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 .M A (.' 
 
C A N A D .4^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 PHYSICAL, EC0.N03IIC, AND SOCIAL. 
 
 BY 
 
 A^. T.iT/r. ri:. r>. d. 
 
 r.f lii.i-"_, p. I,-., ■, 
 
 ' v,'!ii •!( xc<^ '--in^ 'iv .; 
 
 TUJIUXTO: 
 
 MACLKAH ^ CO., i ,3, kix.; S T II C K T. J^AdT. 
 
 1 8 ■■) .3. 
 

 24^ 
 
 O ( 
 
 49 
 
 z. // ^/ 
 
 r 
 
 /?, 
 
 _ butcml Hccoidiug lu the Aa .f the iTovincial LcLn.latuie. in ti,^- 
 \car of our Lord One Tliousana l-igUt irundrcd anil Fifty-five hy 
 Adam Ltllil. in tl,c Office of tl.e Tvogl^trnr nf ,],c Province nf 
 Canadt\. 
 
-P H i^ 1'^ A L E 
 
 The favour with whicli th. J..,.tuiv> .,1, - Th. (iiwtii •• 1 
 Prospects of ('nn:ni:r-puMi>h..a i,, ls;>::__,,,,, ,,,^^.j^.^,^ 
 liaving ,naa.> mc ioel as ir un-l.r uMi^aiiun (. attc.nnt ..nu- 
 tliin;:, 0.1 tlic sa.u. sul)je(;( A,!I,, ,„] ,„,,,, ^,„„^;^,j^. ^j, _ 
 tbllowing |-:«ay wa. prepared a.nl f^,rwar,]e<I (u (,)„(.].,.. i-. 
 answer to the Adverti.onie.it of th. Kxeu.tive C.nn.itte. ,.. 
 the J>ari. Kxhibitio.K ilavi.^,- been pa>....l ).v n,Mva,l „n th. 
 alle^rea groui.l of th. Illeoibl.,,,... of the Ma.u-eri.t-Mvhich 
 however, i. iecl warrantod i). .aying. a> well .. 1,]IM ,„ ;, 
 justice to lupeh' ;., say. wa^ ..ui.. .apa).!. of hein- 
 "'^'r>p/.r../" wit]>.„u any trouble U),rea^unable iu th. eir 
 cumstauces)-! have a>.un...d the r.spu,>.ibilitv of i,s publica- 
 tion, partly that. a. th. f;:et of .ny bavin, written was kn.wn, 
 sueh as elino^c to honour mo with a perusal niav li:,ve a'. 
 opportunity of torniing their own judgment as to tlie cliaraeter 
 of my eontribution, and j-.rtly in ti.e liopo of aidinu iu the 
 diffusion of informal ion respeeting a eoiintry of wliieh, after 
 fi trial of ov<M- tu-enty-nn. y.;,r.. 1 ontei'tain a verv high 
 opinion. 
 
 That iu dealing with matter, s.. variou> and of ,,mh j. 
 eharaeter as those end^raeed in dm following paires f .houM 
 have escaped all mistake. 1 dure bardlv venture t. Imp-^ 
 
 llW»Jfl"l!!!I»l'!!.»'^ 
 
!\ . 
 
 tiulwilli.^laiifliiiu the }.alii> which have ix-cii taken t..> ■jccur* 
 absolute {•')n'ectne.-.-. At the same time my persuasion ir;. that 
 iKt mistaki; will l»e disce'Vered interfering in any measure with 
 the reliableness of the general vi(nvs prcsenteil. Those who 
 have uiven the suhicct ftur attention, cr who mav he tlis]iose<l 
 to.jxnt themselves to the trouble of examining the authorities 
 ;\u will ])ereeive that I'aets are under rather t]\an nvor- 
 
 ■>tated. 
 
 Ill furwardinu" the i'issav tu (.>uebee, J mentioned that I 
 
 had 
 
 -ume 
 
 fear. 
 
 beinu uiieertain as to tl 
 
 ".e wishes 
 
 d' th 
 
 I'^xccutlve Committee on tlu^ point, that .1 mi;Jit liaN e gone 
 s/:)uievvdiat t<jo laru'ely into the subjeet of (ieolocry in connec- 
 
 ith the Local ])( 
 
 ddi 
 
 that th 
 
 tion witii tlie Jioeal J'escriptn'iis ; adflniLi. tliat the matter in 
 ([UCstioM was easily separable, and that had time })erinitted 
 it had been my inteniidii t" inelo-e in bracket- certain por- 
 tioii- which mi-ht. if thou;^ht well, be ondtted. rnwillinii' to 
 tax too much the patience of the general reailfV with what i> 
 technical; L liave excluded a fevr of the passages referred to. 
 Should any l>e of opinion that too much of thi>^' description i> 
 still retained. I' be;^ tn remind them that the (Jeolouical 
 character of the country is one of the elements v,hieh specially 
 contribute to make it such a comfortable honu'. and such an 
 advantageous ticld of enterprise for it< inhabitants, and to 
 call attention to the fact that the roLiions most lariicly dwelt 
 (>n — those, to wit. of Lakes ^Superior and Huron — may be 
 said almost to form countries id' themselve-. and are I'e-ivho' 
 Comparatively little known. 
 
 Son\e few additions wlTudi have been made, have been 
 placed in ^nuare braelcets. by whicli they may be easily dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 -re; 
 
 UMVl 
 
 the! 
 
 can^ 
 
 the: 
 
 Vcel 
 
 the 
 
 ^:- 
 
ken t..) .^ccur^' 
 Lia,«Ion i,N. tlutt 
 iiiciisure witli 
 Tho.-o wli.. 
 y l)t' (li.spo.sctl 
 10 anthorities 
 t'l' ili;i!? "Vor- 
 
 ioned that I 
 shos of tlu> 
 t lia\o U(:)]io 
 '■ i" conuee- 
 '0 Dh-ittoi' in 
 <' perniittetl 
 -•ortaiii |.nr- 
 'invillini^' to 
 ■■itli M-Iiat is 
 •cfonwl to. 
 ^cription l. 
 <»eoIoL;icaI 
 ■■' ^pcciallv 
 (^ ■•^iieli an 
 '•"'; and to 
 
 i^oh dwelt ' 
 
 j 
 
 — may he 
 I'o Iioside.i 
 
 tiJ.d liiiic iMjiuiitied, and uiy hicaii> .■}" inlunuati-'n been 
 -rcater. souietliin- uii-lit possibly have been produced les^ 
 unworthy ol' the subject. Conscious, however, of havin- done 
 the best I couM in the circ.inistances, 1 throw nivself on tlie 
 candour ..f tlie Header, to whose jud,<:nicnt I now submit 
 those pages, and who will learn the Prineiple In- wlii.di I Vi-.ve 
 been -uidcd in their composition from the Adverti, ...^ on 
 the next pa-v, which f.irmcd the ..ri-iual Introductiun to the 
 
 T(.rvn:o : A^;.'i.^!. ]l^5^. 
 
 A. LUAAE. 
 
 avo boca 
 
 m 
 
 mrn^ 
 
AD\'Kjrns|.;v|{.^ 
 
 XT 
 
 ii r.c 
 
 ■ nii.el 
 
 miti (,f (}, 
 
 ''■"''^'' '-q^l'c^N as (:,, ,. 
 
 "' ^^•^•n^r..t (},,. ,; 
 
 ''i"\Vi;i- 
 
 ■'K /-.ssr.V ) 
 
 '■--"•-- wi„v.h .„ ,„„„,,^„„ ';""'■'■• '■' <!■« ...0,0 ,•,„,„,„„, 
 
 'T '"■ ''"™^- '■• -".'.^.1 .In/ '"''''■■ ^•"— this ' 
 
 ""'' '"•"<"---'Wc, ..,„lo „.e ,;. , "'""''■ --' !....^. who,,. 
 
 wit I 
 
 I Hi 
 
 
 .1)1 
 
 '0'. •■.11(1 
 
 r--— <>.<■ A,„l.o,.,. ,,,,„,, „;, ' ;;■ ••'" "^-^ of iustioo ,0 .. 
 
 callot 
 
 Jowot 
 
 ill i.") 
 
 cover 
 
 Frant 
 
 sail u 
 
 oil tll( 
 
 lliver 
 
 of Ch 
 
 Tlu 
 
 nated, 
 
 " Kail 
 
 take t( 
 
 word ( 
 
 stream 
 
 comiiK 
 
 the Ba 
 
 Can 
 
 North, 
 
 wester] 
 
 St. La' 
 
 length 
 
 400. 
 area of 
 
 m 
 
 WiiSVy 
 
 'm 
 
,1' A R 'J' F i 11 S T . 
 
 !'•> ItOrll io 
 D important 
 ■i;»lly cntcr- 
 1 night be 
 ^ccure this 
 FiJo be as 
 im.H'If to 
 ^' may be 
 ■■^j when- 
 liouirh it 
 oduction 
 it iiiiirht 
 it have 
 ce to all 
 try, and 
 
 Pll Y S T (' A L. 
 
 AlthDiiLiii .so early as the year ]-!7l> (SiDvanl (laboto, usually 
 c'ulled John (.^ibot, had made the (lull' of St. LaAvrenee, — fol- 
 lowed by (iaspar (Jortreal in A.D. ]r)(IO^ 15arun de Lory 
 ill 1")1'\ and Giovani Yerrazano in lo'l'l, — the honour of dis- 
 covering Canada belong.s to Jacque.s Cartier, a native of 
 France, commissioned by Francis l.st., who wa.s the first to 
 sail up the St. Lawrence, which lio entered in August, 1584, 
 on the Festival of St. Laurent (whence the name given the 
 lliver), having the year previous penetrated as i'ar as the liny 
 of Chaleur. 
 
 The name Canada, by wliich this splendid country is desig- 
 nated, is conceived to be derived from the Iro(j[uois word 
 '' Kanata,'' a collection of huts — supposed to be applied by mis- 
 take to the region. As, however, the 3Iohawks use the above 
 word even now to signify, in addition, the banks of a river or 
 stream, it may be that the appellation was, according to their 
 common custom, used descriptively to denote 'Hlie Country on 
 the Banks of the Fdver." 
 
 Canada lies between the parallels of 4P 52' and 51^ oO' 
 Korth, and 57° 50' and 9P 20' AYest. Stretching in a south- 
 westerly direction, from the Island of Anticosti in the (Julf of 
 St. Lawrence, to the south-eastern extremity of Lake Erie, its 
 lcni2;tli is about 1,400 miles : in breadth it varies from 200 to 
 400. Including water-surface, it is computed to comprise an 
 
 area of 349,821 square miles, or 4-^-?-^'^- exclusive of water. 
 Ji 
 
 :£i^lii^^- 
 
8 
 
 TIiu iKiinbcr of acres contained ^vi{hin it is estinKiteJ at 
 1()0,405,lM1I,— of ^vlliell l2S,(;:y.),(]S4 are reckoned to Canada 
 East, and 3 1,74'), 50") to Canada West. 
 
 Mr. Lo^an, (( JeoloL'-ical Keport i\>v ls4r)-(>, pp. T), 0,) dr 
 
 iw 
 
 inti a line in continuation of the llud.-^on liiver and Lake 
 Chanipkiin valleys, divides the Province into three sections : 
 
 the lirst, which he tcnns the *' Kastern area 
 
 >' u 
 
 conjprising 
 
 tliat iM)rtion which lies to the eastward of the divisional line 
 assumed, and to the South of the St. Lawrence ;" the '' West- 
 ern area," or second section, "extending;' iVoni the limits of the 
 Provin(!e in an opposite direction,- and bounded on the north 
 by a line skirtinL; the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, the Matawa, 
 Lake Nipissing, and the French lliver, to Lake Huron, and 
 thence alonpj the northern shore of this Lake to Sault Stc. 
 Marie on Lake Superior ;" the third end)racin<^ what he desig- 
 nates ^'Northern Canada," '' extending from the British limit 
 on Lake Superior to Labrador, and lying between the northern 
 boundary of the cast and west divisions, and the height of 
 land separating the Hudson Bay waters from those of the St. 
 Lawrence." 
 
 Including the Island of Anticosti, the first of these sections 
 is described as covering a space of about 40,000 square miles, 
 the second of 50,000, and the third of 250,000, or there- 
 about ; making in all o40,000, — somewhat less than has been 
 stated above, water-surface included. 
 
 /,'■'■ 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 Usui 
 
 Mr 
 
 rent 
 
 larg| 
 
 rcn( 
 
 oft) 
 state 
 BritI 
 and 
 
 GEOLOGICAL STUUCTUHE OF CANADA. 
 
 The first and second of the sections above named, Mr. 
 Logan states to be marked by "important differences in their 
 geological conditions ;" — the characteristic of the former being 
 " the general quiescence and conformable sequence of its for- 
 mations ;" and that of the latter, their " violent contortions 
 and unconformable relations." • 
 
 The Geological formation most prevalent in Canada is that 
 
 
.rf-t*. 
 
 tiinatc'il at 
 to CaiKidii 
 
 ), 0,) draw- 
 
 aiid Lake 
 1 sections : 
 compri.'^iiif;' 
 i.sioiial line 
 ho '' AVcst- 
 iiiits of tlie 
 
 the Tiortli 
 ic 3Iatawa, 
 luron, and 
 
 Sault Stc, 
 it he de.siji;- 
 ritish limit 
 e northern 
 
 height of 
 of the St. 
 
 e sections 
 .are miles, 
 or there- 
 has been 
 
 )A. 
 
 med, Mr, 
 s in their 
 iier being 
 )f its for- 
 ntortions 
 
 a is that 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 I) 
 
 Usually calliMl Kruptivo or ^lotamorphitic, but designated by 
 Mr. Logan, as also by Mareou (after Mr. (JarncaiO, the " Jjau- 
 rentine System," from the circumstance of its composing the 
 larger portion of the elevated region north of the St. J^aw- 
 rence, already referred to. 
 
 The fundamental rocks of the Laurcntine System, as also 
 of the Kocky, Alleghany, and 0/ark Mountains, Mareou 
 states, (in his Geological 3Iap of the Tnltcd States and 
 IJritish North American Provinces,) to l>e (Iranitic, Syenitic, 
 and Porphyritie. These form, according to him, a frame-work 
 of plutonic origin, which supports the basins of sedimentary 
 rocks that surround them. 
 
 " The first sedimentary beds deposited (he says p. 19) after 
 the crust of the earth had become solidified, were su))mitted 
 to various metamorphio action by the often-repeated injection 
 of ignited matter in a licjuid state, and also by the high tem- 
 perature that still prevailed at the surface, which caused much 
 more numerous chemical condjinatio!is than those that take 
 place in our day. These first stratified rcjcks, thus modified, 
 form gneiss, mica-schist, slate, and marble." 
 
 Of the Laurentian scries Mr. 3Iurray gives the following 
 description : 
 
 " These rocks consist of masses of micaceous and hornblen- 
 dic gneiss, and masses of crystalline limestones, interspersed 
 by gneiss. In the great masses of frneiss the prevailing color 
 appears to be reddish, but they are frequently striped with in- 
 terstratified bands of grey, the reddish part taking its general 
 aspect from the reddish feldspar, which is the principal consti- 
 tuent, while the grey is chiefly made up of small grains of 
 white quartz and feldspar, with small scales of black mica, and 
 occasionally grains of black hornblende. The rock is for the 
 most part fine grained ; there are, however, masses of a coarse 
 texture, which may be veins, but apparently maintaing a paral- 
 lelism with the bedding, cannot with certainty be considered 
 so. These latter masses were found in general to be chiefly of 
 feldspar, sometimes white and sometimes red, more frequently 
 
■HlWiWt^ 
 
 10 
 
 the Ibrmci', which, wcuthcriiiti; often to an opaque white, causes 
 them to contrast stron^jly with the other associated rocks. Beds 
 also occur, of whicli ahnost the only constituent is white quartz, 
 and these often alternate with thin layers of yellowish-white 
 feldspar." 
 
 The Laurentine System may be described as occupying, 
 over and above certain portions of Mr. Logan's first and second 
 divisions of the I'rovince, the whole, or nearly so, of his third, 
 or what he calls " Northern Canada." 
 
 The Lower Silurian Strata hold, as to extent of prevalence, 
 the place next to the Laurentine among the formations of Ca- 
 nada. 
 
 Of the general character of this formation, the following de- 
 scription is given by Marcou : "^ The first strata are thick 
 beds of very hard Sandstone, rose-coloured or whitish-grey. 
 Then comes a series of strata of compact Limestone, blue, 
 often blackish, with quite numerous fossils, the whole sur- 
 rounded by schistose, slaty clay, of a deep black or blue-grey 
 colour." 
 
 Potsdam Sandstone, Calci'/crous Sandroch, Blade Ricer 
 Limestone grojip, Trenton Limestone, L'tiea Slate, Hudson 
 River group, are the designations used for this system by the 
 Geologists of New York. In Vermont the denomination Me 
 La Motte is substituted instead of Blaelc River Limestone. 
 Mr. Logan calls it, as exhibited in the district of Gaspe and 
 Quebec, Conglomerate Limestone, Tourefte's Sandstone, Grap- 
 toUte Sehist. (p. 20.) 
 
 " In most of the localities where the Lower Silurian Strata 
 are observed, they may be separated into three distinct divi- 
 sions, which are found constantly with the same characteristics 
 throughout the band of Silurian rocks which accompany the 
 Laurentine Mountains and the Alleghanies.'' The first of these 
 divisions, called by Marcou the Potsdam formation, is "a very 
 hard sandstone, of subcrystalline texture, and very diffuse 
 stratification;" — containing '^ few fossils," so far at least as 
 variety of species are concerned, the Lingula and the Oholus 
 
 or I 
 
 St( 
 
 gui 
 
 loci 
 hof 
 vai 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ext 
 
 
 tlie 
 
 = 
 
 the 
 
 
 Mil 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 thoi 
 
 
 into 
 
 
 ston 
 
 i 
 
 of I 
 
 ^ 
 
 colo 
 
 
 and 
 
 ^ 
 
 dcs: 
 
 
 two 
 
 
 mos 
 
 
 Ort 
 
 
 Spi 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 aMc 
 
 4 
 
 
 by: 
 
 
 sue." 
 
 
 Eic 
 
 
 Ott 
 
 
 coaf 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 ricl 
 
 
 wh( 
 
 
 Bipi 
 
 
.Mtm^ff^ 
 
 itc, causes 
 cks. Beds 
 ite quartz, 
 visli-whitc 
 
 (ccupying, 
 md second 
 'his third, 
 
 irevalencc, 
 ms of Ca- 
 
 lowincr dc- 
 
 arc 
 
 thick 
 itish-grcy. 
 mc, "blue, 
 vliolc sur- 
 I l)lue-grey 
 
 ; Ricer 
 
 Hudson 
 
 m by the 
 
 lation Isle 
 
 mestonc. 
 
 aspe and 
 
 iC) GrajJ- 
 
 an Strata 
 inct divi- 
 cteristics 
 pany the 
 t of these 
 
 " a very 
 y diffuse 
 
 least as 
 Oholus 
 
 11 
 
 or UmjuUtcs being " the most characteristic." '' This Sand- 
 stone is sometimes calcareous," in which case '^ it is distin- 
 guished from Potsdam Sandstone by the special name of Cal- 
 ci/erous Sandrork." " Its thickness varies with the different 
 localities in which it is found, and depends on the more or less 
 horizontal position of the bed ; nevertheless it may be said to 
 vary from five hundred to two thousand feet." 
 
 This division of the Lower Silurian presents itself " of great 
 extent" at the Falls of Montmorenci. It prevails also " on 
 the borders of the Ottawa, of the Two Mountains' Iliver, of 
 the St Lawrence (Thousand Isles), near Lake Sinicoc ; — on the 
 Escanaba Eiver, near Lake Michigan, and at Janesville, near 
 INIilwaukee." 
 
 The second division of the Lower Silurian, which the au- 
 thors of the '^ Geological Survey of New York" subdivide 
 into the Blach Ricer Group, and the upper Trenton Lime- 
 stone] — the Trenton formation of Marcou — 'discomposed chiefly 
 of blue limestones, with intercalation of clay of the same 
 colour." Such is the development of Crustacea, mollusks, 
 and polyps, exhibited in this division, that Mr. James Hall 
 describes, in his work on the '^ Palaeontology of New York," 
 two hundred and ninety-five species belonging to it; the 
 most characterisic of which — the lllacnus Crssat-couda, the 
 Orthoceratitcs communis, the Bdlcroplion hilohatus, and the 
 Spirifer Lynx — arc found in Canada. 
 
 In Pennsylvania this division of the Lower Silurian attains 
 a]dcptli of from four to five thousand feet. '^ Recognized 
 by Bayfield at the Mingan Islands and in Newfoundland, it pur- 
 sues the whole length of the St. Lawrence, then the Biver 
 Eichclieu, Lake Champlain, and the Mohawk, ascends the 
 Ottawa nearly to Lake Nipissing, follows the east and north 
 coasts of Lake Ontario, enters Lake Huron by Georgian Bay, 
 and continues to "Wisconsin and Illinois, where it contains the 
 rich lead mines of Galena. Finally, it enters Minnesota, 
 where it forms part of the descent for the Falls of the 3Iissis- 
 Bippi, at St. Anthony. Its existence has been verified on Lake 
 
^■4thH>W><!|iMi-1-M>dlM|iMiHHIH^^t)^ 
 
 12 
 
 Winnipcrr, near Fort Aloxamler, along the Red River, at 
 Lakes Abbitibbo and St. Jobn'S; in the Hudson's Bay Terri- 
 tory." 
 
 *' A third division, composed of Arfrillaccous Schist, very fis- 
 sile, and resembling slate, terminates the Lower Silurian." In 
 New York and Canada it bears the names of Utlca Slate and 
 Hudson RlvcrGronp, ^' and occupies the first rank in the series 
 of sedimentary rocks, owing to the great thickness of its beds 
 and the extent of country which it covers." Graptolites, 
 ■with fragments of Tribolites, arc the only fossils found in this 
 division. 
 
 The basins of the St. Lawrence and the Hudson belong 
 specially to this division, which extends itself from near Capo 
 lioziere, at the extremity of Gaspe, to Virginia, ^' where it still 
 has a depth of three thousand feet." It is found in Upper 
 Canada, and at the Bay Des Noquets, in Lake Michigan. At 
 Lake Superior it has likewise been verified, " where it forms 
 the Cataract of Kakabeca, on the Hiver Kamiuitiquia." 
 It is described as forming ^' a band of rocks which, 
 varying from three to ten miles in width, extends uuinternipt- 
 edly over seven degrees of Latitude, without important varia- 
 tion either in its mineralogical constitution or its stratification." 
 (Marcou— pp. 20-25.) 
 
 As distinguished from the Loiccr, the Upper Silurian, 
 called by Mr. Logan Limestone and Schist of GaspS, is com- 
 posed of a light-grey limestone, becoming sometimes blue-grey, 
 with interposition in many places of bluish-grey clay." 
 
 Though generally following the direction of the Lower Si- 
 lurian, the Upper varies a little from 'hat in its geographical 
 distribution. 
 
 *' Beginning near the Straits of Bello Isle, Newfoundland, 
 it forms the whole Island of Anticosti, and part of Cape 
 lloziore and the point of Gaspe, and extends to the south of 
 the mountains of Notre Dame — from whence it crosses the 
 Metapediac River, gains the Madawaska and the Tcmiscouata 
 ]jake, ascends the St. John, crosses the Chaudiere and St 
 
 thi 
 
 ! il! i .fii!;H:r ' !! ' ?f| ! "'!!l ' !" '' l'^{ ! J 
 
HldlWUUiXiti 
 
 mi0^ 
 
 la 
 
 I River, at 
 Bay Terri- 
 
 st, vcrjfis- 
 irian." In 
 i Slate and 
 Q the series 
 of its beds 
 Jraptolites, 
 md in this 
 
 iOn belong 
 
 near Cape 
 
 liere it still 
 
 I in Upper 
 
 ligan. At 
 
 re it forms 
 
 initiquia." 
 
 s which, 
 
 internipt- 
 
 ant varia- 
 
 ification." 
 
 Silurian J 
 ^, is com- 
 blue-grcy, 
 
 iower Si- 
 graphical 
 
 mndland, 
 of Cape 
 south of 
 
 )sscs the 
 iscouata 
 and St 
 
 Francis; and fiually reaches Luke ?-loinp]iramngog, on the bor- 
 ders of Canada and Vorniont, penetrates a little wny into that 
 State, and loses itself in the ramifications ox the (Ireon !Mi)un- 
 tains." Found again at "several points in Ncav Bruns- 
 wick, an<l at Ivistpnrt, in Maine, it has boon verifi<^d hy Mr. 
 Logan '' on Lake Teniiseaming, in the Hudson's Bay Terri- 
 tory." Crossing Upper (,'anada from the southern border of 
 Lake Ontario, where it has a consideriible development, '' it 
 forms a part of the Manitoulin Islands, in liake Huron, and 
 the north and west sides of Lake Michigan; then, forming 
 the Upper part of the State of Illinois, it ascends into Iowa 
 :ind Minnesota, where it forms tlie upper pnrt of the Falls of 
 the Mississippi, at Fort Snelling." Among western Geologists 
 it bears the name of Cliff Limestone, from the circumstance 
 of its forming the cliffs of the numerous hills in the portion 
 of the basins of the Ohio and the Tennessee in the environs 
 of Cincinnati, Louisville, and Nashville. 
 
 Of the fossils characteristic of the Upper Silurian, Marcou 
 fpecilies the Pcntamcriis OUongus, the Ortliis llijhridu, and 
 the Lcptoena deju'essa, as found in Canada. 
 
 Beds of rock-salt are often found in America, in connection 
 with the Upper Silurian. Tlie cataract of Niagara is stated 
 to be '^entirel3' formed of rocks belonging to the Upper Si- 
 lurian." (Marcou — pp. 25-liS.) 
 
 T he Devonian formation presents itself at a number of places 
 in Canada, as at Gaspe, the most northerly point in which it is 
 met with in America — where it obtains a development ap- 
 proaching the immense depth observed in the State of New 
 York ; on Lakes Fh-ic, St. (.'lair, Huron, and Michigan ; and the 
 llivers llestigouch and St. John. 
 
 " The first strata of the Devonian are farmed of whitish-crrev 
 limestone, containing a great number of fossils. Then numer- 
 ous beds of black Schistose clay are snperi»osed, as in the 
 States of New York and I'ennsylvania ; and finally, in some 
 places, as (jaspe and Katskill, these beds are crowned by vevv 
 thiclr beds of lied Sandstone, with verv few fossils." 
 
 (l»iii^g|l|||^ 
 
.*^»ttM* iM!M<vfmi mi mm ma 
 
 {4 
 
 The v.'holc; contuiu' oC LakcH Hric and St. Clair i;< stated by 
 Marcou to bo fonucd of ilic iJevniiiaii, as al.^o a part of the 
 Peninsula of 3Iicliii:an, the Irsland of Mackinaw, and tlie 
 southern side of ]jake Michiixan. 
 
 On Jiake.5 Erie, Huron and Michigan, and in tlie basins of 
 
 the Ohio and [Mississippi, it is c(jniposed, accordinii' to hinj, 
 " of one group of strata, containing yary lussiliffrctus limestone 
 beds, of a light-grey colour, often whitish, and IMlowing the 
 limestone of the Silurian, v/ith which tliey have much litho- 
 louic analoiry." 
 
 Mr. JjOgan terms this loviivdCionCiflcdrrous Schist of Gasj^^, 
 (upper inirt,) and the Sini(hloiic of Gaq^e ; the name under 
 which Mr. ]\Iurray particularizes it, when speaking of l^ppev 
 Canada, is VnjKr Limeshnic. 
 
 Of the Devonian fossils, only the (Jultjmcnc hvjh and 
 the Zttjihi-ciifis (jlifanhii, are specified as fouud in Canada 
 Oh\ rcou — pp . 2 S-:5 2 . ) 
 
 X< 10 Red Sniuhtonr^ called by Mr. Logan Covijlomeratr 
 Li)))< sfouc and lir</ StDuhfone, — which belongs to the class of 
 S>'coii(J'irj/ Ji'/cks, — is found at( Jaspc ; — and on Lake Superior, 
 according to .Marcou, though [Messrs. Logan, Foster, and 
 Owen regard the stone found there as the same with the Pots- 
 dam. 
 
 The general character of the rocks composing this forma- 
 tion is stated to be a development of lied Sandstone, some- 
 times whitish-grey in thin, and often Schistose strata, of varia- 
 ble hardness, though generally very tender, and having the 
 litholoiiic form known in the United Slates by the name of 
 Freestone. 
 
 At Lake Superior, with a number of other places named, 
 Marcou describes the formation as presenting often '' long lines, 
 of nearly horizontal beds, capped by masses of Trap, simi- 
 lar to the masses of basalt of Auvergne and Ireland, and, like 
 tlien\, divided transversely, and presenting the columnar struc- 
 ture so celebrated in the («iant's Causeway." 3lany points 
 of the northern coast of the Lake, ns well as the Avhole of the 
 
 soutlj 
 . <'Poi| 
 
 eel eh I 
 
 taineJ 
 
 Jn] 
 
 I andoi 
 
 pp. 3( 
 
 its ml 
 
 sourc( 
 
 Jjawrc 
 
 I f(.tund 
 the rh 
 now ii 
 
 I Lake 
 same j 
 sand a 
 
 I format 
 scratch 
 regions 
 equate: 
 ^'chicfl 
 from t] 
 
 ] which 
 
 ■ where 
 meuon 
 blocks 
 where 
 very fii 
 althouj 
 scratcl 
 limits, 
 anothc 
 have s 
 chang( 
 all sorl 
 
mammmmmlf^ 
 
 15 
 
 s stated by 
 )art of the 
 ,\', and tlie 
 
 .e basins of 
 v: ti) him, 
 s liincistone 
 llowiiifj; the 
 iiucdi litiio- 
 
 t of C(iq)^, 
 imc under 
 ■ of I'ppev 
 
 hvjh and 
 in Canada 
 
 he chiss of 
 Supcrioi'j 
 
 )ster, and 
 the Tot;^- 
 
 his forma- 
 
 |ne, soine- 
 
 ., of varia- 
 
 ;iving tlic 
 
 ^ name of 
 
 named, 
 luJiij; lines, 
 [ap^ simi- 
 |and, like 
 uir striic- 
 ly points 
 lie of the 
 
 southern, aecordinp!: to him, present this peculiar I'unnation. 
 ''Point Koewena and Tsle lloyalc are," he says, "specially 
 celebrated for the rich mines of native Copper and Silvoi con- 
 tained in trap which crosses it." 
 
 Jmpressi'fHs of rain dropa are met with at Lake Superior, 
 and other places, in connection with this formation. (Marcou, 
 pp. 80-42.) 
 
 " On the heiglits which border the St. Lawrence, from 
 its mouth to its source, that is, to Seven Beaver Lake, the 
 source of the St. Louis liiver, — tlic first name of the St. 
 Jjawrence, — varying; from fifty to one hundred feet, arc 
 f.iund deposits of sand and clay, often forming terraces above 
 the river, which contain shells identical with those that live 
 now in the waters of the Kiver and the (Uilf of St. Lawrence. 
 Lake Champlain and the liiver llichelieu, also present the 
 same phenomena. The diiferencc between these deposits of 
 sand and clay and those further south is, that they overlay a 
 f formation, often considerable, composed of drift, boulders, and 
 scratched and polished Hocks, which is special to the Polar 
 regions, or to the high mountain chains of the temperate and 
 equatorial zones," This formation of drift and boulders is 
 "chiefly marked by sand and clay, enclosing blocks which vary 
 from the size of a pebble to that of an enormous rock, and 
 which have been transported various distances from the point 
 where they were formed. A constant and particular pheno- 
 menon of this formation is the marks of the passage of these 
 blocks and gravel upon all the rocks that form the country 
 where they arc found. These marks consist of scratches, often 
 very fine, the majority of which follow a certain direction j 
 although in America a surface is seldom found with all the 
 scratches parallel, which sometimes occurs, within narrow 
 limits, in the Alps. The scratches occasionally cross one 
 another at all angles, from zero to ninety degrees, though they 
 have still a general direction, which the crossing does not 
 change ; and they are imprinted with the same regularity on 
 all sorts of rocks, even the Conglomerate, which are cojnposed 
 
 Tl 2 
 
~^-4,hh!ft-f*^H-mmmiH}iii\*mii^^ 
 
 i 
 
 \r> 
 
 of iragiucnts of vtwious liardiicss ; which shows that the foro' 
 that produced them must have been uniform andpowcrfuh" 
 
 In reiijard to the origin oi' tlie.sc scratches difference of opin- 
 ion exists ; — some ascribing tlicm to the action of c;hiciers, 
 while others hold them to have been occasioned by the attri- 
 tion of iloatinu; ice. The latter is the opinion to which Marcou 
 seems inclined, as also Sir ('harles Lvoll ; Avhile 3Ir. Logan 
 appears disposed to lean to the former. (Mareou — pp. 53, 54- ; 
 lleport of Geological Survey of Canada for ]S45-4(j, pp. 70- 
 74 ; Lyell's Travels in North America in 1840-42, A'ol. II., 
 p. 83.) 
 
 '^ The greater part of the American Drift and Boulders/' 
 Marcou thinks, " are due to ice-bergs and ice-cakes, still so 
 common now on Lake Superior, on the coast of Labrador, the 
 Jjanks of Newfoundland, and on Hudson's Bay." (54.) In 
 this opinion Sir Charles Lyell seems to concur. (Travels in 
 1840-42, Vol. IL, pp. 83, 84.) 
 
 Marcou notices frequently the correspondence in certain par- 
 ticulars between tlie strata of Canada and those of Scandinavia. 
 On this point Lyell expresses himself as follows respecting the 
 valley of the St. Lawrence and its environs, to which he de- 
 scribes his observations as having been confined : " I seemed," 
 lie remarks, " to have got back to Norway and Sweden, where, 
 as in Canada, gneiss and mica-schist, and occasionally granite, 
 prevail over wide areas, while the fossiliferous rocks belong 
 either to the most ancient or the very newest strata, to the 
 Silurian rocks, or to deposits so modern as to contain exclu- 
 sively shells of recent species. In both countries, wc pass 
 over enormous spaces without beholding any formations of an 
 intermediate age. In both, large erratics, or far-transported I 
 fragments of rocks, have been carried from north to south, 
 while the surfaces of solid rocks covered at various heights by 
 gravel, sand, and clay, have been smoothed and furrowed." 
 
 " There are large parts of Scandinavia, where the Silurian 
 strata have not been invaded by trappean rocks, v;^^ other fel- 
 spathic or basaltic. There are others, where these igneous 
 
 m\ 
 an 
 
 COI 
 
 a <j 
 
 si 
 
 al)i 
 
 riv 
 
 pel 
 
 :l!!!,| l l ! | l! !! ! |il !!! l! l 
 
mumitummtiy^^ 
 
 I hut tlic lore 
 powerful." 
 enee of opin- 
 1 of glaciers, 
 
 I by the attri- 
 vliieh Marcou I 
 Ic jMr. Logan 
 —pp. 53, 54 ; 
 »-4(), pp. 70- 
 42, A'ol. II., 
 
 II Boulders/' 
 ;akos, still so 
 Labrador, tlic 
 ." (54.) In 
 '. (Travels in 
 
 11 certain par- 
 ' Scandinavia, 
 cspecting the 
 liicli he dc- 
 I seemed," | 
 eden, ■where, | 
 ally granite, ^ 
 oeks belong 
 trata, to the 
 ontain cxclu- | 
 ies, we pass 
 lations of an 
 transported 
 li to south, 
 s heights by 
 Arrowed." 
 the Silurian 
 v,-^^ ether fel- 
 lese ijiueous 
 
 17 
 
 minerals have intruded themselves, both in the form of dyke.s 
 and overlying masses, as in Sweden, at Kinnekulle, near Lake 
 AVeniM', and in Norway, near Christiana. The same geological 
 condition recurs in Canada, the mountain of Montreal atlbrding 
 a good example of slightly disturbed Silurian limestone full of 
 shells and corals, with a thick capping of basalt or greenstone 
 about eighty feet thick, which terminates abruptly towards the 
 river, giving a picturesque outline to the hill. Numerous 
 dykes or veins of trap, both fclspathic and augitic, are seen 
 penetrating the limestone, and some of them sending ramifica- 
 tions through it. 
 
 ^'The termination downwards," he continues, '^of ilie most 
 ancient fossiliferous rocks of Canada in a stratified quartzose 
 sandstone, with few fossils, aflV»rds another point of analogy be- 
 tween the geology of Scandinavia and North America. An 
 additional one is supplied by the unconformable superposition 
 in both hemispheres of the inferior sandstone to gneiss." (Vt>l. 
 2d, pp. 103-105.) 
 
 Elsewhere he notices, as a point of coincidence, the abun- 
 dance in Scandinavia and Canada of fossil shells of the follow- 
 ing species, now living in the northern seas, viz. : — ScLcicnva 
 riiQOsa, Ml/a tnincofa, JSfija arcnarr.a, Tdllna calrarra, Td- 
 ina Groenlandica, Xatica chiusa, and Bolanns itddcvcdcnsis." 
 (Ibid. p. 122.) 
 
 By way of general sketch of the geology of the Province, the 
 above may, we presume, suffice, as we shall have an opportun- 
 ity of introducing such additional particulars as may be of spe- 
 cial interest, whether in a general or local point of view, when 
 dealing with its geography. 
 
 Before passing to that, let us notice briefly the more import- 
 ant of the mineral and economic materials stored up within 
 these strata for the use of the future inhabitants of this " good 
 land," through means of which the God of nations has made 
 such munificent provision for her well-being and her power. 
 
 The following summary wed(>vive from a catalogue appended 
 
 
18 
 
 to llic Report of the Gcoloirical Survey for 1849-50, (pp. 107- 
 115), whoso arran<rcmcnt we follow : — 
 
 Class Ist— 3IETALS AND TIIEIll ORES. 
 Iron — Mngnrtic, Spent lar, Boq, and Titani/errms, 
 Zinc anc^ Lead — Sulphurets. 
 (!(>rPER — Vitreous Snlphrtrcf, with diver. 
 
 Native Copper, with silver. 
 
 Yclloio and variegated sulphurets. 
 
 Argentiferous yellow sulphuj'ct. 
 
 Argenti-auriferous yellow sjiljihnret. 
 Nickel — Snlphurct,d^c.; with iron jyyrites ; nickel oelire. 
 SiLVKR — Native, d:c. 
 Gold — Native, in gravel and vein. 
 
 Class 2d.— CHEMICAL MATERIALS, being such as require 
 peculiar chemical treatment to fit them for use. 
 Uranium — (^For glass staining and jporcelain j)ainting, 
 
 Chromium — (^For glass staining, porcelain and oil 
 ptainting, (tr.) 
 
 Cobalt — (^For glass sta in ing and porcelain pa inting, cC'c.) 
 
 Manganese, Bog — (^Fur bleaching and decolorizing 
 agents.^ 
 
 Iron Pyrites — (^For manufacture of copjieras and sul- 
 phur.^ 
 
 Dolomite, with 45 per cent, of Carbonate of Magne- 
 sia — (^For manufacture of Epsom Salts and the Mag- 
 nesia of commerce.^ 
 
 Magnesite, with 83 per cent, of Carbonate of Mag- 
 nesia — (^For the samepmpose). 
 
 Class 3d— STONE PAINTS. 
 Barytes — Permanent white. 
 Iron Ociire — Yelloio ochre, Spanish hroicn, &c. 
 Talcose Slate — Oclirc yellow, French ivhite. 
 
 I 
 
 Clas 
 
 PlfffPf 
 
rn]im>i>hh»maiWf''Vl 
 
 (pp. 10< 
 
 ro7(ii. 
 
 k el ochre. 
 
 a« require 
 
 0. 
 
 milnthig, 
 
 and oil 
 
 ing, &c.) 
 jlorizing 
 
 and sid- 
 
 Magne- 
 
 'he Mag- 
 
 Df Maq- 
 
 19 
 
 SoAPSTONE — ^Vh^tey vcri/ pure. 
 ►Serpentine — (irccn ish wh itc. 
 Feurlcjinous Clay — Light red. 
 
 Class 4tli—MATKrtTALS APPLICATJLE TO 'rtlH AllTS. 
 
 LiTiiocjRAPiiic Stone — Quantity largo, and exposures 
 numerous. 
 
 Class 5th— :niatertals applicable to JEWEL- 
 
 LEllY AND ORNAMENTAL PUllPOSES. 
 
 Agates, Jasper, Lai}rad()rite, Sunstone, IIya- 
 ciNTiius, Oriental IIuries, Sapiiires, Amethysts, 
 lliBBONED Chert (/or cameos), and Jet. 
 
 Class Gth— MATEPJALS TOR CLASS-MAKTNG. 
 
 White Quartz Sandstone, Pitciistone, Basalt and 
 Allied Rocks (Jthr Hack glass.) 
 
 Class Ttli— REFRACTORY 3LVTERIALS. 
 
 SoAPSTONE, ASBESTUS, SANDSTONE, and PLUMBAGO. 
 
 Class 8tli— MANURES. 
 Phosphate op Lime, Gypsum, Shell Marl. 
 
 Class 9th— GRINDING & POLISHING MATERIALS. 
 MlLL-STONES — Silicious conglomerate, Granular and 
 
 corneous Qiiari. rock, Granite, Pseudo- Granite (icith- 
 
 out Quartz grains). 
 Grindstones — Of various descriptions. 
 Whetstones and Hones — Very abundant. 
 Canadian Tripoli — A siliceous infusorial deposit. 
 
 Class 10th— MATERIALS FOR PAVLNG, TILING, &c. 
 Roofing Slates — Flag Atones, widely spread. 
 
 Class 11th— BITILDING 3IATERTALS. 
 Granite — Of superior (jyailti/, vhilc, and cleavahle ; 
 very widely spread. 
 
vt^aMMiXHIWaM*^ 
 
 20 
 
 T 
 
 ]*SF,UDO-(jRAMTi: — Without Quartz grains, ichite, cleav 
 
 ah 
 
 hk. 
 
 Sand-stone — Tr/lovish vhitr. Widely spread. 
 Calc.^ikous San d-stone. 
 Limestone — Scattered over the whole countr}'. 
 Ltme — Common, Mmjncsian, Jfi/draulic. 
 
 Class 12tli— 3IATEUIALS FOll BRICKS, TILES, and 
 
 POTTKllY. 
 
 Clay — For Rid and White Brichs, and for Tiles and 
 
 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 imon I at 
 
 jMariile — White (a Dolomite), Blaeh, Brown, Grey and 
 Mottled, Varieyated, udiitc and f/reen, Verd Antique, 
 Servient inc. 
 
 Class 13th— COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. 
 Peat — Abundant in many places. 
 Petroleum, Naptha, Asphalt. 
 
 Class 14th— SUNDRY OTHER MATERIALS. 
 Moulding Sand, Fuller's IIvrtii. 
 
 From later Reports the following additions arc derived : — 
 
 Class 1st — Ilmenite, Galena, Platinum, Iridosmine. 
 
 Class 2d — Chromic Iron, Molybdenite. 
 
 Class 5th — Felspar, Ortiioclase, Albite, Anortii- 
 iTE, Tremolite, Marmolite. 
 
 Class Vth — Pipestone. 
 
 Class 11th — Quicklime. 
 
 Class 14th — Phosphate of Iron; — Mineral j^aint; Mi- 
 neral Caoutchouc ; Scapolite ; Lievrite ; Celestine ; 
 Apatite; Sphene ; Rut He ; AUanite. 
 
 New Species — Wilsonite, Looanite. 
 
 (Reports 1850-51, pp. 35-4G; 1851-52, pp. 04- 
 98; 1852-53, pp. 142; 168-173.) 
 
 For the localities and quantities in which these very varied 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 CI 
 
 (I 
 
 R!?|!!WiiiES 
 
tKuMHuuuimiaii^ 
 
 chite, cleav- 
 
 y- 
 
 LES, and 
 
 * Tiles and 
 
 , Girj/ and 
 I Antique, 
 
 LS. 
 
 LS. 
 
 ivcd : — 
 
 DOSMINE. 
 
 Anortii- 
 
 int; Mi- 
 destine : 
 
 pp. 94- 
 V varied 
 
 , 
 
 21 
 
 materials are met with, we must refer the reader to the catalogue 
 and lieports above referred to, simply remarkiiiLT that the more 
 imimrtaiit of them are spread over a eonsiderable portion of the 
 country, and in an abundance which, besides supplyin;:^ our 
 own wants, will ailurd the means of an extensive foreign com- 
 merce. 
 
 In relation to the mineral portion of the Canadian Fixhil)i- 
 tion at ;he World's Fair, the followini!; judijnient wa.s pro- 
 nounced in the lleportof the Jury on 3lineral J'roducts, drawn 
 up by M. DulVeno)', Juror for France, 3Iembcr of the Institute 
 of France, and Inspector-General of Mines in that country : — 
 
 " Of all the IJritish colonies, Canada is that whose exhibi- 
 tion is the most interesting and the most complete, and one 
 may even say that it is superior, so far as the 3Iineral Kingdom 
 is concerned, to all countries that have forwarded their pro- 
 ductions to the Exhibition. This arises from the fact that the 
 collection has been made in a systematic manner, and it results 
 that th(? study of it furnishes the means of appreciating at once 
 the Geological structure and Mineral resources of Canada." 
 
 " It appears to me," says ]Mr. Logan, ''that the Mineral 
 collection made as favourable an impression on the public at 
 large as upon the Jury ; and most of the metropolitan daily 
 journals noticed it with approbation ; and a detailed descrip- 
 tion of it is given in the Iland-Book to the Official Catalogue 
 by Mr. 11. Hunt, Professor of Mechanical Science in the Go- 
 vernment School of Mines." 
 
 ""^he vast supplies of iron," it is added, " witli which the 
 collection gave evidence that the Colony is enriched, appeared 
 to arrest the attention of all. The British miner, accustomed 
 to follow into the bowels of the earth, beds of ore of six inches 
 to one foot, containing between thirty and forty per cent, of 
 this important metal, naturally regarded with surprise huge 
 blocks of it from beds of 100 and 200 feet in thickness, and 
 yielding GO to 70 per cent." . . " The Canadian iron ores 
 were examined with great care and attention by the agents of 
 
 ^imim%. 
 
..^tt..-.<>».«Mi-«mm 
 
 22 
 
 llussiii; it soomod to strike thorn vrith wonder that such prodi- 
 gious resources sliould be found in any country l)ut tlicir own ; 
 and tlic pulilic in general, without takinir into consideration 
 the question of its present application to profitable uses, seemed 
 to regard the great beds of iMagnetic Oxide as national maga- 
 zines in which was storeil up a vast amount of material indis- 
 pensable to the comfort and progress of mankind, which it is 
 always satisfactory to the inhal/itants of a country to know is 
 within their reach and control, should circumstances arise to 
 render its application expedient or necessary." 
 
 " The specimens of gold from the Chaudicre Mining Com- 
 pany's workings, on the ToufFe des Pins, were not etjunlled by 
 any in the building, with the exception of a mass, weighing 
 eighteen pounds, from California, and with other pcpifcs, less 
 in size and fewer in number than those of the Touffe des Pins," 
 from other Canadian localities. ^Iv. Logan states that an Eng- 
 lish manufu( turer had, in 1852, had five tons of chromic iron 
 sent him, per order, with a view to its introduction into the 
 English market; and that ho was "informed by onci of the 
 principal manufacturers of paints in London, that the iron 
 ochres from Canada were of the best usual description, and 
 equal to those now imported from France." . . . ''In the 
 Canadian collection there were no less than seven exhibitions 
 of ochres from eight different localities, the deposits of which 
 are important in quantity. An enterprising American, who 
 attended the Provincial Exhibition in Montreal in 1850, im- 
 mediately on observing the ochre exhibited by Mr. J). G. La- 
 barre, from Pointc du Lac, went down to the spot and purchased 
 the lot on which it there occurs ; and I understand that he has 
 since exported from it several hundred barrels of the ochre to 
 the United States." 
 
 '^ The lithographic stones from iMarniora" were also ''spe- 
 cially noticed in the lleport of the Jury, for their homogeneous- 
 ness and apparent good ((uality, and particularly for a point of 
 scientific interest connected with them, which is, that they be- 
 long to a formation of niufh older date tlian nny lithogrnphio 
 
 St' 
 
 tof«l 
 
 Call 
 
 thi- 
 lltlJ 
 
 m^m^^m 
 
mmtma 
 
 ich prodi- 
 icir own ; 
 iidoration 
 s, scoincd 
 Jal niaira- 
 ial indis- 
 liic'li it is 
 I know in 
 ariso to 
 
 ntr Com- 
 lallod by 
 vciuhins: 
 if''s, less 
 IS Pins," 
 an Eng- 
 inic iron 
 into tlic 
 3 of tho 
 he iron 
 )n, and 
 In the 
 ibitions 
 which 
 who 
 ), im- 
 
 G. La- 
 
 jhased 
 
 le has 
 
 hre to 
 
 '^spe- 
 leoiTS- 
 int of 
 ■J he- 
 ipliio 
 
 I 
 
 28 
 
 stones hcrotuloro discovered. Jlcsearchos for them have here- 
 tofoFL' been contiliedto the rocks of the orditic scries, wliile in 
 C'anathi tliey are found near the )»asc of the Lower Hihirian ; 
 tliis discovery widen'* tho lichl in whi( h many who practice 
 lithography ni.'Y look ior the stone." 
 
 Such was the cstirniito formed <.f the (quality of the white 
 quartzose sandston<» u>cd for glass-making, tliat en^juirics have 
 since been made of jMr. Logan, on behalf of a largo manufiic- 
 turing house in England, as to the co.>t at which it could be 
 forwarded to the I'nited Kingdom, " large orders" being anti- 
 cipated, provided tho price should suit. 
 
 The ^Mineral Manures, especially the jdiosphate (»f lime 
 exhibited by Dr. "Wilson of Perth, are further described as hav- 
 ing '^ attracted attention," as also the whetstone rock from 
 the Ivistcrn Townships, which " wa.s considered of excellent 
 quality." 
 
 None of the granites in the Knirlish Pivision, thoufih in- 
 eluding "many splendid examples from Devonshire, Aberdeen, 
 and other places," appeared to Mr. Ijogan "to ccpial the gran- 
 ite of the Eastern Townships, an undressed block of which 
 measuring upwards of a foot cube, procured from the vicinity 
 of Stanstcad, was much admired. '' One of the Serpentines 
 froui Brompton Jjako, showing a dark green ground with black 
 spots, is stated to have been " of a peculiarly beautiful charac- 
 ter." lie was informed by the Marble manufacturer, a highly 
 respectable one, who cut the stone for Exhibition, " that largo 
 blocks of such a description would command a ready sale in 
 London." (Geol. lleport for lS,")l-r)2, pp. 43-5o.) 
 
 Already a mass of Magnetic Iron Ore has, as reported in tho 
 Newspapers, been forwarded to Paris for the approaching Ex- 
 hibition, which weighs over 2,000 lbs., v.-ith one of Specular 
 Iron of about the same weight, and measuring six feet in 
 length, so that it is to be hoped the standing secured in London 
 will be maintained there. 
 
.,vj.«R. > M. n.tiwmi*'^ 
 
 24 
 
 As yet no discovery has been made of Coal in Canada. By 
 way, however, of compensation for this fact, it is our p:ood for- 
 tune to be so surrounded by the Coal fields of our neiahbours 
 and fellow-colonists as to make the obtaininii; of an unlimited 
 supply, and that at a moderate cost, comparatively easy. Tn 
 Toronto the expense of Coal brought from Ohio is little, if at 
 all, more than half that of wood grown within a few miles of 
 the City. "Distributed over nearly half the coast of the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, from St. George's liay, Newfoundland, to 
 Bathurst, in the ]5ay of Chaleurs, Nev.'brunswick, the beds of 
 coal are often seen exposed, even in clifls that surmount the 
 sea, — seeming to hold themselves in readiness, so to speak, for 
 the ships that cross the Gulf. The Klines of Sidney and 
 Pictou are celebrated even in the United States, and tlieir 
 Coal competes with that of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- 
 ginia." (Marcou, p. 37.) 
 
 " The Western District of Canada," says ?.[r. Logan (in a 
 valuable article on its Physical Structure, contained in the 
 number of the Canadian Journal for August, 1854, pp. 1, 2), 
 " has, at a short distance on the north-west side of it, the Coal 
 field of Michigan, and at a somewhat greater on the south-east, 
 what has been called the Coal-field of Appalachia. The for- 
 mer, as has been ascertained by the investigations of the Geo- 
 logists of the LTnited States, occupies the chief part of the 
 interior of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, and has a 
 superficies of about 12,000 square miles, while the latter, ex- 
 tending in length from the north-eastern corner of Pennsyl- 
 vania to Tennessee, and in breadth from tlie vicinity of Lake 
 Eric to the sources of the Potomac, presents the greatest 
 known Carboniferous area on the face of the globe, its surface 
 being equal to about 00,000 square miles." 
 
 Mineral Springs abound in Canada, some of which enjoy 
 considerable repute on account of their medicinal qualities. 
 Fifty-four of them have been described in the lleports of the 
 Provincial Geologist and his associates. These Springs are 
 divided by 3Ir. Hunt (in the eport for 1852, where a list of 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 wmmimmmm^mfk^' 
 
•"mnitt^^^ 
 
 -'an a da. By 
 )ur good for- 
 I' noio-libours 
 in uiiliinitod 
 y easy. In 
 s little, if at 
 fow miles of 
 of the Gulf 
 mndland, to 
 the beds of 
 irnioiiiit the 
 speak, fur 
 Sidney and 
 ■i, and tlieir 
 d, and Yir- 
 
 Logan (in a 
 led in the 
 
 > PP- 1, 2), 
 t, the Coal 
 south-east, 
 The for- 
 f the Geo- 
 art of the 
 and has a 
 latter, ex- 
 Pen nsyl- 
 of Lake 
 greatest 
 ts surface 
 
 ich enjoy 
 qualities. 
 ■ts of the 
 ings are 
 a list of 
 
 i 
 
 25 
 
 them, which we append, is given) into two classes, namely, 
 " the Saline and the Acid ;" the Saline being arranged into 
 two divisions. Of these divisions, the first marked A, and 
 arranged in the order of their Saline strength, that is, ac- 
 cording to the amount of solid matter which they aflbrd, 
 " includes such as contain, in addition to the alkaline chlorids, 
 sulphates or hydrochlorates of lime and magnesia." Of the 
 twenty-seven waters included in this group, twenty-two ^' con- 
 tain iodids and bromids," which ]\Ir. Hunt states he has never 
 found absent in the proper Saline waters of tlie country, whose 
 characteristic ingredient is common salt. The five at the bot- 
 tom of the list are very feebly Saline, containing only '' traces 
 of chlorids, with some sulphate of lime and magnesia." 
 
 "A great number of the proper Saline waters," it is added, 
 '' contain small portions of salt of baryta and strontia ; they 
 are found in part^dissolved as chlorids, and are in part thrown 
 down as carbonates, with the precipitate of carbonates of lime 
 and magnesia, which all of these waters afford when boiled, 
 and which arc dissolved in the recent water as bi-carbonates. 
 The two bases, baryta and strontia, are generally, if not always, 
 found together, and they arc seldom wanting except in those 
 waters which contain sulphates. Small quantities of carbonate 
 of iron arc generally found with the earthy carbonates, but it 
 is in no instance in sufficient quantity to give a marked chaly- 
 beate character to the waters." " Traces of manganese" and 
 '^ phosphates in small portions" arc generally met with. — 
 '' When evaporated to dryness with an acid, these waters 
 always yield a portion of siliea." " Boracic acid" was detected 
 in a water of this division from La-]5aie (No. 3.), and it is 
 probable that it may be found in many others. Though 
 ^' none of waters yet examined contain that excess of carbonic 
 acid which gives to the Seltzer and Saratoga waters their 
 sparkling appearance and acidulous taste," '^ many of the 
 Springs give off carburetted hydrogen gas, in greater or less 
 quantities ; the most remarkable instances arc 5, G, and 7 of 
 division A, and 2 and 4 of division B." 
 
 tJdUt::}Wi4^|^:' 
 
,.Kt,ni»!i}o(w»)iieiW^ 
 
 26 
 
 In the following list the amount of solid matter for 1000 
 parts of the water is given, while in each instance reference is 
 made to the page of the llcport in which the analysis may be 
 found, and a star ('^j marks such as have been quantitively 
 analysed. Those containing sulphates are marked with the 
 letter S, and those in which baryta and strontia have been 
 found, with I> : — 
 
 CLASS LsT.— SALTXE WATEllS. 
 DIVISION A., CONTAINING CIILORIDS OF EARTHY BASES. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 G 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 10 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 20 
 27 
 
 LOCALITIES AND XAMKS. 
 
 Ancastcr (Salt Well) 
 
 Bay St. Paul 
 
 La-Baie-du-Febvre (Lafort's Spring) 
 
 Alfred 
 
 Caledonia (" Intermittent") 
 
 St. L(-on 
 
 Caxton 
 
 Riviere Ouelle 
 
 Plantagenct (La Rocque's Spring)... 
 
 Lanoraio 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Plantagenot (Georgian Spring) 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Point-du-Tour 
 
 L'Orignal (Langlois' Spring) 
 
 La-Baie-du-Febvre (Loizeau's Spring) 
 
 Ste. Anne-de-la Pocatiere 
 
 Pike River (Saline) 
 
 Ancaster (Sulphur) ; 
 
 St. Bcnoit 
 
 Pike River (Sulphur) 
 
 St. Eustache 
 
 Lcs-Eboulniens (Sulphur) 
 
 Fitzroy (Grant's Sulphur Spring) 
 
 Pakenham Village (Sulphur Spring). 
 
 Westmcath (Petrifying Spring) 
 
 Matan River, Gasp(; 
 
 S 
 <( 
 
 B 
 B 
 
 n 
 
 B 
 
 (i 
 
 S 
 (( 
 
 B 
 B 
 
 S 
 S 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 S 
 B 
 
 S 
 S 
 
 s 
 s 
 s 
 s 
 s 
 s 
 s 
 
 In 1000 pts. 
 
 Si'O Pkoport for 
 
 30-07 
 
 20-08 
 
 15-04 
 
 14-50 
 
 14-07 
 
 13-83 
 
 13-05 
 
 13-30 
 
 13-10 
 
 12-88 
 
 11-20 
 
 10-98 
 
 10-16 
 
 7-30 
 
 0-40 
 
 5-44 
 
 5-OG 
 
 4-70 
 
 -88 
 •70 
 
 -;<• 1848, p 
 
 1851, 
 1853, 
 1852, 
 
 * 1848, 
 
 * 1849, 
 
 * 1849, " 
 1852, " 
 
 * 1849, " 
 
 * 1851, <« 
 1852, 
 
 * 1851, 
 1852, 
 1850, 
 1851, 
 1853, 
 1852, 
 1840, 
 1848, 
 1849, 
 1849, 
 1850, 
 1851, 
 1847, 
 
 101 
 
 53 
 
 100 
 
 112 
 
 149 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 113 
 
 57 
 
 48 
 
 112 
 
 47 
 
 117 
 
 103 
 
 53 
 
 100 
 
 114 
 
 59 
 
 162 
 
 GO 
 
 5y 
 
 103 
 
 63 
 
 124 
 
 *' The amount of solid matter in 10 and 20 was not deter- 
 mined, but their observed specific gravities were near that of 
 18. The proportion of the chlorids of calcium and magnesium 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 
 m 
 
vnwijofwixinim'''^ 
 
 ter for 1000 
 J reference is 
 I lysis may be 
 quantitivcly 
 kcd with tlic 
 a have been 
 
 IIY BASES. 
 
 ?eo Report for 
 
 18^8, 
 
 P- 
 
 IGl 
 
 1851, 
 
 << 
 
 53 
 
 1853, 
 
 <( 
 
 IGO 
 
 1852, 
 
 (< 
 
 112 
 
 1848, 
 
 (( 
 
 149 
 
 1849, 
 
 << 
 
 53 
 
 1849, 
 
 << 
 
 55 
 
 [852, 
 
 (( 
 
 113 
 
 1849, 
 
 (( 
 
 67 
 
 851, 
 
 (( 
 
 48 
 
 852, 
 
 (< 
 
 112 
 
 851, 
 
 (• 
 
 47 
 
 852, 
 
 (< 
 
 117 
 
 850, 
 
 (( 
 
 103 
 
 851, 
 
 (( 
 
 53 
 
 853, 
 
 <( 
 
 IGO 
 
 852, 
 
 <( 
 
 114 
 
 840, 
 
 <( 
 
 59 
 
 848, 
 
 (< 
 
 162 
 
 B49, 
 
 (( 
 
 GO 
 
 ^49, 
 
 (< 
 
 5'v> 
 
 ^50, 
 
 (< 
 
 103 
 
 ^51, 
 
 (( 
 
 53 
 
 ^J7, 
 
 <t 
 
 124 
 
 • • 
 
 (( 
 
 • • • 
 
 • . 
 
 <( 
 
 • • • 
 
 •• 
 
 (( 
 
 ... 
 
 not tleter- 
 3ar tliat of 
 la.srnesium 
 
 27 
 
 corabincd, to the entire amount of solid mattei, varies greatly 
 in the above waters ; in the Ancaster Salt Well, it is equal to 
 ouc-half, making the water bitter and disagreeable to tho taste, 
 like sea-water, but far more intense; those chlorids arc also 
 present in large proportion in the waters of Kingston, 35ay St. 
 Paul, and lliviere-Ouelle, and render them unpalatable. The 
 waters from 3 to 12, that of llivierc-Ouelle excepted, are very 
 much alike in character, and are all agreeably saline to the 
 taste. Of the waters among these last, which have been quan- 
 titatively analyzed, the Intermittent of Caledonia will be seen 
 to contain the largest amount of these earthy chlorids; after 
 which follow the St. Leon and Georgian Springs ; then those 
 of Lanoraio, Caxton, and I'lantagenct, which contains the least 
 of all." 
 
 "In the second division of saline springs, these earthy chlo- 
 rids are wanting, and wc find instead, a portion of carbonate of 
 soda, which gives to the waters, when concentrated, an alkaline 
 or soaj)y taste. Some of these are, at the same time, strongly 
 saline, but in others the alkali predominates, and renders the 
 taste of salt in the evaporated waters hardly perceptible. They 
 all afford the reactions of bromine and iodine, and many, per- 
 haps, of all of them contain a portion of borate of soda. Car- 
 bonates of baryta and strontia are found in all those which do 
 not contain a portion of alkaline sulphate.^' 
 
 CLASS 1st.— SALINE WATERS. 
 DIVISION B, CONTAINING CARBONATE OF SODA. 
 
 NAMES AND LOCALITIES. 
 
 Vareiincs (Outer Spring) 
 
 (Inner Spring) 
 
 Fitzroy (Gillans' Spring) 
 
 Caledonia ("Gas Spring").... 
 
 (" Saline Spring") 
 
 
 In 1000 pts. 
 
 B 
 
 10-72 
 
 B 
 
 9-58 
 
 B 
 
 8-34 
 
 S 
 
 7-77 
 
 s 
 
 7-34 
 
 Soo Report for 
 
 * 1849, p. 49 
 
 * ... " 51 
 
 * 1851, <« 49 
 
 * 1848, «' 141 
 
 * ... " 143 
 
 t^iiWi«»i4l^' 
 
..,».l»H>.j^(i;.M»II,1*0^<ft 
 
 28 
 
 CLASS LsT.—SALINK WATEluS. {Continued.) 
 
 G 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 10 
 17 
 18 
 
 NAMES AND LOCALITIE.S. 
 
 Belocl 
 
 La-lJaie (Courchene's Spring) 
 
 Chanibly (llang-des-Quarante) 
 
 Ste. Ilyacinthe (Provitleiicc Spring) 
 
 La-Baie (Iloule's Spring) 
 
 Caledonia (Sulphur Spring) 
 
 Chambly (Graud-Coteau) 
 
 Ste. Martino 
 
 Nicolet (Hebert's Spring) 
 
 St. Ov:rs 
 
 Ste. Anne-de-la-Pocatiere 
 
 Jacques-Cartier River 
 
 Nicolet (Hoy's Spring) 
 
 
 inionopts. 
 
 B 
 
 7-33 
 
 B 
 
 7-29 
 
 B 
 
 5-74 
 
 B 
 
 5-10 
 
 B 
 
 4-90 
 
 S 
 
 4-i>4 
 
 B 
 
 2-13 
 
 S 
 
 1-98 
 
 S 
 
 1-5G 
 
 s 
 
 •53 
 
 s 
 
 •30 
 
 s 
 
 •34 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 See Hepori 
 
 for 
 
 1851, 
 
 <( 
 
 51 
 
 1853, 
 
 (( 
 
 101 
 
 1852, 
 
 a 
 
 116 
 
 1850, 
 
 >( 
 
 102 
 
 1853, 
 
 (< 
 
 101 
 
 1848, 
 
 (( 
 
 145 
 
 1853, 
 
 a 
 
 154 
 
 1852, 
 
 << 
 
 114 
 
 1853, 
 
 (( 
 
 102 
 
 1853, 
 
 t( 
 
 157 
 
 1852, 
 
 u 
 
 113 
 
 1853, 
 
 (( 
 
 159 
 
 • • • 
 
 <( 
 
 102 
 
 Sitni 
 liyrhl 
 p. I 
 of i\ 
 l)C.si( 
 St. 
 
 v., 
 
 like 
 infor 
 St. ] 
 furl 
 
 The quairtity of alkaline carbonate in these springs is stated 
 to ^ bear no constant proportion to the whole amount of saline 
 matter/ the waters of Varennes, Caledonia, Fitzroy, and Belocl 
 containing but from -05 to '58 parts in 1000 parts of carbon- 
 ate of soda, equal to from 1 to 12 per cent, of the whole 
 amount of alkaline salts present, while the Jacques-Cartier spring 
 contains 1-95, that of St. Ours -134, that of the Grand-Coteau 
 of Chambly 1-OG, and Hubert's Spring, in Nicolet, 1-13 parts, 
 equalling 82, 63, 52, and 72 per cent, of the whole amount of 
 alkaline salts present. These less saline waters, then, contain 
 not only relatively, but actually, more alkaline carbonate than 
 the more strongly saline springs. It will be understood that a 
 small undetermined portion of the soda represented as carbon- 
 ate, exists combined with tartaric acid." 
 
 "The second class of springs consists (according to Mr. 
 Hunt's statement), of a small number containing free sul- 
 phuric acid, together with sulphates of lime, magnesia, alu- 
 mina, protoxyd of iron, and small portions of alkalies, with- 
 
 the 
 
 ilMii«^j]ittt««timiiiMl^)M||gp 
 
ir«»iw<m«tt«»M»»'HS; 
 
 'nurd.) 
 
 ?ee Report for 
 
 1851, 
 
 " 51 
 
 1853, 
 
 '« 161 
 
 1852, 
 
 " 116 
 
 1850, 
 
 " 102 
 
 853, 
 
 «' 101 
 
 1848, 
 
 " 145 
 
 1853, 
 
 " 154 
 
 852, 
 
 " 114 
 
 1853, 
 
 " 102 
 
 1853, 
 
 " 157 
 
 1852, 
 
 " 113 
 
 1853, 
 
 '« 159 
 
 ... 
 
 «' 102 
 
 gs is stated 
 
 lit of saline 
 
 and Beloel 
 
 of carbon- 
 
 tlie whole 
 
 irtier spring 
 
 and-Coteau 
 
 1-13 parts, 
 
 amount of 
 
 in, contain 
 
 (onatc than 
 
 tood that a 
 
 as carbon- 
 
 ng to 
 
 Mr. 
 free sul- 
 ncsia, alu- 
 lics, with- 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 3^ tiMco of chlorine j they all coiitaiii sul].,liurotied 
 hydruL-'on. Of these four are known, all beinc;' in the same 
 roi;i<jn of "Western Canada; they are, the Tuscarora Sour 
 Sprinjj;, containing 1-87 parts of sulphates, and 4-li9 of free 
 hydrated sulphuric acid, in 1000 — (See lleport for 1848, 
 p. 152) ; anotlier in Niagara, with about 0-G parts of sulphates 
 of the above bases, and two parts of free acid in 1000 ; 
 besides a third near Chippewa, described by Dr. Mack, of 
 St. Catherines, C.W., in the British American Journal, \o\. 
 v., p. 63, which, in composition and strength, is very much 
 like that of Tuscorora; and a fourth of which ]Mr. Hunt was 
 informed by Dr. Chase, of St. Catherines, in the vicinity of 
 St. Davids, and similar to the last, although Vicaker. (lleport 
 for 1850, p. 100.) 
 
 "^All the Springs of division A, with the exception of those 
 of Ancaster, which belong to the Niagara group, issue from 
 Lower Silurian Hocks. The water of Ste. Anne, No. 17, 
 comes from the Oneida Conglomoratc, and the others, Nos. o, 
 8, IG, 18, 21, and perhaps 6 and 14, issue from the Utica 
 Slates of the Hudson River group ; while the others belong 
 to the Trenton limestone, or to inferior Silurian strata. Of 
 the Springs of division B, the three of Caledonia belong to the 
 Trenton limestone, and that of Fitzroy to the Chazy or Calci- 
 ferous sand-rock, to the latter of which the water of Ste. Mar- 
 tine is probably to be referred. Of the remaining thirteen, 
 Nos. 1, 2 and 17, were from the Utica Skites, and the 
 others from the Hudson lliver group, with the excep- 
 tion of 16, which issues from the conglomerates immediately 
 above." 
 
 Of one Spring, the Charlotteville, situated a few miles west 
 of Simcoe, not included under either of the above classes, 
 Mr. Hunt gives an account (in the Report for 1848, pp. 157- 
 160) of which wo shall present the substance : 
 
 i( 
 
 The specitic gravity of the water is 1002-712; it is limped 
 
r.M^u^u^...^ »*...«»«-•)•••«<«' 
 
 :^0 
 
 and sparkling, its oduur strongly sulpliuroiis, and Us taste puU- 
 gcnt, witli soiucthiug- like sweetness, leaving an ini})ression of 
 warmth in the mouth fur some time. AVlien mixed with a 
 solution of chlorid of arsenic, it Lccomes (juite opaque from the 
 preei})itation of yellow sulphurct of arsenic. A qualitative 
 examination showed, hofrides, the presence of chlorids and sul- 
 phates, the latter in large quantities ; the bases were potash, 
 soda, lime, magnesia, with traces of alumina and iron ; a large 
 portion of the lime and 3Iagnesia were not precipitated by 
 boiling." " The amount of sulphuretted hydrogen was calcu- 
 lated to be -ITTGo parts to 1000 by weight, or 11-G cubic 
 inches to 100 cubic inches of the water." The sulphur was 
 shown, on examination, to " crust as sulphuretted hydrogen, 
 and not as a fixed sulphuret." The amount of solid matter 
 was calculated to be 2 -40440 parts. 
 
 " The great peculiarity of this water," Mr. Hunt .says, "is 
 the unexampled quantity of sul})huretted hydrogen it contains. 
 The strongest of the celebrated llarrowgate ^^prings yields but 
 14 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen gas to the gallon, 
 while the Charlotteville contains in the same measure 2G-8 
 cubic inches. This, added to its saline ingredients, cannot 
 fail," in Mr. Hunt's opinion, "to give the water great medi- 
 cinal virtues." Kemarkable instances, he states, were men- 
 tioned to him of the cure of " obstinate cutaneous diseases" 
 by its external application. " AVhcn taken in doses of a 
 pint or more, it acts as a mild aperient, but its effect seems 
 principally determined to the skin and kidneys, acting as a 
 sudorific and diarctic." Mr. Hunt is "Hot aware of any sul- 
 phurous water either in Canada or the United States which is 
 comparable with it." " The discharge," about 16 gallons per 
 minute, he thinks " abundantly adequate for the supply of 
 baths;" while the location of the Sprin^, " in the midst of 
 a pleasant and fertile country, and but a few miles from Lake 
 Erie and from Port Dover," " is such as to make it easily ac- 
 ccssiblcv" 
 
 J 
 
 n 
 
 havei 
 vSt. (I 
 l)lish| 
 littlei 
 
 mmmmmmmmmHm^lfl0 
 
31 
 
 taste puu- 
 prcs.sioii (A' 
 ud Nvith u 
 .0 from tlic 
 quiilitativo 
 h and sul- 
 2YC potash, 
 111 ; a largo 
 pitatcd by 
 was calcu- 
 li -G cubic 
 ilpluir "was 
 liydrojj^cn, 
 ;lid matter 
 
 it says, " is 
 it contains. 
 ■! yields but 
 the gallon, 
 lasure 26*8 
 pits, cannot 
 ^rcat inedi- 
 wcrc men- 
 diseases" 
 doses of a 
 'ect seems 
 licting as a 
 f any sul- 
 s "which is 
 gallons per 
 supply of 
 midst of 
 Vom Lake 
 easily ac- 
 
 For medical purposes the Caladonia andlMantagenet SprliiLTS 
 have been long in repute. In connection with the Spring at 
 8t. Catherines excellent baths have been erected, with an esta- 
 Idishment for the accomniddation of invalids, which will suffer 
 little in comparison with the Hotels of Saratoga. 3Iuch value 
 is put by multitudes who have made proof of it on the Tus- 
 carora Sour Spring. 
 
 GEOGKAPIIICAL FEATUllES OF CANADA. 
 
 '' The Province of Canada," says jMr. Andrews, " though 
 stretching in longitude from the centre of the Continent to the 
 shores of Labrador, and in latitude from the waters which 
 flow into the Northern Ocean to the parallel of I'eiinsylvania, 
 derives its importance not no much from great area, diversity 
 of climate, and productions, as from Geographical and Com- 
 mercial position. 
 
 From tide-water upon the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, 
 this Province adjoins, and even penetrates, so as to divide, one 
 of the most commercial as well as important agricultural por- 
 tions of the United States. The shortest land route between 
 the heart of New York and Michigan is through the peninsula 
 of Canada West, which embraces one half of the coast of the 
 most commercial body of fresh water (»n the globe. 
 
 The commercial position of Canada West as a "■ Portage " 
 or '' Stepping Stone" between the ^Manufacturing and Com- 
 mercial States on the Atlantic, and the Agricultural and 3Ii- 
 neral ones of the north-west, is illustrated by the Wellaiid 
 Canal, the Great Western and the Ontario and Huron Hall- 
 ways. 
 
 Among the prominent features of Canada, her military posi- 
 tion is worthy of notice. She is the most northern power 
 upon this Continent ; and in conliguration upon the globe, she 
 presents a triangular form, the apex of which forms the extreme 
 
 mmm^ 
 
-•,»*»<- *i«#tn»«»^^ 
 
 'ol 
 
 soutliinfr, and pciictnites tlio United ^States ; while the base is 
 rciiiotc, uud rests upon tlie icy re|.iions (.>f tlie ]S'irth. 
 
 Flanked Ly the inhusi»italde c.'ast of Labrador upon the 
 East, and ]>v the almost inaccessilde territories of the Hudson's 
 Ijay Company upon the West, she ean only be attacked ''in 
 front;" ^vhen, retiring into more than Scythian fastnesses on 
 the Ottawa and the Saguenay, and keeping up communication 
 ■with the strong fortress of Quebec, she can maintain prolonged 
 and powerful resistance against foreign hostile invaders. 
 
 Viewing Canada as a whole, it may be described as a broad 
 belt of country lying diagonally along the frontiers of the 
 United kStatcs, from north-east to south-west, from Maine to 
 3Iichigan, and between the 42nd and 4llth parallels of lati- 
 tude. The great Hiver St. Tjawrencc presents itself conspicu- 
 ously as a leading feature in its l*hysical Geography, traversing, 
 in a north-easterly course, the grand valley which it drains in 
 its mighty career to the ocean." (Report on Colonial and Lake 
 Trade, presented in 1852 to the Senate of the United States, 
 
 The points which specially claim our regard in considering 
 the country Geographically arc its more elevated Lands, its 
 Lakes, and its llivers. All we shall attempt in relation to 
 these will be to notice the particulars of chief interest and im- 
 portance. 
 
 The waters of Canada are divided from those of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Territory by a Granite ridge, having a mean eleva- 
 tion above Lake Superior of about 800 feet, the surface of 
 which is varied by granite knolls and sand-lianks, rising from 
 150 to 200 feet above its general level. '" The summit of this 
 water-shed of the St. Lawrence basin, commencing; towards 
 Labrador coast, runs south 51° west, or about south-west half- 
 west, at the distance of rather more than 200 miles from the 
 water-course, until it comes opposite to that elbow of the line 
 of the great Lakes which Erie forms ; it then takes a north 
 51° west course, or about north-west half-west, toward the 
 north-east end of Lake "Winnipeg, and onward from thence in 
 
 )|}W»ftW!''5Utt1S^HJWWJil^f^ft^i|S^' 
 
,«w..,..«-iiMnn>«l''4) 
 
 the Lasc is 
 li. 
 
 r upon the 
 lie Hudson's 
 ittuckcd ''in 
 iiiStncs.<-c.-> on 
 nnmnication 
 in prolonged 
 Elders. 
 
 d as a broad 
 itiers of tlic 
 am Maine to 
 .llels of lali- 
 elf conspicu- 
 V, traversins.', 
 I it drains in 
 ial and Lake 
 nitcd States, 
 
 considering 
 Id Lands, its 
 relation to 
 U'cst and ini- 
 
 lof tlic Ilud- 
 mean eleva- 
 ie surface of 
 rising from 
 linmit of this 
 ing towards 
 th-wcst half- 
 lies from the 
 of the line 
 lies a north 
 toward the 
 thence in 
 
 
 i 
 
 the same direction to Coronation (lulf of the Arctic Sea. The 
 angle at which the two arms of this oxtonsive water-shod (hut 
 nowhere mountain ridge ) meet hotweon Lakes Huron and On- 
 tario is within half a point of a right-one, and the character of 
 the surface is everywhere the same, bearing, in the ramifica- 
 tions and conjunctions of its narrow valleys filled with water, 
 no distant resemblance to the fiords of the Norway coast." 
 (Sir John llichardson's Arctic Expedition — New York — pp. 
 45, 4G.) The scenery of this whole tract is described as 
 abounding in picturesfpie beauty, though for agriculture the 
 country is said to be unfavourable. 
 
 The next of these ridges in elevation and importance is 
 that which divides the waters falling into the (.)ttaAva from 
 those which are received by the St. Lawrence. '' Tliis ridge, 
 pursuing a course chiefly westerly, from the division lino be- 
 tween L ppcr and Lower Canada, traverses the Townships of 
 Lochiel and lioxburgh, in the rear of Osnabruck, "Williams- 
 burgh and Matilda (in v.diich last Township the lliviere des 
 Petites Nations takes it source, at the distance of five miles 
 from the St. Lawrence) ; thence, winding through Edwards- 
 burg and Elizabeth Town, where it divides the source of one 
 of the great branches of the llideau, near a small Lake, from 
 the head of Tonnewanta or Jones's Creek, at tlie distance of 
 about ten miles from the St. Lawrence, the ridge traverses 
 Bastard and Crosby, in a line extending diagonally towards the 
 north, and divides the waters and Lake of the liideau, from 
 those of the Gannanorjue.'' 
 
 Towards the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa the ridge just 
 described ''has a gradual descent of four feet one inch in a 
 mile." 
 
 '' Continuing its course westerly, this table-land divides the 
 head waters of the liideau from those of the Nepaunce; thence 
 winding northerly through Olden, towards Barric, it separates 
 the head waters of the Mississippi from those of the Moira ; 
 and pursuing its main westerly direction, Avinding along the 
 heads of numerous streams, emptying themselves into the 
 
 ttWJiHitesif^ft^K^ 
 
,MW»f.fHl'''!ft 
 
 ai 
 
 Trent Uivcr, and ii chain of small lakes stretching towards 
 Lake Simcoe, tlie westerniost of which is IJalsani Lake, passes 
 nhoiit eij^htecn miles north of that lake. Throu<ih the Balsam 
 Lake passes a water communication . . which penetrates 
 through the ranqe of hiuh lands, and e.\])ands into two or 
 three narrow lakes, successively up to its source near the head- 
 waters of the 3Iadawasca, through which chain of small lakes 
 and four I'ortages, a ready communication is given from the 
 source of the stream to Lake iJalsam. At the point where 
 this stream approaches the head-waters of the Madawasca, it 
 is divided from them by another ridge of elevated or table- 
 land" still higher, which, taking hence an easterly direction, 
 joins the former near the sources of the Eideau, ''dividing 
 the head-waters of streams falling into the Ottawa from those 
 taking the direction of Lake Huron." 
 
 Stretching in a north-west course this latter ridti;c meets and 
 unites with that already described as separating the waters of 
 Hudson's Jiay from those of the great Lakes of Canada. 
 
 '' From the Bay of Quinte another ridge of high lands runs 
 in a westerly direction along the northern shores of Lake On- 
 tario, at a distance, in some places, of not more than nine 
 miles, . . dividing the numerous streams antl head-waters 
 of rivers falling into that lake from those descending north- 
 Ward into the lliver Trent, Kice Lake, Otonabee lliver, and 
 the chain of lakes before mentioned. The ridge receding 
 northward and westerly from the lake to the distance of twenty- 
 four miles from Toronto, there separates the waters of Holland 
 River and other streams falling into Lake Simcoe and Lake 
 Huron, from those discharging themselves into Ontario. 
 Thence, bending round the heads of the Toronto Credit, and 
 its tributary streams, dividing them from those of the Grand 
 or Ouse lliver, it pursues a south-easterly direction towards 
 the head of the lake, merges in the Burlington Heights, and 
 runs along the shores of Burlington Bay and the south side of 
 Lake Ontario, at a distance not exceeding from four to eight 
 miles, to Queenston Heights," whence it passes on in an 
 
 cas 
 por 
 luu 
 
 (li, 
 
 !m})>di«tiimtiii(mt>tt<)iij|E!^|2gi 
 
..»«f'.fMt^*SJ 
 
 ig towards 
 tike, passes 
 the Balsam 
 
 pcnotiatcs 
 ito two or 
 r the licad- 
 ^luall lakes 
 I from the 
 oint where 
 dawasca, it 
 1 or table- 
 ■ direction, 
 
 *' dividing 
 from those 
 
 ! meets and 
 
 le waters of 
 
 iiada. 
 
 lands runs 
 Lake On- 
 tlian nine 
 ead-waters 
 ing north- 
 iiver, and 
 receding 
 of twenty- 
 Holland 
 and Lake 
 Ontario, 
 redit, and 
 the Grand 
 n towards 
 ghts, and 
 ith side of 
 r to eight 
 i on in an 
 
 4 
 
 85 
 
 easterly direction, on the ^southern border of th^ lake, t» "^Dck* 
 port in the .State of Now York. This ridge is supp»tsfMl to 
 have formed the shore of the original basin of Lake Ontario. 
 (Bouchette's liritish America, A'ol. I., pp. 70-72.) 
 
 From (Jrenville, on the Ottawa, another elevated range 
 stretches in a north-easterly direction across the country, at a 
 distance from the St. Lawrence varying from L'j to 40 miles, 
 till it " roaches the river at Cape Tourmentc, 30 miles below 
 Quebec. From this Cape the mountainous character of the 
 shores of the St. Lawrence may be properly said to commence, 
 and especially to the northward, whore thoy consist of bold and 
 abrupt hills, rising to a general elevation of oOO and 400 feet, 
 and in some instances attaining an altitude of 2,000. To the 
 southward the Great Valley is bounded by a range of hills 
 situated about the sources of the Connecticut lliver, and con- 
 necting to south-west with the Green jMountains in the State 
 of "X'ermont, and by them with the bold range of the Allega- 
 nies, which forms the grand geological division between the 
 waters of the Atlantic and those of the St. Lawrence. The 
 mountains at the head of Connecticut, in their progress north- 
 eastward, diverge into two different ramifications or spurs about 
 the source of the St. John lliver : one directing its course 
 centrally through the country, nearly parallel with the course 
 of the St. Lawrence and the shores of the sea ; the other di- 
 verrring more to the north, and extending along the St. Law- 
 rence to its mouth," at a distance from the borders of the 
 river varying from oO to lo miles, but at last it ''subsides on 
 its banks, and confines the bed of the waters." " Seea from 
 the northward it has a distinct outline, but it does not exhibit 
 the appearance of a mountainous range when viewed from the 
 southward, in consequence of the table elevation of the coun- 
 try on that side. Beyond the mountains that bound the valley 
 of the St. Lawrence on the north, the common level of the 
 land is marked bv a considerable table elevation above the sur- 
 face of the river, and is traversed by several ridges of no very 
 conspicuous altitude till the bolder mountains rise to view. 
 
 mmmimni^j0 
 
■•^«*«* *««>t.**i«fH.i>***'*V 
 
 86 
 
 that hound the Province to the north-west," of which wo have 
 ah'oady spoken. (IJouchcttc, Vol. T., pp. I'^.'i-lSO.) 
 
 Those ranges arc gonerally formed of eruptive and nicta- 
 morphic Hocks, which makes the contour of the various liydro- 
 graphic ba.sins. Marcou cUissifies them as follow.s : 
 
 1. — llic Laurcntinc Sjjutcm. 
 
 " Tlie ^rranitie, sycnitie, and gneiss rocks, whicli make tlie 
 foundation of tlie Laurent ine Mountain.^, are affeoted with nu- 
 merous dislocations that have uplifted them in different ways. 
 These dislocations arc not all of the same epoch ; nevertheless, 
 tlierc is one main direction which prevails nuich over the 
 other directions, and is almcjst from east to west, with an aver 
 age deviation of nearly 5°, which gives for the direction E. 5° 
 N. and W. 5° S. 
 
 " These primitive dislocations, which fonn the mass of 
 the Laurentine 3Iountains, have been subjected to much 
 alteration by the crossing of the directions of subsequent dis- 
 locations, which, added to the great dilfieulty of exploring the 
 country where tliey are found, renders the "^tudy of them not 
 easy. The localities where this older dislocation of the Lau- 
 rentine may be best observed are, the northern side of Lake 
 Superior, between the factories of Michip^coten and the Pic ; 
 the northern coast of Lake Huron, between French Iliver, 
 Lake Nipissing and Fort La Cloche, and the lin3 which 
 goes from Lake Simcoc a little to the north of King.^-lon." 
 
 The parallel lines in ^Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, named 
 by him the Ozark System, arc supposed by Marcou to belong 
 to this older system of dislocations. 
 
 2. — Tvo Jfountains and Montmorcnci System. 
 '^ The dislocations giving rise to this system took place," in 
 jNLarcou's opinion, ''at the end of the deposit of the first 
 group of Lovrer Silurian ; that is, after the formation of the 
 Potsdam group. Its direction . . . appears to be approxi- 
 inativcly E. 40° N. and W. 40° S. The beds of the Potsdam 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 gro 
 moi 
 wlii 
 
 will 
 
 cnv 
 In. 
 com 
 Yo 
 
 mmmmMif^miiimuimnmm^g0i' 
 
37 
 
 2h. wo have 
 
 antl mota- 
 iuu.s li^dro- 
 
 i make the 
 !d with nu- 
 jrent ways, 
 jvorthcloss, 
 li over the 
 th an aver 
 ction E. 5° 
 
 e mass of 
 
 I to much 
 
 cquciit (lis- 
 
 ')lorin2: the 
 
 them not 
 
 the Lau- 
 
 e of Lake 
 
 the Pic ; 
 
 ch Ilivcr, 
 
 n^ which 
 
 |r.'ion/' 
 
 IS, named 
 to belong 
 
 m. 
 
 place," in 
 the first 
 on of the 
 3 approxi- 
 c Potsdam 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 group !.re jrreatly elevated near the junction with the Mola- 
 morphic rocks, and i\vo oft(>n niet-.imorphoscd thenisplves, 
 Avhidi yives tiieni a vtT}' liard (juartzito asjtoct. The li»ralilies 
 where this svst(>ni of dislocation can he Ixst oltscrvcd uvo the 
 environs of Quohoc, cspcv'ially hotwt^en tlio Montiuoronci and 
 Indian liorette Falls; Mount Calvary, in Two 31ountaIns 
 country, near Montreal; and Little Falls, in the State of New 
 Y(»rk." " The movement tliat pive rise to these dislocations 
 was much less considerable thui when the Laurentine System 
 appeared, and was nut felt at distant localities; it has only 
 modified some ]iart-< of the precedin-i upheaval, by crossing 
 and penetrating- It tu firm small chains adjacent to this older 
 ranirc of mountains/' 
 
 o 
 • J. 
 
 '• In many localitits, ;ind especially at .Viontniorenci and at 
 the Little Falls, the beds of the second group of Lower Si- 
 lurian, or Trenton group, are found deposited liorizontally on 
 very much inclined strata of th.e Potsdam group, presenting, 
 consequently, very discordant stratification. These beds, 
 forming the 'J'renton group, have also been subjected to dislo- 
 cations soon after they were deposited. Without presenting 
 any groat projections, or marks of nuich disturbance and up- 
 heaval, these dislocations, which took place after the deposit of 
 the sec )nd group of Lower Silurian, aro nevertheless very 
 clearly marked, and htive left very remarkable traces, especially 
 in Lower Canada. The summit of the mountain that over- 
 looks 3Iontreal is formed of dykes of greenstone or Trap, 
 which have entirely crossed the beds of the Trenton group, 
 and are even spread over them. Several other dykes of trap, 
 which are f)und in the same position on difTerent points of the 
 borders of the Ottawa lliver, as well as the 3Iountains of Ilel- 
 oeil. ll'jugemont, ^[ontanville, and Johnston, n./ar the Pvivers 
 liicheli('u, Huron, and Yamaska, appear to belong to the same 
 Bystem of dislocation, whoso general direction would be pre- 
 cisely from east to west. I think traces of the 3Iontrcal svs- 
 
 (K«:,;ija3?;f^n,^^ 
 
38 
 
 I >i.i.i,!»»l»i«ll''*lft 
 
 tern will bo found in other reg■ion^, i.nd particiilarly in TppcT 
 Canadii aiul tlic Stat(! of Now Yojl'." 
 
 4. — Xolre Ddino Moim'di'u S'/ston. 
 
 Tlii.s system Marcoii holds to date " from the t'lul of the de- 
 position of the Lower Sihiriaii." The " numerous strata of 
 blaek Schist, distinuuislicd in the State of >.'ew York by the 
 name of Utiea and lEudsou Hivcr ^roup," . . '' whieli form 
 ahnost entirely tlie banks of the liiver llielielieu, of the St. 
 Lawrence Imver than 3Iontreal, and on Avhich is situated the 
 City of Quebec, liave l)cen upheaved ah.)nu' tlic whole of this 
 line, to Cape lloziere at the extremity of (Jaspe. Tlie Xotro 
 Dame Mountains, ibrmed of eru[)tive and metaniorphic rocks, 
 sonu! of whose summits attain ^,500 feet, owe their origin en- 
 tirely to this movement, whose treneral direction appears to be 
 E. 20^ X., and AY. 20' S. . . The group of igneous rocks 
 forming the Notre Dame .Mountains is isolated, and entirely 
 detached from the neighbouring groups. A line of hills of 
 sedimentary rocks, of very slight elevation, extends between 
 3Lidawaska and the Hivcr du Loup, and joins these mountains 
 to those which are near Point Levi." 
 
 5. — (1 rem }[<>uuf(uii Sj/s/cni. 
 
 This system, indicated by Mr. Hitchcock under th(; name 
 "Oldest 3Ieridional a.nd lloosac Mountain System,' — veiy 
 much developed in the western part of Massachusetts, — " forms 
 entirely the (Irecn ^fountains in Yermont, and extends into 
 Lower Canada as far as the river Chaudicre. The general 
 direction approaches the meridian, with a slight deviation to 
 the east, which gives for the average N 7° K, and S 7° AV." 
 The mctamorphic fossiliferous rocks found by 31 r. Logan in 
 the Lakes 31emphramagog and St. I'rancis are held by Marcou 
 to prove that the dislocations giving rise to this range took 
 place " after the deposit of the Tpper Silurian." At several 
 j)oints in \'ermont, into which it extends, but especially at the 
 Uiver Chaudiero, Canada, the (Ireeu Mountains present quartz- 
 
 
 I 
 
 IJS 
 
 wl 
 
 a 
 
 of 
 
 to 
 
 r 
 
 La 
 
 tttHMMh4M4tMHMMM«W>^t«,.j|^f^ 
 
^Itw.ttt.til.tl^ttftlt'''^ 
 
 y in TpfK^r 
 
 of the de- 
 ls strata (»f 
 )rk by the 
 liicli form 
 
 of the 8t. 
 ituated the 
 ole of tliis 
 Tlie Notre 
 pi lie rucks, 
 
 origin en- 
 dears to be 
 }ous rocks 
 id entirely 
 of hills of 
 between 
 mountains 
 
 th(^ name 
 , ' — veiy 
 — "' forms 
 ends into 
 e ,LieneraI 
 liation to 
 , 70 ^v." 
 
 Louan in 
 y Ma re oil 
 n.ii'e took 
 U several 
 lly at the 
 it fiuartz- 
 
 39 
 
 ose veins traversing itacolumites, and containing native gold, 
 which, though in some quantity, <loe^ not," this writer thinks, 
 "appear to present sullicient ricliness to reward the wtjrking 
 of it." 
 
 ^larcou's sixth and seventh Systems it is unnecessary 
 to notice. OP hi-! eighth, (which ho calls the ** iKenrciiau 
 Purnt and C<ipe B!(tm'''(l'>i) A''/.«: /*"?}>,") the normal position is 
 found at Point Keeweirui, Isle lloyale, and 1'hunder <'api,, 
 Lake Superior ; the two parallel shores of the ]>ay of Fuiuly ; 
 Capes Split aiul IJlomedon ; and tlie ^lagdalene Islands in the 
 Gulf of the St. ].(awrencc. h'rom 3Ir. J^iogini's descriptions he 
 conceives this system to be exhibited on tlu^ northern coast 
 of the ]>ay of Thaleur, between the river liistigouche, Rich- 
 mond, and Port Daniel. Its dislocations surround immense 
 dykes of basaltic trap, which lias often flowed over them, cover- 
 ing the beds of the New lied Sandstone. This trap contains 
 veins of native copper, which cross it perpendicularly, and give 
 great value to the regions containing it — with " all the varie- 
 ties of copper ore, of native silver, and many zeolitic minerals." 
 (Pp. 07-75.) 
 
 Of the general character of the regions whose elevations — 
 which may in some instances be properly enough designated 
 mountain ranges — we have thus briefly sketched, notice will be 
 taken by-and-by. 
 
 Let us now turn our attention for a short time to 
 
 TIIK LAKKS OF CANAD.V. 
 
 Though these, as we shall see, are very numerous, and scat- 
 tered over the whole country, the designation is applied by way 
 of eminence to Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. 
 
 As these bodies of water, vast as they are, and justly as they 
 deserve the name of Inland Seas, so often givfii them, are but 
 expansions of our magnilicent St. JiaAvivncc, on which iio many 
 eloquent eulogiums have been proiiouiiccd, it vrould ,'ecm but 
 natural, before cnterinu' on tlusir <;on'^ideratIoH, to supply, by 
 V 2 
 
40 
 
 way of introduction, some slidit notice of it; though particulars 
 may bo, pcrliaii.s, more advantaireoiisl}' tloiilt witli as the roiiions 
 throuiih which it passes come under our review. 
 
 3Ieasuriim' from tlic source of the St. Lewis lUvcr, in Latitude 
 48^ 30' North and longitude about 1!:]° West, the ^t :i>aw- 
 rence has a course ol' 2,170 miles in length. At Capcllozicre 
 its breadth is eighty miles, being twenty at Kamouraska, where 
 its average depth is twelve f;;thoms. It is computed to dis- 
 charge annually into the sea about 4, 277, '^80, 000, 000 tons of 
 fresh water, nearly half of v/hich is held to be melted snow. 
 (^Macgrogor's (Commercial Statistics, Vol. X., p. 100.) Mr. 
 McTaggart reckons its contents in cubic feet, eudjracing 
 Lakes Superior, Huron, 31ichigan, ]"]rie and Ontario, to be 
 1,547,702,800,000 (cubic feet), its superficial area amounting 
 to 72,030 square miles, the water in which w^ould form a cubic 
 column of nearly 22 miles on each side, (^rontgomery ]\Lu'tin's 
 British Colonies, Vol. I., p. 52.) This would seem rather an 
 understatement, (liiyot ( i^arth and 3Ian, p. 200) declares 
 the lliver and Lakes, whicli he asserts can novv'here be paral- 
 leled, to " cover a surface of nearly 100,000 square uiiles," 
 adding, th;it " it has been calculated that they contain almost 
 one-half of all the fresh waters on the surface of our planet." 
 According to this writer, the basin of the St. liawrenco com- 
 prises nearly a million S(iuare miles, AVilh the aid of the 
 St. Lawreiu.e ami AVellaiul Canals, this stupendous river is 
 naviuable for a distance from its mouth of nearly two thousand 
 miles, small craft being able to ascend considerably higher. 
 
 Lake Superior, the uppermost of our Inland Seas, '^ is 
 comprised," (says Charles T. Jackson, M.D., late United 
 States Geologist and Chemist, in a Taper given in An- 
 drews' lieport, pp. 232-244), ^Mjctween the 4(;th and 40th 
 degrees of north latitude, and the 81th and 02nd degrees of 
 longitude, west of Greenwich. Its greatest length is 400 
 miles ; its width in the middle is 100 miles, and its mean 
 depth has been estimated at 000 i'cct. Its surface is about GOO 
 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean, and its bottom is 
 
 80 
 
 its 
 m< 
 
 its 
 cir 
 Ol 
 K: 
 the 
 
 lMMMl««U*tliiM«M««KMMtt)«Knh||^ 
 
u 
 
 )articulars 
 ic regions 
 
 in latitude 
 
 St. Law- 
 
 >c liozic're 
 
 ka, where 
 
 d to dis- 
 
 10 tons of 
 
 ted snow. 
 
 0.) Mr. 
 
 !iubraclng 
 
 •io, to be 
 
 mounting 
 
 ni a cubic 
 
 f Martin's 
 
 rather an 
 
 ) declares 
 
 be paral- 
 
 luiles," 
 
 1 almost 
 
 planet." 
 
 ce cuni- 
 
 of the 
 
 river is 
 
 thousand 
 
 iti'lier. 
 
 cas, 
 
 u; 
 
 IS 
 
 United 
 in An- 
 id 4Uth 
 Lirees of 
 
 is 400 
 ts mean 
 >out 000 
 ottom is 
 
 800 feet below the level of the sea."' 3Ir. LuL^an states that 
 its greatest depth is supposed to be ],-!00foet. Taking its 
 mean depth at 000 feet, he conceives it to contain about 
 4,000 cul)ic miles of water. According to his estimate of 
 its size, which comes considerably short (4' J)r. Jackson's, its 
 circumference is 1,500 miles, and its area JJ2,000 square miles. 
 On the north side of the Lake three considerable rivers, the 
 Kamanitiquia, the Neepigon, and the Pic, fall into the Lake, 
 the 3Iichipicoten and the Montreal entering it on the east side. 
 These streams take their rise in the height of land separating 
 the waters of Hudson ]3ay from those of the St. Lawrence, 
 and vary from lOO to 200 miles in length, (lleport for 1840- 
 1847, p 7.) About forty miles from its mouth the Kamaniti- 
 quia passes through Dog Lake, which Mr. Murr.iy describes as 
 an extensive sheet of water, thickly studded with Islands, oc- 
 cupying an area probably upwards of I'OO miles, and having 
 an elevation of about 500 feet above Lake Superior, or idjout 
 1,100 feet above the level of the sea. In its course, which ho 
 represents as something more than ll^O ndles in length, it is 
 precipitated, at what are called the (J rand Falls, almost verti- 
 cally a height of 100 feet, below which it rushes very nipidly 
 through a deer gorge, cut through slate, to the foot of the 
 Great Dog I'ortage. (Report for 1840-47, pp. 40, 50.) 
 
 Dr. Jackson, wlio states Lake Superior to bo the largest 
 sheet of fresh water on the face of the globe, describes it as 
 forming the most remarkable of the great American Jiakes, 
 not only from its magnitude, but also from the picturesque 
 scenery of its borders, and the interest and value attaching to 
 its geological features, lie pronounces it at the present mo- 
 ment the most valuable Alining district in North America, 
 with the exception only of tlic gold deposits of ralifornia. 
 " The whole coast of the Lake," he says, '' is rock-bound; and 
 in some i)laces mountain masses of considerable elevation rear 
 themselves from the immediate shore, while mural precipices 
 and beetling crags oppose theuiselves" to its surges, threaten- 
 inji the '" unfortunate mariner, who niav be cauuht in a storm 
 
 mt^miimnt^f/0 
 
 I 
 
i2 
 
 upon ii Icc-sliore, with almost ine' table destruction. Small 
 coves, or boat-harlxmr.s arc abiinda itly afVorded })y the myriads 
 of indentations upon the rocky cuast; and there are a few 
 good .snu!i; harbors Ibr vessels of moderate capacity, such as 
 .steamboats, schooners, and the like." Fntm Lake Huron it 
 dilTcrs, accordini^ to him, in ])0ssessinirbut few island.s ; thouirh 
 }.Ir. iidiian speaks of these beinu; cnninnui on tlie north shore. 
 "The Canadian shores of Jjake Superior," this gentleman 
 says, '" in general present a bold and rocky coast, divcrsitied in 
 the character of its scenerv in accordance with the distribution 
 of its difierent geological formations. Clilfs and eminences 
 rise up to heights varying from .'U)0 to 1,.'>00 feet, close upon 
 its margin, and this, deei)ly indented in some parts with exten- 
 sive bays, and in others possessing extensive clusters of islands, 
 is i:; a multitude of j>laces carved out into well-sheliered coves 
 and inlets, affording iniu'.niei'able h:irl)ours of a sale and com- 
 modinus character, destined greatly to facilitate whatever com- 
 merce may hereafter be established on the Lake, whether in 
 the produce of its mines or its fisheries." 
 
 Tile trees most common in tin; neighbourhood are spruce, 
 balsam ilr, white birch and ])ophir, with cedar on most places. 
 Hard-wood is scarce, red pine seldom seen, Avhitc pine not 
 abundant. Though the kinds of Avood required for building 
 and fuel are sulhciently abundant, there is a want of the sorts 
 esteemed in commerce. 
 
 Lake Superior freezes only near the shore, from which the 
 ice very rarely extends to more than ten or fifteen miles dis- 
 tance. IJoulders, however, native copper, and even animals, 
 such as " s(juirrels, rabbits, deer, moose, cariboo and bears, 
 are sometimes borne by its fi(jating masses to positions which 
 tlu'y would not otherwise have reached." The mouth of every 
 river on the iiake shore reveals, according to Dr. Jackson, by 
 the tlcin'.^ brought down by the ice in the spring freshets, the 
 nature of the rocks inid minerals which occur in its immediate 
 banks or bed : and thus indicates to the explorer the proper 
 places where to search for ores i.m" mettds. 
 
 and 
 
 •""'■■^•■'-*—' "' """" iiii i ni '' 
 
11. Small 
 le inyrlndB 
 are a i'cw 
 y, sucli as 
 ! Huron it 
 i ; tliouu'l'^ 
 jrtli shore, 
 pjcutlcnian 
 versitied in 
 iistribution 
 eminences 
 close upon 
 ,vith extou- 
 i of islands, 
 tcred coves 
 e and com- 
 itever com- 
 wlietbcr in 
 
 sire spruce, 
 uost places, 
 c pine not 
 )r building 
 )t' tlie sorts 
 
 Avhicli the 
 miles dis- 
 
 cn animals, 
 and bears, 
 
 linns wbich. 
 
 thof every 
 
 ackson, by 
 
 esliets, the 
 
 immediate 
 
 the proper 
 
 43 
 
 " The frosts of winter arc not," Mr. JiOgau states, '' suffi- 
 ciently long-continued to cool, nor the heat of summer to 
 warm this groat body of water to the temperature of the sur- 
 rounding surface, anl the lake in consequence considerably 
 modifies the temperature of the country on its banks, which is 
 neither so low in the one season, nor so high in the other, as it 
 is both to the east and to the west." In the niiddle of the 
 lake, on a calm day of sunshine, being the 7th of July, 31 r. 
 Logan found the temperature of the water on the surface to bo 
 only 88° Fah., and that of the atujosphcre above the lake only 
 51°, while in the interior of the country he thinks it was pro- 
 bably from 70° to S0°, or more. 
 
 In the opinion of Dr. Jackson, '' none of the American 
 Lakes can compare Avith Lake Superior in healthiness of cli- 
 mate during the suiiniier months;" and ho thinks "no })lace 
 so well calculated to restore the health of an invalid who has 
 suifered from the depressing miasms of the fever-breeding .'.-oil 
 of the south-western States." 
 
 Mr. Andrews (ileport, pp. 'I'-)] , ll;]2; describes the volume 
 of water brouuht down bv the tributaries of Sui)erii.r as all'ord- 
 ing superabundant water-power for manufactories the most ex- 
 tensive in the world, and pronounces the white-iish and trout 
 of the lake to be '' uuerjualled by any fish in the world for ex- 
 cellence of flavour and nutricious qualities." 
 
 Though in the innuediate vicinity of the lake the country is 
 comparatively sterile, the soil, when some distance from it is 
 obtained, is spoken of as being good. A couf^iderable popula- 
 tion is thought likely to occupy it by and by, in conse<|uenco 
 of the abundance of its minerals and its fi.di, and from the fa- 
 cilities which its position uives it for the I'arrvinu'ctn of alanre 
 and profitable commerce. ( Andrews ami Jacl^son.) 
 
 According to Mr. Logan, the formations on both sides of 
 Lake Superior are of a .-iiuilar cluiru-tcj'. '* The series on the 
 north, in ascending ordei-, consists of:" 
 
 '' Lst — (jranite and Syenit(> ; IJiu! — ilm-i-s; ;ii-d — Chloritic 
 and partially tal'-o-e ami coiiLilonu rat:' i-lates ; bluish slates or 
 
 .t.».4.MM«Hfn 
 
"•»^"'»"t"J'»i«tMn»P^ 
 
 44 
 
 slates intcrstratificd with trap ; sandstones, Innostoncs, indu- 
 rated marls, and ct^nLdonieratcs intcrstratificd with trap." 
 
 " 11i(^ base of tlio series is a irranite, I'rerjuently passin-r into 
 fi syenite hy the achlition of hornljlende," which has generally 
 n)iea associated with it. The mica and hurnhlende are trcne- 
 rally black, '' the quartz eitlier opaque or translucent white, or 
 colourless and transparent ;" the feldspar has usually some 
 shade of red, either pale or deep, whence the mass takes in 
 most cases " a reddish tinge," thouu'h it occasionally assumes '^a 
 speckled aspect" in conse(|uence of the feldspar's beinir crreen. 
 Except where cut by granite dykes, the grain of the rocks is 
 usually small. Occasionally the rocks present '' a double sys- 
 tem of joints, very regularly parallel for considerable sections 
 of the coast, giving it in some degree the appearance of strati- 
 fication." 
 
 " The granite appears to pass gradually into a gneiss, whicli 
 seems to participate as often of a syeniticasa granitic quality.'' 
 The layers, though "sometimes beautifully regular," are gene- 
 rally '* corrugated." Usually tliey are made up of several 
 minerals, with some one strongly preponderating. The 
 fcldspathic beds are sometimes many feet thick, being of 
 precisely the same character with the massive granite be- 
 neath. 
 
 Both the gneiss and the granite are very often traversed by 
 an ancient system of dykes or veins of a granitic character, in 
 general large-grained, very fcldspathic or quurtzose, sometimes 
 wholly the one or the other, and fre(|uently so cutting up one 
 another as to form a complete network on the surface. 
 
 '^The onciss is succeeded by slates of a izcneral exterior 
 dark-green colour, often dark-grey in fresh fractures, which 
 at the base appear occasionally to bo interstratiticd with beds 
 of a fcldspathic quality, of the reddish colour belonging to the 
 subjacent granite and gneiss ; sometimes they arc a combiiui- 
 tion of feldspar and quartz, occasionally Avith the addition of 
 hornblende, making sycnitic beds ; and in some the horn- 
 blende predominating, will iilve the svenite a sreneral green 
 
 "" ' """ 'NitegE'' 
 
,wmm> ' > »^ '^ 
 
 46 
 
 iS, 1 
 
 indii- 
 
 <in;ji: into 
 generally 
 arc ^cne- 
 wbitc, or 
 iilly f'ome 
 ;s takes in 
 ssumcs"a 
 in 2: urccn. 
 \e rocks is 
 ;loublG sys- 
 Ic sections 
 e of strati- 
 
 icl^s, which 
 ic (luality." 
 are gcne- 
 oF several 
 n--. 'i'hc 
 beinjx ol 
 o-ranitc he- 
 
 raversed by 
 haractcr, in 
 sometimes 
 ting lip one 
 
 ICC. 
 
 oral exterior 
 tures, Avhich 
 ul ^vith IkhIs 
 nuing to the 
 c a combina- 
 } achlilion of 
 
 le 
 
 tl 
 
 \e 
 
 Icncra 
 
 1 
 
 colour, ilising in the series, these become intcrslratitied with 
 ])C(ls of a .'■•laty character, lioMing a suflicicnt niunltcr of peb- 
 bles of various kinds to constitute condonierates," 
 
 rieturcd surfaces arc in niiiny cases presented in consc- 
 ([uencc of the wearing d<iv»-n of the c<tngloiner;itc slates and 
 pebbles by the action of the wa.tcr. Small opaf[ue-\vhitc I'eld- 
 spathic crystals mingling with the pebbles " (K'casionally spot 
 the whole rock." 
 
 At the llivcr Dore, near (Jros (*ap, about five miles from the 
 mouth of the 31ichipicoten, there is an exposure of these 
 conglomerate or pebbly slates of 1,700 feet in thickness. JJe- 
 hind this a much larger amount of the same formation comes 
 in, thouiih from its beiniz; over-trrown with moss and trees the 
 detail cannot be followed out. 3Ir. Logan thinks it probable 
 that it reaches several thousand I'eet. 
 
 ''On the formations already mentioned, rest unconformably 
 conglomerate beds, probably of no great 'thickness, composed 
 of quartz pebbles chieily, with a few of red jasper, and some 
 of slate in a urcen arenaceous matrix, eonsistiin;' of the same 
 materials in a finer condition. These are followed by a set of 
 very regular even layers of chert, sometimes approaching a 
 chalcedony, varying in colour IVom nearly white, through 
 diiferent shades of u'rev, to black, and in thickness from half 
 an inch and Ic's, to six inches, and sometimes even a foot." 
 Then layers of a calcareous (juality, weathering rust^'-red, and 
 presenting a striking ribb(,n-like ajipearance, separate the 
 plates from one another. '• Occasional thicker calcareous beds 
 occur, sometimes highly crystalline, separating aggregate bands 
 of the ribbon-like strata, and these calcareous beds, as well as 
 the chertbands, are sometimes interstratified with argillaceous 
 layc rs. In the vicinity of the disturbed parts, the chert some- 
 times passes into chalcedony and agate, and small cracks are 
 filled with small (juantities of anthracite." Some of the chert 
 bands appear to be made up of a mu.ltitude of miiuite, irregular 
 
 ^'MUti^j^f^ 
 

 among the Slates. Iron pyrites are also met with, with trap 
 bands, and " liiLrhly crystallised proluiito, accompanied by cal- 
 careous spar." The overflow of this is " from 200 to .']00 feet 
 thick, and the whole associated rocks to the base of the Ibrni 
 above may possess a volume of between 1,500 and 2,000 feet." 
 
 Jicposinp; on the formation just described, there occurs in 
 Thunder ]>ay a white sandstone, line-grained, and apparently 
 composed in s(»mo parts almost entirely of minute grains of 
 <{uartz, having in others small rounded white grains of a 
 calcareous (piality intermingled v.ith them. 
 
 The above beds, wliich have a thickness of about 200 feet, 
 r.rc '^ followed by sandstones, consisting (»f red ajid white 
 layers interstratiiied with one another, and associated with con- 
 glomerate beds composed chieliy of jiebbles and l)0ulders of 
 coarse red jasper, held in white, reddish, or greenish sand, as 
 a matrix. Th'.' thickness of these beds, which include more 
 calcareous matter thaji those below, can hardly be less than 
 500 feet. Limestones of a reddisli-white colour and compact 
 texture, adapted to building purposes, " interstratificd with 
 calcareous-argillaceous shales and reddish-white sandstones," 
 succeed them, " the whole giving probably not under «^0 feet, 
 with an addition of 50 feet of reddish indurated marl at the 
 top." Ued and white sandstones, very often argillaceous, with 
 conglomerate layers, follow these calcareous strata after an in- 
 terval of which the amount is uncertain. 
 
 A " volcanic overflow," which it is supposed obtains a thick- 
 ness of from 0,000 to 10,000 feet, crowns this formation. The 
 trap, of which this overflow consists, is a " greenstone, of an 
 amygdaloidal character, with extensive masses towards the 
 top '^ of a more solid and more highly crystalline quality, some- 
 times passing into well-marked uolunmar bas;;lt, associated with 
 others of a vitreous aspect, exhibiting the forms of pitchstone, 
 porphyry, and pij)estone. 
 
 Calcspar, quartz in vavi(.us firms, and ;d.)uudant in that 
 of agate, together with prohnirt^, e]»iii(ite, i;;ilive copper, spceu- 
 
 I 
 
 tH«4 n ii ini i n i nii t nroW t l . 
 
, with trap 
 lied by cal- 
 to :J00 feet 
 if the i'ovni 
 ,000 feet." 
 
 occurs ill 
 
 apparently 
 
 te grains of 
 
 rrains of a 
 
 t 200 feet, 
 ami wliitc 
 m1 with eon- 
 hoiihlcrs of 
 ii<h sand, as 
 nclude more 
 )C less than 
 nd compact 
 itificd with 
 sandstones/' 
 dcr 80 feet, 
 marl at the 
 iccous, with 
 after an in- 
 
 lins a thick- 
 nation. The 
 stone, of an 
 t(wards the 
 ditv, some- 
 :()ciated with 
 ' pitchstone, 
 
 Unit in that 
 ])pcr, specu- 
 
 f 
 
 lar iron, and various zeolites — red and white ^lleulandite, stil- 
 hitc, mesulite, liaumonite, and analeime — lill the La\itles, 
 which are of various sizes and shiipcs. 
 
 '' On the surface of some of the beds, partially 'concentric 
 wriidvles resulting, IVom the How of the volcanic matterwhon in 
 a viscid condition are stroniily marked." . . " From the 
 }<evcral directions, the parallelism of the separate beds, and the 
 character of the wrinkles, it a])peai'S probable the general sur- 
 face oiv which the volcanic ilow occurred, was not far removed 
 from horizontality." 
 
 Tlie formations down to the granite are traversed all along 
 the const by trap dykes, having, apparently, a source different 
 from the stratified trap, which, however, they sometinu^s 
 approach in character. (rreenstone preponderates in the 
 composition of these dykes, with certain porphyritic varieties 
 described by Mr. Logtm. 
 
 The green stone dykes possess '^ a well-marked transverse 
 columnar structure" generally, at right angles to their plane, 
 the size of the columns increasing with the breadth of the 
 dyke, which sometimes obtains the measure of 200 feet. Thir- 
 teen of them of good size were counted by Mr. Logan in the 
 width of two miles, " and their parallelism for great distances 
 ■was as remarkable as their nundjcr." 
 
 In general the dykes appear '•'■ more durable than the rocks 
 they cut," whence it results that "the destructive action of 
 the water upon the coast is partially arrested in its progress 
 upon meeting with them," as they run out into " long prongs 
 or promontories, with deep recesses behind them," or present 
 a succession of long narrow islands, which act as break-waters 
 in defending the neighbouring mainland. It '''frequently hap- 
 pens that a narrow breach having been effected in a dyke, it 
 will be found to be the cjitrance to a spacious cove worn out 
 on each side in the sol'ter rock behind it. In almost all these 
 instances, commodious harbours are the result, and it is mainly 
 owing to the iiresenee of these dykes, that so many such har- 
 bours exist on the Canadian side of the lake" — a possession of 
 
 i mnn ii imwli ifcjju^l^r 
 
4t: 
 
 vcr}' great vmIug v>hcn we take into account tlie lialjilityof this 
 iulniul oeoaii to Muldcii storms throuc:li the abruptness with 
 which t)i(! winds, in consequence of tlie loftiness of the cracs 
 whicli surround it, iiii]iinL''e upon tlie water. (Jackson.) 
 
 " In addition to the dykes," says 3!r. Lo<i'an*'' a vast collec- 
 tion of mineral veins intersect the formations oi'Tiake Superior. 
 A very lar2;e number of these contain a c:rcater or smaller 
 amount of various metalliferous ores, and the indications which 
 they present, are such as to render it proba})le that some part 
 of the country characterized by them, will sooner or later, rise 
 into some importance as a niininu' reuion. The metals whose 
 ores are met with, are copper, lead, zinc, and silver." 
 
 *' In the upper formation, which is so much associated with 
 amyiidoloidal trap, the mineral veins vary in breadth from a 
 few inches to four or five feet. They arc in general composed 
 of calcareous spar and quartz, entangled fragments of the wall 
 rocks, and dark green steatite is seldom absent as one of the 
 constituents, liaumonite, ITeulandjte, rrehnite, with and with- 
 out Thomsonite and Stilbite," and dysclasiteand datholite, are 
 frequently met with. 
 
 The metals occurring in the mineral veins are chiefly in the 
 form of sulphurets, with the exception of silver, which is usually 
 found in a "■ native condition, even when mixed up with the 
 ores of other metals, unless in the case of Galena, with which 
 it is probably united as a sulphuret." The copper also, though 
 usually occurring in the forms of *' vitreous copper, variegated 
 copper, and coi)per pyrites," is also, "' frequently met with in 
 a native state." J t i.-; found, also, '^ns a carbonate resulting 
 from the decomposition of the other ores Avherc acted on by the 
 weather at the outcrop of a lode." 
 
 These metalliferous veins run, on the north shore, in courses 
 coincident with the range of the rocks, while on Michipicoten 
 Island their direction is transverse to them. Among the 
 upper slates the transverse veins are the most coni:picuous, and 
 vary in breadth from a few inches to twenty feet, and more, 
 being generally "composed of calcareous spar, heavy spar, and 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 me 
 
 'i^tmiUHi^^ja^ 
 
...»-*• r^t«^*lft 
 
 5 
 
 )ility of this 
 ttiio.-s with 
 r the cnt,2S 
 
 vast colloc- 
 ce iSuporinr. 
 
 or .snitillcr 
 itions wliich 
 
 some ])art 
 r hitcr, rise 
 etals whose 
 
 c'iated with 
 dtii from a 
 1 composed 
 of the wall 
 one of the 
 h and with- 
 al liolltc, are 
 
 icfly in the 
 h is usually 
 ) with the 
 with which 
 Iso, though 
 
 varicfratcd 
 let Avith in 
 c rcsultincr 
 
 1 on by the 
 
 , m courses 
 ichipicotcn 
 Vuionp.' the 
 ruous, and 
 and more, 
 y spar, and 
 
 49 
 
 amethystine quartz, with apophyllite" occasionally associated, 
 and dark L'reon steatite irenerally. In j^cneral the veins coin- 
 cident with the stratilication cut hy these transverse ones arc 
 " rather thin." One, however, "of proltahly sixty feet" is 
 met with on the northwest side of Thunder l»ny. 
 
 " ^lincral veins analoLTOUS to those of the upper formations 
 are found penetrating the older rocks," the vein-stones con- 
 nected with which, appear to " consist chiefly of quart/ and 
 calcareous spar, with Laumonitc occasionally, the metalliferous 
 minerals being " variegated copper, copper pyrites, galena, ajid 
 blende." 
 
 In Michipicoten Island the trap attains a V(»lume which 
 3Ir. Logan thinks does not " fall short of 12,000 feet." To 
 the south of 3Iontrcal Island, it has a development of 8000 
 feet. Leach, Lizard, and .Montreal Islands, as stated by I>ay- 
 field, " are composed of sandstone," which I'orms also, according 
 to Foster and Whitney (Lake Superior, part second, p. 113.) 
 almost exclusively the bed of the Lake. 
 
 On the margin of the lake, in several parts, and on the banks 
 of some of the streams examined bv the Canadian Geoloirists, 
 " considerable accumulations of drifted materials were observed, 
 consisting of clay, sand, gravel and boulders, derived from the 
 ruin of the rocks described, and from others Avliich did not 
 appear in si(u." Some of these accumulations, which on the 
 coast of the lake take generally " the form of a scries of well 
 defined terraces," reach the height of oOO feet above the level 
 of the like. On the north shore, about three miles below the 
 Petits Ecrits, seven of them occur, Avhich rise in all ^Jol foot 
 above the lake, and 928 above the sea. (Report of 1840-47, 
 p. G-35 ; 48-57.) 
 
 The importance of Lake Superior to Canada will a]ipoar yet 
 more manifestly, when it is added that through means of the 
 ship canal, recently completed by our neiuhbours, connecting 
 its navigation with that of the Ijakt'S below, the whole north- 
 west region will be opened to us; and Hudson's Ijay, which 
 is reached in fificcn days by canal from Superior, brought almost 
 
 »«wfl>^jjji# 
 
•f*— -""^^ 
 
 50 
 
 to our door, and thereby the IJritisli possessions on the Pacific 
 be made of more easy access. (Andrews, ji. -oO.) 
 
 I.AKi: iiriiox. 
 
 '' Tills superb sheet of water lies between I^ake Superior on 
 the north-west, Jjake .Miehiirau on the south-west and west, 
 and Lakes Erie and Ontario on the south and south-cast. It 
 is ll(JO miles in length, and IGO in breadth in its widest part, 
 inclusive of" the (Georgian J>ay, a vast expanse — almost a separ- 
 ate Lake." "It is said to contain .'52,0(10 islands, principally 
 along the northern shore and at the north-western end, varying 
 in size from mere rocky reefs and pinnticles to large and culti- 
 vable isles. The suri'ace of Jiake Huron is elevated 50G feet 
 above the surface of the Atlantic, and depressed 45 below that 
 of J^akc Superior, and 4 below that of 3Iicliigan. Its greatest 
 depth is 1000 feet, near the west shore. Its mean depth is 
 900 feet." (Andrews, p. 228.) 
 
 '' A ridge of land which, proceeding from tlie vicinity of 
 the falls of Niagara, sweeps round the upper extremity of Lake 
 Ontario, and running thence into the promontory of Cape 
 Ilurd and Cabot's Head, is represented in continuation by 
 the 3Ianitoulin Islands, divides Lake Huron into two parts, 
 whicli may be called the south and the north. The south 
 part constituting the great body of the Lake, with a circum- 
 ference exceeding 720 lineal niiles, has an area of about 14,000 
 square miles; the north portion is agaiu divided into two parts, 
 the cast and the west, the former of which, called (leorgian 
 Bay, extciiding from Xottawasaga to ShebawenHlining and the 
 eastern extremity of the (Jrand 3Ianituulin Island, with a 
 length of 120 miles and a breadth of 50, has an area of about 
 0000 square miles ; while the remainder, called the North 
 Channel, gradually narrowing as it proceeds westward, presents 
 a surface, exclusive of the vari(ms islands with which it is 
 studded, particularly in the eastern end, of 1700 S(|uare miles ; 
 the whole area of the water of the Lake would thus appear to 
 
 uni 
 Hni 
 Hoi 
 'J" 
 
 t. n n mii Hi-i«tt» i i i » m . > . i 
 
 <,MimMt^jff0' 
 
51 
 
 ho J^aeilic 
 
 upcrior on 
 and west, 
 h-cast. It 
 iciest part, 
 )st a separ- 
 principally 
 id, varying 
 and culti- 
 1 500 feet 
 below that 
 Its greatest 
 1 deptli is 
 
 cinity of 
 
 ty of J^ake 
 
 of Cape 
 
 nation by 
 
 wo parts, 
 
 he south 
 
 I circnni- 
 
 )ut 14,000 
 
 two parts, 
 
 Jeorgian 
 
 and the 
 
 with a 
 
 a of about 
 
 he North 
 
 I, presents 
 
 ieh it is 
 
 ire miles ; 
 
 appear to 
 
 I 
 
 bo 21,000 sfjuaro mile.-*. (3Ir. Murray in Report oi' (jlcological 
 Survey fV.r ls47, '4S, pp. !»<l— lOU.j 
 
 Mr. Murray ineludes St. Joseph and the La Cloche Islands 
 under the general deiunnination of the Manit(»ullns, along with 
 Druniniond, Cockburn, (irand Manitoulin and Fitzwilliani, or 
 liorsc Shoe Islands, to whieh it has been usually eonlined. 
 
 The Grand Manitoulin is a very important and very beau- 
 tiful island, having a length of eighty, and nn average breadth 
 of twenty miles. Exclusive of its numerous bays and inlets, 
 its area cannot be less than 1000 Sipiare miles. ^' The forty- 
 sixth parallel of north latitude passes through three of its most 
 northern points, and the eighty-second and eighty-third meri- 
 dians of west longitude, are about eqiud distances from its west 
 and east ends." IJrummond and (,'ockburn Islands present es- 
 carpments close on the coast of their abrupt sides, whose sum- 
 mits rise about 50 or 00 feet above the level of the Lake. On 
 the Grand Manitoulin, through which they run longitudinally, 
 these attain a height of 155 to 250, 300, and o50 feet above 
 that level. The interior of the island is described as being well 
 supplied with streams and lakes. 
 
 The Manitoulin Islands and their corresponding peninsu- 
 lar promontory are " covered with dense forests, which are 
 fre(|uently of the description usually indicating a rich and fer- 
 tile soil. On many parts of the southern end of St. Joseph, 
 and in the smaller islands of the Manitoulin group, but espe- 
 cially on the Grand ^Manitoulin, besides groves of stately pine, 
 that, under more favourable circumstances, might afford a con- 
 siderable supply to the lumber market, there are extensive 
 tracts of land, almost exclusively growing maple, elm, oak, ash, 
 birch, and basswood, of such character in point of size, as not 
 to be surpassed by the produce of the justly celebrated hard 
 lumber lands of Canada West." On Saint Island several small 
 settlements have been made. Cockburn, the Grand Manitoulin, 
 and Horse Shoe Islands conslitute an Indian Reserve. "At 
 Wequamekong, where there i;^ a Roman Catholic 3Iission, the 
 clearings are extensive, and many of the Indians have aban 
 
 '>fiimm^4fl0r 
 

 tloncd tlioir waiulcrinu- life, and sulcT^i.^^t on their farms," \vliicll 
 is tlio caso also at MaiiituiiwauiiiLr, avIuIo at Sli(\u;ncnaiHlocl, 
 thouiih a iinc country, " tlic cloaviiio's are few and fjcuttcrcd, 
 and the natives are in(»re frequently to be met v.ith in the woods 
 or in their canoes, than in their houses or on their lands." 
 (Report I'or 1S47-1S48, p. lOo. 
 
 The greater portion of the innnediate coast line on the north 
 shore of Lake Huron, west of French Kivcr, is described by 
 Mr. ^lurray as beini:', so far as his information extended, '' ge- 
 nerally poor and rocky, in some parts wholly destitute of vege> 
 tation, in others thickly clad with trees of stinted groAvth, and 
 incon:-ide"i'aLle value," beinu' chiefl}- such as arc c mmon to 
 thi colder and more nnamtainous parts of the Province, to 
 wit, balsam, lir, spruce, red and white pines, "while birch and 
 poplar, predominating on dry parts, with white ce 'a 's and 
 tamarac abound on the swampv and moister around. j>ut while 
 the coast line presents this uninviting appearance, the interior 
 in many places presents a very different character, especially 
 in the valleys of the principal streams, where there arc fre- 
 quently to be seen extensive flats of rich and deep soil, pro- 
 ducing maple, oak, elm, birch, and])asswood, besides occasional 
 groves of both red and white pine of large size. A'arious places 
 of this description have been cleared and cultivated by the In- 
 dians, and where such hi s been (he cue, as at Spanish II ver, 
 notwithstanding the rude state of aboriginal agriculture, the 
 crops of maize and potatoes are nearly equal in both quantity 
 and quality to those usually seen in the more favored latitude, 
 and under the more enlightened system of tillage in Canada 
 West." 
 
 Mr. Log,:n fUeport on North Shore of Lake Huron, p. 8) 
 describes the north shore as presenting " an undulating coun- 
 try, rising into hills which sometimes attain the height of 400 
 and 700 feet above the level of the Lake." " The ;e occasion- 
 ally exhibit," he says, '' rugged escarpments and naked rocky 
 surfaces: but, in general, their summits are rather rounded, 
 and their flanks, with the valleys separating one range from 
 
 ij 
 
 ann 
 olu 
 con 
 
 v.'iii 
 
 arit**»l»«»»-i<t*'«MH U IiM* t lH' H'l *t»»< i 
 
 "^'^'"Hftiff^ 
 
IS," which 
 jucnamlod, 
 scattered, 
 . the woods 
 eir hinds/' 
 
 1 the north 
 
 scribed by 
 
 ndcd, '^ gc- 
 
 .te of vege- 
 
 rowth, and 
 
 ; nimon to 
 
 'rovincc, to 
 
 3 birch and 
 
 ce ^a-s and 
 
 But while 
 
 the interior 
 
 especially 
 
 re arc fre- 
 
 •) soil, pro- 
 
 occas'onal 
 
 ious places 
 
 by the In- 
 
 ish 11 ver, 
 
 ilturc, the 
 
 1 quantity 
 
 I latitude, 
 
 in Canada 
 
 I'on, p. 8) 
 Iting coun- 
 iht of 400 
 occasion- 
 Iked rocky 
 rounded, 
 [nge from 
 
 
 1 
 
 annthur, arc most frocpioitly clothed witii lianl and suit Avood, 
 often u\' l.'.rLi'c 'jiMWth, and of such spcfics as are valiiab'.t^ "n 
 coninicrc-i'; in many places giving promise of a good arable 
 soil. ?dii!iv lit" the sli)i)os are u^'nile, and niaiiv of the valle\s 
 
 vruic 
 
 rive princip;d rivers — the Thessalon, the 3Iississagiui, the 
 Serpent, the Si)ani.>h Hiver, and the White Fish — flow through 
 the country, which ap[)ears to abound in Lakes. The reported 
 length of the Mississagua is lliO miles, and of the Spanish 
 liiver-OO- the oth''r three being supposed to be from 50 to 
 GO miles. 
 
 The coast westward of S})anish lliver, abounds, according 
 to Mr. 3Iurray (licport for 1S47-4S, p. lu), "with side and 
 comnujdious harbours among its numerr.us islamis and inlets, 
 which can scarcely fail to liecomc, in th.; course of time, of 
 connncrcial im])ortance. To the eastward of the river, tlic 
 scenery i.s improved by the gradual approacli of a high range 
 of picturesque hills, coming out upon the coast about four 
 miles westward of the Hudson Bay C(3mpany's j.ost at La 
 Cloche," called the La Cloche Mountains, one of whose peaks 
 was ascertained to be 482 feet above the level of the Lake. 
 " This part A the Lake is thickly studded wi.his'ands, ai;dthe 
 coast is much indented with extensive bays and inlets, which 
 offer sludter and security during any storm to which the voy- 
 ager may be exposed; indeed, the whole coast from Sault Ste. 
 Marie to the French lliver, presents advantages with respect 
 to harbours that cannot be surpassed; but some of those which 
 are of the safest description wdien entered, arc dangerous and 
 difficult to approach from the open Lake, in consequence of the 
 numerous reefs and sunken rocks Ivinii" concealed outside of 
 them." 
 
 French river, which is a continuous cb.ain of long narrow 
 lakes, lying at small elevations the one over the other, and 
 connected by short rapids vr falls, has a length of about (11 J 
 miles from J^akc Ni pissing, whose elevation is G!) feet above 
 Lake Huron, and G47 above the level of the sea. 
 
 i 
 
 "••"WHHWM^Jggtf- 
 
54 
 
 I i 
 
 Tlio older groups observed by ^Ir. Murray on the coast and 
 islands of Lake Huron, which afford, in his opinion, greater 
 advantages than are to be found elsewhere for the oxaniinatioii 
 of the rocks which constitute Western Canada, are described 
 .'IS consisting, "firstly, of a uietaniorphic scries, composed 
 of granitic and sycnitic rocks, in the form of gneiss, mica 
 slate, find hornblende slate; and secondly, of a stratified series 
 composed of quartz rock or sandstones, conglomerates, shales, 
 and limestones, with interposed beds of greenstone." Of the 
 fossiliferous groups following these, six formations were met 
 with, which, in the New York nomenclature come under the 
 followinir dcsiirnations : — 
 
 1st. Potsdam Sandstone. 
 
 2d. Trenton Limestone. 
 
 3d. Utica Slates. 
 
 4th. Loraine Shales. 
 
 5th. Medina Sandstones. 
 
 Gth. Niagara Limestones, including the Clinton Group. 
 On the northern shore of St. Joseph, very fine silicious 
 sand is found, which IMr. ]Murray thinks suitable for glass- 
 making. The adaptation of the Niagara limestone for build- 
 ing purposes lias been well tested on the Welland Canal and 
 in other parts of Canada "West. The stone afforded by this 
 group on Lake Ilumn is equal in quality to that of Thorold 
 and Hamilton. 
 
 Mr. Murray regards the north shore of Lake Huron as des- 
 tined sooner or later to become a mineral region of import- 
 ance. The ]Jruce 31ines, which have been wrought with 
 very considerable success, (the ore of which is stated to be 
 '' equal to the average of the dressed ores of Cornwall,") arc 
 situated on the main shore between the French and l^illadeau 
 Islands, about ten miles west of Thcssalon I'oint. For a 
 minute description of everything relating to these Mines, the 
 reader is referred to 31 r. Lt)gan's lleport on the North Shore 
 of L;dve Huron, pp. 20-5 L 
 
 The west side of the promontory separating Georgian Bay 
 
. ,f^. -*«i»**'s> 
 
 c-oast and 
 I, greater 
 imination 
 described 
 composed 
 ilss, mica 
 ficd series 
 es, shales, 
 ' Of the 
 were met 
 under the 
 
 t. Croup, 
 e silicious 
 for glass- 
 for build- 
 Canal and 
 d l)y this 
 )f Thorokl 
 
 on as des- 
 of iniport- 
 np;ht ^Yith 
 itod to be 
 .vall,") arc 
 l^dladcau 
 t. For a 
 lines, the 
 rth Shore 
 
 rgiau Bay 
 
 65 
 
 from the main body of Like Huron, resembles the south side ot 
 the u'reat Manitoulin in u'cneral character. From Cape Hard 
 to JtiviC-roau Sable (north), the coast is low, ro;jky, and ra.Li-pcod. 
 scantily clothed with a dwariish growth of evergreen trees, and 
 indented by numerous bays and creeks. At Tobermory, near 
 Cape Ilurd, and at the mouth of the rtiviere au Sable, there 
 are good harbours. For seyeral miles south from the mouth of 
 the liiviere au Sable sand-dunes preyail; and further on, a 
 beach uf sand, strewed over in parts with boulders, extends 
 some distance be^'ond the Saugeen. As the numthuf the Sau- 
 goen is approached, '\evident improvement in the nature of 
 the soil is indicated by the more fre(tuently recurring presence 
 of good-si/^ed pines, accompanied with maple, elm, and birch." 
 The mouth of the Saugeen afiords a uood harbour f)r small 
 craft, thimgh, in consequence of a bar ^vhich stretches across 
 it, the enterimr of it is diificult under a stronsi: wind between 
 south-west and north. lietween Saugeen and Little Pino 
 ■'ier, the land is low. Beyond that, it ''becomes more olc- 
 :Jcd, and the character of its forest proclaims a still further 
 improvement in the soil." From Puint Clarke to Point 
 Franklin, in the Township of Stephen, a distance of fifty miles, 
 the coast presents generally "steep and lofty clifi's of clay, the 
 summit of which spreads back into an extensive level country, 
 producing a luxuriant vegetation of the heaviest description ot 
 hardwood trees." Sand Jhines again prevail from Point Frank 
 to near Cape Innerwash, lifteen miles distant, whence a line 
 sandy beach, with high cliffs of clay rising at a short distance 
 back, hold the coast to near the entrance of the St. Clair river. 
 Goderich and the mouth of the Riviere au Sable (south) afl'ord 
 good harbours, and small boats can enter at IVig Pine Brook. 
 (Mr. 3Iurray in Kepurtfor 1S38-39, pp. 8-10.) 
 
 The rocks exhibited on theportionof the coast just described 
 arc, in ascending order, the following, according to the New 
 York nomenclature : — 
 I 1. Trenton Limestone. 
 
 2. Utica Slate. 
 
 i..>,^5* 
 
50 
 
 
 
 ^. Lorainc Shalo. 
 
 4. Medina Sandstone and Marl. 
 
 5. Niagara Limestone. 
 
 0. Onondaga Group, or Gypsiferous Limestone and Shale. 
 
 7. Corniferous Limestone. 
 
 8. Hamilton Group. 
 
 The Trenton Limestone " oeciipics the ■\vliulc of the Penin- 
 sula between 3Iatchcdash and Nottawasaga Bays, and tlie 
 group of islands lying off its cxtrerait}', eonsisting of the Giant's 
 Tomb, Hope, I>cckwith, and Christian Islands ;" and has a 
 transverse breadth of thirty miles^ with an estimated thickness 
 of from GOO to 700 feet. 
 
 The Loraine Shale is conceived to have a breadth of about 
 20 miles at Owen Sound, with a thickness of about GOO feet. 
 Stones fit for building, roofing, and flagging, with limestor>e 
 and clay, are found in connection with it. 
 
 In addition to a number of places along the coast or in its 
 neighbourhood between Colpoy's ]5ay and Sydenham, rocks 
 belonging to the upper part of the Niagara limestones or the 
 base of the Medina sandstone arc seen at Gait, and beds belong- 
 ing to the Niagara group on the road between Gait and Dun- 
 das. 
 
 The Niagara group is fruitful in excellent materials for 
 building and lime-burning. AYhite limestone of a beautiful 
 and enduring character abounds at Gait, where blocks of 
 almost any required size may be easily o\ tained. Two miles 
 south-east from Sydenham, Oatcu's Sound, awhiteorpalc grey 
 limestone is found, wcll-iitted for building, and capable of being 
 quarried almost to a boundless extent. 31aterials of much the 
 same sort may be found all the way to Cabot's Head. The 
 Riviere au Sable (South), Chiefs Point, Lycll Island and the 
 Fishing Islands, nearly the whole coast, indeed, to Cape Ilurd, 
 yield limestone of various character which might be used in 
 building. 
 
 There are exposures of gypsiferous and corniferous lime- 
 stones about seven miles west from the Saugccn River, near 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 tW*t»|»l»T*l l H...M***f H »»* M Hi)ll»»lft 
 
anil shale. 
 
 the Pcnin- 
 , and tlie 
 the Giant's 
 and lias a 
 1 thickness 
 
 h of about 
 it GOO feet. 
 h limcstor-e 
 
 ist or in its 
 iham, rocks 
 ones or the 
 Ibedshelong- 
 jt and Dun- 
 
 luiterials for 
 a beautiful 
 blocks of 
 Two miles 
 |or pale grey 
 ^ble of being 
 )f much the 
 [lead. The 
 md and the 
 I Cape Ilurd, 
 be used in 
 
 Ifcrous limc- 
 Rivcr, near 
 
 57 
 
 Cape Douglas, where the line between the Townships of Asli- 
 ficld and Colborne meets the Lake; and also on the 3Iaitland 
 liiver, near Goderich. 
 
 The corniferous Limestone exists over the greater proportion 
 of all the western parts of the Peninsula between Lakes Hu- 
 ron and Erie, though covered up throughout much of its area 
 by thick deposits of Drift. At the moutli of the Saugeen it 
 has a thickness supposed to be about oOO feet. Gypsum and 
 Hydraulic Lime are met with at various points in connection 
 with this formation. 
 
 A great accumulation of Drift was observed by Mr. ^lurray 
 on the margin of the Lake and on the banks of the llivcrs 
 south of the llivierc au Sable (Xorth), consisting of clay, gra- 
 vel, sand, and boulders. From the coast these accumulations 
 extend into the interior, and cover the greater part of the 
 country between Lakes Erie and Huron. The clay in the clifis 
 overlooking the latter, was found to bo very calcareous, con- 
 taining sometimes so nuich as HO j^er cent, of carbonate of 
 lime, and constituting a rich marl, which would be of advan- 
 tageous application, in an agricultural point of view, to the 
 sandy portions of the district. Fossils peculiar to the carni- 
 ferous formation were found in pebbles, boulders of limestone, 
 quartz, granite and allied species occurring in the drift, espe- 
 cially in the Township of Plympton. (Ileport for 1>^1S-1S10^ 
 pp. 8-27.) 
 
 In relation to the country on the Spanish River, which joins 
 Lake Huron in Lat. 40° 12' N., Long. 82° 27' AV., the follow- 
 ing statement is made (p. o5tli of above Ileport) : " The ex- 
 tent and value of the pine forests in this region, the facility 
 oiTered by the river for navigation, the water-power to be found 
 on the main stream and all its tributaries, and the capabilities 
 of the soil for raising most of the necessaries of life, all tend 
 to indicate a probability that it is destined at some future period 
 to become of commercial importance to the Province." 
 
 Tho rocks of the above region are stated to be — 
 
 1 
 
 ■miiHriiriiiKHtlUjff 
 
68 
 
 1. A Granitic or Metamorphic Group ; and 
 
 2. A Quartz-rock Group. 
 
 The Wallace ]\Iinc, the Ore ol' which was ascertained on 
 analysis by Mr. Hunt to contain G8-G per cent, of metallic 
 iron, is situated about a mile west .%ni the entrance to the 
 White Fish lliver (Report, pp. 42-46.) 
 
 Mr. Murray describes the coast of the Georgian Bay a.s con- 
 sistino:, in the parts visited by him, "almost exclusively of 
 granitic or sycnitic gneiss, intersected by numerous dykes of 
 trap and veins of white quartz.'' lie holds the rocks, which 
 he represents as ver}' much contorted, to belong to the for- 
 mation met with on the llivers Ottawa and Matawa. Har- 
 bors present themselves, he says, in abundance for all sizes of 
 vessels, though their entrance is attended with difficulty in 
 consequence of reefrf and sunken rocks. (Ibid, 54—40.) 
 
 Lake Huron has an outlet by the Straits of Mackinaw into 
 Lake Michigan, through which it communicates, via Green 
 Bay and Lake ^Vinnobago, the Fox, and AVisconsin Piivers, 
 with the Mississippi and the Gulf of 3Iexico. With the At- 
 lantic it is connected through means of the Ontario, Huron, 
 and Simcoe liailroad, and the river St. Lawrence ; as also by 
 the Great Western. 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 LAKE ST. CLAIll. 
 
 This Lake, which forms the connecting link, by means of 
 the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, between Lakes Huron and 
 Erie, is twenty miles in length by 30 in width, with an aver- 
 age depth of twenty feet. On the Canadian side it receives 
 the Thames River, with some smaller streams, the principal of 
 which is the Chcnoil Ecarte. At the upper end it is filled 
 with many large low islands, some of which bear such trees as 
 love the waters, while others are mere flats, covered with wild 
 meadows, whose sole production is rank crass. (Andrews, 
 pp. 227, 228.) 
 
ncd on 
 
 nctallic 
 
 to the 
 
 as con- 
 vcly of 
 lykcs of 
 , •whicli 
 
 the for- 
 Ilur- 
 
 sizes of 
 iculty in 
 
 ) 
 
 naw into 
 
 )■(( Green 
 
 Piivcrs, 
 
 the At- 
 
 Iluron, 
 
 s also by 
 
 jtiieans of 
 iron and 
 
 I an aver- 
 receives 
 
 Incipal of 
 
 is filled 
 
 trees as 
 
 nth T^'ild 
 
 aidrews, 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 LAKE ERIE. 
 
 Tills Lake is situated between 41° 22' and 42° 52' X. lati- 
 tude, and 78° r).V and 83° 23' \V. lon-itude. It Is elliptical 
 in shape ; and lias a length of about 205 miles, with an aver- 
 age breadth of 50, and a mean depth of 120 feet. Its eleva- 
 tion above tide-water is 5G5 feet — 322 above Lake Ontario, 
 and 52 below Huron and Michigan. Being the shallowest, 
 it is of consequence the most easily frozen of all the great 
 Lakes. . 
 
 "With regard to the soil, character, and commercial advan- 
 tages of the countries circumjacent to its waters. Lake Erie 
 is '^ sinirularlv well situated;" — ''having at its eastern and 
 and south-eastern extremity the fertile and populous plains of 
 Western New-York; west of this, on the southern shore, a 
 portion of Pennsylvania, and thence to the lliver Maomee, at 
 the western extremity of the Lake, the whole coast — productive 
 almost beyond comparison — of Ohio, containing the beautiful 
 and wealthy cities of Cleavland, Sandusky, and Toledo. On 
 the west it is bounded by a portion of the State of Michigan, 
 and on the north by the southern shore of the rich and highly- 
 cultivated peninsula of Canada "West, — undoubtedly the weal- 
 thiest and best-farmed district of the Canadian Province, and 
 settled by an energetic, industrious, and an intelligent popula- 
 tion.'' (Andrews, p. 225.) 
 
 The whole country around Lake Erie is described by An- 
 drews as being " level, or very slightly rolling, with a 
 deep, rich alluvial soil, covered in its natural state with 
 superb forests of oak, maple, hickory, black w.-.lnut, 
 and in certain regions pine; and producing under cultiva- 
 tion magnificent crops of wheat, corn, barley, and oats, be- 
 sides feeding annually vast multitudes of swine and beef-cattic 
 for the Eastern, Provincial, and Transatlantic marts. Xo 
 ci[ual amount of land, perluips, on the lace of the gl(jbe, con- 
 tains fewer sterile or marshy tracts, or more soil capable of 
 liigh cultivation and great productiveness, than this region." 
 
CO 
 
 With slight exception, this description will, wc conceive, be 
 aclii)itted to be as applicable to the Canadian side of the Lake 
 (which is, indeed, included in it) as to the American. 
 
 The Islands of Lake Erie arc few. On the Canada side it 
 is entered by the Grand llivor, a stream of considerable vo- 
 lume, marked in many parts of its course by great beauty, pos- 
 sessing fine water power, and having at its mouth the Harbour 
 of Port 3Iaitland. pronounced by Andrews to be "probably 
 the best on the whole Lake." 
 
 Lake Erie receives through the Detroit, — a wide, deep, and 
 rapid river, with u descent of 52 feet in some sixty miles, — the 
 accumulated waters of the Upper Lakes, which it pours, 
 throufrh the Nias-ara, into Ontario. "With this Luke it is con- 
 nected for purposes of navigation by the "Welland Canal, a 
 noble work on the Canadian side, having a descent of 334 
 feet, effected by means of 37 Locks, and passable from Lake 
 to Lake by vessels of 134 feet over all, 20 feet beam, and 9 
 feet draught, stowing 3,000 barrels under deck. 
 
 '^ 15y means of this fine improvement," Andrews says, "it 
 has free egress to Lake Ontario, and thence to the St. Law- 
 rence ; and by the variuus improvements of that river and 
 communications from Ontario and Champlain, to many points 
 . . on the Atlantic sea-board.^' 
 
 Lake Erie likewise communicates with the Atlantic by the 
 Erie Canal and Hudson Hiver; with Pittsburg and Cincinnati 
 by the Eric and Beaver Canal ; and with the Ohio liiver at 
 several points, by the Ohio, Erie, and Elaine and Wabash Canals. 
 A multitude of Pailways, among which are the Brantford and 
 Buffalo and the Great Western, connect it by land with the 
 best portions of the United States, and Canada West. (An- 
 drews, pp. 225-227.) 
 
 The bed of Lake Erie, Avitli much of its northern margin, 
 is formed of the Corniferous Sandstone, one of the upper 
 members of tlie Silurian rocks. (Ptichardsou's Arctic Expedi- 
 tion, p. 350.) 
 
 I 
 
 ^\' 
 
 i«niWHfc>«i<#-^>...i»i i «' m Kt. 
 
61 
 
 live, be 
 c Lake 
 
 , side It 
 il)le vo- 
 ty, pos- 
 I arbour 
 irobably 
 
 ;ep, and 
 'S, — the 
 pours, 
 t is con- 
 ^anal, a 
 ; of 334 
 m Lake 
 , and 9 
 
 lys, 
 
 ''it 
 
 t. Law- 
 
 or and 
 
 ' points 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 l)y the 
 
 •A 
 I 
 
 icinnati 
 
 
 liver at 
 
 J 
 
 Canals. 
 
 
 brd and 
 
 ■i 
 
 •itb the 
 
 ,'] 
 
 t. (An- 
 
 
 nargin, 
 
 \l 
 
 upper 
 
 \% 
 
 ^xpcdi- 
 
 
 Of the peninsula bounded by Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and 
 Erie, Mr. Murray declares that, *' as an airricultural country, 
 it may be said to orpuil, if not surpass, in its capabilities of soil 
 and clin>ate, any p;irt of the liiitish Xorth American Pro- 
 vinces, as the rapidity with which it has been settled, the an- 
 nual increase of its productions, and the irrowth of its numer- 
 ous towns and villaires, abundantly testily." '^ The exceeding 
 fertility,'' he adds, '' of ]iorti()ns still Avild and unsettled, as 
 shown by the size and kind of their spontaneous growth of 
 timber in the Townships of Collingwood, Euphrasia, Arteme- 
 sia, St. A'incent, Sydenliam, and others, destines them to be- 
 come within a short time of great agricultural importance," — 
 an anticipation which is being rapidly realised. (Report for 
 1850-51, p. 14.) 
 
 According to Mr. Murray, the Eock formations in the 
 Western Peninsula, in ascending order, are — 
 
 1. Niagara (iroup. 
 
 2. Gypsiferous ^Strata and Limestones. 
 
 3. Corniferous Limestones. 
 
 4. Hamilton Shales. 
 
 A vertical section of the Niagara group is exhibited at the 
 Falls on Spencer Creek in Flamborough West, having a thick- 
 ness of 113 feet, to wit — 
 
 Bituminous Limestones and Shales 55 feet. 
 
 Chcrty Limestones 15 •' 
 
 Thick-bedded blue and grey Limestones — 25 '' 
 
 Argillaceous and Arenaceous Shales G " 
 
 Massive Limestones, from the top of the 
 
 five-fcet band to (he foot of the Fidls 12 " 
 
 113 " 
 
 The rocks of these sections are stated to form freipiently 
 '' two sepanite and distinct terraces — tlie lower and more de- 
 cidedly-raarked escarpment exposing more or less of the strata 
 below^ the chcrty Limestone bands, which cap the precipices at 
 
 rtw^inj^ 
 
FIiiinborou!j.h \Vost, and on the opposito side of llic valloy 
 of the Desjardin, netir llamiltuii ; ^vllilethe Upper e.sc:;q'ment 
 composed of tlio bituiiiiiious Limestones and ^^hales, rises more 
 gradually in a succession of : teps." The lower terrace was 
 braced throu;j.h Nelson, Nassair; weya, {'^^(luesinir, (.'hiiiiruacou- 
 f;y, (\dcdon, All)ion, ^lono, .Mulmer, .Melanethon, Nottawa- 
 saga, Osprc}', ('oliin^'wood, i'liiphrasia, i;it > Artejncsia, back to 
 Sl A'incent, and thence to the Owcmi ►'^uund road, about a 
 mile and a (juarter I'roni the l^akc shore, near the village of 
 Sydenham. All the way from Flambonniiih "West to Mono 
 the Sandstone or grey band was seen at intervals, " varying in 
 thickness from ten to twenty feet, but preserving a pretty nni- 
 forrn lithological character, and indications of its presence were 
 observed in the Township of Xottawasaga." Wherever ob- 
 served it is " a whitish or pale grey, fine, granular rock, some 
 times striped or spotted with ferrnginous stains ; it is always 
 well adapted for building purposes, and, in nuiny instances, is 
 a very beautiful and easily-worked niateiial. It has long been 
 extensively ({uarried near Hamilton and at ^^'atcrdoAvn, in the 
 Township of Flandjoro' J^ast, and is C(|ually capable of being 
 worked nearly all the way along its out-crop, to the Township 
 of Mono." 
 
 Massive beds of cncrinal Limestone, which appear in tho 
 first of tho sections above notiecd, '-hold crest of the lower 
 escarpment, north of Flamboro' j'^ast, and appear to attain a 
 gradual increase in thickness, advancing to the northward." 
 Tn Xassagaweya, " there is a vertical precipice of Limestone, 
 varying from eight to a hundred foet in height," and in Era- 
 niosa '• a branch of the Fu'vcr Speed runs between vertical and 
 solid calcareous cliffs of sixty to eighty feet, where divisional 
 planes of stratification appear to be absent ; the Credit in 
 Caledonia is Hanked by similar dill's iii many places, fully a 
 hundred foot in height, whieh, ascendinu' the vallev, meet, and 
 form a crescent-shaped precipice, over which the river is pre- 
 cipitated in a cascade." In the valley of the Xottawa tho 
 same character prevails. Similar cliffs are also observed in 
 
 Mi 
 Ki 
 
 lea 
 
 on 
 foi 
 m( 
 
 CO 
 
 '»".M«iS# 
 
u>> 
 
 he vallcj 
 cj'.rpinent 
 rises more 
 [•race \\i\ii 
 niriiacou- 
 Nutttnva- 
 I, Lack to 
 aLout a 
 villai5> of 
 to Mono 
 arying in 
 •etty uni- 
 encc were 
 rover ob- 
 »ck, some 
 is ahvavs 
 tauces, is 
 on a; been 
 n, in the 
 of being* 
 'own.sliip 
 
 in tlio 
 
 lower 
 
 attain a 
 
 ;hwara." 
 
 iuestono, 
 
 in Ei-a- 
 
 tii-al and 
 
 ivisicnal 
 
 I'L'dit in 
 
 I'ully a 
 
 icct, and 
 
 •r is pre- 
 
 ;iwa the 
 
 rved in 
 
 Mulmnr and Xottnwasaira, and in the valley of the BeavcT 
 Iliver, in Enphrasia and Artcnicsia, where the Limestone is at 
 least 120 feet thick. 
 
 At the base of this Limestone hucie caverns are found, — one 
 on tlie ."^peed in Kramosa, extendin<j^ between thirty and 
 forty yards under the clilT, with about the same width at the 
 mouth, where it has a roof five or six feet hicfh, studded, in 
 common with the iioor, witii small stalactilie incrustati(jns. 
 
 The encrinai Limestones are described as boini:- cveryv.hcrc 
 qualified to make a durable and handsome bnildinp; stone; 
 capable, in some parts, of being used as a marble for common 
 ornamental purposes ; and of good quality for burning into 
 lime. 
 
 The bituminous Limestones and Shales which constitute 
 the upper terrace, occupy a breadth of country, varying from 
 cicrhteen to twenty or twenty-two miles. 
 
 Shales and Limestones with Aviuch workable Gypsum is 
 found associated are described as occurring on the banks 
 of the Grand Iliver, nearly all the way from Dunvillc to 
 some distance above l*aris. It is stated by a gentleman of 
 intelligence, who is also distinguished as a practical former, 
 that, besides obtaining improved supplies from the old mines 
 near Paris, new ones have been discovered, since the time of 
 Mr. Murray's Report, far surpassing in extent and value any 
 before found in Canada — the Gypsum rock being from six to 
 seven feet thick, with about 200 feet wide, and dipping at a 
 small angle to the S.E.'' 
 
 The fossiliferous Limestone at the base of this formation is 
 generally well adapted for building and lime-burning, for 
 both of which purposes it is " largely quarried at Gait, Guelph, 
 Elora, and Fergus." At Saint Douglas, on Lake Huron ; and 
 on the Crrand Iliver, below l*aris, beds of hydraulic lime are 
 occasionally found associated with the Shales and Limestones 
 of the upper part of the group. 
 
 From Port Dover cxnosurcs of the corniferous formation 
 
 D 2 
 
 ♦•N*^ 
 
G4 f 
 
 '^ occur at intorvals aloiii^ the coast, easterly, to the termination 
 of the Like at Fort Eric, and are usually very lossiliferous," | 
 
 I[aniiUoii Shales present (honisclvcs at .several points on the 
 bed of the Sydenham. 
 
 The Drift -which conceals the older f^trata in many parts of 
 Western Canada specially abounds in the Peninsula between 
 
 the Niaii'ara ]5rid<;'e and the St. Clair llivcr, 
 
 The 1 
 
 ower 
 
 por- 
 
 tion of the more recent deposits a.s exhibited on the shore of 
 Lake Erie, M'hcre the clifts are in many parts over 150 feet 
 hij^h, is a blue calcareous clay, fre'|uently holdimji; pebbles and 
 small boulders of limestone, and small rounded fragments of 
 granite or gneissoid rock. Clay of an a.sh-crrey colour when 
 dried, but presenting a light-brownish colour in the bed, suc- 
 ceeds the blue-clay, and this again is overlaid by pale buff and 
 oacasionally yellowish tinged clay. l>ack from the Lakes these 
 clays are capped with a stratum of sand, and the more elevated 
 parts prescjit beds of calcareous gravel.'' 
 
 Brick clays, bog iron ore, shell marl, calcareous tufa, and 
 peat are the economic materials of chief importance connected 
 with this Drift. 
 
 Fresh-water shell marlc were observed at several places in the 
 Townships of Bentinck and I>ra)it^ usually concealed by a rich 
 black vegetable mould, or peat. 
 
 Springs of Petroleum, called usually oil sprinrjs, rise in the 
 River Thames, (near its right baidc in 31o«a), the bituminous 
 oil, collected on cloths from the surface of which, is " used in 
 the neighbourhood as a remedy for cuts and cutaneous dis- 
 eases in horses. Similar springs exist in the Township of 
 Enniskillcn, where a deposit of mineral pitch or mineral ca- 
 outchouc is said to extend over several acres on the seven- 
 teenth lot of the second concession, (llcport for 1850-51, 
 pp. 14-33.) 
 
 'J 
 
 is a| 
 
 qua! 
 
 the 
 
 trcnl 
 
 broal 
 
 spcrl 
 
 cent 
 
 duri 
 
 man 
 
 Lim 
 
 is 
 
 the 
 
 ■•""'xmm' 
 
G6 
 
 Lhc termination 
 rossililcruus." 
 
 I points on the 
 
 many parts of 
 n.siila between 
 File lower por- 
 n the shore of 
 
 over I.jO feet 
 'j; pebbles and 
 
 fragments of 
 ,• colour when 
 the bed, suc- 
 pale buff and 
 e Lakes these 
 noro elevated 
 
 •us tufa, and 
 JO connected 
 
 places in the 
 ;d by a rich 
 
 rise in the 
 'itiiminous 
 " used in 
 iieous dis- 
 )wnship of 
 lineral ca- 
 the seven- 
 
 XIACAilA lUVKll AND FALLS. 
 
 The XIapira Iliver, which connects Lahcs Erie and Ontario, 
 is about o5 miles in length, and has au average width of tlnec 
 quarters of a mile, with an average depth of f)rty I'eet. At 
 the point where it issues from Jiake I'hie — the nurlh-east ex- 
 tremity — its banks arc low; and, being from one to three miles 
 broad, it looks like a prolongation of the lake, being inter- 
 spersed with low wooded islands. '' This lake-like scenery 
 continues," says Sir Charles Lyell, " i'or about fifteen miles, 
 during which the fdl of the River scarcely exceeds as 
 many feet, but on reaching the rapids, it descends over a 
 Limestone bed about LjO feet in le-s ihaii a mile, and 
 is then thrown down about 105 feet jierpendieulaily at 
 the Falls. The deep narrow chasm below tlie great cataract 
 is from 200 to 400 yards Avide, and .'100 feet deep ; and hero 
 in seven miles the river descends 100 i^act, at the end of which 
 it emerges from the gorge into the open and ihit country, so 
 nearly on a level with Lake Ontario that there is only a fall of 
 about four feet in the seven additional miles which intervene 
 between Queenston and the Lake. The great ravine is wind- 
 ing, and makes a turn at right angles to itself at the ^Vl)il■lpuoi, 
 where the Niagara sweeps round a large circular basin." " At 
 some points the boundary cliffs arc undermined on one side by 
 the impetuous stream, but there is usually a ttdus at the base 
 of the precipice, supporting a very ornamental fringe of trees." 
 (Travels in Xorth America in lS-iO-42 : Xcw York, 1845, 
 Vol. I., p. 2.1) 
 
 There are two Falls, the Ilorse-shoc on the Canadian side, 
 — which is about 1,900 feet across, — and the American, 920 
 feet in width. This division is occasioned by an island of con- 
 siderable size — formerly called Goat, now Iris Island, — which 
 is situated just above the Falls, towards the American side. 
 
 The C{uantity of water poured over the Falls has been esti- 
 mated at 2,400 millions of tons per day=:100 millions per 
 
 1 
 
m 
 
 hour. Mr. Barret makes it 10,500,000 cubic feet, or nearly 
 600.000 tons per minute. (Canadian Journal for Jan., 1854 
 p. 1*20.) We extract from Montgomery Martin's British 
 Colonics, (Vol. I., p. 7"),) the following calculation given 
 by him as mailo at Quccnston : — ''The Biver is here 
 half a mile broad ; it averages 25 feet deep ; current three 
 milci a!i hour; in one hour it will discharge a column of water 
 ?> miles long, half a mile wide, and 25 feet deep, containing 
 
 1,111,410,000 cubic feet, being 18,524,;; cubic feet, or 
 113,510,000 jallons of water each minute." 
 
 Behind the cataract, a little above the basin into which the 
 precipitated river falls, there is a cavern of about 150 feet in 
 height, 50 in breadth, and 300 in length, which may be 
 entered as i'ar as 30 feet. As, however, the feat is attended 
 v;itli dinger in conscfjuence of the narrowness of the path and 
 the gusts of wind which meet the intruder, and dashing spray 
 and water in his fice, the aid of a guide is essential, — as '^ if 
 he turns round to recover, the blast often changes in an in- 
 stant, and blows as impetuously against him in the opposite di- 
 recttion.'' ( Lyell, \u\. 11., p. 70.) 
 
 Colonel Bouchette remarks, that " according to the altitude 
 of the sun, and the situation of the spectator, a distinct and 
 bright Iris is seen amidst the revolving colu'r.ns of mist that 
 soar from the foaming chasm, and shroud the broad I'ront of 
 the gigantic flood ; both arches of the bow are seldom entirely 
 elicited, but the interior segment is perfect, and its prismatic 
 hues are extremely glowing and vivid ; the fragments of a plu- 
 rality of rainbows are sometimes to be seen in various parts of 
 the mist^ curtain. (]Mont. Martin, p. 75.) 
 
 In conserpience of the pre-conceived notions wdiicli they 
 bring with them, parties are sometimes disappointed on the 
 first view of the Falls. When, however, they have fairly 
 divested their minds of these the surprising sublimity of the 
 scene is appreciated. 
 
 From the ajipearanco presented by the River at Queenston, 
 it is a common belief that the Falls were once there, and that 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 thi 
 
 to 
 
 th 
 
 wl 
 
 qui 
 
C7 
 
 t, or nearly 
 "an., 1854 
 I's British 
 tion (Axcn 
 r is here 
 'rent three 
 in of water 
 containinur 
 feet, or 
 
 tvhieh the 
 50 feet in 
 1 may be 
 .s attended 
 e path and 
 ling spray 
 ,— as '^if 
 in an in- 
 Miositc di- 
 
 A. 
 
 .0 altitude 
 inct and 
 
 mist that 
 front of 
 entirely 
 
 prismatic 
 
 of a plu- 
 parts of 
 
 ich they 
 on the 
 5 fairly 
 
 y of the 
 
 eenston, 
 ind that 
 
 they have receded, through the constant wearing of the rock, 
 to their present position, which is seven miles higher up, In 
 this opinion Sir Charles Lyell seems to concur, for reasons 
 which he states at considerable length in the work already 
 quoted. (Vol. L, pp. 25-41.) 
 
 In Goat Island shells of the following genera were collected 
 by Sir Charles — I'ln'o, ([ijclaa, Mrl<uii<t^ VaJrntd, Limnea, 
 Planorhis, and IL !i.r, all of recent species, in the snperlicial 
 deposit, where they form regular beds, numerous individuals of 
 the Unio and C/j/chs having both their valves united. 
 
 Of the celebrated '• burning spring'' at the edge of the 
 river, above the rapids, '' where carburctted hydrogen, or, in 
 the modern chemical phraseology, a light hydio-carbon . . rises 
 from beneath the water under the limestone rock," we have 
 the followimf; account: "The bituminous matter supi^lyinfr 
 this gas is probably of animal origin, as this limestone is full 
 of marine nujllusca, crustacia, and corals, without vegetable 
 remains, unless some fucoids may have decomposed in the 
 same strata. The invisible <ras makes its wav in countless 
 bubbles through the clear transparent waters of the Niagara. 
 On the application of a lighted candle it takes fire, and plays 
 about with a lambent flickering flame, which seldom touches 
 the water, the gas being at first too pure to be inflammable, 
 and only obtaining sufllcient oxygen after mingling with the 
 atmosphere at the height of several inches above the surface 
 of the stream." (Ibid., 75, 70.) 
 
 LAKE OXTAIUO. 
 
 ♦' This Lake is 180 miu-s in length, by 40 in average width; 
 its mean depth is 500 feet, its height above the sea -32, and 
 its area G,300 square miles ; its principal affluent is the outlet 
 of the superfluous waters of all the great upper Lakes, by the 
 Niagara Falls and River." 
 
 *' Its only tributaries of any consequence are — from the Ca- 
 
I 
 
 68 
 
 nadlan side, the Trent and Credit ; and from the State of New 
 York, the Black River, the Cswefro, and the Genesee, Its 
 natural outlet is ])y the channel of the St. Lawrence, throiiirh 
 the Thousand Isles, and down a steep descent, broken by many 
 rapids and chutes, t;) M(jntreal ; and thence without further 
 diiFiculty to the Ocean." (Andrews, p. 224.) 
 
 The country on both sides of J^ake Ontario is productive 
 and well-settled. AVith Lake Krie it is connected by the AVel- 
 land Canal; and with the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the La- 
 chine, Beauharnois, Cornwall, and Williamsburg Canals, con- 
 structed to admit the large Lake Steamboats plying between 
 3Iontrcal, Ogdensburg, Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton. 
 Besides these, it has on the American side, the Oswego Canal, 
 falling into the Eric Canal at Syracuse; and the Ogdensburg 
 and the Oswego and Syracuse llailways, uniting with the Al- 
 bany and Buffalo, (jlrcat Western, Hudson River, and Vermont 
 system of Railways, — having ramitications through all the 
 New England States, and opening up to it free access to all the 
 more important harbours on the Atlantic." In a short time 
 there will be to be added to these a multitude of Railwavs now 
 in progress or contem[)lated on the Canaditi'^ side, — among 
 them the Grand Trunk, which will extend alonu: its whole 
 length, and many hundred miles ])elow. Besides these direct 
 outlets, it " posses.ses of course incidentally all those opening 
 from Lnke Champlain." 
 
 " If," says Prof Croft (in an article on the 3Iineral Springs of 
 Canada in the Cunndiaii Journal for Feb., lS5o), " we cannot 
 congratulate ourselves on the possession of very strong mineral 
 springs, we at least are extremely fortunate in possessing lake 
 and river water of a greater degree of purity than almost any 
 other part of the world. The water of Ontario is of most ex- 
 traordinary purity, and it is very probable that the waters of 
 the upper lakes will be found to be still more free from ex- 
 traneous matters." . . '^ The water of some of the rivers of 
 Canada seems/' the learned Professor adds, " to be exceeding- 
 ly pure. The St. Lawrence water at Montreal has been ana- 
 
 reel 
 
 thai 
 70,1 
 
 by 
 
 '"**# 
 
69 
 
 tc of New 
 
 2SCC. Its 
 
 '., throuirli 
 1 by many 
 it further 
 
 >roductive 
 
 the Wel- 
 )y the La- 
 nals, con- 
 1 between 
 [lamilton. 
 (go Canal, 
 rdcnsburg 
 ;h the Al- 
 
 A'crmont 
 1 all the 
 
 to all the 
 hurt time 
 
 wavs now 
 
 -anion GT 
 
 O 
 
 Its whole 
 
 !se direct 
 
 opening 
 
 Iprings of 
 [e cannot 
 mineral 
 |inu- lake 
 no.st any 
 Ino^st ex- 
 •atcrs of 
 I'rom ex- 
 rivers of 
 peeding- 
 ju ana- 
 
 i 
 
 lyscd by Dr. Hall ; and from some ex])oriments which I have 
 recently made on thcThamos water (London, CAV.), it appears 
 that the quantity of solid incri'edionts in one imperial iiallnn of 
 70,000 grains amounts to only 10-50, a purity which is eqnalled 
 by only a ^cw other waters in ,he world." 
 
 These Lakes abound in fi. h of various kinds, and of the 
 best quality. A considerable trade, capable of larLre increase, 
 is carried on, especially on Superior and Huron, in salting 
 them for the markets of the interior. (Foster k Whitney's 
 Lake Superior, Vol. 11., p. oO").) 
 
 Ontario is free comparatively from the storms to which the 
 other lakes arc more or less liable. 
 
 For an interesting notice of certain surldcn disturbances of 
 level to which some of the Lakes arc subject, which Professor 
 Hind attributes to the '• sudden lil)oratii)n of pent up gasses, 
 resulting from the decomposition of the carbonaceous accumu- 
 lations whi'di characterise the L'tica Slate, (ascribed by some 
 to volcanic action,) the reader is referred to the Canadian Jour- 
 nal for June, iS.j t, and (October, lS5o. 
 
 In the same excellent Journal he wiU lind a double series 
 of articles, (one by the learned Kditor, and the other by 3Iajor 
 Lachlan,) on certain p'rioiUc variations of level in the Lakes, 
 which will well repay his a.ttcntion. 
 
 From an elaborate exhibition and comparison of facts and 
 opinions relating to this topic by Charles Whittlesey, Esq., 
 (given in Foster and AVhitncy's Lake Superior, Pt. II., jip. 
 oPJ-3ol),) we select the lollowing extracts, embodying the con- 
 clusions to which that gentleman has been led : — 
 
 '' A comparison of the rise and i'all of the water of the Lake 
 (Firie), with the recorded observations of the rain-gauge, will 
 show conclusively that the surface of these great bodies of 
 water rise gradually after an unusually large amount of rain 
 has been falling during one or more seasons, and that, on the 
 other hand, they fall after a long period during which the 
 quantity of rain has been less than the average ; obeying in 
 
 "•«««# 
 
70 
 
 this respect the same laws whicli influence other collections of 
 water." 
 
 " The different Lakes do not rise and fall at the same time, 
 but in succession ; as the several mill-ponds on a stream are 
 known to fill, durina; floods, in order — bcirinninp: with those 
 nearest the source — and to dischar'je themselves in the same 
 order. The successive basins of the Lakes are so many ponds 
 or cnlariromcnts of the St. Lawrence. There is, besides, an 
 annual rise and fall which is not equal in different years, and 
 not precisely uuiibrui over the whole area, during the same 
 season." 
 
 "The annual tide takes place, whether tho lake be low or 
 high, and is at its flood in the spring, after the rains of that 
 season and the snows of winter, melted by the warm weaiher, 
 have united in throwing a surplus of water into all the lakes. 
 In the fall and Avintor — when the meteorological conditions are 
 reversed, and the absence of rain and the presence of frost 
 unite to check the discharge of water from the tributaries — the 
 lakes, as might be expected, recede twelve, fifteen, and even 
 eighteen inches." 
 
 " Instead of regarding the rise and fall of water in the 
 lakes as a mystery, it is rather to be wondered at that there is 
 so little fluctuation. Their stability is dependent entirely upon 
 the regularity of the seasons, within the lake country, and if 
 there should be a combination of wet and cold years, wdierein 
 the fall of rain should be great, and the evaporation small, 
 there micrht bo a rise or fall exceedinu; anvthins; we have on 
 record." 
 
 '* There arc manv circumstance'^ to be considered, such as 
 the unequal amount of water received and diseharged by each 
 lake; the dilTereut winds, and the opposite elfect of the same 
 wind blowing over the different lakes ; so that it is evident 
 there must be undulations of level and accumulations of water 
 at one point, for days or weeks together. A south-west wind 
 sweeping over Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie operates quite 
 differently upon their surfiices. While it accelerates the dis- 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 '•«»i«ii^ 
 
71 
 
 illcctlons of 
 
 same time, 
 . stream arc 
 with those 
 in the same 
 nany ponds 
 besides, an 
 fc years, and 
 itr the same 
 
 e be low or 
 tins of that 
 m weather, 
 1 the hikes, 
 editions are 
 ce of frost 
 taries — the 
 , and even 
 
 tcr in the 
 at there is 
 ircly upon 
 |try, and if 
 1, wherein 
 |on small, 
 have on 
 
 such as 
 [1 by each 
 the same 
 Is evident 
 of water 
 [•est wind 
 ites quite 
 the dif- 
 
 charixe of the water from Lake Erie, and lowers the surface of 
 that lake at its western end, it checks at the same tin)e the 
 llow from ]jake Huron ; thus operating in a two-fold manner 
 (o depress its surface. A norlli-oast pde, on the other 
 haiiil, forces back the water of Jiake Eric and increases tlio 
 discharLiC of Lake Huron, so that there is a correspondinu' rise 
 of the waters at tlu; western extremity of the iornier lake. 
 Neither do all the lakes reach their maximum height at the 
 same time, but successively, according to the ccnnbincd action 
 of the various meteorological causes." 
 
 " In general, the 2;reat lakes rise and fall nearly together ; 
 but not absolutely at the same time, nor by an e([ual amount." 
 
 " It is apparent from these statistics, (those, to wit, given 
 in the article whence we ciuote,) that there is no fou!ida- 
 tion for the popular belief that there is a rise and fall of the 
 lakes during a period of fourteen years. Between 179G-8 and 
 1819-20, [I period of twenty years, there was a gradual depres- 
 sion and rising of the lakes. From ISIG to 1819-20, the 
 waters fell to a lower level than even their previous stage of 
 depression. From 1819-20 to l8o8, a period of eighteen 
 vears, there was a steady increase of elevation, when the water 
 attained its ii-reatest known heiuht. The lowest stajie of water, 
 since that time, occurred in October, 1841, which was less than 
 three and a half years after the preceding great depression." 
 
 " No person, who examines the daily registers, will find any 
 r-rounds for the belief that there is in Lake Erie a dailv or 
 lunar tide, like that of the ocean." 
 
 Tht 
 
 ■hicl 
 
 e causes wliicli produce clianges 
 
 h 
 
 •h 
 
 in the levels of the 
 
 lakes are the same as those which influence other collections of 
 water ; that is, the ever-varying ainijunt of rain and evapora- 
 tion." 
 
 Encrt.iachments are, of course, made by the lakes on the land 
 in particular places, while there is in other parts an apparent 
 recession from ground i)reviously occupied. 
 
 or Lake Michigan no notice has been taken above as it docs 
 
 i«*^^l|a o pr 
 
72 
 
 not come within the class of Canadian waters. Its connection, 
 however, wltli these induces nie to give here the iullowing par- 
 ticulars : 
 
 111 size 3Iichi'j;an is the second of the great lakes ; being oOO 
 miles lung, hy 00 in average width; having a mean depth of 
 1)00 feet, and comprising an area of l(),l'Sl s([uare miles. It 
 lies between 41° 58' and 40^ north latitude, and S4° 40' and 
 87° 8' west longitude. ''On its western shore it has the great 
 indentation of Green I5ay — itself equal to the largest luiropcau 
 lakes, being a hundred miles in length, by thirty in breadth, 
 well sheltered at its mouth by the Traverse Islands, and having 
 for its principal afiluent the outlet of Lake Winnebago and the 
 Fox River." 
 
 " The other principal tributaries of Lake J^lichigan are the 
 Manistee, ]Maskegon, (irand Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Kiver-s, 
 from the southern Peninsula of Michigan ; the Des Plaines, 
 O'Plaines, and Chicago Iviver.s, from Indiana and Illinois; and 
 from the northern Peninsula of ^Michigan, the ?'Ienomone Es- 
 canaba, Xoquet, Whitefish, and Manistee llivers." 
 
 " The lake is bounded to the eastward by the rieli and fer- 
 tile lands of the southern Peninsula of 3Iichigan — sending 
 out vast supplies of all the cereal grains, wheat and maze espe- 
 cially — equal if not superior in quality to any raised in the 
 United States; on the south-west, by Indiana and Illinois — 
 supplying corn and beef of the finest qualit}-, in sui»erabun- 
 danec ; on the west by the productive grain and grazing lands 
 and lumbering districts of "Wisconsin ; and on the north-east 
 and north by the invaluable and not yet half-explored mineral 
 districts of Xorthern Michigan.'' 
 
 '' The natural outlet of its commerce, as of its waters, is by 
 the Straits of i\Iaekinac into Lake Huron, and thence 1)y the 
 St. Clair Piiver down the St. Lawrence, or any of the internal 
 improvements of the lower lakes and the States hereinbefore 
 described." 
 
 ''Of internal communications it already possesses many, both 
 by Canal, and llailroad, equal to those of almost any of the 
 
 older Si 
 import:! 
 
 its broa| 
 conned 
 Lakes, 
 lakes c: 
 ward, tl 
 (Andrei 
 ; "Tall 
 of the I 
 angle c 
 streams 
 latcd fa 
 miles, 1 
 and it i; 
 water d' 
 allowinsj 
 05,l:]5,< 
 minute.' 
 p. 1500.; 
 We k 
 lakes th 
 with thi 
 would 1 
 with eq 
 " Th; 
 of wate 
 come tl 
 compar: 
 whole c 
 field, p: 
 ♦ ductioii 
 cereal t 
 ble, if 
 per, CO 
 
 --«nii8* 
 
73 
 
 i counoctiun, 
 tlluwing par- 
 
 ; lK'injr:]00 
 'till (Ii'pth of 
 <' uiilo.^. it 
 -S-P 40' and 
 ir.s tlie great 
 .St Juiropcau 
 in breadth, 
 and liaviiii,' 
 tigo and the 
 
 gan arc the 
 ■eph liivcrs, 
 >os riaines, 
 llinuis; and 
 lonione Es- 
 
 ]i and fcr- 
 — sendinc: 
 maze cspc- 
 cd ill the 
 Illinois — 
 '^uitorabun- 
 iziiig lands 
 north-east 
 d miiioral 
 
 tors, is by 
 ic'O ])y the 
 e internal 
 reinbolbre 
 
 lany, both 
 nv of the 
 
 older States, in length and availability, and inferior to none in 
 importance." 
 
 " liy the strong, deep, and rapid llivcr of St. Mary's, \Yith 
 its broad and foaming sault, Lakes 31ichigan and Huron are 
 connected with what may be called tlie head-most of the great 
 Lakes, though itself the recipient of the waters of a line of 
 lakes extending hundreds of miles further to tlie north-west- 
 ward, though unnavigable except to the canoes of tlie savnge." 
 (Andrews, pp. 129-L']!.) 
 
 '' Taking into account only the central and upper divisions 
 of the St. Lawre/ice vidlev, from Niagara to the north-west 
 angle of Lake Superior, embracing all the country whoso 
 streams are tributary to the lakes, the surface drained is calcu- 
 latcd (as shown by a table of caleulations) at 24S,77.j scpiare 
 miles, besides 8G,TG0 square miles occupied by the lakes ; 
 and it is fuither calculated that the enormous accumulation of 
 water dischariied through the Detroit Kiverdurinu-hiuh Hoods, 
 allowing a current of only one mile an Inmr, is not less than 
 95,lo5,000 cubic feet per hour, or 1,5^8,558 cubic feet per 
 minute." (Major Lachlaii in Canadian Journal for July, 1834, 
 
 p. noo.) 
 
 "We know not how better to conclude our account of the 
 lakes than in the following language of Mr. Andrews, which, 
 with the exception of the word coal (in relation to which we 
 would have the remarks already made borne in mind), applies 
 with equal force to(,'anada as to the Tnited States : 
 
 '' This is a brief and rapid outline of a country, and a system "^ 
 of waters, strangely adapted by the hand of Providence to be- 
 come the channel of an inland navigation, unequalled and in- 
 comparable the world over, through regions the richest of the 
 whole earth in productions of all kinds, — productions of the 
 field, productions of the forest, productions of the waters, pro- 
 ♦ ductions of the bowels of the earth, — rcirions overflowing with 
 cereal and animal wealth, abounding in the most truly valua- 
 ble, if not most precious, metals and minerals — lead, iron, cop- 
 per, coal — beyond the most favoured countries of the globe ; 
 
 KHfi^tfjg^T' 
 
71 
 
 regions which would, but for these waters, have been as inac- Height) 
 ccssible as the Steppes of Tart;iry or Siberia, and the value of feet abc 
 the productions whorcuf must have been swalNnved up in tlio exluiinc 
 expense of their transportation." (Report, p. 244.) llailroaJ 
 
 l*rofess| 
 J the e: 
 IManiuK^ 
 Th 
 
 (J O U N T 11 Y 
 
 Xorth of LaJce Ontario, hctvycn Kingston and Lake Simcoc, 
 formc.rbj Midland^ Victoria ^ and Kciccastle Districts. 
 
 One of the most marked characteristics of this region is the 
 multitude of Lakes, mostly small, though some arc of consi- 
 derable size, with which it is dotted over. For an interesting 
 description of these — including their elevations and connec- 
 tions — the reo 'icr is r'^fcrrcd to the Geological lleport fur 1852- 
 1853. 
 
 The Locks of the area within whjch these numerous lakes 
 are found, "belong to two distinctly different periods; one set 
 being fossiliferous and nearly undisturbed, and the other unfos- 
 siliferous and greatly disturbed, contorted, and altered. By 
 drawing a straight line from the middle part of Loughboro' 
 Lake, across the heads of Knowlton and Leaver Lakes, to 
 Ivound Lake in Lelmont, . . and then another from Lound 
 Lake to the northern extremity of Lalsani Lake, a tolerably 
 fair representation of the junction of the two series of rocks 
 will bo indicated; the 3Ietamorphic or Laurentinc series keep- 
 ing on the north, and the fossililerous on the south side of the 
 lines. 
 
 A largo area of tlie more southern portion of the region un- 
 der review, is " spread over with deposits consisting of clnv, 
 sand, gravel, and boulders ;" but their origin cannot easily be 
 determined, in consequence of the absence of organic remains. 
 
 ]jeds of the above description are met with, among other 
 places, at Belleville and Cobourg. 
 
 Gravel Drift was found by 31r. ]Murray on Burlington 
 
 i 
 
 li 
 
 one timi 
 
 *. river 
 
 I 
 
 Ik 
 
 from th 
 ileight: 
 ward, c 
 all clay, 
 extendi 
 Saltfleet 
 Heights 
 nity vraj 
 what it 
 The ( 
 we hav( 
 '' the n: 
 and nio 
 whet-st 
 marble, 
 Ochi 
 the La 
 oxyde 
 Marino 
 to abo 
 <' the c 
 some c 
 probal 
 ]Ma< 
 in a p: 
 Lake, 
 
 ....„.^ 
 
(0 
 
 5 been as inac- 
 id the value of 
 »v/cd up in the 
 14.) 
 
 1 
 
 Lake S'hncoc, 
 Districts. 
 
 J region is the 
 are of con.si- 
 
 [in interesting 
 and eonnec- 
 
 ortfur 1S52- 
 
 nierous lakes 
 Oils ; one set 
 
 other unfos- 
 nlterecl. IJj- 
 ' Loughboro' 
 'r Lakes, to 
 from Pvound 
 , a tolerably 
 ries of rocks 
 
 series keep- 
 1 >sicle of the 
 
 region un- 
 ing of clav, 
 lot easily be 
 lie remains, 
 niong other 
 
 I3urIimrton 
 
 Heights, somewhat to the west of the area under notice, sixty 
 feet above the level of Lake Ontario, where fossil bones were 
 exhumed, while a cut was bjing made for the Great Western 
 Railroad, which have been pronounced, ou comparison with 
 Professor Owen's work on CoiTiparativo Anatomy, to belong to 
 the extinct species of elephant, EIrphas primijcniiK, or 
 3Iammoth. 
 
 '' The gravel drift of Burlington Heights has evidertly at 
 one time formed a bar or spit at the mouth of an estuary ;'f a 
 river flowing from the west. It extends in a narrow ridge 
 from the Desjardins Canal under Flamborough Heights, to the 
 ileights opposite in Barton, having a great marsh to the west- 
 ward, called the Dundas ^Lirsh, west of which the valley is 
 all clay." . . '' The bar across the mouth of Burlington Bay, 
 extending across from Wellington Square to Stoney Creek, in 
 Saltfleet, affords a irood modern illustration of what Burlinirton 
 Heights were, when the relation of land and water in the vici- 
 nity was from sixty to one hundred foet different in level from 
 what it is now." 
 
 The economic materials met with in the region over wdiicli 
 we have passed thus rapidly, arc stated by ]Mr. ^Murray to be 
 " the magnetic and specular ores of iron, galena, plumbago, 
 and molybdenite, grindstones and flagging, scythe-stones and 
 whet-stones, lithographic stone, building stones, limestone, 
 marble, water-lime, brick clay, shell marl, and peat." 
 
 Ochres of iron are very generally disseminated through 
 the Laurentian group. The localities where the magnetic 
 oxyde was chiefly met with were in Bedford, 3Lidoc, 
 Marmora, Belmont, and Seymour, though it is believed 
 to abound in many other places. Mr. 3Iurray remarks that 
 *' the deposits of iron ore in 3Iadoc, Marmora, and Belmont, 
 some of which have loni? been known and been worked, will 
 probably hereafter become of great commercial importance." 
 
 3Lignetic iron ore occurs thickly but irregularly disseminated 
 in a pale green epidotic rock, near the north shore of Crow 
 Lake, as also at Allan's Mills in Seymour, over an area of two 
 
76 
 
 01* three acres, \vlicrc the dome of Laureniian rock protrude? 
 the f'ossiliferous limesto'e. 
 
 Specular oxyde of iron is known to exist at some places near 
 the Deer River, north of IJclniont Lake." 
 
 Galena was met with in veins, one of which was four foct 
 thick, cutting the crystalline limestone of the Laurentian series, 
 in the township of Bedford, in two places. 
 
 Plund^atro i;? almost univer.sally disseminated through the 
 crystalline limestone, and fre([Uently occurs in veins, giving the 
 expectation that the quantity may be workable. 
 
 Molybdenite was found on a small island in Big Mud Turtle 
 Lake, disseniinatsd in huge veins of white quartz, accompanied 
 by greenish soapolite, green cleavablc pyroxene, sometimes 
 assuming a radiating form, and iron pyrites," which abound in 
 some parts. 
 
 Flagging of excellent quality is obtained in Loughborough 
 and Starrington, from a rock belonging to the Potsdam sand- 
 stone formation, which also yields a stone v/hence grindstones 
 may be made. 
 
 The mica slates associated with the crystalline limestones 
 of tlic Laurentian series, yield a stone which may be used 
 for scythe-stones and whet-stones. 
 
 In Marmora, Rama, Ilungerford, and Madoc, lithographic 
 Btonc is met with. 
 
 Alone; the whole ranare of countrv examined from Starrincr- 
 ton to Rexlcy, the Black-River, Bird's-eye, and Chazy forma- 
 tions alTord building stone, existing in courses of from one to 
 four feet, the value and importance of which is likely soon to 
 be appreciated, when communication is once established to the 
 rear of the more level lands, by means of railroads." 
 
 '^ The stone buildings of Kingston are derived from the beds 
 of what is supposed to be the Chazy limestone, and the beau- 
 tiful market buildings of that city aftbrd a good example of the 
 rock. After being dressed, it has a good appearance;" but is 
 somewhat brittle. 
 
 I 
 
 fuun 
 >VI 
 the 
 An 
 bcaril 
 whlcl 
 ditelj 
 bed 
 
 ■■••«<,«#' 
 
'ock protnulc' 
 
 no places near 
 
 was four feet 
 rcntian series, 
 
 through tlic 
 ns, giving tlic 
 
 g Mud Turtle I 
 , accompanied 
 0, sonictinies 
 ieh abound in 
 
 ougliborough 
 otsdani sand- 
 3 grindstones 
 
 c limestones 
 lay be used 
 
 lithographic 
 
 )m Starrinjr- 
 hazy forma- 
 from one to 
 oly soon to 
 shed to the 
 
 m the beds 
 d the beau- 
 mple of the 
 ■e;" but is 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
 lielow til" villaLro of Madoc a Avhitc and vcliovrii-ii marble js 
 found, which Mr. Alurray thinks would take a good polisli. 
 
 Water-lime is met with in ti»o strata eharactcrizad by 
 the Ci/t]i€ri\ and supposed to represent the ("ha/.y formation. 
 An escarpment occurs at the Knowlton Lake, Loughborough, 
 bearing a strong resemblance to the rock near IJytown, from 
 which what is called the Hull cement is derived. ^' In tiie 
 ditch surrounding the fort at Kingston, there is a three feet 
 bed of the same appearance, wliich has been successfully used 
 us a water-lime." 
 
 Bricks are manufactured all along the .shore of Lake Ontario, 
 ''The clay used for the purpose is of two kinds — one of a blu- 
 ish or bulf color, the other brownish ; the I'ormcr, where 'both 
 are found in contact being the Lower Stratum." 
 
 These deposits 3Ir. .Murray believes to have a great extent 
 throughout the region. Li his opinion, they might readily be 
 met with wherever the courses of brooks have cut ravines 
 through them. 
 
 Mr. Murray notices, as a circumstance worthy of observation, 
 the fact that " the potter's clay, with occasionally a layer of 
 «and, and the red jrick clay above, appear to undulate with the 
 general surface (not, however, descending to the bottom of deep 
 ravines\ while the white brick clay lies in very even horizontal 
 strata, from which it would appear that the one must have been 
 worn down into gentle iiollows before the other, which may be 
 much more recent, was deposited," 
 
 - A great portion of the bottom of Loughborough Luke is 
 stated to be a thick deposit of shell marl, the bottoms of all 
 the Lakes from this to White Lake in Olden, being more or 
 less of the same substance ; two beds of it found in ShefTield, 
 covering, the one an area of 200 acres, and perhaps more, 
 with a thickness over the greater portion of at least ten feet; 
 the other one of from 300 to 400 acres. The place where this bed 
 occurs is mostly a marsh or swamp, and the deposit is covered 
 over by an accumulation of peat averaging about four feet in 
 in thickness. 3Ir. Logan's impression, while on the spot, was 
 
 •"n**^ 
 
that tlil.=i peat was .suporior for fuel to any he had scon elsc^ 
 T^erc. (Report, &c., lor 18.)2-5o, pp. T'vlo^.) 
 
 The substrata of tlio whole country on the .shore of Lake 
 Ontario, betweeu the RiverM Ruus:e and Credit, arc stated bv 
 Mr. Murray to be composed of L'jraine shales, the thickness of 
 which he estimates to be 1,110 feet. 
 
 R E G I X 
 
 lijnifj hcUccvi fh" C Hijhi'uu'c of th'OltaiCd and St. L'licrcncc: 
 on the East, ami Gaaatioque and Ottawa Cili/ on the ]\cst. 
 
 In the area embraced within these limits, comprising about 
 10,000 square miles, there is, according to 3Ir. 31urray, ardy 
 one exception to its horizontality, which is found on the lligaud 
 31<nintuin, composed of trap, which has an elevation of ^^ij^^ feet 
 above the Kiviere a la Graise, where this stream joins the Lake 
 of Two Mountains, while the land, for two miles southward 
 from the summit maintains a considerable elevation, overlooking 
 the level tract beyond, up and across the St. Lawrence. 
 
 This portion is represented as being of a good agricultural 
 character where cleared, and producing much heavy pine timber 
 in its forests, while the country, which flanks to the Avest, is 
 hilly, though not mountainous, with numerous exposures of 
 rock. On the north it is still more rugged. 
 
 The rocks of the area under review, 3Ir. Murray describes as 
 constituting a trough, of which those that underlie the level 
 part arc determined by their organic remains, to be of the Lower 
 Silurian ore, while those composing the hilly or mountainous 
 rim arc *'a highly crystalline, unfossiliferous, mctamorphic 
 series of greater antiquity." 
 
 The character of the Metamorphic series in the Thousand 
 Islands, which are scattered over the face of the River between 
 Brockville and Prescott, making the soil between these points, 
 especially on a fine summer's day, so enchanting, and on the 
 
 1 
 
 imiil 
 mi'-: 
 
 Avlii I 
 
 '•OllH 
 
 iiiit-a 
 {Sudl 
 
 «i>nii 
 tlicrJ 
 
 lllCi" I 
 
 aaps 
 iiK'.iii 
 
 "fltilij^^ 
 
re of Lake 
 ! stated by 
 hicktu.'ss of 
 
 (i:i!iicdiatv; iwjitli I'tiiik <'i" i\\v. 
 
 .\j:[\\VvI\cv, " i : tkat <.t 
 
 Lnicrcncc, 
 the ]\'c)it. 
 
 sinc^ about 
 irray, Qi\\y 
 he lii'fraud 
 of 5o8 i'eet 
 s the Lake 
 southward 
 criookincr 
 
 L^e. 
 
 icultural 
 ne timber 
 e west, is 
 )osures of 
 
 eribes as 
 the level 
 le Lower 
 ntainous 
 imorphic 
 
 housand 
 between 
 3 points, 
 on the 
 
 :iiii-ai-c'ijii,> and liDriiljlciKU.- '_u<m>>, tlic elt'ini-utarv mintrals v\' 
 \v!ii..-li Mr\ail lui-n.' t.r It >^ in ;;11 tin' la\<'i'.> ; and accoidiiiLT as 
 '•oinu oiu' of such iiiiiierals pi'rjmndcrati's in a lad, it uivrs it a 
 laieacci.ii^, li.iriddoiidii-, !elds)>at!iic, <>r (|ii;;rt/isi' chariuicr. 
 t*^ui.-h bi<!- ar*.! vaiinu-Iv iiitfistnitilicd witli dU*' aiHitlit r, an'l 
 vi»nu' o«jc-iir which aic a nearly yww (juartzito, Li suine parts 
 there (kh-uts an ah<'ni:iti"n ofwliite and urcy (juartzite, the it.r- 
 Mier soiiK.'tiinc.'i very jiiirc white, ;ind (M-easionally vitri'nus, per- 
 haps fit fur ulass-niakin;^', as at lilockhouse J.shmd, and tlie 
 main sliore near Droekvillc." 
 
 '• 'I'iie JiiWer Silurian ,i^r.»up of ilix-ks, under tlio more IcmI 
 parts of tile district, are, aLirceably to tlie nonicnelaturc of New 
 Vork, and in ascending order, as follows :" 
 
 retsdam Sandstone. 
 
 Calciferous Saudrock. 
 
 Chazy Liuicstone. 
 
 Jiirdseye, lilack-Uiver, and Trenton Limestones. 
 
 Utica Slate. 
 The Totsdam Sandstone, rostinii; uneoniV'rmably on the me- 
 tamorphic rocks, is traccald;; from IJroekvillc to the vicinity of 
 Perth. On tlie eastern side it can be iollowed from the eas- 
 cades, by \'audreuil, to ueiraud. 
 
 Of this sandstone the clills bel jw 1>r(Kk\ illo oxjiose a sc- 
 i[ucncc' of seventy-live to eiiihty i'v^^i tliick, havinu; " interstra- 
 tilied calcareous bands at tlie top, and a eoarso silicious con- 
 U'imueratc at the base." JJeiiinnin;^ two-and-a-half miles above 
 the town, an outlying patch occurs, which extends almiu the 
 banks of the river for seven miles. Fucoids are I'ound on the 
 surfaces of many of the upjier and finer beds of these e.\po- 
 vSures, with a number of siiiall cylindrical holes, recognised a.s 
 the St'olitJiiia lliiodrl^ of Hall. 
 
 This formation is largely developed at Charleston Jiake, and 
 outli(;rs occur on many of the islands by which it is studded. 
 A seeti(Ui of seventy-one feet was measured about a mile south- 
 west from Charleston village. 
 E 
 
so 
 
 It is found al-'o in Lnn^down, ]3:i5tr\r(l, Lhr.*lcy and jlonta- 
 pue. JJotwo.'n the Tascfidcs and lliirand, (near i\;into du 
 Grand Di'troit.) it assumes a loddisli tiniro uwinij; to tlio prc- 
 scncf! of small d^.'-oniposin^' u'i'ain^ of reddisli i'cld.-par. 
 
 The siijion'lclal df[io.-its wliicli spread over the area between 
 the Ottawa and St. l.awrence, and generally conceal the older 
 formations, cnn-ist i-f clay, u'iMVid, and sand ; the first ;jreatly 
 prevailing on the eastern side. — the last, in the western aud 
 higher portions ol' the country, especially towards the chores 
 of tlic St. Lawrence. 
 
 Clays present tliemselves on the Ottawa, near Bytovrn, 
 which contain marine shells of the spccic.3 iSuj'icdrfr rwjosa ; 
 l)>?side.s which tluu'c occur at the mouth of (Ii'cen's Creek two 
 spec-ies u'i fish, the 3Iallotus \ill(isusor common eajteling, and 
 Cycloi)teru.s Ijumpus uv lum)>-sucker, which are .still inhabitant.s 
 (d^ nortiierii seas ; the ca[ieling .'-lill fre<[uenting tlie Culf of 
 St. Lawrence in great nundjcr.s, and the lump-sucher the nor- 
 thern Coasts of Scotland and Ani'-rica. The iussil representa- 
 tives of these species are always inclosed in nodules of in Ju- 
 rated clay of reniform .shapes, and they appear to occupy a bed 
 nearly on a h^vel with the water of tlie Ottawa, about lis feet 
 above the tide levid of Lake St. I'eter; the same .-ort of no- 
 dules fre((uently enclose fragments of wood, leaves of trees, 
 and portions of marine plants ] among the last i.s one of the 
 species of littoral algae still fouj-.d near the coasts of Arctic 
 seas." 
 
 A va-t accumulation of the IVUina GrornlanJica, over- 
 lying a two-feet bed of limestone gravel and more angular frag- 
 ments, was observed in the liftli concession of South Cower, 
 near Kemptville, at an elevation of thirty to forty feet above 
 the Rideau Canal, or about 250 over Lake St. Peter. Saxi 
 caice rm/onx were met with between the filth and sixth con- 
 cession of Winchester, near Armstrong's mills, 300 feet above 
 Lake St. Peter; and Siix'ravsc rmjosfc and Telliuse Green- 
 landiae in the bed of the Garry River in Kenyon, at a hciubt 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
nd jlonta- 
 INjintc t!u , 
 
 ilio pvc- 
 <;\v. 
 
 •;i Ijctwcen 
 
 1 llio older 
 [r.--t ".rrcatlv 
 estcrii and 
 the shores 
 
 r ]3vtown, 
 vf I'lifjosa ; 
 Creek two 
 |ieliiiLS and 
 inliabltant.^; 
 he (In If oi' 
 er the nor- 
 represeuta- 
 cs of inJu- 
 eupy a bed 
 lit lis icet 
 .-urt of no- 
 s of trees, 
 lone of the 
 of Aretic 
 
 \iUca, over- 
 lo-idar frag- 
 Ill th Gower, 
 feet above 
 ;r. Saxi 
 sixth con- 
 feet above 
 ince Gran- 
 hit a height 
 
 I 
 
 SI 
 
 of 130 to 140 feet over Lake St. Frnneis, or 201 over Lake 
 St. Peter ; besides otiii'r places of a similar ('IcNatinn. 
 
 ''On Kiir^iud Monntain (here i< a set of jilains. ]';;\((1 with 
 an a(?cuniulati()n of well-ri)undi'(l bnuldi/rs, wliii-h b(\uin on tlie 
 north side, aljout 20 • lect over the lovi'l of the llivii-n- a la 
 Grais.sc, at its junction with the Lake of Two MountaiDS, or 
 202 feet o\er Iiak(» St. i'oter, and extend over a larpe area, 
 filling up liollows between elevated siinnnits of trap ; these 
 plains rise gradually to the south, until they reach their maxi- 
 mum elevation of about 2S:J teet over the ( Iraisse, ])eyond 
 v.diich they slope uently (.If to the south, and the boulders are 
 found scattered over a lare-e portion of the Seiu'iiiory of lli- 
 piud. By far the irreater portion of the bouMei's ar(> the rt^- 
 mains of the trap of the mountain, but theie is lilvowise a 
 small proportion of Sandstone." 'fhe\ are iVom three to 
 eijilitcen inches in d'am(^ter; the hollows containinij; them 
 being from four to six feet. A deptli of i^i'wn or eij' t feet 
 has been sioue down without reaehiiu': the bottom ui' these ae- 
 cumulations. 
 
 The L 
 
 conomie 
 
 M: 
 
 itenals oeeurnn; 
 
 in the disti'ict u'nier ( 
 
 le. 
 
 scription are stated by Mr. Murray to be — "Ores "f iron, lead 
 and copper, iron ochre, sul[)hate of barytes, sandstone and 
 sand I'.u- ulass-niakinir, shell marl, materials for ornanient:d and 
 common buildimr purposes, and minei\d [litch." i'\»r their 
 distribution ami (puuitities see (ieolovical lleport for 1^51-52, 
 
 57-00. 
 bo (J" 
 
 lie 
 
 r ore usei 
 
 1 at tlio St. Maurice I'orLi'cs near 
 
 Thr 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 
 l\ivers, is " known to produce an iron oi' excellent ([uality 
 Near Beverly, in Bastard, this ore was also o])served. 
 
 Lead ore is found in Jjansdown, in connection with ealo- 
 spar, through a vein of which, 'nter.sceting coarse disintegrated 
 limestone belonging to the Metamorphie series, it is di.-semi- 
 natcd irregularly in small crystals. 
 
 A specimen of copper ore, wi^ighing several pounds, was 
 procured at Beverly fur the late World\s Fair. 
 
 An iron ochre which, in the opinion of 3Ir. Murray, w >ulJ 
 
82 
 
 by proper clcaninu' yiuKI an ochrc-rod cqunl to any (if the im- 
 ported paints of that dci^criptiijn, was met witli on the property 
 of 31 r. Lani-a.-ti'V, in ^'audrcuil. On tlic same k)t, and in 
 otlicr [»laces named, phosphate of iron presents itself, of ;»bhic 
 color, which is IVtMinently used as a pigment. 
 
 Sul^thate of IJarytes, nsed for the manufacture oi' prrnKinrnf 
 tchi(<- and /)t'f(li v/n'/r, is obtained on lot -4, tenth concession 
 of i>a>tard. 'I'h(3 vein ei»ntaiiiinti' it is traceable I'or a (juarter 
 of a mile. "■ The value of the crude material ;s said to be 
 ei<dit to ti'U dollars per ton to tlie manufacturer, and the ma* 
 nufactured .irlicle thirty dollars per ton." 
 
 On IJlockhouse Island, opposite Brockville, ''a white clo;-c- 
 nrained, translucent semi-vitreous (luart//' is met with, vrhich 
 ^.Ir. Murrav thiidvs likely to be serviceable for ulass-makin<:;. 
 
 Deposits of Fresh-water Shell .Marl occur on lot thirteenth, 
 eijzhth concession of YonL;e, in a lake in Klmsley, and on Mr. 
 Delesdericrs' farm, near I'oint Cavairnol, in Vaudreuil. 
 
 The Stone used for buildinir purposes at lirockville and Prcs- 
 cot, is taken from the beds of the calciferous sand-rock forma- 
 tion, which are (piarried extensively. The beds selected as 
 yieldin;^' the most durable stone and the handsomest when 
 faced, arc those which contain the larircst amount of calcare- 
 ous material, which are worked in courses IVom 12 to 15 inches 
 ■ thick. Stone < f this f \nnation has been extensively used in 
 the eonstructitm of some of the locks of t'oe llide-iu Canal, 
 which afford in general liood examples of it. It is strong, 
 touu'h, and sulhciently durable, — jirey Avhen first wrought, but 
 soon turniiv'' yellowish under the iniluence of the weather. 
 
 The black limestones which run throu<:li the township of 
 Cornwall afford an excellent buildiniT material, of the character 
 of which the locks on the Cornwall Canal, which are formed 
 of it, afford a good specimen. 
 
 Here we beg to present a few extracts from a Report having 
 relation to the region before us, presented by A. C. Brown to 
 the " (^)mmitteos appointed to Promote the Construction of 
 the St. Lawrence and liake Huron Kailway," printed at Og- 
 
 
 1 
 
 
i)f tlio ira- 
 
 (' |»rop(;rt.y 
 
 t, and ill 
 
 of tpbluo 
 
 conccssiun 
 :• :i (juartcr 
 Niid to bo 
 id the lua" 
 
 liitc closc- 
 ith, which 
 iiialciii^. 
 tliii'tcontli, 
 lid on .Mr. 
 iiih 
 
 ' and Prcs- 
 
 Dtdc forma- 
 
 elected as 
 
 lest when 
 
 uf ealcarc- 
 
 15 i Indies 
 
 used in 
 
 lu Canal, 
 
 is strong, 
 
 luuht, but 
 
 eather. 
 
 wn.ship of 
 
 J character 
 
 \?'e formed 
 
 i>rt having 
 
 IJrown to 
 
 ruction uf 
 
 ed at Og- 
 
 V 
 
 S3 
 
 dcnsburLdi, N. Y., 1S.32, — wdiich mav illustrate Mr. ^Murray's 
 stateinoiits, (though not rctiuired to corroborate them/j and 
 aid the reader in forming his opinion of it. 
 
 This section of Canada, which is generally h'vel and gently 
 rolling, cciiilains. according ti) Mr. 15., a territory eipial to live 
 New England States, — which have a popuhition of two mil- 
 lions, — and is important not only for its great agricultural, 
 mining, and manufacturing capabilities, but also for its variety 
 of highly interesting scenery. In Mr. l>.'s opinion it is likely 
 to become one of the richest and most attractive in ull Ca- 
 nada. 
 
 The soil throuirhout this lartio section is rich and durable./ 
 It is a tirst-rate wheat-growing country, and also well adapted 
 U\ most other agricultural productions. It is alike favorable 
 for grass and all kinds of grain. No country excels it in qua- 
 lity or (juantity of its crops, nor for the variety of its proiluc- 
 tions. The same farm exhibits, side by side, rich fields of 
 wheat and most luxuriant meadows ; also a thrifty growth of 
 other grain and various kinds of vegetables. The wheat- 
 growing States of the West arc not generally, like this section 
 well adapted to tirst-rate dairies. Notwithstanding this country 
 is comparatively new, and most of the settlements but recently 
 made, many well-cultivated farms are to be met with. Forty 
 bushels ol' wheat, and three tons of hay per acre, are a very fre- 
 quent yield. Fields which have produced wdieat for twenty 
 years, seem to be not in the least impoverished. A soil so 
 durable and fertile, producing so abundantly, and such great 
 variety, must afford a large amount of agricultural exports. 
 
 A gver.t variety of xaluabh^ timber is found in this part of 
 Canada. In some ]daces extensive forests (d' large and tall 
 white oak, niixetl with maple, elm, and other kinds (d' timber, 
 are to be met with. {■"'re(|ueiitly large-si/.e(l white ]>iiie and 
 v/hiteoak are also intermixed. Arouiid some of the liakes arc 
 extensive oak jilaiiis, which proxc tu be excellent wheat land. 
 In lower, moist land, grow line ash, cedar and tamarac. AVhcn 
 cleared, these somewhat swampy lands are best for gras.s. 
 
84 
 
 When opened to the sun, in u few years they also make excel- 
 lent lands for plouuhinLi'. 
 
 No efjuai extent u\' enimtry is ninre fav(nirahly situated for 
 inanufacturin'j;. The trreat variety of J^akes . . seem Nature's 
 intended arrancrcment lur hydraulic purposes, llice Jjake, 
 thirty miles long . . is l]G5 feet above Lake Ontario. The 
 Hiver Tre'it, the outlet of this lake, runs east-erly about thirty 
 miles to its junetion with 3Iarmora or (.'row liivcr, and falls 
 lo5 feet in its course to this point. ."Marmora Lake . . is l.'JO 
 feet above this junction. Crow Hiver . . is the outlet of 3Ia- 
 thune, IJehnont, and Marmora Lakes. 
 
 From this division line westerly and alonp; the Hiver Trent 
 and its Tributaries, in the Townships of Seymour, Belmont, 
 Mathune, Percy, Asphodel, and Dummer, arc numerous grist 
 and saw-mills, and also a lartrc amount of unoccupied water- 
 power. At Norwood, on the Ousc River, at Warsaw, on the 
 Indian Hiver, at Keane, and various other localities along 
 these rivers are a number of grist and saw mills, .'nd numer- 
 ous water powers." 
 
 Many other places are named as possessing important water 
 privileges. Along the Sovcrn, which i'alls 110 feet into Geor- 
 gian Hay in its course from Lake Simcoc, there are stated to 
 be seven falls, the last of them on the navigable waters of the 
 Bay, at all of 'vhich is ''ample hydraulic power for extensive 
 manufacturing establishments." 
 
 ]jake Simcoe Mr. Brown declares to be one of the nuist beau- 
 tiful sheets of water in Canada. Its pleasant, gently sloping 
 sli)res exhibit luxuriant vegetation. The farming country 
 around it is not excelled by Western New York. (^Pp. 4-lS). 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 H H < ; ION 
 
 JJ tit'rcn Jjrrnihnrnois cnJ ]i!ri< re Du A'rd. 
 
 
 The physical structure of this rcuion is so similar to that of 
 the section last considered, that the description of the one i^ 
 
 
ike excel- 
 
 tuatod fur 
 1 Nature's 
 ice Lake, 
 rio. The 
 out thirty 
 , and i'alls 
 . . is mo 
 ot oi' Sla- 
 ver Trent 
 Bchiiont, 
 irons iiritit 
 od watcr- 
 r, Oil the 
 ies along 
 id numcr- 
 
 ant water 
 uto Gcor- 
 statcd to 
 M'.s of the 
 extensive 
 
 lost bcau- 
 y sk)ping 
 country 
 l-LS). 
 
 7. 
 
 Lo tliat oi' 
 he one is 
 
 to ti kirg? eictcnt a description of the other. •• Tlio san.e suc- 
 cession of f .rniiitioDf, spreads out," {According to Mr. Lc^gan's 
 statement, under both. In ascendin'j: i;rdor thev are as fc 1- 
 lows : 
 
 3fetaniorphic it ; iiuir-r^i-id (Jrr.np. 
 
 I'otsikmi Fand.-tdiic. 
 
 Calcirer'nis Saiidr-jclc. 
 
 rimzv, iJirdsevo, and Tiviifnn Lln-cftunos. 
 
 I'tii-a Slate. 
 
 '• Tlu> ]^lt^d:till Sandr-LDiic i\inh;:tii>ii."' f-a\s jlr. LoLCan, 
 " rc-tintr uncoiilMi'inablv on the 3Ielaiiini |>hie seiles ( the latter 
 consisting of gneiss and intersiratilicd liuieslone ■, occupies a 
 narrow stiip (ju tlie iKniii side oi' tiie St. liawrence, below 
 jIotiti'<.>al, at a Vcirialjle tiistance of ton to twenty iiiilos I'rom 
 tho north banlc, and sweeps rmind iV.im the valKydf thisiiver 
 to that of the Ottawa, \\\r turn i'Mrniing an (ibtuse niiL:!-' on the 
 lliviere du Xord. The sann; forniati'.n, in the >anie I'clation, 
 proceeding from Keesevillc in the State of Nov.' Vdvlc, turns 
 from the valley of Lake ("hamplain t> that (d' the St. ].aw- 
 rence, and, f(jrming a sharjKU' anule, i.-; in-fijeclcd out acros.-^ the 
 eounly ol' Jjea.uliarnois t^'Waids the ])reviou>ly nicntioiie'l 
 bund, in a long tongue of sand.stoiie, picrc/od near the extre- 
 mity ]jy ?>Ioiit {'alv.'ire, a protruding nia.ss of tlu; subjacent 
 gneiss, k'rom {>cau!i;;; :• ii< a liroad bolt ol' the saiidstoin; has 
 b'.'.'n trac.'d in New Y'oi'i:, liy tlii' ( icoftgists <,[' that Stite, in a 
 ])retty straight line, at a varia! h^ dl^tanro iVoiu the l)aid< t I'the 
 St. LiwiHMiee to Ihunnioiid, near whi^-li it reaches th'' ri\(r. 
 It here c 'osses tlie liver, and. it \\ill be perc('i\td by M'-. Mur- 
 ray's Ueport, that he h;is traced it tliiM-iV^h the Town.-liips of 
 F.li/., bi.-tlitown, V'oiiue, Laiisdowne, i.'astard, jdkI ^-'oulii and 
 Xortii V ''•o.-l)_v." It is di~triijntod also thi'ouu'i ihi"!:^:'--, I'Jnis- 
 h'\, i hainiiaoiiil, iJcckwiih, ihii.i.-n',. J'ar'Kcn'iaiii, .'\i; i\h and 
 Xepe.m, a.nd " lia^ bi'cii nut v.iih iii oin- >p<'t tciidlnv: lo n 
 jvuution by wi-.Miviilc, with th'' (::c{n,,«iu\> i,a the liiviijre du 
 Xurd. 
 
 
86 
 
 I'lio perimeter formed by llie H.iii'.l.-.tr.iio, i.v ilie -utis.s be- 
 noatli it, wliea the sinii].-t<o<!! ;•; v.'.-intiii'jf, 'i'iv; s the ;;■•. a AviiJil!'. 
 it tbe siiapc of a peninsula, tlio isriiiMUs lo\vli!(']!, !•( twcon tlic 
 iliuere dii Nord and llic bi.ird'jr arduinl .'duiMtt <.';dv;dre, is 
 about livo miles across. 
 
 The saiid-tniic <!' Ik'uuliariinis coiiiity aiid the iui^Lddjour- 
 in;j; ^State el' I\>"\v Yuri:, i,-- st;itC'l tit I'O iV(jii; -'Ay) tu TOU ioet 
 
 'L'raei: ', n;'.v:ii;r very n;u;ii the ::|ip, aranee td' l'o(»t: teps, and 
 impressed uilh a surprisinu' reuu!;irity, Avbieli Mi-. JiOLiau lias 
 d(\seribed with u-reat skill, wei'e met with in several jda.ccs, — 
 avnitiin' others near the null nn the .•^'t. Tirmis Ki\i'r, near JH-au- 
 harnois. In the opiidon of rrofos-or (l-\ven, to whose exand- 
 iiation a number of specimens W(>re .subndttcd, these marks 
 have been imprinted by some species oi' enistaeean " ol' a fa- 
 mily wholly distinct iVom anytldni:' iliat e;;n be suirLvestcd by 
 the crustacean iurms of later rwcks, or ol the i»resent dav." 
 In the case of the mo-re perfect sjic'eimcns a *' median groove 
 more or less flat," and diilerin^' in \vidth with the ^Jlecinlcns, 
 presents itself between the foot priiits on each side, wiiicli are 
 in answering pairs, that to 3Ir. liOiran looked as if produced 
 by an "immovable breast-plate or j)lastron," ihouiih " in one 
 remarkable instance, at a bend in the track, the uroove p-a- 
 dually leaves the middle, and while It seems impressed Avith 
 more than usual force, approaches and partially o))literate.s the 
 foot-})rints on the convex side, a.s if tiie imprcs.-iiiLi' jnu-t had 
 been the extremity of a tail, Avhich, v.hcn the body turned to 
 one side, interfered with the foot-prints in ilw n-Av, on the 
 other." ''A feature counnoii to a!l the p'oovcs is, that each 
 repetition or ho;nolo<:u(! (d' the foot-pihils is .econqianied with 
 a deepi-nin;: a.nd shallowiiiL;' of i\\v groove, LiivinL' it tht> aii- 
 pearance of ;i chain ai shallow tro^'iihs, whii h, wIkmi the iii:- 
 uression is li;aht, are s "^ 'rated fr-Mii one aimthei' hy intervalst)f 
 the un;.i-rooved snrfiee." . . '• In one of the tracks there are 
 three narrow ji'rooves instead of foot-prints on each side of the 
 main one, ior a certain distance, as if the lindi'^ of die animal 
 
 had 
 
 t 
 
 ^trcs." 
 
 Ill w 
 
•■• a "\vi thill 
 twcen the 
 ';iIv;;iro, is 
 
 K lull boll r- 
 i) Too foot 
 
 ■ 'i(-'ps, ;itlJ 
 li<\Li;in lu'lS 
 
 I'larcs, — 
 lOiir iH'nn- 
 iso cxaiiii- 
 '^0 marks 
 '' of a fa- 
 •'-•.ested by 
 ent day." 
 ■iH L-rooxo 
 
 H'cililCUS, 
 
 uiiic-li are 
 produced 
 ' in one 
 
 oovc p-a- 
 
 scd Avitii 
 
 rates the 
 
 I'art had 
 
 urned to 
 
 , OH tlie 
 
 (hat each 
 
 iird Mith 
 
 t the ;i|i- 
 
 I tile iiii- 
 
 fervalsof 
 
 liv're are 
 
 lo oi' tlie 
 
 (' aniiLial 
 
 11 
 
 had been drn^iLfod ;'.loi!i:- the itntt'uii, while the l.ouy was alloat." 
 
 " The surfaei's en v.iiii-h the tra<'ks i-f tluve anliiia's are im- 
 ]")re.ssi^l lire .-Miiictini'.--; suKiuih and MHiutinK s beautitullv ripjtle- 
 niarkcMl. ( )!i the i-ipiiK'-inarkcil >urr.u'cs the ti\H-i:> have olten 
 beat iliiwii the ripple, and the .'■and of the rid,L:e has been 
 draL:'u*Ml iiilu the furrow, in such a way as to -how the direetiou 
 in wdiieh the animal was prnt^rc-siiiu'." 
 
 The ripph'-marks > >nn'timcs run in dilfv-niit dircetioii** on 
 the siiii'aees aOerted by iiu.'iii. a> ii' " e;;!:.-ed not \)y a current 
 in deep water, ruuniiij: in uni; li 'ucral (Mrt'ctitju, but jsy a tide 
 ebbini and il'.iwin'.!.", and (d)cv:iiu the iui'.iu iiec ot' varvinir luca.l 
 accidental causes. On due suriacc w.i ; dbcrved the natural 
 edge ur tcrininatitiu of the ripph; rld^a^s, with a track coining 
 up to it and there ceasing, as if the waw had reach;'!,] no far- 
 ther, and one ipar'. of the surface had l.)een dry while the water, 
 operating on another clo^e l)y, h:'.dobliteratcil the track in pro- 
 ducing tlie rip})Ie-mark." ( ile])uri: Ibr Is.jl-w^, pp. U-l".k) 
 
 For tlie more nnnutv' jia.rticidars in resjK-ct to tiu} gcogrpi- 
 phieal distril'Ution of th" roidvs of this regiiju, tlie 'cader ks 
 referred to 31 r. J^ogan's ileport, pp. l'2-'l'). 
 
 The Econonue materials of tlic are:i under con^iilcration are, 
 — Magnetic iron ore, iron cxdire, stone; and sand fit for glass- 
 making, phosj)hate of lime, fnv-stones, clay lor cmnmon brick.s 
 and common pottery, with building and paving materials, and 
 hydraulic limestone. 
 
 Small patches of rcddi.^h-yclhiw iron ochre were met with in 
 llemmingford in the Potsdam fornuition, to Mdiich the iidiabi- 
 tants of the vicinity resort for materials wherewith to colour 
 their walls. 
 
 Excellent sandstone fitted for ulass-makina", and used at the 
 class manufactory in A'audreuil, is obtained from the bank of 
 the river above the Point du Clr.ind Detroit. Tn the opirnon of 
 !Mr. TiOgan, it may be procured in almost any position in v.hirh 
 the sandstone wdu(di crosses IJeauharnois i-' exposed. 
 
 Phosjihate of lime, which is of much value as a mineral ma- 
 nure, was discovered in several places within the area under 
 £ 2 
 
88 
 
 noli-jo. J>lnck ])lios])liate nodules occur :ii tlio l)aso of tho 
 Chf'.zv limestone in tho lirst concc'-.sion <.t' ilawkesl»ury, h^uch 
 
 us 
 
 tlioso reportoil by .Mr. jlurray as cxistinir in Locliiel. 
 in the cduntios (if ]>c;mliariiiii 
 
 ind (lie La]:t> (W'Two Moun- 
 
 tains, ]Mr. LoLiati states clavs t'or ciniiMnii ).rii-ks and iiutter}' 
 to 1)0 SO ]>rcval(Mit that it v\-()nld, ]»('rhaps, lie mo-o diflicidt to 
 say who'.v tiicv are n<!t to bo found tha:i when; thov are. 
 
 Good stone fill' hiiildini;- Ov'ours in abundanc!' in the {'uunly 
 of Beauharnoi.s, Avhcrever in fact the Potsdam {ormati( 
 
 in, espe- 
 cially the upper part of it, prevail-. In colour it \< crcnerally 
 white, thou!;ii some portions of it are ^-liLihtly tiniiod with iron. 
 ^uch is its ])owor of resistiuLi' heat that it is used in some 
 places as furnace licarths, ai;d that the walls of a buihling 
 erected from it, which mav b(^ burnt, will still remain service- 
 able. Tho (.'aughnawaLra and St. tJenevivve stones, which 
 belonir to the eha/v limestone, are urev, and taicc a irood face 
 from the chisel. The Cirand Isle quanv vit Ids a uood blue 
 limestone, and om? of a similar descri])tiuu has been traced 
 from Carillon to (Jrcnvillo. 
 
 The Avhole (>f tho purer limestone beds mentioned as yicld- 
 imr irood buildinsj: stone, yield also irood lime ; but for the fi- 
 cility with which it is burnt, and the superior whiteness of tho 
 lime, none of them equal the black limestone of St. Claire, 
 which is so highly valued for white-wasliinp; that It is carried a 
 distance of twenty miles on the south side of tho St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 Stones suitable for flacruing arc described as bcino; luct with 
 in two localities in Ilcmmingferd. ( lleport for lb^ol-52, pp. 
 
 Before passinp; down the St. Lawrence, we would invite the 
 reader's attention for a short time to the reelou of the Ottawa. 
 
 I 
 
 :i 
 
 i 
 
 fall 
 
 phici 
 
 seril 
 
 me 
 
 M> 
 
 X)ui 
 
 ot ti 
 
 shc( 
 
 M; 
 
 The Ottawa River is second only tc the St. Lavrrence 
 in size and commercial importance. With its tributaries 
 it drains, according to Mr. Logan, an area which cannot 
 
)l\'^Q of tllO 
 • Ul'V, S1U']\ 
 
 liel. 
 
 .'wo Mdun- 
 ul pottery 
 difficult to 
 
 arc. 
 
 lu> ( 'uuntv 
 tioii, cspo- 
 s goncrallj' 
 Avith iron. 
 
 in sonio 
 I ))iiil(lin<jr 
 n stTvicc- 
 iCF, which 
 pxid face 
 [;ood blue 
 
 I traced 
 
 1 us yicld- 
 ur the fa- 
 ess of the 
 !t. Claire, 
 earned .a 
 St. Law- 
 met with 
 1-^2, pp. 
 
 nvite the 
 Ottawa. 
 
 -lawrence 
 ibufaries 
 1 cannot 
 
 
 4 
 
 fall much s-hort of M>.0()0 ^rjuaro uiile.-. The hydrogra- 
 phical basin eontaiuiii.;- the v/att rs di-chargcd by it is de- 
 scribed by him as " bounded uii the e::st by a Hue coni- 
 inencinL' at the lower cxtri itiity of the 1-land of 31ou- 
 Moiitrcal. and running alnait l!->0 milrs in a nearly direct 
 course, to a point al»out halt' a di-gree north of the iiUersectiou 
 of the 4Sth parallel of North iiatitude, e.nd the ~''d\\ nieriilian 
 of V\'( 4 Jiongitude, constituting in this di.stance the water- 
 shed between the Ottawa streams ami tho,-e of th(> St. 
 Maurice aiul Saguenay. b'roni this ]inint, wlifi-c ihe source of 
 the river is to be found, the boundary turning to the westward, 
 runs for illKl nnles along the hi'ight of land dividing the 
 waters of the Hudson Hay Territory frt.ni those of ( 'anada, 
 to the vicinity of the intersection of tli(» d^^th j)arallel of Jiati- 
 tude with the SJnd mei'idian of Lon'^itiule. 'J"he western 
 limit stretching iVoin this cornei" to Avithin a fcw uiiK'S of tin; 
 most eastern ]iart of Ijake N'ipissing, thence to the I'ownshipis 
 of Tudor and < Iritnsthorpe in the Midland i)i.>trict, and fur- 
 ther on to the I'ownshiji of ilinchenbrook, separates it iVoiii 
 the streams triluitai-y to Ijakes Huron and Ontario ; while the 
 southern line, passing between North ami Soutli Crosby to 
 Elizabeth Town, thence to the Township of JiOchiel, in the 
 Eastern District ol' Cpper Canada, and forward to A'audreuil 
 in Lower Canada, leaves but a snuill s]iace between it and the 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 The general shape f»f this area is tlnit of an irregular rhom- 
 boid, with its long diagonal ]»oiiiting norih-westwardly, and 
 roughly parallel with three sides of the rhomboid, the north, 
 the west, and the south, at a distance seldom e.Kceeding twenty, 
 and sometimes not over eight leagues, the great artery of the 
 region runs, presenting a length of between GOU and TOO miles. 
 Taking its source in the northeastern corner, it heads with the 
 Saguenay and St. ^Maurice, and, llowlng in a general course a 
 little to the south of west, it widens into several considerable 
 lakes, and is fed l>v several tributaries from the nortli before it 
 reachc:^ Te:ni5caminL^ ;it a d.istancc of about 250 miles." 
 
00 
 
 Miil\v:iv bofwi'cn Temiscaniiiit;' and tlic .source of the Ottawa 
 lies tho • irand Lao, coiisistiiiL'' of tlirro narrow transverse Itclts 
 i)f water uniteil ])y strait-^, — ilie rasternnuiHt of wliicli, with a 
 leii'j'tli of I'orty niiles. varies in lu'caiUh from one lo ten. The 
 h^niitli of tlie niiildlc lult is lifty niil-s, its average breadth 
 beinu' \\\v or ?i\ ; tlu; western, whicli i> jiarallcl to the middle, 
 has a h'nu'th of thirtv ndles, with a l^reatUh of from two to 
 twelve. 
 
 .\l)i!ut lifleon miles abovo Tcmiseamim: is another cxpan^'ioii 
 ol' UK" Ottawa. — with an east and v,<st length of forty-live 
 miles, and a Ineadth of from two to twelve, — whieh bears the 
 name of the Kiviere and iiac den (^uinze, from the nmnbcr of 
 Portages whieh occur ( tifteen ) within the last twelve miles. 
 
 The waters of the lilanche — llowinj:- IVom the north, and 
 bcinir navinT.ble for eanoes for idxtv miles witlKjut a l*orta<:o — 
 ioin '.romiseaniini:' aljout two mile:i to the west of the Quin/e. 
 
 Jiuke Ti'iniscamiiiL;- — sixty->even miles in leiitith, with a 
 breadth u'radually diminishimj; iVoin six nnles to live hundred 
 yards — is naviu:d»le throuidi its entire Ii'uu'tli, and has a suili- 
 eient depth of wat(.'r i'or '• respectable sized craft." 
 
 Thirty-live ndles below Teini-cannnu', the Ottawa receives 
 the Mataw:!, — •)(> miles in lenLith in a direct course, 40 Ibllov.'ino; 
 the Ic.Mid-, — whiidi '• consists of a chain of lakes uiiiled by 
 short and sleiuler strean.s, llowint;' from one to another." in 
 ,Mr. Loiran's opinion this i-iver is destined to become of impor- 
 tance, " havini.^ been oftcner than once thouiiht of as ail'ording 
 the best line for a canal, +o connect the waters of the Ottawa 
 with those of Lake Huron by Lake Ni}•issinL^" 
 
 I>etween this point and IJennett'sllrook, (wdierc 3Ir. Loo-an's 
 measurements commenced,) the Ottawa is t'nlarued by the tri- 
 butary waters of the 3Ietabeechuan, the 3Iontreal Kiver, the 
 Keepawa, and the lliviere du Moine. Of these the second, 
 which rises in the northern height of l.ind already noticed, has 
 a course of l'2i) ndles in leniith ; the third, which has its 
 source in a Lake about sixty ndles east from Temiseandnp; (in 
 which also the lliviero du 3iuine originatca), winds throuj^h a 
 
 I 
 
 len; 
 lak. 
 foil 
 
 !S S 
 
 riv 
 
01 
 
 le Ottawa 
 •cr.sc belts 
 •li, with a 
 cii. Tho 
 L' bread til 
 10 iniddlo, 
 
 >1!1 two to 
 
 oxpn^^ion 
 furty-live 
 bears tlic 
 
 lumber ul' 
 miles. 
 
 ortii, and 
 
 L'ort:i<:o — 
 Quinzc, 
 
 1, with a 
 h'uiidrod 
 
 as a suffi- 
 
 I'eecives 
 (illovrino; 
 liuid by 
 ■r." Im 
 jf iiupor- 
 ilTordino; 
 
 OttawH 
 
 Loo;an's 
 
 the tri- 
 ver, tlie 
 
 second, 
 eed, has 
 
 has its 
 ling (iu 
 I rough fi 
 
 length of nhiety milcsi. oonstituting a ehain of connected 
 lakes, — one of which is itsilf fiCiy mili'S loni:' ; while the 
 l(Mirth (tho Dii Moiiie 1, witli a length nf nearly ninety miles, 
 is stated bv Mr. TiOL^an to bo the larirest tributary ontoriniz: the 
 river within the limit of his measurements. 
 
 Immediately Ixdow Tennseamin2: a collection of rapids oc- 
 curs, called the Lnng Sault, which together n.ake a fall of 
 forty-nine I'eet in five distinct leaps (ea(h of which has a sepa- 
 rate name), ])ro(lueing live Portages to v«»yageurs going up 
 stream," though '' canoes shoot tin; whole in desccndiiig, un- 
 less under particular conditions in the height of the water, 
 v.'hich greatly varies at different periods of the year." 
 
 Above the entrance of the Matawa three other ra])ids ar<} 
 met with, at intervals of about three and a-half miles, — •' at 
 each of v.hich the river is contracted to a narn.w sjiace, and \.< 
 impedn.l by ledges of solid nick ])rojeeting from the sides, or 
 starting up in small islands." Tlu; iirst, tlic Mountain liajud, 
 has a fall of five feet live inches; the second, tho j-ifables, u 
 fall of thirteen feet ; the third being •' divided inti» two steps, 
 with the names of the Chaudron :ind the (.'ave, which arc leaps 
 of si.K fe(>t, and live i'cct nine inches res))ectively. In the parts 
 intermediate between the rapids and below them, the btinks are 
 bold, preei})itous and rocky, with an average separation of a 
 quarter of a mile from one another, and the river, particularly 
 towards tho latter portion of the distance, runs in a section 
 across a van<^c of hills rising to heights of about 400 and 500 
 eet. 
 
 Several other rapids are met v-ith vritliin the space examined 
 by Mr. Logan, vi/.. the lievi(^i-, v;ith a lall of eight feet ; the 
 3faganasipe. witli a descent of nearly nine feet ; the Deux Ri- 
 vieres with a sto]) of thirteen feet ; and the Ibudie Capitaine 
 and ?Iaribi.u. wliicii m;ike between them a deseent of forty- 
 two i'eet ten iuijhes. (^(jeologieal iieport fnr I'- l.j-4f>, ]ip. 
 
 iG--.:o.) 
 
 From Bennett's Brouk thiriy-scven milc.-j Itriiig r.s down to 
 the Falls and Portage Pes .Miuniettes. wlicre, Pouchetto in- 
 
#. 
 
 ^%. 
 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 4 
 
 // 
 
 %. 
 
 
 A 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 fj^ IIIIIM 
 
 
 - 6" 
 
 M 
 
 1.8 
 
 11.25 11.4 ill 1.6 
 
 ^ 
 
 & 
 
 /A 
 
 K 
 
 7 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
 % 
 
 
<!. 
 
 .<^^ 
 
 %■ 
 
 
 
 6^ 
 
92 
 
 furms us, "the Ottawa is divided into two channels, the unc 
 to the north-east, tlie utlier to the south-west ol' a larire ishiiid, 
 in Ii'iiL''th about 15 mik-s, by an aNerairc br(\idtli of iuur. Tlie 
 ,S((Uthei'ly ( haiiiiel exjiaiids Indow the J-'alls and liapid.s of the 
 (Jrand Alhmietts to the wi(hli of three or four iiiik'S, and forms 
 the Jiake Des Alhunettes, at th(> iicad of whieli an arm of the 
 river opens an ciitraiice to the 31 ud and 3Iusk Kat Lakes.'' 
 
 k'roiii tlu! bottom of the J^ake Des Alhimettes to Ottawa 
 City (liytowMij, tlie distance is about 113 miles. AVithin this 
 space sevci'al islands occur, — one of them about thirteen miles 
 dow'n, havinu' a lenuth of id)out twenty !niles, witli an avera<:c 
 breadtli of seven ; — and a nund)er of cascades, the D' Ariri.s, the 
 Chenaux, and the Kapides Des Clnits at the foot of the lake of 
 that name, three miles in lenuth, where, thronuh a " labyrinth 
 of varied islands," the waters take a sudden leap of from six- 
 teen to twenty feet over tho Falls of the (.'hatn. 
 
 Lake Chaudirre, six miles below, is IS nnles in length ami 
 ;') broad, with shores l)old on both sides, 'L'he llapides des 
 Chcnes follow at a short interval, afti'r which conm the Chau- 
 diere Falls, (Ireat and Little, (in the neighbourhood of Ottawa 
 City,) above wdiich the river has a breadth of 500 feet. 
 
 These I'^alls are occasioned by the deep and sudden subsi- 
 dence of tile horizontal strata of limestone Avliich compose 
 there the bed of the Ottawa. 
 
 The principal Falls (the Orcat Chaudiere\ which are sixty 
 feet high, and 112 wide, are "situated near the centre of the 
 river, and attract by their forcible in-draughta considerable pro- 
 portion of the waters, ■which, strongly compressed by the cir- 
 cular shape of the rock that forms the Ijoiling reci[)ient, de- 
 scend in heavy torrents, struggling violently to escape, and 
 rising in spray-clouds wdiich constantly conceal the lower half 
 of the falls, and ascend at irregular intervals in revolving 
 columns much above the summit oi' tlie cataract.'' 
 
 " The Little Chaudiore may without much di'Ticulty be ap- 
 proached from the Lower Canada shore, and the spectator, 
 standing on a level with the top of the fall, and on the brink 
 
 inli 
 
 
 Law 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 1 Pre; 
 
 
 foil. 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 tlu^ 
 
 
 mik 
 
 
 it at 
 
 
 lonp 
 
 
 rece 
 
 
 mik 
 
 
 sup] 
 
 
 S'ju; 
 
 
 mik 
 
 I 
 
 mik 
 
 
 squf 
 
 
 has 
 
 
 1 mik 
 
, tn.c one 
 .re island, 
 ur. The 
 lis of the 
 11(1 lb nil H 
 111 of the 
 ikcs." 
 ) Ottawa 
 ithin this 
 con miles 
 n c'ivora*re 
 iirgis, the 
 le lake of 
 labyrinth 
 from six- 
 
 ngtii and 
 
 )ides des 
 
 he (^hau- 
 
 .f Ottawa 
 
 t. 
 
 en subsi- 
 
 comporc 
 
 are sixty 
 
 of the 
 
 ■able pro- 
 
 the eir- 
 
 ient, de- 
 
 ipc, and 
 
 wer half 
 
 jvolving 
 
 y be ap- 
 lectntor, 
 le brink 
 
 
 of the yaAvninLT Liap into which the IJDrids are hradidni: plmiLrcd, 
 surveys the v.-holo lonirth nf th.e ilmfr and the der>tlis nf tho 
 cavern." Much ol' tln^ w;itcr is d<'S(-'.iI)('d liy jjuiirhcfte as 
 passimi' away s(d.)tci'i'anc()u«-ly thrmcjh il-surc^ in the rock. 
 
 IjcIoW the ]'all> td' Chaudiere the <)ttawa is na\ ii:al>le fur 
 steamboats to (li'en\iiU', a di-taiice nf sixtv miles. '1 he cur- 
 rent is LixMitle, Avhile tln^ Ijanks df the riviM' are uenerallv so Inw 
 as to be flooded in sj'i'im: to a cnnsidi'rable distam-o in the 
 intcrioi', (\'^pecially on it-; northern side. 
 
 The impetuous Lon-.r Saulr. whi(di cinumences at (Ireuville, 
 is descended only by m/fdi^rur^t and raftsmen of expori(Uiced 
 cncr<xy and skill. The river below continues rapid and unna, 
 vijiable as far asl'oint I'ortune, where it expands into the Lake 
 of Two 3Iountai;is, and finally forms a junction wirh the St. 
 Lawrenee below the St. Anne Oasca'les. 
 
 Tlie waters of the two streams are distinii'uishable for some 
 distance Ix'yond their point of juncfii)n ; the black line (d'thc 
 Ottawa contrastimx stronulv with the blui.^h-'jreen of the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 From a writer fpioted by Smith iu his '• Ca.mida : ]\ast, 
 Present, and b'uture. (\'ol. 11., pp. 'Vil-'-]')!,) we collect the 
 followiiiLT additional particulars : 
 
 Besides the tributaries already named, the Ottawa receives 
 {I'm following', vi/. : The I'etewawa, havinn; a lenuth of 140 
 miles and drainintr an area of 2,2<>0 S((uare miles, whicdi enter.s 
 it at the Tapper Allumette Lake ; the ]>lack Kiver — DO miles 
 lone, and drainimr an area of 1,120 square miles — which it 
 receives from the north, at the head of Jiake (Vndanire, 79 
 miles from IJytown ; the Ooulanu'c, about miles farther down, 
 supposed to be 100 miles iu length, ^vith a valley of 100 
 square miles ; the Bonchere — 50 miles above Bytown — 110 
 miles lonrr, and draining- au area of 980 square miles ; eleven 
 miles lower the Madawaska, 210 miles long, and drainitig 4,100 
 square miles; the Mississippi — 26 miles from Bytown — which 
 has a length of 101 miles, and drains a valley of 1,120 square 
 miles ; aud at Bytown, the llidcau from the west, with a 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
iJt 
 
 i 
 
 course ul' IIG miles, in wliicli it drains an area of l,o50 square 
 miles. Tlic llivors stated to ioiii tlie Ottawa below ]>ytovrn 
 are : 'i'lie <(utiiie;!U — Iimim t!ie malli, a mile l)eluw JJytowii — 
 which has a cuui-se ]ir(ih:il)ly of* 421.1 miles, and diiiiiis an ai'ca 
 of 1-,00U square' miles : and, at various points lower down, 
 the lUvierc du Jit'ivre, 'liV') miles lun'f, and drainin<!; 4,100 
 square miles ; the Xovtii, and South Nation llivers, — the for- 
 mer 00, the latter lOO miles in leiiuth 5 the .Uiver Kouirc — 
 !>0 miles lonu' — whieii enters from thc! Noi'th ; the iiiver du 
 Nord — IGU miles loner — iVojn the same side ; and llnaliy, just 
 above its mouth, the' Assumption, whieh luis a O'tursc of \'-iO 
 miles. Trom the nioutli of the Ottawa to Jiytown thc dis- 
 tance is loO miles. The volume of water diseliarccd bv the 
 Ottawa when at it?; lieiuht is alle^ied to lie twice the comniou 
 volume of the (,Ian;i;es. 
 
 The vallc}' of thc Otta.wa is computed to be eiaht times the 
 extent of V^erniont, or ten times that of Massachussets, capa- 
 ble, taking- Scotland as our data, of ultimately maintaining a 
 population of eij:ht millions. 
 
 Mr. Louan's measurements make Lake TemiscaminG; 612 
 feet ; the Mattawa, at its junction with the Ottawa, 510 feet 
 5 inches ; Upper Trent Lake 000 ; and Lake Nii)issing GG5 
 feet above thc level of the St. Lawrence at Tlirec llivcrs. (lie- 
 port for 1845-G, pp. 30-38.) 
 
 The region of tlie Ottawa end)raccs a very large quantity of 
 excellent land, with sup})lies of the common woods of the 
 country — tlic red and white pine esjieeially — which would seem 
 all but exliau.-iless. 
 
 Along the whole valley of the Ottawa, clays, sands, gravels, 
 and boulders are met with in mtmy parts. J )eposits containing 
 marine testacea of the post-})liocene period, " cover the whole 
 valley of the South IV'tite Nation, and its tributaries ; and 
 were found in Templetoii, llidl, Nepean, l*ackenliam, and 
 ritzroy, to tlie nu)uths of the .^Iississippi and ^ladawaska, 
 some of tliem ouO ieet over the level of the sea, JSaxicava 
 rugosa b;nn;j found as high as 410. A specimen of MoHotun 
 
 ""A" he 
 
 at a 
 
 the 
 
(!■ 
 
 50 square 
 \\ V>\iGv;u 
 [Jytowu — 
 IS ;iii area 
 er clown, 
 ng 4,100 
 — llic Ibr- 
 liougc — 
 llivcr du 
 niliy, just 
 so ui' loO 
 11 tlic dis- 
 ci Lv the 
 
 t.' 
 
 ) common 
 
 times the 
 ;ctF, cnpa- 
 itaining a 
 
 inino; 612 
 
 519 feet 
 
 ^sing G05 
 
 ers. (Re- 
 
 • 
 
 lantity of 
 Is of the 
 aid seem 
 
 ciifo-<(t.<. or eommoii ciint.'liii'.r — a s;:i;il! ::>h:?'i.ill iV(Mj;io:iting tlu' 
 shores of tin.- (iuli"of St. jjawreiico — v.'iilcii IkuI ])vl'\\ (..bt;ii!ie(l 
 at the iiKiuthnf the (,<!iliiie;iu, \v;;s iu ?dr. Log;;!!'.-; jtussessioJi 
 ■when ho \vr.it(». 
 
 '• l-'resh v.ater sli'.'ll i;):r. Is '■cc'i'.r in in.-iny plates in th;' alhi- 
 vial deposits of tho ()tta\va, and among the piicnnniona ^vili^■h 
 eoino within tlio recent period. I'oundrdl and polished rock .-ur- 
 i'accs, hearing ]>;irallcl groove's and scratclics. an^ oi' not unl're- 
 qucJit oL'Curi'ence." ()n llio shorc^of Lake 'fciniseaining they 
 are specially nunierons, and so circiiiu- tanccd as to niako Incni 
 matter of g!'c:!t interest. 
 
 ])cc[i water-Worn holes ocliu" in the rock on the haid<s of tlio 
 Ottawa, considerahly ahove the highest level which the river 
 has been known to attain. One, of an uncertain de])th, IS 
 inclios in diameter, was found (iU I'eet over the existing surlaco 
 of tli(^ water ; another, measuring two feet hy two and adiali", 
 at a height of twenty-five feet. 
 
 The Economic Materials of the Ottawa are, — magnetic and 
 specular oxides of iron, wliitdi are very abundant, bog iron 
 ore, brown ochre, iron jiyrates, galena, eo}»per pyrates, plum- 
 bago, mai'l)!o, Ijuilding stone, ilagging, tilestoiu's and slates, 
 grind-stones and whet-stones, mill-stones, stono lit fur glas.s- 
 making, water-lime, common lime, shell marl, and ])eat. A 
 considerable number of mineral springs are likewise met with. 
 For a vc'iT fall account of the character and distribution of the 
 Koeks of tho Ottawa and its region, the readir is rci'errecl to 
 tho fleological J Report for lS45-lii, pp. -KVJS. 
 
 , gravels, 
 )ntaining 
 he whole 
 ies ; and 
 am, and 
 diiwaska, 
 
 MaUotui 
 
 ISLAND OF :\loxt]ii:al. 
 
 At the eoniluenee of tho ():;tawa and tho St. liawrcnce lies 
 tho beautiful Island of Montreal, hiangular in ;diaj)e, and 
 
 havimj,' a leii'jth of V>'1 miles l)v a bicadth of 111. 
 
 on tho north-ea-t b'. 
 
 the 1 
 
 iivieri> ( 
 
 !es J 
 
 rairies lr(.m 
 
 -— sejiar 
 i>!e .b's 
 
 ited 
 
 ns. 
 
 With the exception (*f the mountain, the ridge <d' the Coteau 
 
 't. j'ierr.", and one or 
 
 vro 
 
 •mailer ones of no u'reat elevat 
 
 ion, 
 
l»0 
 
 it e.'cliibit-; :i level SLiriaoi-, waLorcl by f^evei'.'l litilo rivcr;i iind 
 rivulets. Fmiii the City ol' Montreal, w!ii(,'ii staiitis on its 
 .south .si;lo, the ,sli ore.i towards the east arc fro'ai 1') to 2'.! feet 
 above tlie St. Liwfeu.'e ; but on t]ic oie) i^lto side, toward-i La 
 Chine, tliey are biVt'. 
 
 "The f:.;il of tba.' wbole i.-land, li" a few iasiij:nine nit tmcts 
 be overlooked, can scarcely be (!xeellcd in any country, and is 
 highly productive of L'rain of every si)ecies, veirv'tables, and 
 tVult-i of variiMi-; kinds." ( ]joU('hette. ) 
 
 NOUTII «Ii)!-: OF TIIl^ ST. LAWIlKXi^lv 
 
 The coantry Ivinir between the ii))yior end of the Island oi* 
 Montreal and Cape Tourniente, on the lei'r side of the St. 
 Lawrence, and oecupyinii; the space intcrveniim' between the 
 river and the 3Ietaniorphic liills, to which ]\Ir. (Jarneaii lias 
 given the name of Laurentides, " h:is a lenuth of about l!00 
 miles; ansl it Li'radually widens from a point at Cape; Toiir- 
 mento, to about oO miles at 3Iontreal, havin:;- thus an area of 
 about 0,000 S(iuaro miles. ]t presents a fi'cneral Hat surface 
 rising in many i)laecs by abrujtt steps, (the marks of ancient 
 sea-margins,) into successive t^jrraccs, some of which are from 
 200 to 300 feet a1)ove tlio level r)f the river^ and the Vtdiole 
 have a general parallelism with it. These terraces arc occupied 
 by clay and sand, and the latter predominating, gives them, as 
 a whole, a light soil. The rivers whicli cross it, (some of them 
 hirgc streams, of which the St. Maurice is the gTcatost,) de- 
 scending" the Hank of the Metanior]»hie hills, all give a succes- 
 sion of falls and r.ipids bef )re reaching tb.e plain, afiording a 
 great variety of beautiful and picturesque cascades, and yield- 
 ing a vast oxtent ( !' water lue.ver, capable of a])plication to saw- 
 mv: timber and other manufacturin'i imrprscs. Uuittiiif'' the 
 IMctannnaphic rocks, these streiuns at oncc cut deej) i)ito the 
 softer deposits of the ]>lains, sonieii.nes ;it a leap ;;; tii.iiilng 
 nearly the level ol the St. liav.'rence, and intersect the country 
 bv numerous nearly iiarallel ravines ; thcv ironerally disnlav 
 
 I 
 
rivor.s :nid 
 
 ids on itH 
 
 to -2) [vet 
 
 •)\\'.U'(l-i L:i 
 
 uit tracts 
 itrv, raid i.s 
 nbles, nnd 
 
 
 i Island oi* 
 of the St. 
 etwc'cn the 
 nrncau lias 
 about 200 
 'ape lour- 
 Ill area of 
 ;it surface 
 oi' ancient 
 
 1 arc from 
 tlio Vv'liolo 
 occupied 
 s thcin, as 
 ic or" them 
 :itest,) de- 
 
 2 a succes- 
 iflordii!";- a 
 and yield- 
 I'Mi to saw- 
 ittinfi the 
 ]) iiito tlio 
 
 li;t::iilin<r 
 
 10 country 
 l!v di,>i:,lay 
 
 steep hanks of day and sand, hut in a i'cw instance.:! run in 
 troughs, exposinir pcrj^ondlculjir sertinus id' .^^Huhtlv imdined 
 strata of liiiKstniio or hlack r^hale, piled upMii one another from 
 the heiizht of from twentv to ciuhtv foct."' ^ < i'.'ol.i'^ical rieixat 
 for ls5:i-:h pp. -1-S.) 
 
 To prevent confusion, 3[r. Liici'an a-rplics tiio name Lauren- 
 lian series to the rocks undeilyinii' tlie fossiHfcrous I'oniiations 
 of this p;irt of ('aividn, because of its u'reater (h'(initcne>s, in- 
 stead of the .Mctamorphic given in his previon-' lloports. 
 
 The o-ooh)jrical formations underlying the ui-h'.'ct above 
 named, are, in ascending order : 
 
 1 , Laurentian Series. 
 
 2. IN.tsdam Sandstone. 
 []. Calciferous Sandrock. 
 ■1. Cha/.y Limestone. 
 
 5. ]>irdseye, IJlack River and TrenLon Limestones. 
 
 G. Utica Slate. 
 
 7. Hudson Uiver Group. 
 
 8. Oneida Conglomerate. 
 
 — (For particulars see Mr. Logan's Ivcport, pp. S-IO.) 
 
 The Economic Materials of the above section are, bog iron 
 ore in many places and considerable (piantities, iron .sand, wad 
 or boLT maniranese, clay for common bricks and potterv, biiihl- 
 in*]!; stones and flairuinii' stones, I'cfractory sandstone, sand for 
 glass-making, marble, peat, l.)iluminous shale and tripijli earth, 
 with mineral springs. 
 
 The country Lotween the St. I'daurice and the Ihili-can is 
 noticed as specially aboundiiiii" in iron ore A considerable 
 field of it exists also un the south side of the river, in the 
 Seigniory of Champlain. Five patches of yellow ochre, — one 
 of them having an area of six; square yards, — were observed 
 abcnit 'iOO y;irds f.-ijm the bank of the (ircat ^'ama(diirhe 
 Iliver. A very large ochre bed is situated on tlu' St. Xicdiolas 
 range of l*oiiite-du-Jjac. '"In the vicinity of .Montreal the 
 lower part of the Trenton formation holds massive beds of grey 
 
1 
 
 1)S 
 
 UTiniiilar llnitv^touo, fVoia ^7lli(•lI :i vory '',^2:0. funoiiiit oF the 
 best l)uil(JiiiLi' iiiatcvial usc;l in tlio city ]\:\< bcfii fibtaiiuM]." 
 ]iiin('st(tri(< 1)1' various sorts arc Inuml in Cjuito a luniilicr of 
 |»!accs Avithiii Oic ar. a luidcr i'c\ I'-w. The Imildiiiii' and ilaj;- 
 stoncs nnticc(l l)C ;»ii-. l.n-iu in l,is .■-kctch (»!' tlicir (li>tril)U- 
 ti(»n, all Iii'Iduu; ti> tlio I'o-siliii'rous lunnation, thonLrh the 
 gneiss iid masses wduM, in hi-< (>[)inii)ii, sui)})ly a u'roat abun- 
 dance t)i' lastinui' niateri.d, — which, however, would ])e in(»rc 
 expensive to woi'k. .Many peat bitgs of laruo and small ex- 
 tent exist in this area. At i^aval, alxjut twenty miles I'roni 
 Quebe-, there is a considerable deposit of Trip(di earth, -wliich 
 is used for (dt'aniiiir and polishing' metals. ( ltej)ort !V>r ]S[2-4o, 
 pp. 41-70.) 
 
 The mountainous cliaracter of the nortliern shore of the •'■^t. 
 LaAvrence has proiierly its commencement, accordinir to 13ou- 
 chettc, at (Jape Tourmente, althouLih its baid<s above Quebec 
 arc " for many miles liii'li, bohb and majestic. From (.'a])C 
 Tourmente the rid^io continues unbroken, except by the beds 
 of rivers and rivulets, until it effectually subsides thirteen or 
 twenty miles below the Satiueiuiv, in Avliicli nuiuter the Ix.ddness 
 oftlie north shoi'c sinks to a moderate level, presentinfra degree 
 of flatness and etjuality of surface singularly contrasted with 
 the op]iosite shore, Avhicli n(>w becomes mountainous, rugged 
 and a])rupt. 
 
 '• This tract of country is traversed between the west boun- 
 dary of tlu' count}' of Quebec and the Saguenay by numerous 
 rivers and streams ; the best kn(»wn ami most considerable of 
 whi(di are the St. (Miarles, the Montniorenci, the Great IJiver 
 or 8te. Anne's, the llivieredu (Jimffre, the Mai IJay, tin:' Black 
 lliver, and the Sairuenav. . . JJesides these there are many 
 smaller streams and tributary waters, not a few of whi(di are 
 imperishable springs that supply the inhabitants with the 
 purest water, at the same time that they moisten and fertilise 
 the soil. On several of the streamlets, as well as the rivers, 
 are frerpiently to be f >und excellent mill sites, formed by the 
 rapitlity of tiio water courses, consequent upon the hilly cha- 
 
 \'' 
 
 racK 
 Sagi 
 cxte 
 
 seve 
 
 T 
 
 CoMII 
 
 \vhi( 
 Ix'au 
 itrcc 
 sei'U 
 
90 
 
 lilt of the 
 jbtaincd." 
 imiulicr of 
 'j: ;ili<l 1l;iLr- 
 r (li>tribu- 
 i()Ui:li tlic 
 •oat abiiii- 
 l l»e more 
 small cx- 
 liilcs IVom 
 rtli, uliicli 
 • J S l2-4a, 
 
 of the St. 
 
 iir to ]3ou- 
 
 ive (Quebec 
 
 "I'om ('ape 
 
 iV tlie beds 
 
 liiteeii or 
 
 e boldness 
 
 a dource 
 
 ted 'with 
 
 S iu"<rcd 
 
 est boiin- 
 lumerous 
 
 eruble of 
 eat liiver 
 the IJIack 
 ire many 
 \vlii( h are 
 
 with the 
 1 fertilise 
 he rivers, 
 eil by the 
 hillv cha- 
 
 racter oi' tile country. Ur tlie rivers aluAc mentioned the 
 Satrueiiav is the onlv one vet kn(»\vn to bo iiaviL'alde to any 
 extent, vessels of any luirden beinu' al»Ie to ast\'ii(l upwards of 
 seventy-five miles abo\c its estuary." 
 
 The Jliver MontUKU'enei is specially distinL:ui>h( d on ac- 
 count of the J'\-dls at its moulh, about U miles beloVv' (.Juelice. 
 which ;ire "' celebrated for their height, imiii'iiiticence, and 
 beauty. \'iolently jirojccted over a pei'pendicular roek into a 
 ]»reeipice 240 feet deep, tlie Avaters of the .Alontmoi-eiici de- 
 SL-eml in a l.M'iLdit lieecy sheet, of snowy whiteness, to tlu; broad 
 recipient beneath, which forms a deej) I'ay, v/liosi? sides rise, 
 almost verticallv from the foot of the Falls, to an altitiule se- 
 veral feet above their summit, 'i'he lower reL:i<»ns oi' the (diffs 
 are destitute of vegetation, Init it ji-radually makes its appear- 
 ance at the eleva.tioii of .")() or ()0 feet, and continues with 
 more apparent vijrour to tin; hiuhest point of the towering 
 banks, the verirc of which is lined with shrubs and trees." . . 
 " The basin under the Falls is nearly semicircular, the Falls 
 tliemselvcs occupying the depth of the segment, whilst its 
 chord forms tlie general line of the ford whiidi is practised 
 (crossed) at low water. 'J'he most advantagctms view of the 
 Falls is perhaps to be had I'rom the left bank, but there are a 
 variety of beautiful points of view in which they ma}- lie 
 beheld." (Bouchette, A'ol. I., pp. l!77-27!b) " When the 
 St. Lawrence is frozen below the Falls," avs W. (Ireen, Fsrp, 
 (Xotes on the (\)untry about the ,^^ontnlor■ilci. — Transactions 
 of Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc, Vol. 1st., p. 1X1,) "the level 
 ice becomes a support on which the freezing spray descends as 
 sleet. It there remains and gradually enlarges its base and its 
 height, assuming an irregularly conical form. Its dimensions 
 thus continually enlarging, become, towards the ch^sc of win- 
 ter, stupendous. Its utmost height in each season usually 
 varies much, as the (piantity of spray it is formed of depends 
 upon the degree in which the water producing that spray is 
 copious." lu march, 1X21), it obtained an altitude of 120 
 feet. The cone which is formed is perceptibly, though slight- 
 
ion 
 
 ]y, tinaod oi* rm onrflih" linr», dorivcrl, it i? snpp'i.cr-rj, '< from 
 infinitely conniiiinUcd piiiticlcs" fn/ia tlic ])OfI of tlio river, 
 '' :i])r:ii«l(Ml )>y tlio tnrrciit, tind carried iiilo tlic atniosjihcrtMvitli 
 the .'iiray." *' 'i'ln' inniiatiim oi' this r(jiie niav, it is tliouirht, 
 f^utrgest, sonin oxplaiiatinn of tlie way in which tlio Lilaeier.s 
 luive Iteon i'ttrnicd.'' 
 
 "Wiiat is calK'd tlio Sauni'iiav count I'v CDnnncnccs at the 
 Juwor end ol' the Seiuniwiy ut* j']l.iiiulenicns, whence it extends 
 t':> Cape ( Vnuorant, a distiinee of" aiH.iut 1*.") leagues, runnin<^ 
 back, at tlu' >anietinic, a cniisiih-rahle dista'ice inlu the interior. 
 Mucli of it is rocky, thonuh portions of it are described as fer- 
 tile. (Geol. ilepnrt for lS4U-r}'), p. 7 ; also IJoucbette, A'ol. 
 1., pp. ■2^:)--l\)\.) 
 
 Tbo scenery on the Sauuenay is described as very bold, its 
 banks risinii; in many ]»laces to a threat beii:ht. 
 
 IJetween the nioulb of the Sai:uenay and Ance au .Sablon, 
 oil tlie Labrador coast, — whence a line drawn due north to the 
 52nd parallel of north latitude forms the eastern boundary of 
 the Province, — there is a frontaue on the v^t. Jiavrrence and 
 Gulf of Gf),") miles. ]>elo\v the tSauuenay, the inountainous 
 boldness of the north shore <:radually subsides in approacliin«; 
 the Berii'eronnes, and siidis to a niuie moderate elevation at 
 Portneuf, a tradinj:; Po^t, situated about 40 miles belov/ 
 the Sag'ucnay. The mountains below this river recede to the 
 distance of four or five leagues from the immediate borders of 
 the St. Lawrence, leaving a tract of gradual ascent at their 
 base, composed of swampy land, covered with moss to the 
 depth of three feet. '' East of Portneuf, the shores continue 
 for some miles to preserve a moderate and regular elevation, 
 and in yarious parts offer to the eye white cliffs of sand, che- 
 quered by tufts of ever-green. Descending towards Pointe 
 des Monts, the altitude of the banks becomes greater, and the 
 characteristic boldness of the north shore is again resumed ) 
 but here the mountains to the southward do not yield in height 
 or coutinuity to those rising to the north, and both shores of 
 
 til' 
 ami 
 
 f\ 
 
 Gu 
 
 i: re 
 si(p 
 or 
 Th 
 
lOl 
 
 :r-fl, '< from 
 
 tlio liver, 
 
 >|iliero with 
 
 i- tliouglit, 
 
 tlio j:lacier.s 
 
 Rccs at the 
 ? it extends 
 's, running; 
 the interior, 
 ibed tis I'cr- 
 hette, A'oL 
 
 'vy l^ohl, its 
 
 an Sablon, 
 
 lurth to the 
 
 jounJary ot' 
 
 re nee and 
 
 )untainou3 
 
 )|)Voaehiny; 
 
 evatiim at 
 
 es below 
 
 eedc to the 
 
 borders of 
 
 t at their 
 
 D.ss to the 
 
 s continue 
 
 elevation, 
 
 sand, che- 
 
 rds Poi nte 
 
 ?r, and the 
 
 resumed ; 
 
 1 in height 
 
 shores of 
 
 the uuU'aro eon^nionr.uvlv renKirkr.blo fiv,- their loft v, fiowiiinjr, 
 and forbi'ldinL' aspect." 
 
 1 lie chicr llivci's di.'ch'iruinir tlieniselves iuin tht> diver and 
 lluli' di" ,"• r. Jinwrcnec, jietwicn the SaLiuciKiy ami Aiuc Sabhm, 
 j:re the (i)";iiide and l\;tite l)ei'L:<'riinnes, the 1 'ort iicuf. .^Ii^^^i.s- 
 f«i(jninaek, j>et>ianiites, JJustard, 3Ianicouuan, 1( hin)ani|iistiek 
 or Seven I.><lands, >^t. Julin, St. Au.-lin's, and lv-^(|ninaux." 
 The eoiintry has been little jxnetrated except by the liidi;ins. 
 
 ■ Extensive Il.'^heries are carried nii aliMit: tlie c(t:!sl.s of La.bra- 
 
 dor. Those on tln^ < Julf are exeecdiiii;ly )iri!ducti\e. 
 
 Great jKirt of tlie region jnst luitici d. with a povticn vC the 
 country Ivinir we.st ni" the Hafir.eriav, litars tlie ii;;nie oi' tlie 
 DohKiiiK , fiom the I'act th.at a lease of it was granted liy the 
 
 |i French Kini:- in 17-!-5 !«• a ('(inipany called the i\iii-\s J'osts' 
 Company, t(j which was guaranteed the exclusive j^iivilcgc of 
 
 [■ bartcrinji, InintinL:-, and lishinu- within its limits. ( Iluuehrtto, 
 ' Vol. I., pp. 2i)L^--:'.»:>.j 
 
 SUUTil SIDE Or TJI!-: ST. i.AWllKXCi::. 
 
 Between Tdontreal and Quebec the valley of the St. Jjiw- 
 rencc ha.s a general north-east cour.^e, and presents a flat sur- 
 face on each baidc of the river ; extendiiie; on the north-west 
 side to a breadth of from 12 to 20 nnles, and on the south- 
 ea.st (if oO or 4() — to the foot (jf a range of mountains, ahead}' 
 I noticed, whi(di is a cuntinuation of the Green 3Iountains of 
 Vermont. Thonuh after enterinu" Canada these mountains 
 lose much vi' their elevation, two or three isolated jieaks attain 
 in the district of wdiich we speak a height ef about 4,000 feet. 
 
 The ranges of mountain and valL'y which mark tliks region 
 are " parallel to one another and to the St. La.wrencc, and the 
 whole coincide with the strike of the formations con.stituting 
 the district. The streams conveying the waters of the area to 
 the Great River, are first the Kichelicu and the Yamaska, 
 the main trunks of which run in a direct continuation of the 
 valley of Lake Champlain, with a distance between them equal 
 
J 02 
 
 LO .'iboi;i tiic L'l'oat'j.- 1 Ir.-.-ailiii (if tljc la'vc, aiiil 
 
 Sii'lkc, wljilc tlic (':>.-.tc;'ii itraiu-lics t>i 
 
 tho V 
 
 uiiaska, ( 
 
 ilii tliii 
 
 the mn>t sonfln'i-ii (<!' tlscui l)('ariii'.r tlic iiaiiio ni' l!u' strraiii.) 
 ail of whicli litivc their .■^Mun-r'; \v;'st oi' t!ii' (irccii .Mouiitaiii 
 r;iii^'.', or aiiiiHi'i- ifs jieil;>, run tr;iii<vorsc to the stratilieati.m. 
 Xoxt ar(! tlu) Si. l-'raiicis a.i'l tlio CliaufluTL', ali)iit c'i;^-lity miles 
 a •11 II I iff, tlu! lower jiir! nt' cicli (ti'wliicli makes a straight scc- 
 li;;n across the iiieaMir« -. jiieludiiiu" rocks (-((ii'titutiii'i the 
 iMt)u;!t:iiii raii'je, while their iij>{>cr ['arts diMiii the line of val- 
 ley h-yoiiil. The ii[t[)L'r ]• irt oi the St. l''raiici,s and iis ti'ibii- 
 tary the ^^lassawippi, llowiii;r in o;e|io-i(e (lii-ectioii.s aloni;' the 
 fo.tt of tho niountaiii ran;j'e, (tecupy about ('iL;;hty mile.s (»f tho 
 line in the u't'iicral strike of tlie formations, and join at JiCU- 
 tU)xvilK\ alter beinir sup[»liod by ssjverad transverse tiabutaries, 
 which take their sources in the southern mountains. The 
 Chaudiei'o, sprinu;iu^' iii these UKiuntains, overlaps the upper 
 part of llie St. S'h'ancis. Ilowiii'.;' in an o])posiLe e(»urse, and 
 ))iore soutliern but parallel line for >ouu' distance below L;d:G 
 3Ie2'antii'. It then turns up norllnvard, and is joined by the 
 lliviere du Loup, which ilows across tlie measures in the same 
 direction as tho lower part of the Chaudiere, and furtlier on it 
 meets another tributary etdled tho Famine. This tributary is 
 iii tho siimo relation to the rocks of the c(^uniry as the iijtjier 
 part of the St. Francis and the 3Iassawippi. l''lowin;j: in the 
 strike, it takes its source to the eastward, in a level tract, which 
 is tdso the source of the ]\Iitaywa(jUon, and constitutes part of 
 the valley of tho St. John iUver, to whieh this is tributary ; 
 and it appears probahle that tlie vadley of the St. John, pre- 
 sontinn' a eontinuation of the line of valleys, will bo found to 
 display the .same relation to the stratiiieation as that portion of 
 the depression to tho south-west already mentioned. Between 
 the St. Francis and the Chaudiere, are the Becancour, and the 
 east and west branches of the Nieolet. These take their rise 
 toward the south-cast side of tho UKnintainous belt of country. 
 The course of the two Nicolets is in ,<rencral transverse to the 
 measures, more directly so in the parts wdiich flow among' the 
 
 n 
 
lo:; 
 
 > v,-;tli tin- 
 (i .adinp; 
 u; stronui,) 
 
 I .Moiuitaiii 
 i-atiliciiti.)ii, 
 i;j;lity niiK':'J 
 [I'liiLi'ht ^JC'j- 
 tiitinu" tli(^ 
 lino of v;il' 
 (I iis tribu- 
 s uIuiil;' the 
 iles of the 
 oiii at Loii- 
 tributarioH, 
 iiiiis. The 
 ; the u}»i>er 
 (du'se, and 
 jelow Lake 
 iucd ])}• the 
 
 II the same 
 rthcr on it 
 I'ihutary is 
 
 the iip]»cr 
 viii'I in the 
 ract, whicli 
 ites part of 
 tributai'y ; 
 lohn, pre- 
 
 G fniliul to 
 
 portion of 
 Between 
 ir, and the 
 e their rise 
 )f country, 
 crse to the 
 
 anion 2; the 
 
 mountains; that of tiie In'rancoiir is more irregular, Itoini; 
 suiuotimcs with and xjinctiinc-^ tran.M'r'O to th(.' strata for lon<j; 
 stretches. Tlic ii::ii:i sou'.He i> abuut midway lietwccii tiii> 
 ('handii-ro and the ^^t. i'lanci-, ^'iit l';:\iii- ou the hilly tiaci, 
 the ^ri'ciiiM ap[iro-i<ho^ tn \vith;u l!<' iiiih-; of th'' ''.niior, wliili; 
 its montli i> \\<>t much i.\t'r the s.iint' (li>taiiiT l/d.-w tli>' I iit''".'. 
 'I'he.-e \ai'ious trii»Mtari(s of tin St. Jiawri'ncr antl tlicir rami- 
 iication.--, l»y wh'rh th ■ di>tii( t is voy abundantly watcn,!, 
 often spread out into small but bi-autiful lakes anmnu tho hi'j;h 
 lamls, ulNiii.!-''. ill association witii mountain peaks, Lii'tat pic- 
 tiires(|ueness to tip; >cciiei'y. This i^^ ]>artiiMdarly the case 
 towards tho south-western ]'arts, where tlie-e lakes so bespani:le 
 tlu' countrv that in om; jtan'iiande \iew iVoui the ,-ummit of 
 Ort'oi'd .Mountain, estimated at l.."i<H) I'vrt abo\e the St. i.,aw- 
 reiice, no h'ss tlian ei'^hteen of them e.ui bi; counted, emptviiii:; 
 into the ^'aniaslca and Jiiehelieu i>n the one hand, and the St. 
 Francis on tin; otlur. The larLiest i»f these is I^ake Memphra- 
 MKiLioL!', which has a length of about, liw mile>, by a l-readth lio- 
 nerally under one ndle, Init sometimes two ; it lie> jiailly 
 amoiui' the mountains and partlv in the Aallev lu'Vond. whieh 
 
 i. I at. 
 
 obli(juely crosses tho upper extremity, and in one phu-e the 
 lake approaches to \vithin six ndles of Stanstead I'lains. I'ach 
 l)ranch of the Niicolet is sujipfu'd with its lake amon,u' the 
 mountains." "Tlu.' ]>ecancour disiJavsa very beautiful chain 
 of lakes in the Towi!shi])Sof Inverness, Halifax, and Ireland; 
 wliile itthers, of a smaller si/e, on the north-west liiu,' of 
 Wolfetown, appear at the sources of tlu; stream, situated simi- 
 larly in 2"eolo2'ical regard as those of the Xi(;olets." Several 
 of the.se, with others nanu'd, ai'e taken in one ^icw from the 
 sumunt of the AVhite .Mountain, (lieulouica.l ileport for 
 IS-iT— IS, pp. C-s. ^ 
 
 '' The plains of the nor;li-\ve-.| ami the vale on the soutli- 
 east of the mountain belt," Mr. Jaitiai, p,t'< (»n to say, " con- 
 stitute two valuable tracts of eountry, of ;rreat agricultural ca- 
 pability. The .soil of the former, thou-h in some [)iaces li;jht, 
 is for the most part a strong calcareous clay, supporting, in its 
 
iOl 
 
 wild state, a pr(3(lominatiii^ ^vcnvtli ol' soft wood, but wlicii 
 cleared, well suited to yield abundant crops of excellent wheat, 
 for wliieli the Hei^iiorial farms alon^j; tlie »St. Jiawrcncc were for- 
 merly celebrated. The soil of the south-eastern vale is, 
 with many exceptions, generally a uravelly loam, seldom defi- 
 cient in calcareous (juality, and often very ferruginous ; its 
 timber is chiefly hardwood. It is well adapted for wheat." 
 Mr, Logan remarks that the distance of tliis region from mar- 
 ket liad caused attention to be turned chiefly to the rearing of 
 cattle. y>y the }>assing of the St. Jiawrence and Atlantic 
 llailroad through this splendid country, (tlirough which I liavc 
 travelled repeatedly,) tlie difficulty spoken of is now entirely 
 removed, and Boston and 3Iontreal ])rought within a convenient 
 distance. 
 
 Much of this reuion is yet to clear, thoi.uh it is iast beimr 
 brought under cultivation. 
 
 J^'or the geological description of it, the reader is referred 
 to 3Ir. Logan's lleport above quoted, pp. 10-58. 
 
 Its Economic 3Iaterials are magnetic and specular oxydcs of 
 iron — which are specially abundant in Sutton and Brome ; — 
 bog iron ore and iron ochre; chnmiiciron ; bog manganese or 
 wad ; copper ore, and gold, which is found in the vicinity of 
 Sherbrooke, associated with copper pyrates, the quantity being, 
 however, very snnll. In his lleport for 1851-52 (pp. 21-27), 
 Mr. Logan describes a visit which he paid to a Placer which 
 was being wrought in the bed of the Kiviere du Loup, about 
 ten acres from its junction with the Chaudiere, whence during 
 the week of his stay, a quantity Avas obtained valued by him 
 at £31 3s., at an expense of j£]5 for labour. The deposit 
 was thus yielding double wages. The auriferous drift has since 
 been found to extend over an area of 10,000 square miles. 
 (Report, 1852-53, p. 71.) 
 
 Mr. Logan represents the country between the Chaudiere 
 and the Temiscouata lload as being inferior to that between 
 the Chaudiere and the Bichelieu, not presenting an equal 
 breadth of Champaign margin, and being more rocky. The 
 
 r.ii 
 
 thii 
 
 fit 
 
Wo 
 
 , but wiicii 
 lent wheat, 
 c were for- 
 n vale is, 
 L'lJ(iiii dofl- 
 finoiis ; it?? 
 or wheat." 
 from luar- 
 
 I rearing!; of 
 
 II Atlantic 
 licli I have 
 ow entirely 
 convenient 
 
 fist being 
 
 is referred 
 
 r oxj-dcs of 
 Bronie ; — 
 nf'-anesc or 
 vicinity of 
 tity being, 
 
 • ^i-^r), 
 
 Acer which 
 lip, about 
 nee during 
 d by him 
 le deposit 
 t has since 
 are miles. 
 
 Chaudiere 
 fc between 
 an equal 
 1-y. The 
 
 d strike of the sti 
 
 :'ticularly with 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 general strike ot the .stratii is with the river, })articuiai 
 the north side, though in consequence of a multitude of antic- 
 linal axes there is the appearance of its being with the moun- 
 tainous belt behind. 
 
 The rocks met with, in ascending series from the Trenton 
 Limestone and Utica Slate are : — 
 
 1. A series of dark clay-slates, inlci'stratified with grey, 
 thin-bedded sandstones, otten calcareous, weathering yellowish- 
 brown, and with grey yellow-weathering limestones. This 
 series is fjssiliferous, holding shells and graj[»tolites, and ap- 
 pearing to be teruuniited by a set of bituminous shells and 
 black limestones. 
 
 2. A series of grey-green, and occasionally red shales with 
 thin calcareous layers. 
 
 o. A deposit of hard Sandstones, varying in colour from 
 light grey to iron grey, and sometimes slightly greenish, which 
 
 appear to hold but little mica. 
 
 4. lied and green shales — the red of a chocolet hue ; and 
 
 the iron to which this is supposed owing fre(jueiitly associated 
 with titanium. 
 
 5. A series of coarse-grained green sandstones, holding 
 more mica than the lower sandstones, and fre([ueiitly presenting 
 small spangles of plundjago. 
 
 These deposits occupy nearly the whole of the Champaign 
 country east of the lliehelieu, betwt>en the mountain belt and 
 the St. Lawrence. All of them belong to the Jjower Silurian. 
 The distribution of these rocks is described in 3Ir. Logan's 
 Report for IS-tO-yO (pp. o4— 48), to which we refer the reader. 
 L'^pper Silurian formations present themselves at Potton Ferry, 
 Georgeville, and in Stoke Township, on Lake Aylmer, and in 
 some other places. 
 
 The Economic Materials of this region are — Bog iron ore, 
 copper ore, chromic iron, gold in several localities, manganese, 
 flagging stones, roofing slates, ami per.'. (Report, pp. (U-72.) 
 A deposit of peat extending over 4,000 square acres is met 
 
lOG 
 
 witli ill the Soignlorj of Piiviero Ouelle, nnd another of about 
 0,000 acres iji the 8ci_iiniory of Jiivic'Te du Loup, hcsidcs a 
 patch of loo acres on tlic left htiiik of tlio Madawaska on the 
 road to the Little Falls. 
 
 Bouchcttc bears testimony to the mildness of the climate, 
 and the advantajics of the soil of the Eastern Townships, 
 (Vol. 1., p. )]0S.) In a Jleport presented (L^th June, LSal) 
 by a Sp(M-!al Committee appointed by the House of Assembly, 
 to inquire into the causes which liad retarded their settlement, 
 the following language is used in relation to them : 
 
 ^' The Eastern Townships, properly so called, is that great 
 extent of habitable and fertile country, contained between the 
 Chambly and Chaudiere ]iivers, in one direction, and between 
 the frontier lines of 3Iaine, \'ernumt, and New Hamp-shire, 
 and the Seigniories of the ])istricts of Montreal, >St. Francis, 
 Three Ivivers, and part of Queltec, in the other. This vast 
 territory promises to beconu), at no distant period, the richest, 
 the most populous, and the uiost ilourishing part of ]jOwer 
 Canada ', not oidy on account of its climate, milder than that 
 of the shores of the .St. Lawrence, of the immense extent of 
 excellent and fertile soil which it includes, and of its abundant 
 streams of water, — but also, and more especially, because that 
 part of our ilne country borders on the territory of our indus- 
 trious neighbours, and must be traversed by the main lines of 
 communication between the two countries, as by the Kailroad 
 from Montreal to Melbimrnc on the St. ]''rancis, and from 
 I^Ielbourne to Pijrtland on the Atlantic, and soon hereafter, we 
 trust, by that from Melbourne to Quebec.'' These Townships 
 contain, it is computed, 4,880,400 acres, capable, mostly, of 
 being brought luider cultivation. The cxempticm of the 
 Townships from Seignorial burdens, and the extensive water 
 power possessed are named by the Committee as reasons for 
 believing that they are destined to become the seat of manu- 
 factures. Speaking of the comparative advantage possessed 
 by the high lands over the lower, the Committee say, — " The 
 trees stand far apart, and the land is cultivable, before the 
 
 
 Sev 
 
 07 
 
of a])Out 
 
 ]jcs"ules n 
 
 <ka oil the 
 
 le climate, 
 'ownsliips, 
 me, LSol) 
 Assouibly, 
 ;cttloinent, 
 
 that great 
 ctwceii the 
 1(1 between 
 rmupshire, 
 t. Francis, 
 This vast 
 he richest, 
 of Lower 
 than that 
 extent of 
 abundant 
 ause that 
 »ur indus- 
 11 hues of 
 c Eaih'oad 
 and from 
 eaiter, we 
 Viwnships 
 mostly, of 
 >n of the 
 ive water 
 easons for 
 of manu- 
 possessed 
 ■—" The 
 )efore the 
 
 u 
 
 107 
 
 stumps are rotted out. They are likewise naturally drained, 
 so that in the very lirst; year, after the labour of clearing is 
 comi)leted, a crop may be raised, often the best they ever yield ; 
 the soil makes a grateful and iiumediuto return to its pro|)rie- 
 tor, for the preference by which he has distlui^-'nished it." — 
 i^everal instances arc given of the success that has followed the 
 efforts of settlers, (pp. 10-18.) 
 
 The country lying between the Chaudiere and the Mara 
 Hill highlands, Bouchettc describes as decidedly hilly, 
 thouuh abounding with extensive flats and valleys. — 
 "The land," he says, "generally rises in irregular ridges 
 from the borders of the river, towards the rear, and at- 
 tains, in general, a considerable elevation, at the distance 
 of 10, 15 and 20 miles from the front, forming at its 
 hei<'lit the verge of a broad and extended tract of table-laud 
 of gentle descent towards tlie river St. John, beyond which it 
 reascends again, and acquires a superior degree of altitude, 
 towards the sources of the Allegash, merging in the range of 
 highlands that are a continuation of the Connecticut range, 
 stretching easterly, and winding round the sources of the 
 rivers falling into the Atlantic, and those flowing into the St. 
 Lawrence, and the St. John, in the opposite direction." 
 
 This region is well-watered. Its chief rivers are, the St. 
 
 John and its principal branches, the 3Iadawaska, Echimin, Du 
 
 Sud, Lc Bras (a branch of the Du Sud), Ste. Anne, Oucllc, 
 
 I)u Loup, the (Jreen lUver, Trois Pistolles, Biinouski, and the 
 
 Great ]Mitis, and Matane ; its chief lakes, the Metapediae, 
 
 Mitis, Teniiscouata, Long Ijake, and Eagle Lakes. (A'ol. I., p. 
 
 olo, ol4.) 
 
 The District of Gaspe is a pc^iinsulated tract of country, 
 
 lying between 47° IS' and 41)° 12' Xorth, and ()4° 12' and 
 
 07° r)v>' West ; — bounded on the Xoi'th by the St. Lawrence, 
 
 on the East by the Gulf, on the South by the Bay of Chaleurs, 
 
 and on the West by the district line dividing it from Quebec. 
 
 Its coast, extending from Gape Ghat to the head of Bistl- 
 
 gouchc Ba}', comprehends, including the numerous bays which 
 
108 
 
 indent it, ii space of about ooO miles. Its greatest width fronj 
 north to .south is ahout r)0 miles. 
 
 Speaking generally, the face of the countr\' in this district 
 is uneven. In some places it is mountainous, with irregular 
 valleys intersected by deep ravines intervening between them. 
 13ouchette states the mass of the lands to be, nevertheless, 
 well adapted to agriculture. With the exception of some of 
 the higher hills, that are thinly clad with a diminutive growth 
 of timber, the country is, according to him, very well wooded, 
 the forests chiefly consisting of maple, beech, pine, larch, 
 white cedar, spruce, and hemlock. There is a deficiency of 
 oak both as to quantity and quality. (Vol. I., 323, 324.) 
 
 The Magdalen Islands, chiefly important on account of their 
 fisheries, arc annexed to the district and county of Gaspe. 
 
 The chief rivers of the district of Gaspe are the 3Iatan, the 
 Ste. AnnC; and the St. John. 
 
 The Matan, which falls into the St. Lawrence in latitude 
 48° 51' N., longitude 57° 33' W., takes its rise in the country 
 to the north of the Notre Dame Mountains, and, with its tribu- 
 taries, drains an area of 800 square miles. The Ste. Anne, which 
 drains an area of over 300 square miles, enters the St. Law- 
 rence in Lat. 49° 10' N., Long. GG° 28' W., eleven miles be- 
 low Cape Chat. The St. John, which has at its mouth a wide 
 open bay, occupying an area of from two to three square miles, 
 falls into the bay of Gaspe in Lat. 48° 40' N., Long. G4° 30' 
 W. It has four considerable tributaries. 
 
 One of the most remarkable features of the Gaspe Penin- 
 sula is the chain of Notre Dame Mountains, which varies in 
 width from two to six miles, and in lieight from 2,000 to 
 3,778 feet. Of the general character of this range notice has 
 already been taken. (See further Ceo. lleport for 1845— tO, 
 pp. 99-110.) 
 
 The rocks of this region Jire stated by Mr. Murray (lleport 
 above referred to, p. HI) to be — 
 
 1. lied and irreeii Shales, black and dark-irreen Shales, 
 with calcareous bands, and brecciatcd Limestone. 
 
width froiu 
 
 his district 
 li irroguhir 
 vccii them. 
 Dvcrthclcss, 
 of some of 
 Live growth 
 cli wooded, 
 )ine, larch, 
 eliciency of 
 324.) 
 
 Lint of their 
 Gaspe. 
 3Iatan, the 
 
 ill hititudc 
 he country 
 li its tribu- 
 .nne, which 
 10 St. Law- 
 n miles be- 
 luth a wide 
 uare miles, 
 ig. 04° 30' 
 
 «pe Pcnin- 
 u varies in 
 
 2,000 to 
 notice has 
 
 1845-4(5, 
 
 ly (Report 
 
 n Shales, 
 ■^tone. 
 
 4 
 
 2. IMetamorphie Kcck.s nC tln' Xotrc Ihut!*' ?>l'!iiiii;iiiir'. 
 'J. (iaspe liinu'stone and Shalc^s. 
 4. (laspe Sandstones. 
 
 ]>efore proceeding to tlie ct:tiisidevat!!)ii «tf llio Si;il. (Miniate 
 and Natural Troduc-tions of (Vtuada, wo niu>t I'wr a i\ ',v mo- 
 ments rcL-all the reader's attention to the St. ii-.iwrence. 
 
 rmm Lake Ontario the liivor issues in '• so bi-oad and 'hcau- 
 tiful a stream, tluit it assumes the appcavancc ot' a lake for 3!) 
 miles, which is so singularly studded witli a multitude of 
 islands, that it has I'oen denominated the T/drc of (lie Thou- 
 sand Islands.'^ As ascertained by tlie surveyors ermloved in 
 establishing the boundary, under tho Sixth Article of the 
 Treaty of (Ihent, there are 1,()'.J2 of tliem, " forming an inex- 
 tricable labyrinth of islands, varying in magnitu(h% siiape and 
 aspect, and presenting the most extraordinary and pleasing 
 vistas and perspectives, in which the rapid and magic combi- 
 nations of the kaleidoscope seem naturally exhibited." 
 
 The chief i'P.pediments to the navitration of the St. Law- 
 rence are the llapids between Johnston and Cornwall (though 
 the descent is on the whole only 75 feet in 30 miles), and at 
 Lachine. It is, however, chief!}' in coming up that difficulty 
 occurs, if not solely. The steamers, with which the Kiver is 
 covered, pass down through the whole of them without troulile 
 or danger. Nothing can well be more pleasant than the (Ex- 
 citement produced liy the velocity with Avhieh the traveller 
 finds himself hurried along tlirough the fuaming waters. In 
 the beginning of June last I passed the Lachine llapids when 
 the light was just departing, and in the midst of a trejnendons 
 thunderstorm, accompanied with lightning tlie most vivid :\\\(\ 
 with torrents of rain, j'he scene was one of tin; most sub- 
 lime it luis fallen to my htt to witness. As we sh;d! see ly- 
 and-by the dilficulty just adverted to is ove"v-omc ]>y canals, 
 of which v>'e mav be (oruiven for I'eiiiLi' iiroud. 
 
 Before reaching ?4oi)tveal, tlu> St. ]jawrenc(^ passes through 
 the Lakes St. Francis and St. jicwi": which form exnai'.sion.s 
 

 
 Hi) 
 
 f it. Tliou'.rli (if luj 2To;it (1e[)tii, they " lonn r.u nrrrccablc 
 varicfy, iiiucli luML!.lit('ii('(l l)_v the many pretty islajids scattered 
 ;;])(Mit tlu'ia. St. I'l'aiicis is 'J.~> miles loii-j.- ly r)^ In'oa'l. Tlio 
 slinrc- ill soiiic ji'i.iccs ai'e ii.ar-liw as tiny do imt rise iiiueli 
 a!)(>ve tilt' level nt' tile watel". Si. Ijewi- is i'oi-.aeil at tliejuiie- 
 lidii oi' ilie (Ottawa with tlie ;'t. La\\Teiie<' : it is ]'2 tiiiles Imii: 
 !>V <» lu'diiil. i'eiW'i'eii t!ie-e Lake.- a sUil(le:i deellvity ill tile 
 l)e'l of tiie ii\t'i', el)stiuete(l In' rneks ill suiiie jilaci's, and 
 MMio[)e'] iiifit ea\ iiies at (itlie'.'s. |.riH|iu-es the iii(i>t siiiuular eoiu- 
 iiKitioii called the Caseath's ; it is an e.\trai»i'diiiarv auitatiun of 
 the waters preci[)itated with ureat velneity hetwei'ii tlie ishmds, 
 which beiii^' re}»elled by the rucks and hollows iiiiderucath, the 
 waves are thrown up in splierical fmures unicli a1)ove tlie sur- 
 face, and driven with tli(.' utmost violence! back airain upon the 
 current, e.\.hibitiuu; nearly {hv. same el]'ect as Avould be pro- 
 duced by the most furious tempest." The Lake of the Two 
 3lo;intaiiis — an expansion of the (Jttawa, altout l!4 miles in 
 lenuth and varyiiiu' from one to six in breadtii — " meri:os in a 
 manner into Lake St. Jjouis. .At the coiitluencc of the two 
 rivi'i's are the Islands of ^lontreal, i.-^Ie Jesus, Bi/arre, and 
 j'errot." The Lachiiie Jiapid, iiotieed above (Sault St. Louis), 
 is at the lower end of J^ake St. Jjouis. 
 
 Jjakr; St. J'eters, '2') miles loii;;" and nine broad, with a group 
 of islands which covers about nine miles of its western surface, 
 is situated near William Jlenry, or Sorel, about 14.") uiiles below 
 Montreal. At three I'ivers, 45 miles below William Henry, 
 or Sorel, the tide of the St. Jjawrence ceases to hv. perceptible. 
 At the iiielieiieu llapld, altout ")2 miles lurther down, the bed 
 of the river is somewhat contraetcMi or (jbstructed by lar;>e ma.sscs 
 oi'roci^, wliicii leave but a narrow eiaiiinel. from this siiot 
 liu' height <il' the i)anks iiieit'ases on to Cape Idamond, the site 
 (d' til!' I'ity of i^iu'iiee. ( ijoiichette, \ lA. L, pp. LVo-loT, 
 Kil-h:!-.)* 
 
 " From Cape Diamond," says liuuehette, " and f.om ].\,Int 
 Levi on the south shore, oiio of the most strikinii,' panoramic 
 views perhaps in the whole world offers itself to notice ; the 
 
 (P- 
 the 
 
I ngreoriblc 
 .s scattci'i'd 
 (.ad The 
 risr iiuicli 
 t tin.- jllllU- 
 iiiiks lull;.; 
 vity ill the 
 laces, and 
 L:uhir eoiii- 
 u'itatiuii ol' 
 he ishmds, 
 •ncatli, the 
 ^■Q the >sur- 
 1 iijiiiu the 
 hi be pro- 
 r tlii; Two 
 : miles iJi 
 lei'ues ill a 
 )f the two 
 arre, and 
 ^t. Louis), 
 
 1 a <;roup 
 
 11 SLuTaee, 
 
 les below 
 
 1 lleiu'v, 
 
 ■reeptible. 
 
 , the bed 
 
 ;ie masses 
 
 this sjtot 
 
 . the site 
 
 1 00-107, 
 
 liil J.'\wut 
 
 aiioramic 
 iee ; the 
 
 111 
 
 • 
 
 asscmblai,'e of objects is s,) grand, ami thniiLih naturally, yet 
 appear so artiticially contrasted with each other, that they 
 iiiliiiile surprise with the u'r.itilicatioii oi' every beholder. The 
 Capital risiiiii' amphithcatrieally to tlu; suiimiit (d' the Cape, 
 — the river St. Charles flowiiii:' in a ser|ieiiline course, Ibr a 
 great distance, through a fine valhy, aboundinu; in natiu'al 
 beauties, — the Falls of 3Iontmorenci, — the i.-laii.l of Orhans, 
 — and th(j well-cultivated settlements on all sides, Ibrm together 
 ti coxp </\ri/ t]u\t might enter into competition with the most 
 romantic. At Quebec the St. Lawrence is Loll yards wido, 
 but the basin is two uiiles across and tlwvo miles a! d three- 
 quarters long : from the basin the river contiiun's increasing 
 in breadth until it enters the (lulf of the same name, where, 
 from Cape Hosier to the [Mingaii settlement on the J.abrador 
 shore, it is very near 1U5 miles wide." ( Ibid, Kio. ) 
 
 The Island of Orleans divides the river just below (,)ucbec 
 into two channels, the one to the south being that which is 
 u.scd. About 25 miles below ()uel)ec the waters of the river 
 begin to bo brackish, and become perfectly salt at Kamouraska, 
 75 miles lower down. Between the Island of Orleans and the 
 Gulf there are a number of islands, one of the more important 
 of which is the Bee, 153 miles from Quebec, where pilots are 
 taken. The Traverse, where the Channel is contracted into a 
 space of o20 yards, is met with beyond Kivicre du Sud. At 
 its mouth the St. Lawrence is once more divided into two 
 channels — to wit, by the Island of Anticosti, which is 125 
 miles long, Avith a breadth at its widest part of oO miles. (lb., 
 1G5-IG8.) 
 
 " Taking into acc(mnt its beauty," says Mr. Buckingham, 
 
 (p. 30), "as well as its length, the romantic passage among 
 
 the Thousand Isles, between Kingston and Montreal, — the 
 
 size of its Lakes, — the magnilicence of its Cataracts and 
 
 llapids, from Niagara to the Chaudiere, Montmorenci, and 
 
 Stc. x\.nne's, — and the gigantic scale (jf its opening into 
 
 the sea, — the St. Lawrence is, beyond all question the 
 
 most magnificent river in the world. Neither the Amazons, 
 F 2 
 
112 
 
 the riuta, nor the Orinoco of Soiitli America, the Missouri or 
 the Mississippi of North America, tlie Ni;^('r ov the Nile of 
 Africa, tiio (Jaiiues, tlic Imhis, the Tigris, or the Kupliratcs in 
 Asia, or t!ie Danube, the iihino, or the \'istul:i in llurope, 
 can citlu;r of them present so remarkable a combination of ob- 
 jects of bea' iy and urandeur." 
 
 SOIL OF CANADA. 
 
 In a country of such extent as Canada, there "vvill, oi'course, 
 be found considerable variety of soil ; but if the testimony of 
 num who cannot but be admitted to ])e competent jud,ues is to be 
 taken, its general character must be recoLiuised as standin,!'' 
 very hi<j;h. To the incidental notice taken already of this 
 point in the general description of tlie country, — which re- 
 moves, we conceive, the necessity of any lengthened remarks 
 now, — we would add a few extracts from the lieports of 31r. 
 Hunt, the accomplished Chemical Associate of Mr. LoLian. 
 
 For the Analyses of the Soils we refer the reader to the 
 Reports (1840-5U, pp. 73-100 ; and 1851-52, pp. 100-111), 
 as we shall conline ourselves to the general statements by which 
 these arc accompanied. 
 
 80ILS OF CANADA EAST. 
 
 Of three samples examined from St. Charles, jMr. II. says — 
 " In their virgin state, the lands of this Seigniory consist prin- 
 cipally of a light greyish or yellowish clay with reddish stains, 
 often more or less mixed with sand and overlaid with a light 
 black vegetable mould, averaging perhaps ten or twelve inches 
 in thickness. The original growth was of hard wood, maple, 
 elm, and birch, except upon small ridges of gravel occasionally 
 met with, which are clothed with resinous trees. By tillage 
 the soil gradually loses its blackness, partly from the decompo- 
 sition of the vegetable matter, and partly froin the intermix- 
 
 
lissouri or 
 ho Nile of 
 plinitus in 
 II MurupL', 
 i(jii (if ob- 
 
 ol' coiir.se, 
 ■itiuioiiy of 
 i'os i.s to be 
 > standing 
 ly of tliis 
 -\vliicli re- 
 1 rcniarlvH 
 •ts of .Mr. 
 i0_iiaii. 
 
 or to the 
 00-111), 
 by which 
 
 r. says — 
 sist priii- 
 sh stains, 
 li a li<;ht 
 'e inches 
 1, maple, 
 asionally 
 '>y tillage 
 ccompo- 
 ntcrniix- 
 
 ll: 
 
 tare of the inferior clay. ^Faiiy of the firms have been 
 cropped with wheat for thirty or forty years almost without 
 alternation or fallowinL:-, and owiiiu- to this, and to the j-avages 
 of the ily, have for a few years past yielded but comparatively 
 inadequate returns. 'I'hey proilin-e, however, good croi)s of 
 peas and oats, and the cultivation of timothy and clover has of 
 late years been found very successful." 
 
 Of the soils of St. llilaire, lie writes, "' the clavs whlt-h I 
 saw in this Seignory seem much like those of St. Charles, but 
 with a smaller admixture of sand. Around the base of the 
 mountain the dchria of the decomposing trap, has made a band 
 of gravelly earth well fitted for fruit and for those crops which 
 rc([uire a light warm soil. The compact texture of th(>st> very 
 heavy clays, washed by the waters flowing from the hill side, is 
 such as to rerpiire thorough sub-soil draining, whi(di has been 
 effected in admirable manner by the propriet<n', IVTajor Camp- 
 bell, to whose kind courtesy I am much indebted, and whose 
 cnliditened efforts are makiufr his farm a Tuodel to tlir district. 
 Thus drained, the clays are f )und to yield excellent c-rops of 
 wheat and clover, with peas." 
 
 The soils of the Seigniory of Chand)ly, Mr. Hunt says, ^'are 
 principally of a reddish clay, which, when exposed to the air, 
 readily falls down into a mellow granular soil. In the places 
 where I liad an opportunity of observing, it is underlaid at the 
 depth of three or foui feet by an exceedingly tenacious blue 
 clay which breaks ii'^o angular fragments, and resists the ac- 
 tion of the Aveathcr. The upper clays constitute the wheat- 
 bearing soils, and were originally covered with a growth of 
 maple, elm, and birch.'' Distinguished from these by its 
 covering of soft woods, principidly pine and tamarack, is a gra- 
 velly ridge, of which he speaks, thickly strewn with gneiss 
 and syenite boulders much worn and rounded, which '^ yields 
 good crops of mai/(^ and potatoes, by manuring." The extra- 
 ordinary fertility of the soil Is Indicated by the fact that there 
 are fields of which 3Ir. H, was assured by the proprietors that 
 they had *' yieblcd successive crops of wheat for thirty and 
 
114 
 
 forty years, without manuvc atid almost without any cultiva- 
 tioi)."' 
 
 Til ri.'latiou to the hinds of St. J)i)iirnH(jno, where there is a 
 j^reat ])rovaleii('e (jf peat — (nnv. tract extendiiin" live or six miles 
 in one direction by tliree or lour iii another, with a depth of 
 from two to six feet, and, as is reported, in some places even 
 cipjhteen) — it is stated that wlicn brouLiht in Ity repeated hurn- 
 intj:s, and plowinj.rs, "' a rieh mellow soil is obtained, which is 
 unsurpassed for wheat, and yields at the same time line Tndian 
 corn, })eas, and ixrass. Such arc many of the reclaimed lands 
 of theSavanne, near to St. Hyacinth, wdierc from an original 
 peat of four or live feet, the iinest farms have been made, 
 yicldinii' rich timothy and clover, alternatina; with wheat and 
 peas." The peat ash is described by 3Ir. Hunt as being, 
 from its composition, a powerful fertilizer. " It contains more 
 than two per cent, of gypsum, besides the alkaline sulphates 
 and chlorids, carbonates and silicates of lime and magnesia, all 
 substances eminently conducive to the growth of plants." 
 
 The cla.vs of Ste. Anne do la Pocatierc raid the adioining 
 parishes are " generally greyish or bluish, often stained with 
 yellow a.nd red, and crund^le when exposed to the weather 
 into a fine, mellow, and very fertile soil ; they are often un- 
 derlaid by a heavy blue clay, and sometimes by beds of 
 gravel and boulders, furnishing a natural drainage." 
 
 '^ Over a large part of the district of Johnson, the almost 
 horizontal strata of the calciferous sand-rock (passing in some 
 cases into the overlying and underlying formations) arc covered 
 with a layer of earth, generally from a few inches to a foot or 
 two in thickness, which, notwithstanding its scanty depth, 
 forms a rich arable soil, covered witli a fine growtli of hard 
 wood. It is a sandy loam, and appears to have been entirely 
 produced by the disintegration of the uiulerlying rocks, from 
 which atmospheric waters have removed the calcareous ce- 
 ment 
 
 as 
 pi: 
 
 iV. 
 
 pi: 
 
 del 
 
 SOI 
 
 de 
 
 >y 
 
ly cultiva- 
 
 tlicre is a 
 • six miles 
 a depth of 
 rtccs even 
 ;itcJ burn- 
 , \vliieh is 
 ine Tndiaii 
 med lauds 
 111 original 
 2cn made, 
 wheat and 
 
 as being, 
 tains mure 
 ! sulphates 
 ignesia, all 
 uts." 
 
 adjoining 
 
 ned with 
 
 weather 
 
 often im- 
 beds of 
 
 lie almost 
 b in some 
 re covered 
 a foot or 
 jy depth, 
 |i of hard 
 entirely 
 [kfi, from 
 Icous ce- 
 
 
 ii:. 
 
 »• SOILS 01' CANADA WKST. 
 
 Itespocting tlu^ laud «»n the Grand Hivi>r, jlr. ITunt speaks 
 as fulluws : — " It consists, in its uriginal state, of liiu' open 
 plains, somewhat olevateil, and may be defined as extending 
 from Gait down the river for about eighteen miles. These 
 plains support a fine growth of oak remarkably irco from un- 
 derwood, and are known by the name of ' oak openings.' The 
 soil is a sandy loam, very uniform in its character, which at a 
 depth generally of from two to six feet, is underlaid by a coarse 
 gravel, thus affording a natural drainage. Tin.' crops of wheat 
 obtained upon these lands are excellent, but wheat is seldom 
 sown for two successive years ^ the fall grain is generally fol- 
 lowed by a spring crop, and the field then sown down with 
 grass or clover, and pastured for one or two years. 
 
 Potatoes and root crops, as beets and turnips, succeed 
 equally well upon these plains, which under a carefid system 
 of rotation are very pnjduetive ; but it may be remarked that 
 they would never endure the systems of tillage which are prac- 
 tised upon the heavy clay lands of the valleys of the Richelieu 
 and the Thames," IJesides the ordinary product of the farm 
 yard, gypsum, which is found in great abundance in this vici- 
 nity, is very advantageously employed as a manuri", especially 
 for clover. 
 
 Along the banks of the river, at a lower level than the oak 
 openings, arc fine alluvial y?((/.s of a rich heavy mould, covered 
 in their natural state with a rich heavy growth, principally of 
 elm, beech, and maple. The soil of these flats is scarcely 
 ada])ted to wheat, wliich grows too luxuriantly, and is apt to 
 suifer from rust, but it produces abuuflantly all the other crops 
 of the upland." 
 
 " The rich alluvial fats of the vallov of the Thames ex- 
 tend," Mr. Hunt says, "from the north branclnd" l^ear Creek, 
 on the north, to near Lake Erie on the ,<uuth, constituting a 
 large portion of tho Western i'eniiivula. Th'^ land is quite 
 
1(!V('], nn'l ri'(|nlr('s (Iniinin^ tomalccit lit fovsucrc'ssfiil culture. 
 Tlu).<iiil iii.iy bo descrilx'd as a ricli hluck mould, •rliidi aloiij:; 
 
 tho Thaiiu's is i'lDiii >i.v in U'w iiiclu'S dco|i, but near Ikar 
 
 Crock is said to be very ituicli lliicki'r. 
 
 Tiiis, at the jilac-cs where I examined it upon the baidcs 
 of the 'J'hamos — (^coiitiuues 31 r. Hunt) — rests upon a yel- 
 lowish or _ii;reyish clay, — ol'ten containim; abundance ol' 
 smalj shells, — which by exposure to the air darkens and 
 crumbles down into a nu'llow ^uranular soil. In some 
 ■sections seen near to tlie village of (.'hatham, this clay 
 was about four feet in thickness, and was underlaid by a uiore 
 or less sandy loam, regularly stratitied, while beneath at about 
 ten feet from the surface, appeared a teiuicious blue clay. The 
 onlinary tillage rarely brings up the lighter sub-soil, but a 
 plan of deep plowing has lately been adopted by some of the 
 farmers with excellent results. The wheat sown u))on the 
 black mould grijws too luxuriantly, and is disposed to rust, 
 tendencies which are arrested by an admixture of the clay. 
 Tiiere are tields near the river, in the Township of Kaleigh, 
 which I was well assured had been cropped with wheat for 
 thirty or forty years, Avithout manuring, and with very little 
 attention to crop or fallowing, and yet these still yield very 
 fair returns. Upon the best-conditioned laiuls thirty-eight to 
 forty, and even forty-two bushels of wheat to the acre, are ob- 
 tained in good seasons. Hemp has recently been tried with 
 much success. 
 
 The ncAvly cleared lands are frequently lirst sown with In- 
 diau corn, which grows luxuriantly, and preferring as it does a 
 light open soil, succeeds perfectly well in the richest moulds. 
 The cro])S of oats and barley are also very line, potatoes suc- 
 ceed well, and niangel-wurtzel and carrois are beginning to be 
 cultivated for the feeding of >^tnck. 
 
 The natural growth of these lands is oak, elm, with black 
 walnut and whitewood trees of enormous size ', the black wal- 
 nut timber is already becoming a (Kinsidorable article of export. f 
 
 
li 
 
 culture, 
 ill aloiiu; 
 
 ciiv JJcar 
 
 10 banks 
 
 11 a }cl- 
 laiuo of 
 :eii.s and 
 [u KOIUU 
 
 liis clay 
 
 y fi more 
 
 at about 
 
 ly. The 
 
 11, but a 
 
 lie of the 
 
 Lipuu the 
 
 to rust, 
 
 lie clay. 
 
 Ualeigh, 
 
 heat for 
 
 evy little 
 
 eld very 
 
 -eitrht to 
 
 , are ob- 
 
 icd ■with 
 
 with In- 
 it doe.s a 
 moulds, 
 toes suc- 
 iig to be 
 
 th black 
 ack wal- 
 f export. 
 
 Fine ^Toves of suL:ar maitle arc also met with, iVoiii which 
 large iiuaiititios of suirar iwo annually made." 
 
 5 
 
 " Near the niuuth (*f tlu» I'liana 
 
 iiid >l;irtinL: the bor' 
 
 w 
 
 hi.l 
 
 I IS 
 
 th 
 
 ders of [^ake Si. <'luir, iy in extensive prairie 
 supposeil to ( vi'V abonJ /Jl»,M(M) inns." Its natural m'nwtli 
 consists of ''suit in.iple, >YaIn(l^ and elm, with occasion- 
 al willows, v.hich arc seen springiiiii; up here and there 
 in copses, with tlnuMis." In some places there is a cnarse 
 sedge, In others a stoiit-jointcd grass, st)inetime,s attaining the 
 heiulit of three feet, which '• nudu s 'joimI ha\ and itasturatio 
 for the half-wild pniicys which feed in great numbers upon 
 these prairies." 
 
 These lands are liable to overflowing in si»ring. Mr. 
 Hunt states that though tlie cultivation of grass luis been "too 
 much neglected ;" "clover has bi'cn a few times tried, and 
 great crops obtained." A judicious use oi' lime w*»iild, hi> 
 thinks, be of service in correcting the too grt'at richness oi' the 
 soil in vegetable matter. 
 
 In 3ir. Hunt's opinion, the ditVerent soils of the I'n.vince 
 may be '' comprehended, with i'ew exceptions, in .six groups, 
 which are as follows : — 
 
 1. [Marine clays of the St. Lawrence valley, sometimes cal- 
 
 careous. 
 
 2. Clays of the A\'estcrii basin, also calcareous in part, and 
 
 probably lacustrine. 
 
 3. Drift from the crystalline rocks of the north, which in 
 
 the western portions of the I'rovince, is in some parts 
 intermixed with the detritus of the Silurian formation. 
 
 4. Drift and <hl>n's derived from the Metaniorphic rocks of 
 
 the Eastern Townships. 
 
 5. Soils produced ])y the disintegration of tlie red Slates 
 
 displayed on the south shore of the St. Lawrence below 
 Quebec. 
 0. Soils from the disinte<>'ration of the calcareous Sandrock, 
 occupying some portions of the Johnstown District." 
 
118 
 
 J. 1 M A T E C) F C A N A I) A. 
 
 So many causes coiitrlbuto to modify climate, that a correct 
 idea of it in any particular rc^i(jn can never be tratliercd from 
 mere latitude. For a general f^tatemcnt of tlicso see Ilum- 
 bolt's Cosmos, V^ol. I., pp. :525, o2() (Bolin). The limits to 
 wliicli wo feel ourselves confined, forbid our attemptinir more 
 than such a notice of leadinsj; facts as mny put it in the power 
 of the in(elli;j:;ent reader to form a fair idea for himself. 
 
 With this view we beg to present him, in the first place, 
 with the following Table extracted from the Canadian Al- 
 manac (3iaclear k Co.'s, formerly Scobie's), for 1855, p. 28. 
 
 Alcan J7('su/ts of Jf(t('arolo(/ica/ OJjy.rrrafinns at >SV. Martin, 
 Js/c Jcsits (1) miirs/'rom JJontrcitl), fur lS5o, r<nni)il<<l from 
 T<(!>/('s pi(hlisi'ic(l hj Dr. Sniailicood in " Canadian Juur- 
 naV .— 
 
 Month. 
 
 Therinonielor. 
 
 S"^ 
 
 H 
 
 0; ?3 
 
 3- 
 
 H 
 
 Haronietor. 
 
 
 I 
 
 si 
 
 > B 
 
 January... 
 Februjiiy . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Aujrust 
 
 Hei)teml)er 
 October ... 
 Novoniber 
 Doconibcr. 
 
 Mean •llZ.S'.l 
 
 10.08 
 
 10.30 
 
 2'). 08 
 
 41.30 
 
 ')0.34 
 
 OS.Otj 
 
 08.01 
 
 OS.Ol 
 
 58.01 
 
 43. 37 1 
 
 31.00! 
 
 10.50 
 
 42.0 
 43.0 
 o7.0 
 bO.O 
 »7.'J 
 
 Oo.i 
 
 00. :: 
 
 04. u 
 
 O'J.O 
 
 01. 
 41.0 
 
 -28.7 
 
 70.7 
 
 -18.0 
 
 01.0 
 
 - 0.0 
 
 03.0 
 
 21.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 57.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 00.2 
 
 40.5 
 
 39.0 
 
 43.3 
 
 42.0 
 
 27.3 
 
 00.7 
 
 23.0 
 
 40.5 
 
 00.0 
 
 Ol.O 
 
 -21.5 
 
 1 
 
 02.5 
 
 
 57.0 
 
 20. 
 29. 
 29. 
 20. 
 20, 
 29. 
 29. 
 29, 
 29, 
 29, 
 29, 
 29, 
 
 757 30. 
 054130. 
 584 1 30. 
 654129. 
 044 30. 
 048 '30. 
 479,29. 
 598 129. 
 325129. 
 500 20. 
 037; 30. 
 450 29. 
 
 29.578 
 
 382 
 089 
 202 
 905 
 103 
 070 
 795 
 913 
 052 
 853 
 147 
 793 
 
 28.035 
 28.938 
 28.902 
 28.735 
 29.302 
 29.277 
 29.115 
 29.004 
 28.911 
 29.113 
 28.930 
 28.843 
 
 — to 
 
 1.747 
 1.151 
 1.300 
 1.230 
 0.801 
 793 
 0.080 
 0.049 
 0.741 
 0.740 
 1.217 
 0.950 
 
 1.000 
 
 The following additional particuhfs are from Dr. Sinallwood's 
 own lleport in the Canadian Junrna/, April, 185-i: (the article 
 wh'Mico the above is derived) : — 
 
b i\ correct 
 icrcd from 
 see Ilum- 
 1 limits to 
 ptiiig more 
 tlic power 
 elf. 
 
 first place, 
 wdiaii Al- 
 55, p. 28. 
 
 /. Martin, 
 piled from 
 dian Jour- 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■^ to 
 
 9021 
 
 .7:55 
 
 ).802 
 
 .277 
 
 .115 
 
 .004 
 
 .011 
 
 ).113 
 
 .980 
 
 i.843 
 
 1.717 
 1.151 
 1.300 
 1.230 
 0.801 
 793 
 0.G80 
 0.049 
 0.741 
 0.740 
 1.217 
 0.950 
 
 1 1.000 
 
 alhvood's 
 \\Q. article 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 11!) 
 
 The Mt'dif Ihnnidili/ (saturation being 1-000) v> as in J any., 
 1)09; February, IXMl; March, ssl ; April, So!^ ; 3Iay, Sl)5 ; 
 June, 7-">'.> ; July, ~'1~ ; Auiiust, 741 ; HcptiMiibcr, s;)l ; Oc- 
 tober, S5') ; Novenibur, T*'""^; Dccenibor, 7.V.'. 'i'lu; yc:irly 
 mean was •^l.) 
 
 U'liu fell on 1'!) (lays, aiuouiitinu to -14-l^Ul imln's, wmX was 
 acc'oniDanicil bv tluinder and li'.'.litninu" on 17 davs. The 
 iLrreatest amount observed fell in Sopti'inbci', l)t'Liinninu' 3.10 
 >).ni. of the I Itli, and continuiiiLi' till ").!<> j).!)!., — the (piantity 
 reachinu' .rld^ inches. >Snoir fell on .■>7 days, amountiiiij; to 
 110-81 inches on the surface. The lirst snow of the winter 
 ls:)2-;J fell on the 17th Oct..ber, lsr)J • the last, 14th April, 
 185o. The wh(»le amount of snow during- the winter was 
 111)-10 inches. The river Jesus was frozen on the LJSth day 
 of November. The last steamer left 3Iontreal (On the St. 
 Lawrence) on the 7th December ; the iirst steamer arrived 
 at 3Ioutreal on the 15tli of .\pril, 
 
 7V/r' (iinoinit of i ropordtinii was measured regularly from 
 the 1st of A}>ril to the olst of October, and amounted in 
 April to 1-SO inches ; 31ay, 2-')! ; June, )>-41; -July, '^\.\)'^ ) 
 August, .'MO ; September, 'l-'l'-\ ; and October, '1?>\. 
 
 TItc mntsf jir(i-<diiit MIdiI during the year was \V.S."\\'. ; 
 the Icdsf iiriT(d( iif was the J']ast. In the ^\'inter (piarter the 
 most prevalent wind was N.K. b}'!-]., and the least S. ; in the 
 Spring (juarter the most pi-e\al('nt was N.l-]., the least s(j S. ; 
 in the Summer (piarter the most jn'cvalent was ^\^S.^\^, and 
 the least N. ; in the Autumn (piarter the most })r('valt'nt was 
 W.NAV'., and the hast I']. The greatest velocity of the wind 
 was on VlU; I Itli of 3Iareh, and was iJ^-OO miles per hour. — 
 'idle yearly mean of tlu; maximum Acloelty was 1")-'>1 miles 
 per hour ; the yearly mean of the minimum \cloeity ^vas ()-."J2 
 miles per hour. The ([uaiteily means were as follows : Winter, 
 ^la.viiuuni veL>eity, 1 7-*.>-) ; miiiiraum, O-l!."). Spring — ?4axi- 
 muni, lli-.i-' ; minimum, <i-S 1. Suminei" — 3Iavimum, i 1 -Jo ; 
 minimum, Vr'l\). Autumn — .Maximum, 10- 1^^ ; minimum, 
 0-18. 
 
"J 20 
 
 (Vo?/v; wore first .«ccn on tho ITth 3Iure1) ; Wild (leesc, 
 Anscr (/(CiKin'i /ii<i.<, oil t]i(3 .'U)t,li (lay of 3Iarcli : Swallows, 
 IIiriiii(J(> rii/d, on tlio 1st April. Shad, .l/o.sv/, v^-ere first 
 cau<i;lit ill tliis rioiuliljourliood on the oOtli 3Iav ; r'ire-flics, 
 Lainpi/rU Coru^'Ci, were seen on the lOth day of June; 
 Frogs, Rdiia, were first heard on the 2)>rd of April. 
 
 The Aurora Borealis was vi.siblc on ?A) nights. 
 
 The atmosphere has dalfi/ afforded indications of electricity 
 varying in intensity, and land ; the highest tcm'ion has been 
 (jtncrallu noticed in the "Winter season. 
 
 From the Tables whicli follow, compiled from those pub- 
 lished by the Provincial Observatory, Toronto, (under the Su- 
 perintendence of Professor Chorviman,) an idea may be formed 
 of the climate of Canada West. They have a reference to 
 the same year, ajid are copied from the ('(tniulidii Ahmuiof 
 for 1H55 : — 
 
 Thkumometkr. 
 
 Month. 
 
 January .. 
 February . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 Juno 
 
 •iuly 
 
 August .... 
 Septeiuber 
 Octobor ... 
 Novcinl)cr 
 December 
 
 Mean 
 
 3 
 OS u 
 
 a> 
 
 H 
 
 28.08 
 
 24.or) 
 ;;o.()5 
 
 41. '.)2 
 
 50.87 
 (i5.4') 
 <i5.(;o 
 (',8. (11 
 58.81 
 44.40 
 
 r,8.r)8 
 
 25.82 
 
 44.78 
 
 9 i.'- 
 
 — l.'tO 
 
 +o.(;t) 
 
 -1-0.42 
 -1-0.78 
 — O.-Tl 
 -j-4.44 
 —0.81 
 -{-2.45 
 -I-0.7'.) 
 i— 0.5;} 
 j+2.17 
 —1.4;} 
 
 -0.55 
 
 =^<i 
 
 —9.8 
 -10.0 
 —9.5 
 
 —8.;-} 
 
 —7.2 
 
 -fO.9 
 
 — ;s.i 
 H-o.i 
 
 —2.7 
 —9.4 
 —4.5 
 -10.7 
 
 -0.2 
 
 *- 3 
 
 1-. a 
 
 40.9 
 4:]. 4 
 50. ;j 
 
 05.7 
 78.4 
 89.5 
 91.;) 
 94.9 
 85.5 
 01.7 
 55.0 
 40.4 
 
 —9.7 
 —1.4 
 —0.1 
 25.0 
 82.2 
 39.2 
 41.0 
 42.5 
 
 m;5.9 
 2;J.4 
 
 12.8 
 
 —8.4 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 50.0 
 
 14.10 
 
 40.0 
 
 44.8 
 
 14.40 
 
 35.4 
 
 50.4 
 
 14.82 
 
 20.0 
 
 40.7 
 
 14.07 
 
 28.8 
 
 40.2 
 
 14.19 
 
 24.4 
 
 50.;; 
 
 19.77 
 
 82.8 
 
 49.7 
 
 2;}. 80 
 
 30.7 
 
 52.4 
 
 21.41 
 
 39.1 
 
 51.0 
 
 18.42 
 
 32.2 
 
 41.;} 
 
 20.51 
 
 81.5 
 
 42.8 
 
 i;].oi 
 
 27.0 
 
 5f.8 
 
 14.14 
 
 24.7 
 
 18.47 
 
 10.8 
 
 
; Swallows, 
 
 , Ave re first 
 
 ; l-'ire-flics, 
 
 ' of Juno ; 
 
 if electricity 
 un lias been 
 
 L tliose pub- 
 ider the Su- 
 ly be formed 
 X'ferencc to 
 
 tr; ^ 
 
 O 
 
 4.10 
 4.40 
 1.H2 
 4.07 
 
 10 
 
 77 
 i.80 
 
 41 
 '.42 
 
 ■)1 
 i.Ol 
 il.l4 
 
 ;.8 
 
 
 o 
 
 40.9 
 35.4 
 20.0 
 2H.8 
 24.4 
 32.8 
 30.7 
 30.1 
 82.2 
 31.5 
 27.0 
 
 4.7 
 
 I 
 
 121 
 
 Bakomkter. 
 
 All 
 
 Month. 
 
 January .. 
 February.. 
 
 !Marcli 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 October ... 
 November. 
 December 
 
 Mean 
 
 
 20.7121 
 20.5824 
 20.5533 
 20.5080 
 20.5070 
 20.0175 
 20.0552 
 20.5007 
 20.0421 
 20.0485 
 20.7021 
 20.5084 
 
 20.0200 
 
 30.315 
 20.037 
 30.1<;8 
 20.074 
 30.074 
 20.082 
 20.010 
 20.850 
 20.000 
 30.000 
 30.270 
 20.084 
 
 
 
 
 28.053 
 20.074 
 28.802 
 28.085 
 20.213 
 20.205 
 20.274 
 20.300 
 j 28. 040 
 28.085 
 '20.150 
 ! 28. 052 
 
 1.002 
 
 0.8(;;! 
 
 1.270 
 0.080 
 0.801 
 0.717 
 0.032 
 0.550 
 1.053 
 1.081 
 1.111 
 1.032 
 
 0.980 
 
 .82 
 .82 
 .81 
 
 .80 
 
 .80 
 .70 
 .70 
 .74 
 .70 
 .75 
 .81 
 .81 
 
 70 
 
 0.110 
 0.117 
 0.145 
 0.212 
 0.207 
 0.401 
 0.425 
 0.513 
 0.300 
 0.223 
 0.201 
 0.122 
 
 0.08 
 0.71 
 0.59 
 0.40 
 0.57 
 0.43 
 0.34 
 0.47 
 0.53 
 0.49 
 0.74 
 0.75 
 
 0.271 
 
 0.57 
 
 
 WlM). 
 
 Kain. 
 
 Month. 
 
 Mean 
 
 Mean Vclo. 
 
 Aninunt, 
 
 UiHi'iHrnco 
 
 
 Diiortiou. 
 
 (miles.) 
 
 l^iuchfS). 
 
 Av(.Ta|.'L'. 
 
 January 
 
 N. 27. W. 
 
 0,34 
 
 0.200 
 
 1.535 
 
 Febnuxry.... 
 
 X. 40. W. 
 
 7.20 
 
 1.030 
 
 -{-0.023 
 
 March 
 
 N. 02. W. 
 
 5.87 
 
 1.080 
 
 0.481 
 
 April 
 
 N. 12. W. 
 
 5.20 
 
 2.025 
 
 -1-0.023 
 
 IM'iy 
 
 \. 20. W. 
 
 5.14 
 
 4.420 
 
 + 1.534 
 
 June 
 
 N. 14. W. 
 
 E. 14. S. 
 
 3.70 
 
 1.550 
 0.015 
 
 1.532 
 
 Jllly 
 
 2.720 
 
 August 
 
 E. 01. S. 
 
 4.23 
 
 2.575 
 
 —0.415 
 
 September. . 
 
 N. 5. E. 
 
 4.30 
 
 5.140 
 
 -^. 0.830 
 
 October 
 
 W. 2. S. 
 
 4.72 
 
 0.875 
 
 2 108 
 
 November... 
 
 N. 1. E. 
 
 5.52 
 
 2.425 
 
 —0.028 
 
 December... 
 
 N. 38. W. 
 
 4.08 
 
 0.025 
 
 0.044 
 
 Mean 
 
 X. 38. W. 
 
 5.08 
 
 23.550 
 
 8.070 
 
 Amount 
 of ^^uow. 
 
 Xn. of 
 Fair 
 Da vs. 
 
 12 
 7.1 
 1.0 
 
 Inapp. 
 
 Inapp. 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 17 
 19 
 
 i:; 
 
 21 
 21 
 20 
 18 
 19 
 9 
 14 
 
 204 
 
 The particulars which follow are from Professor Chcrriman's 
 Ilog'ister (for the same year), — contained in the C'lnndian 
 Journal for 31arch, 1)^54 — the source of the above. 
 
122 
 
 The mean Temperature for the year LSoo has been above 
 the average of the previous twelve years by O-')'), the months 
 of January, Ma}', July, Octuber, and J^ecenibor havii n; been 
 b('l<.)\v, and the reniaininu' months above the corresponding^ 
 average temperature. The hottest month was August, and the 
 coldest January, Avhich is an exception to the normal curve 
 where these months are July and February. 
 
 The month of August is the hottest in the wlujle series of 
 years, e.vcept July 1S.")0. The climatic difference, or the dif- 
 ference between the hottest and coldest months, is 45-G, being 
 2"0 greater than the average. The range of temperature dur- 
 ing the year has been lOl-G, occurring from — \)° ."J on the 
 mornin2; of January lOtli to 04°. 1) on the afternoon of Aun-ust 
 11th, this latter being the highest temperature ever recorded 
 at tlie Observatory. 
 
 The hottest day was August 12th (70°. S), and the coldest 
 Dec. 29th (2°.4j ; the dillereiice between these being 77°. 4. 
 The greatest daily range occurred on January l.")th^ amounting 
 to 40°. 0, Avhile the mean daily range on the average of the 
 whole year Avas, 10°. 0. 
 
 The Indian Summer was well defmed from 12th to 20th 
 October. 
 
 The nuniber of thunder storms during the year has been 
 34, of which the most occurred in June and kSeptember ; none 
 at all in November, January, and February. Of these, there 
 were only six remarkabh^ for violence. The most violent was 
 on 14th Septcndjcr, during ten minutes of Avhich the wind at- 
 tained a veloi-lty of 4G'S miles per hour, the greatest ever re- 
 corded here. 
 
 During the year there have been 2.'):) nights, the state of 
 which Avould have perniiited Aurora to have been seen if it 
 existed. On 57 of these Aurora was actually observed. The 
 most brilliant di-plays occurred from .May 28th to June 1st ; 
 from July 8th to 1 2th ; on August 2r)th ; and from Septem- 
 ber 1st to od. This latter was visible not only over most of 
 the Continent, but also in Europe, presenting the same cha- 
 
 I 
 
 race 
 dist 
 T 
 two 
 doii 
 we 
 Oh 
 dar 
 
 nil 
 
 \\ e> 
 
 ferei 
 44tli 
 
3cn above 
 lie montlis 
 ivii j:; been 
 ■es^)()i)diii<i; 
 st, !i!ul tlic 
 •iii;il curve 
 
 le series of 
 jr the tlif- 
 5-0, being 
 •iiture dur- 
 '.7 on the 
 of August 
 ' recorded 
 
 ho coldest 
 ing 77°. 4. 
 UMounting 
 lue of tlie 
 
 th to 20th 
 
 luis been 
 jer; none 
 ese, there 
 tolent was 
 
 wind at- 
 t ever re- 
 state of 
 seen if it 
 ed. The 
 une Tst ; 
 
 Septeni- 
 r must of 
 ame clia- 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 ractcristics. All these were accompanied by great magnetic 
 disturbance. 
 
 The reader must bo loft to compare these Tabks from the 
 two ends nf the Province for himself, as space forbids our 
 doing it. C(juld we have presumed so nnich on his patience, 
 we should have liked to pi'escjit a set of similar Tables of 
 Observations made bv Dr. Craiuie at Hamilton ; but all we 
 dare further venture upon are a few extracts from Professor 
 Hind's very admirable " Comparative A'iew of the Climate (jf 
 Western Canada," — premising that his statements have a re- 
 ference to that portion of the I'roviuee which lies south of the 
 44th parallel of latitude, 
 
 " The ameliorating influence of the Great Lakes upon the 
 Winters of AVestern Canada, will aj^pear upon inspection uf the 
 subjoined Table, containing the mean AVintt'r tempi-ratures 
 of various localities situated on their shores, and at considera- 
 ble distances from them, towards the East and AVest : 
 
 riac(>s. 
 
 Council BlufTs. 
 Fort ("nnvl'ord 
 Fort lioAvtu'«l.. 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Lowistoii 
 
 iloclicjtcr 
 
 Utioa 
 
 All)any 
 
 Concord 
 
 Latiiu'lf, 
 
 o 
 
 41.2--) 
 
 4:!.:'. 
 
 44.40 
 
 4r!..^0 
 4:;. 10 
 4;J.8 
 
 4:]. 7 
 42.;30 
 4a. 12 
 
 A\ iiitiT 
 Teiupuiviturc 
 
 I'.I.H'.I 
 18.8 
 
 25..-. I 
 ,",0.02 
 27..-> 
 
 24.8 
 
 2(;.o 
 
 Xo. i.f 
 
 ( >)ist rviiti'iii^ 
 
 ill Vt'iirs 
 
 A]>|irn\iiiiato 
 .Mtaii. 
 
 
 >> 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 ID 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 10 
 
 
 r^ ! 
 
 7, 
 
 I o 
 
 - I 
 
 
 2U.-3 
 
 27.07 
 
 24.4 
 
 It is shown in the followinor Tables, that the intensitv of 
 occasional low temperatures is also greater at localities situated 
 at some distance to the East or West of the Lakes, than within 
 a few miles of their shores; and also, that a ditlerence of 
 one, two, or even three degrees of latitude to the South, does 
 
124 
 
 not :ilVuct tiii.-^ Judicial l;i\v. Though lowering; tendencies cxi.si, 
 ill AVesterii Canada at a distance of 20 to oO miles from the 
 Lakes, since the distance of the most inhmd portion of the 
 country is not more than 50 miles from Lakes Huron, Erie, or 
 Ontario, their warming- influence will still be felt there, though 
 in a less degree than on tlieir shores. 
 
 Tabic of Minhnuin Wintrr Tcmjicra/urai, o/j^crvrd af var- 
 inns Plnvi's, Last, West, and on the shores of the Lal'ct), 
 (1849) .— 
 
 Names of I'laces. 
 
 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 o -i 
 
 Rochester 
 Jjcwiston . 
 Toronto .. 
 
 Latituilo. 
 
 f Albany, N.Y 
 
 Liunbertville, !s'..T. 
 Beddetovcl, ]\Ie. ... 
 Frovidence, 11.. I . 
 
 - Muscatine, la. 
 
 o 
 
 48.07 
 48.09 
 48.89 
 
 •12.89 
 40.2:5 
 48.31 
 41.49 
 
 41.30 
 
 Jannar}'. 
 
 Feliruary. 
 
 9 
 
 — 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 — 4 
 
 — 9 
 
 10 
 
 — 7 
 • » 
 
 f > 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 19 
 
 — 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 00 
 
 Dl'dlullT. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 —12 
 
 To the East and AVest of the Lakes (especially in the latter 
 direction), higli Summer means of temperature are invariably 
 associated with low AVinter means. Compare the following : 
 
 riaccfi. 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Winter 
 Moan. 
 
 Sprincc 
 .Mean. 
 
 Summor 
 Mean. 
 
 Autumn 
 Moan. 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Hudson 
 
 
 
 48.89 
 41.15 
 41.26 
 41.28 
 48.03 
 43.31 
 41.50 
 42.02 
 
 
 
 25.33 
 25.70 
 25.80 
 24.28 
 20.69 
 20.81 
 24.81 
 27.G2 
 
 
 
 41.01 
 48.20 
 49.90 
 51.('0 
 48.25 
 44.67 
 45.39 
 45.10 
 
 
 
 04.51 
 09.20 
 09.00 
 75.81 
 72.38 
 67.97 
 07.80 
 07.33 
 
 
 
 47.41 
 40 40 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 49 30 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 Fort Ci'awfoid 
 
 Fort Winnebago 
 
 Fort Dearborn 
 
 Detroit 
 
 52.40 
 48.09 
 46.10 
 47.09 
 47.75 
 
 
 
 I 
 
ncics exi.si. 
 's from the 
 ion of the 
 II, Ev'w, (ir 
 re, though 
 
 "(7 at var- 
 tJic Lahci), 
 
 Decemlicr. 
 
 2 
 (i 
 
 - G 
 
 ]H 
 
 - 7 
 7 
 
 -12 
 
 1 the latter 
 invariahly 
 jllowing : 
 
 Autumn 
 Mean. 
 
 47.41 
 46.40 
 49.30 
 52.46 
 48.09 
 46.10 
 47.09 
 47.75 
 
 
 3 
 
 -'f 
 I' 
 
 f - 
 
 125 
 
 We can a<M onlv the lulluwInLf 
 
 Tabic of' ill" Mrd II iSmnmrf Ti mjirra/urc.^ <tt ni rians hjcall 
 fits til J'Jiinijtc, comiKtrcd with fliosr of Taionto. 
 
 'I'oroTilo 
 
 Berlin (Kuropc) 
 
 Chorlxjiirg 
 
 Penzance 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 Cheltenham 
 
 u 
 
 ii 
 
 Toronto 
 Paris.... 
 
 Fraiikfurt-on-the-.Maiiie 
 
 Berlin 
 
 London 
 
 Cherbourcr , 
 
 Menu t-'uiiinu'r Tt niji, 
 
 o 
 
 (VI f)] 
 
 CM) 
 (il-S 
 
 Go-ss 
 liO-04 
 
 Mi:in Toiup. nf tha 
 IlotUst Moi.tiii-. 
 
 (Hi- 54 
 
 ()( ;■():: 
 
 (KMMI 
 
 (U4 
 
 04-1 
 
 o;]-2 
 
 The foregoing Tables should, we think, be sufficient to con- 
 vince the intelligent reader, that Canada has got, instead of a 
 very terrible, a very fine climate — one that will bear a not un- 
 favourable comparison with the most admired. 
 
 Professor Hind holds the climate of Canada West to be su- 
 perior to those portions of the United States lying north of the 
 41st parallel of latitude, in mildness ; in adaptation to the 
 growth of certain cereals; in the uniformity of distribution of 
 rain over the agricultural montlis ; in the humidity of the at- 
 mosphere ; in comparative immunity from spring frosts and 
 summer droughts ; in a very favorable distribution of clear and 
 cloudy days, for the purposes of agriculture ; and in the dis- 
 tribution of rain over ]nany days ; as also in its salubrity. 
 
 In the following points ho regards it as ditlering favorably 
 from that of Great Britain and Ireland, viz-, in high summer 
 means of temperature ; in its comparative diyness ; and in the 
 serenity of the sky. 
 
 '' In point of .salubrity," says Bouchette, ^' no climate in the 
 
120 
 
 world c'lu porliap.s hv foiiiid to exceed tliat of Canada, Nvliudi is 
 iiol n\\]y a sti'aiijicr naturally fo roiit!i;iL'OUS disorders or fatal 
 epidemics, IniL e.\{rt';;K'l3- coiidueive to lon<:ovit}." (\'ol. Is!-, 
 
 p. -> If.) 
 
 " After two ycni's' roidciiccin rp]»ei' CaiKKl;:," say> ( onirlay, 
 " 1 am iiirjiiicd (u [hluh tlic world do(!s iK»t contain a sjiot more 
 lu'ahliy, or altoLii'tlicr ni(»!'e desirable as to elimute and si>il." 
 (\'ol. 1st, p. I Id.) 
 
 ''The cliniat(! of Ui)per Canada," Talbot declares. Vol. 2d, 
 p. l-")7, " although veri;in^' towards the extremes of lieat and 
 cold, is very iiiu'. luLzhly favourable to the iirow'tli of i:;rain,and 
 th(> production cd' the linest fruits." 
 
 NATlTtAL IMlODrCTIOXS 01- CAX.\{)A. 
 
 The min^'ral products of Cainula have been already noticed, 
 possibly at too ureat length, ihoujili we trust tlu'ii' importance 
 will be held to justily the attention bestowed mi them. Tn 
 connection with (he Lieneral descrijition of the \arious portions 
 of tlu; euuntr\', as also of its soils, the })roducts of our forests, 
 and our leadins;' agricultural products have been brou<;ht into 
 view. ]>oth of these will come up before u,s a^^ain, when deal- 
 inu; with the subjects of Auriculture and (^omniercc. (Jn these 
 accounts we shall confine ourselves here to points not already 
 touched on, and not coining' naturally under any of the topics 
 remaining to be considered. 
 
 The following are aimnig the more common fruits, though 
 all do not succeed e(juall3' well in every ])art of the country, 
 viz.: — Apples and pears in great variety (70 varieties of the 
 former, and oO of the latter, were exhibited by 3Ir. (i. Leslie, 
 of Toronto, at the Agricultural .Show in IS.j^) ; peaches, nec- 
 tarines and grapes, of which JJouchette states that they seem 
 to have I'ound tluMr native soil in the Niagara district ; cherries, 
 plums, and currants succeed in every part of the country, and 
 gooseberries in not a few ; strawberries also thrive well 3 apri- 
 cots may likewise be named. 
 
 
 bi 
 
 
 na 
 
 
 wi 
 
 
 do( 
 
 
 ma 
 
 
 ras 
 
 
 Th 
 
 
 eve 
 
 
 in 1 
 
 
 ah 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 ane 
 
 
 bca 
 
 1' 
 
 the 
 
 1 
 
 j flow 
 
 1 
 
 are 
 
 
 i 
 
 ront 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 flow 
 
 j 
 
 traoi 
 
 
 purj- 
 
;i, ^YliK•ll is 
 .'vs (•!■ fatal ' 
 (AM Ist, 
 
 vs ( Miiirlay, 
 n sjiot iiiorc 
 L' and soil." 
 
 ..^, A'ol. 2.1, 
 (.{' heat aiul 
 \[' oraiii,an(l 
 
 vDA. 
 
 ;uly iioticod, 
 
 ■ iui}tovtanee 
 
 tln".u. Tn 
 
 uus portions 
 
 our forests, 
 
 uiiLiUt into 
 
 Avhcii (leal- 
 
 (Jn these 
 
 lot already 
 
 the topics 
 
 ts, though 
 
 le country, 
 
 tics of the 
 
 (r. licslic, 
 
 aches, nee- f 
 
 they seem 
 
 t ; cherries, 
 
 juntry, and 
 
 well; apri- 
 
 12; 
 
 kSar.saparllla., spikenard, t^old thread, elecampane, lobelia, 
 blood-root, Lrinsenii", iind snake-root are named by Gourlay as 
 natives of Upper Canada; also spearmint, liyssop, wormwood, 
 winter-green, water-cresses, penny-royal, catnip, plaintain, bur- 
 dock, li(jrehound, motherwort, mallows, ini'l uiaiiy other aro- 
 matic and medicinal plants. lie mentions also elder-berries, 
 raspberries, blackberries, whortle-berries, and cran-berries, 
 Tlie juniper is likewise common, h^unflowers are met with 
 everywhere, and splendid specimens of the castor-oil plant 
 in many places ; one of the former about ten feet high, with 
 a head 18 inches in diameter, was exhibited by ^fr. (I. Leslie 
 in 1852. Tomatoes abound over the country, with melons 
 and srpuishes in great variety. Dwarf, French, and kidney 
 beans " come to maturity with remarkable rapidity, and arc at 
 the same time very prolific." (Professor Hind.) The saf- 
 flower, according to Professor Ilind, attains dimensions which 
 are rarely equalled even iu Turkey, where it is largely grown. 
 
 An article in the CdiiaJkui Journal for October, 1852, dc-* 
 scriptive of the Exhibition which had just been held in To- 
 ronto, closes with these words, — " the display of fruit, and 
 flowers, and vegetables exhibited in a uiarked manner the ex- 
 traordinary adaptation of the climate of this country to all the 
 purposes of horticulture." 
 
 A list of indiuenous plants found in the neiuhbourhood of 
 Hamilton by Dr. Craigie and 3Ir. W. Craigie, is given in the 
 Canadian Journal for April, 1851 (with their times of flower- 
 ing), which contains over oOO species or varieties. 
 
 Though belonging perhaps more properly to the Natural His- 
 tory of the country, the following may be allowed a place here. 
 
 In an article by Mr. W. Couper, contained in the Canadian 
 Journal for August, 1853, the undermentioned butterflies arc 
 named, with their times of appearing, to wit, — Camberwell 
 beauty (we give only the common names), the black swallow- 
 tail, clouded sulphur, orange comma, grcy-vined white, tiger 
 swallow-tail, small copper, black skipper, small spotted meadow 
 brown, spring azure, the arehippus, pearl-border fritillary, 
 
 G 
 
128 
 
 banded purple, ]>altlinore iVitillaiT. Of niotlis he spoeifics 
 the great Satiiriii:!, Safiinini J*o/i/p/ii mus, Saturnia Prom.r- 
 tlieus, ghost motli, royal tiger, hurt" leopard, twin-eyed luiv/k 
 moth, panther, silver spotted hull', zebra lunvk moth, grey 
 hawk moth. 
 
 Dr. ("ottle, of AVood^:toek, in an article in the Cunadian >^ 
 Jituriutl for A])ril, LS54-, suggests the probability of obtaining 
 silk from the Sotuniut. Poh//)Jicniiis, the S<itnriiiii CccrojnOj 
 the Satnrnia Promctlwa , and the Saturnia LmKt, provided 
 proper attention were directed to them. 
 
 George Allan, Esq. (the respected ^layor^of Toronto), enu-' 
 mcratcs (^Canadian Journal, jMarch, ]S;j:>) the following land 
 birds, met with by himself, as wintering in the neighbourhood 
 of Toronto, viz., bald-headed eagle, snowy owl, liorned owl, 
 barred or grey owl, little horned owl, pigeon hawk, American 
 shrike, Canada jay, blue jay, pine grosbeak, crossbill, pine lin- 
 net, the lesser red poll, the goldfinch, the titmouse, the tree 
 sjiarrow^, the snow bunting, the hairy woodpecker, the downy 
 v»'oodpccker, the red-bellied nuthatch, the cedar or cherry bird, 
 the European wax-Vt'ing, the rulHcd grouse, the spruce grouse, 
 and the (juail. 
 
 Dr. Ilodder has two interesting articles in the Canadian 
 Jawr/mZ (April, 1853, and May, lS5o), on poisonous plants 
 found in the neighbourhood of Toronto ; but wo can do nothing 
 more than direct the readei-'s attention to them. 
 
 Of the inhabitants of the forest, Gourlay enumerates the 
 elk, the moose, the wolf, the bear, the wolverene, the wild cat 
 or Canadian lynx, the catamount or tiger cat, the common 
 deer, the otter, the mink, the fisher, the martin, the racoon, 
 the wood-chuck or ground hog, the Canadian porcupine, the 
 skunk, the weasel, the ermine or white weasel, the Canadian 
 hare, and four species of squirrels, besides the bison and the 
 bufialo, which have, he is disposed to think, withdrawn them- 
 selves, and the beaver, which, he conceived, might still be in 
 the country when he wrote. (Vol. 1st, pp. 157-1(39.) 
 
 Among birds he names (besides some which we omit, as 
 
 
 as 
 
120 
 
 specifies 
 
 cJ luiv/k 
 oth, j;vcy 
 
 Janadhtn ^ 
 obtaining 
 Ccrrojna, 
 l)rovidc(l 
 
 nto), enu-' 
 iwing land 
 libouiliood 
 orncd owl, 
 
 Aniericjiu 
 1, pini3 lin- 
 c, the tree 
 
 the downy 
 hcrry bird, 
 
 ce grouse, 
 
 Canadian 
 lous plants 
 I do nothing 
 
 :nerates the 
 10 wild cat 
 ic common 
 [he racoon, 
 [upine, the 
 |e Canadian 
 [on and the 
 [•awn them- 
 still be in 
 
 [) 
 
 ^e omit, as 
 
 havin" been alroadv mentioned) the wll turkey, 1*»* wiM 
 goose, wild ducks, the ('itiiii(ll<in parfn'tfi/r, the dtfuuJ^mr 
 rubin, the lni»n, the whippor-will, the mockinu' bird, the .•^awy**', 
 the swan (rare, Init seen and taken (Hi the luari^in ni' Lake l'!rif ., 
 the heron, and the (Atnadinn inrfcixi, with a nvimber of larka 
 not, however, including the proper skylark. (Ibid., pp. JTl- 
 175.) 
 
 The sturgeon, mosquenonge, lake salmon, salmon trout, 
 trout, white ti.-di, pike, pickerel, bass, perch, cat fish, eel pout, 
 dace, chub, mullet, carp, sucker, dog fish, bull li.^h, lamprey, 
 silver eel, herring and sun-fish are described by the same writer 
 as Ibnnd in our waters. (Ibid, pp. 175-18-.) 
 
 In concluding the Physical portion of our essay, to pas.s on 
 to the Economic and the Social, a word or two may be 
 allowed (and beyond this wo shall not go) in relation to 
 
 CANADTAX SCEXKllV. 
 
 The sublimity of Niagara will be admitted by every one pos- 
 yessing a heart, who looks upon it ; ami the sur})a.ssing beauty 
 of the Thousand Isles. While, however, these may claim the 
 pre-eminence, they are far from standing alone. To say 
 nothing of our Lakes (than a sail on which, on a fine summer's 
 day, nothing can well be more delightful), our river scenery 
 will vie with that of any country I have seen. Even with the 
 scenery of the Ottawa, neither that of the 3Iississippi nor the 
 Missouri is to be compared. The (J rand Kiver exhibits much 
 beauty, especially in the neighbourhood of Paris and Gait, 
 and between these two places on the south side. The spring 
 and summer vlcvs in the neighbourhood of Dundas are exhila- 
 rating in a high degree ; and that from Hamilton 3Iountain 
 transporting. It would not be easy to find language which 
 would justly describe the scenery of the St. Francis, the lli- 
 chelieu. Lake Memphramagog, the Yamaska, the Hills of 
 Dunham, with many other portions of Lower Canada. Let a 
 man of taste pass over the country, and his eye and his heart 
 will drink in delight everywhere. Who that has only once seen 
 
130 
 
 our forest.^ In nutuinn will lose the rocolloetlon of them ? But 
 I must t^)rbcai'. ('aniidii Is, and I have seen the greater part of 
 it, emphatically a beautiful country. 
 
 Buckingham thus speaks of a sunset witnessed by him on the 
 St. Lawrence (Hth hjeptember, 1S40) between Quebec and 
 Montreal : — " The su?iset upon the river was one of the rich- 
 est and most beautiful that wc had for a lonj; time witnessed, 
 and would bo thouiiht an exajjjgeration if faithfully depicted on 
 canvass. I remendjcr nothiiiir in the 3Iediterrunean or tho 
 Indian Ocean equal to it; and only one sunset superior, which 
 was that seen amid the forests of Tennessee, in the autumn of 
 the last year." (1G2, 1(33.) 
 
 Wc take a low and unworthy view of it if we regard the/ 
 beauty which the God of Nature has scattered so profusely 
 around us, merely as a source of enjoyment ; though it bo 
 that — and a source of it, too, in perfect harmony with our ra- 
 tional nature — it is an important means of moral, not to say 
 spiritual improvement, when used aright. Be it ours, then, 
 while drinking in the joy which it inspires, to realize tho 
 higher benefits of which it is designed as the vehicle. 
 
131 
 
 n 
 
 But 
 
 art of 
 
 m on the 
 boo and 
 tlic ricli- 
 itnesscd, 
 picted on 
 11 or tlio 
 or, "wliicli 
 utuiun of 
 
 }rjard tlio*^ 
 profusely 
 .i<:;li it bo 
 th our ra- 
 iiut to say 
 Lirs, then, 
 aUzG the 
 
 P A 11 T SECOND. 
 
 E C X 3[ I C . 
 
 By hist Census, taken in the bejjjinning of 1852, the popu- 
 hition of United Canada was shown to bo 1,842,205, — to 
 which number it had risen from 50 persons in 1G22 — 1-4 years 
 after the establishment of Champlaiu's colony at Quebec, and 
 87 after the discovery of the country by Cartier. The follow- 
 ing Table, copied (with a single correcction, and an addition 
 from Mr. McGregor,) from the American Statistical Annual 
 for 1854 (p. 470), exhibits the rate of increase from 1070, as 
 presented by what are recognised as the best authorities : 
 
 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 
 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 
 1070, 
 
 8,415 
 
 1825, 
 
 423,050 
 
 1770, 
 
 .about 200 
 
 1834, 
 
 320,093 
 
 1088, 
 
 11,24'J 
 
 1827, 
 
 471,870 
 
 1701, 
 
 less tliau 
 
 1830, 
 
 372,502 
 
 1700, 
 
 15,000 
 
 1831, 
 
 511,022 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 1830, 
 
 407,505 
 
 no'i, 
 
 20,000 
 
 1844, 
 
 090,782 
 
 1811, 
 
 77,000 
 
 1841, 
 
 405,357 
 
 1714, 
 
 20,004 
 
 1847, 
 
 714,382 
 
 1824, 
 
 151,007 
 
 1842, 
 
 480,055 
 
 1750, 
 
 05,000 
 
 1848, 
 
 708,334 1825, 
 
 158,027 
 
 1848, 
 
 723,292 
 
 1784, 
 
 113,000 
 
 1851, 
 
 800,261 
 
 1830, 
 
 210,437 
 
 1851, 
 
 952,004 
 
 1800, U 
 
 nitecl Ca- 
 
 
 
 1832, 
 
 201,000 
 
 
 
 nailn. 
 
 230,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — (Mc 
 
 Gregor.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It would thus appear that Canada nearly doubled her popu- 
 lation in the twenty-four years between 1G70 and 1700 ; that 
 on the expiry of the next fifty years her population was four 
 
132 
 
 and one-third times what it had been at their commencement; 
 and tliat in 1851 it was three and one-sixth times its amount 
 in 1825 — twenty-six years before — and something mure than 
 twenty-eiij;ht times its number in 1750 — 101 years previous. 
 
 The inliubitants of Canada at the time of the concjuest in 
 1759, exclusive of the native Indians, were entirely Trench, 
 and are estimated by 3Ir. McCulloch, in his Gazetteer, as 
 amounting to about 70,000. By 1831, their descendants num- 
 bered upwards of 400,000 — an increase whicli he pronounces 
 as probably the most rapid of any ou record from births alone. 
 
 "The Province of Quebec contained." says Seaman, in his 
 ^^ Progress of Nations," (New York, l85o — p. 5U5,) ''in 
 1783, by enumeration, 113,000 inhabitants, French and Eng- 
 lish, exclusive of about 10,000 or 12,000 loyalist refugees from 
 the United States, who went to the Province durinji' the war 
 of the American revolution. Call the population in 1783, 
 125,000 ; of these jirobably 110,000 were of French descent, 
 and but 15,000 of English, Scotch, and Irish descent. Ac- 
 cording to this calculation, the French population increased the 
 first ten years after the conquest, twenty per cent., to 84,000 ; 
 twenty per cent, the next ten years, to 101,000; and and at 
 the same rate the last four years to 110,000, in the year 1783. 
 The French population of Canada must have increased nearly 
 twenty per cent, in seven years, amounting in 171)0 to 130,000, 
 and at the rate of thirty per cent, each ten years from that 
 time up to the year 1840; amounting in 1800 to 100,000 ; in 
 1810 to 220,000 ; in 1820 to 28(3,000; in 1830 to 370,000 ; 
 in 1840 to 481,000; and in in 1844 to 534,000, of whom 
 518,000, 505 Avere in Lower Canada. These astonishing re- 
 sults were produced by early marriages, and plain, frugal 
 habits. '^ According to the census returns of 1851, the French 
 population of Lower Canada amounted to 0(51), 528. 
 
 In France the increase between the years 1801 and 1851 
 was a trifle over twenty-six per cent. ; the advance made dur- 
 ing that time in her population being frop\ 27,340,000 to 
 35,781,(328. Iktween 1801 and 1851 the population of Great 
 
1 
 
 
 iccmcnt; 
 ;,s ;unount 
 norc than 
 eviuiis. 
 
 (IKJUCSt ill 
 y rrencli, 
 settecr, as 
 ^aiits num- 
 ronouiiccs 
 i-tlis alone, 
 ian, in liis 
 )95;) " in 
 
 and Enp;- 
 imecs from 
 \<X the war 
 L in 1/bo, 
 ;h descent, 
 
 ent. Ac- 
 creased the 
 
 ,0 84,000 ; 
 and and at 
 
 ^ <bo. 
 
 ised nearly 
 
 130,000, 
 from that 
 
 ;i>,000; in 
 ;]70,000 ; 
 of Avhom 
 
 ishing re- 
 
 liii, fruual 
 he lu-ench 
 
 and 1851 
 made dur- 
 |-f.),000 to 
 :i of Great 
 
 Britain and Ireland, with the Channel Islands, rose from 
 10,002,01(3 to 2<),l::)8,200, the increase heino- tlius about 8(5 
 per cent. 
 
 BoLweeii 1700 and 1850 the j:Towth of the free population 
 of the United States was as follows: 
 
 1790.. 3,029,872 
 
 1800 r),:;o5,902 
 
 1810 7,2:!9,8M 
 
 1820 9,088,1^1 
 
 18.^0 12,800,920 
 
 1810 17,<tO;!,;)-'.:] 
 
 ]8.:)0 19,'t87,:,7,3 
 
 {Amrr.Ahn.JSrA, p. 200-1.) 
 
 According: to Mr. Seaman (p. 5 'o), the white population of 
 what are now the United States was, in 1700,-88,000 ; in 
 1750, 1,100,000; in 1775, 2,140,000. 
 
 Let us select for comparison from those returns respectively 
 the years 1700, 1750, 1800, and 1850, makiiii:^ allowance in 
 the calculations for the fu,t that it was in ls51, instead of 
 1850, the Canadian census Avas taken. The result will stand 
 as follows : — The United States contained in 1850 a popula- 
 tion 70 times that of 1700 — Canada about 122 times ; the 
 United States, 18:i times that of 1750 — ('anada, 2S times; 
 the United States, about 4 times that of 1800 — Canada, 8 
 times. 
 
 It will be observed that a considerable difference exists be- 
 tween the rate of growth in Upper and Lower Canada — the 
 former havincr, between 1825 and 1851, made ncarlv three 
 times the progress of the latter in population. This dilference 
 is unquestionabl}' attributable in part to the fact that the mass 
 of the emigration passes, v>-ith us, as in the Ignited States, 
 towards the West. There arc, however, portions of Lower 
 Canada which are growing with a rapidity much beyond the 
 average — as, for example, "the County of Megantic, which in 
 seven years, from 1844 to li^51, increased from 0,44r» to 
 lo,8o5, or at the rate of 115-40 per cent.; the County of 
 Ottawa, which in tlie same time has increased fn;m 12,2')4 to 
 
 22,90o, or 84-42 per cent. ; the C-mntv 
 
 01 
 
 1) 
 
 rumnujnd irom 
 
 1 fi 
 
 !^;>54 to 1G,5(j2, or 77 -2S j)er cent. ; and the County vl' Slier- 
 
134 
 
 l.rnoke tVinu la,A^3 to 20,01-!, 4!) 17 iH-rcont." ( i'livt Kepovt 
 on Ceiisu.s of 1S51-2, p. 1-J.) 
 
 Tlio j)ro^;rc.-.s of Tapper Caiuula lir.s, ;is a matter ol' ilict, Loeii 
 luiicli uioro rapid duritiu' tlic earlier period of lier hir-^tory than 
 lias Iteeu tieuerallv believed, lu tlie talde Liiveii above her 
 inhabitants are set down in the ve;ir 171*1 — (hat of the division 
 of the former Trovinee of Quebec into the I'rovinees of Upper 
 and Lower ('anada — as beinii: " less than 50,000. " Indefinite 
 enouiih this surely is. There is reason to believe that they did 
 iKjt then exeeed 10,000, or at the very utmost 12,000. Mr. 
 Jiyndjurner in his addressbefore the IJritish rarliamcnt against 
 the Quebec I)ill, states the English population of Canada to 
 amount to only about three hundred and sixty families (Chris- 
 tic) ; while Mr. Pitt defended (May 12th, 1791) thepropo.gal of 
 the miidstry in regard to the nund)cr of mcnd)ers which should 
 constitute the House of Assendjly for I'pper Canada, by say- 
 ing that "as there were not ;dx)ve 10,000 individuals in Upper 
 Canada (including men, women, and children), he thought 
 .sixteen, in the present state of the I'rovincc, was about a rea- 
 sonable proportion of tliosc who Averc lit persons to be chosen 
 mend)crs of the House of Assembly, and could spare enough 
 time for due attendance." The blank was, therefore, idled 
 up with tlie word " sixteen." (See Courlay, A^ol. 11., p. 103.) 
 The number set down by Mr. ]McGrcgor for the year 1800, 
 nine years later, is oidy 10,000. On this point the following 
 statement, published in 1810 by one of the first men in the 
 country, (^Sir John Beverly Ilobln.son, Chief Justice of Upper 
 Canada,) will be allovred to have very great weight : " There are 
 people in Upper Canada still living, who saw it when it con- 
 tained not a cultivated farm, mn- any white iidiabitants, but a 
 few fur-traders and sohliers, and perhaps ten or a dozen French 
 families ori the south side of the Detroit Hiver. 1 can myself 
 remendjer when its population was estimated at less than 
 30,000; in 1812 it was supp(3sed to be about 70,000; in 
 1822, 130,000 ; ami in 1S37, the census showed a population 
 of .'5!)i),00l) ; but all tlie townshi]>s wevt^ not then returned. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 t A 
 
 
•>■) 
 
 ',:t Kepovt 
 
 fact, been 
 <tory tlum 
 -dhoxo Lor 
 10 dlvisl>>!i 
 ■; of Upper 
 linleriuitc 
 at they did 
 L;00. Mv. 
 Diit aaainst 
 Canada to 
 ics (Chris- 
 proposal of 
 licdi should 
 da, by say- 
 s in Upper 
 he thought 
 ,])out a rea- 
 1)0 chosen 
 re enough 
 Core, Idled 
 ., p. 103.) 
 •ear 1800, 
 p following 
 neii in the 
 of Upper 
 ' There are 
 icn it con- 
 tnts, but a 
 I'.en French 
 can myself 
 le-s than 
 l),OOU; in 
 population 
 returned. 
 
 \''i 
 
 The nundjcr I suppose to amount now to something between 
 4:)0,000 and r)00,()00." (Canada and the Canada IJill, p. :a.) 
 The rate at which (^mada West is growing, and has been for 
 the last twenty or tliirty yeai-s, equals, if it does not more than 
 etjual the growth of the very best of the "Western States of the 
 American Union. States just beginning, or having recently 
 begun to bo occupied, are unsuitable for comparison because of 
 the rush made to them from all cpiarters ft»r the purpose of 
 securing lands at the Government prices. Lot those whose ex- 
 istence has been of a suiliciently long duration to afford a basis 
 for a judgment be selected, and the truth of our averment will 
 be demonstrated. "It will be seen from the United States' 
 census, that the three States of Ohio, ^Michigan, and Illinois, 
 contained in ISoO, 1,120,851. In 1850 they contained 
 .■],505,000j a little over three hundred and twenty per cent, in 
 twenty years. Canada West contained in 1880, 210,4T'> ; in 
 1819 it contained 791,000, which is over 375 per cent, for tlie 
 same period of twenty years — so that the increase in those 
 three choice States was 55 per cent, loss than that of (.Ca- 
 nada West during the same time." (Census Iloport, pp. 
 
 11,12.) 
 
 In the case o*' Upper Canada, as in that of Lower Canada 
 and the United States, there are particular regions Avhicli arc 
 growing with a special rapidity, for example, the Core and 
 Wellington Districts, wliose increase in the 33 years immc- 
 diatoiy previous to 1850 was 1,900 per cent ; the Western 
 District which, in the same time, increased " over 700 per 
 cent. ; the London District, 500 per cent. ; the CNninty of 
 Norfolk, 550 per cent. ; the (\)unty of Niagara, about 380 per 
 cent. ; vrhilo, in eight years, the County of Oxford lias 
 doubled its population. In the far AYost of Canada, the Coun- 
 ties of Huron, Perth and Draco, have increased fnmi 5,000 
 in 1841, to 37,580 in 1851, being upwards of 571 per cent, in 
 
 ton years, an increase almost beyond comprohcnsio 
 
 n. 
 
 It 
 
 ip- 
 
 poars from Smith's work on Canada, that the Huron District 
 
 has made more rapid progress since its first sottlcnient in 1827, 
 <; 2 
 
130 
 
 tlum the States of Olii(j, 3iicliigan, ami llliiujis did in double 
 tluit time." ( Ilepoit on Census, p. 12.) To the gvowtli of our 
 Cities, Towns and Vilhiucs we shall advert hy-und-bvc. Let it 
 suffice to add hori', that wliilc ^lo-oT per cent represents the 
 growth oi' the United States duiing tlie ten y;'ars between 1840 
 and 1850, that of Canada West dnrinii' the same time av:ks 
 104-58 per cent. (Report, kc, p. 11.) 
 
 "In countries .so circumstanced as Canada," says Chief Jus- 
 tice Robinson, '' tliere is a triple source of increase, which, 
 within a moderate space of time, must lead, as it is visibly 
 leadinir, to astonishimji; results. Tirst, there is the natural in- 
 crease of popuhition, ujider circumstances the most favourable 
 to it; next, the annual infiux of emigrants ; and, lastly, there 
 is the addition to the wealth of the colony, from the thousands 
 of acres newly redeemed in each year from the wilderness, and 
 the constantly improving circumstances of the whole farming 
 population." (Canada and the Canada Bill, p. 39.) 
 
 The number oi' emigrants who arrived in Canada between 
 the years 1829 and 1840 inclusive, is stated in Scobie's Al- 
 manac for 1848 (p. 54) to be 4G0.179. From 1847 to 1851, 
 inclusive, the arrivals were 229,949 more ; so many as 90,150 
 having entered the country in IStT. The immigration of 
 1852 was 39,170 ; and that of 1853, 30,099— with a supposed 
 addition of 5,000 who entered the country by way of tin; 
 United States — making, therefore, 41,099. (See a very elabo- 
 rate and interesting article on the Statistics of Canada in the 
 Canadian Journal for June, 1S54.) In the opinion of the 
 writer of the article referred to, the proportion of this immi- 
 gration wdiich remained in the country is somewhat about one- 
 half. Suppose this idea to be correct, the number remaining 
 out of the 774,52() arrivals above reported will be 387,203, 
 To these add ten per cent, for natural increase (38,020), the 
 gain from that source will amount in the twenty-five years re- 
 ported to 425,283. 
 
 In an article dated Quebec, Dec. 1854 (given in the Toronto 
 Colonitft of January 20th, 1855), the immber of arrivals by 
 
9 
 
 1 
 
 >< 
 
 ill double 
 Wtli ol' •Hil' 
 •c. Let it 
 resents tlic 
 ween 1840 
 
 time AViv-"^ 
 
 Chief Jus- 
 ise, Avliieh, 
 t i.s visil)ly 
 
 natural in- 
 t fuvouvable 
 lastly, there 
 c thousands 
 lerneHS, and 
 lulc iarming 
 
 ida between 
 Seobie's Al- 
 7 tol!^51, 
 as 90,150 
 i;j;ration of 
 a supposed 
 way oi' the 
 very chibo- 
 nada in the 
 nion of the 
 this immi- 
 about one- 
 remaining 
 ie 387,203, 
 8,020), the 
 ive years re- 
 
 the Toronto 
 arrivals by 
 
 the lliver in 185-4 is stated to bo 53,803 — an increase over last 
 year of 17,720. 
 
 From the Census Iletiirns for 18,">2 we collect the following 
 statements in regard to the nalinnality (if our jiopulation, their 
 religious opinions, and certain other particulars of a general 
 nature. 
 
 With respect to colmircd people and Indians the Ileturns arc 
 defective, both classes being in many cases included among the 
 general population. Of the former there can hardly be under 
 from 20,000 to 25,000, (a friend having the best opportunity 
 for judging, tells me they are over 30,000,) and the latter num- 
 ber somewhere about 10,000. 
 
 The Origins of the population of Canada are as follow — to 
 wit : 
 
 Etifrland and "Wsiles 
 
 Scutlaud 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Canada, Fronch orijxin 
 
 Caniida, not of French origin 
 
 United States 
 
 Nova Scotia mid Prince Edward 
 
 Island 
 
 New Brnnswicli.- 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 West Indies 
 
 East Indies 
 
 (lermany and Holland 
 
 France and Belgium 
 
 Italy and Greece 
 
 Spain and Portugal 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 liussia, Poland antl Prussia 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Austria and Hungary 
 
 (!uernsey 
 
 Jersey and other British Islands.. 
 
 Other places 
 
 I'lorn at sea 
 
 Birth not known 
 
 Lower Camilla. 
 
 Upper Caiiaila. 
 
 11,2:50 
 
 82,(V,il) 
 
 1 l.rjt;.-, 
 
 7"',H11 
 
 o 1,4 •,<•.» 
 
 17i',.2<;7 
 
 (;t;'.i,.')28 
 
 2t;,417 
 
 l2.'),r,so 
 
 r.2(l,(V.i:5 
 
 12,4.^2 
 
 4 •> ^»>*) 
 
 ■io, 1 -jS 
 
 474 
 
 o "•or. 
 
 480 
 
 2,(;:54 
 
 51 
 
 7'.) 
 
 47 
 
 n4o 
 
 4 
 
 lot) 
 
 l-V,) 
 
 0,0.-. 7 
 
 ;j.v.i 
 
 1,007 
 
 2S 
 
 ir, 
 
 Total. 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 o 
 
 118 
 203 
 
 s;]0 
 
 10 
 2,44(5 
 
 Oi 
 
 20 
 
 188 
 
 200 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 l:]l 
 
 l,:j.")l 
 
 1(;8 
 
 880 
 
 •!.'>, 020 
 
 00,:{7f5 
 
 227,7t;G 
 
 (;0o.04.';'' 
 
 Go 1,07 3 
 
 50,214 
 
 4,250 
 
 3,114 
 
 1:50 
 
 302 
 
 110 
 
 10,110 
 
 1,300 
 
 43 
 
 75 
 
 41 
 
 100 
 
 247 
 
 13 
 
 142 
 
 424 
 
 2,181 
 
 178 
 
 Total population. 
 
 I 
 
 800,201 
 
 052,004 1,842,205 
 
Tlic following .statcinent of the Ilelijxious Denominations of 
 Can,".(l:i, i:s from the Census lietiivus fov 1851-52 : 
 
 Donorniiiaf ions. 
 
 Church of Knjicl.'inil , 
 
 Church of Scothind 
 
 Church of Homo , 
 
 Free Presbyterian Church,., 
 
 OtluT Presbytorinns , 
 
 "Wcsleyau Methodists 
 
 Episcopal do 
 
 New Councctiou do 
 
 Otiior do 
 
 Baptists 
 
 Lutliorans 
 
 Conifregatioualists 
 
 Qualicrs 
 
 ]iible Christians 
 
 Christian Cliurcli 
 
 Second Adventists 
 
 1' r 1 s t a n t s 
 
 Diciplcs 
 
 Jews 
 
 Meuonists and Tunkors 
 
 Universalists 
 
 Unitarians 
 
 'Mormons 
 
 Creed not known 
 
 Jso creed e;iven 
 
 All other creeds not classed 
 
 Total population , 
 
 Lower Canada. Uppor Canada. 
 
 ■},074 
 
 7-l(J,s<;(; 
 
 29 2''1 
 
 0,7 W 
 
 7 
 
 3,4 J 2 
 
 11, •».';.') 
 
 4,1');5 
 
 18 
 
 0,027 
 
 lo;5 
 
 10 
 
 II) 
 !.:!(;:) 
 
 10,475 
 
 348 
 
 3,4.')0 
 
 ;J4'J 
 
 12 
 
 r,;i(i 
 
 4,521 
 13,884 
 
 890,201 
 
 223.1 'to 
 57,572 
 
 l(i7,<i'.)5 
 
 05,807 
 
 8(>,70!» 
 
 00,040 
 
 43,884 
 
 7,547 
 
 59,585 
 
 45,353 
 
 12.089 
 
 7, ( 47 
 
 '.400 
 
 5,720 
 
 4,093 
 
 003 
 
 1,733 
 
 2,004 
 
 103 
 
 S,2;!0 
 
 2,i;84 
 
 834 
 
 247 
 
 0.744 
 
 35,740 
 
 7,805 
 
 052,004 
 
 Total. 
 
 208,592 
 
 01,589 
 
 914,501 
 
 00,074 
 
 110,020 
 
 104,439 
 
 43,891 
 
 10,989 
 
 71,520 
 
 49,840 
 
 12,107 
 
 11,074 
 
 7,023 
 
 5,741 
 
 4,103 
 
 2,032 
 
 12,208 
 
 2,004 
 
 351 
 
 8,230 
 
 0,134 
 
 1,183 
 
 259 
 
 7,134 
 
 42,201 
 
 21,039 
 
 1,842,205 
 
 111 the above list there are some omissions, ascribable, it is to 
 be presumed, to oversight somewhere. No return is matle, for 
 example, of either Free Church Presbyterians or Congregation- 
 alists for the city of Montreal, where the former have three 
 and the latter two conLrre^^ations, Somethinir similar may have 
 occurred elsewhere, or in the case of other bodies. Such diffe- 
 rences will exhaust a portion of the 4i),ri05 persons included 
 under the two clas.scs, '^ Creed not known," '' No creed given." 
 
 The Tables au'l statements which follow Avill throw light on 
 
tuitions of 
 
 Total. 
 
 208,592 
 
 01, 589 
 
 914,501 
 
 »;(,;, 071 
 
 110,020 
 
 104,489 
 
 4:].891 
 
 10,989 
 
 71,520 
 
 49,840 
 
 12,107 
 
 11,074 
 
 7,02:] 
 
 5,741 
 
 4,103 
 
 2,032 
 
 12,208 
 
 2,004 
 
 351 
 
 8,230 
 
 0,134 
 
 1,183 
 
 259 
 
 7,134 
 
 42,201 
 
 21,039 
 
 1,842,205 
 
 3le, it is to 
 made, for 
 grcp;ation- 
 avG tliree 
 may have 
 'iieli di {re- 
 included 
 ?d given." 
 ,v light on 
 
 1;^0 
 
 a number of j^oints of an interesting nature relating to our 
 population. 
 
 Canada contained in 1>^51, as per Census Returns: 
 
 Ffimilies 
 
 Males 
 
 Married Males 
 
 Sin.de Males , 
 
 Widowers , 
 
 Females 
 
 Married Females 
 
 Single Females 
 
 Widows , 
 
 L'nder five years of age 
 Between 5 and 10 do. 
 
 " 10 and 15 do. 
 
 " 15 and 20 do, 
 
 " 20 and 30 do. 
 
 " 30 and 40 do. 
 
 " 40 and 50 do. 
 
 " 5(1 and (iO do. 
 GO and 70 do. 
 
 '• 70 and 80 do. 
 
 " SO and 90 do. 
 
 •' 90 and 100 do, 
 Over 100 years of age.. 
 
 Ucaf and Dumb 
 
 Blind 
 
 Insane , 
 
 Births in 1851 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Lower Canada, 
 
 141,331 
 
 449,907 
 
 130,999 
 
 803,799 
 
 8,077 
 
 440,294 
 
 135,421 
 
 289,494 
 
 14,908 
 
 28,001 
 
 115,035 
 
 104,(132 
 
 102,500 
 
 148.710 
 
 94,781 
 
 05,735 
 
 43,(;i8 
 
 21,095 
 
 11,084 
 
 2, '.'59 
 
 407 
 
 38 
 
 805 
 
 554 
 
 1,733 
 
 30,739 
 
 11,074 
 
 Upper Canada, 
 
 152,330 
 
 499,007 
 
 147,872 
 
 342,321 
 
 8,742 
 
 452,937 
 
 143,500 
 
 293,773 
 
 15,528 
 
 29,580 
 
 132,720 
 
 119,2'I3 
 
 110,050 
 
 1(;0,072 
 
 103,!»92 
 
 09,542 
 
 41.017 
 
 20,350 
 
 7,240 
 
 1,74*; 
 
 257 
 
 20 
 
 478 
 
 310 
 
 1.009 
 
 32.081 
 
 7,775 
 
 Total. 
 
 293,007 
 941,o;54 
 284,871 
 040.020 
 17,419 
 893,231 
 278,927 
 583,207 
 
 ;;o,43(; 
 
 5S,187 
 
 247,701 
 
 223,!t25 
 
 212,022 
 
 315,3S2 
 
 198,773 
 
 125,277 
 
 85,205 
 
 41,451 
 
 18,330 
 
 4,7(»5 
 
 004 
 
 58 
 
 1,343 
 
 870 
 
 2,802 
 
 09,420 
 
 19,420 
 
 From the preceding Table it will be seen, that while Upper 
 Canada contains a larger number of persons of the respective 
 ages between 5 and 40 years ; from 40 u])wards the scale is in 
 favour of Lower Canada, Avliich has 11,084 between TO and 80 
 years of age against 7,240 ; 2,950 between 80 and 00, against 
 1,704 ; 407 lietween 00 and 100, against 2.')7 ; with 38 persons 
 over a hundred years (if age, against 20. The first of these 
 facts may be easil}' accounted Ibr, fro]:i the larger immigration 
 
 tolj 
 
 pper 
 
 than to Lower Cannd; 
 
 ini 
 
 tl 
 
 ic S'/'Pont 
 
 I it 
 
 woul.l 
 
140 
 
 seom as it'tliorc were a toudency to longer life on the part of 
 Lower than of Tapper Canadians. At the same time the deaths 
 returned i'or Lower Canada in 18;")! stand, as compared with 
 those fur U])per Canada, 11,074 over against 7,7^')"). From 
 the extraordiniiry h'ngth which this return, understood as an 
 avcrge, would give tu life in Upper Canada, it is manifest either 
 that there has been considerahle deficiency in the returns, or 
 that from some cause or other the year 1851 brought fewer 
 deaths with it than usual. 
 
 According to the Census there were in Lower Canada in 
 1851, seven married females uiuler fifteen years of age, with 
 898 married males under 20 ; and in Upper Canada twelve 
 married females under fifteen, with 574 married males under 
 twenty. In Upper Canada the nuirried females under twenty 
 years of age number 5,994, in Lower Canada 5,415. 
 
 Of tlie following Classes the Census Tables report : 
 
 Farmers 
 
 Labourers 
 
 Male Servants 
 
 Female Servants.., 
 
 PhyHiciaiis and Sur<2;e()us 
 Barristers and Attornies. 
 
 Clergymen 
 
 Private Means 
 
 Tot'il. 
 
 104,488 
 
 141,t»40 
 
 8,7.39 
 
 23,0SG 
 
 792 
 
 475 
 
 1,083 
 
 4,986 
 
 The population to a square mile is, in Lower Canada 4 ; in 
 Upper Canada, 29 ; in Canada, taken as a whole, 7 59-100. 
 
 From tlie numbers and constituents of our population, with 
 the particulars of a general nature just given, let us now 
 direct our attention to their action and its results. 
 
 In reference to tlieso we begin by remarking that the people 
 of Canada have — 
 
10 part of 
 :lie ilcatliH 
 arcd with 
 5, From 
 :ood as an 
 tost either 
 etuvns, or 
 ght fewer 
 
 Canada in 
 ag'c, ^Yith 
 da twelve 
 lies under 
 ler twenty 
 
 Tot'il. 
 
 101,488 
 
 M1.U49 
 
 8,739 
 
 23,086 
 
 792 
 
 475 
 
 1,583 
 
 4,986 
 
 I da 4 ; in 
 )9-100. 
 
 tion, with 
 lis now 
 
 he people 
 
 Hi 
 
 1. Brought under eultivatinn a larjit.' portion of a country 
 which they found in a i^tate id' Nature ; and an- raisin^^ annually 
 a laruc amount of Aiiricultural laoducts. 
 
 * CD 1 
 
 Fruni the follwinc;- Table an idea will he ohtained uf whtit 
 has been done up to the close of IBol in the fiot of these 
 respects : 
 
 Spui'lfications. 
 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Uppor Canada. 
 
 .Area in norcrf 
 
 No. of Por.'^oiis lnililhi;x... 
 
 No. holding 10 acres !ui<l 
 luuler 
 
 Do. t'roui ]•) to 20 acres 
 " 20 to ;")0 acres 
 " 50 to 100 acres 
 '< 100 to 200 acres 
 " Over 20(1 acres 
 
 Number of acres held 
 
 Acres under cultivation... 
 
 " Crops 
 
 " Pasture 
 
 " CardcusiV Orcliards 
 " Wild 
 
 Assessed value ! 
 
 134,30:i.(;no 
 95,823 
 
 14,477 
 
 2,702 
 17,52! 
 87,80;; 
 18,039 
 
 4,591 
 8,113,379 
 
 3,t;o5,07t; 
 
 2, 07 1.34 9 i 
 
 1,503,000; 
 
 30,1:^7 
 
 4,508,303; 
 
 £29,208,1581 
 
 Total. 
 
 20,794,825 
 99,800 
 
 9,970 
 1,889 
 18,407 
 48,027 
 18,421 
 3,U8() 
 9,82t;,4l7 
 3,095,703! 
 2,274,740: 
 1,305, ").30| 
 55.4<;il 
 0,13O.(;5l| 
 £30,070,890' 
 
 155,188,425 
 
 195,083 
 
 24,453 
 
 4,591 
 
 55,988 
 
 85,890 
 
 37,1 >00 
 
 7,';71 
 
 17,339,790 
 
 7,300,839 
 
 4,340,095 
 
 2,8ti9,15() 
 
 85,588 
 
 10,0:lS,957 
 
 £05,879,048 
 
 [Abstract of Census.] 
 
 Of the is millions nearly of acres taken possession of, there 
 is thus considerably over seven and-a-quarter millions under 
 cultivation, more than seven-eighteenths of the whole. J)i- 
 vided among our population it gives four acres, or thereabout, 
 for each inhabitant. According to the Census lleport (-4), 
 five acres and one perch is the proportion of cultivated land 
 per individual in the United States. 
 
 The average number of acres held by each occupant is, in 
 Upper Canada, 98a. Ir. Ip. ; in Lower Canada, !^4a. '2r. 27p. : 
 in Canada as a whole, 92 acres. In Upper Canada the averag, 
 value of each occupier's h(jlding is d'oIJI ; in L<.iwer Canadae 
 c£804 lOs. od. : in the whole of Canada, Jlool. There are of 
 
]42 
 
 occupied acres per inluiLItant 10a. Ir. Ip. in Upper Canada ; 
 in Lower Canada, Oa. Or. ITp. : in all Canada, Ua. 3r. 4p. Of 
 lands occupied the ])roportion ■wliieli is uncultivated is, in 
 Upper Canada, Oa. Ir. ;50p. each inhabitant ; in Lower Canada, 
 r)a. Or. Op. : in all Canada, 5a. 3r. 4p. — considerably more, 
 that is, than one-half. (Census Keport, p. 24. ) 
 
 The number of cultivated acres was, in — 
 
 1.S31, 2,005,013 in Lower Caiiada; 818,432 in Upper. 
 1844, 2,802,317 " '' 2,100,101 " 
 
 1851, 3,005,070 " " 3,005,703 ^' 
 
 Lower Canada has thus advanced in twenty years from 
 2,000,013 cultivated acres to 3,005,070 ; and Upper Canada, 
 from 818,432 to 3,005,703. The latter has therefore at the 
 dose (if this comparatively brief period over four and-a-half 
 times the quantity of cultivated land which it possessed at its 
 commencement. 
 
 In the London, AVcstern, Brock, and Home Districts, the 
 advance made has been as follows. There were of cultivated 
 acres in — 
 
 
 Western. 
 
 London. 
 
 Brock. 
 
 1842- 
 
 - 00,345 
 
 112,033 
 
 00,397 
 
 1844- 
 
 - 82,72»'> 
 
 130,339 
 
 83,040 
 
 1S48- 
 
 -115,708 
 
 177,752 
 
 
 1851- 
 
 -144,803 
 
 247,100 
 
 135,232 
 
 The cultivated acres in the Home District were — In 1801, 
 4,281 ; ill 1811, 14,578 ; in 1821, 30,732 ; in 1831, 101,290; 
 in 1841, 253,708 ; in 1851, 482,839. 
 
 For the sake of convenience we have retained the old names; 
 but to prevent mistake, it may be mentioned that what was 
 formerly the "Western District constitutes nt)w the Counties of 
 Essex, Kent, and Lambton ; that the present Counties of Mid- 
 dlesex and Elu'in, represent the old London District ; that 
 what was the District of J>rock, is now the County of Oxford ; 
 while what was the IlDUie District forms the present Counties 
 o\ York, Ontai'io. and Peel, 
 
 Th 
 
Canada ; 
 r. A\K Of 
 tod is, in 
 r Canada, 
 bly more, 
 
 Upper. 
 
 li 
 
 u 
 
 3a rs from 
 r Canada, 
 )ro at the 
 and-a-half 
 ^sed at its 
 
 triets, the 
 niltivatt'd 
 
 )7 
 G 
 
 \>2 
 
 In ISOl, 
 101,290; 
 
 d names ; 
 what was 
 jiintics of 
 sof Mid- 
 iet ; that 
 
 Oxford ; 
 
 Counties 
 
 1 i'> 
 
 
 yioi'2 attentlnti dojidedly is l>ein^• [Kiid thiii lunvti)foro to tlio 
 manner in which f;irmi)i!;' operations are licini:' c(»n(hicted, and 
 very ;j.;r''at improvenu'iit i.s being nuide. This i-cmarlc ;i])plics 
 liardly le.-s to Jjower than to Upper Canada. 
 
 Though, as wc have seen, the number of owners of hind is 
 Larire and the portion owned consideralde, there is yet, and will 
 hinir be, ph'iity of it to be obtained over the irreater part of tlie 
 country, if not the wlioh^; and at prices wliicli are reasonable, 
 varying- with position and circumstances. The J'^astern Town- 
 ships and other portions of Lower Canada wouhl accommodate 
 hundreds of thousands, if not millions. On the Ottawa u na- 
 tion might find room. So it is in "Western Caiiaihi. In the 
 newer Townships Crown Lands are still to be liad, and the 
 Canada Company has hinds over a great portion of the country. 
 Ere long, I am informed, it is likely to bring ;]00,0()0 acres in 
 the Huron District — one of our finest regions — into the market. 
 The emigrant vrill without dilhculty obtain information in re- 
 gard to all these matters — prices, as well as locality — by ap})li- 
 cation on his arrival to the Emigrant Airents at Quebec, 31on- 
 treal, or Toronto. 
 
 [The following particulars we are happy to have the oppor- 
 tunity of adding from an excellent l*am})hlet, recently issued 
 by Frederick Wldder, Es({., Commissioner of the CaJiada Com- 
 pany, entitled " Infor.matiox for L\tkndl\(J I'Imigrants 
 OF ALL Classes, to Upper Canada."] 
 
 ''The price of Wild Land varies according to locality, from 
 10s. per acre to XlO. In a few remote districts it may still be 
 had at the former rate, but it gradually increases according ti; 
 density of settlements and facility of C(jmmunications to tlie 
 latter rate. In the oldest and most densely settled Townships, 
 Wood Land is more valual)le th;'.n Cleared Land, Jis the farmer 
 is dependent on A\'ood foi' fuel and otiicr domestic pui-poses. 
 
 Cleared Farms in the 1)est a:id (eldest scttlc'd T 
 
 ownsnin 
 
 with good l^uildings, arc worth from ,C10 to .Clo per acre 
 
 P 
 
144 
 
 The |vrIco of the Comp-iny'.s fiUiuls raiiuod in IS.jI in tlio 
 Counties of IV>tcrljoroUiz;li, Hastings, Auiliii'itoti, l-'ruritoMiio, 
 Leeds, (jrenville, j)iui«liis, Stonuoiit, Gleiifj^arry, I'roseott, 
 lliissell, and Carleton, iVoiii 10s. to ^os. per acre ; from 20.';. 
 to o0.s. in Ontario, Durluuii, >iortliiini])eriand and A'ictoriu ; 
 from 25,s. to 50s. and OOs. in Essex and Kent ; fniia 20s. to 
 SO.s. in Perth, and in Lainhton to 5()s. ; in Huron from 40s. to 
 80s. ; and in 31iddlesex from oOs. to 100s. 
 
 " In the Eastern section of Upper Canada, the larger portion 
 of Crown Lauds are situated in the recently surveyed Town- 
 ships of AVilberforcc, Brougham, and rattan, on the lionnc- 
 chere lliver, and between them and the Ottawa lliver, in the 
 Townships of IVMuhroke, lloss, Westmeatli, Horton and 
 McNab ; also in Palmerston, Lavant and Darling ; in each of 
 these the quantity of ungranted Crown Lands is still consider- 
 able. In the rear of the Counties of Hastings, Frontenac, 
 and Lennox and Addington, the Townships of Elziver, Kcne- 
 bec, Kaladar, Olden and Oso, present large <{uantities of un- 
 granted land, and, although uot of superior cjuality, their low 
 prices ought to induce their sale and settlement. Bedford and 
 and Sheiheld, School Townships in the same ([uarter, offer also 
 considerable (juantities of disposable land. In t\ic rear of the 
 Counties of Northund)erland and Durham, there are considera- 
 ble (juantitics of disposable lauds in the Townships of Bur- 
 leigh, Methucm, Belmont, Harvey, Fenclon, Sommerville, aud 
 Bexly. Their (juality has not, however, generally been con- 
 sidered such as to have attracted an}- cojisidcrablc iunn])er of 
 settlers to them, but they arc placed with the low priced lands. 
 
 The lands in the Counties of Crej', ]?rant, "Wellington, 
 ]3ruce, and IVn-th, arc iilling up rapidly, aud it may, therefore, 
 be concluded, that before the termination of the present year, 
 1855, the Covernment will scarcely have any lands of a desir- 
 able description in that section of the I'rovincc for sale, if not 
 already disposed of by the local agencies. The Indian depart- 
 ment is, however, about to survey a portion of the large penin- 
 
 leas 
 
u:> 
 
 S.J [ ill the 
 l"'r»»ritoi»;ic, 
 , I'rescott, 
 ; frouiliO.s. 
 Aietoriii ; 
 oiu liUs. to 
 :u:ii 40s, to 
 
 gcr portion 
 
 yed Town- 
 
 tlie Botinc- 
 
 ver, in the 
 
 orton and 
 
 in each of 
 
 II consider- 
 
 Frontenac, 
 
 \-cr, Kcnc- 
 
 ties of un- 
 
 , their low 
 
 edford and 
 
 , offer also 
 
 ear of the 
 
 considera- 
 
 is of Bur- 
 
 rville, and 
 
 Lecn con- 
 
 nund)er of 
 
 iced lands. 
 
 ellington, 
 therefore, 
 sent year, 
 )f a desir- 
 ale, if not 
 an depart- 
 I'gc penin- 
 
 i 
 
 sula north of the Sauixeoii, which comprehends altnut halfa 
 nilHion of acres — and th.'>e ni;iy ])e eonjiiderod lunotiL^ the most 
 desiral)le, still available lands in 1 'pp^-'r ^':"iada. 'I'lie ordinary 
 price of Crown lands in townships east of the Connty of Sim- 
 coe, is 4s. per acre, payable in live instalments; west of North- 
 umberland and Dnrhani, Ts. (Id. per acre, p:iyable by ten in- 
 stalments, with, in all cases, interest. The Hchool lands, lUs. 
 per acre, with twenty-five per cent, set apart for roads, and 
 same terms as- the last named Crown lands. The cleruy lands 
 vary according to valuation set upon them. Compulsory occu- 
 pation and improvement of lands purchased is limited to town- 
 .ships surveyed since the Union of the ]Vovinces." 
 
 The Canada Company offers its lands to settlers by way of 
 Lease for Ten Years, or for Sale, — ( \ish down. 
 
 The rents, payable 1st February, are about the interest at ais. 
 per cent, upon the ca.sh })rice of the hmd. AVlien leased, accord- 
 ing to locality, two or three years' rent must be paid in advance, 
 but these payments will free the settler from further calls until 
 the third or fourth year of his terms of lease. The settler has 
 the privilege of purchasing the fee simple of the land held under 
 lease, and, of course, sto]»piiig payment of further rents, before 
 the expiration of the term, upon paying the purchase money 
 specitied in that instalment. A discount is made fur antici- 
 pated paymeut. (Pp. ly, li), 2o.) 
 
 Let us look now at what is being done in regard t-) the sec- 
 ond of the points above-named, the raising, to vrlt, of agricul- 
 tural products. 
 
 To aid in formin-j; a correct iudrrnient as to the measure of 
 progress being made in i\\\< respect, we present a tabular state- 
 ment of returns of staple ]*roducts in i'pper and Lower Ca- 
 nada respectively. AVe would have preferred the years being 
 the same throughout, but for this no reliable data are within 
 reach : 
 
itt; 
 
 Produce in I'ushel^ 
 
 Lower Canada. 
 ISni. 1844. 18ul. 
 
 Upper Canada. 
 1S42. 1848. ISol. 
 
 
 "Wheat 
 
 :!,404,7r)0 
 
 '.i4><.7r.s 
 :• i4> ■'74 
 
 94'2.s:',r) 
 
 :;.(i4.').('.oi) 
 
 :'..221.091 
 1.1 '.t:;..)-,! 
 4.7ss.l(;7 
 i.(i;n .:;:.-, 
 
 2'.J2.'.I70 
 
 r,;ii.:r.!i 
 s.Obo,;j'j7 
 
 7.'"i'')8.77-j 
 1.7'):!.S4ti 
 7,u.')r).7.",o 
 r)i:).727 
 4iti.2',i;'. 
 l.i:;7. :.:..■) 
 
 4 J 1 (jljO'ji 
 
 12 074 
 
 2.872 
 
 11,1 8t; 
 
 (;2,^ 
 
 479 
 
 l.f.i'.2 
 
 6,1)77 
 
 079 
 
 :'0r! 
 
 I'CIIS 
 
 Oiits 
 
 1,2111.420 
 
 7.2;;s.7.j:i 
 
 i,i!i.-..4:>"i 
 
 ;!;i:i.44t) 
 
 141.(ii)S 
 
 o.'.ns.scit 
 
 ^7 4, suit 
 
 l,47o.t;2.s 
 
 4:>r,.r,4t 
 ;;4r..2'.H» 
 
 41H.(il7 
 4.;"):i.'!.4iil 
 
 6SS,2S0 
 
 4i;; 
 iiii 
 
 IJail.-y 
 
 live 
 
 ;uu.7'i.-, 
 'j:!4..'.2',> 
 ;;:m.i'i.';:! 
 7,-".'>7.41f> 
 lUtj,OJO 
 
 .:'>:<i, 
 (;•',", 
 
 lii(1i''ni Citrii 
 
 .'•'4 
 
 ]'i)t;it(M's 
 
 ■■',]:< 
 
 IJllck WllLMt 
 
 .764 
 
 
 
 111 tliG quantity of wlicat produced it will Lc observed Lower 
 Canada shows a very great deficiency in 1848 as compared with 
 1831. This, however, wliich is attributed in larirc measure to 
 the ravag'cs of the weevil, is very nearly made up in 1851. 
 Upper Canada exhibits in 1848 a similar falling off, as com- 
 pared with 1842, in the article of potatoes, which is due 
 chiefly, if not altogether, to the prevalence of the Potato Dis- 
 ease. The advance in the production of wheat in Upper 
 Canada is very great, the quantity coming very little short of 
 quadrupling itself in 9 years. The following are the Counties 
 in Upper Canada yielding in 1851 the largest amount of 
 wheat, peas, and Indian corn : 
 
 WHKAT, 
 
 por aero average. 
 
 Dusliols 
 
 r>ruco I 
 
 lU-iUit i 
 
 IlllltdU 
 
 Y.uk 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Koiit 
 
 Tcol 
 
 Ontario 
 
 lljiMiiiiiinc! 
 
 Elgin 
 
 Durham.. 
 
 AVutcrloo ! 
 
 Peti-rhorough | 
 
 SillU'OO I 
 
 rConsus Koport, p. U0.]| 
 
 20 
 
 r.i 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 IS 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 If, 
 
 k; 
 
 lbs. 
 
 • ) 
 >) 
 
 ;!'.) 
 ;;o 
 ]••] 
 
 o 
 ih) 
 
 •I 
 {', 
 
 ■ 'A) 
 
 IS 
 
 1.") 
 
 •J 
 
 
 
 
 I'KAS, 
 
 I.NDIAX COKX, 
 
 per acre avera;re. 
 
 per acre avei'ajre. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 IJiishels. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 81 
 
 It 
 
 
 ;!0 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 
 0-2 
 
 • >•) 
 
 1") 
 
 IS 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 lli 
 
 20 
 
 .38 
 
 14 
 
 A.'i 
 
 2'.> 
 
 54 
 
 IS 
 
 '27 
 
 2.") 
 
 40 
 
 IL' 
 
 ■IS 
 
 2:; 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 >) 
 
 20 
 
 Ol 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 58 
 
 i<; 
 
 20 
 
 2.') 
 
 42 
 
 ir. 
 
 •» 
 
 2;") 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 >) 
 
 2'j 
 
 7 
 
 fl 
 
147 
 
 Canada. 
 
 IS. 1851. 
 
 S.77::; 
 
 i2r.:4.;-n.T 
 
 l.Slti 
 
 ii.K7-2.4i;; 
 
 ").7:!t) 
 
 ii,ist;.nii 
 
 - - . )T 
 
 i;-2r>. :',',■ , 
 
 
 i.'J'.i:; 
 
 47'.t.(i2:j 
 
 T.'i'i'i 
 
 i.(;tvj.:,2-i 
 
 l,u;jl 
 
 5,077..'{ir) 
 
 
 079,754 
 
 crvcd Lower 
 )mpared with 
 ;e measure to 
 up in 1851. 
 off, as com- 
 liicli is clue 
 ! Potato Dis- 
 [it in Upper 
 ttle sliort of 
 lie Counties 
 amount of 
 
 Indian Coux, 
 
 UT acre aTcraj^'e. 
 
 iushels. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 20 
 
 81 
 
 ;!(» 
 
 IS 
 
 >»•) 
 
 lo 
 
 k; 
 
 14 
 
 L'(j 
 
 38 
 
 li'.) 
 
 at 
 
 Ho 
 
 4ii 
 
 '2:'> 
 
 Ui 
 
 L'l; 
 
 
 •)■> 
 
 08 
 
 L'.') 
 
 42 
 
 li;") 
 
 27 
 
 Ho 
 
 7 
 
 
 The Towusliips giviiifr tlic lavp-ost returns of wliont in I'ppor 
 Canada for IS,')! arc : 
 
 
 
 i) 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 1!) 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 2"* 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 Townsbips. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 l^squcsinfr , 
 
 Scarhorougli 
 
 ]?lc'nheim 
 
 Oxford, West.... 
 
 York 
 
 Oxford, Eiiiit 
 
 Onoiid!i.a;o , 
 
 Darlington. 
 
 Dover 
 
 Louth 
 
 Kincardine 
 
 Gore of Toronto. 
 Blandford 
 
 Pickering 
 
 Ontario 
 Harwich 1 Kent.... 
 
 Ifalton .. 
 
 York 
 
 Oxford ., 
 Oxford .. 
 
 York 
 
 Oxford.. 
 
 IJrant 
 
 Durham . 
 
 Kent 
 
 liincoln . 
 Bruce ... 
 
 Peel 
 
 Oxford.. 
 
 Bruce 
 
 Brant 
 
 Greenock ... 
 
 Chatlifim 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Whitby 
 
 Etobicokc .... 
 
 Dorchester.., 
 
 i Tecuniseth .., 
 
 Colling\YOod , 
 
 Georgina 
 
 Westminster 
 Southwold ... 
 
 Sougog 
 
 Dumfries, South. 
 
 Bruce 
 
 Kent 
 
 Peel 
 
 Ontario ... 
 
 York 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Sinicoe 
 
 Cirey 
 
 Ontario ... 
 Middlesex 
 
 Elgin 
 
 Ontario ... 
 Brant 
 
 Markham , York. 
 
 IJushela. 
 
 lbs.' 
 
 20 
 
 3o 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 51 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 .) 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 1 1 
 
 20 
 
 • • • 
 
 20 
 
 • t • 
 
 20 
 
 • •• 
 
 10 
 
 48 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 ■10 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 T.I 
 
 30 
 
 i;> 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 * • • 
 
 18 
 
 of) 
 
 IS 
 
 43 
 
 The Counties in tlie Lower Province giving the largest re- 
 turn of "Wheat, Peas, and Oats for 18')1, are : 
 
148 
 
 Mcjrfintic 
 
 Quobec 
 
 Bonavcnture 
 
 Cliuiniil.'iin 
 
 Htiiiij^toail 
 
 Missis(iuoi 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 I'oaiiliai'iinis 
 
 Dniiiinioiul 
 
 Two Mountains 
 
 ]N'ieolet 
 
 Vaudreuol 
 
 Lcinstcr 
 
 Shci'brooke 
 
 Montmoi-oncy ... 
 
 St. Maurice 
 
 Yiuna^ka 
 
 Vorchl'i'e^s 
 
 rortucuf 
 
 Tcvrel)onno 
 
 Dorchester 
 
 Will 
 
 rlAT. 
 
 PEAS. 
 
 OA'l'S. 
 
 IJu^hi'ls. 
 
 11>S. 
 
 Ijlisllrls. 
 
 11 IS. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 ir, 
 
 2U 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 •)•) 
 
 • • • 
 
 ')■) 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 >) 
 
 V) 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 l;! 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 T)!) 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 V2 
 
 o-'> 
 
 12 
 
 • • • 
 
 3-", 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 4r> 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 • 1 • 
 
 12 
 
 41 
 
 i;] 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 no 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 •> 
 
 19 
 
 32 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 n;} 
 
 21 
 
 80 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 22 
 
 r>0 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 .35 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 2t) 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 of) 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 U 
 
 r.8 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 ?,^ 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 •1 
 •J 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 27 
 
 • • • 
 
 9 
 
 4o 
 
 9 1 22 
 
 19 1 ... 
 
 Mcuautic is thus tlic best for -wheat; Quebec for peas ; Mii-- 
 sIsf|uoi for oats. r>orchcster produces tlic largest qusntity of 
 hay; then Staustcad and Iluntingu'ju. (Kp. on Ceii. p. 20, oO.) 
 
 Below we present a comparative statement of the quantities 
 of staple agricultural products for the United States and West- 
 ern Canada, for two distinct years each. Tn the first colum n 
 the years compared arc 1840 for the United States, and 1842 
 for Canada. The comparison exhibiicd in the second is for 
 the same year in both cases, viz., 1847 : — 
 
 will 'lit 
 
 Karloy.. ... 
 
 Oiits 
 
 I{.vo 
 
 liiii'kwln't. 
 
 Miii/.o 
 
 Potatoes ... 
 I'oaso 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 Busb- 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 'Is JKM 
 
 
 hid. 
 
 8.t,s-j:i.l'7'J 
 
 4".tt'i 
 
 4.Uil.i.()4 
 
 ••_';") 
 
 12:<.ii71.:i41 
 
 7-21 
 
 is.iU.-).,'))!! 
 
 l'(ii) 
 
 l:2'A.Hy.\ 
 
 0-4:? 
 
 :i77..");n.S7;> 
 
 ■1-1-V2 
 
 10S,29,')JU8 
 
 &od 
 
 CANADA WEST. UNITED STATES. CANADA WEST. 
 
 Buslu'ls. 
 
 i.o;a. ;;;;.". 
 
 4.7SS.lti7 
 i;",f2.',i70 
 o.'i"J.7S() 
 (i',il,:5,V.> 
 
 8,0S(t,;i'J7 
 
 Bush- 
 els Iter 
 lad. 
 
 tVil'J 
 2- 1-2 
 
 O-tiO 
 0-72 
 1-42 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 iii.24ri.riiMi 
 
 f),C4'.l.9,".0 
 
 l()7.Sti7.(i<)() 
 
 2'.t.222.7()0 
 
 n.Cu.'i.oOS 
 
 ■i;5<t.;i5i 1,000 
 
 lG-G2|lUO,yG5,000 
 
 Hush- 1 
 
 fls per Bushels. 
 Ind. 
 
 Bush. 
 
 el s pel- 
 
 Ind. 
 
 O' 
 
 •.0 
 
 •2S' 
 S-()'.) - 
 1-42 i 
 
 •f)ti : 
 
 20'Ul ', 
 4-861 
 
 7.r)r)S.ooo 
 
 f.ir).727 
 
 7.or)r).73o 
 
 44t).2'.t;! 
 
 4:;2.ri7;! 
 
 l.l;!7,G55 
 
 4,7ui,3;n 
 
 10-4.') 
 0-71 
 9-75 
 
 o-r)2 
 
 O-PO 
 l-o7 
 6-57 
 
 f[iiai 
 
OATS. 
 
 IsllrlH. 
 
 !)..«. 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 "2 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 85 
 
 21 
 
 I'J 
 
 • • • 
 
 2f) 
 
 7 
 
 2.') 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 n2 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 ')•) 
 
 *-*^ 
 
 0'> 
 
 21 
 
 G 
 
 2<) 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 • • • 
 
 10 
 
 ! - 
 
 • peas 
 
 , ; Mi&- 
 
 qiisi 
 
 itity of 
 
 . p. 1 
 
 i9,;i0.) 
 
 le qu 
 
 antitics 
 
 s auc 
 
 [ West- 
 
 first 
 
 colum 11 
 
 .s, an 
 
 (1 1842 
 
 ICOUt 
 
 . is fur 
 
 ANADA WEST. 
 
 
 Bush. 
 
 luFhcls. 
 
 elspir 
 
 
 Ind. 
 
 .r)r)S .000 
 
 io-4r. 
 
 f)ir..7-27 
 
 0-71 
 
 .or)r).730 
 
 9-75 
 
 44t)/j<»;i 
 
 0-tyj 
 
 4:;i2.ri7;! 
 
 O-t'-O 
 
 .i;;7.55r> 
 
 i-:.7 
 
 ,75i,3;n 
 
 6-57 
 
 From the above, it •'.viil be seen that while the United States 
 ixreatly surpass Canada in the production of Indian corn, the 
 quantity of wheat produced in Canada is much ureatcr in pro 
 portion than tliat yielded by the States, beinp: nearly twice as 
 much for each individual of the population. (.Montgoniery 
 Martin, vol 1, p. I'l;").) 
 
 The followiiif^ is a comparative statement of the quantit}' oi' 
 wheat produced in the United States in 1850, with that of 
 Canada as a whole in 1851 j and of Ohio in 1850, and Upper 
 Canada in 1851 — derived from Amer. Statist. Ann. and lleport 
 on Census : — 
 
 UNITKD STATKS. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 1 OMKX CANADA Wl'^T. 
 
 : 1 
 
 Bushi'lF. 
 
 Bush.ls 
 |pcr liiit. 
 
 Busbtl.i. 
 
 linslu'ls 
 per \\\<\. 
 
 lUishi'l.'*. 
 
 l!uMi.|s 
 JUT liul. 
 
 Bush. Is. 
 
 |iiT iiid. 
 
 100.503,S9H 
 
 4 19-GU 
 
 10,lo5,91() 
 
 8 r)0-i;(i 
 
 i4.4S7.:;oi 
 
 7 10-ni) 
 
 VlX'-yfiWi 
 
 13 19-60 
 
 In the United States, the growth of wheat has increased 
 auout 58 per cent, during the last ten years, whilst in all Ca- 
 nada, during the same period, it has increased upwards of 400 
 percent!! And taking the article of Indian corn, which is the 
 production that compares most favourably for the United States, 
 the increase on it for the ten years between 1840 and 1850, has 
 been equal to 50 per cent., vi/., from ol'^ millions of bushels 
 to 592 J millions — [see page GO of Mr. Kennedy's Ileport] — 
 wlillst the increase in Canada for the last nine years has been 
 168 per cent., the census having been tahen in 1842 and not 
 in 1841. During the same period, al.so, the increase in the 
 growth of oats in the United States has been 17 per cent., 
 whilst in Upper Canada it has been 133 per cent., — in Lower 
 Canada 41 per cent., — and in ])oth united 70 per cent. 
 
 ''In pease we find the increase in Upper Canada has been 
 140 per cent, in nine years ; that of the United States, or any 
 of them, is not given in the Abstract (*f the Census; but, with 
 them, it appears t.» be an article of little importance ; the whole 
 
i)i) 
 
 crop of all the States and territories being only a few bushels 
 over the jjrucliiee of Canada. 
 
 " ThouLih the number of eultlvateil aeres in Ohio is one- 
 fourth p-eatcr than those of Canada, being i),SOO,OUO to 
 7,o00,0U0, or rather more than ten to seven ; yet the bushels 
 of wheat are onc-twelllh less, being in Ohio 14,-487,000 to 
 10,202,272. 
 
 "Ohio, in eultivatcd acres, possesses l-12thof all the United 
 States- In uncultivated aeres she possesses l-22d of the same. 
 
 " She possesses l-4th more cultivated land ])er inhabitant 
 than Canada, having five acres to four. 
 
 " All Canada produces l-7th more l)ushels of wheat than 
 Ohio, and 1 ^V bushels more per individual. I'^pper Canada, 
 however, produces six bushels more wheat per individiud than 
 Ohio — the latter producing in her staple, Indian corn, 20 times 
 more than Canada, whi( h produces 77 times more peas, and 
 51 per cent, more oats than Ohio. The land at Ohio is valued 
 at nearly double that of the average of the Union — (see the 
 Keport of 3Ir. Kennedy, page 49) — and has more than three 
 times as many inhabitants to the square mile as the average of 
 the Union — she having 49 oo-lOOths, and the average of the 
 States beini:; 15 75-lOOths. 
 
 '' The produce of wheat per acre in Upper Canada is 16 14- 
 GOths, and in Lower Canada 7 8-OOths bushels per acre. 
 
 ''In the article of wheat we find that the whole United 
 States produced, in 1850, only 100,479,000 bushels, whilst the 
 one State of Ohio — one out of thirty-two, and four large terri- 
 tories — produced more than one-seventh of the whole Union. 
 
 "Again, Ohio produced 7 J bushels for each inhabitant, 
 whilst the whole of the United States produced only 4 J — the 
 former having } of her cultivated land under wheat, whilst the 
 whole Union has not l-20th of the cultivated land under that 
 crop." (Report on Census, pp. ol, 32.) 
 
 The following extract from the Leadf.r newspaper, we copy 
 
 ™ 
 
 ik 
 
 Turnip: 
 Clover 
 Carrots 
 Mangel 
 Beans , 
 
vv Ijiislicls 
 
 to Is oiic- 
 )0,000 to 
 tic buslielH 
 ,87,000 to 
 
 lie United 
 rtlicsumc. 
 
 inlmbitant 
 
 rlicat tliau 
 x Canada, 
 ,idual than 
 1, 20 times 
 s peas, and 
 ^0 is valued 
 — (see tlie 
 liau tlirec 
 average of 
 ge of tlic 
 
 is 16 U- 
 ',rc. 
 
 c United 
 whilst the 
 ar<2;c terri- 
 e Union. 
 
 nhabitant, 
 4 J— the 
 Avhilst the 
 iinJer that 
 
 }' 
 
 M 
 
 151 
 
 from the Anuust nundjcr of the Canafh'mi Journal for 1853, 
 by way of additional illustration of the point under considera- 
 tion : — 
 
 " CANADIAN FXrORTS OF AVIIEAT. 
 
 Year. Wheat — bupht'ls. 
 
 1838 2')(),02() 
 
 183') li4'J,471 
 
 18J0 1,7:'.'»,11',» 
 
 1841 2,:]l;J,8r!G 
 
 184i: 1,078,102 
 
 184:5 1,103,918 
 
 1844 2,350,018 
 
 184o 2,507,302 
 
 1840 3,312,757 
 
 1847 3,883,150 
 
 1848 2,248,010 
 
 1840 3,045,320 
 
 1850 4,547,224 
 
 1851 4,275,800 
 
 1852 5,490,718 
 
 " It appears by the above statement that our exports of wheat 
 in 1852 were about eighteen times as great as they were in 
 1888. They have doubled four times in fifteen years, or more 
 than once in every four years for the last fifteen years. They 
 are now one-half as much as the exports of wheat from the 
 United States; and at the present ratio of increase — dtmbllng 
 In every four years — our exports of n-Jicat v:lU^ in 1850, he 
 rtjual to those of the United States.' ' 
 
 ADDITIONAL FARM PRODUCTS FOR 1851. 
 Derived from Abstracts of Census. 
 
 r, we copy 
 
 Turnips, bushels 
 
 Clover find Grass Seed 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Mangel Wurtzel 
 
 Beans 
 
 H 
 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 354.240 
 
 10,703 
 
 100,020 
 
 111,423 
 
 23,018 
 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 3,023.378 
 
 44,400 
 
 174,805 
 
 54,220 
 
 18,109 
 
 3,377.027 
 
 01,223 
 
 274,115 
 
 105,040 
 
 41,727 
 
152 
 
 ADDITIONAL FARM PRODUCTS FOR ISol. —{ConUnued.) 
 
 liny, tons 
 
 Hops, lbs 
 
 "Maple iSugai" 
 
 Buttor 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Flfix and Hemp 
 
 AVool 
 
 Fulled Cloth, yards 
 
 Linen 
 
 Flannels & unruUed Clothe 
 
 Reef, barrels 
 
 Pork 
 
 Fish 
 
 Bulls, Oxen, & Steers, nos 
 
 Milch Cows ., 
 
 Calves and TIeifers 
 
 Horses of all ages 
 
 Sheep 
 
 I'jgs 
 
 Lowur Canada. 
 
 727,708 
 
 ]4(;,4;58 
 
 0, SOU, 11:5 
 
 787,01)0 
 
 4H,8rJ 
 
 1,188,410 
 
 1,422,874 
 
 788,554 
 
 928,482 
 
 847,278 
 
 44,101 
 
 108,300 
 
 7ii,887 
 
 112,127 
 
 207,500 
 
 182,0')1 
 
 185,848 
 
 049,528 
 
 250,587 
 
 UjvpiT Canada. 
 
 081,782 
 118,004 
 
 3,581,505 
 15,070,818 
 
 2,220,770 
 
 707,476 
 
 50,050 
 
 2,008,704 
 
 540,214 
 
 14,075 
 
 1,100,279 
 118,012 
 310,058 
 11,884 
 108,082 
 200,018 
 254,009 
 201,700 
 909,222 
 570,237 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,409,545 
 
 250,502 
 
 9,410,799 
 
 25,785,420 
 
 2,904,472 
 
 1,212,285 
 
 1,145,000 
 
 4,121,088 
 
 1,279,708 
 
 93h,457 
 
 1,010,542 
 
 158,073 
 
 478,418 
 
 91,271 
 
 300,100 
 
 594,113 
 
 437,090 
 
 38(),048 
 
 1,018,745 
 
 820,824 
 
 The value of the agricultural products of Canada and the 
 United States (the latter for 1850, and the former for 1851,) 
 is estimated as follows, by Mr. Ilutton, in his very excellent 
 Eeport on the Census (p. 28) : — 
 
 Upper Canada. 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 All Canada 
 
 Ohio 
 
 All the U. S.... 
 
 Total. 
 Livestock. 
 
 £ 
 
 f.,13a,3.54 
 
 4.814,18;} 
 
 1 0.947, fili" 
 
 l'2,79;.i.5S7 
 
 144,'J23,120 
 
 Total. 
 Grain. 
 
 £ 
 
 3.953,777 
 
 1,«70.491 
 
 5.tJiJ4,2()8 
 
 11.134,39:5 
 
 100,182,070 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Other I'ro- ]yianufaot- iBeefAPoVk 
 duce. ur d articles 
 
 £ I 
 1.991,8851 
 2.443.21)8 
 4.43.5,153 
 4.788,479 
 47,373,54l» 
 
 £ 
 
 81)0,834 
 
 flon.lfio 
 
 1,455.999 
 
 1.794,805 
 
 14,089,383 
 
 £ 
 
 940,013 
 
 602.795 
 
 1,608,808 
 
 1.859.811 
 
 27,371,439 
 
 Grand 
 Total. 
 
 £ 
 
 13,825.503 
 10,245.902 
 24.071,705 
 32.3: 1.075 
 :339,';.39,558 
 
 For the particulars of the above estimate, see Report on 
 Census, pp. 24-28. 
 
 Making allowance for home consumption and seed, Mr. 
 
nued.) 
 
 Total. 
 
 ,400,515 
 ury,t,r,()2 
 ,410,7'.>9 
 s785,426 
 :,%4,472 
 ,212,285 
 ,145,006 
 1,121,088 
 L,27'.IJ08 
 l);-;is,457 
 1,010,542 
 158,073 
 478,418 
 01,271 
 300,100 
 504,113 
 437,000 
 380,043 
 1,018,745 
 820,824 
 
 la and the 
 fur 1851,) 
 excellent 
 
 Clrand 
 Total. 
 
 loi;5 
 
 1808 
 1811 
 
 £ 
 13,8'25.5G3 
 iu;246,902 
 24.071,700 
 S'i.S": 1.075 
 
 U39p9,::39,558 
 
 |Keport on 
 seed, Mr. 
 
 153 
 
 ilutton sets down 15,162,002 bushels as the quantity of wheat 
 raised in Canada in 1851. 
 
 '^Witliiii the three ycar^, 1840, 1S50, and 1851, the 
 amount of hutter produced has, in the Ujiper I'rovince, in- 
 creased 372 per cent., and that of cheese, durinjj; the same 
 period, 233 per cent., which leads to the inference that our 
 milch cows are rapidly improving in quality. The Census 
 returns of the Lower l*rovince, previous to 1851, are very de- 
 ficient as to the amount of these articles." 
 
 While Canada is much behind Ohio in the number of her 
 sheep and the quantity of wool produced, the rate of increase 
 in the number of sheep, as compared with that in the United 
 States, would appear, from page 07 of ]Mr. Kennedy's llcport, 
 to be greatly in her favor, for in ten years the increase in the 
 States has been only 10 per cent. ; and in the weight of the 
 fleece only 32 per cent. ; whereas, in Canada, the increase in 
 wool has, in nine years, been 01 per cent., and that of sheep 
 35 per cent., showing an improvement in the weight of the 
 fleece of not far from 30 per cent. 
 
 The averasre weight in Canada is found to be : — 
 
 In Upper Canada 2 14-lOths lbs. 
 
 In Lower Canada 2 4-1 Oths lbs. 
 
 In all Canada 2 lO-lOths lbs. ; 
 
 whilst in the United States it is, as per page 07 of the Ab- 
 stract, 2 7-lOths or 2 43-lOOths lbs., showing an excess iu 
 favor of Canada in the average of nearly 3 oz. per fleece. The 
 proportion, too, in both countries, that is, the whole United 
 States and Canada, is about the same, being about nine sheep 
 to every ten inhabitants. Upper Canada has about ten sheep 
 to every hundred acres occupied ; Lower Canada has eight ; 
 and the United States has 7 17-lOOths. 
 
 With regard to horses there are in both Canadas, according 
 to the Census Returns, 385,377, or very nearly one to every 
 five inhabitants, and they have increased during the last nine 
 years 48 per cent. In some Counties the increase has been 
 
1;)4 
 
 very miu'li greater than this, for wc find in Oxford an increase 
 of 850 per cent.; this would induce a belief that there "was 
 some j^reat error in the returns of 1842, as there seems to he 
 no good reason why the number of horses should not have kept 
 pace with the population; the wealth of the latter having, also, 
 duriug that time so materially increased. If in nine or ten 
 years the population has increased cent, per cent.; it is almost 
 unaccountable that the number of horses slnmld not have in- 
 creased in a similar ratio.'' (Keport on Census, pages o4 and 
 .']5.) 
 
 While Ohio " far exceeds Canada in Indian Corn, Butter 
 and Cheese, Grass seed, Wool, Tobacco, and Beef and Pork,'' 
 " Canada far exceeds Ohio in "Wheat, Peas, Bye, liarley, Oats, 
 Buck-wheat, Hay, Hemp and Flax, Hops, Maple Sugar and 
 Potatoes ; and also, considering that Ohio has one-third more 
 cultivated land, in total value of Live Stock. This bears a 
 proportion of only 124- to 11, whilst the cultivated land of 
 Ohio to that of Canada is as 10 to 7h 
 
 In all the above enumerated articles, viz: livestock, grain, 
 other farm produce, articles manufactured from Flax, Hemp 
 and Wool, Beef and Pork, Ohio exceeds Canada by £8,199,310, 
 being very little over one-third more than the produce of 
 Canada, and if the produce of the forest be calculated, of Avhich 
 Canada exported in 1851, value far upwards of one million and 
 a half of pounds, the relative wealth per acre would be in 
 favour of Canada." 
 
 " When it is considered that there are 31 States, 1 District, 
 and 4 Territories; and that Ohio has 8 per cent of the whole 
 population of the Union, — 84 per cent, of the grain of the 
 whole Union except llicC; — and about 10 J per cent of all 
 other Agricultural produce, not manufactured, and 7 per cent, 
 of Butter, Cheese, Beef, Pork, and Domestic Manufactures of 
 the whole Union, and that Canada equals Ohio in acrcable 
 produce, is there not good reason for expecting that Canada, 
 with her more extended scope, and her more rapidly increasing 
 latiou, (104, 58-100 per cent in Upper Canada in ten 
 
 populf 
 
 per 
 
(I increase 
 there •VN'as 
 L3UIS to be 
 have kept 
 viiig, also, 
 ino or ten 
 t is almost 
 )t have in- 
 
 ^es o 
 
 ^"4 and 
 
 rn, ]>utter 
 nd Pork," 
 rley, Oats, 
 Sugar and 
 third more 
 liis bears a 
 cd land of 
 
 Dck, grain, 
 lax, llcnip 
 ,8,199,310, 
 produce of 
 d, of which 
 nillion and 
 lould be in 
 
 1 District, 
 the whole 
 [rain of the 
 Icent of all 
 7 per cent. 
 Ifactures of 
 lin acreable 
 |at Canada, 
 increasing 
 lada in ten 
 
 
 155 
 
 years, againft her 83 33-100 per cent- — with 20 per cent, in 
 Lower Cjvnada, between 1854 and 1851) will in a very few 
 years ni dvo a much nearer approximation to the produce of 
 the whole Union than Ohio does now." (Report, &c. p. 3G.) 
 
 We.'gh the facts above-adduced with the points of considera- 
 tion suggested, and say whether Canada docs not in an agri- 
 cultural as} ect, occupy a position honourable and hopeful in a 
 very large dtf^iree. 
 
 *'In Canada/ says Professor Johnston, (Notes on North 
 America, Agricultural, Economical and Social, — Blackwood & 
 Sons, Edinburgh, 1851, — vol. 1st, p. 2G3), ' every one is 
 satisfied of the paramount importance of the Agricultural inter- 
 est : a very general desire exists, therefore, to advance it by 
 every reasonable or available means. The superior class of 
 Settlers of whom so many are scattered over Upper Canada, 
 will greatly facilitate the adoption of such means of improve- 
 ment as are usually employed, or are adopted by Agricultural 
 Societies." Byway of corroboration of the favourable views so 
 confidently expressed by the distinguished individual whose 
 words we have just quoted, we beg to call attention to the 
 following facts: viz: — That in 1851 there was granted by 
 Parliament to the Agricultural Societies of Upper and Lower 
 Canada, the sum of £13,794 13s. 3d. (Public Accounts, 
 1852, p. 82). to aid them in their endeavours to improve the 
 Agriculture of the Country, and £13,811 15s. 4d. in 1853, 
 (Public Accounts, 1853, p. 92) ; that £500 additional is al- 
 lowed in aid of a Model Farm in Toronto; that in the 
 University of Toronto a Professorship of Agriculture ably 
 filled, is sustained ; and that in the same Institution five 
 Agricultural Scholarships, (value £30 per annum each), have 
 recently been established. 
 
 Professor Johnston expresses himself as surprised at the 
 quantity of excellent stock and implements he saw at the 
 Agricultural Exhibition at Kingston, in September, 1850. 
 (lb. p. 260). " The roots exhibited,' he says, ' turnips, carrots, 
 beet, mangold-wurzel, &c. — were all large and fine, shewing 
 
150 
 
 the aptitude of the climate and soil for this culture," which is 
 as yet but in its infiincy. *' On the whole/' he adds, '' thisKin<j^- 
 ston show was very creditable ^o the Province of Upper Canada. 
 The thousands of people w lo came to it, the respectable 
 appearance, the orderly behavimr, the comfortable looks and 
 cheerful faces of both male and female, spoke for a state of 
 things at least not very unflourishing.'' 
 
 The following extracts from Tremcnheer's Notes on Public 
 Subjects, — (London, 1852), are iu full harmony with the above 
 statements of Professor Johnston. 
 
 " Over large tracts of some of the best lands of the Province,'^ 
 says this Gentleman (when speaking of the farming of Upper 
 Canada, which he describes as deficient though improving), 
 "is now to be seen as ji-ood fjirming as one could desire to meet 
 with. Gentlemen of independent property have set the exam- 
 ple in many of the most eligible situations for Settlers ; 
 substantial farmers from England and Scotland have followed 
 and have introduced with success all the best practices of "the 
 old country." I saw in the neighbourhood of London, Wood- 
 stock, Paris, Hamilton, Toronto, admirably managed farms ; 
 and whole townships elsewhere — such especially as some north 
 and east of Toronto, and north-west, north-cast and south-east 
 of Hamilton — are described as being of similar excellence. 
 Great attention has been paid to the importation of the best 
 Stock from England and Scotland ; the markets, therefore, of 
 Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston, &c., are supplied with meat of 
 excellent quality, and well fed. An objection to the growth 
 of root-crops that had been entertained by the small farmers 
 without much capital or enterprise — namely, the difficulty of 
 preventing their freezing in the winter — had been easily over- 
 come by the superior class of farmers, by storing their property 
 iu cellars under or near their cattle houses, and I accordingly 
 saw many fields of well cultivated turnips, mangold, and white 
 Belgian carrots, and heavy crops of each. Wool bears a good 
 price (Is. to Is. od. per lb.), and is much sought for by agents 
 
 'J^he 
 
ir)7 
 
 ' whicli is 
 tills Kin j::;- 
 cr Canada, 
 •espectablo 
 looks and 
 a state of 
 
 on Public 
 1 the above 
 
 Province/' 
 ; of Upper 
 raproving), 
 sire to meet 
 t the exam- 
 ic Settlors ', 
 e followed 
 CCS of " the 
 on, Wood- 
 ^ed farms ; 
 some north 
 south-east 
 excellence, 
 of the best 
 herefore, of 
 :h meat of 
 the growth 
 all farmers 
 lifficulty of 
 asily over- 
 cir property 
 accordingly 
 1, and white 
 ears a good 
 )r by agents 
 
 from the manufacturers of New Knglaml, as well as by the 
 rising woollen factories of Canada, as at Sherbrooke, in the 
 eastern Townships, and elsewhere. The country is becoming 
 well-settled in all directions, and land witliin a reasonable 
 distance of a market is worth from 20 to 50 dollars per acre, 
 buildin<j;s included. On sonic farms which I went over, the 
 land was as clean, and whole details of husbandry put out of 
 hand as skillfully as on a good average fann in England." (p. 
 197-100.) 
 
 " At the Agricultural Show,' he adds, 'in Quebec, on the 
 28th October last, I saw as good turnips, mangold, carrots, par- 
 snips, kohl-rabi, and other roots, as I ever met with at an 
 averaire Acrricultural exhibition in England. If this could be 
 done in the neighbourhood of Quebec, still more could it be 
 on the fine land round ^Montreal, nearly a degrce-and-a-half 
 more to the south. Accordingly at the extremely interesting 
 farm of Major (,'ampbcll, (late Secretary to the Governor Gen- 
 eral), at the Seigniory of St. Ililaire, about 25 miles from 
 Montreal, on the line of the Montreal and Portland Eailway, I 
 saw a few days later, excellent root-crops, some stored for the 
 winter, some still in the ground — and an establishment which 
 approaches very nearly, in the completeness of its building 
 arrangements and in the scientific skill with which the whole 
 is managed, to the best S2)ecimens of high farming in this 
 Country, (p. 20G-207). 
 
 In the Agricultural section of the Pioports b}' the Juries of 
 the Great Exhibition in 1851, Canada is mentioned as sending 
 ''a fine supply of wheat, of all the ordinary English kinds, but 
 evo'i/ sample of more than ordinary excellence." 3Ir. Christie's 
 white wheat is commended, and the Polish oats of ^Ir. Watts, 
 lire described as being of "admirable (piality," as alsu the 
 barley exhibited. 
 
 "The Canadian IJuck-whcat exhibited by 31r. Frenholnie is 
 characterised as the finest sample in the Exhibition, being 
 superior to that sent by the United States, Russia, and Pelgium. 
 The Hops, Linseed, Arrow-root, Hemlock, Park, Ilax, and Kuw 
 
15« 
 
 Silk are each .specially comiiu'iidcil, and some useful suggestions 
 made with rel'erence to their mark<'table value." (^Canadian 
 Journal, Nov. ]1S')2). 
 
 Among the jtrizes be.st(nv(jd at the New York Kxhibiton, 
 there is mentioned one for a very line sample of White AVheat, 
 produced by J. J>. Carpenter, Townsejid, Canada "West, weigh- 
 ing <)()•] lbs. to the bushel; besides which honourable mention 
 is made of a numbiir of other parties by whom Agricultural 
 productions of v. superior quality were sent in. (Canadian 
 Journal, March, isr)4). 
 
 We have to notice next the fact : 
 
 2. That in what was so late a wilderness the people of 
 Canada have jilanted, and arc planting every where Cities, 
 Towns and Villages, which reflect credit alike on their energy 
 and taste. 
 
 Few persons expect to find, on their arrival in Canada, the 
 number or description of towns which they actually meet with 
 in passing on to their destination, wheresoever that may chance 
 tb be. Of Quebec and Montreal they liave heard, of course, 
 and Kingston, and Toronto, and Hamilton, and, it may be, of 
 some few places besides. But, Avith the exception of these, 
 they imagine the country covered with forests, in the midst of 
 which there may present itself, here and there, an insignificant 
 village, which may come, some time or other, to possess some 
 size, and be of some importance. 
 
 That such an idea should be entertained is by no means 
 wonderful. Suppose an individual, Avhen he begins to think 
 of coming to the country, to take up, for the sake of informing 
 himself, some one of the books which proless to describe it, it 
 is difficult to derive from it any other notion. The writer, if 
 a stranger, most likely passed through the country with all the 
 speed with which he could manage to get borne along, and 
 hence saw little, and can tell little. In addition to that, hav- 
 ing, it may be, entered it by way of Queenston, while his mind 
 was dazzled with the glories of Philadelphia, New Yorl:, Eos- 
 
unLTCstiuns 
 
 on 
 
 ( Caiuidlaii 
 
 I'ixliibiton, 
 ite Wheat, 
 est, weiuh- 
 e mention 
 gricultural 
 (Canadian 
 
 pe(»ple Oi" 
 iierc Cities, 
 leir cnerjzy 
 
 auada, the 
 meet with 
 nay chance 
 of course, 
 uay be, of 
 of these, 
 e midst of 
 sin-nificant 
 Jsscss some 
 
 no means 
 
 IS to think 
 
 inforniinu' 
 
 cribe it, it 
 
 writer, if 
 
 ith all the 
 
 alonjr, and 
 
 that, hav- 
 
 [? his mind 
 
 ttrk, IJos- 
 
 150 
 
 ton, and the other cities south of thi' lino ordinarily visited l)y 
 tourists, it is a j)icce of condescension hardly to be looked for, 
 that he should put himself to the trouble of noticing;' uur sniallcr 
 towns. 
 
 Suppose our author, however, a man of a dilferent stamp, a 
 man who can see the small which j^ives pledge of being larger 
 ore long, as well as the large which was small a short time ago, 
 suppose him (pudilied in every respect, and as much disposcil 
 as ((ualiKed to do justice, the reader has been guilty of an over- 
 sight which must inevitably mislead him. The book he has 
 taken up was published ten, or a dozen, or, it imiy be, fifteen, 
 or even twenty years ago ; and hence, whatever the ability of 
 the writer, and how accordant soever the view given with the 
 state of things existing at the time to which the description re- 
 lates, the conception to be derived from it as to wlnt things 
 are now, is necessarily altogether imperfect. C^mada is con- «^ 
 stantly outgrowing the descriptions which are being given of 
 her. The picture which was correct a few years ago thus mis- 
 leads, if, instead of being regarded as exhibiting what «•(^s', it 
 is viewed as illustrative of what is. And so it will continue 
 to be. "Without the gift of propliecy, the production now of a 
 work which shall be true to the facts of even half a dozen years 
 hence, is an impossibility. It is only by frerpicnt rcvisal, 
 bringing them up every few years to the state of things which 
 has grown up since their first appearance, that the very best 
 works can be made to possess a permanent value as sources of 
 information. Thus it is that the works of Mr. .Macgregor and 
 Montgomery Martin make the approximation which they do 
 to the present actual state of the country. 
 
 By way of example, we shall present a few statements from 
 the works of Talbot, who published in 1824 ; of Dr. Kowison, 
 the third edition of whose sketches was issued in 1825 ; and of 
 Buckingham, whose travels in America appeared so late as 184o. 
 
 According to Talbot (Vol. 1st, p. 110), who tells us tbst 
 when Colonel Talbot began his settlement in 1S02, "there 
 was not a single Christian habitation within forty miles of his 
 a 2 
 
IGU 
 
 residence/' Toronto was, even after 1S18, the most westerly 
 town in Upper Canada ; between that city and Aniher.stburj;, 
 a distance of 325 miles, few villages, and these altogether di- 
 minutive in size, were to be met with. He recognizes JJundas, 
 Ancaster, and ]]urford as the only places within that region, 
 bearing, from their populousness, the least resemblance to vil- 
 lages, describing the inhabitants, at the same time, of the whole 
 three as '•' not exceeding six hundred souls." (Vol. 1, p. 120.) 
 
 Dr. Jlowison, in describing a journey taken by him from the 
 Talbot road to the head of Jjake Erie, informs us (p. 190) that 
 his road lay through what then bore the name of the Long 
 Woods, where he met with a stretch of uninterrupted forest 
 thirty-seven miles in length, with only one house within the 
 entire distance. 
 
 The regions so lately wilderness are now tilled Avith towns 
 and cities — teeming with population; characterized by great 
 beauty ; possessed of large wealth ; and enjoying, in not a few 
 eases, the right of sending mombers to represent them in Par- 
 liament. Dundas, one of the three places whose united popu- 
 lation made up the number of "six hundred souls," contains 
 at present somewhere about 5000 inhabitants, with seven 
 churches, a handsome town-hall, one or two IJank agencies, if 
 not more, a couple of newspapers, a number of important ma- 
 nufactories — among them a foundry, a paper mill, and two 
 cloth manufactories, besides large flouring mills — and numerous 
 large, substantial, and elegant stores and private houses. 
 
 Toronto, our inquirer will learn from the same authority, 
 should he consult him, contains lo35 inhabitants, with about 
 250 houses, many of which exhibit a very neat appearance. 
 Its public buildings are a Protestant l^pisoopal Church, which 
 is a plain timber building of tolerable size, with a steeple of 
 the same material ; a lloman Catholic chapel, not yet com- 
 pleted, which is of brick, and intended to be very magnificent ; 
 a l*resbyterian and a 3[ethodist meeting house ; the Hospital, 
 which he pronounces the most extensive public building in the 
 Province, describing it, at the same time, as showing; a ver\ 
 
 I 
 
t Avcsterly 
 tlierstburji, 
 ufrctlier di- 
 cs Dundas, 
 hat region, 
 mcc to vil- 
 f the whole 
 1, p. 120.) 
 ui from the 
 I. 199) that 
 
 the Long 
 pted forest 
 
 within th(! 
 
 with towns 
 
 }d by great 
 
 a not u few 
 
 loni in I'ar- 
 
 iiitcd popu- 
 
 " contains 
 
 with seven 
 
 agencies, it' 
 
 lortant nia- 
 
 1, and two 
 
 1 numerous 
 
 uses. 
 
 authority, 
 
 with about 
 
 ppearance. 
 
 rch, which 
 
 steeple of 
 
 yet com- 
 
 agnifiecnt; 
 
 Hospital, 
 
 linnj in the 
 
 inir a ver\ 
 
 IGl 
 
 respectable external appearance; the Parliament House, and 
 the residence of the Lieutenant Cu-neral. As for its streets, 
 which are regularly laid out, intersecting each other at right 
 angles, but being in wet weather unhappily, if possible, mud- 
 dier and dirtier than those of Kingston — only one of thorn is 
 as yet finished. 
 
 Lay down Talbot, and take up liuckingham's " Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, and Xew IJrunswick," — bearing date London, 
 1848, — and you will learn (p. 101) that the city of which you 
 have been reading has advanced so far a.sto have 18,000 inha- 
 bitants, with over 200 brick buildings, and nine nowspapers, 
 chiefly weekly, some twice, and some thrice a week, but none 
 daily. So soon as you have got over your surprise at this pro- 
 I digious growth, look into Tremenheere, if you can lay your 
 
 hand upon it, and he will tell you, "»n the authority of the last 
 census, that the population of Toronto amounted, in 1851, or 
 rather beginning of 1852, to 80,703. At last you feel that you 
 have got at the truth; the truth you have got certainly as to 
 January or rebruary, 1852; but this is January, 1>'55. The 
 population now, according to information received l)y n»e 
 at the Chand)erlain's Ollice, is somewhere in the ncighbour- 
 liood of 45,000. In 1851, the estimated value of property, 
 real and personal, was £8, 110,400; the assessed value 
 (calculated at six per cent on the estimated) £1^0,988. 5s. 
 Last year the asses.sed value amounted to £22(^>,500 real, with 
 £04,450 personal — in all, £290,950 ; and the estimated to 
 £8,775,000 real, with £1,110,000 personal — making together, 
 £4,885,000. 
 
 [The estimated population now (July, 1855) is 50,000. The 
 annual value for the present year is, per Assessors' llolls, 
 £845,5941 5s. — representing an actual value, real and per- 
 sonal, of £5,793,200.] 
 
 The churches in the city number now, including three which 
 are nearly finished, twcuty-three or twenty-four — many of 
 them fine specimens of architecture — besides two very handsome 
 cathedrals (one ( 'hurch of iMigland, and one Homan Catholic) ; — 
 
Jf)2 
 
 irrespective of Yorkvillc (a handsoiuc suburb), whicli contains 
 four (the number described by Talliot as in the city when he 
 wrote) ; one of them, a 3Iethodist one, throwing entirely into 
 the sluide even the ''intended magnilicent" one of which wc 
 read in the lirst of the above descriptions. Besides several 
 magazines — among them ]Maclear's Anglo-American and the 
 Canadian Journal — somewhere about twenty newspapers (four 
 of them daily) are now published there. 
 
 In beauty, Toronto will compare, whether its public or 
 private buildings be looked at, with any city of its size to be 
 found elsewhere. The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, Trinity 
 CoUegf', the Normal School, the two Cathedrals, the Banks, 
 the new 3Icchanics' Institute, and the Ward Schools recently 
 erected, reflect credit on the country. So do the long lines of 
 splendid stores, and the elegant villas which abound on every 
 hand. 
 
 Toronto contained, in 1791, two families of Mississauga In- 
 dians ; ISOI, ;]M(; inhabitants; ISlT, 1,-JOO ; 18'J(i, 1,077 ; 
 1880, 2,8(50; 1S;:]2, 4,000 ; 1842, 15,33(); 1845, 10,700; 
 1850, 25,100; 1852, oO,70o ; now, in 1855, it is supposed to 
 contain, as already noticed, 50,000. 
 
 Instead of an exception, Toronto is but a ppccimen of what 
 is going on throughout I'pper Cantida. 
 
 Hamilton, which was laid out in 1813, and which in 183G 
 contained only 2,840 inhabitants, had advanced in 1810 to 
 0,832; in 1850 to 10,448 ; iu 1852 to 14,199 ; and cannot 
 bo now under 20,000, 'i it do not go beyond that. It 
 has fourteen or fifteen Churches ; several Banks or Bank 
 agencies ; a large number of manufactories, including among 
 them several Foundries ; a splendid Central Schoi'l, with other 
 educational establishmciits corresponding ; jMerchant Princes, 
 with private residences in harmony with the extent of their 
 business and the beautiful sites occupied by their dwellings ; 
 sends a Member (Sir Allan Napier Alacnab, the present Pre- 
 mier) to Parliament ; and publishes 7 or 8 Newspapers, of 
 which two are daily, besides one or two IMagazines. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
L contains 
 when he 
 :ircly into 
 Avliich wc 
 }s several 
 and the 
 pers (four 
 
 public or 
 dzc to be 
 ., Trinity 
 lie Banks, 
 i recently 
 ig lines of 
 on every 
 
 'sauira Tn- 
 
 (), 1,077 ] 
 
 IDJOG; 
 
 pposed to 
 
 1 of what 
 
 in 183G 
 
 184 G to 
 
 (1 cannot 
 
 hat. It 
 
 or Bank 
 
 1 
 
 ir among 
 ritli other 
 Princes, 
 of their 
 ^veilings ; 
 >ent Pre- 
 apcrs, of 
 
 
 1G3 
 
 Brantford, which was surrendered by the Six Nation Indians 
 and surveyed so late as 1830, and whose population in IS.'U 
 did not exceed 400, nurn])cred in the beginning of 1S52, accord- 
 ing to the Census, 8,877. Its present population is somewhere 
 about 5,000. It contains 8 or Churches ; has a handsome brick 
 Town Hall and Market IIous* ; a Court House; a large and 
 handsome Public School House ; Bank Agencies several ; and 
 was in 1853 enlightened by four Newspapers. It is the seat 
 besides of u number of important manufactories. 
 
 London, surveyed in 182G, contained in 1850, 5,124 inha- 
 bitants ; in 1852, 7,124. Some time ago it has been pro- 
 claimed a city, having acquired a population over 10,000. It 
 has its full share of churches, schools, bank agencies, manufac- 
 tories, and so forth, and publishes 4 or 5 newspapers. 
 
 There are a host of other places in Canada West in relation 
 to which, did the necessary brevity of an Essay admit of it, ■ 
 we might tell a story altogether similar. For example, Niagara, 
 which Ilowison roports (p. 74) to contain 700 or 800 inhabi- 
 tants, contained in 1852, 3,340, and has prol)ably now over 
 four thousand ) St. Catharines, which he describes as a '' vil- 
 lage presenting no claim to notice," numbered in 1852, 3,3G1), 
 and numbers now over 5,000 ; Gait had risen by 1852 from 
 1,000, in 1845 to 2,248 ; Paris from about 300 in 1834 to 
 1,890 iu 1852, now containing between 2,000 and 3,000. 
 Goderich, which in 1832 bcizan to strua-Lile into existence in 
 the midst of an unsurvcycd wilderness, at a distance of sixty 
 miles from any settlement, had in 1852, 1,329 inhabitants ; 
 Stratford, which in 1840 contained about a dozen houses, has 
 now tiftecn hundred inhabitants. Guelph, surveyed in 1827, 
 has now over 2,000 of a population. Instead of the " two or 
 three very small villages" between Kingston and Toronto — the 
 largest of them, BellevillCj ''■ containing about 150 inhabitants" 
 — we have now, not to'name smaller places, Cobourg with a po- 
 pulation of probably not much less than 5,000, having num- 
 bered 3,871 in 1852; Belleville with quite as many ; Peter- 
 borough probably near the same, 3,872 Itoingthe number given 
 
164 
 
 hy tlie Census for 18.J2 ; Turt Hope, ^Yllicll liad L'/ti'S in 
 18;"i2, v.-ith from 8,000 to 4,000 at all events; Bowniauvillo 
 with from 2,000 to 3,000, Osluiwa with 1,142 in 1852. 
 
 Passijg downwards we find Kingston, which Talbot states, 
 (vol. 1., p. 08,) to contain, when he wrote, 2,336 inhabitants, 
 with 14,725 in 1852 ; being besides a very handsome city, 
 with as large a number, to say the least of.it, of line buildings, 
 public and private, as any city in the Province in proportion to 
 its size ; IJrockville — a town worthy of the very beautiful site 
 which it occupies — with not under, we presume, 4,000 inhabi- 
 tants, the Census reporting it to contain 3,240 in 1852 ; Pres- 
 cott with 2,150 in 1852 ; Cornwall with 1,092 in the same year ; 
 and, omitting a number of other places of various sizes, what 
 was liytown, containing when Bouchette wrote (who published 
 in 1832) nearly a hundred and fifty houses, but which is now 
 the City of Ottawa — with a po})ulation over 10,000. Of 
 Chatham we have not spoken, whose population was in 1852, 
 3,394, or of Woodstock — a very handsome town — which had 
 then 2,112 inhabitants, or of J*crth, a fine tovrn, having then 
 a population of 1,910. 
 
 Besides the above there are in the Upper Province a multi- 
 tude of villages, with populations varying from 200 or 300 up 
 to 2,000 or over. 
 
 Though differing, of course, among themselves, the Cities, 
 Towns and Villages above named or referred to, arc not merely 
 equal, but very much more than e(pial in appearance to places 
 of the same size in the Old Country. This no intelligent 
 stranger will fail to observe at once. In some other respects 
 they have the advantage of their home compeers. It would 
 be difficult to find one of them without its newspaper. Most 
 of them, so soon as they come to be of any size, have two, — 
 numbers of them more, — as also their 3Iechanics' Institute. 
 
 From Scobie's Almanac for 1854, we extract the followiuu' 
 particulars as to the assessed value of a few of them : 
 
 Brantford stands there (;^p. 48-51) at £240,002; Bytown 
 (Ottawa City), £515,050 ; Amherstburg (with 1,880 iuhabi- 
 
1G5 
 
 I 2/u'8 ill 
 wnuiiivillo 
 32. 
 
 bot states, 
 iliabitants, 
 fiomc city, 
 : buildings, 
 oportion to 
 autifiil site 
 )00 inliabi- 
 ^52; Pres- 
 samc year ; 
 sizes, what 
 3 published 
 liich is now 
 0,000. Of 
 as in 1852, 
 -which had 
 avino; thou 
 
 ice a iiiulti- 
 or aOO up 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 the Cities, 
 
 not merely 
 CO to places l 
 
 intelligent i 
 jcr respects i 
 
 It would 
 per. Most | 
 lave two, — I 
 Institute. | 
 
 le following ;; 
 m : 
 
 2 ; Bytown 
 880 inhabi- 
 
 tants), £9G,0S2 ; Godciich, /:o(3,(387 ; iVrth, £112,018 ; Niii- 
 gara, £1^2,782; AV^oodstock, i:10(i,!K')() ; Dundas, £200,000; 
 Chielph, £14(3,000; and Gait, £107,S8(). 
 
 Suppose these sums to represent the cstiin:it(!d value on 
 which the Assessment (G per cent.) is founded, (which we con- 
 ceive they must do,) they will be admitted to be still large. 
 The rise which has taken place on property since 1852 would, 
 however, make them now considora))ly liigher. 
 
 To Quebec and ^Fontreal we have already adverted. 13oth 
 are old compared with the Cities of Upper Canada, (with the 
 exception perhaps of Kingston, which occupies the site of 
 Fort Frontenac — erected as a protection against the Tro([uois 
 in 1072,) the foundation of the former having been laid by 
 Champlain in lOOS, and a commencement made of the latter 
 about thirty years later. While, however, running thus back 
 as to their foundation into our hoar anti(juity, thereby securing 
 for themselves the respect which our nature prompts us to pay 
 to the old, and giving us as a people a felt connection which is 
 pleasant with the daring, the toils, and the endurance of the 
 men and women from whom our rich inheritance has come down 
 to us, — they are still as to their growth nearly as modern as 
 eveiy thing else aiuuug us except the ground on which wo 
 tread, our inland seas tmd noble rivers, and our primeval 
 forests. 
 
 In 1G22 the population of (Quebec was under 50 ; by 1720 
 it had risen to 7,000 ; it numbered 10,880 in 181G ; 20,:30<» 
 in 1825; 25,010 in 18;]1 ; :J7,;]G5 in 1850; 42,05;} in 1S52 ; 
 and is still steadily progressing, being probably little if at all 
 under 50,000. 
 
 The site of Quebec, whether considered in a military, a mer- 
 cantile, or an aesthetic point of view, is, we presume, unsur- 
 passed the world over. So long as it stands, and we hope its 
 course is but beginning, it will proclaim to the admiring thou- 
 sands who may gaze on it, the skill, the intelligence and the 
 taste of the man who chose it as the home of his infant Colony. 
 Which is most enchant iUfr, — the view to be obtained from the 
 
l()(i 
 
 Panido Ci round of the noble river crowded witli ships bearing 
 the fiaii;s of all the leadincr countries of J'Jurope, as well as thot.'^ 
 of ])ritain and the neiirhbourinir States, with the lariic Island 
 of Orleans dividinp; it and supplying a double channel for it; 
 the St. Charles quietly pouring in its waters for the accommo- 
 dation of the ship-builders ; Point Levi inviting you from the 
 opposite shore to step into one of the steamers which you sec 
 starting, that you may please yourself with a ramble through 
 the beautiful country stretching to such a distance behind, 
 above, and bcloAV it ; or that which bursts on you when look- 
 ing on it from the Falls of Montmorenci, or the Beauport road 
 as perchance you drive comfortably towards it with a friend, — 
 the sun which is shining on its zinc-covered spires and roofs 
 giving it the appearance of a city composed largely of silver — 
 it is dilTieult to say. 
 
 Of its buildings we can attempt no description, the space to 
 which W'c arc here confined forbidding it, even did we feel our- 
 selves adc({uate to it. Those who would obtain a good con- 
 ception of tliese and of its far-famed fortifications, wo would 
 refer to the pages of Buckingham, who presents the most life- 
 like sketches of such of them as were in existence when he 
 Avroto, with which it has been our fortune to meet. Suffice it 
 *^to say that it is a fine, and a beautiful city — worth putting 
 one's-solf to some trouble to see. 
 
 In 1720 the number of inhabitants in Montreal was 3,000, 
 which rose to 10,000 in 1816 ; 22,357 in 1825— between 
 which and 1844 it advanced to 44,093. The Census of 1852 
 reports it as being in that year 57,715. Now, though I 
 cannot speak positively, I presume it to be from 05,000 to 
 70,000. 
 
 As to beauty of site, it is second only to its elder sister 
 Quebec. Perhaps we should rather say tJiat though less im- 
 posing, its site is equally beautiful. For mercantile purposes 
 it would not be easy to conceive a position aioro advantageous. 
 To the eye the mountain, at the foot of which it lies, aifords 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
107 
 
 ■)ii bearing 
 3II as tho!:,'> 
 TLre Island 
 mcl for it ; 
 accomnio- 
 Li from the 
 ch you see 
 »le through 
 cc behind, 
 when look- 
 luport road 
 a friend, — 
 :s and roofs 
 of silver — 
 
 he space to 
 ^e feel our- 
 L good con- 
 
 we would 
 Q most life- 
 e when he 
 
 Suffice it 
 ■th putting 
 
 was 3,000, 
 -between 
 
 us of 1852 
 though I 
 05,000 to 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 a '' continual feast," while at the same time it supplies the 
 citizens with sites for healthful villas, of which they have 
 largely and wisely availed themselves. Its Public ]>uildings, 
 including Cathedrals, Churches, Convents, ]>ank3, Exchange, 
 Post-Oilice, Mechanics' Institute, &c., «.^c., are numerous. To 
 say that numy of them are handsome would be to come very, 
 very far beneath the truth. There are a large number of them 
 which require only space enough to show them to make them 
 be felt imposing. Being constructed of stone, they have a 
 massivencss not seen in the Upper Province, except in the 
 noble oMarket House at Kingston. 
 
 With its Public Buildings the I'rivate Picsidences of 3Ion- 
 tvcal are in admirable keeping, bearing testimony at once to 
 the wealth and taste of their owners. 
 
 The description given by Buckingham of 3Iontreal in 1840 
 or 1841 is still worth perusal, though from the more rapid 
 change which goes on there, it will leave the reader with a less 
 complete idea of wdiat it is now, than in the case of Quebec. 
 
 Quebec and Montreal are the only cities in Lower Canada, 
 though it contains many fine towns of a smaller size — among 
 which may be named Three llivers, with a population of more 
 than 5,000 at least ; Sorel, with a population in 1852, of 
 3,422; St. Louis with 3,943, and St. John, with 3,215 inha- 
 bitants in the same year ; Sherbrooke, with 2,008 (now, we 
 believe, much increased); St. Ilyacinthe, with 3,313 then, — 
 now probably over 4,000 ; Laprarie, Lachine, St. Thcrcse, 
 Longucuil, L'Assomption, Montmagny, Alynier, and a num- 
 ber of other places, varying in population from one to two 
 thousand, with villaues innumerable containing from two or 
 three hundred to a thousand inhabitants. 
 
 elder sister 
 <'h less ini- 
 le purposes 
 vantageous. 
 lies, affords 
 
 It is rather unfortunate that one of the charactcriytics of 
 Lower Canada, which contributes most to its beauty, and de- 
 liiihts as Avcll as interests the traveller through it, should tell 
 against it when its towns come to be looked at in the census. 
 We refer to tlie continuous lint^s of neat, conifortable-lookin 
 
 rr 
 
 n 
 
108 
 
 dwcllinp:s, tlic humlilcst of them wliite-washed — extending]; often 
 for miles — met with everywhere, which are entered, of eourse, 
 as belonging to the township or parish, while the centres of 
 which they form the extensions figure there as but very mode- 
 rate sized villasi;es. 
 
 Speaking generally, the towns and villages of Lower Canada 
 liave a remarkably agreeable appearance, and make a very fa- 
 vourable impression on the mind of the stranger, giving evi- 
 dence, as they do, of taste in connection with means. Sorel, 
 Three llivers, and St. Ilyacinthe may be named as specimens 
 of the former ; Chambly, St. Eustache, and Beauport of the 
 latter. Sherbrooke, in the eastern townsliips, is one of the 
 liandsomest places in the Province. iMelbourne, Granby, and 
 Abbotsford, though smaller, are likewise very handsome. We 
 regret our inability to give, as in the case of Upper Canada, 
 specimens of the assessed and estimated value of the towns and 
 cities of Lower Canada, the materials not being within our 
 reach. 
 
 Quebec publishes eight newspapers, of wdiich several are 
 daily 5 3Iontreal, 27 magazines and newspapers, several of the 
 latter daily. Of the Quebec papers, three are French, and five 
 English : of the Montreal papers and magazines, twenty are 
 English, and seven French. Two French papers are published 
 in Three llivers, and one in St. Ilyacinthe ; one English 
 in each of the following places, to wit, St, John's, Aylmer, 
 Sherbrooke, and New Carlisle. Others may be issued else- 
 where, but if so, the list whence we have taken these (Supple- 
 ment to Canadian Directory, 1853) docs not name them. 
 
 Taken as a whole, the cities and towns of Canada compare 
 •^ favourably, both in regard to appearance and growth, with 
 those of the nciuhbourinir States. 
 
 The increase of Boston, for example, between IS.'jO and 
 1850 (during which time it progressed from 01,391 inhabit- 
 ants to 135,000, World's Progress, pp. 444, 701) was 2h times; 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 th 
 
 fr. 
 
idinc^ofton 
 of course, 
 centres of 
 
 rery inorle- 
 
 vcr Canada 
 3 a very fa- 
 G'ivinLT evi- 
 ns. Sorel, 
 ! specimens 
 lort of the 
 one of tlie 
 ranby, and 
 ?onie. We 
 )er Canada, 
 B towns and 
 within our 
 
 several are 
 eral of the 
 h, and five 
 wcnty are 
 e published 
 10 English 
 Aylmer, 
 ssucd else- 
 e (Supple- 
 tlieni. 
 
 a compare 
 wth, witli 
 
 Ll 
 
 18r>0 and 
 n inhabit- 
 s 2Hi»it;''^; 
 
 IG'J 
 
 that of New York, a trifle over 2^ times within the same pe- 
 riod. Within the same interval the advance of Providence, 
 R.I., was from 10,833 to 41,r)12 (about l')!) per cent.) ; Sew 
 Haven, Conn., from 10,r)78 to 20,34;') (say doubling); Hart- 
 ford, Conn., from 7,074 to 13,555 (nearly doubling) j Albany 
 from 24,209 to 50,703 (doubling, with a trifle over) ; Troy 
 from 11,557 to 28,785 (about 150 per cent.); Philadelphia 
 from 80,404 to 121,370 (somewhat over 50 per cent.) ; Balti- 
 more from 80,020 to 100,054 (about 110 per cent.) ; New Or- 
 leans from 40,820 to 119,400 (under 150 per cent.) (Amcr. 
 Statist. Ann. 1854,, p. 143.) 
 
 Montreal all but doubled in the 19 years between 1825 and 
 1844 — its rise being, as we have seen, from 22,357 to 44,093. 
 In 1852 it was over 3^ times what it had been in 18 10 — 30 
 years before — Quebec being nearly three times, and having 
 more than doubled between 1825 and 1852. 
 
 Here surely there is nothing either to affront or discourage us. 
 
 Let us look now at a few of the newer cities on the two sides 
 of the line, and sec how the comparison stands. 
 
 Between 1830 and 1850, Oswego rose in the number of its 
 population from 2,703 to 12,405; Buffalo from 8,008 to 42,201; 
 Bochester from 9,207 to 30,403; Cincinnati from 24,831 to 
 115,590 ; St. Louis from 4,977 to 77,800 ; and Detroit from 
 2,222 to 21,019. (Amer. Stat. Ann., 1854, p. 143.) Thus 
 within these twenty years the advance of the cities above-named 
 in population stands respectively : — 
 
 Oswego, nearly 5 times; Buffalo, near 5 times ; Bochester, 
 close upon 3 times; Cincinnati, nearly 4] times ; Detroit, !)<] 
 times ; and St. Louis, nigh 10 times. 
 
 Within the twenty years hitervening between 1834 and 1854, 
 the increase of Brantford was 10 times (that is, brought it up 
 to ten times what it was in 1834) ; of Hamilton, in the 
 18 years between 1834 and 1852, 7 times; of Toronto, be- 
 tween 1832 and 1852, nearly 71 times; of Ottawa City, late 
 
170 
 
 l^ytuwn, between 1830 and iSo'), 25 years, 10 times; of St. 
 Catherines, between 18o2 a'^d 1852, 5 times ! 
 
 AVith the .single exception, then, of St. Louis, the Canadian 
 cities just-named have been growiiiij; more rapidly than those 
 — the elite of our nei<;hLours — with wliich we have compared 
 them. ]>ut London lias, within the last four years, viz., be- 
 tween 1850 and 1854, doubled itself — a rate of p'owth which, 
 continued for the next sixteen years, would make it outstrip 
 St. Louis, which has doubled four times in twenty years, 
 while London's progress during the last four is at the rate of 
 five doublings within the same period. 
 
 In one very important respect St. Louis has unquestionably 
 the advantage, — the continuance of its growth, to wit, being a 
 fact, "while the exact amount which the future is to do for 
 London, for which we doubt not it will do much, remains, of 
 course, an uncertainty. To St. liouis we, therefore, hold our- 
 selves ready, on this score, to doff our bonnet, hoping that it 
 will have the good manners duly to appreciate the compliment. 
 
 8. Canada, young as she is, has made a beginning in manu- 
 factures, which affords fair ground to hope that she will, ere 
 long, occupy in this department a high position. 
 
 The appearance which she made at the AVorld's Fair was 
 highly creditable to her, a very respectable proportion of her 
 exhibitors either carrying off prizes or having honorable men- 
 tion made of them. To Mr. Perry of Montreal, for example, 
 a prize was given for a iire-engine, distinguished for its power 
 and beauty ; to 3Iessrs. Saurin of Quebec, for sleighs, which 
 were much admired ; and to Islw I'aterson of Dundas, for 
 blankets, described as being of very superior quality ; besides 
 which, the two latter gentlemen received prizes at New York, 
 Mr. Paterson's blankets being stated to be the best exhibited 
 there. 
 
 Of no fewer than four Canadians honorable mention is made 
 in the Ileports of the Juries of the Great Exhibition, for the 
 
 i 
 
in 
 
 ,cs ; of St. 
 
 } Canadian 
 tlian tlioso 
 ; compared 
 s, viz., bc- 
 ,vtli M-liich, 
 it outstrip 
 cnty years, 
 tlie rate of 
 
 icstionably 
 'it, being ;i 
 s to do for 
 remains, of 
 , bold our- 
 inu^ tliat it 
 jmpliment. 
 
 2; in manu- 
 ic will, ere 
 
 Fair was 
 ion of ber 
 rable raen- 
 r example, 
 
 its power 
 lis, wbieli 
 )uiidas, for 
 
 ; besides 
 S'i'w York, 
 . exliibitcd 
 
 3n is made 
 n, for tlie 
 
 inanufaotiirc of tbo sinirlo article of axes ; to wit, iMessrs, 
 Ladd, Leavitt, and Sliaw, witlitbe firm of Scott and (Jlasfurd ; 
 as also of Mr. AVallaco for staves (lleport, pp. -Ill**, 4!>1), and 
 Mr. Stewart for a sin^de sleiuli barnoss. 
 
 It is to bo regretted tbat in relation to a point of siicb im- 
 portance as tbe manufactures of tlie country, tbe late census 
 returns sliould be so deficient. Little do tbose tliink, wbo 
 witbliold, wbetber from carelessness or wbatever otber cause, 
 the information necessary to their comj)letcness, how un- 
 wisely, as well as improperly, they arc acting. The country 
 that is enriching them they wrong, by making it apjjcar behind 
 what it truly is ; aiid they hold It back, and consequently 
 themselves, by the preventing of efforts to which intelligent 
 and energetic men might be prompted, without at all interfer- 
 ing injuriously with them, through the knowledge of what was 
 done by others. 
 
 ])eficient, however, as these returns are, they will still give 
 us some insight into the kinds of manufacture which arc being 
 carried on. 
 
 AVith this view we will select a few particulars from them. 
 
 For Upper Can. da we find GIO grist mills reported, of which 
 41 are impelled by steam, and 509 by water. Two hundred 
 and seventy-eight of them return 1,708,840 barrels of flour as 
 turned out by them per annum ; eleven, 5,075 per week ; and 
 2o, 3,821 per day. Of 77, the annual dues or rents are given 
 as £11,074. One bundred and sixty-five of them make no 
 returns. The hands returned as employed are 1,58S. Fuur 
 hundred and thirty-nine of them report £008, oOO as the 
 amount of their invested capital. 
 
 There are reported as in operation in Upper Canada 1,018 
 saw-mills — 109 of them wrought by steam, with 1,449 by 
 water. The quantity of timber returned by 900 of them is 
 374,953,000 feet per annum; 151 return 510,000 feet per 
 day; 20, 11,545 logs— plank 472 31. Of annual profit or 
 rent 139 return £34,055. Capital to the amount of £419,808 
 
172 
 
 is returned Jis invested in 1 1(50. The niunbur of men returned 
 as employed l»y thcin is 4,f^S4. TAuir hundred and thirty-three 
 make no returns. 
 
 One soap and candle factory makes 90 tons of soap per an- 
 num, with K'tUjOOO cwt. of candles ; nnd-employs 25 men. One 
 woollen factory in Carlton produces .jr),(IOO yards of cloth an- 
 nually; two in (Irenville and Leeds, which employ G') men, 
 !.'>;{, (lOO J one in Frontenac, Lennox, and Addinuton, lOO^UOO, 
 employing .■>2 men ; two in Xorthuniberlandand Durhum (one 
 of them employing ITO hands), oOO,000 • one steam power, 
 50,000; four, 144,000, with 1,200 pairs of hlankets. Two 
 agricultural implement manufacturers return £3,750 capital, 
 employ 30 men, and produce .£3,315 per annum. 
 
 The Niagara dock cost £40,000, and gives employment to 
 between 200 and oOO men. 
 
 A single foundry in (jlrenvillc and Leeds, returns GO men a.*? 
 employed, 800 tons of iron as cast per annum, X'25,000 as 
 capital invested, and £4,000 per annum of profits. 
 
 Two lathe mills turn out 100,000 feet annually; and one 
 paper mill, with £2,000 capital, employs 11 men, and produces 
 40 tons of paper. 
 
 Lower Canada reports 530 grist mills — 4 steam, and 532 
 water; the produce of 101 is returned, as 102,010 barrels of 
 flour per annum. Thirteen produce G84 per day. By 20G 
 produce or rents to the extent of £32,074 are annually 
 realized. Two hundred and sixteen make no returns. The 
 number of hands returned as employed is 83G. Three hun- 
 dred and seventy-five return £300,754 of capital. 
 
 Of saw mills there are reported for Lower Canada 1079 — 7 
 being impelled by steam, and 1,072 by water. One hundred 
 and fifty-three return 24,523,300 feet of timber per annum ; 
 21, 34,500 feet per day ; 25, 55,200 logs— 100 per day ; 138, 
 3,632,450 deals or planks. Three hundred and twenty-two 
 report £51,412 as rent or annual profit, and £357,155 as ca- 
 
 Fi 
 
I returned 
 ilrty-threc 
 
 ip per an 
 len. One 
 clutli an- 
 y (')') men, 
 ,,100,000, 
 
 rliuni (one 
 im power, 
 :et.s. Two 
 30 capital, 
 
 loynieut to 
 
 GO men as 
 25,000 as 
 
 5 and one 
 d produces 
 
 and 532 
 barrels of 
 By 200 
 annually 
 irus. The 
 riirce Imn- 
 
 1 1079—7 
 c liundred 
 2V annum ; 
 day; 138, 
 wenty-two 
 155 as ca- 
 
 I 
 
 173 
 
 pital. Tlio number nf hands reporte<l as employed is 3,731, 
 l''n»m 420 no returns were received. 
 
 Two tanneries return .€3,500 eapital, £5,375 profit, men 11. 
 One lathe and jilanini; mill returns a capital of i;l 5,000, with 
 cC25,000 of proceeds, and 25 men. By one seythe and rake 
 factory, 74,000 dozens of scythes and 140,000 dozens of rakes 
 are made annually. One ship-yard at I'oitneuf employs 
 150 men. Two paper mills return .CI 500 capital, X'450O 
 profits, and 101 men as employed. One j-ail factory, with 
 i!()00 capital, produces 20,000 ])ails. Two paper mills, 
 with a capital of i:<s500, return £12,500 as proeced.><, with 22 
 men. 
 
 One Cotton Factory returns XI, 750 capital, 40 men, and 
 £0,250 as annual proceeds. One h^alerntus Factory, employ- 
 ing 4 nam, produces 30,000 lbs. annually. 
 
 A Glass Factory in A^'audreuil, returns £11,000 capital, 
 with a produce of 30,000 boxes of 50 feet each, 150 men 
 being employed. 
 
 In the City of Quebec 17 Carriage Factories are reported. 
 
 For the City of Montreal Brick-yards are reported producing 
 2,500,000 bricks annually, and furnishing employment for 50 
 men. One Grist Mill in Montreal, produces 30,000 barrels of 
 flour. One Boot and Shoe Factory returns in 1850, £45,000. 
 One Soap and Candle Factory, produces 5,000 boxes of Candles, 
 with 1,800 boxes of Soap. By one Ship-yard 100 men arc 
 employed. Among the returns for Lower Canada are included 
 70,389 barrels of fish. 
 
 These particulars have been presented merely by way of 
 specimen ; for the sake of convenience we shall avail ourselves, 
 for the residue of the Reports, — of a Table on this head, 
 derived from the Abstract of tlie census, — given in the Ame- 
 rican Statistical Annual for 1854, p. 481. 
 
 There were in Canada, according to the Census, in 1852 : 
 
174 
 
 Kstal)li>hni(M)ts. 
 
 Aslicrio.s 
 
 Axe Factoi-ics 
 
 Agricultural linp- 
 pUMuciit Fact.... 
 
 [{nrloy Mills 
 
 I?ro(un Factories... 
 
 Jirick Yards 
 
 Hark Mills 
 
 J?rcwcrics 
 
 Cabinet Factories . 
 
 (^'^r(ling Mills 
 
 Carriage Factories 
 
 Carding >& Fulling 
 Mills 
 
 Chair Factories.... 
 
 Clover ^Fills 
 
 Cloth F'actories 
 
 Comb ditto 
 
 Cooperages 
 
 (Mgar Factories 
 
 Cotton ditto 
 
 Distilleries 
 
 Engine Factories.. 
 
 Fanning Mills 
 
 Fanning Mill Fact. 
 
 Forges in St. Mau- 
 rice 
 
 Fulling Mills 
 
 Foumh'iea 
 
 Glass Factories.... 
 
 Crist Mills 
 
 Gluo Factories 
 
 Lath ditto 
 
 Last ditto 
 
 Last & Peg ditto... 
 
 Lime Kilns 
 
 Alarble Factories.. 
 
 Machine .^hops 
 
 Match Factories... 
 
 r.c. 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 I) 
 
 *} 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 8G 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 127 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 • > 
 
 C, 
 
 101 
 
 97 
 
 GIO 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 ') 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 L. C. 
 
 2011 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 208 
 
 
 302 
 la 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 i;] 
 1 
 
 '.)G 
 o 
 
 
 24 
 
 25S 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 ») 
 • ) 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 o 
 
 liw 
 
 5 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 KstaMisl)ni''iits. 
 
 U.C. L.C. '}, 
 
 Ham 
 
 Is. 
 
 
 ic.l 
 
 o;5 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 53(5 
 
 11 40 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 ■ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 Mustard Mills 
 
 Nail Factories 
 
 Oatmeal Mills 
 
 ()\\ Mil's 
 
 Pail Factories 
 
 IMaining .Mills 
 
 Pot Asherios 
 
 Plaster :Mills 
 
 Paper ditto 
 
 Potteiies 
 
 Powder Mills 
 
 Pyroligneous Acid 
 
 Works 
 
 Pump Factories ... 
 
 Rail ditto 
 
 Rope ditto 
 
 ilakc ditto 
 
 Rifle ditto 
 
 Saw Mills 
 
 Shingle Factories.. 
 
 Salaratus <litto 
 
 Stave ditto 
 
 Scy'.he .S: Rako do. 
 Stone-ware ditto... 
 
 Sash ditto 
 
 Soap ditto 
 
 Starch ditto 
 
 Ship-yards 
 
 Tanneries 
 
 Threshing .A' ill 
 
 Factories 
 
 Turning Lathes.... 
 Tobacco F'actories 
 
 Vinegar ditto 
 
 Woollen ditto 
 
 Wheel ditto 
 
 Whip ditto 
 
 Piano-Forte ditto.. 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 42 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 IS 
 • ) 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1018 
 30 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Of) 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 •> 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 f) 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 270 
 
 1 
 
 107'J 
 4 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 o 
 
 18 
 218 
 
 1 
 
 r» 
 
 ,s 
 
 IK 
 2.'> 
 10 
 
 i;; 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2007 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 j() 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 488 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 7 
 4 
 107 
 J 
 1 
 7 
 
 Tho above Table is accompanied by the statemetit that it 
 
 probably does not repre.'^ont one-third tho actual existing 
 
 manufacturins: establishments in the Province ; but it shows 
 
 that Canada has progressed rapidly in this branch of Industry, 
 
 and indicates the descriptions of manufacture carried on. 
 
C. L.C. 
 
 3 
 
 1 - M 
 
 1<) 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 •) 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 i;5 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ;i8'l(>7'.-t -007 
 40 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 I) 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 18 20 
 
 218 
 
 488 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 •.»(» 
 
 17 
 
 107 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ; 7 
 
 7 
 
 lueiit that it 
 
 ual existing 
 
 >ut it shows 
 
 of Industry, 
 
 I on. 
 
 175 
 
 In these returns, it will be MbserveJ, there does not ;ippe;n* 
 for the whole of I 'pjici* Caiiiuiri ;i siiiglo Cabinet, Cnrriaeo or 
 Chair nianufactury, or a .-ingle ('iMi|u>rago nr Linic-kiln — all of 
 which, as every one knitws, are tn b'' iimnd over the wliolo 
 cuiintr}-. in Toronto alone, for example, there is a Cabinet 
 Establishment that for extent of business and character of work 
 will compare, we should supjtose, advantageously with any 
 thing of tiio kind on this Continent; wc refer to JaiMjues A: 
 Hay's unfortunately burnt out ;i few days ago, but already re- 
 buildinu'. Jt is to be hoped that bv the time iie.xt Census 
 comes to be n)ade, returns representing the true state of the 
 Country, and thus as.<isting it to take the position in tho eyes 
 of the world wiiich of right belongs to it, will be supplied. 
 
 Deficient, however, as these rcturn.sarc (and be it rcmcn)bcr- 
 cd it is in)t on the parties employed in cMllecting them, but the 
 withholders of information the deficiency is chargeable), a 
 irlance at them will show that there are few of the uscf :1 occu- 
 pations in which there i.s not a commencement made, while in 
 nundjcrs of them gratifying progress is exhibited. TIkm'c is 
 one item from the entire absence of which the Country would 
 suifer little, wc refer to the Distilleries. AVe hope the capital 
 invested in these may lind ere long more beneticial, yet not 
 less profitable cmploynunit. 
 
 It may he noticed here that ^Ir. Logan iii his lleport for 
 1 852-5-), (p. 52-54), gives the names of ce-tain parties in 
 Lo\ver Canada, who are said to manufactun- !'.inong them 
 annually ovir 18,500,000 bric]:s, sold chiefly in Mtuitreal and 
 (Quebec. 
 
 Annmg other employments which have recently s]>rung uj) 
 
 among us may be named manufactories of Kailroad Carriages 
 
 and Lo?oraotives. Of the latter .Mr. Cood of Toronto, has 
 
 already turned (Mit a number that do him credit, 'J'he.<e are 
 
 Ih.'ing m;ide als.i in 3Ionti'eai ; and llamiltnii is producing 
 
 carriage.^ which will compare favourably with the best seen 
 
 elsewhere* 
 1 
 
170 
 
 Matlicinatical Instrument iiiakint;' lias also made a beoinuinu 
 amoni!; us. 
 
 Nine Slilp-yards in Quebec employ amoni; tliem 1,3.3<S 
 men. "With respeet to tlie Ships built in Canada, Messrs. 
 Tonge & Co. of Liverpool, expres" themselves thus in 
 their Circular of 1852. — " AVc have much pleasure in noticinp; 
 a marked improvement both in the model, material and 
 iinish of Canadian Ships, the majority of which have 
 been constructed to class six or seven vears, and to which 
 a decided preference is given by buyera over the spruce 
 ships, or those classing but four or five years, even at a 
 very increased price. Among those which have arrived 
 within the last eight months, will be found some as fine 
 specimens of Naval Architecture, as ever have been pro- 
 duced, cond)ining in reality (from having great length of 
 floor and fine ends) both carrying and sailing properties of no 
 ordinary kinds.'' {Canadian Journal, Feb. 1853.) 
 
 [An extensive Sugar Manufactory, erected at a large cost 
 by P. lledpath, Esq., is now in successful operation in Mon- 
 treal.] 
 
 Canada has — 
 
 4. Established a large, important, and rapidly growing com- 
 merce. 
 
 
 iTSCi 
 
 A good general idea of the commerce of Canada in the 
 earlier period of her history, which will assist us in appreciat- 
 ing the progress she has since made, may bo obtained from the 
 subj(jined Table, copied from 3Iacgregor's Commercial Stati;^- 
 tics, Vol. v., pp. 254, 255 (Loudon, 1850). The sums men- 
 tioned arc in sterling moniy : 
 
bcginuinij; 
 
 3ui 1,33H 
 [I, Messrs. 
 1 thus in 
 n noticing 
 teriiil and 
 liicli have 
 { to wliic'li 
 he spruce 
 even at a 
 ivc arrived 
 mic as fine 
 ! heeii pro- 
 [, length of 
 )erties of no 
 
 ) 
 
 a large cost 
 ion ill jMon- 
 
 roAving com- 
 
 Inada in the 
 in apprecitit- 
 led from the 
 n'cial Statis- 
 sums mcu- 
 
 177 
 
 u5 I — Imports.; 
 
 h \ k \ or 
 
 xports. 
 
 
 >VlK'rf from, 
 ail. I to. 
 
 Arti.'lt'S. 
 
 I 
 
 \-h\ 
 
 No. j 
 b'.j Import:*. 
 
 Kxports. 
 
 nCSt 34 Exports. 
 Impr.rt.-^ 
 
 ITSr 93 Exports 
 
 Imports, 
 
 1S08 334 Ivxport.';. 
 
 P'raiKv 
 
 Frnm W. I 
 
 To Fran re 
 Ditto. 
 
 Louisbour 
 
 From QiU'liec. 
 
 From Kii'_'lanil 
 
 MiTchaiKii/.c 
 
 ^Vinl.', rinii, hramlv, I'ti 
 
 .^I'paratf 
 aiiiHiiiit. 
 
 (iciifral 
 aiiiuiiiit. 
 
 Fun; 
 
 Oil. (ii'usiii;:. Capillairi.' 
 
 TilllVxT, ke 
 
 Fi>h, oil. Iron, Vcircta- 
 tabli'S, itc 
 
 IJaltiuiJO against Colony 
 
 FitrF! and SundrifS. 
 
 oil. Fisli. Ac, from La 
 
 lirador., 
 
 l.-.T.iUr, 
 r>0.1:;:! 
 
 04,7o0 2 ti 
 7,083 6 
 
 3.0n») 10 
 
 .-t. d. 
 
 •Jir,.7t;o VI 
 
 ;r,o 
 
 141.210 
 
 545, 00() 
 10,000 
 
 I fact nn' J (loods, k'. 
 
 i'ju.OOO 
 
 From Qui'l 
 
 From liii^land 
 
 From (iuilx'c. 
 
 ^Vo^~t India i'rndiii'i'...i ■>- 
 
 .400 
 
 Ualanci' in favorof CoFv 
 Fnrs. and othtT Colonial 
 
 I'rodiii' 
 
 Fish. I.iimlicr. .Vc. from 
 I^abrador and (iaspt-... 
 
 Mannfarturcd (Jonds. \, 
 Wi'st Indi.i Prodiit'L'...! 
 
 44.").n6 
 4o.0oo 0| 
 
 sl.fiOO 
 
 1 190, IK) 
 
 Ualan'v in favor of CoFy 
 Furs.and other Colonial 
 
 I'roduc 
 
 Wheat. Uis.'uit k Flom 
 Oak ami Fine Tiiiilier 
 
 Exports. 
 Exports. 
 
 Import.'' 
 
 From l-al radoi 
 and (iaspo.... 
 
 To U.S.i(V/ Lake 
 Cliamplain... 
 
 FroraEni'laud 
 
 From U. States 
 
 Slav. 
 
 Masts, k' 
 
 I'ot and I'oarl .Vsh.s.... 
 
 New Ships. ;i.7."iO tons. 
 
 .CIO per ton 
 
 Fii<h, Lumber, Oil. Ac 
 
 hindries, about. 
 
 Manufactiuvd Goods 
 
 £200.001 
 
 \V. 1. rroducc. Do.Otii 
 
 Merchandize, Tea, I'ro 
 
 vision. Tobae- 
 
 •o. iVe. 
 
 ()ak. Fine, Tim., .Masts 
 
 Ac, 
 
 I'ot and IVarl Ashes., 
 
 IJaFco in favor of Colonv 
 
 ;l.^i0.ooo 
 
 171.2110 (■ 
 
 ir)7..".i;o f 
 
 .i'jo,ooo t 
 
 37.-')00 0| 
 
 120.000 
 
 :;(i.ono oi 
 
 i43,2iV5 
 
 Un.s.-i:! 
 
 ,1 ijt),or,o 
 
 ;i3o,()oo 
 
 
 
 100,IX)0 
 
 
 
 7o.noi) 
 
 110,000 
 
 ( 
 t 
 
 2M>.000 
 
 t 
 
 _.___._. 
 
 ;i 0.000 
 
 ■)4t'..0iiU 
 
178 
 
 From the above it will be scon that within lifty-fuiir jcars — 
 from 17.') 4 t<> ISIJS — the number of ve.-^sels eii^aued in the 
 commerce of the country increased from 58 to !>>!: ; that the 
 Exports advanced from £7i'),'l()0 7s. Sd. to £] ,\f^C),()()0 ; and 
 the Imports from .t2 10,7(39 Il's. (Id., to JLu 10,000; and that 
 Qt the close of that period the balance stood £540,000 in lier 
 favour, instead of beiniz; c£l41,249 against her. 
 
 In the latter of these years, 1808, we further observe thai 
 the Trade with the United States consisted of Exports to 
 the value of .jCoO,000 ; with Imports to the amount of 
 £010,000. 
 
 Two shijw, laden with wlieat, — supposed to be the first grain 
 exported, — arrived at Marseilles from Canada in 1752 — twn 
 years previous to the commenceiagiit of the period of which, 
 we have spoken above, (Smith's ('anada, Vol. I, 110, Intro. ; 
 The extent to which this trade, whose beginning was thus sn 
 small, has now grown, was noticed in connection with the sub- 
 ject of Agriculiure, where the export of Wheat for the year 
 1852 was stflted to have reached 5,400,718 bushels. 
 
 The Imports of Canada from Great Britain amounted in thv. 
 year 1800 to 82,208,528, or £552,182 ; in 1805 to 82,0:50,81:; 
 —or 507,578 5s ; in 1810 to 84,701,220— or £1,175,805; 
 and in 1815 lo 88,221,008— or £2,055,250 1.5s. currency. 
 Andrews' Colonial Lake Trade, p. 018.) 
 
 Uetween the years 1820 and 1840 inclusive, the value of the 
 Imports into Canada and Exports from it, was — in sterling: 
 money : 
 
 I 
 
 
 185 
 
 Yuar. 
 
 liiipnrts. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Y.';ir. 
 
 Tiiipm'fs. 
 
 j:xports. 
 
 
 c 
 
 & 
 
 
 i 
 
 £ 
 
 ]82',» 
 
 1,'2:5;],007 
 
 1,447.485 
 
 18:55 
 
 l,(;nl,5(« 
 
 1,02:3,0(1',) 
 
 18.".0 
 
 l,.')()ii,')14 
 
 1.155,404 
 
 18;!(; 
 
 2,n;n,7(i!i 
 
 1.21 2, • ISO 
 
 I8;n 
 
 l,70;],(3l2(l 
 
 1,1'J5,51(J 
 
 18;]7 
 
 i,(;i;().25;5 
 
 1,012,84;3 
 
 18;52 
 
 l,r)(;7,7lit 
 
 •I52,4(;:? 
 
 1 s;;8 
 
 i,5;i4.L:7r) 
 
 1.01M,;31-i 
 
 18:;;5 
 
 i,(;r..-)j44 
 
 0(.o,U-i(J 
 
 17;3'J 
 
 2,22'.i,',i27 
 
 1,21 7. 5.11 
 
 I8;u 
 
 l,0()3,G-i;] 
 
 l,018,'.t22 
 
 1 840 
 
 1,'JU4/J17 
 
 i,7yi.».o.3:) 
 
four years — 
 [\rred ii» the 
 54 ; that tlu- 
 ')(;,( M)0 ; and 
 JO; ami that 
 :G,000 ill her 
 
 ' observe that 
 )f Exports to 
 ! auiuunt of 
 
 the first grain 
 ill 1752— tw.. 
 riod of whieli 
 
 ,110, Intro. I 
 y Avas thus S«' 
 
 with the siil)- 
 t for the year 
 els. 
 
 lounteJ in th. 
 
 to 82,0H0,;U:l 
 £l,175,30o ; 
 "(S. currency. 
 
 le vaUic of tlio 
 L — in steiTii!'. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 l,02:5,n<i'' 
 1.21--',V)Sn 
 1,01 2,8 to 
 
 i,(n>i,3i'' 
 
 l,217.')-''-t 
 l,7o'J.U.>i 
 
 179 
 
 With considerable variation in the interveninp; amount.*., oc- 
 ca.-^ioned by a variety of causes, these twelve years brintr the 
 hiiports up from £l,2.j;J,!l07 to £1,904,017; and the Exports 
 from £1,447,485 to £l,7'>9,0r)o sterlintr : the former liavin^' 
 reached the sum of c£2,229;927 in ISoo. (^Iacgrc<2;or, Com- 
 Stat., Vol. v., p. 270.) 
 
 To the above have to be added 9.} per cent., according to 
 to the calculation of the Board of Registration. 
 
 In the following Table, derived (with the exception of the 
 Imports for 1848, which arc taken from Lord Elgin's Despatch 
 on the state of the Colonics) from the statements and estimates 
 of the Board of Registration and Statistics (Appendix to First 
 llepijrt, p. 79), and from the (Canadian Almanac Ibr the years 
 
 1852 (p. 58) and 1855 (p. 44) — the total imports (inland in- 
 cluded, except, wo suppose, 1848) arc given from 1841 to 
 
 1853 inclusive; with the total exports (^^\'-\t is, including those 
 from inland port.s) for 1851, 1852, and 1853 : — 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FROM 1811 TO IS::;!— in Currcncv. 
 
 Yc;irs. 
 
 1811 
 1842 
 184)5 
 l,s|l 
 IS J.-, 
 
 18 k; 
 
 IS 17 
 1818 
 1840 
 !8o0 
 K/l 
 18.-)- 
 18.38 
 
 Imports. 
 
 .€ .«. (1. 
 
 2,802,404 1 1 
 
 2,782,017 14 1 
 
 2,.oti8,083 It; 11 
 
 4,iiU2,i;]0 10 r, 
 
 4,040, 7oO 1-5 11 
 
 4,780,8-37 o "> 
 
 4,548,040 G 4 
 
 (2,ii40,5S4 17 11) 
 
 a, 002,. 300 
 
 4,24o,,317 
 
 r),:)38,(;!t7 (j 
 
 .3,071.22:5 
 
 7,00.3, M.30 
 
 Exports. 
 
 
 ,e 
 
 s. 
 
 .1. 
 
 2.427,700 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 1,720.210 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 l,7.3r).S-30 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 2,241,080 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,777,048 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2.324,703 
 
 '3 
 
 1 
 
 2,080, ;J82 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 1,710,107 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 2,:527,;304 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.0(;<,t,!iOM 
 
 
 
 
 
 G, 432, 031 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;5, 820,001 
 
 
 
 
 
 3, 030,. -523 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 Thus, in ls.")3, the imports reach the .vum of 831,98 1,43() ; 
 ;uid the exports $23,801,300 — the former amounting to not 
 
180 
 
 more than three thncs, and the latter to nearly two-and-a-half 
 times what they were only twelve years before. For a eountry 
 so young as Canada, this will be admitted to be a very large 
 commeree indeed 
 
 Ileckoning the population of the United States at ten times 
 that of United Canada (which, when the slaves are left out, 
 comes near enough for purposes of calculation), the amount of 
 her exports should be $238,013,000, to make them, in propor- 
 tion to numbers, equal those of Canada. But the entire amount 
 of the exports of the Union for 1852 (one year ("urther back 
 than the time above given for Canada) is stated in the American 
 Almanac for 1854 (p. 172) to be 8209,058, 3GG — which comes 
 over 828,000,000 short. Only two States in the whole Union 
 surpass us in amount, to wit, Louisiana and New York — the 
 former of which exported to the value of 849,058,885, and the 
 latter 887,484,450 during the same year. Canada exceeded 
 Massachusetts by more than seven ■ millions and a quarter — the 
 exports of that State being, for 1852, 810,540,490. 
 
 Putting in ports and exports together, the commerce of Ca- 
 nada, irrespective of her internal trade, amounted, in the year 
 1853^ to 855,782,730. 
 
 [Our imports, dutial)lu and free, for 1854, amounted to 
 £10,132,331 Cs. 9d. — being an increase on the year preceding 
 of £2,137,927 5s. 8d. ; and on 1852 of £5,0(11.700 2s. lOd. 
 (Leader, 7th July, 1855) ]. 
 
 So much for the extent of the commerce of Canada ; let us 
 look now for a few moments at its character, 'he countries with 
 which it is carried on, and the number of vessels and men it 
 employs. 
 
 Of its giMieral eharaeti'r an iilea may be ')l)tained by the fol- 
 lowing tabli'S, extracted from Andrews' Report on Colonial and 
 Lake Trade, 1852 (pp. 17, 18) : — 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
D-and-fi-lialf 
 
 r u country 
 
 very large 
 
 it ton times 
 iro left out, 
 2 amuunt of 
 , in propor- 
 tire amount 
 Lirther back 
 10 American 
 ^liioli comes 
 vhole Union 
 r York — tlie 
 ^85, and tlic 
 da exceeded 
 uartor — the 
 
 icrce of Ca- 
 in the year 
 
 liinountod to 
 r prccedintr 
 00 2s. lOd. 
 
 la da J let us 
 Lntrics with 
 land men it 
 
 by tlie fol- 
 (ilonial and 
 
 1 
 
 181 
 
 IMPORTS INTO CANADA P.Y lUVEIl ST. LAWRENCE, 
 
 Uiriii;/ onh/ the rriw^ipdl Articles ami V<ilii'S j'nr the >ji\ir IHol. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Value. 
 
 I] 
 
 Artirli's-. 
 
 Tea $1(18,084 .Suoju- .... 
 
 Tol.iiccu 18,".(l:-1 Muhissi's. 
 
 Cotton Manutactvn-es...j 3,018,;]:;i! Salt 
 
 Woollen Manufactures, i li,:;() 1,810 Glays 
 
 Ilanlwarc Manul'acure>*i l,tJL'7,208 Coal 
 
 Wooden Ware 
 
 Machinery 
 
 Boots anil Slioes 
 
 Manufactures of 
 
 Leather 
 
 lIMes 
 
 Tanneil Leather 
 
 Oil, not Talni 
 
 Paper 
 
 Rico 
 
 11,012 Furs 
 
 G,H;j1! Manufactures of Silk.. 
 
 0,808 Manufae. Imlia llub])ei 
 
 Dye Stulls 
 
 5;?,lo0 CoHec 
 
 1,104 Fruit 
 
 4(i,4Kt Fish 
 
 i;j-j,7()8 Cnenunu'rated 
 
 05,21^8 
 
 12,^i)o;: Total :^ 
 
 Valuo. 
 
 S 
 
 <^ 
 
 7111,408 
 
 00,'tOH 
 
 li."i,".l8() 
 
 78,-J0() 
 
 101,170 
 
 '.M),(lo2 
 
 4n7.4'.iU 
 
 ii:;;!,;;24 
 ;]s/.i!o 
 
 i:5,0:!i! 
 r)l,:io4 
 71,2r,() 
 
 8.s.i,770 
 
 \'^, 
 
 217, :U0 
 
 Tlie above includes the imports in traiusit for the I'nitcd 
 States, and those under bond for Upper Canada. 
 
 EXPORTS FROM CANADA TO OTHER COUNTRIES, 
 
 [rrincijHiUy Great Britain), yivmj the j^rincipal Artici'n niul Values, 
 
 for the year 1851. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Values. 
 
 Ai)ples 
 
 Ashes, Pot ! 
 
 Ashes, Pearl i 
 
 Ash Timber i 
 
 Parley ! 
 
 Pattens ' 
 
 Reef 
 
 P.irch Timber 
 
 Biscuit 
 
 P.ntter i 
 
 Deals, Pine and Spruce 
 
 Elm '''imber i 
 
 Flour j 
 
 llandspikey j 
 
 Lard j 
 
 Lath-wood & Fire-Avond' 
 
 Masts j 
 
 Meal, Corn and Oat \ 
 
 (Jak Timber ' 
 
 S2,404 
 
 80,000 
 
 ;;7.:J72 
 
 14, '.100 
 
 408 
 
 ],%0 
 
 .".,208 
 
 18,408 
 
 4,:]70 
 
 20,500 
 
 0;!7,480 
 
 100,124 
 
 570,870 
 
 OOO 
 
 2,250 
 
 P. 2. 080 
 
 07,100 
 
 0,070 
 
 180, .'108 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Oars 
 
 O.its , 
 
 Feas and Beans 
 
 Fine Timl)er,rediS:white 
 
 Pork 
 
 Shingles 
 
 Spars 
 
 "\ aluiH. 
 
 Staves 
 
 Tamarac,wood& sleep's 
 Furs and Skins 
 
 S4,5;^0 
 
 2.270 
 
 8,000 
 
 1,074,700 
 
 80,424 
 
 200 
 
 44,040 
 
 382,l;]0 
 
 0,000 
 
 12,208 
 
 Total from Quel)ec ... 
 Valueof similar articles 
 
 from Montreal 
 
 Unenumerated from 
 
 other Poi-ts 
 
 /I'otal Exports by the 
 ! St. LaAvreuce 
 
 .S4,071,048 
 2,000,150 
 1,401,212 
 
 $8,132,410 
 
is- 
 
 The J V.duots oC tlie Forest ai.iuunted in ISSf)!) t.. /Jl ,ns,41 1 
 ir)s. :].l. ; ill lsr,l to £1,42:),!>27 Is's. fxl. 
 
 Ol' Ai;Tieiillm';il I'r"ilu',-(.s i in •ludiii'^' ;iiiini;i:< mid their jiro- 
 dncls, vcLit'tuldi' I'ood, and otlior A^'iMi-ulturti! Products ), the 
 value was : 
 
 In is.")!), ,Cl,O0i»,:ns l;is. Od. ; in Is:,], X'll(;4,0!)7 Os, ()<1. 
 
 Tlicrc were exported from (\uiada diirint:- tlic year ISf)!, in 
 addition tu tlie above : 
 
 Products of tlu! Seas, to the vahie of l'")!,-!!^.") T) (j 
 
 Produfts of the Klines 17,Sl!(I 7 ;> 
 
 .Manufactures 11,:]l'7 10 o 
 
 ( TiOrd Klgiu's I)es}»ateh — Ueturns, Address, lVc., 4(5, 47.) 
 
 Notice lias Leen taken avIuu dealiiiL:; Avith tlu; Auricultural 
 state of the country, of the very larire exports of AVheat. The 
 followinL!; Tahle shows the quantities of AVhile I'ine which 
 liave been exported lietween the years 1S44 and ISol : 
 
 Vuim 
 
 1814 
 
 1815 
 
 }Sir> 
 
 1817 
 
 Culiic i'eot. 
 
 11,').")0,138 
 
 l.'),S28.88() 
 
 I4,a'i2,2li0 
 
 9,(;2r,.!-10 
 
 Yeill•^ 
 
 1818 
 18-19 
 18")0 
 1851 
 
 Cubic Foot. 
 
 10, 
 
 70'.»,r)80 
 
 11, 
 
 ('.21. '.120 
 
 i::, 
 
 OJ 0,520 
 
 15, 
 
 •111,000 
 
 ( Andre w.s, p. 419.) 
 
 Ships built at Quebec form another very important article in 
 the commerce of the country. There are in that City "about 
 twcnty4ive ship-building csta])lishmcnts, and eiuht or ten float- 
 ing Ducks, capable of receivinii' largf^st-cla.ss vessels. The 
 class of vessels built range from AIM) to 1,.")(>0 tons and u]i- 
 wards, and there lias been lately established a resident '^ liloyd's 
 Surveyor, to inspcft and class the ships." (Andrews, ]». 421. > 
 
 P' 
 
 r 
 
 ]I0U 
 
 Slat 
 
 thei 
 
 T 
 
 ves.Si 
 who! 
 79,8 
 steal 
 of 51 
 1855 
 
 Fr 
 
 St. L 
 tent ( 
 are ci 
 one AA 
 tions 
 
 Th, 
 will b 
 
is;; 
 
 :i,ns,411 
 
 I tiu'ir iin»- 
 duets), llii; 
 
 ):ir IS51, in 
 
 11 10 o 
 i:c.,4<», ^V) 
 
 A;j;vieultiiral 
 A'iieat. The 
 I'iiie \yL*K'1i 
 
 V..vt. 
 
 10,080 
 '',1.020 
 
 ii.r)-JO 
 
 1,000 
 
 [vs, p. 410.) 
 
 Imt article in 
 Llity " abtjiii j 
 
 or ten iloat- ' 
 [s<=ols. Tlio 
 
 ms ;ind vi]'- I 
 lit '' lJoy<rs ' 
 
 .s, p. 421.^ 
 
 The following Table, wlilcli we enpy I'roni Lord Kljxin's De.-<- 
 pateli ( lieturn, i^c., p. AO), wilii tlu^ tiddition of the minibcr 
 for IS;"):), from the ('(HKnliini AIniunnc lor \>^o-) (}>. 4'V), e.\- 
 liibit.s the extent of tlii.s trade : 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Years. 
 
 N'uin>ior of 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Years. 
 
 NinnlxTof 
 
 Vi'sscl«. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1843 
 
 48 
 
 13,78.-, 
 
 1840 
 
 37 
 
 24,300 
 
 1844 
 
 48 
 
 l.").04o 
 
 1 8.-)0 
 
 4.-, 
 
 30,387 
 
 184.', 
 
 T).'} 
 
 12(;,147 
 
 1H.'>1 
 
 0.-) 
 
 4 !,',().', 
 
 184G 
 
 40 
 
 10,704 
 
 1 H.-,l! 
 
 42 
 
 27.8r>0 
 
 1847 
 
 70 
 
 37, 170. 
 
 18-33 
 
 ;jO 
 
 40,041 
 
 1848 
 
 41 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 
 
 The value of these vessels varies from eiujht pounds to twelve 
 pounds ten shillings per ton. Ten pounds currency per ton i.s 
 stated to be about the average. Their miniber during these 
 eleven years was in all, 4S0 ; their tonnage, 305,411; and 
 their value, £:l,054,110. 
 
 There were built in the Province in IS,") 2 — ').'] steam- 
 vessels, with a tonna'-e of 7,207 ; and 252 sailiiiir vessels, 
 
 i vessels, jim. 
 
 1,^ 
 
 d 
 
 whose tonnage amounted to 72,5.'>o : in all, oO 
 70,So0 tons. Those built in IS,"):} '^ are set down at two 
 steamers and l:)G sailing vessels, of an aggregate tonnage of 
 of 50,070." i^Amcr. JSfatis. Anmud, ]S.")[j:ind Can. Aim., 
 1855, p. 45.) 
 
 From the Tables given above of Imports and Exports by the 
 St. Lawrence an idea may be formed of the character and ex- 
 tent of the trade with Great Britain, from wdiieh the former 
 are chiefly received, a? to her the latter are chiefly sent. The 
 one which follows shows the nature and extent of the tninsac- 
 tions with the United States. 
 
 The trade with British North America and other countries 
 
 will be noticed aftei-wards. 
 T 2 
 
IS4 
 
 Imports into Canada froja tin L'nitcd States in the t/rar 
 I80I. — icith Kj-porlfi from ('iiiiii(J<i to tlf t'liifrd ,Statf\s 
 during the aajw jear : 
 
 Impouts. 
 
 Articlos. 
 
 Toa 
 
 Tobficco. 
 
 Cot toll Miiniir.'ic'tiires.. 
 AVdolk'U do. 
 
 ll.'irdwaro do. 
 
 \V()(i(U'?i-Warc 
 
 ■Maehiiu'ry 
 
 IJoots and Shoes 
 
 I/Oatlier Manufactures 
 
 Hides 
 
 Leather Tanned 
 
 Oil (not Paliu) 
 
 Paper 
 
 nice 
 
 Snj!;ar 
 
 !M(>bisses 
 
 Salt 
 
 Glas-s 
 
 Wool 
 
 Furs 
 
 SilU MnnuCacture.s 
 
 India Uubher du. ... 
 
 Dye-stull's 
 
 (Joll'ec 
 
 Fruit 
 
 Fish 
 
 Uuenunieratcd 
 
 Total value of dutiahlc 
 Iinporvs from tin; U. 
 States in I80I 
 
 Value. 
 
 !?S'.):!.2in 
 
 •i(i;),h(i(» 
 r.ti:,,i!2i 
 
 ;n8,84i 
 
 r,:;, 712-1 
 8."),7fi8 
 4l!,r)'.»2 
 47,:;sH 
 8'.»,LM)4 
 li2ti,2;]ii 
 
 47,804 
 82.<.i'm; 
 
 r.t.'.t^o 
 
 278.4()() 
 T.t,2!MJ 
 
 7'.i,>si»; 
 
 18,828 
 
 88,r,.-,2 
 
 44,2*14 
 
 80.709 
 
 Ti"), '.»()() 
 
 12,080 
 
 11(;,'.)88 
 
 81,144 
 
 7,o44 
 
 3,022. <';4 
 
 $7,943,384 
 
 i;.\i'oiai<. 
 
 Artlrli s. 
 
 Ashes 
 
 'liUniber 
 
 i.'^hinjrU's 
 
 L'attle, of all kinds and 
 
 sizes 
 
 Horses 
 
 Wool 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Flour 
 
 Barley and llye 
 
 licans and I'eas 
 
 Oats 
 
 iUitter 
 
 Iljrjrs 
 
 Unenuincrated 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ji<t;:,,992 
 
 700,028 
 
 20,732 
 
 140,170 
 
 18.3, 24 S 
 41.890 
 
 491,700 
 
 1, IS], 484 
 
 7-"),u90 
 
 41, '.88 
 
 135,708 
 
 38,004 
 
 38,008 
 
 1,70'), 004 
 
 'i'otal value of Kxports 
 
 to United States 1^4,929,084 
 
 Canadian Produce of various doscriptions, to the value of 
 81,540,534; was received in l)ond at New York and Boston in 
 1851, under the "draw-Lack law," by wliicli duties on articles 
 passino; through on their way to or from Britain or other coun- 
 tries were returned. During the same year good« to the value 
 
 
I the year 
 
 Viilui'. 
 
 2U,7a2 
 
 1S.3,'J4S 
 41,8'.tti 
 
 4'.)1,7C.U 
 
 1,1S1,4H1 
 
 7-'), 6% 
 
 41,r.88 
 
 i;5o,708 
 
 ;i8,uu4 
 
 38,008 
 
 i,7o."),»;tu 
 
 i$4,U29,084 
 
 P.C value of 
 
 Boston in 
 
 Ion articles 
 
 )thcr coun- 
 
 the value 
 
 IS,, 
 
 of SljloS,!)]:} |»assc'(l '* ill Uoiid" to Caii.-ula fn-m tlio same 
 (•itii>s. '' Tlu' ^n'at'.T valiu' ol' iIk; iiii|Miri>: I> mailc tliiou-ii 
 I)n-ti)ii ; l»ut (jf the cxiioi-ts tlir'Hi:::!! New \'nik. W'licat and 
 flour form tlu' ]>riMriji.il aitielfs of bomli' 1 r\]H. it." '{'lie 
 value uf Canadian wheat and lloiir ri-ecived at. New York in 
 the years lS4t), lsr,0, and Is,')], was .^:;,S7(;,(;2(;— of wliieli 
 !?.'},ii7S,'>oS wortli was exported. (Andrews. ])]). lol— l:Ji.) Jn 
 the Annual Keport of the (lovernor of the IJoston IJoanl of 
 Trade, read 17th January, 1>^.')'), it is stated that the inijxirts 
 for Canada, throuuh lioston, have inerea>ed tVoui 'Si!'), (MM) in 
 ISID, to over 6."),U0U,UUO in JSol. (^/h-ilish (Vu/(/>7, Jan. 
 2 1st, 185,").) 
 
 The " tolls levied l»v the State of Xew York on Canadian 
 Produce passinsj; throui'h her Canals towards tide-water, 
 amounted in two years — 18")t) ami 1'>.")1 — as near as eoidd he 
 ascertained, to over six hundred thousand dollars ; and pro- 
 ])erty passinj; through the same channels from tide-water, l"or 
 the same peri(jd, probably paitl half as much nmre; niakiiiij; 
 about four hundred and liftv thousand dollars annnallv eontri- 
 buted by the Canadian trade to Xew York Canals." (^Andrews, 
 p. 4^5.) 
 
 The relative proportions of certain classes of articles pro- 
 cured by Canada from Croat Britain and the I'nited States, are 
 exhibited in the following' statement made by Jiord l']li;in in 
 his Despatch to the Hii^ht lion. Sir John S. I'akington (Ue- 
 turn, kc, p. 45.) 
 
 " During the year 1851, there were imported into Canada 
 of Cotton manufactures to the value of — 
 
 From Great Britai 
 From the United !: 
 
 From Crreat Britai 
 From the United h 
 
 From Great l>ritaii 
 From the United S 
 
 :5tatcs 
 
 LEATHER. 
 
 n 
 
 ^tates 
 
 LIXKX. 
 1 
 
 tatcs 
 
 £000,281 4 7 
 
 11(2,887 14 1 
 
 11,140 12 4 
 
 ;j2,817 8 
 
 Sl.l'.il li» 7 
 U,2U4 4 5 
 

 V] 
 
 <? 
 
 /2 
 
 ^;j 
 
 
 -^#.y 
 
 '^e^ .v 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 /A 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 !S«^ IIM 
 
 =:^= •IT 112 r.r. 
 
 I.I 
 
 •^ 1^ 1 2.2 
 
 f. lag i^ 
 :^ IAS IIM 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 /. 
 
 
 
 / 
 ^ 
 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 i/.x 
 
 \ 
 
 s 
 
18G 
 
 SILIv. 
 
 From G rcat J^rltaiii 120,000 7 
 
 From the United St;itcs 20,202 14 7 
 
 Avoor., 
 
 From Great Britain 480,080 3 
 
 From the United States 111,808 12 4 
 
 MACniNEIlY, 
 
 From Great Britain 1,410 2 9 
 
 From the United States 33,108 17 
 
 IRON AND HARDWARE. 
 
 From G roat Britain 200,407 14 5 
 
 From the l^nited States 118,900 14 9 
 
 In reference to the above, liis Lordship remarks that the 
 manufactures of the United States "derive, no doubt, some ad- 
 vantage from contiguity j" but adds that he is disposed to be- 
 lieve, from all he can learn on the subject, " that their British 
 rivals would keep their ground against them more effectually 
 if they evinced equal /eal in acijuiring a knowledge of the 
 wants and tastes of their customers." 
 
 A trade, which is rapidly grooving, has sprung up of late 
 with the other British North American Colonies — between 
 which and Canada there exists a treaty of reciprocity, admit- 
 ting free of duty certain articles, the produce or manufactures 
 of the colonies respectively, or directly imported therefrom : — 
 
 " The export of flour from Canada, hj/ sea, to the British 
 North American Colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and 
 Newfoundland, since 1844, has been as follows : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1844 
 1845 
 1840 
 1847 
 
 19,530 
 20,094 
 35, 1 52 
 00,195 
 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 — fc,— ■—.■■■,. ■- -. !**■ 
 
 05,837 
 
 79,492 
 
 140,872 
 
 154,706 
 
187 
 
 The amount oxportetl to tlicso colonics, in bond, tliroiigli 
 New York and Boston, was — flour, 91,279 barrels; wlicat, 
 6,798 bushels — inakinii; the total export to these colonics, 
 240,039 barrels — an increase of over twelve-fold in eight years." 
 (Andrews, p. 414.) 
 
 IIow rapidly Canada is taking the place previously occupied*^ 
 by the United States in the supply of this important article to 
 our fellow-colonists, will be seen by the subjoined table, which 
 we copy from Andrews, p. 435: — 
 
 
 
 Canadian 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 June 'M. 
 
 American Flour. 
 
 Flour by Sea.* 
 
 Bondod ria U. S.f 
 
 Takon by Lower 
 Colouii'S. 
 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1846 
 
 310,091 
 
 35,152 
 
 
 345,243 
 
 1847 
 
 272,299 
 
 00,195 
 
 
 388,494 
 
 1848 
 
 274,200 
 
 05,834 
 
 7,454 
 
 847,594 
 
 1849 
 
 294,891 
 
 79,492 
 
 4,311 
 
 378,094 
 
 1850 
 
 214,934 
 
 140,872 
 
 39,728 
 
 394,429 
 
 1851 
 
 200,004 
 
 154,700 
 
 79,800 
 
 435,230 
 
 « 
 
 * Year endiu": December 31. 
 
 I Year ending June 30. 
 
 This " substitution of Canadian for American flour in the 
 consumption of the Lower Province, has been brought about," 
 Andrews says, p. 414, *' by the opening of the ship-canals on 
 the St. Lawrence, aided by the reciprocity arrangement above- 
 named, as existing between these colonies and Canada; and 
 because the exclusion of the latter from the American domes- 
 tic market has forced Canadian flour through the St. Lawrence, 
 to compete in the foreign markets of the United States." 
 
 Though, for the sake of convenience, wheat and flour have 
 been taken to illustrate the direction and distribution of the 
 export trade of Canada, Mr. Andrews states that the remarks 
 made by him apply to all other provisions of M'hich she pro- 
 duces a surplus. 
 
 ''In the import trade," he adds, "sugar, one of the leading 
 articles of consumption, may be taken to illustrate a change as 
 
188 
 
 favouraLle to Caiuula as that in the export of Hour. In 1840 
 the value of suuars imported iVoiu the United States was 
 double that from the Lower Colonies. In 1851, the value from 
 the United States was 8258,8-18, and from the colonies 
 8209, oOO. In 1840, nearly half of the sugar was imported, 
 inland, from and tlirough the United States — the proportion 
 being 5,152,000 pounds, out c»f the total importation of 
 11,013,000 lbs. In 1850 the importation rose to 15,7oG,000 
 pounds, of whieh the United States furnished 5,522,000 pounds, 
 or a little more than one-third. In 1851 the number of pounds 
 imported was 20,175,04(1, of which 5,040,000 pounds were 
 from the United States, and 5,880,000 pounds from the lower 
 colonics. 
 
 The imports of sugar into Canada in 1851 were — 
 
 From British Colonies 8209,300 
 
 " United States 258,848 
 
 '' Other Foreign Countries 220,810 
 
 '^ Great Britain 171,140 
 
 8925,004 
 With respect to the route of importation, the inland import 
 in 1849, as we have seen, nearly e(|ualled that by sea; but in 
 1851, the value of sugars imported by sea was 8712,408, 
 against 8278,408 by inland routes. Canadian vessels load at 
 the Lake ports with breadstufts and provisions, which they 
 carry, without transhipment, to Halifax, or St. John, New- 
 foundland, exchanging for a return cargo of sugars, molasses, 
 fish, and oils." The hsh and other products of Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunswick, and the Hour, provisions, &c., of Canada 
 being exchanged, duty free, a direct free trade between the 
 maritime and agricultural districts of British North America is 
 now in operation, from which Newfoundland only is excluded 
 — the necessities of that Government forbidding her from tak- 
 ing off the duty on Canada flour. Iler fish and oil are, there- 
 fore, treated as foreign in the Canadian ports. 
 
 The subjoined statement shows the progressive imports into 
 Canada of sugarii from the British North American colon ies : 
 
 Ti 
 
n 
 
 tes was 
 Lie from 
 colonies 
 1 ported, 
 jportion 
 tion of 
 730,000 
 pounds, 
 ' pounds 
 ds were 
 le lower 
 
 I 
 
 d import 
 ; but ill 
 712,408, 
 s load at 
 icli tliey 
 in, New- 
 [iiolasses, 
 cotiaand 
 Canada 
 ^een tlic 
 merica is 
 excluded 
 Tom tak- 
 •e, tliere- 
 
 )orts into 
 Ion ies : 
 
 189 
 
 1849 £28,710 ... $114,804 
 
 18:)i) r)l,:)17 ... 205,208 
 
 1851 «;7,o2;) ... 209,:J0O 
 
 (Andrews, pp. 414-415.) 
 Witli foreign coim tries, other than the United States, Canada 
 holds a coniniereial intercourse likely to become important ere 
 long'. From these, imports were received in 1852 to the value 
 of £102,899 10s lid; during which year there were also ex- 
 ported to them products to the amount of jC4T,12I:> 10s 5d. 
 
 ]>esldes 73 vessels from the United States, 1 from Breiticii, 
 o2 from Prussia, 3 from Sweden, 2 from 31eckk'nburg, 1 from 
 Hamburg — 58 from Norway, and from Portugal — in all 170, 
 with a tonnage of 71,409 — entered at Quebec and Montreal in 
 1852. The number of foreiun vessels in 1850 was 90, with 
 37,554 tons; and in 1851, 117, with 50,710 tons. The re- 
 lative values for 1852 were — 
 
 Of Imports— Great Britain .Ci'.GOT.TS.l 3 ... ICxports— .£l,4'2G,r,U u 4 
 
 " WostliuUcs 1. '278 10 1 ... " 3.4'JO 9 
 
 " N. Amm-ii-aii Colonics.. 1J|).-2:^S 10 7 ... " 20:5,034 15 11 
 
 " United States 2,ll'.i.t2:} 6 4 ... •' l,o71,i:]0 8 8 
 
 « other ForeignCouiitries 1G2,S99 10 11 ... " 47;1-^ 10 5 
 
 To the Exports to Britain have to be added £202,000 for 
 ships built at Quebec, and sent over to the English market, 
 thus bringing the amount up to £1,089,414 5s. 4d. (American 
 Statistical An nil <il for 1854, pp. 481, 482 — from Tables of 
 Trade and Navigation for 1852.) 
 
 In 1852, 1729 vessels, with a tonnage of 504,1^42, and crews 
 numbering 22,830 persons entered the Ports of Quebec, Mon- 
 treal, New Carlisle, and Gaspe; from which ports there cleared 
 during the same year 1,507 vessels, with a tonnage of 
 578,059 ; and 19,073 men and boys — making in all, entering 
 and clearing, 3,290 vessels; 142,301 tons; and 42,470 per- 
 sons. 
 
 To these must be added the traffic during the same years on 
 the Canals, — on which the vessels goitig up, inchiding 15ritish 
 and Foreign, reached the number of 10,007, with 1,120,739 
 
10(1 
 
 tonnnge ; and tliosc a:oin<j; clown, 10,017, with 1,160,252 tons. 
 {Amer. Sf((tisf. A)in., 1854, p. 48;5) : total vessels, 2,024 ; 
 total tonnage, 2,2^0,001. In 1853 the number of vessels up 
 and down Avas 20,400 ; and the tonnage, 2,172,555. (Tables 
 of Trade and Navigation for 1853, p. 31.) 
 
 The tonnage entering the country in 1850 (irrespective of 
 of the internal trade) was 522,110 ; in 1851 it was 000,104 : 
 while 543,003 cleared in the former year, and 045,240 in the 
 latter. {Aincr. JSfdlis. Ann., p. 483.) 
 
 Of the Internal Trade and the Trade between Canada and 
 the United States, the tonnage — inward and outward, British 
 and Foreign — of 1853 amounted to 7,470,312. (Tables of 
 Trade, &c., 1853, p. 473.) 
 
 The Reveiiue — rapidly groAving — which Canada derives from 
 her commerce is exhibited in the following: statement of the 
 Customs from Imports since the Union. 
 
 GROSS CUSTOMS REVENUE. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 In 1841 225,834 7 10^ 
 
 1842 278,030 7 ^ 
 
 1843 235,087 16 0^ 
 
 1844 445,559 4 lOJ 
 
 1845 449,990 4 10^ 
 
 1840 422,403 18 5| 
 
 1847 413,248 19 g{ 
 
 1848 430,955 19 2 
 
 1849 443,531 2 4 
 
 1850 015,694 13 8 
 
 1851 •. 737,439 2 
 
 1852 739,263 12 9 
 
 1853 , 1,029,782 15 4 
 
 During tlic first six montlis of 1854 it was £565,671 9 8 
 
 The In-ipector General estimated, wlion the Re- 
 turns whence the above is taken -were given 
 in, tlie gross customs for 1854 at £1,150,000 
 
 (Second Report of Standing Committee on Public Accounts — lltli 
 
 December, 1854 — p. 15.) 
 
52 tons. 
 
 O Ml . 
 
 j.sscls up 
 (Tables 
 
 cctive of 
 00,1G4 : 
 ) in tlie 
 
 lada and 
 
 British 
 
 'ables of 
 
 vcs from 
 it of the 
 
 ?. 
 
 d. 
 
 7 10| 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 Oi 
 
 4 
 
 10.V 
 
 4 
 
 10^ 
 
 8 
 
 ^5- 
 
 9 
 
 Ci 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 9 8 
 
 
 nts— lUli 
 
 J*)l 
 
 The Ports named below yielded the following sums respec- 
 tively for the yeiivs lS-12, 1S47, and ls:V2 — to wit : 
 
 Places. 
 
 Quebec Gross 
 
 " Net 
 
 Montreul Gross 
 
 " Net 
 
 Hamilton G vo ss 
 
 " Net 
 
 Toronto Gross 
 
 " Net 
 
 Kingston Gross 
 
 " Net 
 
 1.S42. 
 
 72,928 13 10 
 
 08,087 11 2 
 
 152,408 14 lO.V 
 
 149,491 O" 
 
 7,004 5 
 
 7,208 8 11 
 
 8,8',K) 8 8 
 
 8,053 4 Q}, 
 
 0,820 10 4" 
 
 0,510 7 7.', 
 
 18-1 
 
 7. 
 
 
 185 
 
 ■> 
 
 
 70,081 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 101,852 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 08,548 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 97,425 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 171,285 
 
 7 
 
 
 888,298 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 105,750 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 820,400 
 
 15 
 
 G 
 
 20,708 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 80,528 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 25,087 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 84,757 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 82,078 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 98,808 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 81,200 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 91,384 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 17,584 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 21,787 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10,439 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 20,287 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 (Append. 1st lleport, &C., p. 53— Public Accounts, 1852, p. 8-10.) 
 
 The collections in Hamilton and Toronto for 1853, as re- 
 cently announced in the newspapers, have been — 
 
 Hamilton £120,091 11 11 for 1853. 
 
 u 109,129 8 for 1854. 
 
 Being an excess in 1854 over 1853 of 
 £48,437 10 7, or about 45| per cent. 
 
 Toronto £157,020 for 1853. 
 
 «« 172,070 for 1854. 
 
 The increase being £10,044. 
 
 Within twelve years the Customs at Hamilton have thus risen 
 from £7,004 Os. 5d. to £100,129 8s. Gd ; and at Toronto from 
 £8,890 OS. 3d. to £172,070. 
 
 In these facts we have striking evidence of the advance 
 both of the country and of the cities named. 
 
 (' The exports at the six principal Ports in the year 1850 and 
 1853 were as follows : 
 
 Quebec 1850, £1,297,350 1858, £2,448,475 
 
 Montreal " 486,198 " 888,722 
 
 Toronto " 07,557 " 221,490 
 
 Hamilton " 88,222 " 200,719 
 
 Dalhousie " T^^^^^^ " 182,188 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 79,528 
 303,959 
 
 101,109 
 
11)2 
 
 " The imports ut the six principal Ports in 1850 and 1853 
 were : 
 
 Montreal ........ 1850, £1, 720,350 185:J, £;';,;381,530 
 
 Toropto .. 
 
 Quebec... 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Kingston. 
 
 Stanley... 
 
 031,722 «' 
 
 494,130 " 
 
 895,782 " 
 
 87,502 " 
 
 33,849 " 
 
 1,005,050 
 
 1,141,594 
 
 880,377 
 
 212,348 
 
 131,000 
 
 Thus it appears that for Exports the Ports take rank thus — 
 Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Dalhousie, St. Johns • 
 and for Imports, Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Hamilton, King- 
 ston, and Stanley. In Exports Quebec has made the largest 
 absolute and Toronto the largest relative advance ; in Imports, 
 Montreal has made the largest advance absolutely, and Hamil- 
 ton relatively." {Canadian Almanac, 1855, pp. 44,45.) 
 
 In proportion to population the tonnage of Canada more 
 than equals that of the United States, and the number of 
 hands employed on board the vessels engaged in her trade, all 
 but does so. We have seen that in 1852, 8,29G vessels entered 
 and cleared from the Ports of Quebec, Montreal, New Carlisle^ 
 and Gaspe, with a tonnage of 1,142,801, and crews numbering 
 42,47(3 persons. 
 
 Multiplied by ten, this gives 32,9G0 vessels ; 11,423,010 tons; 
 with 424,700 hands as the numbers required on the part of the 
 United States to place them, in proportion to population, on 
 an equality with Canada. The actual numbers in 1852 — in- 
 cluding American and Foreign, entering and clearing — were 
 (according to Amer. Sfatis. Annual for 1854, pp. 50, 57) 
 38,870 vessels; 10,571,045 tons, and 431,422 persons. Thus,* 
 while the vessels were 5,910, and the hands 5,022, over the 
 required number, there was a deficiency in tonnage of 851,965. 
 In point of size these figures show the vessels employed in the 
 Canadian to have the advantage over those engaged in the 
 xVmerican trade. 
 
 In regard to the activity with which the international trade 
 is carried on between the two countries, Canada compares not 
 
 I 
 
and 1853 
 
 81,539 
 05,056 
 41,594 
 80,877 
 12,348 
 31,000 
 
 nk thus — 
 t. Johns ; 
 on, Kino;- 
 ihe largest 
 1 Imports, 
 id Hamil- 
 ,45.) 
 
 »ada more 
 lumber of 
 trade, all 
 ;Is entered 
 V Carlisle, 
 lumbering 
 
 ,010 tons; 
 art of the 
 lation, on 
 L852— in- 
 ng — were 
 . 5G, 57)^ 
 ns. Thus, 
 , over the 
 '851,905. 
 red in the 
 3d in the 
 
 )nal trade 
 ipares not 
 
 . 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 
 198 
 
 less favourably witli her neighbour than she does in the extent 
 of her transactions. Out of an inward tonnni^e of 2,412,028 
 in 1851, 1,047,()28 tons arc set down by Andrews (p. 83) as 
 British; with 770,450 tons out of an outAvard tonnage of 
 1,077,438—1,818,078 out of 4,089,400 in all. 
 
 The amount of capital embarked in such a commerce as that 
 carried on by Canada must be very large. In this connection 
 it may, therefore, not be out of place to turn our attention for 
 a moment to her Banking establishments, though unable to say 
 what proporti(Ai their means or circulation may bear to her 
 transactions. 
 
 The authorised Capital Stock of the eight Chartered Banks 
 is as follows, the extension lately allowed to several of them 
 being included : 
 
 Bank of Upper Canada (sterling) £1,000,000 
 
 Commercial Bank, M.D 1,000,000 
 
 Bank of Montreal 1,250,000 
 
 City Bank, Montreal 375,000 
 
 Banque du Peuple, Montreal 300,000 
 
 Quebec Bank 350,000 
 
 Gore Ba k, Hamilton 80,000 
 
 (Branches) Bank of British North America 1,000,000 
 
 The amount of capital stock paid in by the above Banks up 
 
 to the periods named in 1854, was — 
 
 Bank of Upper Canada, Oct. 2a £408,952 10 
 
 Commercial Bank, M.D., August 31st 500,000 
 
 Bank of Montreal, August 31st 1,' --(^OOO 
 
 City Bank, Montreal, August 31st 22 ,000 
 
 Banque du Teuple, Montreal, August 31st... 200,000 
 
 Quebec Bank, November Gth 208,255 5 7 
 
 Gore Bank, September 30th 111,098 
 
 (Branches) Bank of B. N. A., Sept. 15th 1,190,534 10 10 
 
 The joint Liabilities of these Banks amounted in the fall of 
 
 1854 to' £11,088,033 5 3 
 
 JointAsscts 11,420,153 8 7 
 
 Joint Circulation 3,840,577 12 
 
 Joint Deposits (bcaringand not bear- 
 ing Interest) ..^. 3,023,159 9 7 
 
11)4 
 
 There was at tlie same time — 
 
 Spoclo in their vaults cC722/20n T 3 
 
 ])e)>ts due to tluMU (Notes Diseouutcd, 
 
 JJoiids, Mortga.ues, c\:c.) i),(;4-J,(;70 4 4 
 
 Ileal estate possessed, l>ank l'uniiture,A:c. 128,078 2 9 
 
 Though we have iijivcn above the full amouut of capital at 
 present authorized to be held, the general statement presented 
 of the condition of the ]>anks has reference to the capital al- 
 lowed previous to the additions lately granted. To enable our 
 readers to form a correct estimate, we, therefore, add the hite 
 extensions, which they can subtract from the capital as above 
 stated : — 
 
 Bank of Upper Canada, Bank of Montreal, and Commercial 
 
 Bank to increase £500,000 each. 
 
 City Bank, Montreal 75,000 
 
 La Bancpic du Peuple 100,000 
 
 Quebec Bank 250,000 
 
 Ten per cent, of the increase was ordered to be paid in when 
 subscribing, and 90 per cent, by instalment ; the Banks to dis- 
 pose of the new stock. Their charters were extended from 
 18G2 to 1870, and thence to the close of the then next Leais- 
 lative Session. (Scobie's Almanac, 1852, p. 28, and 2d lie- 
 port of Standing Committee on Public Accounts, pp. 88-8G.) 
 
 3Ir 3Ioulson of 31ontreal and Mr. Zimmerman have lately 
 received charters, and a Company in Niagara — the two last, if 
 I am not mistaken, for £25,000 each, and the first for a larger 
 amount. 
 
 In Quebec Canada possesses a first-class sea-port, nearer con- 
 siderably than New York or New Orleans, to any port in 
 Europe, Africa, or the Indian Ocean. From Liverpool its 
 distance is, by St. Paul, 8,300 miles, or 3,000 by the Straits of 
 Belle-Isle and the coast of Ireland; while that of New York is 
 3,475, and of New Orleans 5,300. From the Mediterranean 
 New Orleans is distant 5,230 miles; New York 3,090; Que- 
 bec, by C^ipe [lay and St, Paul, 3,550 — or by Straits of Belle 
 Isle only 3,475. (Keefer's Prize Essay, pp. 08, 09.) 
 
o 
 
 4 4 
 L^ 9 
 
 apital at 
 presented 
 
 npliiil al- 
 ii able our 
 1 the late 
 
 as above 
 
 (luinercial 
 !ach. 
 
 1 in when 
 iks to dis- 
 ided from 
 3xt Lcgis- 
 id 2d ilc- 
 . 83-86.) 
 xve lately 
 wo last, if 
 ir a larger 
 
 earcr eon- 
 y port in 
 erpool its 
 Straits of 
 w York is 
 iterrancan 
 1>0; Que- 
 ! of Belle 
 
 I 
 
 195 
 
 The best authorities unite in representing the notion which 
 has prevailed in i-ogard tu the dangerousiu'ss of the navig:ition 
 by Quebec as being very greatly exaggerated. On this .subject 
 Mr. Kcefer speaks as follows in his very excellent I'rizc Kssay 
 on the Canals of Canada: " The dillieultiesand dangers of the 
 Gulf navigation have been greatly over-rated ; a nobler naviga- 
 tion, in ordinary weather, cannot be desired. The Gulf has 
 three openings to the Atlantic, — the Northern one by the 
 Straits of Belle Isle, ten miles wide, which if lighted would 
 form the shortest and safest route for the Tall Trade with Eu- 
 rope, because the heavy fogs which overhang the Southern 
 routes are seldom encountered in the Northern Channel. The 
 middle passage, fifty miles wide, divides Newfoundland and 
 Cape Breton ; and the third outlet, which is called the Gut of 
 Canso, affords to us a short and sheltered communication with 
 Halifax. From the Atlantic to the Pilot ground at Bic, (153 
 miles below Quebec,) the channel is no-whereless than twenty- 
 five miles wide, and generally from fifty to seventy-five mileSj 
 and without anchorage." 
 
 After adverting to the chief dilllcultiea of the passage, which 
 are, in his opinion, the want of a harbour of refuge between 
 the Atlantic and the Pilot ground, and deficiency of lights, he 
 continues : " The Gulf of St. Lawrence, we believe to be na- 
 turally a much less dangerous route than either the British or 
 Irish Channels, and if half as well lighted and furnished, 
 would, with only occasional exceptions, be a safe, speedy and 
 well-supported navigation. The disadvantages are such as 
 human ingenuity and perseverance can cope with and alleviate. 
 A harbour of refuge near Matane, and a light and fog whistle 
 upon Cape Rozier, are the most important requirements. More 
 steamers, lights, buoys, harbours and relief Stations, will soon 
 add the Gulf route to the many examples of successful com- 
 mercial intellii>;ence and perseverance. (Pages G1-G5.) 
 
 ■) 
 
 Mr. Andrews in his Beport to the Senate of the United 
 States, to which we have been already so largely indebted, ex- 
 
liKi 
 
 {tvosscs liimsolt' not loss t'avouralily tliaii iMr. Keotur as to tho 
 Qul'Ijl'c route. 
 
 '' Tlio harbuiir of Queboc," ho .siys, 'Mh nut unlike that of 
 New York — the Island of Orleans sorvinLr as a barrier from i 
 north-east sea, and, like Loni;- Island, atlordinu; two channels 
 of approach. A fronta<i;c of about lifteen miles on both sides 
 of the river not only affords the necessary wharves, but coves 
 of sufticient niaijjnitude to float some thirty to forty millions of 
 cubic feet of timber, about eighty millions of superficial feet 
 of deals, besides staves, lathwood, 6iG. A fresh water tide, 
 risinp; eighteen feet at '^ springs/^ offers no in)pediment to 
 the shipment of tind^er, the great business of the Port, the 
 vessels so engaged being anchored in the streams, (which 
 affords good holding-ground,) Avhcrc their cargoes are floated 
 to them at every tide. The tide extends ninety miles 
 above Quebec, and the water does not become perfectly salt 
 until an equal distance is reached below ; thus there is a fresh- 
 water tide of one hundred and eighty miles beyond the salt 
 water, and sea navigation to Montreal, ninety miles further, or 
 two hundred and seventy miles from salt water. The river 
 navigation may be said to terminate about one hundred and 
 fifty miles below Quebec, (where pilots are first taken,) but the 
 continued Gulf and lliver navigation extends upwards of seven 
 hundred miles before wc reach the Atlantic, with which it has 
 no less than three connections. The most northern of these — 
 the Straits of Belle-Isle — is in navigable order about five 
 months, and affords a passage to Liverpool more than two hun- 
 dred miles shorter than the route by Cape Race, making the 
 distance from Quebec more than four hundred miles shorter 
 than from New York. By using this passage the navigable 
 route between the foot of Lake Ontario and any Port in Bri- 
 tain is as short as that from New York Harbour to the same 
 port. The middle Channel, by which the Atlantic is reached, 
 is about fifty miles wide, and contains St. Paul's Island, which, 
 with its two light-houses, affords an excellent point of depar- 
 ture. By this Channel Quebec is brought nearer to any port 
 
15)7 
 
 as to the 
 
 Iv'c tliat (»r 
 icr fruiu I 
 > channels 
 both sides 
 but coves 
 n ill ions of 
 rticial feet 
 rater tide, 
 Llinicnt to 
 Port, the 
 K, (which 
 re floated 
 ety miles 
 ectly salt 
 is a frcsh- 
 d the salt 
 arther, or 
 J'he river 
 dred and 
 ,) but the 
 s of seven 
 ich it has 
 if these — 
 bout five 
 two hun- 
 aldno; the 
 s shorter 
 navio-able 
 rt in Bri- 
 the same 
 
 reached, 
 d, which, 
 of depar- 
 
 »ny port 
 
 In Kuropo, Ai'rica, or the Indian Ocean than New York. The 
 Southern passai^o is known by the name of the (jlut of Canso, 
 and is invaluable to the fishinir, coasting-, or West India trade." 
 
 "The trend of the Atlantic coasts of 2sewfoun<lland and 
 Capo ]]reton," it is added, ",converji;e upon St. Paul's Islaiul, 
 a lofty and picturescpie rock, for which a vessel may stand 
 bold in a fog. Inside of St. Paul's, a hnnk, with sixty 
 fathoms, leads, by a direct line on its outer edge, clearing An- 
 ticosti, into the Chops of the St. Lawrence ; northward of this 
 line is deep water ; southward, regular .soundings ; so that, in 
 thick or fo'jL^v weather, the lead is an unerriniii; iruide. On 
 entering the river, the south shore gives uniform soundings all 
 the way to the pilot ground, the water shoaling so regularly 
 that a vessel may at any point determine her distance from the 
 shore within a mile by the lead alone, while at all points she 
 may approach this shore within this distance. The admirable 
 position of Pointe des Monts, (with a lighthouse one hundred 
 feet above the water,) projecting with a bold shore several 
 miles from the general trend of the north shore, forms, with its 
 anchorage on both sides, a common point of departure for in- 
 ward and outward-bound vessels. 
 
 The recent application of steam to ocean commerce greatly 
 enhances the value of this navigation ; particularly with refer- 
 ence to communication with Britain, the great centre of Euro- 
 pean steam navigation and commerce. The two great draw- 
 backs to ocean steam navigation are, the quantity of fuel which 
 must be carried, and the resistance which a heavy sea offers to 
 progress, whether the wind be fair or foul. On the St. Law- 
 rence route these are reduced to a minimum. The distance 
 from the coast of Ireland to St. John, Newfoundland, or to 
 the Straits of Belle-Isle, is uiuler 1,700 miles; and coal is 
 found in abundance, and of excellent qualities, at several points 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The remainder of the voyage 
 to Quebec will be made in comparatively smooth water, as the 
 steamer will run under the shelter of either shore, according to 
 the direction of tlio wind." (Pp. 110-118.) 
 
198 
 
 The importance of these extracts, enhanced as their vaUic 
 is by the position of tlie gentleman from whom they are taken 
 and the nppearanco of his very admirable Report under the 
 authority of the United States Senate, will, we are sure, be 
 deemed more than a sufficient apology for their length. 
 
 According to Mr. Keefer, " the greatest number of the dis- 
 asters'^ which were wont to occur in the St. Lawrence, were 
 attributable to an over-anxiety on the part of the Montreal 
 traders " to get the first cargo in," who exposed themselves to 
 the ice by leaving IJritain about the 20th of March. Of late 
 years, he states, these disasters, which in one year were as many 
 as forty or fifty out of 1,500 arrivals or 3,000 voyages in and 
 out, ^' have almost disappeared, not having reached five in 
 nearly the same number of voyages." The improvement 
 which has taken place in the character and navigation of the 
 vessels employed in the trade is named as having further con- 
 tributed to the diminution of the casualties. 
 
 jMr. Andrews unites with Mr. Keefer in averring that even 
 during the existence of the drawbacks above referred to, now 
 so rapidly disappearing, ''the per ccntage of losses" by the St. 
 Lawrence has been no greater, considering that over half a 
 million of tons of shipping annually enter it, than that of the 
 British or Irish Channels, or the Keys of Florida. In 1850, 
 he states the number of disasters within the Gulf and River 
 to have been eleven, the number of vessels entering inward 
 and outward having been 3,125, carrying 1,213,142 tons, with 
 40,78(3 men — consequently not much over one-third per cent. 
 The disasters at Keywest "..'ere, according to him, about fifty for 
 the same 3'^ear ; and on the Upper St. Lawrence, between Lake 
 Superior and Montreal, two hundred and sixty-three. Six 
 hundred and eighty-eight vessels, he adds, numbering 125,72(5 
 tons, and four steamers, giving 1,402 tons, form the list of 
 wrecks of vessels belonging to the United Kingdom for 1850. 
 (p. 417.) 
 
 Of Montreal, Mr. Andrews remarks that although not acces.^- 
 ible, like Quebec, to the largest class of shipping, its position 
 
 larn 
 
 I 
 
100 
 
 Llicir value 
 J arc taken 
 under the 
 :e Hure, be 
 ;th. 
 
 of tlie dis- 
 feiice, were 
 e Montreal 
 jmselves to 
 h. Of late 
 ere as manj^ 
 ages in and 
 lied five in 
 nprovcment 
 tion of the 
 further con- 
 
 ig that even 
 •red to, now 
 "by the St. 
 over half a 
 that of the 
 In 1850, 
 f and lliver 
 vinG: inward 
 :2 tons, with 
 ird per cent, 
 bout fifty for 
 etween Lake 
 ^-three. Six 
 •ing 125,720 
 m the list of 
 jm for 1850. 
 
 ;h not acccs;^- 
 , its position 
 
 u3r a varied and extensive coiniiicrce is n- ao coninianding, in- 
 asmuch as it is tlie centre of ;i more fertile area, more nunie- 
 nius .'ipproachcs, jiiid possesses within itself every re*|uisite fiir 
 :i hirge population. 
 
 Tlie quays of Montreal he states to be unsurpassed by those '^ 
 of any city in America; built of solid limestone, and uniting 
 with the locks and cut-stone wharves of the Lachine Canal, 
 th(!y present, for several miles, a display of continuous 
 jiiasonry, which has few parallels. LilvO the levees of 
 the Ohio and jMississippi, no unsightly Avarehouses disfi- 
 g-uie the riverside. A broad terracC; faced with grey 
 limestone, the parapets of which are surmounted with a 
 substantial iron-railing, divides the city from the river 
 throughout its whole extent. IMontreal, it is added, occupies 
 the centre of an extensive plain, cut in every direction by the 
 St. Lawrence aud the Ottawa, with their tributaries, forming 
 I large and fertile islands contiguous to the main one occupied 
 by the city. This plain, although nearly one thousand miles 
 by the river from the Atlantic, is scarcely elevated one hun- 
 dred feet above tide water, and, in the words of the Provincial 
 Geologist, ^^ constitutes the valley proper of the St. Lawrence, 
 occupying a breadth of forty miles ; the nature of the mate- 
 rials of which it is composed (a deep and highly levigated de- 
 posit of argillaceous, arenaceous, and calcareous matter) render- 
 ing it impossible to conceive of a region more fitted for the pur- 
 poses of agriculture." (pp. 474, 425.) 
 
 Besides these two grand emporia, Canada possesses about 
 sixty-eight inland ports, thirty of which were in 1852 ware- 
 housing ones, (Andrews, p. 428) ; since wdiich time, others 
 have come to the enjoyment of the same privileges. ^' Of these 
 the trade of the greater number is exclusively with the United 
 States, either in domestic or bonded articios- l^ut the more 
 important lake ports are rapidly establishing a direct trade with 
 the (iulf ports and the lower colonies, and very probably will 
 soon engage in the fisheries, for which they can iit out and 
 
 provision at the cheapest rates." 
 K 
 
200 
 
 With Britain Canada enjoys the advantage of a free tnido. 
 A similar advantage sliclias enjoyed for some time (since 1<S50) 
 Avitli the Lower Provinces, in respect to the following articles, 
 to wit, animals, salted and fresh meats ; bark ; butter j cheese ; 
 chocolate, and other preparations of cocoa; copper; earth- 
 fruits; firewood; fish; fish oil ; fins and skins the produce of 
 fish or creatures living in the sea; grain and breadstufi^ of all 
 kinds; grindstones and stones of all kinds; gypsum, ground 
 or unground ; hay and straw ; hops ; hides, horns ; head, mat- 
 ter and blubber of creatures living in the sea ; iron, in pigs and 
 blooms ; lard ; lead in pigs ; lime ; ores of all kinds ; ochres ; 
 rock salt ; seeds ; spermaceti oil ; tallow ; timber and lum- 
 ber of all kinds ; train oil ; undressed skins and furs of all 
 kinds ; vegetables ; wool, and wood. (Canadian Almanac, 
 1854, pp. 75-70.) J^y the treaty of reciprocity recently en- 
 tered into with the United States, she has also obtained a free 
 trade with that country in the articles subjoined, being of the 
 growth or produce of the countries reciprocating, namely, 
 grain, flour, and breadstuffs of all kinds ; animals of all kinds ; 
 fresh, smoked, and salted meats ; cotton, wool, seeds, and vege- 
 tables ; undricd fruits, dried fruits ; fish of all kinds ; pro- 
 ducts of fish and all other creatures living in the water ; poul- 
 try, eggs, hides, furs, skins, or tails undressed ; stone or marble 
 in its crude or unwrought state; slate; butter, cheese, tallow, 
 lard, horns, manure; ores of metals of all kinds; coal, pitch, 
 tar, turpentine, ashes ; timber and lumber of all kinds, round, 
 hewed, or sawed, unmanufactured in whole or in part ; fire- 
 wood; plants, shrubs, and trees; pelts, wool; fish oil; rice, 
 broom corn, and bark ; gypsum, ground and unground ; hewn 
 or wrought or unwrought burr or grindstones ; dye stuff's ; 
 flax, hemp, and tow unmanufactured; unmanufactured to- 
 bacco. The above articles are admitted into each coun- 
 
 '^ It is further agreed, that 
 the right freely to navigate 
 vessels, boats, and crafts so 
 
 try respectively free of duty 
 British subjects shall have 
 Lake Michigan with their 
 
 5. 
 
 and 
 
 long as the privilege of navigating the nver St. Lawrence, 
 
•ec Ir.ide. 
 ccl850) 
 ; articles, 
 J cliccse ; 
 : • earth ; 
 rodiico of 
 iffs of all 
 1, cround 
 ead, mat- 
 
 1 pigs and 
 J oclircs 5 
 and luni- 
 irs of all 
 Almanac, 
 ccntly cn- 
 ucd a free 
 ing of tlic 
 , namely, 
 
 all kinds ; 
 
 and yege- 
 
 inds J pro- 
 ter; poiil- 
 
 2 or mprblc 
 sc, tallow, 
 oal, pitch, 
 ids, round, 
 part J firc- 
 L oil J rice, 
 mdj hewn 
 ye stufis ; 
 cturcd to- 
 iach coun- 
 ;reed, that 
 navigate 
 
 crafts so 
 Lawrence, 
 
 201 
 
 .secured to Americana by the fourth article of the treafcyj 
 shall continue ; and the Government of the Uiiilcd States fur- 
 ther engages to urge upon the State Governments to secure to 
 the subjects of her Britannic Majesty the use of the several 
 canals on terms of erjuality with the inhabitants of the United 
 States." (Ptcciprocity Treaty, Canadian Almanac, pp. 39, 40.) 
 Over and above the more solid advantages which Canada may 
 fairly hope to reap from the treaty thus so liappily concluded 
 with the United States, and now in operation in effect, though 
 not yet formally proclaimed/''' the fact of its being entered into 
 by that country, taken in connection with the unanimity with 
 which it was assented to, is a proof not to be mistaken of the 
 opinion which her neighbours have come to entertain of her. 
 It is but a few years since the idea of such a treaty was scouted 
 as an absurdity, and Canada scowled upon as an iiupudent 
 j>eggar, who had the eifrontery to ask that for which she had 
 no equivalent to give. The treaty has been gracefully conced- 
 ed at last, from the conviction, openly expressed, that the benefit 
 to be secured by it is mutual. 
 
 5. Canada has provided, and i.^ now providing for herself, 
 through means of her public works — completed, in progress, 
 and projected — facilities of intercommunication, which will do 
 nmch to secure for her the full advantage of the varied and 
 superabounding resources with which tlie munificence of the 
 Creator has gifted her. 
 
 Though large sums have been expended on Eoads and 
 Bridges (amounting as per Public Accounts for 1852, p. 1G8, 
 to £510,440 IGs. (3d. for Upper, and £303,251 lis. 7d. for 
 Lower Canada), on Harbours and Light-houses (which cost up 
 to the close of 1852 £274,256 12s.), and a variety of other 
 works of more or less importance, our present reference is 
 chiefly to our Canals and Railroads. 
 
 Of the former those claiming special notice are the Welland 
 and St. Lawrence Canals. 
 
 * It lias been proclaimed since the above -was -written. 
 
L'02 
 
 The Wc'lliind CaiTHl " extends from Lake ]*1i-ic to Lfike On- 
 tai'io, »ik1 overconies the intorruption to tlic navigation caused 
 l)y the Falls of Niagara. It has two entrances from Lake 
 Kricj about seventeen miles apart ; the upper entrance being 
 from the Grand lliver, a little a])ovc Port Maitland, about 
 thirty-seven miles west from iJufl'alo, and the lower at Port 
 ( V)lborue, about twenty miles west from Puifalo. It also com- 
 municates with the Grand Paver by a branch commencing on 
 that stream at Dunnvillc, five miles above Port Maitland, 
 through which branch the whole Canal has hitherto been sup- 
 plied with water. The termination on Lake Ontario is at Port 
 Dalhousic. The Port JMaitland entrance has an advantage in 
 spring over the Port Colborne, in being clear of ice several 
 weeks before either that or Buffalo Harbour." (Report of Com- 
 missioners of Public Works for 1848, p. 53.) 
 
 " The work was originally undertaken by a Company, for 
 which an Act was obtained in the year 1 824, with a capital of 
 £37,500.'^ In the year following another Act was obtained 
 providing for the enlargement of the works and the increase 
 of the capital to £200,000, which was extended in 1834 to 
 £250,000. Stock to the extent of £25,000 was taken in it 
 by Lower Canada in 1827. At the close of 1834 Upper Ca- 
 nada held £107,500 stock in it, besides having loaned it 
 £100,000. Prom the Imperial Government also it had re- 
 ceived a Loan of £55,555. In 1837 the Loans made to it by 
 Upper Canada were converted into Stock, and in 1839 the 
 Government were authorised by the Legislature to purchase the 
 Stock of private holders, for which purpose debentures were 
 issued, ^' redeemable in twenty years from their date, bearing 
 interest at the rate of two per cent, for the first two years, 
 three per cent, for the third year, four per cent, for the fourth, 
 five per cent, for the fifth, and six per cent, for the sixth and 
 following years." About £500,000 is supposed to have been 
 expended on the work previous to its coming into the liands of 
 the Government. In 1841 a commencement was made of the 
 improvements and enlargements which are making it now 
 
 Canal 
 
 o 
 O. 
 
 Lachi 
 treal, 
 twcon 
 miles 
 
2oa 
 
 jako Oii- 
 )n caused 
 3111 litikc 
 II cc l)citip; 
 id, about 
 3r at Port 
 also coin- 
 cncinj^ on 
 Maitlaiid, 
 "been sup- 
 is at Port 
 v'antai^c in 
 ce several 
 rt of Oom- 
 
 mpany, for 
 I capital of 
 ,s obtained 
 le increase 
 .u 183-1: to 
 taken in it 
 Upper Ca- 
 loaned it 
 it liad re- 
 idc to it by 
 1839 the 
 urcliasc the 
 Litures were 
 to, bearing 
 two years, 
 tlic fourtli, 
 sixtli and 
 ■) have been 
 he hands of 
 nade of the 
 no; it now 
 
 of so much valae to the Province. Its cost, as stated in 
 the Public Accounts fur 1852, has been in all £1,014,530 
 12s. 2d. 
 
 This noble Canal, which will constitute the monument of it? 
 spirited projectors when they shall have " gone the way of all 
 the earth," is 28 miles in length, has a descent of 331 feet, 
 through 37 Locks of 150 feet in length and 20 2 in width, and 
 is " passable from lake to lake by vessels of 131 feet over all, 
 20 feet beam, and 9 feet draught, stowing 3,000 barrels under 
 deck.'' (Andrews, p. 220— and Keefer, p. 20.) 
 
 The St. Lawrence Canals comprehend — 
 
 1. The Williamsburg Canals, — four in number, with six 
 Locks, — '^ lying between Prcscot and Dickenson's Landing, 
 constructed for the purpose of overcoming the Rapids at the 
 Galops, Point Iroquois, Rapid Plat, and Parren's Point." 
 
 2. The Cornwall Canal, whose object is " to overcome the 
 difficulties to the St. Lawrence, presented by the Long Sault 
 Rapids." . . ^' The Locks are the largest in Canada, having a 
 chamber 200 feet long and 55 feet wide, in the clear ; the 
 depth of water in the sills being nine feet as in the other large 
 Canals of the Province." 
 
 3. The Beauharnois Canal, which, " extending from the 
 lower end of Lake St. Francis, overcomes the Rapids of the 
 Coteau, the Cedars, and the Cascades •/' and 
 
 4. The Lachine Canal, which " extends from the village of 
 Lachine, at the foot of Lake St. Louis, to the City of Mon- 
 treal, overcoming the various Rapids in the St. Lawrence be- 
 tween the two places." Its length is between eight and nine 
 miles ; it has seven Locks of cut stone, 100 feet long by 20 
 feet wide in the clear, and gives passage to vessels drawing five 
 feet water. (Report, kc, for 1848^ pp. 54, 55.) 
 
 In the Public Accounts for 1852 the united cost of these 
 (Janals is sot down at £1,592,408 7s. 4d. 
 
201 
 
 lu addition to the above the followiiiL:; claim notice as works 
 of general importance. 
 
 1. The Chambly Canal, which " extends from St. John's to 
 Chanibly, a distance of about eleven and a half miles, and was 
 made to overcome the interruption in the Channel of the 
 llichelieu between the two places. It forms the chief portion 
 of the works necessary to connect the navigation of the lliver 
 St, Lawrence, by way of the Richelieu, with that of Lake 
 Champlain." Its cost has been £103,830, according to the 
 Public Accounts for 1852. 
 
 2. St. Our's Lock, &c. 
 
 " This Lock is in the lliver Richelieu, at the foot of the 
 artificial navigation, about fourteen miles from its mouth, and 
 with a Dam raises the water above it sufficiently to overcome 
 the shallow portions of the stream, and afford a free passage to 
 Chambly Basin. In conjunction, therefore, with the Chambly 
 Canal, this Lock opens a communication between the St. Law- 
 rence at Sorel, and Lake Champlain ; while, by the Northern 
 Canal, the communication is continued from AVhite-Hall to the 
 navigable waters of the Hudson, near Troy. At the site of 
 the work the Richelieu is divided into two deep channels by a 
 small island, in the eastern and narrowest of which the Lock is 
 built, while the Dam extends across the western. . . The 
 length of the Lock is 200 feet, by a width of forty-five feet, 
 with six feet of water on the sill." 
 
 3. St. Ann's Lock. 
 
 This Lock is situated on one of the branches of the River 
 Ottawa, between the village of St. Anns and Isle Perrot, about 
 twenty-five miles west of Montreal. It overcomes the St. 
 Ann's Rapids, and thus, in conjunction with the Lachine and 
 the Ottawa Military Canals, opens a communication from Mon- 
 treal to Bytown, and thence by the Rideau Canal to King- 
 ston. . . The Lock is 190 feet long, by forty-five feet 
 wide, with seven feet of water on the sill in the ordinary 
 
 Chai 
 Burl 
 
 i 
 
e as works 
 
 . Jolin's to 
 3S, and was 
 11 cl of the 
 Lief portion 
 f the lUver 
 Lit of Lake 
 ding to the 
 
 foot of the 
 mouth, and 
 to overcome 
 e passage to 
 he Chamhly 
 he St. Law- 
 lie Northern 
 3-Hall to the 
 t the site of 
 liannels by a 
 I the Lock is 
 rn. . . The 
 )rty-five feet. 
 
 , 
 
 I 
 
 of the River 
 Perrot, about 
 nies the St. 
 
 Lachine and 
 »n from Mon- 
 mal to King- 
 »rty-fivc feet 
 
 the ordinary 
 
 liU5 
 
 state of the river during suuimur, and six I'oet ut its very lowci^t 
 state." 
 
 4. The Burlington I'ay Canal, wliicdi opens the passage 
 from Lake Ontario up to llauiiUon, and whose cost has been 
 £52,773 7s. 2d. 
 
 On the Improvements of the Ottawa, including the Slides, 
 £115,735 2s. lOd. have been spent, and £139,020 lis. on the 
 Improvements of the Trent. On the Improvement of Lake 
 St. Peter there have been expended £75,358 15s. 5d., with 
 considerable sums on other Works, (lleport of Commissioners, 
 kc, for 1848, and Public Accounts for 1852.) 
 
 The foUowinu: Tables show :lio amount and character of the 
 business done on these Canals in 1852, as also tbe Returns 
 rendered by tliem : — 
 
 BlUTISir VESSELS AND STEAMEllS. 
 
 
 tioiug up. 
 
 Ui)ii.i 
 
 X down. 
 
 Canals. 
 
 Vcssuls. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vusst'ls. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Welland Canal 
 
 St. Lawrence Canals. 
 
 Clianibly Canal 
 
 Burlington BayCanal 
 
 1.078 
 
 3,040 
 
 380 
 
 1,221 
 
 174,330 
 
 200,315 
 
 10,300 
 
 203,107 
 
 1,301 
 
 3,514 
 
 717 
 
 1,188 
 
 147,102 
 
 338,040 
 
 35,078 
 
 107,004 
 
 Total 
 
 8,380 
 
 7,100 
 
 570 
 
 045 
 
 5 
 
 750,705 
 
 034,800 
 50,580 
 
 288 
 
 7,082 
 0,008 
 
 843 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 705.035 
 
 From British to Bri- 
 tish Ports 
 
 030,835 
 70,005 
 
 From British to Fo- 
 rein^n Ports 
 
 From Foreign to Bri- 
 tish Ports 
 
 57,040 
 
 From Foreign to Fo- 
 rei"'n I'orts 
 
 150 
 
 
 
_IM,» 
 
 FOREIGN VESSELS AND STEAMERS. 
 
 
 (loiiii 
 
 i; "p. 
 
 (ifiiiii,' 
 
 <l(l\Vll. 
 
 Cauals. 
 
 Vesdols. 
 
 Tuns. 
 
 W'Sscls, 1 Tuns. 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ ollaud C.'iii.il, 
 
 1,471 
 
 00 
 
 415 
 
 270 
 
 5 
 
 204,410 
 
 ;;,ioo 
 
 21,180 
 
 78,104 
 
 220 
 
 1.015 
 
 54 
 
 121 
 
 207 
 
 5 
 
 308,307 
 2,035 
 
 5,200 
 
 77,850 
 
 220 
 
 St. Lawrence Cauals. 
 
 Chambly Canal 
 
 liiu-lingtou liay(Janal 
 St. Auuo's Locks 
 
 Total 
 
 -, — :t 
 
 20 
 
 550 
 
 482 
 
 1,100 
 
 10.007 
 
 3iJ0,074 
 
 1,408 
 
 40,184 
 
 00,535 
 
 273,017 
 
 2,305 
 
 11 
 
 1,008 
 
 270 
 
 1,070 
 
 304,017 
 
 578 
 
 From llintish to Bri- 
 tish Ports 
 
 From British to Fo- 
 rei""!! Ports 
 
 144,002 
 
 10,443 
 
 230,534 
 
 From Foreign to Bri- 
 tisli Ports 
 
 From Foreign to Fo- 
 rei"'u Ports 
 
 (Jrand Total. British 
 and Foreign 
 
 
 1,120,730 
 
 10,017 
 
 1,100,252 
 
 Qimiitities of cacli species of property pas.siug tlirougli, and 
 on the Canals, during tlie year 18.")2 : — 
 
 Property. 
 
 Welland. i ^t- 1"'^"'- 
 i reuco. 
 
 Chambly. 
 
 Burlington St. Ann's 
 liay. Locks'. 
 
 Vessels of all kinds, 
 Tons 
 
 894,103 
 0,543 
 
 210,008 
 
 05 
 
 0,202 
 
 223,318 
 
 1,181 
 
 585,400 
 
 30,922 
 
 275,490 
 
 1,080 
 
 4,870 
 
 99,100 
 
 3.329 
 
 82,018 
 
 1,993 
 
 07,875 
 
 1 
 
 08 
 
 9,180 
 
 2.177 
 
 4,09 > 
 3,512 
 
 550.222 108,049 
 
 18,148 
 
 19,080 85,500 
 
 180 243 
 
 Passengers — No 
 
 Forest products-tons 
 Live Stock 
 
 Animal products 
 
 Vegetable Food 
 
 Other Agricultural 
 products., 
 
 850 1,005 
 20,820 977 
 
 224' 123 
 
 IMaiuifactures 
 
 150,094 ' 80,280 
 41,548 '• 27,790 
 
 14,413 1 971 
 
 Merchandise 
 
 13,020 4,109 
 
 
 Total, exclusive of 
 Passengers^; Vessels 
 
 743,000 492,575 
 
 87,514 
 
 75,411 
 
 99,054 
 
 llevenue derived from tlio Canals during the year 1852 : — 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Canal 
 
 Welland .. 
 St, Lawre 
 Chambly . 
 Burlingtoi 
 St. Ann's I 
 
 Total 
 
 Gross Re 
 
 Rents, g 
 
 Which is cl 
 <( 
 
 Net Revcn' 
 
 As stat 
 1849, p. ' 
 c£18,535 
 £38,347 
 £39,340 
 gross rove 
 in 1842- 
 in a very 
 
 The rel 
 follows :— 
 
 Passenger* 
 Tons of G( 
 Vessels o. 
 kinds...! 
 Tolls.... 
 
207 
 
 Gross Hevexue, from all sources, including Fines, 
 
 Rents, Storage, &c £80,285 8 9 
 
 Which is charged with. Salaries £15,209 19 7 
 
 " " Toll refunded 1,224 8 2 
 
 " ♦< Repairs 16,830 6 6 
 
 ■ 33,264 14 3 
 
 Net rteveuuc, all incidental Expenses deducted £56,020 14 6 
 
 (Amcr. Stalisl. Annual, 1854, pp. 483, 484.) 
 
 As stated by the Board of llcgistration (Ap, 1st Report, 
 1849, p. 56), the gross revenue of these canals was, in 1842, 
 £18,535 16s lid; in 1843, £25,751 18s 6^d; in 1844, 
 £38,347 Os OJd; in 1845, £28,957 10s 6id; in 1846, 
 £39,340 83 Id; in 1847, £50,131 16s lid. In 1852, the 
 gross revenue was nearly four and a half times what it had been 
 in 1842 — a progress which must be admitted to be satisfactory 
 in a very high degree. 
 
 The returns for 1853 show a continued advance, being as 
 follows : — 
 
 BUSINESS ON CANALS FOR 1853. 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Welland. 
 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Chambly. 
 
 Burlington. 
 
 St. Ann's 
 Lock. 
 
 Passengers 
 
 Tons of Goods.. 
 
 Vessels of all 
 
 kinds.. 
 
 19,631 
 905,516 
 
 1,075,218 
 £65,034 
 
 43,861 
 561,601 
 
 620,399 
 £22,108 
 
 2,953 
 113,585 
 
 113,026 
 £2,126 
 
 87,858 
 
 327,658 
 £5,625 
 
 17,805 
 131,159 
 
 il20,204 
 £919 
 
 Tolls 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 "> 
 
208 
 
 Tho entire llevcuuc from Rents and Tu/ls on all the Canals 
 for 185)] was .C103,GS7. Incliulin^ repairs, tlic cluirges 
 amounted to oCU,T")l. llcncc the Net Kevcnuc \va,s£(>l,Or)o. 
 Tho increase on all the Canals during ]<S5o is 27 per cent. 
 (^Canad. Aim., 1855, p. 44.) ' 
 
 From the Table of Tolls cliargoable on the Canals wc ex- 
 tract the following particulars : On the Welland Canal vessels 
 of all sorts pay lod. per ton each way ; on the St. Lawrence 
 Igd. up, and 0:1 d. down; Chambly and St. Our's Lock, each 
 way Old. Total charge from Lake Erie to Lake Champlain, 
 3d. On St. Ann's Lock the charge is Oid. each way. 
 
 On passengers twenty one years of age, and over, the charge 
 is 6d. each way on the Welland; Gd. up and 3d. down on tho 
 St. Lawrence ; Chambly and St. Ours Lock, each way, 3d. ] 
 from Lake Erie to Lake Champlain, Is. ; on St. Ann's Lock, 
 each way, O^d. With the exception of St. Ann's Lock, which 
 makes no diflerence, the charge on passengers under 21 years 
 is half the above rates. 
 
 For the Tolls chargeable on articles of merchandize, which 
 arc arranged into classes according to their nature, see Can. 
 Aim., 1855, pp. 73, 74. 
 
 For the accommodation of those who require to pass only a 
 portion of the way, each Canal is divided into so many sec- 
 tions, for each of which a proportion of the rate is charged 
 — varying from five-eighths to one-eighth. 
 
 The following articles having paid full tolls through the St. 
 Lawrence Canal, are passed free through the Welland Canal ; 
 and if they have previously paid tolls through the Chambly 
 Canal, the amounts paid are refunded at the Canal Office, 
 Montreal : 
 
 L'on of all kinds and salt ; and the following articles having 
 paid full tolls through the Welland Canal, are passed free 
 through the St. Lawrence and Chambly Canals: viz., wheat, 
 ilour, and corn. 
 
 Iron ore tlirough the whole line of Canals, upwards or down 
 
2Uii 
 
 le Canals 
 charges 
 
 per cent. 
 
 s wc cx- 
 lal vessels 
 Lawrence 
 lock, eacli 
 laniplain, 
 
 r 
 
 lie cliar2,'o 
 vn on tlio 
 ^vay, 3d. ; 
 in's Lock, 
 )ck, wliicli 
 r 21 years 
 
 ize, whicli 
 see Can. 
 
 ass only a 
 many sec- 
 s charged 
 
 ^h the St. 
 
 id Canal; 
 
 Chambly 
 
 al Office, 
 
 es having 
 
 Sed FREE 
 
 , wheat, 
 or dovrn 
 
 i 
 
 wards, or through any one Canal, is charged iid. per ton ; and 
 proportionately for one or more sections of any one Canal. 
 
 Vessels and freight passing less than one section is charged 
 for one section. (Sec Tabic, C<r,Ki(f. A/m., L'S5'), p. 73, 74.) 
 
 From 3Ir. Andrews llcport (p. 4o7-44.*j) wc make the fol- 
 lowing extracts, the importance of whicli will, we presume, 
 much more than compensate for their length. 
 
 ''There is no country which possesses Canals of the magni- 
 tude and importance of those in Canada. 
 
 The St. Lawrence Canal was designed for paddle-steamers ; 
 but from the magnitude of the llapids and their regular incli- 
 nation, the aid of the Locks is not required in descending the 
 river. Large steamers, drav/ing seven feet water, with passen- 
 gers and the mails, leave the foot of Lake Ontario in the 
 morning, and reach the wharves at Montreal by daylight, with- 
 out passing tlirough a single lock. At some of the llapids 
 there are obstacles preventing the descent of deeply-laden 
 craft, but the Government are about to give the main channel 
 in all the llapids a depth of ten feet water, when the wdiolc 
 descending trade by steam will keep the river, leaving the 
 Canals to the asccndino; craft. 
 
 The time required for the descent of a freight-steamer from 
 the head of Lake Ontario to Montreal is forty-eight hours ; 
 the rates of frei<2:ht have ranged from twelve-and-a-half cents 
 (the lowest) per barrel, for flour, to twenty-five cents, includ- 
 ing tolls. The upward trip requires about sixty hours, and the 
 freight per ton ranges from Si 50c. to $3 for heavy goods. The 
 ruling freight on Railroad iron last year (1851) from Montreal 
 to Cleveland was $2 50c. per gross ton, and for the return cargo 
 of flour thirty cents per barrel, tolls included in both cases. 
 
 These rates are yet fluctuating as the long voyage is new, 
 and are so much influenced by the amount of up-cargo ob- 
 tained, that they cannot jothe considered as settled. It is be- 
 lieved that the freight on flour from Lake Erie to Montreal 
 (including tolls) will be brought down to twenty cents, and on 
 iron up to S2." 
 
Spcakiiip; of the construction of a IShip-Cannl from the J>i. 
 Lawrence to Lake ('haniplaiii, so as to hrinjjj the propellers of 
 Chicau'o to IJurrmiiton and White-llall — whidi he doscrihcs as 
 contemplated — he says, ^' the construction of siudi a work must 
 ])ro(luec a corresponding enlargement of the Northern New 
 York Canal, whereupon there will he a connection ]»etween 
 Lake Krie and tide-water on the Hudson, via St. Lawrence, 
 vhich may be navigated, without transshii)ment, downward in 
 four, and upward in live days." 
 
 ''The returns of Trade on the Canadian Canals ^ivc indica- 
 tion of decided and satisflictory progress in the leading articles 
 of up and down freight." 
 
 The iJowu Trade of the AVelland included in 1850 and 
 1851, over and above all other articles — 
 
 AVheat in 1850, 3,2;12.080 bushels ; 1851, 4,820,aon 
 
 Corn '• 575,020 " " 1,553,800 
 
 rioui- " (]'.)ii, 120 barrels ; " 525,170 
 
 Coals '« 5,053 tons; *' 0,402 
 
 Hams, Lard, ami 
 
 Lard Oil '• 8,982,720 pounds ; " 8,485,120 
 
 These figures, it is stated, do not sliow the whole amount of 
 the increase, — the column for 1850 including the whole of the 
 Down Trade, while that for 1851 gives only the entries at Port 
 Colborne^ — " the whole down Trade not being attainable." 
 
 The Up-Trade in the articles under-named was as follows : 
 
 Railroad Iron 1850, 75,803,840 pounds ; in 1851, 150,784,320 
 
 Cast & Wrought Iron, 
 
 Nails and Spikes.. " 10,468,400 " " 20,003,700 
 
 General Merchandize " 17,958,080 " " 24,004,320 
 Sugar, Molasses, and 
 
 Coffee .' " 7,781,700 " " 10,350,320 
 
 Pig and Scrap Iron... ♦* 0,048,320 " " 14,519,080 
 
 The comparative movement of leading articles on the St. 
 Lawrence Canals for 1850 and 1851 was as follows: 
 
 DOWN-TRADE. 
 
 Flour in 1850, 043,352 barrels ; in 1851, 731,412 
 
 Wheat *' 415,510 busliels; " 054,731 
 
 Corn " 75,480 " " 122,310 
 
2lt 
 
 n tlic St. 
 pcllors of 
 >cribcs as 
 ork must 
 cni Now 
 between 
 awrence, 
 award in 
 
 inclica- 
 ^ r.rticlcs 
 
 550 and 
 
 ^2G, ncn 
 
 i53,H00 
 
 ;i2o,170 
 
 0,402 
 
 85,120 
 
 noiint of 
 Ic of tlic 
 ! at l*ort 
 jle." 
 
 Hows : 
 
 1,784,320 
 
 5,003,700 
 1,004,320 
 
 ), 350, 320 
 ,519,080 
 
 tlie St. 
 
 31,412 
 54,731 
 22,310 
 
 ri'-TUADE. 
 
 Rfiilroail h'uu in ISV), 30,170,4SO poiiiKls ; in 1851, 01,000,100 
 
 ri-fjunl Scrap hull.. " 22,077,110 «• '♦ 22,723,120 
 Wrouirlit Iron, NailH 
 
 Hii(i SpiUos " 20,742,400 " " 25,527,040 
 
 Stone, (Jliiss, nnu 
 
 Kiirtbenwarc " 4,07!».O4i> «' «« 5,723,838 
 
 Coal " 1,2.S2J tons ; »« 2,4r,H 
 
 General MorcluauU/.o " (No return) poumls ; " 28,913,020 
 
 ''A most decided proof','' ^'t> continue.^, '• of the success of 
 the Canadian Canals is to be found in he frequent and import- 
 ant rcducti(3ns which have been mndo lu Ihe tolls of the Krie 
 Caiud since liSio, the year in which tlic cnlaroed Wellund 
 Canal first came into serious competition with the route through 
 Hulfalo. The policy of the State of New York has been not 
 only to obtain the largest possible revenue from her Canals, 
 but also to protect her own manufactures and products against 
 competition from other (juarters ; and this she has been enabled 
 hitherto most eirectually to accomplish, by levying discriminat- 
 ing tolls. 'J'hus, foreign salt was excluded from the Western 
 States by a rate of toll about twice its whole value. The toll 
 upon this article in 184:5 was three cents per 1,000 lbs. per 
 mile, or $21-78 per ton of 2,000 lbs. (about 8-) per barrel) ; 
 while the toll upon New York State salt was only one-thirteenth 
 part of that upon the foreign article. In 184G (the first year 
 after the opening of the enlarged Welland Canal), the tolls on 
 foreign salt were reduced one half, and a still greater amount 
 on New York State salt. The next year a further reduction 
 of thirty-three per cent, took place ; and in 1850 the toll was 
 again reduced one-half, so that it is now only one-sixth the rate 
 charged in 1845; but it is still subject to a tax five times as 
 great as that paid by New Y^ork State salt. 
 
 " In like manner, railroad iron, in 1845, paid a toll of nine 
 mills ; in 184G, this was reduced to five mills ; in 1S50, to four 
 mills ; in 1851 to two-and-a-half mills ; and in 1852, to one- 
 and-a-half mills. Almost every other article of heavy goods 
 and merchandize for up-freight has likewise undergone frequent 
 
212 
 
 and heavy reductions in toll on the Erie Canal, since the Wcl-> 
 land and St. Lawrence came into competition witli it." 
 
 After noticing reductions on a multitude of otlier articles, 
 Mr. Andrews states that '' there can he no question hut that 
 the whole western country \vould have heen annually taxed, 
 both upon their exports and imports, a much larger sum than 
 is now paid by them, in order to swell the revenue of the Erie 
 Canal, had it not been for the healthful competition of the 
 Canadian works." 
 
 In the article of railroad iron alone, it is stated that the 
 
 "Western States are now saving over half a million of dollars 
 
 annually, in consequence of this Canadian competition. For 
 
 example, in 1851, the amount of this article which reached 
 
 Lake ]^]rie was : — 
 
 By Erie Canal to Buffalo 40,876,427 lbs. 
 
 By Welland Canal to Lake Erie. 150,784,320 lbs. 
 
 20^,m)^ lbs. 
 equal to 101,830 tons of 2,000 lbs. The reduction in toll was 
 thus 8553,955 20c. 
 
 By the late Hon. Tlobert Rantoul, jun., M.C., it was esti- 
 mated that for the five years next following 1851, the north- 
 vrest w^ill require 100,000 tons of llailroad iron annually. 
 
 The reduction on wheat and flour shipped eastward from the 
 West in 1851, amounted, from the same cause, to $512,830 as 
 compared with the tolls of 1845. 
 
 *' Thus the Eastern States, in their imports of three articles 
 from the West, as well as the western ones, in their importa- 
 tion of one article from the East, have each obtained a reduc- 
 tion of transit dues amounting to over half a million of dollars, 
 which is mainly to be ascribed to the construction of the Ship- 
 Canals of Canada." 
 
 From the same cause a diversion has taken place of the 
 western trade from Buffalo to Oswego, by which, according to 
 the statement of the auditor of the New York Canal depart- 
 ment, in his lleport for 1850, the rever.ues of the Canal have 
 been " considerably affected." 
 
 N( 
 
 \hh 
 
218 
 
 tiic Wcl- 
 
 >7 
 
 ' articles, 
 but tliat 
 
 ly taxed, 
 
 sum than 
 tlic Erie 
 
 )U of tlic 
 
 that the 
 of dollars 
 on. For 
 L reached 
 
 lbs. 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 in toll was 
 
 was esti- 
 the iiorth- 
 lally. 
 
 cl from the 
 )12,830 as 
 
 L'ce articles 
 ir importa- 
 jd a reduc- 
 of dollars, 
 • the Ship- 
 ace of the 
 3Cording to 
 nal depart- 
 Canal have 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 i aiia(i;i bids fair to stand as prc-cuiliicni ere loup; i'ov her ^ 
 iUiilroad couimunications, as she is ackno-vvlcdgcd to do already 
 for her Canals. Though not the oldest, the Grand Trunk Lino 
 is entitled to be noticed first on account both of its magnitude 
 and importance. Including the Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
 Line, of which it has lately obtained a lease, its length, when 
 completed, will be 1,112 miles. Three hundred and ninety- 
 two miles of this Road is already in operation, viz., from Port- 
 land to Montreal 292 miles, and 100 from the Richmond 
 Junction to Point Levi or Versailles, opposite Quebec. " Ry 
 the 1st of September next the Contractors are under engagc- 
 )Hent to have in operation 1G5 miles additional, and by the 1st 
 of October 130 miles more, makim«; a total of 295 ndles to be 
 opened in 1855," thereby bringing the Grand Trunk up to 
 087 miles. ^' In 1850, IGO miles further will certairdy bo 
 completed. This will complete a Railway link, via Canada, 
 between Maine and MichiLran. Detroit will be distant from 
 the Forest City 872 miles by this route, which is at least 
 50 miles less than by the way of New York, and as the whoh.; 
 line will be under one continuous system of management, pas- 
 sengers or freight will necessarily be carried cheaper and more 
 expeditiously than by any series of lines not possessing the ad- 
 vantages of combination and continuity. The remaining 257 
 miles, being perhaps the least important sections, and the con- 
 struction of which will admit of delay with least inconvenience 
 to Canada, will be undertaken as soon as the money market be- 
 comes easier ; but under any circumstances, the Contractors are 
 under obligations to complete all the Lines, and the Victoria 
 Bridge, not later than the 1st of January, 1800." (American 
 Railroad Journal, January, 1855, — from State of Maine 
 Newspaper.) 
 
 The American Railroad Journal describes the portion of 
 this Road which runs throniih the State of Maine as ndmira- 
 
214 
 
 *oly constvucted. Its earnings for tlic week ending July 22cl, 
 lS54j were ^?l 5,550 58c. From the 1st of January, 1854, 
 tliey had been 8405,028 75c. 
 
 [The mileage expected to be open for traffic by the autumn of 
 the present year is, according to Sir Cusack P. Roney, 643. 
 ^' This summer, trains will run from Quebec to Boston, via 
 Portland (421 miles) in fifteen hours. Last summer it took, 
 by the then existing routes, thirty-seven hours to perform the 
 same dist^ince." The opening of the section of the Road be- 
 tween Montreal and Brockville (expected to take place by Sep- 
 tendjcr next), "will convert a journey of twenty -four hours 
 against stream, and of eleven hours with the current, into one 
 of about four and a half hours." On the completion of the 
 Grand Trunin, Toronto will be reached in twelve or thirteen 
 hours from Montreal (the distance by Railway being 333 
 miles) ; and Hamilton in from fourteen to fifteen hours. In 
 consequence of the opening of the Line between Montreal and 
 Portland, the country is already filling up rapidly between these 
 cities, large clearances have taken place, " and villages are 
 springing up adjacent to the numerous rivers and streams 
 wdiich run in the vicinity of the Line. 28 saw-mills have 
 cdready been built, and others are either planned or in course 
 of construction. Those now existing are, when in full opera- 
 tion, capable, for the greater part of the year, of sawing 
 500,000 feet a day, all of which will be conveyed on the Rail- 
 way. Allowing each of these mills to cut treble their present 
 amount, it is calculated that it will take 70 years to clear the 
 timber lands in the vicinity of the line ; and with cleared lands 
 Avill come increased settlement, population, and traffic." 
 
 The traffic receipts, in sterling, were for the 
 
 "Half-year ending 31st December, 1853, £54,015. 
 " " " July, 1854, 72,831. 
 
 " " " December, " 07,017. 
 
 The receipts for the first thirteen weeks of 1854 were, 
 £20,550. For the first thirteen weeks of 1855 they were, 
 jG38,S52, — showing an increase of £0,202 in that period." 
 
 tor; 
 
 thr 
 
 the 
 or a 
 this 
 Can 
 
 (',■ 
 
 the 
 Fill 
 tlin 
 Fall 
 
July 22a, 
 1, 1854, 
 
 mtumn of 
 ncy, 643. 
 )ston, via 
 er it took, 
 erform the 
 3 Road be- 
 ce by Scp- 
 four hours 
 t, into one 
 tion of the 
 
 )r thirteen 
 
 • 000 
 jcniGi; 000 
 
 [lOurs. In 
 
 ontreal and 
 
 Aveen these 
 
 'illages are 
 
 nd streams 
 
 -mills have 
 
 )r in course 
 
 L full opera- 
 
 of sawing 
 
 m the Hail- 
 
 leir present 
 
 to clear the 
 
 eared lauds 
 
 lic/^ 
 
 4,015. 
 2,831. 
 7,917. 
 
 1854 were, 
 they were, 
 period. 
 
 7; 
 
 215 
 
 "The poi)ulation on and within If) miles of the Glrand 
 Trunk llailway is about a million and a-half, and is rapidly in- 
 creasing." Making the most ample allowance for competition ])y 
 water, the average contribution of each resident within its 
 influence (found to amount in the case of the United >^tates 
 Hallways to 12s. Gd. per annum) " can fairly be estimated for 
 the Grand Trunk at 8s. a-head, which will give an annual in- 
 come from this source of £000,000." 
 
 Sir Cusack Honey's llcport to the London Board of Direc- 
 tors, bearing date London, IGth April, 1855, given in the 
 Toronto Leader of May 30th, 1855."] 
 
 The Victoria Bridge, by which the Grand Trunk is to cross 
 the St. Lawrence at Montreal, will be " one of the most stupen- 
 dous and imposing works in the world." Its total length is to 
 be 7,000 feet, consisting of twenty-four spans of 242 feet each, 
 with one of 330 over the Navigable Channel of the Iliver, at 
 at an elevation of GO feet above the summer water level. Mr. 
 Boss, the Eny-ineer, describes it as consistinir of a " wrouiiht- 
 iron box, 20 feet deep, IG feet wide, and about 7,000 feet in 
 length ', supported at intervals of about 2G0 feet, by towers of 
 stone, and open at both ends to admit of the trains passing 
 through it, and made of sufficient strength to carry six times 
 the heaviest load hitherto known to travel on Bailways in this 
 or any other country." Its estimated cost is £1,400,000. Of 
 this work, the undertaking of which by a country so young as 
 Canada must be admitted to give evidence of a very large 
 amount of spirit, a considerable portion is already in a state of 
 forwardness. [Canaduiii Joitrnal, June, 1854.) 
 
 Next in importance to the Grand Trunk conies the Great 
 Western, which runs from AVindsor, on the Canadinn side of 
 the Detroit Iliver, opposite the city of that name, to Niagara 
 Balls, where it connects by a gigantic Suspension Bridge 
 thrown across the Niagara Biver, about two miles below the 
 Falls, with the System of Bailways in the State of New York, 
 
21G 
 
 wliieli run from Lake Ontariu towards tlio tide-wator of tho 
 Hudson Jtiver. (^Amer. RallroadJoarnal, J any., 1855.) 
 
 The Suspension liridg'e above alluded to consists of a sinulo 
 span 800 feet in Icngtli, elevated 18 feet on the Canadian, and 
 28 on the American side, above the surface of the bank, being 
 the same height above the passenger Bridge previously exist- 
 ing. It forms a "straight hollow beam of 200 feet wide, and 
 18 deep, composed of top, bottom, and sides. The upper floor, 
 which supports the Ilailroad, is 2-1 feet wide between the rail- 
 ings, and suspended to two wire cables assisted by 18 wire-rope 
 stays. The lower floor is 19 feet wide, and 15 in the clear, 
 connected with the upper one by vertical trusses, and suspended 
 on two other cables, which have 10 feet more deflection than 
 the upper ones.'^ The anchorage is formed by eight shafts 
 sunk 25 feet deep into the rock, and so secured that they can- 
 not be drawn up without lifting the whole rock to a considera- 
 ble extent. The cables, 9} inches in diameter, are formed of 
 twisted iron wire, each of them consisting of 3,390 wires of 
 No. 10. The strength of the 18 wire-rope stays is equivalent 
 to 1,440 wires. The whole number employed are 1,500. 
 '^ The compact, hard limestone, used in the masonry of the 
 towers,'' is calculated to bear a " pressure of 500 ton upon 
 every foot square." The weight of the Bridge is as follows : 
 
 We^dit of Timber 910,130 lbs. 
 
 Wrought Iron and Suspenders... 113,120 '■'■ 
 
 Castirigs 44,332 " 
 
 Hails 00,740 " 
 
 Cables between Towers 534,400 ' ' 
 
 1,678,722 lbs. 
 
 Including weight of structure, the aggregate maximum 
 weight to be borne amounts to 1,273 tons. (^Canadian Jour,, 
 August, 1S54.) 
 
 So perfect is this work that T saw it stated in the newspapers 
 a few days since, that even amidst the high winds which we 
 have had lately, there was hardly any perceptible vi})ration of 
 the J5ridge. 
 
 I 
 
w 
 
 tuv of tlio 
 
 S55.) 
 
 uf ;i siimlo 
 ladiaii, and 
 
 auk, being 
 msly cxist- 
 t wide, and 
 upper floor, 
 en the rail- 
 8 wire-rope 
 1 the clear, 
 
 suspended 
 ection than 
 iight shafts 
 t they can- 
 L considera- 
 
 forined of 
 90 wires oi' 
 I equivalent 
 are 1,500. 
 mry of tlic 
 ) ton upon 
 s follows : 
 
 lbs. 
 
 u 
 a 
 a 
 
 lbs. 
 
 maximum 
 ian Jour., 
 
 newspapers 
 ^ which wo 
 dbration of 
 
 I 
 
 •217 
 
 The particulars which follov/ we collect from a '' Statement 
 of Accounts and Report of the Directors of the Great AVestern 
 llailway," presented to Parliament, and '^ordered by the Legis- 
 lative Assembly to be printed, 20th October, 18r34." 
 
 " The Gross Traffic for seven months, from the 1st January 
 to the 31st July, was £150,105 lis. 8d., which, after deduct 
 ing working expenses and all interest on bonds and borrowed 
 money, leaves a sum of £37,479 8s. 6d. available for dividend 
 on the share capital, from which the Directors recommend that 
 a dividend be now declared of three per cent, up to the 31st 
 of July, 1854, which will leave a surplus to be carried to the 
 credit of the current half year of £457 18s. Gd. . . The Line 
 may be said to have been practically in operation for less than 
 six months, up to the 31st July, 1854." "When the Report 
 was given in, the number of engines received or under contract 
 was 5G. There had been received 409 cars of all sorts, and 
 71G were under contract — in all 1,502. The total cost of the 
 line had been £3,457,345 4s. 2d.— a balance of £493,121 I8s. 
 2d. standing against the Company — occasioned by the large 
 extent to which the actual had exceeded the estimated cost of 
 the work, in consequence partly of the great rise in the price 
 both of material and labour, and partly of the unanticipated 
 uitficulties which had to be contended with in the construction.'' 
 The cost of 24 miles of the Line from Hamilton, westward, 
 exclusive of land, rolhng stock, ka., was " £21,500 currency, 
 per mile." Owing to the rise which has taken place in the 
 price of land, the quantity re((uired by the Road, including 
 necessary additions over the original estimate, cost £175,000 
 currency, instead of £20,000. On January 27th, 1854, the 
 last portion of the Road, that, to wit, from London to Wind- 
 sor — 110 miles — was opened. The entire length, all of which 
 is open, is 241 J miles. By trains of all sorts there had been 
 run up to 31st July, 1854, a mileage of 2,927,137i The 
 number of passengers going westward had been 87,747 i — 
 73,844 local, and 12,903.1 foreign. Going westward, they had 
 been 123,181— consisting of 8i,347^ local, 13,409 emigrants, 
 
luid 2S,oG5 foreign. Among the things earned over the road 
 we find reported : 1:?,55T,000 feet of tindjor, 53,074 barrels of 
 flour, oO,!J4G:j bags of wlicat and corn, and 2o,1'jC)J of oatn. 
 A few days ago we saw it stated in the newspapers that flour 
 was passing over it almost daily, on its way from the State of 
 Iowa to New York. 
 
 [The traffic receipts of the Great AVestcrn, between January 
 1S54 and January 1855, were — 
 
 Passengers £240,507 10 2} 
 
 Mails and Sundries 10,904 10 11^- 
 
 Freio-ht and Live Stock.... 81,291 19 4 
 
 
 Total £344,824 12 
 
 (Mr. Widder's Pamphlet, p. 24.) 
 
 Two steamers (the America and the Canada), unsurpassed, 
 if not unequalled on the Lakes, have recently been placed by 
 the Great Western Company on the route between Hamilton 
 and Oswego. It is to be hoped that the enterprise thus ex- 
 hibited will prove as profitable to its authors as it is honorable 
 both to them and the country. A few evenings ago I had the 
 pleasure of making the trip between Hamilton and this City 
 (Toronto) by one of these floating palaces in something less 
 than 21 hours. The whole time required between London and 
 Toronto — per Ilailway and Steamer — is only about sis hours.] 
 
 Early next year, if not sooner, the Ilamilfon and Toronto 
 Hoad — 40 miles in length — will be opened, connecting at the 
 latter city with the Grand Trunk Line by a Station common to 
 both, as well as to the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Ilailway. 
 
 This latter line runs for the first 50 miles due north from 
 Toronto to Lake Simcoe, skirting for a few miles the southern 
 shore of the lake. It then traverses the country between the 
 Simcoe Lake and the Georgian Bay (the eastern '^vtrcmity of 
 Lake Huron) to Collingwood, the distance of wliich IVom To- 
 ronto is 90 miles, — now open. 
 
 According to the Report of the Directors of this Iload, pre- 
 
7 
 
 • the road 
 barrels of 
 I of oats, 
 that flour 
 e State of 
 
 I J; 
 
 aniiary 
 
 , •> 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 3t, p. 24.) 
 
 surpassed, 
 placed by 
 Hamilton 
 3 thus cx- 
 lionorable 
 I had the 
 this City 
 thing less 
 >ndon and 
 is hours.] 
 
 :l Toronto 
 ag at the 
 3mmon to 
 ailway. 
 
 orth from 
 
 southern 
 
 twceu the 
 
 rcmity of 
 
 from To- 
 
 -oad, prc- 
 
 210 
 
 Hcntcd to the Proprietors, IMonday, Hth July, 1851-, the cost 
 up to that time had been cCT02,r)S() Is. od. — including : 
 
 Original Contract .CoTO,!";") 5 
 
 Supplementary Contract : 
 
 1. Locomotive Stock no,G^>0 10 f) 
 
 2. (ieneraUlollini; Stock ol^Odl. 10 8 
 
 o. Way Station Service 0,170 10 (> 
 
 4. Terminal Depot Service 5,045 10 4 
 
 5. Harbor Service 18,220 17 4 
 
 (3. Steamboat Service 4,753 lo 
 
 [Mr. Cumberland's Report of 10th July, 1855, makes the 
 total expense thus far, in the Engineer's Department, 
 c£Sl2,022 10s. Gd. — all the contracts, with the exception of 
 that for Collingwood harbour, being closed.] 
 
 3Ir. Brunei, the Superintendent of the lload, states in his 
 lleport to the Directors, that ^'by connecting the Navigation of 
 the Lakes, by spanning the Isthmus of Canada, at the nar- 
 rowest point, it shortens the aggregate distance between Lake 
 Michigan and the Atlantic Cities some 300 miles, avoids the 
 tedious navigation of the St. Clair Flats, over which vessels 
 arc usually lighted, and saves the Tolls, expenses and delays 
 incident to the Wellaud Canal, by the introduction of but 00 
 miles of Railway." 
 
 It results from this,'' Mr. Brunei continues, " that, as com- 
 pared with the usual course of trade by the Lakes, the route 
 over this road, from JVcw YorJc to Chlca</o, will effect a saving 
 of three days in time j and reckoning the cost by the rates 
 given in M^ Alpine's Report" (on the Canals of the State of 
 New York, for 1853), " and adding thereto the Welland Canal 
 Tolls, an average tariff of S2 32c. per ton can be charged over 
 the road, still leaving a margin of 18 cents per ton to meet the 
 cost of transhipment, being at the rate of 25 miles per ton per 
 mile, exclusive of the cost of loading and unloading." *' As 
 compared with the route by way of Buffalo and the J^]rie Canal, 
 an equal saving in time, as above mentioned, is effected, and 
 after charging the above named rates . . an advantage of 50 
 
220 
 
 ecnts per ton ■will accrue to tlic owners of the frcij^lit." — 
 In tlie Appendix to tlio above Ileport (A), it is stated 
 that where the whole savinu: of time which can be ciFectcd 
 between Osweu'o and Chicaa-o by cros.sinii; the Peniu; uhi of 
 Michigan by the Southern Michigan llailwuy (in connec- 
 tion with the \Ycliand (Ainal and Lake Eric) amounts only to 
 seven hours — the one route occupying 100 hours and the other 
 107 — the increased cost of freight will be So 5c. per ton. 
 
 Through means of the Georgian Bay and the Straits of Mac- 
 kinaw^ the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron l\oad is brought into 
 easy connection at once with Lake ^Michigan and with Green 
 ]?ay ; from which latter it is connected with the L^pper Missis- 
 sippi liiver by the Fox Iliver and Green Bay navigation, now 
 completed, or nearly so. A Railway (the Green Bay and Min- 
 nesota llailroad) is chartered, which will connect it with St. 
 Paul, the capital of Minnesota, by a direct line, which will re- 
 duce the distance, as compared with the present route, from 
 750 miles to 210. Six Light-houses arc now under contract 
 by the Government on the Georgian Bay and its northern and 
 southern channels to Lake Huron, by which the safety of the 
 navigation will be greatly increased. With Lake Superior and 
 the country bordering on it, this road is brought into connection 
 through means of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal, ready to be 
 opened in spring, if not even now open [since opened]. Both 
 for goods and passengers it will thus afford an advantageous 
 means of communication with the Lake Superior country, and 
 with Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. 
 
 Collin gwood, the northern terminus of this Iload on Lake 
 Huron, will, it is stated, be reached in 22 hours from New 
 York, and in 28 hours from Boston. '^ Thence the traveller can 
 be conveyed to IMilwaukie in 84 hours, though a navigation of 
 which 200 miles is as safely sheltered as the Hudson or St. 
 Lawrence rivers, and through which the scenery is infinitely 
 superior to either ; thus, Milwaukie can be reached in 5G hours, 
 by a route so agreeably diversified by changes from steamboat 
 to railroad as to aff'ord every desirable rest and refreshment." 
 
2JI 
 
 is stated 
 )0 cflfoctcd 
 iun..->ula of 
 [\ coniicc- 
 its only to 
 
 I the othov 
 r ton. 
 
 its of iM:lc- 
 ouglit into 
 k'itli Green 
 per Missis- 
 xition, now 
 y and Min- 
 it with St. 
 icli will re- 
 Diitc, from 
 cr contract 
 rtlicra and 
 fcty of the 
 iperior and 
 connection 
 ady to be 
 id]. Both 
 vantac;eoiis 
 untry, and 
 mcsota. 
 d on Lake 
 from New 
 ■aveller can 
 vigation of 
 [son or St. 
 is infinitely 
 
 II 5G hours, 
 L steamboat 
 reshment." 
 
 Oil Ihe completion of tlie Hallway from Crecn J]ay to St. raiii, 
 the latter place, it is stated, may be reached by the Ontario, 
 Simcoe, and Huron llailroad in GO hours from New York, 10(5 
 being rc([uired by other lines, even by express trains. Though 
 requiring now three days to reach it from Chicago, it will then 
 be brought, it is averred, within tv*'o days of Toronto. It is 
 affirmed that the transit to and from the eastern cities will, by 
 this route, be shortened, as compared with any other, by from 
 three to five days. 
 
 The number of passengers carried by the Ontario, Simcoe, 
 and Huron Railrixid (though till within a few weeks a consi- 
 derablo portion of it remained uncompleted), between the 15tli 
 May, 1(S53, when 80 miles of it were opened, and the oOth 
 June, 1854 (the days worked being o.5o), was 100,391 adults; 
 o,512 children; S,038 carried free for construction. The 
 amount of freight was o7,13:^ tons; and the earnings £29,50(1 
 lOs 7ld. 
 
 Retracing our steps to the east, certain lines now claim no- 
 tice, which run north and south, and which may be considered 
 as feeders to the great arterial railway system, that runs from 
 cast to west throughout nearly the entire extent of the Province. 
 Nearest to Montreal, and having its terminus in that city, is 
 the Montreal and Bytown (Ottawa City) Railway. The latter 
 is the capital of the Ottawa territory, and through it the river 
 of the same name flows, having in its basin 80,000 miles of 
 forest wood, from wdiich the markets of Europe are supplied 
 with the finest timber in the world. The total length of this 
 line will be 120 miles, but at present only 13 miles, in the 
 centre, are in operation, which were opened last September. 
 
 At about 25 miles west from Montreal, the Grand Trunk 
 Railway crosses the Ottawa by a bridge, which yields only to 
 the Victoria Brid!2e in extent and grandeur. Just to the west 
 of this bridge, it is proposed that another line shall start from 
 the north, to be carried on, in the first instance, to Bytown; 
 with ulterior objects, one of which is stiid to be a nearly direct 
 line from that city to Lake Iluruu. 
 
 I 
 
'>.»•; 
 
 I'rcscMiit, 120 miles from IMontrciil by railw.-iy dist'tnec, re,- 
 coivos tlu! ]>ylu-\vii and I'rcscott Ivaihvjiy, opt'iicd j^oino tlitir 
 since, Y>liicli liiis a Icnptli of r)0 miles. Avitli a coiirso dnv. norlli 
 and Houtli. 
 
 At ]]rockvillc, 1') miles west (sf Treseolt, tlio ]]voekviI]e aii'l 
 Ottawa llailway falls into the (jraud Trunk. 8omc liO miles 
 of this Ivaihvay will he opened for trallie in September, 18."),"), 
 that is, simultaneously with the openini;' of the section of the 
 Grand Trunk (125 miles lon^o:) from Montreal to Broekville. 
 The total length of the Ijrockvillc and Ottawa lino will bo l^O 
 miles, and that company lias also the idea of hereafter connect- 
 ing the Ottawa wdth Georgian Bay, by a line taking a course 
 some GO or 70 miles north of the route proposed to start from 
 Ottawa city. 
 
 The next trilmtary of the Grand Trunk is the Cobourg and 
 Peterborough — 140 miles west of l>rockville — 28 miles in 
 length — already in operation, and having an amount of traffic, 
 which could hardly have been anticipated by its promoters. 
 Built as this road has been, almost exclusively by the people of 
 Cobourg (about 5000), it reflects high credit on their spirit and 
 vigor. 
 
 Port Hope, another very flourishing town, is about to be 
 connected with the back country, th'ougli means of the Port 
 Hope and Lindsay llailway, oG miles in length — the works of 
 which are in progress. 
 
 Proceeding west, we reacli Toronto, wiicre tlic Ontario, 
 Simcoc, and Huron, already described, comes in. In regard to 
 that city, the following language is used by a committee of 
 gentlemen appointed to meet a deputation from tlie Green Bay 
 and Minnesota Bailroad : — '' The railways already constructed 
 to the mouth of the Niagara River have placed Toronto within 
 sixteen hours travel of New York city ; the construction of the 
 Grand Trunk llailway will \}hcQ it as near the Earopean 'ports, 
 iclicnce immi<jration and coimnerce cliicjli/ proceed y as the lasl 
 named, citij is ; while the St. Lawrence navigation places it 
 during tlie open season within a cheaper distance of them." 
 

 istanc'c, re • 
 
 some tlnu 
 
 ij duo iioiili 
 
 jckvillc aii'l 
 nc oO miUs 
 uljcr, 18.')."), 
 L'tiou of tlie 
 
 Erockville. 
 
 ^vill l)c 1:^0 
 'tcr connect- 
 in o- a course 
 start from 
 
 ^obourg ami 
 18 miles in 
 mt of traffic, 
 ; promoters. 
 ;bo people of 
 air spirit and 
 
 about to be 
 
 of the ]^n•t 
 
 tlic works of 
 
 tlie Ontario. 
 
 In regard to 
 committee of 
 .c Green I'ay 
 Y constructed 
 :)ronto witbin 
 L'uction of the 
 ropean ports, 
 (1, as the Jai^t 
 /ion places it 
 
 of them." 
 
 [" If/"' says Sir (!. P. lioney, ^'tlic immonsu ti lice biii:*- 
 iions of wbicb these J\ail\vays (tlie (.J rand Trunk, < rem \Vt ;- 
 crn, and Ontario, Sinicoe, and Uuron) are susceptible, be i-;.'*- 
 ried into citect, the business in freight and passengers that will 
 pass through that city (Toronto) will be enormous, for here 
 will be the junction of the great main railway artery of the east 
 with that running south-west towards Hamilton andJ)ctroit; 
 with the western continuation of the Grand Trunk line to Sar- 
 nia; and also with the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron line.''] 
 
 The most westerly line in Canada open for traffic having a 
 north and south direction, is the Buffalo, Ih'antford, and G ode- 
 rich llailway, which connects ]>ufralo and the State of New 
 York with Lake Huron at Goderich, by a line of IGO miles in 
 length, which saves, as compared with the water route of Lake 
 Ih'ie and the rivers Detroit and St. Clair, full 400 miles. It 
 also, by its connection with the G reat Western at Paris, places 
 Buffalo within eight hours of Detroit, which is less than half 
 the time it requires to go between these two cities by the mag- 
 nilicent steamers on Lake Erie. At Stratford, 90 miles west 
 of Toronto, this Bailway is meant to cross the Grand Trunk 
 line, and at this point it will divide the traffic flowing from 
 Lakes Huron and Supericn*, by sending that intended for the 
 United States to Buffalo, and that for Canada and Portland 
 over the Grand Trunk Bailway. Eighty miles of this impor- 
 tant line, from opposite Buffalo to Paris, are in operation. If 
 the necessary funds can be obtained, the opening of the re- 
 mainder will not bo long in following. 
 
 The Erie and Ontario llailway, built by the enterprise of 
 Samuel Zimmerman, Escp, by birth an American, runs for a 
 distance of 17 miles from Chippewa, 15 miles below Buffalo, 
 along the side of the Niagara Biver, passing within a stone's 
 throw of the Falls, to the town of Niagara, situated near the 
 mouth of the river — descending some 800 feet in a distance of 
 four or five miles. 
 
 A line about 30 miles in length, to run from London to 
 Port Stanley, on Lake Erie, opposite to Cleaveland, has made 
 
 K 
 
224 
 
 suiuo proirres.s, and will, it is hoped, bo opened in 1S55 or 
 1850. 
 
 Three llailroads in the Jvnstcrn portion of the I'rovinee re- 
 main yet to be noticed, vi/., the St. Ljiwrcneo and Chauiplain 
 — the oldest of our lloads, 41) miles long, running from the 
 south .side of the 8t. Ltiwrence, ojipo.site IMontreal to House's 
 Point, on Lake Champlain, where the American boundary 
 meets it; the Montreal and New York llailway, which extends 
 for a lcnii:th of about 30 miles on the .south side of tlie 8t. 
 Lawrence, between Whitehall and I'lattsburg; and the La- 
 chine Hallway, extending for a length of nine miles between 
 the City of Montreal and the village of Lachine, where it 
 meets the lliver navigation, and also connects by ferry with 
 the St. Lawrence and Champlain. The first of these Heads — 
 the St. Lawrence and Champlain — connects at House's Point 
 with the Canadian and A^ermout Junction Hailroad, whicli, 
 by the series of lines in the States of Vermont, Ma.«.sachusettes 
 and New York, leads to ]>oston, Xew York and other cities of 
 those States on the Atlantic coast. This Hoad and the Mon- 
 treal and New York have amalgamated, or arc about to do so. 
 
 On the Heads of whieli we have given this rapid sketch, 
 about £11,000,000 sterling— say $54',000,000— are stated to 
 have been already expended. *' Hy the close of the year 185G, 
 Canada may fairly calculate upon having about 2,000 miles of 
 fully e(|uipped Hallway, which will cost her about £18,000,000 
 sterling, or say $40,000 per mile." (^Amcr. Railirat/ Jour., 
 January 1855.) 
 
 Besides the above there are several other Heads chartered, 
 some of which are under construction; but the space we have 
 already occupied with our Hallways forbids our doing more 
 than naming them. The Heads in question are the Hawdoii 
 and Industry — 20 miles in length ; the Montreal and Stanstead 
 106 miles ; the Quebec and Trois Pistoles — 145 miles ; the 
 Peterborough and Belleville — 50 miles ; the Peterborough and 
 Gloucester Bay — GO miles ; the Peterborough and Toronto — 
 75 miles; the Toronto and Guelph (constructing) — 47 miles; 
 
>•! »FTT 
 
 225 
 
 I L'^oa or 
 
 rovinec n - 
 Clwiuiplaiu 
 ; t'roiu tlio 
 to House V 
 
 bouiulary 
 icli cxtcudH 
 
 of ilie St. 
 ikI tho La- 
 cs between 
 ic, •\vlicro it 
 ■ ferry witli 
 ;so Houds — 
 niso's Point 
 oatl, wliicli, 
 ssaclmsettes 
 licr cities of 
 id the Mon- 
 )ut to do so. 
 apid sketch, 
 re stated to 
 c year 1850, 
 000 miles oi' 
 
 18,000,000 
 licay Jour., 
 
 Is chartered, 
 )ace we have 
 
 doing more 
 the Rawdou 
 lid Stanstead 
 
 miles ; the 
 borough and 
 d Toronto — 
 ) — 47 miles; 
 
 the (jiuelph and Stratford — 10 miles ; the Stratford and Sar- 
 nia — 75 mile-*; the CJalt Junction (oom])letcd) — lo miles; 
 the Gait and (lUelph — 1(> miles ; and the Thorold and St. Cu- 
 therlncs — in part under construction. 
 
 Some of these may possiibly be rciinrpiibhed ; but the prttba- 
 bility is that most of them will be proceeded with. It is ex- 
 pected that several of them will be completed at no very distant 
 day. 
 
 AVhcre, may wo not fairly ask, is the country to be found 
 which stands before Canada in her means of transport? Con- 
 necting together the facts adduced in this Essay in regard to 
 the position of the St. Lawrence with respect to the European 
 Ports, and the character of its navigation ; in regard to our 
 Canals, surpassed nowhere — if any where ecpialled ; our 
 splendid inland seas — with their coast of 5,000 miles and 
 more; and our noble Hallways : is not the conchision irresistible 
 tliut the tide both of commerce and travel between the sea- 
 board and the reu'ions of tho AVest and North must ere lonsi; 
 direct its course through our country ? This it must neces- 
 sarily have done, had Keciprocity continued to bo denied us. 
 But the fact of our having now obtained that will accelerate 
 this result, because it will encourage our neighbours, who are 
 too shrewed to deprive themselves of an important advantage 
 fairly within their reach, to unite "with us in making the best 
 of the facilities with which we are so largely favoured. Already 
 wc have evidence of their disposition io do this, and wo shall 
 ere lonii; doubtless have more. 
 
 The London fShipj-n'iij Gar.eftc of January 2nd, in an article 
 headed ^' English Trade with America," states that a commu- 
 nication had been received from an intelligent corrcsjiondeutat 
 C'hicago, who " points out the desirability of direct conmmni- 
 cation with Europe through the St. Lawrence, instead of, as at 
 present, through the Erie Canal. ^' Their correspondent in- 
 forms them that a person had arrived there ^' on a mission from 
 Liverpool to open business connections in the various Lake 
 Cities, and especially in Chicago, and to arrange for a line of 
 
226 
 
 propellers between tliat Port and Montreal.'^ ^' AVc observe in 
 the Balhj Frcsa of Chicago," says the l^b'tor, " an advertise- 
 ment requiring first-cLiss ships lor Liverpool, Glasgow, and 
 Cork, and it seems quite clear that a direct communication 
 with European Ports will shortly be carried on. Chicago mer- 
 chants wdll, ere long, import their European goods direct from 
 Europe without change of bottom or the breakage of bulk — 
 and transport to foreign markets in the same way such products 
 of the country as there may be a demand for, without the ex- 
 pense and trouble of shifting cargo. It remains to bo seen 
 whether our merchants and shipowners cannot devote some 
 attention to this trade, and share in the profit.'' After a sketch 
 of the growth of the Lake Trade, it is added, just before the 
 passage we have quoted, ^' this is a field well deserving of 
 greater attention from British merchants." {^Culonlst, Feb. 2.) 
 
 Stronger testimony to the superiority of the St. Lawrence 
 route could not w^ell be conceived than such a movement as 
 that described and urued above. 
 
 There is a circumstance which is specially flivourable to th(; 
 immigrant from Europe — the fact, to wit, that the certainty of 
 a return cargo from Quebec puts it in the power of the shipper 
 to that port to bring himself, his family and his goods across 
 the Atlantic at a more moderate rate than he can bo brought 
 to any of the American ports. From Quebec he can be con- 
 veyed for a sum comparatively small to Toronto — whence, if he 
 choose to take up his abode among us, he can be carried 
 cheaply and without loss of time to his destination. Should 
 he, on the other hand, have his mind made up to try his for- 
 tune in the far West, then, according to his pleasure, or the 
 particular locality towards which his steps are directed, he may 
 proceed by Lewiston and Buffalo, or by the Great Western to 
 Detroit, or by the Ontario, Simcoc and Huron to Green Bay, 
 or liake Superior. 
 
 In the CUobi: of to-day (Feb. 10th, 1855) it is announced 
 that arrangements have just been nnide by the Directors of the 
 Northern Piailroad (Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron) for the run- 
 
 niiT 
 form 
 T 
 
 of 81 
 
 IIU! { 
 
 five 
 requ 
 are d 
 
observe in 
 L advcrtisc- 
 scow, and 
 inunication 
 dcago mer- 
 direct from 
 
 of bulk — 
 c'li products 
 out the cx- 
 to bo seen 
 cvotc some 
 'ter a skctcli 
 b before tlie 
 eserving of 
 St, Ych. 2.) 
 b. La^Yrcnee 
 lOYCincnt as 
 
 rable to the 
 certainty of 
 
 tlic shipper 
 ^oods across 
 
 bo brought 
 
 can be con- 
 rhcnce, if he 
 be carried 
 3n. Should 
 ) try his for- 
 isure, or the 
 cted, he may 
 ) Western to 
 
 Green Buy, 
 
 s announced 
 
 2ctors of tlic 
 
 for the run- 
 
 227 
 
 idno- of a line of steamers between Collini-wood " and all the 
 principal ports on Lake Michigan." Four vessels, described as 
 being of superior character, viz., the Lady Elgin, the Key- 
 stone State, the Louisiana and the Queen City, have been 
 chartered. Their length is from 250 to 280 feet, and they 
 have engines enabling them to make " from 12 to IG miles per 
 hour. They have capacity for from 4,000 to 5,000 barrels 
 of freight under hatches, besides their supply of fuel for a trip 
 of 1,000 miles. They are fitted out in the best and most com- 
 fortable manner, having been first class boats in the Lake Eric 
 passenger trade, and have saloons the whole length of the 
 upper deck, with state-rooms for 300 passengers, besides nur- 
 series and berths on the main deck for children and servants. 
 They are peculiarly well adapted for a route over which emi- 
 grants are expected to pass in large numbers, from the excel- 
 lent accommodation provided on the lower deck for second class 
 passengers, rooms being fitted up so that families can be kept 
 separate ; and forward, there is still another department for 
 steerage or third class passengers.'' ^'It is certain,'' it is 
 added, ''^ that by means of these vessels, a tri-wcckly connec- 
 tion will be formed between Collin gwood and all the principal 
 ports on Lake Michigan — Milwaukie, Hacine, and to Chicago. 
 A tri-weekly communication will also be secured with Sault 
 Ste. Marie, and when the Canal is opened, connections will be 
 formed with vessels running to the mines." " Boats are now 
 being built by the people of Green ]5ay, which will supply a 
 connection with our Northern Line." 
 
 [The above line is now (4tli July) in full operation, meet- 
 ing the best anticipations which could reasonably have been 
 formed of it.] 
 
 This, we conceive, is the proper place for the introduction 
 of such particulars as we have been able to collect in regard to 
 the transmission of goods and jiasscngers ; with the compara- 
 tive distances and cost of the difTerent routes, and the time 
 required by them respectively. Before adducing these there 
 are one or two things which wo would premise. 
 
228 
 
 In tlic first place, it is difficult to present any i^rfccily re- 
 liable statement in regard to the charges for conveyance of 
 freight, inasmuch as changes take place according to circum- 
 stances. Still, we believe, the rates we are about to exhibit 
 will be found sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. They 
 are derived from the most available sources — to wit, statements 
 obtained from parties engaged in the forwarding trade in 
 Canada ; the published TariiFs of the leading New York 
 companies, kindly forwarded to me by a friend in that city ; 
 the American Railway Guide; the Heport of the Ontario, 
 Simcoe and Huron Hail way; the Canada Directory ; and a 
 document, bearing date Quebec, April 1854, printed and cir- 
 culated by Mr. Buchanan — Chief Emigrant Agent — for the 
 information of emio;rants. 
 
 In the second place, though the statements made in relation 
 to time in the case of Railways may be relied on so far as re- 
 spects the time occupied in actual movement, the accomplish- 
 ment of very long journeys within the specified periods is hardly 
 practicable in consequence of the fatigue necessarily attendant 
 on keeping the trains. 
 
 The following general Table, founded on the statements of 
 W. J. McAlpinc, in his Report on the Canals of the State of 
 New York, for 1853, is from the Appendix to the Report of 
 the 0. S. & II. Railroad (p. 52) : 
 
 Table sJioicing the cliargcs for Transjiorfafion beticecn the sea- 
 board and the ^Ycst, bi/ the various Railroads and ^Vatcr 
 Lines: 
 
 FROM NEW YOnK. 
 
 Per ton (of 200011)s) Vox- Mil.'. 
 Cents. Mills. 
 Hudson River 7 
 
 Erie Canal , 1 1 
 
 Western Lakes, siiort voj^age 1 
 
 ** long voyage 5 
 
 New York and Erie llailroad 2 4 
 
 Hudson River Railroad 3 1 
 
 New York Central Railroad 4 
 
 "Western Roads, fromBulTalo to Chicago, average.... 2 5 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 I 
 
 on 
 
229 
 
 jperfcctli/ rc- 
 )nveyance of 
 
 to circum- 
 ut to exhibit 
 :poses. They 
 t, statements 
 QC!! trade in 
 
 New York 
 n that city; 
 the Ontario, 
 ;ory j and a 
 ;ed and cir- 
 ;ent — for the 
 
 :1c in relation 
 I so far as re- 
 3 aecomplisli- 
 iods is hardly 
 :ily attendant 
 
 statements of 
 ' the State of 
 Lhe Report of 
 
 'tween tlie sea- , 
 's and Water 
 
 [•200011)s) 
 
 Per Mi 
 
 Cents. 
 
 3I'lls. 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 .. 1 
 
 1 
 
 .. 1 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 .. 2 
 
 5 
 
 FROM BOSTON TO WESTKRX LAKES. 
 
 a-H/.f. Mills. 
 New England Roads, from Boston to Rouse's Point... 2 7 
 
 Northern Head, House's Point to Ogdensburg 2 
 
 Lake Ontario and Welland Canal , 7 
 
 Western Road, Rostou to Albany 2 3 
 
 FIIOM QUEBEC. 
 
 St. Lawrence River and Canals G 
 
 FROM nilLADELPIIIA. 
 
 Pensylvania Canal to Pittsburg 2 4 
 
 " Railroad " (estimated) o 5 
 
 Ohio River S 
 
 FROM BALTIMORE. 
 
 Raltimorc and Ohio Railroad 8 
 
 Flt0:M Xr.W ORLEANS. 
 
 jNIississippi Pvivcr, Lower (> 
 
 " Upper U 
 
 Ohio Canals 1 
 
 Wabash and Erie Canal 1 9 
 
 Illinois Canal 1 4 
 
 " River 1 2 
 
 From the above it will be seen that the only routes compar- 
 ing -with the St. Lawrence and its Canals as to price, arc those 
 on the Lower Mississippi and the Hudson — the former of which 
 is the same and the latter one mill (lOtli part of a cent) more, 
 to which is to be added the Long voyage on the Western 
 Lakes, on which there is a reduction of one mill. The charges 
 on the Hudson and on Lake Ontario and the Welland Canal 
 are the same. Immediately on leaving the Hudson, and tak- 
 ing to the Erie Canal or the tlailroads, the charges rise greatly, 
 being nearly doubled (11 mills to 0) in the case of the former, 
 and more (considerably) than trebled in the case of the latter 
 r24 mills to 7). When the Western Lakes are reached, 
 which, however, cannot be done without incurring the increased 
 expense we have noticed, there is a trltUng reduction on the 
 long voyage, the charge for which is five mills. 
 
2ao 
 
 Take lliiffalo as the point to wliicli traiisporttitioii is to bo 
 cflcctetl, the cost, accordiiiij,' to tbesc rates, ■'.villbc, — from New 
 York to Albany (144 miles), 8(3 cents 4 mills ; from Albany 
 to Buffalo (CG4 miles, at 11 mills per mile), 84 OOe. 4m.=84 
 8Gc. 8m. in all. From Quebec tlic distance to JiufFalo is GIT 
 miles. At six mills per mile, tliis would amount to 83 88e. 
 2m. Tiirow in for the "Welland Canal o mills additional, the 
 cost is 83 91c. 5m. Call it $4, the difference in favour of the 
 Quebec route is, 8G cents 8 mills — a very important matter. 
 ]5ut there is another difference in its favour, to wit, the sav- 
 ing of time — which can hardly be much under five or si.v 
 days. 'Che calculation of the Commissioners of the Board of 
 AVorks in their Beporfc for 1848 (p. 3.), makes the difference 
 ill time from ]5uffalo to New York, as compared with Quebec, 
 eight days. Between the voyatic down and up the difference 
 in time is a1)out twelve hours. Consequently, according to 
 their calculation the difference in the up voyage would be 7' 
 days in lavour of Quebec. Allow, say, two days and a li;di' 
 for improvement in this respect since IS tS, and 5 days still 
 remain, supposing — what, however, is not the fact — no increase 
 of speed on the St. Lawrence route. The Canalling on this 
 latter route, including the AVella;i'l, amounts to only 70 miles, 
 while on the other it is 304. 
 
 According to a statement furiiislied me by a gentleman con- 
 nected with one of the "Wharves liere, freight was, last year, 
 by nut 11 steamers, from 258. to 30s. currency per ton of 2,240 
 lbs. to Toronto or Hamilton, and from 20s. to 25s. per freight 
 sleamers. The year previous it CDuld be ha.d, he informed me, 
 lor 17s. (kl. 
 
 From the rates advertised as chargeable (to 15th Auii'ust, 
 1854) for transportation by the J/mes on the J']rie Canal and 
 Lakes (17 in number), 1 select thi> following particulars, })y 
 way of specimen — premising, first, that the goods are divided 
 into two classes — heavy, and light — special rates being charge- 
 able for certain ai'ticles which are named; and secondly, that 
 
I irt to bo 
 from Nev»- 
 lu Albany 
 
 4iu.=S4 
 ilo is GIT 
 to Sa 88c. 
 ioiial, the 
 our ol' tlio 
 lit ]mittor. 
 , the sav- 
 VG or shv 
 
 ]]oard of 
 difierciicc 
 h Quebec, 
 diirerence 
 iordiufi; to 
 ukl be 7-] 
 and a half 
 
 days still 
 10 increase 
 U" on this 
 ' 70 miles, 
 
 [eman con- 
 last year, 
 1 of 2,240 
 per freight 
 brnicd me, 
 
 :h Aujiiist, 
 Canal and 
 icnlars, by 
 ire divided 
 ncr charci'c- 
 mdly, that 
 
 231 
 
 the rates named are binding only to Buffalo except by s^.^cial 
 contract. 
 
 From New York to Jkiffalo the charge for heavy goods is 33 
 cents ; for light, 40 cents per lOOlbs. The conveyance in this 
 case is by the Hudson lliver and Erie Canal. Multiply by 
 twenty, and the product will be SG.GOc. for heavy goods per 
 ton of 2,000 lbs. ) for light goods, 88. 
 
 13y steam on the Lakes, the charge from New York to De- 
 trait is 47 cents per lOOlbs, for heavy goods ; 55 cents for 
 light. By sailing vessels it is, for heavy goods, 40 cents ; for 
 light, 45. The cost, therefore, of transport to Detroit, by the 
 former of these modes, amounts to 69 40c. for heavy goods ; 
 and for light to $11. By the latter mode (sailing vessels) it is 
 $8 for heavy goods, and for Light. 
 
 From New York to Milwaukie, Ilacine and Chicago the ad- 
 vertised charge is, by steam, 55 cents per lOOlbs. for heavy 
 goods ; 70 for light — equivalent to 811 for the former (per ton 
 of 2,000Ibs.), and 814 for the latter. By sailing vessels it is, 
 45 cents for heavy goods=89 per ton of 20001bs ; and 50= 
 810 for light. 
 
 Between New York and Green Bay the cost of conveyance 
 per steamer is G5 ccnts=813, for heavy goods ; for light, 80 
 cents=8lG. By sailing vessels the charge, as advertised, is 45 
 cents=89 per ton, for the one class of goods, and 50 cents=: 
 810 per ton, for the other. 
 
 The rates advertised by the New York and Erie Eailroad 
 Company's Express Line arc — From New York, for goods. 
 
 Class No. 1 . Class No. 2. Class No. 3-pcr lOOlbs. 
 
 ToBuffido !)7 72 58 " 
 
 Suspension JJridLi'e... 97 72 58 " 
 
 Toronto, C. W..r..... 122 92 78 " 
 
 Chicago 200 150 120 " 
 
 I am infjrmed by one of the largest wholesale merchants in 
 
 Toronto that during spring and summer, so soon, at least, as 
 
 the season is sufficiently advanced to secure the moderate rates 
 
 of insurance, the cost of bringing goods by way of Quebec is 
 
 r '* 
 

 not luueli over half that by way of New York or ]]o.ston. Out 
 of the season of St. Lawrence Navigation, these places have, 
 however, the advantage of open communication with the ocean. 
 This Canada enjoys now, in part, through Portland ; and will 
 enjoy in full so soon as the Grand Trunk Kailwayis completed. 
 
 For the emigrant Quebec is unquestionably the best route, 
 whether his intention be to settle in Canada or to pass v i 
 the Western Htatcs ; provided only he avoid coming too early 
 in the season. 
 
 Taking the course by the Straits of Belle Isle, the passage 
 between Liverpool, or any other port in Britain, and Quebec, 
 is " more than 400 miles shorter," according to Mr. Andrews 
 (p. 41G) than between the same port and New York. '^ The 
 navigable route between the foot of Lake Ontario and any port 
 in Britain" is, by that route, he states, " as short as that from 
 New Y'ork harbour to the same port." '' Kingston," says Mi*. 
 Kcefer (Essay, p. G7), " is as near to Liverpool, and Hamilton 
 as near to Glasgow, as New Y'ork is to either by a sailing route. 
 The false idea that Quebec is farther than New Y^'ork from the 
 British ports is given to persons by Mercator's projection, from 
 the circumstance that the meridian lines are drawn parallel to 
 each other, — a decrrcc of lonii'itudc at the North Pole, where 
 it is nothing, being drawn as great as at the Equator, where it 
 is 70 miles." A thread ^' stretched upon a globe, from any 
 point in the British Channel to Toledo on Lake Erie, and ar- 
 ranged so as to lie upon the shortest lino" will, according to 
 Mr. Kcefer, " be found to run nearly throughout America, 
 within the waters of the St. Lawrence, not deviating at any 
 point more than 30 miles." " If the e;istern end of the thread 
 be shifted to Glasgow or the north of England, its shortest 
 position will be found in the Straits of ]]elle Isle, between 
 Newfoundland and the Labrador coast." Four hundred and 
 BGVonty-five miles is given by Mr. Kcefer as the amount of the 
 difference in favour of Quebec as compared with New York. 
 Ikitfalo is thus by Quebec ooG miles nearer any port in ]]ritain, 
 or in Europe, than by Nmv York. Detroit, Cliicago and other 
 
23a 
 
 vton. Out 
 laces liavc; 
 
 tlie ocean. 
 
 ; and will 
 completed, 
 best route, 
 I pass ('. 1 
 g too early 
 
 the passajze 
 nd Quebec, 
 [•. Andrews 
 rk. '' The 
 nd any port 
 s that from 
 ," says Mr. 
 1 Hamilton 
 liling route, 
 rk from tiie 
 Dction, from 
 I parallel to 
 Pole, where 
 3r, where it 
 c, from any 
 rie, and ar- 
 ccordinLj; to 
 it America, 
 ino; at any 
 f the thread 
 its shortest 
 Ic, between 
 mdred and 
 ount of the 
 New Yorl^. 
 in ]]ritain, 
 and othi r 
 
 western Cities arc the same by the common route; while by 
 the routes through Canada they are brought still nearer. Ac- 
 cording to the lleport of the Directors of the Ontario, Simcoe 
 and Huron Ilailway, that lload " shortens the airiiretjrate distance 
 between Lake Michigan and the Atlantic Cities some 300 
 miles." (p. 24.) 
 
 Let us look^now for a moment or two at the comparative 
 expense. 
 
 Between Buifalo and Detroit the first class charge by the 
 Buffalo and Erie Bailroad is $6. The charge for emigrants is 
 not given on the bill from which I take this. From Hamilton 
 (45 miles per steamer west of Toronto), the charge by the 
 Great "Western for first class passengers to Detroit is 25s. cur- 
 rency, 85 j for emigrants 10s. currency, 82. By the former 
 route the charge to Chicago for first class is 813 • for emi- 
 grants 8G ', — while by the latter it is only $11 for first class, 
 and 84 for cmiij;rants — two dollars being thus saved in each 
 case. 
 
 From Quebec to Hamilton the charge is stated by Mr. Bu- 
 chanan to be ()0s. for cabin on board the Eoyal IMail Steamers : 
 57s. Gd. Tate's lino being taken between Quebec and Montreal. 
 This includes meals — seven in number, equal at the common 
 rates per meal on Board the steamers to 17s. Cd. (83 50c.), 
 which reduces the cost for mere conveyance to 42s. Gd. and 
 40s. (88 50c., and 88). To this add 25s. (85), as fiire per 
 Great Western to Detroit, and 55s. (811) to Chicago; and the 
 charge will be, without meals, equal to 813 50c., or (by Tate's 
 line) 813 to the former place, and 810 50c. (or 810) to the 
 latter. The ordinary fare by first class cars from New York to 
 Detroit is 815 ; to Chicago, 822. On the journey there is 
 thus in effect a savinc;: in favour of the St. Lawrence and Great 
 Western route of from 81 50c. or 82 to Detroit, and 82 50c. or 
 83 to Chicago. The advertised time on the road is only about 
 two days (two hours less) per Railway between Xcw York and 
 Chicago, supposing the traveller to move on without any other 
 break than that of passing from one car to another. But in 
 
oo 
 
 ordinary circumstances the attempting of such a thing is out 
 of the ((uostion — the distance being 955 miles, llest must ho 
 taken, in the case of families at all events ; hence additional 
 expense. 
 
 Emigrants usually travel in families — such as can afford it 
 will take the first class cars. Suppose a family to consist of 
 six, the diifercnce in ftivour of the Quebec route — reckoning 
 the cost of living the same in the two cases — would be 89 or 
 $12 to Detroit, and 815 or 818 to Chicago; saying nothing of 
 the difference in comfort by the substitution of steamer for 
 490 miles of the distance — which is the amount of the differ- 
 ence of Railway travelling in the two cases. 
 
 Though no positive announcement has yet been made by the 
 Directors of the Ontario, 8imcoe and Huron Railway, it is 
 alleged in their Hcport (p. 27) that, as compared with other 
 routes, there will be a saving of 80 per i")asscngcr, at a cost of 
 only ten hours additional time, on the journey to Milwaukie. 
 Conceive it to make any approach to this, it will be a matter 
 of very great moment to the emigrant, in addition to the fact 
 that he has to travel but a very short distance by Railway. 
 
 The deck fare from Quebec to Hamilton is stated by Mr 
 Buchanan to be 2.js. 9d. currency by the Mail Steamers ; 22s. 
 Gld. t'dk'ma: Tate's Line to Montreal. Call it the first of these 
 sums, and add 10s. (82) for fare by Great AVestern to Detroit, 
 the cost to that City will be 3os. 9d. (80.75c.) To Chicago it 
 will be 10s. (82) more. The charge for emigrants by the Lines 
 from New York I do not find mentioned. Provided it be any- 
 where near the same, a very important advantage still remains 
 in favour of the St, Lawrence route — the fact, to wit, that from 
 Quebec to the head of the water communication the baggage 
 of emigrants is free. " On leaving these stations,^' Mr. 13u- 
 chanan, on whose authority this statement is made, says, " 100 
 lbs. is allowed to each passenger, all over that quantity will be 
 charged." 
 
 The rates above given from Quebec are by the Mail Steamers 
 (with the exception of the choice between these and Tate's line 
 
^.••WK'i-^r<*'-i"!5a 
 
 ing IS oiu 
 :t must be 
 additional 
 
 |i afford it 
 consist of 
 reckoning; 
 I be 69 or 
 aothing of 
 tcamer for 
 the differ- 
 
 ado by tbc 
 Iway, it is 
 with other 
 t a cost of 
 ^lilwaiikie. 
 le a matter 
 to the fact 
 Eiilway. 
 ed by Mr 
 lers ; 22s, 
 st of these 
 to Detroit, 
 Chicao;o it 
 ^ the Lines 
 I it be any- 
 ill remains 
 , that from 
 le baggage 
 ^' Mr.^Bu- 
 ays, " 100 
 ity will be 
 
 1 Steamers 
 Tate's line 
 
 235 
 
 as far as Montreal). On Board the Freight Steamers, which 
 occupy a somewhat longer time (14 hours I have been informed ; 
 but say 24), Cabin passage may be obtained, I am told, to To- 
 ronto or Hamilton fur o5s. (87), with meals; Deck passage for 
 15s. (83). 
 
 On board the Mail boats, as also these latter, Deck pas- 
 sengers may obtain meals for Is. 3d. currency (25 cents, Is. 
 sterling, or a trifle over). 
 
 Passage may, of course, be taken from the home Port to 
 Montreal, by which there will be, I suppose, the saving of the 
 fore between that City and Quebec. 
 
 Into any comparison of charges between Boston and the 
 West I presume it is unnecessary to enter, the shortest route 
 between them lying, as it does, through Canada. 
 
 For the information of strangers it may be well to add the 
 following Tables from Mr. Buchanan's Circular : 
 
 FROM MONTREAL TO WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 Daih/ h)j the Royal Mail TAnc Steamer, at ^o'clock A.JL, or by Rail- 
 road to Lachine, at 12 o'clock. 
 
 
 
 Deck 
 
 Fare. 
 
 Cahin Tare. 
 
 Distances. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sterliu)^. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Cdrreucy. 
 
 From Montrcfil to, 
 
 ]\rii..s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cornwall ..., 
 
 . 78 
 
 5s. 
 
 Cs. 3d. 
 
 lis. 
 
 18s. 9d. 
 
 Prescott 
 
 Rrockvillc 
 
 . 127 X 
 . 131)j 
 
 OS. 
 
 7s. Gd. 
 
 Ms. 
 
 17s. Gd. 
 
 Kingston 
 
 . 180 
 
 83. 
 
 lOs. 
 
 20s. 
 
 253. 
 
 Cobourg 
 
 . 292") 
 
 
 
 
 
 Port Hope 
 
 . 298 I 
 
 12s. 
 
 ir)s. 
 
 28s. 
 
 35s. 
 
 Jjoud Hoiid 
 
 . HIM J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dai'lingtou 
 
 . 817") 
 
 . r>;:!7 \ 
 
 . 807 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whitby 
 
 Ms. 
 
 17s. Gd. 
 
 3-is. 
 
 42s. Gd. 
 
 Toronto 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 . 410 
 
 IGs. 
 
 203. 
 
 8()s. 
 
 -ISs. 
 
 I am informed that the number of steamers in the jlail lino 
 between Quebec and Hamilton is nine, and that the Freight 
 Steamers are somewhere about twenty. 
 
 Passengers by the Mail line tranship at Kiiigston to the Lake 
 steamers, niul nt Toronto for Bufialn : 
 
28G 
 
 FROM HAMILTON TO THE WESTERN STATES, BY THE 
 taiEAT WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Emigrant Train. 
 
 FrRST Class Train. 
 
 
 Sterling;. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Froui Hamilton to, Milts. 
 Duudas 
 
 Od. 
 
 "23!* 
 
 3s. 
 3s. Od. 
 4s. Od. 
 
 Os. 
 
 ts. 
 
 8s. 
 IGs. 
 
 7]d. 
 
 2s'.*dd. 
 3s. Od. 
 4s. 4.M. 
 (»s. Od. 
 7s. Od. 
 8s. Od. 
 
 IO3. 
 20s. 
 
 Is. 
 
 3s. 8d. 
 
 5.S. 
 
 7s. 
 
 Os. 
 14s. 
 
 20s. 
 44s. 
 
 Is. 8d. 
 
 Flaniboro' 
 
 
 Paris 20 
 
 4s. Od. 
 
 Woodstock 48 
 
 IngcvsoU 47 
 
 London 70 
 
 Eckford 00 
 
 Os. 3d. 
 
 8s. Od. 
 lis. 3d. 
 17s. Od. 
 
 Chatham 140 
 
 Windsor ) -,,^r> 
 
 
 Detroit, Michi'n. J 
 Chicago, Illinois... 
 
 25s. Od. 
 55s. Od. 
 
 Trains leave Ilaiiiiltou daily fur Detroit, connecting at that 
 City witli tlie jMichigan Central llailroad for Chicago. 
 
 Steamers leave Chicago daily for Mihvaiikie, and all other 
 Ports on Lake Michigan. 
 
 Emigrants on arriving at Chicago, if proceeding further 
 ■will, on application to Mr. II. J. Spalding, Agent of the Mi- 
 chigan Central llailroad Company, receive correct advice and 
 direction as to route. 
 
 OTTAWA RIVER AND RIDEAU CANAL. 
 
 From Montreal to Btjioica and places on the lildcau Canal, hi/ Steam 
 every Eceninj, — by Robertson, Jones tj* Co.'s Line. 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 
 Deck Passengers. 
 
 Cabin Passengers. 
 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 From Montreal to, Milos 
 Carillon.... 54 
 
 
 2a. 
 
 3s. 
 • 8s. 
 
 4 s. 
 
 Os. 
 
 2s. Od. 
 3s. Od. 
 3s. Od. 
 5s. 0.1. 
 
 7s. Od. 
 
 
 
 Grenville 00 
 
 L'Orignal 73 
 
 BytOAvn (Ottawa City) 1 20 
 Kemptvillo 157 
 
 
 Meri'ickvillo 
 
 Smith's Falls 
 
 Oliver's Ferry... 
 Isthmus 
 
 % 100 
 o210 
 g 220 
 ^ 258 
 
 . 
 
 
 Jones' Falls 
 
 Kingston 
 
 
;v THE 
 
 ASS Train'. 
 
 CuiTL'ucy. 
 
 Is. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 • • 
 
 4s. 
 
 • • • • 
 
 Gd. 
 
 C.s. 
 
 3d. 
 
 8s. 
 
 9d. 
 
 lis. 
 
 3d. 
 
 17s. 
 
 Gd. 
 
 25s. 
 
 Od. 
 
 55s. 
 
 Od. 
 
 iig at that 
 
 all otlier 
 
 ;■ furtlici' 
 )f tlic Mi" 
 dvicc and 
 
 /, hij Steam 
 
 iSSEXOERS. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 237 
 
 Passengers procGcdlng to Perth, Lanark, or any of the ad- 
 joining settlements, nliould land at Oliver's Ferry, seven miles 
 I'roni l\3rtli. 
 
 Passengers wishing to proceed to the Eastern parts of the 
 United States — 31aino, Newhampsliire, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut, Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania — take the 
 Champlain and St. Lawrence Ilailway. To New ]3runswick, 
 the best and most expeditious route is by the St. Lawrence 
 Ivailroad, from Montreal to Portland — thence by Steamer, 
 which leaves fur St. John's, N. 1>., every Monday and "Wed- 
 nesday evening at eight o'clock. 
 
 '■'■ Steamers leave Kingston daily for the Bay of (^linto and 
 the Paver Trent, calling at Picton, Adolphustown, Pelleville, 
 and other landing places in tlie Bay.'* 
 
 " From Toronto Steamers leave daily for Port Credit, 1 5 
 miles ; Oakville, 25 miles ; Wellington Square, 37 miles ; 
 Hamilton, 43 miles ; also Port Dalhousie on the entrance of 
 the Welland Canal, Niagara, Quccnston and Lewiston — Pas- 
 sage OS. 9d (currency. Peck]. 
 
 Throughout these passages, children under 12 years of age 
 are charged half-price, and those under 3 years are free. 
 
 The gold Sovereign is at present worth 24s. 4d. currency, 
 the English Shilling Is. 3d. ; and the English Crown-piece 
 Gs. Id.'' 
 
 Emigrants immediately on their arrival at Quebec, should 
 proceed to the Oitice of the Ciuef Agent for Emigrants 
 [Mr. Buchanan], where persons desirous of proceeding to any 
 part of Canada will recive every information relative to the 
 lands open for settlement, routes, distances, and expenses of 
 conveyance ; where also Labourers, Artizans, or ^lechanlcs, 
 will be furnished, on application, with the best directions in 
 respect to employment, the places at which it is to be had, an;! 
 the rates of waa'cs. 
 
238 
 
 ii 
 
 Kmigrants are cjititled bylaw to remain onboard tlic Ship 
 48 hours after arrival ; nor can they be deprived of any of 
 their usual acconnuodations and berthint;" <Iuring that period, 
 and the Master of the Ship is bound to di.-iMubark them and 
 their baggage, //cc o/ crpciw, at the usual landing-place, and 
 at reasonable hours" — viz., not earlier than six o'clock in the 
 morning, or later than four in the afternoon. 
 
 From ]Mr. A. Coulan (Sub-Agent), afc INFontreal, and Mr, 
 A. ]J. Ilawke (Chief Agent for Western Canada), at Toronto, 
 information may also bo obtained. 
 
 '' Emigrants should remain about the Towns as short a time 
 as possible after arrival." 
 
 '^ Emigrants proceeding to tlic Eastern Townsiiii'S, espe- 
 cially the populous and nourishing A^illages, Duummondville, 
 KiNOSEY, SiiiPTON, and 3IELB0URNE, and the County-Town 
 of SiiERBROOKE, will procccd by the regular Steamer to Mon- 
 treal, and thence by the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Ilailroad 
 from Longucuil to Sherbrooke, 103 miles." 
 
 Bytown and the Ottawa Hiver Settle:ment. 
 
 *' Route from Montreal to J>ytown (Ottawa City), by Steamer 
 daily, 129 miles; Uytown (0. C.)to Aylmcr, by land, 9 miles j 
 A3dmcr to Sand Point, by steamer, 45 miles; Sand Point to 
 (jastloford, by steamer, S miles ; Castleford to Portnge-du-Fort, 
 9 miles ; Portage-da-Fort to Pcniljrokc, by land and water, So 
 miles." 
 
•j.iy 
 
 the Ship 
 of any of 
 at period, 
 hem and 
 ihice, and 
 ck in the 
 
 and Mr. 
 
 t Toronto, 
 
 ort a time 
 
 P A II T T II I R I) . 
 
 y O (J I A L . 
 
 iJi'S, cspe- 
 
 (NDVILLE, 
 
 intj-Town 
 n' to Mon- 
 c Ilailroad 
 
 FENT. 
 
 )y KSteamer 
 :1, 9 miles J 
 d Point to 
 ^e-du-Fort, 
 . water, oo 
 
 The Civil Government of Cansida isi exercised by a Governor 
 General appointed by her Majesty as her llepresentative, aided 
 by a Council composed of Heads of Departments ; in conjunc- 
 tion with two Houses of Parliament, — a Legislative Assembly, 
 to wit, consisting of 130 3Iembcrs — one-half fur Lower and the 
 other half for Upper Canada — elected by the people, — and a 
 Legislative Council, which must number not fewer than twenty 
 persons, (the nund^er now actually constituting it being 3'J,) 
 appointed for life by the Crown. 
 
 Speaking generally, these two Bodies possess and exercise 
 the powers possessed and exercised by the two Houses of the 
 ]>ritish Parliament, by whose rules their proceedings arc go- 
 verned in cases not otherwise provided for, the Assembly tak- 
 ing exclusively, like the British House of Commons, the 
 initiative in the case of money-bills. 
 
 For its action the j'.xecutive Councilby which the Governor 
 General is advised, is responsible to the House of Assendjly ; 
 holdinu' olllee onlv so long as it retains the confidence of that 
 Body. 
 
 To qualify a candidate for election to the House of Assem- 
 bly, it is required that he be a British subject by birth or 
 
240 
 
 natuvallz.itlou, of twcnty-ono years of age, and tliat lie possess 
 frceliolJ property of the value of ,£500 sterling, without in- 
 cuuibrance. The same qualilicatioii is exacted in the case 
 of the Legislative Council, with the exception of the freehold 
 possession. For the purpose of lleprcsentation the country is 
 divided into 125 Electoral i)istriv*ts, G2 in Lower and G3 in 
 Upper Canada, whose limits are deijned by Act of Parliament. 
 
 The right of voting at Elections for Cities and Towns, 
 is extended by law to " every male person entered on 
 the then last Assessment Roll, revised, corrected, and 
 in force in any City or Town entitled to send a member or 
 members to the Legislative Assembly of the Province, as the 
 owner or as the tenant or occupant of real property therein or 
 in the liberties thereof, as bounded for Municipal purposes, of 
 the assessed yearly value of seven pounds and ten shillings or 
 upwards, or who is entered on such last corrected Assessment 
 lloll of any Township, Parish or place, as the owner, tenant or 
 occupant of any real property which is Avithin the limits of 
 any (.^ity or Town, for the purposes of the Representation, but 
 not for Municipal purposes, of the assessed value of fifty 
 pounds at least, or the yearly value of five pounds or upwards ;" 
 and at IJ lections for Counties and Ridings, to '^ every male per- 
 son entered on the then last Assessment Ptoll, revised, cor- 
 rected, and in force in any Parish, Township, Town, Village or 
 place, not being within any City or Town entitled to send a 
 member or members to the Legislative Assembly of the Pro- 
 vince, as the owner, tenant or occupant of real property of the 
 assessed actual value of fifty pounds or upwards, or the yearly 
 assessed value of five pounds or upwards." 
 
 Partners in business, and joint tenants or occupants of real 
 property possess cdoh the privilege of voting on it, provided tlie 
 share of each in it be such as would have given him the riizht 
 of voting supposing it entered on the Assessment Roll in his 
 own name. 
 
 In the case of ITpper (Vuiada, alphabetical Lists of parties 
 entitled to vote arc ordered by the Act to bo made out by the 
 
241 
 
 lie possess 
 
 v^Itliout in- 
 
 i the case 
 
 c tVceliold 
 
 country is 
 
 and 03 in 
 
 'tirllameut. 
 
 ul Towns, 
 
 ntcvcd on 
 
 ictcd, and 
 
 member or 
 
 ncc, as the 
 
 therein or 
 
 urposcs, of 
 
 shillings or 
 
 tVsscssmcnt 
 
 ', tenant or 
 
 c limits of 
 
 itation, but 
 
 ao of fifty 
 
 upwards ;" 
 
 'y male per- 
 
 jvised, cor- 
 
 Village or 
 
 I to send a 
 
 of the Pro- 
 
 )erty of the 
 
 : the yearly 
 
 mts of real 
 
 rovided the 
 
 m. the riulit 
 
 Eoll in his 
 
 s of parties 
 out by tho 
 
 Clerk of each jNIunicipality from the revised and corrected 
 Assessment Roll, of which he nmst deliver an attested dupli- 
 cate to the Registrar of the County within which the Munici- 
 pality is situated, on or before the first day of September in 
 each year. Those only whose names are on such List are 
 allowed to vote, and the only question which can be raised as 
 to the qualification of any party claiming to vote on the List, 
 is whether he be really the party named in the List. 
 
 The required Lists are to be made out in Lower Canada, with 
 the exception of the Cities of Quebec and Montreal, by the 
 Secretary and Treasurer of the Municipality, and must distin- 
 guish those qualified as tenants or occupants. 
 
 I'or the guidance of the Deputy Returning Officer, the law 
 requires that he be furnished with a copy of the certified liist 
 of voters for the Electoral Division or Ward for which he may 
 have been appointed to act. 
 
 The period prescribed for the duration of Parliament is four 
 years, but the Governor General, or party exercising the Go- 
 vernment, may dissolve it sooner should he think proper to do 
 so. Members have an allowance made to them of £1 per day 
 [since made £1 10s.] during the sitting of the House, with 
 Gd. per mile as travelling expenses. 
 
 Acts passed by the two Houses require the assent of the 
 Representative of her Majesty to give them the force of Law, 
 — such assent to be formally given in the presence of the mem- 
 bers of both Houses. 
 
 Her Majesty may at any time within two years express her 
 disapproval of the Laws thus passed, in which case they cease 
 to have efiect. 
 
 In the case of Bills reserved by the Representative of the 
 Sovereign for the consideration of her Majesty (a right which 
 he may exercise whenever he deems it called for), the Royal 
 Assent may be given at any time within two years, the Bill in 
 (jucstion deriving from that assent the force of law. 
 
 By the Constitutional Act " ]3ills passed on certain enumer- 
 ated subjects, respecting religion and its establishment and 
 
242 
 
 support, arc rc({uircd to be rc^ciTed, and also to be laid before 
 both Iloufc'es of the British Parliament, before bcin^^ assented 
 to bj the Queen ; and if either of the said Houses address her 
 jMajesty against them, she is restrained from giving her assent/' 
 (Gourlay,Vol. 1., p. 202.) 
 
 The Sessions of Parliament, whieh must be held annually, 
 are invariably opeiied by her jFajesty's Piepresentative, who 
 may at his pleasure prorogue them from time to time for a 
 period not exceeding forty days, subject to the condition above 
 named as to annual co7ning together. 
 
 By an Act passed in the 18th year of George III. (1778), 
 and recited and renewed in the Constitutional Act, the British 
 Government renounce all right of Taxation over Canada, 
 except in the case of such duties as may be required for the 
 regulation of commerce, which duties it places entirely at her 
 disposal. The faith thus pledged has hitherto been preserved 
 inviolable j nor is there room for apprehension that it " will 
 ever be violated/' (Gourlay.) 
 
 The principle now acted upon by the British Government, 
 and distinctly announced as that by which its procedure is re- 
 smlated, is to leave Canada the unrestricted riirlit of manacrinn; 
 her own affairs as she may herself judge best. Under the in- 
 fluence of this principle she is prospering, and becoming every 
 year, it might almost be said every day, more firmly bound, 
 because attached more affectionately, to the mother country. 
 
 For the carrying out of the Laws enacted by the Parliament 
 the following Courts exist in Lower and Upper Canada respec- 
 tively : 
 
 *' Lower (\inada is divided into five Districts or Shrievalties, 
 possessing distinct Judicatories. In each of the superior dis- 
 tricts of Montreal and (Quebec, there is established a Court of 
 (Queen's JJeneli, possessing independent and superior civil and 
 criminal jurisdiction. The Judg(\s are, at Quebec, the Chief 
 Justice of Canada, and three I'uisne Judges; and at 3Ion- 
 treal, the Chief Justice of Montreal, and three Puisne Judges. 
 There is also a Court of Appeid in each of those Districts. 
 
aid before 
 g assented 
 ddress lier 
 Di" assent/' 
 
 . annually, 
 ative, who 
 time for a 
 tion above 
 
 (177.^), 
 ;lic Eritisli 
 r Canada, 
 red for the 
 :c\y at lier 
 I preserved 
 t it "will 
 
 )vernment, 
 jdure is re- 
 ' inanamno; 
 dcr the in- 
 ning every 
 Lily bound, 
 country. 
 Parliament 
 ada respec- 
 
 hricvalties, 
 iperior dis- 
 a Court of 
 >r civil and 
 the ( •hief 
 d at IMou- 
 nc Judges. 
 I Districts. 
 
 243 
 
 There are, besides, inferior Judicatories within each of them. 
 in the Districts of Three llivers, St. Francis, and Gaspe, 
 there arc also independent Judicatories established. The Court 
 of Vice Admiralty sits at Quebec." There arc Courts of 
 Bankruptcy, presided over in the Districts of Montreal and 
 (Quebec by the Circuit Judges, and in the other Districts by 
 Commissioners appointed by the Governor General. 
 
 Terms or Sessions of the Court of Queen's Bench, in inferior 
 Term, for the cognizance of all crimes and criminal offences, 
 and of all suits or actions of a civil nature, arc held at stated 
 ])eriods yearly, in each of the Districts of Quebec, Montreal, 
 Three Ilivers, and St. Francis. 
 
 The Courts of Queen's Bench, sitting in inferior Term, in 
 the several Districts of Quebec, Montreal, Three lUvers, and 
 St. Francis, have cognizance of, and try and determine in a 
 summary manner, civil cases, in which the matter in dispute 
 docs not exceed £20 currency. The Circuit Courts are held 
 ev^^ry year, in the several Counties, in places appointed by the 
 Ji''" n'urcAct; each Circuit, within its limits, having con- 
 ci . • i Jurisdiction with the Court of Queen's Bench for the 
 f'^ame District, as in inferior Term. (See Judicature Act, 7th 
 Vic, cap. 16.) 
 
 There is a special Judicature Act for the District of Gaspe 
 (7th A'ic., cap. 10). The Courts are held by tiic District 
 Judges in their respective Counties, and are similar to those 
 in the other Districts. 
 
 There arc also Tribunals established in Lower Canada for the 
 sunnnary trial of small causes, affording an easy and expedi- 
 tious mode of recovering petty debts. These are called Com- 
 missioners' Courts, formed under the authority of the Act 7tli 
 Vic, cap. 19, and are held in the several Darishes or Town- 
 ships, upon petition of the inhabitants to the Governor General 
 to appoint Commissioners. The Circuit Judges in Quebec 
 and 3Iontreal are, ex ofjicio, Connnissioners of these Courts in 
 their respective Districts. The Jurisdiction of the Courts is 
 limited to six pounds five shillings currency. For the Cities 
 
244 
 
 and Parishos of Quebec and Montreal, the Courts arc held 
 weekly, every Monday, not being a holiday, and if so, tlien on 
 the following day ; and for all other places they are held 
 monthly, on the lirst 3Ionday of every month, not being a 
 holiday, and if so, theu on the following da}' — the Commis- 
 sioners having power to adjourn to any other days they may 
 deem necessary, for hearing witnesses and determining suits. 
 The Act makes provision in detail for the mode of procedure 
 as in the Commissioners' Courts.''' (Scobie's Almanac for 
 1840, pp. 57, 58.) 
 
 The Laws in force in Lower Canada are : 1st. The Acts of 
 the British Parllam'^nt which extend to the Colonies : 2d. Ca- 
 pitulations and Treaties : ord. The Laws and Customs of 
 Canada, founded principally on the Jurisprudence of the Par- 
 liament of Paris, as it stood in 1GG8, the edicts of the Prench 
 Kings, and their Colonial authorities, and the lloman Civil 
 Law : 4th. The Criminal Law of England, as it stood in 1774, 
 and as explained by su})sequent statutes : 6tli. The Ordinances 
 of the Governor and Council, established by the Act of the 
 above year : Gth. The Acts of the l*rovincial Legislature since 
 1702.'' (Montgomery Martin's British America, p. 120, 121.) 
 
 The prevalence in Europe of the Feudal Tenure at the time 
 when the French took possession of Canada, naturally led to 
 its introduction here. The King of I'rance as Feudal Lord, 
 granted to nobles and respectable fandlies, or to officers of the 
 army, large f[uantitics of land, — termed Seigniories, — which 
 were held by their possessors, who bore the name of Seigniors, 
 immediately from the Sovereign, en firj] or rolure, on condi- 
 tion of rendering fealty and lnjuiage on accession to Seignorial 
 property, and the payment of certain dues on transfers by sale, 
 gift, or otherwise than by hereditary succession. Under this 
 tenure nearly eleven millions of acres are held, smaller pro- 
 prietors holding of the Seigniors. 
 
 Over seven millions of acres are held in Lower (Canada partly 
 on what is called "Franc aleu noble," — which is a. ft r/] or 
 freehold estate, exempt from Seignorial dues and without Seig- 
 
s arc held 
 iO, then on 
 r arc held 
 )t bchig a 
 LC Cominis- 
 ! they may 
 ining suits. 
 ' procedure 
 Inianac for 
 
 'lie Acts of 
 }S : 2d. Ca- 
 >istonis of 
 •f the Par- 
 the French 
 Ionian Civil 
 3d in 1774, 
 Ordinances 
 Act of the 
 lature since 
 120, 121.) 
 at the time 
 rally led to 
 iudal Lord, 
 icers of the 
 lies, — which 
 Seigniors, 
 e, on condi- 
 ) Seiiinorial 
 x'-rs by sale, 
 Under this 
 mailer pro- 
 
 nada partly 
 s a ftpf, or 
 ithout Seig- 
 
 245 
 
 norial rights, and ackno^Yledging no lord but the Sovereign, 
 and partly — chiefly in the Eastern Townships — on free and 
 common Soccaae. 
 
 " The succession to Jh/s is difTcrent from that of property 
 hold en rofiii'c or by vill(iina<jc. The eldest son, by right, 
 takes the Chateau, and the yard adjoining it ; an arj'cnf of the 
 garden which joins the Manor-house, and the mills, ovens, or 
 presses, within the vSeigniory, belong to him ; but the profit 
 arising from these is to be divided anions: the other heirs. 
 Females have no precedence of right, and when there are only 
 daughters, ihcjiefis equally divided between them. When 
 there are only two sons, the eldest takes two-thirds of the lands, 
 besides the Chateau, mill, kc, and the younger one-third. 
 AVhcn there arc several sons, the elder claims half the lands, 
 and the rest have the other half divided among them. Pro- 
 perty, according to the laws of Canada, is cither proprc, that 
 is held by descent, or acquits, which expresses being acquired 
 by industry or other means. Communaut^ dit Lien is partner- 
 ship in property by marriage ; for the wife, by this law, be- 
 comes an equal partner in whatever the husband possessed be- 
 fore, and acquires, after marriage, — and the husband is placed m 
 the same position in respect to the wife's dowry." The above 
 law involves some inconveniences and is open to some abuse, 
 as the children may, if they please, in the event of the wife's 
 dying before the husband, claim half the property as heirs of 
 their mother. 
 
 '^ The dot or dowry, is the property which the wife puts in 
 to the Coinmunante du hlcn : movable or unmovable property 
 falling to her by descent, is Tupropre, and does not merge in 
 the Comimniaute. Dower in Canada is either customary or 
 stipulate. The first consists of half the property which the 
 husband was possessed of at tlic time of marriage, and half of 
 all the property which he may inherit or acquire — of this the 
 wife has the use ixjr life, and the children may claim it at her 
 death. If they be not of age, the wile's relations, as the 
 guardians of the children, can take it out uf the father's hands, 
 
and may compel liim to sell his property to make a division. 
 Stipulated dower is a portion Avhlcli tlie Imsljand gives instead 
 of the customary dower. 
 
 The Canadian farms arc remarkable for tlic small breadth of 
 the farm on the baidc of the river, and its ^reat depth inland ; 
 the latter being often in proportion to the former as GO to 1, 
 namely, half an arpent broad in front of the St. Lawrence, or 
 other river, and oO arpents in depth/' (Montgomery Martin.) 
 
 The Courts of Upper Canada are as follow : 
 
 1. Superior Courts. 
 
 These are the Courts of Queen's ]jencli and Commoii Picas, 
 each presided over by a Chief Justice and two Puisne Judges; 
 the Court of Chancery, presided over by a Chtincellor and two 
 A'ice-Chancellors (or Masters) 3 and the Court of Error and 
 Appeal, composed of the Judges of the Courts of Queen's 
 Bench, Common Pleas, and Chaneer3^ Those Courts all sit at 
 Osgood llall, Toronto. 
 
 The Judges of the above Courts arc appointed by the Crown 
 from Barristers of at least ten years standing, and hold their 
 offices during good behaviour, being removalde upon an address 
 of both houses of the Provincial Parliament, subject to appeal 
 to the Queen in Privy Council. 
 
 2. Courts of Probate and Surrogate. 
 
 3. County Courts. 
 
 These are presided over by a resident Judge in each County. 
 Their jurisdiction extends to all causes relating to debt, cove- 
 nant, or contract, to the amount of £50 ; and in cases of debt 
 or contract, where the amount is ascertained by the signature 
 of the defendant, to £100 ; and also in all matters of tort re- 
 lating to personal chattels, where the damages shall not exceed 
 £o0 ; and where the title of land shall not be brought in ques- 
 tion. The plaintiff at his option may bring these suits in the 
 Courts of Queen's ]]ench or Common JMca.s, but County Courts' 
 costs will only be allowed. 
 
24: 
 
 a (U vision, 
 ives instead 
 
 I breadth of 
 -»th inland ; 
 as GO to 1, 
 awrcnco, or 
 ry Martin.) 
 
 iinon Pleas, 
 ;ne Judges; 
 lor and two 
 ' EiTOU antl 
 of Queen's 
 irts all sit at 
 
 y tlio Crown 
 
 hold their 
 
 n an address 
 
 !Ct to appeal 
 
 Eich C()uuty. 
 > debt, covc- 
 !ases of debt 
 lie signature 
 s of tort rc- 
 1 not exceed 
 ight in ques- 
 guits in the 
 untv Courts' 
 
 4. Division Courts. 
 
 The jurisdiction of these extends to cases of debt or ac- 
 count, or breach of contract or covenant, or money demand, 
 whether payable in money or otherwise, where the amount or 
 balance claimed does not exceed £25, and all torts to personal 
 chattels to the amount of £10, Servants under aue mav sue 
 for wages in this court. Attachments may issue against goods 
 and chattels of absconding or concealed debtors, a-oino- from 
 one county to another in Upper, or to Lower Canada, or leav- 
 ing the Province, for any sum not exceeding £25, nor less 
 than twenty shillings. Juries are granted in certain cases. 
 The Courts are held once in two months in each division, or 
 oftener, at the discretion of the Judire. 
 
 5. Insolvent Debtors' Court. 
 
 The County Judge in each county presides in this Court for 
 the relief of insolvent debtors. 
 
 G. Quarter Sessions. 
 
 Of this Court the County Judge in each county is Clialr- 
 man, who, with one or more Justices of the Peace, holds a 
 Court of Quarter Session in his county four times a year, for 
 trial by Jury, in cases of larceny, nn'sdcmeanour, and other 
 minor offences. 
 
 7. Heir and Devisee Court. 
 
 Of this Court, which holds its sittings at Toronto, the 
 Judges of the Court of Queen's JJencli, Chancery and Com- 
 mon Pleas, and such other persons as may bo appointed by 
 Commission under the Great Seal, arc Commisfeiouers. Their 
 duties are to determine claims to lands in Upper Canada, for 
 which no patent has issued from the Crown, in favour of the 
 proper claimants, whether as heirs, devisees, or assignees. 
 (Scobie's Almanacs for 1850 and 1852.) 
 
 In addition to the above Courts, there is a Provincial Court 
 of Appeal, consisting of the Governor-General, who is President, 
 '\c ojfia'o, the Chief Justices of the Province, and the mem- 
 bers of the Executivo. Five of the above parties, includi»ig 
 
248 
 
 the l*re.sidGnt, form n quorum, competent to hear and deter- 
 mine Appeals from judgment pronounced in the Court of 
 Queen's Bench in civil matters. Where the matter in dispute 
 exceeds .£500 in value, an appeal lies to the Queen in Privy 
 Council ; if below that sum, the decision is final. (31. jMart, 
 p. 121.) 
 
 The Law of Upper Canada is that of England, as modified 
 or supi^lemented by the statutes of the Province. The titles 
 by which lands are held arc free and common fioccagc and 
 patents from the Crown. 
 
 ]3y an Act passed in 1851 (14th and 15th Vie., cap. 6). the 
 Law of Primogeniture was abolished in Upper Canada, and 
 real estate possessed in fee simple by parties dying intestate 
 commanded to be divided according to the relative claims of 
 survivors or their heirs on the deceased. Such property is 
 ordered to pass — 
 
 Firstly — To the Lineal Descendants of the Intestate, and 
 
 those claiming by or under them, per slirj)cs; 
 Secondly — To his Patlicr; 
 Thirdly — To his Mother ; and 
 Fourthly— To his Collateral llelatives. 
 
 "Where the relationship is equal, the share is to be equal. 
 Children thus inherit equally. So also brothers and sisters 
 share equally in the property of a brother or sister who dies 
 intestate and without issue. The descendants of a deceased 
 child, brother, sister, or other relative inherit the portion 
 which would have fallen to their parent, provided he or she 
 had been living. Provision is made by the Act for the sale 
 of the estate of the intestate with a view to its division, when 
 applied for by any of the parties interested. 
 
 MUNICIPAL IXTSITUTIONS. 
 
 ^ Canada possesses a very complete Municipal system, which 
 is working admirably. 
 
L' ami deter- 
 ic Court of 
 r in dispute 
 Ml in Trivy 
 (JSL Uivvt, 
 
 as niodified 
 
 The titles 
 
 soccagc and 
 
 cap. (3). tlie 
 Canada, and 
 nii intestate 
 vc claims of 
 li property i.s 
 
 ntestatCj and 
 
 )cs ; 
 
 to bo equal 
 
 and sisters 
 
 ster wlio dies 
 
 )f a deceased 
 
 tlic portion 
 
 d lie or slic 
 
 t for the sale 
 
 ivisioDj wlieu 
 
 ystcm, wliicli 
 
 240 
 
 The jMunicipalities of Upper Canada arc of six distinct 
 classes, viz. : 
 
 1. Townships havinp; " one hundred or more resident free- 
 holders or householders on the Collector's lloll." 
 
 Townships containiivi; a smaller nuniLer of resident free- 
 holders or householders than a liundrcd are connected as Junior 
 Townships with Townships adjacent. Provided such connec- 
 tion involve special inconvenience, Junior Townships having 
 50 resident freeholders or householders, may he separated and 
 constituted a distinct municipality, should it he required hy 
 two-thirds of these. Townships may, at the pleasure of the 
 County Council, he divided into rural wards, the distribu- 
 tion of freeholders and householders in such wards respectively 
 being as nearly as possible equal, and regard being had at the 
 «amc time to the convenience of the parties. 
 
 2. Counties — and Unions of Counties. 
 
 8. Police Yillau;es. 
 
 These may be constituted, at the discretion of the County 
 Councils, where any number of the inhabitants of an incor- 
 porated Village unite in petitioning for the privilege. 
 
 4. Incorporated Villages. 
 
 These arc constituted by proclamation of tlic Coveruor 
 General, on petition of not less than 100 of the inhabitants of 
 such Police Villages, Hamlets, or places as shall be shown by 
 the Census to have 1,000 persons living in such convcin'ent 
 proximity to each other as may enable them advantageously to 
 be incorporated. 
 
 5. Towns. 
 
 These consist of Incorporated Villages proclaimed by the 
 Governor General, on petition of the Municipality, so soon as 
 they are shown by census to have 3,000 inhabitants. 
 
 6. Cities. 
 
 This rank is obtained by proclamation of the Governor 
 General, on petition of the Town Council, when Incorporated 
 
2o0 
 
 Towns c'oiue, as sliown by the census, to liavc ii population of 
 10,000. Kac'h Incorporated City constitutes a County in itself 
 for certain purposes. 
 
 AVitli the exception of the rolico Village.^, the Act confers 
 (ill eacli of these ]Municipaiitic,s c(>rp(' 'e powers, to bo exer- 
 cised in the name and for the be.iei of the Municipality — 
 distributing among them the regulation of the entire local 
 affairs of the County, the powers of each becoming more ex- 
 tended as it rises from the Township to the City or County. 
 
 ]>y way of illustration wc add a few items exhibiting the 
 descriptions of powers committed to them respectively, premis- 
 ing that they all enjoy the right of framing such by-laws as 
 may be necessary for the carrying out of the purposes of their 
 constitution. 
 
 To the Townships belong the right, among other things, of 
 purchasing such property as may be necessary for the uses of 
 the Town, and of disposing of it when no longer required ; the 
 erection of Town Hall, School-houses, Public Pound for the 
 reception of cattle which may be straying or giving annoyance ; 
 the appointment of Assessors, Collectors, Pound-keepers, 
 Fence-viewers, and other Township officers — election of 
 Ileeve included ; for reuulatino: the duties and dctcrmin- 
 ing the remuneration of Township officers ; for erection of 
 drains, Sec, the opening, constructing, repairing, and altering 
 of roads, sidewalks and so forth ; making provisions in regard 
 to orchards, protection of timber, stone, t\:c., with sale of tim- 
 ber ; regulating inns, taverns, victualling houses, and such 
 like ; the granting of licences, in certain cases, to houses of 
 public entertainment ; granting money to County Council to 
 r.id in the improvement of roads, taking stock in Road or 
 Bridge Companies ; restraining and regulating the running at 
 large of certain animals, imposing dog-tax, regulating public 
 exhibitions, establishment of boundary lines, compounding fov 
 statute labour, borrowing money, raising and levying money, 
 levying poor-rates — with other things analogous. 
 
 coril 
 honi 
 
 gas I 
 pcnl 
 
 ^v^I 
 
 moi 
 crci 
 
pulatiori of 
 iity in itself 
 
 Act confcve- 
 to 1)0 cxer- 
 nieipality — 
 entire local 
 ng moro ex- 
 County. 
 
 ihibitinp; the 
 vely, prcmis- 
 h by-laws as 
 )0scs of tlicir 
 
 ev tliinp;s, of 
 )r the uses of 
 
 (uired j the 
 jund for the 
 g annoyance ; 
 )un(.l-keepcrs, 
 —election of 
 id detcrmin- 
 r erection of 
 and alterinp' 
 ons in regard 
 h sale of tim- 
 ^cs, and such 
 
 to houses of 
 ty Council to 
 ; in Road or 
 he running at 
 dating public 
 iipounding for 
 ! vying money; 
 
 251 
 
 County Councils are charged with the keeping and repairing 
 of the Shire Hall, the making and regulating of county roads, 
 the purchase of property, kc, erection of buildings for county 
 purposes, the erection and assistance of county grammar- 
 schools, making provision for the expenses of students attend- 
 ing the University of Toronto where held to be needed — 
 with the establishihent of Fellowships, Scholarships, exliibi- 
 tions and prizes therein — granting loans to Towns, Townships, 
 or Villages within the County, granting licences to lload and 
 IJridge Companies, and taking stock in them, borrowing and 
 levying money, and imposing Assessment for certain purposes 
 under specified restrictions. 
 
 Police Villages arc authorised to make police regulations for 
 the preservation of buildings from lire, with matters of a simi- 
 lar sort. 
 
 Incorporated Villages are empowered, besides other things, 
 to open roads ; fix boundary lines of highways 5 grant money 
 to Counties by loan or otherwise; regulate markets, weights, 
 measures, vehicles, and harbours ; restrain monopoly, sale of 
 unwholesome meats ; appoint harbour dues ; enforce the duo 
 observance of the Sabbath ; prevent vice, drunkenness, swear- 
 ing, immorality, indecency, and so forth; suppress tippling 
 houses, with other houses of improper character, gambling, 
 vagrancy, and such like ; abate nuisances ; establish lock-up 
 houses; erect public fountains, wells, and other conveniences; 
 lay out cemeteries ; borrow and levy money, &c. 
 
 Besides the powers belonging to Incorporated Villages, In- 
 corporated Towns may establish police, erect and regulate work- 
 house and house of correction ; regulate the erection of build- 
 ings ; purchase land for Industrial Tarm ; light Town with 
 gas; assess property for special improvements, and general ex- 
 penses; borrow and levy moneys; grant powers to Gas and 
 Water Companies and subscribe for stock in them ; raise 
 money to pay for such stock by rates and debentures ; and ex- 
 ercise other privileges of a kindred nature. 
 
 By Cities the powers enjoyed by the smaller Municipalities 
 
>>',•> 
 
 -i<'-< 
 
 aro of course all possessed, ■\vitli tuch lulditlunal ones — amonti, 
 them that of having a Heeordor's Court — as their well-Lciiig 
 may demand. 
 
 Township Municipalities and those of Incorporated Villages, 
 consist in each case of live Councillors — each ward returning 
 one where such Townships or A'illages arc divided into wards; 
 Police Villages have three Police Trustees; Towns have three 
 Councillors for each ward ; Cities two Aldermen and two Coun- 
 cillors for each ward. The County Municipality is composed 
 of the lleeves and Deputy lleeves of the several Townships, 
 Villages, and Tcwns within the County. Townships, Villages 
 and Towns with 500 freeholders or householders on the Assess- 
 ment lloll are entitled to elect a Deputy Reeve, as well as a 
 Heevc, which gives them a double voice in the County Muni- 
 cipality. 
 
 The qualifications for voting in the election of Munic'pal 
 Councillors, which takes place annually, arc — 
 
 Por Townships and Police \^illages, the being resident free- 
 holders or householders, entered on the lloll for rateable real 
 property, in their own right or that of their wives, as pro- 
 prietors or tenants ; for Incorporated Villages, the being on the 
 lloll, as above described, for real property of the value of £o 
 or more per annum. Por Towns the amount is £5 per annum ; 
 and for Cities £8. The Township, Village and Town Munici- 
 palities constitute the electors for the County Councils, which 
 consist, as before mentioned, of the united liceves and Deputy 
 lleeves. These various ]Municipalities elect their own oihcer.'-, 
 the County Warden being chosen by the County Council. 
 
 The qualitications necessary to the being eligible as Coun- 
 cillors are : 
 
 Por Township Councillors the being rated on the Roll, for 
 real property in his own right or that of his Avife, — as proprie- 
 tor, to the amount of £100, or tenant, of £200. A Police 
 Trustee must be rated, as above, for £100 ; a A'illage C(mn- 
 cillor, — if a freeholder, for £10 per annum, if a householder, 
 for £20 ; a Town-Councillor for double that of a Village Couii- 
 
}S- 
 
 -aiiiong 
 
 wi'll-boin< 
 
 n 
 
 {[ Villiigcs, 
 I'ctuniinijr 
 into wards; 
 linvc tlirce 
 two Coun- 
 s composed 
 lownslups, 
 ).s, Villages 
 the Assess- 
 well as a 
 Liiity Muui- 
 
 f Munic'pal 
 
 \si(lent free- 
 'ateable real 
 Lvcs, as pro- 
 iciuGi; on tlic 
 v^alue of £o 
 pcrannuni; 
 iwu Munici- 
 icils, wliicli 
 and Deputy 
 3wn officer,'-^ 
 Council, 
 lie as Couii- 
 
 tlie Eoll, fur 
 —as proprie- 
 . A lV)lieo 
 illaire Coun- 
 liouseliolder, 
 Ullage Coun- 
 
 
 I 
 
 cillor, viz., £'20 as a frcohoMcr, and £40 as a householder. 
 The suiii reijuired in tlio case of a City Councillor is the same 
 as the last; but an Alderman must be rated l\»r twice the 
 amount — to wit, for XIO as a freeholder, or £80 as a house- 
 holder. 
 
 The elections take phicc in the case of all the jMunicipalities, 
 which must nund)er somewhere about TjOO, (in Upper Canada,) 
 on the first Monday in January of each year. 
 
 Nccessaril}^ l)rief and imperfect as the above sketch is, it will 
 be seen from it thttt the people in Canada West have the 
 management of their more general iiifairs in their own 
 hands. And they are managing them well, as the improve- 
 ments of every sort which are being carried on over the whole 
 country, many of them at a large expense, most abundantly 
 testify. 
 
 The quiet with which the above machinery is working— the 
 introduction of which we owe to the lion, llobert Jialdwin — and 
 the measure in which it is ct)ntributing to educate tlie people 
 fur the exercise of privileges and the performance of duties 
 of a still higher order, call for notice, at once admiring and 
 grateful. 
 
 [The Jluuicipal system of Lovrer Canada having been sub- 
 stantially assinulatud, by a ]]ill passed since the above was 
 written, to that of Upper Canada, we omit the separate notice 
 of it given in the Essay as sent down to Quebec — which is 
 deemed to be now unnecessary.] 
 
 EDCCATIOXAL PHOVTSIOXS AND COXDITION OF 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 The first Common School Act for I^])per (,'anada bears date 
 1st April, l^'OC), though so early as ISO? — ^.iust fifteen years 
 after the separation of tho Province from that of Quebec — an 
 appropriation of £100 per annum vras made to the Teacher 
 of one school in each of tlie eight districts into which it was 
 divided. (Gourlay, A'ol. 1.. pp. 241 — q. 4().) 
 
 mi 
 
•li)4 
 
 \>y lliu Act in (|uostiuii (which mi\y be tuicii in Gouvhiy, 
 \'ul. .11., |>. l!77 — ({. ^'\), the sum o1' t-ix thoiiriaiid i)oiiU(ls per 
 jiuiuuii was approj^iititcd, lor four years, tollic i-upport of Coiu- 
 mon 8clu)ols — to be distributed as ibllows : ^.iidlaud district, 
 i!l,00(); Jvisterii, cCbOO ; Home, London, Jwhn.ston, Gore, 
 Niagara and AV'estern, £000 ei'.cli ; Newcastle, X-iOO ; Ottawa, 
 £200. 
 
 The inhabitants w^erc authorised to meet on the lirst of Juno 
 in each year to uiake arraniiements for the establishment and 
 management of iSchools, three Trustees being to be cliosen in 
 any Town, Township, A'ilhige, or place, so soon as a suitable 
 School-house should be erected or procured, twenty Scholars 
 secured, and provision ma.de in part for a Teacher's support. 
 
 The Trustees were empowered to examine and engage 
 Teachers, who must be ]>ritisli sidjjects by birth or naturaliza- 
 tion; and generally to manage the Scliools, subject to a Board 
 of five persons to be appointed in each J)ist)ict by the Crown. 
 It was re(|uired that reports should be presented annually by 
 the Trustees to the Boards, which should report annually to 
 the Governor, who should cause said reports to be laid before 
 rarliament. To each District Board liberty was given to ex- 
 pend, out of the sum placed at its disposal, <£100 in the 
 purchase of books f)r the Schools. The allowance to Teachers, 
 out of the above funds, was limited to £25 per annum. 
 
 In substance the tdjove Act was borrowed from the State of 
 New York. Considering the circumstances of the country the 
 grai'i was libenii, as was also the sjiirit of the Act, which left 
 the Working of the system with the people — under certain re- 
 strictionsof a win ties -iie character, 
 
 The present Common School systeu) of Upper Canada had 
 its commencement in the passing of a law in iSdl — introduced 
 by ilon. S. B. Harrison — endtodying the principle of granting 
 money to each county on condilioii (ji' its raising an eipial 
 amount by local assessnient. (Dr. IJyerson's lie[)ort for 1852, 
 pp. 207, 20S.) 
 
 School-.\cts, amending and Imjiroving that of 18-11, were 
 
255 
 
 ill Guuvlay, 
 poiURls per 
 ort of (.V)]ii- 
 nd JJistrict, 
 >ton, Gore, 
 0; Ottuwu, 
 
 lYtit of June 
 sliiuent and 
 »e clioscn in 
 IS a .suitable 
 ity KSchulavs 
 s support, 
 nd engage 
 r naturaliza- 
 bto a Board 
 the Crown, 
 annually hy 
 annually to 
 ! laid before 
 Li'iven to ex- 
 100 in tlie 
 to Teachers, 
 luni. 
 
 he State of 
 country the 
 , ^Yhieh left 
 r curtain re- 
 Canada had 
 -introduced 
 of granting; 
 s^ an C([ual 
 rt fur 1802, 
 
 18-il, wer(! 
 
 passed in 184:] and 1846 — the former being introduced by the 
 Hon. Francis Ilinchs, the latter by the Hon. W. II. Draper, — 
 then Attorney-General, now one of the Judges of the Court of 
 Queen's Bench. The ITun. J. II. Cameron (then Solicitor 
 General) introduced in 1849 an Act, which was passed, esta- 
 blishing a system of Schools in Cities and Incorporated Towns. 
 In 1850 these two Acts were incorporated in one introduced 
 by Hon, Francis (then Inspector General) Ilinchs ; which fur- 
 ther embodied such improvements as " experience had sug- 
 gested and the progress of the system rc(|uired.'' 
 
 It is to the honour of the political parties in whose hands 
 the Government has been placed that, in whatever else they 
 may have diftered, one spirit appears to have animated them 
 in regard to this — one of the most momentous of the country's 
 interests. 
 
 In 1844, the llcv. Dr. Bycrson — to whose intelligence and 
 zeal wc owe so much both of what is best in our School- 
 system and of the efficiency of its working — Avas appointed 
 Superintendent of Schools for Canada "West ; an ofiice which 
 we trust he will long retain, enjoying in it the privilege of 
 rendering to his loved native land services still more valuable 
 than those for which she is already so deeply indebted to him. 
 
 The School system of Upper Canada copies, in part, that ol 
 Xew York State in its machinery, and that of 3Iassachusetts 
 ill its principle of support ; w'hile it makes use, for purposes ol 
 instruction, of the Irish National School-Books, and follows 
 Germany in its Normal-School arrangements. 
 
 Christianity forms, — as of riglitit ought to do among a peo- 
 ple believing it to bo from heaven, — the basis of the system, I:i 
 the working out of wdiich the clergy of all denominations are. 
 to a large extent, combined with the people, at the same time 
 tiuit sectarianism is carefully avoided; the right of the parent ti» 
 direct the religious instruction of his child respected, and the 
 master protected against being railed on to teach that of which 
 ho <lisapproves. 
 
 M 2 
 
25(i 
 
 Jv.icii Township Ls (lividod Ity it;j Jluuicipal Cuuncii lutu 
 ISeliool soctious, tlio iiflairs ot" each of -whlcli are managed by 
 ihvco Trustees, Avlio liuld ofTiec for tliroe years — one bein*:; 
 elected anniinlly by tbe freebolders and liouseholders of tlie 
 section. At tb.e plea>nre of tlie Trnsteos, males and females 
 may be received into the same Seiioul, or separate Seliools 
 bo provided for eacli sex. The Trustees, avIio are rc(|uired to 
 account annually to their constituents, and to make an annual 
 report to the Local Superintemlent, determine the sums neces- 
 sary for the furnishing of the Schools, and appoint the salaries 
 of the Teachers. 
 
 To the Municipal Council it])elongs to impose " assessments 
 fur the erection of School-houses, or for any other School pur- 
 poses desired by the iidiabitants of School sections through 
 their Trustees. The inhabitants of each School section decid'- 
 as to the mnnner in which they Avill support their School ac- 
 eordino; to the estimates and en2'an;ements made by the Tru^-- 
 tees, •whether by voluntary subscription, by a monthly rate-bil! 
 of not more than one shilling and three-pence per child oii 
 parents sending to the Schools, or by rates on the property of 
 nil according to its assessed value, and opening the Schools to 
 the children of all without exception. The latter mode is 
 likely to supersede both the others ; but its existence and 
 operation, in connection with eacli ScliO<»l, depend upon the 
 annual decision of the inhabitants or' each School section at ;i 
 public meeting called for that purpose." (lleport for 1852, 
 pp. 2G0, 270.) 
 
 To entitle it to share in the lAiblic Grant, a School must be 
 kept open, under an authorised Teacher, for at least six montlis 
 in the year. A certificate of qualification from the County 
 Board must be Ikld by the Teacher, who is required also to 
 bo of good nnjral character. Quarterly exaniinatjons of eacii 
 School are enjoined. 
 
 For the purpose of securing efllcicnt working Superinten- 
 dents are appointed by the County Councils — for single Tovni- 
 shipsor Unions of T(Avnshij)S at their ]»leasuro — whoso *hity it 
 
 II 
 
257 
 
 uuiicil nitu 
 II an aged by 
 
 -one bein<:; 
 ders of tlic 
 ind females 
 ite Scliools 
 
 rc(|uii'ed to 
 c an annua) 
 sums ncces- 
 
 tlie salaries 
 
 assessmoutr- 
 {^cliool puv- 
 lons througli 
 action decide 
 r Si.'liool ai:- 
 l,y the Tvu-^" 
 ithly vate-bill 
 pcv cliild oil 
 
 property of 
 10 Scliools to 
 tter mode is 
 xistenec and 
 end upon tlie 
 
 1 section at a 
 [jrt for 1852, 
 
 diool must Le 
 st six months 
 ii the County 
 ulred also to 
 Itions of cacl) 
 
 j-Miperintou- 
 
 sin<ilc Tov/n- 
 
 -whnse dutv if 
 
 is to visit each School twice a-ycar, and to deliver annually 
 one public lecture on education in each Scliool section under 
 their charge ; to apportion the muney to the sections, giving 
 cheques (on the order of the Trusteesj on the County-Treasurer 
 or >Snb-Treasurer ; to assist in the examination of Teachers and 
 the deciding of disputes ; and to report annually to the Chief 
 Superintendent. For their services these Superintendents — of 
 whom Dr. lljcrson's Eeport for 1852 gives the names of 272, 
 9G of them being clcrgymGii, and 12 doctors of medicine — are 
 entitled to <£1 at least for each School under their chartre. 
 
 Clergymen recognized by law, Judges, ■Slembers of the Le- 
 gislature, jNIagistrates, mendjers of County Councils, and ^\1- 
 dermen are visiters <?.>• officio. Tlu) law authorises the Scliool 
 visiters of an^- I^Iunicipality to meet (on tlie call of two of 
 their number), to devise measures for elTicient visitation, and 
 for the establishment of School Jjibraries. 
 
 Each County has a Eoard of Public [nstruction — composed 
 uf the Local Superintendents and the Trustees of tlu; Cram- 
 mar Schools of the Count}', by whicii " the Teachers arc ex- 
 amined, and arranged into three classes according to a pro- 
 gramme of examination prepared and prescribed by the Council 
 of Public Instruction for L^pper Canad.i." 
 
 " These County lioards consist largely of the clergy of the 
 different religious persuasions, associated with some of the inost 
 intelligent laymen in each County.'^ 
 
 A sum at least equal to that received by each County out of 
 the Public grant, must be raised by the Municipal Council 
 towards the salaries of Teachers. Tiiese Councils appoint tho 
 Sub-Treasurers of the School Pnnd — as well as the Local Super- 
 intendents — aiid deternunc their salaries, I'rovision is likewise 
 made by them for the security of the sums appropriated, and 
 for the prompt paynu^nt of the Teachers. County and Town- 
 ship Councils may raise such sums as they deem ]>roper for 
 Public School Lil)rarics, (subject to the provisions of the law,) 
 towards the est:;ltlishmentand support of wliieha I'arlianu'ntary 
 
258 
 
 grant has been made to be expended on the same conditions as 
 the School Fund. 
 
 For the general management of the Schools, Cities and Town? 
 have School Boards — consisting of two Trustees, chosen by 
 the people, and holding office for two years, one retiring an- 
 nually, but being at the same time eligible for re-election. In- 
 corporated Villages, not divided into wards, have six Trus- 
 tees, two of whom retire annually. Those ]joards determine 
 the number and description of Schools to be supported, 
 appoint Teachers and Superintendents, and fix the rates for the 
 iiecess!iry expenses, which the County Councils are required 
 to raise as asked. 
 
 The whole School system is presided over by a Council of 
 Public Instruction and (]liief Superintendent of Schools, who is 
 i\c oj'/irio a member of the Council — both aj^pointed by the 
 Crown. This Council manages the Normal and ^Eodel Schools, 
 *•' recommends the Text-books for the Schools and books for 
 the School Libraries, and makes the regulations for the organi- 
 zation, government, and discipline of Common Schools, the 
 examination :ind classihciition of Teachers, and the establish- 
 ment and care of School Libraries through Ui^per Canada." 
 
 The Chief Superintendent — Avho is, as above noticed, ^' ex- 
 ofi'iriit a member of the Council, ]n"ovides accommodation 
 for its meetings — a})portions the School Fund to the several 
 l^Iunicipalities throughout U]>per Canada, prepares the general 
 School regulations, and submits them, as well as the Q'ext and 
 Library IJooks, to the consideration of the Council, prepares 
 the forms of reports and modes of all School proceedings under 
 the Act, and gives instructions for conducting them, as well 
 as for holding Teachers Institutes; takes the general superin- 
 tendence of the Normal School ; provides facilities for procur- 
 ing Text and Library Books, and provides and recommends 
 plans of School-houses; prc})ares annual Keports ; corresponds 
 with Local School authorities throughout IFppcr Canada, and 
 employs all means in his power for the promoti(m of education 
 and the diffusion of useful knowledge. Tie is responsible for 
 
25!) 
 
 iditions as 
 
 and Town?' 
 clioscn by 
 ctiring an- 
 ;tion. In- 
 : six Trus- 
 dctermine 
 supported, 
 ites for the 
 L'c required 
 
 Council of 
 3o]s, who is 
 ted by the 
 lel Schools; 
 d books for 
 the or<i;ani- 
 L-hools, the 
 i ostablish- 
 >inada." 
 iced, ^' ex- 
 mniodation 
 the several 
 the iieneral 
 ic Text and 
 il, prepares 
 Unjrs under 
 m, as well 
 ral supcrin- 
 for procur- 
 ecomnicnds 
 ^'orresponds 
 'anada, and 
 f education 
 ponsiblo for 
 
 liis oflicial conduct and for all monies which pass throutih his 
 department.'' (Dr. llyerson's Ptcport for 1852, pp. 2G7-2T1, 
 and School Act.) 
 
 The Act allows the establishment of Township Model- 
 Schools, the uniting of School sections, and the incorpo- 
 ration of Common and Grammar Schools, where these 
 things arc wished for. The sums to be raised by each Town- 
 ship arc determined by the County Councils. Cities and in- 
 corporated Towns possess for School purposes the combined 
 powers of the County and Township Councils. 
 
 Provision is made by the 19th section of the School Act of 
 1850 for the establishment, on the application in writing of 
 twelve or more resident heads of families, of separate Schools 
 for Protestants in School divisions in which the Teacher of the 
 Common School is a Catholic, and for Catholics where the 
 Common School Teacher is a Protestant ; — as also for people of 
 colour. These separate Schools are subject to the same regu- 
 lations as the Common Schools ; the right of voting for the 
 election of their Trustees is restricted to the class for which 
 the Schools arc designed ; and they are entitled to share in the 
 School Fund according to the average attendance of pupils in 
 them, the mean of summer and winter being taken. 
 
 The provision in the case of the coloured people is meant, 
 not to operate in any way as an exclusion from the Common 
 Schools, which are open to them on the same conditions with 
 others, but to secure them a right where they may wish to 
 enjoy it. 
 
 [An Act (18th Vic, cap. IBl) received the Royal Assent 
 on the 80th of May, 1855, which givGS to five lloman Catholic 
 heads of families ^' resident within any School section of any 
 Township or within any ward of any City or Tovai," wishing 
 to establish a separate School therein, the right of cunvening 
 a pu1)lic meeting " I'ov tiie ek-i^tioa of Trustees fur the manage- 
 ment thereof." T>\' a mrijority of the llor.ian Catholic free- 
 holders or li(.)usoholdcrs uttendiug such meeting, at which Un 
 at least umst be present, llireo Tru>toes — being Pritish ;'Vib 
 
2()0 
 
 jucts — m;iy bo chosen ibr tlio above purpose. On the Trus- 
 tees thus clioscii, wlio constitute a body corporate, the same 
 power is conferred as is possessed by tlie Trustees of Coninion 
 Schools, " to impose, levy and collect School rates or subscrip- 
 tions upon and from persons sendinji; cliildren to, or sul)scrib- 
 ing towards the support of separate Schools, and all other 
 powers in respect of sci)arate Schools*" the same duties and 
 responsibilities being devolved on them as are imposed on or 
 required of the Trustees of Common Schools. Teachers of 
 separate Schools are likewise made liable to all penalties pro- 
 vided against Teachers of Common Schools. These Trustees, 
 of which the election is to be annual, are fnrther empowered 
 " to grant certificates of (qualification to Teachers of separate 
 Schools under their management, and to dispose of all School 
 funds of every description coming into their hands for School 
 pur})0scs." 
 
 The separate Schools established as above are entitled to 
 share in the fund aniuially granted by thv3 Legislature, nc- 
 eordiiig to the average number of pupils attending them dur- 
 iug the twelve next preceding months (such average being, 
 at least, fifteen), as compared with the whole average 
 number of pupils attending School in the same Citj', Town, 
 \'ilhige, or Tovrnsliip. Half-yearly returns, to be verified 
 on oath before a Justice of the l\)ace, of the names of children 
 ill attendance, average attendance for the period covered by the 
 return, and nundjer of months diirinci; which the Schools have 
 been kept open, are re(piired to be forwarded by the Trustees to 
 the Chief Superintendent of Schools. The supporters of these 
 Schools are exempted from the payment of the rates imposed 
 for the sustaining of the Common Schools ; but parties frau- 
 dulentlj^ returning themselves as such :ire "liable to a penalty 
 of ten pounds currency, rec<n'erable before any .Justice of the 
 reacc at the suit of the jlunicipality interested."] 
 
 ]3y the 2od section of the Siipjilen.ci.iijtry Act, which grants 
 an addition of .£4,000 per annuiu to (lic' ('onimon School fund 
 of Tj^pcr Canada, th:' follrtwiiig a]lo'.v;ou-es ;nv made, viz., 
 
iii! 
 
 1 the Trus- 
 , tlic Slime 
 f Common 
 II' sLib.scrip- 
 >v !iul)serib- 
 nll other 
 duties and 
 )Of>cd on or 
 'eacliers of 
 ualties pro- 
 c Trustees^ 
 empowered 
 :)f separate 
 f all School 
 for School 
 
 entitled to 
 ■ilnturo, nc- 
 them diir- 
 rai>e beuici', 
 >lo average 
 City, Town, 
 
 be vevilied 
 
 of children 
 ,'ered by the 
 chools have 
 
 Trustees to 
 :ers of these 
 tcs imposed 
 parties frau- 
 to a penally 
 stiee of the 
 
 1 _ 
 
 dilcli -grants 
 
 Scliool fund 
 
 made, viz.. 
 
 XljOOO per aniium — (jvcr and above c£l,5UU previously 
 given — makliig, therefore, £2,500 in all — towards the sup- 
 port of the Xornial and Model Schools and for supply- 
 ing the School Corporations and Superintendents with the 
 ,/(nirii(il (>/' JJiIiird/ioii, the amount to bo denoted to the 
 latter object being limited to £450 ; £500 per amnini for 
 the formation of a Canadian Library and 3Iuscum t*j be kept 
 in the Xornuil School Uuildings; and £500 per annum to- 
 wards tlie formation of a fund 'Mbr the support of superan- 
 nuated or worn-out Common School Teachers in l'})per Ca- 
 nada," the " annual sum to be paid to each such Teacher not 
 to exceed the rate of one pound ton shillings for each year that 
 such Teacher shall have taught a Common School in Upper 
 Canada." A contribution of oim pound per annum is rerpiircd 
 to be paid by the ^J'cacher towards the above fund to entitle 
 hiiu to share in it. The numb< r of parties who are already 
 reaping the advantage of tliis wise and generims arrangement, 
 is considerable — some of them beino- between 70 and SO vears 
 of age, ami having taught for periods varying from tv.'enty to 
 between forty and fifty years. 
 
 The manner in which the Common School system is work- 
 ing is, on the whole, highly satisfactory. All parties concerned, 
 — the 3Iuuicipalities, the Boards, and the I'eople on the one 
 hand, aiul the Ollicers on the otlier, — throw tliem-elves into 
 it with a ;'.eal which entitles them to grateful commendation, 
 and which is full of promise for the best interests of the 
 country. The spirit In which the Municipalities have met the 
 liberality of the Covernmont in its allowance of £o,000 per 
 annum towards the establishment of Libraries, is beyond all 
 praise, the sums which some of tliem have voted for this pur- 
 pose being very large. 
 
 By the Act £1,000 per tinnirm is granted in aid of the 
 pupils in attendance on the Xnrnial School, in addidou to the 
 sums already uientio)u;d as allov\-ed for its general support. 
 The service whicli is being rendered the country by this 
 excellent and admirably conducted institution is veiy vrc;.!. 
 
2G2 
 
 And it is beinp^ well appreciated, for from every quarter appli- 
 cation is being made fur Teaclicrs trained there, whom a 
 general disposition is being manifested to treat with liberality. 
 The parties charged with the work of instruction in the Institu - 
 tion, arc eminently (jualilied for the positions they occupy, and 
 enjoy in largo measure, not simply the confidence but the respect 
 of their pupils — who, as a general thing, conduct themselves in 
 a way which does credit alike to themselves and the country — 
 and of all who stand in official connection, or have the 
 pleasure of acquaintance with them. Of the Teachers of the 
 Model School — in which the Teachers in training have the op- 
 portunity of exercising themselves — the same thing is true. 
 Throughout the whole establishment, including Dr. llyerson's 
 Assistant [now Deputy Superintendent] and the Clerks in the 
 Education Office, the spirit of the Superintendent appears to 
 have been caught, each one feeling that an inqwrtant and 
 honorable work is entrusted to him, and throwing himself — 
 and herself — with a hearty zeal into it. Enjoying the best 
 opportunities of knowing vdiat has just been stated, I feel the 
 testimony I bear to be due to all parties, but to none more 
 than the Government and the country at large, whose enlight- 
 ened liberality has originated and is so generously fostering our 
 whole Educational arrangements. 
 
 To the late Governor-General, liis Excellency the Earl of 
 Eluin — who laid the corner stone of the Normal School Duild- 
 ing, and paid the institution a parting visit just before leaving 
 the country — it is but justice to mention that he gave annually 
 two valuable prizes of books for the encouragement of the 
 study of Agricultural Chemistry, besides manifesting in other 
 way3, in every way in his power, an affectionate interest in the 
 establishment. 
 
 The following extracts from Dr. llj^Tson's Jb^ports fwr 18")2 
 and I'^'to, and particulars thence collceted, will give an idea 
 of the condition of the Schools. 
 
 In the fjrmcr of these lleports it is stated that the School 
 sections in 18.'')2 were •^,m7 — .'•> loss th.;in in the y»revious year; 
 
2(J3 
 
 irtoi' appli- 
 , whom a 
 
 liberality, 
 lie Institu - 
 L'cupy, and 
 the respect 
 mselves in 
 country — 
 
 have the 
 icrs of the 
 ive the op- 
 ig is true. 
 
 llyerson's 
 .'rks in the 
 
 appears to 
 Drtant and 
 
 himself — 
 ig the best 
 , I feel the 
 lonc more 
 se cnlio;ht- 
 storing our 
 
 he Earl of 
 lool 13uild- 
 )rc Icavini!; 
 c annually 
 cnt of the 
 ig ill other 
 irest in the 
 
 Ls rwrlS52 
 ^'e an idea 
 
 :!ie bcliodi 
 'ious y(nir ; 
 
 and the number ui' Schuols, 3,010 — being 1) more thaii that 
 of the year preceding. It is not, however, as is remarked, the 
 number of Schools, but the number of pupils attendinn; them 
 tlie time of kee])ing them open, and the amount expended fur 
 their snpport, that determines the state or progress of Com- 
 mon School instruction. 
 
 The number of Free SrJwoh reported for 1852, is 001 — 
 ''being an increase of 40 during tlio 3'ear ; in addition to 
 which, 420 are reported as partly free — making in all l,ol]0 
 that are supported, in part or altogether, by a self-imposod tax 
 upon property.'' One shilling and three pence pev liionth for 
 each })upil is, as already noticed, the highest rate which can be 
 imposed. 
 
 " The amount of the Lcfjishidi-e Grant apportioned to Com- 
 mon Schools in 1852, vras £18,723 IBs. 8d. — being £303 2s. 
 lOd. Icsa than the amount apportioned in 1851. The amount 
 of the Miintc'qnd Assessment part of the School Fund in 1852, 
 was £20,530 5s. lOd. — being an increase on the prccedini>' 
 year of £004 8s. 4d. The amount of Seliool Section Assess- 
 ments for Free Selcooh was £20,132 15s. Sd — being an advance 
 on the preceding year of £0,300 2s. Id. The amount of 
 Voluntary Suhseriptions and Rate-Bills, was £30,082 10s. — 
 being an increase on the preceding year of £3,105 Os, 9d. 
 The total avwun f reccixcd in 1852 for the Salariesof Teachers 
 was, £113,001 10s. 7d. — being an increase of £11,040 18s. 
 Id. on the amount received for the same purpose the preced- 
 ing year. The amount raised for Building, U<j>alrs, Aj)2)ara- 
 ttis, i(r., of School Houses, was £25,004 12s. Od — being an 
 a'lranrc on the receipts of the preceding year, for the same 
 purpose, of £5,720 14s. Od. The amount received in support 
 ofot/nr Kdacatlonid Inst itnt ions, was £30,080 15s. lOd — 
 being an increase during the year of £4,155 8s. 2d. The 
 (jrand total available (as far as reported) i'or FdncatiojK/l Pur- 
 lioses for the year 1852, was £170,075 10s. 2d — being an 
 increase over the year 1851 of £21,845 Is." Tlie sum there- 
 fore provided and expended for Ixlucational purposes in 
 
Upper Canada during tlio year 1852, exceeded thrice the 
 «n"oss amount of all loctd Taxr.s in l8J-;j, Avliieli :inu3unte(l, 
 according to the returns, to ct55,377 4s. Id — less than one- 
 halt' the amount of the taxes ana appropriallun.s for Common 
 Schools iu 1S52. 
 
 '' The icholc nuinLrr of chthlnn between the ages of 5 and 
 IG years reported for 1852, was 2()(l,7")5 — being only 4,148 
 more tliau the nundjer reported for 1851. The number of 
 boys reported as attending School, was 99,204, and the num- 
 ber of girls 80,323." The number of girls, however, who at- 
 tend private Schools is much larger than of boys — a fact which 
 helps to account for the diiference above noticed. 
 
 In 1852 the National Arithmetics were used in 2,232 
 Schools, the National Headers in 2,925. '^ I know," says Dr. 
 Kyerson, ''of no instance in which so great a change and im- 
 provement has taken place in the Text-]3ooks of a country 
 during so short a period ; and that v/ithout compulsion. It is 
 also worthy of remark, that all those Text-]jooks (vrith one or 
 two exceptions) are printed in Canada — thus encouraging do- 
 mestic manufacture and enterprise, at the same time that the 
 Schools are improved. I hope the period is not remote, wlien 
 we shall be the publishers of our own School Libraries, as well 
 as School Text-Books." 
 
 The Bible and Xcw Ta^tamcat were read in 1,890 Schools 
 in 1852 — an increase over the previous year of 142. 
 
 The number of Teachers employed during 1852 was 3,388 
 — ''being 111 more than the number employed during a longer 
 or shorter period of the preceding year." Of this number 
 2,581 were males — a deerease of 10 on the vear precedinir : 
 and 847 females, an inf reuse of 121. 
 
 ]Malc Teachers received on an average during 1852, i:83 Gs. 
 without board — an increase of .£4 4s. each on the year previous. 
 " The average salaries of 3Iale Teacheis, Avith board, was 
 £G2 17s — being an advance of X27 1 Is. each on those returned 
 for the preceding year. The average salaries of female 
 Teachers, without board, was at the rate of £52 12s., and with 
 
:iG5 
 
 thrice tho 
 
 ainuuntcMl, 
 
 tli;\n 0110- 
 
 v,v Cuuiuiou 
 
 cs of 5 and 
 only 4,n-18 
 number of 
 id tlic num- 
 ber, who at- 
 L fact whicli 
 
 1 in 2,2^2 
 ,'/' s;iys Dr. 
 [iii'c and im- 
 if a country 
 Ision. It is 
 Avith one or 
 lurauing do- 
 me that the 
 iinotc, when 
 tries, as well 
 
 800 Schools 
 •> 
 
 2 was 3,388 
 inu; a lonwr 
 his uuinLer 
 ' precedinu' ; 
 
 '52, £83 Gs. 
 :>:ir previous, 
 board, was 
 lose retunuHl 
 s of female 
 -s., and with 
 
 board, £32 Is — an advance of £S 5s. each on those of the 
 precedinii' year.'' 
 
 The Cities beinir exchidcd, the average salaries for 18r)2 
 were for a male Teacher, with board, £30 Is ; without board, 
 i!50 7s. Female Te;ichers received, M'ithout board, £33 5s. ; 
 with board, £24 Is. 
 
 The averages for male and female Teachers, without board, 
 were : 
 
 iNInlcs. Females. 
 
 In Toronto £110 2 £.")5 11 
 
 In Hamilton 140 1 (No report) 
 
 In Kingston 7U *.) 42 10 
 
 Average of the three places, £101) IT £41,> 1 
 
 In 1852 there was an increase of Jirst and second class 
 Teachers, with a decrease of those of the third class. The 
 first class Teachers numbered 435 — 57 more than in 1851 ; 
 the second class, 1,444 — an increase of 172 ; and the fJiird 
 class 1,400 — a decrease of 87. Of this last class it is stated 
 that their qualifications arc as high as were those of Common 
 School Teachers generally in former years. 
 
 Durinrc 1852, 11)0 School Houses wore built — 18 of which 
 were brick, 18 stone, 78 frame, and 85 log. The num])er of 
 School Houses reported Avas 3,008 — of which 127 were brick, 
 100 stone, 1,240 frame, 1,447 log, and 45 not rei)orted. 
 
 For building School Houses there was received during 1852, 
 £10,035 lis. 4d— an increase over 1851 of £0,008 14s. lOd. 
 For Repairs and lients the sum received was £4,088 Os. Od. ; 
 increase over 1851, £550 13s. Od. Total amount for building, 
 repairs and rent, £24,024 Is. Id — being an increase of £(>,505 
 8s. 7d. 
 
 In 1851 the Schools were provided Avith 2,027 maps of the 
 world and continents. The number in 1852 Avas l,(i02 — only 
 335 fewer — a fact at once remarkable and gratifying Avhen the 
 largeness of the previous supply is considered. 
 
 The Schools Averc supplied in 1852 Avith 00f> maps of Ca- 
 
JOG 
 
 iijula — :m increase of oOT ; other iiuips, l,45-t — an increase of 
 i)'22. The totiil niinil)or of maps in the Seliuols in 1S52, was 
 I), SO!) — an increase of 1,011, — '' more than one-fourtli of the 
 wliole number." 
 
 In 1851 tlicrc was expended fur apparatus of different de- 
 Hcriptions, £l,^^-\ T,s. Hd. ; and in iSoJ, 1,0()(> 12s. 8d— a 
 diminution of £4-10 lis. Td., occasioned it is tt> be presumed 
 by the hir^-eness of the previous supply. 
 
 In 1852 there were reported 801 Sunday School Libraries, 
 with 124,031 volumes — an increase of 177 libraries and 27,1)45 
 volumes; Public Libraries 141, with o7,071) volumes — the in- 
 crease of Libraries being 45, and of volumes 7,911. Total 
 Libraries reported, 1,045; volumes, 104,147 — the increase of 
 Libraries being 175, and volumes oo,21o. 
 
 The separate vSchools in 1852 were 25 in all — 3 Protestant, 
 18 lioman Catholic, and 4 coloured. 
 
 The cost of the Xornial School Buildings — including a 
 square of 8 acres of land in what is now one of the finest parts 
 of Toronto, with its preparation and culture for the first year, 
 was £25,000 — a sum well and nobly spent, and yielding already 
 a return more than justifying its expenditure, (lleport for 
 1852, pp. 9-14.) 
 
 As the lleport for 1853, which was published only eight 
 months after that of 1852, directs attention to the latter, wo 
 have thought it necessary in order to a correct view of tlie 
 state of the Schools, to give tlie above particulars. 
 
 In the commencement of his lleport for 1853, Dr. llyerson 
 states that " the statistical Tables show the laru'cst increase, in 
 every particular indicative of progress, which has ever taken 
 place in any one year in L^pper Canada." 
 
 Tliere vrere in 1853, 3,127 Common Schools open in T'pper 
 Canada, 17 more than during 1852; attended by 104,730 
 pupils, an increase over the previous yenr of 15,194. Of these 
 Schools 1,052 are reported free — an increase of 151. The 
 nundjer of Teachers employed was 3,539 (2,001 male and 93S 
 female) — an increase over the year preceding year of 151 ; to 
 
2()7 
 
 increase of 
 I 1852, was 
 
 ivtli of tlio 
 
 llfToroiit tle- 
 12s. 8(1— :i 
 
 pi'csuuicd 
 
 )1 Libraries, 
 and 27,i)45 
 ics — the in- 
 )11. Total 
 increase of 
 
 Protestant, 
 
 inchuling a 
 ! lincst parts 
 10 first year, 
 ling already 
 (lleport for 
 
 1 only eight 
 le latter, wo 
 view of the 
 
 Dr. Hyorson 
 i increase, in 
 5 ever taken 
 
 en in TJ^pper 
 by ll)4,7o0 
 L Of these 
 
 151. The 
 lale and 938 
 
 of 151 ; to 
 
 wliom there was paid as salaries .CL]0,0.'JO — being an increase 
 as compared witli 1852 of £1{),()[>^. Towards the erection 
 :m(l repair of School Houses and the providing of Lilmiries 
 and ajtparatus there was raised .to2,0l8'' — an increase of 
 X(),!)24. Tiiese amounts make a grand total of JC1G1,V()9 — 
 an advance on the previous year of £22,(j84. 
 
 In addition to the Common Schools 174 I'rivate Schools are 
 reported as having been in operation daring 185-^ — 7 over the 
 nuinl)ci' of the year 1852 ; 71) County Grammar Schools and 
 Academics — 5 over the previous year; with 8 Colleges — the 
 same number as that reported for 1852. The number of pupils 
 attending IVivate Schools is reported to have been o,822 — a 
 decrease as compared with 1852 of 1,.')11. Of pupils in at- 
 tendance on Grammar Schools and Academies the number was 
 3,830 — being an increase on the year preceding of (')45. The 
 number of students attending Collesies and Universities in 
 1853, was 75G — an increase of 5. The reported income of 
 these Institutions during the year 1853 was c-£37,52G — £537 
 more than during 1852. 
 
 To the above have to be added 735 pupils in attendance on 
 the Normal and Model Schools during 1853 — 90 over the 
 number of 1852. 
 
 The whole number of pupils attending these various Educa- 
 tional Institutions in Upper Canada in 1853 was 203,980 — an 
 increase over 1852 of 14,(370. For education there was avail- 
 able during the year named within Canada AVcst the sum of 
 £199,074 — an increase over the preceding year of £23,598 
 2s. 3d. 
 
 The number of separate Schools reported for 1853 is 24. 
 
 To over-estimate the beneficial influence of the mingling 
 together of our rising population in a connection so close and 
 generous, on either the comfort of the parties themselves when 
 called to act touethcr in future life, or the country to which its 
 
 O -'4. 
 
 direct tendency is to give the full advantage of the capabilities 
 and resources of its inhabitants, would be difficult. 
 
'2ijb 
 
 Of the pupils in the Coniiuon Scliool.s in 185:], ll),oli me 
 reported as being over 10 years of age ; 175,42- between 5 
 ami 1(5. 
 
 There were during l!^5o, r>::),114 pupils attending the fn'st 
 or lowest reading class; :>(),150, the second; 41,510 the third; 
 o5,l)40, the foui-th; ol/.KJ:;, the fifth or highest. The pupils 
 in Arithmetic were distributed as follows — oG,572 learning the 
 tirst four rules ; 24,150 in the compound rules and reduction; 
 and 2;],UG1 in proportion and the rules more advanced. The 
 Grammar pupils were, 29,(150 ; Geography, 41, lo5; History, 
 0,o25 ; AVriting, 84,972 ; ]>ook-keeping, 2,9;]1 ; Mensuratiou, 
 1,441; Algebra, 1,S('>9; Geometry, 1,12(5 ; Elements of Na- 
 tural IMiilosophy, 4,o70 ; \\>c:d Music, 10,804; Linear Draw- 
 ing, 2,47-> ; other studies, 2,o70. 
 
 The Bible and New Testament were reaJ in 1,777 of the 
 Schools during the same year. 
 
 In regard to the Ixcligious instruction of the pupils attend- 
 ing the Common Schools, the School Act (section fourteenth) 
 provides '' that in any Common or Model School established 
 under this Act, no child shall be required to read or study in 
 or from anv reliirious book, or to ioin in any exercise of devo- 
 tion or religion, wliicli shall be objected toby his or her parents 
 or guardians : Provided alwaj's, that within this limitation, 
 pupils shall bo allowed to receive such religious instruction as 
 their parents or guardians shall desire, according to the general 
 regalations which shail be provided according to law\" 
 
 While, however, the public religious exercises of eacli 
 School are left as a matter of mutual voluntary arrangement 
 between the teacher and the parent or guardian of each pupil, 
 the principles of religion and morality are expected to be in- 
 culcated upon all, — the teacher exerting his best efforts, 
 by both example and precept, to impress upon the minds of 
 all children and youtli committed to his care and instruction, 
 the principles of piety, justice, and a sacred regard to trutli, 
 love to tlieir country, humanity, and universal ])enevolence, 
 sobriety, industry, frugality, chastity, moderation, and tempo- 
 
 I 
 
 ]!. 
 
 to 
 
 cu 
 (12 
 
 grn 
 1 e-' 
 stisi 
 ncM 
 cha 
 
 ti'. 
 
 I 
 

 2t)0 
 
 , 19,31i are 
 
 I I'ctAVCcn 5 
 
 no* tlio livst 
 .0 the tliinl ; 
 The pupiln 
 learning the 
 d reduction ; 
 aneed. The 
 ]5j History, 
 Mensuration, 
 iients of Na- 
 Liiiear])raw- 
 
 L,7T7 of the 
 
 vapils attend- 
 u fourteenth) 
 1 cstahHshed 
 . ov study in 
 L'cisc of devo- 
 or her parents 
 is limitation, 
 instruction as 
 to the general 
 law."^ 
 
 uses of eacli. 
 J arranuenient 
 ;»f each pupil, 
 :eted to be in- 
 best efforts, 
 I the minds of 
 id instruction, 
 gard to truth, 
 benevolence, 
 n, and tcnipo- 
 
 nuice, — and tiiose othor virtues which are tlic ornament of 
 society, and ou v.iiich a iVco constitution of government I . 
 founded; and endetivouring to lead his pupils, as their age 
 !ind cMparitles Avill admit, into a clear understanding of the 
 tendency of the above-mentioned virtues, in order to preserve 
 :nid perfect the blessings of law and liberty, as well as to pro- 
 mote their future happiness, and also to point out to them the 
 evil tendency of the opposite vices, (lleport for IS.');]^ pp. 
 KiU, 170.) 
 
 The nundjer of students who have attended the Normal 
 School from the time of its commencement in 1847 till tlie 
 close of the 11th session, 1853-54, is 1,2(')4 — 8;):> males, and 
 4:>1 females. In regard to religious belief, they stand as fol- 
 lows — viz., Church of Kngland, 213; lioman Catholies, 75 ; 
 Presbyterians, 2(U); Methodists, 483, IJaptists, 110; Con- 
 gregationalists, 48 ; Lutheran, 1 ; (Quakers, 12; Univcrsalist^ 
 1; Unitarians, 4 ; Disciples, 14 ; other persuasions, 30. 
 
 Notice has been taken of the connection of a Library sys- 
 tem with the IHiblic Schools. It is not much beyond a \ ;ar 
 since it went into operation ; but it is now in full play, cover- 
 ing the country with books of the best class in all the more 
 common and important departments of Literature. Between 
 the latter part of November, 1853, and the close of October, 
 1854, there were sent out from the Depository, 81,905 volumes, 
 — of which 13,783 were on History; G,711, Zoology; 1,192, 
 l>otany ; 2,899, Phenomena, kc. ; 1,703, Physical Science ; 
 798, (J< ology, kc. ; 1,233, Natural Philosophy ; 709, Chemis- 
 try ; 498, Agricultural Chemistry; 3,029, Practical Agri- 
 culture; 3,938, Manufactures; '<,225, Modern Literature; 
 027, Ancient Literature; 5,007, Voyages, &c. ; 8,078, bio- 
 graphy ; Tales and Sketches — Practical Literature, 22,550 ; 
 Teachers' Library, 719. The inunber issued since the above 
 statement was prepared brings the volumes for the year u}) to 
 nearly 90,000. ( lleport, p. 134, Pl.) School authorities pur- 
 chasing obtain Dooks double the amount m value forwarded 
 by them. 
 
270 
 
 Wo may possibly liavc gone Bomcwiiat too largely into otn 
 Scliool r^ysteiii and operations, Imt the importance of their 
 bearing on the character and condition of the country — presenl. 
 and prospective — must be our a])ology. 
 
 lleference has been made to the existence of Grammar 
 Schools in Upper (\inada. 
 
 The foUoAving particulars are all our space will admit iu re- 
 lation to them, 
 
 80 early as 1797 — live years only after Upper (^mada was 
 constituted a distinct Province — a joint addrc-s was presented 
 by the Legislative Council and Jlouse of Assend)ly to his Ma- 
 jesty George 111., imphn-ing that he ''would be graceously 
 pleased to direct his Government in this l^rovincc to appro- 
 priate a c(!rtain portion of the waste laiids of the Crown, as a 
 fund for the establishment and support of a respectable 
 Grammar-School in each District thereof; and also a College, 
 or Uiniversity, for the instruction of youth in tlie diiferent 
 branches of liberal knowledge.'' 
 
 To the above application a favourable reply was given by 
 the Home (Jovcrnment, who desired to be informed by the 
 Provincial Executive, after consultation with the Law Oihcers 
 of the (^'own, ^' in vliat manner and to irliat extent, a por- 
 tion of the Crown Lands might be appro])riated and rondereil 
 productive towards the formation of a fund for the above pur- 
 poses." Py the E.vCCUtivG (Jouncil it was suggested, in com- 
 pliance with the invitation thus given them, " that an appro- 
 priation of r)00,()Ot) acres, or ten townships, after deducting 
 the (h-own and Clergy sevenths, would be a suilicient fund fo;' 
 the establishment and maintenance of the Ptoyal Foundation 
 of four Grammar Schools, and anUniversity.'^ Jt was furtln-r 
 suggested that the Grammar Schools recommended to be 
 established should be locatcxi at (Njrnwall, ]\iiigston, Newark 
 (Niagara), and Sandwich, and the University at York, iio.v 
 Toronto. The action taken ori the Peport of the Kxecntivi' 
 making these recommendations is not known. (Origin, &c., of 
 King's College, pp. 0. P>.) 
 
 llu 
 
 of 
 
 C( 
 
 (\ 
 
 T.. 
 
 A( 
 
 til 
 
 ha 
 
 as 
 
 is 
 
 a 
 
 iii 
 
 ci; 
 
rely into our 
 ICC of then- 
 try — pret^eiiL 
 
 of Gnuuiunr 
 
 admit iii ro- 
 
 : Canada was 
 \^s presented 
 y to Ills ]M:i- 
 ic graceously 
 ncc to appro- 
 3 Crown, as a 
 a respectable 
 Iso a (Allege, 
 tlie dilfereut 
 
 was given by 
 ornied by tlic 
 3 Law Officer;-^ 
 
 extent, a pov- 
 . and rendered 
 :lio above pur- 
 ested, in eoiii- 
 that an appvo- 
 ftcr deductiiijr 
 icient fund I'u'.' 
 al Foundation 
 
 ]t wasfurtlitT 
 nended to be 
 [2;ston, Newark 
 
 at York, now 
 
 the llxecutivt' 
 Origin, c\:c., of 
 
 271 
 
 An Act was passed in 1S07. granting £10!) per annum '• to 
 the Teacher of une School, in each (tf tli*- eight Districts of the 
 i'rovince, under the direction of Trustees." The above Act, 
 limited at first to four years was afterwards made i»ermaneut. 
 ((jiourlay, \'ol, 1,, p. '1\;).) 
 
 Instead of being contined to the Districts, Grannnar Schools 
 luive been extended to the Counties, and also to the Cities, 
 Towns, and more important Town 31unicipalities and \'il]ages. 
 Tlieir present number is Of. An allowance has been madean- 
 nually of X,h)\} to the senior (jrammar School of each count}', 
 Avith an amount varying according to circumstances to the 
 other Sch(.»ols. On the whole the average cannot have been 
 imich below cC 100, as the sum re})orteil as reccjived i'or lS.">;J, 
 is <£5,78o. From fees, the amount reported for the same year 
 is £4,000 Us. Id. The number of pupils returned is 0,221. 
 (Dr. l{ycrson's Report for LSoo, p. 40.) 
 
 The proceeds of the (jrammar School Fund, consisting of 
 interest on investment (i'fl,002 Os. 8d — 2nd iieport on Ac- 
 counts, p. o7) in I'rovincial securities, on sums deposited in 
 the Jianks and, on sales of lands, with rents of leased lots, 
 amounted in Is.jo to the sum of £o,422 18s. Id. (^Fublic Ac- 
 counts for 1853, p. 280.) 
 
 By an Act of the Legislature, assented to 14th June, 1853, 
 the Grammar Schools are placed under the care of the Council 
 of Public Instruction ; of which the Presid(.'nt of University 
 College and the l*resident or other Head of each of the 
 Colleges in Upper (Vinada alliliated to the University of 
 T(jronto are constituted members for the pur})oses of the 
 Act. The same relationship is henceforth to exist between 
 tlie Grannnar Schools and the IMunicipalities on tlic one 
 h;md, and the v^uperintendent of Fducation (Ui tlu^ other, 
 as exists in the case of the Common Schools. Provision 
 is to bo made in each School " for giving instruction, by 
 a T( acher or Tc'achers of competent ability and good morals, 
 iii all the higher branches of a practical English and Commer 
 ci;il 1-Mucation, including the elements of Natural Philosophy 
 
27:i 
 
 and jMeclmiiics^ and also in the Latin and Greek lanuiiagos and 
 ]\Iatlicniatics, so far as to prepare students for University Col- 
 lege, or any College ;iflili;ited to tlic University of Toronto, 
 according to a programme of Studies and General llules and 
 Kcgulations to be prescribed by the Council of Public Instruc- 
 tion for Upper Canada, and approved by the Govcr'K.r in Coun- 
 cil." In accordance "with the tdjove enactment a programme 
 has been prepared embracing a course of study of a very 
 .superior character, along -with a set of rules well fitted to secure 
 the ends contemplated, to both of which the assent of the 
 (Jovernment has been given. A sum lias likewise been granted 
 for the establishment of a Model (Jrammar School in connection 
 with the Normal School, '' in which the best modes of learning 
 the elements of the Greek and Latin, French and German 
 languages, the elementary ^Mathematics, and elements of Na- 
 tural Science, will be attempted to be exempliticd, and where 
 Teachers and Candidates for Masterships in Grammar Schools, 
 may have an opportunity for practical observation and training, 
 during a shorter or longer jieriod. Such a School will com- 
 plete the educational establishments of our School system, and 
 contribute powerfully to advance Upper Canada to the proud 
 position which she is approaching, in regard to institutions and 
 agencies for the mental culture of her youthful population." 
 (Dr. Ilycrson's Kepori; for L'^.j.'}, p. 1U) 
 
 As in the case of the Common Schools, the Municipalities 
 are authuilzed to assess for the support oi the (Jrammar 
 Schools. 
 
 The new arrangements, from which the highest advantages 
 may reasonably le anticipated, will be in full operation forth- 
 with. 
 
 AVith the view of affording facilities for a superior educalinii, 
 Upper Canada College- -in which the Ilo3'al (jrammar School 
 previously existing was merged — was instituted in 1829; ami 
 opened in 18.']0, with a consid(M"able staff of Teachers. In the 
 years 1832, ISo-i, and 1835 it received endowments of land, 
 
LiVo 
 
 imiacos lit id 
 versity Col- 
 ol' Toronto, 
 1 Hiiles aiul 
 jlic Iiistruc- 
 lor ill Coiui- 
 , prograinnu- 
 y of a very 
 tecl to secure 
 sscnt of the 
 been granted 
 n corncctioii 
 ;s of learnini::' 
 and Gcrniaii 
 uents of Na- 
 l, and where 
 iinar Scliools, 
 
 and training;, 
 ool will coni- 
 1 system, and 
 to tlie proud 
 stitutlous and 
 
 population." 
 
 \lunicipaliti(-.^- 
 tlic (Iranmiar 
 
 !st advantages 
 aeration fortli- 
 
 ior education, 
 immar School 
 in 1829; and 
 hers. In the 
 nents of land, 
 
 amounting in all to Go/2G8 acres, irrespective of two valuable 
 blo(dvS in York — now Toronto — on one of which the present 
 College buildings stand, while it still retains a portion of tlio 
 other, and is drawing a r(,-venue from the part of it which 
 has been sold. 
 
 The College further " received an allowance from Govern- 
 ment of £200 sterling in 1S30 ; £500 sterling in 1S:]1 ; and 
 £1,000 sterling per annum" since. In January, 1850, there 
 remained in the possession of the College, 41,941 acres of the 
 lands bestowed on it — the rpiantity sold up to that time amount- 
 ing to 22,048 acres. 
 
 Including the Princii al, the staff of the Collecjc consists of 
 thirteen Masters, three of >vhoni are Classical, one Mathemati- 
 cal, and one French. Drawing and Music, vocal and instru- 
 mental, are taught, in addition to the ordinary branches of an 
 English and commerc-Iai education. Instruction is also given, 
 where desired, in German and Hebrew. Somewhere about 
 £200 per annum is expended in exhibitiL,.:'' and prizes 
 for the encouragement of the pupils, who number about 
 two hundred. Sine J 1843 it has been utuler the su- 
 perintendence of y. ^V. IJarron, M.A., who in that year 
 succeeded the Ilev. Vv. 3IcCaul, the ])rcsenL learned I're- 
 sident of the University of Toronto, in the oflice of Principal, 
 and has the reputation of being an able Teacher. The 
 standing occupied in the community by many of the old 
 pupils of this institution, as well as the success with which 
 nii!ubers of its more recent ones have competed for University 
 honours, may be held to alford fair evidence of the ability and 
 diligence of the Masters. The general regulation of the Col- 
 lege is placed by the late University Act in the hands of the 
 Senate •)f the University of Toronto, by whom it is hoped 
 such imp., vemcnts maybe suggested as may fit it to render yet 
 more valuabiv "<crvice to the country than it has done in the past. 
 
 Notice has already been taken of the fact that at an early 
 period of the history of Upper Canada iho establishment of a 
 
:iU 
 
 I'rovinchil Viiivorsity was ('()iitoiii|)late(i. In lulliliiieiit ol' 
 tliis design, in connection with tlie siipport of Seliools, a g ran I 
 "was made in iT'.tSof r)ll>,00l) acres of land in different j)arts 
 of the rrovinee. *H)f tlie above land endowment, l*.IO,57-") 
 acres were, up to the year iSliO, assigned to (or disposed of by) 
 a public body, known as the l>oard of Education, tlic proceeds 
 having been applied to the support of Coniuion and (Irammar 
 Schools." " The residue of the grant, amounting to o")S,4:i7 
 acres, appears to have been regarded . . as properly constituting 
 that portion of the Royal gift which had been intended for tho 
 support of the contcm})lated ITniversity." Of these lands, or 
 so much as remained of them undisposed of, an exchange M'".- 
 madc, on the suggestion of his Excellency 8ir 1*. Maitlan i in 
 182."), for 2-."), 1(44 acres which w^ero regarded as more valuable, 
 that a comnuuicement of the proposed University might be the 
 earlier made. (Report of Conimis. of King's College, p. 1(3.) 
 
 A Uoyal Charter of Incorporation, bearing date loth 
 3Iarch, lN-!7, was granted constituting the Tniversity rS 
 King's College, by which its government was entrusted to 
 a Council, consisting of the Chancellor and President lor 
 the time being, and of seven of the J^rofessors, wdio wevc 
 to be nu'ndjcrs of the Church of England, and who were 
 re(piired, previously to their admission into the Council, to 
 sign and subscribe the Thirty-Nine Articles of that Church. 
 In the event of there not being seven Professors in Arts and 
 Faculties, tho dcliciency w^as to be su})plied by the introduction 
 of other parties being mend)crs of the Church above-named 
 and graduates of the Institution. 
 
 The above Charter, proving unsatisfactory to tlu; country in 
 conseciuence of its exclusive character, was subse(|uently so 
 amended as to requi'-c no test from parties holding olhce beyond 
 a declaration of their " belief in the authenticity and I)i\ inf 
 inspiration of the Old and New Testaments, and in the doctrine 
 of the Trinity." On this principle the University was opened 
 for purposes of instruction in 1813. Disappointment being 
 still felt in regard to the working of the institution, a Bill was 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 tl 
 C( 
 
 01 
 
 fej 
 
 01 
 
 o: 
 tl 
 si( 
 
 i: 
 
 o 
 
 tl 
 th 
 

 LiHilnieiit of 
 ools, a iiraiit 
 ifi'ix'iit ]>arts 
 nt, IIMJ,;-)?:: 
 ;])Osccl of by) 
 the proceeds 
 lul Ununinar 
 rr to nr)8, 4'J7 
 
 constituting 
 
 }nded for tlio 
 
 lose lands, or 
 
 ixchanse ^V!'• 
 
 . Maitlan 1 in 
 
 lorc valuable, 
 
 niiiiht bo the 
 
 ege, p. 10. ) 
 
 12: date 1 otli 
 
 rnivcrsity vX 
 
 entrusted to 
 ]?rcsident for 
 rs, who ■were 
 nd who were 
 le Council, to 
 
 that Church, 
 rs in Arts and 
 ic introduction 
 
 above-named 
 
 the country in 
 bsequently si* 
 j: olhce beyond 
 ity and Divim' 
 in the doctrine 
 ity was opened 
 intnicnt being 
 ion, a Bill was 
 
 introduced by Hon. llobert Bakhvin and passed by Parliament, 
 plaeinji; the dilVerent sectiuns uf the community in a position 
 id' e([nality in relation to it. A I'urther change was made in 
 iS.jo, by which the I'liiverslty and the Collegiate powers were 
 separate<l, and the faculties uf Law and 3Icdicine abolished. 
 For the restoration of these, however, at no distant period, 
 there seems reasonable ground to hope. The work of in- 
 struction is now conducted by University College, in which 
 the gentlemen who occupied Chairs in Arts in King's College 
 wi're nude Professors by the new Pill, several parties being 
 at tiie same time appointed to new Chairs which had been 
 previously instituted. The staif consists of the learned 
 I'rincipal, Eev. Dr. McCaul, who is also Professor of 
 Classical Literature and of Logic and Phetoric, with Pro- 
 fessors of Metaphysics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Agricul- 
 ture, History and English Language and Literature, Geo- 
 logy and Mineralog}', Natural History, and Modern Lan- 
 guages, and a Lecturer on Oriental J^itcrature. [A Professor 
 of Meteorology — who is to be at the same time Director of the 
 3I;ignetic Observatory — has been recently added.] In so far as 
 the capability and the character of these gentlemen are con- 
 cerned, the Institution must be regarded as singularly fortunate. 
 It is our persuasion, and we speak not without opportunities 
 of knowledge, that they will compare favourably with the Pro- 
 fessors of Institutions elsewliere much older and of greater 
 An education of a hi^li order is obtainable iu this 
 
 name. 
 
 excellent institution for a mere trilie — Co currency per annum, 
 or 612 — a sum which places it within easy reach of the mass 
 of the community. Occasional students arc admissible to all 
 the classes at fees varying from 10s. to iMs. each per Ses- 
 sion, according,' to the number of Lectures atteiuled. The 
 T'niversity Powers tire vested by the late I'dll in a Senate 
 which iiKdi'des the Hon. Hume iJlake, Head of tlie Court 
 of Chancery, — who is also Chjiiicclloi- (d' the Cuiversitv, — 
 the President oi' I'niversity College, the Hon. .Justice Drajter, 
 the Superintendent of Schools, the J 'resident of Victoria Col- 
 
70 
 
 lc2;e, tlio President of Bytowii (now City of Ottawa) College, 
 with the Heads of three TheoloL;;ieal Colleges or Institutions 
 located in Toronto, and a number of gentlemen in difleront parts 
 of the country, — among thom the Hon. Adam Ferguson, — 
 enjoying the confidence and respect of the community. 
 
 In fultilinent of the trust reposed iu them statutes have 
 been passed by the Senate, to which the assent of the Govern- 
 ment has been given, establishing courses of study for Degrees 
 in Arts, Law, and Medicine, and for Honors in Agriculture, 
 Oriental Literature, and Civil Engineering. The University 
 Bill affiliates all such Collegiate Institutions in the Province as 
 may choose to avail themselves of the privileges held out by it. 
 Parties resident in any of these, or in none, may obtain Degrees 
 bypassing the prescribed examinations — at present annual. The 
 course for Arts is divided into four years; but individuals pro- 
 perly qualified, and being of the age of sixteen years, may, by 
 passing an examination on the studies of the first and second 
 years, enter in the middle of it, thereby securing their Degree, 
 for which no fee is exacted, iu two years. 
 
 For the encouragement of the youth of the country, and 
 with a view to the assistance of such as may desire a learned 
 education, yet be so situated as to find it difficult to secure 
 it without pecuniary aid, ninety Scholarships, of the value 
 each of £oO currency per annum, have been established, 
 — sixty in Arts, trn in Law, ten iu Medicine, five in Agricul- 
 iure, and five in Civil Engineering — open to the competition 
 of the whole country. The successful candidate, whose reten- 
 tion of Ills position is made dependent on the result of the 
 annual examination, is at lll)erty to enrol himself in any one of 
 the affiliated Institutions lie may prefer attending. The 
 countries we believe to be but few in which such advantages 
 may be secured. It is to be hoped they will be duly appreciated, 
 iu which case the happiest results may be confidently anti- 
 cipated. F(»r th(! meeting u^ the expense which these pro- 
 visions necessarily involve, the endowment of the University, 
 which is rapidly bcLioming more valuable through the rise tak- 
 
va) College, 
 Institutions 
 Terent parts 
 'crixuson, — 
 nity. 
 
 atutes have 
 the Govcrn- 
 lor Degrees 
 A.griculturc, 
 
 University 
 Province as 
 1(1 out by it. 
 tain Dcurees 
 mnual. The 
 Lviduals pro- 
 ars, may, by 
 
 and second 
 lieir Degree, 
 
 )untry, and 
 
 re a learned 
 
 lit to secure 
 
 f the value 
 
 established, 
 
 in Agricul- 
 
 competition 
 
 whose reten- 
 
 csult of the 
 
 n any one of 
 
 iding. The 
 
 advantages 
 
 appreciated, 
 
 fideiitly anti- 
 
 li these pro- 
 
 i University, 
 
 the rise tak- 
 
 277 
 
 ing place in land, is ample, tin; iueouio for tlu^ ycsar 185o ])cing 
 stated I)}' the IJursar (1). Ihu-han, Ksr|.), in his annual Iteport 
 to Parliament for that year, to have been uver il 10,000. 
 
 There are in Canada West three other Universities, to Avit, 
 Queen's College, Kingston — Avith ten Professors, five in Divi- 
 nity and Arts, and five in ^Medicine; \'ictoria (Vjllege, Cobourg, 
 — with four J*rofessors in Arts, a classictil Tutor, and English 
 Teacher, and a jMedical Staff (Toronto School of Medicine) of 
 four Professors; and Trinity College, Toronto, with four Pro- 
 fessors in Divinity and Arts, three in Law, six in 31edicine, 
 and a Professor of ^lusie. The gentlemen occupying these 
 positions arc recognised as uien of ability and character, and 
 tlie Institutions themselves, though denominational, are render- 
 ing the country important service. £r)00 each per annum is 
 allowed to (,)uecn's and "N'ictoria Colleges from the public 
 funds. There is also in Kingston a llouiau Catholic College, 
 with four or five Professors, and another in Ottawa City (late 
 ]]ytown) with several — which receive aid to the same amount. 
 In Toronto, the Free Church, the United I*resbyterians, the 
 Congreu'ationalists and the l\omau Catholics have Theoloirical 
 Institutions, or Colleges, for the preparation of candidates for 
 tlie Ministry, and one instituted some time since by the Baptists 
 ('^laclay College) is expected soon to be opened. Toronto is 
 ])esides the seat of a ]iaw Society by Avhieh candidates are 
 admitted to the Practice of Law, and of a ^Medical Doard, ap- 
 pointed by the Government, whose duty it is to exam/me and 
 recommend applicants for licence to practice Physic, Surgery 
 and Midwifery, with a view to their licensure by the Governor 
 (Jeneral. 
 
 ['' The Arts' course at Trinity College extends over three 
 years, and two additional years are required in the case of 
 Theological students who have not entered the Divinity class 
 before completing their term. Students are, however, allowed 
 to join the Divinity class at the end of either their first or 
 second year, provided that they have attained the age of 1^1 
 
27S 
 
 yo;ir>!. 'wul :iro c»»tisi(.l(>re(.l by tlio I'lof'cssors to be ^^ulliciuntly 
 ;i(lv;iiK-''<l 
 
 Five l>iviii''y Si-lh)];irsbi[is arc annually awarded, jii-eoi'dino' 
 tu the results «d' an exanilnatioii. litld in llie beuiiinin;^' ol (/. - 
 tober, Avhieli is ((ptni either to -Indents already admitted, 'irtu 
 Candichites tor .Matrlcidati(»n. Or" these Sehohi.-ftliins, ime i.s (•;" 
 tiie value ul' XwO, two ui' C2'>, and two oi' .'JlO. 
 
 There are also two Seliolarshijis of XAO curreney, tenaide iui' 
 two years, founded by the Soeiety for the I'ropaLjation of the 
 (Jospel ; one of whieh is awarded annually to the most de^^fM-v- 
 in<j; IJaehelorof Arts entering the Theolo^^ieal elass. 
 
 The College ha>- b( en endowed with the follnwino- Scdiolai- 
 ships for students in Arts : 
 
 Two Seholarsliips of the annual value of £')0 curreney, 
 teiniLle for two y'-ivs, founded by his (!race the late |)nhe of 
 WellinLiton. 
 
 Two Seholarshijis of CV) eurrency. tenable ibr tlirec years, 
 founded by the late Alexander Ibirnside, Ks(p 
 
 One ]>ishop Straelian Scholarship of XlJO, teiial>le for three 
 
 years. 
 
 Two Scholarships of Xo'"), tenable for three years, founded 
 by i\. W. Allan, Ks-i. 
 
 (The above Scholarships are awarded aecordlng to the result 
 of the annual examination in June, to the most deserving 
 st'idents of the first year. ) 
 
 Two Scholarships of X-'), teiialde for thi'ee years, founded 
 by the Hon. J. II. Cameron, restricted to the sons of eleri:y- 
 men resident and doinu' 'Inty in JJritish Xorth America. 
 
 These Scholarships are awarded, when a vacancy occurs, at 
 the annual examination in October, to some candidate fur 
 jMatrieulation. 
 
 llobert Denison, liStj,, has fouiuled an lOxhibition of £r>0 
 per annum, tenable for three Years, by u student in hivinity 
 or Arts, to wliieh he himself pre-eiits." 
 
 liesidence — the expense, including iec:<, not exceedinn; £.")(> 
 currency per annum — is required of students in Theology and 
 
(1, iiceorilinn' 
 miii;i ot Oc- 
 luitted, ni" 1,1 
 ps, uuu is of 
 
 >•, ti'iialilc iur 
 ;;itiou of tlir 
 most (Ic'-tu'v- 
 
 I 111;" Scholav- 
 
 )0 ('urreiiL-y, 
 lato l>ulio of 
 
 tlirco years. 
 
 blc lV)i' Llu'fO 
 
 ars, founded 
 
 to the result 
 st deserviuir 
 
 ars, ft) muled 
 lis of clergy- 
 
 II erica. 
 
 cy oecurs, at 
 ^aiulidato fur 
 
 tiou of £30 
 in iUviiiitv 
 
 eccding £50 
 L'heology and 
 
 Arts, except in tluj case of sueli as re.side with tiieir parent^ in 
 Toronto.— :Mr. Widder's I'aniphlet, ].. 11.] 
 
 In its <,'cneral princijilos tlie gehoul Law of Low( r Canada 
 (0th A'ie., cap. 50th ; l:5t]i and l-tth \'ic., cap. 07th) corres- 
 ponds with that described as in force in Canada AVest, though 
 there arc sonic points of dilferencc b(;tween them. 
 
 The Act commands that from the time of its being passed, 
 <4herc shall be in each of the Cities of Quebec and jM<»ntreal, 
 and in each 3Iuiiici})ality, Town or A'illage in Lower Canada, 
 one or more Common J^ehools for the elementary instruction 
 of youth," to be managed by School Commissioners, five of 
 whom are to be elected by each Municipality. Except in the 
 case of ^Ministers of religion, a property (jualification to the 
 extent of £250 is requisite to eligibility as a Comniissioner. 
 Should any Municipality fail to mahe the required election of 
 School ollicers, or Commissioner, provision is made by the Act 
 for their appointment by the Covernor in Council through the 
 Superintendent. Commissioners, where not otherwise ap- 
 pointed, may be appointed by the Superintendent on the re- 
 commendation of certain parties, including the representatives 
 of the different religious denominations, in case of his approval 
 of their nomination. These Comndssioners, wdiose term of 
 office is three years, unite in some respects the powers of Trus- 
 tees and Municipalities in Upper Canada — being authorised to 
 divide the Municipalities into School-districts, containing not 
 loss tluin twenty children between the ages of five and sixteen, 
 with the exception of one in each 3Iunicipality — which may 
 have a smaller number ; to take charge of School property ; 
 engage Teachers; regulate course of instruction ; decide dis- 
 putes between parents and children and Teachers ; appoint 
 one or two of themselves as visitors and report ; manage 
 discipline ; heep registers and accounts ; levy by assessment 
 in each 3Iunicipality a sum ecjual to that derived from the 
 Scho(d-fund; fix the rates to be paid for the pupils ; make 
 allowance, at their discretion, of an additional sum not ex- 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 /. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ■ 50 '"^* 
 
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 2.5 
 
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 ■Uuu 
 
 ill 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 J4 
 
 
 ^ 6" - 
 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 f\ 
 
 :\ 
 
 ,v 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 <* 
 
 *» 
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 o^ 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 
 > 
 
280 
 
 cccding £25 per annum fur the i^upporL of a ^iodcl or 
 snpoiior Hcliool al the most thickly settled place of the Muui- 
 eipality ; ^Yitll other thin!j;s necessary to the efficient workiup; 
 of the ^;chools. 
 
 The Fabriquc tSchool of any parish may, by mutual ap;ree- 
 mcnt with the Commissioners, he united with any of the 
 Schools to be kept under the Act, the contributinti; of the sum 
 of £12 10s. per amnim towards the support of any such 
 School procuring at the same time for the Cure and ('hurch- 
 warden in office the right to act as Commissioners. 
 
 Parties differing in regard to religious belief may, if they 
 please, have separate Schools, under the direction of Trustees 
 chosen by themselves, who shall possess in relation to such 
 Schools the powers of Commissioners. 
 
 Two Jjoards, one Eoman Catholic and one Protestant, are 
 appointed for Montreal and Quebec. These Cities, in conse- 
 quence of the nundjer of educational Institutions established 
 in them, are allowed, in ])roportion to nund)i'rs, only two-thirds 
 '>f the sum granted generally. 
 
 llesident Clergymen, cf whatever denomination, the Judges 
 of the Court of Queen's Bench and of the Circuit Courts, 
 Justices of the Peace, the 31ayor or ^Varden of the Municipa- 
 lity', Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels and Majors, and the senior 
 31ilitia Captain in the Municipality are visitors. Ecclesiastics 
 of the one persuasion are, however, restrained from visiting the 
 Schools of the other. 
 
 Por the general oversight there is a Superintendent of Schools 
 as in Upper Canada, with School Inspectors, who perform the 
 duties there performed by Township, District, and County 
 Superintendents. 
 
 For a time difficulty was found, in some places, in carrying 
 the provisions of the law into effect. Now, however, there 
 appears to be a general concurrence in it, and the Schools are 
 reported as progressing in efficiency, as well as in favour with 
 the people. 
 
a Model or 
 of tlie Muni- 
 ;icnt wovkiiiji; 
 
 initutil a.a'roe- 
 
 any of the 
 
 g of the sum 
 
 of any siicli 
 
 and Chur(;h- 
 
 niay, if they 
 I of Trustees 
 tion to such 
 
 rotestant, are 
 .es, in conse- 
 s established 
 ily two-thirds 
 
 1, the Judccs 
 rcuit Courts, 
 he Municipa- 
 nd the senior 
 Ecclesiastics 
 1 visiting the 
 
 nit of Schools 
 
 I perform the 
 
 and County 
 
 i, in carrying 
 wever, there 
 Q Schools are 
 I favour with 
 
 28i 
 
 in the ye.ir 1850-51, the number of Schools in Lower Ca- 
 nada was 1 ,!>!)! ; and (d" pupils, 7!»,2S-1. The former num- 
 bered ill lb52, 2,27-!; and the latter, U7,5S2 ;— being an in- 
 crease uf 280 Schools, and 18,208 children. For l85o the 
 educational institutions reported are 2,r>52, and the number of 
 parties under instruction, 108,284. 
 
 ''Of these institutions, 2,114 are Primary Schools, 07 
 Model, 5:] marked as '' Principal" Girls' Schools, 19 Acade- 
 mies or educational houses, preparatory to a Clerical Course, 14 
 Classical Colleges, and 41 Convents. There are also 85 inde- 
 pendent Schools. The relative numbers of the pupils as found 
 among these various institutions are as follows : The Primary 
 Schools contain 02,275 ; the 31odcl, 8,524; the " Principal" 
 Girls' Schools, 3,041; the Academies, 1,100; the Classical 
 Colleges, 2,110 ; the Convents, 2,7^0 ; and the independent 
 Schools, 4,023." 
 
 " The nundjcr of the A. 13. C. classes, viz., those who 
 know their letters familiarly, is 55,331, more than one-half the 
 whole number ; those who read well, 27,807, considerably 
 above a (juarter of the nundjcr of Scholars." Those able to 
 write amount to 50,072, nearly one-half of the whole num- 
 ber of pupils. "In simple arithmetic there arc 18,281 ; in 
 compound, or those past the five elenientary rules, 12,448 ; in 
 geography, 12,185 ; and in history, 0,738 ; grammar, French, 
 15,353; and English, 7,000." The whole nundjcr knowing 
 the analysis of speech is stated at 4,412. The number of 
 male Teachers in all the Schools, is 808 ; and of female, 1,402 — 
 2,212 in all, the average number of pupils to each being about 50. 
 
 "The amount of grants is collectively £27,434 18s. Od., 
 and the amount of contributions £41,402 Is. This last is in- 
 dependent of fuel and of Teachers' board generally furnished, 
 and which, it is supposed, carry the contributions virtually to 
 the value of not less than £50,000." 
 
 In the number of educational institutions there is an increase 
 over the year 1852, of 75. The pupils number 10,792 more 
 than in tliat vear. 
 
282 
 
 '■' The Cliief Suporintonclcnt !=pca]vs in terms of strong confi- 
 dence of tlio aspect of the cause of education in Lower (Ca- 
 nada, in -whicli wo feel sure lie will be joined by every well- 
 wislier to the country whatever may be his political party or 
 religious distinction." (^Leader Newspaper — analysis of Dr. 
 Meilleur's Report for 1853, quoted from Journal of EJuca- 
 tlon, U. C, for July, 1851.) 
 
 Dr. Meilleur points out in a return (dated 20t]i April, 1858) 
 made by him in compliance with an address of the House of 
 Assembly, certain considerations whicli should, he thinks, be 
 borne in mind when comparisons are made between the work- 
 ing of the School systems in Upper and Lower Canada, to wit, 
 the pecuniary inability of the latter as compared witli the for- 
 mer, the more limited powers of the Municipalities, and the 
 diiferences in language and religion, wdiich make a double set 
 of arrangements necessary where in other circumstances one 
 would be sufficient. 
 
 Special empliasis is laid by him on the want of a Normal 
 School and Journal of Education. These wants will, it is to 
 be hoped, be soon supplied. At a comparatively moderate ex- 
 pense the latter may be furnished. l*rovision for it must, we 
 presume, be included in the additional sum granted this year 
 to Lower, in common with Upper Canada. For a Normal 
 School — two rather, viz., one for the lloman Catholics and one 
 for the Protestants — an allowance has, we believe, been made. 
 
 [From a communication by Dr. jMelllour — late Superinten- 
 dent for Lower Canada — contained in the Montreal Transcrijit 
 of 4th July, 1855, we extract the followinj 
 
 ig 
 
 coMrArtATiv:: table, 
 
 Showing the jjrojrcss made in the coirrsc of one year, under the auspices 
 of the Primary School Law, viz. : 
 
 Autrineiiliitiou 
 lSo3. 1S54. ' in 1864. 
 
 Number of Educational Institutions of 
 
 every dcpcviption 2,352 2,571 219 
 
 Total number of Pupils 108,284 119,737 11,458 
 
 No. of Elcmpntavy Schools (Primary).. 2,115 2,852 288 
 
§ i 
 
 P strong conii- 
 iii Lower Ca- 
 by every wcll- 
 itical party or 
 ilj'sis of ,Dr. 
 'd of Eilnca- 
 
 I April, 1853) 
 tlie House of 
 lie thinlis, be 
 sen the work- 
 anacla, to wit, 
 witli the for- 
 ties, and tlie 
 } a double set 
 mstances one 
 
 of a Normal 
 will, it is to 
 moderate ex- 
 ' it must, we 
 ited tliis year 
 or a Normal 
 lolics and one 
 , been made. 
 
 Superintcn- 
 l Tnmscnpf 
 
 'cr the auspices 
 
 Auirnienfation 
 ' ill 1864. 
 
 1 219 
 
 ;7 11,453 
 '2 288 
 
 28a 
 
 [Comparaiii'e Talk Conihmcd.) 
 
 AuLrinontatiou 
 
 No. of Pupils, do 92,275 97,310 5,035 
 
 Model Schools, do 07 154 87 
 
 ^'^'1^^^^' ^° 3,524 0,747 3,223 
 
 Superior Girls' Schools 53 (37 ^4 
 
 ^"i''^' 3,041 3,170 39 
 
 Teaching Nunneries ^j^ 4Q 2 
 
 ^^^P^^' 2,780 0,104 3,318 
 
 Academies in 00 a 
 
 ^^^"^^^^^ 1,109 1,272 103 
 
 Colleges 24 16 2 
 
 ^*"^^"*s ojio 2,515 415 
 
 Pupils leanrng Simple Arithmetic 18,281 22,807 4,016 
 
 Do. Compound do 12,448 18'o73 5^025 
 
 Do. French Grammar 15,553 17^852 2,499 
 
 Do. English Grammar 7,0GG 7,097 31 
 
 Do. Geography 12,185 13,820 1,041] 
 
 The place of the Grammar Seliools of Upper Canada seems 
 occupied in Lower Canada by Academics and Colleges, of which 
 the number is large. In the estimates for 1854 the names of 
 nearly 100 of them are given, to which grants, varying in 
 amount, are made from the Public Funds. 
 
 Irrespective of the allowance of £250 each to the School of 
 Medicine in connection with M^Gill College, the Faculty of 
 Medicine of Laval Universitjr, Quebec, and the Montreal 
 School of Medicine (the Medical Faculty of Queen's College, 
 Kingston, receiving a similar amount), as also of sums paid to 
 Mechanics Institutes and other Literary Institutions, over 
 £45,000 are appropriated in the estimates for 1854 to educa- 
 tion in LoAver Canada. 
 
 In Lower Canada there are two Universities, viz., Laval 
 University, Quebec, with 22 Professors and o85 students; and 
 the University of M'Gill College, ^Fontreal, Avhicli has six 
 Professors in the Faculty of Arts; one Professor and two Lec- 
 turers in that of Law ; and in the F.iculty of Medicine, which 
 enjoys a, high reputation, eleven l^-o.fos-ifnv. It is to ])o hoped, 
 
-.s4 
 
 tliat the cHbrts lately made to ulvc the latter institutiun a na- 
 tional eharacti'i' niav ])e crowned with sui-ecss, ^o as tu make it 
 prove a source of hiuh advantage to Lower Canada at large, 
 not less than to the citv in which it is located. 
 
 To the ('olleges noticed in the abstract given of Dr. I\leil- 
 leur's lleport have to be added, we presume, Bishop's CollegCj 
 Lcnnoxville (I'^astcrn Townships), with four Professors ; and 
 the Seminary at Montreal, with 18 J^rofessors, and 250 
 students. 
 
 In 1824, the Historical Society of Quebec, which has done 
 itself and the country honour by its published Transactions, 
 (comprised in three volumes,) was founded under the auspices of 
 Earl Dalhousie. <' Besides its Library, rich in historical lore, 
 tlic Society possesses some very vahiable manuscript documents^ 
 relating to the History of Canad:i." 
 
 " The Natural History Society of Montreal, established in 
 182(3, has a uood Librarv, furnished with the best scientific 
 works, and an extensive museum." 
 
 " Mercantile Library Associations have been formed in 
 Quebec, 3Iontrcal, and several other places, and have been pro- 
 ductive of great benefit." (Canada Directory, p. 555.) 
 
 The Canadian Institute (established in 1849), though located 
 at Toronto, is a National Institution. Toung though it be, it is 
 already distinguishing itself, and promises to be of inestimable 
 advantage to the country. Its Journal, under the able super- 
 intendence of the Professor of Chemistry in Trinity College 
 (Mr. Hind), is a work of very superior character — supplying 
 a channel throuiih which the cultivated and scientific mind of 
 the country may pour fordi its best thoughts for the instruction 
 of the community, as well as furnishing to its readers valuable, 
 and often curious information. 
 
 In connection with the above have to be named a class of 
 Institutions which, though as yet com].>aratively in their infancy 
 
# # 
 
 itutiou a ria- 
 ls to make it 
 idii tit large, 
 
 of Dr." I^Icil- 
 op's College, 
 lessors ; and 
 I's, and 250 
 
 lieli lias done 
 Transactions, 
 le auspices of 
 listorical lore, 
 it documents, 
 
 establislicd in 
 Dcst scientific 
 
 3n formed in 
 lave been pro- 
 
 555.) 
 
 lioimli located 
 )ugli it be, it is 
 of inestimable 
 lie able siiper- 
 rinity College 
 er — supplying 
 entific mind of 
 the instruction 
 iiders valuable, 
 
 nied a class of 
 n tlieir infancy 
 
 285 
 
 among us, arc already conferring on Canada many of the bene- 
 fits of which they have been found so largely productive else- 
 where, viz. — our Mechanics' institutes. Of tluise, 1 find from 
 a list enumerated in tlie ]?ublic estimates, we possess forty- 
 three, the lai'ger portion of them in Upper Canada; besides 
 several Institutes in Lower Canada, wdiich I suppose to })e 
 substantially of the same descrijUion, tlujugh under other 
 names. I'o eacli of these an allowance is made annually by 
 the Government of ct50 currency — which cannot be regarded 
 otherwise th;in as money well spent. Speaking generally, the 
 spirit in which these Institutions are conducted is worthy of 
 all praise. Largely may they multiply and prosper, and suc- 
 cessful may they prove in their honorable endeavour- to improve 
 their members and elevate the country. 
 
 Aid, we omitted to state, is liranted to the Literarv and His- 
 toricnl Society of Quebec, the Natural History Society at Mon- 
 treal, the Canadian Institute, Toronto, which receives £250, 
 and the Toronto Athenjvum. There is likewise a grant made 
 of £1,200 towards the maintenance of a Nautical College lately 
 established at Quebec. 
 
 Towards the support of Hospitals and other Charities an 
 appropriation stands among the Estimates for 1854 of £00,811 
 ISs. Gd — of wdrich £10,000 arc for the support of a Tempor- 
 ary Lunatic Asylum at Leauport, near Quebec ; £10,000 for 
 the Lunatic Asylum, Toronto ; £1,000 each fiu' aid to the 
 Commissioners of Indigent Sick, at Quebec and iMontreal ; 
 £1,000 each for the Montreal and Toronto General Hospitals ; 
 — and for other Institutions of a kindred character sums vary- 
 ing from £75 up to £800 — the amount allowed to the Hamil- 
 ton General Hospital. Kingston receives £000, and the 
 Toronto and Kingston Houses of Industry £5U0 each, to 
 which is added £500 for the relief of indigent and destitute 
 sick in the latter city. 
 
28(5 
 
 The influence wliieli the Pressis exerting over the formation 
 of the country's opinions, feelings and institutions, and hence 
 over its destiny, entitles it to our respectful notice in this 
 sketch, liurried as it is. 
 
 Tlie number of Newspapers puhlished in Canada in 1810 
 was five, we arc told by 3Ir. Smith, all in the Lower Province. 
 In the supplement to the Canada Directory, published in ISoo, 
 the names of 158 Newspapers and Periodicals are given; 113 
 of wliich arc reported as issued in Canada West. I have seen 
 a number of additions to that list, and believe that since its 
 publication not a few, with the names of which I am unac- 
 (juainted, have come into being, as one of the earliest objects 
 of ambition with our rising villages is to have a paper of their 
 own. Besides this, several of the papers entered on the list 
 referred to under one name, constitute, properly speaking, more 
 than one, inasmuch as daily and weekly, and in some cases, 
 daily, weekly, and semi-weekly editions of them are issued. 
 Taking these considerations into account, it may be fairly 
 reckoned that we have at least 175, or 180 of them in all — 
 probably indeed not much under 200. Of those reported, 
 one (printed at Berlin, in Canada West) is in German, 
 13 are in French, and 145 in English. While in some 
 cases improvement may be called for in regard both to 
 the ability with which they are conducted, and the 
 spirit by which they are cliaract., Ised ; taken as a whole we 
 have by no means occasion to !. ;• ashamed of them. Mr. 
 Buckingham (p. 247) speaks of them as, — when he visited us, 
 fifteen years ago, — generally superior to those of the provincial 
 towns of the United States, a judgment from which we con- 
 ceive few will dissent who have seen the things with vrhicli 
 the parlour tables of the Hotels on the other side arc some- 
 times covered — in the newer portions of the country espe- 
 cially. Since the time of his visit, they have certainly 
 not deteriorated ; but improved. That they are rendering the 
 country very great service will, we imagine, be universally 
 
ic fonnatlon 
 ?, and lioncc 
 itice in this 
 
 ida In 1810 
 cr Province, 
 lied in 1853, 
 given; 113 
 I have seen 
 Kit since its 
 I am unac- 
 i'licst objects 
 ipcr of their 
 d on the li.st 
 t,'aking, more 
 some cases, 
 I are issued, 
 lay be fairly 
 lem in all — 
 ise reported, 
 in German, 
 lile in some 
 ird both to 
 1, and the 
 a whole wc 
 them. Mr. 
 lie visited us, 
 [le provincial 
 hich we con- 
 3 with vrhicli 
 le are soine- 
 ountry espe- 
 ve certainly 
 endcring the 
 ! universallv 
 
 28' 
 
 I 
 
 admitted. If sometimes they may send foitli a voice a little 
 tiKi li:u>]i, even this is h.'.-.s misehicvous than i!" they spoke 
 only ill wliispers. 
 
 Over and above the appliances already noticed, we ii;!ve be- 
 tween 1,200 and 1,']00 J*ost-Otlices spread over tin- country, 
 v;ith cheap letter and boolc rates — to which the adoption <»f the 
 ]Money-order system has lately been ad(U;d ; witli the Klectiic 
 Telegraph extending from one end of it to tlie other, afiurdin;«" 
 its facilities for communication to the inhabitants, not merely 
 of our cities and larger towns, ])ut, in many cases, of our 
 smaller villages. Indeed it would be difhcult to name an\ of "^ 
 the conveniences possessed by older countries — not excepting 
 those in which the largest advancement in civilization is found 
 in connection with the most abundant means — which Ave want. 
 
 There is an instrumentality at M'orlc among us, still iikh-c ' 
 powerful and precious than those wc have hitherto noticed — that 
 to which the best of these must ever owe whatever is most valu- 
 able in the fruits produced by it — wliieh is shedding its mellow 
 light upon us, moulding our character, giving form to our 
 Institutions, and preparing, as we believe, a high, and honora- 
 ble, and happy destiny for us ; — need I say that it is to Chris- 
 tianity I reler, " the glorious (kispel of the blessed IJod," 
 which an experience of eighteen hundred years has proven 
 to be the grand civilizer and elevator of our race, the one 
 source of the '^ righteousness which cxaheth a nation." God 
 having in his goodness distinguished us in this respect, as well 
 as in many others, be it ours to return Ilis kindness with a lov- 
 ing lidelity, and to transmit to those Avho shall come ai'ter us, 
 as well as spread now through the length and breath of our 
 splendid country, the boon with which we have, happily for 
 ourselves, and (may it not 1)0 hoped ?) for the world, been en- 
 riched from such an early period in our history. IHfferences of 
 view exist among us, as they do everywhere less or more on 
 every thing, with the exception of what are termed the exact 
 
sciences, on which men exeivise tlieir thoiiirhts ; thouuli these 
 arc both .ewer iiiid less vital tliMii is soinetiuies supposed. 
 In one thinjji;, liowevor, Ave iire, it is to bo hoped, iij^reed, 
 namely, in the appreciation (dellcient it may be in degvoe, still 
 real), of the truth as understood by us, and in the desire to be 
 governed individually and as a nation by Cod's connnands, 
 •\vhose tendency is in all cases as benchcial, as their character 
 is righteous and holy. AVhile I would be most unwilling to 
 convey the idea that v>'C are in these matters all, or nearly all 
 we ought to be, I regard it as due to truth and to the world, — 
 not to say to Clod, whose honour is involved, — to express the 
 opinion that wc would bear, in rehition to them, a com- 
 parison not very unfavourable with most other countries 
 called Christian. A great dcid is doing by the dilferent Deno- 
 minations for the diffusion of their principles, and the esta- 
 blishment of their institutions. Particulars I would be happy 
 to give in relation to these, did I possess the means of supply- 
 ing them generally. This not being the case, I prefer omitting 
 what I might perhaps introduce without much impropriety, that 
 I may avoid the appearance even of that which is sectional 
 when called on to speak of the country. Suffice it to say, that 
 most of the bodies have among them missionary organizations, 
 and vhat the Societies which exist in the countries whence we 
 or our fathers came, have their representatives, and, in some 
 cases, their auxiliaries among us. 
 
 The Census lleturus for 1852 report GIO places of worship 
 for Lower Canada, being equal to one for every 1,459 inhabi- 
 tants. No means, it is stated, was possessed of arriving at their 
 value, or the amount of accommodation afforded by them. In 
 Upper Canada the number reported for the same year is 1,559, 
 '' being one place of worship for every G12 inhabitants, afford- 
 ing accommodation for 470,000 persons, and at an average 
 cost of £300, amounting to £407,100.'' IIow near the num- 
 bers stated above may approximate to the numbers actually 
 existing we cannot say. Those only are reported of which 
 returns were made. 
 
L'SU 
 
 illOULlh tlicso 
 es supposed, 
 pud, iij^rced, 
 I degvco, fitill 
 \i desire to be 
 s couinuuids, 
 eir cliaracter 
 
 uinvillui<^ to 
 or nciirly all 
 the world, — 
 express tbe 
 Lcm, II corn- 
 ier eoimtrles 
 ircreiit Deiio- 
 aiid the csta- 
 uld l)e liappy 
 ns of supplj- 
 I'ef'er omitting 
 )ropricty, tLat 
 is sectional 
 it to say, that 
 organizations, 
 es whence we 
 
 and, in some 
 
 !S of worship 
 1,459 inhabi- 
 •iving at their 
 by them. In 
 y'ear is 1,559, 
 itants, afford- 
 t an average 
 icar the num- 
 ibcrs actually 
 ted of which 
 
 The Census reports 020 as the number of Clergymen fur 
 Lower Canada, and 90;> for Upper — in all l,5!^o. 
 
 In Canada A\'est the nuinljcr of places of ^\\)rship reported 
 has increased between lS28andl852 from 141 — 150 to 1,559; 
 and of Ministers from 230 to 908 ; — the Churches being thus 
 more than ten tini s their number (taking that at 150) 24 
 years before, and tlu' Ministers more than four times. 
 
 In the character of the places of worship built the improve- 
 ment between these two periods is likewise very great. 
 
 The Itoman Catholics of Lower Canada possess a large 
 amount of Church proi)erty, out of which, in connection with 
 certain dues required of them by law, their Clergy are chiefly 
 supported. 
 
 The Churches of England and Scotland have in Upper 
 Canada drawn a considerable portion of the funds spent in 
 the support of their Ministry out of the Clergy Keserves — 
 certain lands set apart at the time of the division of the Pro- 
 vince for the support of a Protestant Clergy — from which 
 some other Bodies have also obtained assistance. By a Bill 
 recently passed these lands have been secularised. The moneys 
 derived from their sale, " whether now funded or invested 
 cither in the United Kingdom or in this Province, or remaining 
 uninvested, or hereafter to arise from such sales, the interest 
 and dividends'^ on these, — in one word, the proceeds of the 
 Keserves, — are ordered to constitute a fund to bo called the 
 Municipalities Fund of Upper or Lower Canada, as the lands 
 whence its contents are derived may have belonged to the one 
 or the other. The stipends of parties receiving allowances 
 previously to the passing of the late Act of the British Parlia- 
 ment authorising the Provincial Legislature to deal Avlth the 
 matter, are to form a first charge on this fund during the 
 natural lives of the Incumbents where these are individuals, 
 and for a specified period (twenty years) where the grants were 
 made to Bodies. So much of these proceeds as may, after the 
 
piiyuuMit of llio above charuos, rcmaiii at the close of eai'h 
 year is t(» ]>(• appttrtloiied e<nially by the Ilecelver-Cjleneral 
 anioiiL: tlie sen oral (Nmuty and (Mty Miinieipalltios in the same 
 .section of the i'rovinco (that in which the land l:iy,), in pro- 
 portion lo the pojtulation of such ]Miinici[)alities rcs])ectively 
 aecordinu' to the then last census, the portion eoniiji*'' to 
 each to be paid over to the Treasurer in order to its niakinic 
 '' part of the general funds of the 3Iunicipality, aiul to be 
 applicable to any purpose to which such funds are applicable." 
 The desirableness of removing all sendjlance of connection 
 between Church and State is assigned in the preamble to the 
 ]]ill }>y way of reason or among the reasons for its jirovisions. 
 Liberty is granted to Incumbents, within a given time and 
 under certain restrictions, to compound for their claims by the 
 reception of a present sum. 
 
 The ^Military defence of Canada is entrusted by her3Iajcsty 
 in part to such Regular Troops as it may please her to maintain 
 in the Province, and partly to the J^rovincial Militia. A 
 commander of the Forces, acting under the direction of the 
 Governor (leneral, who is (^iptain General, presides over the 
 whole, assisted by the various Ollicers of both Departments. 
 The Fortresses of Quebec and Kingston, besides which there 
 arc several minor ones, are both celebrated for their strenath. 
 It is, however, in the aileetionate attachment of lier people, 
 grateful for the privileges they enjoy, and proud of their con- 
 nection with the Parent State, that lier ^Majesty possesses the 
 best guarantee for the continuance of her authority here. If 
 doubt may have been entertained by any in regard to the 
 feeling of the people of Canada, it is to be hoped the zeal with 
 which all classes and parties are uniting, from one end of 
 the land t.> the other, to give expression, through their contri- 
 butions to the Patriotic Fund, to their sympathy with the 
 Mother Country, and their un<lying love to her, will have the 
 effect of removing it. Long may the spirit with which her 
 Majesty's subjects here and at home now so happily regard 
 
2!> 
 
 close of each 
 oiver-CJenornl 
 s ill tlie same 
 
 l:iy,), ill pro- 
 rcspectivoly 
 
 I coiuiiiu; ti) 
 o its niakiiiij; 
 ty, and to bo 
 2 applicable." 
 jf connection 
 canible to the 
 its provisions, 
 ven time and 
 claims by the 
 
 y hcr3Iajc.sly 
 2V to maintain 
 1 Militia. A 
 rection of the 
 sides over the 
 Departments. 
 's which there 
 heir strength. 
 >f lier people, 
 of tlieir con- 
 possesses the 
 rity here. If 
 emird to the 
 the zeal with 
 n one end of 
 li their contri- 
 hy with the 
 will have the 
 h which her 
 appily regard 
 
 ench other continue. The closeness of the relationship sub- 
 sisting between the parties makes it meet that it be cherishod. 
 ^' Wti be brethren." The cherishing of it will moreover 
 prove to bo as mutually beiielicial as it is comely and (tbliga- 
 tory, «!ach party having something that it may receive from the 
 other, and sometliing which it may bestow in return. Jf to 
 us it be pleasant to have, while yet so young, the feeling of 
 strength and security for which our connection with an emj)irc 
 so powerful, su[>plies such a solid foundation, — it is some advan- 
 tage to a couiitry over which so many centuries have passed, to 
 feel its strength renewed in the loving children who repre- 
 sent it on this wide Continent; to see its resources growing 
 to such a magnitude and with such a ra])idity tlirough their 
 energy; to witness their iidelity to its best principles; and to 
 contemplate the influence which through them it is destined 
 to exert in this new world. 
 
 Ho far as the limits within which an f^ssay like this must*^ 
 necessarily be confined wtjuld allow, the facts of a statistical 
 character with which an acquaintance seemed specially recpiisitc 
 in order to the formation of a correct idea of our country, its 
 institutions and its general condition, have been already sup- 
 plied. To these, before closing, I beg to add a few particulars 
 in relation to its Financial position. 
 
 '^ The amount of unredeemed l^onds or Debentures for 
 which the Province is liabl -, directly or by way of guarantee, 
 is embraced under the followinu' heads : 
 
 £ .9. d. 
 
 Imperial Gunvantccd Lonn ], 825,000 
 
 Dobcntuves in England 1,727,50S 11 11 
 
 inCanada 810,012 14 9 
 
 " on account of Grand Trunk Kail waj' 2,203,991 13 4 
 
 ♦* on account of 3Iunicipalities 1,035,010 13 4 
 
 *' on account of other special Funds 1,025,810 2 9 
 
 Total 9,234,005 10 1 
 
202 
 
 Uvor against these responsibilities liavc to be placed the 
 l^ublic Works owned by the Province^ the securities held by 
 it for the sums tidvaneed or granted on behalf of Kailways, 
 Municipalities; &c., and the amounts of the various special 
 funds. 
 
 The direct Debt of the Province amount j to .£4,871,315 
 Gs. 8d. Between 81st January and 80th September last De- 
 bentures to the amount of £204,578 12s. Gd. were redeemed. 
 
 On the 1st October last there was in England, subject to the 
 order of Government, £850,528 8s. lid. 
 
 On the same day the Banks in Canada held £622,410 18s. 
 4d., subject to the lleceiver General's Draft. Certain advances, 
 however, amounting in all to £107,409, were liable to be de- 
 ducted. 
 
 The cost of the Provincial "Works as given in the Public 
 Accounts for 1858 has been £5,085,244 2s. 0|ld — a sum ex- 
 ceeding the entire of the direct Debt. 
 
 The Bevenue for 1858 is stated in the Public Accounts, 
 which are made up to January 81st, 1854, to be £1,704,850 
 3s. 1\. ; and the expenditure £809,081 12s. 8d. A balance 
 of £884,008 10s. 5 Id., stood at that date at the credit of the 
 Consolidated Fund. 
 
 In the Official statement lately made (by Hon. W. (!!ayley. 
 Inspector General) to the House of Assembl^f, the estimated 
 Expenditure for 1854 is £989,584 19s. lid. ; the estimated 
 llcvenue, £1,428,520 — which will leave a surplus of £488,985 
 19s. lid. 
 
 Some of the items included in the above estimated expendi- 
 ture have been already given when dealing with the Educational 
 Institutions of the country an I its Public Charities. To these 
 may be added the following — Contingent expenses of Admin- 
 istration of Justice — including £10,000 for the support of the 
 Penitentiary at Kingston — £49,808 9s. lOd.; Militia Staff, 
 £2,280 ; Legislative Council, £22,145; Legislative Assembly, 
 £38,700 ; various Public Departments, £5,028 2s. 2d. ; Mis- 
 
bo placed the 
 iritics held by 
 t' of liuilways, 
 various special 
 
 to £4,371,315 
 ember last Dc- 
 -^ere redeemed. 
 
 , subject to the 
 
 £622,410 13s. 
 I'tain advauces, 
 :able to bo de- 
 
 in the Public 
 2d — a sum cx- 
 
 blic Accounts, 
 
 30 £1,704,350 
 
 d. A b.ilance 
 
 credit of the 
 
 n. W. Cayley, 
 
 the estimated 
 
 the estimated 
 
 s of £483,935 
 
 iiated expendi" 
 10 Educational 
 LOS. To these 
 es of Admin- 
 lupport of the 
 Militia Staff, 
 ivo Assembly, 
 2s. 2d. ; Mis- 
 
 203 
 
 cellaneous items, £85,572 15s. 2d. ; for Agricultural Socie- 
 ties in Upper and Lower Canada, £10,000 ; for Geolodcal 
 Survey, £2,0U0; for collection of Public Revenue, £106,000; 
 for llepairs of l^ublic Works, £30,000 ; and on account of 
 services to be provided for during 1854, £208,789 Os. 5d. 
 
 The estimated Income is derivable from the followiim' 
 sources — to wit : 
 
 Customs £1,150,000 
 
 Excise , 
 
 Bank Imposts 
 
 Revenue from Public "Works 
 
 Militia Fines, &c 
 
 Fines and Forfeiture?, including seizAires, 
 
 Casual Revenue 
 
 Law Foe Fund, 12 Vic, caps. Go and G-1., 
 Territorial 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 520 
 
 4,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 100,000 
 
 .£1,423,520 
 
 The character of the people of Canada we cannot dwell 
 upon, though to omit all reference to it might be deemed an 
 impropriety. Doubtless there are points in which there is 
 room for improvement, in which it is called for; but take them 
 all in all they have little to fear from comparison with any peo- 
 ple with which we happen to be acquainted. The generous- 
 minded stranger who comes among us has nothing to dread, 
 lie will find here, as he has done elsewhere, those who will 
 treat him with affection, and whom he will soon learn to love 
 and respect. Instead of an inferior character there is every 
 thing at work which is calculated to form a character of a high 
 order. Ptoceiving, as we do, much of our population from the 
 very best countries of Europe, we can hardly help, unless ex- 
 posed to some specially deteriorating influence, of the existence 
 of which we have no knowledge, to come into the possession of 
 a moderate measure of their more valuable qualities. The 
 comfort in the midst of which the mass of our people live, or 
 to which they feel thoy can lool: forward, — the freedom they 
 enjoy, — the conscious dignity whu:h the constant exercise of 
 
i:!)l 
 
 impurtant piiA'iloij^c.s ;iiul powers imparts, — the circulation 
 evcrywliere of valuable knowlediio, — and, in association with 
 all, and above all, the ennobling influence, already noticed, of 
 Christianity, — guarantee, on every ordinary princi})le, the for- 
 mation, and will, I hope, secure the devi»lopnient of a superior 
 character, with its transmission to the generations by which 
 the present is to be followed. 
 
 Time was, and that but recentlv, when it miuht have been 
 necessary to defend ourselves against the charge of want of 
 enterprise, but no such necessity exists now ', we shall, there- 
 fore, take no further notice of it. Should there be, by any 
 chance, an individual found, still disposed to cling to the old 
 prejudice, we w'ould ?sk him to account, on his principle, for 
 the facts presented in this Essay, which are under rather than 
 over-stated. 
 
 There are many points on which, Avcre it allowable, or did 
 time permit, we w^ould yet gladly touch ; but we must forbear. 
 AV^e ask no man to leave his home, be it wdiere it may, that he 
 may take up his abode with us. Ijut to him who has made up 
 his mind to emigrate we say, come ; and welcome. If you 
 bring honorable principles with you, fair capabilities of useful 
 exertion, including, of course, good health, with a disposition 
 to work on for a time in hope, we entertain no fear as to your 
 success For you and yours there is room, as well as for us, — a 
 field for the exercise of your powers, profitable employment for 
 capital if God has bestowed it on you, and a sphere of useful- 
 ness if you desire to make yourself of service to your race. 
 Should you come liither, set to work with the least possible 
 delay ; and lend us your best help to carry the c(juntry forward 
 to the high destiny which every thing proclaims to be in store 
 for it. 
 
 
 THE END 
 
:lic ch'culutioii 
 ssociatioii witli 
 aJy noticed, of 
 ueiple, the for- 
 X of a superior 
 tious by which 
 
 light have been 
 rgc of want of 
 we shall, there- 
 lere be, by any 
 cling to the old 
 is principle, for 
 der rather than 
 
 llowable, or did 
 ic must forbear, 
 it may, that he 
 ho has made up 
 ilconie. If you 
 bilities of useful 
 ith a disposition 
 fear as to your 
 rell as for us, — a 
 employment for 
 sphere of usef ni- 
 ce to your race, 
 lie least possible 
 country forward 
 ns to be in store 
 
 ADDEND U M 
 
 The lieport of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron ilaiiway, 
 bearing date IGth July, 1855, having come to hand sine? 
 Part Second was thrown off, the following particulars aro 
 added to tlio statomont contained in page 221. closing wiih 
 lino 17 : 
 
 Tlicro were opened of the Lino on loth Mav. ls5o, oO miie=<. 
 '' '' 18th June, '- 12 ^• 
 
 '' <' 11th Oct., ^^ 21 ^• 
 
 '^ <^ 2nd Jany!, 1855, 01 ^' 
 
 Total, 
 
 lU 
 
 a 
 
 The ('omi.aiiv i-.o.<<cs- Uj J-^nginos. with oSl Cars (if all 
 kinds. Botwcoii -JOth June. 1851, and 1st July, 1^55. 
 1^014,110 miles were travollcd, Ly "157,040 pn,-sengers. The 
 number of ton,- of freight carried over the Uuad within the 
 same time wiu- (>2,;)-l::;. It- oarnin«_i> amounted to €5:).05S 
 
 10s. Od. : ami it-> (•xjic; 
 
 1^^:^7.11^ 14::. OU]. 
 
 For the two iiiMiitl;- fii'liiig .iuiii' oiiti!. li^ol, the iratViL" 
 return- woiv s24,i<05.;]7 — Avhilc fliey yielded S05,loo. ^2 ('an 
 increast.' of S4ii,1.")'^,-!:5 t fjr tlio same period in ls55. 
 
 On the Line i>f tli- Hailway tluTc arc '-'A (jrist Mills, witli 
 >>4 run of stoiiL's. which turn out 2.1 Mt barrel- of floui' per 
 21 hours ; with 104 Saw Mill-, having 17<' s,iw<, tiivl cut- 
 ting per 24 lionrs 51:),O0O fi^ot. 
 
E n R A. T A. 
 
 Page 7, 
 
 li 
 
 n 
 
 Si 
 
 11, 
 
 oO, 
 
 37, 
 49, 
 62, 
 03, 
 G4. 
 78, 
 
 82, 
 
 •' IGl, 
 
 '^ 180, 
 
 " 189, 
 
 '' 100, 
 
 '' 217. 
 
 lino 3— for Cortrea], reaJ, Cortcroal. 
 
 4tli from hottom— dele " Soutli-castorn," and for ^ibout 
 
 1,400, in next line, reai.1 nenvly IGOO. 
 
 line 2;> — for Crssai-coiula, read Cras.^i-cauda. 
 
 7tli from bottom— for Toronto Credit, road Toronto (Cro lit".') 
 
 line 4 — for make.-, read make. 
 
 line 7 — for country, read county. 
 
 bottom line — for canal, read canoe. 
 
 line 5 — for braced, read traced. 
 
 oth from bottom— for Saint Dougla;:!, read Point Dou;.2;;:h. 
 
 line 7 — for Niagara P.ridge, read Niagara Ridge. 
 
 line 18 — for portion, read plateau, 
 
 7tli from bottom — for ore, read age. 
 
 2nd from bottom — after " before us,"' add the words, " wiu 
 
 t]]at last described.'" 
 
 r.tli from bottojn— for ce:11.3,004l 5s., read JcU7,'>9-i lo^. 
 
 l\v?A line — for more than, read much under. 
 
 line 5— for 112,801 toas, read 1,142,801 tons. 
 
 lino 2— for 2,0 l-l. read 20,014. 
 
 line ^o~d,:lC sterlir.g, and add it aftei- 1,000,000 iu line 22 
 
 •'Vi'd i'vom bottom — fir westward. ro.Til eastward. 
 
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 MAP OF 
 
 am^iiFHLB^ii) wimm < 
 
 inil Pkiiis Ori<>i]U'ilDocunieiiis and Obsonvilioii^i 
 
 n«55. 
 
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