. 22. When two or more members of a sentence have the same subject, or predicate, or object, only once .expressed, it is said to be contracted ; thus there may be — I. Two or more subjects, and one predicate — as : The trade winds and the moonsoons are permanent. II. Two or more predicates, and one subject — as : The air expands and becomes lighter by heat. III. Two or more objects and one predicate, The sun illuminoa the moontoina and the volleys. TV. Two or more similar extensione to one predicate, If oisture is evaponite^A|m the water, and even fW)m the inow/ ^^^Kf^^^?|Sj|f^f? 14 X3ONTBA0TION OP SENTENCES. BXiLMPLS. Who noble ends by noble means obtains. Or failing, smiles in exile or in chains, Like good Aurelius should he reign or bleed Like Socrates, that man is blest indeed. a. That man is blest indeed b. who noble ends by noble means' obtains ^ e. or failing smiles in exile or in chluns d. Like good Anrdius ihonid he reign ble( e. or bleed like Socrates. Prin. sent, to 6, c, d, and «. A(y. sent, to a, enlarg. of sub. Adj. sent l^o a, co-ord. to 6, and contracted in sub. A^. sent' (concession) to '' io 8PKCIAL RULES Of SYNTAX. consequently, only correct when a person is supposed to have several of the things referred to. 4. Rules Relating to the Objective Case. 82. a. Neuter verbs sometimes take an pbject after them ; particularly in the case of nouns .denoting time^ tpace^ OK measurement ; as, also, in the case of those which are de< rived from the same'*' root as the corresponding verb — as : I watched three hours. I walked /bur milea. Let me die the death of the nghteous. b Some passive verbs take an object alter them— as : I was asked it yesterday. c. Some transitive verbs, particularly verbs denoting giving, lending, teaching, promising, etc., take two 4^ect8 after them — as : ^ He gave me a book. John lent tni/ friend a poun^. The^school " master teaches hissaujlars arithmetic. d. " 7%an 'V-is^llowed by the objective case of the rel- ative. A man, than whom I never saw a better. In all other instances it is followed by the nominative — as : John is taller than I. 5. 9uLBS Relating to Pkonouns. 33. a. Pronouns must agree with the nouns for which they stand in gender, nunaber, and person. b. The relative must agree with its antecedent in gender^ number^ and person. \i& case will be determined hot by the antecedent, but by its relation to the verb in its own sentence. e. If no noun come between the relative and the verb, the relative is in the nominative case ; but if a noun come between, that noun will be the subject of the verb, and the " relative will be the object. The man who.honours me. •* The man whom I honour. d.* Sometimes a relative is govern.ed by a preposition fol- lowing it — ras: , The boy, whom I spoke of, ^s gone. . ' #. When several pronouns of different persons are joinec^ i together to form a subject, the verb agrees with the ffrst per- ; ^ flPRCIAL RULES OF SJNTAiSt. ^1 •on rather than the second, and the second rather than the third-r-as: ^ . Ybu and I (we) go together. You and he (you) will cB8 Relating to VbbbI,*' ^ ' - 1. The Suhjtmotive Mpod, ' ■■ 84. The pWticular form of the subjunctive md6a is only used where uncertainty and futurity are l^th implied—as: If he arrive to-morhJ^n shall be tSere. ' ^ J V. 2. The Infinitive Mood. a. A verb may be put into the infinitive mood by another verb, by an adjective, and by a noun, as : / I wish to go: He is worthy to he cioterf^His capacit^ to wdrh ig . h. Some ver^s are followed by the infinitWe mood with- out "to," especially verbs signifying to bid, to see, to make, to need, to feel, observe, etc., as:—- I bade him go. I saw him do it. I made Mnr^tve it np. You need tiot try, -^ ' _ ^j c. Th6 "to" before the infinitive mood, is sometimes equivalent to the preposition -^^ in order t^ "—as : He eats to Hve. -•*.'* '3. Verbs med Ahsoluteh, * \ ^ The imperative, the infinitive, and the particle in "ing" « are sometimes used absolutely, tV e. independently of other parts of the sentence. ' - • « - Many bovg, say twenty were preseni. To teU ydu the truth, I do not believe hira. Judging at random, there were ab<>ve a hundred. 4 .^ 4. Some verbs of motion form their, compound tenses ny w, instead of has-r-m i He is come. They are gone, w '^sm mmmmmmmmmmmmmtmmmmmmmmm ■? . " OR u OIPLM OF PUNCTUATION. 5. Mmi/ verba roquire a parii^dir orepotitioD after them— «. 9''' . > ' To depart To despair To cc^ reqaires .« - tUC. ftom 6f With ftw frqm etc. ^ In these cases (which are called prisposition verbs) the original verb is vsually intransitive, and becomes transitive by the Midition of the preposition . The verb and the preposition together may then be regarded as one active verb, and-uie i^un following can be . considered as the object. ' / • j. ' ' The passive form of preposition verbs can also be employed : as, *" The mte is departed — ftom, / ' '--i.-'---i ■' ,r His life is de8{Mured-~ot if' n i ,? He cannot be coped— with. ► -6. If one verb depends upon another, they must observe a proper succession of tenses, i. e a verb in a- purely past tense cannot be connected with a verb in a present tense, and contrarily — e.g»: - - ' ^ ; >" .^ . I fAtnib he can succeed. ^ - 1 thought he could bw 7. Verbals in " ing" may goveni an objective case like a V£rb, or may ^e used with a possessive caso like a noun : as, His opanng the window was the cause of mv cold. The enemy's deceiving luxa^M the can^ of his failure. Thd finM^m^ o/" (A« 6trcb is delightful. ' . ON THE PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION. 85. The foregoing analysis enabiei^s to comprise the mf^x^ principles of punctuation in a few simple ruler* r. The subject, predicate, object, and simple adjunct of a sentence she point wbatev^ II. Subordi separated by a III. Co-ordi colon.. ^^ t y ^-;^yhefr*^ larger division than ^ thf^H>em^e<^oa-4s-^ =» Opt be separated from each other by any ,,and participial clauses should be tees shtff«t be separated by a semi' ■' .^. J S. lt»i: ;'r'«.iJ'il'i_iflti» 4, ■' .v.^' J -,"> quired in the members of a. sentence ,to make the sens6 apparent, a c»olon is used; as i—^ a. When a number of su^rdinjite s^ntenoes haverefer" ence to one common apodosis*** - < " b. When a co-ordinate sentence is employeid as a distinct proposition, without any connecting particle. ^siW*en a sentence terminates it should b^ indicated by F 'M In«6ntracted sentences the ooUaterol sttbjectt, predicates, objectf» .•* (jy adjuncts should be separated from each other by a comma. 3. As Uie rulM of punctuation realfy depend on the connection of the thoughts m a passage, the comma may be dropped in the case of subordinate se^tencM, and the semicolon changed into a comma m that of co^irdinate sentences whenever the connection of the thoughts is unusually dose, as : He th^t^made all things is God^ ' ;*s -^ • ■*i t :^^ ,,*# # ^- -it-. ■f- m ■ «¥-• im»- \ - - ' 1 -Fv" I . 41?.- * \ ' ) ' - • m • , • » 1 f ■'^ ■-.'' .^■i J .^- » . 1 .: ■ .s^.: --V^ ; 'J ( ,■■ ;- ■' ■. :' ■ ■■ ' »« : *• i« ■'•i PART II. EXERCISES ON THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. 1. Ok the Pbimabt Elsmsitts or thk SBsrtiiroi: 86. E]rpift88 a coil^^lete thongftt respecting the fbllow Ing thiogs : — The horse, the sheep, the hook, virtue, wistdom, the sun, walking, Fans, honour, the blackbird, flowers, music, ball, voice, the M'ind, Snow- don, courape, the boat, truth, the clouds, Wales, character, the cattle, thejiight, the mind, the winter, the heat, the snow, nature. 37. Put a subject to tbe following predicates :-^ Swkii, Hy, runs, play, cry, «ow, look, sleeps, strike, lived, tings, Jump, teaches, obevs, dream, hit, ran, gathered, smilea, built, walks, chirps, smells, felt, loams, laugh, go, went, talks, came, rode, eat, bnya, nurse, works, think, act, scrram, scolded, sold. 88. To the following words writ;p predicates, which have the affirmative word (copula) expressed in a distinct form : Charity, beauty, the Uon, the tide, the odoar, the cow, the shade, amiaUlity, the rose, prido, .the child, autumn, the roWn, nadhig, the ocean, love, a garden, thought, buttercups, sleep, spring, marblea, pw- tnres, solitude, flekU, the boys, writing, Wrds, eggs, the country, the throne, the noise, the army, peioe* . _ .^ .^ 39. Put an attribute to tmj sabjeef, atftd a li^odYfying word to every predicate contained in the following seBtenect : T hftfl ir h^tna n T hf i m rkno Is exil i ng. W -h h . d . ,..« « i C liil dreli are trdubieaome. 2 The san is shining. The banter shoots. The mm 26 GRADUATED EXERCISF9. cataract roars. The mountaina overshadow the lake. Birds come to our window. A coach runs to Chester. The town is surrounded by interesting scenery. The torrent rushes down through a cleft in the rock. The clouds sailed off Snowdon. The bees arc building their cells. The soldiers defended the castle. The villagers are singing their evening song. That bird builds her nest of wool. The butterfly flutters on his wing. The daisy decks the fields. The man labours. The dog guards the gate. 40. Analyze the followihg seances, showing the subjectj predicate, attribute, and modifying-word or phrase in each : — The little cricket chirps merrily. The yellow cowslip blooms gaily. The whole country arose immediately. The steady coachman drove carefully. The bitter blast whistled shrilly. The narrow pass was ter- rific. Curious flowers are found there. The fierce battle raged fright* fully. Many rivers overflow their banks periodically. Ill weeds grow apace. The merry lark is soaring high. Two boys were going from school. A little boy was digging industriously. A meek dove flew out. Pure water is healthy. The moping owl complains dolefully. A dark cloud orershadows the calm lake. Thick mists envelop the grand mountains. The grey mists fiUl in showers. The murmuring surge chafes the idle jwbbles. The old clock suddenly stopped. The glorious sun is not yet risen. White houses peep through the trees. The broad stream came pouring on. This little village stands very pleasantly. 2. Expansion p» the Pbiiubt Elbmsnts of thb Sentbnce. 41. In the following sentences expand the noun into noun phrases : — Walking is healthy. Mercy is a double blessing. Drunkenness is degrading. Travelling is instructive. Modesty is charming. IWling is useful. Forgiveness is divine. Delays are always dangerous. Sleep Is refreshing. Friendship is one of the blessings of life. Sea-bathing is salubrious. Hospitality is a virtue often exercised in savage coantries. 42. In the following sentences expand the adjectives into adjective phrases : — Virtuous men are honoured. A wealthy man cart do much good. A learned man is valued. Honest persons are trusted. The walls are very lofty. Four-legged animals are called quadrupeds. Gnats are winged iosects. Hard-hearted persons are generally disliked. The world is r&ry large. Tall men were greatly admired by Frederick the Great. Shrewd persons are to be found in all nations. Great gene- rals were common in the time of Napoleon. Keen disputes existed in the middle ages. Brave soldiers fell at Waterloo. 48. In the following sentenoea expand tke adverbs into adverbial phrases !—» Disooveries ate oftwi made acciden talljr. He came nponnajw nnawg rfw. He Actodls^Men^ ITe Is eating now. Bring tlamt cJdld hwre. He BXESeiSBS. r~ y glad. To chMtige the insolent, or to plunder the defenceletsi was alike acauie of war. Like leviathans afloat, lay their bulkwarks on the bnne. On came the whirlwind. 48. In ihe follomng sentences underline the enlarge- ment of every subject : — A;^®*"^*?? ^*PP^ y^" had passed i^way. Henry the |lighth reigned thirty^ight years. The modern cit^r of Jerusalem is abolit a mile in length. The conquest of, Wales took place in the reign of Edward I. F .i •*f^*™m.* W^^^er-beaded sagp, From peak to peak leapf the Jve thunder. The most opulent kings of the earth courtedthe protec- tio^ 0* the Roman Commonwealth. Alfred the Great made many wise *S?'^^^*^*-'"^mP'*** ^".gM. The quality of mercy Is not stteined. Men s evil manners hve in brass, their riruies we write in water. Whang the miller was very avaricious. The lenity of the em- peror confirmed the insolence of the troops. Now the bright mominir stor, day s^harbinger, comes dancing from the east. Withfri a window- ed niche of that high hall sa;te Brunswick's fated chieftain. Abraham being now advanced in years, wished to see his son Isaac settled in mamage. Isaac having gone forth at eventide, met them on their way. ihe masters of the most wealthy climates of the globe turned away with contempt The poor father trembling with anxiety began ya foid the stream. ■ 49. Explain, in the following examples, preciaely of what the enUrgement to the sabject consists : ->% v^^^rl^' ^"^® ^^ ^®"^ the fourth son of George III., and father of Qu^n Victoria, died of a neglected cold. Chaucer, the father of l-nglish poetry, parsed agreat part of his life at the Cour^ of Edward HI. His withered cheek and tresses grey, > Seemed to have known a better day. Such haughty contempt for the opinion of lAankind, must remind ns of the very different behaviour of one of the greatest monarchs of the present ape. Seventy chosen archers of th^ nw'al guard ascended in mlence. The barbarians of Germany abhorred the confinement of walls. Kejectin^ with disdain the delicacies provided for his table, he sntisficd his appetite with the coarse and common fare which was allotted to the meanest soldiers. The d6^#ed Mng wi^ treited with gentleness. Around the fire one wintry night, The farmer's rosy children)i4t. Palestine, tlio land of Israel, is a small caOton of Syria. The keys of the city were then delivered to Sir Walter. The dark-browed wa/riors came around him. Impatient of faUgUe or delay, these half-armed warriors rushed to battle. The stately hom(» of England, I How beautiful they stand. True 1iapphi«M has no localities. They stood prepared to die, ft people doomed. Alexander, havinc recovered froin his grief, agiun took the _Mlets smell three sons. He conducted himsalf Hi mai. You n^nst wake me CMiy. None but very My merry coronMfes' call me. Ij fi p e op l e at ihistun ftr made a ive [Jwn of flowers, the fair. T 30 QRADUATED :||XERCI8E8. The British Emperor defended <1>e firon tiers. Heniy the Seventh sue- cc^ed Richard the Third. Charles fought many battles. The bar- barians cultivated their lands. Mercy and truth preserve the King. His good wife assFstcd him. The more daring Probng pursued his vie. tories. Our guide cleared the road.. We all drew in our breath. Nature seemed to adore its ma^er. Umy of the inhabitants work the mineri^. The reindeer carries the Laplander. The coachman drove the' horses. Merry little children play pranks. Some flowers mark the hours. The lightning struck the house. He quickly lost conscious, ness. Chatterton, the Bristol poet, wrote wonderful verses. Wilkie, the pamter, loved to travel. The view fulfilled our expectations. Wave vour tops, ye pines. The buddiagf twigs spread out their fan. I felt her presence. My spirit drank repose. The sweet nightingale haijnts the ^hrubberiea. The king released him. Conversation enriches the understanding. The memory jof thy glorv lit the gloom. Elizabeth re- jected aU consolation. Some memory of home lias entered her heart. At last ^« wounded our game. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. " 55, In the foHqwirig sentences, underline all that belong to the completion of the predicate : — I met a little cottagS-girl. Some natural tears they dropped. - Henry took nvany prisoners. A stranger filled the Stuart's throne. A willing mmd makes rapid progress. Heap on more wood. The legions of Gaul defended the frontiers of the empire. God .blessed the work of their hands. He thus concealed his great ignorance. The whale tosses his great tail. Willie purchased some fresh shrimps. Dr. Rae, the Arctic truyeller, is Ijuilding in Kingston dock-yard an Arctic schooner. He climbed the dark brow of the mighty Helvellyn. We enjoyed some luscious sweet grapes. A few ^ry sticks afforded us a cheerftil blaze. Hastm^s had ruled an extensive and populous country. The Laplander, wrapped up in his deer-skins, defies the severity of his native climate. Seeing that I was observed, I made a low obeisanee. He turned out the contqjits of his knapsack- The pood woman prepared for me a trali^ pa^^toral meal. ITie action of the wavi^ had worn away a great portion of the base. The cold wind st^ps the yellow leaf. Fair autumn spreads her fields of gold. Constantlne repelled a desperate sally pf Pompeianus. The army 'seized jrtie person of tihe king, Ha^o dominion over the fish of the sea. The birds salutes the source of light and dar. Elizabeth of England espojised the cause of the revolted. Netherlands. The Englibh fleet destroyed a ^reat part of the squadron. Night equaliwss the condition of the bpggar aud the monarch. 56. In the following sentences, distinguish between the direct and the indirect object :— ' Thy brother conjured me to makis my escape. Give me that beau- tlftHlower. The Roman general set fire to Wi ihfps. The emperor obliged him to obey. 'Canute ^mmanded the waves to retire. His master accused him of fraud. We heard the waters rush pasl us. I saw him fight with the en emy. A son owm hono ur t o his father. He t«ugh» hi»^*wjir-thor1oT6 imrt 15it lirtJOd. TISvTHg uflcred a short prayer, he fa?e the signal to the executipnw. H« o&red her his arm. ■J EXTENSION > OF PBKDICATB. SI the William paid Robert ten thoasand marks. Edward {nxMaised to make William nis heir. The doctor prescribed the- patient a receipt. Ho recommended him also great moderation. The master accused his apprentice of theft. The^ appointed him goremor of the castle. I played him a tune on the flute. We showed the stranger all the rooms of our dwelling. Pour me out a glass of wine. The jackal is said to provide the lion his daily meal. We esteemed him th»best of all com- panions. Regard me ever as your friend. We considered him to be . too young for the situation. ' "^ [57. State what kind of indirect object is oontsined in each of the following examples, and of wliait it consists ^ His pai«nt8 made him a draper. Th« carrier turns hides «> leather. Heat changes water iato steam. Give nie your opinion on this matter. He adds injury to insult. John made his eldor brother very jeatons. We esteeiQed him wiser than the rest. Pro- mise me a portion of your profits. He sang as, many a good song last night. . Of what is the old man thinking ? I cannot dispense with his services. They accused Ccesar of ambition. Water eo»- eists of two gases. I was taught grammar by the schoolmaster. , We heard the thunder roll, and saw the lightning flash, and the X roof biasing. Theteachergives the scholar sound instruction. We burned the paper to ashes. They<«steemod Balbus as the best of all their companions. I hold you guiltless in the matter.] ' : EXTXITBIOir OP PftBDICATS. 53. In the following sentences, point ont the extensions of the predicate, and state of what they consist :— . Pleasantly rose next mom the sun on the village of Grand' Prtf. 8hell-flsh cast their shell once a year. He Mtterly repented. Now ther went to work again with fresh courage. Three weeks later the nuptials were announced from the pulpit. English style begins, at the eaiiirat, only about the middle of the fourteenth century. The eagle and the stork on cliflfe and cedar tops their eyries build. The air gets slowly changed in iuTiabited rooms. In the present day, the binding of a book illustrates the power of inachinerv. Frbia branch to branch the smaller birds with songs solaced the woods. Thus with the year seasons return. Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul. Now the sun is rising calm and bright. Sleep had scarcely been thq'nght of all night. One mom a Peri at the gate of heaven stood disebnsolate. , Soon after, we reached a chalet on the top of the monntttin. -The prepsrations fbr the trial proceeded rapidly. On either side the river lie long ftelds of barley and of rye. Over the joyous feast the sudden darkness descended. The green trees whispered low and' mild. I saw her bright reflection in the waters under me. Simply and soiemniy n4)w proceeded the Christian servicle. Tlie bells are ringinff merrily. The old man now went up to the altar. Rivera rush into toe sga. Tha Qfteen arriwri *♦ Ihi^fiaoh at four o'clock In the affcrooon. The (fawn had already tinged the horiMn with a yellow dusky light. The muleteers drew r ^^m mm mm w 82 «BAI>UAK8D BXmCnBt. their males from the stebles. The phitfom of the Atetioii. m tnaqail tiU thii moment, WM now filled with a variety of sounds. In the market-place of Bruges, stands the belfty, old and brown— 1 hnce consumed, and thrice reBniWed, stUl it watches o'er tht town. 69. In the lollowing sentences, point out and classify toe extension of time andniace:—- At my feet the city slumbered. The squirrel cliwlw up the tree Knes are green all the year. The sun conceals himself behind the trees! The sentmel plac«j himself befi>re the gate. She is singtag nOw. From ^eir nests beneath the rafters sang the swallows. The moon and stars Si"^ Zlu'?^*-. ^?^^ meadows Wretched to the eastward. I went to the Exhibition last Thursday. Many animals sleep during the winter. mS^i^ T?" *^»»^ t«n^*»y«- Letitia went to London yesterday mommg. The splash of horses was soon heard behind th«n. Thi Tdlage reposes m the midst of farm*. The farmer sat in his ewy chair We shall visit Pans in the month of June. The sun rises in the east. I he moon and stars lighten up the heavens during the nwht. Alfred arose every mormng atsix o'clock. My uncle has lived in Italv for SinLiTV ^^ ^«^ .". ^»«P^7 cultivated in the southern vanced the brandish'd sword. 9Ack to the thicket slunk the Kuiltv •erpent. Kow came atiU evening on. After a short silence he com- menced again. 60. In the following sentences, point out and classify the extension of manner and cause : Take her up tenderhr. Lift her with cafe. He appHed'to his fkther from necessity. A good child obeys with alacrity. The judgo dares not pwnounce sentence arbitrarily. The oven glows with heaT Pine< wood is veiy useful on account of its flexibUity. We recognise biida br th^r wings. A tree is known by iu fruit. Loud laugT their heart* with joy. They pitdied their tents with care. The attendants moved aR)ut noisdessly. Do your mission gently. Pilot condemned Christ from fear of men. The beaver constructs his dam with nicety. The bird fashions her nests on unerring principles j)f architeotur*. She has dpne her worit very neady. The child came springing through the garden. Grass is wnerally cut with a scythe, but wheat with a sickl*. ue gained bis position by industry and perseverance. Napoleon went to Btprpt with forty sail of the lino. Witl» such talents he may rwe to the highest offices m the state. Telemachus encountered many dancers from^love to his^fether. A student studies for bis profit, and tniveI?for w* pieaMire. The mother knit good warm stockings for the children. * (^<>«r Jong ye«» of mingled fbeling, |\ Half in rest and half in striffe, <;I We seen thy waters stealing \ OnwanH like the stream of lifb* _^^ M ¥. ^^ ft^tjtowlnjr wordi fom ■entences, each 0^ of time i^stinguTsHing Bet ween thot« t^ T EZTBNSKIV OF PWSOtCATB. which denote, 1. point of time ; 3. 4«rati»o ; -3. repett- Messenger— coma Violet— ftkwm. Larrk— ring. Coach— start. Sca—^bb. Leaves— fell. Post— leaves. The moon— bhine. The cock— crow. Ship— sail. Our train— arrive. Doors— open Cuckoo— leave. School— b«(ria. Domottae— sleep. I~rget np. Alfred— walk. Eagle— fly. Summer— test. Win rcr— begin. Snn — nse. Father-walk— field. Rose— bloom. Cherry— blosiom. Some aaimalH sleep. Com thresh.] [62. Out of the foHowing words form sentenoes, ea<^ with au extension of place; distinguishing between, 1. rest in ; 2. motion to ; S, motion from. Town— stand. Coachman— drivv. liverpofd— nttaiitia; ^Ck^ eer— perished. William— Hve. Garden— lie. Cofiee— export. Children— play. Labourer— oome. Wind— change. Our friends —go. Raa^e— built. Put— book. We— dwell. London— sit- nat«. Gate— stand. The boys— fcl), Village-^es, Fish— Kvc 1— go. Rivers— run. Bristol— situated. Alp»^lie. Swallow- leave. Paris— stand.] j[63. Out of the following words form sentences, each with an extension of manner; distinguishing .between those which denote, 1. manner, properlj so chilled ; 2, di^ree; 3. instrument ; 4- a<>«»«»P»>Vii?S ci^ Scholar— iearn. Dog— run. Sbiaf6r-«3t^iwi8t Night-come. The sun— light. Lightning— strike. Evening-star— shine. Thun- der—roll. The clouds— envelop. The storm— come. The o^ 7"!**°^- . Conversation— intemipt. Family— sit Stockings- knit. Velvet— make. Richard I.— kilted. Biitl-catch. King —come. Workman— tired. Parilamcnt— open. Gaiden— cult^ vate. Swallow— fly. Master— teach- Corn-rgrow. Charles— amve.J . • ' ■ ■ ■■'.,■■,. .,,. 1, [64. Out of the fdUowing words foirm g^nteiices, e«^ with an extension of cause ; distinguishing between those denoting, 1. reason ; 2. condition; 3. purpose ; 4. motive ; 5. material cause. -f*i^»- "■• ■ . :.*f- .-n a.^ ;.: Inwi— rusty. River— swell. Aitw-pmifled. Fire— |ift)dnc«d. Wood— swim- Brtttus— kUl— Cajsar. , The virtuous man— «jt bailors— undergo— danger. Trwy-known. The child— fell. He 18 palo. Motlier— watch, Father-riabour. SchoUr— learn.— Churches— built. Schools— fouaded. We maki>— bnttor. fl^w- yfeff. fttiMafly. Airthings— hecdmeeasy- B»ibSs-«ncceod- Eye— made. Tongue— formed.] H GRADUATED EXERCISES. *v. 6d.^Analy£e the simpie sentences given bel6w according to the following models :-f- . - Fint Model ^. Subject. Predicate. Object Extension. All the people. brought him [indirect] their offiaings [direct] -r j^ ft willingly into the city.« . [N-B.-— Parse these sentences acoordine to the model eiven in th6 Preface.] . . . k . -. Second ModeL^.f ...^>!:. ..,, Enlargement of Subject Subject of Sentence. Extension of Predicate, (manner). Predicate of Sentence. Indirect object (dative). . , Direcl object. Extension of Predicate AU the people wiUmgly brought him their offerings intQ the city. The moon threw its silvery light upon the lake. .It whitened' the surface of the water. The two men chmbedthe steep mountain in sflence. The King of the Belgians arrived in England yesterday. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. . In summer he took his frugal meals in the open air. Dost thou see that read breast with the straw in his bill ? The swallows twitter in tlmr straw-built nests. Custom is the principal magistrate of man's life. Houses are built to live in. God Almighty first planted a garden . The fly sat upon the axle-tree of the chariot-wheely The lawns and njeadow-ledges midway down hang rich in flowers/ You had set that Diommg, on the basement's ed^, a long green box 6f migaonotte. Sus- picions amongst thoughts are like ha^ amongst birds. Expense ought to be limited by a man's wages. The sea-coast of Thrace and Bythnia still exhibits a rich prospect of vineyards, of gardens, and of plentifiil harvests. Many a glad good-morrow, and jocund laugh form the young folk, made the bright air brighter. The death of Claudius had revived the fainting spirits of the Goths. Long ere noon all sounds in the viUage were silenced. The sun from the western horiiQn, like a magician, extended his golden wand o'er the landscape. The age of the great Constantine and his sons is filled with important events. But she, with sick and scomfhl looks averse, To her full height her stately statute draws. ^ftwwicieiirXJfirisliani wcsre animated by a contempt T^ their present A '-n *<■■ OF THE COMPLEX SENTSKCE. m rding ren in <^> M'the in in m see jer in nail's rden. I and ; that Sus- raght thnia itifiil 1 tho i had ds in ike a g;e of + ^tence, and by a just confidence of imtnortaKty. Overwhelmed by the sight, yet speechless, the priest and the maiden gaaed on 'the seem * of terror. . ^ I turhin^aw, throned on a flowpry risft^ ( , One sitting on a crimson scarf nnroU^fi A ' A queen, with swarthy cheeks aili^Pmld black eyes, Brow bound with buming^ld. / ^ 66. ' b. e, 67. In that hour of deep contrition. He beheld with cleiumlTision, Through all outward show and fashion, Justick the ATenger, * Form ten sentences- — With enlarged subjects. With enlarged objects. With extenftioBfrof thne and pla^ properly classified. Form live sentences to exemplify each of the par- ticulars given under extensions of manner and cause. "5. Op the Complex Se;ntekc»i ' * j68. In ^ach ^f the following examples underline the subjbrdinate sentence : — '.^ -^ v.'J'^^^}^^ was invfsted with the couiulship by Valerian, who styled taiA the dehyerer of Illyricum. Rain fertilizes thojje fields which spread tl^ir bounty to God's creatures. Many books cost more than th^ are worth. Work as long as you can. When the wise men came out of the east to Jerusalem, thev asked for the new-bom king of Judea. A sincere, upr^ht man speaks as he thinks. Many learned men write so badly that they cannot be understood. It was so cold |n the year 1 830 ^ that Lake Constance was frozen. A short-hand writer must write as qmckly as an orator speaks.. Civilization, whidi brings mah out of a savage state, consists in multiplying the number of occupations. Gen- erally si^aking, the more one has, the more one wishes. Lazy people . always do as little as they can. When the little chickens come out of the egg they are able to run. When Herod heard of the new king of Judea, he was frightened. A dervish was journeying alone in a dewrt. when two merchants suddenly met him. Many of ttie talents we now possess, and of which we are too apt to be proud, will cease entirely with the present state. She had superadded to her jacfcet jt ribboi which feU across her shoulder to her waist. They were the sweetest notes I ever heard, and I instantly let down the glass to hear them ^more distinctly. On a sj^ring evening, on whichever side I tarn my eyes, mynada of happy bmgs crowd upon my view. , \ Telf^ not in monmfial numbers, " "Ijfe is but an em pty dream- 1 " Ts esent ^^ ipt m f^' ~) "S'OT^ThffWtriraiSrffiM sIumhersT"" And things are not what they seem. m ►^•li ? ' V GRAXWATEiy EXZRCJBM&, 6^. Point out the noiin MiitenoM b«)ow, and show what place they ea«^ hold in reference to the prinapRl sentence : it may easily be^wn that the earth is round. Whether the truth wiU ever come to Upn uncertain. How he made his escape is a pro- found mystery. He never told me that he was going away. His excuse was, that he was engaged all the erening. My determination is, that you shall depart after Christmas. Socrates proved that virtue is Its own reward. All affirmed that the king was never seen to smile Mfam. When letters first came into ilse is uncrtrjain. It is probable that they were first brought from the East. / You forget riie is a ghsy otI. And does that prove that Rwiosa is above snspicion ? She sends your jewels back, and bids me tdl ydu; she is not to be purchased by your gold. Thou knowest that the Pope has sent him into Spain, lo put a stop^ to dances on the stage. . And BO I fear these dances will be stopped, and Preciosa be once more a beggar. Dost thwi rem^nbca' when fint rn ntef ? 70. Expand the phrases prioted below in italics into, noun sentences :-— The ffttlitff o/4team is now everywhere acknowledged. Your forget- Julmse ofthepromiae is very blameable The cause of the defauk wholly unknown. It is wicked to steal. It is wise to be cxnttmts. The immoT' *ml^^ ^^J^ *"'' " generally admitted. I greatly desire your auccess. The tujffmng of humanity is a mysterious fact in the dispensations rf Providraice. [71. Write five cojmplex sentences* each liaving a noon sentence for its strhject ; five, each Imving the satiie forite ohjaet-; five, each liaviiig the mine for a pi-edicute, with the verh "to be;" iiud five imving the same in apposition to noun of pronoun.^ 72. Point out the adjective sentences below, and show what noun they eadh qualify : — The amusement of letters, which affords so mnnv resources in soli- tude, was'incapable of fixing the attention of Diocletian. Towards the west lies the fertile shore that faces the Adriatic^ The choice of a spot, " which united all that could contribute either to msalth or to luxury, did not renuire the partiality of a native. There is sweet music here, that softer Mils than petals from blown roses on the graw. I keep snM>oth plats of firuitful ground, where thou mayest wai*le, eat and cMpll. It' was a I^ speech of Seneca, " That the good things which b^ng to prosperity are to be wished, but the good things that belong to adversity to be admired.'' Let the day perish wherein I was bom. How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust. There aBS many injuries whiVii «^im^t ^ytry wnui ff^ls, though i heroes not compiam. The place whereon thou standest is holy ground. I i OF THE SBKXSaCE. «7 to bo % stop * On the squaij the oriel window, where iifi oU heroic days »at the poet Melchoir, singing Kaiser MaximiUaa's pnuse. See, here is a bo^er Of eglantbe, whh honejTsnekks wovei^ Where not a sparit of prying light creeps in. * ~ She loved me for the dmgera I had pasMd ; - And I loved her that she did pity thero. This only is the witchcraft I have us^ . Pleased with my admiration, and the fir« * His speech struck from me, the old man would shake Hw years away. . ^. [73. Write ten complex sentences, wfth an adjective sentence qualifying the subject; and ten more with an adjective sentence qualifying the object] 74. Point out the adverbial sentences in the/feUotrinff examples. — / - ® ' y^'^^^^ *"*^ '^^ haunted ground. Cromwell followed Ihtle * rS* ^™ ^t ventured to govern great ones. Thou shalt honour thy father jind mother, that thy days may be long. When Jesos was twelve years of age, he went mto the temple with his brethren. The older you iS!?!'!,! ^ ^'S^u yp^ «^o«ld ^' The gardner is planting the 8h*ibs where they will haVe the most shade, cfan the soldfer, wh^ he gii^eth on hM armour, boafet like him that putteth it off? While the ewth re- maineth, seed-time and harvest shall not fail. Whore the carcase is ' there will the eagles be gathered together. Where thou hast not sowed! thou canst not reap. J{yon wish to bfe well, you must live jnoderatehr! Ood has made everythmg good, but man is not always satisfied. Live so that thou mayest never have reason to repent. Paul, before he was converted,^ was a great persecutor of Christ. The body of St. Andrew ^."'^il^"'^? interred by Constantino, when he became a Christian. When dariraess broke awav, and rooming began to dawn, the town wore a storage as^ mdeed. Fools rush fn where angels fear to Iread, H^re the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed thK earth and the world, even from everiasting to everlasting Aou art God* 2?®° Tancred's buried, and not till then. The heir shall have his own again. 75. Specify which of the following relations of time and place are implied in the adverbial sentences below—point of time, duration, repetition.; rest in, motion to, motion from :-^ th^ir^^ ^^S'^^I ^*^ ^"*'^ »P«*king, the sovereigns sank upon their knees. My father gets up when the sun rises. Magdalene^ not know the Saviour until she had talked with him. ^wlSe he wis talking thus, the place, the old man's shape, both troubled mT When ITJZ^fF^ *? ''^'^?* an injury, reflect with yourselves, Has God ^^««;*i ^tntbegaii Toilisperw. Wh«ri tbespn^^fiwTftHen aeAin the ghttenng domesliad viMiished. While I call fOTJuSinpon^he^^^^^ 4 ■ !■* 38 GRADUXTED EXERCISES. *■ I wish also to do him justice. When you would speak or wthink harshly of your neighbor, reflect, Are you so without sin, that you can venture to cast the first stone at another ? He, like the world, his ready visit pays where fortune smiles. When William Penn approached the Sachems, all the Indians threw down their arms.. And when even was come, the ship was in the midst of the sea. After he had suppressed this conspiracy, he led his troops into Italy. I shall stay here until the post arrives. When he took his seat, the house cheered him. He swam the Esk river, wher(f ford there was none. When Hannibal marched into Italy he was obliged to open a way over the mountains. As -often as you repeat this oftence, you will be severely punished. Whene'er I take my walks abroad, how jnany poor I see. He intends visiting his relations before he leaves England. Travel not early, before thy^dg- ment be risen ; lest thou observe rather shows than substance. When- ever we visited him, he wekomed us most warmly. While Cotistantine signalized his valour in the field, tM-«overeign of Rome appeared insen- sible to the dangers of civil war. Before Constantino marched into Italy, he secured the friendship of the lUyrian emperor. As we were crossing "the Straits, a severe storm arose. Whilst he passed this indo- lent life he was repeatedly heard to declare, that he alone was emperor. Where thou goest I will go. I will go wherever you wish. 76. Specify which of the following relations of manner, and cause are implied in the adverbial Peutences l)elow — like- nesB, relation, intensity, proportion, effect ; reason, condition, concession : — " The upright man speaks as ho thinks. Asa man lives, so will he die. The man who is contented is as happy as if ho possessed all the troMures of the world. In summer it sometimes thunders, so that the very windows rattle. In January, 1830, it was so cold, that Lake Con- stance was frozen over. The stenographist must write as fast as a man can speak» Death spares the rich as little as he forgets the poor. The higher a man rises, {he deeper ho can ^, A bird flies swifter than a horse can run. The ostrich irf unable to fly, because it has not wings in proportion to its body. Fishes have no voice, because they have no lungs. Since the ^barometer rises, the weather will probably soon clear up. The boy cannot write, because hjB has injured his hand. Learn iiihile you are young, so that you may get forward in the world. Wfj manure the fields, in order that they m^ become fruitfiil. God is ever pretent, although we never see him. Insects are useful, notwith- standing they often do injury to the plants. Many sorrows aro^ncfits. Unless you obey jou will be punished. [77. Form ten complex sentences containing adver- bial ttotences of time, and as many containing adverbial Benteoces of place, manner, and cause.] [7^. Form two complex 8«ntences to exemplify each of th e pw4itf uhtr rolalioua of -tHBer pfaoe, latanti^ iro^ cause.] u I n ol 0( tb oi Cfl { i I OF THB COMPLEX SENTEKCF. 89 79. An&lyze the complex sentences given below accord- ing to the model. [Parse these sentences according to the model given in the Preface.] Sentence. ■f a Can the hus- bandman look forward with confidence to the increas« h who his the promise of God, t that seed time • I and harrest 1 8 hall not fail? Kind of Sentence. Prin. sent. Subject. Adj. sent, to a. Noun. sent, to 6. The hus- bandman. who Predicate [that] seed- time and harvest can look forward has shall not fail. Oyect Extenaion. the pro-, mise of God • s • with con- fidence to the in- crease .Chnstmn chanty is friendship expanded, like the face of the iun when It mounts above the eastern hills. He needs strong arms who is to swim against the stream. An honourable friend of mine, who is now I brfieve near me-a gentleman to whom I never can on any occasion ^ *K ^Jl!^?' feelings of respect, and, on this .ubject, without feelinw of the most gratefiil homage; a gentleman who4 abilities upSnTh" ^-S.*"i "P**° *^T J^*'' ^"*"' ^^ "<*' entrusted meroirto the t'h^h^ wiT^i^'f'^^ '^' ^*y' ^"* T" "^« i^\>^X\^ admiration of ttiat hour when all of us are mute, and most of us forgotten : tliat hon. can be used m the cause of vice. ' ^ After these apptSar'd A crew, who, under names of old renoWn, Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train, With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused - Janatic Egypt and her priests, to seek Their wandering gods disguised in brutish forms Uather than human. His spear, to ef|ual which the tallest pine Hewn on Norwegian hills to be the mast ' Of some great ammiral were but a wand, . He walke Sh owers on her kJnys b a rb a ric p« « rl »<^ ^ ^ {^atan exalted kat, by merit raised To that bad eintneuce. T 40 GRADUATED EXERCISES. I He scarce had finished when inch marmur filled Th' assembly, as when hollow rocks retain The sound of blustering winds, which all night long " 1 Had roused the sea. On she came with a clond of canvas, Right against the wind that blew, Until the eye could not distinguish The faces of the crew. ' Swoct was her breath as the breath of kine that feed in tho meadows. We sat within the farm-house old, Whose windows, looking o'er the bay. Gave to the sea-breeze, damp and cold, An easy entrance night and day. 6. Of thb Compouitd Sentence. 80. Point out all the co-ordinate sentencfe* in the fol- lowing examples, and determine whether they are of tb« copulative, disjunctive, adversative, or causative (illative) class: — Elder-berries are ripe at this season, and an excellent domestic wine is made from them. 1 hope we shall have another good day to-morrow, for the clouds are red in the west. The brooks are beconae dry and tho ground is parched. Hazel-nuts grow profusely in s- . . . :~-^~~-j^-~—^^^^^^-:^^^^":i^ runn t n again paw » w » y ; In one o r ^crlbnnitWen^^^ heart of mau, is wrut«, " The gat«s of heU iball not pw7ail a^TniJit/' ^ 42 GRADUATED KXRR0ISE8. rinX It r-' ■ The state of the world is such, . There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that ho ^ must take himself for better forworsc, as his portion; that though the "•'wicfe Universe is full of good, no kernel of nouhshing com cfin come to * : htm but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is V ,. .gij^n^tp him ta till. " ■> To prayer, repentance, and obedience due, * 'Though but endeavoured with sincere Intent, Mine ear shall not be slow, mine eye not |hut; 1 ^d I will place within them aa a gnide "5|y umpire conscience, whom if they will h^ar, Xight after light, well used they shjfll attain, 'And to the end persisting, safe arrive. Not flf drum was hcai*d, not a ftineral note, As his corse to the rainpitrts wc hurried; ^ ' Kot a Boldier discharged hiS farewell shbt 4 O'er the grave where our hero we buried. > Within a window'd niche of that high hall ;^ , . " Sate Brunswick's feted chieftain; ho did hm That sound the first amid the festival. And caught its tone with Death's prophtotic car; And when they smiled because ho deem d It near, His heart more truly knew that peal too well •Which stretch'd his fother.on a bloody bier. And rou8(Ml the vengeance blood alone could qu*^l; He rush'd into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell I , ' Where barbarous hordes on Scythian mountain! nxun, 'Truth, Mercy, Freedom, yet shall find a home; ' Where'er degraded nature bleeds and pines, From Guinea's coast to Sablr's drcarv mines, Truth shall pervade the unfathom'd darkriess theren ' And light the dreadful features of despair. Hark ! the stern captive spurns his. heavy load, And a sks thft imaffft hmck t hat Heaven bwtowed{ "Kere^nhi§e^tSefl^^lv2our burnt, And. tm tbo 0lftT« d«p«r(fl, th« man retomi. ^ 1,* that do it, J have ble, of n pro- kble of 1, flnd lassion idly to at the tiat ho gh the 3me to lich ia km, O/ THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. 'TIS pleasant l)y the cheerftil hearth to hear Of tempests, and the dangers of the de«», And pause at times, and feel that We are safe j Then listen to the prilous tales again. And with an eagar and suspended soul, i Woo terror to delight us I come, I come ! ye hav^ called nio long ; I come o'er the mountains with light and song Ye may trace my step o'er the waking earth. By the winds which tell of the violet's birth— By the primrose stars in the shadowy grass-^ By the green leaves opening as I pass. A nightingale, that all day long, Had cheered the village with his song, Nor yet at eve his note suspended, Nor yet when eventide was ended. Began to feel, as welUfe might, The keen demands of appetite ; When, looking eagerly around. He spied far off upon the ground, A something shining in the dlark, And knew the glow-worm by his spark. . , . Darkcn'd so, yet shone Above them aU the Archangel ; but his face Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd, and ear« bat on his faded cheek, but under brows Of dau^itless courage and considerate pride. Waitmg revenge ! cruel his eye, but ciwt bigns of remorse and passion to behold ' V^'^ fellows of his crime, the followers rather Far other once beheld in bliss, condemned ' J or ever npw to have their lot in pain. _, He now prepared lo speak ! whereat their doubled ranks they bend Jrom w}nj5 to wing, and half-enclose him sound With all his peers ; attention held them mute, 1 hnce he assayed ; and thrice in spite of Bcom learo such as angels weep, burst forth ; at laat Words, interwoven with sighs, found out their way, T i._i . . Aibeet In spring-time, when the snn with Tannis rides rour forth their jwpulous yoiuh about tha hive in eluaters ; they among fresh dews and flowers * ly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank, f he suburb nf tb^ ii* B tr » w _iniii* n!i-.i.i — - ■■u ouiTui-v^^* *ttt»tf inrtrwc/uiit ciiauef, 43 -^ New-rubbed with balm, expatiate, and confer ■ptir stet« ajfkirs ; so thick the aii^ erowd i 41 ORA&UATBD EXBAClSfii. Swarmed and were straitened; till, l^e signal girvn, Behold a wonder ! they but now who seem-'d In bigness to surpass earth's giant sons, Now less than smallest 4warfs, in nwrrow room Throng numberless. » EXERCISES ON THE LAWS OF SYNTAX.^ - a 1/ Fundamental Laws. ' 83. Point out all tlie predicative relations which occur -4n the following passages ; — Manual labour, though an unavoidable duty, though designed as a^ blessing, and naturally )^th a pleasure and/a dignity, is often abused, till, by its terrible excess, it becomes really a punishment and a curse. It is only a proper amount -of work that is a blessing. Too much of It wears out the body before its time— cripples the mind, debases the soul, blunts the senses, and chills the affections. It makes a man a spinning- ' jenny, or a ploughing-machine, and not " a being of large discourse, that looks before and after." He ceases to be a man, and becomes a thii^g. Who shall say what work and works this England has yet to do ? For what purpose this land of Britain was crpat«d, set like a jewel in the encircling blue of ocean; and this tr\be of Saxons^ fashioned in the depths of time " on the shores of the Black Sea," or elsewhere, " out, of Harzgebirge rock," or whatever other material, was sent travelling hitherward, no man can say; it was for a work, and for works, in- capable of announcement in words. Thou seest them there; part of them stand done, and ^Cisiblc t6 the eye ; even these thpu canst not name; how much less the others, still matter of prophecy only? 84. Correct 4he errors in the use of subject and predi* cate which occur in the following examples: — Many of the advantages we now possess dies with ul, bm virtue is immortal. . « One of my most intimate fHends were present when the circum- stances occurred. ' Yqu, whom I loved "beyond all others^^was my strongest opponent. - The child said imploringly. Thou wilt not leave me, mother. Quest. Who are going for a walk to-day.1 An$. John and me. Thou, my fHend, were in gre(it danger of thy life. One only of all the flock Were missing when he arrived. The whole series, were completed in about six months. The building of so many magnificent edifices were very expensive. Part of the plans are completed. They was very happy in each other's society. ' 85. Point out the objective relations which occur in the following passages :-^— ^ *Vi^ Itrhrr most just distinction, which the lata Mr. Tvcker hat dwelt irpon so The peal pnHcrpIe. or hHlftftB SPECIAL RULES OK SYNTAX 45 to" .largelyin his works, between pleasuAis in which wejire niui«vA ««.! ter. r f ^^^? ''' •'^ '^'^^' ^^ I beUe?fi^e^%'SJnSnSe^"er of human bfe will ascent to this position, that however Sfiil tJ^sIn thekL^^^rr''"*"^;^ ^° ^^^ ^^^^^ p««^ve, Tt s^ot tlS^ b?; «un!?;^K ^^^''^f o"^ pleasures, which consthutes satisfaction whi^ nw^chSlnri" ^T?-^^^ei^ '^"^ miscellaneo^en"oySeit m wmch happiness, as distinguished from voluptuousness consists ^ the risLTsur ^^r^rj'r "^^l!^^ ^^^'^ bcLtifuSspSd than fir I^^ 'Y ^^® "^^^«* dress that human art can invent th« fl^ fc&f ffiZ* P^^P'^WIIT' *^« "iostrperb oriatn^a tne palaces Of Kings, vanish arid sink to nothing when comnared wiS ^v^ creature rejoices, and seems to receive a new life The h5«?, with songB Of joy, salute the souroe of light and day every aSwi^ gp to move, and all feel themselves ani^atad. witKTtr^Sh a^, 86. Correct the errors, in relation to the objective case which occur in the following sentences •— * don ^d'it rsu,i.HS.l^f T'^'"'^i^" ^'*' ""'^ "«^«'- ^^ in ^^- ^ ith fJ • ?"T>rismg h5w the first of these disadvantaees inter^ riliaJK"" ^^d^'-tf^dmg much of ihe ancient poet»y. wSfTe th?^ keep, the range of their iciju in on exceedingly narrJVZipai. ^ 2. SPB^L RtfLKS OF StkxA^. 88. Correct the errprs which occur ip the followini? passages, in relation to the subject and predfcate ;— * ^ydhn t iiiul Mary TOmes lo sc^ooIVvwy day fh>m a lone diitanoa Morning or evening are the bc»t thnV for^tudy. ^ «"*"o*- mm 46 GRADUATED EXERCISES. The whole army were defeated and fled. ' Neither Napoleon nor WelKngton were aware of what had occurred the previouB night. Th6 swallow, the martin, and the redbreast, is considered to be the most innocent of birds. Have not Homer or Virgil been the especial favourites of every age? . Have not Milton and Shakspeare been considered the two greatest English poets? 4 The 8ch«ol were to break uj) on the 20th. The whole school was rambling about the common all the afternoon. He and I goes to market every day. You and Samuel was very hungry during the perfoMnance. • 89. The nominative case is usually the subject to a finite verb; point out the nominatives in the following sen- tences which have no finite verb after them: — God, from the mount of Sinai, whose grev .top Shall tremble. He descending will Himself Ordain theiirTJajes. . For me, scarce hoping to attain that rest. Always from port withheld, always distress'd ; The howling winds drive devious, tempest-toss'd. Sails rent, seams opening wide, and compass lost: Every thing being right, I shall start to-morrow morning. Work, work, my boy, be not afraid ; ' Look labour boldly in the face. ^ Beauteous isle and plenteous. What though in thy atmosphere Float not the taintless lux^y of light I Not yet enslaved, nor wholly vile, O, Albion I 0, my mother isle ! . , • Thy valleys, fair as Eden's bowers, " Glitter green with sunny showers. 90. Point out all the cases of apposition in the follow ing sentences, and correct any "that are wrongly written :— Whang the miller was very avaracious. After tne short usurpation of his cousin Stephen, ^enry II. suc- ceeded his grandfather. , The abuses of John's government caused that combination of the Barons, which extorted ^fagna Charta— the basis of English liberty^ Hence sprang the numerous Italian republics, Venice, \Genoa, Florence/ and others. ^ .r; ''jv SPECIAL RULES OP SYNTAX. 47 It was h!m who represented the^iitso badly. ».. »i,^ *«„!, .^. bSSTtl ' S "^f? %5l»o took away the bSBfthat I wai. readine. btet^!^h|S,f "" "^' "l*^ "^"^ "^^^ ^^««^d ^« «>"y of W« ?^- /^oT^«ct the erirors in relation to the use of the pos- sessive (Sftse, which occur in the following passages:— The diildren's simper is nearly ready. Jolin'8 aqd Mary s shares are smaller than the rest. His nose is 92. Classify the objective cases In the following pas- sages, according as they follow transitive, intransitive, or pas- sive verbs, and s^ow which of them are indirect objects:-- ;«^"^'^-!'^**^®" }? ^"^ ?'■* '^ »'<* »«d compHcated, that it requi«M the ingenuity as we U as the experience of many ages to fe^^Tanv .degree of pcrfecuon. The fish we ca%ht yesterday MrdgKxpoLr Some horses can run a mile a minute.^ Yesterday I w§ token ^?the gardens and shown the whole house. Just as we we^^ing^t we are Caesar s, and to God the things that are God's. Our master tauX us geography with great, skill. #e watched three hours "n the Sh Then sang Moses this song unto the Lord, and snake savincr • T will sing unto the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriZly • the h^^sc and his nder hath He thrown into the sea. S^""0"«y . tne horse 93. Correct the following errors in the use ot the rela- tive pronoun, and give the reason for each correction :— ' Ihfn £ i Jr^ r^? yo* profess to be. WhosoeVw he may select I shail be quite content. I have no idea who he means to pit Tmy absdll^' '"'>'^''' "" '^« ^'^^''^ ^7^ "M V mre were a good number, say twenty, present. ^ / We went a good distance farther, suppose half a mfli ISiWit* #1- count at random, I should say that there were fifty v^selT^^^^^ S^kmg accuratcW, we were^ only three and a Talf^^^ti i„*^ room. To speak disunctly, I do not wish your companyTy ton^^ amp^fs .^"®*'' ®'"''°" ""^ ^"J' ^"^ »° t*»e following ex- v«*iJ^®1? "' ^" f*°'' "o houses whatever on one side of th« MtM ^n"fhn"ng!.w"^ f!?^*? "^'' ^^ delight hS ^*^ Thekbgdom '^^'^^^'^ *^ *°d welfare of ;|f /•- 1,' l^/ :^^ifS^'w^?^fP!W » • 48 -r-v ORADtJATED EJ^ERClSES. Ewhorthem shall be rewarded in their torn. Whom do you think it is ? I dare not to solicit any faror ol him. ion need got to go so hastily. ~ 96. She a^jys appears verjr amiably. «nd matn."" ^ ^^*^J^' "^^ comfonnablc to th6 r«le.of pmd^ce Ihis.one 18 more preferable than that. - ^ Have vou ran home for the umbrella « ^hn has imfortunately broke his leir. We hare began dinner this hom;;ago. ,..• - ■>■ •■ ^IKIS »■ ^ - * ' 1 I •-; ^ '*, i> -^ \», \ x^ /' iT"-'- tf^ y— t -r-^- #'. potatoeivn th« lis fioweri. I *^„ r r > «. ^MWi-^^**''^*' T^i-.-^,.,.,,^. ..*»(_'^„»^. 1^ W- -5fe* -. . \ ,!•*''' -f ¥' ._&! .,.'-, . .,iS .. .. tiM^i.. Wm imiiiiiii (■■/ ^ .