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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. errata to i pelure, on d n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I I'HVS '• raiKuVi .M A (.' C A N A D .4^ ^ PHYSICAL, EC0.N03IIC, AND SOCIAL. BY A^. T.iT/r. ri:. r>. d. r.f lii.i-"_, p. I,-., ■, ' v,'!ii •!( xc<^ '--in^ 'iv .; TUJIUXTO: MACLKAH ^ CO., i ,3, kix.; S T II C K T. J^AdT. 1 8 ■■) .3. 24^ O ( 49 z. // ^/ r /?, _ butcml Hccoidiug lu the Aa .f the iTovincial LcLn.latuie. in ti,^- \car of our Lord One Tliousana l-igUt irundrcd anil Fifty-five hy Adam Ltllil. in tl,c Office of tl.e Tvogl^trnr nf ,],c Province nf Canadt\. -P H i^ 1'^ A L E The favour with whicli th. J..,.tuiv> .,1, - Th. (iiwtii •• 1 Prospects of ('nn:ni:r-puMi>h..a i,, ls;>::__,,,,, ,,,^^.j^.^,^ liaving ,naa.> mc ioel as ir un-l.r uMi^aiiun (. attc.nnt ..nu- tliin;:, 0.1 tlic sa.u. sul)je(;( A,!I,, ,„] ,„,,,, ^,„„^;^,j^. ^j, _ tbllowing |-:«ay wa. prepared a.nl f^,rwar,]e<I (u (,)„(.].,.. i-. answer to the Adverti.onie.it of th. Kxeu.tive C.nn.itte. ,.. the J>ari. Kxhibitio.K ilavi.^,- been pa>....l ).v n,Mva,l „n th. alle^rea groui.l of th. Illeoibl.,,,... of the Ma.u-eri.t-Mvhich however, i. iecl warrantod i). .aying. a> well .. 1,]IM ,„ ;, justice to lupeh' ;., say. wa^ ..ui.. .apa).!. of hein- "'^'r>p/.r../" wit]>.„u any trouble U),rea^unable iu th. eir cumstauces)-! have a>.un...d the r.spu,>.ibilitv of i,s publica- tion, partly that. a. th. f;:et of .ny bavin, written was kn.wn, sueh as elino^c to honour mo with a perusal niav li:,ve a'. opportunity of torniing their own judgment as to tlie cliaraeter of my eontribution, and j-.rtly in ti.e liopo of aidinu iu the diffusion of informal ion respeeting a eoiintry of wliieh, after fi trial of ov<M- tu-enty-nn. y.;,r.. 1 ontei'tain a verv high opinion. That iu dealing with matter, s.. variou> and of ,,mh j. eharaeter as those end^raeed in dm following paires f .houM have escaped all mistake. 1 dure bardlv venture t. Imp-^ llW»Jfl"l!!!I»l'!!.»'^ !\ . tiulwilli.^laiifliiiu the }.alii> which have ix-cii taken t..> ■jccur* absolute {•')n'ectne.-.-. At the same time my persuasion ir;. that iKt mistaki; will l»e disce'Vered interfering in any measure with the reliableness of the general vi(nvs prcsenteil. Those who have uiven the suhicct ftur attention, cr who mav he tlis]iose<l to.jxnt themselves to the trouble of examining the authorities ;\u will ])ereeive that I'aets are under rather t]\an nvor- ■>tated. Ill furwardinu" the i'issav tu (.>uebee, J mentioned that I had -ume fear. beinu uiieertain as to tl ".e wishes d' th I'^xccutlve Committee on tlu^ point, that .1 mi;Jit liaN e gone s/:)uievvdiat t<jo laru'ely into the subjeet of (ieolocry in connec- ith the Local ])( ddi that th tion witii tlie Jioeal J'escriptn'iis ; adflniLi. tliat the matter in ([UCstioM was easily separable, and that had time })erinitted it had been my inteniidii t" inelo-e in bracket- certain por- tioii- which mi-ht. if thou;^ht well, be ondtted. rnwillinii' to tax too much the patience of the general reailfV with what i> technical; L liave excluded a fevr of the passages referred to. Should any l>e of opinion that too much of thi>^' description i> still retained. I' be;^ tn remind them that the (Jeolouical character of the country is one of the elements v,hieh specially contribute to make it such a comfortable honu'. and such an advantageous ticld of enterprise for it< inhabitants, and to call attention to the fact that the roLiions most lariicly dwelt (>n — those, to wit. of Lakes ^Superior and Huron — may be said almost to form countries id' themselve-. and are I'e-ivho' Comparatively little known. Son\e few additions wlTudi have been made, have been placed in ^nuare braelcets. by whicli they may be easily dis- tinguished. -re; UMVl the! can^ the: Vcel the ^:- ken t..) .^ccur^' Lia,«Ion i,N. tlutt iiiciisure witli Tho.-o wli.. y l)t' (li.spo.sctl 10 anthorities t'l' ili;i!? "Vor- ioned that I shos of tlu> t lia\o U(:)]io '■ i" conuee- '0 Dh-ittoi' in <' perniittetl -•ortaiii |.nr- 'invillini^' to ■■itli M-Iiat is •cfonwl to. ^cription l. <»eoIoL;icaI ■■' ^pcciallv (^ ■•^iieli an '•"'; and to i^oh dwelt ' j — may he I'o Iioside.i tiJ.d liiiic iMjiuiitied, and uiy hicaii> .■}" inlunuati-'n been -rcater. souietliin- uii-lit possibly have been produced les^ unworthy ol' the subject. Conscious, however, of havin- done the best I couM in the circ.inistances, 1 throw nivself on tlie candour ..f tlie Header, to whose jud,<:nicnt I now submit those pages, and who will learn the Prineiple In- wlii.di I Vi-.ve been -uidcd in their composition from the Adverti, ...^ on the next pa-v, which f.irmcd the ..ri-iual Introductiun to the T(.rvn:o : A^;.'i.^!. ]l^5^. A. LUAAE. avo boca m mrn^ AD\'Kjrns|.;v|{.^ XT ii r.c ■ nii.el miti (,f (}, ''■"''^'' '-q^l'c^N as (:,, ,. "' ^^•^•n^r..t (},,. ,; ''i"\Vi;i- ■'K /-.ssr.V ) '■--"•-- wi„v.h .„ ,„„„,,^„„ ';""'■'■• '■' <!■« ...0,0 ,•,„,„,„„, 'T '"■ ''"™^- '■• -".'.^.1 .In/ '"''''■■ ^•"— this ' ""'' '"•"<"---'Wc, ..,„lo „.e ,;. , "'""''■ --' !....^. who,,. wit I I Hi .1)1 '0'. •■.11(1 r--— <>.<■ A,„l.o,.,. ,,,,„,, „;, ' ;;■ ••'" "^-^ of iustioo ,0 .. callot Jowot ill i.") cover Frant sail u oil tll( lliver of Ch Tlu nated, " Kail take t( word ( stream comiiK the Ba Can North, wester] St. La' length 400. area of m WiiSVy 'm ,1' A R 'J' F i 11 S T . !'•> ItOrll io D important ■i;»lly cntcr- 1 night be ^ccure this FiJo be as im.H'If to ^' may be ■■^j when- liouirh it oduction it iiiiirht it have ce to all try, and Pll Y S T (' A L. AlthDiiLiii .so early as the year ]-!7l> (SiDvanl (laboto, usually c'ulled John (.^ibot, had made the (lull' of St. LaAvrenee, — fol- lowed by (iaspar (Jortreal in A.D. ]r)(IO^ 15arun de Lory ill 1")1'\ and Giovani Yerrazano in lo'l'l, — the honour of dis- covering Canada belong.s to Jacque.s Cartier, a native of France, commissioned by Francis l.st., who wa.s the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, which lio entered in August, 1584, on the Festival of St. Laurent (whence the name given the lliver), having the year previous penetrated as i'ar as the liny of Chaleur. The name Canada, by wliich this splendid country is desig- nated, is conceived to be derived from the Iro(j[uois word '' Kanata,'' a collection of huts — supposed to be applied by mis- take to the region. As, however, the 3Iohawks use the above word even now to signify, in addition, the banks of a river or stream, it may be that the appellation was, according to their common custom, used descriptively to denote 'Hlie Country on the Banks of the Fdver." Canada lies between the parallels of 4P 52' and 51^ oO' Korth, and 57° 50' and 9P 20' AYest. Stretching in a south- westerly direction, from the Island of Anticosti in the (Julf of St. Lawrence, to the south-eastern extremity of Lake Erie, its lcni2;tli is about 1,400 miles : in breadth it varies from 200 to 400. Including water-surface, it is computed to comprise an area of 349,821 square miles, or 4-^-?-^'^- exclusive of water. Ji :£i^lii^^- 8 TIiu iKiinbcr of acres contained ^vi{hin it is estinKiteJ at 1()0,405,lM1I,— of ^vlliell l2S,(;:y.),(]S4 are reckoned to Canada East, and 3 1,74'), 50") to Canada West. Mr. Lo^an, (( JeoloL'-ical Keport i\>v ls4r)-(>, pp. T), 0,) dr iw inti a line in continuation of the llud.-^on liiver and Lake Chanipkiin valleys, divides the Province into three sections : the lirst, which he tcnns the *' Kastern area >' u conjprising tliat iM)rtion which lies to the eastward of the divisional line assumed, and to the South of the St. Lawrence ;" the '' West- ern area," or second section, "extending;' iVoni the limits of the Provin(!e in an opposite direction,- and bounded on the north by a line skirtinL; the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, the Matawa, Lake Nipissing, and the French lliver, to Lake Huron, and thence alonpj the northern shore of this Lake to Sault Stc. Marie on Lake Superior ;" the third end)racin<^ what he desig- nates ^'Northern Canada," '' extending from the British limit on Lake Superior to Labrador, and lying between the northern boundary of the cast and west divisions, and the height of land separating the Hudson Bay waters from those of the St. Lawrence." Including the Island of Anticosti, the first of these sections is described as covering a space of about 40,000 square miles, the second of 50,000, and the third of 250,000, or there- about ; making in all o40,000, — somewhat less than has been stated above, water-surface included. /,'■'■ I \ Usui Mr rent larg| rcn( oft) state BritI and GEOLOGICAL STUUCTUHE OF CANADA. The first and second of the sections above named, Mr. Logan states to be marked by "important differences in their geological conditions ;" — the characteristic of the former being " the general quiescence and conformable sequence of its for- mations ;" and that of the latter, their " violent contortions and unconformable relations." • The Geological formation most prevalent in Canada is that .rf-t*. tiinatc'il at to CaiKidii ), 0,) draw- aiid Lake 1 sections : compri.'^iiif;' i.sioiial line ho '' AVcst- iiiits of tlie the Tiortli ic 3Iatawa, luron, and Sault Stc, it he de.siji;- ritish limit e northern height of of the St. e sections .are miles, or there- has been )A. med, Mr, s in their iier being )f its for- ntortions a is that 4 I I) Usually calliMl Kruptivo or ^lotamorphitic, but designated by Mr. Logan, as also by Mareou (after Mr. (JarncaiO, the " Jjau- rentine System," from the circumstance of its composing the larger portion of the elevated region north of the St. J^aw- rence, already referred to. The fundamental rocks of the Laurcntine System, as also of the Kocky, Alleghany, and 0/ark Mountains, Mareou states, (in his Geological 3Iap of the Tnltcd States and IJritish North American Provinces,) to l>e (Iranitic, Syenitic, and Porphyritie. These form, according to him, a frame-work of plutonic origin, which supports the basins of sedimentary rocks that surround them. " The first sedimentary beds deposited (he says p. 19) after the crust of the earth had become solidified, were su))mitted to various metamorphio action by the often-repeated injection of ignited matter in a licjuid state, and also by the high tem- perature that still prevailed at the surface, which caused much more numerous chemical condjinatio!is than those that take place in our day. These first stratified rcjcks, thus modified, form gneiss, mica-schist, slate, and marble." Of the Laurentian scries Mr. 3Iurray gives the following description : " These rocks consist of masses of micaceous and hornblen- dic gneiss, and masses of crystalline limestones, interspersed by gneiss. In the great masses of frneiss the prevailing color appears to be reddish, but they are frequently striped with in- terstratified bands of grey, the reddish part taking its general aspect from the reddish feldspar, which is the principal consti- tuent, while the grey is chiefly made up of small grains of white quartz and feldspar, with small scales of black mica, and occasionally grains of black hornblende. The rock is for the most part fine grained ; there are, however, masses of a coarse texture, which may be veins, but apparently maintaing a paral- lelism with the bedding, cannot with certainty be considered so. These latter masses were found in general to be chiefly of feldspar, sometimes white and sometimes red, more frequently ■HlWiWt^ 10 the Ibrmci', which, wcuthcriiiti; often to an opaque white, causes them to contrast stron^jly with the other associated rocks. Beds also occur, of whicli ahnost the only constituent is white quartz, and these often alternate with thin layers of yellowish-white feldspar." The Laurentine System may be described as occupying, over and above certain portions of Mr. Logan's first and second divisions of the I'rovince, the whole, or nearly so, of his third, or what he calls " Northern Canada." The Lower Silurian Strata hold, as to extent of prevalence, the place next to the Laurentine among the formations of Ca- nada. Of the general character of this formation, the following de- scription is given by Marcou : "^ The first strata are thick beds of very hard Sandstone, rose-coloured or whitish-grey. Then comes a series of strata of compact Limestone, blue, often blackish, with quite numerous fossils, the whole sur- rounded by schistose, slaty clay, of a deep black or blue-grey colour." Potsdam Sandstone, Calci'/crous Sandroch, Blade Ricer Limestone grojip, Trenton Limestone, L'tiea Slate, Hudson River group, are the designations used for this system by the Geologists of New York. In Vermont the denomination Me La Motte is substituted instead of Blaelc River Limestone. Mr. Logan calls it, as exhibited in the district of Gaspe and Quebec, Conglomerate Limestone, Tourefte's Sandstone, Grap- toUte Sehist. (p. 20.) " In most of the localities where the Lower Silurian Strata are observed, they may be separated into three distinct divi- sions, which are found constantly with the same characteristics throughout the band of Silurian rocks which accompany the Laurentine Mountains and the Alleghanies.'' The first of these divisions, called by Marcou the Potsdam formation, is "a very hard sandstone, of subcrystalline texture, and very diffuse stratification;" — containing '^ few fossils," so far at least as variety of species are concerned, the Lingula and the Oholus or I St( gui loci hof vai • ext tlie = the Mil n thoi into ston i of I ^ colo and ^ dcs: two mos Ort Spi I aMc 4 by: sue." Eic Ott coaf and ricl wh( Bipi .Mtm^ff^ itc, causes cks. Beds ite quartz, visli-whitc (ccupying, md second 'his third, irevalencc, ms of Ca- lowincr dc- arc thick itish-grcy. mc, "blue, vliolc sur- I l)lue-grey ; Ricer Hudson m by the lation Isle mestonc. aspe and iC) GrajJ- an Strata inct divi- cteristics pany the t of these " a very y diffuse least as Oholus 11 or UmjuUtcs being " the most characteristic." '' This Sand- stone is sometimes calcareous," in which case '^ it is distin- guished from Potsdam Sandstone by the special name of Cal- ci/erous Sandrork." " Its thickness varies with the different localities in which it is found, and depends on the more or less horizontal position of the bed ; nevertheless it may be said to vary from five hundred to two thousand feet." This division of the Lower Silurian presents itself " of great extent" at the Falls of Montmorenci. It prevails also " on the borders of the Ottawa, of the Two Mountains' Iliver, of the St Lawrence (Thousand Isles), near Lake Sinicoc ; — on the Escanaba Eiver, near Lake Michigan, and at Janesville, near INIilwaukee." The second division of the Lower Silurian, which the au- thors of the '^ Geological Survey of New York" subdivide into the Blach Ricer Group, and the upper Trenton Lime- stone] — the Trenton formation of Marcou — 'discomposed chiefly of blue limestones, with intercalation of clay of the same colour." Such is the development of Crustacea, mollusks, and polyps, exhibited in this division, that Mr. James Hall describes, in his work on the '^ Palaeontology of New York," two hundred and ninety-five species belonging to it; the most characterisic of which — the lllacnus Crssat-couda, the Orthoceratitcs communis, the Bdlcroplion hilohatus, and the Spirifer Lynx — arc found in Canada. In Pennsylvania this division of the Lower Silurian attains a]dcptli of from four to five thousand feet. '^ Recognized by Bayfield at the Mingan Islands and in Newfoundland, it pur- sues the whole length of the St. Lawrence, then the Biver Eichclieu, Lake Champlain, and the Mohawk, ascends the Ottawa nearly to Lake Nipissing, follows the east and north coasts of Lake Ontario, enters Lake Huron by Georgian Bay, and continues to "Wisconsin and Illinois, where it contains the rich lead mines of Galena. Finally, it enters Minnesota, where it forms part of the descent for the Falls of the 3Iissis- Bippi, at St. Anthony. Its existence has been verified on Lake ^■4thH>W><!|iMi-1-M>dlM|iMiHHIH^^t)^ 12 Winnipcrr, near Fort Aloxamler, along the Red River, at Lakes Abbitibbo and St. Jobn'S; in the Hudson's Bay Terri- tory." *' A third division, composed of Arfrillaccous Schist, very fis- sile, and resembling slate, terminates the Lower Silurian." In New York and Canada it bears the names of Utlca Slate and Hudson RlvcrGronp, ^' and occupies the first rank in the series of sedimentary rocks, owing to the great thickness of its beds and the extent of country which it covers." Graptolites, ■with fragments of Tribolites, arc the only fossils found in this division. The basins of the St. Lawrence and the Hudson belong specially to this division, which extends itself from near Capo lioziere, at the extremity of Gaspe, to Virginia, ^' where it still has a depth of three thousand feet." It is found in Upper Canada, and at the Bay Des Noquets, in Lake Michigan. At Lake Superior it has likewise been verified, " where it forms the Cataract of Kakabeca, on the Hiver Kamiuitiquia." It is described as forming ^' a band of rocks which, varying from three to ten miles in width, extends uuinternipt- edly over seven degrees of Latitude, without important varia- tion either in its mineralogical constitution or its stratification." (Marcou— pp. 20-25.) As distinguished from the Loiccr, the Upper Silurian, called by Mr. Logan Limestone and Schist of GaspS, is com- posed of a light-grey limestone, becoming sometimes blue-grey, with interposition in many places of bluish-grey clay." Though generally following the direction of the Lower Si- lurian, the Upper varies a little from 'hat in its geographical distribution. *' Beginning near the Straits of Bello Isle, Newfoundland, it forms the whole Island of Anticosti, and part of Cape lloziore and the point of Gaspe, and extends to the south of the mountains of Notre Dame — from whence it crosses the Metapediac River, gains the Madawaska and the Tcmiscouata ]jake, ascends the St. John, crosses the Chaudiere and St thi ! il! i .fii!;H:r ' !! ' ?f| ! "'!!l ' !" '' l'^{ ! J HldlWUUiXiti mi0^ la I River, at Bay Terri- st, vcrjfis- irian." In i Slate and Q the series of its beds Jraptolites, md in this iOn belong near Cape liere it still I in Upper ligan. At re it forms initiquia." s which, internipt- ant varia- ification." Silurian J ^, is com- blue-grcy, iower Si- graphical mndland, of Cape south of )sscs the iscouata and St Francis; and fiually reaches Luke ?-loinp]iramngog, on the bor- ders of Canada and Vorniont, penetrates a little wny into that State, and loses itself in the ramifications ox the (Ireon !Mi)un- tains." Found again at "several points in Ncav Bruns- wick, an<l at Ivistpnrt, in Maine, it has boon verifi<^d hy Mr. Logan '' on Lake Teniiseaming, in the Hudson's Bay Terri- tory." Crossing Upper (,'anada from the southern border of Lake Ontario, where it has a consideriible development, '' it forms a part of the Manitoulin Islands, in liake Huron, and the north and west sides of Lake Michigan; then, forming the Upper part of the State of Illinois, it ascends into Iowa :ind Minnesota, where it forms tlie upper pnrt of the Falls of the Mississippi, at Fort Snelling." Among western Geologists it bears the name of Cliff Limestone, from the circumstance of its forming the cliffs of the numerous hills in the portion of the basins of the Ohio and the Tennessee in the environs of Cincinnati, Louisville, and Nashville. Of the fossils characteristic of the Upper Silurian, Marcou fpecilies the Pcntamcriis OUongus, the Ortliis llijhridu, and the Lcptoena deju'essa, as found in Canada. Beds of rock-salt are often found in America, in connection with the Upper Silurian. Tlie cataract of Niagara is stated to be '^entirel3' formed of rocks belonging to the Upper Si- lurian." (Marcou — pp. 25-liS.) T he Devonian formation presents itself at a number of places in Canada, as at Gaspe, the most northerly point in which it is met with in America — where it obtains a development ap- proaching the immense depth observed in the State of New York ; on Lakes Fh-ic, St. (.'lair, Huron, and Michigan ; and the llivers llestigouch and St. John. " The first strata of the Devonian are farmed of whitish-crrev limestone, containing a great number of fossils. Then numer- ous beds of black Schistose clay are snperi»osed, as in the States of New York and I'ennsylvania ; and finally, in some places, as (jaspe and Katskill, these beds are crowned by vevv thiclr beds of lied Sandstone, with verv few fossils." (l»iii^g|l|||^ .*^»ttM* iM!M<vfmi mi mm ma {4 The v.'holc; contuiu' oC LakcH Hric and St. Clair i;< stated by Marcou to bo fonucd of ilic iJevniiiaii, as al.^o a part of the Peninsula of 3Iicliii:an, the Irsland of Mackinaw, and tlie southern side of ]jake Michiixan. On Jiake.5 Erie, Huron and Michigan, and in tlie basins of the Ohio and [Mississippi, it is c(jniposed, accordinii' to hinj, " of one group of strata, containing yary lussiliffrctus limestone beds, of a light-grey colour, often whitish, and IMlowing the limestone of the Silurian, v/ith which tliey have much litho- louic analoiry." Mr. JjOgan terms this loviivdCionCiflcdrrous Schist of Gasj^^, (upper inirt,) and the Sini(hloiic of Gaq^e ; the name under which Mr. ]\Iurray particularizes it, when speaking of l^ppev Canada, is VnjKr Limeshnic. Of the Devonian fossils, only the (Jultjmcnc hvjh and the Zttjihi-ciifis (jlifanhii, are specified as fouud in Canada Oh\ rcou — pp . 2 S-:5 2 . ) X< 10 Red Sniuhtonr^ called by Mr. Logan Covijlomeratr Li)))< sfouc and lir</ StDuhfone, — which belongs to the class of S>'coii(J'irj/ Ji'/cks, — is found at( Jaspc ; — and on Lake Superior, according to .Marcou, though [Messrs. Logan, Foster, and Owen regard the stone found there as the same with the Pots- dam. The general character of the rocks composing this forma- tion is stated to be a development of lied Sandstone, some- times whitish-grey in thin, and often Schistose strata, of varia- ble hardness, though generally very tender, and having the litholoiiic form known in the United Slates by the name of Freestone. At Lake Superior, with a number of other places named, Marcou describes the formation as presenting often '' long lines, of nearly horizontal beds, capped by masses of Trap, simi- lar to the masses of basalt of Auvergne and Ireland, and, like tlien\, divided transversely, and presenting the columnar struc- ture so celebrated in the («iant's Causeway." 3lany points of the northern coast of the Lake, ns well as the Avhole of the soutlj . <'Poi| eel eh I taineJ Jn] I andoi pp. 3( its ml sourc( Jjawrc I f(.tund the rh now ii I Lake same j sand a I format scratch regions equate: ^'chicfl from t] ] which ■ where meuon blocks where very fii althouj scratcl limits, anothc have s chang( all sorl mammmmmlf^ 15 s stated by )art of the ,\', and tlie .e basins of v: ti) him, s liincistone llowiiifj; the iiucdi litiio- t of C(iq)^, imc under ■ of I'ppev hvjh and in Canada he chiss of Supcrioi'j )ster, and the Tot;^- his forma- |ne, soine- ., of varia- ;iving tlic ^ name of named, luJiij; lines, [ap^ simi- |and, like uir striic- ly points lie of the southern, aecordinp!: to him, present this peculiar I'unnation. ''Point Koewena and Tsle lloyalc are," he says, "specially celebrated for the rich mines of native Copper and Silvoi con- tained in trap which crosses it." Jmpressi'fHs of rain dropa are met with at Lake Superior, and other places, in connection with this formation. (Marcou, pp. 80-42.) " On the heiglits which border the St. Lawrence, from its mouth to its source, that is, to Seven Beaver Lake, the source of the St. Louis liiver, — tlic first name of the St. Jjawrence, — varying; from fifty to one hundred feet, arc f.iund deposits of sand and clay, often forming terraces above the river, which contain shells identical with those that live now in the waters of the Kiver and the (Uilf of St. Lawrence. Lake Champlain and the liiver llichelieu, also present the same phenomena. The diiferencc between these deposits of sand and clay and those further south is, that they overlay a f formation, often considerable, composed of drift, boulders, and scratched and polished Hocks, which is special to the Polar regions, or to the high mountain chains of the temperate and equatorial zones," This formation of drift and boulders is "chiefly marked by sand and clay, enclosing blocks which vary from the size of a pebble to that of an enormous rock, and which have been transported various distances from the point where they were formed. A constant and particular pheno- menon of this formation is the marks of the passage of these blocks and gravel upon all the rocks that form the country where they arc found. These marks consist of scratches, often very fine, the majority of which follow a certain direction j although in America a surface is seldom found with all the scratches parallel, which sometimes occurs, within narrow limits, in the Alps. The scratches occasionally cross one another at all angles, from zero to ninety degrees, though they have still a general direction, which the crossing does not change ; and they are imprinted with the same regularity on all sorts of rocks, even the Conglomerate, which are cojnposed Tl 2 ~^-4,hh!ft-f*^H-mmmiH}iii\*mii^^ i \r> of iragiucnts of vtwious liardiicss ; which shows that the foro' that produced them must have been uniform andpowcrfuh" In reiijard to the origin oi' tlie.sc scratches difference of opin- ion exists ; — some ascribing tlicm to the action of c;hiciers, while others hold them to have been occasioned by the attri- tion of iloatinu; ice. The latter is the opinion to which Marcou seems inclined, as also Sir ('harles Lvoll ; Avhile 3Ir. Logan appears disposed to lean to the former. (Mareou — pp. 53, 54- ; lleport of Geological Survey of Canada for ]S45-4(j, pp. 70- 74 ; Lyell's Travels in North America in 1840-42, A'ol. II., p. 83.) '^ The greater part of the American Drift and Boulders/' Marcou thinks, " are due to ice-bergs and ice-cakes, still so common now on Lake Superior, on the coast of Labrador, the Jjanks of Newfoundland, and on Hudson's Bay." (54.) In this opinion Sir Charles Lyell seems to concur. (Travels in 1840-42, Vol. IL, pp. 83, 84.) Marcou notices frequently the correspondence in certain par- ticulars between tlie strata of Canada and those of Scandinavia. On this point Lyell expresses himself as follows respecting the valley of the St. Lawrence and its environs, to which he de- scribes his observations as having been confined : " I seemed," lie remarks, " to have got back to Norway and Sweden, where, as in Canada, gneiss and mica-schist, and occasionally granite, prevail over wide areas, while the fossiliferous rocks belong either to the most ancient or the very newest strata, to the Silurian rocks, or to deposits so modern as to contain exclu- sively shells of recent species. In both countries, wc pass over enormous spaces without beholding any formations of an intermediate age. In both, large erratics, or far-transported I fragments of rocks, have been carried from north to south, while the surfaces of solid rocks covered at various heights by gravel, sand, and clay, have been smoothed and furrowed." " There are large parts of Scandinavia, where the Silurian strata have not been invaded by trappean rocks, v;^^ other fel- spathic or basaltic. There are others, where these igneous m\ an COI a <j si al)i riv pel :l!!!,| l l ! | l! !! ! |il !!! l! l mumitummtiy^^ I hut tlic lore powerful." enee of opin- 1 of glaciers, I by the attri- vliieh Marcou I Ic jMr. Logan —pp. 53, 54 ; »-4(), pp. 70- 42, A'ol. II., II Boulders/' ;akos, still so Labrador, tlic ." (54.) In '. (Travels in 11 certain par- ' Scandinavia, cspecting the liicli he dc- I seemed," | eden, ■where, | ally granite, ^ oeks belong trata, to the ontain cxclu- | ies, we pass lations of an transported li to south, s heights by Arrowed." the Silurian v,-^^ ether fel- lese ijiueous 17 minerals have intruded themselves, both in the form of dyke.s and overlying masses, as in Sweden, at Kinnekulle, near Lake AVeniM', and in Norway, near Christiana. The same geological condition recurs in Canada, the mountain of Montreal atlbrding a good example of slightly disturbed Silurian limestone full of shells and corals, with a thick capping of basalt or greenstone about eighty feet thick, which terminates abruptly towards the river, giving a picturesque outline to the hill. Numerous dykes or veins of trap, both fclspathic and augitic, are seen penetrating the limestone, and some of them sending ramifica- tions through it. ^'The termination downwards," he continues, '^of ilie most ancient fossiliferous rocks of Canada in a stratified quartzose sandstone, with few fossils, aflV»rds another point of analogy be- tween the geology of Scandinavia and North America. An additional one is supplied by the unconformable superposition in both hemispheres of the inferior sandstone to gneiss." (Vt>l. 2d, pp. 103-105.) Elsewhere he notices, as a point of coincidence, the abun- dance in Scandinavia and Canada of fossil shells of the follow- ing species, now living in the northern seas, viz. : — ScLcicnva riiQOsa, Ml/a tnincofa, JSfija arcnarr.a, Tdllna calrarra, Td- ina Groenlandica, Xatica chiusa, and Bolanns itddcvcdcnsis." (Ibid. p. 122.) By way of general sketch of the geology of the Province, the above may, we presume, suffice, as we shall have an opportun- ity of introducing such additional particulars as may be of spe- cial interest, whether in a general or local point of view, when dealing with its geography. Before passing to that, let us notice briefly the more import- ant of the mineral and economic materials stored up within these strata for the use of the future inhabitants of this " good land," through means of which the God of nations has made such munificent provision for her well-being and her power. The following summary wed(>vive from a catalogue appended 18 to llic Report of the Gcoloirical Survey for 1849-50, (pp. 107- 115), whoso arran<rcmcnt we follow : — Class Ist— 3IETALS AND TIIEIll ORES. Iron — Mngnrtic, Spent lar, Boq, and Titani/errms, Zinc anc^ Lead — Sulphurets. (!(>rPER — Vitreous Snlphrtrcf, with diver. Native Copper, with silver. Yclloio and variegated sulphurets. Argentiferous yellow sulphuj'ct. Argenti-auriferous yellow sjiljihnret. Nickel — Snlphurct,d^c.; with iron jyyrites ; nickel oelire. SiLVKR — Native, d:c. Gold — Native, in gravel and vein. Class 2d.— CHEMICAL MATERIALS, being such as require peculiar chemical treatment to fit them for use. Uranium — (^For glass staining and jporcelain j)ainting, Chromium — (^For glass staining, porcelain and oil ptainting, (tr.) Cobalt — (^For glass sta in ing and porcelain pa inting, cC'c.) Manganese, Bog — (^Fur bleaching and decolorizing agents.^ Iron Pyrites — (^For manufacture of copjieras and sul- phur.^ Dolomite, with 45 per cent, of Carbonate of Magne- sia — (^For manufacture of Epsom Salts and the Mag- nesia of commerce.^ Magnesite, with 83 per cent, of Carbonate of Mag- nesia — (^For the samepmpose). Class 3d— STONE PAINTS. Barytes — Permanent white. Iron Ociire — Yelloio ochre, Spanish hroicn, &c. Talcose Slate — Oclirc yellow, French ivhite. I Clas PlfffPf rn]im>i>hh»maiWf''Vl (pp. 10< ro7(ii. k el ochre. a« require 0. milnthig, and oil ing, &c.) jlorizing and sid- Magne- 'he Mag- Df Maq- 19 SoAPSTONE — ^Vh^tey vcri/ pure. ►Serpentine — (irccn ish wh itc. Feurlcjinous Clay — Light red. Class 4tli—MATKrtTALS APPLICATJLE TO 'rtlH AllTS. LiTiiocjRAPiiic Stone — Quantity largo, and exposures numerous. Class 5th— :niatertals applicable to JEWEL- LEllY AND ORNAMENTAL PUllPOSES. Agates, Jasper, Lai}rad()rite, Sunstone, IIya- ciNTiius, Oriental IIuries, Sapiiires, Amethysts, lliBBONED Chert (/or cameos), and Jet. Class Gth— MATEPJALS TOR CLASS-MAKTNG. White Quartz Sandstone, Pitciistone, Basalt and Allied Rocks (Jthr Hack glass.) Class Ttli— REFRACTORY 3LVTERIALS. SoAPSTONE, ASBESTUS, SANDSTONE, and PLUMBAGO. Class 8tli— MANURES. Phosphate op Lime, Gypsum, Shell Marl. Class 9th— GRINDING & POLISHING MATERIALS. MlLL-STONES — Silicious conglomerate, Granular and corneous Qiiari. rock, Granite, Pseudo- Granite (icith- out Quartz grains). Grindstones — Of various descriptions. Whetstones and Hones — Very abundant. Canadian Tripoli — A siliceous infusorial deposit. Class 10th— MATERIALS FOR PAVLNG, TILING, &c. Roofing Slates — Flag Atones, widely spread. Class 11th— BITILDING 3IATERTALS. Granite — Of superior (jyailti/, vhilc, and cleavahle ; very widely spread. vt^aMMiXHIWaM*^ 20 T ]*SF,UDO-(jRAMTi: — Without Quartz grains, ichite, cleav ah hk. Sand-stone — Tr/lovish vhitr. Widely spread. Calc.^ikous San d-stone. Limestone — Scattered over the whole countr}'. Ltme — Common, Mmjncsian, Jfi/draulic. Class 12tli— 3IATEUIALS FOll BRICKS, TILES, and POTTKllY. Clay — For Rid and White Brichs, and for Tiles and Pottery. imon I at jMariile — White (a Dolomite), Blaeh, Brown, Grey and Mottled, Varieyated, udiitc and f/reen, Verd Antique, Servient inc. Class 13th— COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. Peat — Abundant in many places. Petroleum, Naptha, Asphalt. Class 14th— SUNDRY OTHER MATERIALS. Moulding Sand, Fuller's IIvrtii. From later Reports the following additions arc derived : — Class 1st — Ilmenite, Galena, Platinum, Iridosmine. Class 2d — Chromic Iron, Molybdenite. Class 5th — Felspar, Ortiioclase, Albite, Anortii- iTE, Tremolite, Marmolite. Class Vth — Pipestone. Class 11th — Quicklime. Class 14th — Phosphate of Iron; — Mineral j^aint; Mi- neral Caoutchouc ; Scapolite ; Lievrite ; Celestine ; Apatite; Sphene ; Rut He ; AUanite. New Species — Wilsonite, Looanite. (Reports 1850-51, pp. 35-4G; 1851-52, pp. 04- 98; 1852-53, pp. 142; 168-173.) For the localities and quantities in which these very varied i \ CI (I R!?|!!WiiiES tKuMHuuuimiaii^ chite, cleav- y- LES, and * Tiles and , Girj/ and I Antique, LS. LS. ivcd : — DOSMINE. Anortii- int; Mi- destine : pp. 94- V varied , 21 materials are met with, we must refer the reader to the catalogue and lieports above referred to, simply remarkiiiLT that the more imimrtaiit of them are spread over a eonsiderable portion of the country, and in an abundance which, besides supplyin;:^ our own wants, will ailurd the means of an extensive foreign com- merce. In relation to the mineral portion of the Canadian Fixhil)i- tion at ;he World's Fair, the followini!; judijnient wa.s pro- nounced in the lleportof the Jury on 3lineral J'roducts, drawn up by M. DulVeno)', Juror for France, 3Iembcr of the Institute of France, and Inspector-General of Mines in that country : — " Of all the IJritish colonies, Canada is that whose exhibi- tion is the most interesting and the most complete, and one may even say that it is superior, so far as the 3Iineral Kingdom is concerned, to all countries that have forwarded their pro- ductions to the Exhibition. This arises from the fact that the collection has been made in a systematic manner, and it results that th(? study of it furnishes the means of appreciating at once the Geological structure and Mineral resources of Canada." " It appears to me," says ]Mr. Logan, ''that the Mineral collection made as favourable an impression on the public at large as upon the Jury ; and most of the metropolitan daily journals noticed it with approbation ; and a detailed descrip- tion of it is given in the Iland-Book to the Official Catalogue by Mr. 11. Hunt, Professor of Mechanical Science in the Go- vernment School of Mines." ""^he vast supplies of iron," it is added, " witli which the collection gave evidence that the Colony is enriched, appeared to arrest the attention of all. The British miner, accustomed to follow into the bowels of the earth, beds of ore of six inches to one foot, containing between thirty and forty per cent, of this important metal, naturally regarded with surprise huge blocks of it from beds of 100 and 200 feet in thickness, and yielding GO to 70 per cent." . . " The Canadian iron ores were examined with great care and attention by the agents of ^imim%. ..^tt..-.<>».«Mi-«mm 22 llussiii; it soomod to strike thorn vrith wonder that such prodi- gious resources sliould be found in any country l)ut tlicir own ; and tlic pulilic in general, without takinir into consideration the question of its present application to profitable uses, seemed to regard the great beds of iMagnetic Oxide as national maga- zines in which was storeil up a vast amount of material indis- pensable to the comfort and progress of mankind, which it is always satisfactory to the inhal/itants of a country to know is within their reach and control, should circumstances arise to render its application expedient or necessary." " The specimens of gold from the Chaudicre Mining Com- pany's workings, on the ToufFe des Pins, were not etjunlled by any in the building, with the exception of a mass, weighing eighteen pounds, from California, and with other pcpifcs, less in size and fewer in number than those of the Touffe des Pins," from other Canadian localities. ^Iv. Logan states that an Eng- lish manufu( turer had, in 1852, had five tons of chromic iron sent him, per order, with a view to its introduction into the English market; and that ho was "informed by onci of the principal manufacturers of paints in London, that the iron ochres from Canada were of the best usual description, and equal to those now imported from France." . . . ''In the Canadian collection there were no less than seven exhibitions of ochres from eight different localities, the deposits of which are important in quantity. An enterprising American, who attended the Provincial Exhibition in Montreal in 1850, im- mediately on observing the ochre exhibited by Mr. J). G. La- barre, from Pointc du Lac, went down to the spot and purchased the lot on which it there occurs ; and I understand that he has since exported from it several hundred barrels of the ochre to the United States." '^ The lithographic stones from iMarniora" were also ''spe- cially noticed in the lleport of the Jury, for their homogeneous- ness and apparent good ((uality, and particularly for a point of scientific interest connected with them, which is, that they be- long to a formation of niufh older date tlian nny lithogrnphio St' tof«l Call thi- lltlJ m^m^^m mmtma ich prodi- icir own ; iidoration s, scoincd Jal niaira- ial indis- liic'li it is I know in ariso to ntr Com- lallod by vciuhins: if''s, less IS Pins," an Eng- inic iron into tlic 3 of tho he iron )n, and In the ibitions which who ), im- G. La- jhased le has hre to '^spe- leoiTS- int of ■J he- ipliio I 28 stones hcrotuloro discovered. Jlcsearchos for them have here- tofoFL' been contiliedto the rocks of the orditic scries, wliile in C'anathi tliey are found near the )»asc of the Lower Hihirian ; tliis discovery widen'* tho lichl in whi( h many who practice lithography ni.'Y look ior the stone." Such was the cstirniito formed <.f the (quality of the white quartzose sandston<» u>cd for glass-making, tliat en^juirics have since been made of jMr. Logan, on behalf of a largo manufiic- turing house in England, as to the co.>t at which it could be forwarded to the I'nited Kingdom, " large orders" being anti- cipated, provided tho price should suit. The ^Mineral Manures, especially the jdiosphate (»f lime exhibited by Dr. "Wilson of Perth, are further described as hav- ing '^ attracted attention," as also the whetstone rock from the Ivistcrn Townships, which " wa.s considered of excellent quality." None of the granites in the Knirlish Pivision, thoufih in- eluding "many splendid examples from Devonshire, Aberdeen, and other places," appeared to Mr. Ijogan "to ccpial the gran- ite of the Eastern Townships, an undressed block of which measuring upwards of a foot cube, procured from the vicinity of Stanstcad, was much admired. '' One of the Serpentines froui Brompton Jjako, showing a dark green ground with black spots, is stated to have been " of a peculiarly beautiful charac- ter." lie was informed by the Marble manufacturer, a highly respectable one, who cut the stone for Exhibition, " that largo blocks of such a description would command a ready sale in London." (Geol. lleport for lS,")l-r)2, pp. 43-5o.) Already a mass of Magnetic Iron Ore has, as reported in tho Newspapers, been forwarded to Paris for the approaching Ex- hibition, which weighs over 2,000 lbs., v.-ith one of Specular Iron of about the same weight, and measuring six feet in length, so that it is to be hoped the standing secured in London will be maintained there. .,vj.«R. > M. n.tiwmi*'^ 24 As yet no discovery has been made of Coal in Canada. By way, however, of compensation for this fact, it is our p:ood for- tune to be so surrounded by the Coal fields of our neiahbours and fellow-colonists as to make the obtaininii; of an unlimited supply, and that at a moderate cost, comparatively easy. Tn Toronto the expense of Coal brought from Ohio is little, if at all, more than half that of wood grown within a few miles of the City. "Distributed over nearly half the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from St. George's liay, Newfoundland, to Bathurst, in the ]5ay of Chaleurs, Nev.'brunswick, the beds of coal are often seen exposed, even in clifls that surmount the sea, — seeming to hold themselves in readiness, so to speak, for the ships that cross the Gulf. The Klines of Sidney and Pictou are celebrated even in the United States, and tlieir Coal competes with that of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia." (Marcou, p. 37.) " The Western District of Canada," says ?.[r. Logan (in a valuable article on its Physical Structure, contained in the number of the Canadian Journal for August, 1854, pp. 1, 2), " has, at a short distance on the north-west side of it, the Coal field of Michigan, and at a somewhat greater on the south-east, what has been called the Coal-field of Appalachia. The for- mer, as has been ascertained by the investigations of the Geo- logists of the LTnited States, occupies the chief part of the interior of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, and has a superficies of about 12,000 square miles, while the latter, ex- tending in length from the north-eastern corner of Pennsyl- vania to Tennessee, and in breadth from tlie vicinity of Lake Eric to the sources of the Potomac, presents the greatest known Carboniferous area on the face of the globe, its surface being equal to about 00,000 square miles." Mineral Springs abound in Canada, some of which enjoy considerable repute on account of their medicinal qualities. Fifty-four of them have been described in the lleports of the Provincial Geologist and his associates. These Springs are divided by 3Ir. Hunt (in the eport for 1852, where a list of II i ii wmmimmmm^mfk^' •"mnitt^^^ -'an a da. By )ur good for- I' noio-libours in uiiliinitod y easy. In s little, if at fow miles of of the Gulf mndland, to the beds of irnioiiiit the speak, fur Sidney and ■i, and tlieir d, and Yir- Logan (in a led in the > PP- 1, 2), t, the Coal south-east, The for- f the Geo- art of the and has a latter, ex- Pen nsyl- of Lake greatest ts surface ich enjoy qualities. ■ts of the ings are a list of i 25 them, which we append, is given) into two classes, namely, " the Saline and the Acid ;" the Saline being arranged into two divisions. Of these divisions, the first marked A, and arranged in the order of their Saline strength, that is, ac- cording to the amount of solid matter which they aflbrd, " includes such as contain, in addition to the alkaline chlorids, sulphates or hydrochlorates of lime and magnesia." Of the twenty-seven waters included in this group, twenty-two ^' con- tain iodids and bromids," which ]\Ir. Hunt states he has never found absent in the proper Saline waters of tlie country, whose characteristic ingredient is common salt. The five at the bot- tom of the list are very feebly Saline, containing only '' traces of chlorids, with some sulphate of lime and magnesia." "A great number of the proper Saline waters," it is added, '' contain small portions of salt of baryta and strontia ; they are found in part^dissolved as chlorids, and are in part thrown down as carbonates, with the precipitate of carbonates of lime and magnesia, which all of these waters afford when boiled, and which arc dissolved in the recent water as bi-carbonates. The two bases, baryta and strontia, are generally, if not always, found together, and they arc seldom wanting except in those waters which contain sulphates. Small quantities of carbonate of iron arc generally found with the earthy carbonates, but it is in no instance in sufficient quantity to give a marked chaly- beate character to the waters." " Traces of manganese" and '^ phosphates in small portions" arc generally met with. — '' When evaporated to dryness with an acid, these waters always yield a portion of siliea." " Boracic acid" was detected in a water of this division from La-]5aie (No. 3.), and it is probable that it may be found in many others. Though ^' none of waters yet examined contain that excess of carbonic acid which gives to the Seltzer and Saratoga waters their sparkling appearance and acidulous taste," '^ many of the Springs give off carburetted hydrogen gas, in greater or less quantities ; the most remarkable instances arc 5, G, and 7 of division A, and 2 and 4 of division B." tJdUt::}Wi4^|^:' ,.Kt,ni»!i}o(w»)iieiW^ 26 In the following list the amount of solid matter for 1000 parts of the water is given, while in each instance reference is made to the page of the llcport in which the analysis may be found, and a star ('^j marks such as have been quantitively analysed. Those containing sulphates are marked with the letter S, and those in which baryta and strontia have been found, with I> : — CLASS LsT.— SALTXE WATEllS. DIVISION A., CONTAINING CIILORIDS OF EARTHY BASES. 1 2 3 4 5 G ^ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 LOCALITIES AND XAMKS. Ancastcr (Salt Well) Bay St. Paul La-Baie-du-Febvre (Lafort's Spring) Alfred Caledonia (" Intermittent") St. L(-on Caxton Riviere Ouelle Plantagenct (La Rocque's Spring)... Lanoraio Gloucester Plantagenot (Georgian Spring) Kingston Point-du-Tour L'Orignal (Langlois' Spring) La-Baie-du-Febvre (Loizeau's Spring) Ste. Anne-de-la Pocatiere Pike River (Saline) Ancaster (Sulphur) ; St. Bcnoit Pike River (Sulphur) St. Eustache Lcs-Eboulniens (Sulphur) Fitzroy (Grant's Sulphur Spring) Pakenham Village (Sulphur Spring). Westmcath (Petrifying Spring) Matan River, Gasp(; S <( B B n B (i S (( B B S S B B S B S S s s s s s s s In 1000 pts. Si'O Pkoport for 30-07 20-08 15-04 14-50 14-07 13-83 13-05 13-30 13-10 12-88 11-20 10-98 10-16 7-30 0-40 5-44 5-OG 4-70 -88 •70 -;<• 1848, p 1851, 1853, 1852, * 1848, * 1849, * 1849, " 1852, " * 1849, " * 1851, <« 1852, * 1851, 1852, 1850, 1851, 1853, 1852, 1840, 1848, 1849, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1847, 101 53 100 112 149 53 55 113 57 48 112 47 117 103 53 100 114 59 162 GO 5y 103 63 124 *' The amount of solid matter in 10 and 20 was not deter- mined, but their observed specific gravities were near that of 18. The proportion of the chlorids of calcium and magnesium i < 3 4 6 m vnwijofwixinim'''^ ter for 1000 J reference is I lysis may be quantitivcly kcd with tlic a have been IIY BASES. ?eo Report for 18^8, P- IGl 1851, << 53 1853, <( IGO 1852, (< 112 1848, (( 149 1849, << 53 1849, << 55 [852, (( 113 1849, (( 67 851, (( 48 852, (< 112 851, (• 47 852, (< 117 850, (( 103 851, (( 53 853, <( IGO 852, <( 114 840, <( 59 848, (< 162 B49, (( GO ^49, (< 5'v> ^50, (< 103 ^51, (( 53 ^J7, <t 124 • • (( • • • • . <( • • • •• (( ... not tleter- 3ar tliat of la.srnesium 27 corabincd, to the entire amount of solid mattei, varies greatly in the above waters ; in the Ancaster Salt Well, it is equal to ouc-half, making the water bitter and disagreeable to tho taste, like sea-water, but far more intense; those chlorids arc also present in large proportion in the waters of Kingston, 35ay St. Paul, and lliviere-Ouelle, and render them unpalatable. The waters from 3 to 12, that of llivierc-Ouelle excepted, are very much alike in character, and are all agreeably saline to the taste. Of the waters among these last, which have been quan- titatively analyzed, the Intermittent of Caledonia will be seen to contain the largest amount of these earthy chlorids; after which follow the St. Leon and Georgian Springs ; then those of Lanoraio, Caxton, and I'lantagenct, which contains the least of all." "In the second division of saline springs, these earthy chlo- rids are wanting, and wc find instead, a portion of carbonate of soda, which gives to the waters, when concentrated, an alkaline or soaj)y taste. Some of these are, at the same time, strongly saline, but in others the alkali predominates, and renders the taste of salt in the evaporated waters hardly perceptible. They all afford the reactions of bromine and iodine, and many, per- haps, of all of them contain a portion of borate of soda. Car- bonates of baryta and strontia are found in all those which do not contain a portion of alkaline sulphate.^' CLASS 1st.— SALINE WATERS. DIVISION B, CONTAINING CARBONATE OF SODA. NAMES AND LOCALITIES. Vareiincs (Outer Spring) (Inner Spring) Fitzroy (Gillans' Spring) Caledonia ("Gas Spring").... (" Saline Spring") In 1000 pts. B 10-72 B 9-58 B 8-34 S 7-77 s 7-34 Soo Report for * 1849, p. 49 * ... " 51 * 1851, <« 49 * 1848, «' 141 * ... " 143 t^iiWi«»i4l^' ..,».l»H>.j^(i;.M»II,1*0^<ft 28 CLASS LsT.—SALINK WATEluS. {Continued.) G I 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 NAMES AND LOCALITIE.S. Belocl La-lJaie (Courchene's Spring) Chanibly (llang-des-Quarante) Ste. Ilyacinthe (Provitleiicc Spring) La-Baie (Iloule's Spring) Caledonia (Sulphur Spring) Chambly (Graud-Coteau) Ste. Martino Nicolet (Hebert's Spring) St. Ov:rs Ste. Anne-de-la-Pocatiere Jacques-Cartier River Nicolet (Hoy's Spring) inionopts. B 7-33 B 7-29 B 5-74 B 5-10 B 4-90 S 4-i>4 B 2-13 S 1-98 S 1-5G s •53 s •30 s •34 s See Hepori for 1851, <( 51 1853, (( 101 1852, a 116 1850, >( 102 1853, (< 101 1848, (( 145 1853, a 154 1852, << 114 1853, (( 102 1853, t( 157 1852, u 113 1853, (( 159 • • • <( 102 Sitni liyrhl p. I of i\ l)C.si( St. v., like infor St. ] furl The quairtity of alkaline carbonate in these springs is stated to ^ bear no constant proportion to the whole amount of saline matter/ the waters of Varennes, Caledonia, Fitzroy, and Belocl containing but from -05 to '58 parts in 1000 parts of carbon- ate of soda, equal to from 1 to 12 per cent, of the whole amount of alkaline salts present, while the Jacques-Cartier spring contains 1-95, that of St. Ours -134, that of the Grand-Coteau of Chambly 1-OG, and Hubert's Spring, in Nicolet, 1-13 parts, equalling 82, 63, 52, and 72 per cent, of the whole amount of alkaline salts present. These less saline waters, then, contain not only relatively, but actually, more alkaline carbonate than the more strongly saline springs. It will be understood that a small undetermined portion of the soda represented as carbon- ate, exists combined with tartaric acid." "The second class of springs consists (according to Mr. Hunt's statement), of a small number containing free sul- phuric acid, together with sulphates of lime, magnesia, alu- mina, protoxyd of iron, and small portions of alkalies, with- the ilMii«^j]ittt««timiiiMl^)M||gp ir«»iw<m«tt«»M»»'HS; 'nurd.) ?ee Report for 1851, " 51 1853, '« 161 1852, " 116 1850, " 102 853, «' 101 1848, " 145 1853, " 154 852, " 114 1853, " 102 1853, " 157 1852, " 113 1853, '« 159 ... «' 102 gs is stated lit of saline and Beloel of carbon- tlie whole irtier spring and-Coteau 1-13 parts, amount of in, contain (onatc than tood that a as carbon- ng to Mr. free sul- ncsia, alu- lics, with- I i 3^ tiMco of chlorine j they all coiitaiii sul].,liurotied hydruL-'on. Of these four are known, all beinc;' in the same roi;i<jn of "Western Canada; they are, the Tuscarora Sour Sprinjj;, containing 1-87 parts of sulphates, and 4-li9 of free hydrated sulphuric acid, in 1000 — (See lleport for 1848, p. 152) ; anotlier in Niagara, with about 0-G parts of sulphates of the above bases, and two parts of free acid in 1000 ; besides a third near Chippewa, described by Dr. Mack, of St. Catherines, C.W., in the British American Journal, \o\. v., p. 63, which, in composition and strength, is very much like that of Tuscorora; and a fourth of which ]Mr. Hunt was informed by Dr. Chase, of St. Catherines, in the vicinity of St. Davids, and similar to the last, although Vicaker. (lleport for 1850, p. 100.) "^All the Springs of division A, with the exception of those of Ancaster, which belong to the Niagara group, issue from Lower Silurian Hocks. The water of Ste. Anne, No. 17, comes from the Oneida Conglomoratc, and the others, Nos. o, 8, IG, 18, 21, and perhaps 6 and 14, issue from the Utica Slates of the Hudson River group ; while the others belong to the Trenton limestone, or to inferior Silurian strata. Of the Springs of division B, the three of Caledonia belong to the Trenton limestone, and that of Fitzroy to the Chazy or Calci- ferous sand-rock, to the latter of which the water of Ste. Mar- tine is probably to be referred. Of the remaining thirteen, Nos. 1, 2 and 17, were from the Utica Skites, and the others from the Hudson lliver group, with the excep- tion of 16, which issues from the conglomerates immediately above." Of one Spring, the Charlotteville, situated a few miles west of Simcoe, not included under either of the above classes, Mr. Hunt gives an account (in the Report for 1848, pp. 157- 160) of which wo shall present the substance : i( The specitic gravity of the water is 1002-712; it is limped r.M^u^u^...^ »*...«»«-•)•••«<«' :^0 and sparkling, its oduur strongly sulpliuroiis, and Us taste puU- gcnt, witli soiucthiug- like sweetness, leaving an ini})ression of warmth in the mouth fur some time. AVlien mixed with a solution of chlorid of arsenic, it Lccomes (juite opaque from the preei})itation of yellow sulphurct of arsenic. A qualitative examination showed, hofrides, the presence of chlorids and sul- phates, the latter in large quantities ; the bases were potash, soda, lime, magnesia, with traces of alumina and iron ; a large portion of the lime and 3Iagnesia were not precipitated by boiling." " The amount of sulphuretted hydrogen was calcu- lated to be -ITTGo parts to 1000 by weight, or 11-G cubic inches to 100 cubic inches of the water." The sulphur was shown, on examination, to " crust as sulphuretted hydrogen, and not as a fixed sulphuret." The amount of solid matter was calculated to be 2 -40440 parts. " The great peculiarity of this water," Mr. Hunt .says, "is the unexampled quantity of sul})huretted hydrogen it contains. The strongest of the celebrated llarrowgate ^^prings yields but 14 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen gas to the gallon, while the Charlotteville contains in the same measure 2G-8 cubic inches. This, added to its saline ingredients, cannot fail," in Mr. Hunt's opinion, "to give the water great medi- cinal virtues." Kemarkable instances, he states, were men- tioned to him of the cure of " obstinate cutaneous diseases" by its external application. " AVhcn taken in doses of a pint or more, it acts as a mild aperient, but its effect seems principally determined to the skin and kidneys, acting as a sudorific and diarctic." Mr. Hunt is "Hot aware of any sul- phurous water either in Canada or the United States which is comparable with it." " The discharge," about 16 gallons per minute, he thinks " abundantly adequate for the supply of baths;" while the location of the Sprin^, " in the midst of a pleasant and fertile country, and but a few miles from Lake Erie and from Port Dover," " is such as to make it easily ac- ccssiblcv" J n havei vSt. (I l)lish| littlei mmmmmmmmmHm^lfl0 31 taste puu- prcs.sioii (A' ud Nvith u .0 from tlic quiilitativo h and sul- 2YC potash, 111 ; a largo pitatcd by was calcu- li -G cubic ilpluir "was liydrojj^cn, ;lid matter it says, " is it contains. ■! yields but the gallon, lasure 26*8 pits, cannot ^rcat inedi- wcrc men- diseases" doses of a 'ect seems licting as a f any sul- s "which is gallons per supply of midst of Vom Lake easily ac- For medical purposes the Caladonia andlMantagenet SprliiLTS have been long in repute. In connection with the Spring at 8t. Catherines excellent baths have been erected, with an esta- Idishment for the accomniddation of invalids, which will suffer little in comparison with the Hotels of Saratoga. 3Iuch value is put by multitudes who have made proof of it on the Tus- carora Sour Spring. GEOGKAPIIICAL FEATUllES OF CANADA. '' The Province of Canada," says jMr. Andrews, " though stretching in longitude from the centre of the Continent to the shores of Labrador, and in latitude from the waters which flow into the Northern Ocean to the parallel of I'eiinsylvania, derives its importance not no much from great area, diversity of climate, and productions, as from Geographical and Com- mercial position. From tide-water upon the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, this Province adjoins, and even penetrates, so as to divide, one of the most commercial as well as important agricultural por- tions of the United States. The shortest land route between the heart of New York and Michigan is through the peninsula of Canada West, which embraces one half of the coast of the most commercial body of fresh water (»n the globe. The commercial position of Canada West as a "■ Portage " or '' Stepping Stone" between the ^Manufacturing and Com- mercial States on the Atlantic, and the Agricultural and 3Ii- neral ones of the north-west, is illustrated by the Wellaiid Canal, the Great Western and the Ontario and Huron Hall- ways. Among the prominent features of Canada, her military posi- tion is worthy of notice. She is the most northern power upon this Continent ; and in conliguration upon the globe, she presents a triangular form, the apex of which forms the extreme mmm^ -•,»*»<- *i«#tn»«»^^ 'ol soutliinfr, and pciictnites tlio United ^States ; while the base is rciiiotc, uud rests upon tlie icy re|.iions (.>f tlie ]S'irth. Flanked Ly the inhusi»italde c.'ast of Labrador upon the East, and ]>v the almost inaccessilde territories of the Hudson's Ijay Company upon the West, she ean only be attacked ''in front;" ^vhen, retiring into more than Scythian fastnesses on the Ottawa and the Saguenay, and keeping up communication ■with the strong fortress of Quebec, she can maintain prolonged and powerful resistance against foreign hostile invaders. Viewing Canada as a whole, it may be described as a broad belt of country lying diagonally along the frontiers of the United kStatcs, from north-east to south-west, from Maine to 3Iichigan, and between the 42nd and 4llth parallels of lati- tude. The great Hiver St. Tjawrencc presents itself conspicu- ously as a leading feature in its l*hysical Geography, traversing, in a north-easterly course, the grand valley which it drains in its mighty career to the ocean." (Report on Colonial and Lake Trade, presented in 1852 to the Senate of the United States, The points which specially claim our regard in considering the country Geographically arc its more elevated Lands, its Lakes, and its llivers. All we shall attempt in relation to these will be to notice the particulars of chief interest and im- portance. The waters of Canada are divided from those of the Hud- son's Bay Territory by a Granite ridge, having a mean eleva- tion above Lake Superior of about 800 feet, the surface of which is varied by granite knolls and sand-lianks, rising from 150 to 200 feet above its general level. '" The summit of this water-shed of the St. Lawrence basin, commencing; towards Labrador coast, runs south 51° west, or about south-west half- west, at the distance of rather more than 200 miles from the water-course, until it comes opposite to that elbow of the line of the great Lakes which Erie forms ; it then takes a north 51° west course, or about north-west half-west, toward the north-east end of Lake "Winnipeg, and onward from thence in )|}W»ftW!''5Utt1S^HJWWJil^f^ft^i|S^' ,«w..,..«-iiMnn>«l''4) the Lasc is li. r upon the lie Hudson's ittuckcd ''in iiiStncs.<-c.-> on nnmnication in prolonged Elders. d as a broad itiers of tlic am Maine to .llels of lali- elf conspicu- V, traversins.', I it drains in ial and Lake nitcd States, considering Id Lands, its relation to U'cst and ini- lof tlic Ilud- mean eleva- ie surface of rising from linmit of this ing towards th-wcst half- lies from the of the line lies a north toward the thence in i the same direction to Coronation (lulf of the Arctic Sea. The angle at which the two arms of this oxtonsive water-shod (hut nowhere mountain ridge ) meet hotweon Lakes Huron and On- tario is within half a point of a right-one, and the character of the surface is everywhere the same, bearing, in the ramifica- tions and conjunctions of its narrow valleys filled with water, no distant resemblance to the fiords of the Norway coast." (Sir John llichardson's Arctic Expedition — New York — pp. 45, 4G.) The scenery of this whole tract is described as abounding in picturesfpie beauty, though for agriculture the country is said to be unfavourable. The next of these ridges in elevation and importance is that which divides the waters falling into the (.)ttaAva from those which are received by the St. Lawrence. '' Tliis ridge, pursuing a course chiefly westerly, from the division lino be- tween L ppcr and Lower Canada, traverses the Townships of Lochiel and lioxburgh, in the rear of Osnabruck, "Williams- burgh and Matilda (in v.diich last Township the lliviere des Petites Nations takes it source, at the distance of five miles from the St. Lawrence) ; thence, winding through Edwards- burg and Elizabeth Town, where it divides the source of one of the great branches of the llideau, near a small Lake, from the head of Tonnewanta or Jones's Creek, at tlie distance of about ten miles from the St. Lawrence, the ridge traverses Bastard and Crosby, in a line extending diagonally towards the north, and divides the waters and Lake of the liideau, from those of the Gannanorjue.'' Towards the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa the ridge just described ''has a gradual descent of four feet one inch in a mile." '' Continuing its course westerly, this table-land divides the head waters of the liideau from those of the Nepaunce; thence winding northerly through Olden, towards Barric, it separates the head waters of the Mississippi from those of the Moira ; and pursuing its main westerly direction, Avinding along the heads of numerous streams, emptying themselves into the ttWJiHitesif^ft^K^ ,MW»f.fHl'''!ft ai Trent Uivcr, and ii chain of small lakes stretching towards Lake Simcoe, tlie westerniost of which is IJalsani Lake, passes nhoiit eij^htecn miles north of that lake. Throu<ih the Balsam Lake passes a water communication . . which penetrates through the ranqe of hiuh lands, and e.\])ands into two or three narrow lakes, successively up to its source near the head- waters of the 3Iadawasca, through which chain of small lakes and four I'ortages, a ready communication is given from the source of the stream to Lake iJalsam. At the point where this stream approaches the head-waters of the Madawasca, it is divided from them by another ridge of elevated or table- land" still higher, which, taking hence an easterly direction, joins the former near the sources of the Eideau, ''dividing the head-waters of streams falling into the Ottawa from those taking the direction of Lake Huron." Stretching in a north-west course this latter ridti;c meets and unites with that already described as separating the waters of Hudson's Jiay from those of the great Lakes of Canada. '' From the Bay of Quinte another ridge of high lands runs in a westerly direction along the northern shores of Lake On- tario, at a distance, in some places, of not more than nine miles, . . dividing the numerous streams antl head-waters of rivers falling into that lake from those descending north- Ward into the lliver Trent, Kice Lake, Otonabee lliver, and the chain of lakes before mentioned. The ridge receding northward and westerly from the lake to the distance of twenty- four miles from Toronto, there separates the waters of Holland River and other streams falling into Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron, from those discharging themselves into Ontario. Thence, bending round the heads of the Toronto Credit, and its tributary streams, dividing them from those of the Grand or Ouse lliver, it pursues a south-easterly direction towards the head of the lake, merges in the Burlington Heights, and runs along the shores of Burlington Bay and the south side of Lake Ontario, at a distance not exceeding from four to eight miles, to Queenston Heights," whence it passes on in an cas por luu (li, !m})>di«tiimtiii(mt>tt<)iij|E!^|2gi ..»«f'.fMt^*SJ ig towards tike, passes the Balsam pcnotiatcs ito two or r the licad- ^luall lakes I from the oint where dawasca, it 1 or table- ■ direction, *' dividing from those ! meets and le waters of iiada. lands runs Lake On- tlian nine ead-waters ing north- iiver, and receding of twenty- Holland and Lake Ontario, redit, and the Grand n towards ghts, and ith side of r to eight i on in an 4 85 easterly direction, on the ^southern border of th^ lake, t» "^Dck* port in the .State of Now York. This ridge is supp»tsfMl to have formed the shore of the original basin of Lake Ontario. (Bouchette's liritish America, A'ol. I., pp. 70-72.) From (Jrenville, on the Ottawa, another elevated range stretches in a north-easterly direction across the country, at a distance from the St. Lawrence varying from L'j to 40 miles, till it " roaches the river at Cape Tourmentc, 30 miles below Quebec. From this Cape the mountainous character of the shores of the St. Lawrence may be properly said to commence, and especially to the northward, whore thoy consist of bold and abrupt hills, rising to a general elevation of oOO and 400 feet, and in some instances attaining an altitude of 2,000. To the southward the Great Valley is bounded by a range of hills situated about the sources of the Connecticut lliver, and con- necting to south-west with the Green jMountains in the State of "X'ermont, and by them with the bold range of the Allega- nies, which forms the grand geological division between the waters of the Atlantic and those of the St. Lawrence. The mountains at the head of Connecticut, in their progress north- eastward, diverge into two different ramifications or spurs about the source of the St. John lliver : one directing its course centrally through the country, nearly parallel with the course of the St. Lawrence and the shores of the sea ; the other di- verrring more to the north, and extending along the St. Law- rence to its mouth," at a distance from the borders of the river varying from oO to lo miles, but at last it ''subsides on its banks, and confines the bed of the waters." " Seea from the northward it has a distinct outline, but it does not exhibit the appearance of a mountainous range when viewed from the southward, in consequence of the table elevation of the coun- try on that side. Beyond the mountains that bound the valley of the St. Lawrence on the north, the common level of the land is marked bv a considerable table elevation above the sur- face of the river, and is traversed by several ridges of no very conspicuous altitude till the bolder mountains rise to view. mmmimni^j0 ■•^«*«* *««>t.**i«fH.i>***'*V 86 that hound the Province to the north-west," of which wo have ah'oady spoken. (IJouchcttc, Vol. T., pp. I'^.'i-lSO.) Those ranges arc gonerally formed of eruptive and nicta- morphic Hocks, which makes the contour of the various liydro- graphic ba.sins. Marcou cUissifies them as follow.s : 1. — llic Laurcntinc Sjjutcm. " Tlie ^rranitie, sycnitie, and gneiss rocks, whicli make tlie foundation of tlie Laurent ine Mountain.^, are affeoted with nu- merous dislocations that have uplifted them in different ways. These dislocations arc not all of the same epoch ; nevertheless, tlierc is one main direction which prevails nuich over the other directions, and is almcjst from east to west, with an aver age deviation of nearly 5°, which gives for the direction E. 5° N. and W. 5° S. " These primitive dislocations, which fonn the mass of the Laurentine 3Iountains, have been subjected to much alteration by the crossing of the directions of subsequent dis- locations, which, added to the great dilfieulty of exploring the country where tliey are found, renders the "^tudy of them not easy. The localities where this older dislocation of the Lau- rentine may be best observed are, the northern side of Lake Superior, between the factories of Michip^coten and the Pic ; the northern coast of Lake Huron, between French Iliver, Lake Nipissing and Fort La Cloche, and the lin3 which goes from Lake Simcoc a little to the north of King.^-lon." The parallel lines in ^Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, named by him the Ozark System, arc supposed by Marcou to belong to this older system of dislocations. 2. — Tvo Jfountains and Montmorcnci System. '^ The dislocations giving rise to this system took place," in jNLarcou's opinion, ''at the end of the deposit of the first group of Lovrer Silurian ; that is, after the formation of the Potsdam group. Its direction . . . appears to be approxi- inativcly E. 40° N. and W. 40° S. The beds of the Potsdam I 4 gro moi wlii will cnv In. com Yo mmmmMif^miiimuimnmm^g0i' 37 2h. wo have antl mota- iuu.s li^dro- i make the !d with nu- jrent ways, jvorthcloss, li over the th an aver ction E. 5° e mass of I to much cquciit (lis- ')lorin2: the them not the Lau- e of Lake the Pic ; ch Ilivcr, n^ which |r.'ion/' IS, named to belong m. place," in the first on of the 3 approxi- c Potsdam I I group !.re jrreatly elevated near the junction with the Mola- morphic rocks, and i\vo oft(>n niet-.imorphoscd thenisplves, Avhidi yives tiieni a vtT}' liard (juartzito asjtoct. The li»ralilies where this svst(>ni of dislocation can he Ixst oltscrvcd uvo the environs of Quohoc, cspcv'ially hotwt^en tlio Montiuoronci and Indian liorette Falls; Mount Calvary, in Two 31ountaIns country, near Montreal; and Little Falls, in the State of New Y(»rk." " The movement tliat pive rise to these dislocations was much less considerable thui when the Laurentine System appeared, and was nut felt at distant localities; it has only modified some ]iart-< of the precedin-i upheaval, by crossing and penetrating- It tu firm small chains adjacent to this older ranirc of mountains/' o • J. '• In many localitits, ;ind especially at .Viontniorenci and at the Little Falls, the beds of the second group of Lower Si- lurian, or Trenton group, are found deposited liorizontally on very much inclined strata of th.e Potsdam group, presenting, consequently, very discordant stratification. These beds, forming the 'J'renton group, have also been subjected to dislo- cations soon after they were deposited. Without presenting any groat projections, or marks of nuich disturbance and up- heaval, these dislocations, which took place after the deposit of the sec )nd group of Lower Silurian, aro nevertheless very clearly marked, and htive left very remarkable traces, especially in Lower Canada. The summit of the mountain that over- looks 3Iontreal is formed of dykes of greenstone or Trap, which have entirely crossed the beds of the Trenton group, and are even spread over them. Several other dykes of trap, which are f)und in the same position on difTerent points of the borders of the Ottawa lliver, as well as the 3Iountains of Ilel- oeil. ll'jugemont, ^[ontanville, and Johnston, n./ar the Pvivers liicheli('u, Huron, and Yamaska, appear to belong to the same Bystem of dislocation, whoso general direction would be pre- cisely from east to west. I think traces of the 3Iontrcal svs- (K«:,;ija3?;f^n,^^ 38 I >i.i.i,!»»l»i«ll''*lft tern will bo found in other reg■ion^, i.nd particiilarly in TppcT Canadii aiul tlic Stat(! of Now Yojl'." 4. — Xolre Ddino Moim'di'u S'/ston. Tlii.s system Marcoii holds to date " from the t'lul of the de- position of the Lower Sihiriaii." The " numerous strata of blaek Schist, distinuuislicd in the State of >.'ew York by the name of Utiea and lEudsou Hivcr ^roup," . . '' whieli form ahnost entirely tlie banks of the liiver llielielieu, of the St. Lawrence Imver than 3Iontreal, and on Avhich is situated the City of Quebec, liave l)cen upheaved ah.)nu' tlic whole of this line, to Cape lloziere at the extremity of (Jaspe. Tlie Xotro Dame Mountains, ibrmed of eru[)tive and metaniorphic rocks, sonu! of whose summits attain ^,500 feet, owe their origin en- tirely to this movement, whose treneral direction appears to be E. 20^ X., and AY. 20' S. . . The group of igneous rocks forming the Notre Dame .Mountains is isolated, and entirely detached from the neighbouring groups. A line of hills of sedimentary rocks, of very slight elevation, extends between 3Lidawaska and the Hivcr du Loup, and joins these mountains to those which are near Point Levi." 5. — (1 rem }[<>uuf(uii Sj/s/cni. This system, indicated by Mr. Hitchcock under th(; name "Oldest 3Ieridional a.nd lloosac Mountain System,' — veiy much developed in the western part of Massachusetts, — " forms entirely the (Irecn ^fountains in Yermont, and extends into Lower Canada as far as the river Chaudicre. The general direction approaches the meridian, with a slight deviation to the east, which gives for the average N 7° K, and S 7° AV." The mctamorphic fossiliferous rocks found by 31 r. Logan in the Lakes 31emphramagog and St. I'rancis are held by Marcou to prove that the dislocations giving rise to this range took place " after the deposit of the Tpper Silurian." At several j)oints in \'ermont, into which it extends, but especially at the Uiver Chaudiero, Canada, the (Ireeu Mountains present quartz- I IJS wl a of to r La tttHMMh4M4tMHMMM«W>^t«,.j|^f^ ^Itw.ttt.til.tl^ttftlt'''^ y in TpfK^r of the de- ls strata (»f )rk by the liicli form of the 8t. ituated the ole of tliis Tlie Notre pi lie rucks, origin en- dears to be }ous rocks id entirely of hills of between mountains th(^ name , ' — veiy — "' forms ends into e ,LieneraI liation to , 70 ^v." Louan in y Ma re oil n.ii'e took U several lly at the it fiuartz- 39 ose veins traversing itacolumites, and containing native gold, which, though in some quantity, <loe^ not," this writer thinks, "appear to present sullicient ricliness to reward the wtjrking of it." ^larcou's sixth and seventh Systems it is unnecessary to notice. OP hi-! eighth, (which ho calls the ** iKenrciiau Purnt and C<ipe B!(tm'''(l'>i) A''/.«: /*"?}>,") the normal position is found at Point Keeweirui, Isle lloyale, and 1'hunder <'api,, Lake Superior ; the two parallel shores of the ]>ay of Fuiuly ; Capes Split aiul IJlomedon ; and tlie ^lagdalene Islands in the Gulf of the St. ].(awrencc. h'rom 3Ir. J^iogini's descriptions he conceives this system to be exhibited on tlu^ northern coast of the ]>ay of Thaleur, between the river liistigouche, Rich- mond, and Port Daniel. Its dislocations surround immense dykes of basaltic trap, which lias often flowed over them, cover- ing the beds of the New lied Sandstone. This trap contains veins of native copper, which cross it perpendicularly, and give great value to the regions containing it — with " all the varie- ties of copper ore, of native silver, and many zeolitic minerals." (Pp. 07-75.) Of the general character of the regions whose elevations — which may in some instances be properly enough designated mountain ranges — we have thus briefly sketched, notice will be taken by-and-by. Let us now turn our attention for a short time to TIIK LAKKS OF CANAD.V. Though these, as we shall see, are very numerous, and scat- tered over the whole country, the designation is applied by way of eminence to Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. As these bodies of water, vast as they are, and justly as they deserve the name of Inland Seas, so often givfii them, are but expansions of our magnilicent St. JiaAvivncc, on which iio many eloquent eulogiums have been proiiouiiccd, it vrould ,'ecm but natural, before cnterinu' on tlusir <;on'^ideratIoH, to supply, by V 2 40 way of introduction, some slidit notice of it; though particulars may bo, pcrliaii.s, more advantaireoiisl}' tloiilt witli as the roiiions throuiih which it passes come under our review. 3Ieasuriim' from tlic source of the St. Lewis lUvcr, in Latitude 48^ 30' North and longitude about 1!:]° West, the ^t :i>aw- rence has a course ol' 2,170 miles in length. At Capcllozicre its breadth is eighty miles, being twenty at Kamouraska, where its average depth is twelve f;;thoms. It is computed to dis- charge annually into the sea about 4, 277, '^80, 000, 000 tons of fresh water, nearly half of v/hich is held to be melted snow. (^Macgrogor's (Commercial Statistics, Vol. X., p. 100.) Mr. McTaggart reckons its contents in cubic feet, eudjracing Lakes Superior, Huron, 31ichigan, ]"]rie and Ontario, to be 1,547,702,800,000 (cubic feet), its superficial area amounting to 72,030 square miles, the water in which w^ould form a cubic column of nearly 22 miles on each side, (^rontgomery ]\Lu'tin's British Colonies, Vol. I., p. 52.) This would seem rather an understatement, (liiyot ( i^arth and 3Ian, p. 200) declares the lliver and Lakes, whicli he asserts can novv'here be paral- leled, to " cover a surface of nearly 100,000 square uiiles," adding, th;it " it has been calculated that they contain almost one-half of all the fresh waters on the surface of our planet." According to this writer, the basin of the St. liawrenco com- prises nearly a million S(iuare miles, AVilh the aid of the St. Lawreiu.e ami AVellaiul Canals, this stupendous river is naviuable for a distance from its mouth of nearly two thousand miles, small craft being able to ascend considerably higher. Lake Superior, the uppermost of our Inland Seas, '^ is comprised," (says Charles T. Jackson, M.D., late United States Geologist and Chemist, in a Taper given in An- drews' lieport, pp. 232-244), ^Mjctween the 4(;th and 40th degrees of north latitude, and the 81th and 02nd degrees of longitude, west of Greenwich. Its greatest length is 400 miles ; its width in the middle is 100 miles, and its mean depth has been estimated at 000 i'cct. Its surface is about GOO feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean, and its bottom is 80 its m< its cir Ol K: the lMMMl««U*tliiM«M««KMMtt)«Knh||^ u )articulars ic regions in latitude St. Law- >c liozic're ka, where d to dis- 10 tons of ted snow. 0.) Mr. !iubraclng •io, to be mounting ni a cubic f Martin's rather an ) declares be paral- luiles," 1 almost planet." ce cuni- of the river is thousand iti'lier. cas, u; IS United in An- id 4Uth Lirees of is 400 ts mean >out 000 ottom is 800 feet below the level of the sea."' 3Ir. LuL^an states that its greatest depth is supposed to be ],-!00foet. Taking its mean depth at 000 feet, he conceives it to contain about 4,000 cul)ic miles of water. According to his estimate of its size, which comes considerably short (4' J)r. Jackson's, its circumference is 1,500 miles, and its area JJ2,000 square miles. On the north side of the Lake three considerable rivers, the Kamanitiquia, the Neepigon, and the Pic, fall into the Lake, the 3Iichipicoten and the Montreal entering it on the east side. These streams take their rise in the height of land separating the waters of Hudson ]3ay from those of the St. Lawrence, and vary from lOO to 200 miles in length, (lleport for 1840- 1847, p 7.) About forty miles from its mouth the Kamaniti- quia passes through Dog Lake, which Mr. Murr.iy describes as an extensive sheet of water, thickly studded with Islands, oc- cupying an area probably upwards of I'OO miles, and having an elevation of about 500 feet above Lake Superior, or idjout 1,100 feet above the level of the sea. In its course, which ho represents as something more than ll^O ndles in length, it is precipitated, at what are called the (J rand Falls, almost verti- cally a height of 100 feet, below which it rushes very nipidly through a deer gorge, cut through slate, to the foot of the Great Dog I'ortage. (Report for 1840-47, pp. 40, 50.) Dr. Jackson, wlio states Lake Superior to bo the largest sheet of fresh water on the face of the globe, describes it as forming the most remarkable of the great American Jiakes, not only from its magnitude, but also from the picturesque scenery of its borders, and the interest and value attaching to its geological features, lie pronounces it at the present mo- ment the most valuable Alining district in North America, with the exception only of tlic gold deposits of ralifornia. " The whole coast of the Lake," he says, '' is rock-bound; and in some i)laces mountain masses of considerable elevation rear themselves from the immediate shore, while mural precipices and beetling crags oppose theuiselves" to its surges, threaten- inji the '" unfortunate mariner, who niav be cauuht in a storm mt^miimnt^f/0 I i2 upon ii Icc-sliore, with almost ine' table destruction. Small coves, or boat-harlxmr.s arc abiinda itly afVorded })y the myriads of indentations upon the rocky cuast; and there are a few good .snu!i; harbors Ibr vessels of moderate capacity, such as .steamboats, schooners, and the like." Fntm Lake Huron it dilTcrs, accordini^ to him, in ])0ssessinirbut few island.s ; thouirh }.Ir. iidiian speaks of these beinu; cnninnui on tlie north shore. "The Canadian shores of Jjake Superior," this gentleman says, '" in general present a bold and rocky coast, divcrsitied in the character of its scenerv in accordance with the distribution of its difierent geological formations. Clilfs and eminences rise up to heights varying from .'U)0 to 1,.'>00 feet, close upon its margin, and this, deei)ly indented in some parts with exten- sive bays, and in others possessing extensive clusters of islands, is i:; a multitude of j>laces carved out into well-sheliered coves and inlets, affording iniu'.niei'able h:irl)ours of a sale and com- modinus character, destined greatly to facilitate whatever com- merce may hereafter be established on the Lake, whether in the produce of its mines or its fisheries." Tile trees most common in tin; neighbourhood are spruce, balsam ilr, white birch and ])ophir, with cedar on most places. Hard-wood is scarce, red pine seldom seen, Avhitc pine not abundant. Though the kinds of Avood required for building and fuel are sulhciently abundant, there is a want of the sorts esteemed in commerce. Lake Superior freezes only near the shore, from which the ice very rarely extends to more than ten or fifteen miles dis- tance. IJoulders, however, native copper, and even animals, such as " s(juirrels, rabbits, deer, moose, cariboo and bears, are sometimes borne by its fi(jating masses to positions which tlu'y would not otherwise have reached." The mouth of every river on the iiake shore reveals, according to Dr. Jackson, by the tlcin'.^ brought down by the ice in the spring freshets, the nature of the rocks inid minerals which occur in its immediate banks or bed : and thus indicates to the explorer the proper places where to search for ores i.m" mettds. and •""'■■^•■'-*—' "' """" iiii i ni '' 11. Small le inyrlndB are a i'cw y, sucli as ! Huron it i ; tliouu'l'^ jrtli shore, pjcutlcnian versitied in iistribution eminences close upon ,vith extou- i of islands, tcred coves e and com- itever com- wlietbcr in sire spruce, uost places, c pine not )r building )t' tlie sorts Avhicli the miles dis- cn animals, and bears, linns wbich. thof every ackson, by esliets, the immediate the proper 43 " The frosts of winter arc not," Mr. JiOgau states, '' suffi- ciently long-continued to cool, nor the heat of summer to warm this groat body of water to the temperature of the sur- rounding surface, anl the lake in consequence considerably modifies the temperature of the country on its banks, which is neither so low in the one season, nor so high in the other, as it is both to the east and to the west." In the niiddle of the lake, on a calm day of sunshine, being the 7th of July, 31 r. Logan found the temperature of the water on the surface to bo only 88° Fah., and that of the atujosphcre above the lake only 51°, while in the interior of the country he thinks it was pro- bably from 70° to S0°, or more. In the opinion of Dr. Jackson, '' none of the American Lakes can compare Avith Lake Superior in healthiness of cli- mate during the suiiniier months;" and ho thinks "no })lace so well calculated to restore the health of an invalid who has suifered from the depressing miasms of the fever-breeding .'.-oil of the south-western States." Mr. Andrews (ileport, pp. 'I'-)] , ll;]2; describes the volume of water brouuht down bv the tributaries of Sui)erii.r as all'ord- ing superabundant water-power for manufactories the most ex- tensive in the world, and pronounces the white-iish and trout of the lake to be '' uuerjualled by any fish in the world for ex- cellence of flavour and nutricious qualities." Though in the innuediate vicinity of the lake the country is comparatively sterile, the soil, when some distance from it is obtained, is spoken of as being good. A couf^iderable popula- tion is thought likely to occupy it by and by, in conse<|uenco of the abundance of its minerals and its fi.di, and from the fa- cilities which its position uives it for the I'arrvinu'ctn of alanre and profitable commerce. ( Andrews ami Jacl^son.) According to Mr. Logan, the formations on both sides of Lake Superior are of a .-iiuilar cluiru-tcj'. '* The series on the north, in ascending ordei-, consists of:" '' Lst — (jranite and Syenit(> ; IJiu! — ilm-i-s; ;ii-d — Chloritic and partially tal'-o-e ami coiiLilonu rat:' i-lates ; bluish slates or .t.».4.MM«Hfn "•»^"'»"t"J'»i«tMn»P^ 44 slates intcrstratificd with trap ; sandstones, Innostoncs, indu- rated marls, and ct^nLdonieratcs intcrstratificd with trap." " 11i(^ base of tlio series is a irranite, I'rerjuently passin-r into fi syenite hy the achlition of hornljlende," which has generally n)iea associated with it. The mica and hurnhlende are trcne- rally black, '' the quartz eitlier opaque or translucent white, or colourless and transparent ;" the feldspar has usually some shade of red, either pale or deep, whence the mass takes in most cases " a reddish tinge," thouu'h it occasionally assumes '^a speckled aspect" in conse(|uence of the feldspar's beinir crreen. Except where cut by granite dykes, the grain of the rocks is usually small. Occasionally the rocks present '' a double sys- tem of joints, very regularly parallel for considerable sections of the coast, giving it in some degree the appearance of strati- fication." " The granite appears to pass gradually into a gneiss, whicli seems to participate as often of a syeniticasa granitic quality.'' The layers, though "sometimes beautifully regular," are gene- rally '* corrugated." Usually tliey are made up of several minerals, with some one strongly preponderating. The fcldspathic beds are sometimes many feet thick, being of precisely the same character with the massive granite be- neath. Both the gneiss and the granite are very often traversed by an ancient system of dykes or veins of a granitic character, in general large-grained, very fcldspathic or quurtzose, sometimes wholly the one or the other, and fre(|uently so cutting up one another as to form a complete network on the surface. '^The onciss is succeeded by slates of a izcneral exterior dark-green colour, often dark-grey in fresh fractures, which at the base appear occasionally to bo interstratiticd with beds of a fcldspathic quality, of the reddish colour belonging to the subjacent granite and gneiss ; sometimes they arc a combiiui- tion of feldspar and quartz, occasionally Avith the addition of hornblende, making sycnitic beds ; and in some the horn- blende predominating, will iilve the svenite a sreneral green "" ' """ 'NitegE'' ,wmm> ' > »^ '^ 46 iS, 1 indii- <in;ji: into generally arc ^cne- wbitc, or iilly f'ome ;s takes in ssumcs"a in 2: urccn. \e rocks is ;loublG sys- Ic sections e of strati- icl^s, which ic (luality." are gcne- oF several n--. 'i'hc beinjx ol o-ranitc he- raversed by haractcr, in sometimes ting lip one ICC. oral exterior tures, Avhich ul ^vith IkhIs nuing to the c a combina- } achlilion of le tl \e Icncra 1 colour, ilising in the series, these become intcrslratitied with ])C(ls of a .'■•laty character, lioMing a suflicicnt niunltcr of peb- bles of various kinds to constitute condonierates," rieturcd surfaces arc in niiiny cases presented in consc- ([uencc of the wearing d<iv»-n of the c<tngloiner;itc slates and pebbles by the action of the wa.tcr. Small opaf[ue-\vhitc I'eld- spathic crystals mingling with the pebbles " (K'casionally spot the whole rock." At the llivcr Dore, near (Jros (*ap, about five miles from the mouth of the 31ichipicoten, there is an exposure of these conglomerate or pebbly slates of 1,700 feet in thickness. JJe- hind this a much larger amount of the same formation comes in, thouiih from its beiniz; over-trrown with moss and trees the detail cannot be followed out. 3Ir. Logan thinks it probable that it reaches several thousand I'eet. ''On the formations already mentioned, rest unconformably conglomerate beds, probably of no great 'thickness, composed of quartz pebbles chieily, with a few of red jasper, and some of slate in a urcen arenaceous matrix, eonsistiin;' of the same materials in a finer condition. These are followed by a set of very regular even layers of chert, sometimes approaching a chalcedony, varying in colour IVom nearly white, through diiferent shades of u'rev, to black, and in thickness from half an inch and Ic's, to six inches, and sometimes even a foot." Then layers of a calcareous (juality, weathering rust^'-red, and presenting a striking ribb(,n-like ajipearance, separate the plates from one another. '• Occasional thicker calcareous beds occur, sometimes highly crystalline, separating aggregate bands of the ribbon-like strata, and these calcareous beds, as well as the chertbands, are sometimes interstratified with argillaceous layc rs. In the vicinity of the disturbed parts, the chert some- times passes into chalcedony and agate, and small cracks are filled with small (juantities of anthracite." Some of the chert bands appear to be made up of a mu.ltitude of miiuite, irregular ^'MUti^j^f^ among the Slates. Iron pyrites are also met with, with trap bands, and " liiLrhly crystallised proluiito, accompanied by cal- careous spar." The overflow of this is " from 200 to .']00 feet thick, and the whole associated rocks to the base of the Ibrni above may possess a volume of between 1,500 and 2,000 feet." Jicposinp; on the formation just described, there occurs in Thunder ]>ay a white sandstone, line-grained, and apparently composed in s(»mo parts almost entirely of minute grains of <{uartz, having in others small rounded white grains of a calcareous (piality intermingled v.ith them. The above beds, wliich have a thickness of about 200 feet, r.rc '^ followed by sandstones, consisting (»f red ajid white layers interstratiiied with one another, and associated with con- glomerate beds composed chieliy of jiebbles and l)0ulders of coarse red jasper, held in white, reddish, or greenish sand, as a matrix. Th'.' thickness of these beds, which include more calcareous matter thaji those below, can hardly be less than 500 feet. Limestones of a reddisli-white colour and compact texture, adapted to building purposes, " interstratificd with calcareous-argillaceous shales and reddish-white sandstones," succeed them, " the whole giving probably not under «^0 feet, with an addition of 50 feet of reddish indurated marl at the top." Ued and white sandstones, very often argillaceous, with conglomerate layers, follow these calcareous strata after an in- terval of which the amount is uncertain. A " volcanic overflow," which it is supposed obtains a thick- ness of from 0,000 to 10,000 feet, crowns this formation. The trap, of which this overflow consists, is a " greenstone, of an amygdaloidal character, with extensive masses towards the top '^ of a more solid and more highly crystalline quality, some- times passing into well-marked uolunmar bas;;lt, associated with others of a vitreous aspect, exhibiting the forms of pitchstone, porphyry, and pij)estone. Calcspar, quartz in vavi(.us firms, and ;d.)uudant in that of agate, together with prohnirt^, e]»iii(ite, i;;ilive copper, spceu- I tH«4 n ii ini i n i nii t nroW t l . , with trap lied by cal- to :J00 feet if the i'ovni ,000 feet." occurs ill apparently te grains of rrains of a t 200 feet, ami wliitc m1 with eon- hoiihlcrs of ii<h sand, as nclude more )C less than nd compact itificd with sandstones/' dcr 80 feet, marl at the iccous, with after an in- lins a thick- nation. The stone, of an t(wards the ditv, some- :()ciated with ' pitchstone, Unit in that ])pcr, specu- f lar iron, and various zeolites — red and white ^lleulandite, stil- hitc, mesulite, liaumonite, and analeime — lill the La\itles, which are of various sizes and shiipcs. '' On the surface of some of the beds, partially 'concentric wriidvles resulting, IVom the How of the volcanic matterwhon in a viscid condition are stroniily marked." . . " From the }<evcral directions, the parallelism of the separate beds, and the character of the wrinkles, it a])peai'S probable the general sur- face oiv which the volcanic ilow occurred, was not far removed from horizontality." Tlie formations down to the granite are traversed all along the const by trap dykes, having, apparently, a source different from the stratified trap, which, however, they sometinu^s approach in character. (rreenstone preponderates in the composition of these dykes, with certain porphyritic varieties described by Mr. Logtm. The green stone dykes possess '^ a well-marked transverse columnar structure" generally, at right angles to their plane, the size of the columns increasing with the breadth of the dyke, which sometimes obtains the measure of 200 feet. Thir- teen of them of good size were counted by Mr. Logan in the width of two miles, " and their parallelism for great distances ■was as remarkable as their nundjcr." In general the dykes appear '•'■ more durable than the rocks they cut," whence it results that "the destructive action of the water upon the coast is partially arrested in its progress upon meeting with them," as they run out into " long prongs or promontories, with deep recesses behind them," or present a succession of long narrow islands, which act as break-waters in defending the neighbouring mainland. It '''frequently hap- pens that a narrow breach having been effected in a dyke, it will be found to be the cjitrance to a spacious cove worn out on each side in the sol'ter rock behind it. In almost all these instances, commodious harbours are the result, and it is mainly owing to the iiresenee of these dykes, that so many such har- bours exist on the Canadian side of the lake" — a possession of i mnn ii imwli ifcjju^l^r 4t: vcr}' great vmIug v>hcn we take into account tlie lialjilityof this iulniul oeoaii to Muldcii storms throuc:li the abruptness with which t)i(! winds, in consequence of tlie loftiness of the cracs whicli surround it, iiii]iinL''e upon tlie water. (Jackson.) " In addition to the dykes," says 3!r. Lo<i'an*'' a vast collec- tion of mineral veins intersect the formations oi'Tiake Superior. A very lar2;e number of these contain a c:rcater or smaller amount of various metalliferous ores, and the indications which they present, are such as to render it proba})le that some part of the country characterized by them, will sooner or later, rise into some importance as a niininu' reuion. The metals whose ores are met with, are copper, lead, zinc, and silver." *' In the upper formation, which is so much associated with amyiidoloidal trap, the mineral veins vary in breadth from a few inches to four or five feet. They arc in general composed of calcareous spar and quartz, entangled fragments of the wall rocks, and dark green steatite is seldom absent as one of the constituents, liaumonite, ITeulandjte, rrehnite, with and with- out Thomsonite and Stilbite," and dysclasiteand datholite, are frequently met with. The metals occurring in the mineral veins are chiefly in the form of sulphurets, with the exception of silver, which is usually found in a "■ native condition, even when mixed up with the ores of other metals, unless in the case of Galena, with which it is probably united as a sulphuret." The copper also, though usually occurring in the forms of *' vitreous copper, variegated copper, and coi)per pyrites," is also, "' frequently met with in a native state." J t i.-; found, also, '^ns a carbonate resulting from the decomposition of the other ores Avherc acted on by the weather at the outcrop of a lode." These metalliferous veins run, on the north shore, in courses coincident with the range of the rocks, while on Michipicoten Island their direction is transverse to them. Among the upper slates the transverse veins are the most coni:picuous, and vary in breadth from a few inches to twenty feet, and more, being generally "composed of calcareous spar, heavy spar, and I I a me 'i^tmiUHi^^ja^ ...»-*• r^t«^*lft 5 )ility of this ttiio.-s with r the cnt,2S vast colloc- ce iSuporinr. or .snitillcr itions wliich some ])art r hitcr, rise etals whose c'iated with dtii from a 1 composed of the wall one of the h and with- al liolltc, are icfly in the h is usually ) with the with which Iso, though varicfratcd let Avith in c rcsultincr 1 on by the , m courses ichipicotcn Vuionp.' the ruous, and and more, y spar, and 49 amethystine quartz, with apophyllite" occasionally associated, and dark L'reon steatite irenerally. In j^cneral the veins coin- cident with the stratilication cut hy these transverse ones arc " rather thin." One, however, "of proltahly sixty feet" is met with on the northwest side of Thunder l»ny. " ^lincral veins analoLTOUS to those of the upper formations are found penetrating the older rocks," the vein-stones con- nected with which, appear to " consist chiefly of quart/ and calcareous spar, with Laumonitc occasionally, the metalliferous minerals being " variegated copper, copper pyrites, galena, ajid blende." In Michipicoten Island the trap attains a V(»lume which 3Ir. Logan thinks does not " fall short of 12,000 feet." To the south of 3Iontrcal Island, it has a development of 8000 feet. Leach, Lizard, and .Montreal Islands, as stated by I>ay- field, " are composed of sandstone," which I'orms also, according to Foster and Whitney (Lake Superior, part second, p. 113.) almost exclusively the bed of the Lake. On the margin of the lake, in several parts, and on the banks of some of the streams examined bv the Canadian Geoloirists, " considerable accumulations of drifted materials were observed, consisting of clay, sand, gravel and boulders, derived from the ruin of the rocks described, and from others Avliich did not appear in si(u." Some of these accumulations, which on the coast of the lake take generally " the form of a scries of well defined terraces," reach the height of oOO feet above the level of the like. On the north shore, about three miles below the Petits Ecrits, seven of them occur, Avhich rise in all ^Jol foot above the lake, and 928 above the sea. (Report of 1840-47, p. G-35 ; 48-57.) The importance of Lake Superior to Canada will a]ipoar yet more manifestly, when it is added that through means of the ship canal, recently completed by our neiuhbours, connecting its navigation with that of the Ijakt'S below, the whole north- west region will be opened to us; and Hudson's Ijay, which is reached in fificcn days by canal from Superior, brought almost »«wfl>^jjji# •f*— -""^^ 50 to our door, and thereby the IJritisli possessions on the Pacific be made of more easy access. (Andrews, ji. -oO.) I.AKi: iiriiox. '' Tills superb sheet of water lies between I^ake Superior on the north-west, Jjake .Miehiirau on the south-west and west, and Lakes Erie and Ontario on the south and south-cast. It is ll(JO miles in length, and IGO in breadth in its widest part, inclusive of" the (Georgian J>ay, a vast expanse — almost a separ- ate Lake." "It is said to contain .'52,0(10 islands, principally along the northern shore and at the north-western end, varying in size from mere rocky reefs and pinnticles to large and culti- vable isles. The suri'ace of Jiake Huron is elevated 50G feet above the surface of the Atlantic, and depressed 45 below that of J^akc Superior, and 4 below that of 3Iicliigan. Its greatest depth is 1000 feet, near the west shore. Its mean depth is 900 feet." (Andrews, p. 228.) '' A ridge of land which, proceeding from tlie vicinity of the falls of Niagara, sweeps round the upper extremity of Lake Ontario, and running thence into the promontory of Cape Ilurd and Cabot's Head, is represented in continuation by the 3Ianitoulin Islands, divides Lake Huron into two parts, whicli may be called the south and the north. The south part constituting the great body of the Lake, with a circum- ference exceeding 720 lineal niiles, has an area of about 14,000 square miles; the north portion is agaiu divided into two parts, the cast and the west, the former of which, called (leorgian Bay, extciiding from Xottawasaga to ShebawenHlining and the eastern extremity of the (Jrand 3Ianituulin Island, with a length of 120 miles and a breadth of 50, has an area of about 0000 square miles ; while the remainder, called the North Channel, gradually narrowing as it proceeds westward, presents a surface, exclusive of the vari(ms islands with which it is studded, particularly in the eastern end, of 1700 S(|uare miles ; the whole area of the water of the Lake would thus appear to uni Hni Hoi 'J" t. n n mii Hi-i«tt» i i i » m . > . i <,MimMt^jff0' 51 ho J^aeilic upcrior on and west, h-cast. It iciest part, )st a separ- principally id, varying and culti- 1 500 feet below that Its greatest 1 deptli is cinity of ty of J^ake of Cape nation by wo parts, he south I circnni- )ut 14,000 two parts, Jeorgian and the with a a of about he North I, presents ieh it is ire miles ; appear to I bo 21,000 sfjuaro mile.-*. (3Ir. Murray in Report oi' (jlcological Survey fV.r ls47, '4S, pp. !»<l— lOU.j Mr. Murray ineludes St. Joseph and the La Cloche Islands under the general deiunnination of the Manit(»ullns, along with Druniniond, Cockburn, (irand Manitoulin and Fitzwilliani, or liorsc Shoe Islands, to whieh it has been usually eonlined. The Grand Manitoulin is a very important and very beau- tiful island, having a length of eighty, and nn average breadth of twenty miles. Exclusive of its numerous bays and inlets, its area cannot be less than 1000 Sipiare miles. ^' The forty- sixth parallel of north latitude passes through three of its most northern points, and the eighty-second and eighty-third meri- dians of west longitude, are about eqiud distances from its west and east ends." IJrummond and (,'ockburn Islands present es- carpments close on the coast of their abrupt sides, whose sum- mits rise about 50 or 00 feet above the level of the Lake. On the Grand Manitoulin, through which they run longitudinally, these attain a height of 155 to 250, 300, and o50 feet above that level. The interior of the island is described as being well supplied with streams and lakes. The Manitoulin Islands and their corresponding peninsu- lar promontory are " covered with dense forests, which are fre(|uently of the description usually indicating a rich and fer- tile soil. On many parts of the southern end of St. Joseph, and in the smaller islands of the Manitoulin group, but espe- cially on the Grand ^Manitoulin, besides groves of stately pine, that, under more favourable circumstances, might afford a con- siderable supply to the lumber market, there are extensive tracts of land, almost exclusively growing maple, elm, oak, ash, birch, and basswood, of such character in point of size, as not to be surpassed by the produce of the justly celebrated hard lumber lands of Canada West." On Saint Island several small settlements have been made. Cockburn, the Grand Manitoulin, and Horse Shoe Islands conslitute an Indian Reserve. "At Wequamekong, where there i;^ a Roman Catholic 3Iission, the clearings are extensive, and many of the Indians have aban '>fiimm^4fl0r tloncd tlioir waiulcrinu- life, and sulcT^i.^^t on their farms," \vliicll is tlio caso also at MaiiituiiwauiiiLr, avIuIo at Sli(\u;ncnaiHlocl, thouiih a iinc country, " tlic cloaviiio's are few and fjcuttcrcd, and the natives are in(»re frequently to be met v.ith in the woods or in their canoes, than in their houses or on their lands." (Report I'or 1S47-1S48, p. lOo. The greater portion of the innnediate coast line on the north shore of Lake Huron, west of French Kivcr, is described by Mr. ^lurray as beini:', so far as his information extended, '' ge- nerally poor and rocky, in some parts wholly destitute of vege> tation, in others thickly clad with trees of stinted groAvth, and incon:-ide"i'aLle value," beinu' chiefl}- such as arc c mmon to thi colder and more nnamtainous parts of the Province, to wit, balsam, lir, spruce, red and white pines, "while birch and poplar, predominating on dry parts, with white ce 'a 's and tamarac abound on the swampv and moister around. j>ut while the coast line presents this uninviting appearance, the interior in many places presents a very different character, especially in the valleys of the principal streams, where there arc fre- quently to be seen extensive flats of rich and deep soil, pro- ducing maple, oak, elm, birch, and])asswood, besides occasional groves of both red and white pine of large size. A'arious places of this description have been cleared and cultivated by the In- dians, and where such hi s been (he cue, as at Spanish II ver, notwithstanding the rude state of aboriginal agriculture, the crops of maize and potatoes are nearly equal in both quantity and quality to those usually seen in the more favored latitude, and under the more enlightened system of tillage in Canada West." Mr. Log,:n fUeport on North Shore of Lake Huron, p. 8) describes the north shore as presenting " an undulating coun- try, rising into hills which sometimes attain the height of 400 and 700 feet above the level of the Lake." " The ;e occasion- ally exhibit," he says, '' rugged escarpments and naked rocky surfaces: but, in general, their summits are rather rounded, and their flanks, with the valleys separating one range from ij ann olu con v.'iii arit**»l»«»»-i<t*'«MH U IiM* t lH' H'l *t»»< i "^'^'"Hftiff^ IS," which jucnamlod, scattered, . the woods eir hinds/' 1 the north scribed by ndcd, '^ gc- .te of vege- rowth, and ; nimon to 'rovincc, to 3 birch and ce ^a-s and But while the interior especially re arc fre- •) soil, pro- occas'onal ious places by the In- ish 11 ver, ilturc, the 1 quantity I latitude, in Canada I'on, p. 8) Iting coun- iht of 400 occasion- Iked rocky rounded, [nge from 1 annthur, arc most frocpioitly clothed witii lianl and suit Avood, often u\' l.'.rLi'c 'jiMWth, and of such spcfics as are valiiab'.t^ "n coninicrc-i'; in many places giving promise of a good arable soil. ?dii!iv lit" the sli)i)os are u^'nile, and niaiiv of the valle\s vruic rive princip;d rivers — the Thessalon, the 3Iississagiui, the Serpent, the Si)ani.>h Hiver, and the White Fish — flow through the country, which ap[)ears to abound in Lakes. The reported length of the Mississagua is lliO miles, and of the Spanish liiver-OO- the oth''r three being supposed to be from 50 to GO miles. The coast westward of S})anish lliver, abounds, according to Mr. 3Iurray (licport for 1S47-4S, p. lu), "with side and comnujdious harbours among its numerr.us islamis and inlets, which can scarcely fail to liecomc, in th.; course of time, of connncrcial im])ortance. To the eastward of the river, tlic scenery i.s improved by the gradual approacli of a high range of picturesque hills, coming out upon the coast about four miles westward of the Hudson Bay C(3mpany's j.ost at La Cloche," called the La Cloche Mountains, one of whose peaks was ascertained to be 482 feet above the level of the Lake. " This part A the Lake is thickly studded wi.his'ands, ai;dthe coast is much indented with extensive bays and inlets, which offer sludter and security during any storm to which the voy- ager may be exposed; indeed, the whole coast from Sault Ste. Marie to the French lliver, presents advantages with respect to harbours that cannot be surpassed; but some of those which are of the safest description wdien entered, arc dangerous and difficult to approach from the open Lake, in consequence of the numerous reefs and sunken rocks Ivinii" concealed outside of them." French river, which is a continuous cb.ain of long narrow lakes, lying at small elevations the one over the other, and connected by short rapids vr falls, has a length of about (11 J miles from J^akc Ni pissing, whose elevation is G!) feet above Lake Huron, and G47 above the level of the sea. i "••"WHHWM^Jggtf- 54 I i Tlio older groups observed by ^Ir. Murray on the coast and islands of Lake Huron, which afford, in his opinion, greater advantages than are to be found elsewhere for the oxaniinatioii of the rocks which constitute Western Canada, are described .'IS consisting, "firstly, of a uietaniorphic scries, composed of granitic and sycnitic rocks, in the form of gneiss, mica slate, find hornblende slate; and secondly, of a stratified series composed of quartz rock or sandstones, conglomerates, shales, and limestones, with interposed beds of greenstone." Of the fossiliferous groups following these, six formations were met with, which, in the New York nomenclature come under the followinir dcsiirnations : — 1st. Potsdam Sandstone. 2d. Trenton Limestone. 3d. Utica Slates. 4th. Loraine Shales. 5th. Medina Sandstones. Gth. Niagara Limestones, including the Clinton Group. On the northern shore of St. Joseph, very fine silicious sand is found, which IMr. ]Murray thinks suitable for glass- making. The adaptation of the Niagara limestone for build- ing purposes lias been well tested on the Welland Canal and in other parts of Canada "West. The stone afforded by this group on Lake Ilumn is equal in quality to that of Thorold and Hamilton. Mr. Murray regards the north shore of Lake Huron as des- tined sooner or later to become a mineral region of import- ance. The ]Jruce 31ines, which have been wrought with very considerable success, (the ore of which is stated to be '' equal to the average of the dressed ores of Cornwall,") arc situated on the main shore between the French and l^illadeau Islands, about ten miles west of Thcssalon I'oint. For a minute description of everything relating to these Mines, the reader is referred to 31 r. Lt)gan's lleport on the North Shore of L;dve Huron, pp. 20-5 L The west side of the promontory separating Georgian Bay . ,f^. -*«i»**'s> c-oast and I, greater imination described composed ilss, mica ficd series es, shales, ' Of the were met under the t. Croup, e silicious for glass- for build- Canal and d l)y this )f Thorokl on as des- of iniport- np;ht ^Yith itod to be .vall,") arc l^dladcau t. For a lines, the rth Shore rgiau Bay 65 from the main body of Like Huron, resembles the south side ot the u'reat Manitoulin in u'cneral character. From Cape Hard to JtiviC-roau Sable (north), the coast is low, ro;jky, and ra.Li-pcod. scantily clothed with a dwariish growth of evergreen trees, and indented by numerous bays and creeks. At Tobermory, near Cape Ilurd, and at the mouth of the rtiviere au Sable, there are good harbours. For seyeral miles south from the mouth of the liiviere au Sable sand-dunes preyail; and further on, a beach uf sand, strewed over in parts with boulders, extends some distance be^'ond the Saugeen. As the numthuf the Sau- goen is approached, '\evident improvement in the nature of the soil is indicated by the more fre(tuently recurring presence of good-si/^ed pines, accompanied with maple, elm, and birch." The mouth of the Saugeen afiords a uood harbour f)r small craft, thimgh, in consequence of a bar ^vhich stretches across it, the enterimr of it is diificult under a stronsi: wind between south-west and north. lietween Saugeen and Little Pino ■'ier, the land is low. Beyond that, it ''becomes more olc- :Jcd, and the character of its forest proclaims a still further improvement in the soil." From Puint Clarke to Point Franklin, in the Township of Stephen, a distance of fifty miles, the coast presents generally "steep and lofty clifi's of clay, the summit of which spreads back into an extensive level country, producing a luxuriant vegetation of the heaviest description ot hardwood trees." Sand Jhines again prevail from Point Frank to near Cape Innerwash, lifteen miles distant, whence a line sandy beach, with high cliffs of clay rising at a short distance back, hold the coast to near the entrance of the St. Clair river. Goderich and the mouth of the Riviere au Sable (south) afl'ord good harbours, and small boats can enter at IVig Pine Brook. (Mr. 3Iurray in Kepurtfor 1S38-39, pp. 8-10.) The rocks exhibited on theportionof the coast just described arc, in ascending order, the following, according to the New York nomenclature : — I 1. Trenton Limestone. 2. Utica Slate. i..>,^5* 50 ^. Lorainc Shalo. 4. Medina Sandstone and Marl. 5. Niagara Limestone. 0. Onondaga Group, or Gypsiferous Limestone and Shale. 7. Corniferous Limestone. 8. Hamilton Group. The Trenton Limestone " oeciipics the ■\vliulc of the Penin- sula between 3Iatchcdash and Nottawasaga Bays, and tlie group of islands lying off its cxtrerait}', eonsisting of the Giant's Tomb, Hope, I>cckwith, and Christian Islands ;" and has a transverse breadth of thirty miles^ with an estimated thickness of from GOO to 700 feet. The Loraine Shale is conceived to have a breadth of about 20 miles at Owen Sound, with a thickness of about GOO feet. Stones fit for building, roofing, and flagging, with limestor>e and clay, are found in connection with it. In addition to a number of places along the coast or in its neighbourhood between Colpoy's ]5ay and Sydenham, rocks belonging to the upper part of the Niagara limestones or the base of the Medina sandstone arc seen at Gait, and beds belong- ing to the Niagara group on the road between Gait and Dun- das. The Niagara group is fruitful in excellent materials for building and lime-burning. AYhite limestone of a beautiful and enduring character abounds at Gait, where blocks of almost any required size may be easily o\ tained. Two miles south-east from Sydenham, Oatcu's Sound, awhiteorpalc grey limestone is found, wcll-iitted for building, and capable of being quarried almost to a boundless extent. 31aterials of much the same sort may be found all the way to Cabot's Head. The Riviere au Sable (South), Chiefs Point, Lycll Island and the Fishing Islands, nearly the whole coast, indeed, to Cape Ilurd, yield limestone of various character which might be used in building. There are exposures of gypsiferous and corniferous lime- stones about seven miles west from the Saugccn River, near i I tW*t»|»l»T*l l H...M***f H »»* M Hi)ll»»lft anil shale. the Pcnin- , and tlie the Giant's and lias a 1 thickness h of about it GOO feet. h limcstor-e ist or in its iham, rocks ones or the Ibedshelong- jt and Dun- luiterials for a beautiful blocks of Two miles |or pale grey ^ble of being )f much the [lead. The md and the I Cape Ilurd, be used in Ifcrous limc- Rivcr, near 57 Cape Douglas, where the line between the Townships of Asli- ficld and Colborne meets the Lake; and also on the 3Iaitland liiver, near Goderich. The corniferous Limestone exists over the greater proportion of all the western parts of the Peninsula between Lakes Hu- ron and Erie, though covered up throughout much of its area by thick deposits of Drift. At the moutli of the Saugeen it has a thickness supposed to be about oOO feet. Gypsum and Hydraulic Lime are met with at various points in connection with this formation. A great accumulation of Drift was observed by Mr. ^lurray on the margin of the Lake and on the banks of the llivcrs south of the llivierc au Sable (Xorth), consisting of clay, gra- vel, sand, and boulders. From the coast these accumulations extend into the interior, and cover the greater part of the country between Lakes Erie and Huron. The clay in the clifis overlooking the latter, was found to bo very calcareous, con- taining sometimes so nuich as HO j^er cent, of carbonate of lime, and constituting a rich marl, which would be of advan- tageous application, in an agricultural point of view, to the sandy portions of the district. Fossils peculiar to the carni- ferous formation were found in pebbles, boulders of limestone, quartz, granite and allied species occurring in the drift, espe- cially in the Township of Plympton. (Ileport for 1>^1S-1S10^ pp. 8-27.) In relation to the country on the Spanish River, which joins Lake Huron in Lat. 40° 12' N., Long. 82° 27' AV., the follow- ing statement is made (p. o5tli of above Ileport) : " The ex- tent and value of the pine forests in this region, the facility oiTered by the river for navigation, the water-power to be found on the main stream and all its tributaries, and the capabilities of the soil for raising most of the necessaries of life, all tend to indicate a probability that it is destined at some future period to become of commercial importance to the Province." Tho rocks of the above region are stated to be — 1 ■miiHriiriiiKHtlUjff 68 1. A Granitic or Metamorphic Group ; and 2. A Quartz-rock Group. The Wallace ]\Iinc, the Ore ol' which was ascertained on analysis by Mr. Hunt to contain G8-G per cent, of metallic iron, is situated about a mile west .%ni the entrance to the White Fish lliver (Report, pp. 42-46.) Mr. Murray describes the coast of the Georgian Bay a.s con- sistino:, in the parts visited by him, "almost exclusively of granitic or sycnitic gneiss, intersected by numerous dykes of trap and veins of white quartz.'' lie holds the rocks, which he represents as ver}' much contorted, to belong to the for- mation met with on the llivers Ottawa and Matawa. Har- bors present themselves, he says, in abundance for all sizes of vessels, though their entrance is attended with difficulty in consequence of reefrf and sunken rocks. (Ibid, 54—40.) Lake Huron has an outlet by the Straits of Mackinaw into Lake Michigan, through which it communicates, via Green Bay and Lake ^Vinnobago, the Fox, and AVisconsin Piivers, with the Mississippi and the Gulf of 3Iexico. With the At- lantic it is connected through means of the Ontario, Huron, and Simcoe liailroad, and the river St. Lawrence ; as also by the Great Western. \ 1 LAKE ST. CLAIll. This Lake, which forms the connecting link, by means of the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, between Lakes Huron and Erie, is twenty miles in length by 30 in width, with an aver- age depth of twenty feet. On the Canadian side it receives the Thames River, with some smaller streams, the principal of which is the Chcnoil Ecarte. At the upper end it is filled with many large low islands, some of which bear such trees as love the waters, while others are mere flats, covered with wild meadows, whose sole production is rank crass. (Andrews, pp. 227, 228.) ncd on nctallic to the as con- vcly of lykcs of , •whicli the for- Ilur- sizes of iculty in ) naw into )■(( Green Piivcrs, the At- Iluron, s also by jtiieans of iron and I an aver- receives Incipal of is filled trees as nth T^'ild aidrews, I i LAKE ERIE. Tills Lake is situated between 41° 22' and 42° 52' X. lati- tude, and 78° r).V and 83° 23' \V. lon-itude. It Is elliptical in shape ; and lias a length of about 205 miles, with an aver- age breadth of 50, and a mean depth of 120 feet. Its eleva- tion above tide-water is 5G5 feet — 322 above Lake Ontario, and 52 below Huron and Michigan. Being the shallowest, it is of consequence the most easily frozen of all the great Lakes. . "With regard to the soil, character, and commercial advan- tages of the countries circumjacent to its waters. Lake Erie is '^ sinirularlv well situated;" — ''having at its eastern and and south-eastern extremity the fertile and populous plains of Western New-York; west of this, on the southern shore, a portion of Pennsylvania, and thence to the lliver Maomee, at the western extremity of the Lake, the whole coast — productive almost beyond comparison — of Ohio, containing the beautiful and wealthy cities of Cleavland, Sandusky, and Toledo. On the west it is bounded by a portion of the State of Michigan, and on the north by the southern shore of the rich and highly- cultivated peninsula of Canada "West, — undoubtedly the weal- thiest and best-farmed district of the Canadian Province, and settled by an energetic, industrious, and an intelligent popula- tion.'' (Andrews, p. 225.) The whole country around Lake Erie is described by An- drews as being " level, or very slightly rolling, with a deep, rich alluvial soil, covered in its natural state with superb forests of oak, maple, hickory, black w.-.lnut, and in certain regions pine; and producing under cultiva- tion magnificent crops of wheat, corn, barley, and oats, be- sides feeding annually vast multitudes of swine and beef-cattic for the Eastern, Provincial, and Transatlantic marts. Xo ci[ual amount of land, perluips, on the lace of the gl(jbe, con- tains fewer sterile or marshy tracts, or more soil capable of liigh cultivation and great productiveness, than this region." CO With slight exception, this description will, wc conceive, be aclii)itted to be as applicable to the Canadian side of the Lake (which is, indeed, included in it) as to the American. The Islands of Lake Erie arc few. On the Canada side it is entered by the Grand llivor, a stream of considerable vo- lume, marked in many parts of its course by great beauty, pos- sessing fine water power, and having at its mouth the Harbour of Port 3Iaitland. pronounced by Andrews to be "probably the best on the whole Lake." Lake Erie receives through the Detroit, — a wide, deep, and rapid river, with u descent of 52 feet in some sixty miles, — the accumulated waters of the Upper Lakes, which it pours, throufrh the Nias-ara, into Ontario. "With this Luke it is con- nected for purposes of navigation by the "Welland Canal, a noble work on the Canadian side, having a descent of 334 feet, effected by means of 37 Locks, and passable from Lake to Lake by vessels of 134 feet over all, 20 feet beam, and 9 feet draught, stowing 3,000 barrels under deck. '^ 15y means of this fine improvement," Andrews says, "it has free egress to Lake Ontario, and thence to the St. Law- rence ; and by the variuus improvements of that river and communications from Ontario and Champlain, to many points . . on the Atlantic sea-board.^' Lake Erie likewise communicates with the Atlantic by the Erie Canal and Hudson Hiver; with Pittsburg and Cincinnati by the Eric and Beaver Canal ; and with the Ohio liiver at several points, by the Ohio, Erie, and Elaine and Wabash Canals. A multitude of Pailways, among which are the Brantford and Buffalo and the Great Western, connect it by land with the best portions of the United States, and Canada West. (An- drews, pp. 225-227.) The bed of Lake Erie, Avitli much of its northern margin, is formed of the Corniferous Sandstone, one of the upper members of tlie Silurian rocks. (Ptichardsou's Arctic Expedi- tion, p. 350.) I ^\' i«niWHfc>«i<#-^>...i»i i «' m Kt. 61 live, be c Lake , side It il)le vo- ty, pos- I arbour irobably ;ep, and 'S, — the pours, t is con- ^anal, a ; of 334 m Lake , and 9 lys, ''it t. Law- or and ' points I 4 l)y the •A I icinnati liver at J Canals. brd and ■i •itb the ,'] t. (An- nargin, \l upper \% ^xpcdi- Of the peninsula bounded by Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, Mr. Murray declares that, *' as an airricultural country, it may be said to orpuil, if not surpass, in its capabilities of soil and clin>ate, any p;irt of the liiitish Xorth American Pro- vinces, as the rapidity with which it has been settled, the an- nual increase of its productions, and the irrowth of its numer- ous towns and villaires, abundantly testily." '^ The exceeding fertility,'' he adds, '' of ]iorti()ns still Avild and unsettled, as shown by the size and kind of their spontaneous growth of timber in the Townships of Collingwood, Euphrasia, Arteme- sia, St. A'incent, Sydenliam, and others, destines them to be- come within a short time of great agricultural importance," — an anticipation which is being rapidly realised. (Report for 1850-51, p. 14.) According to Mr. Murray, the Eock formations in the Western Peninsula, in ascending order, are — 1. Niagara (iroup. 2. Gypsiferous ^Strata and Limestones. 3. Corniferous Limestones. 4. Hamilton Shales. A vertical section of the Niagara group is exhibited at the Falls on Spencer Creek in Flamborough West, having a thick- ness of 113 feet, to wit — Bituminous Limestones and Shales 55 feet. Chcrty Limestones 15 •' Thick-bedded blue and grey Limestones — 25 '' Argillaceous and Arenaceous Shales G " Massive Limestones, from the top of the five-fcet band to (he foot of the Fidls 12 " 113 " The rocks of these sections are stated to form freipiently '' two sepanite and distinct terraces — tlie lower and more de- cidedly-raarked escarpment exposing more or less of the strata below^ the chcrty Limestone bands, which cap the precipices at rtw^inj^ FIiiinborou!j.h \Vost, and on the opposito side of llic valloy of the Desjardin, netir llamiltuii ; ^vllilethe Upper e.sc:;q'ment composed of tlio bituiiiiiious Limestones and ^^hales, rises more gradually in a succession of : teps." The lower terrace was braced throu;j.h Nelson, Nassair; weya, {'^^(luesinir, (.'hiiiiruacou- f;y, (\dcdon, All)ion, ^lono, .Mulmer, .Melanethon, Nottawa- saga, Osprc}', ('oliin^'wood, i'liiphrasia, i;it > Artejncsia, back to Sl A'incent, and thence to the Owcmi ►'^uund road, about a mile and a (juarter I'roni the l^akc shore, near the village of Sydenham. All the way from Flambonniiih "West to Mono the Sandstone or grey band was seen at intervals, " varying in thickness from ten to twenty feet, but preserving a pretty nni- forrn lithological character, and indications of its presence were observed in the Township of Xottawasaga." Wherever ob- served it is " a whitish or pale grey, fine, granular rock, some times striped or spotted with ferrnginous stains ; it is always well adapted for building purposes, and, in nuiny instances, is a very beautiful and easily-worked niateiial. It has long been extensively ({uarried near Hamilton and at ^^'atcrdoAvn, in the Township of Flandjoro' J^ast, and is C(|ually capable of being worked nearly all the way along its out-crop, to the Township of Mono." Massive beds of cncrinal Limestone, which appear in tho first of tho sections above notiecd, '-hold crest of the lower escarpment, north of Flamboro' j'^ast, and appear to attain a gradual increase in thickness, advancing to the northward." Tn Xassagaweya, " there is a vertical precipice of Limestone, varying from eight to a hundred foet in height," and in Era- niosa '• a branch of the Fu'vcr Speed runs between vertical and solid calcareous cliffs of sixty to eighty feet, where divisional planes of stratification appear to be absent ; the Credit in Caledonia is Hanked by similar dill's iii many places, fully a hundred foot in height, whieh, ascendinu' the vallev, meet, and form a crescent-shaped precipice, over which the river is pre- cipitated in a cascade." In the valley of the Xottawa tho same character prevails. Similar cliffs are also observed in Mi Ki lea on foi m( CO '»".M«iS# u>> he vallcj cj'.rpinent rises more [•race \\i\ii niriiacou- Nutttnva- I, Lack to aLout a villai5> of to Mono arying in •etty uni- encc were rover ob- »ck, some is ahvavs tauces, is on a; been n, in the of being* 'own.sliip in tlio lower attain a ;hwara." iuestono, in Ei-a- tii-al and ivisicnal I'L'dit in I'ully a icct, and •r is pre- ;iwa the rved in Mulmnr and Xottnwasaira, and in the valley of the BeavcT Iliver, in Enphrasia and Artcnicsia, where the Limestone is at least 120 feet thick. At the base of this Limestone hucie caverns are found, — one on tlie ."^peed in Kramosa, extendin<j^ between thirty and forty yards under the clilT, with about the same width at the mouth, where it has a roof five or six feet hicfh, studded, in common with the iioor, witii small stalactilie incrustati(jns. The encrinai Limestones are described as boini:- cveryv.hcrc qualified to make a durable and handsome bnildinp; stone; capable, in some parts, of being used as a marble for common ornamental purposes ; and of good quality for burning into lime. The bituminous Limestones and Shales which constitute the upper terrace, occupy a breadth of country, varying from cicrhteen to twenty or twenty-two miles. Shales and Limestones with Aviuch workable Gypsum is found associated are described as occurring on the banks of the Grand Iliver, nearly all the way from Dunvillc to some distance above l*aris. It is stated by a gentleman of intelligence, who is also distinguished as a practical former, that, besides obtaining improved supplies from the old mines near Paris, new ones have been discovered, since the time of Mr. Murray's Report, far surpassing in extent and value any before found in Canada — the Gypsum rock being from six to seven feet thick, with about 200 feet wide, and dipping at a small angle to the S.E.'' The fossiliferous Limestone at the base of this formation is generally well adapted for building and lime-burning, for both of which purposes it is " largely quarried at Gait, Guelph, Elora, and Fergus." At Saint Douglas, on Lake Huron ; and on the Crrand Iliver, below l*aris, beds of hydraulic lime are occasionally found associated with the Shales and Limestones of the upper part of the group. From Port Dover cxnosurcs of the corniferous formation D 2 ♦•N*^ G4 f '^ occur at intorvals aloiii^ the coast, easterly, to the termination of the Like at Fort Eric, and are usually very lossiliferous," | I[aniiUoii Shales present (honisclvcs at .several points on the bed of the Sydenham. The Drift -which conceals the older f^trata in many parts of Western Canada specially abounds in the Peninsula between the Niaii'ara ]5rid<;'e and the St. Clair llivcr, The 1 ower por- tion of the more recent deposits a.s exhibited on the shore of Lake Erie, M'hcre the clifts are in many parts over 150 feet hij^h, is a blue calcareous clay, fre'|uently holdimji; pebbles and small boulders of limestone, and small rounded fragments of granite or gneissoid rock. Clay of an a.sh-crrey colour when dried, but presenting a light-brownish colour in the bed, suc- ceeds the blue-clay, and this again is overlaid by pale buff and oacasionally yellowish tinged clay. l>ack from the Lakes these clays are capped with a stratum of sand, and the more elevated parts prescjit beds of calcareous gravel.'' Brick clays, bog iron ore, shell marl, calcareous tufa, and peat are the economic materials of chief importance connected with this Drift. Fresh-water shell marlc were observed at several places in the Townships of Bentinck and I>ra)it^ usually concealed by a rich black vegetable mould, or peat. Springs of Petroleum, called usually oil sprinrjs, rise in the River Thames, (near its right baidc in 31o«a), the bituminous oil, collected on cloths from the surface of which, is " used in the neighbourhood as a remedy for cuts and cutaneous dis- eases in horses. Similar springs exist in the Township of Enniskillcn, where a deposit of mineral pitch or mineral ca- outchouc is said to extend over several acres on the seven- teenth lot of the second concession, (llcport for 1850-51, pp. 14-33.) 'J is a| qua! the trcnl broal spcrl cent duri man Lim is the ■•""'xmm' G6 Lhc termination rossililcruus." I points on the many parts of n.siila between File lower por- n the shore of over I.jO feet 'j; pebbles and fragments of ,• colour when the bed, suc- pale buff and e Lakes these noro elevated •us tufa, and JO connected places in the ;d by a rich rise in the 'itiiminous " used in iieous dis- )wnship of lineral ca- the seven- XIACAilA lUVKll AND FALLS. The XIapira Iliver, which connects Lahcs Erie and Ontario, is about o5 miles in length, and has au average width of tlnec quarters of a mile, with an average depth of f)rty I'eet. At the point where it issues from Jiake I'hie — the nurlh-east ex- tremity — its banks arc low; and, being from one to three miles broad, it looks like a prolongation of the lake, being inter- spersed with low wooded islands. '' This lake-like scenery continues," says Sir Charles Lyell, " i'or about fifteen miles, during which the fdl of the River scarcely exceeds as many feet, but on reaching the rapids, it descends over a Limestone bed about LjO feet in le-s ihaii a mile, and is then thrown down about 105 feet jierpendieulaily at the Falls. The deep narrow chasm below tlie great cataract is from 200 to 400 yards Avide, and .'100 feet deep ; and hero in seven miles the river descends 100 i^act, at the end of which it emerges from the gorge into the open and ihit country, so nearly on a level with Lake Ontario that there is only a fall of about four feet in the seven additional miles which intervene between Queenston and the Lake. The great ravine is wind- ing, and makes a turn at right angles to itself at the ^Vl)il■lpuoi, where the Niagara sweeps round a large circular basin." " At some points the boundary cliffs arc undermined on one side by the impetuous stream, but there is usually a ttdus at the base of the precipice, supporting a very ornamental fringe of trees." (Travels in Xorth America in lS-iO-42 : Xcw York, 1845, Vol. I., p. 2.1) There are two Falls, the Ilorse-shoc on the Canadian side, — which is about 1,900 feet across, — and the American, 920 feet in width. This division is occasioned by an island of con- siderable size — formerly called Goat, now Iris Island, — which is situated just above the Falls, towards the American side. The C{uantity of water poured over the Falls has been esti- mated at 2,400 millions of tons per day=:100 millions per 1 m hour. Mr. Barret makes it 10,500,000 cubic feet, or nearly 600.000 tons per minute. (Canadian Journal for Jan., 1854 p. 1*20.) We extract from Montgomery Martin's British Colonics, (Vol. I., p. 7"),) the following calculation given by him as mailo at Quccnston : — ''The Biver is here half a mile broad ; it averages 25 feet deep ; current three milci a!i hour; in one hour it will discharge a column of water ?> miles long, half a mile wide, and 25 feet deep, containing 1,111,410,000 cubic feet, being 18,524,;; cubic feet, or 113,510,000 jallons of water each minute." Behind the cataract, a little above the basin into which the precipitated river falls, there is a cavern of about 150 feet in height, 50 in breadth, and 300 in length, which may be entered as i'ar as 30 feet. As, however, the feat is attended v;itli dinger in conscfjuence of the narrowness of the path and the gusts of wind which meet the intruder, and dashing spray and water in his fice, the aid of a guide is essential, — as '^ if he turns round to recover, the blast often changes in an in- stant, and blows as impetuously against him in the opposite di- recttion.'' ( Lyell, \u\. 11., p. 70.) Colonel Bouchette remarks, that " according to the altitude of the sun, and the situation of the spectator, a distinct and bright Iris is seen amidst the revolving colu'r.ns of mist that soar from the foaming chasm, and shroud the broad I'ront of the gigantic flood ; both arches of the bow are seldom entirely elicited, but the interior segment is perfect, and its prismatic hues are extremely glowing and vivid ; the fragments of a plu- rality of rainbows are sometimes to be seen in various parts of the mist^ curtain. (]Mont. Martin, p. 75.) In conserpience of the pre-conceived notions wdiicli they bring with them, parties are sometimes disappointed on the first view of the Falls. When, however, they have fairly divested their minds of these the surprising sublimity of the scene is appreciated. From the ajipearanco presented by the River at Queenston, it is a common belief that the Falls were once there, and that I i thi to th wl qui C7 t, or nearly "an., 1854 I's British tion (Axcn r is here 'rent three in of water containinur feet, or tvhieh the 50 feet in 1 may be .s attended e path and ling spray ,— as '^if in an in- Miositc di- A. .0 altitude inct and mist that front of entirely prismatic of a plu- parts of ich they on the 5 fairly y of the eenston, ind that they have receded, through the constant wearing of the rock, to their present position, which is seven miles higher up, In this opinion Sir Charles Lyell seems to concur, for reasons which he states at considerable length in the work already quoted. (Vol. L, pp. 25-41.) In Goat Island shells of the following genera were collected by Sir Charles — I'ln'o, ([ijclaa, Mrl<uii<t^ VaJrntd, Limnea, Planorhis, and IL !i.r, all of recent species, in the snperlicial deposit, where they form regular beds, numerous individuals of the Unio and C/j/chs having both their valves united. Of the celebrated '• burning spring'' at the edge of the river, above the rapids, '' where carburctted hydrogen, or, in the modern chemical phraseology, a light hydio-carbon . . rises from beneath the water under the limestone rock," we have the followimf; account: "The bituminous matter supi^lyinfr this gas is probably of animal origin, as this limestone is full of marine nujllusca, crustacia, and corals, without vegetable remains, unless some fucoids may have decomposed in the same strata. The invisible <ras makes its wav in countless bubbles through the clear transparent waters of the Niagara. On the application of a lighted candle it takes fire, and plays about with a lambent flickering flame, which seldom touches the water, the gas being at first too pure to be inflammable, and only obtaining sufllcient oxygen after mingling with the atmosphere at the height of several inches above the surface of the stream." (Ibid., 75, 70.) LAKE OXTAIUO. ♦' This Lake is 180 miu-s in length, by 40 in average width; its mean depth is 500 feet, its height above the sea -32, and its area G,300 square miles ; its principal affluent is the outlet of the superfluous waters of all the great upper Lakes, by the Niagara Falls and River." *' Its only tributaries of any consequence are — from the Ca- I 68 nadlan side, the Trent and Credit ; and from the State of New York, the Black River, the Cswefro, and the Genesee, Its natural outlet is ])y the channel of the St. Lawrence, throiiirh the Thousand Isles, and down a steep descent, broken by many rapids and chutes, t;) M(jntreal ; and thence without further diiFiculty to the Ocean." (Andrews, p. 224.) The country on both sides of J^ake Ontario is productive and well-settled. AVith Lake Krie it is connected by the AVel- land Canal; and with the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the La- chine, Beauharnois, Cornwall, and Williamsburg Canals, con- structed to admit the large Lake Steamboats plying between 3Iontrcal, Ogdensburg, Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton. Besides these, it has on the American side, the Oswego Canal, falling into the Eric Canal at Syracuse; and the Ogdensburg and the Oswego and Syracuse llailways, uniting with the Al- bany and Buffalo, (jlrcat Western, Hudson River, and Vermont system of Railways, — having ramitications through all the New England States, and opening up to it free access to all the more important harbours on the Atlantic." In a short time there will be to be added to these a multitude of Railwavs now in progress or contem[)lated on the Canaditi'^ side, — among them the Grand Trunk, which will extend alonu: its whole length, and many hundred miles ])elow. Besides these direct outlets, it " posses.ses of course incidentally all those opening from Lnke Champlain." " If," says Prof Croft (in an article on the 3Iineral Springs of Canada in the Cunndiaii Journal for Feb., lS5o), " we cannot congratulate ourselves on the possession of very strong mineral springs, we at least are extremely fortunate in possessing lake and river water of a greater degree of purity than almost any other part of the world. The water of Ontario is of most ex- traordinary purity, and it is very probable that the waters of the upper lakes will be found to be still more free from ex- traneous matters." . . '^ The water of some of the rivers of Canada seems/' the learned Professor adds, " to be exceeding- ly pure. The St. Lawrence water at Montreal has been ana- reel thai 70,1 by '"**# 69 tc of New 2SCC. Its '., throuirli 1 by many it further >roductive the Wel- )y the La- nals, con- 1 between [lamilton. (go Canal, rdcnsburg ;h the Al- A'crmont 1 all the to all the hurt time wavs now -anion GT O Its whole !se direct opening Iprings of [e cannot mineral |inu- lake no.st any Ino^st ex- •atcrs of I'rom ex- rivers of peeding- ju ana- i lyscd by Dr. Hall ; and from some ex])oriments which I have recently made on thcThamos water (London, CAV.), it appears that the quantity of solid incri'edionts in one imperial iiallnn of 70,000 grains amounts to only 10-50, a purity which is eqnalled by only a ^cw other waters in ,he world." These Lakes abound in fi. h of various kinds, and of the best quality. A considerable trade, capable of larLre increase, is carried on, especially on Superior and Huron, in salting them for the markets of the interior. (Foster k Whitney's Lake Superior, Vol. 11., p. oO").) Ontario is free comparatively from the storms to which the other lakes arc more or less liable. For an interesting notice of certain surldcn disturbances of level to which some of the Lakes arc subject, which Professor Hind attributes to the '• sudden lil)oratii)n of pent up gasses, resulting from the decomposition of the carbonaceous accumu- lations whi'di characterise the L'tica Slate, (ascribed by some to volcanic action,) the reader is referred to the Canadian Jour- nal for June, iS.j t, and (October, lS5o. In the same excellent Journal he wiU lind a double series of articles, (one by the learned Kditor, and the other by 3Iajor Lachlan,) on certain p'rioiUc variations of level in the Lakes, which will well repay his a.ttcntion. From an elaborate exhibition and comparison of facts and opinions relating to this topic by Charles Whittlesey, Esq., (given in Foster and AVhitncy's Lake Superior, Pt. II., jip. oPJ-3ol),) we select the lollowing extracts, embodying the con- clusions to which that gentleman has been led : — '' A comparison of the rise and i'all of the water of the Lake (Firie), with the recorded observations of the rain-gauge, will show conclusively that the surface of these great bodies of water rise gradually after an unusually large amount of rain has been falling during one or more seasons, and that, on the other hand, they fall after a long period during which the quantity of rain has been less than the average ; obeying in "•«««# 70 this respect the same laws whicli influence other collections of water." " The different Lakes do not rise and fall at the same time, but in succession ; as the several mill-ponds on a stream are known to fill, durina; floods, in order — bcirinninp: with those nearest the source — and to dischar'je themselves in the same order. The successive basins of the Lakes are so many ponds or cnlariromcnts of the St. Lawrence. There is, besides, an annual rise and fall which is not equal in different years, and not precisely uuiibrui over the whole area, during the same season." "The annual tide takes place, whether tho lake be low or high, and is at its flood in the spring, after the rains of that season and the snows of winter, melted by the warm weaiher, have united in throwing a surplus of water into all the lakes. In the fall and Avintor — when the meteorological conditions are reversed, and the absence of rain and the presence of frost unite to check the discharge of water from the tributaries — the lakes, as might be expected, recede twelve, fifteen, and even eighteen inches." " Instead of regarding the rise and fall of water in the lakes as a mystery, it is rather to be wondered at that there is so little fluctuation. Their stability is dependent entirely upon the regularity of the seasons, within the lake country, and if there should be a combination of wet and cold years, wdierein the fall of rain should be great, and the evaporation small, there micrht bo a rise or fall exceedinu; anvthins; we have on record." '* There arc manv circumstance'^ to be considered, such as the unequal amount of water received and diseharged by each lake; the dilTereut winds, and the opposite elfect of the same wind blowing over the different lakes ; so that it is evident there must be undulations of level and accumulations of water at one point, for days or weeks together. A south-west wind sweeping over Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie operates quite differently upon their surfiices. While it accelerates the dis- 1 a '•«»i«ii^ 71 illcctlons of same time, . stream arc with those in the same nany ponds besides, an fc years, and itr the same e be low or tins of that m weather, 1 the hikes, editions are ce of frost taries — the , and even tcr in the at there is ircly upon |try, and if 1, wherein |on small, have on such as [1 by each the same Is evident of water [•est wind ites quite the dif- charixe of the water from Lake Erie, and lowers the surface of that lake at its western end, it checks at the same tin)e the llow from ]jake Huron ; thus operating in a two-fold manner (o depress its surface. A norlli-oast pde, on the other haiiil, forces back the water of Jiake Eric and increases tlio discharLiC of Lake Huron, so that there is a correspondinu' rise of the waters at tlu; western extremity of the iornier lake. Neither do all the lakes reach their maximum height at the same time, but successively, according to the ccnnbincd action of the various meteorological causes." " In general, the 2;reat lakes rise and fall nearly together ; but not absolutely at the same time, nor by an e([ual amount." " It is apparent from these statistics, (those, to wit, given in the article whence we ciuote,) that there is no fou!ida- tion for the popular belief that there is a rise and fall of the lakes during a period of fourteen years. Between 179G-8 and 1819-20, [I period of twenty years, there was a gradual depres- sion and rising of the lakes. From ISIG to 1819-20, the waters fell to a lower level than even their previous stage of depression. From 1819-20 to l8o8, a period of eighteen vears, there was a steady increase of elevation, when the water attained its ii-reatest known heiuht. The lowest stajie of water, since that time, occurred in October, 1841, which was less than three and a half years after the preceding great depression." " No person, who examines the daily registers, will find any r-rounds for the belief that there is in Lake Erie a dailv or lunar tide, like that of the ocean." Tht ■hicl e causes wliicli produce clianges h •h in the levels of the lakes are the same as those which influence other collections of water ; that is, the ever-varying ainijunt of rain and evapora- tion." Encrt.iachments are, of course, made by the lakes on the land in particular places, while there is in other parts an apparent recession from ground i)reviously occupied. or Lake Michigan no notice has been taken above as it docs i«*^^l|a o pr 72 not come within the class of Canadian waters. Its connection, however, wltli these induces nie to give here the iullowing par- ticulars : 111 size 3Iichi'j;an is the second of the great lakes ; being oOO miles lung, hy 00 in average width; having a mean depth of 1)00 feet, and comprising an area of l(),l'Sl s([uare miles. It lies between 41° 58' and 40^ north latitude, and S4° 40' and 87° 8' west longitude. ''On its western shore it has the great indentation of Green I5ay — itself equal to the largest luiropcau lakes, being a hundred miles in length, by thirty in breadth, well sheltered at its mouth by the Traverse Islands, and having for its principal afiluent the outlet of Lake Winnebago and the Fox River." " The other principal tributaries of Lake J^lichigan are the Manistee, ]Maskegon, (irand Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Kiver-s, from the southern Peninsula of Michigan ; the Des Plaines, O'Plaines, and Chicago Iviver.s, from Indiana and Illinois; and from the northern Peninsula of ^Michigan, the ?'Ienomone Es- canaba, Xoquet, Whitefish, and Manistee llivers." " The lake is bounded to the eastward by the rieli and fer- tile lands of the southern Peninsula of 3Iichigan — sending out vast supplies of all the cereal grains, wheat and maze espe- cially — equal if not superior in quality to any raised in the United States; on the south-west, by Indiana and Illinois — supplying corn and beef of the finest qualit}-, in sui»erabun- danec ; on the west by the productive grain and grazing lands and lumbering districts of "Wisconsin ; and on the north-east and north by the invaluable and not yet half-explored mineral districts of Xorthern Michigan.'' '' The natural outlet of its commerce, as of its waters, is by the Straits of i\Iaekinac into Lake Huron, and thence 1)y the St. Clair Piiver down the St. Lawrence, or any of the internal improvements of the lower lakes and the States hereinbefore described." ''Of internal communications it already possesses many, both by Canal, and llailroad, equal to those of almost any of the older Si import:! its broa| conned Lakes, lakes c: ward, tl (Andrei ; "Tall of the I angle c streams latcd fa miles, 1 and it i; water d' allowinsj 05,l:]5,< minute.' p. 1500.; We k lakes th with thi would 1 with eq " Th; of wate come tl compar: whole c field, p: ♦ ductioii cereal t ble, if per, CO --«nii8* 73 i counoctiun, tlluwing par- ; lK'injr:]00 'till (Ii'pth of <' uiilo.^. it -S-P 40' and ir.s tlie great .St Juiropcau in breadth, and liaviiii,' tigo and the gan arc the ■eph liivcrs, >os riaines, llinuis; and lonione Es- ]i and fcr- — sendinc: maze cspc- cd ill the Illinois — '^uitorabun- iziiig lands north-east d miiioral tors, is by ic'O ])y the e internal reinbolbre lany, both nv of the older States, in length and availability, and inferior to none in importance." " liy the strong, deep, and rapid llivcr of St. Mary's, \Yith its broad and foaming sault, Lakes 31ichigan and Huron are connected with what may be called tlie head-most of the great Lakes, though itself the recipient of the waters of a line of lakes extending hundreds of miles further to tlie north-west- ward, though unnavigable except to the canoes of tlie savnge." (Andrews, pp. 129-L']!.) '' Taking into account only the central and upper divisions of the St. Lawre/ice vidlev, from Niagara to the north-west angle of Lake Superior, embracing all the country whoso streams are tributary to the lakes, the surface drained is calcu- latcd (as shown by a table of caleulations) at 24S,77.j scpiare miles, besides 8G,TG0 square miles occupied by the lakes ; and it is fuither calculated that the enormous accumulation of water dischariied through the Detroit Kiverdurinu-hiuh Hoods, allowing a current of only one mile an Inmr, is not less than 95,lo5,000 cubic feet per hour, or 1,5^8,558 cubic feet per minute." (Major Lachlaii in Canadian Journal for July, 1834, p. noo.) "We know not how better to conclude our account of the lakes than in the following language of Mr. Andrews, which, with the exception of the word coal (in relation to which we would have the remarks already made borne in mind), applies with equal force to(,'anada as to the Tnited States : '' This is a brief and rapid outline of a country, and a system "^ of waters, strangely adapted by the hand of Providence to be- come the channel of an inland navigation, unequalled and in- comparable the world over, through regions the richest of the whole earth in productions of all kinds, — productions of the field, productions of the forest, productions of the waters, pro- ♦ ductions of the bowels of the earth, — rcirions overflowing with cereal and animal wealth, abounding in the most truly valua- ble, if not most precious, metals and minerals — lead, iron, cop- per, coal — beyond the most favoured countries of the globe ; KHfi^tfjg^T' 71 regions which would, but for these waters, have been as inac- Height) ccssible as the Steppes of Tart;iry or Siberia, and the value of feet abc the productions whorcuf must have been swalNnved up in tlio exluiinc expense of their transportation." (Report, p. 244.) llailroaJ l*rofess| J the e: IManiuK^ Th (J O U N T 11 Y Xorth of LaJce Ontario, hctvycn Kingston and Lake Simcoc, formc.rbj Midland^ Victoria ^ and Kciccastle Districts. One of the most marked characteristics of this region is the multitude of Lakes, mostly small, though some arc of consi- derable size, with which it is dotted over. For an interesting description of these — including their elevations and connec- tions — the reo 'icr is r'^fcrrcd to the Geological lleport fur 1852- 1853. The Locks of the area within whjch these numerous lakes are found, "belong to two distinctly different periods; one set being fossiliferous and nearly undisturbed, and the other unfos- siliferous and greatly disturbed, contorted, and altered. By drawing a straight line from the middle part of Loughboro' Lake, across the heads of Knowlton and Leaver Lakes, to Ivound Lake in Lelmont, . . and then another from Lound Lake to the northern extremity of Lalsani Lake, a tolerably fair representation of the junction of the two series of rocks will bo indicated; the 3Ietamorphic or Laurentinc series keep- ing on the north, and the fossililerous on the south side of the lines. A largo area of tlie more southern portion of the region un- der review, is " spread over with deposits consisting of clnv, sand, gravel, and boulders ;" but their origin cannot easily be determined, in consequence of the absence of organic remains. ]jeds of the above description are met with, among other places, at Belleville and Cobourg. Gravel Drift was found by 31r. ]Murray on Burlington i li one timi *. river I Ik from th ileight: ward, c all clay, extendi Saltfleet Heights nity vraj what it The ( we hav( '' the n: and nio whet-st marble, Ochi the La oxyde Marino to abo <' the c some c probal ]Ma< in a p: Lake, ....„.^ (0 5 been as inac- id the value of »v/cd up in the 14.) 1 Lake S'hncoc, Districts. J region is the are of con.si- [in interesting and eonnec- ortfur 1S52- nierous lakes Oils ; one set other unfos- nlterecl. IJj- ' Loughboro' 'r Lakes, to from Pvound , a tolerably ries of rocks series keep- 1 >sicle of the region un- ing of clav, lot easily be lie remains, niong other I3urIimrton Heights, somewhat to the west of the area under notice, sixty feet above the level of Lake Ontario, where fossil bones were exhumed, while a cut was bjing made for the Great Western Railroad, which have been pronounced, ou comparison with Professor Owen's work on CoiTiparativo Anatomy, to belong to the extinct species of elephant, EIrphas primijcniiK, or 3Iammoth. '' The gravel drift of Burlington Heights has evidertly at one time formed a bar or spit at the mouth of an estuary ;'f a river flowing from the west. It extends in a narrow ridge from the Desjardins Canal under Flamborough Heights, to the ileights opposite in Barton, having a great marsh to the west- ward, called the Dundas ^Lirsh, west of which the valley is all clay." . . '' The bar across the mouth of Burlington Bay, extending across from Wellington Square to Stoney Creek, in Saltfleet, affords a irood modern illustration of what Burlinirton Heights were, when the relation of land and water in the vici- nity was from sixty to one hundred foet different in level from what it is now." The economic materials met with in the region over wdiicli we have passed thus rapidly, arc stated by ]Mr. ^Murray to be " the magnetic and specular ores of iron, galena, plumbago, and molybdenite, grindstones and flagging, scythe-stones and whet-stones, lithographic stone, building stones, limestone, marble, water-lime, brick clay, shell marl, and peat." Ochres of iron are very generally disseminated through the Laurentian group. The localities where the magnetic oxyde was chiefly met with were in Bedford, 3Lidoc, Marmora, Belmont, and Seymour, though it is believed to abound in many other places. Mr. 3Iurray remarks that *' the deposits of iron ore in 3Iadoc, Marmora, and Belmont, some of which have loni? been known and been worked, will probably hereafter become of great commercial importance." 3Lignetic iron ore occurs thickly but irregularly disseminated in a pale green epidotic rock, near the north shore of Crow Lake, as also at Allan's Mills in Seymour, over an area of two 76 01* three acres, \vlicrc the dome of Laureniian rock protrude? the f'ossiliferous limesto'e. Specular oxyde of iron is known to exist at some places near the Deer River, north of IJclniont Lake." Galena was met with in veins, one of which was four foct thick, cutting the crystalline limestone of the Laurentian series, in the township of Bedford, in two places. Plund^atro i;? almost univer.sally disseminated through the crystalline limestone, and fre([Uently occurs in veins, giving the expectation that the quantity may be workable. Molybdenite was found on a small island in Big Mud Turtle Lake, disseniinatsd in huge veins of white quartz, accompanied by greenish soapolite, green cleavablc pyroxene, sometimes assuming a radiating form, and iron pyrites," which abound in some parts. Flagging of excellent quality is obtained in Loughborough and Starrington, from a rock belonging to the Potsdam sand- stone formation, which also yields a stone v/hence grindstones may be made. The mica slates associated with the crystalline limestones of tlic Laurentian series, yield a stone which may be used for scythe-stones and whet-stones. In Marmora, Rama, Ilungerford, and Madoc, lithographic Btonc is met with. Alone; the whole ranare of countrv examined from Starrincr- ton to Rexlcy, the Black-River, Bird's-eye, and Chazy forma- tions alTord building stone, existing in courses of from one to four feet, the value and importance of which is likely soon to be appreciated, when communication is once established to the rear of the more level lands, by means of railroads." '^ The stone buildings of Kingston are derived from the beds of what is supposed to be the Chazy limestone, and the beau- tiful market buildings of that city aftbrd a good example of the rock. After being dressed, it has a good appearance;" but is somewhat brittle. I fuun >VI the An bcaril whlcl ditelj bed ■■••«<,«#' 'ock protnulc' no places near was four feet rcntian series, through tlic ns, giving tlic g Mud Turtle I , accompanied 0, sonictinies ieh abound in ougliborough otsdani sand- 3 grindstones c limestones lay be used lithographic )m Starrinjr- hazy forma- from one to oly soon to shed to the m the beds d the beau- mple of the ■e;" but is If i lielow til" villaLro of Madoc a Avhitc and vcliovrii-ii marble js found, which Mr. Alurray thinks would take a good polisli. Water-lime is met with in ti»o strata eharactcrizad by the Ci/t]i€ri\ and supposed to represent the ("ha/.y formation. An escarpment occurs at the Knowlton Lake, Loughborough, bearing a strong resemblance to the rock near IJytown, from which what is called the Hull cement is derived. ^' In tiie ditch surrounding the fort at Kingston, there is a three feet bed of the same appearance, wliich has been successfully used us a water-lime." Bricks are manufactured all along the .shore of Lake Ontario, ''The clay used for the purpose is of two kinds — one of a blu- ish or bulf color, the other brownish ; the I'ormcr, where 'both are found in contact being the Lower Stratum." These deposits 3Ir. .Murray believes to have a great extent throughout the region. Li his opinion, they might readily be met with wherever the courses of brooks have cut ravines through them. Mr. Murray notices, as a circumstance worthy of observation, the fact that " the potter's clay, with occasionally a layer of «and, and the red jrick clay above, appear to undulate with the general surface (not, however, descending to the bottom of deep ravines\ while the white brick clay lies in very even horizontal strata, from which it would appear that the one must have been worn down into gentle iiollows before the other, which may be much more recent, was deposited," - A great portion of the bottom of Loughborough Luke is stated to be a thick deposit of shell marl, the bottoms of all the Lakes from this to White Lake in Olden, being more or less of the same substance ; two beds of it found in ShefTield, covering, the one an area of 200 acres, and perhaps more, with a thickness over the greater portion of at least ten feet; the other one of from 300 to 400 acres. The place where this bed occurs is mostly a marsh or swamp, and the deposit is covered over by an accumulation of peat averaging about four feet in in thickness. 3Ir. Logan's impression, while on the spot, was •"n**^ that tlil.=i peat was .suporior for fuel to any he had scon elsc^ T^erc. (Report, &c., lor 18.)2-5o, pp. T'vlo^.) The substrata of tlio whole country on the .shore of Lake Ontario, betweeu the RiverM Ruus:e and Credit, arc stated bv Mr. Murray to be composed of L'jraine shales, the thickness of which he estimates to be 1,110 feet. R E G I X lijnifj hcUccvi fh" C Hijhi'uu'c of th'OltaiCd and St. L'licrcncc: on the East, ami Gaaatioque and Ottawa Cili/ on the ]\cst. In the area embraced within these limits, comprising about 10,000 square miles, there is, according to 3Ir. 31urray, ardy one exception to its horizontality, which is found on the lligaud 31<nintuin, composed of trap, which has an elevation of ^^ij^^ feet above the Kiviere a la Graise, where this stream joins the Lake of Two Mountains, while the land, for two miles southward from the summit maintains a considerable elevation, overlooking the level tract beyond, up and across the St. Lawrence. This portion is represented as being of a good agricultural character where cleared, and producing much heavy pine timber in its forests, while the country, which flanks to the Avest, is hilly, though not mountainous, with numerous exposures of rock. On the north it is still more rugged. The rocks of the area under review, 3Ir. Murray describes as constituting a trough, of which those that underlie the level part arc determined by their organic remains, to be of the Lower Silurian ore, while those composing the hilly or mountainous rim arc *'a highly crystalline, unfossiliferous, mctamorphic series of greater antiquity." The character of the Metamorphic series in the Thousand Islands, which are scattered over the face of the River between Brockville and Prescott, making the soil between these points, especially on a fine summer's day, so enchanting, and on the 1 imiil mi'-: Avlii I '•OllH iiiit-a {Sudl «i>nii tlicrJ lllCi" I aaps iiK'.iii "fltilij^^ re of Lake ! stated by hicktu.'ss of (i:i!iicdiatv; iwjitli I'tiiik <'i" i\\v. .\j:[\\VvI\cv, " i : tkat <.t Lnicrcncc, the ]\'c)it. sinc^ about irray, Qi\\y he lii'fraud of 5o8 i'eet s the Lake southward criookincr L^e. icultural ne timber e west, is )osures of eribes as the level le Lower ntainous imorphic housand between 3 points, on the :iiii-ai-c'ijii,> and liDriiljlciKU.- '_u<m>>, tlic elt'ini-utarv mintrals v\' \v!ii..-li Mr\ail lui-n.' t.r It >^ in ;;11 tin' la\<'i'.> ; and accoidiiiLT as '•oinu oiu' of such iiiiiierals pi'rjmndcrati's in a lad, it uivrs it a laieacci.ii^, li.iriddoiidii-, !elds)>at!iic, <>r (|ii;;rt/isi' chariuicr. t*^ui.-h bi<!- ar*.! vaiinu-Iv iiitfistnitilicd witli dU*' aiHitlit r, an'l vi»nu' o«jc-iir which aic a nearly yww (juartzito, Li suine parts there (kh-uts an ah<'ni:iti"n ofwliite and urcy (juartzite, the it.r- Mier soiiK.'tiinc.'i very jiiirc white, ;ind (M-easionally vitri'nus, per- haps fit fur ulass-niakin;^', as at lilockhouse J.shmd, and tlie main sliore near Droekvillc." '• 'I'iie JiiWer Silurian ,i^r.»up of ilix-ks, under tlio more IcmI parts of tile district, are, aLirceably to tlie nonicnelaturc of New Vork, and in ascending order, as follows :" retsdam Sandstone. Calciferous Saudrock. Chazy Liuicstone. Jiirdseye, lilack-Uiver, and Trenton Limestones. Utica Slate. The Totsdam Sandstone, rostinii; uneoniV'rmably on the me- tamorphic rocks, is traccald;; from IJroekvillc to the vicinity of Perth. On tlie eastern side it can be iollowed from the eas- cades, by \'audreuil, to ueiraud. Of this sandstone the clills bel jw 1>r(Kk\ illo oxjiose a sc- i[ucncc' of seventy-live to eiiihty i'v^^i tliick, havinu; " interstra- tilied calcareous bands at tlie top, and a eoarso silicious con- U'imueratc at the base." JJeiiinnin;^ two-and-a-half miles above the town, an outlying patch occurs, which extends almiu the banks of the river for seven miles. Fucoids are I'ound on the surfaces of many of the upjier and finer beds of these e.\po- vSures, with a number of siiiall cylindrical holes, recognised a.s the St'olitJiiia lliiodrl^ of Hall. This formation is largely developed at Charleston Jiake, and outli(;rs occur on many of the islands by which it is studded. A seeti(Ui of seventy-one feet was measured about a mile south- west from Charleston village. E so It is found al-'o in Lnn^down, ]3:i5tr\r(l, Lhr.*lcy and jlonta- pue. JJotwo.'n the Tascfidcs and lliirand, (near i\;into du Grand Di'troit.) it assumes a loddisli tiniro uwinij; to tlio prc- scncf! of small d^.'-oniposin^' u'i'ain^ of reddisli i'cld.-par. The siijion'lclal df[io.-its wliicli spread over the area between the Ottawa and St. l.awrence, and generally conceal the older formations, cnn-ist i-f clay, u'iMVid, and sand ; the first ;jreatly prevailing on the eastern side. — the last, in the western aud higher portions ol' the country, especially towards the chores of tlic St. Lawrence. Clays present tliemselves on the Ottawa, near Bytovrn, which contain marine shells of the spccic.3 iSuj'icdrfr rwjosa ; l)>?side.s which tluu'c occur at the mouth of (Ii'cen's Creek two spec-ies u'i fish, the 3Iallotus \ill(isusor common eajteling, and Cycloi)teru.s Ijumpus uv lum)>-sucker, which are .still inhabitant.s (d^ nortiierii seas ; the ca[ieling .'-lill fre<[uenting tlie Culf of St. Lawrence in great nundjcr.s, and the lump-sucher the nor- thern Coasts of Scotland and Ani'-rica. The iussil representa- tives of these species are always inclosed in nodules of in Ju- rated clay of reniform .shapes, and they appear to occupy a bed nearly on a h^vel with the water of tlie Ottawa, about lis feet above the tide levid of Lake St. I'eter; the same .-ort of no- dules fre((uently enclose fragments of wood, leaves of trees, and portions of marine plants ] among the last i.s one of the species of littoral algae still fouj-.d near the coasts of Arctic seas." A va-t accumulation of the IVUina GrornlanJica, over- lying a two-feet bed of limestone gravel and more angular frag- ments, was observed in the liftli concession of South Cower, near Kemptville, at an elevation of thirty to forty feet above the Rideau Canal, or about 250 over Lake St. Peter. Saxi caice rm/onx were met with between the filth and sixth con- cession of Winchester, near Armstrong's mills, 300 feet above Lake St. Peter; and Siix'ravsc rmjosfc and Telliuse Green- landiae in the bed of the Garry River in Kenyon, at a hciubt I I nd jlonta- INjintc t!u , ilio pvc- <;\v. •;i Ijctwcen 1 llio older [r.--t ".rrcatlv estcrii and the shores r ]3vtown, vf I'lifjosa ; Creek two |ieliiiLS and inliabltant.^; he (In If oi' er the nor- represeuta- cs of inJu- eupy a bed lit lis icet .-urt of no- s of trees, lone of the of Aretic \iUca, over- lo-idar frag- Ill th Gower, feet above ;r. Saxi sixth con- feet above ince Gran- hit a height I SI of 130 to 140 feet over Lake St. Frnneis, or 201 over Lake St. Peter ; besides otiii'r places of a similar ('IcNatinn. ''On Kiir^iud Monntain (here i< a set of jilains. ]';;\((1 with an a(?cuniulati()n of well-ri)undi'(l bnuldi/rs, wliii-h b(\uin on tlie north side, aljout 20 • lect over the lovi'l of the llivii-n- a la Grais.sc, at its junction with the Lake of Two MountaiDS, or 202 feet o\er Iiak(» St. i'oter, and extend over a larpe area, filling up liollows between elevated siinnnits of trap ; these plains rise gradually to the south, until they reach their maxi- mum elevation of about 2S:J teet over the ( Iraisse, ])eyond v.diich they slope uently (.If to the south, and the boulders are found scattered over a lare-e portion of the Seiu'iiiory of lli- piud. By far the irreater portion of the bouMei's ar(> the rt^- mains of the trap of the mountain, but theie is lilvowise a small proportion of Sandstone." 'fhe\ are iVom three to eijilitcen inches in d'am(^ter; the hollows containinij; them being from four to six feet. A deptli of i^i'wn or eij' t feet has been sioue down without reaehiiu': the bottom ui' these ae- cumulations. The L conomie M: itenals oeeurnn; in the disti'ict u'nier ( le. scription are stated by Mr. Murray to be — "Ores "f iron, lead and copper, iron ochre, sul[)hate of barytes, sandstone and sand I'.u- ulass-niakinir, shell marl, materials for ornanient:d and common buildimr purposes, and minei\d [litch." i'\»r their distribution ami (puuitities see (ieolovical lleport for 1^51-52, 57-00. bo (J" lie r ore usei 1 at tlio St. Maurice I'orLi'cs near Thr CO i l\ivers, is " known to produce an iron oi' excellent ([uality Near Beverly, in Bastard, this ore was also o])served. Lead ore is found in Jjansdown, in connection with ealo- spar, through a vein of which, 'nter.sceting coarse disintegrated limestone belonging to the Metamorphie series, it is di.-semi- natcd irregularly in small crystals. A specimen of copper ore, wi^ighing several pounds, was procured at Beverly fur the late World\s Fair. An iron ochre which, in the opinion of 3Ir. Murray, w >ulJ 82 by proper clcaninu' yiuKI an ochrc-rod cqunl to any (if the im- ported paints of that dci^criptiijn, was met witli on the property of 31 r. Lani-a.-ti'V, in ^'audrcuil. On tlic same k)t, and in otlicr [»laces named, phosphate of iron presents itself, of ;»bhic color, which is IVtMinently used as a pigment. Sul^thate of IJarytes, nsed for the manufacture oi' prrnKinrnf tchi(<- and /)t'f(li v/n'/r, is obtained on lot -4, tenth concession of i>a>tard. 'I'h(3 vein ei»ntaiiiinti' it is traceable I'or a (juarter of a mile. "■ The value of the crude material ;s said to be ei<dit to ti'U dollars per ton to tlie manufacturer, and the ma* nufactured .irlicle thirty dollars per ton." On IJlockhouse Island, opposite Brockville, ''a white clo;-c- nrained, translucent semi-vitreous (luart//' is met with, vrhich ^.Ir. Murrav thiidvs likely to be serviceable for ulass-makin<:;. Deposits of Fresh-water Shell .Marl occur on lot thirteenth, eijzhth concession of YonL;e, in a lake in Klmsley, and on Mr. Delesdericrs' farm, near I'oint Cavairnol, in Vaudreuil. The Stone used for buildinir purposes at lirockville and Prcs- cot, is taken from the beds of the calciferous sand-rock forma- tion, which are (piarried extensively. The beds selected as yieldin;^' the most durable stone and the handsomest when faced, arc those which contain the larircst amount of calcare- ous material, which are worked in courses IVom 12 to 15 inches ■ thick. Stone < f this f \nnation has been extensively used in the eonstructitm of some of the locks of t'oe llide-iu Canal, which afford in general liood examples of it. It is strong, touu'h, and sulhciently durable, — jirey Avhen first wrought, but soon turniiv'' yellowish under the iniluence of the weather. The black limestones which run throu<:li the township of Cornwall afford an excellent buildiniT material, of the character of which the locks on the Cornwall Canal, which are formed of it, afford a good specimen. Here we beg to present a few extracts from a Report having relation to the region before us, presented by A. C. Brown to the " (^)mmitteos appointed to Promote the Construction of the St. Lawrence and liake Huron Kailway," printed at Og- 1 i)f tlio ira- (' |»rop(;rt.y t, and ill of tpbluo conccssiun :• :i (juartcr Niid to bo id the lua" liitc closc- ith, which iiialciii^. tliii'tcontli, lid on .Mr. iiih ' and Prcs- Dtdc forma- elected as lest when uf ealcarc- 15 i Indies used in lu Canal, is strong, luuht, but eather. wn.ship of J character \?'e formed i>rt having IJrown to ruction uf ed at Og- V S3 dcnsburLdi, N. Y., 1S.32, — wdiich mav illustrate Mr. ^Murray's stateinoiits, (though not rctiuired to corroborate them/j and aid the reader in forming his opinion of it. This section of Canada, which is generally h'vel and gently rolling, cciiilains. according ti) Mr. 15., a territory eipial to live New England States, — which have a popuhition of two mil- lions, — and is important not only for its great agricultural, mining, and manufacturing capabilities, but also for its variety of highly interesting scenery. In Mr. l>.'s opinion it is likely to become one of the richest and most attractive in ull Ca- nada. The soil throuirhout this lartio section is rich and durable./ It is a tirst-rate wheat-growing country, and also well adapted U\ most other agricultural productions. It is alike favorable for grass and all kinds of grain. No country excels it in qua- lity or (juantity of its crops, nor for the variety of its proiluc- tions. The same farm exhibits, side by side, rich fields of wheat and most luxuriant meadows ; also a thrifty growth of other grain and various kinds of vegetables. The wheat- growing States of the West arc not generally, like this section well adapted to tirst-rate dairies. Notwithstanding this country is comparatively new, and most of the settlements but recently made, many well-cultivated farms are to be met with. Forty bushels ol' wheat, and three tons of hay per acre, are a very fre- quent yield. Fields which have produced wdieat for twenty years, seem to be not in the least impoverished. A soil so durable and fertile, producing so abundantly, and such great variety, must afford a large amount of agricultural exports. A gver.t variety of xaluabh^ timber is found in this part of Canada. In some ]daces extensive forests (d' large and tall white oak, niixetl with maple, elm, and other kinds (d' timber, are to be met with. {■"'re(|ueiitly large-si/.e(l white ]>iiie and v/hiteoak are also intermixed. Arouiid some of the liakes arc extensive oak jilaiiis, which proxc tu be excellent wheat land. In lower, moist land, grow line ash, cedar and tamarac. AVhcn cleared, these somewhat swampy lands are best for gras.s. 84 When opened to the sun, in u few years they also make excel- lent lands for plouuhinLi'. No efjuai extent u\' enimtry is ninre fav(nirahly situated for inanufacturin'j;. The trreat variety of J^akes . . seem Nature's intended arrancrcment lur hydraulic purposes, llice Jjake, thirty miles long . . is l]G5 feet above Lake Ontario. The Hiver Tre'it, the outlet of this lake, runs east-erly about thirty miles to its junetion with 3Iarmora or (.'row liivcr, and falls lo5 feet in its course to this point. ."Marmora Lake . . is l.'JO feet above this junction. Crow Hiver . . is the outlet of 3Ia- thune, IJehnont, and Marmora Lakes. From this division line westerly and alonp; the Hiver Trent and its Tributaries, in the Townships of Seymour, Belmont, Mathune, Percy, Asphodel, and Dummer, arc numerous grist and saw-mills, and also a lartrc amount of unoccupied water- power. At Norwood, on the Ousc River, at Warsaw, on the Indian Hiver, at Keane, and various other localities along these rivers are a number of grist and saw mills, .'nd numer- ous water powers." Many other places are named as possessing important water privileges. Along the Sovcrn, which i'alls 110 feet into Geor- gian Hay in its course from Lake Simcoc, there are stated to be seven falls, the last of them on the navigable waters of the Bay, at all of 'vhich is ''ample hydraulic power for extensive manufacturing establishments." ]jake Simcoe Mr. Brown declares to be one of the nuist beau- tiful sheets of water in Canada. Its pleasant, gently sloping sli)res exhibit luxuriant vegetation. The farming country around it is not excelled by Western New York. (^Pp. 4-lS). M (( H H < ; ION JJ tit'rcn Jjrrnihnrnois cnJ ]i!ri< re Du A'rd. The physical structure of this rcuion is so similar to that of the section last considered, that the description of the one i^ ike excel- tuatod fur 1 Nature's ice Lake, rio. The out thirty , and i'alls . . is mo ot oi' Sla- ver Trent Bchiiont, irons iiritit od watcr- r, Oil the ies along id numcr- ant water uto Gcor- statcd to M'.s of the extensive lost bcau- y sk)ping country l-LS). 7. Lo tliat oi' he one is to ti kirg? eictcnt a description of the other. •• Tlio san.e suc- cession of f .rniiitioDf, spreads out," {According to Mr. Lc^gan's statement, under both. In ascendin'j: i;rdor thev are as fc 1- lows : 3fetaniorphic it ; iiuir-r^i-id (Jrr.np. I'otsikmi Fand.-tdiic. Calcirer'nis Saiidr-jclc. rimzv, iJirdsevo, and Tiviifnn Lln-cftunos. I'tii-a Slate. '• Tlu> ]^lt^d:till Sandr-LDiic i\inh;:tii>ii."' f-a\s jlr. LoLCan, " rc-tintr uncoiilMi'inablv on the 3Ielaiiini |>hie seiles ( the latter consisting of gneiss and intersiratilicd liuieslone ■, occupies a narrow stiip (ju tlie iKniii side oi' tiie St. liawrence, below jIotiti'<.>al, at a Vcirialjle tiistance of ton to twenty iiiilos I'rom tho north banlc, and sweeps rmind iV.im the valKydf thisiiver to that of the Ottawa, \\\r turn i'Mrniing an (ibtuse niiL:!-' on the lliviere du Xord. The sann; forniati'.n, in the >anie I'clation, proceeding from Keesevillc in the State of Nov.' Vdvlc, turns from the valley of Lake ("hamplain t> that (d' the St. ].aw- rence, and, f(jrming a sharjKU' anule, i.-; in-fijeclcd out acros.-^ the eounly ol' Jjea.uliarnois t^'Waids the ])reviou>ly nicntioiie'l bund, in a long tongue of sand.stoiie, picrc/od near the extre- mity ]jy ?>Ioiit {'alv.'ire, a protruding nia.ss of tlu; subjacent gneiss, k'rom {>cau!i;;; :• ii< a liroad bolt ol' the saiidstoin; has b'.'.'n trac.'d in New Y'oi'i:, liy tlii' ( icoftgists <,[' that Stite, in a ])retty straight line, at a varia! h^ dl^tanro iVoiu the l)aid< t I'the St. LiwiHMiee to Ihunnioiid, near whi^-li it reaches th'' ri\(r. It here c 'osses tlie liver, and. it \\ill be perc('i\td by M'-. Mur- ray's Ueport, that he h;is traced it tliiM-iV^h the Town.-liips of F.li/., bi.-tlitown, V'oiiue, Laiisdowne, i.'astard, jdkI ^-'oulii and Xortii V ''•o.-l)_v." It is di~triijntod also thi'ouu'i ihi"!:^:'--, I'Jnis- h'\, i hainiiaoiiil, iJcckwiih, ihii.i.-n',. J'ar'Kcn'iaiii, .'\i; i\h and Xepe.m, a.nd " lia^ bi'cii nut v.iih iii oin- >p<'t tciidlnv: lo n jvuution by wi-.Miviilc, with th'' (::c{n,,«iu\> i,a the liiviijre du Xurd. 86 I'lio perimeter formed by llie H.iii'.l.-.tr.iio, i.v ilie -utis.s be- noatli it, wliea the sinii].-t<o<!! ;•; v.'.-intiii'jf, 'i'iv; s the ;;■•. a AviiJil!'. it tbe siiapc of a peninsula, tlio isriiiMUs lo\vli!(']!, !•( twcon tlic iliuere dii Nord and llic bi.ird'jr arduinl .'duiMtt <.';dv;dre, is about livo miles across. The saiid-tniic <!' Ik'uuliariinis coiiiity aiid the iui^Lddjour- in;j; ^State el' I\>"\v Yuri:, i,-- st;itC'l tit I'O iV(jii; -'Ay) tu TOU ioet 'L'raei: ', n;'.v:ii;r very n;u;ii the ::|ip, aranee td' l'o(»t: teps, and impressed uilh a surprisinu' reuu!;irity, Avbieli Mi-. JiOLiau lias d(\seribed with u-reat skill, wei'e met with in several jda.ccs, — avnitiin' others near the null nn the .•^'t. Tirmis Ki\i'r, near JH-au- harnois. In the opiidon of rrofos-or (l-\ven, to whose exand- iiation a number of specimens W(>re .subndttcd, these marks have been imprinted by some species oi' enistaeean " ol' a fa- mily wholly distinct iVom anytldni:' iliat e;;n be suirLvestcd by the crustacean iurms of later rwcks, or ol the i»resent dav." In the case of the mo-re perfect sjic'eimcns a *' median groove more or less flat," and diilerin^' in \vidth with the ^Jlecinlcns, presents itself between the foot priiits on each side, wiiicli are in answering pairs, that to 3Ir. liOiran looked as if produced by an "immovable breast-plate or j)lastron," ihouiih " in one remarkable instance, at a bend in the track, the uroove p-a- dually leaves the middle, and while It seems impressed Avith more than usual force, approaches and partially o))literate.s the foot-})rints on the convex side, a.s if tiie imprcs.-iiiLi' jnu-t had been the extremity of a tail, Avhich, v.hcn the body turned to one side, interfered with the foot-prints in ilw n-Av, on the other." ''A feature counnoii to a!l the p'oovcs is, that each repetition or ho;nolo<:u(! (d' the foot-pihils is .econqianied with a deepi-nin;: a.nd shallowiiiL;' of i\\v groove, LiivinL' it tht> aii- pearance of ;i chain ai shallow tro^'iihs, whii h, wIkmi the iii:- uression is li;aht, are s "^ 'rated fr-Mii one aimthei' hy intervalst)f the un;.i-rooved snrfiee." . . '• In one of the tracks there are three narrow ji'rooves instead of foot-prints on each side of the main one, ior a certain distance, as if the lindi'^ of die animal had t ^trcs." Ill w •■• a "\vi thill twcen the ';iIv;;iro, is K lull boll r- i) Too foot ■ 'i(-'ps, ;itlJ li<\Li;in lu'lS I'larcs, — lOiir iH'nn- iso cxaiiii- '^0 marks '' of a fa- •'-•.ested by ent day." ■iH L-rooxo H'cililCUS, uiiic-li are produced ' in one oovc p-a- scd Avitii rates the I'art had urned to , OH tlie (hat each iird Mith t the ;i|i- I tile iiii- fervalsof liv're are lo oi' tlie (' aniiLial 11 had been drn^iLfod ;'.loi!i:- the itntt'uii, while the l.ouy was alloat." " The surfaei's en v.iiii-h the tra<'ks i-f tluve anliiia's are im- ]")re.ssi^l lire .-Miiictini'.--; suKiuih and MHiutinK s beautitullv ripjtle- niarkcMl. ( )!i the i-ipiiK'-inarkcil >urr.u'cs the ti\H-i:> have olten beat iliiwii the ripple, and the .'■and of the rid,L:e has been draL:'u*Ml iiilu the furrow, in such a way as to -how the direetiou in wdiieh the animal was prnt^rc-siiiu'." The ripph'-marks > >nn'timcs run in dilfv-niit dircetioii** on the siiii'aees aOerted by iiu.'iii. a> ii' " e;;!:.-ed not \)y a current in deep water, ruuniiij: in uni; li 'ucral (Mrt'ctitju, but jsy a tide ebbini and il'.iwin'.!.", and (d)cv:iiu the iui'.iu iiec ot' varvinir luca.l accidental causes. On due suriacc w.i ; dbcrved the natural edge ur tcrininatitiu of the ripph; rld^a^s, with a track coining up to it and there ceasing, as if the waw had reach;'!,] no far- ther, and one ipar'. of the surface had l.)een dry while the water, operating on another clo^e l)y, h:'.dobliteratcil the track in pro- ducing tlie rip})Ie-mark." ( ile])uri: Ibr Is.jl-w^, pp. U-l".k) For tlie more nnnutv' jia.rticidars in resjK-ct to tiu} gcogrpi- phieal distril'Ution of th" roidvs of this regiiju, tlie 'cader ks referred to 31 r. J^ogan's ileport, pp. l'2-'l'). The Econonue materials of tlic are:i under con^iilcration are, — Magnetic iron ore, iron cxdire, stone; and sand fit for glass- making, phosj)hate of lime, fnv-stones, clay lor cmnmon brick.s and common pottery, with building and paving materials, and hydraulic limestone. Small patches of rcddi.^h-yclhiw iron ochre were met with in llemmingford in the Potsdam fornuition, to Mdiich the iidiabi- tants of the vicinity resort for materials wherewith to colour their walls. Excellent sandstone fitted for ulass-makina", and used at the class manufactory in A'audreuil, is obtained from the bank of the river above the Point du Clr.ind Detroit. Tn the opirnon of !Mr. TiOgan, it may be procured in almost any position in v.hirh the sandstone wdu(di crosses IJeauharnois i-' exposed. Phosjihate of lime, which is of much value as a mineral ma- nure, was discovered in several places within the area under £ 2 88 noli-jo. J>lnck ])lios])liate nodules occur :ii tlio l)aso of tho Chf'.zv limestone in tho lirst concc'-.sion <.t' ilawkesl»ury, h^uch us tlioso reportoil by .Mr. jlurray as cxistinir in Locliiel. in the cduntios (if ]>c;mliariiiii ind (lie La]:t> (W'Two Moun- tains, ]Mr. LoLiati states clavs t'or ciniiMnii ).rii-ks and iiutter}' to 1)0 SO ]>rcval(Mit that it v\-()nld, ]»('rhaps, lie mo-o diflicidt to say who'.v tiicv are n<!t to bo found tha:i when; thov are. Good stone fill' hiiildini;- Ov'ours in abundanc!' in the {'uunly of Beauharnoi.s, Avhcrever in fact the Potsdam {ormati( in, espe- cially the upper part of it, prevail-. In colour it \< crcnerally white, thou!;ii some portions of it are ^-liLihtly tiniiod with iron. ^uch is its ])owor of resistiuLi' heat that it is used in some places as furnace licarths, ai;d that the walls of a buihling erected from it, which mav b(^ burnt, will still remain service- able. Tho (.'aughnawaLra and St. tJenevivve stones, which belonir to the eha/v limestone, are urev, and taicc a irood face from the chisel. The Cirand Isle quanv vit Ids a uood blue limestone, and om? of a similar descri])tiuu has been traced from Carillon to (Jrcnvillo. The Avhole (>f tho purer limestone beds mentioned as yicld- imr irood buildinsj: stone, yield also irood lime ; but for the fi- cility with which it is burnt, and the superior whiteness of tho lime, none of them equal the black limestone of St. Claire, which is so highly valued for white-wasliinp; that It is carried a distance of twenty miles on the south side of tho St. Law- rence. Stones suitable for flacruing arc described as bcino; luct with in two localities in Ilcmmingferd. ( lleport for lb^ol-52, pp. Before passinp; down the St. Lawrence, we would invite the reader's attention for a short time to the reelou of the Ottawa. I :i i fall phici seril me M> X)ui ot ti shc( M; The Ottawa River is second only tc the St. Lavrrence in size and commercial importance. With its tributaries it drains, according to Mr. Logan, an area which cannot )l\'^Q of tllO • Ul'V, S1U']\ liel. .'wo Mdun- ul pottery difficult to arc. lu> ( 'uuntv tioii, cspo- s goncrallj' Avith iron. in sonio I ))iiil(lin<jr n stTvicc- iCF, which pxid face [;ood blue I traced 1 us yicld- ur the fa- ess of the !t. Claire, earned .a St. Law- met with 1-^2, pp. nvite the Ottawa. -lawrence ibufaries 1 cannot 4 fall much s-hort of M>.0()0 ^rjuaro uiile.-. The hydrogra- phical basin eontaiuiii.;- the v/att rs di-chargcd by it is de- scribed by him as " bounded uii the e::st by a Hue coni- inencinL' at the lower cxtri itiity of the 1-land of 31ou- Moiitrcal. and running alnait l!->0 milrs in a nearly direct course, to a point al»out halt' a di-gree north of the iiUersectiou of the 4Sth parallel of North iiatitude, e.nd the ~''d\\ nieriilian of V\'( 4 Jiongitude, constituting in this di.stance the water- shed between the Ottawa streams ami tho,-e of th(> St. Maurice aiul Saguenay. b'roni this ]inint, wlifi-c ihe source of the river is to be found, the boundary turning to the westward, runs for illKl nnles along the hi'ight of land dividing the waters of the Hudson Hay Territory frt.ni those of ( 'anada, to the vicinity of the intersection of tli(» d^^th j)arallel of Jiati- tude with the SJnd mei'idian of Lon'^itiule. 'J"he western limit stretching iVoin this cornei" to Avithin a fcw uiiK'S of tin; most eastern ]iart of Ijake N'ipissing, thence to the I'ownshipis of Tudor and < Iritnsthorpe in the Midland i)i.>trict, and fur- ther on to the I'ownshiji of ilinchenbrook, separates it iVoiii the streams triluitai-y to Ijakes Huron and Ontario ; while the southern line, passing between North ami Soutli Crosby to Elizabeth Town, thence to the Township of JiOchiel, in the Eastern District ol' Cpper Canada, and forward to A'audreuil in Lower Canada, leaves but a snuill s]iace between it and the St. Lawrence. The general shape f»f this area is tlnit of an irregular rhom- boid, with its long diagonal ]»oiiiting norih-westwardly, and roughly parallel with three sides of the rhomboid, the north, the west, and the south, at a distance seldom e.Kceeding twenty, and sometimes not over eight leagues, the great artery of the region runs, presenting a length of between GOU and TOO miles. Taking its source in the northeastern corner, it heads with the Saguenay and St. ^Maurice, and, llowlng in a general course a little to the south of west, it widens into several considerable lakes, and is fed l>v several tributaries from the nortli before it reachc:^ Te:ni5caminL^ ;it a d.istancc of about 250 miles." 00 Miil\v:iv bofwi'cn Temiscaniiiit;' and tlic .source of the Ottawa lies tho • irand Lao, coiisistiiiL'' of tlirro narrow transverse Itclts i)f water uniteil ])y strait-^, — ilie rasternnuiHt of wliicli, with a leii'j'tli of I'orty niiles. varies in lu'caiUh from one lo ten. The h^niitli of tlie niiildlc lult is lifty niil-s, its average breadth beinu' \\\v or ?i\ ; tlu; western, whicli i> jiarallcl to the middle, has a h'nu'th of thirtv ndles, with a l^reatUh of from two to twelve. .\l)i!ut lifleon miles abovo Tcmiseamim: is another cxpan^'ioii ol' UK" Ottawa. — with an east and v,<st length of forty-live miles, and a Ineadth of from two to twelve, — whieh bears the name of the Kiviere and iiac den (^uinze, from the nmnbcr of Portages whieh occur ( tifteen ) within the last twelve miles. The waters of the lilanche — llowinj:- IVom the north, and bcinir navinT.ble for eanoes for idxtv miles witlKjut a l*orta<:o — ioin '.romiseaniini:' aljout two mile:i to the west of the Quin/e. Jiuke Ti'iniscamiiiL;- — sixty->even miles in leiitith, with a breadth u'radually diminishimj; iVoin six nnles to live hundred yards — is naviu:d»le throuidi its entire Ii'uu'tli, and has a suili- eient depth of wat(.'r i'or '• respectable sized craft." Thirty-live ndles below Teini-cannnu', the Ottawa receives the Mataw:!, — •)(> miles in lenLith in a direct course, 40 Ibllov.'ino; the Ic.Mid-, — whiidi '• consists of a chain of lakes uiiiled by short and sleiuler strean.s, llowint;' from one to another." in ,Mr. Loiran's opinion this i-iver is destined to become of impor- tance, " havini.^ been oftcner than once thouiiht of as ail'ording the best line for a canal, +o connect the waters of the Ottawa with those of Lake Huron by Lake Ni}•issinL^" I>etween this point and IJennett'sllrook, (wdierc 3Ir. Loo-an's measurements commenced,) the Ottawa is t'nlarued by the tri- butary waters of the 3Ietabeechuan, the 3Iontreal Kiver, the Keepawa, and the lliviere du Moine. Of these the second, which rises in the northern height of l.ind already noticed, has a course of l'2i) ndles in leniith ; the third, which has its source in a Lake about sixty ndles east from Temiseandnp; (in which also the lliviero du 3iuine originatca), winds throuj^h a I len; lak. foil !S S riv 01 le Ottawa •cr.sc belts •li, with a cii. Tho L' bread til 10 iniddlo, >1!1 two to oxpn^^ion furty-live bears tlic lumber ul' miles. ortii, and L'ort:i<:o — Quinzc, 1, with a h'uiidrod as a suffi- I'eecives (illovrino; liuid by ■r." Im jf iiupor- ilTordino; OttawH Loo;an's the tri- ver, tlie second, eed, has has its ling (iu I rough fi length of nhiety milcsi. oonstituting a ehain of connected lakes, — one of which is itsilf fiCiy mili'S loni:' ; while the l(Mirth (tho Dii Moiiie 1, witli a length nf nearly ninety miles, is stated bv Mr. TiOL^an to bo the larirest tributary ontoriniz: the river within the limit of his measurements. Immediately Ixdow Tennseamin2: a collection of rapids oc- curs, called the Lnng Sault, which together n.ake a fall of forty-nine I'eet in five distinct leaps (ea(h of which has a sepa- rate name), ])ro(lueing live Portages to v«»yageurs going up stream," though '' canoes shoot tin; whole in desccndiiig, un- less under particular conditions in the height of the water, v.'hich greatly varies at different periods of the year." Above the entrance of the Matawa three other ra])ids ar<} met with, at intervals of about three and a-half miles, — •' at each of v.hich the river is contracted to a narn.w sjiace, and \.< impedn.l by ledges of solid nick ])rojeeting from the sides, or starting up in small islands." Tlu; iirst, tlic Mountain liajud, has a fall of five feet live inches; the second, tho j-ifables, u fall of thirteen feet ; the third being •' divided inti» two steps, with the names of the Chaudron :ind the (.'ave, which arc leaps of si.K fe(>t, and live i'cct nine inches res))ectively. In the parts intermediate between the rapids and below them, the btinks are bold, preei})itous and rocky, with an average separation of a quarter of a mile from one another, and the river, particularly towards tho latter portion of the distance, runs in a section across a van<^c of hills rising to heights of about 400 and 500 eet. Several other rapids are met v-ith vritliin the space examined by Mr. Logan, vi/.. the lievi(^i-, v;ith a lall of eight feet ; the 3faganasipe. witli a descent of nearly nine feet ; the Deux Ri- vieres with a sto]) of thirteen feet ; and the Ibudie Capitaine and ?Iaribi.u. wliicii m;ike between them a deseent of forty- two i'eet ten iuijhes. (^(jeologieal iieport fnr I'- l.j-4f>, ]ip. iG--.:o.) From Bennett's Brouk thiriy-scven milc.-j Itriiig r.s down to the Falls and Portage Pes .Miuniettes. wlicre, Pouchetto in- #. ^%. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 // %. A 1.0 I.I fj^ IIIIIM - 6" M 1.8 11.25 11.4 ill 1.6 ^ & /A K 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 % <!. .<^^ %■ 6^ 92 furms us, "the Ottawa is divided into two channels, the unc to the north-east, tlie utlier to the south-west ol' a larire ishiiid, in Ii'iiL''th about 15 mik-s, by an aNerairc br(\idtli of iuur. Tlie ,S((Uthei'ly ( haiiiiel exjiaiids Indow the J-'alls and liapid.s of the (Jrand Alhmietts to the wi(hli of three or four iiiik'S, and forms the Jiake Des Alhunettes, at th(> iicad of whieli an arm of the river opens an ciitraiice to the 31 ud and 3Iusk Kat Lakes.'' k'roiii tlu! bottom of the J^ake Des Alhimettes to Ottawa City (liytowMij, tlie distance is about 113 miles. AVithin this space sevci'al islands occur, — one of them about thirteen miles dow'n, havinu' a lenuth of id)out twenty !niles, witli an avera<:c breadtli of seven ; — and a nund)er of cascades, the D' Ariri.s, the Chenaux, and the Kapides Des Clnits at the foot of the lake of that name, three miles in lenuth, where, thronuh a " labyrinth of varied islands," the waters take a sudden leap of from six- teen to twenty feet over tho Falls of the (.'hatn. Lake Chaudirre, six miles below, is IS nnles in length ami ;') broad, with shores l)old on both sides, 'L'he llapides des Chcnes follow at a short interval, afti'r which conm the Chau- diere Falls, (Ireat and Little, (in the neighbourhood of Ottawa City,) above wdiich the river has a breadth of 500 feet. These I'^alls are occasioned by the deep and sudden subsi- dence of tile horizontal strata of limestone Avliich compose there the bed of the Ottawa. The principal Falls (the Orcat Chaudiere\ which are sixty feet high, and 112 wide, are "situated near the centre of the river, and attract by their forcible in-draughta considerable pro- portion of the waters, ■which, strongly compressed by the cir- cular shape of the rock that forms the Ijoiling reci[)ient, de- scend in heavy torrents, struggling violently to escape, and rising in spray-clouds wdiich constantly conceal the lower half of the falls, and ascend at irregular intervals in revolving columns much above the summit oi' tlie cataract.'' " The Little Chaudiore may without much di'Ticulty be ap- proached from the Lower Canada shore, and the spectator, standing on a level with the top of the fall, and on the brink inli Law F 1 Pre; foil. B tlu^ mik it at lonp rece mik sup] S'ju; mik I mik squf has 1 mik , tn.c one .re island, ur. The lis of the 11(1 lb nil H 111 of the ikcs." ) Ottawa ithin this con miles n c'ivora*re iirgis, the le lake of labyrinth from six- ngtii and )ides des he (^hau- .f Ottawa t. en subsi- comporc are sixty of the ■able pro- the eir- ient, de- ipc, and wer half jvolving y be ap- lectntor, le brink of the yaAvninLT Liap into which the IJDrids are hradidni: plmiLrcd, surveys the v.-holo lonirth nf th.e ilmfr and the der>tlis nf tho cavern." Much ol' tln^ w;itcr is d<'S(-'.iI)('d liy jjuiirhcfte as passimi' away s(d.)tci'i'anc()u«-ly thrmcjh il-surc^ in the rock. IjcIoW the ]'all> td' Chaudiere the <)ttawa is na\ ii:al>le fur steamboats to (li'en\iiU', a di-taiice nf sixtv miles. '1 he cur- rent is LixMitle, Avhile tln^ Ijanks df the riviM' are uenerallv so Inw as to be flooded in sj'i'im: to a cnnsidi'rable distam-o in the intcrioi', (\'^pecially on it-; northern side. The impetuous Lon-.r Saulr. whi(di cinumences at (Ireuville, is descended only by m/fdi^rur^t and raftsmen of expori(Uiced cncr<xy and skill. The river below continues rapid and unna, vijiable as far asl'oint I'ortune, where it expands into the Lake of Two 3Iountai;is, and finally forms a junction wirh the St. Lawrenee below the St. Anne Oasca'les. Tlie waters of the two streams are distinii'uishable for some distance Ix'yond their point of juncfii)n ; the black line (d'thc Ottawa contrastimx stronulv with the blui.^h-'jreen of the St. Lawrence. From a writer fpioted by Smith iu his '• Ca.mida : ]\ast, Present, and b'uture. (\'ol. 11., pp. 'Vil-'-]')!,) we collect the followiiiLT additional particulars : Besides the tributaries already named, the Ottawa receives {I'm following', vi/. : The I'etewawa, havinn; a lenuth of 140 miles and drainintr an area of 2,2<>0 S((uare miles, whicdi enter.s it at the Tapper Allumette Lake ; the ]>lack Kiver — DO miles lone, and drainimr an area of 1,120 square miles — which it receives from the north, at the head of Jiake (Vndanire, 79 miles from IJytown ; the Ooulanu'c, about miles farther down, supposed to be 100 miles iu length, ^vith a valley of 100 square miles ; the Bonchere — 50 miles above Bytown — 110 miles lonrr, and draining- au area of 980 square miles ; eleven miles lower the Madawaska, 210 miles long, and drainitig 4,100 square miles; the Mississippi — 26 miles from Bytown — which has a length of 101 miles, and drains a valley of 1,120 square miles ; aud at Bytown, the llidcau from the west, with a ■ I iJt i course ul' IIG miles, in wliicli it drains an area of l,o50 square miles. Tlic llivors stated to ioiii tlie Ottawa below ]>ytovrn are : 'i'lie <(utiiie;!U — Iimim t!ie malli, a mile l)eluw JJytowii — which has a cuui-se ]ir(ih:il)ly of* 421.1 miles, and diiiiiis an ai'ca of 1-,00U square' miles : and, at various points lower down, the lUvierc du Jit'ivre, 'liV') miles lun'f, and drainin<!; 4,100 square miles ; the Xovtii, and South Nation llivers, — the for- mer 00, the latter lOO miles in leiiuth 5 the .Uiver Kouirc — !>0 miles lonu' — whieii enters from thc! Noi'th ; the iiiver du Nord — IGU miles loner — iVojn the same side ; and llnaliy, just above its mouth, the' Assumption, whieh luis a O'tursc of \'-iO miles. Trom the nioutli of the Ottawa to Jiytown thc dis- tance is loO miles. The volume of water diseliarccd bv the Ottawa when at it?; lieiuht is alle^ied to lie twice the comniou volume of the (,Ian;i;es. The vallc}' of thc Otta.wa is computed to be eiaht times the extent of V^erniont, or ten times that of Massachussets, capa- ble, taking- Scotland as our data, of ultimately maintaining a population of eij:ht millions. Mr. Louan's measurements make Lake TemiscaminG; 612 feet ; the Mattawa, at its junction with the Ottawa, 510 feet 5 inches ; Upper Trent Lake 000 ; and Lake Nii)issing GG5 feet above thc level of the St. Lawrence at Tlirec llivcrs. (lie- port for 1845-G, pp. 30-38.) The region of tlie Ottawa end)raccs a very large quantity of excellent land, with sup})lies of the common woods of the country — tlic red and white pine esjieeially — which would seem all but exliau.-iless. Along the whole valley of the Ottawa, clays, sands, gravels, and boulders are met with in mtmy parts. J )eposits containing marine testacea of the post-})liocene period, " cover the whole valley of the South IV'tite Nation, and its tributaries ; and were found in Templetoii, llidl, Nepean, l*ackenliam, and ritzroy, to tlie nu)uths of the .^Iississippi and ^ladawaska, some of tliem ouO ieet over the level of the sea, JSaxicava rugosa b;nn;j found as high as 410. A specimen of MoHotun ""A" he at a the (!■ 50 square \\ V>\iGv;u [Jytowu — IS ;iii area er clown, ng 4,100 — llic Ibr- liougc — llivcr du niliy, just so ui' loO 11 tlic dis- ci Lv the t.' ) common times the ;ctF, cnpa- itaining a inino; 612 519 feet ^sing G05 ers. (Re- • lantity of Is of the aid seem ciifo-<(t.<. or eommoii ciint.'liii'.r — a s;:i;il! ::>h:?'i.ill iV(Mj;io:iting tlu' shores of tin.- (iuli"of St. jjawreiico — v.'iilcii IkuI ])vl'\\ (..bt;ii!ie(l at the iiKiuthnf the (,<!iliiie;iu, \v;;s iu ?dr. Log;;!!'.-; jtussessioJi ■when ho \vr.it(». '• l-'resh v.ater sli'.'ll i;):r. Is '■cc'i'.r in in.-iny plates in th;' alhi- vial deposits of tho ()tta\va, and among the piicnnniona ^vili^■h eoino within tlio recent period. I'oundrdl and polished rock .-ur- i'accs, hearing ]>;irallcl groove's and scratclics. an^ oi' not unl're- qucJit oL'Curi'ence." ()n llio shorc^of Lake 'fciniseaining they are specially nunierons, and so circiiiu- tanccd as to niako Incni matter of g!'c:!t interest. ])cc[i water-Worn holes ocliu" in the rock on the haid<s of tlio Ottawa, considerahly ahove the highest level which the river has been known to attain. One, of an uncertain de])th, IS inclios in diameter, was found (iU I'eet over the existing surlaco of tli(^ water ; another, measuring two feet hy two and adiali", at a height of twenty-five feet. The Economic Materials of the Ottawa are, — magnetic and specular oxides of iron, wliitdi are very abundant, bog iron ore, brown ochre, iron jiyrates, galena, eo}»per pyrates, plum- bago, mai'l)!o, Ijuilding stone, ilagging, tilestoiu's and slates, grind-stones and whet-stones, mill-stones, stono lit fur glas.s- making, water-lime, common lime, shell marl, and ])eat. A considerable number of mineral springs are likewise met with. For a vc'iT fall account of the character and distribution of the Koeks of tho Ottawa and its region, the readir is rci'errecl to tho fleological J Report for lS45-lii, pp. -KVJS. , gravels, )ntaining he whole ies ; and am, and diiwaska, MaUotui ISLAND OF :\loxt]ii:al. At the eoniluenee of tho ():;tawa and tho St. liawrcnce lies tho beautiful Island of Montreal, hiangular in ;diaj)e, and havimj,' a leii'jth of V>'1 miles l)v a bicadth of 111. on tho north-ea-t b'. the 1 iivieri> ( !es J rairies lr(.m -— sejiar i>!e .b's ited ns. With the exception (*f the mountain, the ridge <d' the Coteau 't. j'ierr.", and one or vro •mailer ones of no u'reat elevat ion, l»0 it e.'cliibit-; :i level SLiriaoi-, waLorcl by f^evei'.'l litilo rivcr;i iind rivulets. Fmiii the City ol' Montreal, w!ii(,'ii staiitis on its .south .si;lo, the ,sli ore.i towards the east arc fro'ai 1') to 2'.! feet above tlie St. Liwfeu.'e ; but on t]ic oie) i^lto side, toward-i La Chine, tliey are biVt'. "The f:.;il of tba.' wbole i.-land, li" a few iasiij:nine nit tmcts be overlooked, can scarcely be (!xeellcd in any country, and is highly productive of L'rain of every si)ecies, veirv'tables, and tVult-i of variiMi-; kinds." ( ]joU('hette. ) NOUTII «Ii)!-: OF TIIl^ ST. LAWIlKXi^lv The coantry Ivinir between the ii))yior end of the Island oi* Montreal and Cape Tourniente, on the lei'r side of the St. Lawrence, and oecupyinii; the space intcrveniim' between the river and the 3Ietaniorphic liills, to which ]\Ir. (Jarneaii lias given the name of Laurentides, " h:is a lenuth of about l!00 miles; ansl it Li'radually widens from a point at Cape; Toiir- mento, to about oO miles at 3Iontreal, havin:;- thus an area of about 0,000 S(iuaro miles. ]t presents a fi'cneral Hat surface rising in many i)laecs by abrujtt steps, (the marks of ancient sea-margins,) into successive t^jrraccs, some of which are from 200 to 300 feet a1)ove tlio level r)f the river^ and the Vtdiole have a general parallelism with it. These terraces arc occupied by clay and sand, and the latter predominating, gives them, as a whole, a light soil. The rivers whicli cross it, (some of them hirgc streams, of which the St. Maurice is the gTcatost,) de- scending" the Hank of the Metanior]»hie hills, all give a succes- sion of falls and r.ipids bef )re reaching tb.e plain, afiording a great variety of beautiful and picturesque cascades, and yield- ing a vast oxtent ( !' water lue.ver, capable of a])plication to saw- mv: timber and other manufacturin'i imrprscs. Uuittiiif'' the IMctannnaphic rocks, these streiuns at oncc cut deej) i)ito the softer deposits of the ]>lains, sonieii.nes ;it a leap ;;; tii.iiilng nearly the level ol the St. liav.'rence, and intersect the country bv numerous nearly iiarallel ravines ; thcv ironerally disnlav I rivor.s :nid ids on itH to -2) [vet •)\\'.U'(l-i L:i uit tracts itrv, raid i.s nbles, nnd i Island oi* of the St. etwc'cn the nrncau lias about 200 'ape lour- Ill area of ;it surface oi' ancient 1 arc from tlio Vv'liolo occupied s thcin, as ic or" them :itest,) de- 2 a succes- iflordii!";- a and yield- I'Mi to saw- ittinfi the ]) iiito tlio li;t::iilin<r 10 country l!v di,>i:,lay steep hanks of day and sand, hut in a i'cw instance.:! run in troughs, exposinir pcrj^ondlculjir sertinus id' .^^Huhtlv imdined strata of liiiKstniio or hlack r^hale, piled upMii one another from the heiizht of from twentv to ciuhtv foct."' ^ < i'.'ol.i'^ical rieixat for ls5:i-:h pp. -1-S.) To prevent confusion, 3[r. Liici'an a-rplics tiio name Lauren- lian series to the rocks undeilyinii' tlie fossiHfcrous I'oniiations of this p;irt of ('aividn, because of its u'reater (h'(initcne>s, in- stead of the .Mctamorphic given in his previon-' lloports. The o-ooh)jrical formations underlying the ui-h'.'ct above named, are, in ascending order : 1 , Laurentian Series. 2. IN.tsdam Sandstone. []. Calciferous Sandrock. ■1. Cha/.y Limestone. 5. ]>irdseye, IJlack River and TrenLon Limestones. G. Utica Slate. 7. Hudson Uiver Group. 8. Oneida Conglomerate. — (For particulars see Mr. Logan's Ivcport, pp. S-IO.) The Economic Materials of the above section are, bog iron ore in many places and considerable (piantities, iron .sand, wad or boLT maniranese, clay for common bricks and potterv, biiihl- in*]!; stones and flairuinii' stones, I'cfractory sandstone, sand for glass-making, marble, peat, l.)iluminous shale and tripijli earth, with mineral springs. The country Lotween the St. I'daurice and the Ihili-can is noticed as specially aboundiiiii" in iron ore A considerable field of it exists also un the south side of the river, in the Seigniory of Champlain. Five patches of yellow ochre, — one of them having an area of six; square yards, — were observed abcnit 'iOO y;irds f.-ijm the bank of the (ircat ^'ama(diirhe Iliver. A very large ochre bed is situated on tlu' St. Xicdiolas range of l*oiiite-du-Jjac. '"In the vicinity of .Montreal the lower part of the Trenton formation holds massive beds of grey 1 1)S UTiniiilar llnitv^touo, fVoia ^7lli(•lI :i vory '',^2:0. funoiiiit oF the best l)uil(JiiiLi' iiiatcvial usc;l in tlio city ]\:\< bcfii fibtaiiuM]." ]iiin('st(tri(< 1)1' various sorts arc Inuml in Cjuito a luniilicr of |»!accs Avithiii Oic ar. a luidcr i'c\ I'-w. The Imildiiiii' and ilaj;- stoncs nnticc(l l)C ;»ii-. l.n-iu in l,is .■-kctch (»!' tlicir (li>tril)U- ti(»n, all Iii'Iduu; ti> tlio I'o-siliii'rous lunnation, thonLrh the gneiss iid masses wduM, in hi-< (>[)inii)ii, sui)})ly a u'roat abun- dance t)i' lastinui' niateri.d, — which, however, would ])e in(»rc expensive to woi'k. .Many peat bitgs of laruo and small ex- tent exist in this area. At i^aval, alxjut twenty miles I'roni Quebe-, there is a considerable deposit of Trip(di earth, -wliich is used for (dt'aniiiir and polishing' metals. ( ltej)ort !V>r ]S[2-4o, pp. 41-70.) The mountainous cliaracter of the nortliern shore of the •'■^t. LaAvrence has proiierly its commencement, accordinir to 13ou- chettc, at (Jape Tourmente, althouLih its baid<s above Quebec arc " for many miles liii'li, bohb and majestic. From (.'a])C Tourmente the rid^io continues unbroken, except by the beds of rivers and rivulets, until it effectually subsides thirteen or twenty miles below the Satiueiuiv, in Avliicli nuiuter the Ix.ddness oftlie north shoi'c sinks to a moderate level, presentinfra degree of flatness and etjuality of surface singularly contrasted with the op]iosite shore, Avhicli n(>w becomes mountainous, rugged and a])rupt. '• This tract of country is traversed between the west boun- dary of tlu' count}' of Quebec and the Saguenay by numerous rivers and streams ; the best kn(»wn ami most considerable of whi(di are the St. (Miarles, the Montniorenci, the Great IJiver or 8te. Anne's, the llivieredu (Jimffre, the Mai IJay, tin:' Black lliver, and the Sairuenav. . . JJesides these there are many smaller streams and tributary waters, not a few of whi(di are imperishable springs that supply the inhabitants with the purest water, at the same time that they moisten and fertilise the soil. On several of the streamlets, as well as the rivers, are frerpiently to be f >und excellent mill sites, formed by the rapitlity of tiio water courses, consequent upon the hilly cha- \'' racK Sagi cxte seve T CoMII \vhi( Ix'au itrcc sei'U 90 lilt of the jbtaincd." imiulicr of 'j: ;ili<l 1l;iLr- r (li>tribu- i()Ui:li tlic •oat abiiii- l l»e more small cx- liilcs IVom rtli, uliicli • J S l2-4a, of the St. iir to ]3ou- ive (Quebec "I'om ('ape iV tlie beds liiteeii or e boldness a dource ted 'with S iu"<rcd est boiin- lumerous eruble of eat liiver the IJIack ire many \vlii( h are with the 1 fertilise he rivers, eil by the hillv cha- racter oi' tile country. Ur tlie rivers aluAc mentioned the Satrueiiav is the onlv one vet kn(»\vn to bo iiaviL'alde to any extent, vessels of any luirden beinu' al»Ie to ast\'ii(l upwards of seventy-five miles abo\c its estuary." The Jliver MontUKU'enei is specially distinL:ui>h( d on ac- count of the J'\-dls at its moulh, about U miles beloVv' (.Juelice. which ;ire "' celebrated for their height, imiii'iiiticence, and beauty. \'iolently jirojccted over a pei'pendicular roek into a ]»reeipice 240 feet deep, tlie Avaters of the .Alontmoi-eiici de- SL-eml in a l.M'iLdit lieecy sheet, of snowy whiteness, to tlu; broad recipient beneath, which forms a deej) I'ay, v/liosi? sides rise, almost verticallv from the foot of the Falls, to an altitiule se- veral feet above their summit, 'i'he lower reL:i<»ns oi' the (diffs are destitute of vegetation, Init it ji-radually makes its appear- ance at the eleva.tioii of .")() or ()0 feet, and continues with more apparent vijrour to tin; hiuhest point of the towering banks, the verirc of which is lined with shrubs and trees." . . " The basin under the Falls is nearly semicircular, the Falls tliemselvcs occupying the depth of the segment, whilst its chord forms tlie general line of the ford whiidi is practised (crossed) at low water. 'J'he most advantagctms view of the Falls is perhaps to be had I'rom the left bank, but there are a variety of beautiful points of view in which they ma}- lie beheld." (Bouchette, A'ol. I., pp. l!77-27!b) " When the St. Lawrence is frozen below the Falls," avs W. (Ireen, Fsrp, (Xotes on the (\)untry about the ,^^ontnlor■ilci. — Transactions of Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc, Vol. 1st., p. 1X1,) "the level ice becomes a support on which the freezing spray descends as sleet. It there remains and gradually enlarges its base and its height, assuming an irregularly conical form. Its dimensions thus continually enlarging, become, towards the ch^sc of win- ter, stupendous. Its utmost height in each season usually varies much, as the (piantity of spray it is formed of depends upon the degree in which the water producing that spray is copious." lu march, 1X21), it obtained an altitude of 120 feet. The cone which is formed is perceptibly, though slight- ion ]y, tinaod oi* rm onrflih" linr», dorivcrl, it i? snpp'i.cr-rj, '< from infinitely conniiiinUcd piiiticlcs" fn/ia tlic ])OfI of tlio river, '' :i])r:ii«l(Ml )>y tlio tnrrciit, tind carried iiilo tlic atniosjihcrtMvitli the .'iiray." *' 'i'ln' inniiatiim oi' this r(jiie niav, it is tliouirht, f^utrgest, sonin oxplaiiatinn of tlie way in which tlio Lilaeier.s luive Iteon i'ttrnicd.'' "Wiiat is calK'd tlio Sauni'iiav count I'v CDnnncnccs at the Juwor end ol' the Seiuniwiy ut* j']l.iiiulenicns, whence it extends t':> Cape ( Vnuorant, a distiinee of" aiH.iut 1*.") leagues, runnin<^ back, at tlu' >anietinic, a cniisiih-rahle dista'ice inlu the interior. Mucli of it is rocky, thonuh portions of it are described as fer- tile. (Geol. ilepnrt for lS4U-r}'), p. 7 ; also IJoucbette, A'ol. 1., pp. ■2^:)--l\)\.) Tbo scenery on the Sauuenay is described as very bold, its banks risinii; in many ]»laces to a threat beii:ht. IJetween the nioulb of the Sai:uenay and Ance au .Sablon, oil tlie Labrador coast, — whence a line drawn due north to the 52nd parallel of north latitude forms the eastern boundary of the Province, — there is a frontaue on the v^t. Jiavrrence and Gulf of Gf),") miles. ]>elo\v the tSauuenay, the inountainous boldness of the north shore <:radually subsides in approacliin«; the Berii'eronnes, and siidis to a niuie moderate elevation at Portneuf, a tradinj:; Po^t, situated about 40 miles belov/ the Sag'ucnay. The mountains below this river recede to the distance of four or five leagues from the immediate borders of the St. Lawrence, leaving a tract of gradual ascent at their base, composed of swampy land, covered with moss to the depth of three feet. '' East of Portneuf, the shores continue for some miles to preserve a moderate and regular elevation, and in yarious parts offer to the eye white cliffs of sand, che- quered by tufts of ever-green. Descending towards Pointe des Monts, the altitude of the banks becomes greater, and the characteristic boldness of the north shore is again resumed ) but here the mountains to the southward do not yield in height or coutinuity to those rising to the north, and both shores of til' ami f\ Gu i: re si(p or Th lOl :r-fl, '< from tlio liver, >|iliero with i- tliouglit, tlio j:lacier.s Rccs at the ? it extends 's, running; the interior, ibed tis I'cr- hette, A'oL 'vy l^ohl, its an Sablon, lurth to the jounJary ot' re nee and )untainou3 )|)Voaehiny; evatiim at es below eedc to the borders of t at their D.ss to the s continue elevation, sand, che- rds Poi nte ?r, and the resumed ; 1 in height shores of the uuU'aro eon^nionr.uvlv renKirkr.blo fiv,- their loft v, fiowiiinjr, and forbi'ldinL' aspect." 1 lie chicr llivci's di.'ch'iruinir tlieniselves iuin tht> diver and lluli' di" ,"• r. Jinwrcnec, jietwicn the SaLiuciKiy ami Aiuc Sabhm, j:re the (i)";iiide and l\;tite l)ei'L:<'riinnes, the 1 'ort iicuf. .^Ii^^^i.s- f«i(jninaek, j>et>ianiites, JJustard, 3Ianicouuan, 1( hin)ani|iistiek or Seven I.><lands, >^t. Julin, St. Au.-lin's, and lv-^(|ninaux." The eoiintry has been little jxnetrated except by the liidi;ins. ■ Extensive Il.'^heries are carried nii aliMit: tlie c(t:!sl.s of La.bra- dor. Those on tln^ < Julf are exeecdiiii;ly )iri!ducti\e. Great jKirt of tlie region jnst luitici d. with a povticn vC the country Ivinir we.st ni" the Hafir.eriav, litars tlie ii;;nie oi' tlie DohKiiiK , fiom the I'act th.at a lease of it was granted liy the |i French Kini:- in 17-!-5 !«• a ('(inipany called the i\iii-\s J'osts' Company, t(j which was guaranteed the exclusive j^iivilcgc of [■ bartcrinji, InintinL:-, and lishinu- within its limits. ( Iluuehrtto, ' Vol. I., pp. 2i)L^--:'.»:>.j SUUTil SIDE Or TJI!-: ST. i.AWllKXCi::. Between Tdontreal and Quebec the valley of the St. Jjiw- rencc ha.s a general north-east cour.^e, and presents a flat sur- face on each baidc of the river ; extendiiie; on the north-west side to a breadth of from 12 to 20 nnles, and on the south- ea.st (if oO or 4() — to the foot (jf a range of mountains, ahead}' I noticed, whi(di is a cuntinuation of the Green 3Iountains of Vermont. Thonuh after enterinu" Canada these mountains lose much vi' their elevation, two or three isolated jieaks attain in the district of wdiich we speak a height ef about 4,000 feet. The ranges of mountain and valL'y which mark tliks region are " parallel to one another and to the St. La.wrencc, and the whole coincide with the strike of the formations con.stituting the district. The streams conveying the waters of the area to the Great River, are first the Kichelicu and the Yamaska, the main trunks of which run in a direct continuation of the valley of Lake Champlain, with a distance between them equal J 02 LO .'iboi;i tiic L'l'oat'j.- 1 Ir.-.-ailiii (if tljc la'vc, aiiil Sii'lkc, wljilc tlic (':>.-.tc;'ii itraiu-lics t>i tho V uiiaska, ( ilii tliii the mn>t sonfln'i-ii (<!' tlscui l)('ariii'.r tlic iiaiiio ni' l!u' strraiii.) ail of whicli litivc their .■^Mun-r'; \v;'st oi' t!ii' (irccii .Mouiitaiii r;iii^'.', or aiiiiHi'i- ifs jieil;>, run tr;iii<vorsc to the stratilieati.m. Xoxt ar(! tlu) Si. l-'raiicis a.i'l tlio CliaufluTL', ali)iit c'i;^-lity miles a •11 II I iff, tlu! lower jiir! nt' cicli (ti'wliicli makes a straight scc- li;;n across the iiieaMir« -. jiieludiiiu" rocks (-((ii'titutiii'i the iMt)u;!t:iiii raii'je, while their iij>{>cr ['arts diMiii the line of val- ley h-yoiiil. The ii[t[)L'r ]• irt oi the St. l''raiici,s and iis ti'ibii- tary the ^^lassawippi, llowiii;r in o;e|io-i(e (lii-ectioii.s aloni;' the fo.tt of tho niountaiii ran;j'e, (tecupy about ('iL;;hty mile.s (»f tho line in the u't'iicral strike of tlie formations, and join at JiCU- tU)xvilK\ alter beinir sup[»liod by ssjverad transverse tiabutaries, which take their sources in the southern mountains. The Chaudiei'o, sprinu;iu^' iii these UKiuntains, overlaps the upper part of llie St. S'h'ancis. Ilowiii'.;' in an o])posiLe e(»urse, and ))iore soutliern but parallel line for >ouu' distance below L;d:G 3Ie2'antii'. It then turns up norllnvard, and is joined by the lliviere du Loup, which ilows across tlie measures in the same direction as tho lower part of the Chaudiere, and furtlier on it meets another tributary etdled tho Famine. This tributary is iii tho siimo relation to the rocks of the c(^uniry as the iijtjier part of the St. Francis and the 3Iassawippi. l''lowin;j: in the strike, it takes its source to the eastward, in a level tract, which is tdso the source of the ]\Iitaywa(jUon, and constitutes part of the valley of tho St. John iUver, to whieh this is tributary ; and it appears probahle that tlie vadley of the St. John, pre- sontinn' a eontinuation of the line of valleys, will bo found to display the .same relation to the stratiiieation as that portion of the depression to tho south-west already mentioned. Between the St. Francis and the Chaudiere, are the Becancour, and the east and west branches of the Nieolet. These take their rise toward the south-cast side of tho UKnintainous belt of country. The course of the two Nicolets is in ,<rencral transverse to the measures, more directly so in the parts wdiich flow among' the n lo:; > v,-;tli tin- (i .adinp; u; stronui,) I .Moiuitaiii i-atiliciiti.)ii, i;j;lity niiK':'J [I'liiLi'ht ^JC'j- tiitinu" tli(^ lino of v;il' (I iis tribu- s uIuiil;' the iles of the oiii at Loii- tributarioH, iiiiis. The ; the u}»i>er (du'se, and jelow Lake iucd ])}• the II the same rthcr on it I'ihutary is the iip]»cr viii'I in the ract, whicli ites part of tributai'y ; lohn, pre- G fniliul to portion of Between ir, and the e their rise )f country, crse to the anion 2; the mountains; that of tiie In'rancoiir is more irregular, Itoini; suiuotimcs with and xjinctiinc-^ tran.M'r'O to th(.' strata for lon<j; stretches. Tlic ii::ii:i sou'.He i> abuut midway lietwccii tiii> ('handii-ro and the ^^t. i'lanci-, ^'iit l';:\iii- ou the hilly tiaci, the ^ri'ciiiM ap[iro-i<ho^ tn \vith;u l!<' iiiih-; of th'' ''.niior, wliili; its montli i> \\<>t much i.\t'r the s.iint' (li>taiiiT l/d.-w tli>' I iit''".'. 'I'he.-e \ai'ious trii»Mtari(s of tin St. Jiawri'ncr antl tlicir rami- iication.--, l»y wh'rh th ■ di>tii( t is voy abundantly watcn,!, often spread out into small but bi-autiful lakes anmnu tho hi'j;h lamls, ulNiii.!-''. ill association witii mountain peaks, Lii'tat pic- tiires(|ueness to tip; >cciiei'y. This i^^ ]>artiiMdarly the case towards tho south-western ]'arts, where tlie-e lakes so bespani:le tlu' countrv that in om; jtan'iiande \iew iVoui the ,-ummit of Ort'oi'd .Mountain, estimated at l.."i<H) I'vrt abo\e the St. i.,aw- reiice, no h'ss tlian ei'^hteen of them e.ui bi; counted, emptviiii:; into the ^'aniaslca and Jiiehelieu i>n the one hand, and the St. Francis on tin; otlur. The larLiest i»f these is I^ake Memphra- MKiLioL!', which has a length of about, liw mile>, by a l-readth lio- nerally under one ndle, Init sometimes two ; it lie> jiailly amoiui' the mountains and partlv in the Aallev lu'Vond. whieh i. I at. obli(juely crosses tho upper extremity, and in one phu-e the lake approaches to \vithin six ndles of Stanstead I'lains. I'ach l)ranch of the Niicolet is sujipfu'd with its lake amon,u' the mountains." "Tlu.' ]>ecancour disiJavsa very beautiful chain of lakes in the Towi!shi])Sof Inverness, Halifax, and Ireland; wliile itthers, of a smaller si/e, on the north-west liiu,' of Wolfetown, appear at the sources of tlu; stream, situated simi- larly in 2"eolo2'ical regard as those of the Xi(;olets." Several of the.se, with others nanu'd, ai'e taken in one ^icw from the sumunt of the AVhite .Mountain, (lieulouica.l ileport for IS-iT— IS, pp. C-s. ^ '' The plains of the nor;li-\ve-.| ami the vale on the soutli- east of the mountain belt," Mr. Jaitiai, p,t'< (»n to say, " con- stitute two valuable tracts of eountry, of ;rreat agricultural ca- pability. The .soil of the former, thou-h in some [)iaces li;jht, is for the most part a strong calcareous clay, supporting, in its iOl wild state, a pr(3(lominatiii^ ^vcnvtli ol' soft wood, but wlicii cleared, well suited to yield abundant crops of excellent wheat, for wliieli the Hei^iiorial farms alon^j; tlie »St. Jiawrcncc were for- merly celebrated. The soil of the south-eastern vale is, with many exceptions, generally a uravelly loam, seldom defi- cient in calcareous (juality, and often very ferruginous ; its timber is chiefly hardwood. It is well adapted for wheat." Mr, Logan remarks that the distance of tliis region from mar- ket liad caused attention to be turned chiefly to the rearing of cattle. y>y the }>assing of the St. Jiawrence and Atlantic llailroad through this splendid country, (tlirough which I liavc travelled repeatedly,) tlie difficulty spoken of is now entirely removed, and Boston and 3Iontreal ])rought within a convenient distance. Much of this reuion is yet to clear, thoi.uh it is iast beimr brought under cultivation. J^'or the geological description of it, the reader is referred to 3Ir. Logan's lleport above quoted, pp. 10-58. Its Economic 3Iaterials are magnetic and specular oxydcs of iron — which are specially abundant in Sutton and Brome ; — bog iron ore and iron ochre; chnmiiciron ; bog manganese or wad ; copper ore, and gold, which is found in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, associated with copper pyrates, the quantity being, however, very snnll. In his lleport for 1851-52 (pp. 21-27), Mr. Logan describes a visit which he paid to a Placer which was being wrought in the bed of the Kiviere du Loup, about ten acres from its junction with the Chaudiere, whence during the week of his stay, a quantity Avas obtained valued by him at £31 3s., at an expense of j£]5 for labour. The deposit was thus yielding double wages. The auriferous drift has since been found to extend over an area of 10,000 square miles. (Report, 1852-53, p. 71.) Mr. Logan represents the country between the Chaudiere and the Temiscouata lload as being inferior to that between the Chaudiere and the Bichelieu, not presenting an equal breadth of Champaign margin, and being more rocky. The r.ii thii fit Wo , but wiicii lent wheat, c were for- n vale is, L'lJ(iiii dofl- finoiis ; it?? or wheat." from luar- I rearing!; of II Atlantic licli I have ow entirely convenient fist being is referred r oxj-dcs of Bronie ; — nf'-anesc or vicinity of tity being, • ^i-^r), Acer which lip, about nee during d by him le deposit t has since are miles. Chaudiere fc between an equal 1-y. The d strike of the sti :'ticularly with i I general strike ot the .stratii is with the river, })articuiai the north side, though in consequence of a multitude of antic- linal axes there is the appearance of its being with the moun- tainous belt behind. The rocks met with, in ascending series from the Trenton Limestone and Utica Slate are : — 1. A series of dark clay-slates, inlci'stratified with grey, thin-bedded sandstones, otten calcareous, weathering yellowish- brown, and with grey yellow-weathering limestones. This series is fjssiliferous, holding shells and graj[»tolites, and ap- pearing to be teruuniited by a set of bituminous shells and black limestones. 2. A series of grey-green, and occasionally red shales with thin calcareous layers. o. A deposit of hard Sandstones, varying in colour from light grey to iron grey, and sometimes slightly greenish, which appear to hold but little mica. 4. lied and green shales — the red of a chocolet hue ; and the iron to which this is supposed owing fre(jueiitly associated with titanium. 5. A series of coarse-grained green sandstones, holding more mica than the lower sandstones, and fre([ueiitly presenting small spangles of plundjago. These deposits occupy nearly the whole of the Champaign country east of the lliehelieu, betwt>en the mountain belt and the St. Lawrence. All of them belong to the Jjower Silurian. The distribution of these rocks is described in 3Ir. Logan's Report for IS-tO-yO (pp. o4— 48), to which we refer the reader. L'^pper Silurian formations present themselves at Potton Ferry, Georgeville, and in Stoke Township, on Lake Aylmer, and in some other places. The Economic Materials of this region are — Bog iron ore, copper ore, chromic iron, gold in several localities, manganese, flagging stones, roofing slates, ami per.'. (Report, pp. (U-72.) A deposit of peat extending over 4,000 square acres is met lOG witli ill the Soignlorj of Piiviero Ouelle, nnd another of about 0,000 acres iji the 8ci_iiniory of Jiivic'Te du Loup, hcsidcs a patch of loo acres on tlic left htiiik of tlio Madawaska on the road to the Little Falls. Bouchcttc bears testimony to the mildness of the climate, and the advantajics of the soil of the Eastern Townships, (Vol. 1., p. )]0S.) In a Jleport presented (L^th June, LSal) by a Sp(M-!al Committee appointed by the House of Assembly, to inquire into the causes which liad retarded their settlement, the following language is used in relation to them : ^' The Eastern Townships, properly so called, is that great extent of habitable and fertile country, contained between the Chambly and Chaudiere ]iivers, in one direction, and between the frontier lines of 3Iaine, \'ernumt, and New Hamp-shire, and the Seigniories of the ])istricts of Montreal, >St. Francis, Three Ivivers, and part of Queltec, in the other. This vast territory promises to beconu), at no distant period, the richest, the most populous, and the uiost ilourishing part of ]jOwer Canada ', not oidy on account of its climate, milder than that of the shores of the .St. Lawrence, of the immense extent of excellent and fertile soil which it includes, and of its abundant streams of water, — but also, and more especially, because that part of our ilne country borders on the territory of our indus- trious neighbours, and must be traversed by the main lines of communication between the two countries, as by the Kailroad from Montreal to Melbimrnc on the St. ]''rancis, and from I^Ielbourne to Pijrtland on the Atlantic, and soon hereafter, we trust, by that from Melbourne to Quebec.'' These Townships contain, it is computed, 4,880,400 acres, capable, mostly, of being brought luider cultivation. The cxempticm of the Townships from Seignorial burdens, and the extensive water power possessed are named by the Committee as reasons for believing that they are destined to become the seat of manu- factures. Speaking of the comparative advantage possessed by the high lands over the lower, the Committee say, — " The trees stand far apart, and the land is cultivable, before the Sev 07 of a])Out ]jcs"ules n <ka oil the le climate, 'ownsliips, me, LSol) Assouibly, ;cttloinent, that great ctwceii the 1(1 between rmupshire, t. Francis, This vast he richest, of Lower than that extent of abundant ause that »ur indus- 11 hues of c Eaih'oad and from eaiter, we Viwnships mostly, of >n of the ive water easons for of manu- possessed ■—" The )efore the u 107 stumps are rotted out. They are likewise naturally drained, so that in the very lirst; year, after the labour of clearing is comi)leted, a crop may be raised, often the best they ever yield ; the soil makes a grateful and iiumediuto return to its pro|)rie- tor, for the preference by which he has distlui^-'nished it." — i^everal instances arc given of the success that has followed the efforts of settlers, (pp. 10-18.) The country lying between the Chaudiere and the Mara Hill highlands, Bouchettc describes as decidedly hilly, thouuh abounding with extensive flats and valleys. — "The land," he says, "generally rises in irregular ridges from the borders of the river, towards the rear, and at- tains, in general, a considerable elevation, at the distance of 10, 15 and 20 miles from the front, forming at its hei<'lit the verge of a broad and extended tract of table-laud of gentle descent towards tlie river St. John, beyond which it reascends again, and acquires a superior degree of altitude, towards the sources of the Allegash, merging in the range of highlands that are a continuation of the Connecticut range, stretching easterly, and winding round the sources of the rivers falling into the Atlantic, and those flowing into the St. Lawrence, and the St. John, in the opposite direction." This region is well-watered. Its chief rivers are, the St. John and its principal branches, the 3Iadawaska, Echimin, Du Sud, Lc Bras (a branch of the Du Sud), Ste. Anne, Oucllc, I)u Loup, the (Jreen lUver, Trois Pistolles, Biinouski, and the Great ]Mitis, and Matane ; its chief lakes, the Metapediae, Mitis, Teniiscouata, Long Ijake, and Eagle Lakes. (A'ol. I., p. olo, ol4.) The District of Gaspe is a pc^iinsulated tract of country, lying between 47° IS' and 41)° 12' Xorth, and ()4° 12' and 07° r)v>' West ; — bounded on the Xoi'th by the St. Lawrence, on the East by the Gulf, on the South by the Bay of Chaleurs, and on the West by the district line dividing it from Quebec. Its coast, extending from Gape Ghat to the head of Bistl- gouchc Ba}', comprehends, including the numerous bays which 108 indent it, ii space of about ooO miles. Its greatest width fronj north to .south is ahout r)0 miles. Speaking generally, the face of the countr\' in this district is uneven. In some places it is mountainous, with irregular valleys intersected by deep ravines intervening between them. 13ouchette states the mass of the lands to be, nevertheless, well adapted to agriculture. With the exception of some of the higher hills, that are thinly clad with a diminutive growth of timber, the country is, according to him, very well wooded, the forests chiefly consisting of maple, beech, pine, larch, white cedar, spruce, and hemlock. There is a deficiency of oak both as to quantity and quality. (Vol. I., 323, 324.) The Magdalen Islands, chiefly important on account of their fisheries, arc annexed to the district and county of Gaspe. The chief rivers of the district of Gaspe are the 3Iatan, the Ste. AnnC; and the St. John. The Matan, which falls into the St. Lawrence in latitude 48° 51' N., longitude 57° 33' W., takes its rise in the country to the north of the Notre Dame Mountains, and, with its tribu- taries, drains an area of 800 square miles. The Ste. Anne, which drains an area of over 300 square miles, enters the St. Law- rence in Lat. 49° 10' N., Long. GG° 28' W., eleven miles be- low Cape Chat. The St. John, which has at its mouth a wide open bay, occupying an area of from two to three square miles, falls into the bay of Gaspe in Lat. 48° 40' N., Long. G4° 30' W. It has four considerable tributaries. One of the most remarkable features of the Gaspe Penin- sula is the chain of Notre Dame Mountains, which varies in width from two to six miles, and in lieight from 2,000 to 3,778 feet. Of the general character of this range notice has already been taken. (See further Ceo. lleport for 1845— tO, pp. 99-110.) The rocks of this region Jire stated by Mr. Murray (lleport above referred to, p. HI) to be — 1. lied and irreeii Shales, black and dark-irreen Shales, with calcareous bands, and brecciatcd Limestone. width froiu his district li irroguhir vccii them. Dvcrthclcss, of some of Live growth cli wooded, )ine, larch, eliciency of 324.) Lint of their Gaspe. 3Iatan, the ill hititudc he country li its tribu- .nne, which 10 St. Law- n miles be- luth a wide uare miles, ig. 04° 30' «pe Pcnin- u varies in 2,000 to notice has 1845-4(5, ly (Report n Shales, ■^tone. 4 2. IMetamorphie Kcck.s nC tln' Xotrc Ihut!*' ?>l'!iiiii;iiiir'. 'J. (iaspe liinu'stone and Shalc^s. 4. (laspe Sandstones. ]>efore proceeding to tlie ct:tiisidevat!!)ii «tf llio Si;il. (Miniate and Natural Troduc-tions of (Vtuada, wo niu>t I'wr a i\ ',v mo- ments rcL-all the reader's attention to the St. ii-.iwrence. rmm Lake Ontario the liivor issues in '• so bi-oad and 'hcau- tiful a stream, tluit it assumes the appcavancc ot' a lake for 3!) miles, which is so singularly studded witli a multitude of islands, that it has I'oen denominated the T/drc of (lie Thou- sand Islands.'^ As ascertained by tlie surveyors ermloved in establishing the boundary, under tho Sixth Article of the Treaty of (Ihent, there are 1,()'.J2 of tliem, " forming an inex- tricable labyrinth of islands, varying in magnitu(h% siiape and aspect, and presenting the most extraordinary and pleasing vistas and perspectives, in which the rapid and magic combi- nations of the kaleidoscope seem naturally exhibited." The chief i'P.pediments to the navitration of the St. Law- rence are the llapids between Johnston and Cornwall (though the descent is on the whole only 75 feet in 30 miles), and at Lachine. It is, however, chief!}' in coming up that difficulty occurs, if not solely. The steamers, with which the Kiver is covered, pass down through the whole of them without troulile or danger. Nothing can well be more pleasant than the (Ex- citement produced liy the velocity with Avhieh the traveller finds himself hurried along tlirough the fuaming waters. In the beginning of June last I passed the Lachine llapids when the light was just departing, and in the midst of a trejnendons thunderstorm, accompanied with lightning tlie most vivid :\\\(\ with torrents of rain, j'he scene was one of tin; most sub- lime it luis fallen to my htt to witness. As we sh;d! see ly- and-by the dilficulty just adverted to is ove"v-omc ]>y canals, of which v>'e mav be (oruiven for I'eiiiLi' iiroud. Before reaching ?4oi)tveal, tlu> St. ]jawrenc(^ passes through the Lakes St. Francis and St. jicwi": which form exnai'.sion.s Hi) f it. Tliou'.rli (if luj 2To;it (1e[)tii, they " lonn r.u nrrrccablc varicfy, iiiucli luML!.lit('ii('(l l)_v the many pretty islajids scattered ;;])(Mit tlu'ia. St. I'l'aiicis is 'J.~> miles loii-j.- ly r)^ In'oa'l. Tlio slinrc- ill soiiic ji'i.iccs ai'e ii.ar-liw as tiny do imt rise iiiueli a!)(>ve tilt' level nt' tile watel". Si. Ijewi- is i'oi-.aeil at tliejuiie- lidii oi' ilie (Ottawa with tlie ;'t. La\\Teiie<' : it is ]'2 tiiiles Imii: !>V <» lu'diiil. i'eiW'i'eii t!ie-e Lake.- a sUil(le:i deellvity ill tile l)e'l of tiie ii\t'i', el)stiuete(l In' rneks ill suiiie jilaci's, and MMio[)e'] iiifit ea\ iiies at (itlie'.'s. |.riH|iu-es the iii(i>t siiiuular eoiu- iiKitioii called the Caseath's ; it is an e.\trai»i'diiiarv auitatiun of the waters preci[)itated with ureat velneity hetwei'ii tlie ishmds, which beiii^' re}»elled by the rucks and hollows iiiiderucath, the waves are thrown up in splierical fmures unicli a1)ove tlie sur- face, and driven with tli(.' utmost violence! back airain upon the current, e.\.hibitiuu; nearly {hv. same el]'ect as Avould be pro- duced by the most furious tempest." The Lake of the Two 3lo;intaiiis — an expansion of the (Jttawa, altout l!4 miles in lenuth and varyiiiu' from one to six in breadtii — " meri:os in a manner into Lake St. Jjouis. .At the coiitluencc of the two rivi'i's are the Islands of ^lontreal, i.-^Ie Jesus, Bi/arre, and j'errot." The Lachiiie Jiapid, iiotieed above (Sault St. Louis), is at the lower end of J^ake St. Jjouis. Jjakr; St. J'eters, '2') miles loii;;" and nine broad, with a group of islands which covers about nine miles of its western surface, is situated near William Jlenry, or Sorel, about 14.") uiiles below Montreal. At three I'ivers, 45 miles below William Henry, or Sorel, the tide of the St. Jjawrence ceases to hv. perceptible. At the iiielieiieu llapld, altout ")2 miles lurther down, the bed of the river is somewhat contraetcMi or (jbstructed by lar;>e ma.sscs oi'roci^, wliicii leave but a narrow eiaiiinel. from this siiot liu' height <il' the i)anks iiieit'ases on to Cape Idamond, the site (d' til!' I'ity of i^iu'iiee. ( ijoiichette, \ lA. L, pp. LVo-loT, Kil-h:!-.)* " From Cape Diamond," says liuuehette, " and f.om ].\,Int Levi on the south shore, oiio of the most strikinii,' panoramic views perhaps in the whole world offers itself to notice ; the (P- the I ngreoriblc .s scattci'i'd (.ad The risr iiuicli t tin.- jllllU- iiiiks lull;.; vity ill the laces, and L:uhir eoiii- u'itatiuii ol' he ishmds, •ncatli, the ^■Q the >sur- 1 iijiiiu the hi be pro- r tlii; Two : miles iJi lei'ues ill a )f the two arre, and ^t. Louis), 1 a <;roup 11 SLuTaee, les below 1 lleiu'v, ■reeptible. , the bed ;ie masses this sjtot . the site 1 00-107, liil J.'\wut aiioramic iee ; the 111 • asscmblai,'e of objects is s,) grand, ami thniiLih naturally, yet appear so artiticially contrasted with each other, that they iiiliiiile surprise with the u'r.itilicatioii oi' every beholder. The Capital risiiiii' amphithcatrieally to tlu; suiimiit (d' the Cape, — the river St. Charles flowiiii:' in a ser|ieiiline course, Ibr a great distance, through a fine valhy, aboundinu; in natiu'al beauties, — the Falls of 3Iontmorenci, — the i.-laii.l of Orhans, — and th(j well-cultivated settlements on all sides, Ibrm together ti coxp </\ri/ t]u\t might enter into competition with the most romantic. At Quebec the St. Lawrence is Loll yards wido, but the basin is two uiiles across and tlwvo miles a! d three- quarters long : from the basin the river contiiun's increasing in breadth until it enters the (lulf of the same name, where, from Cape Hosier to the [Mingaii settlement on the J.abrador shore, it is very near 1U5 miles wide." ( Ibid, Kio. ) The Island of Orleans divides the river just below (,)ucbec into two channels, the one to the south being that which is u.scd. About 25 miles below ()uel)ec the waters of the river begin to bo brackish, and become perfectly salt at Kamouraska, 75 miles lower down. Between the Island of Orleans and the Gulf there are a number of islands, one of the more important of which is the Bee, 153 miles from Quebec, where pilots are taken. The Traverse, where the Channel is contracted into a space of o20 yards, is met with beyond Kivicre du Sud. At its mouth the St. Lawrence is once more divided into two channels — to wit, by the Island of Anticosti, which is 125 miles long, Avith a breadth at its widest part of oO miles. (lb., 1G5-IG8.) " Taking into acc(mnt its beauty," says Mr. Buckingham, (p. 30), "as well as its length, the romantic passage among the Thousand Isles, between Kingston and Montreal, — the size of its Lakes, — the magnilicence of its Cataracts and llapids, from Niagara to the Chaudiere, Montmorenci, and Stc. x\.nne's, — and the gigantic scale (jf its opening into the sea, — the St. Lawrence is, beyond all question the most magnificent river in the world. Neither the Amazons, F 2 112 the riuta, nor the Orinoco of Soiitli America, the Missouri or the Mississippi of North America, tlie Ni;^('r ov the Nile of Africa, tiio (Jaiiues, tlic Imhis, the Tigris, or the Kupliratcs in Asia, or t!ie Danube, the iihino, or the \'istul:i in llurope, can citlu;r of them present so remarkable a combination of ob- jects of bea' iy and urandeur." SOIL OF CANADA. In a country of such extent as Canada, there "vvill, oi'course, be found considerable variety of soil ; but if the testimony of num who cannot but be admitted to ])e competent jud,ues is to be taken, its general character must be recoLiuised as standin,!'' very hi<j;h. To the incidental notice taken already of this point in the general description of tlie country, — which re- moves, we conceive, the necessity of any lengthened remarks now, — we would add a few extracts from the lieports of 31r. Hunt, the accomplished Chemical Associate of Mr. LoLian. For the Analyses of the Soils we refer the reader to the Reports (1840-5U, pp. 73-100 ; and 1851-52, pp. 100-111), as we shall conline ourselves to the general statements by which these arc accompanied. 80ILS OF CANADA EAST. Of three samples examined from St. Charles, jMr. II. says — " In their virgin state, the lands of this Seigniory consist prin- cipally of a light greyish or yellowish clay with reddish stains, often more or less mixed with sand and overlaid with a light black vegetable mould, averaging perhaps ten or twelve inches in thickness. The original growth was of hard wood, maple, elm, and birch, except upon small ridges of gravel occasionally met with, which are clothed with resinous trees. By tillage the soil gradually loses its blackness, partly from the decompo- sition of the vegetable matter, and partly froin the intermix- lissouri or ho Nile of plinitus in II MurupL', i(jii (if ob- ol' coiir.se, ■itiuioiiy of i'os i.s to be > standing ly of tliis -\vliicli re- 1 rcniarlvH •ts of .Mr. i0_iiaii. or to the 00-111), by which r. says — sist priii- sh stains, li a li<;ht 'e inches 1, maple, asionally '>y tillage ccompo- ntcrniix- ll: tare of the inferior clay. ^Faiiy of the firms have been cropped with wheat for thirty or forty years almost without alternation or fallowinL:-, and owiiiu- to this, and to the j-avages of the ily, have for a few years past yielded but comparatively inadequate returns. 'I'hey proilin-e, however, good croi)s of peas and oats, and the cultivation of timothy and clover has of late years been found very successful." Of the soils of St. llilaire, lie writes, "' the clavs whlt-h I saw in this Seignory seem much like those of St. Charles, but with a smaller admixture of sand. Around the base of the mountain the dchria of the decomposing trap, has made a band of gravelly earth well fitted for fruit and for those crops which rc([uire a light warm soil. The compact texture of th(>st> very heavy clays, washed by the waters flowing from the hill side, is such as to rerpiire thorough sub-soil draining, whi(di has been effected in admirable manner by the propriet<n', IVTajor Camp- bell, to whose kind courtesy I am much indebted, and whose cnliditened efforts are makiufr his farm a Tuodel to tlir district. Thus drained, the clays are f )und to yield excellent c-rops of wheat and clover, with peas." The soils of the Seigniory of Chand)ly, Mr. Hunt says, ^'are principally of a reddish clay, which, when exposed to the air, readily falls down into a mellow granular soil. In the places where I liad an opportunity of observing, it is underlaid at the depth of three or foui feet by an exceedingly tenacious blue clay which breaks ii'^o angular fragments, and resists the ac- tion of the Aveathcr. The upper clays constitute the wheat- bearing soils, and were originally covered with a growth of maple, elm, and birch.'' Distinguished from these by its covering of soft woods, principidly pine and tamarack, is a gra- velly ridge, of which he speaks, thickly strewn with gneiss and syenite boulders much worn and rounded, which '^ yields good crops of mai/(^ and potatoes, by manuring." The extra- ordinary fertility of the soil Is Indicated by the fact that there are fields of which 3Ir. H, was assured by the proprietors that they had *' yieblcd successive crops of wheat for thirty and 114 forty years, without manuvc atid almost without any cultiva- tioi)."' Til ri.'latiou to the hinds of St. J)i)iirnH(jno, where there is a j^reat ])rovaleii('e (jf peat — (nnv. tract extendiiin" live or six miles in one direction by tliree or lour iii another, with a depth of from two to six feet, and, as is reported, in some places even cipjhteen) — it is stated that wlicn brouLiht in Ity repeated hurn- intj:s, and plowinj.rs, "' a rieh mellow soil is obtained, which is unsurpassed for wheat, and yields at the same time line Tndian corn, })eas, and ixrass. Such arc many of the reclaimed lands of theSavanne, near to St. Hyacinth, wdierc from an original peat of four or live feet, the iinest farms have been made, yicldinii' rich timothy and clover, alternatina; with wheat and peas." The peat ash is described by 3Ir. Hunt as being, from its composition, a powerful fertilizer. " It contains more than two per cent, of gypsum, besides the alkaline sulphates and chlorids, carbonates and silicates of lime and magnesia, all substances eminently conducive to the growth of plants." The cla.vs of Ste. Anne do la Pocatierc raid the adioining parishes are " generally greyish or bluish, often stained with yellow a.nd red, and crund^le when exposed to the weather into a fine, mellow, and very fertile soil ; they are often un- derlaid by a heavy blue clay, and sometimes by beds of gravel and boulders, furnishing a natural drainage." '^ Over a large part of the district of Johnson, the almost horizontal strata of the calciferous sand-rock (passing in some cases into the overlying and underlying formations) arc covered with a layer of earth, generally from a few inches to a foot or two in thickness, which, notwithstanding its scanty depth, forms a rich arable soil, covered witli a fine growtli of hard wood. It is a sandy loam, and appears to have been entirely produced by the disintegration of the uiulerlying rocks, from which atmospheric waters have removed the calcareous ce- ment as pi: iV. pi: del SOI de >y ly cultiva- tlicre is a • six miles a depth of rtccs even ;itcJ burn- , \vliieh is ine Tndiaii med lauds 111 original 2cn made, wheat and as being, tains mure ! sulphates ignesia, all uts." adjoining ned with weather often im- beds of lie almost b in some re covered a foot or jy depth, |i of hard entirely [kfi, from Icous ce- ii:. »• SOILS 01' CANADA WKST. Itespocting tlu^ laud «»n the Grand Hivi>r, jlr. ITunt speaks as fulluws : — " It consists, in its uriginal state, of liiu' open plains, somewhat olevateil, and may be defined as extending from Gait down the river for about eighteen miles. These plains support a fine growth of oak remarkably irco from un- derwood, and are known by the name of ' oak openings.' The soil is a sandy loam, very uniform in its character, which at a depth generally of from two to six feet, is underlaid by a coarse gravel, thus affording a natural drainage. Tin.' crops of wheat obtained upon these lands are excellent, but wheat is seldom sown for two successive years ^ the fall grain is generally fol- lowed by a spring crop, and the field then sown down with grass or clover, and pastured for one or two years. Potatoes and root crops, as beets and turnips, succeed equally well upon these plains, which under a carefid system of rotation are very pnjduetive ; but it may be remarked that they would never endure the systems of tillage which are prac- tised upon the heavy clay lands of the valleys of the Richelieu and the Thames," IJesides the ordinary product of the farm yard, gypsum, which is found in great abundance in this vici- nity, is very advantageously employed as a manuri", especially for clover. Along the banks of the river, at a lower level than the oak openings, arc fine alluvial y?((/.s of a rich heavy mould, covered in their natural state with a rich heavy growth, principally of elm, beech, and maple. The soil of these flats is scarcely ada])ted to wheat, wliich grows too luxuriantly, and is apt to suifer from rust, but it produces abuuflantly all the other crops of the upland." " The rich alluvial fats of the vallov of the Thames ex- tend," Mr. Hunt says, "from the north branclnd" l^ear Creek, on the north, to near Lake Erie on the ,<uuth, constituting a large portion of tho Western i'eniiivula. Th'^ land is quite 1(!V('], nn'l ri'(|nlr('s (Iniinin^ tomalccit lit fovsucrc'ssfiil culture. Tlu).<iiil iii.iy bo descrilx'd as a ricli hluck mould, •rliidi aloiij:; tho Thaiiu's is i'lDiii >i.v in U'w iiiclu'S dco|i, but near Ikar Crock is said to be very ituicli lliicki'r. Tiiis, at the jilac-cs where I examined it upon the baidcs of the 'J'hamos — (^coiitiuues 31 r. Hunt) — rests upon a yel- lowish or _ii;reyish clay, — ol'ten containim; abundance ol' smalj shells, — which by exposure to the air darkens and crumbles down into a nu'llow ^uranular soil. In some ■sections seen near to tlie village of (.'hatham, this clay was about four feet in thickness, and was underlaid by a uiore or less sandy loam, regularly stratitied, while beneath at about ten feet from the surface, appeared a teiuicious blue clay. The onlinary tillage rarely brings up the lighter sub-soil, but a plan of deep plowing has lately been adopted by some of the farmers with excellent results. The wheat sown u))on the black mould grijws too luxuriantly, and is disposed to rust, tendencies which are arrested by an admixture of the clay. Tiiere are tields near the river, in the Township of Kaleigh, which I was well assured had been cropped with wheat for thirty or forty years, Avithout manuring, and with very little attention to crop or fallowing, and yet these still yield very fair returns. Upon the best-conditioned laiuls thirty-eight to forty, and even forty-two bushels of wheat to the acre, are ob- tained in good seasons. Hemp has recently been tried with much success. The ncAvly cleared lands are frequently lirst sown with In- diau corn, which grows luxuriantly, and preferring as it does a light open soil, succeeds perfectly well in the richest moulds. The cro])S of oats and barley are also very line, potatoes suc- ceed well, and niangel-wurtzel and carrois are beginning to be cultivated for the feeding of >^tnck. The natural growth of these lands is oak, elm, with black walnut and whitewood trees of enormous size ', the black wal- nut timber is already becoming a (Kinsidorable article of export. f li culture, ill aloiiu; ciiv JJcar 10 banks 11 a }cl- laiuo of :eii.s and [u KOIUU liis clay y fi more at about ly. The 11, but a lie of the Lipuu the to rust, lie clay. Ualeigh, heat for evy little eld very -eitrht to , are ob- icd ■with with In- it doe.s a moulds, toes suc- iig to be th black ack wal- f export. Fine ^Toves of suL:ar maitle arc also met with, iVoiii which large iiuaiititios of suirar iwo annually made." 5 " Near the niuuth (*f tlu» I'liana iiid >l;irtinL: the bor' w hi.l I IS th ders of [^ake Si. <'luir, iy in extensive prairie supposeil to ( vi'V abonJ /Jl»,M(M) inns." Its natural m'nwtli consists of ''suit in.iple, >YaIn(l^ and elm, with occasion- al willows, v.hich arc seen springiiiii; up here and there in copses, with tlnuMis." In some places there is a cnarse sedge, In others a stoiit-jointcd grass, st)inetime,s attaining the heiulit of three feet, which '• nudu s 'joimI ha\ and itasturatio for the half-wild pniicys which feed in great numbers upon these prairies." These lands are liable to overflowing in si»ring. Mr. Hunt states that though tlie cultivation of grass luis been "too much neglected ;" "clover has bi'cn a few times tried, and great crops obtained." A judicious use oi' lime w*»iild, hi> thinks, be of service in correcting the too grt'at richness oi' the soil in vegetable matter. In 3ir. Hunt's opinion, the ditVerent soils of the I'n.vince may be '' comprehended, with i'ew exceptions, in .six groups, which are as follows : — 1. [Marine clays of the St. Lawrence valley, sometimes cal- careous. 2. Clays of the A\'estcrii basin, also calcareous in part, and probably lacustrine. 3. Drift from the crystalline rocks of the north, which in the western portions of the I'rovince, is in some parts intermixed with the detritus of the Silurian formation. 4. Drift and <hl>n's derived from the Metaniorphic rocks of the Eastern Townships. 5. Soils produced ])y the disintegration of tlie red Slates displayed on the south shore of the St. Lawrence below Quebec. 0. Soils from the disinte<>'ration of the calcareous Sandrock, occupying some portions of the Johnstown District." 118 J. 1 M A T E C) F C A N A I) A. So many causes coiitrlbuto to modify climate, that a correct idea of it in any particular rc^i(jn can never be tratliercd from mere latitude. For a general f^tatemcnt of tlicso see Ilum- bolt's Cosmos, V^ol. I., pp. :525, o2() (Bolin). The limits to wliicli wo feel ourselves confined, forbid our attemptinir more than such a notice of leadinsj; facts as mny put it in the power of the in(elli;j:;ent reader to form a fair idea for himself. With this view we beg to present him, in the first place, with the following Table extracted from the Canadian Al- manac (3iaclear k Co.'s, formerly Scobie's), for 1855, p. 28. Alcan J7('su/ts of Jf(t('arolo(/ica/ OJjy.rrrafinns at >SV. Martin, Js/c Jcsits (1) miirs/'rom JJontrcitl), fur lS5o, r<nni)il<<l from T<(!>/('s pi(hlisi'ic(l hj Dr. Sniailicood in " Canadian Juur- naV .— Month. Therinonielor. S"^ H 0; ?3 3- H Haronietor. I si > B January... Februjiiy . March April May June July Aujrust Hei)teml)er October ... Novoniber Doconibcr. Mean •llZ.S'.l 10.08 10.30 2'). 08 41.30 ')0.34 OS.Otj 08.01 OS.Ol 58.01 43. 37 1 31.00! 10.50 42.0 43.0 o7.0 bO.O »7.'J Oo.i 00. :: 04. u O'J.O 01. 41.0 -28.7 70.7 -18.0 01.0 - 0.0 03.0 21.0 50.0 30.0 57.0 30.0 00.2 40.5 39.0 43.3 42.0 27.3 00.7 23.0 40.5 00.0 Ol.O -21.5 1 02.5 57.0 20. 29. 29. 20. 20, 29. 29. 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 757 30. 054130. 584 1 30. 654129. 044 30. 048 '30. 479,29. 598 129. 325129. 500 20. 037; 30. 450 29. 29.578 382 089 202 905 103 070 795 913 052 853 147 793 28.035 28.938 28.902 28.735 29.302 29.277 29.115 29.004 28.911 29.113 28.930 28.843 — to 1.747 1.151 1.300 1.230 0.801 793 0.080 0.049 0.741 0.740 1.217 0.950 1.000 The following additional particuhfs are from Dr. Sinallwood's own lleport in the Canadian Junrna/, April, 185-i: (the article wh'Mico the above is derived) : — b i\ correct icrcd from see Ilum- 1 limits to ptiiig more tlic power elf. first place, wdiaii Al- 55, p. 28. /. Martin, piled from dian Jour- a ■^ to 9021 .7:55 ).802 .277 .115 .004 .011 ).113 .980 i.843 1.717 1.151 1.300 1.230 0.801 793 0.G80 0.049 0.741 0.740 1.217 0.950 1 1.000 alhvood's \\Q. article \ I ! 11!) The Mt'dif Ihnnidili/ (saturation being 1-000) v> as in J any., 1)09; February, IXMl; March, ssl ; April, So!^ ; 3Iay, Sl)5 ; June, 7-">'.> ; July, ~'1~ ; Auiiust, 741 ; HcptiMiibcr, s;)l ; Oc- tober, S5') ; Novenibur, T*'""^; Dccenibor, 7.V.'. 'i'lu; yc:irly mean was •^l.) U'liu fell on 1'!) (lays, aiuouiitinu to -14-l^Ul imln's, wmX was acc'oniDanicil bv tluinder and li'.'.litninu" on 17 davs. The iLrreatest amount observed fell in Sopti'inbci', l)t'Liinninu' 3.10 >).ni. of the I Itli, and continuiiiLi' till ").!<> j).!)!., — the (piantity reachinu' .rld^ inches. >Snoir fell on .■>7 days, amountiiiij; to 110-81 inches on the surface. The lirst snow of the winter ls:)2-;J fell on the 17th Oct..ber, lsr)J • the last, 14th April, 185o. The wh(»le amount of snow during- the winter was 111)-10 inches. The river Jesus was frozen on the LJSth day of November. The last steamer left 3Iontreal (On the St. Lawrence) on the 7th December ; the iirst steamer arrived at 3Ioutreal on the 15tli of .\pril, 7V/r' (iinoinit of i ropordtinii was measured regularly from the 1st of A}>ril to the olst of October, and amounted in April to 1-SO inches ; 31ay, 2-')! ; June, )>-41; -July, '^\.\)'^ ) August, .'MO ; September, 'l-'l'-\ ; and October, '1?>\. TItc mntsf jir(i-<diiit MIdiI during the year was \V.S."\\'. ; the Icdsf iiriT(d( iif was the J']ast. In the ^\'inter (piarter the most prevalent wind was N.K. b}'!-]., and the least S. ; in the Spring (juarter the most pi-e\al('nt was N.l-]., the least s(j S. ; in the Summer (piarter the most jn'cvalent was ^\^S.^\^, and the least N. ; in the Autumn (piarter the most })r('valt'nt was W.NAV'., and the hast I']. The greatest velocity of the wind was on VlU; I Itli of 3Iareh, and was iJ^-OO miles per hour. — 'idle yearly mean of tlu; maximum Acloelty was 1")-'>1 miles per hour ; the yearly mean of the minimum \cloeity ^vas ()-."J2 miles per hour. The ([uaiteily means were as follows : Winter, ^la.viiuuni veL>eity, 1 7-*.>-) ; miiiiraum, O-l!."). Spring — ?4axi- muni, lli-.i-' ; minimum, <i-S 1. Suminei" — 3Iavimum, i 1 -Jo ; minimum, Vr'l\). Autumn — .Maximum, 10- 1^^ ; minimum, 0-18. "J 20 (Vo?/v; wore first .«ccn on tho ITth 3Iure1) ; Wild (leesc, Anscr (/(CiKin'i /ii<i.<, oil t]i(3 .'U)t,li (lay of 3Iarcli : Swallows, IIiriiii(J(> rii/d, on tlio 1st April. Shad, .l/o.sv/, v^-ere first cau<i;lit ill tliis rioiuliljourliood on the oOtli 3Iav ; r'ire-flics, Lainpi/rU Coru^'Ci, were seen on the lOth day of June; Frogs, Rdiia, were first heard on the 2)>rd of April. The Aurora Borealis was vi.siblc on ?A) nights. The atmosphere has dalfi/ afforded indications of electricity varying in intensity, and land ; the highest tcm'ion has been (jtncrallu noticed in the "Winter season. From the Tables whicli follow, compiled from those pub- lished by the Provincial Observatory, Toronto, (under the Su- perintendence of Professor Chorviman,) an idea may be formed of the climate of Canada West. They have a reference to the same year, ajid are copied from the ('(tniulidii Ahmuiof for 1H55 : — Thkumometkr. Month. January .. February . March April May Juno •iuly August .... Septeiuber Octobor ... Novcinl)cr December Mean 3 OS u a> H 28.08 24.or) ;;o.()5 41. '.)2 50.87 (i5.4') <i5.(;o (',8. (11 58.81 44.40 r,8.r)8 25.82 44.78 9 i.'- — l.'tO +o.(;t) -1-0.42 -1-0.78 — O.-Tl -j-4.44 —0.81 -{-2.45 -I-0.7'.) i— 0.5;} j+2.17 —1.4;} -0.55 =^<i —9.8 -10.0 —9.5 —8.;-} —7.2 -fO.9 — ;s.i H-o.i —2.7 —9.4 —4.5 -10.7 -0.2 *- 3 1-. a 40.9 4:]. 4 50. ;j 05.7 78.4 89.5 91.;) 94.9 85.5 01.7 55.0 40.4 —9.7 —1.4 —0.1 25.0 82.2 39.2 41.0 42.5 m;5.9 2;J.4 12.8 —8.4 o O o 50.0 14.10 40.0 44.8 14.40 35.4 50.4 14.82 20.0 40.7 14.07 28.8 40.2 14.19 24.4 50.;; 19.77 82.8 49.7 2;}. 80 30.7 52.4 21.41 39.1 51.0 18.42 32.2 41.;} 20.51 81.5 42.8 i;].oi 27.0 5f.8 14.14 24.7 18.47 10.8 ; Swallows, , Ave re first ; l-'ire-flics, ' of Juno ; if electricity un lias been L tliose pub- ider the Su- ly be formed X'ferencc to tr; ^ O 4.10 4.40 1.H2 4.07 10 77 i.80 41 '.42 ■)1 i.Ol il.l4 ;.8 o 40.9 35.4 20.0 2H.8 24.4 32.8 30.7 30.1 82.2 31.5 27.0 4.7 I 121 Bakomkter. All Month. January .. February.. !Marcli April May June July August September October ... November. December Mean 20.7121 20.5824 20.5533 20.5080 20.5070 20.0175 20.0552 20.5007 20.0421 20.0485 20.7021 20.5084 20.0200 30.315 20.037 30.1<;8 20.074 30.074 20.082 20.010 20.850 20.000 30.000 30.270 20.084 28.053 20.074 28.802 28.085 20.213 20.205 20.274 20.300 j 28. 040 28.085 '20.150 ! 28. 052 1.002 0.8(;;! 1.270 0.080 0.801 0.717 0.032 0.550 1.053 1.081 1.111 1.032 0.980 .82 .82 .81 .80 .80 .70 .70 .74 .70 .75 .81 .81 70 0.110 0.117 0.145 0.212 0.207 0.401 0.425 0.513 0.300 0.223 0.201 0.122 0.08 0.71 0.59 0.40 0.57 0.43 0.34 0.47 0.53 0.49 0.74 0.75 0.271 0.57 WlM). Kain. Month. Mean Mean Vclo. Aninunt, UiHi'iHrnco Diiortiou. (miles.) l^iuchfS). Av(.Ta|.'L'. January N. 27. W. 0,34 0.200 1.535 Febnuxry.... X. 40. W. 7.20 1.030 -{-0.023 March N. 02. W. 5.87 1.080 0.481 April N. 12. W. 5.20 2.025 -1-0.023 IM'iy \. 20. W. 5.14 4.420 + 1.534 June N. 14. W. E. 14. S. 3.70 1.550 0.015 1.532 Jllly 2.720 August E. 01. S. 4.23 2.575 —0.415 September. . N. 5. E. 4.30 5.140 -^. 0.830 October W. 2. S. 4.72 0.875 2 108 November... N. 1. E. 5.52 2.425 —0.028 December... N. 38. W. 4.08 0.025 0.044 Mean X. 38. W. 5.08 23.550 8.070 Amount of ^^uow. Xn. of Fair Da vs. 12 7.1 1.0 Inapp. Inapp. 21 9 17 19 i:; 21 21 20 18 19 9 14 204 The particulars which follow are from Professor Chcrriman's Ilog'ister (for the same year), — contained in the C'lnndian Journal for 31arch, 1)^54 — the source of the above. 122 The mean Temperature for the year LSoo has been above the average of the previous twelve years by O-')'), the months of January, Ma}', July, Octuber, and J^ecenibor havii n; been b('l<.)\v, and the reniaininu' months above the corresponding^ average temperature. The hottest month was August, and the coldest January, Avhich is an exception to the normal curve where these months are July and February. The month of August is the hottest in the wlujle series of years, e.vcept July 1S.")0. The climatic difference, or the dif- ference between the hottest and coldest months, is 45-G, being 2"0 greater than the average. The range of temperature dur- ing the year has been lOl-G, occurring from — \)° ."J on the mornin2; of January lOtli to 04°. 1) on the afternoon of Aun-ust 11th, this latter being the highest temperature ever recorded at tlie Observatory. The hottest day was August 12th (70°. S), and the coldest Dec. 29th (2°.4j ; the dillereiice between these being 77°. 4. The greatest daily range occurred on January l.")th^ amounting to 40°. 0, Avhile the mean daily range on the average of the whole year Avas, 10°. 0. The Indian Summer was well defmed from 12th to 20th October. The nuniber of thunder storms during the year has been 34, of which the most occurred in June and kSeptember ; none at all in November, January, and February. Of these, there were only six remarkabh^ for violence. The most violent was on 14th Septcndjcr, during ten minutes of Avhich the wind at- tained a veloi-lty of 4G'S miles per hour, the greatest ever re- corded here. During the year there have been 2.'):) nights, the state of which Avould have perniiited Aurora to have been seen if it existed. On 57 of these Aurora was actually observed. The most brilliant di-plays occurred from .May 28th to June 1st ; from July 8th to 1 2th ; on August 2r)th ; and from Septem- ber 1st to od. This latter was visible not only over most of the Continent, but also in Europe, presenting the same cha- I race dist T two doii we Oh dar nil \\ e> ferei 44tli 3cn above lie montlis ivii j:; been ■es^)()i)diii<i; st, !i!ul tlic •iii;il curve le series of jr the tlif- 5-0, being •iiture dur- '.7 on the of August ' recorded ho coldest ing 77°. 4. UMounting lue of tlie th to 20th luis been jer; none ese, there tolent was wind at- t ever re- state of seen if it ed. The une Tst ; Septeni- r must of ame clia- ii 1 23 ractcristics. All these were accompanied by great magnetic disturbance. The reader must bo loft to compare these Tabks from the two ends nf the Province for himself, as space forbids our doing it. C(juld we have presumed so nnich on his patience, we should have liked to pi'escjit a set of similar Tables of Observations made bv Dr. Craiuie at Hamilton ; but all we dare further venture upon are a few extracts from Professor Hind's very admirable " Comparative A'iew of the Climate (jf Western Canada," — premising that his statements have a re- ference to that portion of the I'roviuee which lies south of the 44th parallel of latitude, " The ameliorating influence of the Great Lakes upon the Winters of AVestern Canada, will aj^pear upon inspection uf the subjoined Table, containing the mean AVintt'r tempi-ratures of various localities situated on their shores, and at considera- ble distances from them, towards the East and AVest : riac(>s. Council BlufTs. Fort ("nnvl'ord Fort lioAvtu'«l.. Toronto Lowistoii iloclicjtcr Utioa All)any Concord Latiiu'lf, o 41.2--) 4:!.:'. 44.40 4r!..^0 4:;. 10 4;J.8 4:]. 7 42.;30 4a. 12 A\ iiitiT Teiupuiviturc I'.I.H'.I 18.8 25..-. I ,",0.02 27..-> 24.8 2(;.o Xo. i.f ( >)ist rviiti'iii^ ill Vt'iirs A]>|irn\iiiiato .Mtaii. >> 4 10 ID 14 17 10 r^ ! 7, I o - I 2U.-3 27.07 24.4 It is shown in the followinor Tables, that the intensitv of occasional low temperatures is also greater at localities situated at some distance to the East or West of the Lakes, than within a few miles of their shores; and also, that a ditlerence of one, two, or even three degrees of latitude to the South, does 124 not :ilVuct tiii.-^ Judicial l;i\v. Though lowering; tendencies cxi.si, ill AVesterii Canada at a distance of 20 to oO miles from the Lakes, since the distance of the most inhmd portion of the country is not more than 50 miles from Lakes Huron, Erie, or Ontario, their warming- influence will still be felt there, though in a less degree than on tlieir shores. Tabic of Minhnuin Wintrr Tcmjicra/urai, o/j^crvrd af var- inns Plnvi's, Last, West, and on the shores of the Lal'ct), (1849) .— Names of I'laces. u W o -i Rochester Jjcwiston . Toronto .. Latituilo. f Albany, N.Y Liunbertville, !s'..T. Beddetovcl, ]\Ie. ... Frovidence, 11.. I . - Muscatine, la. o 48.07 48.09 48.89 •12.89 40.2:5 48.31 41.49 41.30 Jannar}'. Feliruary. 9 — 7 4 — 4 — 9 10 — 7 • » f > 8 n 19 — 4 1 00 Dl'dlullT. 2 18 —12 To the East and AVest of the Lakes (especially in the latter direction), higli Summer means of temperature are invariably associated with low AVinter means. Compare the following : riaccfi. Latitude. Winter Moan. Sprincc .Mean. Summor Mean. Autumn Moan. Toronto Hudson 48.89 41.15 41.26 41.28 48.03 43.31 41.50 42.02 25.33 25.70 25.80 24.28 20.69 20.81 24.81 27.G2 41.01 48.20 49.90 51.('0 48.25 44.67 45.39 45.10 04.51 09.20 09.00 75.81 72.38 67.97 07.80 07.33 47.41 40 40 Muscatine 49 30 Council Bluffs Fort Ci'awfoid Fort Winnebago Fort Dearborn Detroit 52.40 48.09 46.10 47.09 47.75 I ncics exi.si. 's from the ion of the II, Ev'w, (ir re, though "(7 at var- tJic Lahci), Decemlicr. 2 (i - G ]H - 7 7 -12 1 the latter invariahly jllowing : Autumn Mean. 47.41 46.40 49.30 52.46 48.09 46.10 47.09 47.75 3 -'f I' f - 125 We can a<M onlv the lulluwInLf Tabic of' ill" Mrd II iSmnmrf Ti mjirra/urc.^ <tt ni rians hjcall fits til J'Jiinijtc, comiKtrcd with fliosr of Taionto. 'I'oroTilo Berlin (Kuropc) Chorlxjiirg Penzance Greenwich Cheltenham u ii Toronto Paris.... Fraiikfurt-on-the-.Maiiie Berlin London Cherbourcr , Menu t-'uiiinu'r Tt niji, o (VI f)] CM) (il-S Go-ss liO-04 Mi:in Toiup. nf tha IlotUst Moi.tiii-. (Hi- 54 ()( ;■():: (KMMI (U4 04-1 o;]-2 The foregoing Tables should, we think, be sufficient to con- vince the intelligent reader, that Canada has got, instead of a very terrible, a very fine climate — one that will bear a not un- favourable comparison with the most admired. Professor Hind holds the climate of Canada West to be su- perior to those portions of the United States lying north of the 41st parallel of latitude, in mildness ; in adaptation to the growth of certain cereals; in the uniformity of distribution of rain over the agricultural montlis ; in the humidity of the at- mosphere ; in comparative immunity from spring frosts and summer droughts ; in a very favorable distribution of clear and cloudy days, for the purposes of agriculture ; and in the dis- tribution of rain over ]nany days ; as also in its salubrity. In the following points ho regards it as ditlering favorably from that of Great Britain and Ireland, viz-, in high summer means of temperature ; in its comparative diyness ; and in the serenity of the sky. '' In point of .salubrity," says Bouchette, ^' no climate in the 120 world c'lu porliap.s hv foiiiid to exceed tliat of Canada, Nvliudi is iiol n\\]y a sti'aiijicr naturally fo roiit!i;iL'OUS disorders or fatal epidemics, IniL e.\{rt';;K'l3- coiidueive to lon<:ovit}." (\'ol. Is!-, p. -> If.) " After two ycni's' roidciiccin rp]»ei' CaiKKl;:," say> ( onirlay, " 1 am iiirjiiicd (u [hluh tlic world do(!s iK»t contain a sjiot more lu'ahliy, or altoLii'tlicr ni(»!'e desirable as to elimute and si>il." (\'ol. 1st, p. I Id.) ''The cliniat(! of Ui)per Canada," Talbot declares. Vol. 2d, p. l-")7, " although veri;in^' towards the extremes of lieat and cold, is very iiiu'. luLzhly favourable to the iirow'tli of i:;rain,and th(> production cd' the linest fruits." NATlTtAL IMlODrCTIOXS 01- CAX.\{)A. The min^'ral products of Cainula have been already noticed, possibly at too ureat length, ihoujili we trust tlu'ii' importance will be held to justily the attention bestowed mi them. Tn connection with (he Lieneral descrijition of the \arious portions of tlu; euuntr\', as also of its soils, the })roducts of our forests, and our leadins;' agricultural products have been brou<;ht into view. ]>oth of these will come up before u,s a^^ain, when deal- inu; with the subjects of Auriculture and (^omniercc. (Jn these accounts we shall confine ourselves here to points not already touched on, and not coining' naturally under any of the topics remaining to be considered. The following are aimnig the more common fruits, though all do not succeed e(juall3' well in every ])art of the country, viz.: — Apples and pears in great variety (70 varieties of the former, and oO of the latter, were exhibited by 3Ir. (i. Leslie, of Toronto, at the Agricultural .Show in IS.j^) ; peaches, nec- tarines and grapes, of which JJouchette states that they seem to have I'ound tluMr native soil in the Niagara district ; cherries, plums, and currants succeed in every part of the country, and gooseberries in not a few ; strawberries also thrive well 3 apri- cots may likewise be named. bi na wi do( ma ras Th eve in 1 ah in ane bca 1' the 1 j flow 1 are i ront i t flow j traoi purj- ;i, ^YliK•ll is .'vs (•!■ fatal ' (AM Ist, vs ( Miiirlay, n sjiot iiiorc L' and soil." ..^, A'ol. 2.1, (.{' heat aiul \[' oraiii,an(l vDA. ;uly iioticod, ■ iui}tovtanee tln".u. Tn uus portions our forests, uiiLiUt into Avhcii (leal- (Jn these lot already the topics ts, though le country, tics of the (r. licslic, aches, nee- f they seem t ; cherries, juntry, and well; apri- 12; kSar.saparllla., spikenard, t^old thread, elecampane, lobelia, blood-root, Lrinsenii", iind snake-root are named by Gourlay as natives of Upper Canada; also spearmint, liyssop, wormwood, winter-green, water-cresses, penny-royal, catnip, plaintain, bur- dock, li(jrehound, motherwort, mallows, ini'l uiaiiy other aro- matic and medicinal plants. lie mentions also elder-berries, raspberries, blackberries, whortle-berries, and cran-berries, Tlie juniper is likewise common, h^unflowers are met with everywhere, and splendid specimens of the castor-oil plant in many places ; one of the former about ten feet high, with a head 18 inches in diameter, was exhibited by ^fr. (I. Leslie in 1852. Tomatoes abound over the country, with melons and srpuishes in great variety. Dwarf, French, and kidney beans " come to maturity with remarkable rapidity, and arc at the same time very prolific." (Professor Hind.) The saf- flower, according to Professor Ilind, attains dimensions which are rarely equalled even iu Turkey, where it is largely grown. An article in the CdiiaJkui Journal for October, 1852, dc-* scriptive of the Exhibition which had just been held in To- ronto, closes with these words, — " the display of fruit, and flowers, and vegetables exhibited in a uiarked manner the ex- traordinary adaptation of the climate of this country to all the purposes of horticulture." A list of indiuenous plants found in the neiuhbourhood of Hamilton by Dr. Craigie and 3Ir. W. Craigie, is given in the Canadian Journal for April, 1851 (with their times of flower- ing), which contains over oOO species or varieties. Though belonging perhaps more properly to the Natural His- tory of the country, the following may be allowed a place here. In an article by Mr. W. Couper, contained in the Canadian Journal for August, 1853, the undermentioned butterflies arc named, with their times of appearing, to wit, — Camberwell beauty (we give only the common names), the black swallow- tail, clouded sulphur, orange comma, grcy-vined white, tiger swallow-tail, small copper, black skipper, small spotted meadow brown, spring azure, the arehippus, pearl-border fritillary, G 128 banded purple, ]>altlinore iVitillaiT. Of niotlis he spoeifics the great Satiiriii:!, Safiinini J*o/i/p/ii mus, Saturnia Prom.r- tlieus, ghost motli, royal tiger, hurt" leopard, twin-eyed luiv/k moth, panther, silver spotted hull', zebra lunvk moth, grey hawk moth. Dr. ("ottle, of AVood^:toek, in an article in the Cunadian >^ Jituriutl for A])ril, LS54-, suggests the probability of obtaining silk from the Sotuniut. Poh//)Jicniiis, the S<itnriiiii CccrojnOj the Satnrnia Promctlwa , and the Saturnia LmKt, provided proper attention were directed to them. George Allan, Esq. (the respected ^layor^of Toronto), enu-' mcratcs (^Canadian Journal, jMarch, ]S;j:>) the following land birds, met with by himself, as wintering in the neighbourhood of Toronto, viz., bald-headed eagle, snowy owl, liorned owl, barred or grey owl, little horned owl, pigeon hawk, American shrike, Canada jay, blue jay, pine grosbeak, crossbill, pine lin- net, the lesser red poll, the goldfinch, the titmouse, the tree sjiarrow^, the snow bunting, the hairy woodpecker, the downy v»'oodpccker, the red-bellied nuthatch, the cedar or cherry bird, the European wax-Vt'ing, the rulHcd grouse, the spruce grouse, and the (juail. Dr. Ilodder has two interesting articles in the Canadian Jawr/mZ (April, 1853, and May, lS5o), on poisonous plants found in the neighbourhood of Toronto ; but wo can do nothing more than direct the readei-'s attention to them. Of the inhabitants of the forest, Gourlay enumerates the elk, the moose, the wolf, the bear, the wolverene, the wild cat or Canadian lynx, the catamount or tiger cat, the common deer, the otter, the mink, the fisher, the martin, the racoon, the wood-chuck or ground hog, the Canadian porcupine, the skunk, the weasel, the ermine or white weasel, the Canadian hare, and four species of squirrels, besides the bison and the bufialo, which have, he is disposed to think, withdrawn them- selves, and the beaver, which, he conceived, might still be in the country when he wrote. (Vol. 1st, pp. 157-1(39.) Among birds he names (besides some which we omit, as as 120 specifies cJ luiv/k oth, j;vcy Janadhtn ^ obtaining Ccrrojna, l)rovidc(l nto), enu-' iwing land libouiliood orncd owl, Aniericjiu 1, pini3 lin- c, the tree the downy hcrry bird, ce grouse, Canadian lous plants I do nothing :nerates the 10 wild cat ic common [he racoon, [upine, the |e Canadian [on and the [•awn them- still be in [) ^e omit, as havin" been alroadv mentioned) the wll turkey, 1*»* wiM goose, wild ducks, the ('itiiii(ll<in parfn'tfi/r, the dtfuuJ^mr rubin, the lni»n, the whippor-will, the mockinu' bird, the .•^awy**', the swan (rare, Init seen and taken (Hi the luari^in ni' Lake l'!rif ., the heron, and the (Atnadinn inrfcixi, with a nvimber of larka not, however, including the proper skylark. (Ibid., pp. JTl- 175.) The sturgeon, mosquenonge, lake salmon, salmon trout, trout, white ti.-di, pike, pickerel, bass, perch, cat fish, eel pout, dace, chub, mullet, carp, sucker, dog fish, bull li.^h, lamprey, silver eel, herring and sun-fish are described by the same writer as Ibnnd in our waters. (Ibid, pp. 175-18-.) In concluding the Physical portion of our essay, to pas.s on to the Economic and the Social, a word or two may be allowed (and beyond this wo shall not go) in relation to CANADTAX SCEXKllV. The sublimity of Niagara will be admitted by every one pos- yessing a heart, who looks upon it ; ami the sur})a.ssing beauty of the Thousand Isles. While, however, these may claim the pre-eminence, they are far from standing alone. To say nothing of our Lakes (than a sail on which, on a fine summer's day, nothing can well be more delightful), our river scenery will vie with that of any country I have seen. Even with the scenery of the Ottawa, neither that of the 3Iississippi nor the Missouri is to be compared. The (J rand Kiver exhibits much beauty, especially in the neighbourhood of Paris and Gait, and between these two places on the south side. The spring and summer vlcvs in the neighbourhood of Dundas are exhila- rating in a high degree ; and that from Hamilton 3Iountain transporting. It would not be easy to find language which would justly describe the scenery of the St. Francis, the lli- chelieu. Lake Memphramagog, the Yamaska, the Hills of Dunham, with many other portions of Lower Canada. Let a man of taste pass over the country, and his eye and his heart will drink in delight everywhere. Who that has only once seen 130 our forest.^ In nutuinn will lose the rocolloetlon of them ? But I must t^)rbcai'. ('aniidii Is, and I have seen the greater part of it, emphatically a beautiful country. Buckingham thus speaks of a sunset witnessed by him on the St. Lawrence (Hth hjeptember, 1S40) between Quebec and Montreal : — " The su?iset upon the river was one of the rich- est and most beautiful that wc had for a lonj; time witnessed, and would bo thouiiht an exajjjgeration if faithfully depicted on canvass. I remendjcr nothiiiir in the 3Iediterrunean or tho Indian Ocean equal to it; and only one sunset superior, which was that seen amid the forests of Tennessee, in the autumn of the last year." (1G2, 1(33.) Wc take a low and unworthy view of it if we regard the/ beauty which the God of Nature has scattered so profusely around us, merely as a source of enjoyment ; though it bo that — and a source of it, too, in perfect harmony with our ra- tional nature — it is an important means of moral, not to say spiritual improvement, when used aright. Be it ours, then, while drinking in the joy which it inspires, to realize tho higher benefits of which it is designed as the vehicle. 131 n But art of m on the boo and tlic ricli- itnesscd, picted on 11 or tlio or, "wliicli utuiun of }rjard tlio*^ profusely .i<:;li it bo th our ra- iiut to say Lirs, then, aUzG the P A 11 T SECOND. E C X 3[ I C . By hist Census, taken in the bejjjinning of 1852, the popu- hition of United Canada was shown to bo 1,842,205, — to which number it had risen from 50 persons in 1G22 — 1-4 years after the establishment of Champlaiu's colony at Quebec, and 87 after the discovery of the country by Cartier. The follow- ing Table, copied (with a single correcction, and an addition from Mr. McGregor,) from the American Statistical Annual for 1854 (p. 470), exhibits the rate of increase from 1070, as presented by what are recognised as the best authorities : Lower Canada. Upper Canada. 1070, 8,415 1825, 423,050 1770, .about 200 1834, 320,093 1088, 11,24'J 1827, 471,870 1701, less tliau 1830, 372,502 1700, 15,000 1831, 511,022 50,000 1830, 407,505 no'i, 20,000 1844, 090,782 1811, 77,000 1841, 405,357 1714, 20,004 1847, 714,382 1824, 151,007 1842, 480,055 1750, 05,000 1848, 708,334 1825, 158,027 1848, 723,292 1784, 113,000 1851, 800,261 1830, 210,437 1851, 952,004 1800, U nitecl Ca- 1832, 201,000 nailn. 230,000 — (Mc Gregor.) It would thus appear that Canada nearly doubled her popu- lation in the twenty-four years between 1G70 and 1700 ; that on the expiry of the next fifty years her population was four 132 and one-third times what it had been at their commencement; and tliat in 1851 it was three and one-sixth times its amount in 1825 — twenty-six years before — and something mure than twenty-eiij;ht times its number in 1750 — 101 years previous. The inliubitants of Canada at the time of the concjuest in 1759, exclusive of the native Indians, were entirely Trench, and are estimated by 3Ir. McCulloch, in his Gazetteer, as amounting to about 70,000. By 1831, their descendants num- bered upwards of 400,000 — an increase whicli he pronounces as probably the most rapid of any ou record from births alone. "The Province of Quebec contained." says Seaman, in his ^^ Progress of Nations," (New York, l85o — p. 5U5,) ''in 1783, by enumeration, 113,000 inhabitants, French and Eng- lish, exclusive of about 10,000 or 12,000 loyalist refugees from the United States, who went to the Province durinji' the war of the American revolution. Call the population in 1783, 125,000 ; of these jirobably 110,000 were of French descent, and but 15,000 of English, Scotch, and Irish descent. Ac- cording to this calculation, the French population increased the first ten years after the conquest, twenty per cent., to 84,000 ; twenty per cent, the next ten years, to 101,000; and and at the same rate the last four years to 110,000, in the year 1783. The French population of Canada must have increased nearly twenty per cent, in seven years, amounting in 171)0 to 130,000, and at the rate of thirty per cent, each ten years from that time up to the year 1840; amounting in 1800 to 100,000 ; in 1810 to 220,000 ; in 1820 to 28(3,000; in 1830 to 370,000 ; in 1840 to 481,000; and in in 1844 to 534,000, of whom 518,000, 505 Avere in Lower Canada. These astonishing re- sults were produced by early marriages, and plain, frugal habits. '^ According to the census returns of 1851, the French population of Lower Canada amounted to 0(51), 528. In France the increase between the years 1801 and 1851 was a trifle over twenty-six per cent. ; the advance made dur- ing that time in her population being frop\ 27,340,000 to 35,781,(328. Iktween 1801 and 1851 the population of Great 1 iccmcnt; ;,s ;unount norc than eviuiis. (IKJUCSt ill y rrencli, settecr, as ^aiits num- ronouiiccs i-tlis alone, ian, in liis )95;) " in and Enp;- imecs from \<X the war L in 1/bo, ;h descent, ent. Ac- creased the ,0 84,000 ; and and at ^ <bo. ised nearly 130,000, from that ;i>,000; in ;]70,000 ; of Avhom ishing re- liii, fruual he lu-ench and 1851 made dur- |-f.),000 to :i of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Channel Islands, rose from 10,002,01(3 to 2<),l::)8,200, the increase heino- tlius about 8(5 per cent. BoLweeii 1700 and 1850 the j:Towth of the free population of the United States was as follows: 1790.. 3,029,872 1800 r),:;o5,902 1810 7,2:!9,8M 1820 9,088,1^1 18.^0 12,800,920 1810 17,<tO;!,;)-'.:] ]8.:)0 19,'t87,:,7,3 {Amrr.Ahn.JSrA, p. 200-1.) According: to Mr. Seaman (p. 5 'o), the white population of what are now the United States was, in 1700,-88,000 ; in 1750, 1,100,000; in 1775, 2,140,000. Let us select for comparison from those returns respectively the years 1700, 1750, 1800, and 1850, makiiii:^ allowance in the calculations for the fu,t that it was in ls51, instead of 1850, the Canadian census Avas taken. The result will stand as follows : — The United States contained in 1850 a popula- tion 70 times that of 1700 — Canada about 122 times ; the United States, 18:i times that of 1750 — ('anada, 2S times; the United States, about 4 times that of 1800 — Canada, 8 times. It will be observed that a considerable difference exists be- tween the rate of growth in Upper and Lower Canada — the former havincr, between 1825 and 1851, made ncarlv three times the progress of the latter in population. This dilference is unquestionabl}' attributable in part to the fact that the mass of the emigration passes, v>-ith us, as in the Ignited States, towards the West. There arc, however, portions of Lower Canada which are growing with a rapidity much beyond the average — as, for example, "the County of Megantic, which in seven years, from 1844 to li^51, increased from 0,44r» to lo,8o5, or at the rate of 115-40 per cent.; the County of Ottawa, which in tlie same time has increased fn;m 12,2')4 to 22,90o, or 84-42 per cent. ; the C-mntv 01 1) rumnujnd irom 1 fi !^;>54 to 1G,5(j2, or 77 -2S j)er cent. ; and the County vl' Slier- 134 l.rnoke tVinu la,A^3 to 20,01-!, 4!) 17 iH-rcont." ( i'livt Kepovt on Ceiisu.s of 1S51-2, p. 1-J.) Tlio j)ro^;rc.-.s of Tapper Caiuula lir.s, ;is a matter ol' ilict, Loeii luiicli uioro rapid duritiu' tlic earlier period of lier hir-^tory than lias Iteeu tieuerallv believed, lu tlie talde Liiveii above her inhabitants are set down in the ve;ir 171*1 — (hat of the division of the former Trovinee of Quebec into the I'rovinees of Upper and Lower ('anada — as beinii: " less than 50,000. " Indefinite enouiih this surely is. There is reason to believe that they did iKjt then exeeed 10,000, or at the very utmost 12,000. Mr. Jiyndjurner in his addressbefore the IJritish rarliamcnt against the Quebec I)ill, states the English population of Canada to amount to only about three hundred and sixty families (Chris- tic) ; while Mr. Pitt defended (May 12th, 1791) thepropo.gal of the miidstry in regard to the nund)cr of mcnd)ers which should constitute the House of Assendjly for I'pper Canada, by say- ing that "as there were not ;dx)ve 10,000 individuals in Upper Canada (including men, women, and children), he thought .sixteen, in the present state of the I'rovincc, was about a rea- sonable proportion of tliosc who Averc lit persons to be chosen mend)crs of the House of Assembly, and could spare enough time for due attendance." The blank was, therefore, idled up with tlie word " sixteen." (See Courlay, A^ol. 11., p. 103.) The number set down by Mr. ]McGrcgor for the year 1800, nine years later, is oidy 10,000. On this point the following statement, published in 1810 by one of the first men in the country, (^Sir John Beverly Ilobln.son, Chief Justice of Upper Canada,) will be allovred to have very great weight : " There are people in Upper Canada still living, who saw it when it con- tained not a cultivated farm, mn- any white iidiabitants, but a few fur-traders and sohliers, and perhaps ten or a dozen French families ori the south side of the Detroit Hiver. 1 can myself remendjer when its population was estimated at less than 30,000; in 1812 it was supp(3sed to be about 70,000; in 1822, 130,000 ; ami in 1S37, the census showed a population of .'5!)i),00l) ; but all tlie townshi]>s wevt^ not then returned. I I t A •>■) ',:t Kepovt fact, been <tory tlum -dhoxo Lor 10 dlvisl>>!i ■; of Upper linleriuitc at they did L;00. Mv. Diit aaainst Canada to ics (Chris- proposal of licdi should da, by say- s in Upper he thought ,])out a rea- 1)0 chosen re enough Core, Idled ., p. 103.) •ear 1800, p following neii in the of Upper ' There are icn it con- tnts, but a I'.en French can myself le-s than l),OOU; in population returned. \''i The nundjcr I suppose to amount now to something between 4:)0,000 and r)00,()00." (Canada and the Canada IJill, p. :a.) The rate at which (^mada West is growing, and has been for the last twenty or tliirty yeai-s, equals, if it does not more than etjual the growth of the very best of the "Western States of the American Union. States just beginning, or having recently begun to bo occupied, are unsuitable for comparison because of the rush made to them from all cpiarters ft»r the purpose of securing lands at the Government prices. Lot those whose ex- istence has been of a suiliciently long duration to afford a basis for a judgment be selected, and the truth of our averment will be demonstrated. "It will be seen from the United States' census, that the three States of Ohio, ^Michigan, and Illinois, contained in ISoO, 1,120,851. In 1850 they contained .■],505,000j a little over three hundred and twenty per cent, in twenty years. Canada West contained in 1880, 210,4T'> ; in 1819 it contained 791,000, which is over 375 per cent, for tlie same period of twenty years — so that the increase in those three choice States was 55 per cent, loss than that of (.Ca- nada West during the same time." (Census Iloport, pp. 11,12.) In the case o*' Upper Canada, as in that of Lower Canada and the United States, there are particular regions Avhicli arc growing with a special rapidity, for example, the Core and Wellington Districts, wliose increase in the 33 years immc- diatoiy previous to 1850 was 1,900 per cent ; the Western District which, in the same time, increased " over 700 per cent. ; the London District, 500 per cent. ; the CNninty of Norfolk, 550 per cent. ; the (\)unty of Niagara, about 380 per cent. ; vrhilo, in eight years, the County of Oxford lias doubled its population. In the far AYost of Canada, the Coun- ties of Huron, Perth and Draco, have increased fnmi 5,000 in 1841, to 37,580 in 1851, being upwards of 571 per cent, in ton years, an increase almost beyond comprohcnsio n. It ip- poars from Smith's work on Canada, that the Huron District has made more rapid progress since its first sottlcnient in 1827, <; 2 130 tlum the States of Olii(j, 3iicliigan, ami llliiujis did in double tluit time." ( Ilepoit on Census, p. 12.) To the gvowtli of our Cities, Towns and Vilhiucs we shall advert hy-und-bvc. Let it suffice to add hori', that wliilc ^lo-oT per cent represents the growth oi' the United States duiing tlie ten y;'ars between 1840 and 1850, that of Canada West dnrinii' the same time av:ks 104-58 per cent. (Report, kc, p. 11.) "In countries .so circumstanced as Canada," says Chief Jus- tice Robinson, '' tliere is a triple source of increase, which, within a moderate space of time, must lead, as it is visibly leadinir, to astonishimji; results. Tirst, there is the natural in- crease of popuhition, ujider circumstances the most favourable to it; next, the annual infiux of emigrants ; and, lastly, there is the addition to the wealth of the colony, from the thousands of acres newly redeemed in each year from the wilderness, and the constantly improving circumstances of the whole farming population." (Canada and the Canada Bill, p. 39.) The number oi' emigrants who arrived in Canada between the years 1829 and 1840 inclusive, is stated in Scobie's Al- manac for 1848 (p. 54) to be 4G0.179. From 1847 to 1851, inclusive, the arrivals were 229,949 more ; so many as 90,150 having entered the country in IStT. The immigration of 1852 was 39,170 ; and that of 1853, 30,099— with a supposed addition of 5,000 who entered the country by way of tin; United States — making, therefore, 41,099. (See a very elabo- rate and interesting article on the Statistics of Canada in the Canadian Journal for June, 1S54.) In the opinion of the writer of the article referred to, the proportion of this immi- gration wdiich remained in the country is somewhat about one- half. Suppose this idea to be correct, the number remaining out of the 774,52() arrivals above reported will be 387,203, To these add ten per cent, for natural increase (38,020), the gain from that source will amount in the twenty-five years re- ported to 425,283. In an article dated Quebec, Dec. 1854 (given in the Toronto Colonitft of January 20th, 1855), the immber of arrivals by 9 1 >< ill double Wtli ol' •Hil' •c. Let it resents tlic ween 1840 time AViv-"^ Chief Jus- ise, Avliieh, t i.s visil)ly natural in- t fuvouvable lastly, there c thousands lerneHS, and lulc iarming ida between Seobie's Al- 7 tol!^51, as 90,150 i;j;ration of a supposed way oi' the very chibo- nada in the nion of the this immi- about one- remaining ie 387,203, 8,020), the ive years re- the Toronto arrivals by the lliver in 185-4 is stated to bo 53,803 — an increase over last year of 17,720. From the Census Iletiirns for 18,">2 we collect the following statements in regard to the nalinnality (if our jiopulation, their religious opinions, and certain other particulars of a general nature. With respect to colmircd people and Indians the Ileturns arc defective, both classes being in many cases included among the general population. Of the former there can hardly be under from 20,000 to 25,000, (a friend having the best opportunity for judging, tells me they are over 30,000,) and the latter num- ber somewhere about 10,000. The Origins of the population of Canada are as follow — to wit : Etifrland and "Wsiles Scutlaud Ireland Canada, Fronch orijxin Caniida, not of French origin United States Nova Scotia mid Prince Edward Island New Brnnswicli.- Newfoundland West Indies East Indies (lermany and Holland France and Belgium Italy and Greece Spain and Portugal Sweden and Norway liussia, Poland antl Prussia Switzerland Austria and Hungary (!uernsey Jersey and other British Islands.. Other places I'lorn at sea Birth not known Lower Camilla. Upper Caiiaila. 11,2:50 82,(V,il) 1 l.rjt;.-, 7"',H11 o 1,4 •,<•.» 17i',.2<;7 (;t;'.i,.')28 2t;,417 l2.'),r,so r.2(l,(V.i:5 12,4.^2 4 •> ^»>*) ■io, 1 -jS 474 o "•or. 480 2,(;:54 51 7'.) 47 n4o 4 lot) l-V,) 0,0.-. 7 ;j.v.i 1,007 2S ir, Total. 18 12 8 38 o 118 203 s;]0 10 2,44(5 Oi 20 188 200 11 24 l:]l l,:j.")l 1(;8 880 •!.'>, 020 00,:{7f5 227,7t;G (;0o.04.';'' Go 1,07 3 50,214 4,250 3,114 1:50 302 110 10,110 1,300 43 75 41 100 247 13 142 424 2,181 178 Total population. I 800,201 052,004 1,842,205 Tlic following .statcinent of the Ilelijxious Denominations of Can,".(l:i, i:s from the Census lietiivus fov 1851-52 : Donorniiiaf ions. Church of Knjicl.'inil , Church of Scothind Church of Homo , Free Presbyterian Church,., OtluT Presbytorinns , "Wcsleyau Methodists Episcopal do New Councctiou do Otiior do Baptists Lutliorans Conifregatioualists Qualicrs ]iible Christians Christian Cliurcli Second Adventists 1' r 1 s t a n t s Diciplcs Jews Meuonists and Tunkors Universalists Unitarians 'Mormons Creed not known Jso creed e;iven All other creeds not classed Total population , Lower Canada. Uppor Canada. ■},074 7-l(J,s<;(; 29 2''1 0,7 W 7 3,4 J 2 11, •».';.') 4,1');5 18 0,027 lo;5 10 II) !.:!(;:) 10,475 348 3,4.')0 ;J4'J 12 r,;i(i 4,521 13,884 890,201 223.1 'to 57,572 l(i7,<i'.)5 05,807 8(>,70!» 00,040 43,884 7,547 59,585 45,353 12.089 7, ( 47 '.400 5,720 4,093 003 1,733 2,004 103 S,2;!0 2,i;84 834 247 0.744 35,740 7,805 052,004 Total. 208,592 01,589 914,501 00,074 110,020 104,439 43,891 10,989 71,520 49,840 12,107 11,074 7,023 5,741 4,103 2,032 12,208 2,004 351 8,230 0,134 1,183 259 7,134 42,201 21,039 1,842,205 111 the above list there are some omissions, ascribable, it is to be presumed, to oversight somewhere. No return is matle, for example, of either Free Church Presbyterians or Congregation- alists for the city of Montreal, where the former have three and the latter two conLrre^^ations, Somethinir similar may have occurred elsewhere, or in the case of other bodies. Such diffe- rences will exhaust a portion of the 4i),ri05 persons included under the two clas.scs, '^ Creed not known," '' No creed given." The Tables au'l statements which follow Avill throw light on tuitions of Total. 208,592 01, 589 914,501 »;(,;, 071 110,020 104,489 4:].891 10,989 71,520 49,840 12,107 11,074 7,02:] 5,741 4,103 2,032 12,208 2,004 351 8,230 0,134 1,183 259 7,134 42,201 21,039 1,842,205 3le, it is to made, for grcp;ation- avG tliree may have 'iieli di {re- included ?d given." ,v light on 1;^0 a number of j^oints of an interesting nature relating to our population. Canada contained in 1>^51, as per Census Returns: Ffimilies Males Married Males Sin.de Males , Widowers , Females Married Females Single Females Widows , L'nder five years of age Between 5 and 10 do. " 10 and 15 do. " 15 and 20 do, " 20 and 30 do. " 30 and 40 do. " 40 and 50 do. " 5(1 and (iO do. GO and 70 do. '• 70 and 80 do. " SO and 90 do. •' 90 and 100 do, Over 100 years of age.. Ucaf and Dumb Blind Insane , Births in 1851 Deaths Lower Canada, 141,331 449,907 130,999 803,799 8,077 440,294 135,421 289,494 14,908 28,001 115,035 104,(132 102,500 148.710 94,781 05,735 43,(;i8 21,095 11,084 2, '.'59 407 38 805 554 1,733 30,739 11,074 Upper Canada, 152,330 499,007 147,872 342,321 8,742 452,937 143,500 293,773 15,528 29,580 132,720 119,2'I3 110,050 1(;0,072 103,!»92 09,542 41.017 20,350 7,240 1,74*; 257 20 478 310 1.009 32.081 7,775 Total. 293,007 941,o;54 284,871 040.020 17,419 893,231 278,927 583,207 ;;o,43(; 5S,187 247,701 223,!t25 212,022 315,3S2 198,773 125,277 85,205 41,451 18,330 4,7(»5 004 58 1,343 870 2,802 09,420 19,420 From the preceding Table it will be seen, that while Upper Canada contains a larger number of persons of the respective ages between 5 and 40 years ; from 40 u])wards the scale is in favour of Lower Canada, Avliich has 11,084 between TO and 80 years of age against 7,240 ; 2,950 between 80 and 00, against 1,704 ; 407 lietween 00 and 100, against 2.')7 ; with 38 persons over a hundred years (if age, against 20. The first of these facts may be easil}' accounted Ibr, fro]:i the larger immigration tolj pper than to Lower Cannd; ini tl ic S'/'Pont I it woul.l 140 seom as it'tliorc were a toudency to longer life on the part of Lower than of Tapper Canadians. At the same time the deaths returned i'or Lower Canada in 18;")! stand, as compared with those fur U])per Canada, 11,074 over against 7,7^')"). From the extraordiniiry h'ngth which this return, understood as an avcrge, would give tu life in Upper Canada, it is manifest either that there has been considerahle deficiency in the returns, or that from some cause or other the year 1851 brought fewer deaths with it than usual. According to the Census there were in Lower Canada in 1851, seven married females uiuler fifteen years of age, with 898 married males under 20 ; and in Upper Canada twelve married females under fifteen, with 574 married males under twenty. In Upper Canada the nuirried females under twenty years of age number 5,994, in Lower Canada 5,415. Of tlie following Classes the Census Tables report : Farmers Labourers Male Servants Female Servants.., PhyHiciaiis and Sur<2;e()us Barristers and Attornies. Clergymen Private Means Tot'il. 104,488 141,t»40 8,7.39 23,0SG 792 475 1,083 4,986 The population to a square mile is, in Lower Canada 4 ; in Upper Canada, 29 ; in Canada, taken as a whole, 7 59-100. From tlie numbers and constituents of our population, with the particulars of a general nature just given, let us now direct our attention to their action and its results. In reference to tlieso we begin by remarking that the people of Canada have — 10 part of :lie ilcatliH arcd with 5, From :ood as an tost either etuvns, or ght fewer Canada in ag'c, ^Yith da twelve lies under ler twenty Tot'il. 101,488 M1.U49 8,739 23,086 792 475 1,583 4,986 I da 4 ; in )9-100. tion, with lis now he people Hi 1. Brought under eultivatinn a larjit.' portion of a country which they found in a i^tate id' Nature ; and an- raisin^^ annually a laruc amount of Aiiricultural laoducts. * CD 1 Fruni the follwinc;- Table an idea will he ohtained uf whtit has been done up to the close of IBol in the fiot of these respects : Spui'lfications. Lower Canada. Uppor Canada. .Area in norcrf No. of Por.'^oiis lnililhi;x... No. holding 10 acres !ui<l luuler Do. t'roui ]•) to 20 acres " 20 to ;")0 acres " 50 to 100 acres '< 100 to 200 acres " Over 20(1 acres Number of acres held Acres under cultivation... " Crops " Pasture " CardcusiV Orcliards " Wild Assessed value ! 134,30:i.(;no 95,823 14,477 2,702 17,52! 87,80;; 18,039 4,591 8,113,379 3,t;o5,07t; 2, 07 1.34 9 i 1,503,000; 30,1:^7 4,508,303; £29,208,1581 Total. 20,794,825 99,800 9,970 1,889 18,407 48,027 18,421 3,U8() 9,82t;,4l7 3,095,703! 2,274,740: 1,305, ").30| 55.4<;il 0,13O.(;5l| £30,070,890' 155,188,425 195,083 24,453 4,591 55,988 85,890 37,1 >00 7,';71 17,339,790 7,300,839 4,340,095 2,8ti9,15() 85,588 10,0:lS,957 £05,879,048 [Abstract of Census.] Of the is millions nearly of acres taken possession of, there is thus considerably over seven and-a-quarter millions under cultivation, more than seven-eighteenths of the whole. J)i- vided among our population it gives four acres, or thereabout, for each inhabitant. According to the Census lleport (-4), five acres and one perch is the proportion of cultivated land per individual in the United States. The average number of acres held by each occupant is, in Upper Canada, 98a. Ir. Ip. ; in Lower Canada, !^4a. '2r. 27p. : in Canada as a whole, 92 acres. In Upper Canada the averag, value of each occupier's h(jlding is d'oIJI ; in L<.iwer Canadae c£804 lOs. od. : in the whole of Canada, Jlool. There are of ]42 occupied acres per inluiLItant 10a. Ir. Ip. in Upper Canada ; in Lower Canada, Oa. Or. ITp. : in all Canada, Ua. 3r. 4p. Of lands occupied the ])roportion ■wliieli is uncultivated is, in Upper Canada, Oa. Ir. ;50p. each inhabitant ; in Lower Canada, r)a. Or. Op. : in all Canada, 5a. 3r. 4p. — considerably more, that is, than one-half. (Census Keport, p. 24. ) The number of cultivated acres was, in — 1.S31, 2,005,013 in Lower Caiiada; 818,432 in Upper. 1844, 2,802,317 " '' 2,100,101 " 1851, 3,005,070 " " 3,005,703 ^' Lower Canada has thus advanced in twenty years from 2,000,013 cultivated acres to 3,005,070 ; and Upper Canada, from 818,432 to 3,005,703. The latter has therefore at the dose (if this comparatively brief period over four and-a-half times the quantity of cultivated land which it possessed at its commencement. In the London, AVcstern, Brock, and Home Districts, the advance made has been as follows. There were of cultivated acres in — Western. London. Brock. 1842- - 00,345 112,033 00,397 1844- - 82,72»'> 130,339 83,040 1S48- -115,708 177,752 1851- -144,803 247,100 135,232 The cultivated acres in the Home District were — In 1801, 4,281 ; ill 1811, 14,578 ; in 1821, 30,732 ; in 1831, 101,290; in 1841, 253,708 ; in 1851, 482,839. For the sake of convenience we have retained the old names; but to prevent mistake, it may be mentioned that what was formerly the "Western District constitutes nt)w the Counties of Essex, Kent, and Lambton ; that the present Counties of Mid- dlesex and Elu'in, represent the old London District ; that what was the District of J>rock, is now the County of Oxford ; while what was the IlDUie District forms the present Counties o\ York, Ontai'io. and Peel, Th Canada ; r. A\K Of tod is, in r Canada, bly more, Upper. li u 3a rs from r Canada, )ro at the and-a-half ^sed at its triets, the niltivatt'd )7 G \>2 In ISOl, 101,290; d names ; what was jiintics of sof Mid- iet ; that Oxford ; Counties 1 i'> yioi'2 attentlnti dojidedly is l>ein^• [Kiid thiii lunvti)foro to tlio manner in which f;irmi)i!;' operations are licini:' c(»n(hicted, and very ;j.;r''at improvenu'iit i.s being nuide. This i-cmarlc ;i])plics liardly le.-s to Jjower than to Upper Canada. Though, as wc have seen, the number of owners of hind is Larire and the portion owned consideralde, there is yet, and will hinir be, ph'iity of it to be obtained over the irreater part of tlie country, if not the wlioh^; and at prices wliicli are reasonable, varying- with position and circumstances. The J'^astern Town- ships and other portions of Lower Canada wouhl accommodate hundreds of thousands, if not millions. On the Ottawa u na- tion might find room. So it is in "Western Caiiaihi. In the newer Townships Crown Lands are still to be liad, and the Canada Company has hinds over a great portion of the country. Ere long, I am informed, it is likely to bring ;]00,0()0 acres in the Huron District — one of our finest regions — into the market. The emigrant vrill without dilhculty obtain information in re- gard to all these matters — prices, as well as locality — by ap})li- cation on his arrival to the Emigrant Airents at Quebec, 31on- treal, or Toronto. [The following particulars we are happy to have the oppor- tunity of adding from an excellent l*am})hlet, recently issued by Frederick Wldder, Es({., Commissioner of the CaJiada Com- pany, entitled " Infor.matiox for L\tkndl\(J I'Imigrants OF ALL Classes, to Upper Canada."] ''The price of Wild Land varies according to locality, from 10s. per acre to XlO. In a few remote districts it may still be had at the former rate, but it gradually increases according ti; density of settlements and facility of C(jmmunications to tlie latter rate. In the oldest and most densely settled Townships, Wood Land is more valual)le th;'.n Cleared Land, Jis the farmer is dependent on A\'ood foi' fuel and otiicr domestic pui-poses. Cleared Farms in the 1)est a:id (eldest scttlc'd T ownsnin with good l^uildings, arc worth from ,C10 to .Clo per acre P 144 The |vrIco of the Comp-iny'.s fiUiuls raiiuod in IS.jI in tlio Counties of IV>tcrljoroUiz;li, Hastings, Auiliii'itoti, l-'ruritoMiio, Leeds, (jrenville, j)iui«liis, Stonuoiit, Gleiifj^arry, I'roseott, lliissell, and Carleton, iVoiii 10s. to ^os. per acre ; from 20.';. to o0.s. in Ontario, Durluuii, >iortliiini])eriand and A'ictoriu ; from 25,s. to 50s. and OOs. in Essex and Kent ; fniia 20s. to SO.s. in Perth, and in Lainhton to 5()s. ; in Huron from 40s. to 80s. ; and in 31iddlesex from oOs. to 100s. " In the Eastern section of Upper Canada, the larger portion of Crown Lauds are situated in the recently surveyed Town- ships of AVilberforcc, Brougham, and rattan, on the lionnc- chere lliver, and between them and the Ottawa lliver, in the Townships of IVMuhroke, lloss, Westmeatli, Horton and McNab ; also in Palmerston, Lavant and Darling ; in each of these the quantity of ungranted Crown Lands is still consider- able. In the rear of the Counties of Hastings, Frontenac, and Lennox and Addington, the Townships of Elziver, Kcne- bec, Kaladar, Olden and Oso, present large <{uantities of un- granted land, and, although uot of superior cjuality, their low prices ought to induce their sale and settlement. Bedford and and Sheiheld, School Townships in the same ([uarter, offer also considerable (juantities of disposable land. In t\ic rear of the Counties of Northund)erland and Durham, there are considera- ble (juantitics of disposable lauds in the Townships of Bur- leigh, Methucm, Belmont, Harvey, Fenclon, Sommerville, aud Bexly. Their (juality has not, however, generally been con- sidered such as to have attracted an}- cojisidcrablc iunn])er of settlers to them, but they arc placed with the low priced lands. The lands in the Counties of Crej', ]?rant, "Wellington, ]3ruce, and IVn-th, arc iilling up rapidly, aud it may, therefore, be concluded, that before the termination of the present year, 1855, the Covernment will scarcely have any lands of a desir- able description in that section of the I'rovincc for sale, if not already disposed of by the local agencies. The Indian depart- ment is, however, about to survey a portion of the large penin- leas u:> S.J [ ill the l"'r»»ritoi»;ic, , I'rescott, ; frouiliO.s. Aietoriii ; oiu liUs. to :u:ii 40s, to gcr portion yed Town- tlie Botinc- ver, in the orton and in each of II consider- Frontenac, \-cr, Kcnc- ties of un- , their low edford and , offer also ear of the considera- is of Bur- rville, and Lecn con- nund)er of iced lands. ellington, therefore, sent year, )f a desir- ale, if not an depart- I'gc penin- i sula north of the Sauixeoii, which comprehends altnut halfa nilHion of acres — and th.'>e ni;iy ])e eonjiiderod lunotiL^ the most desiral)le, still available lands in 1 'pp^-'r ^':"iada. 'I'lie ordinary price of Crown lands in townships east of the Connty of Sim- coe, is 4s. per acre, payable in live instalments; west of North- umberland and Dnrhani, Ts. (Id. per acre, p:iyable by ten in- stalments, with, in all cases, interest. The Hchool lands, lUs. per acre, with twenty-five per cent, set apart for roads, and same terms as- the last named Crown lands. The cleruy lands vary according to valuation set upon them. Compulsory occu- pation and improvement of lands purchased is limited to town- .ships surveyed since the Union of the ]Vovinces." The Canada Company offers its lands to settlers by way of Lease for Ten Years, or for Sale, — ( \ish down. The rents, payable 1st February, are about the interest at ais. per cent, upon the ca.sh })rice of the hmd. AVlien leased, accord- ing to locality, two or three years' rent must be paid in advance, but these payments will free the settler from further calls until the third or fourth year of his terms of lease. The settler has the privilege of purchasing the fee simple of the land held under lease, and, of course, sto]»piiig payment of further rents, before the expiration of the term, upon paying the purchase money specitied in that instalment. A discount is made fur antici- pated paymeut. (Pp. ly, li), 2o.) Let us look now at what is being done in regard t-) the sec- ond of the points above-named, the raising, to vrlt, of agricul- tural products. To aid in formin-j; a correct iudrrnient as to the measure of progress being made in i\\\< respect, we present a tabular state- ment of returns of staple ]*roducts in i'pper and Lower Ca- nada respectively. AVe would have preferred the years being the same throughout, but for this no reliable data are within reach : itt; Produce in I'ushel^ Lower Canada. ISni. 1844. 18ul. Upper Canada. 1S42. 1848. ISol. "Wheat :!,404,7r)0 '.i4><.7r.s :• i4> ■'74 94'2.s:',r) :;.(i4.').('.oi) :'..221.091 1.1 '.t:;..)-,! 4.7ss.l(;7 i.(i;n .:;:.-, 2'.J2.'.I70 r,;ii.:r.!i s.Obo,;j'j7 7.'"i'')8.77-j 1.7'):!.S4ti 7,u.')r).7.",o r)i:).727 4iti.2',i;'. l.i:;7. :.:..■) 4 J 1 (jljO'ji 12 074 2.872 11,1 8t; (;2,^ 479 l.f.i'.2 6,1)77 079 :'0r! I'CIIS Oiits 1,2111.420 7.2;;s.7.j:i i,i!i.-..4:>"i ;!;i:i.44t) 141.(ii)S o.'.ns.scit ^7 4, suit l,47o.t;2.s 4:>r,.r,4t ;;4r..2'.H» 41H.(il7 4.;"):i.'!.4iil 6SS,2S0 4i;; iiii IJail.-y live ;uu.7'i.-, 'j:!4..'.2',> ;;:m.i'i.';:! 7,-".'>7.41f> lUtj,OJO .:'>:<i, (;•',", lii(1i''ni Citrii .'•'4 ]'i)t;it(M's ■■',]:< IJllck WllLMt .764 111 tliG quantity of wlicat produced it will Lc observed Lower Canada shows a very great deficiency in 1848 as compared with 1831. This, however, wliich is attributed in larirc measure to the ravag'cs of the weevil, is very nearly made up in 1851. Upper Canada exhibits in 1848 a similar falling off, as com- pared with 1842, in the article of potatoes, which is due chiefly, if not altogether, to the prevalence of the Potato Dis- ease. The advance in the production of wheat in Upper Canada is very great, the quantity coming very little short of quadrupling itself in 9 years. The following are the Counties in Upper Canada yielding in 1851 the largest amount of wheat, peas, and Indian corn : WHKAT, por aero average. Dusliols r>ruco I lU-iUit i IlllltdU Y.uk Oxford Koiit Tcol Ontario lljiMiiiiiinc! Elgin Durham.. AVutcrloo ! Peti-rhorough | SillU'OO I rConsus Koport, p. U0.]| 20 r.i IS IS IS IS IS 17 17 17 If, k; lbs. • ) >) ;!'.) ;;o ]••] o ih) •I {', ■ 'A) IS 1.") •J I'KAS, I.NDIAX COKX, per acre avera;re. per acre avei'ajre. Bushels. U.S. IJiishels. lbs. 17 17 20 81 It ;!0 IS IS 0-2 • >•) 1") IS 7 10 14 17 lli 20 .38 14 A.'i 2'.> 54 IS '27 2.") 40 IL' ■IS 2:; 10 17 >) 20 Ol 17 1 22 58 i<; 20 2.') 42 ir. •» 2;") 27 17 >) 2'j 7 fl 147 Canada. IS. 1851. S.77::; i2r.:4.;-n.T l.Slti ii.K7-2.4i;; ").7:!t) ii,ist;.nii - - . )T i;-2r>. :',',■ , i.'J'.i:; 47'.t.(i2:j T.'i'i'i i.(;tvj.:,2-i l,u;jl 5,077..'{ir) 079,754 crvcd Lower )mpared with ;e measure to up in 1851. off, as com- liicli is clue ! Potato Dis- [it in Upper ttle sliort of lie Counties amount of Indian Coux, UT acre aTcraj^'e. iushels. lbs. 20 81 ;!(» IS >»•) lo k; 14 L'(j 38 li'.) at Ho 4ii '2:'> Ui L'l; •)■> 08 L'.') 42 li;") 27 Ho 7 The Towusliips giviiifr tlic lavp-ost returns of wliont in I'ppor Canada for IS,')! arc : i) 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 1!) 20 21 2"* 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 Townsbips. Counties. l^squcsinfr , Scarhorougli ]?lc'nheim Oxford, West.... York Oxford, Eiiiit Onoiid!i.a;o , Darlington. Dover Louth Kincardine Gore of Toronto. Blandford Pickering Ontario Harwich 1 Kent.... Ifalton .. York Oxford ., Oxford .. York Oxford.. IJrant Durham . Kent liincoln . Bruce ... Peel Oxford.. Bruce Brant Greenock ... Chatlifim Toronto Whitby Etobicokc .... Dorchester.., i Tecuniseth .., Colling\YOod , Georgina Westminster Southwold ... Sougog Dumfries, South. Bruce Kent Peel Ontario ... York Middlesex Sinicoe Cirey Ontario ... Middlesex Elgin Ontario ... Brant Markham , York. IJushela. lbs.' 20 3o 24 3 21 51 21 35 21 5 21 .) 20 40 20 32 20 23 20 17 20 17 20 15 20 12 20 11 20 1 1 20 • • • 20 • t • 20 • •• 10 48 10 45 10 ■10 10 40 10 37 T.I 30 i;> 25 10 13 10 10 10 10 10 * • • 18 of) IS 43 The Counties in tlie Lower Province giving the largest re- turn of "Wheat, Peas, and Oats for 18')1, are : 148 Mcjrfintic Quobec Bonavcnture Cliuiniil.'iin Htiiiij^toail Missis(iuoi Ottawa I'oaiiliai'iinis Dniiiinioiul Two Mountains ]N'ieolet Vaudreuol Lcinstcr Shci'brooke Montmoi-oncy ... St. Maurice Yiuna^ka Vorchl'i'e^s rortucuf Tcvrel)onno Dorchester Will rlAT. PEAS. OA'l'S. IJu^hi'ls. 11>S. Ijlisllrls. 11 IS. Bushels. U.S. ir, 2U 18 40 27 19 14 n •)•) • • • ')■) 10 14 >) V) 24 27 18 l;! 7 17 40 24 10 12 T)!) 12 41 20 10 V2 o-'> 12 • • • 3-", 21 12 4r> 12 10 10 • 1 • 12 41 i;] 11 20 7 12 no 11 10 25 1 12 10 •> 19 32 12 10 8 n;} 21 80 11 48 14 47 22 r>0 11 48 10 38 21 n .35 12 40 2t) 8 10 of) 13 30 12 10 10 40 U r.8 22 20 10 ?,^ 8 10 19 9 10 28 10 27 20 20 10 21 8 23 19 •1 •J 10 14 11 45 27 • • • 9 4o 9 1 22 19 1 ... Mcuautic is thus tlic best for -wheat; Quebec for peas ; Mii-- sIsf|uoi for oats. r>orchcster produces tlic largest qusntity of hay; then Staustcad and Iluntingu'ju. (Kp. on Ceii. p. 20, oO.) Below we present a comparative statement of the quantities of staple agricultural products for the United States and West- ern Canada, for two distinct years each. Tn the first colum n the years compared arc 1840 for the United States, and 1842 for Canada. The comparison exhibiicd in the second is for the same year in both cases, viz., 1847 : — will 'lit Karloy.. ... Oiits I{.vo liiii'kwln't. Miii/.o Potatoes ... I'oaso UNITED STATES. Busb- Bushels. 'Is JKM hid. 8.t,s-j:i.l'7'J 4".tt'i 4.Uil.i.()4 ••_';") 12:<.ii71.:i41 7-21 is.iU.-).,'))!! l'(ii) l:2'A.Hy.\ 0-4:? :i77..");n.S7;> ■1-1-V2 10S,29,')JU8 &od CANADA WEST. UNITED STATES. CANADA WEST. Buslu'ls. i.o;a. ;;;;.". 4.7SS.lti7 i;",f2.',i70 o.'i"J.7S() (i',il,:5,V.> 8,0S(t,;i'J7 Bush- els Iter lad. tVil'J 2- 1-2 O-tiO 0-72 1-42 Bushels. iii.24ri.riiMi f),C4'.l.9,".0 l()7.Sti7.(i<)() 2'.t.222.7()0 n.Cu.'i.oOS ■i;5<t.;i5i 1,000 lG-G2|lUO,yG5,000 Hush- 1 fls per Bushels. Ind. Bush. el s pel- Ind. O' •.0 •2S' S-()'.) - 1-42 i •f)ti : 20'Ul ', 4-861 7.r)r)S.ooo f.ir).727 7.or)r).73o 44t).2'.t;! 4:;2.ri7;! l.l;!7,G55 4,7ui,3;n 10-4.') 0-71 9-75 o-r)2 O-PO l-o7 6-57 f[iiai OATS. IsllrlH. !)..«. 27 19 "2 10 27 18 24 10 20 10 85 21 I'J • • • 2f) 7 2.') 1 19 n2 21 30 ')•) *-*^ 0'> 21 G 2<) 8 12 10 20 19 9 20 20 10 3 27 • • • 10 ! - • peas , ; Mi&- qiisi itity of . p. 1 i9,;i0.) le qu antitics s auc [ West- first colum 11 .s, an (1 1842 ICOUt . is fur ANADA WEST. Bush. luFhcls. elspir Ind. .r)r)S .000 io-4r. f)ir..7-27 0-71 .or)r).730 9-75 44t)/j<»;i 0-tyj 4:;i2.ri7;! O-t'-O .i;;7.55r> i-:.7 ,75i,3;n 6-57 From the above, it •'.viil be seen that while the United States ixreatly surpass Canada in the production of Indian corn, the quantity of wheat produced in Canada is much ureatcr in pro portion than tliat yielded by the States, beinp: nearly twice as much for each individual of the population. (.Montgoniery Martin, vol 1, p. I'l;").) The followiiif^ is a comparative statement of the quantit}' oi' wheat produced in the United States in 1850, with that of Canada as a whole in 1851 j and of Ohio in 1850, and Upper Canada in 1851 — derived from Amer. Statist. Ann. and lleport on Census : — UNITKD STATKS. CANADA. 1 OMKX CANADA Wl'^T. : 1 Bushi'lF. Bush.ls |pcr liiit. Busbtl.i. linslu'ls per \\\<\. lUishi'l.'*. l!uMi.|s JUT liul. Bush. Is. |iiT iiid. 100.503,S9H 4 19-GU 10,lo5,91() 8 r)0-i;(i i4.4S7.:;oi 7 10-ni) VlX'-yfiWi 13 19-60 In the United States, the growth of wheat has increased auout 58 per cent, during the last ten years, whilst in all Ca- nada, during the same period, it has increased upwards of 400 percent!! And taking the article of Indian corn, which is the production that compares most favourably for the United States, the increase on it for the ten years between 1840 and 1850, has been equal to 50 per cent., vi/., from ol'^ millions of bushels to 592 J millions — [see page GO of Mr. Kennedy's Ileport] — wlillst the increase in Canada for the last nine years has been 168 per cent., the census having been tahen in 1842 and not in 1841. During the same period, al.so, the increase in the growth of oats in the United States has been 17 per cent., whilst in Upper Canada it has been 133 per cent., — in Lower Canada 41 per cent., — and in ])oth united 70 per cent. ''In pease we find the increase in Upper Canada has been 140 per cent, in nine years ; that of the United States, or any of them, is not given in the Abstract (*f the Census; but, with them, it appears t.» be an article of little importance ; the whole i)i) crop of all the States and territories being only a few bushels over the jjrucliiee of Canada. " ThouLih the number of eultlvateil aeres in Ohio is one- fourth p-eatcr than those of Canada, being i),SOO,OUO to 7,o00,0U0, or rather more than ten to seven ; yet the bushels of wheat are onc-twelllh less, being in Ohio 14,-487,000 to 10,202,272. "Ohio, in eultivatcd acres, possesses l-12thof all the United States- In uncultivated aeres she possesses l-22d of the same. " She possesses l-4th more cultivated land ])er inhabitant than Canada, having five acres to four. " All Canada produces l-7th more l)ushels of wheat than Ohio, and 1 ^V bushels more per individual. I'^pper Canada, however, produces six bushels more wheat per individiud than Ohio — the latter producing in her staple, Indian corn, 20 times more than Canada, whi( h produces 77 times more peas, and 51 per cent, more oats than Ohio. The land at Ohio is valued at nearly double that of the average of the Union — (see the Keport of 3Ir. Kennedy, page 49) — and has more than three times as many inhabitants to the square mile as the average of the Union — she having 49 oo-lOOths, and the average of the States beini:; 15 75-lOOths. '' The produce of wheat per acre in Upper Canada is 16 14- GOths, and in Lower Canada 7 8-OOths bushels per acre. ''In the article of wheat we find that the whole United States produced, in 1850, only 100,479,000 bushels, whilst the one State of Ohio — one out of thirty-two, and four large terri- tories — produced more than one-seventh of the whole Union. "Again, Ohio produced 7 J bushels for each inhabitant, whilst the whole of the United States produced only 4 J — the former having } of her cultivated land under wheat, whilst the whole Union has not l-20th of the cultivated land under that crop." (Report on Census, pp. ol, 32.) The following extract from the Leadf.r newspaper, we copy ™ ik Turnip: Clover Carrots Mangel Beans , vv Ijiislicls to Is oiic- )0,000 to tic buslielH ,87,000 to lie United rtlicsumc. inlmbitant rlicat tliau x Canada, ,idual than 1, 20 times s peas, and ^0 is valued — (see tlie liau tlirec average of ge of tlic is 16 U- ',rc. c United whilst the ar<2;c terri- e Union. nhabitant, 4 J— the Avhilst the iinJer that }' M 151 from the Anuust nundjcr of the Canafh'mi Journal for 1853, by way of additional illustration of the point under considera- tion : — " CANADIAN FXrORTS OF AVIIEAT. Year. Wheat — bupht'ls. 1838 2')(),02() 183') li4'J,471 18J0 1,7:'.'»,11',» 1841 2,:]l;J,8r!G 184i: 1,078,102 184:5 1,103,918 1844 2,350,018 184o 2,507,302 1840 3,312,757 1847 3,883,150 1848 2,248,010 1840 3,045,320 1850 4,547,224 1851 4,275,800 1852 5,490,718 " It appears by the above statement that our exports of wheat in 1852 were about eighteen times as great as they were in 1888. They have doubled four times in fifteen years, or more than once in every four years for the last fifteen years. They are now one-half as much as the exports of wheat from the United States; and at the present ratio of increase — dtmbllng In every four years — our exports of n-Jicat v:lU^ in 1850, he rtjual to those of the United States.' ' ADDITIONAL FARM PRODUCTS FOR 1851. Derived from Abstracts of Census. r, we copy Turnips, bushels Clover find Grass Seed Carrots Mangel Wurtzel Beans H Lower Canada. 354.240 10,703 100,020 111,423 23,018 Upper Canada. TOTAL. 3,023.378 44,400 174,805 54,220 18,109 3,377.027 01,223 274,115 105,040 41,727 152 ADDITIONAL FARM PRODUCTS FOR ISol. —{ConUnued.) liny, tons Hops, lbs "Maple iSugai" Buttor Cheese Tobacco Flfix and Hemp AVool Fulled Cloth, yards Linen Flannels & unruUed Clothe Reef, barrels Pork Fish Bulls, Oxen, & Steers, nos Milch Cows ., Calves and TIeifers Horses of all ages Sheep I'jgs Lowur Canada. 727,708 ]4(;,4;58 0, SOU, 11:5 787,01)0 4H,8rJ 1,188,410 1,422,874 788,554 928,482 847,278 44,101 108,300 7ii,887 112,127 207,500 182,0')1 185,848 049,528 250,587 UjvpiT Canada. 081,782 118,004 3,581,505 15,070,818 2,220,770 707,476 50,050 2,008,704 540,214 14,075 1,100,279 118,012 310,058 11,884 108,082 200,018 254,009 201,700 909,222 570,237 Total. 1,409,545 250,502 9,410,799 25,785,420 2,904,472 1,212,285 1,145,000 4,121,088 1,279,708 93h,457 1,010,542 158,073 478,418 91,271 300,100 594,113 437,090 38(),048 1,018,745 820,824 The value of the agricultural products of Canada and the United States (the latter for 1850, and the former for 1851,) is estimated as follows, by Mr. Ilutton, in his very excellent Eeport on the Census (p. 28) : — Upper Canada. Lower Canada. All Canada Ohio All the U. S.... Total. Livestock. £ f.,13a,3.54 4.814,18;} 1 0.947, fili" l'2,79;.i.5S7 144,'J23,120 Total. Grain. £ 3.953,777 1,«70.491 5.tJiJ4,2()8 11.134,39:5 100,182,070 Total. Total. Total. Other I'ro- ]yianufaot- iBeefAPoVk duce. ur d articles £ I 1.991,8851 2.443.21)8 4.43.5,153 4.788,479 47,373,54l» £ 81)0,834 flon.lfio 1,455.999 1.794,805 14,089,383 £ 940,013 602.795 1,608,808 1.859.811 27,371,439 Grand Total. £ 13,825.503 10,245.902 24.071,705 32.3: 1.075 :339,';.39,558 For the particulars of the above estimate, see Report on Census, pp. 24-28. Making allowance for home consumption and seed, Mr. nued.) Total. ,400,515 ury,t,r,()2 ,410,7'.>9 s785,426 :,%4,472 ,212,285 ,145,006 1,121,088 L,27'.IJ08 l);-;is,457 1,010,542 158,073 478,418 01,271 300,100 504,113 437,000 380,043 1,018,745 820,824 la and the fur 1851,) excellent Clrand Total. loi;5 1808 1811 £ 13,8'25.5G3 iu;246,902 24.071,700 S'i.S": 1.075 U39p9,::39,558 |Keport on seed, Mr. 153 ilutton sets down 15,162,002 bushels as the quantity of wheat raised in Canada in 1851. '^Witliiii the three ycar^, 1840, 1S50, and 1851, the amount of hutter produced has, in the Ujiper I'rovince, in- creased 372 per cent., and that of cheese, durinjj; the same period, 233 per cent., which leads to the inference that our milch cows are rapidly improving in quality. The Census returns of the Lower l*rovince, previous to 1851, are very de- ficient as to the amount of these articles." While Canada is much behind Ohio in the number of her sheep and the quantity of wool produced, the rate of increase in the number of sheep, as compared with that in the United States, would appear, from page 07 of ]Mr. Kennedy's llcport, to be greatly in her favor, for in ten years the increase in the States has been only 10 per cent. ; and in the weight of the fleece only 32 per cent. ; whereas, in Canada, the increase in wool has, in nine years, been 01 per cent., and that of sheep 35 per cent., showing an improvement in the weight of the fleece of not far from 30 per cent. The averasre weight in Canada is found to be : — In Upper Canada 2 14-lOths lbs. In Lower Canada 2 4-1 Oths lbs. In all Canada 2 lO-lOths lbs. ; whilst in the United States it is, as per page 07 of the Ab- stract, 2 7-lOths or 2 43-lOOths lbs., showing an excess iu favor of Canada in the average of nearly 3 oz. per fleece. The proportion, too, in both countries, that is, the whole United States and Canada, is about the same, being about nine sheep to every ten inhabitants. Upper Canada has about ten sheep to every hundred acres occupied ; Lower Canada has eight ; and the United States has 7 17-lOOths. With regard to horses there are in both Canadas, according to the Census Returns, 385,377, or very nearly one to every five inhabitants, and they have increased during the last nine years 48 per cent. In some Counties the increase has been 1;)4 very miu'li greater than this, for wc find in Oxford an increase of 850 per cent.; this would induce a belief that there "was some j^reat error in the returns of 1842, as there seems to he no good reason why the number of horses should not have kept pace with the population; the wealth of the latter having, also, duriug that time so materially increased. If in nine or ten years the population has increased cent, per cent.; it is almost unaccountable that the number of horses slnmld not have in- creased in a similar ratio.'' (Keport on Census, pages o4 and .']5.) While Ohio " far exceeds Canada in Indian Corn, Butter and Cheese, Grass seed, Wool, Tobacco, and Beef and Pork,'' " Canada far exceeds Ohio in "Wheat, Peas, Bye, liarley, Oats, Buck-wheat, Hay, Hemp and Flax, Hops, Maple Sugar and Potatoes ; and also, considering that Ohio has one-third more cultivated land, in total value of Live Stock. This bears a proportion of only 124- to 11, whilst the cultivated land of Ohio to that of Canada is as 10 to 7h In all the above enumerated articles, viz: livestock, grain, other farm produce, articles manufactured from Flax, Hemp and Wool, Beef and Pork, Ohio exceeds Canada by £8,199,310, being very little over one-third more than the produce of Canada, and if the produce of the forest be calculated, of Avhich Canada exported in 1851, value far upwards of one million and a half of pounds, the relative wealth per acre would be in favour of Canada." " When it is considered that there are 31 States, 1 District, and 4 Territories; and that Ohio has 8 per cent of the whole population of the Union, — 84 per cent, of the grain of the whole Union except llicC; — and about 10 J per cent of all other Agricultural produce, not manufactured, and 7 per cent, of Butter, Cheese, Beef, Pork, and Domestic Manufactures of the whole Union, and that Canada equals Ohio in acrcable produce, is there not good reason for expecting that Canada, with her more extended scope, and her more rapidly increasing latiou, (104, 58-100 per cent in Upper Canada in ten populf per (I increase there •VN'as L3UIS to be have kept viiig, also, ino or ten t is almost )t have in- ^es o ^"4 and rn, ]>utter nd Pork," rley, Oats, Sugar and third more liis bears a cd land of Dck, grain, lax, llcnip ,8,199,310, produce of d, of which nillion and lould be in 1 District, the whole [rain of the Icent of all 7 per cent. Ifactures of lin acreable |at Canada, increasing lada in ten 155 years, againft her 83 33-100 per cent- — with 20 per cent, in Lower Cjvnada, between 1854 and 1851) will in a very few years ni dvo a much nearer approximation to the produce of the whole Union than Ohio does now." (Report, &c. p. 3G.) We.'gh the facts above-adduced with the points of considera- tion suggested, and say whether Canada docs not in an agri- cultural as} ect, occupy a position honourable and hopeful in a very large dtf^iree. *'In Canada/ says Professor Johnston, (Notes on North America, Agricultural, Economical and Social, — Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, 1851, — vol. 1st, p. 2G3), ' every one is satisfied of the paramount importance of the Agricultural inter- est : a very general desire exists, therefore, to advance it by every reasonable or available means. The superior class of Settlers of whom so many are scattered over Upper Canada, will greatly facilitate the adoption of such means of improve- ment as are usually employed, or are adopted by Agricultural Societies." Byway of corroboration of the favourable views so confidently expressed by the distinguished individual whose words we have just quoted, we beg to call attention to the following facts: viz: — That in 1851 there was granted by Parliament to the Agricultural Societies of Upper and Lower Canada, the sum of £13,794 13s. 3d. (Public Accounts, 1852, p. 82). to aid them in their endeavours to improve the Agriculture of the Country, and £13,811 15s. 4d. in 1853, (Public Accounts, 1853, p. 92) ; that £500 additional is al- lowed in aid of a Model Farm in Toronto; that in the University of Toronto a Professorship of Agriculture ably filled, is sustained ; and that in the same Institution five Agricultural Scholarships, (value £30 per annum each), have recently been established. Professor Johnston expresses himself as surprised at the quantity of excellent stock and implements he saw at the Agricultural Exhibition at Kingston, in September, 1850. (lb. p. 260). " The roots exhibited,' he says, ' turnips, carrots, beet, mangold-wurzel, &c. — were all large and fine, shewing 150 the aptitude of the climate and soil for this culture," which is as yet but in its infiincy. *' On the whole/' he adds, '' thisKin<j^- ston show was very creditable ^o the Province of Upper Canada. The thousands of people w lo came to it, the respectable appearance, the orderly behavimr, the comfortable looks and cheerful faces of both male and female, spoke for a state of things at least not very unflourishing.'' The following extracts from Tremcnheer's Notes on Public Subjects, — (London, 1852), are iu full harmony with the above statements of Professor Johnston. " Over large tracts of some of the best lands of the Province,'^ says this Gentleman (when speaking of the farming of Upper Canada, which he describes as deficient though improving), "is now to be seen as ji-ood fjirming as one could desire to meet with. Gentlemen of independent property have set the exam- ple in many of the most eligible situations for Settlers ; substantial farmers from England and Scotland have followed and have introduced with success all the best practices of "the old country." I saw in the neighbourhood of London, Wood- stock, Paris, Hamilton, Toronto, admirably managed farms ; and whole townships elsewhere — such especially as some north and east of Toronto, and north-west, north-cast and south-east of Hamilton — are described as being of similar excellence. Great attention has been paid to the importation of the best Stock from England and Scotland ; the markets, therefore, of Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston, &c., are supplied with meat of excellent quality, and well fed. An objection to the growth of root-crops that had been entertained by the small farmers without much capital or enterprise — namely, the difficulty of preventing their freezing in the winter — had been easily over- come by the superior class of farmers, by storing their property iu cellars under or near their cattle houses, and I accordingly saw many fields of well cultivated turnips, mangold, and white Belgian carrots, and heavy crops of each. Wool bears a good price (Is. to Is. od. per lb.), and is much sought for by agents 'J^he ir)7 ' whicli is tills Kin j::;- cr Canada, •espectablo looks and a state of on Public 1 the above Province/' ; of Upper raproving), sire to meet t the exam- ic Settlors ', e followed CCS of " the on, Wood- ^ed farms ; some north south-east excellence, of the best herefore, of :h meat of the growth all farmers lifficulty of asily over- cir property accordingly 1, and white ears a good )r by agents from the manufacturers of New Knglaml, as well as by the rising woollen factories of Canada, as at Sherbrooke, in the eastern Townships, and elsewhere. The country is becoming well-settled in all directions, and land witliin a reasonable distance of a market is worth from 20 to 50 dollars per acre, buildin<j;s included. On sonic farms which I went over, the land was as clean, and whole details of husbandry put out of hand as skillfully as on a good average fann in England." (p. 197-100.) " At the Agricultural Show,' he adds, 'in Quebec, on the 28th October last, I saw as good turnips, mangold, carrots, par- snips, kohl-rabi, and other roots, as I ever met with at an averaire Acrricultural exhibition in England. If this could be done in the neighbourhood of Quebec, still more could it be on the fine land round ^Montreal, nearly a degrce-and-a-half more to the south. Accordingly at the extremely interesting farm of Major (,'ampbcll, (late Secretary to the Governor Gen- eral), at the Seigniory of St. Ililaire, about 25 miles from Montreal, on the line of the Montreal and Portland Eailway, I saw a few days later, excellent root-crops, some stored for the winter, some still in the ground — and an establishment which approaches very nearly, in the completeness of its building arrangements and in the scientific skill with which the whole is managed, to the best S2)ecimens of high farming in this Country, (p. 20G-207). In the Agricultural section of the Pioports b}' the Juries of the Great Exhibition in 1851, Canada is mentioned as sending ''a fine supply of wheat, of all the ordinary English kinds, but evo'i/ sample of more than ordinary excellence." 3Ir. Christie's white wheat is commended, and the Polish oats of ^Ir. Watts, lire described as being of "admirable (piality," as alsu the barley exhibited. "The Canadian IJuck-whcat exhibited by 31r. Frenholnie is characterised as the finest sample in the Exhibition, being superior to that sent by the United States, Russia, and Pelgium. The Hops, Linseed, Arrow-root, Hemlock, Park, Ilax, and Kuw 15« Silk are each .specially comiiu'iidcil, and some useful suggestions made with rel'erence to their mark<'table value." (^Canadian Journal, Nov. ]1S')2). Among the jtrizes be.st(nv(jd at the New York Kxhibiton, there is mentioned one for a very line sample of White AVheat, produced by J. J>. Carpenter, Townsejid, Canada "West, weigh- ing <)()•] lbs. to the bushel; besides which honourable mention is made of a numbiir of other parties by whom Agricultural productions of v. superior quality were sent in. (Canadian Journal, March, isr)4). We have to notice next the fact : 2. That in what was so late a wilderness the people of Canada have jilanted, and arc planting every where Cities, Towns and Villages, which reflect credit alike on their energy and taste. Few persons expect to find, on their arrival in Canada, the number or description of towns which they actually meet with in passing on to their destination, wheresoever that may chance tb be. Of Quebec and Montreal they liave heard, of course, and Kingston, and Toronto, and Hamilton, and, it may be, of some few places besides. But, Avith the exception of these, they imagine the country covered with forests, in the midst of which there may present itself, here and there, an insignificant village, which may come, some time or other, to possess some size, and be of some importance. That such an idea should be entertained is by no means wonderful. Suppose an individual, Avhen he begins to think of coming to the country, to take up, for the sake of informing himself, some one of the books which proless to describe it, it is difficult to derive from it any other notion. The writer, if a stranger, most likely passed through the country with all the speed with which he could manage to get borne along, and hence saw little, and can tell little. In addition to that, hav- ing, it may be, entered it by way of Queenston, while his mind was dazzled with the glories of Philadelphia, New Yorl:, Eos- unLTCstiuns on ( Caiuidlaii I'ixliibiton, ite Wheat, est, weiuh- e mention gricultural (Canadian pe(»ple Oi" iierc Cities, leir cnerjzy auada, the meet with nay chance of course, uay be, of of these, e midst of sin-nificant Jsscss some no means IS to think inforniinu' cribe it, it writer, if ith all the alonjr, and that, hav- [? his mind ttrk, IJos- 150 ton, and the other cities south of thi' lino ordinarily visited l)y tourists, it is a j)icce of condescension hardly to be looked for, that he should put himself to the trouble of noticing;' uur sniallcr towns. Suppose our author, however, a man of a dilferent stamp, a man who can see the small which j^ives pledge of being larger ore long, as well as the large which was small a short time ago, suppose him (pudilied in every respect, and as much disposcil as ((ualiKed to do justice, the reader has been guilty of an over- sight which must inevitably mislead him. The book he has taken up was published ten, or a dozen, or, it imiy be, fifteen, or even twenty years ago ; and hence, whatever the ability of the writer, and how accordant soever the view given with the state of things existing at the time to which the description re- lates, the conception to be derived from it as to wlnt things are now, is necessarily altogether imperfect. C^mada is con- «^ stantly outgrowing the descriptions which are being given of her. The picture which was correct a few years ago thus mis- leads, if, instead of being regarded as exhibiting what «•(^s', it is viewed as illustrative of what is. And so it will continue to be. "Without the gift of propliecy, the production now of a work which shall be true to the facts of even half a dozen years hence, is an impossibility. It is only by frerpicnt rcvisal, bringing them up every few years to the state of things which has grown up since their first appearance, that the very best works can be made to possess a permanent value as sources of information. Thus it is that the works of Mr. .Macgregor and Montgomery Martin make the approximation which they do to the present actual state of the country. By way of example, we shall present a few statements from the works of Talbot, who published in 1824 ; of Dr. Kowison, the third edition of whose sketches was issued in 1825 ; and of Buckingham, whose travels in America appeared so late as 184o. According to Talbot (Vol. 1st, p. 110), who tells us tbst when Colonel Talbot began his settlement in 1S02, "there was not a single Christian habitation within forty miles of his a 2 IGU residence/' Toronto was, even after 1S18, the most westerly town in Upper Canada ; between that city and Aniher.stburj;, a distance of 325 miles, few villages, and these altogether di- minutive in size, were to be met with. He recognizes JJundas, Ancaster, and ]]urford as the only places within that region, bearing, from their populousness, the least resemblance to vil- lages, describing the inhabitants, at the same time, of the whole three as '•' not exceeding six hundred souls." (Vol. 1, p. 120.) Dr. Jlowison, in describing a journey taken by him from the Talbot road to the head of Jjake Erie, informs us (p. 190) that his road lay through what then bore the name of the Long Woods, where he met with a stretch of uninterrupted forest thirty-seven miles in length, with only one house within the entire distance. The regions so lately wilderness are now tilled Avith towns and cities — teeming with population; characterized by great beauty ; possessed of large wealth ; and enjoying, in not a few eases, the right of sending mombers to represent them in Par- liament. Dundas, one of the three places whose united popu- lation made up the number of "six hundred souls," contains at present somewhere about 5000 inhabitants, with seven churches, a handsome town-hall, one or two IJank agencies, if not more, a couple of newspapers, a number of important ma- nufactories — among them a foundry, a paper mill, and two cloth manufactories, besides large flouring mills — and numerous large, substantial, and elegant stores and private houses. Toronto, our inquirer will learn from the same authority, should he consult him, contains lo35 inhabitants, with about 250 houses, many of which exhibit a very neat appearance. Its public buildings are a Protestant l^pisoopal Church, which is a plain timber building of tolerable size, with a steeple of the same material ; a lloman Catholic chapel, not yet com- pleted, which is of brick, and intended to be very magnificent ; a l*resbyterian and a 3[ethodist meeting house ; the Hospital, which he pronounces the most extensive public building in the Province, describing it, at the same time, as showing; a ver\ I t Avcsterly tlierstburji, ufrctlier di- cs Dundas, hat region, mcc to vil- f the whole 1, p. 120.) ui from the I. 199) that the Long pted forest within th(! with towns }d by great a not u few loni in I'ar- iiitcd popu- " contains with seven agencies, it' lortant nia- 1, and two 1 numerous uses. authority, with about ppearance. rch, which steeple of yet com- agnifiecnt; Hospital, linnj in the inir a ver\ IGl respectable external appearance; the Parliament House, and the residence of the Lieutenant Cu-neral. As for its streets, which are regularly laid out, intersecting each other at right angles, but being in wet weather unhappily, if possible, mud- dier and dirtier than those of Kingston — only one of thorn is as yet finished. Lay down Talbot, and take up liuckingham's " Canada, Nova Scotia, and Xew IJrunswick," — bearing date London, 1848, — and you will learn (p. 101) that the city of which you have been reading has advanced so far a.sto have 18,000 inha- bitants, with over 200 brick buildings, and nine nowspapers, chiefly weekly, some twice, and some thrice a week, but none daily. So soon as you have got over your surprise at this pro- I digious growth, look into Tremenheere, if you can lay your hand upon it, and he will tell you, "»n the authority of the last census, that the population of Toronto amounted, in 1851, or rather beginning of 1852, to 80,703. At last you feel that you have got at the truth; the truth you have got certainly as to January or rebruary, 1852; but this is January, 1>'55. The population now, according to information received l)y n»e at the Chand)erlain's Ollice, is somewhere in the ncighbour- liood of 45,000. In 1851, the estimated value of property, real and personal, was £8, 110,400; the assessed value (calculated at six per cent on the estimated) £1^0,988. 5s. Last year the asses.sed value amounted to £22(^>,500 real, with £04,450 personal — in all, £290,950 ; and the estimated to £8,775,000 real, with £1,110,000 personal — making together, £4,885,000. [The estimated population now (July, 1855) is 50,000. The annual value for the present year is, per Assessors' llolls, £845,5941 5s. — representing an actual value, real and per- sonal, of £5,793,200.] The churches in the city number now, including three which are nearly finished, twcuty-three or twenty-four — many of them fine specimens of architecture — besides two very handsome cathedrals (one ( 'hurch of iMigland, and one Homan Catholic) ; — Jf)2 irrespective of Yorkvillc (a handsoiuc suburb), whicli contains four (the number described by Talliot as in the city when he wrote) ; one of them, a 3Iethodist one, throwing entirely into the sluide even the ''intended magnilicent" one of which wc read in the lirst of the above descriptions. Besides several magazines — among them ]Maclear's Anglo-American and the Canadian Journal — somewhere about twenty newspapers (four of them daily) are now published there. In beauty, Toronto will compare, whether its public or private buildings be looked at, with any city of its size to be found elsewhere. The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, Trinity CoUegf', the Normal School, the two Cathedrals, the Banks, the new 3Icchanics' Institute, and the Ward Schools recently erected, reflect credit on the country. So do the long lines of splendid stores, and the elegant villas which abound on every hand. Toronto contained, in 1791, two families of Mississauga In- dians ; ISOI, ;]M(; inhabitants; ISlT, 1,-JOO ; 18'J(i, 1,077 ; 1880, 2,8(50; 1S;:]2, 4,000 ; 1842, 15,33(); 1845, 10,700; 1850, 25,100; 1852, oO,70o ; now, in 1855, it is supposed to contain, as already noticed, 50,000. Instead of an exception, Toronto is but a ppccimen of what is going on throughout I'pper Cantida. Hamilton, which was laid out in 1813, and which in 183G contained only 2,840 inhabitants, had advanced in 1810 to 0,832; in 1850 to 10,448 ; iu 1852 to 14,199 ; and cannot bo now under 20,000, 'i it do not go beyond that. It has fourteen or fifteen Churches ; several Banks or Bank agencies ; a large number of manufactories, including among them several Foundries ; a splendid Central Schoi'l, with other educational establishmciits corresponding ; jMerchant Princes, with private residences in harmony with the extent of their business and the beautiful sites occupied by their dwellings ; sends a Member (Sir Allan Napier Alacnab, the present Pre- mier) to Parliament ; and publishes 7 or 8 Newspapers, of which two are daily, besides one or two IMagazines. 1 I L contains when he :ircly into Avliich wc }s several and the pers (four public or dzc to be ., Trinity lie Banks, i recently ig lines of on every 'sauira Tn- (), 1,077 ] IDJOG; pposed to 1 of what in 183G 184 G to (1 cannot hat. It or Bank 1 ir among ritli other Princes, of their ^veilings ; >ent Pre- apcrs, of 1G3 Brantford, which was surrendered by the Six Nation Indians and surveyed so late as 1830, and whose population in IS.'U did not exceed 400, nurn])cred in the beginning of 1S52, accord- ing to the Census, 8,877. Its present population is somewhere about 5,000. It contains 8 or Churches ; has a handsome brick Town Hall and Market IIous* ; a Court House; a large and handsome Public School House ; Bank Agencies several ; and was in 1853 enlightened by four Newspapers. It is the seat besides of u number of important manufactories. London, surveyed in 182G, contained in 1850, 5,124 inha- bitants ; in 1852, 7,124. Some time ago it has been pro- claimed a city, having acquired a population over 10,000. It has its full share of churches, schools, bank agencies, manufac- tories, and so forth, and publishes 4 or 5 newspapers. There are a host of other places in Canada West in relation to which, did the necessary brevity of an Essay admit of it, ■ we might tell a story altogether similar. For example, Niagara, which Ilowison roports (p. 74) to contain 700 or 800 inhabi- tants, contained in 1852, 3,340, and has prol)ably now over four thousand ) St. Catharines, which he describes as a '' vil- lage presenting no claim to notice," numbered in 1852, 3,3G1), and numbers now over 5,000 ; Gait had risen by 1852 from 1,000, in 1845 to 2,248 ; Paris from about 300 in 1834 to 1,890 iu 1852, now containing between 2,000 and 3,000. Goderich, which in 1832 bcizan to strua-Lile into existence in the midst of an unsurvcycd wilderness, at a distance of sixty miles from any settlement, had in 1852, 1,329 inhabitants ; Stratford, which in 1840 contained about a dozen houses, has now tiftecn hundred inhabitants. Guelph, surveyed in 1827, has now over 2,000 of a population. Instead of the " two or three very small villages" between Kingston and Toronto — the largest of them, BellevillCj ''■ containing about 150 inhabitants" — we have now, not to'name smaller places, Cobourg with a po- pulation of probably not much less than 5,000, having num- bered 3,871 in 1852; Belleville with quite as many ; Peter- borough probably near the same, 3,872 Itoingthe number given 164 hy tlie Census for 18.J2 ; Turt Hope, ^Yllicll liad L'/ti'S in 18;"i2, v.-ith from 8,000 to 4,000 at all events; Bowniauvillo with from 2,000 to 3,000, Osluiwa with 1,142 in 1852. Passijg downwards we find Kingston, which Talbot states, (vol. 1., p. 08,) to contain, when he wrote, 2,336 inhabitants, with 14,725 in 1852 ; being besides a very handsome city, with as large a number, to say the least of.it, of line buildings, public and private, as any city in the Province in proportion to its size ; IJrockville — a town worthy of the very beautiful site which it occupies — with not under, we presume, 4,000 inhabi- tants, the Census reporting it to contain 3,240 in 1852 ; Pres- cott with 2,150 in 1852 ; Cornwall with 1,092 in the same year ; and, omitting a number of other places of various sizes, what was liytown, containing when Bouchette wrote (who published in 1832) nearly a hundred and fifty houses, but which is now the City of Ottawa — with a po})ulation over 10,000. Of Chatham we have not spoken, whose population was in 1852, 3,394, or of Woodstock — a very handsome town — which had then 2,112 inhabitants, or of J*crth, a fine tovrn, having then a population of 1,910. Besides the above there are in the Upper Province a multi- tude of villages, with populations varying from 200 or 300 up to 2,000 or over. Though differing, of course, among themselves, the Cities, Towns and Villages above named or referred to, arc not merely equal, but very much more than e(pial in appearance to places of the same size in the Old Country. This no intelligent stranger will fail to observe at once. In some other respects they have the advantage of their home compeers. It would be difficult to find one of them without its newspaper. Most of them, so soon as they come to be of any size, have two, — numbers of them more, — as also their 3Iechanics' Institute. From Scobie's Almanac for 1854, we extract the followiuu' particulars as to the assessed value of a few of them : Brantford stands there (;^p. 48-51) at £240,002; Bytown (Ottawa City), £515,050 ; Amherstburg (with 1,880 iuhabi- 1G5 I 2/u'8 ill wnuiiivillo 32. bot states, iliabitants, fiomc city, : buildings, oportion to autifiil site )00 inliabi- ^52; Pres- samc year ; sizes, what 3 published liich is now 0,000. Of as in 1852, -which had avino; thou ice a iiiulti- or aOO up I i the Cities, not merely CO to places l intelligent i jcr respects i It would per. Most | lave two, — I Institute. | le following ;; m : 2 ; Bytown 880 inhabi- tants), £9G,0S2 ; Godciich, /:o(3,(387 ; iVrth, £112,018 ; Niii- gara, £1^2,782; AV^oodstock, i:10(i,!K')() ; Dundas, £200,000; Chielph, £14(3,000; and Gait, £107,S8(). Suppose these sums to represent the cstiin:it(!d value on which the Assessment (G per cent.) is founded, (which we con- ceive they must do,) they will be admitted to be still large. The rise which has taken place on property since 1852 would, however, make them now considora))ly liigher. To Quebec and ^Fontreal we have already adverted. 13oth are old compared with the Cities of Upper Canada, (with the exception perhaps of Kingston, which occupies the site of Fort Frontenac — erected as a protection against the Tro([uois in 1072,) the foundation of the former having been laid by Champlain in lOOS, and a commencement made of the latter about thirty years later. While, however, running thus back as to their foundation into our hoar anti(juity, thereby securing for themselves the respect which our nature prompts us to pay to the old, and giving us as a people a felt connection which is pleasant with the daring, the toils, and the endurance of the men and women from whom our rich inheritance has come down to us, — they are still as to their growth nearly as modern as eveiy thing else aiuuug us except the ground on which wo tread, our inland seas tmd noble rivers, and our primeval forests. In 1G22 the population of (Quebec was under 50 ; by 1720 it had risen to 7,000 ; it numbered 10,880 in 181G ; 20,:30<» in 1825; 25,010 in 18;]1 ; :J7,;]G5 in 1850; 42,05;} in 1S52 ; and is still steadily progressing, being probably little if at all under 50,000. The site of Quebec, whether considered in a military, a mer- cantile, or an aesthetic point of view, is, we presume, unsur- passed the world over. So long as it stands, and we hope its course is but beginning, it will proclaim to the admiring thou- sands who may gaze on it, the skill, the intelligence and the taste of the man who chose it as the home of his infant Colony. Which is most enchant iUfr, — the view to be obtained from the l()(i Panido Ci round of the noble river crowded witli ships bearing the fiaii;s of all the leadincr countries of J'Jurope, as well as thot.'^ of ])ritain and the neiirhbourinir States, with the lariic Island of Orleans dividinp; it and supplying a double channel for it; the St. Charles quietly pouring in its waters for the accommo- dation of the ship-builders ; Point Levi inviting you from the opposite shore to step into one of the steamers which you sec starting, that you may please yourself with a ramble through the beautiful country stretching to such a distance behind, above, and bcloAV it ; or that which bursts on you when look- ing on it from the Falls of Montmorenci, or the Beauport road as perchance you drive comfortably towards it with a friend, — the sun which is shining on its zinc-covered spires and roofs giving it the appearance of a city composed largely of silver — it is dilTieult to say. Of its buildings we can attempt no description, the space to which W'c arc here confined forbidding it, even did we feel our- selves adc({uate to it. Those who would obtain a good con- ception of tliese and of its far-famed fortifications, wo would refer to the pages of Buckingham, who presents the most life- like sketches of such of them as were in existence when he Avroto, with which it has been our fortune to meet. Suffice it *^to say that it is a fine, and a beautiful city — worth putting one's-solf to some trouble to see. In 1720 the number of inhabitants in Montreal was 3,000, which rose to 10,000 in 1816 ; 22,357 in 1825— between which and 1844 it advanced to 44,093. The Census of 1852 reports it as being in that year 57,715. Now, though I cannot speak positively, I presume it to be from 05,000 to 70,000. As to beauty of site, it is second only to its elder sister Quebec. Perhaps we should rather say tJiat though less im- posing, its site is equally beautiful. For mercantile purposes it would not be easy to conceive a position aioro advantageous. To the eye the mountain, at the foot of which it lies, aifords a I 107 ■)ii bearing 3II as tho!:,'> TLre Island mcl for it ; accomnio- Li from the ch you see »le through cc behind, when look- luport road a friend, — :s and roofs of silver — he space to ^e feel our- L good con- we would Q most life- e when he Suffice it ■th putting was 3,000, -between us of 1852 though I 05,000 to 1 I I a '' continual feast," while at the same time it supplies the citizens with sites for healthful villas, of which they have largely and wisely availed themselves. Its Public ]>uildings, including Cathedrals, Churches, Convents, ]>ank3, Exchange, Post-Oilice, Mechanics' Institute, &c., «.^c., are numerous. To say that numy of them are handsome would be to come very, very far beneath the truth. There are a large number of them which require only space enough to show them to make them be felt imposing. Being constructed of stone, they have a massivencss not seen in the Upper Province, except in the noble oMarket House at Kingston. With its Public Buildings the I'rivate Picsidences of 3Ion- tvcal are in admirable keeping, bearing testimony at once to the wealth and taste of their owners. The description given by Buckingham of 3Iontreal in 1840 or 1841 is still worth perusal, though from the more rapid change which goes on there, it will leave the reader with a less complete idea of wdiat it is now, than in the case of Quebec. Quebec and Montreal are the only cities in Lower Canada, though it contains many fine towns of a smaller size — among which may be named Three llivers, with a population of more than 5,000 at least ; Sorel, with a population in 1852, of 3,422; St. Louis with 3,943, and St. John, with 3,215 inha- bitants in the same year ; Sherbrooke, with 2,008 (now, we believe, much increased); St. Ilyacinthe, with 3,313 then, — now probably over 4,000 ; Laprarie, Lachine, St. Thcrcse, Longucuil, L'Assomption, Montmagny, Alynier, and a num- ber of other places, varying in population from one to two thousand, with villaues innumerable containing from two or three hundred to a thousand inhabitants. elder sister <'h less ini- le purposes vantageous. lies, affords It is rather unfortunate that one of the charactcriytics of Lower Canada, which contributes most to its beauty, and de- liiihts as Avcll as interests the traveller through it, should tell against it when its towns come to be looked at in the census. We refer to tlie continuous lint^s of neat, conifortable-lookin rr n 108 dwcllinp:s, tlic humlilcst of them wliite-washed — extending]; often for miles — met with everywhere, which are entered, of eourse, as belonging to the township or parish, while the centres of which they form the extensions figure there as but very mode- rate sized villasi;es. Speaking generally, the towns and villages of Lower Canada liave a remarkably agreeable appearance, and make a very fa- vourable impression on the mind of the stranger, giving evi- dence, as they do, of taste in connection with means. Sorel, Three llivers, and St. Ilyacinthe may be named as specimens of the former ; Chambly, St. Eustache, and Beauport of the latter. Sherbrooke, in the eastern townsliips, is one of the liandsomest places in the Province. iMelbourne, Granby, and Abbotsford, though smaller, are likewise very handsome. We regret our inability to give, as in the case of Upper Canada, specimens of the assessed and estimated value of the towns and cities of Lower Canada, the materials not being within our reach. Quebec publishes eight newspapers, of wdiich several are daily 5 3Iontreal, 27 magazines and newspapers, several of the latter daily. Of the Quebec papers, three are French, and five English : of the Montreal papers and magazines, twenty are English, and seven French. Two French papers are published in Three llivers, and one in St. Ilyacinthe ; one English in each of the following places, to wit, St, John's, Aylmer, Sherbrooke, and New Carlisle. Others may be issued else- where, but if so, the list whence we have taken these (Supple- ment to Canadian Directory, 1853) docs not name them. Taken as a whole, the cities and towns of Canada compare •^ favourably, both in regard to appearance and growth, with those of the nciuhbourinir States. The increase of Boston, for example, between IS.'jO and 1850 (during which time it progressed from 01,391 inhabit- ants to 135,000, World's Progress, pp. 444, 701) was 2h times; i I th fr. idinc^ofton of course, centres of rery inorle- vcr Canada 3 a very fa- G'ivinLT evi- ns. Sorel, ! specimens lort of the one of tlie ranby, and ?onie. We )er Canada, B towns and within our several are eral of the h, and five wcnty are e published 10 English Aylmer, ssucd else- e (Supple- tlieni. a compare wth, witli Ll 18r>0 and n inhabit- s 2Hi»it;''^; IG'J that of New York, a trifle over 2^ times within the same pe- riod. Within the same interval the advance of Providence, R.I., was from 10,833 to 41,r)12 (about l')!) per cent.) ; Sew Haven, Conn., from 10,r)78 to 20,34;') (say doubling); Hart- ford, Conn., from 7,074 to 13,555 (nearly doubling) j Albany from 24,209 to 50,703 (doubling, with a trifle over) ; Troy from 11,557 to 28,785 (about 150 per cent.); Philadelphia from 80,404 to 121,370 (somewhat over 50 per cent.) ; Balti- more from 80,020 to 100,054 (about 110 per cent.) ; New Or- leans from 40,820 to 119,400 (under 150 per cent.) (Amcr. Statist. Ann. 1854,, p. 143.) Montreal all but doubled in the 19 years between 1825 and 1844 — its rise being, as we have seen, from 22,357 to 44,093. In 1852 it was over 3^ times what it had been in 18 10 — 30 years before — Quebec being nearly three times, and having more than doubled between 1825 and 1852. Here surely there is nothing either to affront or discourage us. Let us look now at a few of the newer cities on the two sides of the line, and sec how the comparison stands. Between 1830 and 1850, Oswego rose in the number of its population from 2,703 to 12,405; Buffalo from 8,008 to 42,201; Bochester from 9,207 to 30,403; Cincinnati from 24,831 to 115,590 ; St. Louis from 4,977 to 77,800 ; and Detroit from 2,222 to 21,019. (Amer. Stat. Ann., 1854, p. 143.) Thus within these twenty years the advance of the cities above-named in population stands respectively : — Oswego, nearly 5 times; Buffalo, near 5 times ; Bochester, close upon 3 times; Cincinnati, nearly 4] times ; Detroit, !)<] times ; and St. Louis, nigh 10 times. Within the twenty years hitervening between 1834 and 1854, the increase of Brantford was 10 times (that is, brought it up to ten times what it was in 1834) ; of Hamilton, in the 18 years between 1834 and 1852, 7 times; of Toronto, be- tween 1832 and 1852, nearly 71 times; of Ottawa City, late 170 l^ytuwn, between 1830 and iSo'), 25 years, 10 times; of St. Catherines, between 18o2 a'^d 1852, 5 times ! AVith the .single exception, then, of St. Louis, the Canadian cities just-named have been growiiiij; more rapidly than those — the elite of our nei<;hLours — with wliich we have compared them. ]>ut London lias, within the last four years, viz., be- tween 1850 and 1854, doubled itself — a rate of p'owth which, continued for the next sixteen years, would make it outstrip St. Louis, which has doubled four times in twenty years, while London's progress during the last four is at the rate of five doublings within the same period. In one very important respect St. Louis has unquestionably the advantage, — the continuance of its growth, to wit, being a fact, "while the exact amount which the future is to do for London, for which we doubt not it will do much, remains, of course, an uncertainty. To St. liouis we, therefore, hold our- selves ready, on this score, to doff our bonnet, hoping that it will have the good manners duly to appreciate the compliment. 8. Canada, young as she is, has made a beginning in manu- factures, which affords fair ground to hope that she will, ere long, occupy in this department a high position. The appearance which she made at the AVorld's Fair was highly creditable to her, a very respectable proportion of her exhibitors either carrying off prizes or having honorable men- tion made of them. To Mr. Perry of Montreal, for example, a prize was given for a iire-engine, distinguished for its power and beauty ; to 3Iessrs. Saurin of Quebec, for sleighs, which were much admired ; and to Islw I'aterson of Dundas, for blankets, described as being of very superior quality ; besides which, the two latter gentlemen received prizes at New York, Mr. Paterson's blankets being stated to be the best exhibited there. Of no fewer than four Canadians honorable mention is made in the Ileports of the Juries of the Great Exhibition, for the i in ,cs ; of St. } Canadian tlian tlioso ; compared s, viz., bc- ,vtli M-liich, it outstrip cnty years, tlie rate of icstionably 'it, being ;i s to do for remains, of , bold our- inu^ tliat it jmpliment. 2; in manu- ic will, ere Fair was ion of ber rable raen- r example, its power lis, wbieli )uiidas, for ; besides S'i'w York, . exliibitcd 3n is made n, for tlie inanufaotiirc of tbo sinirlo article of axes ; to wit, iMessrs, Ladd, Leavitt, and Sliaw, witlitbe firm of Scott and (Jlasfurd ; as also of Mr. AVallaco for staves (lleport, pp. -Ill**, 4!>1), and Mr. Stewart for a sin^de sleiuli barnoss. It is to bo regretted tbat in relation to a point of siicb im- portance as tbe manufactures of tlie country, tbe late census returns sliould be so deficient. Little do tbose tliink, wbo witbliold, wbetber from carelessness or wbatever otber cause, the information necessary to their comj)letcness, how un- wisely, as well as improperly, they arc acting. The country that is enriching them they wrong, by making it apjjcar behind what it truly is ; aiid they hold It back, and consequently themselves, by the preventing of efforts to which intelligent and energetic men might be prompted, without at all interfer- ing injuriously with them, through the knowledge of what was done by others. ])eficient, however, as these returns are, they will still give us some insight into the kinds of manufacture which arc being carried on. AVith this view we will select a few particulars from them. For Upper Can. da we find GIO grist mills reported, of which 41 are impelled by steam, and 509 by water. Two hundred and seventy-eight of them return 1,708,840 barrels of flour as turned out by them per annum ; eleven, 5,075 per week ; and 2o, 3,821 per day. Of 77, the annual dues or rents are given as £11,074. One bundred and sixty-five of them make no returns. The hands returned as employed are 1,58S. Fuur hundred and thirty-nine of them report £008, oOO as the amount of their invested capital. There are reported as in operation in Upper Canada 1,018 saw-mills — 109 of them wrought by steam, with 1,449 by water. The quantity of timber returned by 900 of them is 374,953,000 feet per annum; 151 return 510,000 feet per day; 20, 11,545 logs— plank 472 31. Of annual profit or rent 139 return £34,055. Capital to the amount of £419,808 172 is returned Jis invested in 1 1(50. The niunbur of men returned as employed l»y thcin is 4,f^S4. TAuir hundred and thirty-three make no returns. One soap and candle factory makes 90 tons of soap per an- num, with K'tUjOOO cwt. of candles ; nnd-employs 25 men. One woollen factory in Carlton produces .jr),(IOO yards of cloth an- nually; two in (Irenville and Leeds, which employ G') men, !.'>;{, (lOO J one in Frontenac, Lennox, and Addinuton, lOO^UOO, employing .■>2 men ; two in Xorthuniberlandand Durhum (one of them employing ITO hands), oOO,000 • one steam power, 50,000; four, 144,000, with 1,200 pairs of hlankets. Two agricultural implement manufacturers return £3,750 capital, employ 30 men, and produce .£3,315 per annum. The Niagara dock cost £40,000, and gives employment to between 200 and oOO men. A single foundry in (jlrenvillc and Leeds, returns GO men a.*? employed, 800 tons of iron as cast per annum, X'25,000 as capital invested, and £4,000 per annum of profits. Two lathe mills turn out 100,000 feet annually; and one paper mill, with £2,000 capital, employs 11 men, and produces 40 tons of paper. Lower Canada reports 530 grist mills — 4 steam, and 532 water; the produce of 101 is returned, as 102,010 barrels of flour per annum. Thirteen produce G84 per day. By 20G produce or rents to the extent of £32,074 are annually realized. Two hundred and sixteen make no returns. The number of hands returned as employed is 83G. Three hun- dred and seventy-five return £300,754 of capital. Of saw mills there are reported for Lower Canada 1079 — 7 being impelled by steam, and 1,072 by water. One hundred and fifty-three return 24,523,300 feet of timber per annum ; 21, 34,500 feet per day ; 25, 55,200 logs— 100 per day ; 138, 3,632,450 deals or planks. Three hundred and twenty-two report £51,412 as rent or annual profit, and £357,155 as ca- Fi I returned ilrty-threc ip per an len. One clutli an- y (')') men, ,,100,000, rliuni (one im power, :et.s. Two 30 capital, loynieut to GO men as 25,000 as 5 and one d produces and 532 barrels of By 200 annually irus. The riirce Imn- 1 1079—7 c liundred 2V annum ; day; 138, wenty-two 155 as ca- I 173 pital. Tlio number nf hands reporte<l as employed is 3,731, l''n»m 420 no returns were received. Two tanneries return .€3,500 eapital, £5,375 profit, men 11. One lathe and jilanini; mill returns a capital of i;l 5,000, with cC25,000 of proceeds, and 25 men. By one seythe and rake factory, 74,000 dozens of scythes and 140,000 dozens of rakes are made annually. One ship-yard at I'oitneuf employs 150 men. Two paper mills return .CI 500 capital, X'450O profits, and 101 men as employed. One j-ail factory, with i!()00 capital, produces 20,000 ])ails. Two paper mills, with a capital of i:<s500, return £12,500 as proeced.><, with 22 men. One Cotton Factory returns XI, 750 capital, 40 men, and £0,250 as annual proceeds. One h^alerntus Factory, employ- ing 4 nam, produces 30,000 lbs. annually. A Glass Factory in A^'audreuil, returns £11,000 capital, with a produce of 30,000 boxes of 50 feet each, 150 men being employed. In the City of Quebec 17 Carriage Factories are reported. For the City of Montreal Brick-yards are reported producing 2,500,000 bricks annually, and furnishing employment for 50 men. One Grist Mill in Montreal, produces 30,000 barrels of flour. One Boot and Shoe Factory returns in 1850, £45,000. One Soap and Candle Factory, produces 5,000 boxes of Candles, with 1,800 boxes of Soap. By one Ship-yard 100 men arc employed. Among the returns for Lower Canada are included 70,389 barrels of fish. These particulars have been presented merely by way of specimen ; for the sake of convenience we shall avail ourselves, for the residue of the Reports, — of a Table on this head, derived from the Abstract of tlie census, — given in the Ame- rican Statistical Annual for 1854, p. 481. There were in Canada, according to the Census, in 1852 : 174 Kstal)li>hni(M)ts. Aslicrio.s Axe Factoi-ics Agricultural linp- pUMuciit Fact.... [{nrloy Mills I?ro(un Factories... Jirick Yards Hark Mills J?rcwcrics Cabinet Factories . (^'^r(ling Mills Carriage Factories Carding >& Fulling Mills Chair Factories.... Clover ^Fills Cloth F'actories Comb ditto Cooperages (Mgar Factories Cotton ditto Distilleries Engine Factories.. Fanning Mills Fanning Mill Fact. Forges in St. Mau- rice Fulling Mills Foumh'iea Glass Factories.... Crist Mills Gluo Factories Lath ditto Last ditto Last & Peg ditto... Lime Kilns Alarble Factories.. Machine .^hops Match Factories... r.c. 10 o I) *} 4 1 8G 50 1 127 1 o • > C, 101 97 GIO 1 11 4 ') 1 4 L. C. 2011 10 24 208 302 la o 10 8 i;] 1 '.)G o 24 25S 1 10 ») • ) o o 5 o liw 5 o o KstaMisl)ni''iits. U.C. L.C. '}, Ham Is. ic.l o;5 130 1 1 53(5 11 40 1 11 1 5 ■ o o 2 1 o ^ / o 2 Mustard Mills Nail Factories Oatmeal Mills ()\\ Mil's Pail Factories IMaining .Mills Pot Asherios Plaster :Mills Paper ditto Potteiies Powder Mills Pyroligneous Acid Works Pump Factories ... Rail ditto Rope ditto ilakc ditto Rifle ditto Saw Mills Shingle Factories.. Salaratus <litto Stave ditto Scy'.he .S: Rako do. Stone-ware ditto... Sash ditto Soap ditto Starch ditto Ship-yards Tanneries Threshing .A' ill Factories Turning Lathes.... Tobacco F'actories Vinegar ditto Woollen ditto Wheel ditto Whip ditto Piano-Forte ditto.. 1 o 42 1 12 IS • ) 10 8 1 1 1018 30 3 4 Of) 1 I 10 V 7 8 •> 4 5 f) 1 o 270 1 107'J 4 1 2 1 11 o 18 218 1 r» ,s IK 2.'> 10 i;; 12 14 1 1 1 2007 40 4 7 1 1 4 j() 3 20 488 3 2 7 4 107 J 1 7 Tho above Table is accompanied by the statemetit that it probably does not repre.'^ont one-third tho actual existing manufacturins: establishments in the Province ; but it shows that Canada has progressed rapidly in this branch of Industry, and indicates the descriptions of manufacture carried on. C. L.C. 3 1 - M 1<) V n 7 8 •) o 4 5 8 18 10 i;5 12 14 1 1 1 ;i8'l(>7'.-t -007 40 4 30 o 5 4 1 I) 1 o 1 11 < 1 1 4 a 18 20 218 488 3 o 4 - 4 •.»(» 17 107 1 1 1 1 ; 7 7 lueiit that it ual existing >ut it shows of Industry, I on. 175 In these returns, it will be MbserveJ, there does not ;ippe;n* for the whole of I 'pjici* Caiiiuiri ;i siiiglo Cabinet, Cnrriaeo or Chair nianufactury, or a .-ingle ('iMi|u>rago nr Linic-kiln — all of which, as every one knitws, are tn b'' iimnd over the wliolo cuiintr}-. in Toronto alone, for example, there is a Cabinet Establishment that for extent of business and character of work will compare, we should supjtose, advantageously with any thing of tiio kind on this Continent; wc refer to JaiMjues A: Hay's unfortunately burnt out ;i few days ago, but already re- buildinu'. Jt is to be hoped that bv the time iie.xt Census comes to be n)ade, returns representing the true state of the Country, and thus as.<isting it to take the position in tho eyes of the world wiiich of right belongs to it, will be supplied. Deficient, however, as these rcturn.sarc (and be it rcmcn)bcr- cd it is in)t on the parties employed in cMllecting them, but the withholders of information the deficiency is chargeable), a irlance at them will show that there are few of the uscf :1 occu- pations in which there i.s not a commencement made, while in nundjcrs of them gratifying progress is exhibited. TIkm'c is one item from the entire absence of which the Country would suifer little, wc refer to the Distilleries. AVe hope the capital invested in these may lind ere long more beneticial, yet not less profitable cmploynunit. It may he noticed here that ^Ir. Logan iii his lleport for 1 852-5-), (p. 52-54), gives the names of ce-tain parties in Lo\ver Canada, who are said to manufactun- !'.inong them annually ovir 18,500,000 bric]:s, sold chiefly in Mtuitreal and (Quebec. Annmg other employments which have recently s]>rung uj) among us may be named manufactories of Kailroad Carriages and Lo?oraotives. Of the latter .Mr. Cood of Toronto, has already turned (Mit a number that do him credit, 'J'he.<e are Ih.'ing m;ide als.i in 3Ionti'eai ; and llamiltnii is producing carriage.^ which will compare favourably with the best seen elsewhere* 1 170 Matlicinatical Instrument iiiakint;' lias also made a beoinuinu amoni!; us. Nine Slilp-yards in Quebec employ amoni; tliem 1,3.3<S men. "With respeet to tlie Ships built in Canada, Messrs. Tonge & Co. of Liverpool, expres" themselves thus in their Circular of 1852. — " AVc have much pleasure in noticinp; a marked improvement both in the model, material and iinish of Canadian Ships, the majority of which have been constructed to class six or seven vears, and to which a decided preference is given by buyera over the spruce ships, or those classing but four or five years, even at a very increased price. Among those which have arrived within the last eight months, will be found some as fine specimens of Naval Architecture, as ever have been pro- duced, cond)ining in reality (from having great length of floor and fine ends) both carrying and sailing properties of no ordinary kinds.'' {Canadian Journal, Feb. 1853.) [An extensive Sugar Manufactory, erected at a large cost by P. lledpath, Esq., is now in successful operation in Mon- treal.] Canada has — 4. Established a large, important, and rapidly growing com- merce. iTSCi A good general idea of the commerce of Canada in the earlier period of her history, which will assist us in appreciat- ing the progress she has since made, may bo obtained from the subj(jined Table, copied from 3Iacgregor's Commercial Stati;^- tics, Vol. v., pp. 254, 255 (Loudon, 1850). The sums men- tioned arc in sterling moniy : bcginuinij; 3ui 1,33H [I, Messrs. 1 thus in n noticing teriiil and liicli have { to wliic'li he spruce even at a ivc arrived mic as fine ! heeii pro- [, length of )erties of no ) a large cost ion ill jMon- roAving com- Inada in the in apprecitit- led from the n'cial Statis- sums mcu- 177 u5 I — Imports.; h \ k \ or xports. >VlK'rf from, ail. I to. Arti.'lt'S. I \-h\ No. j b'.j Import:*. Kxports. nCSt 34 Exports. Impr.rt.-^ ITSr 93 Exports Imports, 1S08 334 Ivxport.';. P'raiKv Frnm W. I To Fran re Ditto. Louisbour From QiU'liec. From Kii'_'lanil MiTchaiKii/.c ^Vinl.', rinii, hramlv, I'ti .^I'paratf aiiiHiiiit. (iciifral aiiiuiiiit. Fun; Oil. (ii'usiii;:. Capillairi.' TilllVxT, ke Fi>h, oil. Iron, Vcircta- tabli'S, itc IJaltiuiJO against Colony FitrF! and SundrifS. oil. Fisli. Ac, from La lirador., l.-.T.iUr, r>0.1:;:! 04,7o0 2 ti 7,083 6 3.0n») 10 .-t. d. •Jir,.7t;o VI ;r,o 141.210 545, 00() 10,000 I fact nn' J (loods, k'. i'ju.OOO From Qui'l From liii^land From (iuilx'c. ^Vo^~t India i'rndiii'i'...i ■>- .400 Ualanci' in favorof CoFv Fnrs. and othtT Colonial I'rodiii' Fish. I.iimlicr. .Vc. from I^abrador and (iaspt-... Mannfarturcd (Jonds. \, Wi'st Indi.i Prodiit'L'...! 44.").n6 4o.0oo 0| sl.fiOO 1 190, IK) Ualan'v in favor of CoFy Furs.and other Colonial I'roduc Wheat. Uis.'uit k Flom Oak ami Fine Tiiiilier Exports. Exports. Import.'' From l-al radoi and (iaspo.... To U.S.i(V/ Lake Cliamplain... FroraEni'laud From U. States Slav. Masts, k' I'ot and I'oarl .Vsh.s.... New Ships. ;i.7."iO tons. .CIO per ton Fii<h, Lumber, Oil. Ac hindries, about. Manufactiuvd Goods £200.001 \V. 1. rroducc. Do.Otii Merchandize, Tea, I'ro vision. Tobae- •o. iVe. ()ak. Fine, Tim., .Masts Ac, I'ot and IVarl Ashes., IJaFco in favor of Colonv ;l.^i0.ooo 171.2110 (■ ir)7..".i;o f .i'jo,ooo t 37.-')00 0| 120.000 :;(i.ono oi i43,2iV5 Un.s.-i:! ,1 ijt),or,o ;i3o,()oo 100,IX)0 7o.noi) 110,000 ( t 2M>.000 t _.___._. ;i 0.000 ■)4t'..0iiU 178 From the above it will be scon that within lifty-fuiir jcars — from 17.') 4 t<> ISIJS — the number of ve.-^sels eii^aued in the commerce of the country increased from 58 to !>>!: ; that the Exports advanced from £7i'),'l()0 7s. Sd. to £] ,\f^C),()()0 ; and the Imports from .t2 10,7(39 Il's. (Id., to JLu 10,000; and that Qt the close of that period the balance stood £540,000 in lier favour, instead of beiniz; c£l41,249 against her. In the latter of these years, 1808, we further observe thai the Trade with the United States consisted of Exports to the value of .jCoO,000 ; with Imports to the amount of £010,000. Two shijw, laden with wlieat, — supposed to be the first grain exported, — arrived at Marseilles from Canada in 1752 — twn years previous to the commenceiagiit of the period of which, we have spoken above, (Smith's ('anada, Vol. I, 110, Intro. ; The extent to which this trade, whose beginning was thus sn small, has now grown, was noticed in connection with the sub- ject of Agriculiure, where the export of Wheat for the year 1852 was stflted to have reached 5,400,718 bushels. The Imports of Canada from Great Britain amounted in thv. year 1800 to 82,208,528, or £552,182 ; in 1805 to 82,0:50,81:; —or 507,578 5s ; in 1810 to 84,701,220— or £1,175,805; and in 1815 lo 88,221,008— or £2,055,250 1.5s. currency. Andrews' Colonial Lake Trade, p. 018.) Uetween the years 1820 and 1840 inclusive, the value of the Imports into Canada and Exports from it, was — in sterling: money : I 185 Yuar. liiipnrts. Exports. Y.';ir. Tiiipm'fs. j:xports. c & i £ ]82',» 1,'2:5;],007 1,447.485 18:55 l,(;nl,5(« 1,02:3,0(1',) 18.".0 l,.')()ii,')14 1.155,404 18;!(; 2,n;n,7(i!i 1.21 2, • ISO I8;n l,70;],(3l2(l 1,1'J5,51(J 18;]7 i,(;i;().25;5 1,012,84;3 18;52 l,r)(;7,7lit •I52,4(;:? 1 s;;8 i,5;i4.L:7r) 1.01M,;31-i 18:;;5 i,(;r..-)j44 0(.o,U-i(J 17;3'J 2,22'.i,',i27 1,21 7. 5.11 I8;u l,0()3,G-i;] l,018,'.t22 1 840 1,'JU4/J17 i,7yi.».o.3:) four years — [\rred ii» the 54 ; that tlu- ')(;,( M)0 ; and JO; ami that :G,000 ill her ' observe that )f Exports to ! auiuunt of the first grain ill 1752— tw.. riod of whieli ,110, Intro. I y Avas thus S«' with the siil)- t for the year els. lounteJ in th. to 82,0H0,;U:l £l,175,30o ; "(S. currency. le vaUic of tlio L — in steiTii!'. Exports. l,02:5,n<i'' 1.21--',V)Sn 1,01 2,8 to i,(n>i,3i'' l,217.')-''-t l,7o'J.U.>i 179 With considerable variation in the interveninp; amount.*., oc- ca.-^ioned by a variety of causes, these twelve years brintr the hiiports up from £l,2.j;J,!l07 to £1,904,017; and the Exports from £1,447,485 to £l,7'>9,0r)o sterlintr : the former liavin^' reached the sum of c£2,229;927 in ISoo. (^Iacgrc<2;or, Com- Stat., Vol. v., p. 270.) To the above have to be added 9.} per cent., according to to the calculation of the Board of Registration. In the following Table, derived (with the exception of the Imports for 1848, which arc taken from Lord Elgin's Despatch on the state of the Colonics) from the statements and estimates of the Board of Registration and Statistics (Appendix to First llepijrt, p. 79), and from the (Canadian Almanac Ibr the years 1852 (p. 58) and 1855 (p. 44) — the total imports (inland in- cluded, except, wo suppose, 1848) arc given from 1841 to 1853 inclusive; with the total exports (^^\'-\t is, including those from inland port.s) for 1851, 1852, and 1853 : — IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FROM 1811 TO IS::;!— in Currcncv. Yc;irs. 1811 1842 184)5 l,s|l IS J.-, 18 k; IS 17 1818 1840 !8o0 K/l 18.-)- 18.38 Imports. .€ .«. (1. 2,802,404 1 1 2,782,017 14 1 2,.oti8,083 It; 11 4,iiU2,i;]0 10 r, 4,040, 7oO 1-5 11 4,780,8-37 o "> 4,548,040 G 4 (2,ii40,5S4 17 11) a, 002,. 300 4,24o,,317 r),:)38,(;!t7 (j .3,071.22:5 7,00.3, M.30 Exports. ,e s. .1. 2.427,700 17 10 1,720.210 15 l,7.3r).S-30 18 5 2,241,080 2,777,048 8 2.324,703 '3 1 2,080, ;J82 11 10 1,710,107 11 1 2,:527,;304 2.0(;<,t,!iOM G, 432, 031 ;5, 820,001 3, 030,. -523 (1 Thus, in ls.")3, the imports reach the .vum of 831,98 1,43() ; ;uid the exports $23,801,300 — the former amounting to not 180 more than three thncs, and the latter to nearly two-and-a-half times what they were only twelve years before. For a eountry so young as Canada, this will be admitted to be a very large commeree indeed Ileckoning the population of the United States at ten times that of United Canada (which, when the slaves are left out, comes near enough for purposes of calculation), the amount of her exports should be $238,013,000, to make them, in propor- tion to numbers, equal those of Canada. But the entire amount of the exports of the Union for 1852 (one year ("urther back than the time above given for Canada) is stated in the American Almanac for 1854 (p. 172) to be 8209,058, 3GG — which comes over 828,000,000 short. Only two States in the whole Union surpass us in amount, to wit, Louisiana and New York — the former of which exported to the value of 849,058,885, and the latter 887,484,450 during the same year. Canada exceeded Massachusetts by more than seven ■ millions and a quarter — the exports of that State being, for 1852, 810,540,490. Putting in ports and exports together, the commerce of Ca- nada, irrespective of her internal trade, amounted, in the year 1853^ to 855,782,730. [Our imports, dutial)lu and free, for 1854, amounted to £10,132,331 Cs. 9d. — being an increase on the year preceding of £2,137,927 5s. 8d. ; and on 1852 of £5,0(11.700 2s. lOd. (Leader, 7th July, 1855) ]. So much for the extent of the commerce of Canada ; let us look now for a few moments at its character, 'he countries with which it is carried on, and the number of vessels and men it employs. Of its giMieral eharaeti'r an iilea may be ')l)tained by the fol- lowing tabli'S, extracted from Andrews' Report on Colonial and Lake Trade, 1852 (pp. 17, 18) : — i I D-and-fi-lialf r u country very large it ton times iro left out, 2 amuunt of , in propor- tire amount Lirther back 10 American ^liioli comes vhole Union r York — tlie ^85, and tlic da exceeded uartor — the icrce of Ca- in the year liinountod to r prccedintr 00 2s. lOd. la da J let us Lntrics with land men it by tlie fol- (ilonial and 1 181 IMPORTS INTO CANADA P.Y lUVEIl ST. LAWRENCE, Uiriii;/ onh/ the rriw^ipdl Articles ami V<ilii'S j'nr the >ji\ir IHol. Articles. Value. I] Artirli's-. Tea $1(18,084 .Suoju- .... Tol.iiccu 18,".(l:-1 Muhissi's. Cotton Manutactvn-es...j 3,018,;]:;i! Salt Woollen Manufactures, i li,:;() 1,810 Glays Ilanlwarc Manul'acure>*i l,tJL'7,208 Coal Wooden Ware Machinery Boots anil Slioes Manufactures of Leather lIMes Tanneil Leather Oil, not Talni Paper Rico 11,012 Furs G,H;j1! Manufactures of Silk.. 0,808 Manufae. Imlia llub])ei Dye Stulls 5;?,lo0 CoHec 1,104 Fruit 4(i,4Kt Fish i;j-j,7()8 Cnenunu'rated 05,21^8 12,^i)o;: Total :^ Valuo. S <^ 7111,408 00,'tOH li."i,".l8() 78,-J0() 101,170 '.M),(lo2 4n7.4'.iU ii:;;!,;;24 ;]s/.i!o i:5,0:!i! r)l,:io4 71,2r,() 8.s.i,770 \'^, 217, :U0 Tlie above includes the imports in traiusit for the I'nitcd States, and those under bond for Upper Canada. EXPORTS FROM CANADA TO OTHER COUNTRIES, [rrincijHiUy Great Britain), yivmj the j^rincipal Artici'n niul Values, for the year 1851. Articles. Values. Ai)ples Ashes, Pot ! Ashes, Pearl i Ash Timber i Parley ! Pattens ' Reef P.irch Timber Biscuit P.ntter i Deals, Pine and Spruce Elm '''imber i Flour j llandspikey j Lard j Lath-wood & Fire-Avond' Masts j Meal, Corn and Oat \ (Jak Timber ' S2,404 80,000 ;;7.:J72 14, '.100 408 ],%0 .".,208 18,408 4,:]70 20,500 0;!7,480 100,124 570,870 OOO 2,250 P. 2. 080 07,100 0,070 180, .'108 Articles. Oars O.its , Feas and Beans Fine Timl)er,rediS:white Pork Shingles Spars "\ aluiH. Staves Tamarac,wood& sleep's Furs and Skins S4,5;^0 2.270 8,000 1,074,700 80,424 200 44,040 382,l;]0 0,000 12,208 Total from Quel)ec ... Valueof similar articles from Montreal Unenumerated from other Poi-ts /I'otal Exports by the ! St. LaAvreuce .S4,071,048 2,000,150 1,401,212 $8,132,410 is- The J V.duots oC tlie Forest ai.iuunted in ISSf)!) t.. /Jl ,ns,41 1 ir)s. :].l. ; ill lsr,l to £1,42:),!>27 Is's. fxl. Ol' Ai;Tieiillm';il I'r"ilu',-(.s i in •ludiii'^' ;iiiini;i:< mid their jiro- dncls, vcLit'tuldi' I'ood, and otlior A^'iMi-ulturti! Products ), the value was : In is.")!), ,Cl,O0i»,:ns l;is. Od. ; in Is:,], X'll(;4,0!)7 Os, ()<1. Tlicrc were exported from (\uiada diirint:- tlic year ISf)!, in addition tu tlie above : Products of tlu! Seas, to the vahie of l'")!,-!!^.") T) (j Produfts of the Klines 17,Sl!(I 7 ;> .Manufactures 11,:]l'7 10 o ( TiOrd Klgiu's I)es}»ateh — Ueturns, Address, lVc., 4(5, 47.) Notice lias Leen taken avIuu dealiiiL:; Avith tlu; Auricultural state of the country, of the very larire exports of AVheat. The followinL!; Tahle shows the quantities of AVhile I'ine which liave been exported lietween the years 1S44 and ISol : Vuim 1814 1815 }Sir> 1817 Culiic i'eot. 11,').")0,138 l.'),S28.88() I4,a'i2,2li0 9,(;2r,.!-10 Yeill•^ 1818 18-19 18")0 1851 Cubic Foot. 10, 70'.»,r)80 11, ('.21. '.120 i::, OJ 0,520 15, •111,000 ( Andre w.s, p. 419.) Ships built at Quebec form another very important article in the commerce of the country. There are in that City "about twcnty4ive ship-building csta])lishmcnts, and eiuht or ten float- ing Ducks, capable of receivinii' largf^st-cla.ss vessels. The class of vessels built range from AIM) to 1,.")(>0 tons and u]i- wards, and there lias been lately established a resident '^ liloyd's Surveyor, to inspcft and class the ships." (Andrews, ]». 421. > P' r ]I0U Slat thei T ves.Si who! 79,8 steal of 51 1855 Fr St. L tent ( are ci one AA tions Th, will b is;; :i,ns,411 I tiu'ir iin»- duets), llii; ):ir IS51, in 11 10 o i:c.,4<», ^V) A;j;vieultiiral A'iieat. The I'iiie \yL*K'1i V..vt. 10,080 '',1.020 ii.r)-JO 1,000 [vs, p. 410.) Imt article in Llity " abtjiii j or ten iloat- ' [s<=ols. Tlio ms ;ind vi]'- I lit '' lJoy<rs ' .s, p. 421.^ The following Table, wlilcli we enpy I'roni Lord Kljxin's De.-<- pateli ( lieturn, i^c., p. AO), wilii tlu^ tiddition of the minibcr for IS;"):), from the ('(HKnliini AIniunnc lor \>^o-) (}>. 4'V), e.\- liibit.s the extent of tlii.s trade : — — . Years. N'uin>ior of Tons. Years. NinnlxTof Vi'sscl«. Tons. 1843 48 13,78.-, 1840 37 24,300 1844 48 l.").04o 1 8.-)0 4.-, 30,387 184.', T).'} 12(;,147 1H.'>1 0.-) 4 !,',().', 184G 40 10,704 1 H.-,l! 42 27.8r>0 1847 70 37, 170. 18-33 ;jO 40,041 1848 41 10,000 The value of these vessels varies from eiujht pounds to twelve pounds ten shillings per ton. Ten pounds currency per ton i.s stated to be about the average. Their miniber during these eleven years was in all, 4S0 ; their tonnage, 305,411; and their value, £:l,054,110. There were built in the Province in IS,") 2 — ').'] steam- vessels, with a tonna'-e of 7,207 ; and 252 sailiiiir vessels, i vessels, jim. 1,^ d whose tonnage amounted to 72,5.'>o : in all, oO 70,So0 tons. Those built in IS,"):} '^ are set down at two steamers and l:)G sailing vessels, of an aggregate tonnage of of 50,070." i^Amcr. JSfatis. Anmud, ]S.")[j:ind Can. Aim., 1855, p. 45.) From the Tables given above of Imports and Exports by the St. Lawrence an idea may be formed of the character and ex- tent of the trade with Great Britain, from wdiieh the former are chiefly received, a? to her the latter are chiefly sent. The one which follows shows the nature and extent of the tninsac- tions with the United States. The trade with British North America and other countries will be noticed aftei-wards. T 2 IS4 Imports into Canada froja tin L'nitcd States in the t/rar I80I. — icith Kj-porlfi from ('iiiiii(J<i to tlf t'liifrd ,Statf\s during the aajw jear : Impouts. Articlos. Toa Tobficco. Cot toll Miiniir.'ic'tiires.. AVdolk'U do. ll.'irdwaro do. \V()(i(U'?i-Warc ■Maehiiu'ry IJoots and Shoes I/Oatlier Manufactures Hides Leather Tanned Oil (not Paliu) Paper nice Snj!;ar !M(>bisses Salt Glas-s Wool Furs SilU MnnuCacture.s India Uubher du. ... Dye-stull's (Joll'ec Fruit Fish Uuenunieratcd Total value of dutiahlc Iinporvs from tin; U. States in I80I Value. !?S'.):!.2in •i(i;),h(i(» r.ti:,,i!2i ;n8,84i r,:;, 712-1 8."),7fi8 4l!,r)'.»2 47,:;sH 8'.»,LM)4 li2ti,2;]ii 47,804 82.<.i'm; r.t.'.t^o 278.4()() T.t,2!MJ 7'.i,>si»; 18,828 88,r,.-,2 44,2*14 80.709 Ti"), '.»()() 12,080 11(;,'.)88 81,144 7,o44 3,022. <';4 $7,943,384 i;.\i'oiai<. Artlrli s. Ashes 'liUniber i.'^hinjrU's L'attle, of all kinds and sizes Horses Wool Wheat Flour Barley and llye licans and I'eas Oats iUitter Iljrjrs Unenuincrated Value. Ji<t;:,,992 700,028 20,732 140,170 18.3, 24 S 41.890 491,700 1, IS], 484 7-"),u90 41, '.88 135,708 38,004 38,008 1,70'), 004 'i'otal value of Kxports to United States 1^4,929,084 Canadian Produce of various doscriptions, to the value of 81,540,534; was received in l)ond at New York and Boston in 1851, under the "draw-Lack law," by wliicli duties on articles passino; through on their way to or from Britain or other coun- tries were returned. During the same year good« to the value I the year Viilui'. 2U,7a2 1S.3,'J4S 41,8'.tti 4'.)1,7C.U 1,1S1,4H1 7-'), 6% 41,r.88 i;5o,708 ;i8,uu4 38,008 i,7o."),»;tu i$4,U29,084 P.C value of Boston in Ion articles )thcr coun- the value IS,, of SljloS,!)]:} |»assc'(l '* ill Uoiid" to Caii.-ula fn-m tlio same (•itii>s. '' Tlu' ^n'at'.T valiu' ol' iIk; iiii|Miri>: I> mailc tliiou-ii I)n-ti)ii ; l»ut (jf the cxiioi-ts tlir'Hi:::!! New \'nik. W'licat and flour form tlu' ]>riMriji.il aitielfs of bomli' 1 r\]H. it." '{'lie value uf Canadian wheat and lloiir ri-ecived at. New York in the years lS4t), lsr,0, and Is,')], was .^:;,S7(;,(;2(;— of wliieli !?.'},ii7S,'>oS wortli was exported. (Andrews. ])]). lol— l:Ji.) Jn the Annual Keport of the (lovernor of the IJoston IJoanl of Trade, read 17th January, 1>^.')'), it is stated that the inijxirts for Canada, throuuh lioston, have inerea>ed tVoui 'Si!'), (MM) in ISID, to over 6."),U0U,UUO in JSol. (^/h-ilish (Vu/(/>7, Jan. 2 1st, 185,").) The " tolls levied l»v the State of Xew York on Canadian Produce passinsj; throui'h her Canals towards tide-water, amounted in two years — 18")t) ami 1'>.")1 — as near as eoidd he ascertained, to over six hundred thousand dollars ; and pro- ])erty passinj; through the same channels from tide-water, l"or the same peri(jd, probably paitl half as much nmre; niakiiiij; about four hundred and liftv thousand dollars annnallv eontri- buted by the Canadian trade to Xew York Canals." (^Andrews, p. 4^5.) The relative proportions of certain classes of articles pro- cured by Canada from Croat Britain and the I'nited States, are exhibited in the following' statement made by Jiord l']li;in in his Despatch to the Hii^ht lion. Sir John S. I'akington (Ue- turn, kc, p. 45.) " During the year 1851, there were imported into Canada of Cotton manufactures to the value of — From Great Britai From the United !: From Crreat Britai From the United h From Great l>ritaii From the United S :5tatcs LEATHER. n ^tates LIXKX. 1 tatcs £000,281 4 7 11(2,887 14 1 11,140 12 4 ;j2,817 8 Sl.l'.il li» 7 U,2U4 4 5 V] <? /2 ^;j -^#.y '^e^ .v / V /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 !S«^ IIM =:^= •IT 112 r.r. I.I •^ 1^ 1 2.2 f. lag i^ :^ IAS IIM 1.25 1.4 1.8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation /. / ^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i/.x \ s 18G SILIv. From G rcat J^rltaiii 120,000 7 From the United St;itcs 20,202 14 7 Avoor., From Great Britain 480,080 3 From the United States 111,808 12 4 MACniNEIlY, From Great Britain 1,410 2 9 From the United States 33,108 17 IRON AND HARDWARE. From G roat Britain 200,407 14 5 From the l^nited States 118,900 14 9 In reference to the above, liis Lordship remarks that the manufactures of the United States "derive, no doubt, some ad- vantage from contiguity j" but adds that he is disposed to be- lieve, from all he can learn on the subject, " that their British rivals would keep their ground against them more effectually if they evinced equal /eal in acijuiring a knowledge of the wants and tastes of their customers." A trade, which is rapidly grooving, has sprung up of late with the other British North American Colonies — between which and Canada there exists a treaty of reciprocity, admit- ting free of duty certain articles, the produce or manufactures of the colonies respectively, or directly imported therefrom : — " The export of flour from Canada, hj/ sea, to the British North American Colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland, since 1844, has been as follows : — Years. Barrels. Years. Barrels. 1844 1845 1840 1847 19,530 20,094 35, 1 52 00,195 1848 1849 1850 1851 — fc,— ■—.■■■,. ■- -. !**■ 05,837 79,492 140,872 154,706 187 The amount oxportetl to tlicso colonics, in bond, tliroiigli New York and Boston, was — flour, 91,279 barrels; wlicat, 6,798 bushels — inakinii; the total export to these colonics, 240,039 barrels — an increase of over twelve-fold in eight years." (Andrews, p. 414.) IIow rapidly Canada is taking the place previously occupied*^ by the United States in the supply of this important article to our fellow-colonists, will be seen by the subjoined table, which we copy from Andrews, p. 435: — Canadian Total. June 'M. American Flour. Flour by Sea.* Bondod ria U. S.f Takon by Lower Colouii'S. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. 1846 310,091 35,152 345,243 1847 272,299 00,195 388,494 1848 274,200 05,834 7,454 847,594 1849 294,891 79,492 4,311 378,094 1850 214,934 140,872 39,728 394,429 1851 200,004 154,700 79,800 435,230 « * Year endiu": December 31. I Year ending June 30. This " substitution of Canadian for American flour in the consumption of the Lower Province, has been brought about," Andrews says, p. 414, *' by the opening of the ship-canals on the St. Lawrence, aided by the reciprocity arrangement above- named, as existing between these colonies and Canada; and because the exclusion of the latter from the American domes- tic market has forced Canadian flour through the St. Lawrence, to compete in the foreign markets of the United States." Though, for the sake of convenience, wheat and flour have been taken to illustrate the direction and distribution of the export trade of Canada, Mr. Andrews states that the remarks made by him apply to all other provisions of M'hich she pro- duces a surplus. ''In the import trade," he adds, "sugar, one of the leading articles of consumption, may be taken to illustrate a change as 188 favouraLle to Caiuula as that in the export of Hour. In 1840 the value of suuars imported iVoiu the United States was double that from the Lower Colonies. In 1851, the value from the United States was 8258,8-18, and from the colonies 8209, oOO. In 1840, nearly half of the sugar was imported, inland, from and tlirough the United States — the proportion being 5,152,000 pounds, out c»f the total importation of 11,013,000 lbs. In 1850 the importation rose to 15,7oG,000 pounds, of whieh the United States furnished 5,522,000 pounds, or a little more than one-third. In 1851 the number of pounds imported was 20,175,04(1, of which 5,040,000 pounds were from the United States, and 5,880,000 pounds from the lower colonics. The imports of sugar into Canada in 1851 were — From British Colonies 8209,300 " United States 258,848 '' Other Foreign Countries 220,810 '^ Great Britain 171,140 8925,004 With respect to the route of importation, the inland import in 1849, as we have seen, nearly e(|ualled that by sea; but in 1851, the value of sugars imported by sea was 8712,408, against 8278,408 by inland routes. Canadian vessels load at the Lake ports with breadstufts and provisions, which they carry, without transhipment, to Halifax, or St. John, New- foundland, exchanging for a return cargo of sugars, molasses, fish, and oils." The hsh and other products of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Hour, provisions, &c., of Canada being exchanged, duty free, a direct free trade between the maritime and agricultural districts of British North America is now in operation, from which Newfoundland only is excluded — the necessities of that Government forbidding her from tak- ing off the duty on Canada flour. Iler fish and oil are, there- fore, treated as foreign in the Canadian ports. The subjoined statement shows the progressive imports into Canada of sugarii from the British North American colon ies : Ti n tes was Lie from colonies 1 ported, jportion tion of 730,000 pounds, ' pounds ds were le lower I d import ; but ill 712,408, s load at icli tliey in, New- [iiolasses, cotiaand Canada ^een tlic merica is excluded Tom tak- •e, tliere- )orts into Ion ies : 189 1849 £28,710 ... $114,804 18:)i) r)l,:)17 ... 205,208 1851 «;7,o2;) ... 209,:J0O (Andrews, pp. 414-415.) Witli foreign coim tries, other than the United States, Canada holds a coniniereial intercourse likely to become important ere long'. From these, imports were received in 1852 to the value of £102,899 10s lid; during which year there were also ex- ported to them products to the amount of jC4T,12I:> 10s 5d. ]>esldes 73 vessels from the United States, 1 from Breiticii, o2 from Prussia, 3 from Sweden, 2 from 31eckk'nburg, 1 from Hamburg — 58 from Norway, and from Portugal — in all 170, with a tonnage of 71,409 — entered at Quebec and Montreal in 1852. The number of foreiun vessels in 1850 was 90, with 37,554 tons; and in 1851, 117, with 50,710 tons. The re- lative values for 1852 were — Of Imports— Great Britain .Ci'.GOT.TS.l 3 ... ICxports— .£l,4'2G,r,U u 4 " WostliuUcs 1. '278 10 1 ... " 3.4'JO 9 " N. Amm-ii-aii Colonics.. 1J|).-2:^S 10 7 ... " 20:5,034 15 11 " United States 2,ll'.i.t2:} 6 4 ... •' l,o71,i:]0 8 8 « other ForeignCouiitries 1G2,S99 10 11 ... " 47;1-^ 10 5 To the Exports to Britain have to be added £202,000 for ships built at Quebec, and sent over to the English market, thus bringing the amount up to £1,089,414 5s. 4d. (American Statistical An nil <il for 1854, pp. 481, 482 — from Tables of Trade and Navigation for 1852.) In 1852, 1729 vessels, with a tonnage of 504,1^42, and crews numbering 22,830 persons entered the Ports of Quebec, Mon- treal, New Carlisle, and Gaspe; from which ports there cleared during the same year 1,507 vessels, with a tonnage of 578,059 ; and 19,073 men and boys — making in all, entering and clearing, 3,290 vessels; 142,301 tons; and 42,470 per- sons. To these must be added the traffic during the same years on the Canals, — on which the vessels goitig up, inchiding 15ritish and Foreign, reached the number of 10,007, with 1,120,739 10(1 tonnnge ; and tliosc a:oin<j; clown, 10,017, with 1,160,252 tons. {Amer. Sf((tisf. A)in., 1854, p. 48;5) : total vessels, 2,024 ; total tonnage, 2,2^0,001. In 1853 the number of vessels up and down Avas 20,400 ; and the tonnage, 2,172,555. (Tables of Trade and Navigation for 1853, p. 31.) The tonnage entering the country in 1850 (irrespective of of the internal trade) was 522,110 ; in 1851 it was 000,104 : while 543,003 cleared in the former year, and 045,240 in the latter. {Aincr. JSfdlis. Ann., p. 483.) Of the Internal Trade and the Trade between Canada and the United States, the tonnage — inward and outward, British and Foreign — of 1853 amounted to 7,470,312. (Tables of Trade, &c., 1853, p. 473.) The Reveiiue — rapidly groAving — which Canada derives from her commerce is exhibited in the following: statement of the Customs from Imports since the Union. GROSS CUSTOMS REVENUE. £ s. d. In 1841 225,834 7 10^ 1842 278,030 7 ^ 1843 235,087 16 0^ 1844 445,559 4 lOJ 1845 449,990 4 10^ 1840 422,403 18 5| 1847 413,248 19 g{ 1848 430,955 19 2 1849 443,531 2 4 1850 015,694 13 8 1851 •. 737,439 2 1852 739,263 12 9 1853 , 1,029,782 15 4 During tlic first six montlis of 1854 it was £565,671 9 8 The In-ipector General estimated, wlion the Re- turns whence the above is taken -were given in, tlie gross customs for 1854 at £1,150,000 (Second Report of Standing Committee on Public Accounts — lltli December, 1854 — p. 15.) 52 tons. O Ml . j.sscls up (Tables cctive of 00,1G4 : ) in tlie lada and British 'ables of vcs from it of the ?. d. 7 10| 7 H 6 Oi 4 10.V 4 10^ 8 ^5- 9 Ci 9 2 o 4 3 8 2 2 9 5 4 9 8 nts— lUli J*)l The Ports named below yielded the following sums respec- tively for the yeiivs lS-12, 1S47, and ls:V2 — to wit : Places. Quebec Gross " Net Montreul Gross " Net Hamilton G vo ss " Net Toronto Gross " Net Kingston Gross " Net 1.S42. 72,928 13 10 08,087 11 2 152,408 14 lO.V 149,491 O" 7,004 5 7,208 8 11 8,8',K) 8 8 8,053 4 Q}, 0,820 10 4" 0,510 7 7.', 18-1 7. 185 ■> 70,081 17 2 101,852 1 9 08,548 9 97,425 6 171,285 7 888,298 10 11 105,750 15 820,400 15 G 20,708 u 80,528 18 1 25,087 17 84,757 19 9 82,078 10 2 98,808 19 1 81,200 7 5 91,384 o 8 17,584 19 21,787 8 10 10,439 3 1 20,287 4 10 (Append. 1st lleport, &C., p. 53— Public Accounts, 1852, p. 8-10.) The collections in Hamilton and Toronto for 1853, as re- cently announced in the newspapers, have been — Hamilton £120,091 11 11 for 1853. u 109,129 8 for 1854. Being an excess in 1854 over 1853 of £48,437 10 7, or about 45| per cent. Toronto £157,020 for 1853. «« 172,070 for 1854. The increase being £10,044. Within twelve years the Customs at Hamilton have thus risen from £7,004 Os. 5d. to £100,129 8s. Gd ; and at Toronto from £8,890 OS. 3d. to £172,070. In these facts we have striking evidence of the advance both of the country and of the cities named. (' The exports at the six principal Ports in the year 1850 and 1853 were as follows : Quebec 1850, £1,297,350 1858, £2,448,475 Montreal " 486,198 " 888,722 Toronto " 07,557 " 221,490 Hamilton " 88,222 " 200,719 Dalhousie " T^^^^^^ " 182,188 St. Johns 79,528 303,959 101,109 11)2 " The imports ut the six principal Ports in 1850 and 1853 were : Montreal ........ 1850, £1, 720,350 185:J, £;';,;381,530 Toropto .. Quebec... Hamilton Kingston. Stanley... 031,722 «' 494,130 " 895,782 " 87,502 " 33,849 " 1,005,050 1,141,594 880,377 212,348 131,000 Thus it appears that for Exports the Ports take rank thus — Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Dalhousie, St. Johns • and for Imports, Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Hamilton, King- ston, and Stanley. In Exports Quebec has made the largest absolute and Toronto the largest relative advance ; in Imports, Montreal has made the largest advance absolutely, and Hamil- ton relatively." {Canadian Almanac, 1855, pp. 44,45.) In proportion to population the tonnage of Canada more than equals that of the United States, and the number of hands employed on board the vessels engaged in her trade, all but does so. We have seen that in 1852, 8,29G vessels entered and cleared from the Ports of Quebec, Montreal, New Carlisle^ and Gaspe, with a tonnage of 1,142,801, and crews numbering 42,47(3 persons. Multiplied by ten, this gives 32,9G0 vessels ; 11,423,010 tons; with 424,700 hands as the numbers required on the part of the United States to place them, in proportion to population, on an equality with Canada. The actual numbers in 1852 — in- cluding American and Foreign, entering and clearing — were (according to Amer. Sfatis. Annual for 1854, pp. 50, 57) 38,870 vessels; 10,571,045 tons, and 431,422 persons. Thus,* while the vessels were 5,910, and the hands 5,022, over the required number, there was a deficiency in tonnage of 851,965. In point of size these figures show the vessels employed in the Canadian to have the advantage over those engaged in the xVmerican trade. In regard to the activity with which the international trade is carried on between the two countries, Canada compares not I and 1853 81,539 05,056 41,594 80,877 12,348 31,000 nk thus — t. Johns ; on, Kino;- ihe largest 1 Imports, id Hamil- ,45.) »ada more lumber of trade, all ;Is entered V Carlisle, lumbering ,010 tons; art of the lation, on L852— in- ng — were . 5G, 57)^ ns. Thus, , over the '851,905. red in the 3d in the )nal trade ipares not . ' I 198 less favourably witli her neighbour than she does in the extent of her transactions. Out of an inward tonnni^e of 2,412,028 in 1851, 1,047,()28 tons arc set down by Andrews (p. 83) as British; with 770,450 tons out of an outAvard tonnage of 1,077,438—1,818,078 out of 4,089,400 in all. The amount of capital embarked in such a commerce as that carried on by Canada must be very large. In this connection it may, therefore, not be out of place to turn our attention for a moment to her Banking establishments, though unable to say what proporti(Ai their means or circulation may bear to her transactions. The authorised Capital Stock of the eight Chartered Banks is as follows, the extension lately allowed to several of them being included : Bank of Upper Canada (sterling) £1,000,000 Commercial Bank, M.D 1,000,000 Bank of Montreal 1,250,000 City Bank, Montreal 375,000 Banque du Peuple, Montreal 300,000 Quebec Bank 350,000 Gore Ba k, Hamilton 80,000 (Branches) Bank of British North America 1,000,000 The amount of capital stock paid in by the above Banks up to the periods named in 1854, was — Bank of Upper Canada, Oct. 2a £408,952 10 Commercial Bank, M.D., August 31st 500,000 Bank of Montreal, August 31st 1,' --(^OOO City Bank, Montreal, August 31st 22 ,000 Banque du Teuple, Montreal, August 31st... 200,000 Quebec Bank, November Gth 208,255 5 7 Gore Bank, September 30th 111,098 (Branches) Bank of B. N. A., Sept. 15th 1,190,534 10 10 The joint Liabilities of these Banks amounted in the fall of 1854 to' £11,088,033 5 3 JointAsscts 11,420,153 8 7 Joint Circulation 3,840,577 12 Joint Deposits (bcaringand not bear- ing Interest) ..^. 3,023,159 9 7 11)4 There was at tlie same time — Spoclo in their vaults cC722/20n T 3 ])e)>ts due to tluMU (Notes Diseouutcd, JJoiids, Mortga.ues, c\:c.) i),(;4-J,(;70 4 4 Ileal estate possessed, l>ank l'uniiture,A:c. 128,078 2 9 Though we have iijivcn above the full amouut of capital at present authorized to be held, the general statement presented of the condition of the ]>anks has reference to the capital al- lowed previous to the additions lately granted. To enable our readers to form a correct estimate, we, therefore, add the hite extensions, which they can subtract from the capital as above stated : — Bank of Upper Canada, Bank of Montreal, and Commercial Bank to increase £500,000 each. City Bank, Montreal 75,000 La Bancpic du Peuple 100,000 Quebec Bank 250,000 Ten per cent, of the increase was ordered to be paid in when subscribing, and 90 per cent, by instalment ; the Banks to dis- pose of the new stock. Their charters were extended from 18G2 to 1870, and thence to the close of the then next Leais- lative Session. (Scobie's Almanac, 1852, p. 28, and 2d lie- port of Standing Committee on Public Accounts, pp. 88-8G.) 3Ir 3Ioulson of 31ontreal and Mr. Zimmerman have lately received charters, and a Company in Niagara — the two last, if I am not mistaken, for £25,000 each, and the first for a larger amount. In Quebec Canada possesses a first-class sea-port, nearer con- siderably than New York or New Orleans, to any port in Europe, Africa, or the Indian Ocean. From Liverpool its distance is, by St. Paul, 8,300 miles, or 3,000 by the Straits of Belle-Isle and the coast of Ireland; while that of New York is 3,475, and of New Orleans 5,300. From the Mediterranean New Orleans is distant 5,230 miles; New York 3,090; Que- bec, by C^ipe [lay and St, Paul, 3,550 — or by Straits of Belle Isle only 3,475. (Keefer's Prize Essay, pp. 08, 09.) o 4 4 L^ 9 apital at presented npliiil al- ii able our 1 the late as above (luinercial !ach. 1 in when iks to dis- ided from 3xt Lcgis- id 2d ilc- . 83-86.) xve lately wo last, if ir a larger earcr eon- y port in erpool its Straits of w York is iterrancan 1>0; Que- ! of Belle I 195 The best authorities unite in representing the notion which has prevailed in i-ogard tu the dangerousiu'ss of the navig:ition by Quebec as being very greatly exaggerated. On this .subject Mr. Kcefer speaks as follows in his very excellent I'rizc Kssay on the Canals of Canada: " The dillieultiesand dangers of the Gulf navigation have been greatly over-rated ; a nobler naviga- tion, in ordinary weather, cannot be desired. The Gulf has three openings to the Atlantic, — the Northern one by the Straits of Belle Isle, ten miles wide, which if lighted would form the shortest and safest route for the Tall Trade with Eu- rope, because the heavy fogs which overhang the Southern routes are seldom encountered in the Northern Channel. The middle passage, fifty miles wide, divides Newfoundland and Cape Breton ; and the third outlet, which is called the Gut of Canso, affords to us a short and sheltered communication with Halifax. From the Atlantic to the Pilot ground at Bic, (153 miles below Quebec,) the channel is no-whereless than twenty- five miles wide, and generally from fifty to seventy-five mileSj and without anchorage." After adverting to the chief dilllcultiea of the passage, which are, in his opinion, the want of a harbour of refuge between the Atlantic and the Pilot ground, and deficiency of lights, he continues : " The Gulf of St. Lawrence, we believe to be na- turally a much less dangerous route than either the British or Irish Channels, and if half as well lighted and furnished, would, with only occasional exceptions, be a safe, speedy and well-supported navigation. The disadvantages are such as human ingenuity and perseverance can cope with and alleviate. A harbour of refuge near Matane, and a light and fog whistle upon Cape Rozier, are the most important requirements. More steamers, lights, buoys, harbours and relief Stations, will soon add the Gulf route to the many examples of successful com- mercial intellii>;ence and perseverance. (Pages G1-G5.) ■) Mr. Andrews in his Beport to the Senate of the United States, to which we have been already so largely indebted, ex- liKi {tvosscs liimsolt' not loss t'avouralily tliaii iMr. Keotur as to tho Qul'Ijl'c route. '' Tlio harbuiir of Queboc," ho .siys, 'Mh nut unlike that of New York — the Island of Orleans sorvinLr as a barrier from i north-east sea, and, like Loni;- Island, atlordinu; two channels of approach. A fronta<i;c of about lifteen miles on both sides of the river not only affords the necessary wharves, but coves of sufticient niaijjnitude to float some thirty to forty millions of cubic feet of timber, about eighty millions of superficial feet of deals, besides staves, lathwood, 6iG. A fresh water tide, risinp; eighteen feet at '^ springs/^ offers no in)pediment to the shipment of tind^er, the great business of the Port, the vessels so engaged being anchored in the streams, (which affords good holding-ground,) Avhcrc their cargoes are floated to them at every tide. The tide extends ninety miles above Quebec, and the water does not become perfectly salt until an equal distance is reached below ; thus there is a fresh- water tide of one hundred and eighty miles beyond the salt water, and sea navigation to Montreal, ninety miles further, or two hundred and seventy miles from salt water. The river navigation may be said to terminate about one hundred and fifty miles below Quebec, (where pilots are first taken,) but the continued Gulf and lliver navigation extends upwards of seven hundred miles before wc reach the Atlantic, with which it has no less than three connections. The most northern of these — the Straits of Belle-Isle — is in navigable order about five months, and affords a passage to Liverpool more than two hun- dred miles shorter than the route by Cape Race, making the distance from Quebec more than four hundred miles shorter than from New York. By using this passage the navigable route between the foot of Lake Ontario and any Port in Bri- tain is as short as that from New York Harbour to the same port. The middle Channel, by which the Atlantic is reached, is about fifty miles wide, and contains St. Paul's Island, which, with its two light-houses, affords an excellent point of depar- ture. By this Channel Quebec is brought nearer to any port 15)7 as to the Iv'c tliat (»r icr fruiu I > channels both sides but coves n ill ions of rticial feet rater tide, Llinicnt to Port, the K, (which re floated ety miles ectly salt is a frcsh- d the salt arther, or J'he river dred and ,) but the s of seven ich it has if these — bout five two hun- aldno; the s shorter navio-able rt in Bri- the same reached, d, which, of depar- »ny port In Kuropo, Ai'rica, or the Indian Ocean than New York. The Southern passai^o is known by the name of the (jlut of Canso, and is invaluable to the fishinir, coasting-, or West India trade." "The trend of the Atlantic coasts of 2sewfoun<lland and Capo ]]reton," it is added, ",converji;e upon St. Paul's Islaiul, a lofty and picturescpie rock, for which a vessel may stand bold in a fog. Inside of St. Paul's, a hnnk, with sixty fathoms, leads, by a direct line on its outer edge, clearing An- ticosti, into the Chops of the St. Lawrence ; northward of this line is deep water ; southward, regular .soundings ; so that, in thick or fo'jL^v weather, the lead is an unerriniii; iruide. On entering the river, the south shore gives uniform soundings all the way to the pilot ground, the water shoaling so regularly that a vessel may at any point determine her distance from the shore within a mile by the lead alone, while at all points she may approach this shore within this distance. The admirable position of Pointe des Monts, (with a lighthouse one hundred feet above the water,) projecting with a bold shore several miles from the general trend of the north shore, forms, with its anchorage on both sides, a common point of departure for in- ward and outward-bound vessels. The recent application of steam to ocean commerce greatly enhances the value of this navigation ; particularly with refer- ence to communication with Britain, the great centre of Euro- pean steam navigation and commerce. The two great draw- backs to ocean steam navigation are, the quantity of fuel which must be carried, and the resistance which a heavy sea offers to progress, whether the wind be fair or foul. On the St. Law- rence route these are reduced to a minimum. The distance from the coast of Ireland to St. John, Newfoundland, or to the Straits of Belle-Isle, is uiuler 1,700 miles; and coal is found in abundance, and of excellent qualities, at several points in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The remainder of the voyage to Quebec will be made in comparatively smooth water, as the steamer will run under the shelter of either shore, according to the direction of tlio wind." (Pp. 110-118.) 198 The importance of these extracts, enhanced as their vaUic is by the position of tlie gentleman from whom they are taken and the nppearanco of his very admirable Report under the authority of the United States Senate, will, we are sure, be deemed more than a sufficient apology for their length. According to Mr. Keefer, " the greatest number of the dis- asters'^ which were wont to occur in the St. Lawrence, were attributable to an over-anxiety on the part of the Montreal traders " to get the first cargo in," who exposed themselves to the ice by leaving IJritain about the 20th of March. Of late years, he states, these disasters, which in one year were as many as forty or fifty out of 1,500 arrivals or 3,000 voyages in and out, ^' have almost disappeared, not having reached five in nearly the same number of voyages." The improvement which has taken place in the character and navigation of the vessels employed in the trade is named as having further con- tributed to the diminution of the casualties. jMr. Andrews unites with Mr. Keefer in averring that even during the existence of the drawbacks above referred to, now so rapidly disappearing, ''the per ccntage of losses" by the St. Lawrence has been no greater, considering that over half a million of tons of shipping annually enter it, than that of the British or Irish Channels, or the Keys of Florida. In 1850, he states the number of disasters within the Gulf and River to have been eleven, the number of vessels entering inward and outward having been 3,125, carrying 1,213,142 tons, with 40,78(3 men — consequently not much over one-third per cent. The disasters at Keywest "..'ere, according to him, about fifty for the same 3'^ear ; and on the Upper St. Lawrence, between Lake Superior and Montreal, two hundred and sixty-three. Six hundred and eighty-eight vessels, he adds, numbering 125,72(5 tons, and four steamers, giving 1,402 tons, form the list of wrecks of vessels belonging to the United Kingdom for 1850. (p. 417.) Of Montreal, Mr. Andrews remarks that although not acces.^- ible, like Quebec, to the largest class of shipping, its position larn I 100 Llicir value J arc taken under the :e Hure, be ;th. of tlie dis- feiice, were e Montreal jmselves to h. Of late ere as manj^ ages in and lied five in nprovcment tion of the further con- ig that even •red to, now "by the St. over half a that of the In 1850, f and lliver vinG: inward :2 tons, with ird per cent, bout fifty for etween Lake ^-three. Six •ing 125,720 m the list of jm for 1850. ;h not acccs;^- , its position u3r a varied and extensive coiniiicrce is n- ao coninianding, in- asmuch as it is tlie centre of ;i more fertile area, more nunie- nius .'ipproachcs, jiiid possesses within itself every re*|uisite fiir :i hirge population. Tlie quays of Montreal he states to be unsurpassed by those '^ of any city in America; built of solid limestone, and uniting with the locks and cut-stone wharves of the Lachine Canal, th(!y present, for several miles, a display of continuous jiiasonry, which has few parallels. LilvO the levees of the Ohio and jMississippi, no unsightly Avarehouses disfi- g-uie the riverside. A broad terracC; faced with grey limestone, the parapets of which are surmounted with a substantial iron-railing, divides the city from the river throughout its whole extent. IMontreal, it is added, occupies the centre of an extensive plain, cut in every direction by the St. Lawrence aud the Ottawa, with their tributaries, forming I large and fertile islands contiguous to the main one occupied by the city. This plain, although nearly one thousand miles by the river from the Atlantic, is scarcely elevated one hun- dred feet above tide water, and, in the words of the Provincial Geologist, ^^ constitutes the valley proper of the St. Lawrence, occupying a breadth of forty miles ; the nature of the mate- rials of which it is composed (a deep and highly levigated de- posit of argillaceous, arenaceous, and calcareous matter) render- ing it impossible to conceive of a region more fitted for the pur- poses of agriculture." (pp. 474, 425.) Besides these two grand emporia, Canada possesses about sixty-eight inland ports, thirty of which were in 1852 ware- housing ones, (Andrews, p. 428) ; since wdiich time, others have come to the enjoyment of the same privileges. ^' Of these the trade of the greater number is exclusively with the United States, either in domestic or bonded articios- l^ut the more important lake ports are rapidly establishing a direct trade with the (iulf ports and the lower colonies, and very probably will soon engage in the fisheries, for which they can iit out and provision at the cheapest rates." K 200 With Britain Canada enjoys the advantage of a free tnido. A similar advantage sliclias enjoyed for some time (since 1<S50) Avitli the Lower Provinces, in respect to the following articles, to wit, animals, salted and fresh meats ; bark ; butter j cheese ; chocolate, and other preparations of cocoa; copper; earth- fruits; firewood; fish; fish oil ; fins and skins the produce of fish or creatures living in the sea; grain and breadstufi^ of all kinds; grindstones and stones of all kinds; gypsum, ground or unground ; hay and straw ; hops ; hides, horns ; head, mat- ter and blubber of creatures living in the sea ; iron, in pigs and blooms ; lard ; lead in pigs ; lime ; ores of all kinds ; ochres ; rock salt ; seeds ; spermaceti oil ; tallow ; timber and lum- ber of all kinds ; train oil ; undressed skins and furs of all kinds ; vegetables ; wool, and wood. (Canadian Almanac, 1854, pp. 75-70.) J^y the treaty of reciprocity recently en- tered into with the United States, she has also obtained a free trade with that country in the articles subjoined, being of the growth or produce of the countries reciprocating, namely, grain, flour, and breadstuffs of all kinds ; animals of all kinds ; fresh, smoked, and salted meats ; cotton, wool, seeds, and vege- tables ; undricd fruits, dried fruits ; fish of all kinds ; pro- ducts of fish and all other creatures living in the water ; poul- try, eggs, hides, furs, skins, or tails undressed ; stone or marble in its crude or unwrought state; slate; butter, cheese, tallow, lard, horns, manure; ores of metals of all kinds; coal, pitch, tar, turpentine, ashes ; timber and lumber of all kinds, round, hewed, or sawed, unmanufactured in whole or in part ; fire- wood; plants, shrubs, and trees; pelts, wool; fish oil; rice, broom corn, and bark ; gypsum, ground and unground ; hewn or wrought or unwrought burr or grindstones ; dye stuff's ; flax, hemp, and tow unmanufactured; unmanufactured to- bacco. The above articles are admitted into each coun- '^ It is further agreed, that the right freely to navigate vessels, boats, and crafts so try respectively free of duty British subjects shall have Lake Michigan with their 5. and long as the privilege of navigating the nver St. Lawrence, •ec Ir.ide. ccl850) ; articles, J cliccse ; : • earth ; rodiico of iffs of all 1, cround ead, mat- 1 pigs and J oclircs 5 and luni- irs of all Almanac, ccntly cn- ucd a free ing of tlic , namely, all kinds ; and yege- inds J pro- ter; poiil- 2 or mprblc sc, tallow, oal, pitch, ids, round, part J firc- L oil J rice, mdj hewn ye stufis ; cturcd to- iach coun- ;reed, that navigate crafts so Lawrence, 201 .secured to Americana by the fourth article of the treafcyj shall continue ; and the Government of the Uiiilcd States fur- ther engages to urge upon the State Governments to secure to the subjects of her Britannic Majesty the use of the several canals on terms of erjuality with the inhabitants of the United States." (Ptcciprocity Treaty, Canadian Almanac, pp. 39, 40.) Over and above the more solid advantages which Canada may fairly hope to reap from the treaty thus so liappily concluded with the United States, and now in operation in effect, though not yet formally proclaimed/''' the fact of its being entered into by that country, taken in connection with the unanimity with which it was assented to, is a proof not to be mistaken of the opinion which her neighbours have come to entertain of her. It is but a few years since the idea of such a treaty was scouted as an absurdity, and Canada scowled upon as an iiupudent j>eggar, who had the eifrontery to ask that for which she had no equivalent to give. The treaty has been gracefully conced- ed at last, from the conviction, openly expressed, that the benefit to be secured by it is mutual. 5. Canada has provided, and i.^ now providing for herself, through means of her public works — completed, in progress, and projected — facilities of intercommunication, which will do nmch to secure for her the full advantage of the varied and superabounding resources with which tlie munificence of the Creator has gifted her. Though large sums have been expended on Eoads and Bridges (amounting as per Public Accounts for 1852, p. 1G8, to £510,440 IGs. (3d. for Upper, and £303,251 lis. 7d. for Lower Canada), on Harbours and Light-houses (which cost up to the close of 1852 £274,256 12s.), and a variety of other works of more or less importance, our present reference is chiefly to our Canals and Railroads. Of the former those claiming special notice are the Welland and St. Lawrence Canals. * It lias been proclaimed since the above -was -written. L'02 The Wc'lliind CaiTHl " extends from Lake ]*1i-ic to Lfike On- tai'io, »ik1 overconies the intorruption to tlic navigation caused l)y the Falls of Niagara. It has two entrances from Lake Kricj about seventeen miles apart ; the upper entrance being from the Grand lliver, a little a])ovc Port Maitland, about thirty-seven miles west from iJufl'alo, and the lower at Port ( V)lborue, about twenty miles west from Puifalo. It also com- municates with the Grand Paver by a branch commencing on that stream at Dunnvillc, five miles above Port Maitland, through which branch the whole Canal has hitherto been sup- plied with water. The termination on Lake Ontario is at Port Dalhousic. The Port JMaitland entrance has an advantage in spring over the Port Colborne, in being clear of ice several weeks before either that or Buffalo Harbour." (Report of Com- missioners of Public Works for 1848, p. 53.) " The work was originally undertaken by a Company, for which an Act was obtained in the year 1 824, with a capital of £37,500.'^ In the year following another Act was obtained providing for the enlargement of the works and the increase of the capital to £200,000, which was extended in 1834 to £250,000. Stock to the extent of £25,000 was taken in it by Lower Canada in 1827. At the close of 1834 Upper Ca- nada held £107,500 stock in it, besides having loaned it £100,000. Prom the Imperial Government also it had re- ceived a Loan of £55,555. In 1837 the Loans made to it by Upper Canada were converted into Stock, and in 1839 the Government were authorised by the Legislature to purchase the Stock of private holders, for which purpose debentures were issued, ^' redeemable in twenty years from their date, bearing interest at the rate of two per cent, for the first two years, three per cent, for the third year, four per cent, for the fourth, five per cent, for the fifth, and six per cent, for the sixth and following years." About £500,000 is supposed to have been expended on the work previous to its coming into the liands of the Government. In 1841 a commencement was made of the improvements and enlargements which are making it now Canal o O. Lachi treal, twcon miles 2oa jako Oii- )n caused 3111 litikc II cc l)citip; id, about 3r at Port also coin- cncinj^ on Maitlaiid, "been sup- is at Port v'antai^c in ce several rt of Oom- mpany, for I capital of ,s obtained le increase .u 183-1: to taken in it Upper Ca- loaned it it liad re- idc to it by 1839 the urcliasc the Litures were to, bearing two years, tlic fourtli, sixtli and ■) have been he hands of nade of the no; it now of so much valae to the Province. Its cost, as stated in the Public Accounts fur 1852, has been in all £1,014,530 12s. 2d. This noble Canal, which will constitute the monument of it? spirited projectors when they shall have " gone the way of all the earth," is 28 miles in length, has a descent of 331 feet, through 37 Locks of 150 feet in length and 20 2 in width, and is " passable from lake to lake by vessels of 131 feet over all, 20 feet beam, and 9 feet draught, stowing 3,000 barrels under deck.'' (Andrews, p. 220— and Keefer, p. 20.) The St. Lawrence Canals comprehend — 1. The Williamsburg Canals, — four in number, with six Locks, — '^ lying between Prcscot and Dickenson's Landing, constructed for the purpose of overcoming the Rapids at the Galops, Point Iroquois, Rapid Plat, and Parren's Point." 2. The Cornwall Canal, whose object is " to overcome the difficulties to the St. Lawrence, presented by the Long Sault Rapids." . . ^' The Locks are the largest in Canada, having a chamber 200 feet long and 55 feet wide, in the clear ; the depth of water in the sills being nine feet as in the other large Canals of the Province." 3. The Beauharnois Canal, which, " extending from the lower end of Lake St. Francis, overcomes the Rapids of the Coteau, the Cedars, and the Cascades •/' and 4. The Lachine Canal, which " extends from the village of Lachine, at the foot of Lake St. Louis, to the City of Mon- treal, overcoming the various Rapids in the St. Lawrence be- tween the two places." Its length is between eight and nine miles ; it has seven Locks of cut stone, 100 feet long by 20 feet wide in the clear, and gives passage to vessels drawing five feet water. (Report, kc, for 1848^ pp. 54, 55.) In the Public Accounts for 1852 the united cost of these (Janals is sot down at £1,592,408 7s. 4d. 201 lu addition to the above the followiiiL:; claim notice as works of general importance. 1. The Chambly Canal, which " extends from St. John's to Chanibly, a distance of about eleven and a half miles, and was made to overcome the interruption in the Channel of the llichelieu between the two places. It forms the chief portion of the works necessary to connect the navigation of the lliver St, Lawrence, by way of the Richelieu, with that of Lake Champlain." Its cost has been £103,830, according to the Public Accounts for 1852. 2. St. Our's Lock, &c. " This Lock is in the lliver Richelieu, at the foot of the artificial navigation, about fourteen miles from its mouth, and with a Dam raises the water above it sufficiently to overcome the shallow portions of the stream, and afford a free passage to Chambly Basin. In conjunction, therefore, with the Chambly Canal, this Lock opens a communication between the St. Law- rence at Sorel, and Lake Champlain ; while, by the Northern Canal, the communication is continued from AVhite-Hall to the navigable waters of the Hudson, near Troy. At the site of the work the Richelieu is divided into two deep channels by a small island, in the eastern and narrowest of which the Lock is built, while the Dam extends across the western. . . The length of the Lock is 200 feet, by a width of forty-five feet, with six feet of water on the sill." 3. St. Ann's Lock. This Lock is situated on one of the branches of the River Ottawa, between the village of St. Anns and Isle Perrot, about twenty-five miles west of Montreal. It overcomes the St. Ann's Rapids, and thus, in conjunction with the Lachine and the Ottawa Military Canals, opens a communication from Mon- treal to Bytown, and thence by the Rideau Canal to King- ston. . . The Lock is 190 feet long, by forty-five feet wide, with seven feet of water on the sill in the ordinary Chai Burl i e as works . Jolin's to 3S, and was 11 cl of the Lief portion f the lUver Lit of Lake ding to the foot of the mouth, and to overcome e passage to he Chamhly he St. Law- lie Northern 3-Hall to the t the site of liannels by a I the Lock is rn. . . The )rty-five feet. , I of the River Perrot, about nies the St. Lachine and »n from Mon- mal to King- »rty-fivc feet the ordinary liU5 state of the river during suuimur, and six I'oet ut its very lowci^t state." 4. The Burlington I'ay Canal, wliicdi opens the passage from Lake Ontario up to llauiiUon, and whose cost has been £52,773 7s. 2d. On the Improvements of the Ottawa, including the Slides, £115,735 2s. lOd. have been spent, and £139,020 lis. on the Improvements of the Trent. On the Improvement of Lake St. Peter there have been expended £75,358 15s. 5d., with considerable sums on other Works, (lleport of Commissioners, kc, for 1848, and Public Accounts for 1852.) The foUowinu: Tables show :lio amount and character of the business done on these Canals in 1852, as also tbe Returns rendered by tliem : — BlUTISir VESSELS AND STEAMEllS. tioiug up. Ui)ii.i X down. Canals. Vcssuls. Tons. Vusst'ls. Tons. Welland Canal St. Lawrence Canals. Clianibly Canal Burlington BayCanal 1.078 3,040 380 1,221 174,330 200,315 10,300 203,107 1,301 3,514 717 1,188 147,102 338,040 35,078 107,004 Total 8,380 7,100 570 045 5 750,705 034,800 50,580 288 7,082 0,008 843 o O 705.035 From British to Bri- tish Ports 030,835 70,005 From British to Fo- rein^n Ports From Foreign to Bri- tish Ports 57,040 From Foreign to Fo- rei"'n I'orts 150 _IM,» FOREIGN VESSELS AND STEAMERS. (loiiii i; "p. (ifiiiii,' <l(l\Vll. Cauals. Vesdols. Tuns. W'Sscls, 1 Tuns. 1 ^^ ollaud C.'iii.il, 1,471 00 415 270 5 204,410 ;;,ioo 21,180 78,104 220 1.015 54 121 207 5 308,307 2,035 5,200 77,850 220 St. Lawrence Cauals. Chambly Canal liiu-lingtou liay(Janal St. Auuo's Locks Total -, — :t 20 550 482 1,100 10.007 3iJ0,074 1,408 40,184 00,535 273,017 2,305 11 1,008 270 1,070 304,017 578 From llintish to Bri- tish Ports From British to Fo- rei""!! Ports 144,002 10,443 230,534 From Foreign to Bri- tisli Ports From Foreign to Fo- rei"'u Ports (Jrand Total. British and Foreign 1,120,730 10,017 1,100,252 Qimiitities of cacli species of property pas.siug tlirougli, and on the Canals, during tlie year 18.")2 : — Property. Welland. i ^t- 1"'^"'- i reuco. Chambly. Burlington St. Ann's liay. Locks'. Vessels of all kinds, Tons 894,103 0,543 210,008 05 0,202 223,318 1,181 585,400 30,922 275,490 1,080 4,870 99,100 3.329 82,018 1,993 07,875 1 08 9,180 2.177 4,09 > 3,512 550.222 108,049 18,148 19,080 85,500 180 243 Passengers — No Forest products-tons Live Stock Animal products Vegetable Food Other Agricultural products., 850 1,005 20,820 977 224' 123 IMaiuifactures 150,094 ' 80,280 41,548 '• 27,790 14,413 1 971 Merchandise 13,020 4,109 Total, exclusive of Passengers^; Vessels 743,000 492,575 87,514 75,411 99,054 llevenue derived from tlio Canals during the year 1852 : — i I Canal Welland .. St, Lawre Chambly . Burlingtoi St. Ann's I Total Gross Re Rents, g Which is cl <( Net Revcn' As stat 1849, p. ' c£18,535 £38,347 £39,340 gross rove in 1842- in a very The rel follows :— Passenger* Tons of G( Vessels o. kinds...! Tolls.... 207 Gross Hevexue, from all sources, including Fines, Rents, Storage, &c £80,285 8 9 Which is charged with. Salaries £15,209 19 7 " " Toll refunded 1,224 8 2 " ♦< Repairs 16,830 6 6 ■ 33,264 14 3 Net rteveuuc, all incidental Expenses deducted £56,020 14 6 (Amcr. Stalisl. Annual, 1854, pp. 483, 484.) As stated by the Board of llcgistration (Ap, 1st Report, 1849, p. 56), the gross revenue of these canals was, in 1842, £18,535 16s lid; in 1843, £25,751 18s 6^d; in 1844, £38,347 Os OJd; in 1845, £28,957 10s 6id; in 1846, £39,340 83 Id; in 1847, £50,131 16s lid. In 1852, the gross revenue was nearly four and a half times what it had been in 1842 — a progress which must be admitted to be satisfactory in a very high degree. The returns for 1853 show a continued advance, being as follows : — BUSINESS ON CANALS FOR 1853. • Welland. St. Lawrence. Chambly. Burlington. St. Ann's Lock. Passengers Tons of Goods.. Vessels of all kinds.. 19,631 905,516 1,075,218 £65,034 43,861 561,601 620,399 £22,108 2,953 113,585 113,026 £2,126 87,858 327,658 £5,625 17,805 131,159 il20,204 £919 Tolls K "> 208 Tho entire llevcuuc from Rents and Tu/ls on all the Canals for 185)] was .C103,GS7. Incliulin^ repairs, tlic cluirges amounted to oCU,T")l. llcncc the Net Kevcnuc \va,s£(>l,Or)o. Tho increase on all the Canals during ]<S5o is 27 per cent. (^Canad. Aim., 1855, p. 44.) ' From the Table of Tolls cliargoable on the Canals wc ex- tract the following particulars : On the Welland Canal vessels of all sorts pay lod. per ton each way ; on the St. Lawrence Igd. up, and 0:1 d. down; Chambly and St. Our's Lock, each way Old. Total charge from Lake Erie to Lake Champlain, 3d. On St. Ann's Lock the charge is Oid. each way. On passengers twenty one years of age, and over, the charge is 6d. each way on the Welland; Gd. up and 3d. down on tho St. Lawrence ; Chambly and St. Ours Lock, each way, 3d. ] from Lake Erie to Lake Champlain, Is. ; on St. Ann's Lock, each way, O^d. With the exception of St. Ann's Lock, which makes no diflerence, the charge on passengers under 21 years is half the above rates. For the Tolls chargeable on articles of merchandize, which arc arranged into classes according to their nature, see Can. Aim., 1855, pp. 73, 74. For the accommodation of those who require to pass only a portion of the way, each Canal is divided into so many sec- tions, for each of which a proportion of the rate is charged — varying from five-eighths to one-eighth. The following articles having paid full tolls through the St. Lawrence Canal, are passed free through the Welland Canal ; and if they have previously paid tolls through the Chambly Canal, the amounts paid are refunded at the Canal Office, Montreal : L'on of all kinds and salt ; and the following articles having paid full tolls through the Welland Canal, are passed free through the St. Lawrence and Chambly Canals: viz., wheat, ilour, and corn. Iron ore tlirough the whole line of Canals, upwards or down 2Uii le Canals charges per cent. s wc cx- lal vessels Lawrence lock, eacli laniplain, r lie cliar2,'o vn on tlio ^vay, 3d. ; in's Lock, )ck, wliicli r 21 years ize, whicli see Can. ass only a many sec- s charged ^h the St. id Canal; Chambly al Office, es having Sed FREE , wheat, or dovrn i wards, or through any one Canal, is charged iid. per ton ; and proportionately for one or more sections of any one Canal. Vessels and freight passing less than one section is charged for one section. (Sec Tabic, C<r,Ki(f. A/m., L'S5'), p. 73, 74.) From 3Ir. Andrews llcport (p. 4o7-44.*j) wc make the fol- lowing extracts, the importance of whicli will, we presume, much more than compensate for their length. ''There is no country which possesses Canals of the magni- tude and importance of those in Canada. The St. Lawrence Canal was designed for paddle-steamers ; but from the magnitude of the llapids and their regular incli- nation, the aid of the Locks is not required in descending the river. Large steamers, drav/ing seven feet water, with passen- gers and the mails, leave the foot of Lake Ontario in the morning, and reach the wharves at Montreal by daylight, with- out passing tlirough a single lock. At some of the llapids there are obstacles preventing the descent of deeply-laden craft, but the Government are about to give the main channel in all the llapids a depth of ten feet water, when the wdiolc descending trade by steam will keep the river, leaving the Canals to the asccndino; craft. The time required for the descent of a freight-steamer from the head of Lake Ontario to Montreal is forty-eight hours ; the rates of frei<2:ht have ranged from twelve-and-a-half cents (the lowest) per barrel, for flour, to twenty-five cents, includ- ing tolls. The upward trip requires about sixty hours, and the freight per ton ranges from Si 50c. to $3 for heavy goods. The ruling freight on Railroad iron last year (1851) from Montreal to Cleveland was $2 50c. per gross ton, and for the return cargo of flour thirty cents per barrel, tolls included in both cases. These rates are yet fluctuating as the long voyage is new, and are so much influenced by the amount of up-cargo ob- tained, that they cannot jothe considered as settled. It is be- lieved that the freight on flour from Lake Erie to Montreal (including tolls) will be brought down to twenty cents, and on iron up to S2." Spcakiiip; of the construction of a IShip-Cannl from the J>i. Lawrence to Lake ('haniplaiii, so as to hrinjjj the propellers of Chicau'o to IJurrmiiton and White-llall — whidi he doscrihcs as contemplated — he says, ^' the construction of siudi a work must ])ro(luec a corresponding enlargement of the Northern New York Canal, whereupon there will he a connection ]»etween Lake Krie and tide-water on the Hudson, via St. Lawrence, vhich may be navigated, without transshii)ment, downward in four, and upward in live days." ''The returns of Trade on the Canadian Canals ^ivc indica- tion of decided and satisflictory progress in the leading articles of up and down freight." The iJowu Trade of the AVelland included in 1850 and 1851, over and above all other articles — AVheat in 1850, 3,2;12.080 bushels ; 1851, 4,820,aon Corn '• 575,020 " " 1,553,800 rioui- " (]'.)ii, 120 barrels ; " 525,170 Coals '« 5,053 tons; *' 0,402 Hams, Lard, ami Lard Oil '• 8,982,720 pounds ; " 8,485,120 These figures, it is stated, do not sliow the whole amount of the increase, — the column for 1850 including the whole of the Down Trade, while that for 1851 gives only the entries at Port Colborne^ — " the whole down Trade not being attainable." The Up-Trade in the articles under-named was as follows : Railroad Iron 1850, 75,803,840 pounds ; in 1851, 150,784,320 Cast & Wrought Iron, Nails and Spikes.. " 10,468,400 " " 20,003,700 General Merchandize " 17,958,080 " " 24,004,320 Sugar, Molasses, and Coffee .' " 7,781,700 " " 10,350,320 Pig and Scrap Iron... ♦* 0,048,320 " " 14,519,080 The comparative movement of leading articles on the St. Lawrence Canals for 1850 and 1851 was as follows: DOWN-TRADE. Flour in 1850, 043,352 barrels ; in 1851, 731,412 Wheat *' 415,510 busliels; " 054,731 Corn " 75,480 " " 122,310 2lt n tlic St. pcllors of >cribcs as ork must cni Now between awrence, award in inclica- ^ r.rticlcs 550 and ^2G, ncn i53,H00 ;i2o,170 0,402 85,120 noiint of Ic of tlic ! at l*ort jle." Hows : 1,784,320 5,003,700 1,004,320 ), 350, 320 ,519,080 tlie St. 31,412 54,731 22,310 ri'-TUADE. Rfiilroail h'uu in ISV), 30,170,4SO poiiiKls ; in 1851, 01,000,100 ri-fjunl Scrap hull.. " 22,077,110 «• '♦ 22,723,120 Wrouirlit Iron, NailH Hii(i SpiUos " 20,742,400 " " 25,527,040 Stone, (Jliiss, nnu Kiirtbenwarc " 4,07!».O4i> «' «« 5,723,838 Coal " 1,2.S2J tons ; »« 2,4r,H General MorcluauU/.o " (No return) poumls ; " 28,913,020 ''A most decided proof','' ^'t> continue.^, '• of the success of the Canadian Canals is to be found in he frequent and import- ant rcducti(3ns which have been mndo lu Ihe tolls of the Krie Caiud since liSio, the year in which tlic cnlaroed Wellund Canal first came into serious competition with the route through Hulfalo. The policy of the State of New York has been not only to obtain the largest possible revenue from her Canals, but also to protect her own manufactures and products against competition from other (juarters ; and this she has been enabled hitherto most eirectually to accomplish, by levying discriminat- ing tolls. 'J'hus, foreign salt was excluded from the Western States by a rate of toll about twice its whole value. The toll upon this article in 184:5 was three cents per 1,000 lbs. per mile, or $21-78 per ton of 2,000 lbs. (about 8-) per barrel) ; while the toll upon New York State salt was only one-thirteenth part of that upon the foreign article. In 184G (the first year after the opening of the enlarged Welland Canal), the tolls on foreign salt were reduced one half, and a still greater amount on New York State salt. The next year a further reduction of thirty-three per cent, took place ; and in 1850 the toll was again reduced one-half, so that it is now only one-sixth the rate charged in 1845; but it is still subject to a tax five times as great as that paid by New Y^ork State salt. " In like manner, railroad iron, in 1845, paid a toll of nine mills ; in 184G, this was reduced to five mills ; in 1S50, to four mills ; in 1851 to two-and-a-half mills ; and in 1852, to one- and-a-half mills. Almost every other article of heavy goods and merchandize for up-freight has likewise undergone frequent 212 and heavy reductions in toll on the Erie Canal, since the Wcl-> land and St. Lawrence came into competition witli it." After noticing reductions on a multitude of otlier articles, Mr. Andrews states that '' there can he no question hut that the whole western country \vould have heen annually taxed, both upon their exports and imports, a much larger sum than is now paid by them, in order to swell the revenue of the Erie Canal, had it not been for the healthful competition of the Canadian works." In the article of railroad iron alone, it is stated that the "Western States are now saving over half a million of dollars annually, in consequence of this Canadian competition. For example, in 1851, the amount of this article which reached Lake ]^]rie was : — By Erie Canal to Buffalo 40,876,427 lbs. By Welland Canal to Lake Erie. 150,784,320 lbs. 20^,m)^ lbs. equal to 101,830 tons of 2,000 lbs. The reduction in toll was thus 8553,955 20c. By the late Hon. Tlobert Rantoul, jun., M.C., it was esti- mated that for the five years next following 1851, the north- vrest w^ill require 100,000 tons of llailroad iron annually. The reduction on wheat and flour shipped eastward from the West in 1851, amounted, from the same cause, to $512,830 as compared with the tolls of 1845. *' Thus the Eastern States, in their imports of three articles from the West, as well as the western ones, in their importa- tion of one article from the East, have each obtained a reduc- tion of transit dues amounting to over half a million of dollars, which is mainly to be ascribed to the construction of the Ship- Canals of Canada." From the same cause a diversion has taken place of the western trade from Buffalo to Oswego, by which, according to the statement of the auditor of the New York Canal depart- ment, in his lleport for 1850, the rever.ues of the Canal have been " considerably affected." N( \hh 218 tiic Wcl- >7 ' articles, but tliat ly taxed, sum than tlic Erie )U of tlic that the of dollars on. For L reached lbs. lbs. lbs. in toll was was esti- the iiorth- lally. cl from the )12,830 as L'ce articles ir importa- jd a reduc- of dollars, • the Ship- ace of the 3Cording to nal depart- Canal have RAILROADS. i aiia(i;i bids fair to stand as prc-cuiliicni ere loup; i'ov her ^ iUiilroad couimunications, as she is ackno-vvlcdgcd to do already for her Canals. Though not the oldest, the Grand Trunk Lino is entitled to be noticed first on account both of its magnitude and importance. Including the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Line, of which it has lately obtained a lease, its length, when completed, will be 1,112 miles. Three hundred and ninety- two miles of this Road is already in operation, viz., from Port- land to Montreal 292 miles, and 100 from the Richmond Junction to Point Levi or Versailles, opposite Quebec. " Ry the 1st of September next the Contractors are under engagc- )Hent to have in operation 1G5 miles additional, and by the 1st of October 130 miles more, makim«; a total of 295 ndles to be opened in 1855," thereby bringing the Grand Trunk up to 087 miles. ^' In 1850, IGO miles further will certairdy bo completed. This will complete a Railway link, via Canada, between Maine and MichiLran. Detroit will be distant from the Forest City 872 miles by this route, which is at least 50 miles less than by the way of New York, and as the whoh.; line will be under one continuous system of management, pas- sengers or freight will necessarily be carried cheaper and more expeditiously than by any series of lines not possessing the ad- vantages of combination and continuity. The remaining 257 miles, being perhaps the least important sections, and the con- struction of which will admit of delay with least inconvenience to Canada, will be undertaken as soon as the money market be- comes easier ; but under any circumstances, the Contractors are under obligations to complete all the Lines, and the Victoria Bridge, not later than the 1st of January, 1800." (American Railroad Journal, January, 1855, — from State of Maine Newspaper.) The American Railroad Journal describes the portion of this Road which runs throniih the State of Maine as ndmira- 214 *oly constvucted. Its earnings for tlic week ending July 22cl, lS54j were ^?l 5,550 58c. From the 1st of January, 1854, tliey had been 8405,028 75c. [The mileage expected to be open for traffic by the autumn of the present year is, according to Sir Cusack P. Roney, 643. ^' This summer, trains will run from Quebec to Boston, via Portland (421 miles) in fifteen hours. Last summer it took, by the then existing routes, thirty-seven hours to perform the same dist^ince." The opening of the section of the Road be- tween Montreal and Brockville (expected to take place by Sep- tendjcr next), "will convert a journey of twenty -four hours against stream, and of eleven hours with the current, into one of about four and a half hours." On the completion of the Grand Trunin, Toronto will be reached in twelve or thirteen hours from Montreal (the distance by Railway being 333 miles) ; and Hamilton in from fourteen to fifteen hours. In consequence of the opening of the Line between Montreal and Portland, the country is already filling up rapidly between these cities, large clearances have taken place, " and villages are springing up adjacent to the numerous rivers and streams wdiich run in the vicinity of the Line. 28 saw-mills have cdready been built, and others are either planned or in course of construction. Those now existing are, when in full opera- tion, capable, for the greater part of the year, of sawing 500,000 feet a day, all of which will be conveyed on the Rail- way. Allowing each of these mills to cut treble their present amount, it is calculated that it will take 70 years to clear the timber lands in the vicinity of the line ; and with cleared lands Avill come increased settlement, population, and traffic." The traffic receipts, in sterling, were for the "Half-year ending 31st December, 1853, £54,015. " " " July, 1854, 72,831. " " " December, " 07,017. The receipts for the first thirteen weeks of 1854 were, £20,550. For the first thirteen weeks of 1855 they were, jG38,S52, — showing an increase of £0,202 in that period." tor; thr the or a this Can (',■ the Fill tlin Fall July 22a, 1, 1854, mtumn of ncy, 643. )ston, via er it took, erform the 3 Road be- ce by Scp- four hours t, into one tion of the )r thirteen • 000 jcniGi; 000 [lOurs. In ontreal and Aveen these 'illages are nd streams -mills have )r in course L full opera- of sawing m the Hail- leir present to clear the eared lauds lic/^ 4,015. 2,831. 7,917. 1854 were, they were, period. 7; 215 "The poi)ulation on and within If) miles of the Glrand Trunk llailway is about a million and a-half, and is rapidly in- creasing." Making the most ample allowance for competition ])y water, the average contribution of each resident within its influence (found to amount in the case of the United >^tates Hallways to 12s. Gd. per annum) " can fairly be estimated for the Grand Trunk at 8s. a-head, which will give an annual in- come from this source of £000,000." Sir Cusack Honey's llcport to the London Board of Direc- tors, bearing date London, IGth April, 1855, given in the Toronto Leader of May 30th, 1855."] The Victoria Bridge, by which the Grand Trunk is to cross the St. Lawrence at Montreal, will be " one of the most stupen- dous and imposing works in the world." Its total length is to be 7,000 feet, consisting of twenty-four spans of 242 feet each, with one of 330 over the Navigable Channel of the Iliver, at at an elevation of GO feet above the summer water level. Mr. Boss, the Eny-ineer, describes it as consistinir of a " wrouiiht- iron box, 20 feet deep, IG feet wide, and about 7,000 feet in length ', supported at intervals of about 2G0 feet, by towers of stone, and open at both ends to admit of the trains passing through it, and made of sufficient strength to carry six times the heaviest load hitherto known to travel on Bailways in this or any other country." Its estimated cost is £1,400,000. Of this work, the undertaking of which by a country so young as Canada must be admitted to give evidence of a very large amount of spirit, a considerable portion is already in a state of forwardness. [Canaduiii Joitrnal, June, 1854.) Next in importance to the Grand Trunk conies the Great Western, which runs from AVindsor, on the Canadinn side of the Detroit Iliver, opposite the city of that name, to Niagara Balls, where it connects by a gigantic Suspension Bridge thrown across the Niagara Biver, about two miles below the Falls, with the System of Bailways in the State of New York, 21G wliieli run from Lake Ontariu towards tlio tide-wator of tho Hudson Jtiver. (^Amer. RallroadJoarnal, J any., 1855.) The Suspension liridg'e above alluded to consists of a sinulo span 800 feet in Icngtli, elevated 18 feet on the Canadian, and 28 on the American side, above the surface of the bank, being the same height above the passenger Bridge previously exist- ing. It forms a "straight hollow beam of 200 feet wide, and 18 deep, composed of top, bottom, and sides. The upper floor, which supports the Ilailroad, is 2-1 feet wide between the rail- ings, and suspended to two wire cables assisted by 18 wire-rope stays. The lower floor is 19 feet wide, and 15 in the clear, connected with the upper one by vertical trusses, and suspended on two other cables, which have 10 feet more deflection than the upper ones.'^ The anchorage is formed by eight shafts sunk 25 feet deep into the rock, and so secured that they can- not be drawn up without lifting the whole rock to a considera- ble extent. The cables, 9} inches in diameter, are formed of twisted iron wire, each of them consisting of 3,390 wires of No. 10. The strength of the 18 wire-rope stays is equivalent to 1,440 wires. The whole number employed are 1,500. '^ The compact, hard limestone, used in the masonry of the towers,'' is calculated to bear a " pressure of 500 ton upon every foot square." The weight of the Bridge is as follows : We^dit of Timber 910,130 lbs. Wrought Iron and Suspenders... 113,120 '■'■ Castirigs 44,332 " Hails 00,740 " Cables between Towers 534,400 ' ' 1,678,722 lbs. Including weight of structure, the aggregate maximum weight to be borne amounts to 1,273 tons. (^Canadian Jour,, August, 1S54.) So perfect is this work that T saw it stated in the newspapers a few days since, that even amidst the high winds which we have had lately, there was hardly any perceptible vi})ration of the J5ridge. I w tuv of tlio S55.) uf ;i siimlo ladiaii, and auk, being msly cxist- t wide, and upper floor, en the rail- 8 wire-rope 1 the clear, suspended ection than iight shafts t they can- L considera- forined of 90 wires oi' I equivalent are 1,500. mry of tlic ) ton upon s follows : lbs. u a a lbs. maximum ian Jour., newspapers ^ which wo dbration of I •217 The particulars which follov/ we collect from a '' Statement of Accounts and Report of the Directors of the Great AVestern llailway," presented to Parliament, and '^ordered by the Legis- lative Assembly to be printed, 20th October, 18r34." " The Gross Traffic for seven months, from the 1st January to the 31st July, was £150,105 lis. 8d., which, after deduct ing working expenses and all interest on bonds and borrowed money, leaves a sum of £37,479 8s. 6d. available for dividend on the share capital, from which the Directors recommend that a dividend be now declared of three per cent, up to the 31st of July, 1854, which will leave a surplus to be carried to the credit of the current half year of £457 18s. Gd. . . The Line may be said to have been practically in operation for less than six months, up to the 31st July, 1854." "When the Report was given in, the number of engines received or under contract was 5G. There had been received 409 cars of all sorts, and 71G were under contract — in all 1,502. The total cost of the line had been £3,457,345 4s. 2d.— a balance of £493,121 I8s. 2d. standing against the Company — occasioned by the large extent to which the actual had exceeded the estimated cost of the work, in consequence partly of the great rise in the price both of material and labour, and partly of the unanticipated uitficulties which had to be contended with in the construction.'' The cost of 24 miles of the Line from Hamilton, westward, exclusive of land, rolhng stock, ka., was " £21,500 currency, per mile." Owing to the rise which has taken place in the price of land, the quantity re((uired by the Road, including necessary additions over the original estimate, cost £175,000 currency, instead of £20,000. On January 27th, 1854, the last portion of the Road, that, to wit, from London to Wind- sor — 110 miles — was opened. The entire length, all of which is open, is 241 J miles. By trains of all sorts there had been run up to 31st July, 1854, a mileage of 2,927,137i The number of passengers going westward had been 87,747 i — 73,844 local, and 12,903.1 foreign. Going westward, they had been 123,181— consisting of 8i,347^ local, 13,409 emigrants, luid 2S,oG5 foreign. Among the things earned over the road we find reported : 1:?,55T,000 feet of tindjor, 53,074 barrels of flour, oO,!J4G:j bags of wlicat and corn, and 2o,1'jC)J of oatn. A few days ago we saw it stated in the newspapers that flour was passing over it almost daily, on its way from the State of Iowa to New York. [The traffic receipts of the Great AVestcrn, between January 1S54 and January 1855, were — Passengers £240,507 10 2} Mails and Sundries 10,904 10 11^- Freio-ht and Live Stock.... 81,291 19 4 Total £344,824 12 (Mr. Widder's Pamphlet, p. 24.) Two steamers (the America and the Canada), unsurpassed, if not unequalled on the Lakes, have recently been placed by the Great Western Company on the route between Hamilton and Oswego. It is to be hoped that the enterprise thus ex- hibited will prove as profitable to its authors as it is honorable both to them and the country. A few evenings ago I had the pleasure of making the trip between Hamilton and this City (Toronto) by one of these floating palaces in something less than 21 hours. The whole time required between London and Toronto — per Ilailway and Steamer — is only about sis hours.] Early next year, if not sooner, the Ilamilfon and Toronto Hoad — 40 miles in length — will be opened, connecting at the latter city with the Grand Trunk Line by a Station common to both, as well as to the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Ilailway. This latter line runs for the first 50 miles due north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, skirting for a few miles the southern shore of the lake. It then traverses the country between the Simcoe Lake and the Georgian Bay (the eastern '^vtrcmity of Lake Huron) to Collingwood, the distance of wliich IVom To- ronto is 90 miles, — now open. According to the Report of the Directors of this Iload, pre- 7 • the road barrels of I of oats, that flour e State of I J; aniiary , •> 1 2 3t, p. 24.) surpassed, placed by Hamilton 3 thus cx- lionorable I had the this City thing less >ndon and is hours.] :l Toronto ag at the 3mmon to ailway. orth from southern twceu the rcmity of from To- -oad, prc- 210 Hcntcd to the Proprietors, IMonday, Hth July, 1851-, the cost up to that time had been cCT02,r)S() Is. od. — including : Original Contract .CoTO,!";") 5 Supplementary Contract : 1. Locomotive Stock no,G^>0 10 f) 2. (ieneraUlollini; Stock ol^Odl. 10 8 o. Way Station Service 0,170 10 (> 4. Terminal Depot Service 5,045 10 4 5. Harbor Service 18,220 17 4 (3. Steamboat Service 4,753 lo [Mr. Cumberland's Report of 10th July, 1855, makes the total expense thus far, in the Engineer's Department, c£Sl2,022 10s. Gd. — all the contracts, with the exception of that for Collingwood harbour, being closed.] 3Ir. Brunei, the Superintendent of the lload, states in his lleport to the Directors, that ^'by connecting the Navigation of the Lakes, by spanning the Isthmus of Canada, at the nar- rowest point, it shortens the aggregate distance between Lake Michigan and the Atlantic Cities some 300 miles, avoids the tedious navigation of the St. Clair Flats, over which vessels arc usually lighted, and saves the Tolls, expenses and delays incident to the Wellaud Canal, by the introduction of but 00 miles of Railway." It results from this,'' Mr. Brunei continues, " that, as com- pared with the usual course of trade by the Lakes, the route over this road, from JVcw YorJc to Chlca</o, will effect a saving of three days in time j and reckoning the cost by the rates given in M^ Alpine's Report" (on the Canals of the State of New York, for 1853), " and adding thereto the Welland Canal Tolls, an average tariff of S2 32c. per ton can be charged over the road, still leaving a margin of 18 cents per ton to meet the cost of transhipment, being at the rate of 25 miles per ton per mile, exclusive of the cost of loading and unloading." *' As compared with the route by way of Buffalo and the J^]rie Canal, an equal saving in time, as above mentioned, is effected, and after charging the above named rates . . an advantage of 50 220 ecnts per ton ■will accrue to tlic owners of the frcij^lit." — In tlie Appendix to tlio above Ileport (A), it is stated that where the whole savinu: of time which can be ciFectcd between Osweu'o and Chicaa-o by cros.sinii; the Peniu; uhi of Michigan by the Southern Michigan llailwuy (in connec- tion with the \Ycliand (Ainal and Lake Eric) amounts only to seven hours — the one route occupying 100 hours and the other 107 — the increased cost of freight will be So 5c. per ton. Through means of the Georgian Bay and the Straits of Mac- kinaw^ the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron l\oad is brought into easy connection at once with Lake ^Michigan and with Green ]?ay ; from which latter it is connected with the L^pper Missis- sippi liiver by the Fox Iliver and Green Bay navigation, now completed, or nearly so. A Railway (the Green Bay and Min- nesota llailroad) is chartered, which will connect it with St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, by a direct line, which will re- duce the distance, as compared with the present route, from 750 miles to 210. Six Light-houses arc now under contract by the Government on the Georgian Bay and its northern and southern channels to Lake Huron, by which the safety of the navigation will be greatly increased. With Lake Superior and the country bordering on it, this road is brought into connection through means of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal, ready to be opened in spring, if not even now open [since opened]. Both for goods and passengers it will thus afford an advantageous means of communication with the Lake Superior country, and with Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. Collin gwood, the northern terminus of this Iload on Lake Huron, will, it is stated, be reached in 22 hours from New York, and in 28 hours from Boston. '^ Thence the traveller can be conveyed to IMilwaukie in 84 hours, though a navigation of which 200 miles is as safely sheltered as the Hudson or St. Lawrence rivers, and through which the scenery is infinitely superior to either ; thus, Milwaukie can be reached in 5G hours, by a route so agreeably diversified by changes from steamboat to railroad as to aff'ord every desirable rest and refreshment." 2JI is stated )0 cflfoctcd iun..->ula of [\ coniicc- its only to I the othov r ton. its of iM:lc- ouglit into k'itli Green per Missis- xition, now y and Min- it with St. icli will re- Diitc, from cr contract rtlicra and fcty of the iperior and connection ady to be id]. Both vantac;eoiis untry, and mcsota. d on Lake from New ■aveller can vigation of [son or St. is infinitely II 5G hours, L steamboat reshment." Oil Ihe completion of tlie Hallway from Crecn J]ay to St. raiii, the latter place, it is stated, may be reached by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron llailroad in GO hours from New York, 10(5 being rc([uired by other lines, even by express trains. Though requiring now three days to reach it from Chicago, it will then be brought, it is averred, within tv*'o days of Toronto. It is affirmed that the transit to and from the eastern cities will, by this route, be shortened, as compared with any other, by from three to five days. The number of passengers carried by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railrixid (though till within a few weeks a consi- derablo portion of it remained uncompleted), between the 15tli May, 1(S53, when 80 miles of it were opened, and the oOth June, 1854 (the days worked being o.5o), was 100,391 adults; o,512 children; S,038 carried free for construction. The amount of freight was o7,13:^ tons; and the earnings £29,50(1 lOs 7ld. Retracing our steps to the east, certain lines now claim no- tice, which run north and south, and which may be considered as feeders to the great arterial railway system, that runs from cast to west throughout nearly the entire extent of the Province. Nearest to Montreal, and having its terminus in that city, is the Montreal and Bytown (Ottawa City) Railway. The latter is the capital of the Ottawa territory, and through it the river of the same name flows, having in its basin 80,000 miles of forest wood, from wdiich the markets of Europe are supplied with the finest timber in the world. The total length of this line will be 120 miles, but at present only 13 miles, in the centre, are in operation, which were opened last September. At about 25 miles west from Montreal, the Grand Trunk Railway crosses the Ottawa by a bridge, which yields only to the Victoria Brid!2e in extent and grandeur. Just to the west of this bridge, it is proposed that another line shall start from the north, to be carried on, in the first instance, to Bytown; with ulterior objects, one of which is stiid to be a nearly direct line from that city to Lake Iluruu. I '>.»•; I'rcscMiit, 120 miles from IMontrciil by railw.-iy dist'tnec, re,- coivos tlu! ]>ylu-\vii and I'rcscott Ivaihvjiy, opt'iicd j^oino tlitir since, Y>liicli liiis a Icnptli of r)0 miles. Avitli a coiirso dnv. norlli and Houtli. At ]]rockvillc, 1') miles west (sf Treseolt, tlio ]]voekviI]e aii'l Ottawa llailway falls into the (jraud Trunk. 8omc liO miles of this Ivaihvay will he opened for trallie in September, 18."),"), that is, simultaneously with the openini;' of the section of the Grand Trunk (125 miles lon^o:) from Montreal to Broekville. The total length of the Ijrockvillc and Ottawa lino will bo l^O miles, and that company lias also the idea of hereafter connect- ing the Ottawa wdth Georgian Bay, by a line taking a course some GO or 70 miles north of the route proposed to start from Ottawa city. The next trilmtary of the Grand Trunk is the Cobourg and Peterborough — 140 miles west of l>rockville — 28 miles in length — already in operation, and having an amount of traffic, which could hardly have been anticipated by its promoters. Built as this road has been, almost exclusively by the people of Cobourg (about 5000), it reflects high credit on their spirit and vigor. Port Hope, another very flourishing town, is about to be connected with the back country, th'ougli means of the Port Hope and Lindsay llailway, oG miles in length — the works of which are in progress. Proceeding west, we reacli Toronto, wiicre tlic Ontario, Simcoc, and Huron, already described, comes in. In regard to that city, the following language is used by a committee of gentlemen appointed to meet a deputation from tlie Green Bay and Minnesota Bailroad : — '' The railways already constructed to the mouth of the Niagara River have placed Toronto within sixteen hours travel of New York city ; the construction of the Grand Trunk llailway will \}hcQ it as near the Earopean 'ports, iclicnce immi<jration and coimnerce cliicjli/ proceed y as the lasl named, citij is ; while the St. Lawrence navigation places it during tlie open season within a cheaper distance of them." istanc'c, re • some tlnu ij duo iioiili jckvillc aii'l nc oO miUs uljcr, 18.')."), L'tiou of tlie Erockville. ^vill l)c 1:^0 'tcr connect- in o- a course start from ^obourg ami 18 miles in mt of traffic, ; promoters. ;bo people of air spirit and about to be of the ]^n•t tlic works of tlie Ontario. In regard to committee of .c Green I'ay Y constructed :)ronto witbin L'uction of the ropean ports, (1, as the Jai^t /ion places it of them." [" If/"' says Sir (!. P. lioney, ^'tlic immonsu ti lice biii:*- iions of wbicb these J\ail\vays (tlie (.J rand Trunk, < rem \Vt ;- crn, and Ontario, Sinicoe, and Uuron) are susceptible, be i-;.'*- ried into citect, the business in freight and passengers that will pass through that city (Toronto) will be enormous, for here will be the junction of the great main railway artery of the east with that running south-west towards Hamilton andJ)ctroit; with the western continuation of the Grand Trunk line to Sar- nia; and also with the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron line.''] The most westerly line in Canada open for traffic having a north and south direction, is the Buffalo, Ih'antford, and G ode- rich llailway, which connects ]>ufralo and the State of New York with Lake Huron at Goderich, by a line of IGO miles in length, which saves, as compared with the water route of Lake Ih'ie and the rivers Detroit and St. Clair, full 400 miles. It also, by its connection with the G reat Western at Paris, places Buffalo within eight hours of Detroit, which is less than half the time it requires to go between these two cities by the mag- nilicent steamers on Lake Erie. At Stratford, 90 miles west of Toronto, this Bailway is meant to cross the Grand Trunk line, and at this point it will divide the traffic flowing from Lakes Huron and Supericn*, by sending that intended for the United States to Buffalo, and that for Canada and Portland over the Grand Trunk Bailway. Eighty miles of this impor- tant line, from opposite Buffalo to Paris, are in operation. If the necessary funds can be obtained, the opening of the re- mainder will not bo long in following. The Erie and Ontario llailway, built by the enterprise of Samuel Zimmerman, Escp, by birth an American, runs for a distance of 17 miles from Chippewa, 15 miles below Buffalo, along the side of the Niagara Biver, passing within a stone's throw of the Falls, to the town of Niagara, situated near the mouth of the river — descending some 800 feet in a distance of four or five miles. A line about 30 miles in length, to run from London to Port Stanley, on Lake Erie, opposite to Cleaveland, has made K 224 suiuo proirres.s, and will, it is hoped, bo opened in 1S55 or 1850. Three llailroads in the Jvnstcrn portion of the I'rovinee re- main yet to be noticed, vi/., the St. Ljiwrcneo and Chauiplain — the oldest of our lloads, 41) miles long, running from the south .side of the 8t. Ltiwrence, ojipo.site IMontreal to House's Point, on Lake Champlain, where the American boundary meets it; the Montreal and New York llailway, which extends for a lcnii:th of about 30 miles on the .south side of tlie 8t. Lawrence, between Whitehall and I'lattsburg; and the La- chine Hallway, extending for a length of nine miles between the City of Montreal and the village of Lachine, where it meets the lliver navigation, and also connects by ferry with the St. Lawrence and Champlain. The first of these Heads — the St. Lawrence and Champlain — connects at House's Point with the Canadian and A^ermout Junction Hailroad, whicli, by the series of lines in the States of Vermont, Ma.«.sachusettes and New York, leads to ]>oston, Xew York and other cities of those States on the Atlantic coast. This Hoad and the Mon- treal and New York have amalgamated, or arc about to do so. On the Heads of whieli we have given this rapid sketch, about £11,000,000 sterling— say $54',000,000— are stated to have been already expended. *' Hy the close of the year 185G, Canada may fairly calculate upon having about 2,000 miles of fully e(|uipped Hallway, which will cost her about £18,000,000 sterling, or say $40,000 per mile." (^Amcr. Railirat/ Jour., January 1855.) Besides the above there are several other Heads chartered, some of which are under construction; but the space we have already occupied with our Hallways forbids our doing more than naming them. The Heads in question are the Hawdoii and Industry — 20 miles in length ; the Montreal and Stanstead 106 miles ; the Quebec and Trois Pistoles — 145 miles ; the Peterborough and Belleville — 50 miles ; the Peterborough and Gloucester Bay — GO miles ; the Peterborough and Toronto — 75 miles; the Toronto and Guelph (constructing) — 47 miles; >•! »FTT 225 I L'^oa or rovinec n - Clwiuiplaiu ; t'roiu tlio to House V bouiulary icli cxtcudH of ilie St. ikI tho La- cs between ic, •\vlicro it ■ ferry witli ;so Houds — niso's Point oatl, wliicli, ssaclmsettes licr cities of id the Mon- )ut to do so. apid sketch, re stated to c year 1850, 000 miles oi' 18,000,000 licay Jour., Is chartered, )ace we have doing more the Rawdou lid Stanstead miles ; the borough and d Toronto — ) — 47 miles; the (jiuelph and Stratford — 10 miles ; the Stratford and Sar- nia — 75 mile-*; the CJalt Junction (oom])letcd) — lo miles; the Gait and (lUelph — 1(> miles ; and the Thorold and St. Cu- therlncs — in part under construction. Some of these may possiibly be rciinrpiibhed ; but the prttba- bility is that most of them will be proceeded with. It is ex- pected that several of them will be completed at no very distant day. AVhcre, may wo not fairly ask, is the country to be found which stands before Canada in her means of transport? Con- necting together the facts adduced in this Essay in regard to the position of the St. Lawrence with respect to the European Ports, and the character of its navigation ; in regard to our Canals, surpassed nowhere — if any where ecpialled ; our splendid inland seas — with their coast of 5,000 miles and more; and our noble Hallways : is not the conchision irresistible tliut the tide both of commerce and travel between the sea- board and the reu'ions of tho AVest and North must ere lonsi; direct its course through our country ? This it must neces- sarily have done, had Keciprocity continued to bo denied us. But the fact of our having now obtained that will accelerate this result, because it will encourage our neighbours, who are too shrewed to deprive themselves of an important advantage fairly within their reach, to unite "with us in making the best of the facilities with which we are so largely favoured. Already wc have evidence of their disposition io do this, and wo shall ere lonii; doubtless have more. The London fShipj-n'iij Gar.eftc of January 2nd, in an article headed ^' English Trade with America," states that a commu- nication had been received from an intelligent corrcsjiondeutat C'hicago, who " points out the desirability of direct conmmni- cation with Europe through the St. Lawrence, instead of, as at present, through the Erie Canal. ^' Their correspondent in- forms them that a person had arrived there ^' on a mission from Liverpool to open business connections in the various Lake Cities, and especially in Chicago, and to arrange for a line of 226 propellers between tliat Port and Montreal.'^ ^' AVc observe in the Balhj Frcsa of Chicago," says the l^b'tor, " an advertise- ment requiring first-cLiss ships lor Liverpool, Glasgow, and Cork, and it seems quite clear that a direct communication with European Ports will shortly be carried on. Chicago mer- chants wdll, ere long, import their European goods direct from Europe without change of bottom or the breakage of bulk — and transport to foreign markets in the same way such products of the country as there may be a demand for, without the ex- pense and trouble of shifting cargo. It remains to bo seen whether our merchants and shipowners cannot devote some attention to this trade, and share in the profit.'' After a sketch of the growth of the Lake Trade, it is added, just before the passage we have quoted, ^' this is a field well deserving of greater attention from British merchants." {^Culonlst, Feb. 2.) Stronger testimony to the superiority of the St. Lawrence route could not w^ell be conceived than such a movement as that described and urued above. There is a circumstance which is specially flivourable to th(; immigrant from Europe — the fact, to wit, that the certainty of a return cargo from Quebec puts it in the power of the shipper to that port to bring himself, his family and his goods across the Atlantic at a more moderate rate than he can bo brought to any of the American ports. From Quebec he can be con- veyed for a sum comparatively small to Toronto — whence, if he choose to take up his abode among us, he can be carried cheaply and without loss of time to his destination. Should he, on the other hand, have his mind made up to try his for- tune in the far West, then, according to his pleasure, or the particular locality towards which his steps are directed, he may proceed by Lewiston and Buffalo, or by the Great Western to Detroit, or by the Ontario, Simcoc and Huron to Green Bay, or liake Superior. In the CUobi: of to-day (Feb. 10th, 1855) it is announced that arrangements have just been nnide by the Directors of the Northern Piailroad (Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron) for the run- niiT form T of 81 IIU! { five requ are d observe in L advcrtisc- scow, and inunication dcago mer- direct from of bulk — c'li products out the cx- to bo seen cvotc some 'ter a skctcli b before tlie eserving of St, Ych. 2.) b. La^Yrcnee lOYCincnt as rable to the certainty of tlic shipper ^oods across bo brought can be con- rhcnce, if he be carried 3n. Should ) try his for- isure, or the cted, he may ) Western to Green Buy, s announced 2ctors of tlic for the run- 227 idno- of a line of steamers between Collini-wood " and all the principal ports on Lake Michigan." Four vessels, described as being of superior character, viz., the Lady Elgin, the Key- stone State, the Louisiana and the Queen City, have been chartered. Their length is from 250 to 280 feet, and they have engines enabling them to make " from 12 to IG miles per hour. They have capacity for from 4,000 to 5,000 barrels of freight under hatches, besides their supply of fuel for a trip of 1,000 miles. They are fitted out in the best and most com- fortable manner, having been first class boats in the Lake Eric passenger trade, and have saloons the whole length of the upper deck, with state-rooms for 300 passengers, besides nur- series and berths on the main deck for children and servants. They are peculiarly well adapted for a route over which emi- grants are expected to pass in large numbers, from the excel- lent accommodation provided on the lower deck for second class passengers, rooms being fitted up so that families can be kept separate ; and forward, there is still another department for steerage or third class passengers.'' ^'It is certain,'' it is added, ''^ that by means of these vessels, a tri-wcckly connec- tion will be formed between Collin gwood and all the principal ports on Lake Michigan — Milwaukie, Hacine, and to Chicago. A tri-weekly communication will also be secured with Sault Ste. Marie, and when the Canal is opened, connections will be formed with vessels running to the mines." " Boats are now being built by the people of Green ]5ay, which will supply a connection with our Northern Line." [The above line is now (4tli July) in full operation, meet- ing the best anticipations which could reasonably have been formed of it.] This, we conceive, is the proper place for the introduction of such particulars as we have been able to collect in regard to the transmission of goods and jiasscngers ; with the compara- tive distances and cost of the difTerent routes, and the time required by them respectively. Before adducing these there are one or two things which wo would premise. 228 In tlic first place, it is difficult to present any i^rfccily re- liable statement in regard to the charges for conveyance of freight, inasmuch as changes take place according to circum- stances. Still, we believe, the rates we are about to exhibit will be found sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. They are derived from the most available sources — to wit, statements obtained from parties engaged in the forwarding trade in Canada ; the published TariiFs of the leading New York companies, kindly forwarded to me by a friend in that city ; the American Railway Guide; the Heport of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Hail way; the Canada Directory ; and a document, bearing date Quebec, April 1854, printed and cir- culated by Mr. Buchanan — Chief Emigrant Agent — for the information of emio;rants. In the second place, though the statements made in relation to time in the case of Railways may be relied on so far as re- spects the time occupied in actual movement, the accomplish- ment of very long journeys within the specified periods is hardly practicable in consequence of the fatigue necessarily attendant on keeping the trains. The following general Table, founded on the statements of W. J. McAlpinc, in his Report on the Canals of the State of New York, for 1853, is from the Appendix to the Report of the 0. S. & II. Railroad (p. 52) : Table sJioicing the cliargcs for Transjiorfafion beticecn the sea- board and the ^Ycst, bi/ the various Railroads and ^Vatcr Lines: FROM NEW YOnK. Per ton (of 200011)s) Vox- Mil.'. Cents. Mills. Hudson River 7 Erie Canal , 1 1 Western Lakes, siiort voj^age 1 ** long voyage 5 New York and Erie llailroad 2 4 Hudson River Railroad 3 1 New York Central Railroad 4 "Western Roads, fromBulTalo to Chicago, average.... 2 5 ! i 'i I on 229 jperfcctli/ rc- )nveyance of to circum- ut to exhibit :poses. They t, statements QC!! trade in New York n that city; the Ontario, ;ory j and a ;ed and cir- ;ent — for the :1c in relation I so far as re- 3 aecomplisli- iods is hardly :ily attendant statements of ' the State of Lhe Report of 'tween tlie sea- , 's and Water [•200011)s) Per Mi Cents. 3I'lls. .. 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 .. 5 o 4 o O 1 o o 4 .. 2 5 FROM BOSTON TO WESTKRX LAKES. a-H/.f. Mills. New England Roads, from Boston to Rouse's Point... 2 7 Northern Head, House's Point to Ogdensburg 2 Lake Ontario and Welland Canal , 7 Western Road, Rostou to Albany 2 3 FIIOM QUEBEC. St. Lawrence River and Canals G FROM nilLADELPIIIA. Pensylvania Canal to Pittsburg 2 4 " Railroad " (estimated) o 5 Ohio River S FROM BALTIMORE. Raltimorc and Ohio Railroad 8 Flt0:M Xr.W ORLEANS. jNIississippi Pvivcr, Lower (> " Upper U Ohio Canals 1 Wabash and Erie Canal 1 9 Illinois Canal 1 4 " River 1 2 From the above it will be seen that the only routes compar- ing -with the St. Lawrence and its Canals as to price, arc those on the Lower Mississippi and the Hudson — the former of which is the same and the latter one mill (lOtli part of a cent) more, to which is to be added the Long voyage on the Western Lakes, on which there is a reduction of one mill. The charges on the Hudson and on Lake Ontario and the Welland Canal are the same. Immediately on leaving the Hudson, and tak- ing to the Erie Canal or the tlailroads, the charges rise greatly, being nearly doubled (11 mills to 0) in the case of the former, and more (considerably) than trebled in the case of the latter r24 mills to 7). When the Western Lakes are reached, which, however, cannot be done without incurring the increased expense we have noticed, there is a trltUng reduction on the long voyage, the charge for which is five mills. 2ao Take lliiffalo as the point to wliicli traiisporttitioii is to bo cflcctetl, the cost, accordiiiij,' to tbesc rates, ■'.villbc, — from New York to Albany (144 miles), 8(3 cents 4 mills ; from Albany to Buffalo (CG4 miles, at 11 mills per mile), 84 OOe. 4m.=84 8Gc. 8m. in all. From Quebec tlic distance to JiufFalo is GIT miles. At six mills per mile, tliis would amount to 83 88e. 2m. Tiirow in for the "Welland Canal o mills additional, the cost is 83 91c. 5m. Call it $4, the difference in favour of the Quebec route is, 8G cents 8 mills — a very important matter. ]5ut there is another difference in its favour, to wit, the sav- ing of time — which can hardly be much under five or si.v days. 'Che calculation of the Commissioners of the Board of AVorks in their Beporfc for 1848 (p. 3.), makes the difference ill time from ]5uffalo to New York, as compared with Quebec, eight days. Between the voyatic down and up the difference in time is a1)out twelve hours. Consequently, according to their calculation the difference in the up voyage would be 7' days in lavour of Quebec. Allow, say, two days and a li;di' for improvement in this respect since IS tS, and 5 days still remain, supposing — what, however, is not the fact — no increase of speed on the St. Lawrence route. The Canalling on this latter route, including the AVella;i'l, amounts to only 70 miles, while on the other it is 304. According to a statement furiiislied me by a gentleman con- nected with one of the "Wharves liere, freight was, last year, by nut 11 steamers, from 258. to 30s. currency per ton of 2,240 lbs. to Toronto or Hamilton, and from 20s. to 25s. per freight sleamers. The year previous it CDuld be ha.d, he informed me, lor 17s. (kl. From the rates advertised as chargeable (to 15th Auii'ust, 1854) for transportation by the J/mes on the J']rie Canal and Lakes (17 in number), 1 select thi> following particulars, })y way of specimen — premising, first, that the goods are divided into two classes — heavy, and light — special rates being charge- able for certain ai'ticles which are named; and secondly, that I irt to bo from Nev»- lu Albany 4iu.=S4 ilo is GIT to Sa 88c. ioiial, the our ol' tlio lit ]mittor. , the sav- VG or shv ]]oard of difierciicc h Quebec, diirerence iordiufi; to ukl be 7-] and a half days still 10 increase U" on this ' 70 miles, [eman con- last year, 1 of 2,240 per freight brnicd me, :h Aujiiist, Canal and icnlars, by ire divided ncr charci'c- mdly, that 231 the rates named are binding only to Buffalo except by s^.^cial contract. From New York to Jkiffalo the charge for heavy goods is 33 cents ; for light, 40 cents per lOOlbs. The conveyance in this case is by the Hudson lliver and Erie Canal. Multiply by twenty, and the product will be SG.GOc. for heavy goods per ton of 2,000 lbs. ) for light goods, 88. 13y steam on the Lakes, the charge from New York to De- trait is 47 cents per lOOlbs, for heavy goods ; 55 cents for light. By sailing vessels it is, for heavy goods, 40 cents ; for light, 45. The cost, therefore, of transport to Detroit, by the former of these modes, amounts to 69 40c. for heavy goods ; and for light to $11. By the latter mode (sailing vessels) it is $8 for heavy goods, and for Light. From New York to Milwaukie, Ilacine and Chicago the ad- vertised charge is, by steam, 55 cents per lOOlbs. for heavy goods ; 70 for light — equivalent to 811 for the former (per ton of 2,000Ibs.), and 814 for the latter. By sailing vessels it is, 45 cents for heavy goods=89 per ton of 20001bs ; and 50= 810 for light. Between New York and Green Bay the cost of conveyance per steamer is G5 ccnts=813, for heavy goods ; for light, 80 cents=8lG. By sailing vessels the charge, as advertised, is 45 cents=89 per ton, for the one class of goods, and 50 cents=: 810 per ton, for the other. The rates advertised by the New York and Erie Eailroad Company's Express Line arc — From New York, for goods. Class No. 1 . Class No. 2. Class No. 3-pcr lOOlbs. ToBuffido !)7 72 58 " Suspension JJridLi'e... 97 72 58 " Toronto, C. W..r..... 122 92 78 " Chicago 200 150 120 " I am infjrmed by one of the largest wholesale merchants in Toronto that during spring and summer, so soon, at least, as the season is sufficiently advanced to secure the moderate rates of insurance, the cost of bringing goods by way of Quebec is r '* not luueli over half that by way of New York or ]]o.ston. Out of the season of St. Lawrence Navigation, these places have, however, the advantage of open communication with the ocean. This Canada enjoys now, in part, through Portland ; and will enjoy in full so soon as the Grand Trunk Kailwayis completed. For the emigrant Quebec is unquestionably the best route, whether his intention be to settle in Canada or to pass v i the Western Htatcs ; provided only he avoid coming too early in the season. Taking the course by the Straits of Belle Isle, the passage between Liverpool, or any other port in Britain, and Quebec, is " more than 400 miles shorter," according to Mr. Andrews (p. 41G) than between the same port and New York. '^ The navigable route between the foot of Lake Ontario and any port in Britain" is, by that route, he states, " as short as that from New Y'ork harbour to the same port." '' Kingston," says Mi*. Kcefer (Essay, p. G7), " is as near to Liverpool, and Hamilton as near to Glasgow, as New Y'ork is to either by a sailing route. The false idea that Quebec is farther than New Y^'ork from the British ports is given to persons by Mercator's projection, from the circumstance that the meridian lines are drawn parallel to each other, — a decrrcc of lonii'itudc at the North Pole, where it is nothing, being drawn as great as at the Equator, where it is 70 miles." A thread ^' stretched upon a globe, from any point in the British Channel to Toledo on Lake Erie, and ar- ranged so as to lie upon the shortest lino" will, according to Mr. Kcefer, " be found to run nearly throughout America, within the waters of the St. Lawrence, not deviating at any point more than 30 miles." " If the e;istern end of the thread be shifted to Glasgow or the north of England, its shortest position will be found in the Straits of ]]elle Isle, between Newfoundland and the Labrador coast." Four hundred and BGVonty-five miles is given by Mr. Kcefer as the amount of the difference in favour of Quebec as compared with New York. Ikitfalo is thus by Quebec ooG miles nearer any port in ]]ritain, or in Europe, than by Nmv York. Detroit, Cliicago and other 23a vton. Out laces liavc; tlie ocean. ; and will completed, best route, I pass ('. 1 g too early the passajze nd Quebec, [•. Andrews rk. '' The nd any port s that from ," says Mr. 1 Hamilton liling route, rk from tiie Dction, from I parallel to Pole, where 3r, where it c, from any rie, and ar- ccordinLj; to it America, ino; at any f the thread its shortest Ic, between mdred and ount of the New Yorl^. in ]]ritain, and othi r western Cities arc the same by the common route; while by the routes through Canada they are brought still nearer. Ac- cording to the lleport of the Directors of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Ilailway, that lload " shortens the airiiretjrate distance between Lake Michigan and the Atlantic Cities some 300 miles." (p. 24.) Let us look^now for a moment or two at the comparative expense. Between Buifalo and Detroit the first class charge by the Buffalo and Erie Bailroad is $6. The charge for emigrants is not given on the bill from which I take this. From Hamilton (45 miles per steamer west of Toronto), the charge by the Great "Western for first class passengers to Detroit is 25s. cur- rency, 85 j for emigrants 10s. currency, 82. By the former route the charge to Chicago for first class is 813 • for emi- grants 8G ', — while by the latter it is only $11 for first class, and 84 for cmiij;rants — two dollars being thus saved in each case. From Quebec to Hamilton the charge is stated by Mr. Bu- chanan to be ()0s. for cabin on board the Eoyal IMail Steamers : 57s. Gd. Tate's lino being taken between Quebec and Montreal. This includes meals — seven in number, equal at the common rates per meal on Board the steamers to 17s. Cd. (83 50c.), which reduces the cost for mere conveyance to 42s. Gd. and 40s. (88 50c., and 88). To this add 25s. (85), as fiire per Great Western to Detroit, and 55s. (811) to Chicago; and the charge will be, without meals, equal to 813 50c., or (by Tate's line) 813 to the former place, and 810 50c. (or 810) to the latter. The ordinary fare by first class cars from New York to Detroit is 815 ; to Chicago, 822. On the journey there is thus in effect a savinc;: in favour of the St. Lawrence and Great Western route of from 81 50c. or 82 to Detroit, and 82 50c. or 83 to Chicago. The advertised time on the road is only about two days (two hours less) per Railway between Xcw York and Chicago, supposing the traveller to move on without any other break than that of passing from one car to another. But in oo ordinary circumstances the attempting of such a thing is out of the ((uostion — the distance being 955 miles, llest must ho taken, in the case of families at all events ; hence additional expense. Emigrants usually travel in families — such as can afford it will take the first class cars. Suppose a family to consist of six, the diifercnce in ftivour of the Quebec route — reckoning the cost of living the same in the two cases — would be 89 or $12 to Detroit, and 815 or 818 to Chicago; saying nothing of the difference in comfort by the substitution of steamer for 490 miles of the distance — which is the amount of the differ- ence of Railway travelling in the two cases. Though no positive announcement has yet been made by the Directors of the Ontario, 8imcoe and Huron Railway, it is alleged in their Hcport (p. 27) that, as compared with other routes, there will be a saving of 80 per i")asscngcr, at a cost of only ten hours additional time, on the journey to Milwaukie. Conceive it to make any approach to this, it will be a matter of very great moment to the emigrant, in addition to the fact that he has to travel but a very short distance by Railway. The deck fare from Quebec to Hamilton is stated by Mr Buchanan to be 2.js. 9d. currency by the Mail Steamers ; 22s. Gld. t'dk'ma: Tate's Line to Montreal. Call it the first of these sums, and add 10s. (82) for fare by Great AVestern to Detroit, the cost to that City will be 3os. 9d. (80.75c.) To Chicago it will be 10s. (82) more. The charge for emigrants by the Lines from New York I do not find mentioned. Provided it be any- where near the same, a very important advantage still remains in favour of the St, Lawrence route — the fact, to wit, that from Quebec to the head of the water communication the baggage of emigrants is free. " On leaving these stations,^' Mr. 13u- chanan, on whose authority this statement is made, says, " 100 lbs. is allowed to each passenger, all over that quantity will be charged." The rates above given from Quebec are by the Mail Steamers (with the exception of the choice between these and Tate's line ^.••WK'i-^r<*'-i"!5a ing IS oiu :t must be additional |i afford it consist of reckoning; I be 69 or aothing of tcamer for the differ- ado by tbc Iway, it is with other t a cost of ^lilwaiikie. le a matter to the fact Eiilway. ed by Mr lers ; 22s, st of these to Detroit, Chicao;o it ^ the Lines I it be any- ill remains , that from le baggage ^' Mr.^Bu- ays, " 100 ity will be 1 Steamers Tate's line 235 as far as Montreal). On Board the Freight Steamers, which occupy a somewhat longer time (14 hours I have been informed ; but say 24), Cabin passage may be obtained, I am told, to To- ronto or Hamilton fur o5s. (87), with meals; Deck passage for 15s. (83). On board the Mail boats, as also these latter, Deck pas- sengers may obtain meals for Is. 3d. currency (25 cents, Is. sterling, or a trifle over). Passage may, of course, be taken from the home Port to Montreal, by which there will be, I suppose, the saving of the fore between that City and Quebec. Into any comparison of charges between Boston and the West I presume it is unnecessary to enter, the shortest route between them lying, as it does, through Canada. For the information of strangers it may be well to add the following Tables from Mr. Buchanan's Circular : FROM MONTREAL TO WESTERN CANADA. Daih/ h)j the Royal Mail TAnc Steamer, at ^o'clock A.JL, or by Rail- road to Lachine, at 12 o'clock. Deck Fare. Cahin Tare. Distances. Sterliu)^. Currency. Sterling. Cdrreucy. From Montrcfil to, ]\rii..s. Cornwall ..., . 78 5s. Cs. 3d. lis. 18s. 9d. Prescott Rrockvillc . 127 X . 131)j OS. 7s. Gd. Ms. 17s. Gd. Kingston . 180 83. lOs. 20s. 253. Cobourg . 292") Port Hope . 298 I 12s. ir)s. 28s. 35s. Jjoud Hoiid . HIM J Dai'lingtou . 817") . r>;:!7 \ . 807 J Whitby Ms. 17s. Gd. 3-is. 42s. Gd. Toronto Hamilton . 410 IGs. 203. 8()s. -ISs. I am informed that the number of steamers in the jlail lino between Quebec and Hamilton is nine, and that the Freight Steamers are somewhere about twenty. Passengers by the Mail line tranship at Kiiigston to the Lake steamers, niul nt Toronto for Bufialn : 28G FROM HAMILTON TO THE WESTERN STATES, BY THE taiEAT WESTERN RAILROAD. Distance. Emigrant Train. FrRST Class Train. Sterling;. Currency. Sterling. Currency. Froui Hamilton to, Milts. Duudas Od. "23!* 3s. 3s. Od. 4s. Od. Os. ts. 8s. IGs. 7]d. 2s'.*dd. 3s. Od. 4s. 4.M. (»s. Od. 7s. Od. 8s. Od. IO3. 20s. Is. 3s. 8d. 5.S. 7s. Os. 14s. 20s. 44s. Is. 8d. Flaniboro' Paris 20 4s. Od. Woodstock 48 IngcvsoU 47 London 70 Eckford 00 Os. 3d. 8s. Od. lis. 3d. 17s. Od. Chatham 140 Windsor ) -,,^r> Detroit, Michi'n. J Chicago, Illinois... 25s. Od. 55s. Od. Trains leave Ilaiiiiltou daily fur Detroit, connecting at that City witli tlie jMichigan Central llailroad for Chicago. Steamers leave Chicago daily for Mihvaiikie, and all other Ports on Lake Michigan. Emigrants on arriving at Chicago, if proceeding further ■will, on application to Mr. II. J. Spalding, Agent of the Mi- chigan Central llailroad Company, receive correct advice and direction as to route. OTTAWA RIVER AND RIDEAU CANAL. From Montreal to Btjioica and places on the lildcau Canal, hi/ Steam every Eceninj, — by Robertson, Jones tj* Co.'s Line. Distance. Deck Passengers. Cabin Passengers. Sterling. Currency. Sterling. Currency. From Montreal to, Milos Carillon.... 54 2a. 3s. • 8s. 4 s. Os. 2s. Od. 3s. Od. 3s. Od. 5s. 0.1. 7s. Od. Grenville 00 L'Orignal 73 BytOAvn (Ottawa City) 1 20 Kemptvillo 157 Meri'ickvillo Smith's Falls Oliver's Ferry... Isthmus % 100 o210 g 220 ^ 258 . Jones' Falls Kingston ;v THE ASS Train'. CuiTL'ucy. Is. Sd. • • 4s. • • • • Gd. C.s. 3d. 8s. 9d. lis. 3d. 17s. Gd. 25s. Od. 55s. Od. iig at that all otlier ;■ furtlici' )f tlic Mi" dvicc and /, hij Steam iSSEXOERS. Currency. 237 Passengers procGcdlng to Perth, Lanark, or any of the ad- joining settlements, nliould land at Oliver's Ferry, seven miles I'roni l\3rtli. Passengers wishing to proceed to the Eastern parts of the United States — 31aino, Newhampsliire, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania — take the Champlain and St. Lawrence Ilailway. To New ]3runswick, the best and most expeditious route is by the St. Lawrence Ivailroad, from Montreal to Portland — thence by Steamer, which leaves fur St. John's, N. 1>., every Monday and "Wed- nesday evening at eight o'clock. '■'■ Steamers leave Kingston daily for the Bay of (^linto and the Paver Trent, calling at Picton, Adolphustown, Pelleville, and other landing places in tlie Bay.'* " From Toronto Steamers leave daily for Port Credit, 1 5 miles ; Oakville, 25 miles ; Wellington Square, 37 miles ; Hamilton, 43 miles ; also Port Dalhousie on the entrance of the Welland Canal, Niagara, Quccnston and Lewiston — Pas- sage OS. 9d (currency. Peck]. Throughout these passages, children under 12 years of age are charged half-price, and those under 3 years are free. The gold Sovereign is at present worth 24s. 4d. currency, the English Shilling Is. 3d. ; and the English Crown-piece Gs. Id.'' Emigrants immediately on their arrival at Quebec, should proceed to the Oitice of the Ciuef Agent for Emigrants [Mr. Buchanan], where persons desirous of proceeding to any part of Canada will recive every information relative to the lands open for settlement, routes, distances, and expenses of conveyance ; where also Labourers, Artizans, or ^lechanlcs, will be furnished, on application, with the best directions in respect to employment, the places at which it is to be had, an;! the rates of waa'cs. 238 ii Kmigrants are cjititled bylaw to remain onboard tlic Ship 48 hours after arrival ; nor can they be deprived of any of their usual acconnuodations and berthint;" <Iuring that period, and the Master of the Ship is bound to di.-iMubark them and their baggage, //cc o/ crpciw, at the usual landing-place, and at reasonable hours" — viz., not earlier than six o'clock in the morning, or later than four in the afternoon. From ]Mr. A. Coulan (Sub-Agent), afc INFontreal, and Mr, A. ]J. Ilawke (Chief Agent for Western Canada), at Toronto, information may also bo obtained. '' Emigrants should remain about the Towns as short a time as possible after arrival." '^ Emigrants proceeding to tlic Eastern Townsiiii'S, espe- cially the populous and nourishing A^illages, Duummondville, KiNOSEY, SiiiPTON, and 3IELB0URNE, and the County-Town of SiiERBROOKE, will procccd by the regular Steamer to Mon- treal, and thence by the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Ilailroad from Longucuil to Sherbrooke, 103 miles." Bytown and the Ottawa Hiver Settle:ment. *' Route from Montreal to J>ytown (Ottawa City), by Steamer daily, 129 miles; Uytown (0. C.)to Aylmcr, by land, 9 miles j A3dmcr to Sand Point, by steamer, 45 miles; Sand Point to (jastloford, by steamer, S miles ; Castleford to Portnge-du-Fort, 9 miles ; Portage-da-Fort to Pcniljrokc, by land and water, So miles." •j.iy the Ship of any of at period, hem and ihice, and ck in the and Mr. t Toronto, ort a time P A II T T II I R I) . y O (J I A L . iJi'S, cspe- (NDVILLE, intj-Town n' to Mon- c Ilailroad FENT. )y KSteamer :1, 9 miles J d Point to ^e-du-Fort, . water, oo The Civil Government of Cansida isi exercised by a Governor General appointed by her Majesty as her llepresentative, aided by a Council composed of Heads of Departments ; in conjunc- tion with two Houses of Parliament, — a Legislative Assembly, to wit, consisting of 130 3Iembcrs — one-half fur Lower and the other half for Upper Canada — elected by the people, — and a Legislative Council, which must number not fewer than twenty persons, (the nund^er now actually constituting it being 3'J,) appointed for life by the Crown. Speaking generally, these two Bodies possess and exercise the powers possessed and exercised by the two Houses of the ]>ritish Parliament, by whose rules their proceedings arc go- verned in cases not otherwise provided for, the Assembly tak- ing exclusively, like the British House of Commons, the initiative in the case of money-bills. For its action the j'.xecutive Councilby which the Governor General is advised, is responsible to the House of Assendjly ; holdinu' olllee onlv so long as it retains the confidence of that Body. To qualify a candidate for election to the House of Assem- bly, it is required that he be a British subject by birth or 240 natuvallz.itlou, of twcnty-ono years of age, and tliat lie possess frceliolJ property of the value of ,£500 sterling, without in- cuuibrance. The same qualilicatioii is exacted in the case of the Legislative Council, with the exception of the freehold possession. For the purpose of lleprcsentation the country is divided into 125 Electoral i)istriv*ts, G2 in Lower and G3 in Upper Canada, whose limits are deijned by Act of Parliament. The right of voting at Elections for Cities and Towns, is extended by law to " every male person entered on the then last Assessment Roll, revised, corrected, and in force in any City or Town entitled to send a member or members to the Legislative Assembly of the Province, as the owner or as the tenant or occupant of real property therein or in the liberties thereof, as bounded for Municipal purposes, of the assessed yearly value of seven pounds and ten shillings or upwards, or who is entered on such last corrected Assessment lloll of any Township, Parish or place, as the owner, tenant or occupant of any real property which is Avithin the limits of any (.^ity or Town, for the purposes of the Representation, but not for Municipal purposes, of the assessed value of fifty pounds at least, or the yearly value of five pounds or upwards ;" and at IJ lections for Counties and Ridings, to '^ every male per- son entered on the then last Assessment Ptoll, revised, cor- rected, and in force in any Parish, Township, Town, Village or place, not being within any City or Town entitled to send a member or members to the Legislative Assembly of the Pro- vince, as the owner, tenant or occupant of real property of the assessed actual value of fifty pounds or upwards, or the yearly assessed value of five pounds or upwards." Partners in business, and joint tenants or occupants of real property possess cdoh the privilege of voting on it, provided tlie share of each in it be such as would have given him the riizht of voting supposing it entered on the Assessment Roll in his own name. In the case of ITpper (Vuiada, alphabetical Lists of parties entitled to vote arc ordered by the Act to bo made out by the 241 lie possess v^Itliout in- i the case c tVceliold country is and 03 in 'tirllameut. ul Towns, ntcvcd on ictcd, and member or ncc, as the therein or urposcs, of shillings or tVsscssmcnt ', tenant or c limits of itation, but ao of fifty upwards ;" 'y male per- jvised, cor- Village or I to send a of the Pro- )erty of the : the yearly mts of real rovided the m. the riulit Eoll in his s of parties out by tho Clerk of each jNIunicipality from the revised and corrected Assessment Roll, of which he nmst deliver an attested dupli- cate to the Registrar of the County within which the Munici- pality is situated, on or before the first day of September in each year. Those only whose names are on such List are allowed to vote, and the only question which can be raised as to the qualification of any party claiming to vote on the List, is whether he be really the party named in the List. The required Lists are to be made out in Lower Canada, with the exception of the Cities of Quebec and Montreal, by the Secretary and Treasurer of the Municipality, and must distin- guish those qualified as tenants or occupants. I'or the guidance of the Deputy Returning Officer, the law requires that he be furnished with a copy of the certified liist of voters for the Electoral Division or Ward for which he may have been appointed to act. The period prescribed for the duration of Parliament is four years, but the Governor General, or party exercising the Go- vernment, may dissolve it sooner should he think proper to do so. Members have an allowance made to them of £1 per day [since made £1 10s.] during the sitting of the House, with Gd. per mile as travelling expenses. Acts passed by the two Houses require the assent of the Representative of her Majesty to give them the force of Law, — such assent to be formally given in the presence of the mem- bers of both Houses. Her Majesty may at any time within two years express her disapproval of the Laws thus passed, in which case they cease to have efiect. In the case of Bills reserved by the Representative of the Sovereign for the consideration of her Majesty (a right which he may exercise whenever he deems it called for), the Royal Assent may be given at any time within two years, the Bill in (jucstion deriving from that assent the force of law. By the Constitutional Act " ]3ills passed on certain enumer- ated subjects, respecting religion and its establishment and 242 support, arc rc({uircd to be rc^ciTed, and also to be laid before both Iloufc'es of the British Parliament, before bcin^^ assented to bj the Queen ; and if either of the said Houses address her jMajesty against them, she is restrained from giving her assent/' (Gourlay,Vol. 1., p. 202.) The Sessions of Parliament, whieh must be held annually, are invariably opeiied by her jFajesty's Piepresentative, who may at his pleasure prorogue them from time to time for a period not exceeding forty days, subject to the condition above named as to annual co7ning together. By an Act passed in the 18th year of George III. (1778), and recited and renewed in the Constitutional Act, the British Government renounce all right of Taxation over Canada, except in the case of such duties as may be required for the regulation of commerce, which duties it places entirely at her disposal. The faith thus pledged has hitherto been preserved inviolable j nor is there room for apprehension that it " will ever be violated/' (Gourlay.) The principle now acted upon by the British Government, and distinctly announced as that by which its procedure is re- smlated, is to leave Canada the unrestricted riirlit of manacrinn; her own affairs as she may herself judge best. Under the in- fluence of this principle she is prospering, and becoming every year, it might almost be said every day, more firmly bound, because attached more affectionately, to the mother country. For the carrying out of the Laws enacted by the Parliament the following Courts exist in Lower and Upper Canada respec- tively : *' Lower (\inada is divided into five Districts or Shrievalties, possessing distinct Judicatories. In each of the superior dis- tricts of Montreal and (Quebec, there is established a Court of (Queen's JJeneli, possessing independent and superior civil and criminal jurisdiction. The Judg(\s are, at Quebec, the Chief Justice of Canada, and three I'uisne Judges; and at 3Ion- treal, the Chief Justice of Montreal, and three Puisne Judges. There is also a Court of Appeid in each of those Districts. aid before g assented ddress lier Di" assent/' . annually, ative, who time for a tion above (177.^), ;lic Eritisli r Canada, red for the :c\y at lier I preserved t it "will )vernment, jdure is re- ' inanamno; dcr the in- ning every Lily bound, country. Parliament ada respec- hricvalties, iperior dis- a Court of >r civil and the ( •hief d at IMou- nc Judges. I Districts. 243 There are, besides, inferior Judicatories within each of them. in the Districts of Three llivers, St. Francis, and Gaspe, there arc also independent Judicatories established. The Court of Vice Admiralty sits at Quebec." There arc Courts of Bankruptcy, presided over in the Districts of Montreal and (Quebec by the Circuit Judges, and in the other Districts by Commissioners appointed by the Governor General. Terms or Sessions of the Court of Queen's Bench, in inferior Term, for the cognizance of all crimes and criminal offences, and of all suits or actions of a civil nature, arc held at stated ])eriods yearly, in each of the Districts of Quebec, Montreal, Three Ilivers, and St. Francis. The Courts of Queen's Bench, sitting in inferior Term, in the several Districts of Quebec, Montreal, Three lUvers, and St. Francis, have cognizance of, and try and determine in a summary manner, civil cases, in which the matter in dispute docs not exceed £20 currency. The Circuit Courts are held ev^^ry year, in the several Counties, in places appointed by the Ji''" n'urcAct; each Circuit, within its limits, having con- ci . • i Jurisdiction with the Court of Queen's Bench for the f'^ame District, as in inferior Term. (See Judicature Act, 7th Vic, cap. 16.) There is a special Judicature Act for the District of Gaspe (7th A'ic., cap. 10). The Courts are held by tiic District Judges in their respective Counties, and are similar to those in the other Districts. There arc also Tribunals established in Lower Canada for the sunnnary trial of small causes, affording an easy and expedi- tious mode of recovering petty debts. These are called Com- missioners' Courts, formed under the authority of the Act 7tli Vic, cap. 19, and are held in the several Darishes or Town- ships, upon petition of the inhabitants to the Governor General to appoint Commissioners. The Circuit Judges in Quebec and 3Iontreal are, ex ofjicio, Connnissioners of these Courts in their respective Districts. The Jurisdiction of the Courts is limited to six pounds five shillings currency. For the Cities 244 and Parishos of Quebec and Montreal, the Courts arc held weekly, every Monday, not being a holiday, and if so, tlien on the following day ; and for all other places they are held monthly, on the lirst 3Ionday of every month, not being a holiday, and if so, theu on the following da}' — the Commis- sioners having power to adjourn to any other days they may deem necessary, for hearing witnesses and determining suits. The Act makes provision in detail for the mode of procedure as in the Commissioners' Courts.''' (Scobie's Almanac for 1840, pp. 57, 58.) The Laws in force in Lower Canada are : 1st. The Acts of the British Parllam'^nt which extend to the Colonies : 2d. Ca- pitulations and Treaties : ord. The Laws and Customs of Canada, founded principally on the Jurisprudence of the Par- liament of Paris, as it stood in 1GG8, the edicts of the Prench Kings, and their Colonial authorities, and the lloman Civil Law : 4th. The Criminal Law of England, as it stood in 1774, and as explained by su})sequent statutes : 6tli. The Ordinances of the Governor and Council, established by the Act of the above year : Gth. The Acts of the l*rovincial Legislature since 1702.'' (Montgomery Martin's British America, p. 120, 121.) The prevalence in Europe of the Feudal Tenure at the time when the French took possession of Canada, naturally led to its introduction here. The King of I'rance as Feudal Lord, granted to nobles and respectable fandlies, or to officers of the army, large f[uantitics of land, — termed Seigniories, — which were held by their possessors, who bore the name of Seigniors, immediately from the Sovereign, en firj] or rolure, on condi- tion of rendering fealty and lnjuiage on accession to Seignorial property, and the payment of certain dues on transfers by sale, gift, or otherwise than by hereditary succession. Under this tenure nearly eleven millions of acres are held, smaller pro- prietors holding of the Seigniors. Over seven millions of acres are held in Lower (Canada partly on what is called "Franc aleu noble," — which is a. ft r/] or freehold estate, exempt from Seignorial dues and without Seig- s arc held iO, then on r arc held )t bchig a LC Cominis- ! they may ining suits. ' procedure Inianac for 'lie Acts of }S : 2d. Ca- >istonis of •f the Par- the French Ionian Civil 3d in 1774, Ordinances Act of the lature since 120, 121.) at the time rally led to iudal Lord, icers of the lies, — which Seigniors, e, on condi- ) Seiiinorial x'-rs by sale, Under this mailer pro- nada partly s a ftpf, or ithout Seig- 245 norial rights, and ackno^Yledging no lord but the Sovereign, and partly — chiefly in the Eastern Townships — on free and common Soccaae. " The succession to Jh/s is difTcrent from that of property hold en rofiii'c or by vill(iina<jc. The eldest son, by right, takes the Chateau, and the yard adjoining it ; an arj'cnf of the garden which joins the Manor-house, and the mills, ovens, or presses, within the vSeigniory, belong to him ; but the profit arising from these is to be divided anions: the other heirs. Females have no precedence of right, and when there are only daughters, ihcjiefis equally divided between them. When there are only two sons, the eldest takes two-thirds of the lands, besides the Chateau, mill, kc, and the younger one-third. AVhcn there arc several sons, the elder claims half the lands, and the rest have the other half divided among them. Pro- perty, according to the laws of Canada, is cither proprc, that is held by descent, or acquits, which expresses being acquired by industry or other means. Communaut^ dit Lien is partner- ship in property by marriage ; for the wife, by this law, be- comes an equal partner in whatever the husband possessed be- fore, and acquires, after marriage, — and the husband is placed m the same position in respect to the wife's dowry." The above law involves some inconveniences and is open to some abuse, as the children may, if they please, in the event of the wife's dying before the husband, claim half the property as heirs of their mother. '^ The dot or dowry, is the property which the wife puts in to the Coinmunante du hlcn : movable or unmovable property falling to her by descent, is Tupropre, and does not merge in the Comimniaute. Dower in Canada is either customary or stipulate. The first consists of half the property which the husband was possessed of at tlic time of marriage, and half of all the property which he may inherit or acquire — of this the wife has the use ixjr life, and the children may claim it at her death. If they be not of age, the wile's relations, as the guardians of the children, can take it out uf the father's hands, and may compel liim to sell his property to make a division. Stipulated dower is a portion Avhlcli tlie Imsljand gives instead of the customary dower. The Canadian farms arc remarkable for tlic small breadth of the farm on the baidc of the river, and its ^reat depth inland ; the latter being often in proportion to the former as GO to 1, namely, half an arpent broad in front of the St. Lawrence, or other river, and oO arpents in depth/' (Montgomery Martin.) The Courts of Upper Canada are as follow : 1. Superior Courts. These are the Courts of Queen's ]jencli and Commoii Picas, each presided over by a Chief Justice and two Puisne Judges; the Court of Chancery, presided over by a Chtincellor and two A'ice-Chancellors (or Masters) 3 and the Court of Error and Appeal, composed of the Judges of the Courts of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Chaneer3^ Those Courts all sit at Osgood llall, Toronto. The Judges of the above Courts arc appointed by the Crown from Barristers of at least ten years standing, and hold their offices during good behaviour, being removalde upon an address of both houses of the Provincial Parliament, subject to appeal to the Queen in Privy Council. 2. Courts of Probate and Surrogate. 3. County Courts. These are presided over by a resident Judge in each County. Their jurisdiction extends to all causes relating to debt, cove- nant, or contract, to the amount of £50 ; and in cases of debt or contract, where the amount is ascertained by the signature of the defendant, to £100 ; and also in all matters of tort re- lating to personal chattels, where the damages shall not exceed £o0 ; and where the title of land shall not be brought in ques- tion. The plaintiff at his option may bring these suits in the Courts of Queen's ]]ench or Common JMca.s, but County Courts' costs will only be allowed. 24: a (U vision, ives instead I breadth of -»th inland ; as GO to 1, awrcnco, or ry Martin.) iinon Pleas, ;ne Judges; lor and two ' EiTOU antl of Queen's irts all sit at y tlio Crown hold their n an address !Ct to appeal Eich C()uuty. > debt, covc- !ases of debt lie signature s of tort rc- 1 not exceed ight in ques- guits in the untv Courts' 4. Division Courts. The jurisdiction of these extends to cases of debt or ac- count, or breach of contract or covenant, or money demand, whether payable in money or otherwise, where the amount or balance claimed does not exceed £25, and all torts to personal chattels to the amount of £10, Servants under aue mav sue for wages in this court. Attachments may issue against goods and chattels of absconding or concealed debtors, a-oino- from one county to another in Upper, or to Lower Canada, or leav- ing the Province, for any sum not exceeding £25, nor less than twenty shillings. Juries are granted in certain cases. The Courts are held once in two months in each division, or oftener, at the discretion of the Judire. 5. Insolvent Debtors' Court. The County Judge in each county presides in this Court for the relief of insolvent debtors. G. Quarter Sessions. Of this Court the County Judge in each county is Clialr- man, who, with one or more Justices of the Peace, holds a Court of Quarter Session in his county four times a year, for trial by Jury, in cases of larceny, nn'sdcmeanour, and other minor offences. 7. Heir and Devisee Court. Of this Court, which holds its sittings at Toronto, the Judges of the Court of Queen's JJencli, Chancery and Com- mon Pleas, and such other persons as may bo appointed by Commission under the Great Seal, arc Commisfeiouers. Their duties are to determine claims to lands in Upper Canada, for which no patent has issued from the Crown, in favour of the proper claimants, whether as heirs, devisees, or assignees. (Scobie's Almanacs for 1850 and 1852.) In addition to the above Courts, there is a Provincial Court of Appeal, consisting of the Governor-General, who is President, '\c ojfia'o, the Chief Justices of the Province, and the mem- bers of the Executivo. Five of the above parties, includi»ig 248 the l*re.sidGnt, form n quorum, competent to hear and deter- mine Appeals from judgment pronounced in the Court of Queen's Bench in civil matters. Where the matter in dispute exceeds .£500 in value, an appeal lies to the Queen in Privy Council ; if below that sum, the decision is final. (31. jMart, p. 121.) The Law of Upper Canada is that of England, as modified or supi^lemented by the statutes of the Province. The titles by which lands are held arc free and common fioccagc and patents from the Crown. ]3y an Act passed in 1851 (14th and 15th Vie., cap. 6). the Law of Primogeniture was abolished in Upper Canada, and real estate possessed in fee simple by parties dying intestate commanded to be divided according to the relative claims of survivors or their heirs on the deceased. Such property is ordered to pass — Firstly — To the Lineal Descendants of the Intestate, and those claiming by or under them, per slirj)cs; Secondly — To his Patlicr; Thirdly — To his Mother ; and Fourthly— To his Collateral llelatives. "Where the relationship is equal, the share is to be equal. Children thus inherit equally. So also brothers and sisters share equally in the property of a brother or sister who dies intestate and without issue. The descendants of a deceased child, brother, sister, or other relative inherit the portion which would have fallen to their parent, provided he or she had been living. Provision is made by the Act for the sale of the estate of the intestate with a view to its division, when applied for by any of the parties interested. MUNICIPAL IXTSITUTIONS. ^ Canada possesses a very complete Municipal system, which is working admirably. L' ami deter- ic Court of r in dispute Ml in Trivy (JSL Uivvt, as niodified The titles soccagc and cap. (3). tlie Canada, and nii intestate vc claims of li property i.s ntestatCj and )cs ; to bo equal and sisters ster wlio dies )f a deceased tlic portion d lie or slic t for the sale ivisioDj wlieu ystcm, wliicli 240 The jMunicipalities of Upper Canada arc of six distinct classes, viz. : 1. Townships havinp; " one hundred or more resident free- holders or householders on the Collector's lloll." Townships containiivi; a smaller nuniLer of resident free- holders or householders than a liundrcd are connected as Junior Townships with Townships adjacent. Provided such connec- tion involve special inconvenience, Junior Townships having 50 resident freeholders or householders, may he separated and constituted a distinct municipality, should it he required hy two-thirds of these. Townships may, at the pleasure of the County Council, he divided into rural wards, the distribu- tion of freeholders and householders in such wards respectively being as nearly as possible equal, and regard being had at the «amc time to the convenience of the parties. 2. Counties — and Unions of Counties. 8. Police Yillau;es. These may be constituted, at the discretion of the County Councils, where any number of the inhabitants of an incor- porated Village unite in petitioning for the privilege. 4. Incorporated Villages. These arc constituted by proclamation of tlic Coveruor General, on petition of not less than 100 of the inhabitants of such Police Villages, Hamlets, or places as shall be shown by the Census to have 1,000 persons living in such convcin'ent proximity to each other as may enable them advantageously to be incorporated. 5. Towns. These consist of Incorporated Villages proclaimed by the Governor General, on petition of the Municipality, so soon as they are shown by census to have 3,000 inhabitants. 6. Cities. This rank is obtained by proclamation of the Governor General, on petition of the Town Council, when Incorporated 2o0 Towns c'oiue, as sliown by the census, to liavc ii population of 10,000. Kac'h Incorporated City constitutes a County in itself for certain purposes. AVitli the exception of the rolico Village.^, the Act confers (ill eacli of these ]Municipaiitic,s c(>rp(' 'e powers, to bo exer- cised in the name and for the be.iei of the Municipality — distributing among them the regulation of the entire local affairs of the County, the powers of each becoming more ex- tended as it rises from the Township to the City or County. ]>y way of illustration wc add a few items exhibiting the descriptions of powers committed to them respectively, premis- ing that they all enjoy the right of framing such by-laws as may be necessary for the carrying out of the purposes of their constitution. To the Townships belong the right, among other things, of purchasing such property as may be necessary for the uses of the Town, and of disposing of it when no longer required ; the erection of Town Hall, School-houses, Public Pound for the reception of cattle which may be straying or giving annoyance ; the appointment of Assessors, Collectors, Pound-keepers, Fence-viewers, and other Township officers — election of Ileeve included ; for reuulatino: the duties and dctcrmin- ing the remuneration of Township officers ; for erection of drains, Sec, the opening, constructing, repairing, and altering of roads, sidewalks and so forth ; making provisions in regard to orchards, protection of timber, stone, t\:c., with sale of tim- ber ; regulating inns, taverns, victualling houses, and such like ; the granting of licences, in certain cases, to houses of public entertainment ; granting money to County Council to r.id in the improvement of roads, taking stock in Road or Bridge Companies ; restraining and regulating the running at large of certain animals, imposing dog-tax, regulating public exhibitions, establishment of boundary lines, compounding fov statute labour, borrowing money, raising and levying money, levying poor-rates — with other things analogous. coril honi gas I pcnl ^v^I moi crci pulatiori of iity in itself Act confcve- to 1)0 cxer- nieipality — entire local ng moro ex- County. ihibitinp; the vely, prcmis- h by-laws as )0scs of tlicir ev tliinp;s, of )r the uses of (uired j the jund for the g annoyance ; )un(.l-keepcrs, —election of id detcrmin- r erection of and alterinp' ons in regard h sale of tim- ^cs, and such to houses of ty Council to ; in Road or he running at dating public iipounding for ! vying money; 251 County Councils are charged with the keeping and repairing of the Shire Hall, the making and regulating of county roads, the purchase of property, kc, erection of buildings for county purposes, the erection and assistance of county grammar- schools, making provision for the expenses of students attend- ing the University of Toronto where held to be needed — with the establishihent of Fellowships, Scholarships, exliibi- tions and prizes therein — granting loans to Towns, Townships, or Villages within the County, granting licences to lload and IJridge Companies, and taking stock in them, borrowing and levying money, and imposing Assessment for certain purposes under specified restrictions. Police Villages arc authorised to make police regulations for the preservation of buildings from lire, with matters of a simi- lar sort. Incorporated Villages are empowered, besides other things, to open roads ; fix boundary lines of highways 5 grant money to Counties by loan or otherwise; regulate markets, weights, measures, vehicles, and harbours ; restrain monopoly, sale of unwholesome meats ; appoint harbour dues ; enforce the duo observance of the Sabbath ; prevent vice, drunkenness, swear- ing, immorality, indecency, and so forth; suppress tippling houses, with other houses of improper character, gambling, vagrancy, and such like ; abate nuisances ; establish lock-up houses; erect public fountains, wells, and other conveniences; lay out cemeteries ; borrow and levy money, &c. Besides the powers belonging to Incorporated Villages, In- corporated Towns may establish police, erect and regulate work- house and house of correction ; regulate the erection of build- ings ; purchase land for Industrial Tarm ; light Town with gas; assess property for special improvements, and general ex- penses; borrow and levy moneys; grant powers to Gas and Water Companies and subscribe for stock in them ; raise money to pay for such stock by rates and debentures ; and ex- ercise other privileges of a kindred nature. By Cities the powers enjoyed by the smaller Municipalities >>',•> -i<'-< aro of course all possessed, ■\vitli tuch lulditlunal ones — amonti, them that of having a Heeordor's Court — as their well-Lciiig may demand. Township Municipalities and those of Incorporated Villages, consist in each case of live Councillors — each ward returning one where such Townships or A'illages arc divided into wards; Police Villages have three Police Trustees; Towns have three Councillors for each ward ; Cities two Aldermen and two Coun- cillors for each ward. The County Municipality is composed of the lleeves and Deputy lleeves of the several Townships, Villages, and Tcwns within the County. Townships, Villages and Towns with 500 freeholders or householders on the Assess- ment lloll are entitled to elect a Deputy Reeve, as well as a Heevc, which gives them a double voice in the County Muni- cipality. The qualifications for voting in the election of Munic'pal Councillors, which takes place annually, arc — Por Townships and Police \^illages, the being resident free- holders or householders, entered on the lloll for rateable real property, in their own right or that of their wives, as pro- prietors or tenants ; for Incorporated Villages, the being on the lloll, as above described, for real property of the value of £o or more per annum. Por Towns the amount is £5 per annum ; and for Cities £8. The Township, Village and Town Munici- palities constitute the electors for the County Councils, which consist, as before mentioned, of the united liceves and Deputy lleeves. These various ]Municipalities elect their own oihcer.'-, the County Warden being chosen by the County Council. The qualitications necessary to the being eligible as Coun- cillors are : Por Township Councillors the being rated on the Roll, for real property in his own right or that of his Avife, — as proprie- tor, to the amount of £100, or tenant, of £200. A Police Trustee must be rated, as above, for £100 ; a A'illage C(mn- cillor, — if a freeholder, for £10 per annum, if a householder, for £20 ; a Town-Councillor for double that of a Village Couii- }S- -aiiiong wi'll-boin< n {[ Villiigcs, I'ctuniinijr into wards; linvc tlirce two Coun- s composed lownslups, ).s, Villages the Assess- well as a Liiity Muui- f Munic'pal \si(lent free- 'ateable real Lvcs, as pro- iciuGi; on tlic v^alue of £o pcrannuni; iwu Munici- icils, wliicli and Deputy 3wn officer,'-^ Council, lie as Couii- tlie Eoll, fur —as proprie- . A lV)lieo illaire Coun- liouseliolder, Ullage Coun- I cillor, viz., £'20 as a frcohoMcr, and £40 as a householder. The suiii reijuired in tlio case of a City Councillor is the same as the last; but an Alderman must be rated l\»r twice the amount — to wit, for XIO as a freeholder, or £80 as a house- holder. The elections take phicc in the case of all the jMunicipalities, which must nund)er somewhere about TjOO, (in Upper Canada,) on the first Monday in January of each year. Nccessaril}^ l)rief and imperfect as the above sketch is, it will be seen from it thttt the people in Canada West have the management of their more general iiifairs in their own hands. And they are managing them well, as the improve- ments of every sort which are being carried on over the whole country, many of them at a large expense, most abundantly testify. The quiet with which the above machinery is working— the introduction of which we owe to the lion, llobert Jialdwin — and the measure in which it is ct)ntributing to educate tlie people fur the exercise of privileges and the performance of duties of a still higher order, call for notice, at once admiring and grateful. [The Jluuicipal system of Lovrer Canada having been sub- stantially assinulatud, by a ]]ill passed since the above was written, to that of Upper Canada, we omit the separate notice of it given in the Essay as sent down to Quebec — which is deemed to be now unnecessary.] EDCCATIOXAL PHOVTSIOXS AND COXDITION OF CANADA. The first Common School Act for I^])per (,'anada bears date 1st April, l^'OC), though so early as ISO? — ^.iust fifteen years after the separation of tho Province from that of Quebec — an appropriation of £100 per annum vras made to the Teacher of one school in each of tlie eight districts into which it was divided. (Gourlay, A'ol. 1.. pp. 241 — q. 4().) mi •li)4 \>y lliu Act in (|uostiuii (which mi\y be tuicii in Gouvhiy, \'ul. .11., |>. l!77 — ({. ^'\), the sum o1' t-ix thoiiriaiid i)oiiU(ls per jiuiuuii was approj^iititcd, lor four years, tollic i-upport of Coiu- mon 8clu)ols — to be distributed as ibllows : ^.iidlaud district, i!l,00(); Jvisterii, cCbOO ; Home, London, Jwhn.ston, Gore, Niagara and AV'estern, £000 ei'.cli ; Newcastle, X-iOO ; Ottawa, £200. The inhabitants w^erc authorised to meet on the lirst of Juno in each year to uiake arraniiements for the establishment and management of iSchools, three Trustees being to be cliosen in any Town, Township, A'ilhige, or place, so soon as a suitable School-house should be erected or procured, twenty Scholars secured, and provision ma.de in part for a Teacher's support. The Trustees were empowered to examine and engage Teachers, who must be ]>ritisli sidjjects by birth or naturaliza- tion; and generally to manage the Scliools, subject to a Board of five persons to be appointed in each J)ist)ict by the Crown. It was re(|uired that reports should be presented annually by the Trustees to the Boards, which should report annually to the Governor, who should cause said reports to be laid before rarliament. To each District Board liberty was given to ex- pend, out of the sum placed at its disposal, <£100 in the purchase of books f)r the Schools. The allowance to Teachers, out of the above funds, was limited to £25 per annum. In substance the tdjove Act was borrowed from the State of New York. Considering the circumstances of the country the grai'i was libenii, as was also the sjiirit of the Act, which left the Working of the system with the people — under certain re- strictionsof a win ties -iie character, The present Common School systeu) of Upper Canada had its commencement in the passing of a law in iSdl — introduced by ilon. S. B. Harrison — endtodying the principle of granting money to each county on condilioii (ji' its raising an eipial amount by local assessnient. (Dr. IJyerson's lie[)ort for 1852, pp. 207, 20S.) School-.\cts, amending and Imjiroving that of 18-11, were 255 ill Guuvlay, poiURls per ort of (.V)]ii- nd JJistrict, >ton, Gore, 0; Ottuwu, lYtit of June sliiuent and »e clioscn in IS a .suitable ity KSchulavs s support, nd engage r naturaliza- bto a Board the Crown, annually hy annually to ! laid before Li'iven to ex- 100 in tlie to Teachers, luni. he State of country the , ^Yhieh left r curtain re- Canada had -introduced of granting; s^ an C([ual rt fur 1802, 18-il, wer(! passed in 184:] and 1846 — the former being introduced by the Hon. Francis Ilinchs, the latter by the Hon. W. II. Draper, — then Attorney-General, now one of the Judges of the Court of Queen's Bench. The ITun. J. II. Cameron (then Solicitor General) introduced in 1849 an Act, which was passed, esta- blishing a system of Schools in Cities and Incorporated Towns. In 1850 these two Acts were incorporated in one introduced by Hon, Francis (then Inspector General) Ilinchs ; which fur- ther embodied such improvements as " experience had sug- gested and the progress of the system rc(|uired.'' It is to the honour of the political parties in whose hands the Government has been placed that, in whatever else they may have diftered, one spirit appears to have animated them in regard to this — one of the most momentous of the country's interests. In 1844, the llcv. Dr. Bycrson — to whose intelligence and zeal wc owe so much both of what is best in our School- system and of the efficiency of its working — Avas appointed Superintendent of Schools for Canada "West ; an ofiice which we trust he will long retain, enjoying in it the privilege of rendering to his loved native land services still more valuable than those for which she is already so deeply indebted to him. The School system of Upper Canada copies, in part, that ol Xew York State in its machinery, and that of 3Iassachusetts ill its principle of support ; w'hile it makes use, for purposes ol instruction, of the Irish National School-Books, and follows Germany in its Normal-School arrangements. Christianity forms, — as of riglitit ought to do among a peo- ple believing it to bo from heaven, — the basis of the system, I:i the working out of wdiich the clergy of all denominations are. to a large extent, combined with the people, at the same time tiuit sectarianism is carefully avoided; the right of the parent ti» direct the religious instruction of his child respected, and the master protected against being railed on to teach that of which ho <lisapproves. M 2 25(i Jv.icii Township Ls (lividod Ity it;j Jluuicipal Cuuncii lutu ISeliool soctious, tlio iiflairs ot" each of -whlcli are managed by ihvco Trustees, Avlio liuld ofTiec for tliroe years — one bein*:; elected anniinlly by tbe freebolders and liouseholders of tlie section. At tb.e plea>nre of tlie Trnsteos, males and females may be received into the same Seiioul, or separate Seliools bo provided for eacli sex. The Trustees, avIio are rc(|uired to account annually to their constituents, and to make an annual report to the Local Superintemlent, determine the sums neces- sary for the furnishing of the Schools, and appoint the salaries of the Teachers. To the Municipal Council it])elongs to impose " assessments fur the erection of School-houses, or for any other School pur- poses desired by the iidiabitants of School sections through their Trustees. The inhabitants of each School section decid'- as to the mnnner in which they Avill support their School ac- eordino; to the estimates and en2'an;ements made by the Tru^-- tees, •whether by voluntary subscription, by a monthly rate-bil! of not more than one shilling and three-pence per child oii parents sending to the Schools, or by rates on the property of nil according to its assessed value, and opening the Schools to the children of all without exception. The latter mode is likely to supersede both the others ; but its existence and operation, in connection with eacli ScliO<»l, depend upon the annual decision of the inhabitants or' each School section at ;i public meeting called for that purpose." (lleport for 1852, pp. 2G0, 270.) To entitle it to share in the lAiblic Grant, a School must be kept open, under an authorised Teacher, for at least six montlis in the year. A certificate of qualification from the County Board must be Ikld by the Teacher, who is required also to bo of good nnjral character. Quarterly exaniinatjons of eacii School are enjoined. For the purpose of securing efllcicnt working Superinten- dents are appointed by the County Councils — for single Tovni- shipsor Unions of T(Avnshij)S at their ]»leasuro — whoso *hity it II 257 uuiicil nitu II an aged by -one bein<:; ders of tlic ind females ite Scliools rc(|uii'ed to c an annua) sums ncces- tlie salaries assessmoutr- {^cliool puv- lons througli action decide r Si.'liool ai:- l,y the Tvu-^" ithly vate-bill pcv cliild oil property of 10 Scliools to tter mode is xistenec and end upon tlie 1 section at a [jrt for 1852, diool must Le st six months ii the County ulred also to Itions of cacl) j-Miperintou- sin<ilc Tov/n- -whnse dutv if is to visit each School twice a-ycar, and to deliver annually one public lecture on education in each Scliool section under their charge ; to apportion the muney to the sections, giving cheques (on the order of the Trusteesj on the County-Treasurer or >Snb-Treasurer ; to assist in the examination of Teachers and the deciding of disputes ; and to report annually to the Chief Superintendent. For their services these Superintendents — of whom Dr. lljcrson's Eeport for 1852 gives the names of 272, 9G of them being clcrgymGii, and 12 doctors of medicine — are entitled to <£1 at least for each School under their chartre. Clergymen recognized by law, Judges, ■Slembers of the Le- gislature, jNIagistrates, mendjers of County Councils, and ^\1- dermen are visiters <?.>• officio. Tlu) law authorises the Scliool visiters of an^- I^Iunicipality to meet (on tlie call of two of their number), to devise measures for elTicient visitation, and for the establishment of School Jjibraries. Each County has a Eoard of Public [nstruction — composed uf the Local Superintendents and the Trustees of tlu; Cram- mar Schools of the Count}', by whicii " the Teachers arc ex- amined, and arranged into three classes according to a pro- gramme of examination prepared and prescribed by the Council of Public Instruction for L^pper Canad.i." " These County lioards consist largely of the clergy of the different religious persuasions, associated with some of the inost intelligent laymen in each County.'^ A sum at least equal to that received by each County out of the Public grant, must be raised by the Municipal Council towards the salaries of Teachers. Tiiese Councils appoint tho Sub-Treasurers of the School Pnnd — as well as the Local Super- intendents — aiid deternunc their salaries, I'rovision is likewise made by them for the security of the sums appropriated, and for the prompt paynu^nt of the Teachers. County and Town- ship Councils may raise such sums as they deem ]>roper for Public School Lil)rarics, (subject to the provisions of the law,) towards the est:;ltlishmentand support of wliieha I'arlianu'ntary 258 grant has been made to be expended on the same conditions as the School Fund. For the general management of the Schools, Cities and Town? have School Boards — consisting of two Trustees, chosen by the people, and holding office for two years, one retiring an- nually, but being at the same time eligible for re-election. In- corporated Villages, not divided into wards, have six Trus- tees, two of whom retire annually. Those ]joards determine the number and description of Schools to be supported, appoint Teachers and Superintendents, and fix the rates for the iiecess!iry expenses, which the County Councils are required to raise as asked. The whole School system is presided over by a Council of Public Instruction and (]liief Superintendent of Schools, who is i\c oj'/irio a member of the Council — both aj^pointed by the Crown. This Council manages the Normal and ^Eodel Schools, *•' recommends the Text-books for the Schools and books for the School Libraries, and makes the regulations for the organi- zation, government, and discipline of Common Schools, the examination :ind classihciition of Teachers, and the establish- ment and care of School Libraries through Ui^per Canada." The Chief Superintendent — Avho is, as above noticed, ^' ex- ofi'iriit a member of the Council, ]n"ovides accommodation for its meetings — a})portions the School Fund to the several l^Iunicipalities throughout U]>per Canada, prepares the general School regulations, and submits them, as well as the Q'ext and Library IJooks, to the consideration of the Council, prepares the forms of reports and modes of all School proceedings under the Act, and gives instructions for conducting them, as well as for holding Teachers Institutes; takes the general superin- tendence of the Normal School ; provides facilities for procur- ing Text and Library Books, and provides and recommends plans of School-houses; prc})ares annual Keports ; corresponds with Local School authorities throughout IFppcr Canada, and employs all means in his power for the promoti(m of education and the diffusion of useful knowledge. Tie is responsible for 25!) iditions as and Town?' clioscn by ctiring an- ;tion. In- : six Trus- dctermine supported, ites for the L'c required Council of 3o]s, who is ted by the lel Schools; d books for the or<i;ani- L-hools, the i ostablish- >inada." iced, ^' ex- mniodation the several the iieneral ic Text and il, prepares Unjrs under m, as well ral supcrin- for procur- ecomnicnds ^'orresponds 'anada, and f education ponsiblo for liis oflicial conduct and for all monies which pass throutih his department.'' (Dr. llyerson's Ptcport for 1852, pp. 2G7-2T1, and School Act.) The Act allows the establishment of Township Model- Schools, the uniting of School sections, and the incorpo- ration of Common and Grammar Schools, where these things arc wished for. The sums to be raised by each Town- ship arc determined by the County Councils. Cities and in- corporated Towns possess for School purposes the combined powers of the County and Township Councils. Provision is made by the 19th section of the School Act of 1850 for the establishment, on the application in writing of twelve or more resident heads of families, of separate Schools for Protestants in School divisions in which the Teacher of the Common School is a Catholic, and for Catholics where the Common School Teacher is a Protestant ; — as also for people of colour. These separate Schools are subject to the same regu- lations as the Common Schools ; the right of voting for the election of their Trustees is restricted to the class for which the Schools arc designed ; and they are entitled to share in the School Fund according to the average attendance of pupils in them, the mean of summer and winter being taken. The provision in the case of the coloured people is meant, not to operate in any way as an exclusion from the Common Schools, which are open to them on the same conditions with others, but to secure them a right where they may wish to enjoy it. [An Act (18th Vic, cap. IBl) received the Royal Assent on the 80th of May, 1855, which givGS to five lloman Catholic heads of families ^' resident within any School section of any Township or within any ward of any City or Tovai," wishing to establish a separate School therein, the right of cunvening a pu1)lic meeting " I'ov tiie ek-i^tioa of Trustees fur the manage- ment thereof." T>\' a mrijority of the llor.ian Catholic free- holders or li(.)usoholdcrs uttendiug such meeting, at which Un at least umst be present, llireo Tru>toes — being Pritish ;'Vib 2()0 jucts — m;iy bo chosen ibr tlio above purpose. On the Trus- tees thus clioscii, wlio constitute a body corporate, the same power is conferred as is possessed by tlie Trustees of Coninion Schools, " to impose, levy and collect School rates or subscrip- tions upon and from persons sendinji; cliildren to, or sul)scrib- ing towards the support of separate Schools, and all other powers in respect of sci)arate Schools*" the same duties and responsibilities being devolved on them as are imposed on or required of the Trustees of Common Schools. Teachers of separate Schools are likewise made liable to all penalties pro- vided against Teachers of Common Schools. These Trustees, of which the election is to be annual, are fnrther empowered " to grant certificates of (qualification to Teachers of separate Schools under their management, and to dispose of all School funds of every description coming into their hands for School pur})0scs." The separate Schools established as above are entitled to share in the fund aniuially granted by thv3 Legislature, nc- eordiiig to the average number of pupils attending them dur- iug the twelve next preceding months (such average being, at least, fifteen), as compared with the whole average number of pupils attending School in the same Citj', Town, \'ilhige, or Tovrnsliip. Half-yearly returns, to be verified on oath before a Justice of the l\)ace, of the names of children ill attendance, average attendance for the period covered by the return, and nundjer of months diirinci; which the Schools have been kept open, are re(piired to be forwarded by the Trustees to the Chief Superintendent of Schools. The supporters of these Schools are exempted from the payment of the rates imposed for the sustaining of the Common Schools ; but parties frau- dulentlj^ returning themselves as such :ire "liable to a penalty of ten pounds currency, rec<n'erable before any .Justice of the reacc at the suit of the jlunicipality interested."] ]3y the 2od section of the Siipjilen.ci.iijtry Act, which grants an addition of .£4,000 per annuiu to (lic' ('onimon School fund of Tj^pcr Canada, th:' follrtwiiig a]lo'.v;ou-es ;nv made, viz., iii! 1 the Trus- , tlic Slime f Common II' sLib.scrip- >v !iul)serib- nll other duties and )Of>cd on or 'eacliers of ualties pro- c Trustees^ empowered :)f separate f all School for School entitled to ■ilnturo, nc- them diir- rai>e beuici', >lo average City, Town, be vevilied of children ,'ered by the chools have Trustees to :ers of these tcs imposed parties frau- to a penally stiee of the 1 _ dilcli -grants Scliool fund made, viz.. XljOOO per aniium — (jvcr and above c£l,5UU previously given — makliig, therefore, £2,500 in all — towards the sup- port of the Xornial and Model Schools and for supply- ing the School Corporations and Superintendents with the ,/(nirii(il (>/' JJiIiird/ioii, the amount to bo denoted to the latter object being limited to £450 ; £500 per amnini for the formation of a Canadian Library and 3Iuscum t*j be kept in the Xornuil School Uuildings; and £500 per annum to- wards tlie formation of a fund 'Mbr the support of superan- nuated or worn-out Common School Teachers in l'})per Ca- nada," the " annual sum to be paid to each such Teacher not to exceed the rate of one pound ton shillings for each year that such Teacher shall have taught a Common School in Upper Canada." A contribution of oim pound per annum is rerpiircd to be paid by the ^J'cacher towards the above fund to entitle hiiu to share in it. The numb< r of parties who are already reaping the advantage of tliis wise and generims arrangement, is considerable — some of them beino- between 70 and SO vears of age, ami having taught for periods varying from tv.'enty to between forty and fifty years. The manner in which the Common School system is work- ing is, on the whole, highly satisfactory. All parties concerned, — the 3Iuuicipalities, the Boards, and the I'eople on the one hand, aiul the Ollicers on the otlier, — throw tliem-elves into it with a ;'.eal which entitles them to grateful commendation, and which is full of promise for the best interests of the country. The spirit In which the Municipalities have met the liberality of the Covernmont in its allowance of £o,000 per annum towards the establishment of Libraries, is beyond all praise, the sums which some of tliem have voted for this pur- pose being very large. By the Act £1,000 per tinnirm is granted in aid of the pupils in attendance on the Xnrnial School, in addidou to the sums already uientio)u;d as allov\-ed for its general support. The service whicli is being rendered the country by this excellent and admirably conducted institution is veiy vrc;.!. 2G2 And it is beinp^ well appreciated, for from every quarter appli- cation is being made fur Teaclicrs trained there, whom a general disposition is being manifested to treat with liberality. The parties charged with the work of instruction in the Institu - tion, arc eminently (jualilied for the positions they occupy, and enjoy in largo measure, not simply the confidence but the respect of their pupils — who, as a general thing, conduct themselves in a way which does credit alike to themselves and the country — and of all who stand in official connection, or have the pleasure of acquaintance with them. Of the Teachers of the Model School — in which the Teachers in training have the op- portunity of exercising themselves — the same thing is true. Throughout the whole establishment, including Dr. llyerson's Assistant [now Deputy Superintendent] and the Clerks in the Education Office, the spirit of the Superintendent appears to have been caught, each one feeling that an inqwrtant and honorable work is entrusted to him, and throwing himself — and herself — with a hearty zeal into it. Enjoying the best opportunities of knowing vdiat has just been stated, I feel the testimony I bear to be due to all parties, but to none more than the Government and the country at large, whose enlight- ened liberality has originated and is so generously fostering our whole Educational arrangements. To the late Governor-General, liis Excellency the Earl of Eluin — who laid the corner stone of the Normal School Duild- ing, and paid the institution a parting visit just before leaving the country — it is but justice to mention that he gave annually two valuable prizes of books for the encouragement of the study of Agricultural Chemistry, besides manifesting in other way3, in every way in his power, an affectionate interest in the establishment. The following extracts from Dr. llj^Tson's Jb^ports fwr 18")2 and I'^'to, and particulars thence collceted, will give an idea of the condition of the Schools. In the fjrmcr of these lleports it is stated that the School sections in 18.'')2 were •^,m7 — .'•> loss th.;in in the y»revious year; 2(J3 irtoi' appli- , whom a liberality, lie Institu - L'cupy, and the respect mselves in country — have the icrs of the ive the op- ig is true. llyerson's .'rks in the appears to Drtant and himself — ig the best , I feel the lonc more se cnlio;ht- storing our he Earl of lool 13uild- )rc Icavini!; c annually cnt of the ig ill other irest in the Ls rwrlS52 ^'e an idea :!ie bcliodi 'ious y(nir ; and the number ui' Schuols, 3,010 — being 1) more thaii that of the year preceding. It is not, however, as is remarked, the number of Schools, but the number of pupils attendinn; them tlie time of kee])ing them open, and the amount expended fur their snpport, that determines the state or progress of Com- mon School instruction. The number of Free SrJwoh reported for 1852, is 001 — ''being an increase of 40 during tlio 3'ear ; in addition to which, 420 are reported as partly free — making in all l,ol]0 that are supported, in part or altogether, by a self-imposod tax upon property.'' One shilling and three pence pev liionth for each })upil is, as already noticed, the highest rate which can be imposed. " The amount of the Lcfjishidi-e Grant apportioned to Com- mon Schools in 1852, vras £18,723 IBs. 8d. — being £303 2s. lOd. Icsa than the amount apportioned in 1851. The amount of the Miintc'qnd Assessment part of the School Fund in 1852, was £20,530 5s. lOd. — being an increase on the prccedini>' year of £004 8s. 4d. The amount of Seliool Section Assess- ments for Free Selcooh was £20,132 15s. Sd — being an advance on the preceding year of £0,300 2s. Id. The amount of Voluntary Suhseriptions and Rate-Bills, was £30,082 10s. — being an increase on the preceding year of £3,105 Os, 9d. The total avwun f reccixcd in 1852 for the Salariesof Teachers was, £113,001 10s. 7d. — being an increase of £11,040 18s. Id. on the amount received for the same purpose the preced- ing year. The amount raised for Building, U<j>alrs, Aj)2)ara- ttis, i(r., of School Houses, was £25,004 12s. Od — being an a'lranrc on the receipts of the preceding year, for the same purpose, of £5,720 14s. Od. The amount received in support ofot/nr Kdacatlonid Inst itnt ions, was £30,080 15s. lOd — being an increase during the year of £4,155 8s. 2d. The (jrand total available (as far as reported) i'or FdncatiojK/l Pur- lioses for the year 1852, was £170,075 10s. 2d — being an increase over the year 1851 of £21,845 Is." Tlie sum there- fore provided and expended for Ixlucational purposes in Upper Canada during tlio year 1852, exceeded thrice the «n"oss amount of all loctd Taxr.s in l8J-;j, Avliieli :inu3unte(l, according to the returns, to ct55,377 4s. Id — less than one- halt' the amount of the taxes ana appropriallun.s for Common Schools iu 1S52. '' The icholc nuinLrr of chthlnn between the ages of 5 and IG years reported for 1852, was 2()(l,7")5 — being only 4,148 more tliau the nundjer reported for 1851. The number of boys reported as attending School, was 99,204, and the num- ber of girls 80,323." The number of girls, however, who at- tend private Schools is much larger than of boys — a fact which helps to account for the diiference above noticed. In 1852 the National Arithmetics were used in 2,232 Schools, the National Headers in 2,925. '^ I know," says Dr. Kyerson, ''of no instance in which so great a change and im- provement has taken place in the Text-]3ooks of a country during so short a period ; and that v/ithout compulsion. It is also worthy of remark, that all those Text-]jooks (vrith one or two exceptions) are printed in Canada — thus encouraging do- mestic manufacture and enterprise, at the same time that the Schools are improved. I hope the period is not remote, wlien we shall be the publishers of our own School Libraries, as well as School Text-Books." The Bible and Xcw Ta^tamcat were read in 1,890 Schools in 1852 — an increase over the previous year of 142. The number of Teachers employed during 1852 was 3,388 — ''being 111 more than the number employed during a longer or shorter period of the preceding year." Of this number 2,581 were males — a deerease of 10 on the vear precedinir : and 847 females, an inf reuse of 121. ]Malc Teachers received on an average during 1852, i:83 Gs. without board — an increase of .£4 4s. each on the year previous. " The average salaries of 3Iale Teacheis, Avith board, was £G2 17s — being an advance of X27 1 Is. each on those returned for the preceding year. The average salaries of female Teachers, without board, was at the rate of £52 12s., and with :iG5 thrice tho ainuuntcMl, tli;\n 0110- v,v Cuuiuiou cs of 5 and only 4,n-18 number of id tlic num- ber, who at- L fact whicli 1 in 2,2^2 ,'/' s;iys Dr. [iii'c and im- if a country Ision. It is Avith one or lurauing do- me that the iinotc, when tries, as well 800 Schools •> 2 was 3,388 inu; a lonwr his uuinLer ' precedinu' ; '52, £83 Gs. :>:ir previous, board, was lose retunuHl s of female -s., and with board, £32 Is — an advance of £S 5s. each on those of the precedinii' year.'' The Cities beinir exchidcd, the average salaries for 18r)2 were for a male Teacher, with board, £30 Is ; without board, i!50 7s. Female Te;ichers received, M'ithout board, £33 5s. ; with board, £24 Is. The averages for male and female Teachers, without board, were : iNInlcs. Females. In Toronto £110 2 £.")5 11 In Hamilton 140 1 (No report) In Kingston 7U *.) 42 10 Average of the three places, £101) IT £41,> 1 In 1852 there was an increase of Jirst and second class Teachers, with a decrease of those of the third class. The first class Teachers numbered 435 — 57 more than in 1851 ; the second class, 1,444 — an increase of 172 ; and the fJiird class 1,400 — a decrease of 87. Of this last class it is stated that their qualifications arc as high as were those of Common School Teachers generally in former years. Durinrc 1852, 11)0 School Houses wore built — 18 of which were brick, 18 stone, 78 frame, and 85 log. The num])er of School Houses reported Avas 3,008 — of which 127 were brick, 100 stone, 1,240 frame, 1,447 log, and 45 not rei)orted. For building School Houses there was received during 1852, £10,035 lis. 4d— an increase over 1851 of £0,008 14s. lOd. For Repairs and lients the sum received was £4,088 Os. Od. ; increase over 1851, £550 13s. Od. Total amount for building, repairs and rent, £24,024 Is. Id — being an increase of £(>,505 8s. 7d. In 1851 the Schools were provided Avith 2,027 maps of the world and continents. The number in 1852 Avas l,(i02 — only 335 fewer — a fact at once remarkable and gratifying Avhen the largeness of the previous supply is considered. The Schools Averc supplied in 1852 Avith 00f> maps of Ca- JOG iijula — :m increase of oOT ; other iiuips, l,45-t — an increase of i)'22. The totiil niinil)or of maps in the Seliuols in 1S52, was I), SO!) — an increase of 1,011, — '' more than one-fourtli of the wliole number." In 1851 tlicrc was expended fur apparatus of different de- Hcriptions, £l,^^-\ T,s. Hd. ; and in iSoJ, 1,0()(> 12s. 8d— a diminution of £4-10 lis. Td., occasioned it is tt> be presumed by the hir^-eness of the previous supply. In 1852 there were reported 801 Sunday School Libraries, with 124,031 volumes — an increase of 177 libraries and 27,1)45 volumes; Public Libraries 141, with o7,071) volumes — the in- crease of Libraries being 45, and of volumes 7,911. Total Libraries reported, 1,045; volumes, 104,147 — the increase of Libraries being 175, and volumes oo,21o. The separate vSchools in 1852 were 25 in all — 3 Protestant, 18 lioman Catholic, and 4 coloured. The cost of the Xornial School Buildings — including a square of 8 acres of land in what is now one of the finest parts of Toronto, with its preparation and culture for the first year, was £25,000 — a sum well and nobly spent, and yielding already a return more than justifying its expenditure, (lleport for 1852, pp. 9-14.) As the lleport for 1853, which was published only eight months after that of 1852, directs attention to the latter, wo have thought it necessary in order to a correct view of tlie state of the Schools, to give tlie above particulars. In the commencement of his lleport for 1853, Dr. llyerson states that " the statistical Tables show the laru'cst increase, in every particular indicative of progress, which has ever taken place in any one year in L^pper Canada." Tliere vrere in 1853, 3,127 Common Schools open in T'pper Canada, 17 more than during 1852; attended by 104,730 pupils, an increase over the previous yenr of 15,194. Of these Schools 1,052 are reported free — an increase of 151. The nundjer of Teachers employed was 3,539 (2,001 male and 93S female) — an increase over the year preceding year of 151 ; to 2()7 increase of I 1852, was ivtli of tlio llfToroiit tle- 12s. 8(1— :i pi'csuuicd )1 Libraries, and 27,i)45 ics — the in- )11. Total increase of Protestant, inchuling a ! lincst parts 10 first year, ling already (lleport for 1 only eight le latter, wo view of the Dr. Hyorson i increase, in 5 ever taken en in TJ^pper by ll)4,7o0 L Of these 151. The lale and 938 of 151 ; to wliom there was paid as salaries .CL]0,0.'JO — being an increase as compared witli 1852 of £1{),()[>^. Towards the erection :m(l repair of School Houses and the providing of Lilmiries and ajtparatus there was raised .to2,0l8'' — an increase of X(),!)24. Tiiese amounts make a grand total of JC1G1,V()9 — an advance on the previous year of £22,(j84. In addition to the Common Schools 174 I'rivate Schools are reported as having been in operation daring 185-^ — 7 over the nuinl)ci' of the year 1852 ; 71) County Grammar Schools and Academics — 5 over the previous year; with 8 Colleges — the same number as that reported for 1852. The number of pupils attending IVivate Schools is reported to have been o,822 — a decrease as compared with 1852 of 1,.')11. Of pupils in at- tendance on Grammar Schools and Academies the number was 3,830 — being an increase on the year preceding of (')45. The number of students attending Collesies and Universities in 1853, was 75G — an increase of 5. The reported income of these Institutions during the year 1853 was c-£37,52G — £537 more than during 1852. To the above have to be added 735 pupils in attendance on the Normal and Model Schools during 1853 — 90 over the number of 1852. The whole number of pupils attending these various Educa- tional Institutions in Upper Canada in 1853 was 203,980 — an increase over 1852 of 14,(370. For education there was avail- able during the year named within Canada AVcst the sum of £199,074 — an increase over the preceding year of £23,598 2s. 3d. The number of separate Schools reported for 1853 is 24. To over-estimate the beneficial influence of the mingling together of our rising population in a connection so close and generous, on either the comfort of the parties themselves when called to act touethcr in future life, or the country to which its O -'4. direct tendency is to give the full advantage of the capabilities and resources of its inhabitants, would be difficult. '2ijb Of the pupils in the Coniiuon Scliool.s in 185:], ll),oli me reported as being over 10 years of age ; 175,42- between 5 ami 1(5. There were during l!^5o, r>::),114 pupils attending the fn'st or lowest reading class; :>(),150, the second; 41,510 the third; o5,l)40, the foui-th; ol/.KJ:;, the fifth or highest. The pupils in Arithmetic were distributed as follows — oG,572 learning the tirst four rules ; 24,150 in the compound rules and reduction; and 2;],UG1 in proportion and the rules more advanced. The Grammar pupils were, 29,(150 ; Geography, 41, lo5; History, 0,o25 ; AVriting, 84,972 ; ]>ook-keeping, 2,9;]1 ; Mensuratiou, 1,441; Algebra, 1,S('>9; Geometry, 1,12(5 ; Elements of Na- tural IMiilosophy, 4,o70 ; \\>c:d Music, 10,804; Linear Draw- ing, 2,47-> ; other studies, 2,o70. The Bible and New Testament were reaJ in 1,777 of the Schools during the same year. In regard to the Ixcligious instruction of the pupils attend- ing the Common Schools, the School Act (section fourteenth) provides '' that in any Common or Model School established under this Act, no child shall be required to read or study in or from anv reliirious book, or to ioin in any exercise of devo- tion or religion, wliicli shall be objected toby his or her parents or guardians : Provided alwaj's, that within this limitation, pupils shall bo allowed to receive such religious instruction as their parents or guardians shall desire, according to the general regalations which shail be provided according to law\" While, however, the public religious exercises of eacli School are left as a matter of mutual voluntary arrangement between the teacher and the parent or guardian of each pupil, the principles of religion and morality are expected to be in- culcated upon all, — the teacher exerting his best efforts, by both example and precept, to impress upon the minds of all children and youtli committed to his care and instruction, the principles of piety, justice, and a sacred regard to trutli, love to tlieir country, humanity, and universal ])enevolence, sobriety, industry, frugality, chastity, moderation, and tempo- I ]!. to cu (12 grn 1 e-' stisi ncM cha ti'. I 2t)0 , 19,31i are I I'ctAVCcn 5 no* tlio livst .0 the tliinl ; The pupiln learning the d reduction ; aneed. The ]5j History, Mensuration, iients of Na- Liiiear])raw- L,7T7 of the vapils attend- u fourteenth) 1 cstahHshed . ov study in L'cisc of devo- or her parents is limitation, instruction as to the general law."^ uses of eacli. J arranuenient ;»f each pupil, :eted to be in- best efforts, I the minds of id instruction, gard to truth, benevolence, n, and tcnipo- nuice, — and tiiose othor virtues which are tlic ornament of society, and ou v.iiich a iVco constitution of government I . founded; and endetivouring to lead his pupils, as their age !ind cMparitles Avill admit, into a clear understanding of the tendency of the above-mentioned virtues, in order to preserve :nid perfect the blessings of law and liberty, as well as to pro- mote their future happiness, and also to point out to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices, (lleport for IS.');]^ pp. KiU, 170.) The nundjer of students who have attended the Normal School from the time of its commencement in 1847 till tlie close of the 11th session, 1853-54, is 1,2(')4 — 8;):> males, and 4:>1 females. In regard to religious belief, they stand as fol- lows — viz., Church of Kngland, 213; lioman Catholies, 75 ; Presbyterians, 2(U); Methodists, 483, IJaptists, 110; Con- gregationalists, 48 ; Lutheran, 1 ; (Quakers, 12; Univcrsalist^ 1; Unitarians, 4 ; Disciples, 14 ; other persuasions, 30. Notice has been taken of the connection of a Library sys- tem with the IHiblic Schools. It is not much beyond a \ ;ar since it went into operation ; but it is now in full play, cover- ing the country with books of the best class in all the more common and important departments of Literature. Between the latter part of November, 1853, and the close of October, 1854, there were sent out from the Depository, 81,905 volumes, — of which 13,783 were on History; G,711, Zoology; 1,192, l>otany ; 2,899, Phenomena, kc. ; 1,703, Physical Science ; 798, (J< ology, kc. ; 1,233, Natural Philosophy ; 709, Chemis- try ; 498, Agricultural Chemistry; 3,029, Practical Agri- culture; 3,938, Manufactures; '<,225, Modern Literature; 027, Ancient Literature; 5,007, Voyages, &c. ; 8,078, bio- graphy ; Tales and Sketches — Practical Literature, 22,550 ; Teachers' Library, 719. The inunber issued since the above statement was prepared brings the volumes for the year u}) to nearly 90,000. ( lleport, p. 134, Pl.) School authorities pur- chasing obtain Dooks double the amount m value forwarded by them. 270 Wo may possibly liavc gone Bomcwiiat too largely into otn Scliool r^ysteiii and operations, Imt the importance of their bearing on the character and condition of the country — presenl. and prospective — must be our a])ology. lleference has been made to the existence of Grammar Schools in Upper (\inada. The foUoAving particulars are all our space will admit iu re- lation to them, 80 early as 1797 — live years only after Upper (^mada was constituted a distinct Province — a joint addrc-s was presented by the Legislative Council and Jlouse of Assend)ly to his Ma- jesty George 111., imphn-ing that he ''would be graceously pleased to direct his Government in this l^rovincc to appro- priate a c(!rtain portion of the waste laiids of the Crown, as a fund for the establishment and support of a respectable Grammar-School in each District thereof; and also a College, or Uiniversity, for the instruction of youth in tlie diiferent branches of liberal knowledge.'' To the above application a favourable reply was given by the Home (Jovcrnment, who desired to be informed by the Provincial Executive, after consultation with the Law Oihcers of the (^'own, ^' in vliat manner and to irliat extent, a por- tion of the Crown Lands might be appro])riated and rondereil productive towards the formation of a fund for the above pur- poses." Py the E.vCCUtivG (Jouncil it was suggested, in com- pliance with the invitation thus given them, " that an appro- priation of r)00,()Ot) acres, or ten townships, after deducting the (h-own and Clergy sevenths, would be a suilicient fund fo;' the establishment and maintenance of the Ptoyal Foundation of four Grammar Schools, and anUniversity.'^ Jt was furtln-r suggested that the Grammar Schools recommended to be established should be locatcxi at (Njrnwall, ]\iiigston, Newark (Niagara), and Sandwich, and the University at York, iio.v Toronto. The action taken ori the Peport of the Kxecntivi' making these recommendations is not known. (Origin, &c., of King's College, pp. 0. P>.) llu of C( (\ T.. A( til ha as is a iii ci; rely into our ICC of then- try — pret^eiiL of Gnuuiunr admit iii ro- : Canada was \^s presented y to Ills ]M:i- ic graceously ncc to appro- 3 Crown, as a a respectable Iso a (Allege, tlie dilfereut was given by ornied by tlic 3 Law Officer;-^ extent, a pov- . and rendered :lio above pur- ested, in eoiii- that an appvo- ftcr deductiiijr icient fund I'u'.' al Foundation ]t wasfurtlitT nended to be [2;ston, Newark at York, now the llxecutivt' Origin, c\:c., of 271 An Act was passed in 1S07. granting £10!) per annum '• to the Teacher of une School, in each (tf tli*- eight Districts of the i'rovince, under the direction of Trustees." The above Act, limited at first to four years was afterwards made i»ermaneut. ((jiourlay, \'ol, 1,, p. '1\;).) Instead of being contined to the Districts, Grannnar Schools luive been extended to the Counties, and also to the Cities, Towns, and more important Town 31unicipalities and \'il]ages. Tlieir present number is Of. An allowance has been madean- nually of X,h)\} to the senior (jrammar School of each count}', Avith an amount varying according to circumstances to the other Sch(.»ols. On the whole the average cannot have been imich below cC 100, as the sum re})orteil as reccjived i'or lS.">;J, is <£5,78o. From fees, the amount reported for the same year is £4,000 Us. Id. The number of pupils returned is 0,221. (Dr. l{ycrson's Report for LSoo, p. 40.) The proceeds of the (jrammar School Fund, consisting of interest on investment (i'fl,002 Os. 8d — 2nd iieport on Ac- counts, p. o7) in I'rovincial securities, on sums deposited in the Jianks and, on sales of lands, with rents of leased lots, amounted in Is.jo to the sum of £o,422 18s. Id. (^Fublic Ac- counts for 1853, p. 280.) By an Act of the Legislature, assented to 14th June, 1853, the Grammar Schools are placed under the care of the Council of Public Instruction ; of which the Presid(.'nt of University College and the l*resident or other Head of each of the Colleges in Upper (Vinada alliliated to the University of T(jronto are constituted members for the pur})oses of the Act. The same relationship is henceforth to exist between tlie Grannnar Schools and the IMunicipalities on tlic one h;md, and the v^uperintendent of Fducation (Ui tlu^ other, as exists in the case of the Common Schools. Provision is to bo made in each School " for giving instruction, by a T( acher or Tc'achers of competent ability and good morals, iii all the higher branches of a practical English and Commer ci;il 1-Mucation, including the elements of Natural Philosophy 27:i and jMeclmiiics^ and also in the Latin and Greek lanuiiagos and ]\Iatlicniatics, so far as to prepare students for University Col- lege, or any College ;iflili;ited to tlic University of Toronto, according to a programme of Studies and General llules and Kcgulations to be prescribed by the Council of Public Instruc- tion for Upper Canada, and approved by the Govcr'K.r in Coun- cil." In accordance "with the tdjove enactment a programme has been prepared embracing a course of study of a very .superior character, along -with a set of rules well fitted to secure the ends contemplated, to both of which the assent of the (Jovernment has been given. A sum lias likewise been granted for the establishment of a Model (Jrammar School in connection with the Normal School, '' in which the best modes of learning the elements of the Greek and Latin, French and German languages, the elementary ^Mathematics, and elements of Na- tural Science, will be attempted to be exempliticd, and where Teachers and Candidates for Masterships in Grammar Schools, may have an opportunity for practical observation and training, during a shorter or longer jieriod. Such a School will com- plete the educational establishments of our School system, and contribute powerfully to advance Upper Canada to the proud position which she is approaching, in regard to institutions and agencies for the mental culture of her youthful population." (Dr. Ilycrson's Kepori; for L'^.j.'}, p. 1U) As in the case of the Common Schools, the Municipalities are authuilzed to assess for the support oi the (Jrammar Schools. The new arrangements, from which the highest advantages may reasonably le anticipated, will be in full operation forth- with. AVith the view of affording facilities for a superior educalinii, Upper Canada College- -in which the Ilo3'al (jrammar School previously existing was merged — was instituted in 1829; ami opened in 18.']0, with a consid(M"able staff of Teachers. In the years 1832, ISo-i, and 1835 it received endowments of land, LiVo imiacos lit id versity Col- ol' Toronto, 1 Hiiles aiul jlic Iiistruc- lor ill Coiui- , prograinnu- y of a very tecl to secure sscnt of the been granted n corncctioii ;s of learnini::' and Gcrniaii uents of Na- l, and where iinar Scliools, and training;, ool will coni- 1 system, and to tlie proud stitutlous and population." \lunicipaliti(-.^- tlic (Iranmiar !st advantages aeration fortli- ior education, immar School in 1829; and hers. In the nents of land, amounting in all to Go/2G8 acres, irrespective of two valuable blo(dvS in York — now Toronto — on one of which the present College buildings stand, while it still retains a portion of tlio other, and is drawing a r(,-venue from the part of it which has been sold. The College further " received an allowance from Govern- ment of £200 sterling in 1S30 ; £500 sterling in 1S:]1 ; and £1,000 sterling per annum" since. In January, 1850, there remained in the possession of the College, 41,941 acres of the lands bestowed on it — the rpiantity sold up to that time amount- ing to 22,048 acres. Including the Princii al, the staff of the Collecjc consists of thirteen Masters, three of >vhoni are Classical, one Mathemati- cal, and one French. Drawing and Music, vocal and instru- mental, are taught, in addition to the ordinary branches of an English and commerc-Iai education. Instruction is also given, where desired, in German and Hebrew. Somewhere about £200 per annum is expended in exhibitiL,.:'' and prizes for the encouragement of the pupils, who number about two hundred. Sine J 1843 it has been utuler the su- perintendence of y. ^V. IJarron, M.A., who in that year succeeded the Ilev. Vv. 3IcCaul, the ])rcsenL learned I're- sident of the University of Toronto, in the oflice of Principal, and has the reputation of being an able Teacher. The standing occupied in the community by many of the old pupils of this institution, as well as the success with which nii!ubers of its more recent ones have competed for University honours, may be held to alford fair evidence of the ability and diligence of the Masters. The general regulation of the Col- lege is placed by the late University Act in the hands of the Senate •)f the University of Toronto, by whom it is hoped such imp., vemcnts maybe suggested as may fit it to render yet more valuabiv "<crvice to the country than it has done in the past. Notice has already been taken of the fact that at an early period of the history of Upper Canada iho establishment of a :iU I'rovinchil Viiivorsity was ('()iitoiii|)late(i. In lulliliiieiit ol' tliis design, in connection with tlie siipport of Seliools, a g ran I "was made in iT'.tSof r)ll>,00l) acres of land in different j)arts of the rrovinee. *H)f tlie above land endowment, l*.IO,57-") acres were, up to the year iSliO, assigned to (or disposed of by) a public body, known as the l>oard of Education, tlic proceeds having been applied to the support of Coniuion and (Irammar Schools." " The residue of the grant, amounting to o")S,4:i7 acres, appears to have been regarded . . as properly constituting that portion of the Royal gift which had been intended for tho support of the contcm})lated ITniversity." Of these lands, or so much as remained of them undisposed of, an exchange M'".- madc, on the suggestion of his Excellency 8ir 1*. Maitlan i in 182."), for 2-."), 1(44 acres which w^ero regarded as more valuable, that a comnuuicement of the proposed University might be the earlier made. (Report of Conimis. of King's College, p. 1(3.) A Uoyal Charter of Incorporation, bearing date loth 3Iarch, lN-!7, was granted constituting the Tniversity rS King's College, by which its government was entrusted to a Council, consisting of the Chancellor and President lor the time being, and of seven of the J^rofessors, wdio wevc to be nu'ndjcrs of the Church of England, and who were re(piired, previously to their admission into the Council, to sign and subscribe the Thirty-Nine Articles of that Church. In the event of there not being seven Professors in Arts and Faculties, tho dcliciency w^as to be su})plied by the introduction of other parties being mend)crs of the Church above-named and graduates of the Institution. The above Charter, proving unsatisfactory to tlu; country in conseciuence of its exclusive character, was subse(|uently so amended as to requi'-c no test from parties holding olhce beyond a declaration of their " belief in the authenticity and I)i\ inf inspiration of the Old and New Testaments, and in the doctrine of the Trinity." On this principle the University was opened for purposes of instruction in 1813. Disappointment being still felt in regard to the working of the institution, a Bill was t tl C( 01 fej 01 o: tl si( i: o tl th LiHilnieiit of ools, a iiraiit ifi'ix'iit ]>arts nt, IIMJ,;-)?:: ;])Osccl of by) the proceeds lul Ununinar rr to nr)8, 4'J7 constituting }nded for tlio lose lands, or ixchanse ^V!'• . Maitlan 1 in lorc valuable, niiiiht bo the ege, p. 10. ) 12: date 1 otli rnivcrsity vX entrusted to ]?rcsident for rs, who ■were nd who were le Council, to that Church, rs in Arts and ic introduction above-named the country in bsequently si* j: olhce beyond ity and Divim' in the doctrine ity was opened intnicnt being ion, a Bill was introduced by Hon. llobert Bakhvin and passed by Parliament, plaeinji; the dilVerent sectiuns uf the community in a position id' e([nality in relation to it. A I'urther change was made in iS.jo, by which the I'liiverslty and the Collegiate powers were separate<l, and the faculties uf Law and 3Icdicine abolished. For the restoration of these, however, at no distant period, there seems reasonable ground to hope. The work of in- struction is now conducted by University College, in which the gentlemen who occupied Chairs in Arts in King's College wi're nude Professors by the new Pill, several parties being at tiie same time appointed to new Chairs which had been previously instituted. The staif consists of the learned I'rincipal, Eev. Dr. McCaul, who is also Professor of Classical Literature and of Logic and Phetoric, with Pro- fessors of Metaphysics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Agricul- ture, History and English Language and Literature, Geo- logy and Mineralog}', Natural History, and Modern Lan- guages, and a Lecturer on Oriental J^itcrature. [A Professor of Meteorology — who is to be at the same time Director of the 3I;ignetic Observatory — has been recently added.] In so far as the capability and the character of these gentlemen are con- cerned, the Institution must be regarded as singularly fortunate. It is our persuasion, and we speak not without opportunities of knowledge, that they will compare favourably with the Pro- fessors of Institutions elsewliere much older and of greater An education of a hi^li order is obtainable iu this name. excellent institution for a mere trilie — Co currency per annum, or 612 — a sum which places it within easy reach of the mass of the community. Occasional students arc admissible to all the classes at fees varying from 10s. to iMs. each per Ses- sion, according,' to the number of Lectures atteiuled. The T'niversity Powers tire vested by the late I'dll in a Senate which iiKdi'des the Hon. Hume iJlake, Head of tlie Court of Chancery, — who is also Chjiiicclloi- (d' the Cuiversitv, — the President oi' I'niversity College, the Hon. .Justice Drajter, the Superintendent of Schools, the J 'resident of Victoria Col- 70 lc2;e, tlio President of Bytowii (now City of Ottawa) College, with the Heads of three TheoloL;;ieal Colleges or Institutions located in Toronto, and a number of gentlemen in difleront parts of the country, — among thom the Hon. Adam Ferguson, — enjoying the confidence and respect of the community. In fultilinent of the trust reposed iu them statutes have been passed by the Senate, to which the assent of the Govern- ment has been given, establishing courses of study for Degrees in Arts, Law, and Medicine, and for Honors in Agriculture, Oriental Literature, and Civil Engineering. The University Bill affiliates all such Collegiate Institutions in the Province as may choose to avail themselves of the privileges held out by it. Parties resident in any of these, or in none, may obtain Degrees bypassing the prescribed examinations — at present annual. The course for Arts is divided into four years; but individuals pro- perly qualified, and being of the age of sixteen years, may, by passing an examination on the studies of the first and second years, enter in the middle of it, thereby securing their Degree, for which no fee is exacted, iu two years. For the encouragement of the youth of the country, and with a view to the assistance of such as may desire a learned education, yet be so situated as to find it difficult to secure it without pecuniary aid, ninety Scholarships, of the value each of £oO currency per annum, have been established, — sixty in Arts, trn in Law, ten iu Medicine, five in Agricul- iure, and five in Civil Engineering — open to the competition of the whole country. The successful candidate, whose reten- tion of Ills position is made dependent on the result of the annual examination, is at lll)erty to enrol himself in any one of the affiliated Institutions lie may prefer attending. The countries we believe to be but few in which such advantages may be secured. It is to be hoped they will be duly appreciated, iu which case the happiest results may be confidently anti- cipated. F(»r th(! meeting u^ the expense which these pro- visions necessarily involve, the endowment of the University, which is rapidly bcLioming more valuable through the rise tak- va) College, Institutions Terent parts 'crixuson, — nity. atutes have the Govcrn- lor Degrees A.griculturc, University Province as 1(1 out by it. tain Dcurees mnual. The Lviduals pro- ars, may, by and second lieir Degree, )untry, and re a learned lit to secure f the value established, in Agricul- competition whose reten- csult of the n any one of iding. The advantages appreciated, fideiitly anti- li these pro- i University, the rise tak- 277 ing place in land, is ample, tin; iueouio for tlu^ ycsar 185o ])cing stated I)}' the IJursar (1). Ihu-han, Ksr|.), in his annual Iteport to Parliament for that year, to have been uver il 10,000. There are in Canada West three other Universities, to Avit, Queen's College, Kingston — Avith ten Professors, five in Divi- nity and Arts, and five in ^Medicine; \'ictoria (Vjllege, Cobourg, — with four J*rofessors in Arts, a classictil Tutor, and English Teacher, and a jMedical Staff (Toronto School of Medicine) of four Professors; and Trinity College, Toronto, with four Pro- fessors in Divinity and Arts, three in Law, six in 31edicine, and a Professor of ^lusie. The gentlemen occupying these positions arc recognised as uien of ability and character, and tlie Institutions themselves, though denominational, are render- ing the country important service. £r)00 each per annum is allowed to (,)uecn's and "N'ictoria Colleges from the public funds. There is also in Kingston a llouiau Catholic College, with four or five Professors, and another in Ottawa City (late ]]ytown) with several — which receive aid to the same amount. In Toronto, the Free Church, the United I*resbyterians, the Congreu'ationalists and the l\omau Catholics have Theoloirical Institutions, or Colleges, for the preparation of candidates for tlie Ministry, and one instituted some time since by the Baptists ('^laclay College) is expected soon to be opened. Toronto is ])esides the seat of a ]iaw Society by Avhieh candidates are admitted to the Practice of Law, and of a ^Medical Doard, ap- pointed by the Government, whose duty it is to exam/me and recommend applicants for licence to practice Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, with a view to their licensure by the Governor (Jeneral. ['' The Arts' course at Trinity College extends over three years, and two additional years are required in the case of Theological students who have not entered the Divinity class before completing their term. Students are, however, allowed to join the Divinity class at the end of either their first or second year, provided that they have attained the age of 1^1 27S yo;ir>!. 'wul :iro c»»tisi(.l(>re(.l by tlio I'lof'cssors to be ^^ulliciuntly ;i(lv;iiK-''<l Five l>iviii''y Si-lh)];irsbi[is arc annually awarded, jii-eoi'dino' tu the results «d' an exanilnatioii. litld in llie beuiiinin;^' ol (/. - tober, Avhieli is ((ptni either to -Indents already admitted, 'irtu Candichites tor .Matrlcidati(»n. Or" these Sehohi.-ftliins, ime i.s (•;" tiie value ul' XwO, two ui' C2'>, and two oi' .'JlO. There are also two Seliolarshijis of XAO curreney, tenaide iui' two years, founded by the Soeiety for the I'ropaLjation of the (Jospel ; one of whieh is awarded annually to the most de^^fM-v- in<j; IJaehelorof Arts entering the Theolo^^ieal elass. The College ha>- b( en endowed with the follnwino- Scdiolai- ships for students in Arts : Two Seholarsliips of the annual value of £')0 curreney, teiniLle for two y'-ivs, founded by his (!race the late |)nhe of WellinLiton. Two Seholarshijis of CV) eurrency. tenable ibr tlirec years, founded by the late Alexander Ibirnside, Ks(p One ]>ishop Straelian Scholarship of XlJO, teiial>le for three years. Two Scholarships of Xo'"), tenable for three years, founded by i\. W. Allan, Ks-i. (The above Scholarships are awarded aecordlng to the result of the annual examination in June, to the most deserving st'idents of the first year. ) Two Scholarships of X-'), teiialde for thi'ee years, founded by the Hon. J. II. Cameron, restricted to the sons of eleri:y- men resident and doinu' 'Inty in JJritish Xorth America. These Scholarships are awarded, when a vacancy occurs, at the annual examination in October, to some candidate fur jMatrieulation. llobert Denison, liStj,, has fouiuled an lOxhibition of £r>0 per annum, tenable for three Years, by u student in hivinity or Arts, to wliieh he himself pre-eiits." liesidence — the expense, including iec:<, not exceedinn; £.")(> currency per annum — is required of students in Theology and (1, iiceorilinn' miii;i ot Oc- luitted, ni" 1,1 ps, uuu is of >•, ti'iialilc iur ;;itiou of tlir most (Ic'-tu'v- I 111;" Scholav- )0 ('urreiiL-y, lato l>ulio of tlirco years. blc lV)i' Llu'fO ars, founded to the result st deserviuir ars, ft) muled lis of clergy- II erica. cy oecurs, at ^aiulidato fur tiou of £30 in iUviiiitv eccding £50 L'heology and Arts, except in tluj case of sueli as re.side with tiieir parent^ in Toronto.— :Mr. Widder's I'aniphlet, ].. 11.] In its <,'cneral princijilos tlie gehoul Law of Low( r Canada (0th A'ie., cap. 50th ; l:5t]i and l-tth \'ic., cap. 07th) corres- ponds with that described as in force in Canada AVest, though there arc sonic points of dilferencc b(;tween them. The Act commands that from the time of its being passed, <4herc shall be in each of the Cities of Quebec and jM<»ntreal, and in each 3Iuiiici})ality, Town or A'illage in Lower Canada, one or more Common J^ehools for the elementary instruction of youth," to be managed by School Commissioners, five of whom are to be elected by each Municipality. Except in the case of ^Ministers of religion, a property (jualification to the extent of £250 is requisite to eligibility as a Comniissioner. Should any Municipality fail to mahe the required election of School ollicers, or Commissioner, provision is made by the Act for their appointment by the Covernor in Council through the Superintendent. Commissioners, where not otherwise ap- pointed, may be appointed by the Superintendent on the re- commendation of certain parties, including the representatives of the different religious denominations, in case of his approval of their nomination. These Comndssioners, wdiose term of office is three years, unite in some respects the powers of Trus- tees and Municipalities in Upper Canada — being authorised to divide the Municipalities into School-districts, containing not loss tluin twenty children between the ages of five and sixteen, with the exception of one in each 3Iunicipality — which may have a smaller number ; to take charge of School property ; engage Teachers; regulate course of instruction ; decide dis- putes between parents and children and Teachers ; appoint one or two of themselves as visitors and report ; manage discipline ; heep registers and accounts ; levy by assessment in each 3Iunicipality a sum ecjual to that derived from the Scho(d-fund; fix the rates to be paid for the pupils ; make allowance, at their discretion, of an additional sum not ex- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. I 1.0 I.I ■ 50 '"^* u y4 2.5 ? ■- IIIIM ■Uuu ill 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 ^ 6" - ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 4 m f\ :\ ,v \ 4 <* *» -* o^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 > 280 cccding £25 per annum fur the i^upporL of a ^iodcl or snpoiior Hcliool al the most thickly settled place of the Muui- eipality ; ^Yitll other thin!j;s necessary to the efficient workiup; of the ^;chools. The Fabriquc tSchool of any parish may, by mutual ap;ree- mcnt with the Commissioners, he united with any of the Schools to be kept under the Act, the contributinti; of the sum of £12 10s. per amnim towards the support of any such School procuring at the same time for the Cure and ('hurch- warden in office the right to act as Commissioners. Parties differing in regard to religious belief may, if they please, have separate Schools, under the direction of Trustees chosen by themselves, who shall possess in relation to such Schools the powers of Commissioners. Two Jjoards, one Eoman Catholic and one Protestant, are appointed for Montreal and Quebec. These Cities, in conse- quence of the nundjer of educational Institutions established in them, are allowed, in ])roportion to nund)i'rs, only two-thirds '>f the sum granted generally. llesident Clergymen, cf whatever denomination, the Judges of the Court of Queen's Bench and of the Circuit Courts, Justices of the Peace, the 31ayor or ^Varden of the Municipa- lity', Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels and Majors, and the senior 31ilitia Captain in the Municipality are visitors. Ecclesiastics of the one persuasion are, however, restrained from visiting the Schools of the other. Por the general oversight there is a Superintendent of Schools as in Upper Canada, with School Inspectors, who perform the duties there performed by Township, District, and County Superintendents. For a time difficulty was found, in some places, in carrying the provisions of the law into effect. Now, however, there appears to be a general concurrence in it, and the Schools are reported as progressing in efficiency, as well as in favour with the people. a Model or of tlie Muni- ;icnt wovkiiiji; initutil a.a'roe- any of the g of the sum of any siicli and Chur(;h- niay, if they I of Trustees tion to such rotestant, are .es, in conse- s established ily two-thirds 1, the Judccs rcuit Courts, he Municipa- nd the senior Ecclesiastics 1 visiting the nit of Schools I perform the and County i, in carrying wever, there Q Schools are I favour with 28i in the ye.ir 1850-51, the number of Schools in Lower Ca- nada was 1 ,!>!)! ; and (d" pupils, 7!»,2S-1. The former num- bered ill lb52, 2,27-!; and the latter, U7,5S2 ;— being an in- crease uf 280 Schools, and 18,208 children. For l85o the educational institutions reported are 2,r>52, and the number of parties under instruction, 108,284. ''Of these institutions, 2,114 are Primary Schools, 07 Model, 5:] marked as '' Principal" Girls' Schools, 19 Acade- mies or educational houses, preparatory to a Clerical Course, 14 Classical Colleges, and 41 Convents. There are also 85 inde- pendent Schools. The relative numbers of the pupils as found among these various institutions are as follows : The Primary Schools contain 02,275 ; the 31odcl, 8,524; the " Principal" Girls' Schools, 3,041; the Academies, 1,100; the Classical Colleges, 2,110 ; the Convents, 2,7^0 ; and the independent Schools, 4,023." " The nundjcr of the A. 13. C. classes, viz., those who know their letters familiarly, is 55,331, more than one-half the whole number ; those who read well, 27,807, considerably above a (juarter of the nundjcr of Scholars." Those able to write amount to 50,072, nearly one-half of the whole num- ber of pupils. "In simple arithmetic there arc 18,281 ; in compound, or those past the five elenientary rules, 12,448 ; in geography, 12,185 ; and in history, 0,738 ; grammar, French, 15,353; and English, 7,000." The whole nundjcr knowing the analysis of speech is stated at 4,412. The number of male Teachers in all the Schools, is 808 ; and of female, 1,402 — 2,212 in all, the average number of pupils to each being about 50. "The amount of grants is collectively £27,434 18s. Od., and the amount of contributions £41,402 Is. This last is in- dependent of fuel and of Teachers' board generally furnished, and which, it is supposed, carry the contributions virtually to the value of not less than £50,000." In the number of educational institutions there is an increase over the year 1852, of 75. The pupils number 10,792 more than in tliat vear. 282 '■' The Cliief Suporintonclcnt !=pca]vs in terms of strong confi- dence of tlio aspect of the cause of education in Lower (Ca- nada, in -whicli wo feel sure lie will be joined by every well- wislier to the country whatever may be his political party or religious distinction." (^Leader Newspaper — analysis of Dr. Meilleur's Report for 1853, quoted from Journal of EJuca- tlon, U. C, for July, 1851.) Dr. Meilleur points out in a return (dated 20t]i April, 1858) made by him in compliance with an address of the House of Assembly, certain considerations whicli should, he thinks, be borne in mind when comparisons are made between the work- ing of the School systems in Upper and Lower Canada, to wit, the pecuniary inability of the latter as compared witli the for- mer, the more limited powers of the Municipalities, and the diiferences in language and religion, wdiich make a double set of arrangements necessary where in other circumstances one would be sufficient. Special empliasis is laid by him on the want of a Normal School and Journal of Education. These wants will, it is to be hoped, be soon supplied. At a comparatively moderate ex- pense the latter may be furnished. l*rovision for it must, we presume, be included in the additional sum granted this year to Lower, in common with Upper Canada. For a Normal School — two rather, viz., one for the lloman Catholics and one for the Protestants — an allowance has, we believe, been made. [From a communication by Dr. jMelllour — late Superinten- dent for Lower Canada — contained in the Montreal Transcrijit of 4th July, 1855, we extract the followinj ig coMrArtATiv:: table, Showing the jjrojrcss made in the coirrsc of one year, under the auspices of the Primary School Law, viz. : Autrineiiliitiou lSo3. 1S54. ' in 1864. Number of Educational Institutions of every dcpcviption 2,352 2,571 219 Total number of Pupils 108,284 119,737 11,458 No. of Elcmpntavy Schools (Primary).. 2,115 2,852 288 § i P strong conii- iii Lower Ca- by every wcll- itical party or ilj'sis of ,Dr. 'd of Eilnca- I April, 1853) tlie House of lie thinlis, be sen the work- anacla, to wit, witli the for- ties, and tlie } a double set mstances one of a Normal will, it is to moderate ex- ' it must, we ited tliis year or a Normal lolics and one , been made. Superintcn- l Tnmscnpf 'cr the auspices Auirnienfation ' ill 1864. 1 219 ;7 11,453 '2 288 28a [Comparaiii'e Talk Conihmcd.) AuLrinontatiou No. of Pupils, do 92,275 97,310 5,035 Model Schools, do 07 154 87 ^'^'1^^^^' ^° 3,524 0,747 3,223 Superior Girls' Schools 53 (37 ^4 ^"i''^' 3,041 3,170 39 Teaching Nunneries ^j^ 4Q 2 ^^^P^^' 2,780 0,104 3,318 Academies in 00 a ^^^"^^^^^ 1,109 1,272 103 Colleges 24 16 2 ^*"^^"*s ojio 2,515 415 Pupils leanrng Simple Arithmetic 18,281 22,807 4,016 Do. Compound do 12,448 18'o73 5^025 Do. French Grammar 15,553 17^852 2,499 Do. English Grammar 7,0GG 7,097 31 Do. Geography 12,185 13,820 1,041] The place of the Grammar Seliools of Upper Canada seems occupied in Lower Canada by Academics and Colleges, of which the number is large. In the estimates for 1854 the names of nearly 100 of them are given, to which grants, varying in amount, are made from the Public Funds. Irrespective of the allowance of £250 each to the School of Medicine in connection with M^Gill College, the Faculty of Medicine of Laval Universitjr, Quebec, and the Montreal School of Medicine (the Medical Faculty of Queen's College, Kingston, receiving a similar amount), as also of sums paid to Mechanics Institutes and other Literary Institutions, over £45,000 are appropriated in the estimates for 1854 to educa- tion in LoAver Canada. In Lower Canada there are two Universities, viz., Laval University, Quebec, with 22 Professors and o85 students; and the University of M'Gill College, ^Fontreal, Avhicli has six Professors in the Faculty of Arts; one Professor and two Lec- turers in that of Law ; and in the F.iculty of Medicine, which enjoys a, high reputation, eleven l^-o.fos-ifnv. It is to ])o hoped, -.s4 tliat the cHbrts lately made to ulvc the latter institutiun a na- tional eharacti'i' niav ])e crowned with sui-ecss, ^o as tu make it prove a source of hiuh advantage to Lower Canada at large, not less than to the citv in which it is located. To the ('olleges noticed in the abstract given of Dr. I\leil- leur's lleport have to be added, we presume, Bishop's CollegCj Lcnnoxville (I'^astcrn Townships), with four Professors ; and the Seminary at Montreal, with 18 J^rofessors, and 250 students. In 1824, the Historical Society of Quebec, which has done itself and the country honour by its published Transactions, (comprised in three volumes,) was founded under the auspices of Earl Dalhousie. <' Besides its Library, rich in historical lore, tlic Society possesses some very vahiable manuscript documents^ relating to the History of Canad:i." " The Natural History Society of Montreal, established in 182(3, has a uood Librarv, furnished with the best scientific works, and an extensive museum." " Mercantile Library Associations have been formed in Quebec, 3Iontrcal, and several other places, and have been pro- ductive of great benefit." (Canada Directory, p. 555.) The Canadian Institute (established in 1849), though located at Toronto, is a National Institution. Toung though it be, it is already distinguishing itself, and promises to be of inestimable advantage to the country. Its Journal, under the able super- intendence of the Professor of Chemistry in Trinity College (Mr. Hind), is a work of very superior character — supplying a channel throuiih which the cultivated and scientific mind of the country may pour fordi its best thoughts for the instruction of the community, as well as furnishing to its readers valuable, and often curious information. In connection with the above have to be named a class of Institutions which, though as yet com].>aratively in their infancy # # itutiou a ria- ls to make it idii tit large, of Dr." I^Icil- op's College, lessors ; and I's, and 250 lieli lias done Transactions, le auspices of listorical lore, it documents, establislicd in Dcst scientific 3n formed in lave been pro- 555.) lioimli located )ugli it be, it is of inestimable lie able siiper- rinity College er — supplying entific mind of the instruction iiders valuable, nied a class of n tlieir infancy 285 among us, arc already conferring on Canada many of the bene- fits of which they have been found so largely productive else- where, viz. — our Mechanics' institutes. Of tluise, 1 find from a list enumerated in tlie ]?ublic estimates, we possess forty- three, the lai'ger portion of them in Upper Canada; besides several Institutes in Lower Canada, wdiich I suppose to })e substantially of the same descrijUion, tlujugh under other names. I'o eacli of these an allowance is made annually by the Government of ct50 currency — which cannot be regarded otherwise th;in as money well spent. Speaking generally, the spirit in which these Institutions are conducted is worthy of all praise. Largely may they multiply and prosper, and suc- cessful may they prove in their honorable endeavour- to improve their members and elevate the country. Aid, we omitted to state, is liranted to the Literarv and His- toricnl Society of Quebec, the Natural History Society at Mon- treal, the Canadian Institute, Toronto, which receives £250, and the Toronto Athenjvum. There is likewise a grant made of £1,200 towards the maintenance of a Nautical College lately established at Quebec. Towards the support of Hospitals and other Charities an appropriation stands among the Estimates for 1854 of £00,811 ISs. Gd — of wdrich £10,000 arc for the support of a Tempor- ary Lunatic Asylum at Leauport, near Quebec ; £10,000 for the Lunatic Asylum, Toronto ; £1,000 each fiu' aid to the Commissioners of Indigent Sick, at Quebec and iMontreal ; £1,000 each for the Montreal and Toronto General Hospitals ; — and for other Institutions of a kindred character sums vary- ing from £75 up to £800 — the amount allowed to the Hamil- ton General Hospital. Kingston receives £000, and the Toronto and Kingston Houses of Industry £5U0 each, to which is added £500 for the relief of indigent and destitute sick in the latter city. 28(5 The influence wliieli the Pressis exerting over the formation of the country's opinions, feelings and institutions, and hence over its destiny, entitles it to our respectful notice in this sketch, liurried as it is. Tlie number of Newspapers puhlished in Canada in 1810 was five, we arc told by 3Ir. Smith, all in the Lower Province. In the supplement to the Canada Directory, published in ISoo, the names of 158 Newspapers and Periodicals are given; 113 of wliich arc reported as issued in Canada West. I have seen a number of additions to that list, and believe that since its publication not a few, with the names of which I am unac- (juainted, have come into being, as one of the earliest objects of ambition with our rising villages is to have a paper of their own. Besides this, several of the papers entered on the list referred to under one name, constitute, properly speaking, more than one, inasmuch as daily and weekly, and in some cases, daily, weekly, and semi-weekly editions of them are issued. Taking these considerations into account, it may be fairly reckoned that we have at least 175, or 180 of them in all — probably indeed not much under 200. Of those reported, one (printed at Berlin, in Canada West) is in German, 13 are in French, and 145 in English. While in some cases improvement may be called for in regard both to the ability with which they are conducted, and the spirit by which they are cliaract., Ised ; taken as a whole we have by no means occasion to !. ;• ashamed of them. Mr. Buckingham (p. 247) speaks of them as, — when he visited us, fifteen years ago, — generally superior to those of the provincial towns of the United States, a judgment from which we con- ceive few will dissent who have seen the things with vrhicli the parlour tables of the Hotels on the other side arc some- times covered — in the newer portions of the country espe- cially. Since the time of his visit, they have certainly not deteriorated ; but improved. That they are rendering the country very great service will, we imagine, be universally ic fonnatlon ?, and lioncc itice in this ida In 1810 cr Province, lied in 1853, given; 113 I have seen Kit since its I am unac- i'licst objects ipcr of their d on the li.st t,'aking, more some cases, I are issued, lay be fairly lem in all — ise reported, in German, lile in some ird both to 1, and the a whole wc them. Mr. lie visited us, [le provincial hich we con- 3 with vrhicli le are soine- ountry espe- ve certainly endcring the ! universallv 28' I admitted. If sometimes they may send foitli a voice a little tiKi li:u>]i, even this is h.'.-.s misehicvous than i!" they spoke only ill wliispers. Over and above the appliances already noticed, we ii;!ve be- tween 1,200 and 1,']00 J*ost-Otlices spread over tin- country, v;ith cheap letter and boolc rates — to which the adoption <»f the ]Money-order system has lately been ad(U;d ; witli the Klectiic Telegraph extending from one end of it to tlie other, afiurdin;«" its facilities for communication to the inhabitants, not merely of our cities and larger towns, ])ut, in many cases, of our smaller villages. Indeed it would be difhcult to name an\ of "^ the conveniences possessed by older countries — not excepting those in which the largest advancement in civilization is found in connection with the most abundant means — which Ave want. There is an instrumentality at M'orlc among us, still iikh-c ' powerful and precious than those wc have hitherto noticed — that to which the best of these must ever owe whatever is most valu- able in the fruits produced by it — wliieh is shedding its mellow light upon us, moulding our character, giving form to our Institutions, and preparing, as we believe, a high, and honora- ble, and happy destiny for us ; — need I say that it is to Chris- tianity I reler, " the glorious (kispel of the blessed IJod," which an experience of eighteen hundred years has proven to be the grand civilizer and elevator of our race, the one source of the '^ righteousness which cxaheth a nation." God having in his goodness distinguished us in this respect, as well as in many others, be it ours to return Ilis kindness with a lov- ing lidelity, and to transmit to those Avho shall come ai'ter us, as well as spread now through the length and breath of our splendid country, the boon with which we have, happily for ourselves, and (may it not 1)0 hoped ?) for the world, been en- riched from such an early period in our history. IHfferences of view exist among us, as they do everywhere less or more on every thing, with the exception of what are termed the exact sciences, on which men exeivise tlieir thoiiirhts ; thouuli these arc both .ewer iiiid less vital tliMii is soinetiuies supposed. In one thinjji;, liowevor, Ave iire, it is to bo hoped, iij^reed, namely, in the appreciation (dellcient it may be in degvoe, still real), of the truth as understood by us, and in the desire to be governed individually and as a nation by Cod's connnands, •\vhose tendency is in all cases as benchcial, as their character is righteous and holy. AVhile I would be most unwilling to convey the idea that v>'C are in these matters all, or nearly all we ought to be, I regard it as due to truth and to the world, — not to say to Clod, whose honour is involved, — to express the opinion that wc would bear, in rehition to them, a com- parison not very unfavourable with most other countries called Christian. A great dcid is doing by the dilferent Deno- minations for the diffusion of their principles, and the esta- blishment of their institutions. Particulars I would be happy to give in relation to these, did I possess the means of supply- ing them generally. This not being the case, I prefer omitting what I might perhaps introduce without much impropriety, that I may avoid the appearance even of that which is sectional when called on to speak of the country. Suffice it to say, that most of the bodies have among them missionary organizations, and vhat the Societies which exist in the countries whence we or our fathers came, have their representatives, and, in some cases, their auxiliaries among us. The Census lleturus for 1852 report GIO places of worship for Lower Canada, being equal to one for every 1,459 inhabi- tants. No means, it is stated, was possessed of arriving at their value, or the amount of accommodation afforded by them. In Upper Canada the number reported for the same year is 1,559, '' being one place of worship for every G12 inhabitants, afford- ing accommodation for 470,000 persons, and at an average cost of £300, amounting to £407,100.'' IIow near the num- bers stated above may approximate to the numbers actually existing we cannot say. Those only are reported of which returns were made. L'SU illOULlh tlicso es supposed, pud, iij^rced, I degvco, fitill \i desire to be s couinuuids, eir cliaracter uinvillui<^ to or nciirly all the world, — express tbe Lcm, II corn- ier eoimtrles ircreiit Deiio- aiid the csta- uld l)e liappy ns of supplj- I'ef'er omitting )ropricty, tLat is sectional it to say, that organizations, es whence we and, in some !S of worship 1,459 inhabi- •iving at their by them. In y'ear is 1,559, itants, afford- t an average icar the num- ibcrs actually ted of which The Census reports 020 as the number of Clergymen fur Lower Canada, and 90;> for Upper — in all l,5!^o. In Canada A\'est the nuinljcr of places of ^\\)rship reported has increased between lS28andl852 from 141 — 150 to 1,559; and of Ministers from 230 to 908 ; — the Churches being thus more than ten tini s their number (taking that at 150) 24 years before, and tlu' Ministers more than four times. In the character of the places of worship built the improve- ment between these two periods is likewise very great. The Itoman Catholics of Lower Canada possess a large amount of Church proi)erty, out of which, in connection with certain dues required of them by law, their Clergy are chiefly supported. The Churches of England and Scotland have in Upper Canada drawn a considerable portion of the funds spent in the support of their Ministry out of the Clergy Keserves — certain lands set apart at the time of the division of the Pro- vince for the support of a Protestant Clergy — from which some other Bodies have also obtained assistance. By a Bill recently passed these lands have been secularised. The moneys derived from their sale, " whether now funded or invested cither in the United Kingdom or in this Province, or remaining uninvested, or hereafter to arise from such sales, the interest and dividends'^ on these, — in one word, the proceeds of the Keserves, — are ordered to constitute a fund to bo called the Municipalities Fund of Upper or Lower Canada, as the lands whence its contents are derived may have belonged to the one or the other. The stipends of parties receiving allowances previously to the passing of the late Act of the British Parlia- ment authorising the Provincial Legislature to deal Avlth the matter, are to form a first charge on this fund during the natural lives of the Incumbents where these are individuals, and for a specified period (twenty years) where the grants were made to Bodies. So much of these proceeds as may, after the piiyuuMit of llio above charuos, rcmaiii at the close of eai'h year is t(» ]>(• appttrtloiied e<nially by the Ilecelver-Cjleneral anioiiL: tlie sen oral (Nmuty and (Mty Miinieipalltios in the same .section of the i'rovinco (that in which the land l:iy,), in pro- portion lo the pojtulation of such ]Miinici[)alities rcs])ectively aecordinu' to the then last census, the portion eoniiji*'' to each to be paid over to the Treasurer in order to its niakinic '' part of the general funds of the 3Iunicipality, aiul to be applicable to any purpose to which such funds are applicable." The desirableness of removing all sendjlance of connection between Church and State is assigned in the preamble to the ]]ill }>y way of reason or among the reasons for its jirovisions. Liberty is granted to Incumbents, within a given time and under certain restrictions, to compound for their claims by the reception of a present sum. The ^Military defence of Canada is entrusted by her3Iajcsty in part to such Regular Troops as it may please her to maintain in the Province, and partly to the J^rovincial Militia. A commander of the Forces, acting under the direction of the Governor (leneral, who is (^iptain General, presides over the whole, assisted by the various Ollicers of both Departments. The Fortresses of Quebec and Kingston, besides which there arc several minor ones, are both celebrated for their strenath. It is, however, in the aileetionate attachment of lier people, grateful for the privileges they enjoy, and proud of their con- nection with the Parent State, that lier ^Majesty possesses the best guarantee for the continuance of her authority here. If doubt may have been entertained by any in regard to the feeling of the people of Canada, it is to be hoped the zeal with which all classes and parties are uniting, from one end of the land t.> the other, to give expression, through their contri- butions to the Patriotic Fund, to their sympathy with the Mother Country, and their un<lying love to her, will have the effect of removing it. Long may the spirit with which her Majesty's subjects here and at home now so happily regard 2!> close of each oiver-CJenornl s ill tlie same l:iy,), ill pro- rcspectivoly I coiuiiiu; ti) o its niakiiiij; ty, and to bo 2 applicable." jf connection canible to the its provisions, ven time and claims by the y hcr3Iajc.sly 2V to maintain 1 Militia. A rection of the sides over the Departments. 's which there heir strength. >f lier people, of tlieir con- possesses the rity here. If emird to the the zeal with n one end of li their contri- hy with the will have the h which her appily regard ench other continue. The closeness of the relationship sub- sisting between the parties makes it meet that it be cherishod. ^' Wti be brethren." The cherishing of it will moreover prove to bo as mutually beiielicial as it is comely and (tbliga- tory, «!ach party having something that it may receive from the other, and sometliing which it may bestow in return. Jf to us it be pleasant to have, while yet so young, the feeling of strength and security for which our connection with an emj)irc so powerful, su[>plies such a solid foundation, — it is some advan- tage to a couiitry over which so many centuries have passed, to feel its strength renewed in the loving children who repre- sent it on this wide Continent; to see its resources growing to such a magnitude and with such a ra])idity tlirough their energy; to witness their iidelity to its best principles; and to contemplate the influence which through them it is destined to exert in this new world. Ho far as the limits within which an f^ssay like this must*^ necessarily be confined wtjuld allow, the facts of a statistical character with which an acquaintance seemed specially recpiisitc in order to the formation of a correct idea of our country, its institutions and its general condition, have been already sup- plied. To these, before closing, I beg to add a few particulars in relation to its Financial position. '^ The amount of unredeemed l^onds or Debentures for which the Province is liabl -, directly or by way of guarantee, is embraced under the followinu' heads : £ .9. d. Imperial Gunvantccd Lonn ], 825,000 Dobcntuves in England 1,727,50S 11 11 inCanada 810,012 14 9 " on account of Grand Trunk Kail waj' 2,203,991 13 4 ♦* on account of 3Iunicipalities 1,035,010 13 4 *' on account of other special Funds 1,025,810 2 9 Total 9,234,005 10 1 202 Uvor against these responsibilities liavc to be placed the l^ublic Works owned by the Province^ the securities held by it for the sums tidvaneed or granted on behalf of Kailways, Municipalities; &c., and the amounts of the various special funds. The direct Debt of the Province amount j to .£4,871,315 Gs. 8d. Between 81st January and 80th September last De- bentures to the amount of £204,578 12s. Gd. were redeemed. On the 1st October last there was in England, subject to the order of Government, £850,528 8s. lid. On the same day the Banks in Canada held £622,410 18s. 4d., subject to the lleceiver General's Draft. Certain advances, however, amounting in all to £107,409, were liable to be de- ducted. The cost of the Provincial "Works as given in the Public Accounts for 1858 has been £5,085,244 2s. 0|ld — a sum ex- ceeding the entire of the direct Debt. The Bevenue for 1858 is stated in the Public Accounts, which are made up to January 81st, 1854, to be £1,704,850 3s. 1\. ; and the expenditure £809,081 12s. 8d. A balance of £884,008 10s. 5 Id., stood at that date at the credit of the Consolidated Fund. In the Official statement lately made (by Hon. W. (!!ayley. Inspector General) to the House of Assembl^f, the estimated Expenditure for 1854 is £989,584 19s. lid. ; the estimated llcvenue, £1,428,520 — which will leave a surplus of £488,985 19s. lid. Some of the items included in the above estimated expendi- ture have been already given when dealing with the Educational Institutions of the country an I its Public Charities. To these may be added the following — Contingent expenses of Admin- istration of Justice — including £10,000 for the support of the Penitentiary at Kingston — £49,808 9s. lOd.; Militia Staff, £2,280 ; Legislative Council, £22,145; Legislative Assembly, £38,700 ; various Public Departments, £5,028 2s. 2d. ; Mis- bo placed the iritics held by t' of liuilways, various special to £4,371,315 ember last Dc- -^ere redeemed. , subject to the £622,410 13s. I'tain advauces, :able to bo de- in the Public 2d — a sum cx- blic Accounts, 30 £1,704,350 d. A b.ilance credit of the n. W. Cayley, the estimated the estimated s of £483,935 iiated expendi" 10 Educational LOS. To these es of Admin- lupport of the Militia Staff, ivo Assembly, 2s. 2d. ; Mis- 203 cellaneous items, £85,572 15s. 2d. ; for Agricultural Socie- ties in Upper and Lower Canada, £10,000 ; for Geolodcal Survey, £2,0U0; for collection of Public Revenue, £106,000; for llepairs of l^ublic Works, £30,000 ; and on account of services to be provided for during 1854, £208,789 Os. 5d. The estimated Income is derivable from the followiim' sources — to wit : Customs £1,150,000 Excise , Bank Imposts Revenue from Public "Works Militia Fines, &c Fines and Forfeiture?, including seizAires, Casual Revenue Law Foe Fund, 12 Vic, caps. Go and G-1., Territorial 20,000 25,000 100,000 520 4,000 20,000 4,500 100,000 .£1,423,520 The character of the people of Canada we cannot dwell upon, though to omit all reference to it might be deemed an impropriety. Doubtless there are points in which there is room for improvement, in which it is called for; but take them all in all they have little to fear from comparison with any peo- ple with which we happen to be acquainted. The generous- minded stranger who comes among us has nothing to dread, lie will find here, as he has done elsewhere, those who will treat him with affection, and whom he will soon learn to love and respect. Instead of an inferior character there is every thing at work which is calculated to form a character of a high order. Ptoceiving, as we do, much of our population from the very best countries of Europe, we can hardly help, unless ex- posed to some specially deteriorating influence, of the existence of which we have no knowledge, to come into the possession of a moderate measure of their more valuable qualities. The comfort in the midst of which the mass of our people live, or to which they feel thoy can lool: forward, — the freedom they enjoy, — the conscious dignity whu:h the constant exercise of i:!)l impurtant piiA'iloij^c.s ;iiul powers imparts, — the circulation evcrywliere of valuable knowlediio, — and, in association with all, and above all, the ennobling influence, already noticed, of Christianity, — guarantee, on every ordinary princi})le, the for- mation, and will, I hope, secure the devi»lopnient of a superior character, with its transmission to the generations by which the present is to be followed. Time was, and that but recentlv, when it miuht have been necessary to defend ourselves against the charge of want of enterprise, but no such necessity exists now ', we shall, there- fore, take no further notice of it. Should there be, by any chance, an individual found, still disposed to cling to the old prejudice, we w'ould ?sk him to account, on his principle, for the facts presented in this Essay, which are under rather than over-stated. There are many points on which, Avcre it allowable, or did time permit, we w^ould yet gladly touch ; but we must forbear. AV^e ask no man to leave his home, be it wdiere it may, that he may take up his abode with us. Ijut to him who has made up his mind to emigrate we say, come ; and welcome. If you bring honorable principles with you, fair capabilities of useful exertion, including, of course, good health, with a disposition to work on for a time in hope, we entertain no fear as to your success For you and yours there is room, as well as for us, — a field for the exercise of your powers, profitable employment for capital if God has bestowed it on you, and a sphere of useful- ness if you desire to make yourself of service to your race. Should you come liither, set to work with the least possible delay ; and lend us your best help to carry the c(juntry forward to the high destiny which every thing proclaims to be in store for it. THE END :lic ch'culutioii ssociatioii witli aJy noticed, of ueiple, the for- X of a superior tious by which light have been rgc of want of we shall, there- lere be, by any cling to the old is principle, for der rather than llowable, or did ic must forbear, it may, that he ho has made up ilconie. If you bilities of useful ith a disposition fear as to your rell as for us, — a employment for sphere of usef ni- ce to your race, lie least possible country forward ns to be in store ADDEND U M The lieport of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron ilaiiway, bearing date IGth July, 1855, having come to hand sine? Part Second was thrown off, the following particulars aro added to tlio statomont contained in page 221. closing wiih lino 17 : Tlicro were opened of the Lino on loth Mav. ls5o, oO miie=<. '' '' 18th June, '- 12 ^• '' <' 11th Oct., ^^ 21 ^• '^ <^ 2nd Jany!, 1855, 01 ^' Total, lU a The ('omi.aiiv i-.o.<<cs- Uj J-^nginos. with oSl Cars (if all kinds. Botwcoii -JOth June. 1851, and 1st July, 1^55. 1^014,110 miles were travollcd, Ly "157,040 pn,-sengers. The number of ton,- of freight carried over the Uuad within the same time wiu- (>2,;)-l::;. It- oarnin«_i> amounted to €5:).05S 10s. Od. : ami it-> (•xjic; 1^^:^7.11^ 14::. OU]. For the two iiiMiitl;- fii'liiig .iuiii' oiiti!. li^ol, the iratViL" return- woiv s24,i<05.;]7 — Avhilc fliey yielded S05,loo. ^2 ('an increast.' of S4ii,1.")'^,-!:5 t fjr tlio same period in ls55. On the Line i>f tli- Hailway tluTc arc '-'A (jrist Mills, witli >>4 run of stoiiL's. which turn out 2.1 Mt barrel- of floui' per 21 hours ; with 104 Saw Mill-, having 17<' s,iw<, tiivl cut- ting per 24 lionrs 51:),O0O fi^ot. E n R A. T A. Page 7, li n Si 11, oO, 37, 49, 62, 03, G4. 78, 82, •' IGl, '^ 180, " 189, '' 100, '' 217. lino 3— for Cortrea], reaJ, Cortcroal. 4tli from hottom— dele " Soutli-castorn," and for ^ibout 1,400, in next line, reai.1 nenvly IGOO. line 2;> — for Crssai-coiula, read Cras.^i-cauda. 7tli from bottom— for Toronto Credit, road Toronto (Cro lit".') line 4 — for make.-, read make. line 7 — for country, read county. bottom line — for canal, read canoe. line 5 — for braced, read traced. oth from bottom— for Saint Dougla;:!, read Point Dou;.2;;:h. line 7 — for Niagara P.ridge, read Niagara Ridge. line 18 — for portion, read plateau, 7tli from bottom — for ore, read age. 2nd from bottom — after " before us,"' add the words, " wiu t]]at last described.'" r.tli from bottojn— for ce:11.3,004l 5s., read JcU7,'>9-i lo^. l\v?A line — for more than, read much under. line 5— for 112,801 toas, read 1,142,801 tons. lino 2— for 2,0 l-l. read 20,014. line ^o~d,:lC sterlir.g, and add it aftei- 1,000,000 iu line 22 •'Vi'd i'vom bottom — fir westward. ro.Til eastward. -)\ , 1 HO WICK \ "'" h|2 V. ■■\ V '■>, --vi/r' ^ ^ iuHEB*!**'* *■■'" iJtiii".'' .1, It'^''' V " CS^r r V ^~ >>---> ^ -Byr^ Met o '^J^'uiy l^ ^ . /? G> L^- ,_/" ■^1^. vl s: \Ji«»ir>f liutnip \I Flower I'ot if r^ f ran Attn Jnr" ^^V'^''^ ^"^ WirtfffiM l>r Cabatt UMfl V Parry Soim' >2^ "^ ■^-',, 6hageto or ^ O. f\ t\- J'^ / ( , Hope i:' "^^V' ChrijrHan /:' /? D ^^ VMMto \ o '^'^ '-^v 'h^-- J'^' J IVrnhnU:- 'L.O**^ "■ , -'■"' •" \ '^ ■■"^^'^ , . THORPE \ -^ \.trey^EO ^J ivl .<." -N 'i, -e.y '• -.-^iivg- /- — ^ ! ti- I /ornni(MitPlajis.()rit»iiial Donmu'nls.ajid Personal" Obseivalion. *^V-^'' \/'--* ^^c*^^/^* .^^- N^^ M^/:\y"'A -■^^•^:m^^^ [v, \^^' ) J 1 1 1 ■' \ \ I -■- \ \ ( 1 \ \ iV A "■'■■i A '"'^A < 7(7 miimm 70. "^ ./^ » i^»'^'^ r/ ,-^/fe-^ ■•v^^' \ \ r».,^Y> 'ANTOINf SIMPSON ,<TO>w /I J S ASTON ^^-^V^C^W^^^^^ ^N.^<- C^^^^-rV/irC. CHESTER />^' - /\ /tl SOULA '^t:» ^ \LONOOE0ll\ ^V*;.', ^;3 It1/Urnef\ FOffO V ,-:^' KlNC;iiEY /), *s^ / HAM Y^fl . «^ t firo^ fictile Ci^EY A *V- / MAM r^ ^ y / I X WOTTOfJ / ^ 41 ^ WINDSOR, > /„„n<,wfi/ / rejU --y yi SHErmo If^^^ 1 / (FORD f"^* :J{ t;"i5i Syi/i NEl*PO lgV</ir! JRHAM BROME BOCTON SuTroj||:^^V T -9 EAT^M I I jAUCKl^ ^.A tMAND _., L.^^-d^r- I TOTTON^ 74 EAO '^'«J \ HERFORC BARNSTON^PP^^ o ' ~" 7 \ ^^^-^^ Tl I .. I y , ''-T*''^-V/iV->, /- ^^^ /) V 'V'-/\'buorne a; ^V CHESTER/ i^- .' V^ f./'^N -C 's**, tqURAINE /y SHENtEY ^ J^J^X \ ^ athtie: . .• r/ Bury ./ r^$ •yt MAMPDENl ORO"^* JMARSTOWNillDiTCHFIELD,- Ms'^v .T' y\ Lr 7 .^ -■•v Spalding .?{ NEWPORT' {...-/.^t- ^ NE«P0J^. CHESH^M ( / \ 1 5* / > ^^ 'auCKUAN^ ^ tMBERTOM * , : E M J a ^'' _BARNST0.J^pp^j \. ''.y ••'■ N ^k 1.^ 72 71 7iO {)9 (U1 6ft 67 ^1 MAP OF am^iiFHLB^ii) wimm < inil Pkiiis Ori<>i]U'ilDocunieiiis and Obsonvilioii^i n«55. (' tSca/e o/'J/iloi TT-n rf T-i-rrV /I* SU> 3l) if T lid 45 616 6b